mekonen

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINIG COURSE TITLE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: ChEg5201 PROJECT TITTLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND THEIR EFFECT ON ENVIROMENT NETWORK ONE NAME

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SECTION ONE

1. Brhane Mehari ………………0336/06 2. Jemal Seid……………………0254/06 3. Kibrom Abraha………………0893/06 4..Mekonen Gebrewahid…………..1064/06 A. Nebiyat Haileslassie………….1187/06 6. Teklay Godefa………………. 1429/06 7 Yemen Mengstu…………… 1636/06

Submited to Endaie W. (Msc) Submission date 03/05/2010E.C

Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia

Energy resources and their effect on environment

Table of Contents

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Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statements of the problem................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3.1 General objective ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Significance of the project .................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Energy Resources................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Source of Renewable energy........................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Renewable energy sources and their Effects on environment ............................................................ 3 2.1.1 Effects of Hydroelectric Power Plants on Environment .............................................................. 3 2.1.2 Effects of Thermal Power Plants on Environment ....................................................................... 4 2.1.3 The Wind Energy ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 Solar energy ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Nonrenewable energy resources and their effect on environment ...................................................... 5 2.2.1 Fossil fuel ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Effects of Nuclear Power Plants on Environment....................................................................... 6 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 7 3.1 Use Alternative Energy ....................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Buy Energy Efficient Appliance ......................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Radioactive Waste management ......................................................................................................... 8 3.4 By capturing or scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaust And flue gase ................................. 8 3.5 By substituting lower-carbon fuels for higher-carbon fuels now in use, such as brown and black coal ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 3.6 Introducing new technology................................................................................................................ 9

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Energy resources and their effect on environment Chapter FOUR ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Conclusions AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................................................... 10 Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 11

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Energy resources and their effect on environment Acknowledgement Above all, I would like to honor and give glory to God, my lord and savior, who has been my strength throughout my studies. I would like to acknowledge to our instructor Mr Endale gave a full information about the project .

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Energy resources and their effect on environment

CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Background The solid matters and refining mud that are desired to be disposed in the cheapest and easiest manner by manufacturers and must be regularly removed for comfort of society and conservation of the environment are called as solid waste. The main problems resulting from solid wastes that are not removed regularly are: epidemic diseases, spreading of unpleasant odors, reproduction of pests like flies, rats, etc., pollution of underground and surface waters and air pollution contributing the sera event. [4] Every energy generation and transmission method affect the environment. As it is obvious conventional generating options can damage air, Clie ate, water, land and wildlife, landscape, as well as raise the levels of harmful radiation. Renewable technologies are substantially safer offering a solution to many environmental and social problems associated with fossil and nuclear fuels. [8,9] Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms and formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms Coal causes asthma and other health problems, destroys the environment, and releases toxic mercury into communities. Because of its high carbon content, coal emits more CO2 than any other fossil fuel when it burns. It is also the main source of fuel for electricity worldwide and number one human caused contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.[10]

1.2 Statements of the problem The biggest environmental impact of source of energy has to do with global warming., Carbon dioxide, notorious for trapping heat in the atmosphere, is the gas that is emitted the most during fossil fuel burning. Fossil fuels are highly affected to the environment when it buring. Energy resources have a different impact on the environment and cause for global warming.  By emitting carbon dioxide into and other related gas into the environment The main problem of source of energy on environment  Air pollution

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Energy resources and their effect on environment  Water pollution  Soil pollution

1.3 objectives This study has both general and specific objectives 1.3.1 General objective The main objective is source energy how to affect to on the environment 1.3.2 Specific objectives  How to reduce the effect of source energy on the environment.  To compare the source of energy with their cost  To compare source of energy, carbon content to the environment  To compare source of energy with their effect on the living things  To identify which source of energy is preferable to the environment

1.4 Significance of the project The significance of this study is looking at different dimensions. However, some of the main points will be explained in the following.  To prevent the pollution of the environment  To protect the safety of environments  To select the best energy source  To predict the climatic change for the future

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Energy resources and their effect on environment

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Energy Resources The energy need of a world rapidly grows by consuming all the stock of energy resources nature.When the effects of the petroleum crises in 1970’s and the gulf war in 1991on petroleum reserves are considered, it is clear that there is not any other option for all the world to use the reserves on hand in the best way and direct towards to new energy resources. If we also consider the effects of fuels on environment after they are processed, to get benefit From the energy resources in the best and most effective ways in a manner to produce the least waste becomes very important [3, 6] The energy need of a world rapidly grows by consuming all the stock of energy resources in nature. There are two types source of energy.  Renewable energy  Nonrenewable source 2.1.1 Source of Renewable energy Most renewable energy is ultimately solar energy. The sun’s energy can be used directly for heat or electricity. Hydropower comes from falling water, which occurs because solar energy evaporates water at low elevations that later rains on high elevations.

2.2 Renewable energy sources and their Effects on environment Most of renwable energy source are environmentally friendly than non renwable energy. Today the top priority resources in the world’ energy production are the renewable energy resources like petroleum, natural gas and coal the energy resource most commonly used in the world is petroleum. 2.1.1 Effects of Hydroelectric Power Plants on Environment The water power is considered as an energy resource related to the geographical location. As we all know, electric is produced in barrages by using the water force. Collecting water in barrages does not negatively affect the environment and the Turbines used in hydro power plants (like Kaplan turbines) produce electric without negatively affecting the

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Energy resources and their effect on environment environment. These plants can be defined as the development and usage of water Resources including their energy production purpose. The hydroelectric energy ensures converting of potential energy of water to kinetic energy The hydroelectric power plants have climatic, hydroelectric, ecological, socioeconomic and cultural effects. When the reservoir is wider than a river and as a vaporizing increase it occurs climatic change. 2.1.2 Effects of Thermal Power Plants on Environment The thermo-electric power production is made generally by using coal, petroleum and natural gas fuels. Only 30-40% of the energy produced in thermal power plants can be converted to electric energy. The remaining part is called as ―fault energy‖ and comes from its boiler with radiation or discarded from funnel together with funnel gas. One of the most important environmental effects of thermal power plants is related to cooling water and the cooling water need of thermal power plants is great. Because thermal power plants are generally constructed near resources like a lake or sea where cooling water can be used. The gases that come out of the funnel of thermal power plants and greatly affect the flora are dioxide and Azoth oxides The organ of plants, most sensitive to such cases is their leaves. Such gases, heat enters into leaves by means of storms destroy the structure of chlorophylls in love. Effect of environmental from sources of energy in thermal power plant are listed below  Air pollution  Water pollution  Soil pollution  Effects of thermal power plants on living beings. 2.1.3 The Wind Energy The wind energy is a clean energy resource that may contribute to the usual energy production as an energy resource under suitable conditions.

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Energy resources and their effect on environment Energy to be obtained from wind completely depends on the speed of wind and blowing period. The wind is a reliable, continuous, and determinant resource. The wind plants may require a wide area for turbines. [5] 2.1.4 Solar energy The solar energy is an inconsumable energy resource that does not cause environmental pollution The solar energy, alternative energy resources like petroleum and coal, is highly promising The advantages of solar energy, there are;  It uses solar energy,  Prevents unnecessary and excessive commercial energy consumptions of buildings by using the natural heating and cooling systems,  Uses natural and harmless materials,  Meet the energy need in areas lack of electric networks, The disadvantages of solar energy are;  The investment cost is very high  PV cells operating in lower output.

2.2 Nonrenewable energy resources and their effect on environment Nonrenewable resources have a different effect on the environment by emitting gas to its surrounding. 2.2.1 Fossil fuel Fossil fuel contains these elements are  Natural gas  Coal  Petroleum Fossil fuels are also known as mineral fuels. They are the natural energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas that contain hydrocarbon. Fossil fuels are widely used in the industrial area. The cleanest fossil fuel, natural gas, is used in electricity production, as a raw material in industrial and process electric energy .Why the fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas cause climate change is that sera gases such as CO2 and methane resulting from the combustion process keep heat in their structure

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Energy resources and their effect on environment 2.2.2 Effects of Nuclear Power Plants on Environment The effects of nuclear plants on environment appear during taking out of uranium and thorium, preparation of fuel, producing, enriching, treatment of fuel, storing and detaching of reactors. The biggest effect of nuclear plants on the environment is the emission of a radioactive matter in the environment as a result of an accident. Gases and liquid radioactive wastes from nuclear plants cause significant environmental effects. The radioactive effects reach to the environment and all living beings, including humans by means of two different ways.  Transportation of emissions arising from funnels in the atmosphere and they're reaching to the earth and living beings on earth  Reaching of liquid and solid wastes arising from power plants to rivers, lakes and seas and their effect on living beings and underground waters Because of the circulation of natural life, the human beings and animals living on earth Can effect from the radioactivity arising from nuclear power plants by means of both ways. [1,5,.6]

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Energy resources and their effect on environment

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY In this study how to reduce the energy impact on environment by selecting environmental friendly energy resource. In order to reduce the effect the energy impact energy the source of energy must be less no carbon content. The effect of source energy can be reduced by selecting appropriate energy source. Their many methods reduce the greenhouse gases effects from the environment.One way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is to burn less fossil fuels.Unfortunately, we depend on the burning of fossil fuels for heating, electricity generation and transport. If we are to burn less fossil fuels, we will need alternatives for these essential activities. There are many methods to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide are  Use Alternative Energy  Buy Energy-Efficient Appliance  Radioactive waste management  Introducing new technology

 By capturing or scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaust And flue gases  By substituting lower-carbon fuels for higher-carbon fuels now in use, such as brown and black coal

3.1 Use Alternative Energy Less emission than other fossil fuel and less impact to the environment. The renewable energy sources are environmentally friendly than fossil fuel source energy. Alternative, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, eliminate the pollution that accompanies fossil fuel energy. Alternative energy also reduces the reliance on limited fossil fuels. Consider installing solar panels in your home to reduce the amount of fossil fuel needed to power your home. The initial installation of the solar collectors requires a big investment, but the collectors are relatively maintenance free and last a long time.

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Energy resources and their effect on environment 3.2 Buy Energy Efficient Appliance Always buy products that are energy efficient as they can help you save a good amount of money on your energy bill. Energy-efficient products can help you to save energy, save money and reduce your carbon footprint.

3.3 Radioactive Waste management Like all industries, the generation of electricity produces waste. Whatever fuel is used, the waste produced in generating electricity must be managed in ways that safeguard human health and minimize the impact on the environment. For radioactive waste, this means isolating or diluting it such that the rate or concentration of any radionuclides returned to the biosphere is harmless. To achieve this, practically all radioactive waste is contained and managed, with some clearly needing deep and permanent burial. From nuclear power generation, unlike all other forms of thermal electricity generation, all waste is regulated – no one is allowed to cause pollution. Radioactive waste is produced at all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle – the process of producing electricity from nuclear materials. The fuel cycle involves the mining and milling of uranium ore, its processing and fabrication into nuclear fuel, its use in the reactor, its reprocessing (if conducted), the treatment of the used fuel taken from the reactor, and finally, disposal of the waste. Whilst waste is produced during mining and milling and fuel fabrication, the majority comes from the actual 'burning' of uranium to produce electricity. Where the used fuel is reprocessed, the amount of waste is reduced materially.  Mining through to fuel fabrication  Reprocesseing of used fuell Landfills are the major contributor of methane and other greenhouse gases. When the waste is burnt, it releases toxic gases in the atmosphere which result in global warming. Reusing and recycling old items can significantly reduce your carbon footprint as it takes far less energy to recycle older items than to produce items from scratch

3.4 By capturing or scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaust And flue gase Is one of way method reducing emission of carbon dioxide, but this—although technically feasible for some processes—would be prohibitively expensive for most processes, and certainly more costly than alternative measures.

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Energy resources and their effect on environment 3.5 By substituting lower-carbon fuels for higher-carbon fuels now in use, such as brown and black coal The use of hydro-power or nuclear-generated electricity would produce no carbon Dioxide, but there are other potential environmental problems with these fuels, and at the moment we could not readily substitute these sources for the petroleum products used in road and air transport.

3.6 Introducing new technology  Optimising existing plants so they reduce emissions and increase the amount of electricity produced with the same amount of fossil feuls  Continuing to develop and refine best-available combustion technology, including circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) technology, which includes supercritical and ultra supercritical combustion. This option may also include burning biomass as a fuel, thus reducing the level of CO2 emissions, and oxy-combustion for collecting CO2-rich flue gas.  Gasification - turning coal into a gas and removing impurities from the coal gas before it is combusted.  Gasification is a thermochemical process that generates a gaseous, fuel rich product.  Carbon capture and storage (CCS) - capturing the carbon dioxide from the flue gas and storing it underground or reusing it Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an emission reduction process designed to prevent large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) from being released into the atmosphere. The technology involves capturing CO2 produced by large industrial plants, compressing it for transportation and then injecting it deep into a rock formation at a carefully selected site, where it is permanently stored.

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Energy resources and their effect on environment

Chapter FOUR Conclusions AND RECOMMENDATION The nature has resources and opportunities sufficient enough enabling people to live in balance Without giving damage to the environment and even, to obtain a comfortable life level by being Industrialized Whatever its kind is, the energy production systems have an effect on the environment. The solar and wind energies that do not have any negative effect on the environment is hoped to be used economically in production of electric energy in the long-term. The hydroelectric energy potential that does not have any negative environmental effect, except the agricultural lands staying under water, must be re-determined in a realistic manner by considering the new technologies. For this purpose, the environmental priorities must be considered in research and Development studies, selection of technologies and energy planning, their determination must be made correctly and be in a manner to realize the determined targets in long-term. Beside Development of alternative energy resources that may make contributions to the solution of environmental problems created by energy in recent years and especially, may decrease the consumption of fossil fuels must be given priority. The following criteria to minimize the environmental pollution must be paid attention  To minimize the usage of fossil fuels,  To maximize the reliability of nuclear fuel technology and rapidly substitute new and renewable energy resources in place of that energy  To develop and apply the energy usage systems and methods  Put the vegetable energy resources into operation as much as possible with a rational method,  To avoid from extravagancy in energy use as much as possible and try to find saving. We will recommend to the government should be focused about selecting energy resource. And also planning about the strategy for sustainable.

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Reference 1. Đ., Bozkurt, Energy and Environment, Journal of 3E Electrotech, Vol.184, 2009, pp. 188191. 2 .S., Kadıoğlu, Z., Tellioğlu, Using of Energy Sources and Environmental Effects, TMMOB 1st Energy Symposium, Ankara, Turkey, November, 1996. 3 .M., Gregory, Basis of Energy Efficiency Economical and Ecological Approach Method for Pumping Equipments and Systems, WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, Vol.5, No.1, 2008, pp. 1-12 [4]. F., Oaks, B., Ustun, O., Cakır, Effects of Environmental Pollution and Energy Saving of Thermal Insulation of Buildings, TMMOB Insulation Conference, Eskisehir, Turkey, [5] . G., owner, Lignite and Air Pollution, Environment86 Symposium, Đzmir, Turkey, 1986.2001. [6.] M., Eral, M.A.A., Aslan, S., Akyıl, Nuclear Energy and Environment, Journal of Ege University Nuclear Energy Institute, Vol.24, 1997. [7]. A., Senpınar, T.M., Gencoğlu, Comparison of Renewable Energy Sources in terms of Environmental Effects, Fırat University, East Anatolian Researches, 2006, pp. 49-54. [8]. EC, 1995. Externalities of Energy’ Externe Project, DGXII, JOULE, Report No EUR 16520 en. [9] EC, 1997. Energy for the future: Renewable Sources of Energy. White Paper, European Commission, DG XVII [10] .Chmeilewski A.G., ―Environmental effects of fossil fuel combustion‖, Interaction: Energy/Environment

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