MELC 1 Express Permission, Obligation, and Prohibition Using Modals

 

GBEKI \FQAZ _FQG@ZZ@BD, BAI@MKU@BD, DFJFZZ@UP

KE\KDJFE IF\FI. PFKQ 1. Gª NFZÞZ MKQJÇK ZKD GKQUÇD

 

jkd, gust, scbuie, bumct tb, cke afttfr  Ucf gbst jbggbd gbeki vfras lbr tkih`dm kabut pfrg`ss`bd kde bai`mkt`bd krf jkd/jbuie jkd/jbuie,, gust gust,, kde scbuie/bumct tb. tb. @ jbuied‐t tkhf kdy pcbtbs `d tcf gusfug, sb @ abumct sbgf pbstjkres. _kssfdmfrs bd tcf aus gustd‐t e`strkjt tcf er`vfr. ]f scbuie scbuie//bumct tb er`vf cbgf bd tcf gbtbrwky ‚ `t‐s gujc qu`jhfr. ]f jkd usf scbuie ckvf br bumct tb ckvf + pkst pkrt`j`pif tb tkih kabut pkst fvfdts wc`jc e`e dbt ckppfd kde wc`jc wf rfmrft. ]f scbuie ckvf/ ckvf/bumct tb ckvf er`vfd cbgf bd tcf gbtbrwky ‚ `t wbuie ckvf affd qu`jhfr qu`jhfr.. Cke afttfr `s strbdmfr kde gbrf urmfdt tckd scbuie/bumct tb kde `s bltfd usfe tb m`vf strbdm kev`jf br k wkrd`dm. @t dbrgkiiy rflfrs tb tcf `ggfe`ktf luturf. Pbu bu‐e ‐e afttfr pbst tcf pkrjfis tbeky br tcfy wbd‐t mft tcfrf `d t`gf. Ucf dfmkt`vf `s cke afttfr dbt

DBU cked‐t afttfr .

 

ckvf tb/ckvf mbt tb ]f kisb usf ckvf tb tb fxprfss bai`mkt`bds. @t jkd af usfe `d kdy tfdsf. pkssfdmfrs w`ii ckvf tb l`ii `d k lbrg aflbrf ikde`dm.  Kii pkssfdmfrs Pbu ebd‐t ckvf tb t`p tcf wk`trfss udifss ybu tc`dh tcf sfrv`jf wks fspfj`kiiy mbbe.

]f jkd kisb usf ckvf mbt tb tb fxprfss bai`mkt`bd, aut `t `s dbrgkiiy usfe lbr spfj`l`j bjjks`bds rktcfr tckd rfpfktfe br mfdfrki bai`mkt`bds. @‐vf mbt tb auy k a`rtceky prfsfdt lbr gy arbtcfr.

 

dffe ]f usf dffe/ebd‐t dffe + tb + `dl`d`t`vf tb sky tckt sbgftc`dm `s dfjfsskry/ uddfjfsskry. Pbu jkd usf tcfsf lbrgs lbr cka`tuki, mfdfrki, kde spfj`l`j dfjfss`ty. Pbu usukiiy tb jcfjh `d kt ifkst twb cburs aflbrf k li`mct ifkvfs. @ ebd‐t dffedffe tb tkhf k rk`djbkt. @t‐s mb`dm tb af cbt tbeky. ]cfd wf wkdt tb sky tckt sbgftc`dm `s uddfjfsskry bd k spfj`l`j bjjks`bd, wf jkd kisb usf dffed‐t + `dl`d`t`vf w`tcbut tb. Pbu dffed‐t ibjh tcf jkr. Dbabey w`ii stfki `t `d tc`s v`iikmf. ]f usf ebd‐t dffe tb (DBU dffed‐t) lbr cka`tuki br mfdfrki dfjfss`ty, f.m. @ ebd‐t dffe tb wfkr mikssfs. Gy fyfs`mct `s st`ii mbbe. DBU @ dffed‐t wfkr mikssfs. mikssfs.

 

dffe ]cfd sbgftc`dm wks dbt dfjfsskry, aut ybu e`e `t, wf jkd usf f`tcfr  dffed‐t ckvf + pkst pkrt`j`pif br e`ed‐t dffe tb + `dl`d`t`vf. `dl`d`t`vf. ]f dffed‐t ckvf abbhfe/ abbhfe/e`ed‐t dffe tb abbh k tkaif. Ucf rfstkurkdt `s fgpty! ]cfd sbgftc`dm wks dbt dfjfsskry sb ybu e`e dbt eb `t, wf gust usf e`ed‐t dffe tb. tb. DBU ]f cke pifdty bl pftrbi sb wf dffed‐t ckvf stbppfe, wc`jc skvfe t`gf. ]f cke pifdty bl pftrbi sb wf e`ed‐t dffe tb stbp, stbp, wc`jc skvfe t`gf.

 

af kaif tb, af kiibwfe tb, af pfrg`ttfe tb, af suppbsfe tb

]f bltfd usf af kaif tb br af kiibwfe tb + `dl`d`t`vf tb tkih kabut wckt `s pbss`aif br pfrg`ttfe `dstfke bl jkd jkd,, pkrt`juikriy wcfd wf wkdt tb usf k lbrg wc`jc jkd ebfs dbt ckvf. Lrbg tbgbrrbw wbd‐t af tb pkrh Pbu bu‐rf ‐rf dbt wf kiibwfe tb kaif sgbhf `d cfrf. tcf jikssrbbg. af pfrg`ttfe tb + `dl`d`t`vf `s usfe `d lbrgki s`tukt`bds, f.m. dbt`jfs kde kddbudjfgfdts, tb sky wckt jkd/jkd‐t af ebdf kjjbre`dm tb tcf ikw br tb ruifs kde rfmuikt`bds. @t `s dbt pfrg`ttfe tb tkhf gba`ifs `dtb tcf fxkg rbbg. ! ]f eb dbt usf `t lbiibwfe ay af kiibwfe tb. tb. DBU @t `sd‐t kiibwfe tb tkhf gba`ifs `dtb tcf fxkg rbbg. rbbg.

 

af kaif tb, af kiibwfe tb, af pfrg`ttfe tb, af suppbsfe tb

]f jkd kisb usf af suppbsfe tb + `dl`d`t`vf tb sky wckt pfbpif scbuie br scbuied‐t eb, bltfd afjkusf bl ruifs. Ucfrf `s bltfd k summfst`bd tckt tcf ruifs krf dbt dfjfsskr`iy bafyfe, f.m. Ztuefdts krf dbt suppbsfe tb stky but kltfr ;1.??, aut fvfrybdf ebfs.

]f krf suppbsfe tb jcfjh `d kt :.6?. ]ckt‐s tcf t`gf dbw2 Pbu krfd‐t suppbsfe tb pkrh cfrf ‚ `t‐s k surmfry fdtrkdjf.

 Kekptfe lrbg lrbg Qfs Qfsburjf burjf Akdh. Dfw F Fdmi`sc dmi`sc L`if Kevkdj Kevkdjfe. fe.