Memoirs of Baguio

A pictorial directory and brief record of people w ho in on e [wmy or another h are contri­ buted to its progress.

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Baguio, Philippines

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P R I F 4 CE This book entitled “ Memoirs of Baguio” has been de­ signed to fill up the need for tracing the story of the progress of the City of Baguio from the time it was founded in 1909. A thorough research running through several years, has been conducted with the aim in view of acquiring all pos­ sible essential materials necessary to build up this book. The research included digging up for old pictures por­ traying the slow, but steady groivth of the City of Baguio 50 years back. The search for materials, particularly pic­ tures, was rather slow, but with the help of some Baguio oldtimers, who shared generously the publishers of this book with their treasured albums we have accummulated pictorial materials which we believe have never• been printed before nor used in any publication about Baguio. Attem pt has been made also by the publishers to put this book through on the occasion of the Golden Anniversary celebration of the founding of the City of Baguio in Sept­ ember, 1959, but due to several limitations and other diffi­ culties, the publication o f this book was delayed several months. In the meantime more materials had been gathered to rammify the scope of the book. Thus have something on the first elective city council members and other gov­ ernment officials, the election of November, 1959, marking an important epoch in the political history of this City of Baguio. The book also proposes to boost tourism, taking the cue from the new policy of the city administration to pro­ mote local tourism as one of the dollar-producing industries in the Philippines. We take this opportunity to extend our thanks, in acknoivledgment of the valuable cooperation re­ ceived, to all o f those whose concern for the completion of 'his book had contributed largely to the procurement of the materials used in this publication. w

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—THE PUBLISH ERS Baguio City, Philippines September 1, 1960

VI

^epuhltc of the Philippines C ity o f J5aguto O FFICE OF TH E CITY COUNCIL

REGULAR MEETING HELD ON SEPTEMBER 3, 1959 PRESEN T: H o n . A lfo n s o T a b o ra , C ity M a y o r, P r e s id in g ; H on. B ie n v e n id o R. Y a n d o c , V ic e -M a y o r; a n d H o n . F ilo m e n o B isc o c h o C o u n c ilo r. ABSEN T: H o n . B e n ito H . L o p e z , C o u n c ilo r; a n d H o n . N o r b e r to F . d e G u z m a n , C o u n c ilo r.

RESOLUTION NUMBERED 122 W H E R E A S , W illiam C am eron Forbes, w hile d ilig en tly serving fir s t as a m em b e r o f th e P hilip p in e C om m ission beginning in 190i, and th e n as G overnor-G eneral o f th e P hilippines fr o m 1909, was m o st in d efatiga b le in th e building o f early Baguio and always treated it as o f his v e ry ow n patern a l in te re st; W H E R E A S ; because o f his ow n benevolent and generous un­ tiring personal e ffo rts and liberal contributions o f his ow n time and m o n ey to th e vigorous g ro w th o f young Baguio; he was, more than anyone else, resp o n sib le fo r th e early com pletio n o f the K ennon, N aguilian and B aguio roads, G o vernm ent C enter, City Hall, M ansion H ouse, its schools, c ity servicer and the securing of its charter and its g en era l rapid develo p m en t; and W H E R E A S, in order to ex p ed ite th e com pletion o f K ennon road, Mr. Forbes had lovined. o u t o f his own personal fu n d , m ore than Tw o H un d red T ho u sa n d D ollars ($200,000.00) to th e p ro ject: N ow, th ere fo re , On m o tio n o f M ayor A lfo n so Tabora, seconded by Vice-M ayor B ienvenido R. Y andoc, it was R ESO LV ED ; T h a t, in reco g n itio n o f his fa th e rly, fostering care, fa r and above any call o f d u ty or obligation, the City Council o f B aguio consider, as it hereby considers, W IL L IA M C AM ERO N F O R B ES as th e ■ F a th er o f Baguio. R E SO LV ED , F U R T H E R : T h a t a suitable photograph of Mr. Forbes be hung in th e Session H all o f the C ity Council at the C ity H all, and th a t a copy o f th is resolution be se n t to Mr. Forbes, and copies fu r n ish e d to th e press. U nanim ously adopted. A tte s te d : (SG D .) ISAAC E. DIZON A ctin g City S ecreta ry ' (SGD.) ALFONSO TABORA ^ City Mayor

CONTENTS Historical and pictorial book about Baguio, comm encing from its ea rly d evelo p merit with a brief record of peo p le who in one way or another have co n tribu ted th eir share to the economic, political, cu ltu ral, social progress o f th e said C ity. m Dedication ........... .................................................... Resolution of the City Council for Gov.-Gen. W. C. Forbes ................................ IV Preface’ ............%............ .............................. .......... VI Footnotes on Baguio’s HiBtory ........................... 8 The Birth of Baguio ............................................ 18 The Civil Sanitarium ............................................ 22 Const, of the Benguet Road ................................ 26 Early rfistbry of Baguio, by W. C. Forbes . . . . ‘87 The Philippine Commission . . ............................. 60 From the minutes of the Phil. Com. . . . . . . . . . . 61 Notes of Dean Worcester ............................. . 62 Baguio Ctiy Plan .................................................. 64 John Hay Air Base ............................ .............. 70 The Baguio General Hospital ............................... 74 Growth of the Teachers' Camp ........................ 76 Brief history of the Benguet A. Line .............. *82 The Naguilian Road .............................. . 88 First Automobile trip to Baguio ................... . 88 Growth of Baguio ................................................. 96 The Boguio Police Department ............. .......... 98 Brief history of the P.M.A................................... 106 Background of Btf&uio Aviatitfn ......... .............. 108 The Baguio Race Course .................................... 112 The 1923 B&guio Carnival ................................. 121 Prim itive Mining Methods ................................... 124 Pioneer prospectors tn Benguet ..........* * ........... 126 Mining ............................................ ......................... 129 146 Brief History of Baguio Lodge ....................... Pre-W ar B. Chamber of Commerce ................. 166 Japnaese occupation and lbieration of Baguio 167 City Council's Directory . . . . . ....... ...................... 170 . Baguio a Tourist spot ........................................ 183

MINING COMPANIES Itogon-Suyoc Mines .................................................. Baguio Gold Mining Company ........................... The Philex Story .................................................

200 2W 208

PRIVATE SCHOOLS E aster School ............... ........................................... Brent School ....................................................... . • Baguio Tech a . . * * .................................................. Baguio Military Institute . . *...................... . Saint Louis College ................................................ Saint Theresa’s -College ** . . ................................ The Naguilina Academy ....................................... The Phil. Bible CoUege ......................................

*21 222 224 227 228 231 284 384

PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION F ather of Baguio .................................................... Governor-General Forbes a t the old Baguio Station ................................................ Residence of Governor-General Forbes a t Top-Side, Baguio . . . » ................................. Gov. Forbes with Gov. T aft a t his Baguio residence Top-Side ....... ................... Gov. Forbes a t the B. Country C lu b ........... .. Governor-General5Forbes official residence . . . . Governor Forbes with his cabinet members . . Philippine map in 1774 ...................................... Spnaish officers a t La Trinidad ......................... Map of Baguio in 1918 .......................• ............... Baguio, the • site ■selected -by the Spanish Commission ..................... . The American Cavalry in the hills of Benguet ....................................................... American expedition pacifying the unrest of Benguet ....................................................... Cedan chairs -in those pioneer days .................. The Bells in Sablan ..................... ...................... Panoramic view of La Trinidad ......................... Philippine Commission members under the Pines . . . . . . . . . .............................

^ • • 6 6 • 6 7 8 • 10 12 It 18 14 14 16

V II

A trip to Baguio of Philippine Commission members ....................................... ....18 O tto Sheerer with members of the Philippine Commission . . . . ...............................20 Burnham P ark in 1901 ........................... . .......22 The Session Road of 1900 »............ ..................... ....22 Baguio’s first Sanitarium ............................. ...........28 Baguio Sanitarium upon its completion . . * . . . 24 The old ro^d a t Agaat near the Canyon . . . * . . 26 Provisional .bridge built a t Camp 1 27 The beginning of the road .............. .......................27 C arts from Dagupan over the Benguet road carrying powder .......................................... -28 A p art of the finished road near Camp 1 . . 28 A group of lowland Filipiiios working on the Benguet Road ......................................... 29 A foundry on the Bgnguet road .............................. 80 Col. L. W. Kennon with black beard and moustache with some road engineers .......... .... 81 The mountain Igorots as packers . .^........................ 81 A n arch erected a t point of beginning of work ................................. ......... ................. .... 82 Hann’s Cliff, near Camp 1% ............................. .... 32 A group of road employes with Col. L. W. Kennon ......................................... .... 84 Slaughter house constructed along the Benguet road ........................... ................. .... 84 Hospital and laborer’s quarters .................................85 A temporary .systematic rail USed by road employees ._ ..... . . . . „ . . . . . . . . . • • 34 Japanese laborers ........ ......................................... .... 86 The Major’s headquarters .................. . . . . . . . . . 87 Panoramic view of Twin P e a k s .......... .................... 88 Col. Lyman W. Kennon with some road officers 89 Gov. WilliMU Pack with Sortie r©*i engineers and officials ................................. .... 40 A bridge a t Camp 4, in 1904 .................................... 41 Negro Quarters a t Camp Boyd ................................ 42 A bridge a t Camp 4 % .................... ....................................................48 One of the timber briges .........................................48 Stone walling, widening of road .................... .... 44 Provisions each ration day ................................. .....48 A considerable force of work ............................... .... 45 Houses built along the road. Most of the hauling by natives .......................«• Band playing on the road, Igorot laborers a t Loakan . . . • • • • • ................... 47 Stores constructed along the road . *.......................48 A bridge being constructed .................................... The Zib-zag road and a large number of laborers jv Among the first Wagons ........................... ........... The five stanleys in 1909 ..................................... ..Gov.-Gen. T aft with Gov. W. Pack .............. .....Jg Gov. Pack with Benguet presidents .......................J J Some members of the Philippine Com. . . . . . . Baguio in 1904 ................................... ........... . The Burnham Plan ............................................ Baguio Country Club in 1907, 1909 .................. F irst const, cottages, Pines Hotel ................... The Wagon Train, Gov. T a ft in Baguio with Igorot Children ...................... Early buildings a t John Hay .............................. Gov. Forbes and Gov. T a ft in B a g u io ................ Geri. Franklin Bell, Bontoc soldiers Mirador Hill, Brent Church, E aster School# Brent School, Catholic Church . . .................. The Baguio Gen. Hospital and its graduates in Nursing, 1929 ................ Teachers’ Camp in 1916, Camp playground, teachers taking launch ---- •••* :•;* ' I k l ' a * Closed view of the Camp, Boys Band in 1916... Ameriean Teachers, Baseball players with Mr. MacCann ..................................... . Socail affair a t Teachers’ Camp. The Camp in 1930 ...... .................................. Teachers’ Camp Band in 1920, the Bua String Band ..........................................

J5 •• Jjj Jj 71

72

Zo To 7® 80 81

Wagon T rain of the Bal and the Stanleys with chimneys ..................... 82 The old Baguio station and the finished Zig-zag Road ......................... . . . . 84 Slide a t the Benguet Road and the Naguilian Road .. . . . . . . . . ........... ........... 86 Dean Worcester’s residence, former governor’s residence . . ........... . . .........• • • • • • 86 Back view of Mansion House, Baguio’s commercial dist. ............. .......... . . 87 The “ World Touring Hupmobile” . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 City Council with Judge Malcolm, Old City Hall ....................................*........... 90 Mayor A. D. Williams with City officials and employees ................................. 92 Mayor C. Dandois with City officials and employees ............................... W Mayor Dandois w ith P. Works employees, Mayor E. Haisema with city officials and employees ................. . 96 On the retirem ent of Mayor E. Haisema, W. Ryan ploting the cemetery .................. 97 ' "Baguio's Finest” under Major Keith, Fire Departm ent Force ln__1917 .................. 98 The entire Police Force in 1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Session Road in 1912, the Burnham Park, construction of Abanao Road .......... 100 Work on Burnham Park, the Dog Market, firs t buildings along the M arket in 1918 . . 102' The Government Center. Baseball game a t Burnham P ark ............................................ 104 The Phil. Constabulary School, Gen. Nathorst, Duckworth-Ford, and Col. Livingstone a t Camp T. Allen .......................................... 106 Brig Gen. H. T. Allen Actg. Gov. B ut* Mayor Earnshaw ...................................... .. 107* Gen. Holbrook, Student officers ......................... 108 Arrival of F irst Aerial Taxicab, and a group of pilots ..................... .......... 109 View of the M arket in 1916 and its oldest building .......................................... 110 Baguio F a ir Association ......................................... 112 Session Road in 1921, the Valles Stables, and the Stone Market ........... 114 Constructed buildings a t th e site of the pre-w ar Mt. Supply, partial view of Baguio in 1930 ................................................ 116. N orthern Luzon F air Ass., Rizal Day in 1917 . . 118 1923 Baguio Carnival Exposition* Its Board of Directors ............................. . 120 Chainus, Rizal Day Muses, the Empress and Queens .................................. . 122 Carnival queen of 1923, Otto Schoorer, .. the BAL muses .............................................. 123 Igorot diggings. Woman with stone crusher, Igorot miner, Woman panning gold dust, another system of early mining. 124 E. A. Shelvin w ith Igorot miners, First gold pouring, Pioneers who blazed the tria l 126 John Muller and James Chamber, the Headwaters, L arry Wilson ............ 127 C. Patrick Dugan the ten-stamp mill of Benguet, pre-w ar Balatoc ......................... 128 Pre-w ar Cal H orr Mines, pre-w ar Baguio Gold, pre-war Benguet Mines ..................... 129 Pre-w ar Itogon, pre-war Demonstration, pre-w ar Atok-Big Wedge ............................. . ISO Mrs. Mary A. Marsman in an annual get-together occasion ....................................... 188 Otto Scheerer searching for the Mummy Cave, Dr. and Mrs. Eugene Stafford in th eir garden, Mr. and Mrs. Ryan in horse riding .............................................. . 140 The vsiiting congressional delegation, opening of the Baguio Gun Club, One of the trip s of Mrs. Mary Marsman in Baguio ................................. 141 American Veternas, American Legion Baguio Tost No. 9, installation of p ast officers ...................................................... 142 Baguio Teacher Training Inst., Meetings of the Christian Science orgnaization . . . . 144 M. L. Quezon and visitors to his Baguio residence, a picnic party given by Vice-Mayor Speth ................................. . 145 Officers of the Baguio Lodge ..................... 146

VIII

First Filipino Mayor, a lechonada party in honor of S. Bayan ................................ ..164 The City Council in 1940, first arrival of Iloilo-Negros Express .............................. ..166 Baguio before the outbreak of the last war, Baguio Chamber of Commerce, American soldiers at the Cemetery, Baguio after its destruction, a marker of the 130th Infantry 166 Remnants of the Japanese Army, Surrender of Gen. Yamasita, Session Road in 1946 .. 168 A Gallery of Filipino Mayors .............................. ..170 They City Council under Mayor Carino ............ 175 The Inauguration of the City Hall ..................... ..176 The City Council in 1952 .................................. ..176 The City Council under Mayor Lopez ............. ...177 The City Council under Mayor Tabora ................ 178 A- beB6iop-or-tne an-eiected members -----------------------of the City Council ....................................... .. 179 Map of Baguio Today ........................................ ...183 View of Baguio today ..................... ........................ 184 Some Baguio beauties ........................................ ....189 John Hay Air Uase views ...................................292

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes ........................ Col. Lyman W. Kennon ........................................ W. Howard Taft. Gen. Luke E. W right . . . . Dean C. Worcester, Otto Scheerer .................... H. P. Whitmarsh, Gov. William Pack ............. Mateo Carino. Sioco Carino ................................ Cuidno Carantes, Molintas ............................... Sungduan, T. Pinas, Wacat Suello ..................... Mateo Carnates, Daroan Pucay ......................... Daniel Hurson Burnham .................................... Justice G. A. Malcolm ................................ Gov. E. A. Echman, E. W. Reynold, .. Charles Dandois ............................................... A. D. Wiliams. E. J. Haisema ........................... Charles H. Brent, Florimond Carlu. George C. Barter ........................................... H. E. Stafford, George Icard, J . J . Murphy . . H. C. Heald, J . D. Highsmith, Joe Rice . . . . John W. Haussermann ........................................ Ja n H. Marsman ..................................................... Mrs. Mary A. Marsman .. ................................. John Muller, W. E. Dosser, George E. Stewart Francisco Yandoc, Basilio Caguioa ..................... F . P. De Romero, P. Pacis, Wong Yip .......... Lam Ping, Casiano Rivera, F. Nacnac . . . . . . Leung Ming, E. M. Valdez, J . D. Lising . . . . F . B. Jalon, Reukitze Hamada ..................... Jo an Gaerlan, Henry Kamora ......................... Xeung Kuan Ling, ................................................. Mauricio Oteyza, Salvador Vallejo ..................... . Teodoro Arvisu, Eugenio P lata ......................... Martin R. Carreon, Sixto Gaerlan, Juan Resurrecion ...................................................... F. Thomas Ryan, Emil Speth ............................. William H. Reese, Arthur E. MacCann, M. R. de los Reyes, Sr.................................... Elmer W. Herold, Pedro Fuentes ..................... L. Lee Wilson. Maximino C. Nebres ............. Felipe Jose, Ramon M i t r a ....................... .. Sergio Bayan ........................................................... Nicasio Valderosa .................................................... Alfonso Tabora ........................................ .............. Bienvenido R. Yandoc ........................................ Luis Lardizabal, Norberto de Guzman ............. Jose Florendo, Benjamin C. Rillera ................. Francisco Mayo, Gaudencio Floresca, Braulio Yaranon .................................. ........... Aurora A. Quezon, F. B. Evangelista Gorgornia R. de Ladines ............................. Teodora G. Casile, Virginia Oteyza ........... Lilian Hamby ................................................. Teodora M. Flores, D. C. Roque ..................... Ethel T. Herold ..................................................... B. Laverene Fertig ................................................ H. a Heald ........................................................... Kenneth F. Jorgensen ............................................ Claudo E. Fertig ................................................... Henry A. Brimo .................................................... W. Robert Hamby, Jose J. Casanovas ............. Leon Manzanillo, Juan B. Zarate .....................

1 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 69 64 90 91 92 132 133 134 136 136 137 189 148 149 150 151 152 158 154 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 178 179 180 181 182 190 191 194 198 196 1®? 198 199 204 207 212 213

Biographical Sketch of W. Cameron Forbes Father of Baguio W. Cameron F orbes is the scion of fam ilies prom inent fo r several gene­ ration s. He was born May 21, 1870, in M ilton. M assachusetts, the son of W illiam H athw ay F orbes and E d ith E m erson F orbes and is a gran d so n of R alph W aldo E m erson. H e prepared fo r college a t Milton A cadem y, M ilton Mass., and H opkinso n ’s School, Boston, and g rad u ated fro m H arvard w ith th e class of 1892. W h;le in college he played on his class football team , and was m an ag e r of th e V arsity Crew. A lthough a g re a t stu d en t of foot­ ball, he was n e v er able to m ake the V arsity, b u t he follow ed the gam e w ith an intensity th a t led to h is ap­ p o in tm en t as coach of the fresh m an team in 1894-95, and as head coach of H arvard V arsity football in 1897 and 1898. In th e la tte r year, his team won all its gam es, including a 17-0 victory over Yale. In 1894 and 1895 he was a C lerk w ith Jackson & C urtis, Boston in v est­ m e n t brokers. In 1897 he becam e chief of th e financial d e p a rtm en t of Stone & W ebster, a firm w hich w as ju s t th e n beginning a perio d of am azing expansion, and fo r five years h e had extensive experience w ith electric lig h t and s tre e t railw ay p roperties. Since 1899, he has been a p a rtn e r in J. M. F o rb es & Company, of Boston, M er­ chants. In 1904 he w as appo in ted by P re s ­ id e n t Theodore R oosevelt a m em b er of th e Philippine Comm ission and S ec­ re ta ry of Com m erce an d Police in th e P h ilip p in e Islands. In 1908, P re s id e n t R oosevelt appointed him Vice-Gov-, o r nor, and in 1909, P re sid e n t T a ft ap ­ po in ted him G overnor-G eneral of th e P h ilip p in e Islands, a p o st he h eld fo r fo u r years. He, how ever, resig n ed as G overnor-G eneral in Septem ber, 1913. As G overnor-G eneral, he e rected v a r­ ious governm ent buildings, c o n stru ct­ ed public roads and railw ays, an d ex­ e rte d effo rts in im proving the I n t e r island com m unication. He built B aguio,

th e p in es city of th e P h ilip p in es. He is know n in th e Islan d s as a “b u ild e r”. H e also fo u n d ed th e M anila P olo C lub in 1909. A m ong G overnor F o rb es” p rin ic p a l in te re sts in th e P h ilip p in e s w e re th e in a u g u ra tio n and dev elo p m en t of th e ro a d -b u ild in g policy, c o n stru ctio n of p o rts, a rtesia n -w ell d rillin g , p u b lic go v ern in g p en al colony a t Iw ahig fo r tru stw o rth y lo n g -term convicts, w hich p ro v e d successful. THE BUILDER OF BAG UIO

W illiam C am eron F o rb es w as d ire c t­ ly resp o n sib le fo r th e u p -b u ild in g of B aguio. H e m ore th a n any o th e r o f­ ficial of th e e arly days le ft a d eep im p rin t of his p e rso n ality as w ell as of official acts. I t w as a case of in ­ te r e s t an d e n th u sia sm ru n n in g sid e by sid e w ith pow er an d resp o n sib ility . In consequence F o rb es laid th e fo u n d a ­ tio n on w hich B aguio has b een b u ilt. He was appoin ted S e c re tary of Com­ m erce and Police in 1904, th e y e a r th a t D aniel H. B u rn h am m ade th e p lan th a t d iffe re n tia te s B aguio fro m th e re s t of th e w orld. F ro m th e b eg in n in g F o rb e s in sisted on a d h e re n c e to th a t p la n in th e d ev elo p m en t of Baguio. H is ap p reciatio n of b eau ty , h is k n o w ­ le d g e of th e b e n e fits to be d eriv e d fro m parks, his u n d e rsta n d in g of ro ad s w e re co n tro llin g fac to rs in m ak in g the B aguio of today— of th e fu tu re Baguio. B efore S ecretary F o rb es b ecam e go­ v e rn o r-g e n e ra l h e h ad b u ilt topsides. By his exam ple an d so licitatio n o th e r hom es w ere ere c te d by officials and re s id e n ts of th e Islands. H e w as th e o rig in a l Baguio “ b o o ste r” . In 1907 he helped organize th e C o u n try Club C o rp o ratio n and su p p o rte d its early stru g g le s to pro v id e sp o rts a n d re c ­ re a tio n fo r th e re s id e n ts o f th e su m ­ m e r colony. T h ro u g h his in te re s t in th e k in g of sp o rts he gave B aguio its polo field. H e w as back of every m o m en t to p ro m o te th e p le a su re of liv in g in Baguio. [

1 ]

W hen V ice-G overnor F o rb es w as ap­ p o in ted govern o r-g en eral in 1909 his official acts w ere d irec ted to w ard s the d ev elopm ent of B aguio. E a rly in his ad m in istratio n , governm en t c e n te r and th e city h a ll w ere b u ilt. T h a t th e of­ ficials and em ployes of th e g overn­ m en t m ig h t w ork u n d e r favorable clim ate conditions d u rin g th e h eated season in M anila be m ade B aguio in ­ deed the ‘S um m er C ap ital”. In 1919 B aguio b egan to fu n ctio n a c co rd in g to th e orig in al plan. The B aguio “boom ” w as on. M any p riv ate h o m es w ere also b u ilt d u rin g his period. I t w as in th e F o rb es ad m in istra tio n th a t B aguio roads w e re co n stru cted , th a t tem p o rary b rid g es on th e K en­ non Road w ere rep laced by m o re p e r­ m a n e n t s tru c tu re s and th a t p la n s w ere m ad e fo r th e co n stru ctio n an d b e tte r­ m en t of ro ad s leading fro m M anila to Baguio. H is road policy o f w hich th ese w ere only a sm all p a r t was larg ely resp o n sib le fo r th e develop­ m e n t and p ro sp e rity of th e P h ilip p in e Islands. W h ile provision w as m ade fo r th e c o n stru c tio n o f M ansion H ouse p rio r to his ap p o in tm en t, G overnor-G eneral F o rb e s w as th e firs t to occupy it. The B aguio City H ospital w as com pleted a t th e sam e period. H is e n th u sia stic en co u rag em en t and coo p eratio n w ere h e lp fu l to G en eral J. F ra n k lin B ell in th e build in g of Cam p Jo h n H ay w hich h as been of such d irc e t b e n e fit by w ay of re c re a tio n to m ilitary an d n a ­ val officers. F ro m th e beginning of his P h ilip ­ p in e service F o rb es was in te re ste d in th e c o n stab u lary w hich w as u n d e r his ad m in istratio n and as S e cre ta ry of C om m erce an d Police, w as larg ely resp o n sib le fo r th e rem o v al of th e school fo r C onstabulary O fficers. T h en th e P h ilip p in e C onstabulary A cade­ m y fro m M anila to C am p H e n ry T. A llen in B aguio. F o rm e r G ov ernor G en eral F o rb es w as keen ly in te re ste d also in th e n a­ tiv e peo p le of th e M ountain P ro v in ce a n d m ade m any trip s on horseback ov er th e M onutain T rail to v isit places now accessible by autom obile, to Bontoc Road. N ot th e least of his official accom plishm ents w ere th e frie n d s he

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made am ong th e Igorots. In 1914, d u rin g W orld W ar II, he was appointed R eceiver of th e Brazil Railway Company, an e n te rp rise in­ volving larg e F ren ch , B elgian and B ritish investm ents. He held th is post fo r six years, th e w ork tak in g him to South A m erica and E u ro p e, w here h e visited th e front-line tre n c h e s in F ebruary, 1916, as guest of th e F ren ch Governm ent. In Ju n e, 1917, h e was appo in ted by Covernor Sam uel McCall of M assachu­ setts a m em ber of a Special Commis­ sion to In vestigate S treet Railw ay pro­ blems. W ith G eneral L eonard W ood, he was appointed in M arch, 1921, by P re sid e n t H arding to th e W ood-Forbes M ission of Investigation to th e P h ilip p in e Is­ lands. A t th e close of th is investiga­ tion, he visited China an d Ja p a n as guest of th e Chinese and Jap an ese G overnm ents, and received decorations from each (th e O rder of th e G olden G rain fro m China, and th e O rder of the Rising Sun from J a p a n ). A t th e re q u e s t of G overnor Channing H. Cox of M assachusetts, he u n ­ dertook in F eb ru ary , 1922, an in v es­ tigation of th e S tate P rison, rep o rtin g in N ovem ber of th a t y ear. In 1928, he w rote a h isto ry of th e P h ilip p in es in two volum es. I t is en title d “ T H E P H IL IP P IN E IS L A N D S .” In 1930, P re sid e n t H e rb e rt H oover appointed him C hairm an of th e Com­ m ission fo r th e Study and Review of C onditions in H aiti. His re p o r t sug­ gested a successful so lu tio n of the exisling im passe m th e elec tio n of a P resid en t. In Ju n e, 1930, P re sid e n t H oover ap ­ pointed him A m bassador to Japan. D uring h is incum bency, th e Jap an ese invaded M anchuria. He resig n ed th e A m bassadorship in March, 1932. A s C hairm an of th e A m erican Eco­ nomic Mission in 1935, he v isited Ja ­ pan and to u red an im p o rta n t p a rt of China by air, a t th e in sta n c e of the N ational F o reig n T rade C ouncil of New York. In 1938, he visited Spain as the guest of G eneralissim o F ranco. A ctive in civic a ffairs m o st of his life. G overnor F orbes is a L ife Mem-

1

On one of his trips to B aguio, W. C. F orbes is seen in the m iddle h old ­ ing a hat w ith cane and surrounded by som e high governm ent o ffieia ls at the B aguio Station.

R esidence of W illiam

Cam eron F orb es at Topside, Baguio

b e r E m eritu s of the M assachusetts In ­ stitu te of T echnology C orporation, Ho­ n o ra ry P re sid e n t ot th e China Society of A m erica, H o no rary V ice-P resident of th e Jap an Society of New York, H on o rary V ice-P residen t of th e M as­ sach u setts A udubon Society, a Fellow of th e A m erican A cadem y of A rts & Sciences, and a m em ber of th e Col­ lege of E lectors of the H all of Fam e, N ew Y ork U niversity. He w as fo r se­ v e ra l years C hairm an of th e B oard of T rustees of the C arnegie In s titu ­ tion of W ashington, and a tru s te e of H am pton In stitu te , H am pton, V irginia. Also, fo r m any y ears he was P re sid e n t of th e B oard of T rustees of th e Mid­ dlesex School, and a T ru stee of Con­ cord A cadem y, b o th in C oncord, Mass. H e was an O verseer of H arv a rd U ni­ v ersity from 1914 to 1920. H e received th e H onorary D egree of r.L D. from H arv ard in 1912; from T rin ity College, H artfo rd , Conn. in 1924; and from B ates College, Lew is­ ton, Maine, in 1932. U n til advancing years and ill h ealth forced him to resign, he w as a D irec­ to r of a n u m b er of c o rp o ratio n s, in ­ cluding am ong o th e rs: A m erican Te­ lep h o n e & T elegraph Co., C om m ercial C red it Co., C opper R ange Co., F irst N atio n al B ank of Boston, A rth u r D. L ittle , Inc., Old Colony T ru s t Co., M assachusetts F ire & M arine In su ran ce Co., P etro leu m H eat & P o w er Co., Stone & W ebster, Inc., a n d U nited F r u it Co. A n a rd e n t polo en th u sia st, he p la y ­ ed th e gam e fo r 45 years, re tirin g a t th e age of 69. He was also in te re ste d 'n golf, hunting, fishing an d yachting. In 1911, he w rote and h ad p riv ately p rin te d th e textbook AS TO POLO, w hich has been tra n sla te d in to seve­ r a l languages and been sold in m any

narts of the w orld. In 1921, his book THE ROMANCE OF BUSINESS was published (H oughton M ifflin Co.). In 1928, he published th e historical study THE P H IL IP P IN E ISLANDS in two volum es (H oughton M ifflin Co.), which he revised and b ro u g h t up to date in 1945 in a one-volum e, ab rid g ­ ed edition, (H arv ard U niversity P re ss). G overnor F o rb es has been four lim es around th e w orld, and m ade m a­ ny trip s to C en tral and South A m e­ rica: as well as E urope. He sp en t his sum m ers at th e fa ­ m ily-owned island of N aushon, off Cape Cod, and has m ade fre q u e n t v i­ sits to th e fam ily-ow ned ran ch in Wy­ oming. In 1930, he built a hom e in S ou th ern G eorgia, at T hom asville, w here he sp en t sev eral w inters. This was sold a few years ago, and later, becam e Birdwood Ju n io r College. His unique resid en ce in Norwood, Mass., th e in te rio r w alls of w hich w ere p anelled in d iffe re n t P h ilip p in e h ard woods, w as a show place for m any years. In 1950, he p re se n te d it, w ith polo field and stables, to H a r­ vard U niversity. In 1955, it w as ac­ quired by th e U n ited F ru it Company, and converted by th em into a research laboratory, w here im p o rtan t w ork in th e study and develo p m en t of tro p ical p lan ts is now b eing carrie d on. G overnor F o rb e s’ clubs in clu d ed th e Union, T avern, H arv ard and H arvard T ravellers of Boston, and since 1914 th e S aturday Club of Boston, H arvard of New York, In d ia House, New York, and New Y ork Y acht. He w as a c h a r­ te r m em ber of th e M anila Polo Club, Manila. He resid ed at th e H otel V endom e, Boston, and rem ain ed a b ach elo r u n til his d eath on D ecember 24, 1959. ------------ o— ---------

A lover of sports especially golf, he en joys a chat w ith H oward Taft and a close friend in his B aguio residence.

W illiam

The late W illiam Cameron Forbes in one of his favorite p oses on horseback in front of the then B aguio Country Club w ith W. H. Taft and an interested spectator.

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-ji Form er G overnor-G eneral of the Philippines w ith his cabinet

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«*»SS B o**i v

A N OLD MAP OF TH e PH ILIPPIN ES 1774

FOOTNOTES ON BAGUIO'S HISTORY In th e annals of Spanish h isto ry covering its ru le in th e P h ilip p in es it is revealed th a t th e Spanish gove rm e n t organized “ C om m andancias P olitico M ilitar” in th is region and fo r alm o st 200 years, th e S panish C om m andantes governed th e Igorottes. T he Spaniards g a \e th e m th e ir first step tow ards civilization and n atio n ­ alization, built chu rch es and schools, in tro d u ced coffee plan tin g , cattle ra is ­ ing m ade trails a n d . u n d e rto o k to v accin ate th e people. Inspite o f this, th e Mt. people w ere n o t co n ten ted w ith th is kind of go v ern m en t d u e to e x o rb ita n t taxation, fo rced labor, con­ fisc a to ry gifts upon them . In 1846 C om m andante G uillerm o Galvey a fte r o v er 45 exploratory expeditions, e sta­ b lish ed his C om m andancia at La T ri­ n id ad (nam ed a fte r his w ife) w ent to estab lish the province of B enguet w ith th irty R ancherias. The firs t Kap ita n of B enguet w as P u b lito o f old K afagw ay (now B agu io ), a m in o r Ran-

cheria of ab o u t 20 scattered houses. D uring th e last decades of th e Spa­ nish g overnm ent m issionaries and Do­ m inican o rd ers established m issions in m ost of th ese C om m andancias and these w ere connected by tra ils or m ountain horse roads. The Filipino R evolutionists invaded B enguet, and all the top Spanish officials of Ben guet, to g e th e r w ith governor B ejar and th e p arish p rie sts f l e d to Bontoc. A fte r some m onths of stru g file betw een the R evolutionists and the S panish troops, th e la tte r su rre n ­ dered to th e form er. Im m ediately upon th e cessation of h o stilities, th e local provincial g overnm ents w ere resto red u n d er th e regim e of th e erstw hile P hilip p in e Republic and Ora (Ju an C arino) w as made th e P hilip p in e R e­ public’s governor of B enguet. The Re­ volutionists who had been in alliance w ith th e A m ericans after defeating 1he Spaniards, rose against th e ir fo r­ m er allies fo r failu re on th e p a rt of

La Trinidad in 1890. Show n above are Spanish officers escorting some Igorot prisoners to the La Trinidad presidencia.

L 8 ]

Map of Baguio in 1918

Partial panoram ic view of Baguio Benguet.

th e la tte r to resp ect th e F ilipinos in th e term s of peace betw een th e gov­ e rn m e n t of Spain and th e U nited States. T hus, the F ilip in o A m e ric an W a r broke out. The fig h t covered a p erio d of tw o years. D uring th e latic r p a rt of the w ar, th e A m ericans in 1900 cam e to B enguet, pacified the area. C aptain R obert R. R udd estab'ish e d the governm ent. Owing to the pacific conditions w hich prev ailed in B enguet w hile the re s t of N o rth ern Luzon was e ith er in a condition of in su rrectio n or inter-co m m u n ity feud, 'h is province was the firs t region to secu re civil governm ent. Mr. H.P. W liitm arsh was appoin ted civil g o v er­ n o r and th e capital w as set up in Baguio. T his was the firs t provincial civil governm ent to be estab lish ed anyw here in .the P hilip p in es. A t first, th e old Spanish p o litical divisions w ere fallow ed and Igorots w ere ap p o in ted as much as possible in th e govern m ent. Thus, Sioco Carifio of B aguio v.as appointed " P re sid e n t” of [ 10 ]

The site selected b

the Baguio rancheria. The p re se n t city of Baguio w ith its su rro u n d in g te rrito ry form ing an enclave, is peopled by two d istinct groups of m ountaineers. In the n o rth ­ ern p a rt and beyond it dw ell Igorots generally know n as K ankanays, while the so u th ern portion is th e home of 1he Ibaloys. The Ibaloys p resen t th e m ­ selves socially as a peaceful and in dustrious trib e whose chief occupation is ag ricu ltu re, husbandry, and m ining. They live g en erally in sm all s e ttle ­ m ents scattered over th e hills and valleys, w ith the exception of a few larger com m unities. A num ber of w ealthy fam ilies stan d out, singly or in groups of a few households, in or near th e m ore im p o rtan t tow nships, and who give to th e trib a l life a d is­ tinctly p lu to cratic ch aracter. One of the leading figures of the su rrounding country was no o th e r th a n K apitan Mateo C arino. ( C ontinued on page 2 5 )

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the Spanish Com mission for a sanitarium is m arked w ith a cross.

ORIGIN OF BAG UIO ’S NAME

T here are q u ite a nu m b er of v er­ sions as to th e origin of B aguio’s nam e. As p e r Q u iran te’s re p o rt on his expedition to the gold mines of “Antam og” in 1624, Baguio was o fte n r e ­ fe rre d to as Kapagway, m eaning stem o r grassy clearings. It was no t m ore th an a lonesom e ran ch eria sp rin k led w ith a h andful of dw ellings and w hose lone attractio n was a trib u n a o r co u n ­ cil-house in th e center. A version w hich seem s believable is th a t the nam e B aguio was ado p ted fro m the w ord “Bah-giw” w hich in B enguet dialects m eans moss and from the Inibaloy term “bagyu” w hich d e ­ notes a subm erged slim y w aterp lan t know n to the T agalog as “ lu m o t” . T his nam e was given to the w atery bottom of the K isad V alley betw een B aguio and La T rinidad. W hen the

S paniards cam e to this place w here th e re was n o th in g b u t sw am ps and fo rests, a few native huts and a b are hillside of p a stu rela n d for c a ttle , they baptized th e placc as “B aguio” w hich is a g en eral term used in th e A rc h i­ pelago to m ean typhoon. The S pan iard did not, how ever, fixed the •Bah-giw ” boundary. It was not until the com ing of th e A m ericans that the B aguio b o u n d ary was specified. A m ong th e a reas inclu d ed within the m apped bo u n d ary w ere, namely, P idoan (C oun tr y C lu b ), O rengao (T ea ch e rs’ C am p ), K afagw ay (C ity H all), Im adayong (B re n t School) A pni (C arino S u b d i­ visio n ), Minac (B u rn h am P a r k ) , Cav a lju re za (C o n stab u lary H ill), Cam peo (Session R oad), a n d Oligueg (Rock Q u arry).

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F o o tn o te s on B agu io's H is to r y ...

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« The A m erican cavalry, com posed of Am erican N egroes in the hills of Benguet on their w ay to La Trinidad during the early part of 1900. Sitting dow n in front of a sm all house are m em bers of the Amer ican exp ed ition sen t to p acify the unrest in Benguet.

[ 12 ]

THE BIRTH OF BAGUIO Encouraged by Shangri-la tales of a Spanish friend about a fabulous country in the north, Dean C. W orcester, a m em ber of the first Philippine Com m ission, led a party of curious A m ­ ericans to the Benguet region in Ju ly, 1900. The trip led to the birth of Baguio. In th e sum m er of 1892, a young A m erican Zoological collector nam ed Dean C. W orcester w as approached in the w ilds of M indoro Island w hile a t w ork by Domingo Sanchez, a m em ber of th e S panish F o re s try B ureau, who described in g re a t d etail a fab u lo u s country in the Luzon N o rth ern lan d a t an elevation of 5,000 fe e t above sea le­ vel w ith a perp etu al tem p erate clim ate and w as som etim es visited by fro sts. D r. W orcester who la te r became th e S ecretary of In te rio r and m em ber o f the f i r s t P hilippine Commission did n o t give th e sto ry fu ll credence, b u t his in te re st in b ird life created a cu rio sity in his m ind. “A sev ere attack of typhoid fev er n e­ cessitated my leaving th e Islan d before I could c a rry out th is p lan, b u t upon my re tu rn w ith th e f ir s t P hilippine Commission in 1899 I rem em bered Se-

no r S anchez’ sto ry ”, W o rcester w rite s in his book. “ In view o f th e p ro b ab ility th a t A m erican occupation w ould con­ tin u e fo r a long period, th e existence or non-eixstence n e a r M anila of an ex­ tensive h ig h lan d region w ith a tem pe­ ra te clim ate became a questio n of g re a t p ra c tic a l im portance. I, th e re fo re , caus­ ed search to be m ade in th e Spanish archives to see w h a t, i f a n y reliable in fo rm a tio n w as av ailab le, a n d to my g re a t sa tisfa c tio n u n e a rth e d a detailed re p o rt m ade by a com m ittee of th ree distin g u ish ed and com p eten t S p an ish of­ ficers w ho h ad sp en t some w eeks a t B a­ guio in th e com m andancia o f B enguet, d u rin g w hich period th e y h a d m ade six te m p e ra tu re o b serv ation s daily, had tram p ed over th e n eig h b o rin g cou n try v ery thoro u g h ly , h ad located a num ber of sp rin g s of potable w a te r an d d eter­ m ined th e ir ap p ro x im ate flow , and in

In those pioneer days, ccdan chairs carried by m eans of poles on the shoulders of the cargadores w ere the m ost d istin ctiv e m ode of transportation w here trails w ere enough for the horse to pass.

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A place in Sablan as seen by D ean W orcester and party. The bells on the ground w ere left there by A guinaldo’s troops intended for gun m etals for his army.

s h o rt g a th ered a la rg e am ount of v ery v alu ab le d a ta w hich m ore th a n bore opt the s ta te m e n t of S enor Sanchez.” W hile W orcester w as in W ash in g to n in 1899, he b ro u g h t up the idea w ith E lih u Root, then S e creta ry o f S ta te and w hile th e second Commission w as

leaving fo r th e P hilippines, S e c re ta ry Root directed th e m em bers to investi­ g ate th e m a tte r and if th e fa c ts, proved as sta te d , to open up th e country. The Commission upon a rriv a l in the Philippines, delegated G eneral Luke E. W rig h t and W orcester to v isit B enguet

Panoram ic view of La Trinidad V alley at

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and fam iliarize them selves w ith th e s it­ uation. They took w ith them H o race L. H iggins, p resid en t of th e M anila and D agupan R ailw ay Co., M a jo r L. M. M aus of the arm y medical corps and D r. F ra n k S. Bourns. M ajor Maus, ta k in g th e la titu d e an d a ltitu d e as a basis of his calcu latio n s before the d e p a rtu re fo r B aguio, de­ m o n strated th a t th e statem en ts of th e S panish com m ittee w ere n ecessarily false. H e w as, how ever, su rp rised w hen he w as inform ed by a young aid of then Colonel D uval who w as in comm and of the g arriso n in San F ern an d o , L a U nion th a t in T rin id ad some negro soldiers who stationed th ere com plained of th e cold all the tim e and asked fo r all the spare blankets available. W or­ cester described the trip , thus. “ G eneral M acA rth u r w as dubious when we expressed a desire to c a rry o ut th e in stru ctio n of the se c re tary of w ar. H e told us th a t th e cou n try w as dangerous, doubtless confusing it w ith B angued, capital of A bra, n e a r w hich th ere w as a t th a t tim e a stro n g and active in su rg en t force. W e insisted on going, so he said th a t he would send a tro o p of cavalry w ith

the tim e of early Am erican exploration.

us, and he k ep t his w ord. D u rin g th e la s t week of Ju ly we fin a lly sailed fro m M an ila on a naval vessel fo r S a n F e r ­ nando in th e province of L a U nion. F ro m th is place we expected to go by ro ad as f a r as N ag u ilian , in th e sam e province, an d thence on horse back to T rin id a d and B aguio, in B enguet. W e le ft N ag u ilian e a rly in th e m o r­ n in g an d stopped fo r lunch a t a little p lace p ro p erly called S ablan, b u t u n ­ o ffic ia lly know n as “ T he B ells.” A guin aldo h ad th o u g h t a t one tim e o f e s ta ­ b lish in g his h e a d q u a rte rs in B e n g u et a n d h ad planned to h av e a g u n fo u n d ­ ry a t S ablan. H is tro o p s acco rd in g ly stole m ost of th e c h u rch bells in th e n eig h b o rin g low land to w n s, m ea n in g to use them fo r gun m etal, and com pelled th e u n fo rtu n a te B en g u et Ig o ro ts to c a r­ r y them up th e steep tr a il. B oiler pipes, w hich had been used in lieu of c a r r y ­ in g poles, had in sev eral in sta n ce s been b ad ly b e n t out of sh ap e. T h e re w as even old v ertic al boiler w hich h ad been lugged up e n tirely fo r some unknow n reaso n . I t w as still steam in g h o t a t S ab lan , an d th e w hole co u n try sid e w as b u ried in densest tro p ical v eg eta tio n . M ajo r

M'aus w as triu m p h a n t. T h in g s w ere w ork in g o u t ju s t as he had thought. W hen w e w ere a lread y h alfw ay up, we thought t h a t we m ig h t as well continue

cam e o u t into a w onderful region of p in e p ark s.” Dr. W orcester described th e ascent. “ Trees stood on the rounded knolls

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Am ong the m em bers of the P hilipp ine (

the jo u rn ey . I had expected to fin d pines and oaks, b u t h a d a n ticip ated th a t th e y would grow am id st a dense tan g le of dam p tro p ica l v egetation. W e w ere lite ra lly dum bfounded w hen w ithin a space of a h u n d re d y ard s we suddenly le ft the tro p ic s behind us and

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a t com paratively wide in terv als, and th ere w ere scores of places w here, in order to have a b e a u tifu l house lot, one needed only to c o n stru c t drivew ays and go to w ork w ith a law n m ower. A t the sam e m om ent, d elig h tfu l cold breeze sw ept down from the h eig h ts above us.

J u s t a t su n set we experienced a se­ cond su rp rise, com ing out on th e knifesh a rp crest of a ridge, and seeing sp read before u s th e T rin id ad V alley,

w hich w as shaped like a huge w ash basin. Its floor w as vividly green w ith gro w in g rice. Ig o ro t houses w ere dotted here and th e re over th e ra y s of th e set­ tin g sun. The a ir had been w ashed clean by the heavy ra in w hich h ad poured down on us th ro u g h o u t th e

aftern o o n , a n d th e sig h t w as one never to be fo rg o tte n .” W hen th e p a rty a rriv e d a t T rin id a d th e y received a le tte r fro m Otto

S ch eerer, th e only w hite re s id e n t of B en g u et, w ho invited them to m ake th e ir h e a d q u a rte rs a t h is ho u se in B a­ guio. “ W e fo u n d conditions exactly a s des­ cribed in th e S p an ish re p o rt.” W o rces­ te r w rote, “ th e cou n try w as g e n tly rol­

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lin g its elevation ra n g in g fro m 4,500 to 5,200 feet. The hills w ere covered w ith sh o rt, thick g ra s s an d w ith m ag­ n ific e n t pine tre e s w hich f o r th e m ost

Som e

p a r t g rew a t considerable distance fro m each o th er w hile alo n g the s tre a m s th e re w ere w o n d erfu l tre e fe r n s and lu x u ria n t ta n g le s of b eau ti­ f u l tro p ical v egetation. I t took us b u t a sh o rt tim e to decide t h a t here w as an ideal site fo r a fu tu re city , if w a te r [ 18 ]

could be found in su fficie n t q u a n tity . We revisited each of th e several sp rin g s discovered and described by the S pa­ nish comm ittee, b u t decided th a t they

m embers

of

the

P hilipp ine

Com m ission

would be in ad eq u ate to supply a tow n of an y g re a t size. D r. S ch eerer now came to th e fr o n t and guided us to the very th in g th a t we w ere looking for, b u t had h a rd ly d ared hope to fin d ; nam ely a m ag n ificen t sp rin g of crys­ tal clear w a te r. A t th a t tim e it w as

resting

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flow ing n e a rly a million gallons p e r day. I t b u rs t fo rth from a hillside in such m an n er as to m ake its protection from su rface d rain ag e easv. and we de-

th ro u g h P a n g a s i n a n , L a U nion, B eng uet, L ep an to and Ilocos S u r, I had been in tru ste d w ith th e d ra f tin g of le g islation fo r th e g o v ern m en t of th e

cided th a t th e re w as no th in g lacking to make B aguio a n adm irable site fo r th e fu tu re sum m er cap ital and h ealth re so rt of the P h ilip p in es.” D uring Ju n e of 1901, p rofessor Moses and I m ade a horseback tr ip accom panied by o u r p riv a te se c re ta rie s

n o n -C h irstian trib es, an d w an ted to le a rn as m uch about them as possible, 30 th a t I could a c t in tellig en tly , W e s ta rte d from D ag u p an m ounted on horses kindly fu rn ish e d us by th e arm y , a n d escorted by fo u r m ounted in fa n try m e n . None of us had rid d en L 19 ]

fo r y e a rs , and a rm y o fficers w ere fe rin g w ag ers t h a t we would no t as f a r as Baguio. A t M an g ald an a v a lry o u tf it replaced o u r m ounted

of get ca­ in­

exercise on th e trip . H av in g f ir s t v isited th e w ork a t th e low er end of th e B enguet Road and th en trav elled across th e co u n try in a

Am ong the m em bers of the Philippine

fa n try m e n , and w hile th e m em bers of o u r new escort w ere re s tin g u n d e r th e shade o f a tre e in th e cem etery , I h e ard them voicing jo y fu l a n tic ip a tio n s of th e easy tim e th ey w ere to have tra v e llin g w ith te n d e rfe e t. I m ade up my m ind to give th em some h e a lth fu l [ 20 1

d riv in g storm over w retched tra ils , we reach B auang, o u r p o in t of d e p a rtu re fo r th e in te rio r. H ere I called th e ser­ g e a n t in ch a rg e and asked him w ere the e x tra shoes fo r o u r horses w ere. In some confusion he confessed th a t he had b ro u g h t none, w hereupon I read

him a hom ily on the duties of a ca­ valry m an , and sen t th e whole o u tfit to San F ern an d o to g et th e horses re ­ shod and provided w ith e x tra shoes fo r

h a d found re fu g e in th e house of M r. O tto Scheerer, a hospitable G erm an. The cavalrym en and th e h o rses go t ir. u n d e r th e b uilding. I t gave m e g re a t

Com m ission as guests of Otto Sheerer.

I

th e trip . W e a rriv ed a t B aguio in a how ling typhoon. W hen we em erged fro m the hills into the open, and o u r horses got fu ll sweep of th e storm , they a t f ir s t refu sed to face it. We forced them in­ to it, how ever, and a few m om ents la te r

jo y to h e a r th ro u g h th e flo o r th e voice of the se rg e a n t re m a rk in g , w ith much em phasis of th e so rt best re p rese n te d in p rin t b y dashes, th a t if he had know n th e so rt of a tr ip he w as s ta r t­ in g on he w ould have been on sick re p o rt th e m o rn in g of his d e p a rtu re . [ 21 ]

THE CIVIL SAN: On

M arch 25, 1902, th e sum of pesos was ap p ro p ria ted fo r th e purpose of co n structin g six th re e room cottages a t Baguio, province of B enguet, for use in connection w ith th e convalescent h o sp ital at th a t place, popularly known as th e civil sa n ita r­ ium , and a re s t house a t Sablan, th e halfw ay statio n on th e tra il bet­ w een N aguilan and Baguio. This work has been atten d e d with no little difficulty, b u t it has deve­ loped a know ledge of building o p era­ tions in B enguet w hich will prove of g re a t fu tu re value No sm all am o u n t of th e a p p ro p ria­ tion was expended in g ettin g th e lab o rers to B aguio and in brin g in g up th e n ecessary tools, subsistence supplies, and b u ild in g m aterials. On th e 9th of A pril, 1902, a p arty of C hinese lab o rers in ch arg e of an A m erican forem an arriv ed a t Baguio, follow ed on th e 14th by a second p arty in charge of a d raftsm an from th e office—30 lab o rers all told. The men le ft M anila d u rin g th e cholera epidem ic, and w ere neces­ sarily detain ed five days in th e bay 10,000

The Session Road of 1900 w hich w as m erely a pasture land of the natives.

The arrow on the left points to the site of the then Baguio Sa The arrow on the right points to the Spanish G overnor’s House which

TARIUM, BAGUIO :

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| j L f t 1

I ; I

befo re the ship w as p erm itted to sail fo r San F ernando. L aborers w illing to go could n o t be obtained ex cep t a t an increase of the ra te paid in Ma­ nila P ack ages and boxes o f tools an d m aterials, such as shovels, picks, saws, axes, nails flexible roofing, h ard w are, and subsisten ce supplies of rice, fish, tea, etc., w ere sen t u p by ship to San F ern an d o d e La U nion, th en ce tra n sp o rte d by arm y m ule team s 12 m iles to N aguilan, and th e re repacked so th a t no single package w eighed m ore th a n 60 or 70 pounds, th e m axim um load w hich the Ig o rro te polistas o r c a rrie rs a re w illing to carry over th e 29-m ile tra il to Ba­ guio. The g re a te st d ifficulty w as exp erien ced in g ettin g a sufficient n u n r ber of polistas to c a rry this m a te ria l, all of w hich did not a rriv e a t B aguio fo r several weeks. A fte r th e arriv al o f th e m en th e firs t few days w ere sp en t in constru c tin g a suitable “shack,” or rough building fo r living q u arters. T h e w hole p arty w ere th en p u t to w ork fellin g pine tre e s and sawing th em in to boards and dim ension tim ber.

Baguio's first Sanitarium intended as a recuperation center for go v ern ­ m ent em ployees.

initarium w h ich later becam e the site of the pre-w ar I w as later used by Gov. Pack as his residence.

P in es

H otel.

A n exam ination of th e p rem ises at th is tim e by th e ch ie f of th e b u reau , follow ed by a co n su ltatio n w ith th e h o n o rab le th e se c reta ry of p u b lic in ­ stru ctio n , led to th e reco m m en d atio n th a t th e sa n itariu m b u ild in g b e en­ la rg e d and rep aired . T h e g en eral c h a ra c te r of the c o n stru c tio n is su

and roofs, as w ell as th e floors, are laid w ith 1-inch boards, all sawed by hand, and th e floors an d sideboarding sm oothed off, tongued and groov­ ed The constru ctio n of th e cottages is the sam e as th a t of th e sanitarium . The roof b oarding is covered with p a ­ te n t flex ib le asp h altic roofing.

p e rio r to an y th in g in th e province. T he posts w hich su p p o rt th e build in g (n o stone foundatio n s b ein g u sed ) a re o b tained from Ig o rro tes, w ho se­ le c t fo r th is purpose tre e s th a t have fallen and to a c e rta in e x ten t ro tte d away. T hey hew th e log away, using only a bolo, u n til it is red u ced from a d ia m e te r of p e rh a p s 36 in ch es to 12 inches. These p o sts a re hauled som etim es m any m iles, b u t a re f u r ­ n ished a t th e u n ifo rm p rice of $1.50, M exican currency, each. The fram e of th e b uildings is p u t up in th e sam e m a n n e r as th e co n stru c tio n of sim ilar b uildings in M anila, w ith double p lates, double g ird e rs n ailed into each side of th e p o st and secu red to th e sam e w ith one bolt. The sides

ln e nucleus of th e san itariu m building is a cottage b u ilt by Otto Shearer. The old grass roof is rep lac­ ed by a new roof, th e in te rio r r e ­ arran g ed and g en erally renovated, form ing one pavilion of th e com plet­ ed stru c tu re . C onstruction activities, how ever, was re ta rd e d by th e continuous rain s of the season. The c a rp e n te rs have been put to w ork a t such tim es m aking doors, windows, sash, and sim ilar appointm ents. Inab ility to secure supplies over th e tra il fo r th e C hi­ nese c a rp e n te rs has, on sev eral occa­ sions, caused a stoppage of the w ork. On th is account Ilocanos w ere em ­ ployed from tim e to tim e to take the place of th e C hinese carp en ters.

A view of the Baguio Sanitanun

[ 24 j

T he delays in tran sp o rtin g supplies a n d m aterial w ill, in th e n e a r fu tu re, he lessened by th e estab lish m en t of a pack tra in of ponies from S an F ern ado to Baguio, u n d e r th e c o n tro l of th e Philippine constabulary. ------------------------------o ----------------------------

n e se tra d e rs have invaded th e dis­ tr ic t w ho cam e w ith silks and o th e r p ro d u c ts fo r b a rte r. The S pan iard s, th o u g h h e re fo r cen tu ries and pos­ sessed know ledge th a t th e re w as gold in th is m o u n tain s n ever sp e n t a c e n t in th e d evelopm ent of th e

its completion. (C ontinued fr o m page 10 ) T he P residenia of Baguio Rancheria was firs t established in th e house of C am pulet a t th e to p of th e now T abacalera Road, situ ate d a t th e lower end of Guisad V alley on th e old raod com ing over th e hill from La T rinidad. The S pan­ iard s spelt B agyiu as Baguio an d so nam ed the w hole Rancheria. L ater, th e p resid en tia was moved to th e place w here the fish m arket is now situ ated , and th e n to large ho u se of M ateo C arino situ ated where th e p re s e n t City H all now stands. F a r beyond th e Spanish occupa­ tion th e gold m ines in the region w ere w orked by Igorots. and Chi-

m ines. The Ig o ro ts w ould b rin g in gold in d u st som etim es co arse w hich th e S p an iard s w ould gladly p u rch a se th e ir p rices n e v er exceeding 7 p e­ sos p e r ounce The S p an iard s to som e ex ten t, oc­ cup ied p o rtio n s of th e te rrito ry and w orked th e gold m in es w ith Igorots. A few E u ro p e a n s follow sd, b u t sys­ te m a tic occupation w as m ade u n til la te in th e 19th cen tu ry . B asing on G u illerm o Galvey’s d ia­ ry his firs t exped itio n in th is reg io n re v e a ls also his asto n ish m en t and d e­ lig h t th a t upon reach in g this region h e saw w ith en th u siasm the carefullysep a ra te d and 'fa ile d fields grow ing (C o n tin u ed on page 6 7 ) L 25 ]

CONSTRUCTION OF (Excerpts from the report of Major L.

T h ere a re h o tte r p laces th a n the low lands of th e P h ilip p in e s-'-h o tte r p laces th an M anila— b u t th e r e is none w h ere th ere is such a n e v e r ending, boundless co n tin u ity o f h eat, day in an d day out, w eek a fte r w eek, m onth a fte r m onth, th ro u g h o u t th e w hole cycle of th e y ear— none w hich so insiduously saps th e v itality and relax es th e springs of energy n ativ e to men from colder clim ates. O ur tro o p s suf­ fered from th e effects of it, and search v/as made fo r som e cool sp o t in the islands w h ere convalescing invalids could reg ain stre n g th and vigor. The W ar D ep artm en t d irec ted th e reg i­ m en ts a fte r tw o o r th re e y e a rs service should be re tu rn e d to A m erica. Staff officers w ere n o t to serv e m ore than tw o years in this en e rv a tin g clim ate. C onvalescing invalids w ere se n t to Correg id o r, to China, to Ja p a n , and to A m erica to reg ain h e a lth an d stre n g th M any who could n o t affo rd su ch a chan g e becam e chron ic in v alid s or died. T h ere w ere no new conditions b ro u g h t a b o u t by A m erican occupa­ tion Our Spanish p re d ecesso rs suf-

fered in like m a n n e r and so u g h t some place in th e P h ilip p in e Islan d s w here a n in v ig orating clim ate and re lie f from th e endless tro p ic a l h eat of th e low­ lands m ight b e found. A fte r th re e cen­ tu rie s of occupation and observation th e y fixed upon Baguio, in th e pro­ vince of B enguet, as one p lace m ost nearly .tilling a ll of th e re q u ire d con­ ditions. S itu ated about 5,000 feet above sea level, on th e so u th w estern co rn er of th e m ountain system of n o rth e rn Luzon, its rolling, tu rf-co­ vered hills, stu d d ed th ick w ith fra ­ g ra n t pines, sw ept by all th e breezes th a t blow e ith e r from th e n o rth or south o r e a st o r west, w ith a low m ean a n n u a l te m p e ratu re an d oc­ casional touch of fro st B aguio seem ­ ed indeed an id eal haven of refu g e from th e to rrid plains in w hich th e principal tow ns and business cen te rs o f the islands a re located. The p la te au enjoying all th e se ad­ vantages was, how ever, m ost difficult o f access. The f i r s t explorers reached it only by follow ing the steep , slip­ pery, d an g ero u s and obscure tra ils of th e native igo rro te. To m ake the

THE OLD RO AD AT A G A A T NEAR CANYON

*

A

THE BENGUET ROAD pvennon, Tenth Infantry, officer in charge)

I

k

A

tem porary

hanging

bridge b u ilt in

Camp

One. THE BEG IN N IN G OF THE ROAD

I

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>

highlands of B en guet accessible to th e w hite man, th e Spaniards, tow ards th e end of th e last c e rtu ry , b u ilt a h o rse tra il from N aeuilian to T rinidad and

B aguio and planned an extensive sani ta riu m and o th e r b uildings of Baguio. In s u rre c tio n and w ar p rev en ted the c a rry in g out of th e project. r -7 ]

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4

•

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-

-

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A ll su pp lies w ere hau led from D agupan to Twin P eak s over the provincial roads and the com pleted portion of the B enguet Road.

Soon a fte r th e A m erican occupation th e m anifest need of some such in­ stitu tio n was recognized and th e Gov­ e rn m e n t decided to carry in to effect as soon as p racticab le th e plan s of its p redecessors. B aguio could practicaily be reach ed only from San F e rn a n ­ do and N aguilian, n ec e ssita tin g a sea tr ip of tw en ty -fo u r hours fro m M ani­ la and two o r th re e davs of h o rseb ack

trav el over a steep tra il b u ilt by th e Spaniards in 1892. In th e sto rm y sea­ son steam ers w ere freq u en tly a week in going from M anila to San F e rn a n ­ do. E vidently such a trip was q u ite im possible fo r invalids n o t convales­ cent. Then, too, th e en terp risin g A m er­ ican v o lun teer so ld ier in scouting th ro u eh the m ou n tain s found eviden­

A part of the finish ed road near Camp One,

u

No one w ho did not visit the country before the road w as constructed can form an adequate idea of the d ifficu lties of supplies. The upper cam ps w ere reached only by perilous trails w h ich a s c e n d e d a n d descended the precipitious slopes of the canyon w alls, over cliffs, to scale w h ich ropes and ladders w ere necessary. The river at low w as forded; at high w ater rude bridges or logs w ere used. A man's life depended on su reness of foot and coolness of head. In hun­ dreds of places a m isstep meant death.

ces of m ineral w ealth. The Ig o rro tes m ade im plem ents of copper, m ined and w orked by them selves. Gold was w ashed by them from th e beds of creeks. P rospectors w ere locating and developing claim s w hich gave p ro ­ m ise of proving very valuable. T h ere was a call fo r im proved tra n sp o rta ­ tion facilities fo r Baguio, and th e Ci­ vil Comm ission, by its A ct No. 2, of S eptem ber 12, 1900, authorized a su r­ vey fo r a railroad w hich should con­ n ect D agupan, the term in u s of th e M anila and D agupan Railway, w ith Baguio. T he survey was m ade u n d er th e rlirection of C aptain C. W. Mead, T h ir­ ty-six U.S. V olunteer In fantry, w ho rep o rted also th a t a w agon road could be quickly constructed from P o zo rru ­ bio to B aguio th ro u g h th e Bued Ri ver Canyon fo r $75,000, U nited S tates currency. The Comm ission, th e re fo re by its A ct No. 61, dated D ecem ber 21, 1900, au th o rized the construction of th e road, ap p ro p riated $75,000 fo r th e purpose, and d irected th a t it be p u sh ­ ed to com pletion by Ju ly 1, 1901. T he

new ro ad it w as e stim ated w ould be a b o u t 35 m iles ir. len g th , a n d w ould co nnect a t th e n o rth e rn en d w ith th e c ld t r Spanish road fro m T rin id ad to Baguio, and a t th e so u th e rn end w ith th e p rovincial road n e a r Pozorrubio. W ork was begun on th is end on Jan u ary 15, 1901, u n d e r th e d irectio n o f L ieut. F ran cis H. Lom ax, F o rty second U.S. V olunteer, Inf., th e la­ b o rers b ein g Ig o ro ts w ith A m erican forem en. On Jan u a ry 16, 1901. con­ stru ctio n a t th e so u th en d w as begun nt A gaat, fro m w hich p o in t th e ro a d w as opened tow ard P ozo rru b io . Con­ nection was m ade w ith a p o in t on th e P o zo rru b io -A lfv a highw ay called B abunan, d ista n t ab o u t 6.4 m iles from A guat and 3 m iles fro m Pozorrubio. By Ju ly 1, it was re p o rte d th a t 9-1/2 m iles of roadw ay h ad been opened u p , in clu d in g th e im p ro v e m e n ts of existing tra ils fro m A gu at to th e m outh of th e canyon of th e Bued R iver. In th e canyon itse lf b u t little ’.vork had been co m p leted . T he d iffi­ cu lties of constru ctio i. had b een v ery m uch u n d e re stim a ted . In s te a d of e a rth .

A group of low land F ilip in os w'orking in

i 'w i i m

¥ }

'I' i

n

« A i,

the Benguet Road.

T he B enguet road was a harbor of re fu g e fo r all o f th e u n em p lo yed of the P hilippines. T here w ere rep resen ­ ta tives o f iti n a tio n s at w o rk on th e road. There w ere N o rth A m e r i­

ro c k had been en c o u n te re d and it is s ta te d th a t an am o u n t eq u al to th e w hole ap p ro p riatio n w as su b seq u en tly ex p en d ed in m aking a ro ad b ed along th e firs t cliff a t th e can y o n ’s e n ­ tra n c e . L abor w as scarse, u n tra in e d , unw illing, and ex trem e ly d iffic u lt to p ro cu re. It is p leasan t to re f e r to th e co r­ d ial re la tio n s ex istin g b etw een p ro ­ v in cial and road au th o ritie s. G over­ n o r W illiam P ack w as alw ays read y to len d w hatever aid he could and took g re a t in te re st in th e p ro g ress of th e w ork. W hile his ju risd ictio n ex­ te n d e d over all th e co u n try occupied by th e w orking force, he p ractically le ft its ad m in istratio n to th e officer in charge, a course w hich avoided fric tio n and was in th e in te re st of th e e n te rp rise . T he ra in y season com ing on, w ork w as suspended fo r th e tim e being. C ap tain Mead w as ap p o in ted city e n ­ g in e e r of M anila, and Mr. N. M. H ol­ m es w as appointed ch ief en g in e e r of th e B en g u et road, on A ugust 20, 1901. Mr. H olm es took hold of th e w ork O ne

of

the

foundries

can, Indians, H auaiians, M exicans, P e­ ruvians, Chileans, H indus, Chinese, Ja­ panese, Russians, G erm ans, Irish, E n ­ glish, F rench, Sw edes, E tc., all w o rk­ ing harm oniously together.

w ith energy and pushed th e c o n stru c­ tion along so th a t by Ja n u a ry 1, 1902, he was able to re p o rt open fo r tr a ­ vel to a p o in t about 10 m iles n o rth of B abunan and from Baguio ab o u t 8 miles south, leaving a gap of a b o u t 17 miles, on w hich som e work had been done fo r about 5 miles. In July, 1902, he re p o rte d as opened up suf­ ficient fo r wagon tra v e l an ag gregate of a b o u t 32 m iles. A horse tra il had also been m ade fo r ab o u t 6 m iles, while 6 m iles w ere im passable fo r horse o r vehicle. T he road “opened u p ” was by no m eans a finished road, b u t th e ro a d ­ bed had been ro u g h ly blocked out and was passable fo r carts. The w ork fo r th e follow ing y e a r seems to have consisted largely in w idening, ditching, and m etaling th e road re p o rte d as “opened up,” in the construction of b iid g es and culverts, and in rep airin g th e dam age done by floods in th e rain y season. A bridge over th e Bued R iver w as w ashed out and was rep laced by a horse tra il of 135 fe e t span, th e lu m b e r fo r which,

m aintained during B en gu et Road.

the

construction

of

the

3o

Col. L. W. K ennon w ith black beard and m oustache in front of h is in Camp 4. In the sam e group are som e road officers.

as fo r all bridges, was sawed by hand. T he u p p er section of th e ro ad had su ffered severely, and slides develop­ ed w hich carried away the ro ad b ed and caused the abandonm ent of th a t portion of the road. Several m iles of rock w ork w ere th u s throw n aw ay. The w ork had been well done and stands well today, except in th e valley The m ountain

Si

house

of E m erald C reek w h ere th e slides occurred. The n a tu re o f th is c o u n try is su ch th a t it is p ractically im possible to fo retell th e e ffec t of c u ttin g into th e m o u n tain sides. T his was a sm ooth, g rass-co v ered slo p e of n o t u n u su a l ste ep n ess and w ould o rd in a rily be e n ­ te re d w ith o u t h esita tio n . T h e c u t acte d u p o n by to rre n tia l

Igorots w ere ch iefly used as packers num ber of them w ere em ployed.

and

a

large

An arch erected at point of beginning of w ork under direction of Colonel Kennon.

rains, developed a m o u n tain or an ­ g u la r fra g m e n ts of rock in clay w ith ­ o u t show ing any bed ro c k u p on w hich a secu re fo undation could b e had. D u rin g th e y ear th e la b o r situ atio n had been as u n satisfa c to ry and d is­ ap p o in tin g as ever. C h o lera broke ou t and p ractically susp en d ed th e w o rk fo r m onth. Mr. H olm es re p o rte d th a t “ desp ite agents, le tte rs, and p erso n al appeals to th e sources fro m w hich o u r lab o r is draw n, no re s u lt w as o btain­ ed, and th e w ork had b een su ffered to d ra g along, so crip p led by th e lack of lab o r as to m ake th e m ost u n sa­ tisfacto ry progress, costing, as w ell, co nsid erably m ore th a n w ould have been necessary by h aving a steady, re g u la r supply of su ffic ie n t lab o r to p ro p erly d is trib u te am ong th e various cam ps, and so allow an econom ical organization of office and a d m in istra ­ tive fo rc e .” On Ju n e 30, 1903, Mr. H olm es r e ­ po rted th e road passab le fo r w agons from th e beginning a t th e south end to 14 m iles n o rth and fro m B aguio 5 m iles south, w ith sev eral sm all pieces of roadw ay an d ho rse tr a il opened up betw een th o se lim its. A lthough the w oik had been ca rrie d on u n d e r g re a t d iffic u ltie s and w ith m any disap p o in tin g setb ack s, it had not p ro g ressed w ith a speed satis­ factory to th e C om m ission, w hich was [ 32 ]

desirous of com pieting soon as possible.

th e

road

as

In a m eeting of Ju n e 1, 1903, a r e ­ solution was adopted by th e P h ilip ­ pine Commission en u m e ra tin g th e po­ licy to m ake Baguio th e Sum m er Ca­ pital of th e A rchipelago, to e re c t su it­ able buildings a t th a t place, and to co n stru ct a wagon ro ad fro m Naguili* an to Baguio. The Comm ission placed M ajor L. W- K ennon, T en th In fa n try , U.S A rm y, to take ch a rg e of th e im ­ provem ents in th e B en g u et Province, including th e con stru ctio n of th e B enguet road. The sam e reso lu tio n provided th a t th e bed of th e B enguet road should be so co n stru cted as to be available fo r th e use of a railro a d . A nother, of Ju ly 2, 1903 d irected th e laying o u t of th e gro u n d s in th e town of Baguio, placing th is w ork also un-* d er th e d irectio n of M ajor K ennon. U n d er th e head of “Im provem ents ’n B enguet P ro v in ce” w ere at once or?an;zed th re e sep arate e n terp rises, viz the survey and co n stru ctio n of th e N aguilian road. Mr. E. L. H ealth was appointed ch ief en g in e e r of th e Neguilian survey and Mr. G. H. H ayard of the B aguio im provem ents. Mr. Hol­ mes was re ta in e d as chief en g in ee r of the B enguet road. W ork on th e la te r far tran scen d ed the o th ers in im m edi­ ate im p o rtan ce, and a fte r sta rtin g th e

H ann’s Cliff, near Camp 1-1/2, sh ow ing com m encem ent of w ork, F eb ­ ruary 23, 1904. Several parties of native laborers on reaching the top of the cliff looked over the edge and turned back, refusing to go farther.

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/

A group of road officers and em ployes w ith Major Kennon.

w o rk on th em th e officer in ch arg e estab lish ed his h e a d q u a rte rs a t Twin P e a k s and assum ed th e p e rso n al di­ re c tio n of w ork on th e B en g u et road in th e m iddle of A u g u st 1903. T he o fficer in charg e h ad new con­ d itio n s and new pro b lem s to m eet. T h e road co n stru c te d up to th is tim e h a d been fo r o rd in ary w heel tra n sp o rt

ta tio n only, an d was p racticab le to r c a rts as fa r as Twin P eaks. Indeed, a fte r en terin g th e canyon, th e road w as a c art ro a d ra th e r th a n a wagon road. It had m any steep adverse and tu rn s too sh arp fo r heavy loaded wa­ gons draw n by m ore th a n a p a ir of anim als. I t w as in no way fitte d fo r use as the bed of a railw ay. On a

Slau ghter house constructed along the Benguet Road.

A n u m b er of m e n w ere killed, by fa lling over the cliffs. A considerable n u m b er w ere droioned the m o st se­ rious accident of th is character re s u lt­ b rie f visit to th e ro ad in Ju ly it was found th a t no surveys existed w hich could be utilized in m aking e stim ates fo r the construction of im m ediate su r­ veys w ere ord ered fo r th a t purp o se. T hese o rd ers anticip ated th e reso lu ­ tion of th e Comm ission of D ecem ber 23, 1903 d irectin g th e officer in ch arg e to m ake his surveys, plans, and spe­ cifications fo r an elec tric railro ad bed w ith a w idth of 14 feet. In th e expectation of secu rin g a larg e n u m b er of w orkm en, executive and adm inistrative d ep artm en ts w ere a t once organized and p u t into p ra c ­ tical w orking order. A teleg rap h line from Twin P eak s to D agupan was co n stru cted by th e constabulary at the e a rn e st re q u e s t of the officer in charge, and all of th e m ain cam ps on th e ro ad w ere con­ nected by telephone, w ith h ead q u a r­ ters a t Twin Peaks. The telep h o n e line was extended to Baguio, and en ­ abled th e en tire w ork to be d ire cte d and controlled from th e main office. T h e Com m ission h ad expressed a desire to have the w ork com pleted as

ing f r o m th e c r o w d in g o f s o m e J a p a n ­ ese on a l i g h t f o o tb r id g e , w h ich broke Under t h e i r w e ig h t , p r e c ip itc tin g them frtto th e sw o llen river. soon as possible, an d e ffo rt w as at once m a d e to in crease th e fo rce of labor. In Ju n e , 1903. th e n u m b e r of m en on th e road w as 173. T his w as in creased rap id ly u n til it rea c h e d a b o u t 4,000, w hich was c o n sid e re d th e m axim um n u m b e r th a t could be w o rk ­ ed to ad v an tag e at any one tim e w ith o u t too g re a tly in crea sin g th e d iffi­ cu lties an d cost of tra n sp o rta tio n of supplies. T he w ork was so placed as to en ab le th e cam ps to b e m oved fo r­ w ard in echelon, k eep in g th e m o st re m o te cam ps a t a d istan ce o f not m ore th a n 4 m iles fro m a d ep o t or from w h eel tran sp o rta tio n . In th e firs t d istrib u tio n of th e force, cam ps w ere o rganized a t Twin P eaks, cam ps 3 and 4, a n d tw o in ­ te rm e d ia te p o in ts called 2 - 1 / 2 an d sub4 A t cam p 4 was a c liff 900 fe e t in len g th , o n , w hich a g re a t am o u n t of n ecessarily slow w ork had to be done. A co n sid erab le force w as p u t a t w ork on this cliff in o rd e r to p re v e n t a blocking of th e ro ad w hen c o n s tru c t­ ion should re a c h th a t point. The m ain force was c o n c e n tra te d

H ospitals and laborer’s quarters b u ilt at T w in P eak s in May, 1904.

35

A

-

Japanese laborers b etw een Camps 3-1/2 and Sub. 4.

b etw een Twin P e a k s and Cam p 3, and by F eb. 1, 1904, th e la te r cam p was accessible by ca rts, th u s lessening m a te ria lly th e b u rd e n of tra n sp o rt in g supplies. The g re a te r p a rt of th e fo rce w as th en m oved fo rw ard and cam ps estab lish ed betw een cam ps 3 an d 4. T hese m ovem ents of th e w ork­

ing fo rce w ere m ade successively. A cam ping place w as selected in ad­ vance, and a d etac h m en t was sen t fo rw ard to build th e n ecessary q u a r­ ters, storehouses, etc. The road w ork a t th e old cam p com pleted, th e new one was occupied, th e m en carry in g tools and ratio n s on th e ir backs. In

A tem porary system atic rail used by toad em ployees along B enguet Road.

NOTES ON EARLY HISTORY OF BAGUIO B y Form er G overnor-G eneral W. CAMERON FO R BES

On Septem ber 16, 1904, I m ade my m o u n tain s, and began th e a sc e n t, th e f i r s t tr ip to B aguio, going up w ith M r scen ery becom ing still m ore b e a u tifu l H . L. H iggins, of th e railro a d , in h is p ri­ th o u g h d iffe re n t. T he ro ad w as atro ciou s. v ate car, and accom panied by M ilstead, T h e re is a g re a t w ork to be done th e re . w ho w as the disb u rsin g officer o f the To Cam p O ne th e ra in b e g an to com e road. U nder d a te of Septem ber 17, my down in to rre n ts and we w ere soon d renched to th e skin. The ro a d , w hich J o u rn a l continues: “ S ta rte d e a rly (fro m D ag u p an ) and fro m h e re passed th ro u g h a m o u n tain rode a China pony w ith arm y sad d le to g orge, v ery p ictu resq u e to see, b eg a n to T w in Peaks, th irty -o n e miles. R oad in te ­ be th e la n d in g place fo r n u m ero u s w a te r­ re s tin g as possible, thickly settled on both fa lls, and th e pony, sh y in g o u t to m iss sides and s tre e t crowded w ith people and th e fa ll n e a r th e rock, d id n ’t a lw ay s re ­ tra ffic , much bound fo r Twin P e a k s w ith m em ber th a t it m ig h tn ’t be good fu n to s t u f f fo r the B enguet road. T h is is c a r­ go over th e precipice on th e o u tsid e in to ried in two-wheeled c a rts draw n b y plod­ th e riv e r th a t boiled below. COLONEL K E N N O N ’S W ORK d in g oxen or carabaos, w hich go one m ile a n h o u r when th ey a re in a h u r r y and ‘‘A t T w in Peaks, Colonel K ennon h ailed lie down when th e y ’re n o t or w hen th ey us an d le ft o u r poor leg-w eary p o n ies and can g et into w a te r. We forded a fin e ri­ took his fin e s m a rt A m erican d riv in g v er and revelled in th e tropical a p p e a r­ horse an d buggy and drove on u p , ins­ ance of the road lined w ith b a n a n a and p ectin g th e w ork as we w an t. F ro m T w in coconut trees an d occasional h u g e m a n ­ P e ak s up, th e w ork is th e M a jo r’s a n d he goes o r other tre e s I couldn’t id e n tify . is ju s tly proud o f h is achiev em en t. W e We stopped a t P ozorrubio fo r lunch and saw h is b ridges an d c u lv erts, a n d drove th en rode on g e ttin g p resently to th e over a sw in g in g suspension b rid g e. A t one The M ajor’s headquarters at Camp 4.

place n e a r w h a t is called “ The Devil’s S lide” from th e num ber of men th a t have been killed on it, we cam e n e a r being tip p e d over th e c liffs ourselves, my w arn ­ in g to th e d riv e r m aking h im p u ll u p w ith h is w heel a g a in s t th e rock, which, if i t h ad tip p ed us over, w ould have sen t us g a ily w hack to o u r long re st. “ C am p P o u r is the M a jo r’s h ead q u ar­ te r s a n d we h ad to stop an d w alk over a little sw inging bridge, th e n inspected th e q u a rte rs , and fin ally clim bed to hi? house. A m ag n ificen t looking S ikh in b loodred tu r b a n and w o n d erfu ll black b e a rd an d m oustache drew up h is six feet o f fig u re and saluted, and a s we tu rn e d th e c o rn e r o f th e house a band b egan to play. Inside th e house w ere tw o delight­ fu l F ilip in a g irls, sw eet frie n d ly . One a b o u t th irte e n , an o rp h an , R osa, had been ‘g iv e n ’ to M ajo r K ennon, w ho m akes h er do a little house w o rk ; an d th e other, M a ria , and h e r husband live and care fo r h im w ith o u t being w illing to accep t pay. T h e o th e r o ffic e rs of th e fo rce cam e up fo r d in n e r and we had a v e ry g ay eve­

nin g w ith fine sin g in g by th e Colonel and a M r. Jenkins, a co n tra c to r th ere. “ The life of it all is the M ajor. E very week he goes over every fo o t of th e w ork an d it m eans a n a stly climb fo r him some­ w h ere betw eeneach o f his six or eight c a m p . H uge lines of bullock c a rts go stru g g lin g th ro u g h the m ud from D agu­ pan to Tw in P eak s and th o u sand s of pounds are tak en on th e backs of Igorots, m en, women, and children, to supply the d iffe re n t camps. E veryone loves th e M a­ jo r, He is th e g re a t m oving sp irit. T hey come to him w ith th e ir woes and w ith th e ir joys. H e provides a band and sees th a t they have fie sta s and bailes. A lit­ tle while ago th e men learn ed th a t the M ajo r had m ade a bet th a t p a r t of th e w ork would be fin ish ed e x tra ho u rs, n ig h t and day, and when th e p a rty finally rode over the com pleted p a rt, th e re w as a sm ile fo u r m iles long and m any of the sm iles had w orked all n ig h t before. WORK

INSPECTED

“ S atu rd ay , Septem ber 18, 1904. W alked w ith the M ajor over the w ork. G angs of

5%

Col. L. W. K ennon w ith black beard and m oustache and F ilip in a takes care of him and do a little hou se w ork for som e road officers.

girls w ho

^ 7 A

panoram ic view show ing the officers’ and em p lo y es’ quarters at T w in P eak s.

G overnor W illiam Pack w ith ex tre m e left is G overnor Pack.

road

400, located a t d iffe re n t cam ps, a re orkin g on th e d iffe re n t sections. W e re ac h ­ ed D ow d’s cam p a fte r a stiff clim b an d fin ish e d M ilstead, w ho lay down an d was le ft. Dowd had p lan n ed to sa lu te u s by se n d in g off a lo t of b lasts and th row ­ in g a few h u n d red s to n s of rock o v er a p recip ice into th e riv e r. We cam e too la te , how ever, so he only gave us lunch an d h a d th ree F ilip in o s w ith m andolin a n d g u ita rs p lay, and a F ilip in a lady sin g. “W e saw one b la s t go off and a fte r­ w a rd h ad to look u p in th e a ir to dodge th e ro ck s as th e y fell, som e sp a tte rin g a b o u t. A t Camp R ead, a fte r a long af­ te rn o o n ’s w alk we w ere m et by th e b an d a n d a tte n d e d a baile o r dance. A ro u g h a ffa ir, led off by th e M ajor, b u t th ere w ere som e really w o n d erfu l p erfo rm an ces b y n ativ e girls and by S p an iard s and n ativ es. “ S unday, S ep tem b er 19, 1904. W alk ed u p th e m o u n tain som e 1500 fe e t o u t o f th e canyon an d took h o rses fo r Ba­ gu io, only fo u r o r five m iles away. F in e rolling, g rassy country, p a rk -lik e an d w ith occasional pines, som e of grand p ro p o rtio n s. W e fo u n d the e n g in e e r in L 40 ]

engineers

of

the

B enguet

Road

On

the

charge, a Boston m an nam ed H ayw ard, and soon explored th e w hole country, seein g w here he p lan n ed to p u t th e p u ­ blic buildings and all th e im pedim ents th a t go w ith an u p -to -d a te sum m er re ­ so rt. D renched to th e skin la te r, as it ra in s there every aftern o o n at th is tim e of year. Slept u n d e r two th ick blan k ets, w hich is unusual h e re in th e P hilippines. RIDES TO CAMP FOUR

“Monday, S eptem ber 20, 1904. P u lled o u t a t six and ro d e down th e very b ea­ u tifu l Kias tra il to Camp F our, w here we lunched and w en t on dow n th e w orks, going on foot over th e piaces w e’d n eg ­ lected before, and le ft Twin P eaks, say a t 5 p.m. fo r P ozorrubio. W e h ad fo u r m iles in a buckboard and it was ra in ­ ing. The road g o t w orse and so p re s e n t­ ly dism ounted or ra th e r got o u t and w alked, slipping ro u n d in th e deep m ud, and, the mules n o t catching up, by and by we sa t down. I w as q u ite u n co m fo rt­ able w ith an a tta c k of ra th e r acu te in ­ digestion, the firs t I’ve had since I got h ere ; b u t, a fter w aiting an ho u r, we tru d g ed back and fo u n d th e m ules m ired. G athering some natives, we se t to and p u lled the team o u t of th e m ud, and

drove o n . . . . We presen tly g o t m ired (C o n tin u ed fro m page 3 g ) th is w ay th e rem oval w as accom plish­ again on a stretch betw een two ric e p ad ­ ed w ith th e least loss of tim e. dies and had to w ait till a h u g e tra in Camp 4 lies 3.3 m iles b eyond cam p of b u ll-carts lum bered by, up to th e ax­ 3 . In Ja n u a ry 1904, n o t a pick h a d les in m ud and each guided by a sleepy b een s tru c k into th e g ro u n d b etw een native. T hen a dozen o r m ore go t hold th ese two points. By A p ril 1 th e ro a d of o u r team and ra n it to good g ro u n d was opened and in use fo r c a rt tr a n s ­ w hen we w ent on. In th is o p eratio n off p o rta tio n to cam p 4. hind m ule m anaged to k ick a n e a t poul­ In a n ticip atio n of th e o p en in g of tice of m ud into my left eye. I d id n ’t th e ro ad as fa r as Camp 4 by A p ril, see it com ing and found m ost o f m y 1904, an d in o rd e r to m ak e it av a il­ face p lastered as w ell as the eye filled. able fo r u se by th e C om m ission in I groped to the ditch a t th e side and going to Baguio, a su rv ey w as m ade soon w ashed it out. M idnight passed in Ja n u a ry of th a t y e a r of an e x ist­ soon ju s t as we th o u g h t we w ere g e ttin g ing Ig o ro t tra il over K ias H ill. I t w as in, our d riv er m ade a m istake and down found th a t a horse tr a il could be b u ilt we w ent, w ith two of th e m ules. This on th is lin e w ith a m axim um g ra d u was hopeless, so leaving our n e g ro to e n t of 15 p e r cent, an d a t an e s tim a t­ ex tricate him self and th e m ules by h ir­ ed cost of $3,000. In o rd e r n o t tc re d u c e th e fo rce ing carabaos, we took a bull c a rt w hich was standing patiently about,, th e n ativ e on th e B en g u et ro ad , th e o ffice r in in th e grass inside sound asleep and ch arg e re q u e ste d th a t th e a p p ro p ria ­ plodded along slowly b u t co ntin u o u sly tio n fo r th is tr a il be e x p en d ed by th e . . . . W e reached P ozorrubio a t 1:30 a.m. p ro v in cial a u th o ritie s of B anguet. T he line u p K ias H ill w as sta k e d o u t by “T uesday, Septem ber 21, 1904. U p a t B en g u et ro a d en g in e e rs and th e tra il 5:30. H ired a carrom ata draw n by th re e was b u ilt fo r a trifle less th a n th e lonies, and in we squeezed, th e M ajor estim ate d cost, u n d e r th e su p erv isio n and I, all curled up, and bounched a b o u t of Gov. W illiam F. P ack, who, on in th e rough places so th at we n e v er M arch 31, 1904, was th e firs t p e rso n knew w h eth er our heads were going to to rid e o v e r th e tr a il and ro ad fro m h it th e roof or our shins the seat op­ B ag u io ' to Twin P eaks. posite. Reached D agupan at eleven.” T his tr a il has been in alm o st cons­ -------------- o -------------ta n t use since th a t d a te an d w ill A bridge at Camp 4, d istin ctiv ely show n above are som e F ilip in o laborers husv w orking in 190t.

c o n tin u e to be u se fu l fo r m in ers and o th e rs living its vicinity. B eyond Camp 4 lay som e of th e h e a v ie st and m ost d iffic u lt w o rk in th e road. The d istan c e fro m th is cam p to B aguio w as 10.6 m iles. By S ept. 1, 1904, th e re w ere ab o u t 3,500 m en a t w ork b etw een Camp 4 and C olgan, d istrib u te d in five -cam ps o v er a d istan ce of 4.3 miles. In Nov., 1904, Cam p M cElroy w as esta b lish e d n e a r th e B aguio end of ♦he line, to w ork dow nw ard, and in Ja n u a ry , 1905, all av ailable m en w ere p u t on th e grade b etw een Camp Col­ gan and C am p M cElroy, in p ro v isio ­ n a l cam ps estab lish ed u n d e r F o rem en Dowd, Cook, Reid, an d Boyd. A w ag er had b e e n m ade th a t th e ro ad w ould be p a ssab le fo r vehicles by th e end of Jtfhuary, 1905. The fo re m e n and th e w o rk in g fo rce g e n e ­ ra lly took a keen in te re s t in th e o u t­ com e of th is w ager, and w orked e n ­ th u s ia stic a lly to w in it. T hey w ere so successful th a t on Ja n u a ry 29, 1905, th e officer in ch a rg e drove from C am p 4 into Barjuio. A t th e tim e it w as by no m eans a fin ish ed roadw ay, b u t re q u ire d m u ch w o rk in casing grades, rem oving e a rth and ro ck fro m above, and in p ro v id in g p ro p e r d ra i­

nage. T he am ount of w ork which had been accom plished was enorm ous, and included th e co n structio n of new ro a d ­ way from a po in t 1 m ile below Twin Peaks to Baguio, a d istan ce of 18.1 m iles; th e m aking of a rock cu t be­ tw een b ridges 39 and 40, betw een Camp 1 and Twin P eak s; th e m ain ­ tenance and re p a ir of th e old road, its reb u ild in g in places, and th e m e­ taling of several m iles of th e low er road w ith cru sh ed stone. This w ork had been done betw een the d ates of A u g u st 16, 1903, and Jan. 29, 1905. A t th e fo rm er date, the m ost optim istic p red ictio n allowed th ree years fo r th e opening of th e road, “if it could be done at a ll.” O thers said it -w ould take tw enty years of work, and som e of th e fo re­ men on th e ro ad co n sid ered th a t they had “a life jo b .” The su b je ct of tra n sp o rta tio n was vital and w as th e object of unceasing care and vigilance. All supplies w ere hauled fro m D agupan to Twin P eak s over th e provincial ro ad s and the com­ pleted p o rtio n s of th e B enguet road, a distance, a t firs t, of som ething m ore th an 32 miles. L a te r w hen the w a re ­ houses w ere moved to Cam p 4, the haul was about 39 miles. M ost of this h au l-

N egro Q uarters at Camp Boyd

[

k

k

A bridge near Camp 4-1/2 alm ost fin ish ed and being used b y

passengers.

ing w as done by nativ es, who used to log b u ild in g s e rected u n d e r th e d i­ o rd in ary carts of th e country. T h e re c tio n of Mr. H olm es. A t C am p 4 provincial roads w ere bad and th e th e m agazine w as a g ra ss b u ild in g . cost of tran sp o rtatio n high. In Ju ly , T h e g re a t v arie ty o f w o rk m en err190S, th e price asked for h au lin g ? lo y ed on th e ro ad gave o p p o rtu n ity supplies from D agupan to Twin P ea k s for a com parison of th e re la tiv e w orking value of th e sev eral races. w as a b o u t P80.00 p e r ton. Tiie m ain depots fo r the sto rin g T he A m erican o r E u ro p ean , by re a of explosives w ere a t Twin P eaks an d son of h is stre n g th , is s u p e rio r to all Camp 4 in m agazines rem ote fro m o th e r w orkm en, and could accom plish th e m ain buildings. The m agazine at m o re in a given tim e th a n any o th e r Twin Peaks w as a w ell-constructed race. A m erican s w ere on th e ir m e rits O ne of the bridges m ade of tim ber saw ed by hands.

I

43

Stone w a llin g at Camp 4-1/2 The w ork of the laborers in 1903, consisted largely in w id e n in g and ditching.

selected g en erally as fo rem en of the various prade. Spaniards w ere am ong th e very best labo rers em ployed, steady, cons­ tant, industrious, and h a rd w orking always. The Jap an ese w ere su p e rio r w ork­ men. They w ere intellig en t, and w ork­ ed well w hen w&tched. The selection of cam p forem en was a m atte r of carefu l consideration. Th&y w ere req u ired n o t only to be well versed in all d iffe re n t classes of w ork req u ired . They w ere p ro m p ted by selection and a fte r exten d ed observation. T hey w ere m ostly m in­ ers who had served in th e Spanish w ar and in th e in su rre c tio n in th e Philippines, and who had rem ain ed in th e islands a fte r receiving th e ir discharges fro m th e m ilitary service. They w ere w ell adapted by th e offi­ cer in charge in 1903. His th an k s are due to th e m fo r th e ir able and enthusiastic su p p o rt and fo r th e ir unfailing energy in p u shing th e work. The m en especially m ean t in these rem arks w ere F irst-class F o rem en Jos. B. Boyd, C harles Colgan, W. C. Cook, Jack Dowd, C. P. H ann, W illiam Proback, and F ra n k Reed. It would h ard ly be ju s t to close this re p o rt w ith o u t m entioning by name th e officers whose efficien t aid was in stru m e n ta l in carry in g th is work to speedy and successful conclusion. Capt. M. W. Rowell, E lev en th Ca­ valry, disbursing officer, his services and active support w ere invaluable. Capt. Amos H. M artin, F o u rte e n th In­ fan try , did good w ork in ch arg e of the labor d ep a rtm e n t and records. To Thief E n g in eers D. S. W illiam s, A. H. Perkins, and George H. H ayw ard, th e officer in ch arg e is indebted fo r m ost valuable assistance. Mr. E. F. A m brose is an ex cellent comm issary and a m ost co m p eten t and trustw orthy officer. Mr. L. F. Heny was a p ain tstak in g p ro p erty officer who looked a fte r and accounted for the large am ount of p o rp erty neces­ sarily scattered over th e w ork for a distance of m ore th a n 20 miles. The Chief surgeon, Dr. J. W. Madara was a co m p eten t ad m in istrato r

^

a

*

>

It w as n e c es­ sary to distrib­ ute along the road about 60 tons of provis­ ions each ration day. Rice alone m ore t h a n 50,000 pounds w ere distributed every ten days. The m ere fact that m eat w as issued regularly to them undoub­ tedly brought m any laborers to the road.

of his d ep artm en t. His chief assista n t and successor, Dr. Thom as H. L andor, w as reg ard ed as a m an of u n u su al m erit.

nnd m uch a p p re c ia ted service in p re p a ra tio n o f th e re p o rt itse lf.

Mr. W. A. M ilstead and Capt. E. C. M ontfort, agents in M anila an d D rgupan, respectively, re n d erd ex cellen t service to th e road, Mr. J. R. C onklin ren d e rd e ffic ien t

T h e chief e n g in e e rs w ho se rv e d u n ­ d e r th e o ffice r in ch arg e o n th e B en g u et ro a d w e r e : N. M. H olm es, Ju n e 1, 1903, to O ctober 31, 1903; D. S. W illiam s, N ovem ber 15. 1903,

A considerable force of w ork on this cliff w as put in order to prevent a blocking of the road

th e

K ENNO N ROAD O DDITIES

M any n ative forem en and laborers sent for th"ir fam ilies and built houses near the cam ps along the road at Tw in P eaks Camps 3 and 4, ir all num bering 3,000.

to M arcn 20, 1904; A. H. P erk in s, A pril 10, 1904 to N o v e m b e r 5, 1904; Geo. H. H ayw ard, N ov em b er 6 , 1904, to date. The p ro p erty o fficers of th e Ben g u e t road w ere: J. J. M urphy, Ju ly J5. 1903, to N o ^ m b e r 30, 1903; L. F. H eny, D ecem ber 1. 1903 to Ju n e 30, 1905. T:ie com m issary officers of the B enguet road w e re : C harles F. Moore, Ju ly 15, 1903, to A ugust 15, 1903; J. H. H azeltine. A ug u st 21, 1903. to

May 17, 1904; fc. F. A m brose, Ju ly 2. 1904, to Ju n e 15, 1905. H ospitals w ere b u ilt at Twin P eaks, Camp 4, Camp Dowd, and cam p Colgan, each u n d e r th e ch arg e of a su r­ geon. Serious cases w ere tra n sp o rte d to th e n e a re st hospital. The surgeons em ployed on th e B en­ guet road w ere: Dr. J. W. Torm ey, Ja n u a ry 3, 1904 to F e b ru a ry 28, 1905; Dr. J. W. M adsra, A ugust 1, 1903, to M arch 13, 1905; Dr. T. H. L andor, Jan u ary 22, 1904, to May 31, 1905; W hen the w arehouses w ere m oved to Camp 4, the haul waS about 39 m iles. Most of this hauling w as done by natives

D ances were held on Saturday nights, the band going from camp to camp, and of­ ten playing on the road w h ile m en were at w ork.

m

Dr. T. G. Howe, M arch 3, 1904, to cam ps w e re re a ch e d only by p e rilo u s tra ils w hich ascended and d e sc en d e d A p ril 15, 1905. D isbursing officer of th e B en g u et th e p recip itio u s way of th e can y o n road from Nov. 6 , 1903, to th e p ra c ­ w alls, o v er cliffs, to scale w hich ro p e s tical conclusion of th e work, Capt. a n d la d d ers w ere n ecessary. T h e riv e r M. W. Rowell, E lev en th U.S. C avalry a t low tid e w as fo rd ed ; a t h ig h w a te r The B ued riv e r ru n s through a w ild ru d e b rid g es o r logs w ere used. A m a n ’s and en tirely u n settled country. N o t a life d e p e n d e d on su ren ess o f fo o t single se ttle r had ere cte d a h u t in and coolness of head. The m o u n ta in th e canyon. A ll em ployees of th e road Jg o ro ttes w e re ch iefly used as p ac­ had th e re fo re to be fed by th e gov-* k ers. and a larg e n u m b er of th e m ern m en t. The n e a re s t supply base was w ere em ployed. The am o u n t of w o rk M anila. S hipm ents w ere made by ra il and fo re sig h t involved in th e su p p ly to D agupan and w ere from th e re of ra tio n s m ay be ju d g e d by th e h au led in carts 32 m iles to Twin fa c t th a t i t w as n ecessary to d is tr i­ Peaks. b u te along th e ro ad ab o u t 60 to n s No one who did n o t visit th e coun­ of pro v isio n s each ra tio n day. Of a tr y before the ro ad w as co n stru cted single a rtic le (ric e ) m o re th a n 50,000 can form an adeq u ate idea of th e p ou n d s w e re d is trib u te d ev ery te n d ifficulties of supplies. The u p p e r days.

Igorot laborers w id en i n % th e road below l.oakan.

In som e m a n n e r to p rovide fo r th ese F ilipino necessities a b and was organized on th e ro ad , m en w ere p e r­ m itted to b ring th e ir wives w ith them , and a ra tio n w as p rovided of g re a te r v ariety a n d abu n dan ce th a n they should obtain o rd in a rily a t hom e. The m ere fact th a t m eat was issued r e ­ g u larly to them u n d o u b te d ly b ro u g h t m any lab o rers to th e road. D ances w ere h eld on S atu rd ay n ights, th e band go in g fro m cam p to ram p, and often playing on th e road w hile m en w ere w orking. P ay m en ts w ere m ade m onthly, and each m an p erso n ally received a ll th e m oney h e had e a rn e d . On a su ffici­ en tly long tr a il th e w ork w as found n o t too ardous; th e n ativ e w as w ell tre a te d , fin d in g co n d itio n s en d u rab le, and in som e re sp e c ts even d esirab le , m any shops w ere open ed to supply native n eed s and lu x u ries. M any n a ­ tiv e fo rem en and la b o rers s e n t fo r th e ir fam ilies an d b u ilt houses n e ar th e cam ps and soon re g u la r villages aro se along the ro a d a t Twin P eak s, cam ps 3 and 4, an d above, in all n u m b erin g p erh ap s 3,000 souls. A fe w

EXPERIENCE WITH LABORERS ON THE BENGUET ROAD

Mr. H olm es re p o rte d in Ju n e, 1902 •‘A fter a y e a r’s acq uaintance w ith this (F ilip in o ) la b o rer I can, w ith ­ out h esitatio n , say th a t u n less u n d e r the m ost favorable circum stances such work as th ey do p e rfo rm is n o t equal to more-' th a n 1 /5 th e am o u n t a good white la b o re r w ould p erfo rm in th e same period. The n ativ e is lazy, sh ift­ less, sly, tre a c h e ro u s and ig n o ran t; he works n o t fo r th e m oney he is paid, bu t because his p re sid e n te has o rd e r­ ed him o u t to w eek’s w ork; his ch ief occupation d u rin g th e day is schem ing how to avoid w ork The lab o r question has b een one of my chief studies, but I have failed to discover a m eth ­ od by w hich th e F ilip in o can be made to w ork, ex cep t u n d e r th e eye of a ta sk -m a ste r '1 The Ig o ro tte from Benguet is a vastly su p erio r anim al. We fo u n d th e Ig o ro tte invariably tru stw o rth y and in g en eral a w illing worker. H e can be tru s te d off by him self w ith o u t th e necessity of a white fo rem an to w atch him , and when he w orks he does n o t dabble,

stores constructed along the Benguet Road that served laborers.

the

A bridge b ein g con structed at Camp 6, in January 1905.

w a itin g only fo r th e h o u rs to pass, b u t digs I n w itn a vim an d m akes p ro g ress. B u t no p erso n on e a rth resp o n d s m ore q u ick ly to k in d n ess than* th e F ilip in o ; a p le a s a n t m a n n e r, a consi­ d e ra te b earin g , ju s t tr e a tm e n t an d a co u rte o u s r e tu r n of h is sa lu ta tio n go a long w ay w ith him . H e is n o t n a ­ tu ra lly fon shall be le ft

th e

be

su f­

C o m m is s io n ’ s s ta ff an d th e

a to w n s ite

m ents, w ith such v a ria tion s fr o m

sh o u ld

g rou n d s

an A d m in istra tio n

the C om m ission ,

m a k in g

of

sp rin g

im m ed ia tely

per, to th e con stru ction ficien t fo r

b ig

the C om m ission

and

T h a t steps

lea st tw e n ty

tru ction o f sev en m ore cotta g es on

the site o v e rlo o k in g

to

and

to

m u n icip a lity and im p r o v e ­

th e in d ica te d pla n as m a y c o m m itte e

a p p oin ted

u n d er

resolu tion .

C ertified : S ecreta ry ,

P h ilip p in e

C om m ission .

r

Baguio in 1904.

The natives w h o built their houses with

DECEM BER 22, 1904

Nanon and I le ft Manila at 5:45 A.M . on a special train furnished by Mr. Hig­ gins o f the Manila and Dagupan Railway, who accompanied us to Dagupan. The other members o f the party w ere Com­ missioner Forbes, Mr. Burnham the architect, Mr. Anderson his assistant, and M ajor Carter and the Commissioner o f Public Health. W e reached Dagupan at 10:30 A . M., and an hour and a h alf was spent in geting lunch, which should have been eaten on the train before our arrival. W e left Dagupan at 12:00 in two spring wagons, reaching Pozorubio after a hot ride at 3:30 o ’clock. Teams w ere changed at Po­ zorubio and the w agon in which I rode w as provided with fo u r Chinese mules which proved slow. W e reached Twin Peaks at 7:00 o'clock, nearly an hour be­ hind the other team. A t this place we stopped to remove the covers o f the wa­ gons, which could not pass under the ca­ bles o f one o f the suspension bridges. It took three-quarters o f an hour o f work with hammer, file and cold chisel to get the top o f f our wagon. W e then continued up the canon to Camp Four, where we arrived about 9 o ’clock. It was a beautiful m oonlight night and the trip was made w ithout misadventure, except that our Chinese mules were re[ 62 ]

cogon

grass and crud

NOTES OF DEAN C TO BAGUIO fractory in the matter o f crossing bridges and the leaders had to be unhitched and led across nearly every bridge which we passed. The road was in perfect condition from Twin Peaks to Camp Four and the grade was so moderate as to be hardly perceptible. The road from Dagupan to Twin Peaks was much worm in places by bull carts, was often fu ll o f cobble stones and in many places was very dusty. DECEMBER 23RD

W e spent the night with Colonel and Mrs. Kennon and, having received very plain intimation from our hostess that our making an early start in the morning would not be looked upon with favor by her, waited for an 8 o ’clock breakfast, and w ere then delayed fo r some time in getting a horse. A fter consultation with M ajor Kennon we had decided to go up over the line o f the new road as fa r as the camp at the foot o f the zigzag trail which leads from the abandoned Benguet road down into the canon o f the Bued River, at which point we expected horses to meet us. W e set out on foot, I walking and Nanon riding, and continued in this fash­ ion fo r about a mile and a half when we reached two short bridges the floors o f

,

lum ber w ithout a street at all hardly change the scene from

WORCESTER ON HIS TRIP NORTHERN LUZON which were not quite laid, and w ere ob­ liged to send the horses back and continue on foot. W e walked slowly and shortly before noon reached a place where the noon blasts w ere about to b fired, and had to w ait for some time until the last one had been fired. W e were able to keep on the grade o f the road up to this point, where it was necessary to climb down in­ to the river bed, as tw o bridges close to­ gether, which are to cross and recross the river, w ere not in place. Just at the other side we were sur­ prised to see Fred running toward us and to fin d that our horses were at a black­ smith shop close by. Evarts had been in­ formed that it would not be practicable to take horses beyond the camp at the foot o f the zigzag, but had kept working down the trail and by leading them through the river in two places where the road was not completed had brought them half w ay to Camp Four. W e were able to ride most o f the way to the camp at the foot o f the zigzag, leaving our horses only when it was necessary to send them in­ to the river bed. W e stopped for rest and a lunch at the camp, quite a part o f which has just been destroyed by fire. A crowd o f Chinamen were lamenting the

its natural view, loss o f opium fo r smoking, which had been destroyed in one o f the burned buildings. W e then took the zigzag trail up the hill, stopping at Loacan fo r a drink and a short rest at the house o f Mr. and Mrs. Lane. Commissioner F orbes’ two fine horses, which he had sent around by w ay o f Kias trail, w ent past while we were w aiting at Loacan. One o f them was ridden by a man who did not know his business and who used the curb careless­ ly, w ith the result that the horse fir st reared and then ran away over the hills. It looked fo r a time as if the horse might, be throw n and the rider killed, but the animal finally quieted down w ithout hav­ in g done serious damage to him self or his rider. W e had a fine ride from Loacan to B a­ guio, reaching the latter place about fou r in the afternoon. Commissioner Forbes and the remainder o f the party, who re­ mained at Camp Four until after lunch, got in late that night rather tired out and without their baggage.

DECEMBER 24TH This day was spent quietly in the vi cinity o f Baguio, and I rode down the upper end o f the new road as fa r as pos­ sible, reaching a point a little below the big spring. M ajor Carter and I went snipe shoot(Continued on page 8 6 )

Baguio City Plan-D aniel Hurson Burnham The present plan o f the City o f Baguio dates back to the memorable visitor. D. H. Burnham, the great lan d scape architect who in Decem ber 1904, with Pierce Anderson travelled by i he Stage Line which had been in au gu rated from Dagupan through Pangasinan to the Bued River. At C am p-4 all passengers had to take the horses and fo llo v a new trail which 7 ig z a g g e d up the mountain-side, on an extrem ely steep grade, where it was often necessary to walk, leading the horses. The trail reached the high levels at a p la ce called Loakan, from which p o in ts seven m iles o f delight­ fu lly cool rid in g on easy grades brought on e in to the site of the fu ­ tu re o f Baguio. The design and con­ struction of public buildings for all b ra n ch es of the governm ent brought ’ in e e r the consulting architect and the bureau o f p u b lic works, and have so co n tin u ed , sin ce 1913, according to Mr. F orb es. Secretary Taft gave his person al atten tion to the planning of the cities o f B agu io and Manila, and 't was th rou gh his g o o d offices that !h e se rv ice s o f the em in en t and pat­ rio tic a rch itect, D aniel H. Burnham, of

C h ica go

w ere

secured.

Mr. Burnham was recognized as the w orld’s forem ost expert in rem odeling o f cities at this time, tn d was a tho­ roughly practical man. His valuable services were offered without renume­ ration o f any kind. He accepted mere­ ly his travellinp expenses and the

[ 64 ]

salary of one assistant. Togetner with William Carmeron Forbes in 1905, he roamed the pineclad mountains and happily dreamed o f a city to be. Gradually, Baguio has grown through his dextrous design. To his plan, the present lay-out of Baguio owes much, and the people, in gratitude have named its principal park and recreation ground after him. Daniel H. Burnham was born on Sep­ tem ber 4, 1946 in New York, the son o f Edwin and Elizabeth Keith Burn­ ham. His father organized and con­ trolled the great stock yards and transit business at the time. He al­ ways thought o f Chicago as his home and he made a City Plan fo r it which was the greatest of all his works. Be­ ing an architect of no mean calibre, he had a vigorous determination to get ahead so much so that before the age of fifty he was the president of the American Institute o f Architec­ ture. In 1893, Harvard and Yale Uni­ versities conferred on him the degree o f M.A. Am ong his outstanding plans were those fo r Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the National Bank o f Illinois in Chicago, post office in Washington and the Union Station.

And his services were also form ally recognized by 400 leading "men repre­ senting many countries and states. He was given a banquet at Madison Square Garden in New York and presented with a cup.

The B aguio C ou ntry Club in 1909 was already a fixtu re w here the early p ion eers gathered at free m om ents fo r a round of golf, originally three holes, som e tennis or trap shooting. T he clubhouse was a rude, grass-roofed shed made of pin e slubs. Its doors and w in d ow s w ere m ere openings w hich could not be closed. It was erected in about a w eek. T o p photo w a s taken in 1907, the original clubhouse boasted of a horse trail w h ere the gen try o f early B aguio, led by W. Cam eron Forbes, tied their m ounts on the w a y to the diversion s at the club. At top right, tw o horses of a co u p le of g o lfe rs are m ore evid en t in this photo of the late twenties, where a faster means o f transportation are show n by w hat looks like a M odel T. Ford.

[ 66 ]

One o f the first con stru cted

cottaees

( Continued from page 25 ) camotes, taro and sugar cane. The Spaniards made an attempt to es­ tablish a health resort in Baguio and to study the possible way of con­ necting Baguio with either Pangas1nan or La Union.

An agent was sent by the Jesuits dur­ ing the time of Antonio Bejar, the last Spanish commander o f Benguet, to Mirador Hill to survey the place fo r the purpose o f erecting an observatory. To the end o f Spanish rule the im portant

T he Pines H otel in 1907

THE

WAGON

TR A IN

town of Benguet then was Trinidad, not Baguio. Successive military governors ruled the district.

CAMP JOHN HAY The Chapel is used by religious of all denominations for Sunday Mass, ser­ vices. Catholic wind their way towards It on Sundays and H oly Days. Protes­ tants hold their Sunday School regularly

in the same place. A flow er nursery and the command­ ing general’s residence were designed and constructed. United States High Com mifsioner’s summer residence with charrring gorunds was constructed in 1940 at a cost of P300.000. The Arm y and Navy Club, a branch of the Manila Club, built on private grounds adjoining the Post became the

center of social life of the Post. There were installed an eighteen hole golf course, one o f the best in the Orient, modern tennis courts, bowling alleys, gymnasium, children’s playground and scenic motor roads. The name Camp John Hay was chang­ ed to John Hay Air Base in 1955. Am ong the facilitities the base offers, g olf is best known, not only among military per­ sonnel, but among civilian Filipinos and Americans alike. The course is open daily for members of the golf club and their guests. All through the day, there are sports activities. After dark, there are the clubs — the O fficers’ Open Mess. Airm en’s Open Mess and the Mile Hi

G overn or F or b e s and G overn or Taft in Baguio. T he car used by them was one of the m ost m o­ dern at that time.

Service Club. Security coordination between the camp and local law enforcing agencies have been standard operating procedure for mutual help, with representatives o f both agencies free to confer, advise and co­ lt is the next-door neighbor on whom one can rely upon and be depended in return. A continuing program o f im provements is being undertaken for the benefit of transients who make it a point to spend their leaves and furloughs. A nd when disaster strikes, no soecial invitation has been needed to speed men. materials and equipment to the scenes o f unfortunate incidents fires or accidents. --------------o--------------

E arly b uildin gs o f Camp John H ay

JOHN HAY AIR BASE A visit to B agu io w ou ld be in­ co m p le te w ith ou t seeing John Hay A ir Base, a ran k ing attra ction to tou ­ rists. It is a m on g B a g u io ’ s points of m u st-see b e ca u se o f its beauty u n ­ d o u b te d ly and a h istory that arouses o n e ’s in terest n o m atter h ow discri­ m in a tin g he m ay b e. J oh n Hay Air B ase is a re cre a tio n a l and fu rlou gh ce n te r fo r m em b ers o f the U nited

States A rm ed F orces in the P h ilip­ pines. H ow and w hy it was established m ay be glea n ed fro m the follow in g narrative. D uring th e early days o f A m erican A rm y occu pa tion o f the Islands, a m ove was m ade to look fo r a suitable rest cam p fo r the A rm y personnel w h o w ere not used to the tropical heat. A N egro regim en t w ho estab­

lish ed a cam p at L a Trinidad w h ile in pursuit o f the insurrectos, b rou g h t rep orts o f the p la ce’s tem perate c li­ mate. To substantiate this rep ort, an arm y m edical o ffic e r was disp atch ed to the said place. F in ally, the presen t site o f John H ay A ir Base was s e ' lected on som e 580 hectares o f land in 1903. A ctu a l w ork on the site was, h ow ever, delayed beca u se o f th e in ­ su rrection and lack o f funds. It was on ly in 1906 th at Captain H ilga rd o f the Q uarterm aster Corps was ord ered to p ro ce e d to B agu io and con stru cted five sets o f O ffice r s ’ quarters and on e b arrack s building. F o r the first tim e the -camp was o p en ed to visitors in N ov., 1906. F rom a h um ble b egin n in g, the cam p grew tota lly dep en d en t on availability o f funds. A t first, visitors w e re quartered in tents. Theh oth er b uildin gs w ere con stru cted — a h ospital, a headquarters buildin g, stables, and m ore suitable quarters. In a fe w years, the cam p gained cogn izan ce as a rest center. B ut the cre d it fo r making the in i­ tial m ove to b ea u tify , enlarge, and equip the cam p was given to G eneral J. Fran k lin B ell w ho in 1911 assum ed com m a n d o f th e P h ilip pin e D ep a rt­ ment. T hrough the e ffo rts o f G en eral Bell, funds w ere m ade available to

GEN. J. F R A N K L IN B F L L im p ro v e and in crea se the fa c ilitie s in th e cam p. He p erson a lly d esig n ed and su p erv ised the con stru ction of an op e n -a ir am phitheatre that n ow bears h is nam e. This am p h ith ea tre is at presen t on e o f J oh n H ay A ir B a se’s m ain a ttra ction s. It has d ecora tive pla n ts and flo w e rs w ith a cen ter stage o f rose lim estone. A nice road system w as built. M any n ecessa ry b uildin gs, such as th e c o n ­ cre te o ffic e r s ’ m ess post exch a n ge, lib ra ry, m ess hall, th e Italian garden, h osp ita l, bakery, a nd re cre a tio n h all w e re con stru cted . A b ron ze ta b let w as e re cte d in (Continued on page 192)

A m ong the recruited B on toc Igorot soldiers at Camp J oh n 1914, on target practice at La Trinidad^

H ay

in

O BSE RVA TO RY A N D MT. M IRAD O R The name is self-explanatory, com ing from the Spanish term, “ m irador” , m eaning point o f fu ll view. The observatory was found­ ed by the Jesuit Fathers who came to the Islands with the first groups o f Spaniards. They select­ ed this hilltop fo r weather fo r e ­ casting and other studies on weather. D uring the occupation, the Japanese used this fo r the same purpose. Aside from weather studies, the place served as a rest home and haven o f quiet sanctuary i'oi' the Jesuits throughout the coun­ try. THE

SAIN T LO U IS

SCHOOL

Started from a lo w ly beginning and no one w ould have thought, years ago, that a m agnificient building w ould rise from what was form erly a density of pines, and a few houses and shacks. It w as in the year 1911 that a B el­ gian missionary pion eer, Father Seraphin De Vesse, selected this pin e-covered hill fo r a Catholic church w hich was dedicated to St. V in cent Ferrer. Three years later, Father De Vesse began a prim ary course for the poor lit­ tle children of the v icin ity of the church.

It was founded by Bishop Charles Hen­ ry Brent, fir st Bishop of the Protestant E pi -opal Church in the Philippine Islands in 1905. In previous years the manage­ ment o f the school was under a Head Master, and all matters o f policy or ad­ ministration are decided in conference be­ tween the Bishop and the H ead Master. However, since the year 1956, a compe­ tent & experienced principal w as chosen instead to take the place o f the Head Master.

MMMB « ■ BRENT SCH O OL IN 1909

ST. NICHOLAS CHAPEL T he St. N icholas Chapel in B ren t had its hum ble beginnings at a tim e w hen Bagnio was in its green years. The site o f this beau­ tiful chapel w as fo rm e rly a low fy stable. For m any years from 1909 to 1925, the chapel services w ere held on the p o rch of the b oy ’s d orm itory on an im provised altar set up for the purpose near the d oor o f the present study hall. In 1925, the chapel w as com pleted and consecrated a few years later b y B ishop M osher.

THE B A G U IO G E N E R A L H O SPITAL the

On this picturesque site of mountain scenery stands a hospital built i n . 1908. tuberculosis cottages on the crest of the ridge.

In 1907, the old B a gu io H ospital build­ in g was con stru cted and hospital fa cilities e n la r g e d and extended in clu d in g the con ­ s tru ctio n o f a n u rses’ home and six co t­ ta g e s fo r tu bercu losis patients. F or seve­ ra l ye a rs the m anagem ent o f the hospital w a s under the direction o f A m erican p h y sicia n s, b e g in n in g with D r. J. R. T ho­ m a s and en din g w ith Dr. V in cen t. This w a s a ccom plish ed at the fo r m e r site o f th e Pines Hotel. . In 1915, the supervision o f the institu­ tio n w as turned over to the B ureau o f H e a lth and fo r the fir s t tim e had a Fi-

[

74 ]

Note

lipino D irector with the appointm ent of Dr. Silverio G arcia. Dr. G arcia w as su c­ ceeded by D rs. M arcelino A suzano, Jose Avellana Basa, T eodoro C. A rv isu , Facundo Esquivel and Dr. Justo R. Rosales. D u rin g the incum bency o f Dr. Arvisu the School o f N u rsin g was established in A pril 1923. T he isolation b u ilidn gs were constructed th ru the aid o f the B aguio W om en ’s Club and local m in in g com ­ panies in 1923. Dr. F acu ndo Esquivel suc­ ceeded Dr. A rv: in 1 !*36 and d u rin g his incumbency the new con crete buildin g was constructed.

Graduating Class of the Baguio General Hospital, 1929.— Front row : I.eft to right — Juan Dom ingo of Besao. B ontoc: Mrs, Ma­ ria Madrid, chief nurse; Dr. T, T. Arvisu. chief of the hospital: and Ticong Dario of Bokod. Beil guet. Back row : Left to right — A suncion Guizando o f Itbayat, Batanes; A delo Baron of Baguio; Pelagia I.uhigay o f Balhalasang, Kalinga; anil Adcla Wanav o f Pan tikian, Kalinga.

IS

PA N O R A M IC

VIEW

OF

TEACH ERS

CAM P

GROWTH OF THE Nestled among the pine-clad hills Baguio, is a little valley with its surrounding slopes and knolls known as the Teachers’ Camp. It is a vaca­ tion Camp for teachers where assem­ blies, vacation classes and conventions are held annually during the summer months of April and May. The esof

Teachers

Camp

playground

tablishment of the Teachers’ Camp was due to Governor William Pack of Benguet, Mountain Province. Through his initiative he outlined a letter in December, 1907 to the Secretary of Public Instruction the plan for a camp where the teachers could be accommodated. Approval for the plan was given on January 8 , 1908 and thereupon action became the order of the day. 120 tents were bought from the military stores in the United States, and the 30 tents were ordered from Manila. Tent floors were con ­ tracted from the Benguet Commercial Company in Baguio; a bath house W’ith complete facilities was provided. The Teachers’ Camp was opened for the first time on A pril 6 , 1908, and closed on May 30. It was attended by 217 adults and 24 children; the highest number in Camp at any one time was 190. The life of the Camp was most enjoyable. The first teachers’ assembly in Ba-

TEACHERS' CAMP guio opened on A pril 20, and closed on May 15. The opening address was made by the Hon. Dean C. W orces­ ter, Secretary of the Interior who gave a most interesting account of the history of the plan to make a great sanitarium for the people of the Is­ lands, and of the Benguet Road. Four lecturers from the United States were present. The Camp site was known to the Igorots as “ O-rengano” . It was the site chosen for the buildings of the Baguio Industrial School for Igorot boys, and covers an area of more than twenty hectares well timbered with pine trees. A considerable amount of labor was expended in clearing the site. Four assembly tents were put up for kitchen, dining, and storage pur­ poses, and two other tents with wood floors for, classes room purposes. A nipa and sawali building which had been used in Manila for the school exhibit at the Philippine Carnival was

transported to Baguio, set up there and used for assembly purpose at a cost of P200.00. The room y house known as “ Barrows Balay” which was to be used fo r a dorm itory, was thrown open fo r the use o f the cam p­ ers. Special rates for teachers and other employees o f the Bureau were Teachers taking a lunch

>

Close

v iew

of

ob ta in ed fro m ih e M anila - Dagupan R ailw ay and the fam ou s Jen kin ’s T ran sporta tion , w hich en ab led the ro u n d trip fr o m M anila to the Sum­ mer Capital. T he B en gu et C om m ercial C om pany was given the con cession to su p p ly m eals at the rate o f P2.75 per day. By 1909 the m aterial con d ition s o f the C am p had b een im p rov ed by the b u ild in g o f the “ K U R S A A L ” w hich p ro v id e d a substantial m ess h all in p la ce o f the m ess ten t o f 1908, and B oys

Teachers

Camp

w hich becam e the social cen ter for the assem blies o f 1909. F rom the b e­ gin nin g as appropriations increased, the a ccom m odations at the Cam p w ere im proved; and by 1910 o th e r buildings were a dd ed; road leveling, and wide paths w ere extended th rou gh ou t the spacious Camp, at the sam e tim e an athletic field has been added. Since it was open ed, a S u perintendent, or a d irector had been designated every year to take charge o f the buildings

Band of the Teachers’ Camp in

1916.

Am ong the first American teachers

who

and grounds, and to direct the ne­ cessary preparations for the holding o f the annual assembly. The Camp authorities have been providing tent accommodations, each tent being supplied with beds, blan­ kets, pillows, mattress, and other in­ cidental equipment. Visitors were re­ quired to bring their mosquito nets, towels and soap. It was also in 1908 that board is being provided by the Camp Caterer at P3.00 a day or P80.Baseball players c f Teachers’

came

to

the

Teachers’

Camp

as

lecturers.

'JU per month ana tne servants ana children were given special rates. Du­ ring the early days o f the Camp, the Constabulary Band gives twelve con­ certs in the morning, and one con­ cert by the Cavalry Band through the courtesy of the commanding general of ihe Philippines. Camp fires, “ Caniao” dances and other Camp recrea­ tions were also held. There was also a daily paper being published since the inauguration o f the Camp which p w ith

Mr. A rthu r

McCann.

I

i

Social affair at the Teachers’ Camp in April, 1924. D ifferen t districts o f M oun­ tain P rovin ce w ere represented by the follow in g : Miss Kiangan, Miss B ontoc, Miss Benguet, Miss Ifugao, Miss Apayao, and Miss Kalinga.

publicized the activities of the as­ sem bly season. By Act No. 2182, the sum of twen­ ty thousand pe'jOS was further ap­ propriated for the construction of a dorm itory for Filipino lady teachers. In 1912, the follow ing buildings were constructed: Benitez Hall, Ladies Hall, Secretary’s Cottage, Under-Sec. Cot­ tage, D irector’s Cottage, and the Asst. D ir e c to r ’ s Cottage. The B oa D orm i­ tory and the Ladies Hall were built in 1915 and w ere partly destroyed du­ ring the war. They were repaired with W D.C. funds in 1948. A lbert Hall which was com pletely destroyed was also reconstructed with the W. D. C.

tunds in the same year. The large amount of funds appropriated for Teachers’ Camp under the Public W orks A ct of 1927 made possible the construction of the Teachers’ Hall, the Tavera Hall, and the W hite Hall in 1927-28. This was also destroyed du­ ring the war and was repaired with W.D.C. funds in 194.8. More cottages were built in 1928 and all the bun­ galows were completed in 1930. In 1937 General Luna Hall was built by the Philippine Military Academy. Built recently are the Abada Hall, Hernan­ dez Hall, D irector’s Cottage, and the Quezon-Roosevelt Memorial Hall. —

—

-—

- o ------------------------

Teachers’ Camp band in w hite u niform in 1924.

MRS. ALICE KELLY B en efactors of Benguet

Mrs. A lice Kelly, an American pioneer and benefactress of Benguet made out­ standing contributions to the educational upliftment of hunderds and eventually thousands of Benguet Igorot maidens. She came to Baguio in 1901 accompa­ nied by her husband, James Kelly who together with a partner. Pat Galvin, staked out gold claims in Benguet. Her husband, however, was among the un­ fortunate victims of the cholera epide­ mic. Undaunted by her irreparable loss, she put her sorrows aside and planned a school for Igorot girls whose parents did not believe in the propriety of edu­ The

String Band

of

cating females. Through her remarkable efforts, hostile parents w ere won over. Her dreams materialized in a grass thatched schoolhouse. Hers was the cre­ dit of having taught health and sani­ tation, homemaking, dressmaking, and fundamental subjects of A m erican educa­ tion to the otherwise unlettered Igorot girls. She left the Islands in 1914, but re­ turned to Baguio in 1926. Today, grate­ ful people of the Mt. P rovince always recall her struggles and her sh^re in the educational development o f the na­ tives particularly in Baguio and Benguet. Bua

School

D orm itory.

TH E W AG O N TR A IN

OF THE BENGUET AU TO LINE

Brief History of the Benguet Auto Line T he steady and ra p id g row th o f B a­ gu io is in tim ately associated w ith the developm ent o f tran sp o rta tion and any h isto ry to be w ritten o f B a gu io w ould be in com plete w ith ou t m en tion in g the g re a t p a rt played b y th e B en gu et A u to Line. On January 28, 1905 C olon el Lyman W . V . K ennon, the man w hose skill and cou ra ge w a s respon sible fo r the su cce ssfu l com pletion o f the presen t w o n d e rfu l h ig h w a y th a t n ow bears his nam e, drove th rou gh to B a gu io in the f ir s t w a gon to pass over the road. T o p e r fe c t the co n stru ction , the roa d was closed fo r a fe w w eeks and then f o r se rv ice on M a rch 27, 1905. A t the ou tset no priva te in divid ual o r com panies w ou ld take the in itiative o f esta b lish in g som e kind o f orga n ized tra n sp o rta tio n system ov er the road.

[ 82 ]

The venture w as considered too risky. It w as then up to the governm ent to provide tran sporta tion and A ct. No. 1225 approved in 1904 directed the con stabulary to p rovide tran sportation f o r all governem nt supplies to B aguio and Benguet. In com pliance w ith the law, a mute pack train was established d u rin g the later p a rt o f the y ea r. A t th at time the B enguet road w a s open fo r w agon tr a ffic as f a r only as Cam p 4. From that point, how ever, it w as possible to reach B agu io by horse, a h orse trail h avin g been built ov er the K ias hill and was known as the Kias T ra il. This trail had been used b y the Ig o ro ts du r­ ing the Spanish tim e and had only to be widened so as to enable the mem­ bers o f the P h ilip pin e Com m ission to hold session in B a gu io du rin g the sun r

m er o f 1904 w hile the section from Camp 4 to B agu io o f the Benguet road was not yet com pleted. On N ovem ber 14, 1904 the P h ilippin e Com m ission passed a resolution d irect­ in g the establishm ent o f a stage line

to operate between D a gu p a n and Ba­ g u io f o r the tran sp orta tion o f passen­ gers. D a gu p a n was then the ra ilw a y term inus. T he B en gu et road w a s declared open fo r service th rou gh ou t its entire length

The Stanleys with chimneys like locomotives were something new in those days. - v ...

^ rH v

ft

'- S '

on M a rch 27, 1905 and the B en gu et Stage L in e (m u le and b u g g y ) was in au gu ra ted shortly a fter th at date. Thus was born the fore ru n n e r o f the B en gu et A u to L in e and B a gu io thence­ fo rth becam e accessible to and linked w ith civilization . T he fa r e s ch a rged then w e re : F rom D a gu p a n to B a gu io w ere P28.00 per ton. T he jou rn e y fr o m D agup an to B a ­ gu io, a distance o f a bout 50 m iles, took e x a ctly 12 hours in clu d in g stop -over at T w in P eaks o f one and on e-h a lf h ours fo r lu nch and p ossib ly a siesta, “ P e r­ h aps the grea test in conven ien ce to pas­ sengers was n ot so m uch the tedious rid e o f ten and a h a lf hours in rickety stages as the d is co m fo rt at h a v in g to w a it in B a gu io f o r on e’ s excess b a gage w h ich had to be tran sp orted by e scort w agon s. It usu ally took fr o m tw o to fo u r days’ tim e, depending upon the con dition o f the road, f o r the es­ co rt w a gon s to rea ch B a g u io” .

The high com m and o f the con stabu ­ la ry corp s appealed to the com m ission to dispose o f the stage line since it w as a drain to con sta b u la ry purse and accord ingly that body authorized the sale. C. M. Jenkins, bull ca rt tran s­ portation con tra ctor and hotel o p e ra ­ tor in D agupan and w hat is n ow Pines H otel in B agu io, purchased the line fo r 1*12,000. In the y ea r 1908 a ra ilw a y spur line w as com pleted fro m San F abian to Cam p One to con nect with the B en­ gu et road and the sta ge line under Mr. Jenkins made connections w ith the trains at the later place,” the stage line w as still f a r fr o m sa tisfa ctory and in ord er to a ttra ct m ore people to B a­ guio it wias fe lt im perative to shorten the trip . “ A t about the sam e tim e the m otor car m ade its appearance in the P h ilip­ pines. P a rtly to rescue m ail tra n sp or­ tation cost and p a rtly as an exp eri­ ment, the Philippin e Com m ission au­

fHE Z IG -Z A G ROAD

thorized the bureau o f posts to place

an order for two automobiles to fu r ­ nish m ail and passenger tran sporta ­ tion betw een Cam p One and B a g u io.” A utom obiles w ere som ething new in those day. The stanleys were pictu res­ que, w ith chim neys ju st like locom o­ tives, and the n ovelty o f it all aroused the cu riosity o f b ig crow ds. One g re a t d iffic u lty encountered at the b egin nin g o f this service w as the scarcity o f tra in ­ ed ch a u ffeu rs. It w as during the adm inistration o f the B ureau of Pu blic W orks th at the presen t line w as given its com m ercial nam e o f B enguet A u to Line. The B en­ gu et A u to Line developed and exp an d ­ ed trem endously under the bu reau ’ s m anagem ent. It w a s the on ly m eans o f m otor tran sportation between B agu io and the ra ilroad trem inus at Cam p One.” In 1939, the insular governm ent tra n sfe rre d the B en guet A u to Line to the M anila R ailroad Com pany. U n der the M anila R ailroad the B enguet A u to Line g re w by leaps and bounds, exp an d­ in g in operatin g te rritory , equipm ent and personnel. O ther public utilities

A big slide at the Benguet Road in

1936.

w ere acquired.

---0---

THE

BUILDIN G OF THE N A G U IL IA N R O A D , THE NUM BER TW O ROUTE TO BAGUIO

The Naguilian Road had its beginning as a horse trail from San Fernando, La Union to Baguio during the Spanish re­ gime. It was then improved and con­ verted into a cart trail during the early days o f American occupation. The trail was the only route to Baguio from the

The N aguilian Road, second a c­ cess route from the low lands to and from Baguio.

west coast. In July, 1911 the Benguet or Kennon Road was disastrously da­ maged by a flood to the tUne of approx­ imately one m illion pesos. For two months, the road was closed to traffic and its re-opening and rehabilitation en­ tailed a cost o f P50,000 in five months lime. This incident paved the way for the Naguilian Road project.

Dean Conant W orcester's resi­ dence at TopSide on the site of the PhilAm eriean com ­ pound.

( Continued from page 63 )

ing just at dark in the marsh below the Sanitarium, picking up quite a number o f birds. We had some trouble in getting about on account of the deep mud, and the birds had been shot at until they were very wild, so that out bag was not aii that it might have been. DECEMBER 25TH

M ajor Carter, Evarts and I went for a duck shoot in the Trinidad Valley, tak­ ing Fritz along. We stopped at the Ex­ perimental Farm on the way. I found things there in an unsatisfactory condition, owing to lack of water as well as to the ill health of Mr. Jessup and the sh ift­ lessness o f Hendrickson, who has done

very little during the past year. The ducks kept pretty well out of reach. W e let the small boy shoot with his rifle to scare them up, and I finally managed to kill three and a couple of snipe. Before the shooting was over Fritz left for the Farm in order to invite the little Jessup girl to go to Baguio and share his Christmas tree. I overtook him at the Farm with an Igorrote to carry the little girl to Baguio, and returned ex­ pecting to take a hand in getting the Christmas tree, but found that it had al­ ready been obtained and was in process o f being decorated and hung with gifts. I then went over to look at the horses and other animals on the Government

F orm er residence of Benguet governors during the early days on the site of the Baguio City High School.

Hack v iew o f the M ansion House in 1911.

Stock Farm, and found them in firstclass condition- also met Mr. Anderson and Commissioner Forbes on a hill on the road to the Kelleys and had some talk with them about the proposed new town site, and with Commissioner Forbes in regard to having Kennon repair the ir­ rigating ditch and get water onto the Trinidad station at once. The Christmas tree, which was put in our sitting room, was lighted up imme­ diately after dinner, and was a great suc­ cess. Jennie came out and watched the

fun, and Dr. Mallory and Miss Doyle came up from the Sanitarium. The chil­ dren had a fine time, which they will doubtless both remember. D ECEM BER 26TH

Rode down the new road with Commis­ sioner Forbes in the morning. Much pro­ gress had been made since Saturday. Afterw'ard, talked over plans fo r the town site with Mr. Burnham, giving him my views at his request, and answering so fa r as practicable questions which he ( Continued on page 104J

Part of B aguio’s com m ercial district in 1922.

The First Automobile Trip C'ommnn

transportation

in

Baguio

The trip was made in April, 1911 by Mr. Tinan and 2 companions. The veh id e which they used was familiarly referred to as “ W orld Touring Hupm obile” . The hazardous and uncom for­ table trip was made on a rugged route and which took them 2 -1 / 2 days travel before reaching their destina­ tion. Together with Tom Hanlon, a mechanic, and Tom Jones, a newspa­ perman, Mr. Tinan made the trip without a systematic guide pertaining to road conditions and facilities on the Manila-Northern Luzon route. Their vehicle ■the “ W orld Touring Hupmobile” was at the time brought to Manila by J. Walter Drake, vicepresident of the Hupmobile Company. Interesting and memorable portions o f the trip included travel on carabao cart trails and rice fields; crossing through a railroad bridge at Peiiaran da by the use of planks to provide

$

from Manila to Baguio in 1911 a level path for their car; transport­ ing the car across a river at San Isi­ dro on an improvised raft consist­ ing of 20 bamboo poles tied together. Observers were at the time skeptical about the success of the trip and newspapers had a holiday printing- fea ­ tures o f the trip. A fter 2 and one half days Mr. Ti nan and his party reached Baguio and thereby gained the distinction o f hav­ ing made the first Manila to Baguio trip by automobile. It is interesting to note that the “ World Touring Hupm obile” was shipped to Manila by train from Baguio and was exhibited at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago in 1933.

----o---

M R. PERCY W AR N ER TINAN Was a eom form ed Baguio booster since the day he first saw Baguio and becam e a resident. He was the publisher o f the

official^ M otor R oa d and Tourist Guide w h ich he foun ded in 1911 as the P hii. M otor Car Blue b o o k (later M ichelin G uide) had also m any years fam iliarity w ith Phil. Roads. PERCY W A R N E R TIN A N An American Baguio Booster

JUSTICE GEORGE A. MALCOLM Author

of

the Baguio

Charter

JU ST IC E GEORGE A. M ALCOLM , who had come to the Philippines as a young; attorney in the attorney gene­ ral's office, deserves the credit fo r giv­ ing Baguio City a liberal charter un­ der which she expanded to a well gov­ erned modern city. The Philippine Commission, while Forties was Governor General, voted to

make B agu io a ch artered city and young M alcolm w as selected to w rite the ch arter. H e planned a govern m en t which could be p ractica lly fr e e o f pet­ ty local p olitics and y et be autonom ous. The m ayor w as to be appointed f o r his executive ability as a civil en gin eer by the G overn or G eneral and he also serv­ ed as city and d istrict en gineer. T h e V ice-M ayor w as also opp ointed. One councilor w as appointed e x -e ffic io as com m andant o f C am p John H a y and another w as e x -o ffic io superintendent o f the C on sta b u la ry A ca dem y. T w o other cou n cilors w ere appointed b y the G overnor G eneral on a strictly non­ partisan basis o f capability. A s lon g as the origin al ch a rter was follow ed , Ba guio had an e ffic ie n t govern m en t and although con sta n tly exp a n d in g its schools, roads, and pu blic utilities, always had p l e n t y o f m oney in the treasury. The ch a rter, known as A c t 1963, becam e e ffe ctiv e September —

1909.

.X

M alcolm rose to be a m e m b e r /o f the Philippin e Suprem e C ourt and a lw a ys kept a fa th e r ly eye on B a g u io ’ s p r o g ­ ress. The city council, as a token o f it ’s sincere app recia tion f o r his big assistance, passed a resolution on M ay 23, 1932 ex p ressin g it ’s g ra tific a tio n on b eh a lf o f t h e city o f B a g u iio to Justice M alcolm . F rom tim e to tim e his w ritin g s about B aguio are recalled and they now serve as indispensable links to the past.

The city council co n ­ vened to act on the revised city ordinances based on the com pila­ tion m ade by Justice M alcolm of the Sup­ reme cou rt. Seated from left to righ t: Col. O. M. John­ son, appointive cou n ­ cilm an; Potenciano Lamug, elected; Justice M alcolm of the Sup­ rem e Court: In the m iddle is M ayor E. Haisema and at his left are: Felipe .Jose, M ajor E. Speth. retired U.S. A rm y O fficer and v lee-m ay or; and C. C. Soriano, acting secre­ tary.

j

LIEUT. GOV. E. A. ECKMAN

CHARLES DANDOIS

Under the administration o f Lieut. G overnor E. A. Eckman of Benguet, the peaceful Igorot population in the province has continued to prosper throughout the year in spite of the unprecedented drought and the re­ sulting crop shortage. The conversion o f the form er Naguilian Trail into a good cart road over which automo­ biles o f moderate size can pass, and the inauguration of railroad construc­ tion at the Baguio end o f the new line have afforded opportunity for profitable employment to every man, woman, and child willing to work. Lieut. Gov. Eckman is entitled to spe­ cial credit fo r the efficient manner in which he has supervised both the construction o f this road and the per­ formance o f the railroad grading. He also served as mayor o f Baguio. When Lieut. Gov. Eckman was promoted to the governorship of the Mt. Province, the Benguet people displayed a very genuine regret.

Charles Dandois becam e Baguio’s ch ief executive in June, 1918 when he succeeded A. D. W illiams. A ccre­ dited with a fruitful administration, h e served until February, 1920 when

E. W. REYNOLD Reynold, first mayor o f Baguio with a term covering the period from Sept­ ember, 1909 to February 3, 1910, draft­ ed the first basical ordinances of Ba guio. He served for sometime as As­ sistant Fiscal General. F or the mayor­ ship, he was succeeded by Lieutenant Gov. E A. Eckman.

E. A. ECHMAN Second M ayor i, 1910 to an. 28,

F. J- Halsema took over the mayor­ ship. His term was rem em bered for the installation of a water works sys­ tem at Pacdal and for the construc­ tion of several important concrete buildings. Like his predecessor, A. D. W illiams, he ably held three positions simultaneously.

A. D. WILLIAMS A. D. Williams, who was the fourth appointive mayor o f Baguio, served from May 24, 1913 to June, 1918. Du­ ring his term when he held three po­ sitions simultaneously as District En-

E. W. REYN O LD First Aiayor Sept. 1, 1909 to Feb. 5, 1910

ein eer for Benguet, and as City En­ gineer and Mayor o f Baguio He ac­ credited him self with several achieve­ m ents among which w e re : construc­ tion of the Naguiilan Road, im prove­ ment of sanitation which was the num­ ber one problem of Baguio at the time,- installation of a sewage sys­ tem, water works, hydro-electric plant, and construction of roads in Baguio and vicinity. He, iikewise, served as D irector ot the Bureau of Public Works, t 92 ]

American Mayors ENGR. E. J. HALSEMA To Mayor E. Halsema belongs the credit o f having devoted 17-1/2 years to unselfish public service— that of having been at the helm o f the Ba­ guio City Administration. His accom ­ plishments during his incumbency as mayor of Baguio w ere enormous and almost unbelievable — the w e ll-p a v e d streets, a model market place, an ex­ cellent waterworks, telephone, and hy­ dro - electric systems, well - kept and ideal parks. In short it was he who

*

A. D. W ILLIAM S T hird Mayor May 24, 1913 to May 16, 1918

has helped greatly in laying a solid foundation for Baguio’s future. Under his administration, Baguio was rated as one of the most outstanding com ­ munities in the Islands and its reputat;on as the cleanest city and the most progressive was indeed unsur­ passed. Mayor Halsema was a man o f unu sual ability. Being the chief executive of a city like Baguio with unusual climate and location would have been very difficult to a man of lesser abi­ lity and experience. But to Mayor Hal-

|

Who Served Baguio

,

sema who belongs to the front ranks o f engineers, running a place like Ba­ guio was his chosen field. His suc­ cess was due mainly to his great abi lity, unusual diligence, determination, and dem ocratic attitude towards his inferiors. As chief executive, he was also the city’s engineer. Baguio w ill rem em ber forever Mayor Halsema as the man who devoted the best years of his life to public service — that of giving Baguio the good name it has today. Grateful Baguio residents w ill always enshrine in their hearts the memory o f this great man.

C. S. D AN DOIS Fourth Mayor June 10, 1918 to Dec. 29, 1919

Halsema was born Dec. 12, 1882 in Ohio, New Bremen, the son o f a watchmaker and jeweler. He went to He became an asst, district engineer in Cebu. In 1902 he returned to New Bremen to marry his school sweetheart Marie Boesel, and came back to the Philippines to accept a jo b as dis­ trict engineer o f Pampanga in 1913. Snortly afterwards, he was appointed Mayor o f Baguio and Dist. Engineer at the same time as City Engineer. As district engineer o f Benguet, he launched a highway program which

was to make Baguio the hub of a network of roads and thus create a new m ajor marketing center in Nor­ thern Luzon. The m ajor achievem ent was the 151 km. Mountain Trail from Baguio to Bontoc. W hen he retired from the governm ent service in 1937, he became president of the Marsman Construction Corporation in Manila. In 1939 he returned to Baguio to stay. Baguio was his greatest pride. When W orld W ar II occurred, he helped organize the Baguio A ir Raid spotting service. A s the invaders ap­ proached the city and governm ent ser­ vice broke down he took charge once

E. J. H A LSE M A Fifth M ayor Feb. 7, 1920 to M ay 31, 1937

m ore on orders o f the U.S. Arm y and saw to it that essential utilities rem ained in operation. The Japanese interned the entire fam ily along with other Am ericans at Brent School on Dec. 27, 1941. Failing in health, and ousted from the cottage he had rent­ ed. Halsema entered the N otre Dame Hospital at the beginning 0f 1945 and here during the carpet bom bing of March 15, he met his death in the holocaust that destroyed the city. His rem ains w ere interned in the Ba­ guio cem etery in March 1947. [ 93 ]

M AYOR

A. I). W IL L IA M S W ITH

E n gin eer A. D. W illiam s, third appointed m a y or w ith in the second ro w is M ayor A . D. W illiam s w ea rin g w hite R illera, Sergeant F rigillana, Sergeant F lorendo, D. A quino, O teyza, P. C ontreras, L. M alon zo, B. H idalgo, Mr. Nartates, V. F loren d o, M r. O gbinar, C. Balbuena, G. Pena, P. Tuazon, M. A lvia r, M r. Diaz, J. R esu rreccion , T. Diaz, I. D um pit.

C ITY O F F IC IA L S ANTI EM PLO YEES som e high ran king o fficia ls and em ployees. S ittin g in the m iddle suit. In the grou p are: L. Acosta, S. B ern a l, A . Q uianio, T. G . M endoza, S. D ulay, F ran cisco Y an d oc, C a ptain J. K eith, M. L . S. Santiago, I. A spillaga, P. Castaneda, J. B alajad ia, I. Castano. Ju d ge F. Zandueta, Z. T olen tino, Captain A . A costa, P. Pacis,

ft

ft

M AYOR

CH ARLES

D A N D O IS

W ITH

C IT Y

O F F IC IA L S

AN D

E M P LO Y E E S

Taken at the n e w ly built City H all du rin g the terra ot Mr. Charles D andois as m a y or w ith som e high ran k ing g o v ­ ernm ent o fficia ls and em ployees. S h ow n in the m iddle sitting and w ea rin g a b lack suit is M a yor D andois. A m on g the grou p that may be id en tified are: Dr. T e o d o ro A rvisu , Pascual Pacis, Mr. F. N acnac, Mr. M endoza, M r. R egin o Villanueva, M r. C. Floresca, Mr. P. C ontreras, M artin A lv ia r, M r. L. A costa, M r . V. Florendo, M r. A n ton io R im a n do, Mr. Sixto D iilay, M r. A nacleto R im ando, M r. V ictor F loren d o, M r. Juan Castaneda, M r. W illiam Reese, C'apt. J. K eith , M r. Juan R esurreccion , etc.

GROWTH OF BAGUIO A s soon as the Kennon Road was for­ m ally opened for regular service on M arch 27, 1905, the developm ent of Ba­ guio was channeled towards a brisk pace as per the famous Burnham Plan drafts ed by the great landscape architect, D. H. Burnham. On May 28, 1906, the first sale o f re­ sidence and building lots took place in accordance with the provisions o f the P ublic Land Act. The proceeds from the sale were used for the im provement of

Baguio. In the spring of 1905. the Baguio Country Club was organized which at the outset was a rude, grass-roofed shed made o f pine slabs. In February, 1907, a country Club Corporation was organ­ ized with a capital stock of $5,000. From these modest beginnings, the Baguio Country Club has grown into an im port­ ant institution of today. The Baguio polo field was constructed with an immense toll on expenses. It

Engineer E. Halsema upon his assum ption of office as C ity M ayor. Am ong the city officials that can be iden tified in the group are: City Forester M. Oteyza, C o u n cilor P. Pacis, V ice M ayor Taggart, Chief of P olice J. Kieth, C ouncilor M. C arreon, Dr. T. A rvisu. etc

►

Officials and em ployees on Halsema in 1937.

the

occasion

now stands as a memento to that great builder, Cameron Forbes who financed its construction and maintenance from his private funds. An important stride towards the growth of Baguio was taken when the governor-general’s official residence was con­ structed at a cost o f $15,000. This edi­ fice was constructed without Governor Forbes knowledge that he was later to becom e governor-general. In 1908, a modern hospital and the governor-general’s residence was com p­ leted. The governor-genreal is the only governm ent official being given a free residence. The policy o f giving an o f­ ficial residence to the governor-general in Baguio was adopted to conform with that which gives him one in Manila. In At>ril, 1908, Teacher’s Camp opened its portals to admit American school teachers from all over the archipelago. One hundred and fifty tents w ere set up under the shade of the pines for the use of the vacationists. Permanent buildings have been constructed. It has an athletic field, a mess and social hall, and several com fortable cottages. During the summer of 1908, the Bu­ reau o f Lands initiated a move o f send­ ing a number o f its employees to Ba­ guio and quartering them in tents Other

of the

retirem ent

of

M ayor

Eusebius

bureaus follow ed suit tnat during the hot season o f 1909, m ore than two thou­ sand persons made their sojourn to Ba­ guio.

(Continued on pagelGO; E ngineer

W. Ryan

plotin g

the

C em etery.

*

B aguio’s Finest” the first

police

force

W hen Baguio was still a township, its police force was composed o f only twenty fiv e men under one, Mr. Eliseo Arzadon as Chief o f Police. This law -enforcing body was directly under the immediate supervision and control o f the Philippine Constabulary then under Lt. W . E. Dos­ ser, a form er B aguio resident. W hen Mr. E liseo Arzadon, resigned, one Mr. O’Neil succeeded him. No record is available as to the latter’ s personal circumstances or an y other inform ation regarding him can be traced. On September 1, 1909 when Baguio be­ cam e the second charted City in the Philipines, a distinct police department also

organized

by

M ajor Joseph

Keith.

THE BAGUIO CITY' came into being. Mr. J. J. Keith was transferred from the Manila Metropolitan Force to head the Baguio Police D epart­ ment. He was an efficient Chief of Po­ lice for his time. He was born in East­ land, Texas, on July 2, 1878 and came to the Philippines in 1899 as a member of the 48th Regiment o f the U.S. Army V o­ lunteers. He was with the Metropolitan Police Force fo r nine years prior to his coming to Baguio in 1910. He was the Chief of Police up to 1942. He stayed in

M em bers o f the 1917 Tire D e­ partm ent Force.

this City throughout the occupation and le ft for the United States after libera­ tion. He died in Russeville, Kentucky, U .S.A. at the age o f 81. Although his administration was many steps below par w hen compared to the one we have now, it is safe to conclude that during his ad­ ministration, the force began earning the name of “ Baguio’s Finest” . During the Japanese occupation, every­ thing was topsy-turvy. Most o f the 73 members o f the police force left without permission and the few who stuck to the Department were advised by friends that th eir presence w as imperative. Then a sort o f order was restored. Lt. Felipe Bugayong, a form er officer o f the Depart­ ment was appointed Chief o f Police. He stayed in this position until all police de­ partments in the Islands were incorpo­ rated in the puppet Bureau o f ConstabuCAPT. Baguio

'OLICE DEPARTMENT lary. Then the Baguio Police Department became the 4th Mountain P. C. Company with Inspector Florencio Abacan as com­ manding officer. He was later relieved by Capt. Ali Alraschid, a form er PC officer and a graduate o f the form er Philippine Constabulary in this City. He was linked with the underground movement and was thereby executed by the Japanese. Capt.

One o f the pictures of the entire Police Joseph Kieth in grey uniform .

JOSEPH J. K IE TH C h ief of P olice P olice F orce, 1910-1942

Dictimo Ponce follow ed him as Com m an c ing O fficer. On A pril 27, 1945, there w as no poli«t department functioning. A s soon as tfcie Am ericans arrived the 33rd M ilitary P o ­ lice, U.S. A rm y took over the m a in ten ­ ance o f .peace and order in the city. The=i on M ay 3, 1945, the Baguio C ity P o lice Department was resurrected under time auspices c f the Phil. Civil A ffa ir s U n it 1 o f the U.S. A rm y. However, discipline wa.s sadly lackiM and that the members w er<

^

p olice

force

( Continued on page'll^ )

taken

in

1937,

w ith

C h ief

SESSION ROAD in 1912, as seen by the camera o f F. T. Ryan. Among the struc­ t u r e s , from left to right, are theV.A.P. Hall, later used as the p ost-office; prison camp, Sly’ s bar, store and lodging house; the Nagatomi studio, Valles building, the W agner and Cuidno Carantes residences, and I.am Ping’s Store. In the foreground is the Burnham lagoon, with the first building on the Baguio Printing site at the right

Construction

of

Session

Road

(Continued, from page 9 7 )

To help further in the development o f Baguio, Mr. Forbes, then secretary of commerce and police decided to set the example by building a handsome and ex­ pensive home in Baguio. He formulated a plan by which a group o f government buildings, a mes,s hall, and a large nurrber o f small and inexpensive cottages could be rented by governm ent officials and employees, so that Baguio could be the true summer capital o f the Philip­ pines. A milestone in Baguio’s development was achieved when it was made a char­ tered city September, 1909. A real boom began during the sea­ son of 1910. The old sanitarium was leased to a private individual as hotel,

adding to it from time to time. The railroad had been extended to Camp One and a regular automobile service service was established for the conven­ ience o f the public between Camp One and Bajuio. The Jesuits constructed a rest house and an observatory while the Dominicans purchased the neighboring hill to erect a concrete building to be used for college purposes and as a rest house. At Camp John Hay, development be­ gan early. It is now a well-organized army post and furlough center. The religious orders sent their mis­ construction of

sionaries to help build Baguio. The Sis­ ters o f the Assum ption erected a hand­ some building which served as a rest home and a g irl’s school. The Belgian Canonist Missionaries erected a recupe­ ration center and a school fo r girls. Bishop Brent established an excellent school for Am erican boys and girls and a mission priests otherwise known as Missionary Priests o f the Church o f San Patricio,” established their headquarters in B a gu io.' v • Vng 1914, the Philippine Constabulary School building was established. It was A ha nan.

Street

W ork on Burnham Park, B agu io’s central park, started as early as 1914. Igorot laborers, under the supervision o f A m erican engineers, are shown above breaking ground and levellin g the site of the park. In the background (upper righthand corn er) on Kisad Road, m ay be seen tw o o f the first buildings in the

constructed on a hill that commanded a m agnificent view of the surrounding areas and later transfered to Loakan. Business firm s such as the Compana General de Tabacos de Filipinas erected rest houses for their officers and em plo­ yees. Filipino residents o f Manila also did their share by building attractive

private and summer residences. With regards to public utilities ope­ rated by the city government, the fol­ lowing are consecutively arranged as per their establishment dates: Telephone sys­ tem inaugurater, 1903; market establish­ ed, 1908; water supply system began ope­ rating, 1910; garbage system was inau

— -" t y . one owned by the late Representative Juan Carino and the other by the Hamada family. The house owned by Carino was destroyed during the last war while the building owned by the Hamada fam ily still stands and now houses the Baguio Printing Press plant. gurated in 1911; slaughter house was established, 1911; ice plant in 1912; sew eragc system started 1913; sanitary cam p established 1913; rock crusher installed, 1916; vegetable market building w as com pleted, 1918; concrete pipe fa clo r y was established, 1920, city dispensary was established, 1920; first h ydro-

A m on g

ine

first

buildings

con stru cted

electric plant com pleted, 1924; Baguio auditorium was finished, 1924; electric fountain was com pleted and first operated in 1926; Baguio Central School cornpleted, 1924; extension o f sanitary sewer beyond Trinidad Irrigation, 1929. The greatest developm ent strides were undertaken from 1911 to 1918 during (Continued on page 114

along

the

m arket

in

1918.

THE

GOVERNM ENT

( Continued from

CENTER

page 87 )

wanted to put. W e all w ent out fo r a ride over the M ilitary Reservation and obtained some m agn ificen t views. I took Mr. Forbes to the hill where I hope ulti­ m ately to purchase a house lot.

1

vtfr

tangas or Samar, and that he desired go w ith them, as he did not know how they would behave under a strange o f f i ­ cer. He fu rth er suggested that M r. Kane, the Supervisor o f Lepanto-Bontoc, w ould m eet me at any poin t w hich I chose to indicate and would make the trip w ith me, and inquired whether the suggested arrangem ent would be satisfactory. I w ired to Colonel Baker, the A ctin g Chief o f the Constabulary, quoting N ath orst’s telegram and stating that the arrange­ m ent therein suggested would be satisfac­ tory to me in case N athorst w as needed elsewhere.

The aftern oon w as spent in transacting business w ith various callers, and in v i­ siting G overnor and M rs.. Pack. In the evening w e had a fin e turkey dinner at the Sanitarium . A telegram w as received from Captain N athorst, who w as to have accom pained me on m y trip from Vigan and who was at th at place purchasing necessary D E C E M B E R 27TH food and a cam p ou tfit, stating that he I le ft Baguio about six in the m orning had been requested to furnish f if t y Ig orrote constabulary men fo r service in Ba- fo r San Fernando, Union. [ 104 ]

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE

1

0

The P h ilippin e Constabulary

S ch ool in 1914 at Camp H enry T. Allen.

The Philippine M ilitary Academ y, the nation’s builder o f men and leaders o f tom orrow , is an institution that cherishes a proud heritage and a glo­ rious tradition. Today it stands sup-

reme in its per.nanent home in Loa­ kan, eight miles from the heart of Ba­ guio with approximately an area of three hunderd and seventy three hec­ tares. The site which was fittingly

General Nathorst, second from left, is shown w ith Colonel D uskw orth-F ord Supt. of the P.C. Academ y, Colonel Livingston. Quartermaster, assist­ ant P.C. Surgeon, fo l­ low ing the Inspection and R eview held in Cam p H enry T. A l­ len, Baguio.

MILITARY ACADEMY named Fort Del Pilar or Del Pilar Heights after the renowned Filipino patriot General Gregorio del Pilar, he­ ro of the battle of Tirad Pass has an administration building, a c a demic building, cadet barracks, cadet mess hall, tennis courts, parade ground. Looking back fou r decades ago, the Academy had its humble beginning as an O fficers' School o f the Philippine Constabulary at Sta. Lucia Barracks, Intramuros, Manila which was opened on February 17, 1905 and started by Brigadier General Henry T. Allen the conditions then obtaining in the Islands necessitated the opening of such a school to solve the problem o f officer supply to replenish the need fo r o ffi­ cers to direct operations against ram ­ pant banditry, cattle rustling, and pet­ ty cases of local rebellion. Years later, on September 1, 1908, the school was moved to Constabulary Hill, Baguio, now known as Camp Henrv T. Allen, named after its founder. The mainten­ ance and operation o f tile school was

A ctin g Gov. General & Mrs. Bute, taken at the Philippine Constabulary. I.eft to right, M ayor F.arnsshaw of Manila, A ct­ ing Gov. Gen. Bute, Col. R.A. D uskw orthFord and M ayor Hai­ sema.

B rigadier Gen. H. T. ALLEN Founder, Philippine Constabulary A cadem y

£*!*» 1*01BROOK ADDRESSING

uim Rf^ecve or ■ con I'i niiod 011 A p r il II. JSM4 bv the p a ssa g e o f a p p ro p ria tio n A c t N o. 2311). T h e m ' I h i o ! w as later renam ed “ Aca*

32 o f us in the Baguio Internment Camp where only one meeting was held, with Carl B. Eschbach, P.M., serving as Master. During the liberating carpet bom bing by U-S. forces on March 15-17, 1945, the handsome temple was burnt. The Masonic Building Association was not revived nor was any application made for war damages and, since no payments were made on the mortgage, it was later foreclosed by the Joseph Rice estate and the property lost by the Lodge. Immediately after liberation, efforts were made to revive the Lodge, begin­ ning with those o f Bro. M. Eugene (D r.) Stafford. It was reorganized on October 20, 1945 in the partly finished house of Bro. Rufino R ogel on Laubach Road. Secretary Primo San Pedro (now deceased) was notably active in reconstituting the records of the Lodge. A fter holding lodge in several places about Baguio, Snider Hall at John Hay Air Base was settled on and the sturdy narra furniture, still in use, was donated by Bro. Raymond T. West. He also helped us secure our present chairs at a low price.

Another pose of the members and o f­ ficers of the Baguio Lodge No. 67, F & A.M. In the group are Mauricio J. Ot­ eyza, Casiano Rivera, Primo San Pedro, Edilberto Madrid. Martin Carreon, Laureano Santiago, Juan Resurreccion, Ceferino Floresca, Fran­ cisco de Gala, Capt. Olympia, Capt. Relosa, and Quintin Paredes fourth from the left in the first row.

Meanwhile a new temple was being advanced. Each Lodge mem ber was as­ sessed P12 yearly for the building fund. In 1952 secretary Laurence L. W ilson made an application for a city lot on Legarda St. facing the Baguio City Hall. This was allowed in 1957. While Anastacio B. Querimit P.M. was Master in 1958 an attractive tem ple costing nearly P20,000 was constructed on the lot and dedicated by the Grand Lodge. It was free of debt. The O fficers of the Baguio Masonic Fraternal Association Inc., w hich con­ structed the temple, consisted o f : Anastacio B. Querimit, P.M., Pres.; Jack E. Gesner, vice Pres.; Esteban Bsngaan, Sect.; Tomas Galgala, P.M. Treas.; Protacio R. Ritumalta, Auditor; Eugene J. Kneebone, P.M.; Stanley J. W illimont, P.M.; Eric G. F. Nordstrom , P.M.; and Laurence L. Wilson (serving as H iram ), board members. Since Bro. John W. Haussermann made the large donation of P10,000, the building is called Haussermann Hall. Here we trust the Lodge w ill prosper.

FRANCISCO YANDOC One of the First Elective Councilors Francisco Yandoc, cited by the city government o f Ba­ guio as among the pioneers who made substantial contribu­ tions to the development and progress o f Baguio, featured as one o f the first batch of Christian lowlander arrivals in 1907 and took up permanent residence in the city ever since until his death on November 9, 1939. He spearheaded his trek to Baguio by operating a store on wheels fo r the laborers who were working on the Kennon Road. He follow ed the road until its final completion, there­ FRANCISCO YANDOC by reaching Baguio in 1907 with an accumulated capital which h© invested in a store, He found himself are now prominent citizens o f the city. in n c time, a real estate owner o f subsBorn in Angeles, Pampanga, he was a stantial holdings. He was one o f the first member o f the Veterans o f the Philip­ elective councilors o f Baguio with a term pine Revolution with the rank o f lieute­ from 1916 to 1919, and a lifetim e hono­ nant colonel. He was the proprietor o f the rary member o f the city board o f asses­ then Yandoc Hotel and Apartments in Ba­ sors. He le ft behind him his children who guio.

BASILIO M. CAGUIOA Prominent Businessman World W ar I. In 1918, he was supplying He came to B aguio as early as 1909, when Baguio was in the initial stage of food to the German prisoners taken into becom ing a chartered city. custody by the Americans who were brought to the site which is now the Stone A fte r having undergone numerous Market. Due to financial reasons, he went hardships as hotel helper under Mr. Jen­ kins and a Baguio Observatory assistant fo r some time to Bauang and engaged in under his uncle, he engaged in business farm ing. Up to 1930, his products found in a small scale w ith practically very their way in the Baguio markets. Success m eager capital. In no time he found him­ came to him in a landslide so much so self a successful businessman dealing in that in 1930 he found himself the owner groceries and fu el otherwise known as o f a few trucks which were under con­ “ talacsan” prior to the outbreak o f the tract by the Bureau o f Public W orks un­ til the outbreak o f the W orld W ar II. His trucks were how­ B A SILIO M. CAGU IOA ever, taken by the Americans and the Japanese. His losses were repaid by the W ar Damage Commission. W ith five new trucks he resumed his business as contractor dealing in lime, stones, and gravel. Besides being the owner o f the St. An­ thony’s Lime Factory, he is, likewise, the proprietor o f the newlv constructed Caguioa Building located along Trinidad Road. His personal data show that he was bron on M arch 4, 1885 in Villasis, Pangasinan; the son o f Joaquin Caguioa and Anacleta M orante. He is a widower with five children all successfully established in their chosen line.

LAM PING Pioneer Businessman

Born 83 years ago in Canton, China, he came to the Phil­ ippines at the age o f 2 0 . As a stepping stone he joined a group o f Chinese workers in the Cavite shipyards under the U.S. N avy. A s early as 1909, he came to Baguio to invest together with a partner in a small store which was then lo­ cated near a creek along Session Road, now the present site o f the Hotel Plaza. He found him self in no time the sole ow ner o f several stores in different parts o f the city. In 1930, he put up a long concrete structure on his l l a m p in g sion Road which housed the then pre-war Highland Supply. It was destroyed during the bom bing and his unselfish services to the development w as only rehabilitated after the libera- o f Baguio. tion. He is also a recipient o f a diploma Married to W ong Nam with whom he o f award from the city governm ent fo r has five children.

CASIANO R IVER A Ex-Superintendent Benguet Auto Line He hailed from La Union where he was born on Aug­ ust 13, 1892. He started from the bottom as a ticket sel­ ler in the Benguet Auto Line from Dec. 20, 1911 to August 31, 1912. Prom oted to station agent from September 1, 1912 to August 31, 1918, through merit, he was again pro­ m oted to assist, supt. and held the position capably from Sept. 1, 1918 to July 11, 1919. Finally, he rose to the position of superintendent on July 12, 1919 until March 15, 1930. The Benguet A uto Line was then under the Bureau of Public Works. Mr. Rivera was prevailed upon to continue his w ork in recognition of his meritorious ser­ vices. He becam e superintendent from March 16, 1930 up to Jan. 28, 1957 until he retired. Married to the form er Marina Baiiez.

FAUSTINO P. N ACNAC Former Assistant Chief of Police His experiences in line with service tilitie? in the Fil-American war, Mr. Nacbegan when he served as a guerrilla un- nac joined the Philippine Constabulary in der the command o f G. Aglipay and Gen. Vigan, Ilocos Sur. In 1903 he made a J. Aleiandrino. Upon the cessation o f hos- brilliant record such that he was one of f a u s t in o p. n a c n a c tjiose called upon to represent the PC in the Universal Ex­ position, St. Louis, Missouri of 1904. On June 27, 1910, he joined the Baguio P olice Force. From the ranks he rose to become the assistant chief o f police serving until 1943. During the war he joined the underground m ovement as an informer. Born in Dingras, Ilocos Norte on February 14, 1884, the son o f Lazarc E Nacnac and Maria Pompa, he attained his early education from the Spanish School until he fi­ nished 3rd year from 1893 to 1898 in Laoag, Ilocos Norte. He is married to the form er Angeles Pascua with whom he has five children.

FRANCISCO DE PAULA DE ROMERO

-,

Oldest Spanish resident Francisco de Paula de Romero y Gomez, son of a rankmg miiltary man ir Spain, arrived in the Philippines in 1890 when from his native Andalucia, Ronda, Spain, he came with some Spanish governm ent officials to w ork as “ Ayudante de Inginiero” in San Fernando, La Union. He further served as a forestry officer and during the last year o f Spanish rule in the Philippines, he held the gov­ ernorship for Benguet sub-province. Under the American, administration, he was the first to register his w ife’s claim for a tract o f land covering m ore than twenty hectares f . p a u l a de rom ero which is now the present site o f the e^er, bought it later to the tune ol Constabulary Hill and a part of the mar­ P200,000. ket site up to Manzanillo lot, under Gov­ He married form er Adela Vibes A gu iernor Whitmarsh, first governor o f Ben­ naldo, a first cousin o f Gen. E. Aguinalguet. He won rightful possession o f the do in 1901. He died on May 30, 1931. land in question. The government, how-

PASCUAL PACIS Pioneer In Government Service PASCUAL PACIS

Pascual P a d s’ record o f service dates back to the Spanish regim e when he served as a public school teacher and as a m ajor under the command of Manuel Tinio’s brigade. During the Am erican administration in the early days he was appointed by Gov. W illiam Pack as treasurer and was appointed by G overnor W illiam Pack as treasurer and secretary in Adaoay, Tublay, La Trinidad and Di'sdis from 1904 to 1906. He served in different categories after this— in 1907 as deputy and clerk o f Benguet under the administration o f Governor Pack, as property clerk o f the Division o f Mt. Province under the Superintendent of Schools: as custodian from 1908 to 1909; as solicitor o f law for the 4th Judicial District and notary public fo r the Mt. Province. He served for three times consecutively as a mem­ ber of the City Council o f Baguio from 1916 to. 1925. He was Justice o f the Peace in Bontoc from 1926 to 1931. He resigned to practice his profession as notary

PUbIiC-

WONG YIP Pioneer Businessman A Chinese oldtimer who knew Baguio in its infancy, he came to Baguio as early as 1904. He served as cook for one o f the engineers working on the Kennon Road Later, he became assistant cook in the first Baguio Sani tarium. He switched to business at the time o f the first Baguio Carnival & Exposition. Since then and until the outbreak of W orld War II, he concentrated his work in busness. His business enterprises were ruined during the war He died at the age of 79 in China.

WONG YIP

LEUNG MING He came to Baguio during the years when he had to travel by means o f bullcarts from Dagupan to Baguio. The Benguet Road, then was completed as far as Camp 3, and for the first time he saw Baguio, Session Road was yet un­ der development. Since then and until his death in 1935, he lived in Baguio and became part and parcel o f Baguio’s business progress. First, he opened a small sari-sari store. Then he established the Baguio Bakery along Session Road which catered mostly to the miners. Accidentally, the said store was among those burned in 1936. Before com ing to Baguio, he was first em ployed at the Cavite Navy Yard under the direct supervision o f a Spanle u n g m in g iard.. He acquired a working knwoledge one time as one o f its directors. A ll o f o f Spanish and English from a private his 7 children w ere Baguio-born and tutor. Born in 1899 in Canton, China, some o f whom are now naturalized F ilihe was one o f the founders o f the then pino citizens. Baguio Chinese Ass. w htre he served at

EUGENIO M. V A LD EZ The late Eugenio M. Valdes who died on June 24, 1929 will be remembered as a pioneer in the governm ent service. As early as 1904, he settled in La Trinidad and figured prominently in governm ent affairs. He served as clerk un­ der the Spanish Governor, Jose M artinez in La Trinidad. Then follow ed invaluable services as a public servant which in short revealed the follow in g: as secretary-treasurer o f Kapangan; transferred to Legleg, Terba, Benguet, from to La Trinidad and then to Camp 4; as an internal revenue agent in La Trinidad, then in Bokod, transferred to Bagulin, Benguet, then to Prego and Sablan and later to B agu io; Deputy S h eriff in Baguio under Judge H arvey from 1923 un­ til his death at the age of 60. civic a ffa irs of the city. He m arried the A product o f the old Mar.ila High form er Catalina Octaviano o f Balaoan, La School, he is survived by his six child- Union, ren who are all active in business and

JOSE D. LISING Jose Dizon Lising who was among Ba- lang, Pampanga where he spent his earguio’s prominent oldtimers until his ly youth as a sacristan. He saw action oath on July, 1953, hailed from Maga- as a soldier in the Filipino revolt against Spain under Gen. Makabulos. A fter his marriage to the JOSE.D. LISING late Timotea Rom ero, prominent landowner of Tarlac, Tarlac, he devoted his time managing his w ife’s landholdings. Unfortunately, he lost all his material possession through gambling. It was then that he accepted an invitation from relatives to settle in Baguio in 1910. In Baguio, he en­ gaged in a carinderia business fo r one year. The follow ing year, he entered the government service as a road cons­ truction foreman and later as general construction foreman of the Bureau o f Public Works under Engineers Peredo and District Engineer A. D. Wiliams. He was among those who built the Halesma road, form erly the Mountain trail. He resigned from the government service as soon as his seven children were old enough to take over.

FRANCISCO B JALON Pioneer Businessman He was born in Zamboanga, Zamboanga on Dec. 3, 1882, the son o f Manuel Jalon and Gregoria Barrero. Three years before the arrival o f the Americans, he was an agricultu­ rist. Under the American regime, he was a m o n g the first to volunteer as a soldier in Zamboanga for one year. Upon his discharge from the Army, he ventured in hat making with Isidro Duenas in Pangasinan until 1913. He came to Ba?uio during the later part o f 1913 and established his own hat factory with a silversmithing shop until 1915. In 1916, he constructed a dancing hall in Campo Filipino and at the same time acnuired a lumber concession in F. B. JALON Irisan until 1929 m e n he engaged in the Baguio G olf Club. He acquired 14 trophies for excellent dry goods business and in fou r years he ‘golfmanship." was able to put up an apartment build­ Mr. Jalon’s better half was Francisca ing which was unfortunately destroyed during liberation. A few years after li­ Dulay with whom he had one child who beration he put up the Plaza Theatre. is married to Dr. J. de la Rosa. He like­ He was one o f the top ranking golfers o f wise, adopted a son. three children, all boys, Ortega, Oseo and Sinai. An Early Japanese Pioneer in Baguio Hamada was the first forem an of the Heald Lumber Company. It was while Reukitze Hamada, from Kagoshima, Ja­ employed in a sawmill o f the company at pan, was am ong the fir st Japanese to Ilang that he met an accident which caus­ im m igrate to |the Philippines from tne ed his death. He slipped under a circular Land o f the Rising Sun, and one o f the saw and his body was cut in two. v ery fir st to arrive in Baguio. He was He opened the first Japanese general by occupation a mechanical foreman. store in the city o f Baguio, which was He was in Baguio as early as 1908. He doing a thriving business until his death. m arried into the Carino fam ily, taking The store was in the vicinity o f the Ba­ as w ife Josefa Carino, the eldest daugh­ guio Hotel today. It was the precursor o f ter o f Mateo Carino, by whom he had the pre-war Japanese Bazar. This Japanese' died on January 14, 1912 at the early age REUKITZE HAM ADA o f 31 years. H is conduct as an immigrant was exemplary. He le ft quite a legend in the community upon his death. Kagoshima is the southern most point of the Japanese archipelago where most of the generals in the history o f the Japanese Imperial Army come form . The first m ilitary ad­ ministrator o f the Japanese occupation in Baguio, General Nagasaki, is from Kagoshima. Natives o f Kagoshima are be­ lieved descended from Malays v h o reached the southern shores of Japan from Malaya and Indonesia. They have a dialect o f their own, not understood bv the common Japanese. The sawmill in which Hamada worked was moved two or three times before the fatal accident. The first substantial houses constructed in Baguio were supplied boards from the sawmill in which he worked. He became one o f the big Japanese abaca planters in Davao before the war.

REIIKITZE HAM AD A

»

JUAN GAERLAN Pioneer in Government Service Juan Gaerlan, was one of the fir st Filipino to obtain a berth fo r Mt. P r o v in c e in Congress in 1931. He was among the deserving group named by the then Gov. General Davis to represent the Mt. Province. Born in Tagudin, Ilocos Sur on July 7, 1884 to an Ilocano-teacher couple, he obtained his higher education from San Juan de Letran and an American night school. H aving passed the civil service examination in 1903, he was designat­ ed by Gov. Dinwindie of Bontoc-Lepanto as interpreter in Spanish, English and Igorot languages. Then, he was named treasurer and later deputy collector until advisor for the Mt. Province, deputy g ov1909. Afterw ards, he assumed various ca- ernor fo r Benguet in Jan., 1922. pacities prior to his appointment as reAm ong his achievements w ere: the inipresentative for the Mt. Province, name- tiation o f settlement organization, the ly, exchange officer, assistant postmaster, construction o f school buildings, the corn' secretary provincial treasurer for Lepanto pletion o f the Bontoc highway, the edusub-province, mining recorder, Cervantes cational upliftm ent of the mountaineers, town treasurer and notary public, properHis w ife was the form er Adela MiLs, ty clerk o f the provincial treasurer’s o f- daughter o f Spanish engineer Don Jose fice and road foreman, agriculturists for Mills. > La Trinidad and Bontoc until 1919, farm

HENRY KAMORA Ex-Representative, Mt. Province One who figured prominently in the educational upliftment o f the natives and Later, he became the fir st Igorot to be struggled to elevate the living conditions employed as Sec-treasurer under the then obtaining from barbarism to civiliza- township governm ent in Kabayan in 1907. vion is Henry Kamora, mayor of the He was also responsible in establishing Municipal district o f Kabayan. He at- the first intermediate school in Kabayan. quired his early schooling from Mr. Cle- To his credit, the follow in g achievements mente Abellera who was then the Secre- may be mentioned: as township president tary o f Adaw ay Rancheria; from a dor- o f Kabayan in November o f 1913. A gmitory school in Baguio and from San ricultural Inspector o f Benguet in 1915Fernando High School, La Union where reelected municipal district president of he finished a part o f the first year high Kabayan in 1922; appointed representaschool. tive fo r the Mt. Province on N ov. 17, 1923 to succeed the late Juan Carino, reappointed as repreHENRY K A M O R A sentative on July 16, 1931 to succeed Rufino H idalgo; appoint­ ed military governor fo r Benpuet by Col. Volckmann in May 1945, organized an office in La Trinidad in Aug., 1945 to maintain post-war peace and order; elected municipal dist. mayor o f Kabavan in 1959. He was born in 1888 in Lutab, Kabayan, the son o f Apolinario Arinos Dimot and Shara Otot Palasi. » &

LEUNG KW AN LING Chinese immigrants who have trekked to Baguio as early as 1900 have devel­ oped close relations with the city resi­ dents such that th s Chinese community has often been identified with the bus­ iness and civic affairs o f the city. Enterprising Chinese businessmen were among the first merchants to open dry goods and hardware stores, restaurants, and retail stores to serve the early set­ tlers o f Baguio. City residents rem em ber Leung Kwan Ling who was among the first Chinese

businessmen in the city. As early as 1894 during the Spanish regime, he came to the Philippines and worked as a car­ penter in Manila. In 1906, he joined the ranks o f the pioneers by com ing to the “ Dream City” , which was then a wilderness. First he was em ployed as carpenter in Benguet Consolidated Min­ ing Company. It was in the mines that he discovered his knack for business. He opened a small store to cater to his co-em ployees. Time however, put him to a series o f tests. His store was unfor­ tunately robbed resulting in the death o f two laborers. Later a typhoon dam­ aged his store. Undaunted by his mis­ fortunes, he together with some Am eri­ can and Chinese partners organized the Baguio Bakery which was then lo­ cated along Zandueta Street. This new­ ly created partnership was sh ortliv ed for it was dissolved and the Baguio Ba­ kery changed ownership when the rela­ tives o f Leung Nang took over. A fter this, the Baguio G rocery was born which was another partnership. In 1929, when business conditions changed fo r the bet­ ter, he established the Mountain Sup­ ply, a combination bazar and grocery. In a short time he expanded his bus­ iness to include hardware and main­ tained successfully branches in Antamok

y One of the busiest places in Baguio during the early days. ner site was occupied later by the Mountain Sunnly Store.

The front cor­

MAURICIO SAN JUAN OTEYZA Father of Philippine Forestry M auricio San Juan Oteyza, chosen by the Philippine F o ­ resters’ Association as the “ Father o f Philippine F orestry” and drafter o f the Master Plan on the Reforestation of the Philippines was born in Binondo, Manila in 1887 as the son o f Mauricio Sr., now deceased. Orphaned at an early age he enjoyed the tutelage of his grandmother. Inquisitive and incessantly movable, he grandmother, Torres. Inquisitive and incessantly movable, he learned fa st and in no time, he was enrolled at the Ateneo MAURICIO OTEYZA ^ Manila, as a “ medio interno” . As a student, he was ex­ ceptionally brilliant. A m ong his prized United States at his own expense and mementos were medals which he won in financed his studies in agriculture through oratorical tilts. A holder o f a Bachelor o f self-support. He came home in 1913 and A rts degree, he finished priesthood at the served as an instructor at the Los Baage of seventeen. However, because o f nos Agricultural School. Not long afterhis youth he was not ordained as a wards, he m arried Dolores Sta. Maria of priest in Vigan as planned in 1904. Upon San Mateo Rizal, whom he took to his his return from Vigan, he accepted an ap- new assignment in Baguio. F or many pointment as a teacher in the first normal years, he took charge o f Baguio beautischool in Manila. fication. He founded the Baguio Fruit He qualified as a member o f the second Nursery and organized the Baguio Lodge batch o f Philippine pensionados to the fo r masons. United States. He died in 1929 in Baguio, and was It was there that he finished a fores- survived by his w ife and two children, ters’ course and attached a master’s de- Victor and Virginia, gree to it. He prolonged his stay in the •

The Late SALVADOR VALLEJO Founder, Vallejo Hotel

c A iv iT in R V 4 H F K ) ‘

If there are any few pioneers in the Mountain City who devoted most o f their time in the field of business, Don Salvador V allejo was among them. Having spent more than 33 years in the summer capital until he died, Don Salvador had obviously contributed valuable aid to the growth o f Baguio. Don Salvador came to the Philippines as early as 1901. Upon reaching the country he tried his luck by opening a restaurant along T. Pinpin Street, Ma­ nila, known as Liondor Restaurant. Not contented with this, he later sold it and established a distinctive hotel in the same section in 1915. A fter a few months later he changed his mind in this venture, and engaged in the dry goods im porting business in 1922. In 1923 he came to Baguio to establish the V allejo Hotel in order to e x ­ pand his business. Since then the said hotel gained cog­ n izan ce from visiting transients and tourist. As one of tlie early !l0tel operators in Baguio, he had contributed som eth in g fo r the economic stability of the city. He w as b orn in Ronda, Spain where he served as a captain. He w as the son of Salvador V allejo, Sr. and M aria Ram irez. H e was married to the form er Justina Sanares w ith whom he had six children. 2 boys and ‘1 girls.

Dr. TEODORO CENIZAL ARVISU Pioneer in the government service Dr. Teodoro Cenizal Arvisu, fondly called the Father of the Baguio School o f Nursing was born in Tanza, Cavite on November 9, 1890; the son o f Felix A rvisu and Dorotea Ce­ nizal. He graduated from the Cavite High School in 1909 and obtained a medical degree from the College o f Medicine and Surgery, University o f the Philippines in 1914. He be­ came a government pensionado in 1921 and thereby undertook post graduate studies in the H arvard Medical School. His service record is outstanding and seldom can there be found one to equal it. His record includes achievements and positions held which in brief are, namely, resident pe­ DR. TEODORO C. AR VIZU diatrician o f the Philippine General Hosptal from 1914 to 1919; instructor in pediatrics at the uni- the 18th International Red Cross Confeversity o f the Philippines College o f Me- rence in Toronto, Canada; chairm an o f dicine and Surgery from 1914 to 1919; the Baguio Planning Board from the Director o f the Baguio General from time of its creation in 1947 to 1958; 1919 to 193G during which the Baguio member o f the Philippine Independence General Hospital Training School fo r Mission to the United States in 1931 as Nurses was established; City Health O f- personal physician o f President Manuel ficer of Baguio from 1919 to 1924; City Q uezon; President o f the then Baguio councilor o f Baguio from 1936 to 1941 and Civic League o f B agu io; President o f again in 1947 as an appointee o f the late the first Baguio Carnival and Exposition President R oxas; Assistant Manager and in 1923; charter member o f the Baguio laterM anager of the Philippine W a r Da Rotary C lub; past Grand K night o f the mage Commission, Baguio branch in Father Cai-lu Council No. 3336; present 1947; form ed the Baguic-Mt. Province President o f the Baguio Home Owners Oouncil, Boy Scouts o f the Philippines Association and vice-chairman o f the Adwith Dr. Eugene Stafford, became its visory Board to the M ayor o f Baguio, first president and served as such until He is m arried to^the form er Miguela the outbreak of W orld W ar II; chairman Leyco o f Marinduqiife, a nurse by profeso f the Baguio Mt. Province Chapter, Phil- sion with whom he has 4 children. One ippine National Red Cross and Repres- o f his sons, Father Teodoro Arvisu, S.J. entative o f the Philippine Government to died in 1957 in the U.S. EUGENIO E. P L A T A

EUGENIO E. PLATA Former Captain, Philippine National

Guard

Eugenio P. Plata twice councilman o f the Baguio City government who served for two successive terms from 1925 to 1928, and from 1928 to 1931, was born in San Miguel, Bulacan on June 20, 1884 to Zacarias Plata and Engracia Pecson. A product o f the Jesuits Normal School and the American Normal School, he finished his secondary educa­ tion by correspondence. From a mere clerk, he rose from the rar.ks to become a notary public and general contractor. His service record reveals the follow in g: clerk, Department o f Engineering, Manila, 1904 to 1905, clerk, J. C. W hite & Company and Meralco, 1905 to 1909, classified clerk, Insular Treasurer’s O ffice from 1909 to 1911, civilian employee in Philippine U.S. M ilitary Guard, 1918 to 1919. He married form er Magdalena Cruz y Reyes by whom he h!>d six children. Mr. Plata was also active in the civic a ffa ir o f ihe city ar.d also a member o f the Baguio. Lodge No. 67, 7 A.M .

MARTIN RIVERA CARREON Ex-Member, Baguio City Council M a rtin R iv e r a C arreon spen t the best yea rs o f his life in B a gu io, saw its initial sta ge o f developm ent, and pa r­ ticip a ted in its g row th u ntil death fin a lly claim ed him on A p r il 9, 1945. H e u n fortu n a tely m et his death in B agu io tog eth er w ith his w ife in the hands o f the Japanese du rin g the W orld W a r II. H e h ailed fr o m A rin ga y, L a U n ion w here he had his e a rly sch oolin g in a Spanish School and w h ere he fo r som e­ tim e ta u g h t S p an ish in L a U n ion b e fo re com in g to Baguio. W h en he ca m e to B agu io, sp e cifica lly d u rin g the height o f the B en gu et R oa d con stru ction , he jo in ed the low la n d ei-pioM ARTIN B. CARREON neers in his c a p a city as a businessm an. H e was elected tw ic e as co u n cilo r o f B a g u io in 1919, and m asons and w as thus ru bbin g shoulders in 1922. H is w ife , the fo r m e r J u lian a F lo - w ith som e o f the p rom in en t pioneers w ho res, a lso fr o m A r in g a y , La U n ion w a s fig u red in the ea rly developm ent o f the his p a rtn e r in a lu cra tiv e tobacco b u si- Pines City. ness. H e w a s an a ctiv e m em ber o f th e He is su rvived hv 5 children.

SIXTO A. GAERLAN Ex-Delegate to the Constitution Convention The late Sixto A. Gaerlan, Baguio city councilor from 1929 to 1931 and elected delegate o f Baguio to the cons­ titutional convention, was born on A p ril 12, 1896 in San Juan, La Union to Pedro Gaerlan and Clara Aquino. A product of the La Union Provincial High School, he ob­ tained the degree o f Bachelor o f Science in Agriculture in 1925 from the College o f Agriculture, University o f the Philippines, Los Banos. He first served as elementary school teacher from 1925 to 1933. He distinguished himself as a bu sinessm an-farm er-politician during his lifetime. He was married to the form er Matilde Cabariero of Narvacan. Ilocos Sur with whom he had three children.

JUAN C. RESURRECION Former Supt., City Public Utilities He came to Baguio in 1904 Galleger, a remnant o f the U.S. Army. Born in Luna, La Union in 1890 to He started working at the age of 14 as a Don Miguel Resurrecion and Dominga machinist at Camp Wallace, Poro Point Cortesa, young Juan lost his father when fo r two years before com ing to Baguio, he was m erely aged nine. His schooling On his sojourn to Baguio, he was accom was then, borne by his stepfather, Mr. panied by his step-father. His services to the governm ent covers a wide area— 1906 to 1910, as a machinist in Whitmarsh Sawmill; 1910 to 1914, as a machin­ ist in the Bureau of Public W orks; 1914 as an employee of the Baguio City Public Utilities until the resignation o f Mr. Hendrikson when h< meritoriously earned the prom otion to the superintendency. Am ong his outstanding achievements are the construc­ tion of four hydroelectric plants and the expansion and steady im provem ent o f the telephone system. He took an electrical engineering course through the International Correspondence School. Married to the for­ mer Maria Sobrino, he has 11 children living.

FRANKLIN THOMAS RYAN Pioneer in the government service The late Franklin T. Ryan’s attachment to the Philippines dates back to 1906 when as a soldier he was a w a r d e d on July 4, 1906 a Congressional Medal o f Honor and a certificate of m erit for saving human lives during the hostilities. This spark-plugged a long continuous career o f service not only in Baguio but in many places o f the Philippines. From 1909 to 1911, he was employed by the Bureau o f Public W orks as irrigation investigator; 1911, port surveyor o f Manila; 19111918, foreman, city of Baguio. D uring A. D. W illiam ’s admi­ FRANKLIN T. KVAIN nistration, Ryan laid out the city cemetery, graded Burnham Park and made a race track, installed a System ; Peneranda Dam and C anal; conmodern sewer system and incinerator, struction o f the Amburayan River Bridge widened and surfaced most o f the roads, and San Ildefonso Pier. A fter liberation increased the water supply, built the Na- he became project engineer fo r the Targuilian Road down to Salat, made sur- lac B ridge under the Marscon Co. F rom veys for hydroelectric plants, and other 1950-52, he served as general superintenimprovements; 1918 Chief H ydrogfer of dent o f the Am buclao Access road and Northern Luzon; 1919-1921, as acting from 1953 to 1954 was the general fore­ project engineer o f Tagudin and Am bura- man on the Am buclao Dam under Guy yan Irrig ation ; 1921-1935 engaged in ge- Atkinson Co. neral contracting; 1935-1937, prospected He was born in Mississipi, U .S.A . on in mining. Dec. 5. 1884. He was married to Rosario A m ong his achievements: completion o f M. Ryan, the Tagudin and Amburayan Irrigation

MAJOR EMIL SPETH Ex-Vice Mayor, Baguio City Some interesting record o f his army had the distinction o f having been in com service covers a long period. He arrived in mand o f the same company fo r over 19 the Philippines with the 18th Infantry, years, the longest period fo r any o ffice r U.S. Army and served with that regim ent jn the U.S. A rm y since the Spanishduring the Philippine insurrection until Am erican W ar. M ajor Speth’s Scout comhe was given a commission as F irst Lieut, pany had also the distinction o f being the o f the Philippine Scouts in July, 1901, fir st organization o f native troops who being selected as one o f the first twenty made the highest record in marksmanship, fiw tjS fic e r s when the scouts w ere creat- considered the most efficient in drill di—- ^ Previous to this, he was incharge o f c i j)l i ne in competition with the entire U.S. the Civilian Scouts and had taken part ;n the year 1908. in many engagements in the Islands. He Since his retirem ent in Jan. 1920. and after a short stay in the U.S., M ajor .'.(^th returned to the m ^JO R EMIL SPETH Philippines and was made superintendent o f the San Ramon Penal Colony in Mindanao until 1922 when he decided to make his home in Baguio. During his life time in Baguio, he was appointed vice-m ayor and participated in the civic a ffa irs of the city. He also served the B aguio Country Club as Vicepresident., and president o f the Baguio Fraternal Ass. and was connected with the Baguio Im provem ent & D e v e lo p m e n t Corp.

WILLIAM H. REESE Former Overseer, Baguio Construction Works He was born in Pittsburg. Penn., USA on Dec. 10, 1878, the son o f David Reese and Sarah E. Reese. He joined the U.S. Arm y Volunteers who was stationed first in Cuba and from there, he was sent with his contingent to the Philippines during the Spanish-American war. Upon his dis­ charge from the army in the Bicol region, he got a job in Baguio as overseer of government construction works. Simultaneously, he substituted for the city engineer during the latter’s absences. He served as foreman in roads and bridges construction as far as Naguilian Station for 4 years, then as paymaster Road. Two years before his retirement fo r 3 years in the Nayak Mining Co. from the governm ent he married the During the war, he was among those form er Susana Sobrino o f Baguio in 1937. who were sent to St. Tomas concentraUpon his retirement, he was em ployed tion camp. He died on Feb. 4, 1945. as cashier in a Bpguio Caltex Gasoline leaving 4 children and his w ife behind.

ARTHUR E. MacCANN

Former custodian, Teachers' Camp He came to the Philippines with the batch that brought Am ericans who later figured prom inently in the develop­ m ent of Baguio and the Mt. Province. Arriving in Manila on October 14, 1899 with the Engineer Corps, he worked fo r many years with the Bureau o f Navigation. In 1913, he came to Baguio to do his bit for bolstering development and progress. He became custodian of Teacher’s Camp and later joined the Heald Lum ber Company. He held the dis­ tinction of having took charge o f the A ll-Filipino baseball team in the United States which made a satisfactory re­ cord o f winning 26 games out of 60 engagements. M r. M cCann w as m a rried to the fo rm er R u fin a A ld a y o f San J ose, B a ta n ga s. T h ey had e ig h t ch ildren a m on g w hom is

Clara M cCann w h o is now M rs. E du ardo de los Santos, w ife o f the C ity E ngineer.

MARIANO RAMOS DE LOS REYES, SR. He was am ong the city’s oldtimers who district Engineer A . D. W illiams. Am ong came in 1917 and w orked as Custodian, his contemporaries in the governm ent Bureau o f P u blic W orks under the late service were the late Casiano Rivera o f M.R. DE LOS REYES tlle BAL; Primo Sampedro, chief clerk, city hall; Mr. Baldom ero Nevada, now retired; form er district forest&r ^ n d now Atty. A rcadio Leano; and a host o f others. 1 He was an active member o f the Legionaries del Trabajo, the counterpart of the Rotary and Masonry clubs of our present day, which was headed in the Philippines by the late Manuel i_> Quezon. This organization was headed in the city by the late Eugenio Plata, father o f Arturo, one o f the leading businessmen in the city. The Legiona­ ries now only exists in California, USA. He also did prospecting and together with Mr. Hook an Am erican, started the development o f the La Paz Gold claims at A cop w hich was later abandoned due to lack o f funds. In the same area a fe w years later rose the A cop Gold Mines. He is married to Cristeta Cordevilla by w hom he has 3 sons and 3 daughters. The eldest, Marianing, Jr., is ow ner-proprietor o f the Colorado H otel and Restaurant in Baguio and is also an active labor leader.

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ELM ER W . H EROLD Former Vice-President & General Manager Heald Lumber Company Mr. Elmer W . Herold, form er fir s t vice-president and general manager o f the Head Lumber Company was born on Feb. 15, 1893, in Bridgefort, Wisconsin. Coming to the Philippines, as an educator, he was in the teaching s t a ff o f the Bureau o f Education from 1922 to 1928. Most of his years as a teacher were spent in the Mountain and Ilocos provinces, the provinces he had come to know so well. It was duriny his teaching years in the Mountain Prov­ ince when the rich and thick forests in the locality attracted his adventurous mind. Realizing the great potentialities o f ELMER W. HEROLD the verdant forests, his interest fell fo r the lumber industry. H e retired from the Bureau o f Education Married to the form er Miss Ethel To­ and joined the sta ff o f the Head Lumber mas whom he has two children. Mr. H e­ Company. rold is a product o f the Law rence College Starting only as a master mechanic in in Appleton, W iscousin where he obtained 1912, he rose to the highest administrative his Bachelor o f Science degree. He was position in the Company after a few years, a W orld W ar I veteran h aving served and later elected first vice-president o f as officer from 1917 to 1920. the firm . D uring his stay in Baguio he was a In 1941, W orld W ar II broke out, and member o f numerous civic organizations. as a result the buildings and sawmills o f When he and Mrs. Herold left fo r the U.S. the company were all destroyed. A fter a the City Council passed a resolution brief rest in his native land, he returned adopting them as H onorary Citezens o f Baguio City. to Baguio and reestablished the company business.

PEDRO

A. FUENTES

Pioneer in Government Service Pedro A. Fuentes is the son o f Manuel elementary schooling at the Instituto de Fuentes and Esperanza Arnaldo o f Capiz. Capiz in 1904 then at Ateneo de Manila City. He was born on 1861.' He took his w ere he finished' his high school. He ob­ tained (he degree o f Bachelor of A rts at San Juan de Letran in 1912, and Bachelor o f Laws at the Escuela Derecho de PEDRO A. FUENTES Manila and at the La Jurisprudencia on December 23, 1919. It was while taking his law course that he passed the civil service examination and was appointed clerk o f Court at the Land Registration in Manila from 1912 to 1914. Later when the General Land Registration was created, he was ap­ pointed clerk and acting cashier and disbursing officer from 1914 to 1925, and Register o f Deeds o f the Land Registration O ffice from 1925 to 1936. During the Japanese occupation, he was appointed recor­ der in the o ffice o f the Register o f Deels in Baguio and Sub­ province of Benguet from 1942 to 1945, and after liberation as Cadastral Stenographer. He was named subsequently act­ ing Register o f Deeds and a year later as permanent Register o f Deeds until his retirement in 1959. He is married to the form er Concepcion Romero o f Ba­ guio with whom he has three daughters and a son, who were all born in Baguio. A fter liberation he also served as member o f the H ousing Committee under Mayor Placido Mapa. He was also appoint­ ed as chairman o f the Igorot Claims by Pres. M agsaysay.

LAURENCE LEE WILSON Igorot Folklore Writer and Baguio Booster D evoting much o f his life to prospecting for gold and other m inerals not only in Baguio and Mt. Province, but in many places in the Philippines, Mr. W ilson is playing an undisputable role in the development o f the natural resources o f the province. Mr. W ilson, besides helping establish several mining com­ panies like the Consolidated Mines, Inc. when he located chrom ite deposits at Masinloc, Zambales, has written much about Ig orot culture, mining and other interesting subjects LAURENCE L. WILSON in the Mt. Province. H is chief interests are mining, anthro- named after him. pology, archaeology, paleontology and Born on September 16, 1885 in Omaha, newspaper w ork devoting considerable Nebraska, Mr. W ilson came from parentime on the later. He is the author o f the tage o f early American colonists who “ Tales o f the Mt. Province” , “ A payao fought in the Am erican Revolution. He L ife and Legends” , “ Igorot M ining Me- graduated from the University o f Calithods” , “ Ilongot L ife and Legends” , fornia in 1910 with the degree o f B.S. “ Skyland o f the Philippines” , and article and took special training and further contributor to the Philippine A r t A sso- studies in mining, geology, and anthrociation and the B aguio & Mt. Province in pology. Married to Susie Manuel, he is a M aking publication and Memoirs o f Ba- g00d fam ily man and a rabid believer of guio. the democratic w ays o f life. Mr. W ilson’ s A s a paleontologist, W ilson has disco- aspiration is to see the Philippines asvered many fossil bones and teeth o f ele- Sume its rightful place as a show window phants and rhinos, etc. One new specie is 0f democracy in the Far East.

MAXIMINO C. NEBRES M aximino Crispin Nebres w as born in Bacnotan, La Union, on December 5, 1888. He is the fourth child among the 12 chil­ dren o f the late Don Pio G. Nebres and D ona Guillerma V. Carbonell, both o f Bacnotan, La Union. H e was married to Gregoria L. Rulloda o f Aringay, La Union. They had two children — Dorcas Salvacion, who died January 2, 1936; and Daniel Stephen, w ho is a Minister o f the Gospel, Hh. B., and a graduate o f the Union Theological

Seminary, Philippines. He studied in the Spanish Preparatory School (Prim era Exsenanza) at Colegio San Geronimo, Bacnotan, La Union. While studying in the La Union high school, he was certified to accept a cleri­ cal position in the Bureau o f Public W orks at Baguio, occupying various posi­ tion being that o f cashier and special dis­ bursing officer. He headed the founding in 1911, o f the United Brethren Evangelical Church in Baguio, now the United Church o f Christ o f Baguio. He al­ so organized the fir st Christian Endeavor Society o f the same church in Baguio and he was elected unanimously as the first president.

D uring his stay in Manila fo r 12 years, he served con­ tinuously as elder o f the United Church o f Manila and he was called by and among his associates “ dean” o f elders. Being an active church elder o f the Baguio Church and his asso­ ciates call him the “ grand old man” o f the fold. He is an active member o f Nilad Lodge No. 12 o f Free and Accepted Masons in the Philippines, joining the Fraternity in 1927, o f which he is a life member.

FELIPE JOSE Pioneer in the Government Service Born in Barrio Sumacab, Cabanatuan, Nueva E cija, the son of poor parents, he attained success through hard w ork and self-help. These are his pertinent data: married to the form er Eliodaora Gomez o f Pangasinan; finished elementary education in Malolos, Bulacan; took an optom etry course by correspondence and obtained the degree o f Doctor o f Opto­ metry from the School o f Optmetry in 1929; served in various capacities, namely, as a school teacher in Victoria, Tarlac from 1905 to 1908, as an internal revenue agent from 1909 to 1910, as editor o f a bilingual paper, Plaridel, as a colla­ borator of Spanish and Tagalog newspapers from 1913 to 1917, as a businessman from 1917 to 1928, as w riter and corFEliIPE JOSE respondent o f the National News Service ince from 1935 to 1938, as senior assisfrom 1924 to 1927, as founder and fir st tant in the D epartm ent o f Labor in 1938, president o f the W orkers and Peasants as national organizer and supervisor o f Ass. from 1927 to 1928, as a supervisor the National Tradig Corporation in 1946, o f the Rural Credit Division, Bureau o f as technical assistant in the Philippine Agriculture from 1928 to 1929, practiced Senate from 1946 to 1947, technical adoptometry from 1929 to 1931; as a mem- viser on labor o f President Quezon, mem­ ber o f the Baguio City Council from 1931 ber o f the A grarian Commission under to 1934, as member o f the Independence President Roxas, two-term vice-president Mission to the United States in 1933, as o f the Labor Congress o f the Philippines. Baguio Delegate to the Constitutiional He has travelled to various places in the Convention in 1934 to 1935, as represent- world, Italy, France China, and India, ative o f the second dist. o f the Mt. P io v -

HON. RAMON P. MTTRA Congressman, 2nd District, Mt. Province In the political arena, few if ever can surpass or equal the achievements of Congressman Ramon P. Mitra in line with the im provem ent o f his province and the educational, social, and econo­ mic uplift o f the people whom he re­ presents. In the past, Mr. Mitra has been large­ ly instrumental in the organization of much-needed adult education classes in the Mt. Province. He left no stone un­ turned to raise the percentage o f lite­ racy in the province and with the c o ­ operation o f the then O ffice o f A dult Education, he laid out an extensive p ro­ gram of adult education in the Mt. P ro­ vince. To him, likewise, belongs the cre­ dit o f having secured the maintenance of primary education in Baguio and the municipal districts by the national gov­ ernment. This achievement in many ways has helped solve the recurrent school problem in the province. To further bolster popular education, Congressman Mitra facilitated the grant o f scholarships by the national govern­

ment to a num ber o f deserving natives o f the Mt. Province to take up courses in universities and colleges. A side from this excellent gesture o f service, he se­ cured funds fo r the construction o f m o­ dern school buildings. In line w ith the im provem ent o f pu­ blic works, new roads and bridges have been constructed and are being cons­ tructed with funds secured through the unceasing efforts o f Congressman Mitra. In fact Mr. M itra’s name is often con ­ nected with anything and everything that spells progress for Baguio and Mt. P rov­ ince. HON. RAMON P. MITRA

ver Use M edal” , one o f the highest de­ corations given by the Boy Scouts of the Philippines for meritorious service rendered. O ther data pertinent to services ren ­ dered reveal the follow ing positions which he at one time or another held: chair­ man of the Committee on Integration of all Electrical Communications of the gov­ ernment; president of the Baguio Rotary Club; President of the Manila Council, Boy Scouts o f the Philippines; vice-pres­ ident and later president of the Philip­ pine Chamber o f Industries; under-sec­ retary o f Public W orks & Communica­ tions from 1939 to 1940.

NICASIO VALDERROSA Baguio’s Mayor o f the ‘39s, a worthy successor to the pioneering Sergio Bayan, Mr. Valderrosa was also the first Mayor o f Basilan City when this was created in 1948. Mr. V alderrosa’s monumental work in Baguio City encompassed a wide range o f projects intended to strengthen the faith o f the people in the government and re­ a ffirm their faith in the future o f the City. Thus, he stablized finances, put up the W orkm ens Village, transferred the squatters to the Aurora Hill, and started the Sto. Tomas W aterworks. In Basilan City, Mayor Valderrosa started road-building, put up the Basilan Electric Plant and the Isabela Market. Wherever, he went, Mr. Valderrosa re' fleeted the vigorous, energetic, honest, and industrious public official that characterized his actuations as a Baguio City booster.

Members of the City Council In 1940. From left to right: Vice mayor Emil Speth. Mayor N. Valderosa, Isaac Dizon; sec., councilmen Teodoro Arvisu and Sixto Gaerlan.

Mayor Nicasio Valderosa with some prominent Baguio citizens at the Baguio A ir Port w ho welcom ed the first arrival o f the Iloilo-Negros Express on February 12, 1941.

A candid photo of Baguio before the outbreak of World War II.

THE PRE-WAR BAGUIO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE The B a g u io C h am ber ot C om m erce w a s o rg a n ize d on J a n u a ry 23, 1927 b y a g ro u p o f businessm en and p ro­ m in en t citizens w ith the la te G ov e r­ n o r Sam uel R. K a n e as p resid en t p ro te m p o re and ch airm an . T h e cham ­ ber w a s o rga n ized w ith a m u lti-p u r­ pose a m on g w hich w ere the p rom o­ tion , developm ent, p rotection o f trad e, com m erce, and in du stries in B a g u io ; th e cen tra liza tion o f all e f fo r t s de­

voted to the developm ent and ad­ van cem en t o f the M ountain P rovin ce and its p eop le; the exch an ge o f ideas and prom otion o f the com m er­ cial, in du strial, m ining, and a g ricu l­ tural resources o f B agu io and Mt. P rovin ce; the cu ltiv ation o f frie n d ly relation between A m erica n s and orien tal peop le; the enrolm ent o f all residents to b rin g about a closer association. F irst a m on g its ou tstan d­ ing achievem ents w as the con stru ct­ ion o f its own b u ild in g to the tune o f P11,000.

Members of the Baguio Chamber of Commerce under Major Emil Speth, vice m ayor of Baguio welcom ing the first arrival of the IIocos-Negros Express at the Baguio Air Port.

tmm o c h m b e r T c o m m e r c e

I Partial panoramic view of Baguio after its destruction.

The story of the Japanese occupation and final libera­ tion of Baguio will occupy its seat of honor in the threshold of the unforgetta­ ble long years to come. While Baguio was among the first places in the Phil­ ippines t o ' be attached by Jap forces, it was also am­ ong the very last to be li­ berated. When Camp John Hay was bombed on the morning of December 8, 1941, excitement rose and precautionary measures were undertaken. The civil gov­ ernment continued to func­ tion even after the evacua­ tion of Camp John Hay by the U.S. Army on December 23. Japanese civilians were interned in Camp John Hay. Not long afterwards, on December 27, 1941 to be exact, the Japanese columns arrived at Km. 4 on Naguilian Road. Under the lead­ ership of the late Chief of Police Keith, Baguio w a s declared an open city. The occupation of the city by the Japanese was effected without the firing of a sin­ gle shot. The first headquar­ ters were set up at the Ja­

American soldiers in their foxholes at the B a ­ guio cemetery shortly before they liberated the city.

panese School on Trinidad Road, then at the Baguio Hotel, and later at the Ma­ sonic Temple. The Nippon forces imme­ diately organized the milita­ ry police administration and third degree chambers. Most of the people of Baguio took to the hills for survival. The guerilla movement figured prominently at this time. While the Jap atrocities were mounting, the people’s hat­ red was steadily reaching its breaking point.

A marker of the 13(Jth Infan­ try, located near thfe cemetery along the Naguilian Rd.

On January 8, 1945, the liberation forces raided the ci­ ty, but it was not until April 26, 1945 that the city was finally liberated. T h e ad­ vance elements of the 33rd and the 37th divisions marced into a city of ruins. Baguio experienced a me­ morable event in its history when it was made the site o f the final surrender of the Jap forces. Yamashita sur­ rendered to General Wainwright in the U.S. Embassy Remnants of the Japanese Army Forces under the at Camp Joan Hay on Sept- comman(j 0f Yamasita who took refuge in the Cordillera ember 3, 1945. Mountains, surrendering to the American Army Forces in Baguio.

SURRENDER of Gen. Yamashita on 3 September 1945 is shown in oil painting, from official U.S. Army photo. Painting, a gift of the Filipino people, is hung in room where historic event took place, at the present Baguio home of American Ambassador, inside Camp John Hay compound.

A view of the Session Road in 1946 a few days after liberation.

,

LIBERATION FESTIVAL IN BAGUIO April 27th, 1946 To celebrate the libera­ tion of Baguio from the hands of the enemy a fourday festival was held to show gratitude that every

Some spectators who witness the first night celebration of the festival at Burnham Park. peace-loving citizen of this wonderful city feels. During the first day of the festival April 25th, a dance was held in the Auditorium together with the corona­ tion ceremonies, an import­ ant highlight of the evening. Miss Guerilla; Princess Erlinda I was crowned by Col. Wilmer S. Philips assisted by Mrs Rafael Uson; Miss Victory, Princess Nancy I by the then Mayor Pedro A rmena assisted by Mrs. Generoso Buendia; and Miss Li­ beration, Queen Muriel I by the Congressman-elect Hon. Jose Mencio.

The beauties of the liberation festival with their consorts and an army men from Camp John Hall.

independence day celebration, July 4th, 1946 in front of the City Hall.

n

DIRECTORY OF THE MEMBERS OF SEPTEMBER, 1909 — FEBRUARY,

20 ,

1910

Rev. R obb White, designated tem porary V ice M ayor, O ctober 17, 1911 L. H. Reithinger, designated tem porary V ice M ayor upon resignation o f V ice M ayor W hite, effectiv e Ju ly 31. 1912 Eugene R eybold, designated tem porary C oun­ cilm an, O ctober 22, 1912 FEBRU ARY,

1913 — OCTOBER,

1916

C. P. H atheway, A ctin g V ice M ayor E. R eybold . Councilm an Charles H Brent, C ouncilm an M. R. H illbard, Councilm an A. D. W illiams, designated A cting C ouncilm an, M arch 15, 1913. T o o k oath as M ayor, M ay 24, 1913 Col. W. C. Rivers, appointed C ouncilm an, A u g ­ ust, 1913. R eappointed Councilm an, D ecem ­ ber. 1913 James C. Rhea, designated tem porary C ou n ­ cilm an during the absence o f Col. R ivers from Ju ly to August, 1913 Peter W. Davidson, appointed C ouncilm an, D e ­ cem ber, 1913 T eodorico Angeles, appointed C ouncilm an, D e­ cem ber, 1913 John R W hite, appointed Councilm an. June, 1914 Martin C arreon, appointed Councilm an, N o v ­ em ber, 1914 Capt. F. W. Darrah, appointed V ice M ayor. D ecem ber. 1914 Dr. F. W. V incent, designated C ouncilm an, D ecem ber. 1914 3 . S. Holmes, designated Councilm an, Septem ­ ber. 1915 Salvador Lagdam eo. designated C ouncilm an, S eptem ber, 1915 OCTOBER, 1916 — OCTOBER,

1919

A. D. W illiam s. M ayor F. W. Darrah, Maj. U.S.A.. Vice M ayor G. S. Holm es. Maj. P.C.. Councilm an F rancisco Y andoc. elected C ouncilm an H G. Ppham . Maj. P.C.. succeeded C ouncilm an H olm es, October, 1917 Henry M. Bankhead. M aj.. U.S.A.. succeeded V ice M ayor Darrah, Feb. 1917 R. E. Fisher. Maj. U.S.A.. succeeded V ice M ayor Bankhead. July. 1917 John H. N eff. Capt. U.S.A.. succeeded V ice Fisher. October, 1917 A ntonio Costosa, Capt., P C ., succeded C oun­ cilm an pham, M arch. 1918 Chas. D. Dandois. suceeded M avor Williams. June. 1918 A lfred Ballin, Capt. U.S.A.. succeeded V ice M ayor N eff, F ebruary. 1919

[

OCTOBER, 1919 — OCTOBER, 1922

1913

E. W. R eynolds, M ayor Wm. M. Haube, C ouncilm an James F. Quinn, C ouncilm an H. p. W hitm arsh, C ouncilm an M. R. Hilgard, Councilm an C. P. Hatheway su ceeded C ouncilm an Quinn, O ctober, 1909 E. Eckm an succeeded M ayor Reynolds, F e b ­ ruary 3, 1910 Howard C. Page, appointed A ctin g M ayor in the absence o f M ayor Eckman July 15, 1910 Charles E. K ilbourne, appointed tem porary C ouncilm an in the absence o f C ouncilm an H atheway, V ice John R. White, Septem ber

Chas. D. Dandois, M ayor Walter L. Clark, V ice M ayor Clarence H. Bowers, Councilman Pascual Pacis, Councilman Martin Carreon, elected Councilman E. J. Halsema, succeeded M ayor Dandois, F eb­ ruary, 1920 E. F. Taggart, succeeded V ice M ayor Clark, Septem ber, 1921 J. N. Evangelista, succeeded C ouncilm an B o­ wers, October, 1921 Ralph W. Jones, relieved Councilm an Bowers. M arch. 1922 OCTOBER, 1922 — OCTOBER, 1925 E. J. Halsema, M ayor E. F. Taygart, Col., U.S.A. Retired, V ice M ayor Ralph W. Jones, P.C., Councilman Martin Carreon. elected Councilman Henry Knauber, succeeded Councilman Jones. M arch, 1923 Col. C. E. Livingston. P.C., succeeded Coun­ cilm an Knauber, No. 1924 Maj. E. Speth, U.S.A. retired, succeeded Vice M ayor Taggart, June, 1925 OCTOBER,

125 — OCTOBER,

1928

E. J. Halsema, M ayor E. Speth, Maj., U.S.A. retired, Vice M ayor Eugenio Plata, elected Councilman Col. C. E. Livingston, P.C., Councilm an Nicanor Sison, elected Councilman Col. Luther R. Stevens, P.C., succeeded Coun­ cilm an Livingston, 1927 OCTOBER, 1928 — OCTOBER, 1931 E. J. Halsema, M ayor E. Speth. Maj. U.S.A.. retired, Vice M ayor Eugenio Plata, elected Councilman Col. R. A. D uckw orth-Ford, P.C., Councilm an Col. O. M. Johnson. P.C., succeeded C ouncil­ man Ducksw orth-Ford, 1933 OCTOBER,

1931 — OCTOBER, 1934

E. J Halsema, M a y o r Maj. E. Speth. Vice Mayor Col. R. A. Ducksw orth-Ford, P.C., Councilm an Potenciano F. Lamug, elected Councilm an Felipe E. Jose, elected Councilman OCTOBER, 1934 — OCTOBER, 1937 E. J. Halsema, M ayor Maj. E. Speth, V ice M ayor Potenciano Lamug, elected Councilm an Antonio Rimando, elected Councilman Col. O. M. Johnson, P.C., Councilman Sergio Bayan, succeeded M ayor Halsema, May, 1936 Dr. T eodoro C. Arvisu, succeeded Councilm an Johnson, 1936 Sixto Laraya, succeeded C oun cilm an -R im and o, 1936 ^^ OCTOBER, 1937 — OCTOBER, 1940 Sergio Bayan, M ayor E. Speth, V ice M ayor Teodoro Reynoso, elected Councilm an Sixto A. Qaerlan, elected Councilm an Dr. T. C ./A r v is u , appointed Councilm an

170 ] I

THE CITY COUNCIL, 1909-1959 OCTOBER, 1940 TO THE OCCUPATION N. Valderosa, M ayor E. Speth, Vice M ayor Florendo Aquino, Councilm an Dr. T eodoro C. Arvisu. Councilman Mrs. Virginia O. de Guia, succeeded by La ray a MARCH,

1942 — JUNE

9,

Sixto

1944

NT. Valderosa, M ayor Dr. Jose M. Carino, Councilman Dr. B ienvenido R. Yandoc, Councilman Vitaliano A. G orospe, Councilman JUNE 9, 1944 TO

THE

AUGUST 23, 1945— NOVEMBER

29. 1945

Placido L. Mapa, M ayor Lucas Paredes, Vice M ayor Sixto Laraya, Councilman Rufino S. Bueno, Councilm an Virginia O. de Guia, Councilwom an

20.

1946

Pedro Armena, A cting C ity Mayor Virginia O. de Guia, V ice Mayor Juan F. Zarate, C ouncilor M aximino Carantes, C ouncilor Luis L. Lardizabal. C ouncilor JULY 20, 1946 — JULY 30, 1946

1946 — AUGUST

15,

1946

Jose M. Carino, C ity M ayor Virginia Oteyza de Guia. V ice Mayor Juan F. Zarate, C ouncilor M aximino Carantes, C ouncilor Luis L. L ardi7abal, C ouncilor AUGUST

M AYORS

R. M allare — January 14, 1952 to July 9. 1953 Benito H. Lopez — July 10. 1953 to D ecem ber 21 1953 Gil R. M allare — D ecem ber 22, 1952 to January 10, 1954 A lfon so Tabora — January 11, 1954 to D ecem ­ b er 30 1959 B ienvenido Y andoc — January 4, 1960 to F e b ­ ruary, 1960

V.

Virginia O. de Guia. A ctin g City M ayor Luis L. Lardizabal. C oun cilor M aximino Carantes, C ouncilor Juan F. Zarate, C ouncilor 30,

1952

Francisco I. Ortega. A ctin g M ayor. January 3, 152. S ucceeded by Gil R. M allare. Ja n ­ uary 24, 1952 Benito H. Lopez su cceed ed Gil R. M allare as M ayor on July 10, 1953 Virignia O. de Guia, succeeded by Patricio C. Perez, V ice M ayor Benito H. Lopez, C oun cilor Luis L. Lardizabal, C oun cilor Luis C. Castro, su cceed ed by B ien ven id o B. Y andoc. January 31, 1952 CITY

NOVEMBER 29, 1945 — JANUARY 31. 1946

31, 1946 — JULY

3,

Gil

Isidoro Siapno, M ayor Pedro Armena, Vice M ayor Juan F. Zarate. C ouncilor Luis L. Lardizabal, C ouncilor M aximino Carantes, C ouncilor

JULY

JAN U ARY

LIBERATION

Ramon P. Mitra, M ayor Dr. Jose M. Carino, A dviser Dr. Ernesto L. M. A bellera, Councilman Rafael S. Sison, Councilm an Tranquilino Lising, Councilm an Dionisio de Leon, M ilitary Gov. o f N orthern Luzon

JANUARY

JA N U A R Y 6, 1948 — JAN U ARY 3, 1952 Jose M. Cariflo, M ayor; succeeded by Luis P. Torres, A pril 11, 1950 Virginia O. de Guia V ice M ayor; A ctin g M a­ yor, August 15, 1950 Luis L. Lardizabal, C oun cilor Roman A yson, C ouncilor Luis C. Castro, C oun cilor (From January 19, 1948) Gil R. Mallare, A ctin g C ity M ayor, F ebruarv 22, 1951 Francisco I. Ortega. A ctin g City M ayor, A pril 5, 1951

15, 1946 — JULY 4, 1947

Jose M. Carino, M ayor Virginia Oteyza de Guia, Vice Mayor Sixto A. Dom m ondon, C ouncilor Honorio Millora. Councilor T eodoro C. Arvisu, C ouncilor (up to Septem ber 4, 1947)

/

VICE - M AYORS

Oteyza de Guia — Ju ly 4, 1946 to April 18, 1952 Patricio C. Perez — A p ril 19, 1952 to S eptem ­ ber 24. 1952 Carlos R. Lazo — D ecem b er 24, 1953 to Jan­ uary 15, 1954 B. R. Y andoc — January 16, 1954 to 1959 CITY

COUNCILORS

B enito H. Lopez — January 1, 1952 to O ct­ ober, 1959 Luis L. Lardizabal — January I, 1952 to S ept­ em ber 6, 1953 Eugene P. P ucay — D ecem ber 3, 1953 to 19o6 Luis C. Castro — January 17, 1948 to January 24, 1952 B R. Y andoc — January 25, 1952 to S eptem ber 24, 1953 Delfin S. Sian — January 15, 1954 to M ay 23. 1954 F ilom eno B iscocho — January 15. 1954 to 1957 N orberto d e Gunm an — January 1, 1956 to O ctober 30. 1959

JULY 4, 1947 — JAN U ARY 6. 1948 jo s e M. Carino, M ayor Virginia O. de Guia, V ice M ayor Sixto A. Dom m ondon. Councilor Francisco S. Reyes. C ouncilor

[ HI ]

SERGIO BAYAN

JOSE CARISTO

NICASIO VALDEROSSA

LUIS

TORRES

RAMON P. MITRA

GIL R. MALLARE

A GALLERY OF

BIENVENIDO YANDOC [

172 ]

SERGIO rtAYAN June 1, 1937 to Sept. 11, 1939

ISIDRO SIAPNO Nov. 5, 1945 to Dec. 21, 1945

NICASIO VALDEROSSA Oct. 27, 1939 to May 3, 1944

PEDRO ARMENA Dec. 21, 1945 to July 4, 1946

RAMON P. MITRA May 4, 1944 to March 17, 1945

JOSE CARISO July 20, 194-6 to April 8, 1950

PLACIDO MAPA May 23, 1945 to Nov. 4, 1945

LUIS TORRES April 9, 1950 to Feb. 15, 1951

PLACIDO MAPA

FRANCISCO

ORTEGA

ISIDRO SIAPNO

PEDRO ARMENA

BENITO H. LOPEZ

ALFONSO TABORA

FILIPINO MAYORS GIL R. MALLARE F eb. 16, 1951 to April 2, 1951

GIL R. MALLARE Dec. 22. 1953 to Jan. 10. 1954

FRANCISCO ORTEGA April 3, 1951 to Jan. 12, 1952

ALFONSO TABORA Jan. 11, 1954 to Dec. 30, 1959

GIL R. MALLARE Jan. 14, 1952 to July 7, 1953

BIENVENIDO YANDOC Jan. 4, 1960 to Feb., 1960

BENITO H. LOPEZ July 10, 1953 to Dec. 21, 1953

LUIS LARDIZABAL

First elected Mayor March 1, 1960 to the present-

LUIS LARDIZABAL [ 173 ]

A July 4th celebra­ tion In 19tG during the term of Mayor Armena. Shown with him in the grand stand are Mons. J. BUllet, Mrs. V. de Guia; vice mayor and Lt. S. Tooping.

PEDRO

AR M ESA

A stalwart Nacionalista leader, politi­ cian, and businessman was born in Daraga, Legaepi City on September 17, 1900, the only son in the second mar­ riage of Don Jovito Armena and Dna Irene Villanueva, both deceased from Albay province. A self-made man who worked his way up from the grade schools to college, he was a product of the public schools of Daraga, Albay Provincial High School, and the Seminary-College of Naga, Camarines Sur where he graduated and obtained with high honors (Sobresaliente) his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921. To his credit may be cited the fol­ lowing outstanding achievements in va­ rious fields- appointed in 1934 as the first Filipino executive to hold a res­ ponsible position in Erlanger and Galinger, Inc., an American firm; estab­ lished in Baguio in 1937 a business en­ terprise, the “ Pedro Armena Company” , a reputable Filipino firm that competed favorably with foreign business establish­ ments at *he time; became a founder, charter member and ex-director of the Baguio Rotary Club, 1938 to 1939; was founder and Honorary President of Baeuio International Chamber of Commerce, 1945; was founder and President of the then Baguio Citizens League; became chairman of the Nacionalista Party in Baguio-Benguet after liberation; appoint­ ed City Mayor of Baguio as the last City r 174 1

Mayor of the Philippine Commonwealth government and the first City Mayor un­ der the new Philippine Republic; worked for the protection and safety of the lives of the civilians and evacuees in Baguio during the liberation period; aided the underground movement. At present, this crusader for a clean, honest, economical and efficient govern­ ment is the technical assistant to the Chairman of Finance in the Senate, Sen-f ator Gil J. Puvat. As City Mayor of Baguio during those hectic and trying days following a few months after liberation, he showed his unusual executive ability, tact, industry, resourcefulness, honesty and statesman­ like approach to his people, thereby he restored immediately peace and order that enabled the people of Baguio to set­ tle down to work consertedly on the tre­ mendous job for the speedy rehabilita­ tion and reconstruction of war-torn Ba­ guio City. For this accomplishment in his administration, he enjoyed the con­ fidence, love, cooperation and respect of the people o f Baguio, as he carried with him the deep, sincere and everlasting gratitude of his people whom he sincere­ ly and earnestly served to the best of his ability.

I

Members of the City Council of 1948. From I. to r: Dr. Teodoro C. Arvisu, Mrs. Vir­ ginia de Guia; vice mayor, councilmen h o norio Millora and Atty. Sixto Domondon.

DR. JOSE M. CARIn O During his incuinDency as Mayor, he began the move to segregate the Sunrise subdivision exclusively for low-salaried employees of the city. From the time he assumed mayorship the city was then in. the red, and lack of money prevent­ ed the completion of a majority of the projects which he intended to rehabili­ tate and construct. However, among his outstanding accomplishments are, namely the construction of the new city audito­ rium; completion of §to. Tomas Water­ works; the building of the new City Hall which was then only inaugurated by his successor Mayor Torres; procure­ ment of a loan for six buildings in the market; rehabilitation and opening of Asin Hot Springs; construction of Old Baguio Central and Campo Filipino Schools; rehabilitation of Sto. Tomas Rest House and the Rizal Memorial Health Center. He was appointed by the late Pres­ ident Roxas to be Baguio’s mayor under the Republic of the Philippines enjoy­ ing its early years of independence. With a strong determination to prove his true worth as a public official, he carried on and executed his duties and responsibi­ lities with zeal and commendable con­ scientiousness. It was he who first put into action the wheels of rehabilitation in the Pines City. He assumed office from July 30, 1946 to \pril 11, 1950. Beirnr a product of tnp iirst Amer

ican School in Baguio and the Philip­ pine Normal School in 1911, his thirst for knowledge was further quenched when he took a medical course in the College of Medicine University of the Philippines. Due to his failing health, however, he had to stop his studies. As soon as hfs health permitted, he went abroad in February, 1914 to continue his medical studies. Much to his satisfaction he was awarded a M.D. degree and for one year served as resident physician in the Pittsburgh General Hospital. U.S. Upon his arrival in the Philippines in 1919, he took the board examination and passed it. From 1919 to 1920 he worked as re­ sident physician of the Baguio General Hospital followed by a position as Health Officer for the sub-province of Benguet. But the crowning glory of his career came when he was elected delegate to the Philippine Constitutional Convention in 1934. From 1935 to 1941 he engaged in business and the practice of his pro­ fession. Dr. Jose 'M. Carino was born in Ba­ guio on January 25, 1892 as the son of Maria Bayo^a Ortega and Don Mateo Ca­ rino, a prominent and influencial ex-“ cabeciila” and headman of the community under the Spanish regime. He is married to the former Juana Cortes, a former nurse who bore him three children, Grreiana, Jose and Leandro.

I

175 1

GIL R. MALLARE Former Mayor Mallare joined the government in 1923, as Assistant Civil Engineer of the Bureau of Public Works in Tarlac. Subsequently, he was assigned as District Engineer of Palawan, Antique, Abra, Ilocos Norte, Albay-Catanduanes and Iloilo during the intervening years up to 1937. From July 16, 1937, up to the landing of the Japanese on A pril 16, 1942, in Panay, he served as an exofficio City Engineer o f Iloilo City. He held the position o f Acting Mayors o f Iloilo City fo r about six months in 1940.

He continued holding his position un­ til June 28, 1948. From January 20, 1950, to December 31, 1950, he served as Supervising Engineer of the Bureau of Public Works in Manila, and from January 1, 1951, until his designation as Acting City Mayor of Baguio on February 16, 1951, he was Construction and Maintenance Engineer under the reorganized Highway division of the B.P.W. As City Mayor of Baguio, he did his best in eliminating unnecessary expenses as a measure of pulling the City out of the red, overhauled the personnel in the City Hall. His keynote then was auste­ rity.

Mayor Luis P. Torres with Pres. Elpidio Quirino during the inauguration of the new City Hall. In the group are some government officials and employees. [ 176 ]

I I )

Seated coun­ terclockwise: Ci­ ty Treasurer D. Cabali, Patricio Perez, Isaac *Mzon, Mayor Be­ nito H. Lopez, City Secretary Norberto de Guz­ man, and Dr. Bienvenido Yan­ doc.

As Acting Mayor of Baguio, July 15, 1953 to Dec. 22, 1953, thsse are some of his outstanding accomplishments. Opening of the public market walls, start of construction of new Baguio City High School building, salary increases of P5 and P10 to more than 800 govern­ mental empolyees and laborers (the first increases in a quarter of a century), implimentation of National Teacher’s Sala­ ry Act, payment of salary differentials of teachers in the city; Construction of four health centers in Aurora Hill, Campo Filipino, City Camp, Pacdal, repairs of all government bunkhouses, construction of Baguio Athletic Stadium and grandstand, responsible for securing of Regional Health training, center for Baguio; First Mayor to get P100.000 national aid since liberation, groundwork and planning for conversion o f Loakan air­ port into an international airport by Clark Field officials as early as July and August, 1953; Sacrificed so much personally and Lcpez Poultry Farm was abandoned for public service. Lopez said, “I cannot serve two masters at the same time. My masters are the people.” He won the Bus­ iness Writers’ Association of the Philip­ pines award to his farm as “ The Poultry Farm of the year 1953.” He said he stopped farm operations when he was appointed Mayor in July, 1953. An appraisal from Isaac Dizon, admi­ nistrative officer of the Mayor’s office who has worked with 17 mayors before

and after the war: “ No Mayor has done so much for Baguio in such a short space of time as Mayor Lopez did.” City Councilor : Implementation o f the minimum Wage Law for government em­ ployees and laborers, improvement of Roads, including City Camp roads, cons­ truction of playground center at Aurora Hill, repair of Lucban elementary school and Loakan elementary school, construc­ tion Aurora Hill elementary school play­ ground Sponsored some 153 constructive resolutions during his term from Jan. 1, 1952 to July 15, 1953. Promotion of tourism in Baguio. And lastly, acted as a constructive member of the city council of' Baguio. Born in Jaro, Iloilo on August 20, 1908, he is married to the former A zucena Perfecto. A dynamic leader to rec­ kon with both in business and public administration, he majored in economics and business as an alumnus of the Jose Rizal College, class 1926 and the Univer­ sity of Michigan, U.S.A., class 1930. A lover o f music, a sportsman and versatile businessman, he held several important po­ sitions in several organizations: presid­ ent, Laong-Laan Tennis Club from 19371941; president, Philippine Society fo r Chamber music, 1936 to 1941; president Lopez Enterprises Co., 1936 to 1941, vicepresident, University of Michigan Alum­ ni Association, 8th District from 1948 to 1951; president of the University of Mi­ chigan Club of the Philippines for se­ veral years.

[ 177 ]

Seated clockw ise: Atty. Delfin Stan, Eugene Pucay, B e­ nito H. Lopez, Atty. Norberto de Guzman, M ayor A lfonso Tabo r a. Isaac Dlzon, Dr. Bienvenido Y an­ doc, Atty. Fllom eno Biscocho. and City Treasurer Dom ingo Cabali.

First StSSion OF t h i »A&ujoeirrceuncrL WITH CDUWllO F-Bis«oc«o-ioi»o*m.

BAl-ANOA

8 A«UIP

MAYOR ALFONSO TABORA When the achievements of the city mayors of Baguio for the first, ten years after the liberation are assessed. Mayor Alfonso Tabora would easily stand out as the “ Father of Baguio Rehabilitation.” Mayor Tabora assumed the office of chief city executive on January 11, 1954, at a time when a new national adminis­ tration headed by President Ramon Magsaysay took over from the Liberal Party. The City of Baguio was “ broke” at the time. The city coffer was emotv. If Mayor Tabora deserves being called the “ Father of Baguio Rehabilitation,” two outstanding achievements of his ad­ ministration should justify this distinc­ tion accorded to him. First, he had con­ ceived the idea of drilling artesian wells in Baguio in line with his d-eam of solv­ ing the perennial water proolem of the summer capital once and tor all. The artesian well idea of Mayor Tabora ap­ peared to have “ clicked” and even Pre­ sident Magsaysay, who believed in the drilling of more artesian well in the country solidly was happy to know that artesian wells in the Burnham Park had bejn successfully dirlled. For the first time, Baguio had a “ flowing” ariec,lan well right in the Burham Park. It was also upon Mayor Tabora’s insistence and determination that tke new Irisan water project was constructed, thus bolstering [ 178 ]

considerably the water supply of Baguio during the summer months. Little was known of the fact before that water could be the key to Baguio rehabilitation. Many property owners in Baguio had been hesitant to put up homes on their lots due to the inade­ quacy of water supply in the city. But when it became known to these property owners that supreme efforts were being exerted by the city to solve its water problem, the private lot owners changed their mind and started a building cons­ truction boom, the likeness of which had never been witneseed before. The second achievement of Mayor Ta­ bora’s administration was the stern po­ licy squatters or the makeshift cons­ tructions in the city. The city council enacted City Ordinance No. 195, which considered temporary or makeshift struc­ tures in certain commercial and business sections as “ fire hazards.” A deadline for the demolition o f such fire hazards was set on December 31, 1954, and the city stood pat on it. When it became apparent that no ammount of compromise could move the city to moving its deadline, the make­ shift constructions, particularly along the Session Road were demolished one after another, and in their place were cons­ tructed permanent structures, which had changed considerably the city’s skyline.

A session of the all-elected mem­ ber* of the City Council with Ma­ yor B. Yandoc, last mayor to serve Baruio un­ der it* old char­ ter.

Mayor Tabora was bor_j on November 24, 1900, in Santo T om a sT ^ ' Union. A f­ ter finishing his elementary studies, he enrolled in the National Univeristy, Ma­ nila, where he finished his high school and obtained his Bachelor of Laws de­ gree. He was a working college student, having served as a reporter in the Ma­ nila Daily Bulletin h » i l a t e r on in the Philipwjyiis Herald. ForSl*-s time after -d^^ffluation, he served as secretary to the rector of Ateneo de Manila. He was later appointed as Justice of the Peace for Bacnotan, San Juan and San Gabriel in 1926 and served in this position before the outbreak of the Pa­ cific W ar in 1941. He then went into tb^w -m an\??ss^uring business ni Da* mortis, La Union. Mayor Tabora is married to the former Gerarda Laurel Gonzales, daughter of General Nicolas Gonzales, who served three times as Governor of Batangas. With his wife, he has seven children.

DR. BIENVENIDO R. YANDOC Last Mayor to serve Baguio under its Old Charter

Yandoc as vice mayor is the seventh vice mayor since Baguio became a char­ tered city in 1909. He is not new at city hall as he was an appointive city councilor under the Liberal administra­ tion in January, 1952 until he resigned in Sept. 1953 to campaign openly for the NP-DP coalition ticket. His late father, Don Francisco Yandoc served as an elective city councilor from

1916 to 1919. Dr. Yandoc then was a student in the Baguio Elementary School_^^-< and at the same time helping his_ ja61 ther run the hotel bearing the family name. He finished his secondary course at the Pampanga High School. One of the successful professionals in the City, as a dentist is considered high­ ly in this profession, which accounts for his having been elected four times pre­ sident of the Baguio Dental Association. He is also an active lefeer in civic organizations. As Roiarian and past pre­ sident of the Baguio Rotary Club, Dr. Yandoc represented this International or­ ganization in 1951 as Baguio delegate. He was designated conference secretary of the 11th Annual District Conference of Rotarians all over the Philippines which was held in Baguio. Ex-mayor Yandoc who was born in Tarlac, Tarlac served for sometime as Baguio Mayor upon the retirement o f Alfonzo Tabora on Dec. 31, 1959. He took his oath of office before Judge Jesus de Veyra in Dec. 31, 1959. His adminis­ tration was short but memorable. Mayor Tabora was born on November 24, 1900, in Santo Tomas, La Union. A f­ ter finishing his elementary studies, he enrolled in the National Univeristy, Menila, where he finished his high schooi and obtained his Bachelor of Laws de­ gree. He was a working college student, having served as a reporter in the Ma­ nila Daily Bulletin and later on in the Philippines Herald. For a time after graduation, he served as secretary to the rector of Ateneo de Manila. [ 179 ]

Baguio’s First All

ATTY. LUIS LARDIZABAL Firs* Elective City Mayor of Baguio

Atty. Luis Lardizabal, Baguio’s first elected Mayor was born on June 21, 1914, the son of Rafael Lardizabal and Petra Lasmarias, poor farmers of Tagudin, Uocos Sur. After completing his se­ condary education at the National Uni­ versity in 1£31, he took up law in the University of the Philippines and grad­ uated in 1937. He successfully passed the bar the same year and since then has been in active law practice. An indefatigable worker, he acted as legal counsel for the first Baguio Labor Federation, the M.P. Tranco Labor Un­ ion, and labor unions in Antamok Goldfield and Demonstration Gold Mine. In the political field, his achievements are outstanding to say the least. His re­ cord reveals the following: 1946, ap­ pointed City Councilor of Baguio: 1947,

[

180

,

]

JOSE S. FLORENDO

was elected as City Councilor with an overwhelming majority; 1951 was reelect­ ed as City Councilor; 1953 ran as can­ didate for representative in the second district of the Mt. Province; 1959 was elected the first elective Baguio Mayor. As a mere councilor, he did his utmost for community development. The welfare of the working masses was his first concern. Now as the City’s Chief Executive he has pledged to solve and give priority of attention. J a ^ h e various problems that the City is beset such as public works projects, sanitation problems like sewe­ rage and garbage collection, unemploy­ ment, the water and lighting system, market fee reduction and others. True to his civic aims, he had been at one time or another president or member of va^tffs civic and social or­ ganizations and clubs in the *pit^^ike the Lion’s Club, the Baguio Lawyj'r?’' League and the Rotary Club of Baguio. He is married to the former Crescencia V. Valdez.

NORBERTO DE GUZMAN , Vice M a y o ^ ■.

Born in Bauang, La Union on Sept-N ember 8, 1910. Resident of Baguio since 1945. Finish­ ed elementary schooling in Bauang Ele­ mentary School, Bauang La Union, and Government Center School in Baguio Ci-

ATTY. B. C. RILLERA

FRANCISCO MAYO

-Elective City Council ty. Finished secondary schooling at La Union High School. Obtained Bachelor of Laws degree at the National Law School of the University of Manila. Pass­ ed the Bar Examination in 1938. Lawyer and Government Official. Worked with the Division of Investi­ gation, Department of Justice, 1937-1939; Justice of the Peace for Itogon, Tuba, and Tublay in 1946, City Secretary of Baguio, 1947-1954; City Councilor of Ba­ guio City, 1955-1959. Practising lawyer. Married to Teodora Fenix who was born in Manila. She is a housewife. They have seven children: Delia, Daisy, Cyn­ thia, Norberto, Jr., Leilani, Jennifer and Teddy.

ATTY. NORBERTO DE GUZMAN Vice Mayor

JOSE S. FLORENDO Councilor Born in San Fernando, La Union on April 19, 1925. Resident of Baguio since 1925. Finish­ ed elementary schooling at Government Center School, Baguio. Finished second­ ary schooling at Baguio City High School. Obtained Associate in Arts and Bachelor of Arts degrees at Baguio Colleges. Newspaperman. Worked as laborer, PCAU Unit 7, 1945; clerk, Resurrecion and Astudillo Law Offices, 1946; clerk, office of the City Mayor, Baguio City, 1949; Baguio cor­ respondent, Manila Daily Bulletin, 19501959; confidential secretary, City Coun­ cil, Baguio City, 1952-1955; public re-

iations officer, Baguio City, 1953; civilian public information officer, John Hay Air Base, 1957-1958. Vice President, Baguio Press Club; Member, National Press Club of the Phi­ lippines. Married to Nieves Peralta of Balaoan, La Union. She is a housewife. They have one child: Pedro.

BENJAMIN C. RILLERA Councilor Born in Naguilian La Union on Oct­ ober 4, 1926. Resident of Baguio since 1934. Finished elementary schooling in Gusing Elemen­ tary School, Naguilian, La Union. Finish-

[ 181 ATTY. G. FLORESCA

ATTY. B. YARANON

EUGENE PUCAY

ed secondary schooling at Baguio Col­ leges. Obtained Associate in Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees at Baguio Colleges. Passed the Bar Examination in 1954. Practising lawyer. Worked as custodian of the Vice Pre­ sident’s summer home in Baguio, public school teacher, Baguio correspondent of the Manila Chronicle, manager of the Baguio bureau of the Manila Chronicle, assistant circulation manager of the Ma­ nila Chronicle, news editor of the Ba­ guio Midland Courier, and editor o f the Mountaineer. Member of the Baguio Press Club, Ba­ guio Lawyers Association and the Fede­ ration of Parent-Teacher Associations in Baguio. Married to Nenita Molintas of Baguio. She is engaged in business. They have seven children: Louella, MacArthur, Ben­ jamin, Jr., Elizabeth, Ruth. Daniel and Rogelio.

FRANCISCO MAYO Councilor Born in Naguilian, La Union on Oct­ ober 7, 1907. Resident of Baguio since 1922. Finish­ ed elementary schooling at St. Louis College (Campo Filipino). Finished se­ condary schooling at St. Louis (Campo Filipino). Obtained Bachelor of science in Education degree at the University of Santo Tomas. High School teacher since 1933. Member, Knights of Columbus; mem­ ber, Holy Name Society; Member, Adoracion Nuctorna, Baguio. Married to Valeriana C. Alabanza of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. She is a housewife. They have eleven children: Joseph, Liberato, Gloria, Floro, Alberto, Jaime, Erlinda, Andrew, Remedios and Ramon.

BRAULIO YARANON Councilor Born in Aringay, La Union on April 17, 1927. Resident of Baguio since 1953. Finish­ ed elementary schooling in Agoo, La Union. Finished secondary schooling at La Union High School. Obtained Asso­ [ 182 1

ciate in Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of the Philippines. Pass­ ed the Bar Examination in 1952. Lawyer. Public Relations Officer, Office of the City Mayor. City Secretary, Baguio. Member, Baguic-Benguet Council, Boy Scouts of the Philippines. Married to Lilia Guirnalda of San Juan, La Union. She is a former school tea­ cher. They have five children: Raul, Jt., Einstein, Agaton, Roland and Brenda.

G. BERT FLORESCA Councilor Born in Naguilian, La Union on Feb­ ruary 14, 1927. Resident of Baguio since 1927. Finish­ ed elementary schooling in Government Center School, Baguio City. Finished se­ condary schooling at Baguio City High School. Obtained Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at Baguio Colleges. Passed the Bar Examination in 1957. Newspaperman and practising lawyer. Worked as laborer and janitor. Tele­ phone operator at Camp John Hay. Work­ ed as correspondent of the Manila Daily Bulletin, Philippine Herald and Philip­ pine News Service. Staff member of the Philippines Herald in Manila. News edi­ tor of Baguio Midland Courier and cor­ respondent of the Manila Chronicle. In­ structor in the College of Business Ad­ ministration, Baguio Colleges. Practising Lawyer. President, Baguio Press Club; Member, National Press Club of the Philippines; Member, Provincial Press Association of the Philippines; Chairman, Baguio Tour­ ist Publicity Board; P a s t President, Toastmaster Club of Baguio; Vice Pres­ ident, Y ’s Men's Club of Baguio; Execu­ tive Vice President, Eaguio JayCees; Ex­ ecutive Secretary, Baguio Hotels and Restaurants Association; Member, Lions Club of Baguio; Secretary, Northern Lu­ zon Association for the Blind; Member, Philippine Mental Health Association; Member, Baguio General Hospital Advi­ sory Board; Member, Baguio-Benguet Council, Boy Scouts of the Philippines; Member, Apaches; Member, Baguio Law­ yers League; PRO, Aurora Hill ParentTeachers Association.

BAGUIO, A TOURIST SPOT The City of Baguio has a population of 50,321 as per census of 1960, as against 35,177 in 1948. This popula­ tion comes from a total number of 9,555 families re­ siding in the city. There are 5,614 buildings in Baguio, including 422 barong-barongs or squatters homes, which pose a problem to city beautification. The new city officials, who took over the reins of the government in January, 1960, are by and large tou­ rism-minded. For one thing, three of the members of the city council are active news­ papermen, who are sold to the tourist industry. These city councilors a re: Jose S. Florendo, correspon­ dent of the Manila Daily Bulletin; Atty. Gaudencio N. Floresca, correspondent; Manila Chronicle and news editor of the Baguio Midland Courier; and Atty. Benjam­ in C. Rillera, columnist of a local weekly and former correspondent of the Manila Chronicle.

' With such composition of membership, the city coun­ cil, headed by Vice Mayor Norborto F. de Guzman, who is himself a rabid enthusiast on tourism, has taken a fresh approach on the industry, which, properly developed, would mean a lot of econo­ mic lift to the poor finances of the city. Already, the city council is seriously considering the creation of a department of tourism, which will absorb the department of parks and gardens so as to coordinate the work of the two agen­ cies. In the executive level, the

BAGUIO, A TOURIST SPOT The City of Baguio has a population of 50,321 as per census o f 1960, as against 35,177 in 1948. This popula­ tion comes from a total number of 9,555 families re­ siding in the city. There are 5,614 buildings in Baguio, including 422 barong-barongs or squatters homes, which pose a problem to city beautification. The new city officials, who took over the reins of the government in January, 1960, are by and large tou­ rism-minded. For one thing, three o f the members of the city council are active news­ papermen, who are sold to the tourist industry. These city councilors a re: Jose S. Florendo, correspon­ dent of the Manila Daily Bulletin ; Atty. Gaudencio N. Floresca, correspondent; Manila Chronicle and news editor of the Baguio Midland Courier ; and Atty. Benjam­ in C. Rillera, columnist of a local weekly and former correspondent of the Manila Chronicle.

With such composition of membership, the city coun­ cil, headed by Vice Mayor Norberto F. de Guzman, who is himself a rabid enthusiast on tourism, has taken a fresh approach on the industry, which, properly developed, would mean a lot of econo­ mic lift to the poor finances of the city. Already, the city council is seriously considering the creation of a department of tourism, which will absorb the department of parks and gardens so as to coordinate the work of the two agen­ cies. In the executive level, the

[ 183 J

PARTIAL PANORAMIC V IEW OF BAGUIO TODAY

future of tourism is also bright. Mayor Luis L. Lardizabal has taken positive steps to develop tourism in real earnest by including an item in the proposed city budget for the fiscal year, 1960-51, carrying an outlay of P6 ,000 for the purpose. Under Mayor Lardizabal’s Bridge at Camp One House is the pool of Wright Park. Mansion House was built for the American Governors-General and was turned over to the Philippine government upon inauguration of the Commonwealth. The President occupies the Guest House when he or members of his family are in Baguio. One can enter the grounds of Mansion House by securing permission from the Presidential Guards on duty. The Baguio Zoological anti Botanical Gardens— the latest o f tourist attractions in this City is the Baguio Zoological and Botanical Gardens. It is located at Forbes Park and is accessible via the Leonard Wood Road. It is adjoining Teachers’ Camp. It was originally conceived Bridal Vetl Falls program, which he called at its “ initial stage” , the po tentialities of Baguio as a tourist spot will be given national and international publicity build-up through recognized news and advert­ ising agencies. The local press has also been invited by the city mayor to contribute its share in giving appropriate publicity of Baguio in the national scale. The second edition of the “ Baguio Guide” listed the following places of interest: Mt. Mirador—This hill on

mmm

the west side of the city houses the Grotto of Lourdes. One has to ascend 225 concrete steps to the Grotto. Mirador has a winding road to the top where the Jesuit Observatory and St. Bellarmine College are located. Baguio Country Club — A prjvate club open only to members and guests, this estate within the city has a beautiful 18-hole golf course, tennis courts, a comfortable club house, guest rooms cottages and flower gardens. It boasts of a recreational hall with bowling alleys, pool tables, library and reading room. Mansion House — This is the official home of the Pre sident of the Philippines in Baguio. In front of Mansion Zig-zag Road

Mount Santo Tomas— Al­ most the same distance as the Asin Hot Springs, eleven ki­ lometers to the peak’s base by motor road, and three ki­ lometers to the peak by an easily passable trail, is this mountain west of Baguio ris­ ing 7,500 feet above sea le­ vel. From the top may be viewed the most magnificent sunrise and sunsets. On a clear day, one can see the Central Plains o f Luzon and the Chi­ na Sea. It is cold at the peak. Bring your thick blankets if you want to sleep there. There is no rest house and no

City Hall House by securing permis­ zoo. A delightful place foi Xafiy of Lourdes sion from the Presidential children, it is a must for all. Guards on duty. Ambuklao Dam— This latest The Baguio Zoological and addition to the wonderland Botanical Gardens— the latest beyond Baguio can be reacho f tourist attractions in this from the city down a 36-ki­ City is the Baguio Zoological lometer scenic highway. Now and Botanical Gardens. It is known as the Philippines’ located at Forbes Park and is largest hydroelectric project, accessible via the Leonard Ambuklao Dam promises to Wood Road. It is adjoining be one of the most attractive Teachers’ Camp. resorts in the Orient when its It was originally conceived tourist possibilities shall have on March 12, 1951 but it was been fully developed. the City Administration unDominican Hill— This hill de-.- Mayor Alfonso Tabora commands a good view of which brought this plan into Lingayen Gulf, the Ilocos realization. It is stocked with coastline, the China Sea to animals and different birds the west, and the central part all of which are donated. The of the City of Baguio to the latest to be donated is the east. The Dominican Fathers pet deer of the Late Presi­ use it as a rest center and se­ dent Magsaysay. Deers, mon­ minary. This hill is about 10 keys, eagles, different kinds minutes ride from the Mar­ place to buy food, however. of other animals, including a ket Plaza. Trinidad valley and Ambubear, and birds inhabit the Session Road rayan valley— A 10-minute ride to the north of the city lies the Trinidad Valley unvariably referred to as “ a ve­ getable paradise” , or “ Salad Bowl of the Philippines,” where truck farming is done on a large scale. Just beyond is the bowl of the Amburayan Valley nothward from Camp Holmes, from where one may catch a glimpse ol

rice terraces. At Trinidad Valley, you can buy fresh vegetables,1 flowers and strawberries. The Mountain National Agricul­ tural College is located in Trinidad. Philippine Military Acade­ my—A 15-minute ride from the city, this is the Repu­ blic’s Military Academy and the leading military institu­ Mansion House tion in the Orient. The Mili­ gets the “ feel” o f native life, Camp Henry T. Allen— tary Academy occupies 373 with its unique customs and hectares of hilly area in Dei The seat o f the old Philip pines Constabulary Academy, traditions. Mt. Mirador Halsema Road is the gate­ the camp now houses the o f­ ficers and men of the Phil­ way to Lepanto, the home of ippine Military Academy. It the famous hand-woven Le­ panto fabrics, Bontoc, the squats atop a promotory overlooking the business cen­ picturesque capital of Moun­ tain Province and the famous ter of Baguio. It has nice tennis courts and an officers’ rice terraces at Banaue, Ifugao, about 150 kilometers clubhouse. north of Baguio. Mines W i e w Park— This Teachers Camp— This camp promontory Jutting out from belongs to the Department eastern edge of Baguio af­ of Education. It was ori­ fords a breath-taking view of ginally used as a vacation the mining district of Itogon. camp for early American This place is about four ki teachers in need of a change lometers -from the heart of from the lowland climaie. the city. The Halsema Road— For. Asin Hot Springs— Fifteen the tourists, the City of Bax kilometers away from the ci­ guio is but a spring board to ty, a short 20-minute ride, the wonderland further north. are hot springs piped into a You can take the Halsema; bath house and swimming Road (formerly called Moun-; pool. You can have your bath tain Trail) one of the most picturesque mountain high­ Pilar Heights, Loakan, sit­ ways in the world, which will uated about seven kilometers from the city. In sharp con­ lead you to native villages trasts with the nr.tive huts, and rice terraces. Here one Teachers’ Camp and the semi-permanent buildings found in the vici­ nity, the academy building offers an interesting picture against the evergreen of the hillside and the beautiful Benguet skyline. One unique spectacle offered is the weekly Sunday evening pa­ rade of the cadets during alternate Sundays at Del P i­ lar Heights and Burnham Park.

Mines View Tarts

^sin Hot Springs

Crystal Cave— A veritable mecca for hikers, the first cave is a “ Must” . It is not advisable to visit the second cave which is often filled with w a'sr and mud. A scant

Burnham Park

siting the cave, use rubber soled or rubber-heeled shoes, Bring flashlights or pine “ saleng” and matches. Food mav be purchased at the

two kilometers from the city via the Santo Tomas Road, the trail to the cave itself offers wonderful opportune nearby Crystal tics for picnics, horseback tauis t ­ riding- and hiking. When vi-

Tavern

res-

SOME BAGUIO BEAUTIES

Miss Liberation

Miss Bagiou of 1949

The former Miss Muriel Pucay, a na­ tive of Benguet, Mt. Province, who was crowned Miss Libe-. ration in connection with the liberation festival of Baguio, April 25-28, 1946.

The form er Miss Milagros Lacson, Miss Baguio of 1949, in a beauty poll of the 1949 Baguio Carnival and Exposition.

Miss Guila, Miss Baguio of 1958. Her candidacy was spon­ sored by the Pacdal residents for the Ba­ guio Red Cross Chap­ ter. She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Segundo Guila. Mr. Guila is the care­ taker of the Mansion House.

Miss Baguio of 1959

The form er Mis* Evangeline de Cas­ tro, Miss Philippines for 1947, In a nation­ w ide beauty poll conducted by the Philippine Air Lines, Inc.

Miss Rosalinda Biscocho MISS BAGUIO, 1959 She is the daughter of ex-councilor and Mrs. Filomeno Biscocho. Miss Philippines

Miss Baguio of 1958

I 189 ]

AURORA ARAGON QUEZON A woman whose memory will always be enshrined in the hearts of Baguoi residents is the late Mrs. Aurora A. uezon. During her lifetime, she unselfishly gave of herself immaterial as well as material contributions to everything that will uplift progress in the city be it moral, spiritual, or social. The grotto of Lourdes at Burnham Park which is a Quezon property has become one of Baguio’s main attractions to tourists and vacationists. Mrs. Quezon was born in Baler, Quezon (formerly Tayabas province); the daughter of Pedro Aragon and Zenaida Molina. Worthy of mention is her marriage to the AURORA A. QUEZON late President and national hero, Manyel L.Quezon. A graduate of the Phtfipp,:nd Normal School, Manila.

FERNANDA VALDERAMA EVANGELISTA Prop., Zig-zag Hotel & Apartment

Born in Mabini, Pangasinan, she is the daughter of Guillermo Valderamma and Magda>ena Braganza. After gra­ duating from the Phil. General Hospital School of Nursing, she devoted two years to the practice of her profession in the same school. She later married Major Jose N. Evangelista. For four years she engaged in private nursing in Cebu where her husband was stationed. However, her husband’s promo­ tion to the position o f Commandai/t of Cadets of the former Phil. Constabulary, brought them to Baguio way back in 1918. in 1928, she ventured in business as managing partner Mrs. F. B. Evangelista c f the Zig-Zag Hotel at the same time managing several houses owned by prominent Manilenos and She became the president of the CWI the summer U.P. mess. for two terms and represented the Mt. Liberation meant to her new life and Province in Rome during the Lay Aposto­ fresh hopes. After a short time, the Ziglic World Organization, an international Zag Apartment and other buildings along affair. Kayang and Abanao Sts. were rehabilitat­ ed and remodeled.

Mrs. GORGONIA ROMERO VDA. DE LADINES Born on December 9, 1891 in Binalonan, team which reaped honors in the eastern towns of Pangasinan. In 1918, however, Pangasinan; graduated from the Lingashe left the teaching profession and join­ yen High School in 1911. A fter gradua­ ed her husband in Bontoc who was then tion she taught in the Binalonan Elemen­ the Provincial Warden of the Bilibid Pri­ tary School. It was while teaching that sons. she coached the Binalonan basket-ball Together with her three children, 2 girls and one boy, Mrs. G. R. Ladines she returned to Binalonan and started as a merchant. In 1929, she became a rice dealer in Baguio in which she is stilled engaged at present. She was one time president of the Binalonan Woman’s Club; treasurer of the Binalonan Circle Association: member o f the Board of Directors of the Baguio Catholic Women’s League, member, of Board of advisers of the B. Hospital, and the Putiokan Woman’s Club, and one of the organizers of the Mutual Welfare Asso., Aurora Hill o f which she was elected president in 1945.

\°P

TEODORA

C A R ISO

C A O IL E

Owner, Pines Park Sub-Division

Teodora C. Caoile of the well-known Carino family in Baguio was born in 1901, a red-letter year in the history of Baguio for it was then that the American Cavalry com­ posed of Negroes arrived in the city. She is the daughter of the late Sioco Carino, first Township president of Baguio and sister of former Mayor Carino o f the city. A product of the Mountain Province High School where she finished first year in 1917, she taught at Tuba Elementary School for two years until her resignation when she got married and etablished a meat store in the Baguio Market which TEODORA C. CAOILE sb» managed for three years. She then engaged in live­ stock business and managed the Crystal real estate enterprise known as the Pines Cave Dairy Farm until the outbreak of Park Sub-Division composed of more the last war. The war years did not than seven hectares of land. True to dissuade her from engaging in livestock the Carino tradition, she is always on buy and sell and helping the underground the go to help effect community progmovement. After the war she devoted ress. her time to farming in La Trinidad and She is married to Manuel Caoi.c of managing her father’s ranch in Ansa- La Trinidad with whom she has em lgan. At present she jwns and heads a dren.

MRS. VIRGINIA OTEYZADE GUIA Woman Civic Leader Baguio’s contribution to the country’s leadership is a dy­ namic bundle of feminine pulchritude endowed with unusual talents in practically all lines o f activity represented by Mrs. Virginia Oteyza-de Guia. A brilliant student in her college days, a proven civic leader in her maturer years, and a sea­ soned government official, Mrs. De Guia showed her mettle when she was Baguio’s First Woman Vice-Mayor way back in 1950. She was instrumental in the creation o f the Parks & Recreation Commission, intended to supervise recreation among youth. She was also a tireless worker for the preser­ vation of Igorot culture, towards which project she was able Mrs. V. O. De Guia to put up the beginnings of the museum. Mrs. De Guia is married to Mr. Victor tennis champion in 1935. de Guia, an engineer by profession, whose Professionally, she was a Fellow o f the hobby of Scouting has brought him in United Nations in Corrynunity Organ­ contact with the youth of the world. She ization in the United States and Canada, holds the degrees of Bachelor o f Philo­ and was at one time Professorial sophy, Bachelor of Laws, Master of Arts Lecturer at the U.P. Clark Airbase (in Public Administration) from the Branch, where she held her own with University of the Philippines. While in American officers and armed forces college, she was adjudged the “ best dra­ personnel. Together with {inother Baguio matic find of the year (1935)” , the U.P. booster, Atty. Benjamin Salvosa, she Model Coed (during the observance of barnstormed the country ° n a debating National Girl’s Week in 1938), as well project, which they took w'th honors and as earning the title of Intercollegiate credit.

. Keyes He is married to Oping Reyes with whom he has a son.

MR. ESTEBAN BANGAAN Principal, Easter School

School he owes his primary and interme­ Mr. Bangaan has spent the best years diate schooling and to the Mt. Province of his life as a teacher. He was born in High School his secondary education. Be­ Besao, Mt. Province and chose for his cause o f the demand for competent native life’s partner a teacher too, by profession, teachers, he was given a teaching job im­ the former Nancv Alinos. To Besao Elem. mediately unon graduation t r nvn the high school. He was a member of the teaching force of Mankayan Central School from 1932 to 1935. then of Adaoay Barrio School from 1935 to 1937 and o f Carao Barrio School from 1937 to 1938. It was in Easter School that he devoted a lion’s share of his teaching experiences specifically from 1935 to 1956 inclusive. He is still principal of this school and as such he hopes to help his people towards better and happier living. Mr. Bangaan is an alumnus of Baguio Tech where he obtained an Elementary Teacher’s Certificate in 1954. He is the father of two children. Esteban bangaan

BENGUET

MARIANO DE LOS REYES, JR. Secretary-Treasurer “ As secretary of the said Union, he is always guided by common sense and good public relations. Always accomo­ dating. he has the best interest of the organization at heart. He holds the key to the Union’s assets and .liabilities Perhaps, Mr. de los Reyes’ fondness for the working mass is partly due to his having been born in Baguio and to his constant association with the workers. He aspires to help the working masses attain living wage and make savings es­ sential to contentment and happiness. What he has to say: Unionism demands responsible leadership. Being with an equal number of dependents is no joke.”

BALATOC

Labor disputes often grace the front page of newspapers. While some by standers regard the news with deep concern, others consider them with a passing in­ terest and a few look at them with sar­ casm. Whatever the outsiders opinion is, a lot is at stake when disputes between labor and management occur. On the side o f labor, Unions take up the cudgel for the working class. It is, therefore, a must that labor leaders be men of wis­ dom— wisdom propelled to the right chan­ nels. The Benguet Balatoc Workers Un­ ion provides a model. At the helm of this organization are men with guts and strong attachments to labor, guided by the highest ideals and principles. In recognition of outstanding achieve­ ments in the field o f Labor-management Relations, the Benguet Balatoc Workers Union has been awarded a certificate of merit recommended by the Labor Repor­ ters of the Philippines during the LaborManagement Cooperation conference held in Manila, September 17-23, 1956.

MOISES SORIANO “ Competent labor leader and prominent oldtimer in Balatoc, who is ever willing to cooperate for the uplift of the labor­ ing class. Undaunted by hard work, ho­ nest and dependable.”

Some officers of the Union with gome high government labor officials.

AN TO N IO A L A B A N Z A Local Businessman

In any kind of endeavor, one succeeds if he tries his best’. With this as his guiding philosophy, Antonio C. Alabanza set out to pursue a business career. First he put up a photograph studio in Campo Filipino which he named Far Eastern Studio which he managed from 1934 to 1935. He Abandoned this enterprise in 1935 and engaged in business as a sideline. After the war, he gained experience in, va* rious business endeavors — first, a bar business in Luna, La Union: then a dry goods store in the Baguio Market; later a tranpostation enterprise; finally, a real estate brokerage. In July 16, 1948, he was designated as Sanitary Inspector un­ der the Bureau o f Health Dept, from which he resigned in 1953. A t present he has an apartment for rent located in General Luna Road.

He is a member of the Knights of Co* lumbos.

JUANITO MARQUEZ Branch Manager, Emilio E. Lirn

Juanito Marquez is the Baguio Branch Manager of thf firm, Emilio E. Lim. Prior to this position he served as Driver-Mechanic for the U.S. Embassy in Camp John Hay and later as Assistant Purchasing Agent to Mr. A Porter for 2 years. Afterwards he gained experiences in various firms, namely, as partsman in the International Harvester Co. under a Baguio dealer; as Sales Representative of the Del Rosario Brothers in Baguio; as Baguio Branch Manager and Zone Ma­ nager to all branches north of Manila; then from 1956 to 1958, as trucking supervisor of the J.J.J. Carrier for the Binga Dam Project Born on May 18, 1920, he is an alumwas a sopftomore Commerce student at nus of the Pangasinan Hiah School. He the Orient Colleges in 1939.

FELIPE G. CAOILI Proprietor & Operator Trinidad Freight Transportation

ber Company, tnen later with the Bahay relipe G. Caoili was born on May 26, Mines of Abra. As a military reserve, 1917 in La Trinidad, Benguet to Fernan­ he joined the army in 1941 under the do Caoili and Polonia Gaerlan, first Ilocano settlers in the said place. He en­ 121st Infantry regiment commanded by deavored early to be a useful member Major Cushing. He suffered the rigors of a Jap concentration camp for one year of society. After leaving school he serv­ ed a truck helper in the Dangwa Trans­ in 1943. Upon release, he joined the 66th portation and driver in the Heald Lum­ Infantry until liberation. After a brief employment with a Chinese tirm in Baguio, he became the boss of his own enterprise in 1952 by establishing the Tri­ nidad Freight Transportation with eight freight trucks ply­ ing between Baguio and Manila. With this venture he earned the distinction of being the first Filipino to engage in a private freight service that runs regularly. His Baguio office is located at T. Alonso St. He is married to ' Socorro P. Caoili

\ V

WORKERS

UNION

TEODORICO CALICA Assistant to the Union President

“ An experienced bookeeper-accountant, he handless the Union’s of accounts. He not only handles the books of accounts of the Union but as assistant to the Union president he is an active partici­ pant in important deliberations affecting the organization, and is a member of the grievance and negotiation team of the BBWU. As an accountant he says, “ figures don’t lie.”

VENANCIO HILLE Sector-Leader-at-Large

“ The nemesis of company dominated unions, he believes that labor’s success depends on the cohesiveness of its con­ stituents and the quality of its leader­ ship. Corrupt and weak leadership and an equally blind membership spell doom to labor. Free unionism is subservient to capital, he says.

JESUS OYAM Governor, Bobok District

“ Small but an acknowledged fighter for prinicples. A man who refuses to be trampled upon by capital. He believes in the necessity of efficiency in every line of endeavor; that an honest labor leader is the guiding spirit of labor’s progress.”

FELIPE JIMENEZ “ Another highlander whose first and only concern is to promote the general welfare of the laboring class. Capable and fully fit for the position be holds. Says honesty is the best policy. Hates crooks and grafters.”

RAFAEL PITPITOSGI Governor, Antamok District

“ A sturdy native of the Mountain Province, a good family man, and a true Jabor leader who has a firm grasp and understanding of the problems that be­ set the workingman.”

AURELIO DE VERA Vice-Governor, Bobok District

“ A prize-fighter and pledged to fight for the- Benguet-Balatoc Workers Union come hell or high water. Advocate of union unity and constructive achieve­ ments of labor.”

CANDIDO REYES Governor, Balatoc District

“ He believes that labor should not be oppressed by and be subservient to ca­ pital; that labor is the foundation of capital. His philosophy is: People who do their work on time make the most of life.” Secretary of Labor Castano as guest of the Union.

Baguio Trading Center M b s.

FELY. B. GESLANI

Manager, BaguioTradmg Center Under the Bureau of Commerce Bagnio being & totrrist center is almost always dependent on enterprises launched progressive— minded individual* to achieve it goal. These enterprises play an indisputable role of selling the city. One of them is the Baguio Trdaing Center former­

ly known as Sales and Exhibiiton Room which is now under the competent manage­ ment of an enterprising young woman, Min. Ireneo Geslani. The Baguio Trading Center which was first opened in 1947 jointly by Mias Aureos and Miss F. Bautista now Mrs. Geslani during the ECAFE Conference in the city is under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Commerce. The particular aim of the center is no other than to boost and propagate' Philippine-made products which in more ways than one can help small manufacturers acquire stability. The Cen­ ter is being patronized by tourists, vaca­ tionists, and residents. It is located at the Baguio Stone Market building where the

Part inside view of the Baguio

Trading Center.

Provincial Commercial Agent also holds office. Its patrons eome from all walks of varied besides being unique and reasonably life because the goods offered for sale are cheap. The Baguio Trading Center is the answer to every local- Filipino manfacturer’s prayer. It is here to stay to help Baguio attain economic security.

HOUSE OF PHILIPPINE HANDICRAFTS P .O . B O X 32 B A G U IO . P H IL IP P IN E S

A few unique samples of quali­ ty woodcarvings of the Contemprate’s store at Session Road.

C 314 ]

PIANOS

DOMINGO Pianos a n Individually taotied out under the strictest der a i of craftsmanship demanded U the fine art of pianomaklng.

There i» no e ta * promise . . . . each must be truly mag­ nificent, an example o f perfection.

O sy

through such a highleveled policy otQ the makers of DO*GO Pianos superiority in tone, beauty,

Btfuio Branch display room

P. E. DOMINGO & CO., INC. PIANO & ORGAN MAKERS O f fives ; 13 N. Domingo Avei Quezon City

Executive

FAO8TXN0 O. A O D t U a

Executive O ffice:

13-15 Escolta Manila

BRANCHES. & AGENCIES THRO’JGHOUT THE PHItJPPINES f 315 ]

GAMBOA SEED

JUSTO GAMBOA Proprietor and Manager, Gamboa Seed Supply

His is the case of an industrious man, without the benefit of high educational attainment or even a secondary educa­ tion, but with patience and love of work as his asset succeeded in establishing a vegetable seed store out of his savings while employed. Mr. Justo Gamboa, is a native of Bakun, Benguet where he was born in October, 1912, as the son of Gamat and Tagupao.

Cosmos

Balsam

Pompon |Sinnia

He took his early schooling in the Ba­ kun Elementary School, and then trans­ ferred to the Trinidad Farm School where he reached the seventh grade. But due to financial difficulty he stopped' studying, instead, he devoted five, years to being a helper in various Baguio Chinese firms up to 1934. While being employed, he spent the rest of his time taking a Salesmanship Course through correspondence from the International Correspondence School which later grant­ ed him a certificate, in 1931. From 1934 to 1936 ■he was employed as ’ a miner at the Itogon Mining Company and from 1937 up to the outbreak Of the war as a helper in thei Dangwa Tranco. However, during the early part of the liberation period he • returned to the said firm again to be employed as conductor up to 1947. Not contented to be a mere employe he quitted the company and ven­ tured in business as a vegetable dealer, an occupation that will not only help the farmers but also boost the economic progress of the Mountain Province in • line of agriculture. Mr. Gamboa is married to Nina Marcelino with whom he has one child.

Halichrysum

Sweet Sultan

Gupsophila'

Sweet minam*

*

SUPPLY HELP BEAUTIFY BAGUIO AND PLANT SOME OF THESE FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES. For your garden seeds, we offer all kinds of vegetable and flower seedlings.. We accept mail order. We ship orders registered anywhere in the Philippines. The store is located at No. 25-A Magsaysay Avenue, near the Supermarket, Ba-

guio Any season is flower and vegetable? season in Baguio. In fact Baguio is a veritable garden of eternal flowery. You can indulge in gardening as a hobby. For your garden seeds, let us give you the beSt at very reasonable prices Be a part of and derive the greatest satisfaction from gardening.

[ 319 ]

rf

MOUNTAINEERS’ COMMERCIAL Market Building, Magsaysay

GALO D. WEYGAH Pres, and Gen. Manager

Aptitude in business is an asset of in­ finite value to anyone much more to a Filipino. When a Filipino is adept in business, he earns the respect of his alien rivals and his career becomes a landmark for emulation. Such is the story of Mr. Galo D. Weygan, an enter­ prising young man and president-manager of the Mountaineers’ Commercial Enterprises, Inc. This enterprise which is Mr. Weygan’s brainchild is the only commercial entity in the Mountain Provinve totally owned and managed by na­ tives. It was organized with the purpose of engaging in the wholesale distribution o f prime commodities to retailers in dif­ ferent sections of the Mountain Province

and to help the farmers by supplying their needs at the same time involving a system of marketing their products. Mr. Weygan hails from Besao, Bontoc. He graduated from the Mountain Natio­ nal Agricultural School in 1950. From the Baguio Colleges, he obtained a Ba­ chelor of Science in Commerce degree in 1953. He workod as an accounting clerk in the Benguet Consolidated Mines until 1954. Then he transferred and worked for the Fertilizer Administration in La Trinidad for sometime after which he joined the Mountain Province FACOMAS. It was while working for the FACOMAS that the idea of organizing an enterprise financed by natives that will benefit the farmers and retailers of the Mountain Province was born. Mr. Weygan is only 31 years of age but his ingenuity and foresight started a business activity that will contribute much to the economic progress o f his people. His foremost aspiration is to see that all idle savings of his fellow Igorots are invested in business thereby giving be­ nefits not only to themselves in terms of dividends but also to the economic uplift of the province, and to see that the bulk of the commercial business in the Mountain Province is in the hands of Filipinos, if possible, Igorots.

i

I inside part vii o of the Store.

[ 320 ]

ENTERPRISES, INC. A ven u e, Baguio City

I OTHER OFFICERS AND BOARD

OF DIRECTORS

MRS. PILAR PEDROCHE ( Vice-President)

A businesswoman and sugar producer from Tarlac, Tar lac. MR. MARK AGAYO

MR. EDWARD ABATING (Director)

Chief Bodeguero, Saint Lukes’ Hospi­ tal, Manila.

(Director)

Businessman and ex-policeman of Ba­ guio City. MR.

MARCOS

T.

DAMAGEN

MR. IGNACIO MOTING (Director)

School Sagada.

(Director)

Chief Time Keeper of Benguet Conso­ lidated Saw Mills, businessman, Insurance agent and Labor Leader.

Teacher

and

businessman

of

MR. JAIME BATN AG (Director)

Engineering student.

MR. EUSEBIO BOTENGAN, JR. ( Secretary-Treasurer)

School teacher & Political leader. W holesale and Retail Dealers in GENERAL MERCHANDISE (G roceries, Liquor & Cigarettes) /Hardware and Construction Materials Farm Chemicals and Fertilizers Farm Equipments and Supplies A gricultural Products (Native A rabica C offee, Beans & Onions)

ORGANIZATION 100 per cent Filipino capital Authorized capital f 100,00 stock at F10.00 par value Accepting new sub­ scriptions prefera­ bly from bona-fide Filipino Retailers* Farmers. Teachers. Businessmen, Con­ tractors and Wage Earners. Subscrip­ tions payable in in­ stallments within one year.

Front view of the Mountaineer’s Commercial Ent-, Inc.

[

3 21

]

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Proprietress

CARMEN’S ENTERPRISE NAMARCO

DISTRIBUTOR

Groceries © Toiletries Rice * Cigarettes * Flour Sugar * Etc. CARM EN

SUNGCUAN

Proprietress

10 Kayang Street, a few steps from the fish section Baguio

LUZON COMMODITIES CORP. BAGUIO B R A ffC fl Abanao St., Telephone 41-64 MANAGERS FOR

Bacnotan Cement Industries, Inc. Manufacturer

o f "UNION” Cement and Exclusive Distributors fo r: 1. Sta. Clara P lyw ood Co., Inc.—PLYWOOD 2. Philippine W allboard Corp.—LAW AN IT 3. Filipino Pipe and F oun dry Corp.— SILVA PIPES 4. Philippine Blooming Mills Cd.— STEEL BARS ANTONIO B. ALVA R E Z Branch Manager

[ 322 ]

BRANCHES: * 218 E. Angeles, Plaza Rizal, Naga City * 2259 Legarda, Palomo, Bldg„ Manila * 102 Carmelo St., Cebu City * Biema Bldg., Del Mar St. Cagayan de Oro City * Claceria St., Davao City * 651 Q. Blvd., Manila * Poblacion, Candon, I. Sur * 5-B Session Road, Baguio City Tel. 42-49 * 833 Caridad, Cavite City * 126 Quezon Ave., Lucena, Quezon Tel. 359-J * 38 A. Regidor, Sta. Cruz, 7.