Mensaje de Filipenses 4

 

GFY JK H^ THYGHY THYGHY,, GF GFY Y H^ @FJFY Bcecphjshs 7? 64-94 CJWYKGXNNCKJ Ceustrfncþj? Xjf vhz, he pfgrh gh ujf bflcecf fnfugfefgf eehvþ f su acok f uj vcfoh v cfoh pkr he nflpk nkj he bcrlh prkpþsctk gh quh su acok vchrf nuæj pkirhs hrfj efs `hjths ghe nflpk. Hstuvchrkj pkr hspfnck gh uj gìf y ujf jknah nklpehtks hj ujf `rfjof gh ujf bflcecf nflphscjf luy aulcegh. Fe nkjneucr he vcfoh y gh rh`rhsk f nf nfsf sf he pfgrh eh prh`ujtf f su acok? »Vuã th pfrhncþ he vcfoh; - Luy ikjctk Tfpæ! - »Rcsth quã tfj pkirh puhgh shr ef `hjth; - ^ì! - »S quã fprhjgcsth; - Rì quh jksktrks thjhlks XJ THYYK hj nfsf, heeks tchjhj tchjhj NXFWYK= jksktrks thjhlks XJF TC^NCJF quh eeh`f afstf ef lctfg lctfg ghe  ofrgcj, heeks tchjhj tchjhj XJ FYYKSK VXH JK WCHJH WCHJH BCJ= jksktrks thjhlks XJF^ EÆLTFYF^ clpkrtfgfs hj hj he pftck, HEE HEEK^ K^ WCHJHJ EF^ H^WYHEEF^= juhstrk TFWCK eeh`f afstf ef ifrgf gh ef nfsf, heeks tchjhj WKGK XJ AKYC_KJWH gh pftck. Fe thrlcjfr he rheftk, he pfgrh sh quhgþ lugk... y su acok a cok f`rh`þ? @rfncfs Tfpæ pkr hjshöfrlh ek pkirh quh sklks!  

Ef @HJHYK^CGFG @HJHYK^CGFG hs uj ujf f RC RCYWXG YWXG ghe nkrfz nkrfzþj þj TKYVXH gflks pfrf F@YFGFY f Gcks. Nklk Tfiek fprhjgcþ f GFY, cjvctf f ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpk f sh`ucr hsth nflcjk y jks cjvctf AKS f sh`ucr he nflcjk gh ef @HJHYK^CGFG, pkrquh he GFY jk hs phrghr, hs @FJFY. @fjflks NXFJGK?

F. GFLK^ GH NKYF_ÞJ Rs. 64-6>   Fe`ujks gflks nkj he cjthrãs gh YHN YHNCICY, CICY, k ktrks trks gflk gflkss pkr nulpecr= phrk jk schlprh gflks gh nkrfzþj. Tfiek HJ^HÖF f ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpk, quh he GFY ghih shr gh nkrfzþj? f. Thj Thjsf sfjg jgk k hj he k ktr trk. k. ―Lh feh`rk lunaìsclk hj he ^hökr gh quh fe bcj afyfj RXHEWK f CJWHYH^FY^H hj lì. Nefrk hstæ quh thjìfj he ghshk, ghshk, phrk jk afiìfj pkgcgk pkgcgk ghlkstrfrek“   i.  Whjchjgk nkjthjtflchjtk. Tfiek hjshöf gh su prkpcf hxphrchjncf hxphrchjncf quh af FTYHJGCGK ―ah fprhjgcgk f nkjthjtfrlh (hstfr sftcsbhnak) hj nufequchr sctufncþj“ 

Efs nksfs lfthrcfehs skj WHLTKYFEH^. Tkghlks thjhr y lföfjf phrghrek tkgk. Hj ef vcgf pkghlks? Tkirhzf y Fiujgfjncf Tfghnhr aflirh (hsnfshz) k thjhr gh skirf  

  FTECNFNCÞJ? 6. Lc nkrfzþj ghih shr LKRCGK f GFY (Yhvcvcgk, fvcvfr he aklirh cjthrckr) pkr ef lfjk gh Gcks. Jk ghik phrghr efs kpkrtujcgfghs gh GFY, gh fyugfr f eks ghlæs.   Hohlpek. Ef luohr ^XJFLCWF quh k kbrhnh brhnh fe prkbhtf Hecshk ujf pchzf pfrf quhgfrsh, euh`k   Yhncih scj phgcrek XJ ACOK 9 Yhyhs 7?1->0 ―HE FÖK VXH RCHJH, TKY H^WF BHNAF H^WFYÆ^ FIYF_FJGK XJ ACOK “ 9Yhyhs 7?62 9. Ghihlks fprhjghr f vcvcr hj nkjthjtflchjtk, efs ncrnujstfjncfs jk ghihj fbhntfr juhstrk nkrfzþj, JK lurlurfr, JK quhofrsh, JK hnafreh fe nuepf f Gcks gh juhstrf sctufncþj. Fprhjghr quh“ WKGK EK TXHGK HJ NYC^WK VXH LH BKYWFEHNH“ >?6>    Fprhjgflks f GFY gh nkr nkrfzþj fzþj y G Gcks cks Y YHNKLTH^FYÆ HNKLTH^FYÆ f su WCHLTK juhstrf `hjhrkscgfg. Tkrquh ef `hjhrkscgfg hs fsujtk ghe nkrfzþj.

I. GFLK^ TFYF F@YFGFY F GCK^. Rs. 67-63 ―Jk hs quh iusquh gægcvfs, scjk BYXWK quh fiujgh hj vuhstrf nuhjtf“ Rs.60   Gfr hs uj fsujtk ghe nfrænthr, pkrquh ek afnhlks? f. Gflks nk nkj j FLKY. ―… ―…ek ek quh hjvc hjvcfsth fsth kek kekrr brf`fj brf`fjth, th, sfnrc sfnrcbcnck bcnck fnh fnhptk, ptk, f`r f`rfgfieh fgfieh f Gcks“ i. Gflks nk nkj j `kzk y FEH FEH@YÌF @YÌF.. 9 Nkrcjtc Nkrcjtcks ks 1?9. ―…ef fiu fiujgfjn jgfjncf cf gh su `kzk y prk prkbujgf bujgf pkirhzf fiujgfrkj hj YCVXH_F^ gh `hjhrkscgfg“ Gfr hs uj prcvceh`ck

 

n. Gflks nkj B BH. H. Rs Rs.. 63. Trklh Trklhsf sf quh Gcks T TYKRH YKRHHYF, HYF, (supecr (supecræ) æ) WKG WKGK K ek q quh uh bfe bfeth…“ th…“

FTECNFNCÞJ Gflks pfrf f`rfgfr f Gcks. Hohlpek, Lfrìf gck WKGK pfrf uj`cr eks pchs ghe ^hökr Oufj 69?6-1. Nrctcnfgf pkr su fntk pkr eks aklirhs, phrk FEFIFGF pkr Gcks pkr su `hjhrkscgfg. NKJNEX^CÞJ Nufjgk gflks JK phrghlks, nufjgk gflks @FJFLK^, TKYVXH ef `hjhrkscgfg hs ujf RCYWXG quh sh fprhjgh nufjgk phrlctclks quh Gcks nflich juhstrk nkrfzþj gh tkgf fntctug h`kìstf h cjgcbhrhjth. Hs nefrk he hohlpek quh Ohsÿs nklpfrf hj he GFY nufjgk vck hj he thlpek he nkrfzþj nkrfzþj gh eks rcnks y gh ef vcugf. Akjrfjgk ef @H @HJHYK^CGFG JHYK^CGFG gh ef vcugf, pkrquh ek aczk gh nkrfzþj pfrf f`rfgfr f Gcks. (Lfrnks 69?76-77) ―He felf `hjhrksf shræ prksphrfgf= he quh sfncf f ktrks shræ tflicãj sfncfgk“ Trkv. 66.98

 BCYLH^ HJ EF FGRHY^CGFG

CJWYKGXNNCÞJ   frf fiek ―A ―Afy fy @K_K hj he nkrf nkrfzj zj gh Gcks Gcks nufjgk sus acoks acoks phrlfjhnhj phrlfjhnhj BCYLH^ BCYLH^ HJ NYC^W NYC^WK K OH^X^ hj lhgck gh efs fgvhrscgfg“ Feh`rflks he nkrfzj gh Gcks nufjgk NYHNHLK^ hj EF FEFIYF GH GCK^ nkjtrciuyhjgk nkj ef JCGFG S EF F_ hj he ak`fr hj ef c`ehscf y hj ef sknchgfg. Fsì nklk Tfiek ghsgh ef nærnhe hxakrtf f phrlfjhnhr bcrlhs hj Nrcstk TFYF? F. NKJWYCIXCY NKJ EF XJCGFG. 7?9, > Ef cjthjncþj pfstkrfe gh efs eìjhfs quh sc`uhj hj hstf prþxclf shnncþj hstf luy nefrf. Nklk efs nfrtfs f efs c`ehscfs sh ehìfj hj piecnk, fquì afy ujf hxakrtfncþj tfjtk f tkgf ef nkj`rh`fncþj quh hsnunafræ ef ehnturf gh ef nfrtf, nklk f gks ahrlfjfs jktfiehs gh ef c`ehscf quh hstj gcstfjncfgfs  pkr uj prkiehlf gh rcvfecgfg , y f uj ahrlfjk quh tchjh ujf pkscncj gh ecghrfz`k pfstkrfe . Fghlæs, he vknfiuefrck ghe v. > y ek quh pfrhnh ujf rhbhrhjncf nfsufe fnefrftkrcf, hjnchrrfj ujf rcnf `flf gh sc`jcbcnfgks pfrtcnuefrlhjth clpkrtfjths hj juhstrf ãpknf. Tfrf ef hxakrtfncþj, Tfiek fgkptf uj tkjk gh specnf y gh ruh`k quh sh rhcthrf , yf quh he vhrik vhrik sh He jklir jklrhefncj“. irhh ―Hvkgcf“ rhpct rhp cthh pf pfrf rf nf nfgf gfnflcjk“ ujf ujf gh k ef efs s gks phrs phrskjf kjfss jk jkli rfgfs? fs?  f   f sc`jcbcnf YXH@K Hvkg Hv kgcf cf ―iuhjf ―iuhj ―prsphrf okrjfgf“. rhefncj“ . sc`jcbcnf  ylirfg YXH@K ^jtcquh

Tcgh f hstfs gks luohrhs hvcghjthlhjth ghstfnfgfs quh sh pkj`fj gh fnuhrgk hj he ^hkr,  bkrlf luy fghnufgf y gcjælcnf gh trfguncr tk futk brkjhcj, hxprhscþj vhrife quh tfe nklk vclks hj 9?9, puhgh trfguncrsh trfgun crsh pkr c`ufe nklk "shjtcr"  k "phjsfr". Jk afy jcj`ujf cjgcnfncþj cjgcnfncþj gh quh ef gcbhrhjncf hjtrh hstfs gks ahrlfjfs tuvchsh quh vhr nkj eks bfesks lfhstrks nkjtrf eks nufehs Tfiek fgvchrth hj he nfpìtuek fjthrckr. Ef krfncþj quh sc`uh jk hs gh bænce trfgunncþj, yf quh he vknftcvk fe nufe sh cjneuyh hj he ruh`k, f tc tflicãj, puhgh trfguncrsh nklk fquì bche nklpföhrk, k pkgrìf shr he jklirh prkpck ^cnc`k, quh tflicãj sc`jcbcnfif "nklpfhrk bche" (Gcks Afief Aky). Hvcghjthlhjth sh trftfif gh ujf  phrskjf quh thjìf ujf rhspkjsficecgfg pfstkrfe, y f quchj Tfiek pkgìf phgcr quh fyugfsh nklk lhgcfgkr hjtrh efs lhjnckjfgfs ahrlfjfs. Tfiek kbrhnh ujfs brfshs fnefrftkrcfs skirh Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh, rhnkrgfjgk he ahnak gh quh afiìfj nkefikrfgk tfjtk nkj ãe nklk nkj ujk gh sus fyugfjths eeflfgk Nehlhjth. He vhrik quh ghsnrcih ef fnncþj gh hstfs luohrhs hs sujftaek  y Tfiek ek uusf sf sþek hj hstf hhpìstke pìstkef, f, hj 6?90 y fquì. fquì. Eunafrkj Eunafrkj

 

 oujtk nkjlc`k trfgunh fe`k gh ef buhrzf ghe vhrik quh afnh rhbhrhjncf f ujf eunaf phjksf, f luhrth, nklk ef gh eks `efgcfgkrhs hj he nkecshk. Hj 6?90 he vhrik sh rhbchr rhbchrhh f tkgf ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks Bcecpks quh af phrlfjhnc phrlfjhncgk gk bcrlh y skec skecgfrcf gfrcf fjth efs phrshnunckjhs. He usk ghe lcslk vhrik hj hsth pfsfoh pfrf rhbhrcrsh f ef efikr gh Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh luhstrf he fprhnck hsphncfe gh Tfiek pkr ef efikr quh nulpechrkj hstfs luohrhs, tfjtk hs fsì, quh usf uj tãrlcjk lunak læs vc`krksk quh he quh usf pfrf rhbhrcrsh f Nehlhjth. Hj ef efr`f ecstf gh sfeugks ghe nfp. 62 gh Yklfjks hjnkjtrflks lunaks ktrks jklirhs gh luohrhs quh nkefikrfrkj nkj Tfiek hj su tfrhf fpkstþecnf. Hs hvcghjth quh he Fpþstke jk thjìf jcj`j prkiehlf nkj he lcjcsthrck gh ef luohr, y nufequchrf quh nkjkznf ef acstkrcf gh efs lcsckjhs nrcstcfjfs sfih quh ef acstkrcf sh af rhphtcgk sc`ek trfs sc`ek. F ef euz gh hstf præntcnf gh Tfiek afy quh ehhr nufequchr ktrk gh sus hsnrctks skirh he thlf gh ef luohr hj ef c`ehscf. Hstf ehnncþj hs sulflhjth clpkrtfjth hj juhstrf ãpknf hj quh sh af rhghsnuichrtk he vfekr ghe lcjcsthrck gh ef luohr hj ef c`ehscf y ef lcscþj, y sh hlpchz hlp chzff f rhnk rhnkjknh jknhrr su clp clpkrt krtfjnc fjncff y su trf trfsnhj snhjghj ghjncf ncf,, fujquh fujquh afy tkgfvìf tkgfvìf quchjh quchjhss qucsch qucschrfj rfj scehjncfrek k rheh`frek f uj sh`ujgk pefjk. Ef lhjncþj gh efs gks ahrlfjfs eehvf f Tfiek f phjsfr hj ktrks quh trfifofrkj f su efgk ( sujhr`s) nklk Nehlhjth y vfrcks læs quh ghof scj jklirfr hj he v. 9, phrk pfrf eks nufehs utceczf uj nklhjtfrck luy heknuhjth? nuyks jklirhs hstj hj he ecirk gh ef vcgf . Hj he FW hjnkjtrflks fjthnhghjths gh hstf clf`hj ghe ecirk gh ef vcgf nklk lfjhrf gh rhbhrcrsh f ef rhefncþj nkj Gcks, ef sfevfncþj k  phrgcncþj, ef vcgf k ef luhrth, hj pfsfohs nklk Hxkgk >9?>6„>> y he ^felk 23?91. Ohss usf ujf hxprhscþj hj sus lc- sckjhrfs sus quh fpþstkehs hjvcfgks fpfrfehef rh`kncofrsh pkr cjstrunnckjhs he ahnak bujgflhjtfe gh suhsphnìbcnfs, rhefncþj nkjgkjgh Gcks yhxakrtf Nrcstk,flæs pkr susk vcntkrcfs hj ef lcscþj? rh`kncofrsh gh quh vuhstrks jklirhs hstæj cjsnrctks hj eks ncheks (Eun. 64?94). Sf quh hstfs luohrhs afiìfj ghshlphöfgk uj pfphe tfj clpkrtfjth hj he nklchjzk gh ef kirf hj Bcecpks, hrf ur`hjth quh suphrfrfj sus gcbhrhjncfs y fenfjzfshj hjtrh s ef lcslf frlkjf quh qu h ghif nfrfnthrczfr f tkgf ef c`ehscf.  ^c eks lf lfyk ykrh rhss y ek ekss eì eìgh ghrh rhss hj efs c` c`eh ehsc scfs fs jk gfj hohlpek gh rhnkjncecfnc rhnkjnc ecfncj, j, frlkj frlkjff y ujfjc ujfjclcgfg lcgfg, lfe puhghj hsphrfr quh afyf pfz hjtrh eks ahrlfjks nklujhs y nkrrchjths. Ef hxphrchjncf pfstkrfe jks af lkstrfgk quh cjneuscvh `rfjghs schrvks gh Gcks  puhghj eeh`fr f ghsfnuhrgks quh gcvcghj nkj`rh`fnckjhs y frrucjfj vcgfs . Hstk fulhjtf ef shrchgfg y  phrtcjhjncf gh ef hjshöfjzf gh hstf hpìstkef. hp ìstkef.

I. NKJWYCIXCY NKJ EF TF_. 7?7-3 Firh hstf shnncþj ujf cjvctfncþj fe rh`kncok hj eks lcslks tãrlcjks quh yf ahlks vcstk hj >?6, rh`kncofks hj he ^hökr. ^h trftf gh ujf feh`rf quh tchjh rfz prkbujgf pkrquh prkvchjh gh ef rhefncj nkj Nrcstk, y hj hsh sh shjt jtcg cgkk jk ghphjgh sek gh efs ncrnujstfjncfs bfvkrfiehs . Jþthsh he ãjbfscs rhjkvfgk, nkj he usk gh ef pfefirf schlprh y ef rhcthrfncþj hxpeìnctf ktrf vhz ek gc`k, brfsh quh hj `rch`k hstæ hj buturk, nklk sc gcohsh "ehs ah gcnak y sh eks vkevhr f ghncr".  Hj ef shnncþj sc`uchjth, fe gfr thstclkjck gh su prkpcf fntctug, Tfiek luhstrf uj hohlpek gh ek quh quchrh ghncr. Oujtk nkj he rh`kncok ghih afihr ujf bkrlf gh shr shlhofjth f ef gh Nrcstk quh shf rhnkjkncgf pkr eks ghls shrhs aulfjks. FLFICECGFG trfgunh hpchcms , vfrcfjth gh ef pfefirf quh hj 6 Nkrcjtcks 64?6 sh trfgunh nklk "thrjurf", hj rhbhrhjncf f Nrcstk. Ef pfefirf tchjh fghlæs he shjtc shj tcgk gk gh  TFNCHJNCF y tf tfli licã cãjj he gh NKLT NKLTYHJ^C YHJ^CJ J  pfrf nkj ef sctufncþj gh eks ghlæs y  LC^HYCNKYGCF fe ouz`freks. Hj nkjshnuhjncf, fujquh eks ktrks jk schlprh shfj nkrrhntks nkj jksktrks, y fujquh jks af`fj subrcr, ehs lkstrfrhlks FLFICECGFG. Wkgks eks aklirhs cjgcnf cjgcnf quh jk sh trftf gh ujf flficecgfg  hj   hj efs rhefnckjhs ghjtrk gh ef nklujcgfg nrcstcfjf, nrcstc fjf, scjk tflicj hj he lujgk. ^h trftf hjtkjnhs gh ujf fntctug y ujf lfjhrf gh trftfr f eks hxtrföks quh eeh`uh f `fjfrsh su rhsphtk. ¡He ^hökr hstæ nhrnf! hs ujf brfsh rheftcvf fe tchlpk, hj

 

shjtcgk hsnftkeþ`cnk, fbcrlfjgk quh sh fnhrnf he gìf ghe ^hökr. Ef vcscþj gh uj Gcks quh tchjh ef etclf  pfefirf y quh vcjgcnfræ f eks suyks hs uj fecnchjth pfrf nuetcvfr ef flficecgfg phsh f efs gcbcnuetfghs . Ef hstrunturf gh efs eìjhfs quh sc`uhj puhgh shr vcstf f trfvs ghe nkjnhptk gh ef TF_.  

6. Trclhrk nklk ujf fntctug quh fifjgkjf efs prhknupfnckjhs  (v. 2), euh`k 9. Nklk ujf ihjgcncj y prklhsf quh vchjh gh Gcks (v. 0) y bcjfelhjth >. Nklk ujf fbcrlfncj hj nufjtk f Gcks lcslk (v. 3). Tfiek hxakrtf nkjtrf ef thjghjncf tfj aulfjf gh fbfjfrsh k prhknupfrsh ghlfscfgk? fbfjksks, ek nufe jks rhnuhrgf hxakrtfnckjhs gh Ohss hj Lfthk 2?98 ss. y Eunfs 69?99 ss.Tkr F jfgf quchjhstãcs tchjh lktcvks gh fjschgfg  hsth   hsth clphrftcvk puhgh pfrhnhreh clpkscieh gh kihghnhr, phrk jkthlks quh ef skeuncþj jk hs uj quchtcslk frtcbcncfe scjk ujf krfncj cjthjsf quh gcscpf ef fjschgfg. Hj he `rch`k afy nuftrk tãrlcjks quh fpfrhnhj hj he sc`uchjth krghj?  prkshun  , , quh sh rhbchrh f ef krfncþj hj shjtcgk `hjhrfe, …nkj krfncj. Rs. 2  ghscs , quh cjgcnf uj ruh`k nkj buhrth shjtcgk gh jhnhscgfg, … phtcncj Rs. 2  hunfrcstf, hs ghncr fnncþj gh `rfncfs k hxprhscþj gh `rftctug y … nkj fnncj gh `rfncfs cthlf , quh shrìf ujf phtcncþj luy hsphnìbcnf. … Efs phtcnckjhs      

Wfe hs ef rcquhzf gh ef krfncþj quh he prkpck Fpþstke prfntcnfif y quh puhgh shrvcrjks nklk ujf `uìf  pfrf nrhnhr hj su hohrncnck. Ef prklhsf hs quh hj rhspuhstf f ef krfncj sh puhgh rhncicr ef pfz gh Gcks, ujf pfz quh sh hxphrclhjtf fujquh jk sh fenfjnh f hjthjghr, quh tknf ef nfihzf y he

nkrfzj. He tãrlcjk `ufrgfr prkvchjh ghe vknfiuefrck lcectfr y sh rhbchrh f ef fntcvcgfg gh eks nhjtcjhefs quh nucgfifj ef trfjqucecgfg gh ef ncugfg, nkj nuyf fntcvcgfg eks bcecphjshs hstfrìfj luy bflcecfrczfgks.  Jks rhnuhrgf pfsfohs ghe FW nklk CCsfìfs sfìfs 92?>. Nklk tkgk gkj gh Gcks hs kphrftcvk pkr lhgck gh su Acok, hj Nrcstk Ohss. Xjf vhz læs, he pærrfbk vf f nklpehtfrsh nkj ujf brfsh quh iusnf rhsulcr he acek ghe phjsflchjtk, c`ufe quh hj >?6. Ef ecstf gh vcrtughs quh sh vfj f lhjnckjfr hj he v. 1 hs pfrhncgf hj su nkjthjcgk y hstrunturf f nchrtfs ecstfs gh lxclfs tcnfs gh prknhghjncf hstkcnf. Afy quchjhs pchjsfj quh Tfiek hstæ nctfjgk uj hsnrctk nkj he nufe sus ehntkrhs afirìfj hstfgk bflcecfrczfgks, y quh nkjscstcrìf hj ujf hsphnch gh jkrlf lìjclf gh vcrtughs quh nufequchrf fglctcrf nklk ghshfiehs. Tfiek hstfrìf hjtkjnhs shöfefjgk he lìjclk quh hrf gh hsphrfrsh y skirh he nufe afirìf quh f`rh`fr ek hsphnìbcnflhjth nrcstcfjk. Hs clpkrtfjth quh ehflks hsth vhrsìnuek f ef euz gh su nkjthxtk hj he v. 3, y gh tkgf ef hpìstkef. ^h trftf gh uj gcsnursk puhstk hj bkrlf pksctcvf y quh fifrnf uj akrczkjth cjlhjsk. Hs ujf cjvctfncj f eehjfr ef lhjth y he nkrfzj nkj tkgf lfjcbhstfncj gh vcrtug.  Ef buhrzf gh ef hjshöfjzf sh jktf hj ef rhcthrfncþj gh ef pfefirf tkgk quh sh rhpcth brhjth f nfgf ujf gh efs vcrtughs quh sh hjujncfj?   ek vhrgfghrk, pkr nkjtrfsth nkj ek crrhfe k bfesk= ek akjkrfieh pkr nkjtrfsth nkj ek vue`fr. Tfiek `hjhrfelhjth usf ek oustk ( gmfcks ) hj uj shjtcgk hsphncfe, phrk fquì shrìf ek nkrrhntk (nklk hj 6?0). lktcvfnckjhs, kjhs, fujquh f vhnhs sh usf hj rhefncþj nkj purhzf  Ek purk  sh rhbchrh fe nflpk gh efs lktcvfnc shxufe. nklujhs, schjgk ãsth he jcnk eu`fr ghe JW  Ek flfieh f lfieh, ( prksbces) quh jk fpfrhnh hj efs ecstfs nklujhs, gkjgh sh lhjnckjf, y

 

 

ek gh iuhj jklirh , hj he shjtcgk gh iuhjf rhputfncj. Tfiek af scgk shehntcvk fe hsnk`hr ek quh prhshjt prhshjtff hj su ec ecst stf, f, y th thrl rlcj cjff rhsul rhsulch chjg jgkk pf pfrf rf cj cjne neuc ucrr tk tkgk gk fq fquhe uheek ek hj ek quh AFS RCYWXG (frht  )  ) k quh lhrhnh fefifjzf k fprkifncþj gcvcjf.

Yhnkjknhr ek iuhjk gkjghquchrf quh sh lfjcbchsth y prknurfr eehjfr ef vcgf gh ek pksctcvk lcjclczfjgk ek jh jh`f `fttcvk  H^ XJF GH EF^ ^HFEH^ GH LFGXYH_ S TEHJCWXG H^TCYCWXFE S   AXLFJF. Hs he lhokr fjtìgktk nkjtrf eks thlkrhs y he rhshjtclchjtk . Hsth hs he tkjk quh gklcjf ef hpìstkef. Yhnkrghlks quh? 6. Fujq Fujquh uh ktrk ktrkss prhgcn prhgcnfifj fifj nkj ef cjt cjthjnc hjncþj þj gh afnhre afnhrekk subrcr, subrcr, Tfiek sh kevcgf kevcgf gh hsf cjthjn cjthjncþj cþj y sh feh`rf gh quh he jklirh gh Nrcstk shf fjujncfgk (6?61). 9. Fujquh su vvcgf cgf pfrhn pfrhnhh hstfr phj phjgchjt gchjthh gh uj acek acek,, Tfiek sh ffeh`rf eh`rf nkj ef ef iuhjf lhlkrcf lhlkrcf gh sus sus bcecphjshs (9?60). >. Fujquh af phrgcgk ttkgk kgk ek qh eehh gfif `rfjghzf `rfjghzf ghsgh he pujtk gh vcstf vcstf aulfjk, sh sh hjtuscfslf hjtuscfslf nkj ek quh af `fjfgk quh hs he thskrk ghe nkjknclchjtk gh Nrcstk  (>?0). Tkr heek hs jfturfe quh nklpehth hsth pærrfbk eeflfjgk, ujf vhz læs, ef fthjncþj afncf sì lcslk y  prkpkjcãjgksh nklk hohlpek (v. 3). Jþthsh J þthsh he ouh`k gh eks clphrftcvks? HJ H^WK THJ^FG S H^WK AFNHG. Ek Ekss bcec bcecphj phjshs shs af afiì iìfj fj "fprhjgcgk"  hjshöfjzf hjshöfjzf,, afiìfj afiìfj "rhncicgk"  he ghpþsctk gh ef bh, afiìfj "kgk" he fjujnck ghe hvfj`heck y afiìfj "vcstk" WKGK HEEK HJNFYJFGK HJ TFIEK . Hj hsth shjtcgk, he hohlpek gh Tfiek hs uj nkjtrfsth nkj fquheeks lfhstrks f quchjhs nrctcnfif Ohss  pkrquh heeks gcnhj y jk afnhj (Lft. 9>?>). He phjsflchjtk gh hsth pærrfbk nuelcjf nkj ujf ihjgcncþj quh hs ujf prklhsf fprkpcfgf fe thlf quh hlpchzf hj he v. 2? HE GCK^ GH TF_ H^WFY NKJ RK^KWYK^.   BCYLH^ HJ EF BH

Afy @K_K hj he nkrfzj gh Gcks nufjgk sus acoks phrlfjhnhj BCYLH^ HJ NYC^WK OH^X^ HQAKYWFNCJ F TYFNWCNFY EF XJCGFG, EF KYFNCJ S EF @YFWCWXG

(7?6-9>)

Tfiek hxakrtf f eks bcecphjshs f hstfr bcrlhs  (7?6)   F sc quh, ahrlfjks lcks flfgks y ghshfgks, `kzk y nkrkjf lcf, hstfg fscbrlhs hj he ^hkr, flfgks (7?6). He fpstke Tfiek af afiefgk gh trhs fsphntks `ekrcksks gh ef hsphrfjzf nrcstcfjf? 6) ef ncugfgfjìf nhehstcfe= 9) ef vhjcgf ghe ^hkr Ohss= y >) he nflick quh knurrcræ hj eks nuhrpks gh eks nrhyhjths (gh nuhrpk aulceefgk f nuhrpk `ekrcksk). fpstke ke afnh su hxakr hxakrtfn tfncj cj f eks bce bcecph cphjsh jshss f ujf bcrlhzf Hj ef ifsh ifsh gh hs hsff trcpeh hsphrfjzf,  he fpst hspcrctufe? ―hstfg fsc brlhs hj he ^hkr , flfgks“. Hj lhgck ghe phec`rk nkjstfjth hxcstìf ef  pkscicecgfg gh quh fe`ujks gh eks bcecphjshs buhshj nkj nkjbujgcgks bujgcgks nkj gkntrcjfs hrrjhfs y nkj præntcnfs cjgc`jfs ghe hvfj`heck. Afy trhs rfzkjhs pkghrksfs pkr efs quh eks nrhyhjths ghihlks phrlfjhnhr bcrlhs hj he ^hkr .

F. krquh ef jfturfehzf gh juhstrf bh fs ek hxc`h. hxc`h. Xjf bh beuntufjth jk nkjnuhrgf nkj he pkgh pkghrr ghe hvfj`h hvfj`heck eck gh Ohs Ohsunr unrcst cstk. k. Tfi Tfiek ek hsn hsnrci rcic c f eks nkrcj nkrcjtck tcks? s? ―Rhefg, hstfg bcrlhs hj ef bh=   pkrtfks vfrkjcelhjth, y hsbkrzfks“ (6 Nk. 62?6>). Ef bh nrcstcfjf, nklk he nuhrpk gh gkntrcjf gfgf f eks nrhyhjths, nrhyhj ths, nkjst nkjstfjthl fjthlhjth hjth hxc`h ujf bcrlhzf fiskeutf   gh juhst juhstrfs rfs felfs felfs hj Nrcstk Nrcstk Ohs Ohss. s. ―Fsì quh,

 

ahrlfjks, hstfg bcrlhs, y rhthjhg ef gkntrcjf quh afics fprhjgcgk, shf pkr pfefirf, k pkr nfrtf   (9 Ws. 9?68). juhstrf“  (9

He fpstke Oufj gcnh quh ef vcntkrcf quh vhjnh fe lujgk hs juhstrf bh (6 Oj. 8?7), y he fpstke Ougfs jks hxakrtf f nkjthjghr pkr ef bh quh af scgk ujf vhz gfgf f eks sfjtks (Ougfs >). Hj sì, he pfrtcncpck fntcvk ―nrhyhjths“ clpecnf quh eks quh fsì skj eeflfgks afj ghpksctfgk ujf bh phrskjfe hj Gcks quh jfgf jc jfgch puhgh quctfr. Flfgk hrvk ek hxprhs gh lfjhrf `hjcfe fe hsnrcicr? ^c ef nchjncf hj`rhìgf jk th vh, yk th vhk. ^c sus eficks th jch`fj, yk th prkneflfr. Tkr nfgf aklirh quh gugf, lc felf `rctf? SK NYHK, y nkj nfgf bh luhrtf sh f`c`fjtf lc bh.

I. krquh ef c`ehscf gh Nrcstk ek jhnhsctf.  jhnhsctf.  Efs hlihstcgfs gh ^ftfjæs skj tfj pkghrksfs y eks ftrfntcvks ghe lujgk tfj sutcehs quh, f lhjks quh he nrcstcfjk hst bujgfgk y frrfc`fgk hj Nrcstk, nkrrh he `rfvh phec`rk gh nfhr nf hr hj ef trflpf ghe gcfiek. Tfiek gcnh f eks hbhscks? ―Tkr tfjtk, tklfg tkgf ef frlfgurf gh Gcks, pfrf quh pkgcs rhscstcr hj he gìf lfek, y afichjgk fnfifgk tkgk, hstfr bcrlhs. Hstfg, puhs, bcrlhs, nhcgks vuhstrks eklks nkj ef vhrgfg, y vhstcgks nkj ef nkrfzf gh oustcncf“ (Hb. 2?6>-67). He lujgk hj he quh ef c`ehscf sh hjnuhjtrf hs akstce nkjtrf eks sh`ucgkrhs gh Ohss. ^keflhjth phrlfjhnchjgk bcrlh hj he ^hkr puhgh he nrhyhjth thjhr vcntkrcf skirh ef thjt thjtfncj fncj y he phnfgk.  Nrcstk gcok? ―Hstfs nksfs ks ah afiefgk pfrf quh hj lì thj`æcs pfz. Hj he lujgk thjgrcs fbecnncj= phrk nkjbcfg, yk ah vhjncgk fe lujgk“ (Oj. 62?>>). ghe nchek fs ek ghlfjgf. ghlfjgf.   He ^hkr Ohss gcok? ―Jcj`ujk puhgh shrvcr f N. krquh he Gcks gks shkrhs...“ (Lt. 2?97). He fpstke Tfiek hxakrtf f eks `æeftfs gcnchjgk? ―Hstfg, puhs, bcrlhs hj ef ecihrtfg nkj quh Nrcstk jks aczk ecirhs, y jk hstcs ktrf vhz suohtks fe yu`k gh hsnefvctug“ (@æ. 8?6). Nufjgk Gcks sfevf ujf phrskjf, hsphrf quh hsf phrskjf ghgcquh su shrvcnck y fthjncj fe ^hkr Ohss. He fpstke ^fjtcf`k gcnh? ―¡Ka felfs fgethrfs! »Jk sfics quh ef flcstfg ghe lujgk hs hjhlcstfg nkjtrf Gcks; Nufequchrf, puhs, quh quchrf shr flc`k ghe lujgk, sh nkjstctuyh hjhlc`k gh Gcks. »K  phjsæcs quh efs Hsnrcturfs gcnhj hj vfjk? He Hspìrctu quh e af ahnak lkrfr hj jksktrks jks fjahef nheksflhjth;“ (^t`. 7?7-8). He Gcks ghe nchek ghlfjgf y hsphrf quh nfgf ujk gh sus acoks vcvf gh fnuhrgk f efs jkrlfs gh efs Hsnrcturfs. Oufj gcnh? ―Jk thj`k yk lfykr `kzk quh sth, he kìr quh lcs acoks fjgfj hj ef vhrgfg“ (> Oj. 7). Afy `kzk hj he nkrfzj gh Gcks nufjgk sus acoks phrlfjhnhj bcrlhs hj Nrcstk Ohss.   Wkgfs efs  ihjgcnckjhs quh ghrrflf skirh sus acoks sh ghihj f eks lrctks gh Ohsunrcstk. Wkgk nrhyhjth hstæ  pkscnck- jfelnjtn hj Nrcstk. Tkr hsk Tfiek hxakrtf f eks bcecphjsns f? 6) hstfr bcrlhs hj he ^hkr, 9) shr 

gh uj lcslk shjtcr hj he ^hkr, y >) rh`kncofrsh hj he ^hkr. ¡Hsh hs he hspìrctu quh f`rfgf f Gcks! Træntcnf quh prkgunh pfz (7?9-3) Yuh`k f Hvkgf y f ^cjtquh quh shfj gh uj lslk shjtr hj he ^hkr (7?9). Gcks ghshf quh tkgks sus acoks vcvfj hj pfz y prfntcquhj ef pfz.  He af ahnak tkgk ek jhnhsfrck pfrf quh pfsfoh ef brluef brluef gcvcjf pfrf ef ef præntcnf gh ef pfz vhrgfghrf.  fsì shf. He fpstke fiek jks gf hj hsth pfsfoh luohrhss. He fpstk fpstkee Tfiek jk ghnefrf ghnefrf Hj ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks pfrhnh quh afiìf ujf gcsnkrgcf hjtrh gks luohrh hj qu nkjscstìf fquheef ghsfvhjhjncf, phrk he ahnak gh jk lhjnckjfr he lktcvk gh ef gcsputf su`chrh ef  pkscicecgfg gh quh buhsh fe`k gh pknf clpkrtfjncf. Hs cjthrhsfjth rhnkrgfr quh ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks nklhjz nkj uj `rupk gh luohrhs rhujcgfs hj ef nfsf gh Ecgcf (Ana. 62?67-62). Fakrf skj tflicj efs luohrhs gh fquheef c`ehscf efs quh prkgunhj ujf jktf gcskjfjth. Lunafs vhnhs, hj juhstrfs nkj`rh`fnckjhs, sh prkgunhj ahnaks sclcefrhs y gcsputfs skirh phquhhnhs. Afy nheks y rcvfecgfghs= afy ghshks gh skirhsfecr y shr prklcjhjths . Afy fj, f quchjhs, nklk f

Gctrhbhs, ehs `ustf thjhr he prclhr eu`fr (> Oj. 3).

 

He fpstke fpstke Tfiek hjnkjt hjnkjtr r ef lfjhrf lfjhrf læs shjnc shjnceef eef y hbc hbcnfz nfz gh rhs rhskevhr kevhr he prk prkieh iehlf? lf? ―Yuh`k f Hvkgf y f ^cjtquh, quh shfj gh uj lslk shjtr hj he ^hkr“. He jklirh ―Hvkgcf“ sc`jcbcnf ―iuhj nflcjk“ k ―prsphrf okrjfgf“. ^c heef auichsh vcvcgk gh fnuhrgk nkj he sc`jcbcnf gk gh su jklirh, sh ef auichsh eeflfgk ―ef quh af eeh`fgk“. He jklirh ― ^cjtquh“ sc sc`jc `jcbc bcnf nf ―iuhjf rhefncj“ k ―iuhjf suhrth“. ^c auichsh vcvcgk hj juhstrks gìfs, y gh fnuhrgk nkj he sc`jcbcnfgk gh su jklirh, ^ìjtcquh shrìf nkjkncgf nklk ujf ―iuhjf lhznefgkrf“.  Fe rhskevhr hstf rcvfecgfg, he fpstke ek afnh gh ef lfjhrf læs `hjtce y ghecnfgf, usfjgk ef pfefirf ―ruh`k“.   Hj he krc`cjfe Tfiek hjbftczf su hxakrtfncj fphefjgk shpfrfgflhjth f nfgf ujf gh efs ―ruh`k“. luohrhs. Tfiek gcnh? ―Yuh`k f Hvkgcf y f ^ìjtcquh...“= gh hsf bkrlf he fpstke trftf f flifs gh ef lcslf lfjhrf. ^hkr“.   F trfvs gh hstf hpìstkef, Tfiek af Tfiek efs hxakrtf f ―shjtcr ek lcslk hj he ^hkr“.  cjstfg cjs tfgkk f eks bce bcecph cphfsh fshss f EF JCGFG H^ CYCWFE  usfjgk ef hxprhscj ―he lcslk shjtcr“. Tkr  hohlpek, hj 6?0? ―Lh hs oustk shjtcr hstk gh tkgks vksktrks“= hj 9?9? ―Nklpehtfg lc `kzk, scjtchjgk ek lcslk. . . , scjtchjgk ujf lcslf nksf“= hj 9?8? ―Afyf, puhs hj vksktrks he lcslk shjtcr quh auik hj Nrcstk Ohss...“= y hj >?68-62? ―Fsì quh, tkgks eks quh sklks phrbhntks, hstk lcslk scjtflks= y sc ktrf nksf shjtìs, hstk tflicj ks ek rhvhefræ Gcks. Thrk hj fquheek f quh ahlks eeh`fgk, sc`flks ujf lcslf rh`ef, scjtflks ujf lcslf nksf“ Afy gks nksfs quh jks eeflfj ef fthjncj hj ef hxakrtfncj quh Tfiek afnh f hstfs gks luohrhs.   rclhrflhjth, he  he fpstke jk efs hxakrtf f rhnkjncecfncj, pkrquh hsk clpecnfrìf quh ujf gh heefs thjgrìf quh tklfr ef cjcncftcvf, fe phgcrehs quh ―shfj gh ujlcslk shjtcr “,he “,he fpstke ehs pcgh quh eeh`uhj f uj lutuk hjthjgclchjtk hj he nufe flifs thjgrìfj quh tklfr ef cjcncftcvf   y eeh`fr f lutuf nklprhjscj .

Hj sh`ujgk eu`fr, Tfiek ehs pcgh quh hsh lcslk shjtcr shf― hj he ^hkr yf quh hs ―hj he ^hkr“ gkjgh jcnflhjth afy frlkjìf nklpehtf. Fgh læs, ef hxprhscj ―hj he ^hkr*– ghiìf rhnkrgfrehs quh he ghsfnuhrgk quh hstfs ahrlfjfs afiìfj thjcgk jk hrf hj he ^hkr. Yh`knofks hj he ^hkr shlprh. Ktrf vhz g`k? ¡Yh`knofks! (7?7).

Ghspus gh su hxakrtfncj he fpstke Tfiek prhshjtf ujf hxpkscncj gh ek quh sc`jcbcnf ghsnfjsfr hj he ^hkr. Tfiek gcnh?―Yh`kncofks hj he ^hkr schlprh. . .“ (v. 7). Fquì he fpstke usf uj gkieh jbfscs. rclhrflhjth hj he tchlpk vhrife, quh hs prhshjth, hs ghncr, he `kzk ghe nrcstcfjk ghih shr nkjtcjuk= phrk f hsk Tfiek ffgh he fgvhrick ― schlprh “, ek nufe cjgcnf quh he hsnrctkr hstæ afiefjgk gh uj `kzk quh jk hs ncrnujstfjncfe. He nrhyhjth quh sh rh`kncof hj he ^hkr jk lhjksprhncf jc lfe lfetrf trftf tf f ktr ktrfs fs phrskj phrskjfs. fs. Tfiek gcnh? Ruh Ruhstr strf f `hj `hjtceh tcehzf zf shf nkjkngf gh tkgks eks aklirhs. He ^hkr hst nhrnf (7?8). Ef pfefirf ―`hjtcehzf“ sc`jcbcnf quh ujk ghshf vhr efs nksfs ghsgh he pujtk gh vcstf gh eks ghlæs y hstæ gcspuhstk f nhghr hj su fntctug y hj su ghrhnak, hj ghbhrhjncf y flkr nrcstcfjk. Hs cjthrhsfjth quh Tfiek afief fquì gh skirhe skirheehvfr ehvfr nkj `hjtcehzf f eks quh pchjs pchjsfj fj gcbhrhjt gcbhrhjthh f jksktrks. Hstk hs hxfntflhjth hxfntflhjth ek kpuhstk f ek quh Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh hstfifj afnchjgk. He fpstke Tfiek pkjh fe ^hkr nklk hohlpek fe ghncr? ― He ^hkr hst nhrnf “. Fquì Tfiek jk sh rhbchrh f ef vhjcgf ghe ^hkr nklk quh hstæ nhrnf, scjk f quh he ^hkr lcslk hstæ nhrnf . Nrcstk buh `hjtce fj nkj sus hjhlc`ks. Ef `hjtcehzf jk sh kpkjh f ef rhntctug . Nrcstk jk buh gice, phrk buh `hjtce. rhntctug . He pugk ghsfekofr f eks nflicfgkrhs ghe thlpek y phrgkjfr f ef Nrcstk prfntcn ef `hjtcehzf nkj rhntctug luohr hjbrhjtfrsh f eksghe bfrcshks y sfgunnks nkj tkgf aklirìf, tflicj eekr brhjth ffgethrf. ef tulifHeghsupk Eæzfrk. Ef `hjtcehzf nrcstcfjk ghih shr ahnaf jktkrcf f tkgksphrk eks aklirhs= hstk cjneuyh f cjnkjvhrsks y nrhyhjths pkr c`ufe. Lunafs vhnhs sh jks hxakrtf f hstfr knupfgks prhgcnfjgk

 

 pkrquh he ^hkr hstæ nhrnf, phrk ah fquì, uj ujff hxakrtfncj f shr guenh y rfzkjfieh pkrquh he ^hkr hstæ nhrnf. Hstf etclf hxakrtfncj hs tfj jkieh y f`rfgf tfjtk f Gcks nklk `fjfr felfs k nufequchr ktrk shrvcnck nrcstcfjk. Fghlæs gh `hjtcehzf, he nrhyhjth ghih lkstrfr hnufjclcgfg. Hj eu`fr gh fbfjfrsh, he nrhyhjth ghih krfr. krf r. Hs gcb gcbìnc ìncee shr `hjt `hjtce ce nufjgk sh hst hstææ prh prhknu knupfgk pfgk y fbf fbfjks jksk. k. Tfiek Tfiek gcnh? Tkr jfgf hsts fbfjk fbf jksk sks, s, sj sjk k shf shfj j nk nkjk jkng ngfs fs vu vuhst hstrfs rfs ph phtn tnk kjh jhs s gh ghefj efjth th gh Gks Gks hj tk tkgf gf krfnj y ruh`k, nkj fnnj gh `rfnfs (7?2).  Jujnf fjths hj ef acstkrcf sh afiìfj hsnrctk tfjtks ecirks gh pscnkek`ìf p scnkek`ìf nklk hj juhstrf pknf. Fe`ujks gh hstks ecirks trftfj gh kbrhnhr skeunckjhs skeunckjhs pfrf efs prhknupfnckjhs y fjschgfghs aulfjfs. Tfiek gcnh quh ef lhokr skeuncj pfrf he fbæj y ef fjschgfg H^ JF YHEFNCJ NKYYHNWF NKJ GCK^ . He fpstke su`chrh quh, hj eu`fr gh `fstfr tchlpk hj fbfjhs y prhknupfnckjhs, hlpehhlks tchlpk hj ef krfncj. He hsnrctkr lhjnckjf nuftrk pfefirfs nefvhs hj hsth vhrsìnuek? 6) phtcnckjhs= 9) krfncj= >) lh`k= y 7) fnncj gh `rfncfs. He vknfiek ― phtcnckjhs“ (tf  phtcnckjhs“ (tf fthlftg) su`chrh fsujtks hsphnìbcnks pkr eks quh sh af phgcgk. Hj ujf krfncj, pkr ek rh`uefr, afy lunafs phtcnckjhs. Ef pfefirf gh Gcks jks hxakrtf f prhshjtfr juhstrfs  phtcnckjhs ghefjth gh Gcks hj ef sh`urcgfg quh He jks kyh. Oufj gcnh? ―S stf hs ef nkjbcfjzf quh  thjhlks hj e, quh sc phgclks fe`ujf nksf nkjbkr lh f ^u vkeujtfg, e jks kyh. S sc sfihlks quh e  jks kyh hj nufequc hrf nksf quh pcgflks, sfihlks quh thjhlks efs phtcnckjhs quh eh afyflks ahnak“ 

(6 Oj. 8?67-68). Ef sh` sh`ujg ujgff hxp hxprhs rhscj cj quh Tfie Tfiekk utc utcecz eczff hs ―krfncj“ ―krfncj“   (prkshunah). Hstf pfefirf sh usf pfrf Trksh kshun unah ah schlprh sh cjgcnf cjg cnfrr ujf krfnc krfncj j phrskj phrskjfe fe y hs hstæ tæ fsk fskncf ncfgf gf nkj ghvkncj y fgkrfncj. Tr hlpehf hj he Juhvk Whstflhjtk pfrf hxprhsfr krfncj f Gcks, y sh rhefnckjf nkj ef fntctug lhjtfe ghe quh krf. Ef thrnhrf pfefirf f ef quh Tfiek rhnurrh hs ―ruh`k“ (th ghsh). Hstf pfefirf hjbftczf he fsphntk gh efs jhnhscgfghs y ghshks, y shfef he fntk gh ef skecnctfncj. Hj ―krfncj“ eks bcecphjshs skj hxakrtfgks f ghncr f Gcks sus jhnhscgfghs hj vhrgfghrks shjtclchjtks rhec`cksks, lchjtrfs quh hj ―ruh`k“ sh ehs pcgh quh af`fj jktkrcfs hsfs phtcnckjhs ghefjth gh Gcks. ―Krfncj“ y ―ruh`k“ fpfrhnhj  oujtks hj vfrcks pfsfohs gh ef Iciecf nklk Hbhscks 2?61? ―Krfjgk hj tkgk tchlpk nkj tkgf krfncj y specnf ]ruh`k\ hj he Hspìrctu, y vhefjgk hj heek nkj tkgf phrshvhrfjncf p hrshvhrfjncf y specnf pkr tkgks eks sfjtks“. Wflicj hj 6Wclkthk 9?6? ―Hxakrtk fjth tkgk, f quh sh af`fj rk`ftcvfs, krfnckjhs, phtcnckjhs y fnnckjhs gh `rfncfs pkr tkgks eks aklirhs“. a klirhs“. hunfrstcfs ghLunafs `rfncfs ). Wkgfs juhstrfs Tkr etclk, etclk, he fp fpstk e usf ef hxpr hxprhsc hscj j ―fnncj “  (juhstrfs krfnckjhs ghihj cr stke fnklpffgfs nkj fnncj gh `rfncfs. vhnhs krfnckjhs nkjscsthj hj ujf ecstf cjthrlcjfieh gh phtcnckjhs, phrk hstæj ghsprkvcstfs gh tkgf hxprhscj gh f`rfghnclchjtk f Gcks. Tfiek gcnh f eks thsfekjcnhjshs? ―Gfg `rfncfs hj tkgk, pkrquh stf hs ef vkeujtfg gh Gcks pfrf nkj vksktrks hj Nrcstk Ohss“ (6 Ws. 8 ?61). S f eks nkekshjshs Tfiek hxakrtf gcnchjgk? ―.. .y shg f`rfghncgks“ (Nke. >?68).

Ef krfncj hs ujf præntcnf quh prkgunh pfz. Nufjgk tkgks eks hehlhjtks akstcehs y gfcjks afj scgk rhlkvcgks rhlkvc gks hj krfncj, gh sh`urk af gh afihr pfz quh prknhgh gh Gcks. Ef nefsh gh pfz f ef quh Tfiek sh rhbchrh fquì hs hsh hstfgk lhjtfe præntcnk ghe nrhyhjth quh af puhstk tkgk hj lfjks gh Gcks. Hstf jk hs ef pfz gh ef oustcbcnfncj, scjk ef pfz clpfrtcgf gh ef sfjtcbcnfncj. Jk hs ef ―pfz nkj Gcks“ hbhntufgf fe lklhjtk gh nrhhr, scjk ef ―pfz gh Gcks“ prkguncgf pkr ef sh`urcgfg gh ef prhshjncf gcvcjf . Ohss gcok? ―Ef pfz ks ghok, lc pfz ks gky= yk jk ks ef gky nklk he lujgk ef gf. Jk sh turih vuhstrk  nkrfzj, jc thj`f lchgk“  (Oj.  (Oj. 67?90). Tfiek sh rhbc rhbchrh hrh f hstf pfz gcnchjgk? S ef pfz gh Gks, quh skirhp skir hpfs fsf f tk tkgk gk hj hjth thjg jgl lh hjt jtk, k, `u `ufr frgf gfr r vu vuhs hs trks trks nk nkrf rfzk zkjh jhs s y vu vuhs hstr trks ks  phjsflhjtks  phjsflhj tks hj Nrstk OOhss hss (7?0).

 

Ef  ―pfz gh Gcks“ hs nklk uj nhjtcjhef fpkstfgk ghefjth gh ujf puhrtf. Ef pfz gh Gcks hstæ fpkstfgf f ef hjtrfgf gh juhstrk nkrfzj y juhstrf lhjth, nustkgcfjgk tkgk ek quh hjtrf y sfeh. ^c juhstrf vkeujtfg hs afnhr ef vkeujtfg gh Gcks, thjgrhlks fiskeutf pfz, ujf pfz quh hstæ læs feeæ gh ek quh jksktrks pkghlks phfsfr. Ghihlks jktfr juhvflhjth quh he eu`fr gh pfz hs Nrcstk Ohss, puhs Tfiek gcnh quh ef pfz gh Gcks `ufrgfræ juhstrks nkrfzkjhs y juhstrks phjsflchjtks hj Nrcstk Ohss. Ef bfetf gh pfz lhjtfe y hspcrctufe frrfstrf f lunafs phrskjfs fe pscnek`k y fe pscqucftrf, phrk jk afy lhokr fjtìgktk pfrf f lhjth y he nkrfzj quh ef krfncj scjnhrf y nkjstfjth ghefjth gh Gcks. Nufjgk fsfeth ef thjtfncj y efs fjschgfghs gh ef vcgf jks rkghhj nkj he prkpsctk gh hxthrlcjfr eks vfekrhs hspcrctufehs hj jksktrks, ef pfz gh Gcks jks ghbhjghræ nklk he nhjtcjhef quh `ufrgf ef hjtrfgf  prcjncpfe gh ujf bkrtfehzf. Fsì nklk ef pfz gh Gcks hj he nrhyhjth ghphjgh gh su ujcj nkj Nrcstk, tflicj he rhsuetfgk gh hsf pfz gh phjgh gh ef rhefncj quh hsh nrhyhjth lfjthj`f nkj he ^hkr. Ef ujcj nkj Nrcstk `frfjtczf ef pfz hj he nkrfzj ghe nrcstcfjk,  phrk f nflick f hsk he nrhyhjth ghih nkjnhjtrfr sus phjsflchjtks y fntcvcgfghs hj nksfs gc`jfs ghe jklirh gh Nrcstk. Tkr ek ghls, ahrlfjks, kgk ek quh hs vhrgfghrk, tkgk ek akjhstk, tkgk ek oustk, tkgk tkg k ek purk purk,, tkg tkgk k ek flfi flfieh, eh, tkgk ek qu quh h hs gh iu iuhj hj jkli jklirh rh== s af afy y vr vrtu tug g fe`ujf, s fe`k g`jk gh fefifjzf, hj hstk phjsfg (7?1). Hstk pkgrìf luy ichj eeflfrsh ―ef rh`ef gh krk“ gh ef vcgf præntcnf ghe nrcstcfjk. Hstf ecstf gh fgohtcvks ghih shr nklk efs nuhjtfs gh uj nkeefr, fgkrjfjgk ef vcgf gh tkgk acok gh Gcks? vhrgfghrk, akjhstk,

 oustk, purk, flfieh, gh iuhj jklirh, vcrtug, fefifjzf. Wkgk hstk hs nklk prkguntk gh ujfy rhefncj ìjtclf nkj Ohsunrcstk. He fpstke Tfiek jk hvfgc oflæs su rhspkjsficecgfg nrcstcfjk nklk eìghr. He `rfjj fp `rf fpstk stkee gcnh? Ek quh fprhjgsths y rhnisths y kcsths y vsths hj lc, hstk afnhg= y he Gks gh pfz hstfr nkj vksktrks (7?3).  Jkthlks eks nuftrk prclhrks vhriks usfgks pkr he hsnrctkr? ef prclhrf pfrhof gh vhriks (fprhjgsths y rhnisths) jks afief gh ek quh eks bcecphjshs fprhjgchrkj gh efs hjshfjzfs gh Tfiek. Ef sh`ujgf pfrhof gh vhriks (kcsths y vsths) jks afief gh ek quh eks bcecphjshs fprhjgchrkj y `fjfrkj ghe hohlpek gh Tfiek. Wkgks hstks vhriks skj ghsnrcptcvks, jk skeflhjth gh efs nufecgfghs gh Tfiek nklk lfhstrk y fpstke, scjk tflicj gh efs nfrfnthrìstcnfs phrskjfehs y ef ghlkstrfncj vcscieh ghe hohlpek gh Tfiek hj su vcgf gcfrcf.

I) Nkjshoks skirh ef frlkjf, he `kzk y ef pfz (7,7-3). 7. fgc fgcks? ks? Nb. nklhjtfrck f >,6. Tfiek sh ghspcgh hj he ^hökr f ef vcstf gh su ghstcjk tkgfvìf cjnchrtk. 8. he ^hjr hst nhrnf? He Fpþstke ghshf ujf vhz læs nkjthlpefr ef pfrusìf ghe ^hökr. ^us pfefirfs skj uj hnk gh ef peh`frcf gh ef C`ehscf  prclctcvf (lfrfjf taf, 6 Nkr 62,99= Fp 99,94 gh lfjhrf gcstcjtf). H^WF ^H@XYCGFG GHIH ^HY  HE BXJGFLHJWK GH EF TFNCHJNCF GH EK^ NYC^WCFJK^ GH BCECTK^. 0. ef pfz gh Gcs? Ef  pfz quh Gcks nkjnhgh hstæ phr phrskjcbcnfgf= skjcbcnfgf= f ef lfjhrf gh uj nhjtcjhef, lkjtfr ef `ufrgcf skirh eks  suphrf tgf nlprhsck? Tkrquh ef cjthec`hjncf jkrlfe ghe nkrfzkjhs efs lhjths gh eks nrcstcfjks aklirh jkypuhgh fifrnfref k pkrquh tfe ,hstfgk gh shrhjcgfg skirhpuof tkgks eks hsbuhrzks aulfjks  pfrf fenfjzfref. 1. tg e quh hs vhrgfg...? Tfiek rhnklchjgf nklk kiohtcvk f su flfgf nklujcgfg gh

 

Bcecpks tkgk uj nkjoujtk gh vcrtughs tìpcnflhjth `rch`fs. Jk thlh he fnkjshofrehs he cghfe gh eks bceþskbks nkjthlpkræjhks. Thrk he v. 3 prhshjtf f eks bcecphjshs ujf juhvf krchjtfncþj? Tfiek afief nklk sc tkgfs hstfs nksfs buhrfj ek quh eks bcecphjshs afj vcstk y kìgk hj ãe. ^c sh hsbuhrzfj hsbuhrzfj pkr nkjsh`ucr hstk, he Gcks gh ef pfz (nb. nklhjtfrck f 6 Whs 8,9>) hstfræ nkj heeks.

^JWH^C^ GHE NFTWXEK >  Thsflchts nefvhs nefvhs ghe Nfptue >

(6) He `kzk nrc nrcstcfjk stcfjk puhgh sh shrr nuetcvfgk (v (v.. 6). (9) Tfiek sh rhpcth f sì lcslk, nufg hs hnhsfrc (v. 6). (>) Ef lfshgulirh jk quchrh ghncr ghicecgfg . Ef læxclf ―jk vhr ek lfek“ jhnhsctf ujf hxpecnfncþj y, quczæs, ujf eclctfncþj (v. 9). (7) Jcj`ujf bfetf gh lrct hs tfj `rfjgh y tfj jkncvf nklk he lrct prpc h quh sh nbf (v. >). (8) He nr nrcstcfjk cstcfjk jk af eeh`fg vhrgfghrflhjth afstf quh jk eeh`uh f ef `ekrcf. ―Tkr sc eh gky fenfjnh“, hs he ehj`ufoh ghe `hjucjflhjth sfevk. He nrhyhjth hs hjhlc`k ghe  stftus qu (vv. 7„67). (2) Fujquh ef oustcbcnfn oustcbcnfncþj cþj hs nksf gh ujf vhz pkr tkgfs, he nrhyhjth fjahef ujf nkj nkjtcjuf tcjuf y læs rcnf sh`urcgfg gh afihr fenfj fenfjzfgk zfgk hstf `rfj ihjg ihjgcncþj. cncþj. Hj hsth fsphnt fsphntk, k, tflpk tflpknk nk sh ek`rf ef fisk fiskeutf eutf phrbhnn phrbhnncþj cþj hj hstf vcgf. Vuchj gcok efs pfefirfs ghe ^fe. 90?6, gcok tflicãj efs gh 6 ^. 90?6. Vuchj fefiþ f Gcks nkj efs hxprhsckjhs gh 6 Y. 61?>2, >0, prkjujncþ tflicãj ef eflhjtfncþj gh 6 Y. 63?7, 64. Hxcsth ujf vhrgfghrf jhnhscgfg gh sfjtcbcnfncþj hj tkgks eks fsphntks (vv. 1i„67). (0) Wkgk nrcstcfjk hs uj vhrgfghrk phrbhnnckjcstf k cghfecstf (vv. 1i„67). (1) ―Jksktrks ek flflks, pkrquh ãe jks flþ prclhrk“. Jksktrks ek fenfjzflks, pkrquh ãe jks fenfjzþ prclhrk (v. 69). (3) Ef prhshrvfncþj gcvcjf clpecnf ef phrshvhrfjncf aulfjf (vv. 69„67). (64) Jk skeflhjth hs uj hjhlc`k ghe prk`rhsk hspcrctufe he rhvkevhr hj ef lhjth hrrkrhs pf- sfgks, scjk tflicãj he rhnrhfrsh hj eks ―ãxctks“ pfsfgks (v. 6>).

(66) Fquheeks quh sh nkjbkrlfj nkj eefs fs nksfs phquhöfs, kevcgfjgk ef vhrgfghrf lhtf gh ef vcgf nrcstcfjf, jk afj eeh`fgk f ef lfgurhz  (v. 68). (69) Ef nkjs nkjscsthjncf csthjncf (v (v.. 62). (6>) He shjsufec shjsufecstf stf jk hs nrcs nrcstcfjk tcfjk (vv. 60„6 60„63). 3). (67) Jk hs he hstfgk cjt cjthrlhgck hrlhgck ek quh ghih shr bcrlhlhjt bcrlhlhjthh hjbftczfgk hj ef prhgcnfncþj y hj he hstugck iìiecnk, scjk ef `ekrcf bcjfe hj ef vhjcgf gh Nrcstk, hj eks juhvks ncheks y hj ef juhvf tchrrf,  oujtk nkj tkgks eks eks sfjtks (vv. 94, 96). TFIEK, HE TF^WKY TYXGHJWH Nfptuek 7 Rhrsnueks 6„3 Hxakrtf hj `hjhrfe f eks ahrlfjks gh Bcecpks F THYLFJHNHY BCYLH^= y hj pfrtcnuefr ruh`f f Hvkgcf y ^jtcquh f shr gh uj lcslk shjtcr , y f ^nc`k f fyugfr f hstfs luohrhs quh nkliftchrkj pkr he hvfj`heck= cjstf f eks bcecphjshs f rh`kncofrsh hj he ^hkr , f shr lf`jæjclks, `hjhrksks f tkgks, y, hj eu`fr gh cjquchtfrsh, f  prhshjtfr sus phtcnckjhs phtcnckjhs ghefjth gh Gcks hj tkg tkgff krfncj y ruh`k quh trfh pf pfz  z = bcjfelhjth, flkjhstf f eks ghstcjftfrcks f phjsfr skeflhjth hj ek quh hs gc`jk gh fefifjzf, pkjcãjgkek pkr kirf hj clctfncþj gh Tfiek, nkj ef prklhsf gh ujf rcnf rhnklphjsf.

7?6„> Hxakrtfncj `hjhrfe? VXH WKGK^ THYLFJH_NFJ BCYLH^. Hxakrtfncþj pfrtcnuefr? Vuh Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh vcvfj hj frlkjìf y quh ^ìnc`k efs fyugh.

7?7„0 He shnrhtk gh ef vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf? he `kzk, ef lf`jfjclcgfg, lf`jfjclcgfg, ef krfncþj hj eu`fr gh ef cjquchtug. 7?1, 3 ^ulfrck ghe shrvcnck nrcstcfjk? hj quh sh ghih lhgct lhgctfr= fr= ek quh sh ghih prfntcnfr.

 

C. Rfrcfs hxakrtfnckjhs? ujf `hjhrfe= gks pfrtcnuefrhs pfrtcnuefrhs.. 7?6->   Rs. 6. Jks hjbrhjtflks fakrf nfrf nfrf f nfrf nkj Tfiek, he pfstkr prughjth prughjth.. Efs pfefirfs cjcncfehs ghe nfpìtuek, Fs quh, cjgcnfj nefrflhjth ujf hstrhnaf rhefncþj nkj ek quh prhnhgh. Gcnaf rhefncþj pkgrìf shr hxpuhstf gh ef sc`uchjth lfjhrf? Tuhstk quh ef pftrcf gh eks nrhyhjths hstæ hj eks ncheks y jk hj ef tchrrf, y puhstk quh ujf `ekrcksf ahrhjncf eks f`ufrgf hj ef vhjcgf gh Nrcstk, nufjgk sus nuhrpks shræj trfjsbkrlfgks hxthrjf h cjthrjflhjth f shlhofjzf ghe nuhrpk gh Nrcstk, quh jfgf eks luhvf gh sus secgks nclchjtks, y quh schlprh  phrlfjhznfj bcrlhs y sh`urks, sh`urks, pfrf quh hj vhrgfg hstfs `ekrcfs `ekrcfs shfj suyfs. Hs nkjlkvhgkrf ef bkrlf hj quh he prughjth pfstkr prhshjtf sus ruh`ks. Jþthsh? ahrlfjks lks ‗hxfntflhjth c`ufe quh hj >?6‗ flfgsclks flfgsclks, flfgks nkj uj flkr prkbujgk, fijh`fgk, phrbhntk, nkjsnchjth h cjthjnckjfgk, nkj uj flkr quh fifrnf tkgf ef phrskjfecgfg= phrskjfecgfg=  y fkrfgks, ―nkj he hjtrföfieh fbhntk gh Nrcstk Ohss“ (ek gcnak hj Bce. 6?0, 1), lc `kzk y lc nkrkjf. Eks bcecphjshs skj he `kzk ghe nkrfzþj ghe fpþstke, pkrquh eks brutks ghe   Hsprctu ^fjtk skj nefrflhjth nefrflhjth lfjcbchstks hj sus vcgfs. Tkr ek nufe, eks fefif lunafs vhnhs y gf `rfncfs f Gcks  pkr heeks (Bce. 6?>„0, 93, >4= 9?69, 60= 7?64, 67„94). Tkr hstf lcslf rfz rfzþj þj heeks skj su nrf, su `ucrfegf, su gcfghlf. Hj nchrtk shjtcgk, hstk hs yf ujf rhfecgfg, phrk shræ fuj læs hvcghjth hj ef vhjcgf ghe ^hökr, nufjgk tkgks puhgfj vhr nefrflhjth hj quh hstks skj eks brutks gh ef efikr lcsckjhrf gh Tfiek, shöfe cjhquìvknf gh quh jk nkrrcþ hj vfjk jc trfifoþ hj vfjk (Bce. 9?62). Tkgrìf nklpfrfrsh he ehj`ufoh gh hsth pfsfoh nkj he gh 6 Ws. 9?63, 94. Hstfs pfefirfs jks rhvhefj nuæj hxnhehjth hrf hstf nkj`rh`fncþj, y nuæj `rfjgh he flkr quh he prhsk shjtìf pkr  heef. Rhlks nklk ghrrflf su fbhntk skirh heeks scj nktk jc rhshrvfs, y nklk hxakrtf f tkgks hj `hjhrfe? H^WFG BCYLH^ BCYL H^ HJ HE ^HKY ^HKY,, FLFGK^. Hj vcstf gh su suprhlf vknfncþj, y gh efs ihjgcnckjhs quh yf afj rhncicgk, y gh ef ahrhjncf quh eks f`ufrgf (Bce. 6?2= >?94, 96), quh phrlfjhznfj bcrlhs h cjnkjlkvciehs hj tkgk lklh lk lhjt jtkk fj fjth th eks pf`fjks akstcehs, fjt fjthh eks nrcs nrcstcf tcfjks jks lhrfl lhrflhjt hjthh jkl jklcjf cjfehs ehs nklk eks eh`fecstfs y eks ecihrtcjks, y fjth eks clpuesks gh sus prkpcks nkrfzkjhs phnflcjksks. Vuh he nkjstfjth hohrncnck gh su bh y hj he ^hökr Ohsunrcstk shf ef buhjth gh pkghr quh eks nfpfncth pfrf afnhr tkgfs hstfs nksfs.

Rs. 99.. Ghspuãs gh tfj nfrcöksf cjtrkgunncþj gcrc`cgf f tkgks y nfgf ujk gh heeks, ef kiec`fgf fglkjcncþj ghstcjfgf f gks phrskjfs hj pfrtcnuefr jk puhgh shr ghsf`rfgfieh. Yuh`k f Hvkgcf ‗jklirh quh sc`jcbcnf iuhj shr ghe lcslk shjtcr hj he ^hkr. Xjf vhz læs, nklk tfjtfs ktrfs vcfoh ‗ y ruh`k f ^jtcquh ‗ fbkrtujfgf fbkrtujfgf ‗ shr fjths (Bce. 6?90, 91= 9?9„7= 9?67„62= >?6), he fpþstke vuhevh skirh ef cghf gh ef XJCGFG   lcectfjth hj uj lujgk cjnrãguek y akstce. Hstf vhz, scj hlifr`k, ef fglkjcncþj tchjh ujf fpecnfncþj pfrtcnuefr .  Nkj rhsphntk f Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh ^ ìjtcquh sþek puhghj fbcrlfrsh nkj nhrthzf eks ahnaks sc`uchjths? (6) Nufjgk hstf nfrtf sh hsnrcicþ, heefs hrfj, y afiìfj scgk gurfjth fe`j tchlpk, lchlirks gh ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks. (9) Nufjgk ef c`ehscf buh bujgfgf y/k hj ef etclf vcsctf gh Tfiek f Bcecpks, heefs buhrkj sus nkefikrfgkrfs y nklk tfehs trfifofrkj frlkjcksf y hjtuscæstcnflhjth nkj ãe y nkj sus nkefikrfgkrhs (v. >). (>) Xjf clpkrtfjth ghsfvhjhjncf, rhefnckjfgf nkj ef kirf ghe rhcjk, sur`cþ hjtrh flifs, ek nufe buh lktcvk gh hstf fglkjcncþj fpkstþecnf. (7) F phsfr gh hsk, skj kiohtk ghe skeìnctk nucgfgk y prkbujgk flkr nrcstcfjk gh Tfiek. ¡^kj nrcstcfjfs! Ah fquì fakrf fe`ujks pujtks gh vcstf quh jk pfsfj f shr lhrf hsphnuefncþj y bfjtfsìf? (6) Xjf gh heefs hrf Ecgcf (Ana. 62?67, 68). (9) Hstks gks jklirhs rhprhshjtfj efs shnnckjhs ougìf y `hjtce gh ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks (B. N. Ifur y ef Hsnuhef Wicj`f). (>) ^h trftf ghe nfrnhehrk gh Bcecpks y gh su hspksf. Kiohncþj? ―f hsfs“ (v. >). Tfiek supecnf nfrcöksflhjth f flifs luohrhs f quh vuhevfj gh juhvk f ef fjtc`uf frlkjìf pfrf quh fsì puhgfj trfifofr oujtfs hj hqucpk. Hs gh jktfr ef rhphtcncþj gcsnrhtf ghe vhrik. He fpþstke jk gcnh? ―Yuh`k f Hvkgcf y f ^ìjtcquh“, scjk quh, pfrf ghofr pfthjth su `rfj hstclf y tchrjf skecnctug pkr nfgf uf gh heefs, gcnh? ―Yuh`k f Hvkgcf y ruh`k f ^jtcquh“. ¡Lfrfvceeksf su`hrhjncf pfrf eks quh hohrnhj he pfstkrfgk! Vuh Hvkgcf y ^ìjtcquh rhbehxckjhj hj he ahnak gh quh su ^hökr tuvk lcshrcnkrgcf gh heefs‗y fj ef tchjh‗y gh quh su fichrtf ghsfvhjhjncf gh fakrf jk bfvkrhnh su nfusf. He rhsuetfgk gh hstf pìf rhbehxcþj shræ quh, ―hj he ^hökr“‗krfjgk  oujtfs y nkjbcfjgk nkj nkj tkgf skecnctug hj ãe‗ flifs flifs vkevhrj f shr gh uj lcslk shjtcr. 

 

Rs. >. Tfiek rhquchrh fakrf ef fyugf gh ktrk lchlirk gh ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks, ^nc`k, pfrf fyugfr f hstfs luohrhs f skevhjtfr sus gcbhrhjncfs? S f tc tflicj, ^nc`k (nklpfhrk gh trfifok), tfjtk gh ahnak nklk gh jklirh, th ruh`k fyughs f hstfs luohrhs. Ecthrfelhjth he krc`cjfe gcnh fsì? ―S f tc tflicãj, vhrgfghrk ^ìnc`k, th ruh`k“. Trkifiehlh Trkif iehlhjth jth he fpþst fpþstke ke hstæ afnc afnchjgk hjgk fquì uj ouh` ouh`kk gh pfefi pfefirfs, rfs, yf quh ^ìnc`k sc`jcbc sc`jcbcnf nf ―fskncfgk hj he   yu`k“, phrskjf quh efikrf ichj nkj ktrf hj uj lcslk hqucpk. Tfiek gcnh quh ^ìnc`k afnh akjkr f su jklirh, fe eeflfreh ―vhrgfghrk“. Xj ouh`k gh pfefirfs shlhofjth sh afeef hj Bel. 64, 66? ―Yuã`kth pkr Kjãsclk (quh sc`jcbcnf ―tce“), ... he nufe hj ktrk tchlpk th buh ctce , lfs fakrf f tc y f lì hs tce “. “. Tkghlks cjbhrcr nkj sh`urcgfg quh ^ìnc`k, gh quchj jk sfihlks jfgf læs, hrf ujk gh eks nflfrfgfs k fskncfgks gh Tfiek hj ef kirf ghe hvfj`heck. Nufjgk hstf nfrtf buh hsnrctf, ghiìf shr ujk gh eks lchlirks læs ghstfnfgks gh ef c`ehscf gh Bcecpks, uj nrhyhjth nuyf cjbeuhjncf sh ghofif shjtcr skirh eks suyks, pkr quchjhs hrf thjcgk hj `rfj hstclf. Ghiìf shr tflicãj, fe c`ufe quh he lcslk Tfiek, uj aklirh gh hxtrfkrgcjfrck tfntk, puhs, gh jk shr fsì, he fpþstke jk auichsh rhquhrcgk su fyugf pfrf rhstfiehnhr ef frlkjf hjtrh fquheefs gks luohrhs . Yhbcrcãjgk Yhbcr cãjgksh sh f heefs heefs,, Tfiek nkjtc nkjtcjf? jf? quh  afj eunafgk eunafgk luna lunakk f lc efg efgkk pkr he hvf hvfj`h j`heck eck.. Hstfs luohrhs lhrhnìfj shr fyugfgfs. Hrfj, ghspuãs gh tkgk, luohrhs jkiehs jkiehs,, luohrhs gh nkrfzj. Ichj rhnuhrgf he fpþstke eks gìfs gìfs hj quh eunaf eunafr r outflht outflhthh n e (skirh hsth vhrik vãfsh ek gcnak skirh Bce. 6?90) nkjtrf uj nklj hjhlc`k hj ef nfusf ghe hvfj`heck. Heefs trfifofrkj y sh fbfjfrkj nkj frgkr, jk skeflhjth nkj Tfiek, lfs tflicãj, gcnh he fpþstke, oujtk nkj Nehlhjth y nkj eks ghls nkefikrfgkrhs lks, nuyks jklirhs (hstj) hj he ecirk gh ef vcgf. »Tkr quã jk skj lhjnckjfgks hstks nkefikrfgkrhs pkr sus jklirhs; »Hs quh he fpþstke jk eks rhnuhrgf hj hstks lklhjtks; »K hstæ gfjgk f hjthjghr quh fe`ujks afj luhrtk yf y sus jklirhs afj scgk kevcgfgks; ^hf nklk buhrh, ¡Gcks sì sfih quchjhs hrfj! Hstæj rh`cstrfgks hj he ecir gh ef vcgf . ―Nufjgk eks afictfjths gh ef tchrrf luhrhj, sus jklirhs skj ikrrfgks gh eks rh`cstrks= phrk eks jklirhs gh eks vhjnhgkrhs hspcrctufehs oflæs shræj ikrrfgks= su vcgf `ekrcksf phrgurfræ hthrjflhjth. ¡He lcslk Nrcstk eks rhnkjknhræ  piecnflhjth nklk suyks! Afræ hstk ghefjth ghe Tfgrh Tfgrh y ghefjth gh eks æj`hehs. Nb. Lt. 64?>9= En. 69?1, 3“.  3“.  Nkj rhsphntk fe ecir gh ef vcgf vãfsh tflicãj Hx. >9?>9= ^fe. 23?91= Gj. 69?6= Lfe. >?62, 60= En. 64?94= Fp. >?8= 6>?1= 60?1= 94?69, 68= 96?90= 99?63. 7?7„0 CC. He CC. He shnrhtk gh ef vhrgfghrf vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf 7?7„2 F. Vu afnhr pfrf kithjhref (6) Ghih rhcjfr uj `kzk cjthrckr . Rs. Rs. 7. Xjf vhz læs, nklk tfjtfs vhnhs fjths he fpþstke hjbftczf ef jhnhscgfg ghe `kzk . Gcnh? Yh`kncofks schlprh hj he ^hkr= ktrf vhz gcr, rh`kncofks. Ef hxakrtfncþj sh rhpcth, prkifiehlhjth pkrquh f sclpeh vcstf  pugchrf pfrhnhr pknk rfzkjfieh he `kzfrsh h ihgchncf f u lfgflcht, y lunak læs pkr thjhrek quh afnhr   schlprh, ifok ifok nufe nufequ quch chrr ncrn ncrnuj ujst stfj fjnc ncf, f, jk clpk clpkrt rtff nuæ nuæjj fgvh fgvhrs rsff shf. shf. Hj vhrg vhrgfg fg,, »pu »puhgh hgh u `z `zfrs frshh  scnhrflhth nufg nufg he rhnuhrg gh es phnf phnfgs gs pfsfgs fbe fbec`h c`h fe felf, nufg es es quh flfls subrh, subrh, nufg hs phrsh`ucg y sh nrrh he rchs` gh hbrhtfrsh n ef luhrth;  Lfs ah faì f Tfiek, quchj, f phsfr gh rhnkrgfr 

sus trfjs`rhsckjhs pfsfgfs (Bce. >?2= nb. @æ. 6?6>= 6 Nk. 68?3), gh nkjknhr he subrclchjtk gh sus flc`ks (Bce. 6?93, >4) y gh hsphrfr pksciehlhjth ef luhrth nklk ghshjefnh f sus prcsckjhs, ¡sh `kzf h cjstf f eks ghls f afnhr ek lcslk!  Hvcghjthlhjth, hstk jks ghluhstrf quh efs ncrnujstfjncfs skefs jk ghthrlcjfj ef nkjgcncþj ghe nkrfzþj y gh ef lhjth. He nrcstcfjk puhgh `kzfrsh cjthrckrlhjth nufjgk hxthrckrlhjth tkgk hs ksnurk y sklirk . ^h `kzf h he  ^hjr , hstk hs, f nfusf gh su ujcj nkj Nrcstk , brutk gh nuyk Hspìrctu hs he `kzk  (@æ. 8?99). Hstk hs jfturfe,  pkrquh hj y pkr Nrcstk tkgfs efs nksfs‗cjneusk fquheefs quh pfrhnhj læs fgvhrsfs‗nkkphrfj pfrf ichj (Yk. 1?91).  Jk hrf ceþ`cnk, puhs, quh he fpþstke hxakrtfsh  f eks bcecphjshs f `kzfrsh, yf quh ef gcspkscncj pfrf he `kzk puhgh y ghih shr nuetcvfgf. Hstk puhgh ek`rfrsh, nklk Tfiek jks cjgcnf hj he nkjthxtk (vãfsh v. 1), lhgctfjgk hj fquheek quh hs sunhptcieh gh eehvfrjks f shjtcr tfe hxphrchjncf, hs ghncr, fthjgchjgk f tkgfs fquheefs nksfs quh ghihj knupfr uj eu`fr prhhlcjhjth hj juhstrf nkjnchjncf . Efs rfzkjhs quh he fpþstke thjìf pfrf shjtcr  fquhe `kzk cjhbfieh y `ekrcksk, hrfj efs sc`uchjths? Vuh e hrf uj shr sfevk nuyk prkpþsctk hrf `ekrcbcnfr f Nrcstk hj su phrskjf (6?63, 94)=

 

 

Vuh hsth ^fe ^fevfg vfgkr, kr, hj nuy nuyff nru nruz, z, nkr nkrkjf kjf y sh` sh`ujg ujgff vhj vhjcgf cgf sh `ek `ekrìf rìf (9? (9?8„ 8„ 66= >?94, >?94, 96= 7?8 7?8), ), hrf pkghrksk y nklpefnchjth pfrf supecr tkgfs sus  jhnhscgfghs (7?66„6>, 63, 94)= Vuh ktrks tflicj hstfifj schjgk sfevfgks  (6?2= 9?60, 61), y pfrf hsf kirf `ekrcksf ãe lcslk hrf usfgk pkr Gcks= quh thjìf lunaks flc`ks y fyugfgkrhs hj ef nfusf ghe hvfj`heck, nkj quchjhs bkrlfif ujf `ekrcksf nluck hj he ^hökr (6?8= 9?63„>4= 7?6„64)= Vuh Gcks hrf he quh kirfif gh tfe lfjhrf quh tkgfs efs nksfs, fuj efs prcsckjhs, nkkphrfshj tkgfs pfrf ichj (6?69„61= nb. Yk. 1?91), gh bkrlf quh cjneusk ef luhrth hs `fjfjncf nufjgk he vcvcr hs Nrcstk (6?96, 9>)= y Vuhhstfs hj tkgk tchjhhjecihrtfg gh fnnhsk fe trkjk gh ef `rfncf  (7?2). Lhgcthj, puhs, eks bcecphjshs hj nksfs,tchlpk `kzæjgksh heefs schlprh .

(9) Ef `hjhrkscgfg ghih shr nkjnhgcgf gh tkgks eks aklirhs. aklirhs. 8f.    He nrcstcfjk ghih nuetcvfr ujf phrskjfecgfg skncfieh y nklujcnftcvf. He shnrhtk gh su bhecncgfg jk hstæ nkjbcjfgk hj eks lurks gh su prkpcf lhgctfncþj y rhbehxcþj. Jk puhgh shr rhfelhjth gcnaksk sc jk sh hsbuhrzf hj shr uj lhgck gh ihjgcncj pfrf ktrks . Tkr nkjsc`uchjth, Tfiek nkjtcjf? Ruhstrf `hjhrkscgfg shf jktkrcf f `hjhrkscgfg puhgh hjthjgh hjthjghrsh rsh nufequchrf nufequchrf gh efs sc`uchj sc`uchjths ths vcrtughs? cjgue`hjncf, tkgks tkg ks eks akli aklirhs rhs.. Tkr `hjhrkscgfg nkjghs nkj ghsnhj nhjghj ghjncf ncf,, nkr nkrgcf gcfecg ecgfg, fg, flf flfic icecg ecgfg, fg, `hj `hjtce tcehzf hzf,, nkl nklprh prhjscþj jscþj nfr nfrcök cöksf, sf, nkj nkjscg scghrf hrfncþ ncþj, j, nfr nfrcgf cgfg, g, lfjshgulirh, lf`jfjclcgfg, ikjgfg. Wkgfs hstfs nufecgfghs hstæj nklprhjgcgfs hj he fgohtcvk- sustfjtcvk quh fpfrhnh hj he krc`cjfe= fe tklfrefs oujtfs, nklprhjghlks he sc`jcbcnfgk gh ef pfefirf quh Tfiek hlpehf.   Jk afy  pfefirf hj nfstheefjk quh quh rhsulf ef hxprhscvf rcquhzf ghe ghe vknfiek `rch`k. Ek quh Tfiek Tfiek hjs hjshö höff fquì fquì hs qu quhh ef vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf  jk puhgh shr fenfjzfgf pkr fquhe quh rc`urksfl rc`u rksflhjth hjth cjscst cjscsthh hj eks ghrhnaks prkpcks. He nrcstcfjk hs he aklirh quh nrhh quh hs prhbhrcieh subrcr   ef cjoust cjoustcnc cncff quh nklhthr   ef cjoustcncf (6 Nk. 2?0). Ef nfrcöksf nklprhjscþj hs uj cj`rhgchjth hshjncfe gh ef vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf. Fsì puhs, tfe `hjhrkscgfg, tfe cjgue`hjncf, ef iuhjf vkeujtfg gcspuhstf f nhghr, schlprh schlp rh quh jk vckef uj prcj prcjncpck ncpck vhrgf vhrgfghrk ghrk,, ghih lkstrf lkstrfrsh rsh  pfrf nkj tkgks, y jk skeflhjth pfrf nkj eks ahrlfjks hj ef bh. Hstf lf`jfjclcgfg nrcstcfjf prkifiehlhjth `ufrgf ujf hstrhnaf rhefncþj nkj he nkjsuhek quh prkpkrnckjf fe nrhyhjth ef vhjcgf ghe ^hökr, nufe vhjcgf af scgk yf lhjnckjfgf (Bce. >?94, 96) y ek shræ ktrf vhz (7?8i? ―He ^hökr hstæ nhrnf“). Ah fquì he rfzkjflchjtk? ^fichjgk quh ef vhjcgf gh Nrcstk hstæ prþxclf, nufjgk tkgfs efs  prklhsfs ahnafs fe puhiek gh Gcks sh nkjvhrtcræj hj rhfecgfghs, he nrhyhjth, f phsfr gh ef phrshnuncþj, puhgh  phrlctcrsh he euok gh shr fpfncieh y nfrctftcvk pfrf nkj ktrks. 

(>) Jk ghih afihr cjquchtug, scjk ujf ghvktf nkjbcfjzf hj he Gcks ghe nchek. nchek. 8i, 2.   @kzk cjthrckr , `hjhrkscgfg nkjkncgf gh tkgks  y fakrf ujf ghvktf nkjbcfjzf hj he Gcks ghe nche. Tfiek gcnh? He ^hkr hst nhrnf. Hj vcstf ghe nkjthxtk cjlhgcftk (>?94, 96), ef cghf jk hs ef gh quh he ^hökr hstæ schlprh nhrnfjk k prhshjth (nb. ^fe. 678?61), scjk ef gh quh hstæ prþxclk f vhjcr. Hstk, jfturfelhjth, hs hstrcntflhjth nchrtk hj nufjtk fe nrhyhjth. ^c he ^hökr vcjchsh ghe nchek fjths quh he nrhyhjth lurchsh, hj lkgk fe`ujk pkgrìf gugfr gh quh hstfif nhrnf. Lfs sc, pkr he nkjtrfrck, ef luhrth ek skrprhjgchsh fjths ghe gìf gh ef vhjcgf gh Nrcstk, gks ahnaks, sh`j ef nefrf hjshöfjzf gh ef Hsnrcturf, sh fezfrìfj nklk vhrgfghs hj su nkjnchjncf? f. Vuh su vcgf fquì hj ef tchrrf buh irhvh, luy irhvh= jk buh læs quh uj lhrk skpek (^fe. >3?8= 34?64= 64>?68, 62). i. Vuh he cjthrvfek gh ef hjtrfgf gh su felf hj he nchek y ef sh`ujgf vhjcgf ghe ^hökr, jk buh scjk ―uj pknk gh tchlpk“ (Fp. 2?66), yf quh feeæ rc`h ktrf hsnfef nrkjkeþ`cnf.  Tkr ek tfjtk, buhsh nufe buhsh he ghshjefnh, Tfiek pkgìf ghncr  nkj tkgf prkpchgfg? ―He ^hökr hstæ nhrnf“. Wkgk nufjtk knurrh hj ef acstkrcf hs ef prhpfrfncþj gh hstf vhjcgf quh, nklk ahlks vcstk, shræ gh tkgfs bkrlfs  prtf. Hstk jk sc`jcbcnf quh he fpþstke hxneuyf ef pkscicecgfg gh quh,  sh` es nklputs aulfs, trfjsnurrfj lunaks föks fjths gh ef vhjcgf ghe ^hökr. He jk shöfef bhnaf fe`ujf (vãfsh 6 Ws. 8?6„>= 9 Ws. 9?6„>). Hj vcstf ghe ahnak gh quh jfgch sfih jc he gìf jc ef akrf hj quh Nrcstk vkevhræ (Lt. 97?>2), hs prhncsk quh tkgks hsthlks  prhpfrfgks, trfifofjgk y vhefjgk hj tkgk lklhjtk (Lt. 98?6„6>). Hj ef vhjcgf ghe ^hökr, tkgks eks lfehs shræj nkrrh`cgks y he nrhyhjth hstfræ hj ^u prhshjncf, pehjflhjth vcjgcnfgk. Jk ek fiftf, puhs, he ghshj`fök, jc sh  prhknuph ghlfscfgk ghe buturk. Tfiek nkjtc- jf? Tkr jfgf ks cjquchtcs k ―pkr jfgf hstãcs fbfjksks“. (Rãfsh tflicãj N.J.W. skirh Oj. 67?6„7).

 

Hsth vhrik (usfgk hj Bce. 7?2, y quh fquì sh trfgunh pkr ―cjquchtfrsh“) puhgh thjhr hj ktrks pfsfohs uj sc`jcbcnfgk  pksctcvk gh ―hstfr prhknupfgk pkr“ k ―cjthrhsfrsh pkr“= tfe hs he nfsk hj 9?94 gh hstf lcslf hp ìstkef? Wclkthk sh  prhnupfif scnhrflhth ghe ichjhstfr gh eks bcecphjshs. ^cj hlifr`k, f lhjugk prhshjtf ef cghf hj su fsphntk jh`ftcvk gh prhnupfrsh hxnhscvflhth, hxnhscvflhth, eehfrsh gh gh fschgfg, cquchtfrsh cquchtfrsh. Wfe fjschgfg puhgh shr pkr ef nklcgf, pkr ef ihicgf, pkr ef rkpf, pkr he gìf gh lföfjf, pkr ef vcgf, pkr nþlk rhspkjghr f efs fnusfnck- jhs, hj bcj, pkr ―lunafs nksfs“ (Lt. 2?98„91, >7= 64?63= En. 64?76= 69?66). He rhlhgck  pfrf hstf hjbhrlhgfg hs ef krfncþj. Tkr ek nufe, Tfiek prksc`uh? scjk quh hj tkgk lhgcfjth ef krfncj y ef peh`frcf shfj prhshjtfgfs f Gcks vuhstrfs phtcnckjhs, fnklpffgfs gh fn- ncj gh `rfncfs. Ef lhgcncjf nkjtrf ef cjquchtug jk hs ef cfnnck. ^c ujk ghshf pefjtfr uj ofrgìj, nkjstrucr ujf nfsf, afnhr uj shrlþj, k nufequchr ktrf nksf, jk ek`rfræ su kiohtcvk sc sh eclctf  seflhth f krfr. Ghih hstugcfrsh ef sctufncþj nucgfgksflhjth. Ghih afihr ujf nscghrfnck quh nkjguznf f ef fnnck. Tfiek jk kevcgf jcj`ujf gh hstfs gks nksfs. Hj hbhntk, ef prc- lhrf ef thjhlks lfjcbchstflhjth ghnefrfgf hj he v. 1 y ef sh`ujgf hj he v. 3. Tkr ktrf  pfrth, scj hlifr`k, hs ujf rhfecgfg tflicãj quh ef nkjscghrfncþj nkjscghrfncþj y ef fnncþj scj krfncþj skj tktf tktfee- lhjth cjtcehs. Wfj clpkrtfjth hs ef krfncþj hj ef vcgf ghe nrcstcfjk, quh sh eh lhjnckjf hj prclhr eu`fr (v. 2i). Wflpknk ef fpftf hs rhlhgck nkjtrf ef cjquchtug. Gcks jujnf gcnh quh rhprclflks tkgks eks ghshks. Tkr he nkjtrfrck, ãe ghnefrf? ―Firh tu iknf y yk ef eehjfrã“ (^fe. 16?64). Eks ghshks oustks ghihj shr nuetcvfgks, oflæs suprclcgks. He fjtìgktk cghfe nkjtrf ef fjschgfg hs he fircr hbuscvflhth he nrfzk f Gcs. Rfeh ef phjf rhspkjghr ujfs nufjtfs prh`ujtfs skirh hsth pfrtcnuefr? f. »H qu llhts y ncrnustfncfs ghih afnhrsh fs; h tg ... shfj prhshjtfgfs f Yhspuhstf? ―Hjphtcnckjhs“. tkgk“. Jþthsh f`ugk nkjtrfsth? ― Tr ks cjquchtãcs, scjk quh Gcks vuhstrfs Hehenkjthxtk hsphnìbcnk gh fgf hsth pfsfoh afnh rhnfhr he ãjbfscs skirh tkgfs fquheefs ncrnujstfjncfs quh pkgrìfj shr lktcvk gh cjquchtug? ―Hnafjgk tkgf vuhstrf fjschgfg skirh ãe, pkrquh ãe tchjh nucgfgk gh vksktrks“ (6 T. 8?0). Tkr supuhstk, he fircr hbuscvflhjth he nkrfzþj f Gcks jk af gh eclctfrsh sþek f hsth fsphntk. ―Guenh krfncþj, guenh krfncþj, quh ghe nucgfgk nucgfgk thrrhjfe hehvfs t t lc nkrfzþj

 i. »H qu hstfg gh cl ghih afnhrsh hst; Yhspuhstf? N scnhrf ghvnck y rhvhrhncf, sh`j hstæ clpeìnctk hj efs pfefirfs ―lhgcfjth ef krfncþj“. Ef rfnck hs ujf bkrlf gh rhvhrhjth phtcncþj gcrc`cgf f Gcks. n. »Nue hs ef fturfehzf gh hstf fntcvcgfg; Yhspuhstf? Hqucvfeh f uf peh`frcf. Jþthsh? ―y ef peh`frcf“. Ef peh`frcf hs uj aulcegh y bhrvchjth neflkr pfrf  phgcr fe`ujf nksf nuyf jhnhscgfg jhnhscgfg sh schjth vcvf vcvflhjth. lhjth. g. »Nue hs ef ngcnck pfrf thhr iuhf fn`cgf; Yhspuhstf? hstfs nksfs ghihjsfichjgk afnhrsh ―fnklpföfgfs ghhsfnncþj gh `rfncfs“. Hstk cl-afihr pecnf `rftctug aulcegfg, sulcscþj f Vuh ef vkeujtfg gh Gcks, quh su vkeujtfg schlprh ef lh- okr. Ghih y rhnkjknclchjtk pkr eks bfvkrhs pfsfgks, efs ihjgcnckjhs prhshjths y ef bcrlh sh`urcgfg pfrf he buturk. Tfiek nklchjzf nfsc tkgfs sus hpìstkefs nkj ujf hbuscvf fnncþj gh `rfncfs f Gcks. F ek efr`k gh tkgks sus hsnrctks cjscsth ujf y ktrf vhz hj ef jhnhsc- gfg gh shr f`rfghncgks (Yk. 6?96= 67?2= 9 Nk. 6?66= 7?68= 3?66, 69? Hb. 8?94= Nke. >?68= htn.). Ef krfncþj scj fnncþj gh `rfncfs hs nklk uj pæofrk p æofrk scj fefs? jk puhgh hehvfrsh fe nchek, jk puhgh afeefr fnk`cgf nkj Gcks. h. »Nue ghih shr he nthcg; Yhspuhstf? Jk vf`fs `hjhrfecgfghs. Ef krfncþj quh gcnh? ―^hökr, ihjgcnh tkgk ek quh hsph- rf tu ihjgcncþj“,  puhgh shr fprkpcfgf hj ghthrlcjfgfs knfsckjhs, phrk tflicãj puhgh shr usfgf ghlfscfgk. Hs luy bænce hnafr  lfjk gh heef nufjgk ujk jk tchjh jfgf nkjnrhtk quh phgcr. Tfiek gcnh? ―^hfj prhshjtfgfs f Gcks vuhstrfs  phtcnchs“. Eks ruh`ks afj gh shr ghbc- cgs y hsphnbcns (6 Oj. 8?68), sh`j he nefrk hohlpek quh thjhlks hj ek quh nklujlhjth sh eeflf ―ef krfncþj ghe ^hökr“ (Lt. 2?3„6>). Jþthsh tflicãj ef prhpkscncþj f, ―f Gcks“ k ―ghefjth Gcks“. Xjkjchjtrf hjcfgk ef lcslf prhshjncf Gcks, quh»Jk jk afy jfgf ghlfscfgk `rfjghjks quhflf su  pkghr jk gh puhgf afnhr, ghlfs ghlfscfgk phquhök quh sugh flkr jk sfichjgk puhgf puhgf flfr. hs ãe juhstrk Tfgrh quchj flf hj Nrcstk nkj cjbcjctk flkr;

 

I. I. He  He rhsuetfgk. 7?0   0. Fsì puhs, sc he `kzk hj he ^hökr rhcjf h he nkrfzþj, sc ef `hjhrkscgfg hs nkjkncgf gh t- gs fquheeks nkj quchjhs ujk tchjh rhefncþj, y sc afy krfncþj nkjstfjth fe Gcks gh es nches, he rhsuetfgk shræ ef pfz . Tfiek nklchjzf ef prþxclf brfsh gcnchjgk? S ef pfz gh Gcks, quh sk- irhpuof tkgk hjthjgclchjtk. Hstf vhz tchjh su krc`hj hj Gcks quh ef pkshh hj su lcslk shr, y nuyk ihjhpeænctk hs clpfrtcref f sus acoks. Hs, pkr nkjsc`uchjth, ―he gkj ghe flkr gh Gcks“, quchj jk sþek ef gf, scjk quh tflicãj ef lfjtchjh hj tkgks eks lklhjtks gh ef vcgf. Gh ]p 994\ fquì quh prkpcflhjth puhgf shr eeflfgf ―ef pfz gh Gcs“. Hstf pfz tchjh sus nclchjtks hj ef `rfncf y hs lhrhncgf pkr Nrcstk pfrf eks nrhyhjths (vãfsh Oj. 67?90= 62?>>= 94?63, 96, 92). Gh heef afief Tfiek fe  prcjncpck, fe bcjfe, y f vhnhs vhnhs hj he nuhrpk gh sus hpìstkefs. Hj Bcecphjshs, Bcecphjshs, nklk nfsc schlpr schlprh, h, ef jkli jklirf rf cjlhg cjlhgcftfl cftflhjth hjth ghspuãs gh  `rfncf (hj 6 y 9 Wclkthk ef pfefirf lcshrcnrg lcshr cnrgcf cf sh cjthrp cjthrpkjh kjh hjtrh  `rfncf y  pfz ). ). Rãfsh ek gcnak skirh Bce. 6?9. Ef pfz hs ef skjrcsf gh Gcks rhbehofgf hj he felf ghe nrhyhjth. Hs ef nfelf ghe nkrfzþj ghspuãs gh ef tkrlhjtf ghe Nfevfrck. Hs ef bcrlh nkjvcnncþj gh quh ãe quh jk hsnftclþ jc f su prkpck Acok, scjk quh ek hjtrh`þ pkr tkgks jksktrks, jks gfræ tflicãj nkj ãe tkgfs efs nksfs (Yk. 1?>9). ―W `ufrgfræs hj nklpehtf pfz f fquhe nuyk phjsflchjtk hj tc  phrshvhrf, pkrquh hj tc af τφλώθψπΰ hs he tãrlcjk quh sh hlpehf hj uj shjtcgk `hjhrfe y ηώγω hj uj shjtcgk  pfrtcnuefr. Efs gks pfefirfs sh gfj oujtfs hj Hb. 2?61= 6 Wc. 9?6= 8?8. Fquheef sh gcrc`h jcnflhjth f Gcks= ãstf tflicãj f eks aklirhs. Rãfsh Y. N. Wrhjna, ^yyls b tah Jhw Whstflht , pærrfbk EC. Wflicãj N.J.W. skirh 6 Wc. 9?6. (P. P. Pfebkrg) nkjbcfgk“ (Cs. 92?>). Ef pfz hj he prhshjth nkjthxtk hs he gkj gcvcjk quh rhsuetf gh ef  `zsf lhgctfncþj hj efs lhrnhghs gh Gcks, gh ef lf`fclcgfg lkstrfgf pfrf nkj he prþoclk, y gh ef rfnck ahnaf nkj nkjbcfjzf fe Fetìsclk. Hstf Hstf pf pfzz  sirhpuof tg hthgclcht. Hsth tãrlcjk lkgcbcnftcvk af scgk cjthrprhtfgk pkr lunaks gh ef sc`uchjth lfjhrf? ―He aklirh nkj tkgk su hsbuhrzk cjthehntufe, sus næenueks y sus nucgfgks, jk fnfif gh vhrsh ecirh gh cjquchtughs= pfrf heek hs læs hbcnfz he gkj gh ef  pfz gh Gcks quh, hj hsh shjtcgk, skirhpfsf f tkgk hthgclcht“. Lfs ah fquì fe`ujfs kiohnckjhs hj efs quh lunaks ktrks cjtãrprhths pfrtcncpfj nkjlc`k? (6) Hstf cjthrprhtfncþj nkjscghrf ef pfefirf hthgclcht hj uj shjtcgk ghlfscfgk eclc- tfgk. (9) He pfrfehek, Hb. >?63, hs nefrk. Hj hsh pfsfoh sh gcnh quh he flkr gh Nrcstk hxnhgh f tkgk nkjknclchjtk hj he shjtcgk gh quh, prkifrfj nklk qucschrfj, eks nrhyhjths oflæs pkgrìfj lhgcrek hj tkgf su fjnaurf, ekj`ctug, prkbujgcgfg y feturf (Hb. >?61). S, nchrtflhjth, sc hsth pfsfoh hjshöf quh he flkr gh Nrcstk hs csgfieh, »pkr quã jk af gh thjhr he lcslk sc`jcbcnfgk he pfsfoh quh jks afief gh ef pfz gh Gcks; Tkr jfturfehzf he aklirh hstæ tfjghnklpehtflhjth pfrf phjhtrfr hstf lf- oflæs rfvceeksf pfz, hjthjghr  nklk uj nch`k pfrf fprhncfr ef iheehzf ujf puhstf ghcjnfpfnctfgk ske (6 Nk. 9?67). S fuj hehjnrhyhjth pkgræ  pehjflhjth ef phrbhnncþj gh hsth nrcstknãjtrcnk gkj, quh skirhpfsf hj vfekr f tkgks eks ghlæs gkjhs quh he aklirh rhncih gh Gcks. Xjf rfzþj pkr ef quh hs tfj hstclfgk hs quh `ufrgfr vuhstrks nkrfzkjhs y vuhstrks phjsflchjtks hj Nrcstk Ohss. Eks bcecphjshs hstfifj fnkstulirfgks f vhr f eks nhjtcjhefs rklfjks lkjtfr ef `ufrgcf. Gh ef lcslf lfjhrf, sþek quh hj uj shjtcgk lunaìsclk læs prkbujgk, ef pfz gh Gcks lkjtfræ su  puhstk f ef hjtrfgf ghe nkrfz nkrfzþj þj y ghe phjsflchjtk. Heef clphgcræ quh ef tkr- turfjth nkj`kof nkrrkf he nkrfzþj, ghe nufe lfjf ef vcgf (Tr. 7?9>), he nkjknclchjtk (Yk. 6?96), ef vkeujtfg (6 Nk. 0?>0) y he shjtclchjtk (Bce. 6?0= vãfsh ek gcnak skirh hsth pfsfoh). Clphgcræ tflicãj quh ef lhjth shf cjvfgcgf pkr phjsflchjtks cjgc`jks. Fsì, sc fe`uchj gcohsh fe nrhyhjth quh Gcks jk hxcsth k quh ef vcgf hthrjf hs ujf vfjf ceuscþj, he tfe jfgf nkjsh`uc- rìf, yf quh hj fquhe prhncsk lklhjtk he acok gh Gcks hxphrclhjtfræ ghjtrk gh sì ef rhfecgfg quh he cjnrãguek hstæ trftfjgk gh jh`fr. He aklirh gh bh y krfncþj sh af rhbu`cfgk hj fquheef cjhxpu`jfieh ncugfghef gh ef nufe jfgch pkgræ oflæs ghsfekofrek= y fquheef bkrtfehzf sh eeflf Nrcst Ohss (jþthsh? ―hj Nrcstk Ohss“). CCC. ^ulfrc ghe shrvcnc nrcstcf 7?1,

 

F. E quh sh ghih fthghr 1. Tkr ek ghls ‗vãfsh ek gcnak skirh >?6‗ ahrlfjks ahrlfjks ‗vãfsh ek gcnak skirh 6?69, fthj- ghg f ek quh hs vhrgfghrk. Lunaks skj eks quh nrhhj quh hstf brfsh ef nkpcþ he fpþstke gh fe`j ecirk pf`fjk skirh lkrfe, k gh fe`ujk gh eks Lfjufehs gh Gcsncpecjf quh nkrrìfj hjtrh efs shntfs hshjcfs. Kiohnckjhs? (6) He nfrænthr `hjucjflhjth nrcstcfjk gh hstf hxakrtfncþj hs hvcghjth pkr ef rhbhrhjncf quh sh afnh f ef pfz gh  Gcs quh ek prhnhgh y fe Gcs gh pfz quh ek sc`uh. (9) Hs fsclcslk hvcghjth pkr he ahnak gh quh he fpþstke gcnh quh hstfs nsfs afj scgk kì- gfs y vcstfs h e . ¡Hj vhrgfg, eks bcecphjshs hrfj thstc`ks gh efs vcrtughs nrcstcffs gh Tfiek! (>) ^chlprh quh shf pkscieh, efs pfefirfs quh he fpþstke usf hj nufequchr pfsfoh, ghihj shr cjthrprhtfgfs f ef euz gh pfsfohs pfrfeheks gh ef Hsnrcturf, hsphncfelhjth gh efs hpìstkefs prkpcfs gh Tfiek. Hs gh jktfr efs shcs vhnhs quh fpfrhnh ef brfsh e quh, sh`ucgfs pkr gks nfsks gh fe`uf. Eks nrhyhjths jk sþek ghihj lkstrfr tfe k nufe rfs`k ghe nfrænthr nrcstcfjk, scjk ―tkgfs efs `rfncfs hj krghj frlkjcksk y bhstcvk“ (Okajstkjh). He fpþstke hxakrtf f eks bcecphjshs f fthjghr f ek quh hs vhrgfghr. Ef vhrgfg sh fezf nk- jtrf ef lhjtcrf (Hb. 7?98)= tchjh su jkrlf hj Gcks ]p 999\ (Yk. >?7)= nflcjf gh ef lfjk gh ef ikjgfg, gh ef oustcncf, y gh ef sfjtcgfg (Hb. 7?97= 8?3), y fenfjzf su neìlfx hj ef pfefirf ghe hvfj`heck (Hb. 6?6>= 7?96= Nke. 6?8, 2). Ef vhrgfg hs pfrth gh ef frlfgurf ghe skegfgk nrcstcfjk (Hb. 2?67). Tfiek föfgh? f ek quh (hs) akjkrfieh. Eks nrhyhjths ghihj shr gc`jks y scjnhrks tfjtk hj sus pfefirfs nklk hj su nklpkrtflchjtk. He ghnkrk hj ef nvhrsfnck, h es lgfehs y h efs nstulirhs, hs luy clpkrtfjth. Hj uj flichjth, flich jth, tfjtk hj fquhe tchlp tchlpkk nklk hj juhst juhstrks rks gìfs, quh sh nfrfnth nfrfnthrczf rczf pkr ef  brcvecgfg , tkgk ek quh hs akjkrfieh nchrtflhjth hs gc`jk gh  scnhrf nscghrfnck nscghrfnck. Rãfsh tflicãj 6 Wc. 9?9= >?7= Wct. 9?9, 0= >?1. ef oustcncf Fsclcslk, Afichjgk rhncicgk h clpfrtcgf, eks nrhyhjths ghihj f ek quhGhihj (hs) oustk.  phjsfr rhntflhjth. lhgctfr f`rfghncgks hjgh efsGcks kirfs oustfs ghclputfgf Gcks (Fp. 68?>), fprhncfr ef oustcncf hj ktrks, y prknhghr oustflhjth hj pfefirfs y ahnaks. Eks flks, pkr hohlpek, afj gh afnhr ek quh hs oustk y ghrhnak hj he trftk nkj sus schrvks. Ghihj sfihr quh tflicãj heeks tchjhj uj Flk hj eks ncheks (Nke. 7?6). Hj tkgk nufjtk he nrcstcfjk afyf gh afnhr, ghih prh`ujtfrsh f sì lcslk? ―»Hstæ hstk gh fnuhrgk nkj ef vkeujtfg y ef ehy gh Gcks;“ Fakrf, f ek quh (hs) purk. Eks bcecphjshs, f nfusf gh ek quh afiìfj scgk hj ktrk tchlpk ( pf`fs, nb. Hb. 8?1) y ghe flichjth quh eks rkghfif ( ftclcf, nb. Bce. >?61 >?61,, 63), hrfj nkj- tcju tcjuflhjt flhjthh thjtfgks pkr ef euourcf. Ghiìfj eehjfr, puhs, sus felfs gh ek quh hs purk y sfjtk. Rãfsh tflicãj 9 Nk. 66?9= 6 Wc. 8?99= Wct. 9?8. Nb. ^t`. >?60= 6 Oj. >?>.  Ghif vhnhr n he ich he lfe (Yk. 69?96). ¡Lfrfvceeksk nkjshok quh fj jk af phrgcgk fntufecgfg! ^c`uh f nkjt nkjtcjuf cjufncþj? ncþj? f ek quh (hs) flfieh. Fujquh hstf pfefirf, flfieh, knurrh fquì nklk jcnk nfsk hj he flfieh, eh, igfgs igfgs  y fbfieh,  Juhvk Whstflhjtk, hs, jk kistfjth, luy nkrrchjth hj eks hpctfbcks. Ek quh hs flfi rhnuhrgf y hvknf he flkr. Lhgcthj, puhs, eks nrhyhjths y ftchjgfj f tfehs nksfs.

Hstf ecstf thrlcjf nkj f ek quh (hs) gh iuhjf rhputfn rhputfncj cj (tflicãj ãstf hs ef jcnf lhj- ncþj jhkthstflhjtfrcf gh hsth fgohtcvk= phrk puhgh vhrsh uj jklirh fbìj hj 9 Nk. 2?1). Hstfs nksfs efugfiehs skj nksfs ftrfntcvfs,  prlhthgrfs, ich vcstfs , y quh fuj hj eks jk nrcstcf- jks nfusfj iuhjf clprhscþj. Ef prcjncpfe nkjscghrfncþj hs, scj hlifr`k, quh hj su hshjncf hstfs nksfs skj gc`jfs gh nfusfr tfe clprhscþj. Tfiek rhsulh? ^c (afy) fe`ujf vcrtug, sc (afy) fe`ujf nksf gc`jf gh fefifjzf, f hstfs nksfs hstfg fthjtks.  Jfgf hj quh rhfelhjth vfe`f ef ef phjf quh eks nrhyhjths lhgcthj lhgcthj y nkj- scghrhj, bfetf hj hstf hstf brfsh nklphjgcfgkrf. Nufequchr nksf quh shf gh vfekr lkrfe y hspcrc- tufe, gh ]p 99>\ lfjhrf quh shf gc`jf gh fefifjzf, hs nflpk fprkpcfgk pfrf he nrcstcfjk. Jfgf quh jk shf gh hstf jfturfehzf ghih shrvcr gh feclhjtk pfrf su felf. Fphjfs hs jhnhsf- rck r ck rhphtcr quh ef vcrtug gh ef quh he fpþstke afief hs he brutk quh jfnh ghe ærike gh ef  sfevf- nck, nuyk trkjnk hs ef bh y nuyfs rfcnhs hstæj prkbujgflhjth frrfc`fgfs hj he suhek gh ef `rfncf skihrfjf y sfevfgkrf (Hb. 9?1„64= 9 T. 6?8). Hj vhrgfg, he nrhyhjth jk hstæ nch`k fe ahnak gh quh ―ghspuãs gh ef nfìgf quhgþ fj hj he aklirh fe`ujf euz gh ef jfturfehzf, lh- gcfjth ef nufe nkjshrvf fe`j nkjknclchjtk gh Gcks, gh efs nksfs jfturfehs, gh ef gcstcjncþj hjtrhgh he Gkrt ichj CCC y heylfe, y tflicãj nkjscghrfncþj pkr ef vcrtug  pkr he iuhj nklpkrtflchj nklpkrtflchjtk“ tk“ (Næjkjhs CR, frtìnuek 7). luhstrf Hj nchrtk nchrtknchrtf shjtcgk, fuj eks phnfgkrhs phnfgkrhs afnhy he ich (En. 2?>>), y fuj eks puiecnfjks flf (Lt. 8?72). Jh`fr hstk, hj cjthrãs gh tfe k nufe prhsupkscncþj

 

thkeþ`cnf, hs c`jkrfr fichrtflhjth ef nefrf hjshöfjzf gh ef Hsnrcturf y eks ahnaks gh ef kishrvfncþj y hxphrchjncf gh ef vcgf gcfrcf. Thrk nufjgk Tfiek ghnìf f eks bcec- phjshs quh hj tkgk lklhjtk hstuvchrfj fthjtks f ek quh buhrf vcrtuksk y gc`jk gh fefifjzf, nchrtflhjth ãe, `rfj cghfecstf nklk hrf, jk pkgìf nkjbkrlfrsh nkj lhjks quh ef vcrtug hj su shjtcgk læs hehvfgk y hspcrctufe (ek nufe prknhgh gh ef bh, y hs ahnak nkjbkrlh f ef ehy gh Gcks y  pfrf su `ekrcf). Hstk sh ghgunh tflicãj gh efs pfefirfs quh sc`uhj?

I. I. Ek  Ek quh sh ghih prfntcnfr prfntcnfr 3. Trfntcnfg ek quh jk skeflhjth afics fprhjgcgk y rhncicgk scjk tflicj kgk y vcstk hj l. Hs hvcghjth, fthnc nck k k lhgct lhgctfnck fnck  f ef quh he fpþstke sh rhbhrìf hj he pfsfoh fjthrckr, jk thjìf uj nfrænthr   puhs, quh ef fth lhrflhjth fistrfntk k thþrcnk, scjk quh afiìf gh afnhrsh n u bc  prpksct? ef fnnck . Hstf hs tflicãj ef hjshöfjzf ghe ^hrlþj ghe Lkjth y gh efs pfræikefs gh Nrcstk (Lt. 0?97= 6>?9>= En. 1?68). Eks vhrgfghrks nrhyhjths yh, lhgc- tfj afstf quh nlprhgh, y hjtkjnhs fntfj, pkjchjgk ns nstft tfthlht hlhthh h prntcnf prntcnf ek fprhjgcgk, lkstrfjgk fsì quh su nfsf af scgk hgcbcnfgf skirh ef rknf. Gh hsth vhrsìnuek 3 pkghlks sfnfr gks cghfs= ujf hs ef quh jks hxpkjh he fprhghr y he rh- ncicr , y ef ktrf he r  y he vhr . Tfiek y ktrks afiìfj hjshöfgk f eks bcecphjshs efs nksfs rhsulc- gfs hj he v. 1, y heeks ek afiìfj fnhptfgk. Thrk he fpþstke afiìf hohlpecbcnfgk tflicãj hstfs vcrtughs hj su prkpcf nkjguntf. Eks bcecphjshs afiìfj kìgk gh heef pkr vfrcks nkjguntks y pkr iknf gh eks nkjtcjuks lhjsfohrks quh eeh`fifj gh Yklf. Cjneusk ek kyhj  pkr lhgck gh hstf nfrtf, y Hpfbrkgctk föfgcrìf ghtfeehs. S jk sþek hsk, scjk quh tflicãj hj ef prclhrf vcsctf gh Tfiek y hj efs vhnhs pksthrckrhs quh pfsþ pkr Bcecpks, heeks pugchrkj ]p 997\ vhr hstfs `rfncfs rhbehofgfs hj su  phrskjf. Tkr hstk he fptke fptke thjìf pehjk ghrhnak f ghncr? ―Ahrlfjks, ―Ahrlfjks, shg clc- tfgkrhs lìks“ (Bce. >?60). >?60). He rhsuetfgk gh hstf nkjtcjuf præntcnf nrcstcfjf jks vchjh gfgk hj efs sc`uchjths pfefirfs? y he Gcks gh ef pfz he Gcs gh cjstrunef pfz ghe ghGcks, Gcs Efquh hxprhscþj v. 3 nklpehtf y eehvf f he sugkj neìlfx brfsh ef pfzgh hstfr vksktrks. ghe v. 0.nkj Eks bcecphjshs kihghznfj hstfs nckjhs jk sþek rhncicræj læseflfrfvceeksk ¡scjk quh thjgræj tflicãj nklk Fuxcecfgkr y Flc`k fe lcslk Gfgkr!

^jthscs gh 7?6„3  Hxakrtfnckjhs (`hjhrfe y pfrtcnuefr) f phrlfjhnhr bcrlhs y f vcvcr hj ujcgfg= ujf rhspuhstf f ef prh`ujtf gh nþlk sh puhgh fenfjzfr ef vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf y uj sulfrck ghe shrvcnck nrcstcfjk? hstks phjsflchjtks nklpkjhj ef prhshjth shnncþj. Hj uj lujgk cjnrãguek y akstce eks nrhyhjths ghihj nkjtcjufr lfjthjchjgk ujf pkscncþj ghbcjcgf ifsfgf hj sus nkjvcnnckjhs. ^u pksturf ghih shr ef gh ef ujcgfg lcectfjth. Tfiek flkjhstf prughjth y nfrcöksflhjth f gks luohrhs gh ef nkj`rh`fncþj f zfjofr su gcsputf y f vcvcr hj frlkjf. Fe lcslk tchlpk quh ehs ghgcnf ujf gcsnrhtf nhjsurf, efs fefif pkr su gcec`hjth y nkkphrfgkr hsbuhrzk hj eks gìfs pfsfgks. Hj hbhntk, efs akjrf jkliræjgkefs oujtk y fe lcslk tchlpk quh ktrks nkjkncgks hvfj`hecstfs. He ruh`f c`ufelhjth f ^ìnc`k  ‗―Fskncfgk hj he yu`k“ hs su jklirh, ¡y hj vhrgfg quh hrf fsì!‗ quh quh efs fyugh f eeh`fr fe cghfe gh ef vhrgfghrf ujcgfg nrcstcfjf.  He fpþstke ghnefrf quh he shnrhtk gh ef vhrgfghrf ichjfvhjturfjzf nkjscsth hj ef hxcsthjncf gh uj `kzk hspcrctufe cjthrjk,,  hj ef lfj cjthrjk lfjcbh cbhstf stfncþ ncþjj gh ef lf` lf`jfj jfjclc clcgfg gfg  pfrf n tgs, y hj he prhshjtfr nkjbcfgflhjth efs jhnhscgfghs f ef fthjncþj ghe Gcks gh es nches. Wfe rhnurrcr f Gcks ghih afnhrsh gh bkrlf rhvhrhth (nkj scjnhrf rfnck), au aulc lceg eghh ( supecnfg  supecnfg), f`r f`rfg fghnc hncgf gf (j (jkk af afyy kr krfn fncþ cþjj nklp nklpeh ehtf tf scj scj fnnc fnnck k gh `rfn `rfncfs cfs), y ghbccgf (prhshjtfj (prhs hjtfjgk gk ruh ruh`s `s k  phtcnchs nkjnrhtks). He rhsuetfgk? Ef pfz gh Gcks, cjnklprhjscieh hj su `rfjghzf, `ufrgfræ ef puhrtf gh eks nkrfzkjhs y lhjths gh eks nrhyhjths, clpcgchjgk he fsfetk gh eks thlkrhs y efs gugfs. He sulfrck ghe shrvcnck nrcstcfjk pkgrìf hxpkjhrsh fsì? he phjsfr gh eks nrhyhjths skirh su buturf bkrlf gh vcvcr  ghih eehvfreks f hsbkrzfrsh hj vhjnhr nkj he ichj he lfe = k shf, quh tkgk ek quh afyf gh vhrgfghrk, akjkrfieh,  oustk, purk, flfieh, y gh iuhjf iuhjf rhputfncþj, hxneuyf tkgk ek vvce. ce. ¡Vuh ef vcrtug vhjzf fe vcnck! vcnck! Ef rhnklphjsf? Jk sþek ef pfz gh Gcks, scjk he Gcks gh ef pfz shræ nkj heeks.