PDR for Herbal Medicines"
SCIENTIFIC EDITORS
DATA MANAGER
Joerg Gruenwald, PhD Thomas Brendler, BA Christof Jaenicke, MD
Jeffrey D. Schaefer INDEX EDITOR
Johanna M. Mazur
P H A R M A C E U T I C A L DIRECTOR
SENIOR P R O D U C T I O N C O O R D I N A T O R
Mukesh Mehta, RPh
Amy B. Brooks
C H I E F EDITOR
E L E C T R O N I C P U B L I S H I N G DESIGNER
Thomas Fleming, RPh
Livio Udina
A S S I S T A N T EDITORS
Donna Tapellini
P R O D U C T I O N EDITOR
Maria Deutsch, MS, RPh, CDE Lori Murray Christine Wyble, PharmD ASSOCIATE EDITORS Mohammed Hamid, MS, RPh Joseph Nathan, RPh Kavitha Pareddy, MS, RPh Joyce Case Potter Kathleen Rodgers, RPh P R O D U C T I O N MANAGER
Lydia F. Biagioli
P R O D U C T I O N COORDINATOR
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Copyright © 2000 and published by Medical Economics Company, Inc. at Montvale, NJ 07645-1742. Ail rights reserved. None of the content of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, resold, redistributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. PHYSICIANS' DESK REFERENCE®, PDR®, PDR For Ophthalmology®, Pocket PDR®, and The PDR® Family Guide to Prescription Drugs® are registered trademarks used herein under license. PDR For Nonprescription.Drugs and Dietary Supplements™, PDRCompanion Guide™, PDR for Herbal Medicines™, PDR® Medical Dictionary™, PDR® Nurse's Drug Handbook™, PDR® Nurse's Dictionary™, The PDR® Family Guide Encyclopedia of Medical Care™, The PDR® Family Guide to Natural Medicines and Healing Therapies™, The PDR®Family Guide to Common Ailments™, The PDR®Family Guide to Over-the-Counter Drugs™, and PDR®Electronic Library™ are trademarks used herein under license. OFFICERS OF MEDICAL ECONOMICS COMPANY: President and Chief Executive Officer: Curtis B. Allen; Vice President, New Media: L. Suzanne BeDell; Vice President, Corporate Human Resources: Pamela M. Bilash; Vice President and Chief Information Officer: Steven M. Bressler, Chief Financial Officer: Christopher Caridi; Vice President and Controller: Barry Gray; Vice President, New Business Planning: Linda G. Hope; Vice President, Finance: Donna Santarpia; Senior Vice President, Directory Services: Paul Walsh; Senior Vice President, Operations: John R. Ware; Senior Vice President, Internet Strategies: Raymond Zoeller ISBN: 1-56363-361-2
1
Contents Foreword
iv
Alphabetical Index
i-i
Lists all scientific, common, and brand names found in the herbal monographs.
Therapeutic Category Index
1-45
Groups herbs by therapeutic or medicinal category. Listings are alphabetical by category and accepted common name. Herbs deemed effective by Commission E are flagged for quick recognition.
Indications Index
1-81
Lists herbs by their primary indications. Entries are alphabetical by indication and accepted common name. Herbs deemed effective by Commission E are specially flagged.
Homeopathic Indications Index
1-131
Catalogs herbal applications in homeopathy. Entries are alphabetical by indication and scientific name.
Asian Indications Index
1-141
Groups herbs by their therapeutic uses in Chinese and Indian medicine. Listings are alphabetical by indication and accepted common name.
Side Effects Index
1-161
Groups herbs by the adverse reactions with which they have been associated. Listings are alphabetical by reaction and accepted common name.
Drug/Herb Interactions Guide
1-179
Lists problem combinations alphabetically by the name of the drug and the name of the interacting herb, and provides a brief description of each combination's potential effect.
Safety Guide
1-191
Lists herbs that must be avoided while pregnant or nursing, and herbs that should be used only under professional supervision. Includes all scientific, common, and brand names.
Manufacturers Index
1-203
Provides contact information for each supplier whose products appear in the monographs.
Herb Identification Guide
G-l
Permits rapid, positive identification of unknown botanicals. Includes nearly 400 full-color photos.
Product Identification Guide
G-27
Present photos of a representative group of popular commercial formulations.
Herbal Monographs
1
Profiles of 700 medicinal herbs, including trade names, description, actions, indications, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects, overdosage, dosage, and literature citations. Organized alphabetically by accepted common name, and cross-referenced by scientific name.
Glossary
849
A key to the specialized botanical nomenclature and other unfamiliar terminology employed in the herbal monographs.
Poison Control Centers
855
IV
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Foreword With 150,000 copies of its first edition in print, PDR for Herbal Medicines has almost instantly become one of the nation's leading pharmacological references. The reasons for its phenomenal reception are evident. Hundreds of herbal remedies now fill the shelves in virtually every supermarket and pharmacy, and the popularity of self-medication with "natural" supplements continues to rise, making the benefits—and risks—of these preparations an ever more compelling concern. Now, to better address the host of questions that still surround most herbal remedies. Physicians' Desk Reference® is proud to present this completely revised and updated second edition of PDR for Herbal Medicines. Significantly enhanced and expanded, this new edition extends both the range and depth of the original volume. Among the many improvements you'll find: • Broader Coverage: With some 100 new entries, the book now covers a total of 700 botanicals, including a wide selection of popular Chinese herbs. • More Research Data: Hundreds of entries have been augmented with additional information on safety and efficacy. • Additional Adverse Effects: The entries include new information on drug/herb interactions. The Side Effects and Interactions indices have been enriched and expanded • Available Formulations: Whenever applicable, the herbal monographs now list the names and suppliers of popular commercial preparations. • New Indices: The index section has been enhanced with four additional indices: — Homeopathic Indications Index — Asian Indications Index — Safety Guide — Manufacturers Index • Better Organization: In this edition, remedies appear under their more familiar common name, instead of their botanical designation. All monographs are cross-referenced by scientific name. One important aspect of the first edition does, however, remain constant. Because it is still extremely hard to come by reliable information on the swarm of unregulated "dietary supplements" in today's marketplace, this new edition continues to provide you with the closest available analog to FDA-approved label-
ing—the findings of the German Regulatory Authority's herbal watchdog agency, commonly called "Commission E." This agency has conducted an intensive assessment of the peer-reviewed literature on some 300 common botanicals, weighing the quality of the clinical evidence and identifying the uses for which the herb can reasonably be considered effective. Its conclusions represent the best expert consensus on medicinal herbs currently available. For the herbs not considered by Commission E, PDR for Herbal Medicines provides the results of an exhaustive literature review conducted by the respected PhytoPharm U.S. Institute of Phytopharmaceuticals under the direction of noted botanist, Dr. Joerg Gruenwald. These additional monographs, now some 400 in number, provide a detailed introduction to an array of exotic botanicals that you'll be hard pressed to find in any other source. To make the information in the monographs as useful and accessible as possible, PDR® has echoed the structure of standard U.S. product labeling. Each monograph contains up to ten standard sections, covering considerations ranging from description to dosage. Here's a closer look at what you will find: • Title: Each monograph begins with the herb's generally accepted common name, followed by its scientific name. In addition, all monographs are crossreferenced by their botanical designation. • Trade Names: Listed here are common commercial preparations of the herb. • Description: This section provides a detailed botanical overview of the herb, including information on its medicinal parts; flower and fruit; leaves, stem, and root; unique characteristics, habitat, production, related plants, and additional common names and synonyms. • Actions and Pharmacology: Here you'll find data on the active compounds or heterogeneous mixtures found in the plant, followed by a summary of the herb's clinical effects. If various parts of the plant possess different pharmacological activity, the parts are discussed individually, here and throughout the remainder of the monograph.
FOREWORD
• Indications and Usage: Information on the uses of the herb is listed under five categories, as applicable: — Approved by Commission E — Unproven Uses — Chinese Medicine — Indian Medicine — Homeopathic Approved uses are presented in list fashion. Other uses are described with provisos as necessary regarding route and form of administration. • Contraindications: Although most natural remedies can be used under all medical circumstances, a few pharmacologically potent herbs must be avoided in the presence of certain medical conditions. If any such contraindications exist, they are summarized here. • Precautions and Adverse Reactions: Found in this section are any cautions or special considerations regarding safe use of the herb, including any restrictions on use in pregnancy or childhood. Although most herbal remedies are notably free of known side effects, any reported in the available literature are noted here. • Overdosage: As we all know, "natural" is not synonymous with "benign," and an overdose of many "healing" herbs can have serious—even fatal—consequences. Whenever adverse effects of overdose have been found in the literature, they are reported here, along with the appropriate medical interventions to be undertaken when an overdose occurs. • Dosage: Listed here are common modes of administration, forms and strengths of available commercial preparations, methods for preparing the natural herb, and representative dosage recommendations drawn from the literature. Note, however, that dosage recommendations can be used only as a general guide. The potency of individual preparations and extracts is subject to substantial variation, so the manufacturer's directions should be consulted whenever available. • Literature: This section provides you with a unique bibliography of the technical literature. Because German researchers have been particularly active in the herbal arena, you will find an unusual number of German-language citations. However, work in the English literature is included as well.
V
To assist you in quickly locating the information you require, the monographs have been indexed by name, therapeutic category, general indications, homeopathic indications, Asian indications, and side effects. To aid you in evaluating potential risk, a drug/herb interaction guide and a safety guide are also included. An index of manufacturers completes the set. Here's an overview of what each index provides: . • Alphabetical Index: This index includes all scientific, common, and brand names found in the herbal monographs, together with appropriate page numbers. • Therapeutic Category Index: This index lists the monographs and their page numbers, alphabetically by accepted common name, under appropriate therapeutic category headings. Herbs deemed effective by Commission E are flagged with a (•) symbol at their left. To facilitate comparison with prescription and nonprescription drugs, PDR's standard therapeutic categories are used throughout. • Indications Index: This index lists herbs and their page numbers, alphabetically by accepted common name, under their various indications. Herbs deemed effective for the indication by Commission E are flagged with a (•) symbol at their left. To help you quickly identify conventional alternatives, the indication headings match those found in PDR's Indications Index, which appears in the PDR Companion Guide™ and the PDR Electronic Library ™ CD-ROM. • Homeopathic Indications Index: Included in this index are only the uses found in homeopathy. Herbs, which homeopaths typically prescribe by scientific name, are listed here in the same manner, followed by their accepted common name in parentheses. As in the main indications index, headings are chosen to match those in the PDR Companion Guide. • Asian Indications Index: Entries in this index are limited to uses found in Chinese and Indian medicine. (Chinese entries are signified with a "C;" Indian entries with an "I.") Herbs are listed by accepted common name. Once again, indication headings employ the nomenclature used in the PDR Companion Guide. • Side Effects Index: In this index, you'll find a list of all herbs associated with a given adverse reaction. Herbs are listed alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name and page number
VI
appended. Nomenclature employed in the side effect headings matches that used in PDR's Side Effects Index, another feature of the PDR Companion Guide and the PDR Electronic Library CD-ROM. • Drug/Herb Interactions Guide: In this convenient reference, each potential interaction is listed under both the name of the drug and the name of the interacting herb. A brief description of the interaction's effect follows each item. • Safety Guide: This section lists botanicals in three precautionary categories: — Not for use during pregnancy — Not for use while nursing — For use only under supervision Here, the scientific, common, and brand names of all herbs in each category are listed alphabetically, together with the appropriate page number for further information. • Manufacturers Index: This index provides you with contact information for each supplier whose products appear in the herbal monographs. The names of the products, together with the page number of the monograph in which they appear, are included in each manufacturer's entry. Following the indices, just as in PDR itself, you'll find an extensive full-color identification section. The first part of the section—the Herb Identification Guide— encompasses nearly 400 of the most widely used herbs. The second part—the Product Identification Guide—includes photos of some of the more popular commercial formulations. Together, these guides provide you with a truly unique reference unmatched in any other printed resource. We've also included a brief glossary of the unfamiliar terms found in the monographs. PDR for Herbal Medicines is the product of one of the most thorough and inclusive examinations of the herbal literature ever undertaken. Nevertheless, it's important to remember that it merely summarizes and synthesizes key data from the underlying research reports, and of necessity includes neither every published report nor every recorded fact. As in all scientific investigation, conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the herbs discussed in this compendium are based on the preponderance of current
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
evidence and cannot be considered firm or final. The publisher does not warrant that any herb will unfailingly and uniformly exhibit the properties ascribed to it by Germany's Commission E or any other scientific authority. In the United States, herbal products are marketed under the provisions of the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994, which prohibits their sale for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of any disease. Enumeration of specific commercial preparations within an herbal monograph should not be construed as a claim or warranty of their efficacy for any purpose, by either the manufacturer or the publisher. Furthermore, it should be understood that, just as omission of a product does not signify rejection, inclusion of a product does not imply endorsement, and that the publisher is not advocating the use of any product or substance described herein. Please remember, too, that dosing of herbal preparations is highly dependent on a variety of factors, such as cultivation and harvesting conditions, the specific parts of the plant to be processed, the extraction methods employed, and the dosage form chosen by the manufacturer. Since there are no official standards governing the production of herbal medicines in the United States, and the potency and the purity of herbal products are subject to substantial variation, dosage ranges set forth in the herbal monographs must be employed only as general guidelines. In addition, the publisher does not guarantee that every possible hazard, adverse effect, contraindication, precaution, or consequence of overdose is included in the summaries presented here. The publisher has performed no independent verification of the data reported herein, and expressly disclaims responsibility for any error, whether inherent in the underlying literature or resulting from erroneous translation, transcription, or typography. When patients approach you—as they surely will—for advice on the latest herbal "discovery" to hit the nightly news, we hope that PDR for Herbal Medicines will provide you with all the facts you need to offer sound, rational guidance firmly grounded in fact. Certainly such counseling is the aim of every dedicated health care professional. And at PDR, we fully share that goal.
1-1
Alphabetical Index Listed here are all scientific, common, and brand names to be found in the herbal monographs. Generally accepted common names that serve as monograph titles appear in bold type. Scientific names are shown in italic type. Brand names are followed by the supplier's name in parentheses. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant or product in the Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph.
A Aaron's Rod (Sempervivum tectorum) . .0-14, 411 Aaron's Rod (Solidago canadensis) 145 Aaron's Rod (Solidago virgaurea) 0-11, 289 Aaron's Rod (Verbascum densiflorum) .0-18, 832 Abelmoschus moschatus 833 Abelmosk 833 Abies alba 802 Abrus precatorius 43s ABSCESS ROOT
(Polemonium reptans) Absinthe Abyssinian Tea
0-3, 3 0-2*, 829 447
Acorus calamus Acrid Crowfoot Acrid Lettuce Actaea spicata Activated Ginkgo Tablets (Aim for Herbs) Activin Capsules (Advanced Nutritional) Adam's Apple Adam's Flannel
G-7, 138 133 433 so 342 362 G-16, 476 G-18, 532
(Acacia arabica)
3
Acacia Acacia arabica Acacia Bark Acacia catechu Acacia Senegal Acalypha indica Acer rubrum Achillea millefolium Achillea ptarmica Achweed Aconite Aconite Bean Aconitum napellus
378 3 3 183 378 419 0-21, 838 G-26, 833 700 0-13, 36i 0-18,321 376 G-18, 321
G-3, 8
AGAR
(Gelidium amansii)
9
Agar-Agar 9 Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic Hi-Po Formula Capsules (Wakunaga) 327 Agrimonia eupatoria G-3, 10 AGRIMONY
ADAM'S NEEDLE
(Yucca
filamentosa)
Adder's Eyes Adder's Mouth Adder's Root Adderwort Adiantum capillus-veneris
4 0-22, 668 180 46 o-s, 82 491
ADONIS
ACACIA
AGA (Amanita muscaria)
(Adonis vernalis) Adonis vernalis
0-3, 3 c-3, 3
ADRUE
(Cyperus articulatus) c-3, 6 Adulsa G-17, 492 Aegle marmelos 88 Aegopodium podagraria ... .0-13, 36i Aesculus hippocastanum ... G-14, 403 Aethusa cynapium 0-12, 316 Aframomum melegueta G-13, 362 African Pepper 0-8, ies AFRICAN POTATO
(Hypoxis rooperi)
7
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Agropyron repens G-23, 771 Agrostemma githago 222 Ague Grass 11 Ague Tree G-21, 662 Ague-Root 11 Agueweed o-6, 113 Ailanthus altissima 770 Ailanto 770 Airelle G-3, 7s Ajuga chamaepitys G-13, 373 Ajuga reptans G-6, 12s Akebia 189 Akebia quinata 189 Alant (Inula britannica) 119 Alant (Inula helenium) G-10,266 Alcanna : G-14, 391 Alcea rosea G-14, 398 Alchemilla vulgaris G-13, 436 Alchornea floribunda . 424 Alcohol Free Black Walnut Green Hulls Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 134
1-2 / A L C O H O L FREE C H A S T E T R E E BERRY LIQUID
Alcohol Free Chaste Tree Berry Liquid (Nature's Answer) 176 Alcohol Free Dandelion Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .245 Alcohol Free Ginger Root Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 339 Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 359 Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid (Nature's Answer) 409 Alcohol Free Kava Kava Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .443 Alcohol Free Milk Thistle Seed Liquid (Nature's Answer) 516 Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves Liquid (Nature's Answer) 532 Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) 729 Alcohol Free Passionflower Liquid (Nature's Answer) 573 Alcohol Free Red Raspberry Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) 630 Alcohol Free Sage Liquid (Nature's Answer) 655 Alcohol Free White Willow Bark Liquid (Nature's Answer) 807 Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .833 Alcohol Free Yellowdock Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) 835 Alder Buckthorn c-12, 317 Alder Dogwood G-12, 317 Alehoof .372 Alerce 660 Aletris farinosa 11 Alexandrian Senna G-22, 684 ALFALFA
(Medicago sativa) Alfalfa Capsules (Nature's Way) Alfalfa Concentrate Tablets (Freeda) Alfalfa Fortified Tablets (Mason Vitamins)
G-3, 12
12 12 12
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Alfalfa Herbs Tablets (Nature Made) 12 Alfalfa Leaf Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) 12 Alfalfa Liquid (McZand, Nature's Answer) .. .12 Alfalfa Natural Tablets (Nature's Bounty) 12 Alfalfa Tablets (Apothecary, Basic Vitamins, Major, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer) 12 Alfalfa Whole Juice Concentrate Liquid (Futurebiotics) 12 Alfamin Tablets (Key Co.) 12 ALISMA
(Alisma plantagoaquatica)
ALKANET
G-3, 13
Alkanet Root G-3, 13 Alkanna tinctoria G-3, 13 Ail-Heal {Valeriana officinalis) . . . .G-25, 783 All-Heal (Viscum album) . . .0-11, 291 Allium cepa G-19, 557 Allium sativum G-12, 327 Allium schoenoprasum G-8, 188 Allium ursinum 66 Allseed Nine-Joints G-IS, 448 Allspice 590 ALMOND
(Prunus dulcis) Alnus glutinosa
ALPINE CRANBERRY
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20 ALPINE RAGWORT
(Senecio nemorensis) Alpine Strawberry Alpinia officinarum Alstonia Bark Alstonia constricta
21 G-23, 735 467 305 305
G-3, 13
Alisma plantago-aquatica . . . . G-3, 13 (Alkanna tinctoria)
Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000 Capsules (Mason Vitamins) . . . . 16 Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 16 Aloe Vera Super-Strength Liquid (Pharmaceutical Labs) 16 Aloe-Root 11 Aloysia triphylla 463
15 G-S, 89
ALOE
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, ie Aloe 99 Gel (Lee) ie Aloe barbadensis G-3, ie Aloe capensis G-3, ie Aloe ferox ie Aloe vera G-3, 16 Aloe Vera Capsules (ADH, Herbal Harvest, National Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Way) ie
ALTERIS
(Aletris farinosa)
11
Alterra Extended-Release Tablets (Upsher-Smith) Althaea officinalis Althea Althea Rose Alumsroot Alvita Astragalus Root Tea Bags (Alvita Tea) Amanita muscaria Amantilla
719 505 505 G-14, 398 233 54 G-3, 8 G-25, 783
AMARANTH
(Amaranthus hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
G-3, 22
AMARGO
(Quassia amara) . .. .r Amber Ambretta Ambrette Seed Ambroise
'
G-3, 23 G-23, 719 533 533 G-26, 826
AMERICAN ADDER'S TONGUE
(Erythronium americanum)
. . . .24
AMERICAN BITTERSWEET
(Celastrus scandens)
24
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1-4/ASS'S FOOT ASS'S Foot Asthma Weed Astragali
G-9, 209 G-ief 479 54
ASTRAGALUS (Astragalus species)
54
AVOCADO
Ayahuasca Ayegreen Ayron Azedarach
G-S, 98 G-16, 46i 714
BALMONY
Astragalus Capsules (Natrol, Solaray) 54 Astragalus gummifer 767 Astragalus Liquid (Nature's Answer) 54 Astragalus Root Capsules (Nature's Way) 54 Astragalus Root Liquid (McZand) 54 Astragalus species 54 Astragalus Vegicaps (Solgar) . . . .54 Athyrium filix-femina G-15, 454 Atractylodes japonica 430 Atractylodes lancea 706 Atropa belladonna G-4, 69 August Flower 379 Australian Febrifuge 305 Australian Fever Bush 305 Australian Pepper Tree 139 Australian Quinine 305 Autumn Crocus G-9, 206 Ava G-15, 443 Ava Pepper G-15, 443 Avena sativa G-IS, 551 Avens Root G-4, 71 Averrhoa carambola 148 (Persea americana)
Ballota nigra Balm Balm of Gilead Fir
57 833 G-14, 411 G-14, 411 G-18, 539
(Chelone glabra) Balsam Fir Balsam of Peru Balsam of Tolu Balsam Styracis Balsam Tree Balsam-Weed
G-4, 59 714 G-24, 764 G-24, 764 G-23, 734 G-24, 764 436
BAMBOO
(Arundinaria japonica) Banana Banana Tree Band Man's Plaything
. . . . G-4, 60 597 597 G-26, 833
BANEBERRY
(Actaea spicata) Banisteriopsis caapi Bantu Tulip Baptisia tinctoria Barbary
60 833 7 G-26, 812 487
BARBERRY
(Berberis vulgaris) Barber's Brush Bardana
G-4, 61 G-24, 757 G-7, 128
BARLEY
(Hordeum distichon) Barley Grain Capsules (ADH) Barosma betulina Barweed Basam Basics Stinging Nettles Capsules (Natrol)
G-4, 63 63 691 193 G-22, 672 729
Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) .G-22, 705 Bayberry (Myrica gale) . . . .G-24, 745 Bayberry Bark Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 705 Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) . . . .705 Bayberry Root Capsules (Nature's Way) 705 Bean Herb G-23, 739 BEAN POD
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Bean Trifoil Bearberry Bearbind Beard Moss Bearded Darnel Bear's Foot (Alchemilla vulgaris) Bear's Foot (Helleborus viridis)
452 G-25, 779 G-13, 367 778 G-24, 756
BEAR'S GARLIC
(Allium ursinum) Bear's Grape Bear's Paw Root Bear's Weed Bearsgrape Beaver Poison Beaver Tree Beccabunga Bedstraw Bee Balm Bee Nettle Beechdrops Beeflower Beefsteak Plant Bees' Nest
(Ocimum basilicum) '. .3 G-17, 503 G-23, 725
BAEL
Bahama Cascarilla Bahia Powder Bai-Zi-Ren
58 ise 352 seo
BALLOON-FLOWER
(Platycodon grandiflorum)
66 G-20, 602 G-17, 493 84i G-25, 779 G-13, 386 490 G-6, 121 193 562 G-25, soe 109 G-25, 792 583 G-25, 809
BEET
(Beta vulgaris)
(Aegle marmelos)
368
G-4, 67
BASIL
B Babul Bark . Backache Root Badiana
G-15, 456
58
Basil Thyme Bastard Cinnamon Bastard Jasmine Bastard Saffron Batchelor's Buttons (Centaurea cyanus) Batchelor's Buttons (Ranunculus acris) Bay Bay Laurel Bay Tree
G-4, 64 138 182 487 652 G-9, 225 133 G-15, 459 G-15, 459 G-15, 459
Beg Kei Beggar's Blanket Beggar's Buttons Beggarweed (Cuscuta epithymum) Beggarweed (Polygonum aviculare) Beggary
54 G-IS, 532 G-7, 128 G-10, 254 . . G-15, 448 G-12, 322
BEHEN
(Moringa oleifera) Bei Qi Bel
67 54 58
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ASS EAR/I-3
American Cotton Plant 228 American Ginseng 346 American Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Resource) 346 American Ginseng Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) 346 American Greek Valerian . . . . c-3, 3 (Veratrum viride)
25
American Ipecacuanha
421
AMERICAN IVY
G-3, 26
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF
(Hepatica nobilis) American Nightshade
ANGOSTURA
(Galipea officinalis)
26 G-20, 602
(Asimina triloba) American Saffron American Sloe American Spinach American Valerian
27 652 G-5, 96 G-20, 602 541
AMERICAN WHITE POND LILY
(Nymphaea odorata)
G-3, 28
American Woodbine G-3, 26 American Wormgrass 594 American Wormseed G-26, 828 American Wormwood Grass ....831 Ammi Visnaga G-5, SI AMMONIAC GUM
(Dorema ammoniacum)
29
Amomum aromaticum 540 Anacardium occidentale . . . . G-7, 157 Anacyclus Pyrethrum 577 Anagallis arvensis .G-22, 668 Anamirta cocculus 312 Ananas comosus 593 Anchusa G-3, 13 Andira araroba 352 (Anemarrhena asphodeloides)
Aniseed Stars Annual Wormwood Grass Antelaea azadirachta Antennaria dioica Anthoxanthum odoratum . . . Anthyllis vulneraria Aphanes arvensis Apium graveolens Apocynum cannabinum (Malus domestica)
G-23, 725 83i G-18, 539 G-8, 162 G-24, 749 G-9, 214 570 G-8, 172 418
Anemarrhena asphodeloides 31 Anemone nemorosa 824 Anethum graveolens G-IO, 252 ANGELICA
(Angelica archangelica) . . . G-3, 32
(Chenopodium vulvaria) Arrow Poison Arrow Wood
43 450 G-12, 317
G-4, 38
ARENARIA RUBRA
(Spergularia rubra)
39
Arisaema atrorubens Aristolochia clematitis
426 G-S, SO
Armoracia rusticana Armstrong
.39
G-14, 408 G-15, 448
ARNICA
(Arnica montana) Arnica Flowers Arnica montana
41 41 41
43 G-IS, 425 G-IS, 425 178 699 G-26, 829 827 G-12, 320 G-i8, 530 231
ARTICHOKE
G-4, 44
ARUM
(Arum maculatum)
46
Arum maculatum Arundinaria japonica Arusa
46 G-4, eo G-17, 492
ASA FOETIDA
(Ferula foetida)
.47 48
Asarabacca ASARUM
(Asarum europaeum)
.48
Asarum europaeum . . . Asclepias incarnata . . . Asclepias tuberosa . . .
48 G-23, 743 G-20, 598
ASH
. G-4, 50
(Fraxinus excelsior)
ARECA NUT
(Areca catechu)
Arruda Brava Arruda Do Mato Arryan Arsesmart Artemisia absinthium Artemisia cina Artemisia dracunculus Artemisia vulgaris Arthritica (Cynara scolymus)
G-4, 37
Aquilegia vulgaris G-9, 211 Arabian Coffee G-9, 202 Arabian Tea 447 Arabica Coffee G-9, 202 Arachis 575 Arachis hypogaea 575 Aralia racemosa G-23, 711 Araroba 352 Arartree 660 Arberry G-25, 779 Arborvitae G-24, 759 Archangel G-25, 806 Arctium lappa G-7, 128 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi . . . G-25, 779 Areca catechu G-4, 38
(Terminalia arjuna) 31
ARRACH
(Maranta arundinacea) G-3, 35
ARJUN TREE ANEMARRHENA
.41
ARROWROOT
APPLE TREE AMERICAN PAWPAW
Arnica Root
34
ANISE
(Pimpinella anisum)
AMERICAN HELLEBORE
(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
Angelica archangelica G-3, 32 Angelica Root Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 32 Angel's Wort G-3, 32
Ash {Picrasma excelsa) . Ash {Sorbus domestica) . Ash (Sorbus torminalis) . Ashweed
.622 .704 814
G-13, 36i
ASIATIC DOGWOOD
(Cornus officinalis)
51
Asimina triloba
.27
ASPARAGUS
(Asparagus officinalis) . . . . G-4, 52 Asparagus officinalis Aspidium Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco Ass Ear
G-4, 52 : . . . G-17, 493
G-9,
623 212
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
BLACK H A W / 1 - 5
BELLADONNA
(Atropa belladonna) Belladonna Scopola Bellis perennis Ben Nut Tree Bengal Quince Beniseed Benjamin Tree
G-4, 69 671 G-26, 8H 67 58 688 73
BENNET'S ROOT
(Geum
urbanum)
Bilberry Tablets (Yerba Prima) 75 Bio-EFA Black Currant Capsules (Health from the Sun) 94 Bioflax Capsules (Bio-Tech) . . . . 313 BioGinkgo Extra Strength Tablets (Pharmanex) G-29, 342 BioGinkgo Tablets (Pharmanex) 342 BIRCH
(Betula species)
(Styrax benzoin)
73
Berberis vulgaris Berberry Bergamot Bergenia crassifolia Besom Beta vulgaris Betel
G-4, 6i G-4, 61 562 268 G-22, 672 G-4, 67 G-4, 74
BETEL NUT
(Piper betle)
G-4, 74
Betel Nut
G-4, 38
BETH ROOT
(Trillium erectum) Betonica officinalis Betony Bettie Grass Betula species Bhang Bidens tripartita Bigarade Orange
G-4, 74 G-26, 825 G-26, 825 11 G-S, 78 G-17,500 G-7, 131 G-3, 86
BILBERRY
(Vaccinium
myrtillus)
Bilberry Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal, Major, Mason Vitamins, Naturalife, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer, Sundown, Zenith Goldline) Bilberry Extract Capsules (ADH, Futurebiotics, Humco, Nature's Way) Bilberry Herb Capsules (Natrol) Bilberry Leaf Capsules (Frontier) Bilberry Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
G-5, 7 5
Bird Bread Bird Pepper Birdlime Bird's Eye Maple Bird's Foot Bird's Neat Birds' Nest Bird's Tongue (Fraxinus excelsior) Bird's Tongue (Polygonum aviculare) Birdweed Birthroot
G-5, 78 215 G-a, 165 G-11, 291 G-21, 635 G-11, 304 G-25, 809 G-25, 809 G-4, 50 . . .G-15, 448 G-IS, 448 G-4, 74
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, SO Biscuits Bishop's Elder
G-8, 192 G-13, 361
(Ammi Visnaga) Bishopsweed Bishopswort (Aegopodium podagraria) Bishopswort (Betonica officinalis) Bissy Nut
G-5, 81 G-13, 36i
75 75
G-26, 825 205 G-S, 82
BITTER CANDYTUFT
Bitter Clover Bitter Cucumber 75 I Bitter Damson 75
G-S, 83
Bitter Ash (Picrasma excelsa) .. 622 Bitter Ash (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23 Bitter Bark G-7, 153 (Iberis amara)
BITTER ORANGE
G-5, 86
Bitter Redberry Bitter Root Bitter Wood Bitterbloom Bitterroot Bittersweet
G-IO, 256 836 G-3, 23 G-8, 174 418 G-S, 88
BITTERSWEET NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum dulcamara)
G-S, 88
Bitterwood Bitterwort Bizzom
622 836 G-22, 672
BLACK ALDER
(Alnus glutinosa)
G-S, 89 G-12, 317
BLACK BRYONY
(Tamus communis)
G-S, 90
BLACK CATNIP
91
Black Cherry Black Choke
sio 810
BLACK COHOSH
G-13, 361
BITTER APPLE
(Citrullus colocynthis)
85
(Phyllanthus amarus)
BISHOP'S WEED
BISTORT
75
(Polygala amara)
Black Alder
BIRTHWORT
(Persicaria bistorta)
BITTER MILKWORT
(Citrus aurantium)
G-4, 71
BENZOIN
Bitter Fennel G - H , 302 Bitter Grass 11 Bitter Herb (Centaurium erythraea) . . . G - 8 , 174 Bitter Herb (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
84 G-8, 174 G-S, 83 695
(Cimicifitga racemosa)
. . . . G-S, 92
Black Cohosh Capsules (Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Natrol, Nature's Way, Rexall Consumer) Black Cohosh Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92 92
BLACK CURRANT
(Ribes nigrum)
G-S, 94
Black Currant Capsules (Health from the Sun) 94 Black Currant Oil Capsules (Neurovites) 94 Black Elder G - I I , 287 BLACK HAW
(Viburnum prunifolium) . . . G-S, 96
1-6/BLACK HELLEBORE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
BLACK HELLEBORE
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
BLACK HOREHOUND
(Ballota nigra)
G-5, 98
BLACK MULBERRY
(Morus nigra)
99
BLACK MUSTARD
(Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
Black Myrobalan
772
BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum nigrum)
Blanket-Leaf Blatterdock Blazing Star (Aletris farinosa) Blazing Star (Veratrum luteum) Bleaberry Bleeding Heart (Cypripedium calceolus) Bleeding Heart (Dicentra cucullaria) Blessed Herb
G-18, 532 G-19, 585 11 301 G-5, 75 541 775 G-4, 71
BOG BEAN
BLESSED THISTLE
(Cnicus
Black Poplar BLACK ROOT
104
Black Root G-9, 212 Black Sampson 26i Black Snake Root G-5, 92 Black Tea G-13, 369 Black Walnut 134 Black Walnut Hulls Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 134 Black Walnut Liquid (McZand) 134 Black Wattle 3 Black Whortles G-5, 75 Black Willow G-25, 807 Black-Berried Alder G - H , 287 BLACKBERRY
(Rubus fruticosus) Blackcurrant Seed Oil Capsules (Natrol) Blackeye Root Black-Root Black-Tang Blackthorn . Blackwort Bladder Fucus Bladderpod
G-6, 104 94 G-S, 90 . . .11 106 G-22,697 G-9, 212 ioe G-16, 479
BLADDERWORT
(Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
BLADDERWRACK
(Fucus vesiculosus)
benedictus)
G-6, 107
G-6, 103 G-20, 607
(Leptandra virginica)
109 G - H , 283 G-14, 395 G-5, 88 G-22, 678 G-18, 521 G-5, 75 109 G-9, 225 G-9, 225 G-9, 225 46
G-6, 101
BLACK PEPPER
(Piper nigrum)
Blue Ginseng Blue Gum Blue Mallow Blue Nightshade Blue Pimpernel Blue Rocket Blueberry Blueberry Root Bluebonnet Bluebottle Bluebow Bobbins
106
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 106 Blanket Herb G-18, 532
(Menyanthes trifoliata) . . .G-6, 110 BOG BILBERRY
Blessed Thistle Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 107 Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 107 Blind Nettle G-25, soe Blindweed G-22, 690 Blisterweed 133 Blood Elder 259 Blood Hilder 259 Blood Plantago 612 Blood Vine G-26, 818
Boldu Boldus Bolivian Coca
BLOODROOT
BONESET
(Sanguinaria canadensis) Bloodroot Bloodwood BloodwOlt Blooming Sally (Epilobium angustifolium) Blooming Sally (Lythrum salicaria) Blowball Blue Balm Blue Bells Blue Cap Blue Centaury BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllum thalictroides) Blue Cohosh Liquid (McZand) Blue Cohosh Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) Blue Curls Blue Flag
108 G-8, 192 480 G-26, 833 G-26, 818 G-20, 620 G-9, 245 562 G-3, 3 G-9, 225 G-9, 225
109
109 109 G-22, 681 G-19, 56i
(Vaccinium uliginosum)
..G-6,
111
Bog Myrtle yMenyanthes trifoliata) . . . G - 6 , 110 Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) . G-24, 745 Bog Rhubarb G-19, 585 Bogshorns G-19, 585 BOLDO
(Peumus boldus)
(Eupatorium perfoliatum) Boneset Boor Tree
G-6, 112 G-6, 112 G-6, 112 197 G-6, 113 G-9, 212 G-II, 287
BORAGE
(Borago officinalis) Borage Oil Capsules (ADH, Sundown) Borago officinalis Boswellia carteri Bottle-Brush Bouncing Bess Bouncing Bet Bountry Bovisand Soldier Bovista Bowman's Root (Gillenia trifoliata) Bowman's Root (Leptandra virginica) Box Thorn Box Tree Boxberry
G-e, 114 114 G-e, 114 319 G-14, 409 G-2i, 639 G-22, 701 G-11, 287 G-21, 639 * . .sis 421 104 487 G-10, 256 820
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
CALAMINT/I-7
BOXWOOD
(Buxus sempervirens) . . . .G-6, 116 BoXWOod Brake Root Bramble Branching Phytolacca Brandy Mint Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brazil Powder Brazilian Cocoa
G-10, 256 G-IS, 454 G-6, 104 G-20, 602 G-19, sso G-19, 554 G-5, 100 G-7, 134 816 352 376
BRAZILIAN PEPPER TREE
(Schinus terebinthifolius) Brazilian Peppertree Breeam
117 139 G-22, 672
BREWER'S YEAST
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Brideweed Bridewort Brier Hip Brier Rose
. . .118 840 G-17, 511 G-10, 254 G-10, 254
BRITISH ELECAMPANE
(Inula britannica) British Myrrh . British Tobacco
Broad-Leafed-Laurel Broad-Leaved-Garlic Brook Bean
G-24, 743 . G-9, 209
120 G-18, 528 66 G-6, 110
BROOKLIME
(Veronica beccabunga) . . . G-6, 121 Broom
G-22, 672
BROOM CORN
(Sorghum vulgare) Broomtops Browme
...'
BROWN KELP (Macrocystis pyrifera)
G-22, 672 494 G-24, 757 G-25, 800 632 691 G-6, 110 G-14, 403 G-11, 278 231
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus catharticus) Buckthorn Bark
. . . G-6, 123 G-12, 317
BUCKWHEAT
(Fagopyrum esculentum)
G-6, 124
BudwOOd G-10, 256 Buffalo Herb G-3, 12 Bugbane (Actaea spicata) 60 Bugbane (Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . G-5, 92 Bugbane (Veratrum viride) 25 BUGLE
(Ajuga reptans)
G-6, 125
BUGLEWEED
119
BROAD BEAN
(Vicia faba)
Brum Brunfelsia hopeana Brushes and Combs Bryonia alba Bryonia cretica Buchu Buck Bean Buckeye Buckhorn Buckles
(Lycopus virginicus) Bugloss Bugula Bugwort
G-6, 126 G-6, 114 G-6, 125 G-5, 92
BULBOUS BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus bulbosus) Bullock's Eye Bull's Eyes Bullsfoot Bupleurum Chinese Burage
128 G-14, 411 G-17, 503 G-9, 209 187 G-6, 114
BURDOCK
Brownwort G-22, 68i Bruisewort (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Bruisewort (Saponaria officinalis) . . . G-22, 701 Bruisewort (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
BUTCHER'S BROOM
(Ruscus aculeatus)
BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus acris) Butter-Dock Buttered Haycocks Butterfly Dock Butterfly Weed (Juglans cinerea)
Burning Bush
G-25, 791
(Bidens tripartita) Burr Seed
. . . . . . . G-7, 131 G-7, 128
134 G-17, 503 38i
Buttons
G-24, 754
Buxus sempervirens
G-6, l i e
C CABBAGE
(Brassica oleracea)
(Melaleuca leucadendra)
G-7, 134 644 134 G-8, 199 253 G-9, 202 339 . G-7, 136
CALABAR BEAN
(Physostigma yenenosum)
BURR MARIGOLD
G-19, 585 840 G-19, 585 G-20, 598
Button Snakeroot Buttonhole
CAJUPUT
G-7, 130
133
BUTTERNUT
BURNING BUSH
(Dictamnus albus)
G-7, 132
Butcher's Broom Capsules (ADH) 132 Butcher's Broom Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 132 Butter and Eggs 840 Butter Daisy 563 Butter Rose 231 Butter Winter 595 Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Butterbur (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209
Burdock Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . . 128 Burdock Root Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 128 Burnet Saxifrage G-19, 591
G-7, 128
121
122
G-6, 114 G-5, 75 133 G-6, 116
Cabbage Rose Cabbage Tablets (Freeda) Cacao Caesalpinia bonducella Caffea Caffeine-Free Ginger Root Tea Bags (Alvita Tea)
(Arctium lappa) G-22, 672 G-22, 672
Burrage Burren Myrtle Burrwort Bush Tree
137
CALAMINT
(Calamintha nepeta)
138
I-8/CALAMINTHA NEPETA Calamintha
nepeta
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES 138
CALAMUS
(Acorus calamus)
G-7, 138
Calcutta Lucerne 376 Calendula G-17, 497 Calendula Gel (Boiron) 497 Calendula Lotion (Boiron) 497 Calendula officinalis G-17, 497 Calendula Ointment (Boiron) . . 497 Calico Bush G-18, 528 Califlora Calendula Gel (Boericke & Tafel) 497 California Buckthorn G-7, 153 CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE
(Schinus molle)
....
139
CALIFORNIA POPPY
(Eschscholtzia californica) . . . Calluna
vulgaris
. G-7, 140 G-13, 383
Candleberry Candlewick Plant
G-22, 705 G-18, 532
CANELLA
Canella Alba Canella winterana
147
(Chondrus crispus)
152
147 147
Carragennan Carrahan Carrot Carthamus tinctorius Cartkins Willow Carum carvi
152 152 G-25, 809 652 G-25, 807 G-7, 148
CANE-REED
(Costus speciosa)
146
Cang-Zhu Cankerroot Cankerwort (Senecio jacobaea) Cankerwort (Taraxacum officinale) Cannabis Cannabis sativa Canton Cassia Capdockin
706 358
CASCARA SAGRADA
G-20, 629 . . . G-9, 245 G-17, 500 G-17, 500 182 G-19, 585
CAPE ALOE
(Aloe ferox)
Calotropis gigantea Calotropis procera Caltha palustris Calumba Calves' Snout Calystegia sepium Camboge Camellia sinensis Cammock Camolea
141 338 141 0-17, 503 208 840 G-13, 367 0-12, 325 G-13, 369 G-23, 713 G-17,515
CAMPHOR TREE (Cinnamomum camphora)
0-7, 143
Cana Fistula Canada Balsam Canada Pitch Canada Root Canada Tea
0-13, 354 714 G-19, 594 G-20,598 820
16
(Rhamnus purshiana)
. . . . G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark Capsules (Frontier) Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . Cascara Sagrada Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Humco, Nature's Way) Cascara Sagrada Natural Laxative Capsules (Nature's Resource)
153
153
153
153
CASCARILLA
(Croton eluteria) Case-Weed
156 0-22, 690
CASHEW
(Averrhoa carambola)
148
CARAWAY
(Anacardium occidentale) . 0-7, 157 CASSIA
(Carum carvi)
G-7, 148
Card Thistle
G-24, 757
Cardin Carex arenaria Carica papaya Carlina acaulis
o-e, 107 336 G-19, 565 151
CARLINE THISTLE (Carlina acaulis)
(Cassia angustifolia) Cassia Cassia angustifolia Cassia Aromaticum Cassia Bark Cassia fistula Cassia Lignea Cassia senna Castanea sativa Castor Bean
684 182 684 182 182 0-13, 354 182 G-22, 684 708 G-7, I S S
151 CASTOR OIL PLANT
CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD
Canadian Hemp Canadian Poplar Canarium species Cancer-Root Canchalagua
CARAMBOLA
(Elettaria cardamomum) . . G-7, 149
(Erigeron canadensis) . . . . 0-7, 144 canadensis)
G-26, 819 378 G-25, 783 . . . G-22, 690 G-8, ies 6-8, 165
CARDAMOM
CANADIAN FLEABANE
(Solidago
Cape Gooseberry Cape Gum Capon's Tail Capsella bursa-pastoris Capsicum Capsicum annuum
G-22, 681
CARRAGEEN
(Canella winterana)
CALOTROPIS
(Calotropis procera)
Carpenter's Weed (Prunella vulgaris)
145
418 G-20, 607 184 0-20, 602 G-8, 174
CAROB (Ceratonia siliqua)
(Ricinus communis) ..
G-7, 151
Carpenter's Herb (Ajuga reptans) G-6, 125 Carpenter's Herb (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 Carpenter's Square G-11, 311 Carpenter's Weed (Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833
Catalonia Jasmine Catarrh Root Catchfly Catchweed
o-7, i s s 0-15,432 467 418 193
CATECHU
(Acacia catechu) Catha edulis
163 447
ALPHABETICAL INDEX Catmint Catnep
CHICKWEED/I-9 G-8, 164 0-8, 164
CATNIP
(Nepeta cataria)
G-8, 164
Catnip Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) 164 Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 164 Catnip Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 164 Catnip Liquid (Nature's Answer) 164 Catrup G-8, 164 (Urticaria fomentosa)
160
Cat's Claw Bark Capsules (Naturalife) Cat's Claw Bark Liquid (Nature's Answer) Cat's Claw Caplets (Nature's Resource) Cat's Claw Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Humco, Irwin, Mason Vitamins, McZand, National Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way, Rexall Consumer) Cat's Claw Inner Bark Capsules (Frontier) Cat's Claw Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
Catswort
Caulophyllum thalictroides
ieo ieo ieo
ieo . . ieo ieo
G-8, 162 41© 372 372 G - 8 , 164
109
CAYENNE
(Capsicum annuum) Cayenne 30,000 Heat Units Capsules (Frontier) Cayenne Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Herbal Harvest, Mason Vitamins, McKesson, McZand, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Resource, Perrigo)
(Cedrus libani)
169
Cedrus libani . . .
169
CELANDINE
Celastrus scandens
G-8, 169 24
CELERY
CAT'S FOOT
Cat's Nettle Catsfoot Cat's-Paw
CEDAR
(Chelidonium majus)
CAT'S CLAW
(Antennaria dioica)
Cayenne Herbal Capsules (Apothecary) 165 Cayenne Pepper Capsules (Humco, Major) 165 Cayenne Peppers Capsules (ADH) 165 Cayenne Power Herb Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. .. 165 Ceanothus americanus 541
G-8, 16S
165
165
(Apium graveolens)
G-8, 172
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 172 Celery Seed Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 172 Celery Seed Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 172 Celery-Leaved Crowfoot . . G-20, 601 Cemphire G-7, 143 Centaurea G-9, 22s Centaurea cyanus G-9, 225 Centaurium erythraea G-8, 174 CENTAURY
(Centaurium erythraea) .. 0-8, 174 Centaury Gentian Centella asiatica Centinode Centory
G-8, 174 G-13, 359 o-«, 448 G - 8 , 174
Centranthus ruber G-21, 639 Centrum Echinacea Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 26i Centrum Garlic Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 327 Centrum Ginkgo Biloba Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 342 Centrum Ginseng Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 346 Centrum Saw Palmetto Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 664 Centrum St. John's Wort Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 719
Cephaelis ipecacuanha 423 Ceratonia siliqua G-7, 151 Certified Organic Nettle Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 729 Certified Organic Red Raspberry Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 630 Cetraria , 415 Cetraria islandica 415 Ceylon Cinnamom G-S, 190 Chai Hu 187 Chamaemelum nobile G-10, 270 Chamomile G-12, 331 Chamomile Flowers Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .331 Chamomile Liquid (McZand) . . . 331 Chamomilla G-12, 331 Chantal Aloe Vera Cream (National Vitamin) ie Chard G-4, 67 Charity G-15, 427 CHASTE TREE
(Vitex agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Chasteberry Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
176
CHAULMOOGRA
(Hydnocarpus species) Cheat Chebulic Myrobalan Checkerberry Cheese Rennet Cheese Renning Cheeseflower Cheiranthus cheiri
177 G-24, 756 772 820 o-is, 455 G-15, 455 G-i4, 395 G-25, 792
CHEKEN
(Eugenia chequen)
178
Chelidonium majus G-8, 169 Chelone G-4, 59 Chelone glabra G-4, 59 Chenopodium ambrosioides .0-26, 828 Chenopodium vulvaria 43 Cheque Tree 704 CHERRY LAUREL
(Prunus laurocerasus) . . . . G-8, 179 Cherry-Bay Chestnut Chicken Toe
G-8, 179 708 220
CHICKWEED
(Stellaria media) ^
180
I-10/CHICKWEED CAPSULES
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Chickweed Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Chickweed Herb Capsules (Frontier) Chickweed Herb Liquid (Nature's Answer)
iso iso -iso
CHICORY
(Cichorium intybus)
G-8, 181
Chilli Pepper Chimaphila umbellata Chimney-Sweeps Chin Cups China Orange China Root {Alpinia ojficinarum) China Root (Dioscorea villosa) Chinese Arborvitae Chinese Bell-Flower Chinese Cabbage
G-8, 165 595 G-11, 278 238 G-24, 747 467 G-26, 817 560 58 816
(Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182 Chinese Ginger . Chinese Ginseng Chinese Green Tea Tea Bags (Alvita Tea) Chinese Matrimony Vine Chinese Mock-Barberry
467 346 369 486 669
CHINESE MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus japonicus)
183
CHINESE OLIVE
(Canarium species)
184
Chinese Red Panax Capsules (Nature's Resource) Chinese Red Panax Ginseng Capsules (Nature Made) Chinese Red Panax Ginseng Tablets (Nature Made)
346 346 346
CHINESE RHUBARB
Chinese Sumach Chinese Tea
G-12, 321 187 187
CHIRETTA
(Swertia
chirata)
Chittem Bark Chive
187
G-7, 153 G-8, 188
CHIVES
(Allium schoenoprasum) . . G-8, 188 Chocolate Root Chocolate Tree
G-25, 794 G-8, 199
CHOCOLATE VINE
CHINESE CINNAMON
(Rheum palmatum)
Chionanthus virginicus Chirata Chirayta
G-8, 185 770 G-13, 369
(Akebia quinata)
189
Choke Cherry 810 Chondrodendron tomentosum . . . 566 Chondrus 152 Chondrus crispus 152 Chongras G-20, 602 Chop Nut 137 Christe Herbe G-5, 97 Christmas Rose G-5, 97 Christmas-Berry Tree 117 Christ's Ladder G-8, 174 Christ's Spear 269 Christ's Thorn G-14, 397 Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium 621 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 563 Chrysatobine 352 Church Broom G-24, 757 Church Steeples G-3, 10 Churastaff 840 Cichorium intybus G-8, 181 Cicuta virosa G-11, 297 Cimicifuga G-5, 92 Cimicifuga racemosa G-5, 92 Cinchona G-20, 626 Cinchona pubescens G-20, 626 Cineraria Maritima 25a Cinnamomum aromaticum 182 Cinnamomum camphora . . . . G-7, 143 Cinnamomum verum G-8, 190
CHINESE THOROUGHWAX
(Bupleurum Chinese) Chinese Tian Shan Garlic Tablets (Nature's Herbs) Chinese Wolfberry Chinwood Chionanthus
187
CINNAMON
(Cinnamomum 327 486 G-26, 84i G-12, 321
verum)
G-8, 190
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 190 Cinnamon Sedge G-7, 138 Cinnamon Wood G-21, 662
CINQUEFOIL
(Potentilla erecta) Cinquefoil {Potentilla anserind) Cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans) Citronella Citrullus colocynthis Citrus aurantifolia Citrus aurantium Citrus Dulcis Citrus limon Citrus sinensis City Avens
G-8, 192 G-20, 610 G-11, 289 G-16, 465 G-5, 83 G-16, 476 G-5, 86 G-24, 747 460 G-24, 747 G-4, 71
Cive Garlic
G-8, 188
QveS
G-8, 188
Civet
G-8, 188
Cladonia pyxidata Clu\>iceps purpurea
238 280
CLEAVERS
(Galium aparine)
193
Cleavers, Alcohol-Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) Cleaverwort
193 193
CLEMATIS
(Clematis recta)
G-8, 194
Clematis recta G-8, 194 Clematis vitalba G-25, 769 Clivers 193 Clot-Bur (Arctium lappa) . .. G-7, 128 Clot-Bur (Verbascum densiflorum) G-i8, 532 CLOVE
(Syzygium aromaticum) . .. G-8, 195 Clove Garlic Clove Pepper Clown's Lungwort Clown's Mustard
G-12, 327 590 G-18, 532 84
CLUB MOSS
(Lycopodium clavatum) Clusterbean Cnicus benedictus Coachweed Coakum
r
. 196
376 G-6, 107 i . . 193 G-20, 602
COCA
(Erythroxylum coca) Cocaine Cocash Weed Cocculus Indicus
197 197 354 312
ALPHABETICAL INDEX Cochlearia officinalis Cochlospermum gossypium
COTTON TREE/1-11 0-22, 679 229
COCILLANA TREE
(Guraea rusbyi) Cockle Cockle Buttons Cocklebur (Agrimonia eupatoria) Cocklebur {Arctium lappa) Cockoo Flower Cockspur Rye Cockup Hat Cocky Baby COCOA (Theobroma
cacao)
198 222 G-7, 128 G-3, 10 . G-7, 128 657 280 729 46
G-8, 199
COCONUT PALM (Cocos nucifera)
G-9, 201
Cocos nucifera CoCOWOlt Coffea arabica
G-9, 201 G-22, 690 G-9, 202
Cokan
G-7, 144
COLUMBINE (Aquilegia vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Colza Combretum Combretum micranthum
G-19, 554 559 559
48
G-9, 202 G-20, 602
COLA (Cola acuminata)
205
Cola acuminata Cola Nut Cola Seeds
205 205 205
COLCHICUM (Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 Commiphora molmol Common Agrimony Common Alder Common Ash Common Bean
G-IS, 534 G-3, 10 G-5, 89 G-4, 50 G-4, 65
Common Common Common Common Common Common
. . . . G-9, 214
Larch G-IS, 457 Matrimony Vine 487 Polypody G-15, 454 Sandspurry 39 Shrubby Everlasting . . . 417 Silver Fir 802
COMMON STONECROP
(Sedum acre)
215
Compass Plant Compass Weed Compass-Weed
G-21, 645 G-21, 646 G-21, 645
(Marsdenia condurango) Coneflower . .,
COLOMBO (Jateorhiza
COPAIBA BALSAM (Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
COLT'S FOOT (Tussilago farfara)
Copaifera langsdorffi Copaiva G-9, 209 I
Coriandrum sativum
(Agrostemma githago) Corn Horsetail
G-9, 221
218 r-t G-13, 386 G-9, 212 84i
222 G-14, 409
CORN POPPY (Papaver rhoeas) Corn Rose
223 223
CORN SILK
(Zea mays) Cornel Cornelian Tree
224 G-10, 256 G-10, 256
CORNFLOWER
(Centaurea cyanus)
CORYDALIS
Corydalis Corydalis cava Corynanthe pachyceras Cossoo
G-9, 225 G-10, 256 51 G-23, 741 226 775 226 412 450
COSTUS
218 G-ie, 475 G-ie, 475 G-16, 475
COOLWORT (Tiarella cordifolia)
220
(Coriandrum sativum) . . . . G-9, 221
26i
108
CONTRAYERVA (Dorstenia contrayerva)
. . . . 220
CORIANDER
(Corydalis cava) ...
Conium maculatum Consound Consumptive's Weed
Convallaria Convallaria majalis Convall-Lily
odontorhiza)
Corallorhiza odontorhiza
216
CONGOROSA
(Maytenus ilicifolia)
(Corallorhiza
Cornus florida Cornus officinalis Corona Solis
CONDURANGO
Coon Root
208
G-23, 734 223 358 358 358 358 G-26, 819
CORN COCKLE
COMMON KIDNEY VETCH
Colchicum autumnale G-9, 206 Cole G-19, 554 Colewort (Brassica oleracea) G-7, 134 Colewort (Geum urbanum) . .G-4, 71 Colic Root (Alpinia officinarum) 467 Colic Root. (Dioscorea villosa) G-26, 817 Colic Root (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Colic-Root 11 Collinsonia canadensis G-23, 733 Colocynth Pulp G-5, 83 palmata)
Copalm Copperose Coptide CoptlS Coptis Groenlandica Coptis trifolia Coqueret CORAL ROOT
COMFREY
(Anthyllis vulneraria)
COFFEE (Coffea arabica)
Coltsfoot Coltstail .
G-9, 219
220 220
(Saussurea costus) Costus speciosa
227 146
COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum) Cotton Dawes
228 236
Cotton Root
G-16, 468
Cotton Seed Cotton Shell
228 229
COTTON TREE
(Cochlospermum gossypium)
229
1-12/COTTON W E E D
Cotton Weed Couch Grass Coughroot Coughweed Coughwort Couhage Cow Cabbage Cow Grass Cowbane Cowberry
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
236 G-25, 771 G-4, 74 354 G-9, 209 230 G-3, 28 G-15, 44a G-11, 297 G-3, 20
(Piper cubeba)
235
Cuca Cuckoo Bread Cuckoo Buds Cuckoo Pint Cuckowes Meat Cucurbita pepo Cuddy's Lungs
197 827 128 46 827 G-20, 618 G-18, 532
CUDWEED
COWHAGE
(Mucuna pruriens) Cowitch COWSLIP (Primula
CUBEB
230 230
veris)
Cowslip Crab's Eyes Cramp Bark Crampweed
231
G-17, 503 435 G-5, 96 G-20, 610
Cudweed Cullay Culveris Root Culverwort
(Cuminum
(Geranium
CROTON SEEDS (Croton tiglium) Croton tiglium Crow Corn . Crow Soap Crowberry Crowfoot (Anemone nemorosa) Crowfoot (Geranium maculatum) Crowfoot (Ranunculus bulbosus) Crown Flower Crude Chrysarobin
G-10, 271 220 220 G-IS, 448 G-3, 26 372 G-17, 520 G-17, 520 215 658 231 658 G-21, 653 G-e, 113 ise 234 234 11 G-22, 701 G-20, 602 .824 233 128 338 352
236 G-8, 162 G-20, 624 104 G-9, 211
cyminum)
Cuminum cyminum (Silphium
Crataegus laevigata Crawley Crawley Root Crawlgrass Creeper Creeping Charlies Creeping Jenny Creeping Joan Creeping Tom Crest Marine Crewel Crithum maritimum Crocus sativus Crosswort Croton eluteria
CYPRESS
(Cupressus sempervirens) . G-9, 241 46
CYPRESS SPURGE
(Euphorbia cyparissias)
. . G-9, 242
Cypripedium calceolus Cytisus laburnum Cytisus scoparius
541 452 G-22, 672
CUMIN
CUP PLANT 233
240 625 G-ie, 465 335 G-4, 44 410 G-3, 6
Cypress Powder
(Gnaphalium uliginosum)
CRANESBILL
maculatum)
Cyclamen europaeum Cydonia oblongata Cymbopogon citratus Cynanchum vincetoxicum Cynara scolymus Cynoglossum officinale Cyperus articulatus
. . .
G-9, 2 3 7
Daemonorops draco
257
DAFFODIL
perfoliatum)
G-9, 238
(Cladonia pyxidata) . .
. . . . 238
CUPMOSS
Cup-Puppy 223 Cupressus sempervirens . . . . G-9, 241 Curcu Caps Capsules (Health from the Sun) 132
(Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243 Dage of Jerusalem Daggers Da-Huang Daisy Dalmatian^Insect Flowers Dalmatian Pellitory
G-16, 485 G-19, 56i G-8, 185 G-24, 754 621 621
DAMIANA
CURCUMA
(Curcuma xanthorrhizia)
. G-9, 239
Curcuma domestica Curcuma xanthorrhizia Curcuma zedoaria Curdwort Cure All Cure-Ail Curled Dock Curled Mint Cursed Crowfoot Cuscuta epithymum Cusparia Bark Custard Apple Cutch (Acacia catechu) Cutch (Agropyron repens) . Cutweed Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Cyani Cyani-Flowers
775 G-9, 239 G-26, 846 G-15, 455 G-25, 794 G-ie, 46i 835 G-23, 709 G-20, eoi G-10, 254 34 27 163 G-25, 771 106 376 G-9, 225 G-9, 225
CYCLAMEN
(Cyclamen
D
G-9, 2 3 7
europaeum)
240
(Turnera diffusa)
244
Damiana Leaf Capsules (Frontier) Damiana Leaf Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) Damiana Leaves Capsules (ADH, Nature's Herbs)
244 244 244
DANDELION
(Taraxacum officinale)
. . . G-9, 245
Dandelion Capsules (Nature's Way) 245 Dandelion Liquid (McZand) . . . . 245 Dandelion Root Capsules (ADH, Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Nature's Bounty) . . . .245 Danewort 259 Dan-Shen 636 Daphne (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Daphne (Laurus nobilis) . . .G-IS, 459 Daphne mezereum G-17, 515
ALPHABETICAL INDEX Darkmous Darri
DUN DAISY / I - 1 3 716 121
DATE PALM
(Phoenix dactylifera)
G-IO, 246
Datura G-IS, 436 Datura stramonium G-IS, 436 Daucus carota G-25, 809 Da-Zao 439 Dead Men's Bells G-IO, 248 Dead Men's Fingers 79s Dead Nettle G-25, 806 Dead Tongue 795 Deadly Nightshade G-4, 69 Deaf Nettle G-25, 806 Deer Balls 618 Deerberry 820 Delicate Bess G-21, 639 Delphinium consolida G-15, 458 Delphinium staphisagria 726 Demerara Pinkroot 831 Deodorized Garlic Tablets (Nature's Bounty) 327 Dergmuse 716 Desert Herb G-16, 488 Devil Tree 305 Devil's Apple G-15, 436 Devil's Bit {Aletris farinosa) . . . .11 Devil's Bit (Alstonia constricta) 305 Devil's Bit (Scabiosa succisa) G-20, 612 Devil's Bite {Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Devil's Bite {Veratrum viride) 25 Devil's Bones G-26, 817 Devil's Cherries G-4, 69 DEVIL'S CLAW
(Harpagophytum procumbens)
Devil's Head Devil's Herb Devil's Nettle Devil's Plaything Devil's Ribbon Devil's Root Devil's Trumpet Devil's Turnip {Bryonia alba) Devil's Turnip {Bryonia cretica) Devil's Vine Dew Plant Dewberry Dicentra cucullaria Dictamnus albus Didin Didthin
840 G-4, 69 G-26, 833 G-26, 833 840 G-19, 588 G-15, 436 G-25, 800 632 G-13, 367 740 G-6, 104 775 G-7, 130 G-18, 534 G-18, 534
DIGITALIS
{Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
DIGITALIS LANATA
(Digitalis lanata) Digitalis lanata Digitalis purpurea Di-Gu-Pi Di-Huang
250 250 G-10, 248 486 640
DILL
(Anethum graveolens) . . . .G-10, 252 Dilly Dionaea muscipula Dioscorea villosa Dipsacus silvestris Diptam Dipteryx odorata Dita Bark Dittany Divale
G-IO, 252 786 G-26, 817 G-24, 757 G-7, 130 767 305 G-7, 130 G-4, 69
DIVI-DIVI
247
Devil's Claw Capsules (ADH) 247 Devil's Claw Root Tuber Capsules (Frontier) 247 Devil's Claw Secondary Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 247 Devil's Dung 47 Devil's Eye G-14, 389 Devil's Fuge G-11, 291 Devil's Guts G-IO, 254
(Caesalpinia bonducella)
253
DODDER
(Cuscuta epithymum) Dodder of Thyme Dog Cloves Dog Parsley Dog Poison
G-IO, 254 G-10, 254 G-22, 701 G-12, 316 G-12, 316
DOG ROSE
(Rosa canina)
G-10, 254
Dog Rowan Tree Dog Standard
G-S, 96 G-20, 629
Dog Wood
Dogbane Dog-Berry Dog-Bur Doggies Dog-Grass Dog's Arrach Dog's Finger Dog's Tongue Dog's Tooth Violet Dog-Tree
G-12, 317
418 G-10, 254 410 840 G-25, 771 43 G-IO, 248 410 24 G-10, 256
DOGWOOD
(Cornus florida)
G-10, 256
DogWOOd 428 Dogwood Bark G-7, 153 Dolloff G-17, 511 Donnhove G-9, 209 Doorweed ., G-15, 448 Dorema ammoniacum 29 Dorstenia contrayerva 218 Dr. Masquelier's Authentic OPC's Tablets (Naturalife) . . . .362 Draconis Resina 257 Dracontium 696 Dracorubin 257 Dragon Flower G-19, 561 Dragon Root 46 Dragon-Bushes 840 DRAGON'S BLOOD
(Daemonorops draco)
257
Dragon's Blood Dragonwort Drake Drimys winteri Dropberry Dropsy Plant Drosera ramentacea Drumstick Tree Drunken Sailor Dryas octopetala Dryopteris filix-mas Duck's Foot
G-14, 393 G-5, 82 G-24, 756 820 G-22, 703 G-ie, 461 740 67 G-21, 639 526 G-17, 493 G-17, 510
DUCKWEED
(Lemna minor)
G-IO, 258
Dudgeon Duffle Dulcamara Dumb Nettle Dumpling Cactus Dun Daisy
G-6, l i e G-IS, 532 G-S, 88 G-25, soe G-19, 588 563
I - 1 4 / D U R F A GRASS
Durfa Grass Durri
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-25, 771 121
DUSTY MILLER
(Senecio bicolor) Dutch Myrtle Dutch Rushes Dutchman's Breeches Dwale Dwarf Bay Dwarf Carline
258
G-24, 745 G-i4, 409 775 G-4, 69 c-17, 515 151
DWARF ELDER
(Sambucus ebulus) Dwarf Flax Dwarf-Pine Dwayberry Dyeberry
259
526 c-22, 674 G-4, 69 G-5, 75
Dyer's Bugloss Dyer's Greenwood Dyer's Madder Dyer's Saffron Dyer's Weed Dyer's Whin Dysentery Bark Dysentery Weed
Eagle Vine Early Fumitory Earth Gall Earth Smoke Earthbank East India Catarrh Root East India Root East Indian Almond Easter Rower Easter Giant Easter Mangiant Echinacea
G-10, 260 0-3, 13 G-10, 260 G-ie, 490 652 G-10, 260 G-10, 260 695 236
216 226 25 G-12,322 G-8, 192 467 467 G-7, 157 572 o-s, 82 G-5, 82 261
Eleutherococcus senticosus 693 Elfdock G-10, 266 ElfwOrt O-10, 266 Ellanwood 0-11, 287 Ellhorn G-II, 287 ELM BARK
261
261
(Echinacea pallida) Echinacea pallida . . .
261 261
Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea Angustifolia Herb Capsules (Frontier)
261
G-10, 261
Echinacea purpurea G-10, 26i Echinacea purpurea Root Capsules (Frontier) 26i Echinacea Root Capsules (Key Co., Major) 261 Echinacea Root Herbal Capsules (Apothecary) 261 Echinacea Standardized Capsules (Rexall Consumer) 26i Eggs and Bacon 840 Eggs and Collops 840 Eglantine Gall G-10, 254 Egyptian Alcee 533 Egyptian Privet G-14, 391 Egyptian Thorn 378 Elder G-II, 287 Elder Flowers Capsules (Frontier) 287 Elderberry Flowers & Berries Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .287 Elderberry Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 287 ELECAMPANE
G-10, 266
Elemi
184
ELEPHANT-EARS
26i
EltTOOt Elytrigig Repens Emetic Herb Emetic Weed Enchanter's Plant Enebro
G-13, 361 G-25, 771 G-16, 479 o-ie, 479 G-25, 788 G-15, 440
(Ophioglossum vulgatum)
269
ENGLISH CHAMOMILE
(Chamaemelum nobile) . . .0-10, 270
(Inula helenium) 261
6-10, 269
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA
(Echinacea angustifolia)
(Ulmus minor)
ENGLISH ADDER'S TONGUE
ECHINACEA PALLIDA
(Echinacea purpurea)
DYER'S BROOM
(Genista tinctoria)
Echinacea Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal, Celestial Seasonings, Contract Pharmacal, Herbal Harvest, Humco, Irwin, Mason Vitamins, McKesson, National Vitamin, Nature Made, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown, Zenith Goldline) Echinacea Liquid (McZand, Pharmaceutical Labs)
(Bergenia crassifolia) Elettaria cardamomum Eleuthero Ginseng Root Capsules (Frontier)
268 G-7, 149 346
English Cowslip 231 English Greek Valerian . .. G-15, 427 ENGLISH HAWTHORN
(Crataegus laevigata) . . . .0-10, 271 ENGLISH HORSEMINT
(Mentha longifolia)
0-10, 275
ENGLISH IVY
(Hedera helix)
0-10, 275
ENGLISH LAVENDER
(Lavandula angustifolia) . G-10, 277 English Mandrake (Bryonia alba) English Mandrake (Bryonia cretica) English Masterwort English Oak
G-25, soo 632 0-13, 36i 0-18, 549
ENGLISH PLANTAIN
(Plantago lanceolata) . .. .0-11, 278 English Sarsaparilla G-8, 192 English Watercress 384 Ephedra o-ie, 488 Ephedra sinica o-ie, 488 Ephedrine o-ie, 488 Epigae repens 768 Epilobium angustifolium ... .0-26, 818 Epright Sumach 600 Equisetum arvense 0-14, 409 ERGOT (Claviceps purpurea) Eriffe Erigeron canadensis
280 193 0-7, 144
ALPHABETICAL INDEX Eringo Eriodictyon Eriodictyon californicum Eryngium campestre
FEVERFEW/1-15 G-11, 282 84i 841 G - H , 282
ERYNGO
(Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
Eryngo-Leaved Liverwort 415 Erysimum 384 Erysimum diffusum 365 Erythronium 24 Erythronium americanum 24 Erythroxylum coca 197 Eschscholtzia californica . . . G-7, 140 Estragon G-12, 320 Eternal Flower 417 EUCALYPTUS
(Eucalyptus
globulus)
Eucalyptus globulus . . . Eugenia chequen Eugenia unifloria Euonymus atropurpurea Eupatorium cannabinum Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia cyparissias . Euphorbia resinifera Euphrasia Euphrasia officinalis European Angelica European Ash European Aspen European Avens European Barberry European Bitter Polygala European Cranberry
G-11, 283 G-11, 283 178 742 G-25, 791 G-13, 388 G-6, 113 . G-9, 242
716 300 300 G-3, 32 G-4, 50 0-20, 607 G-4, 71 G-4, ei 88 o-s, 96
EUROPEAN ELDER
(Sambucus nigra)
o-ii, 287
EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER GRASS
(Potentilla reptans)
G-11, 289
European Vervain
G-25, 788
EUROPEAN WATER HEMLOCK
(Cicuta
virosa)
G-11, 297
European Wild Pansy 382 EuroQuality Juniper Berries Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .440 EuroQuality Red Clover Blossoms Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 633 EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis)
officinalis)
300
Eyebright (Centaurium erythraea) . . . G-8, Eyebright (Lobelia inflata) .G-i6, Eyebright Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Major, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Resource) Eyebright Herb Capsules (Frontier)
174 479
300 300
EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD
(Solidago virgaurea) European Larch
G-11,289 o-is, 457
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE
(Viscum album)
..
G-11, 291
EUROPEAN PEONY
(Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
EUROPEAN SANICLE
(Sanicula
europaea)
European Senega Snakeroot
296 .85
Fagopyrum esculentum Fairy Bells Fairy Caps (Digitalis purpurea) Fairy Caps (Primula veris) Fairy Fingers Fairy Flax Fairy Gloves Fairy Thimbles Fairy-Wand
Saffron Bittersweet Box Cinnamon Coltsfoot Grapes Hellebore Jacob's Ladder Jasmin Pepper
652 24 G-IO, 256 182 48 G-3, 26 G-3, 5 G-3, 3 838 139
FALSE SCHISANDRA G-11, 298
Evening Primrose Capsules (Major) 298 Evening Primrose Oil Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin, Natrol, Nature's Bounty) 298 Evergreen Snakeroot 85 Everlasting 236 Everlasting Friendship 193 Eve's CupS G-20, 596 Ewe Daisy G-8, 192 Ex-Lax Maximum Strength (Novartis Consumer) 684 Eye Balm G-13, 355 Eye Root G-13, 355 EYEBRIGHT (Euphrasia
Fake False False False False False False False False False
o-6, 124 827 0-10, 248 231 G-IO, 248 526 G-IO, 248 G-IO, 248 301
(Kadsura japonica)
301
FALSE UNICORN ROOT
(Veratrum luteum)
301
Featherfew Featherfoil Felon Herb Felonwood Felonwort Feltwort Fenkel
0-11, 3oe G-11, 3oe G-IS, 530 G-5, 88 G-5, 88 G-IS, 532 G-11, 302
FENNEL
(Foeniculum vulgare)
. . . G-11, 302
Fennel Seed Capsules (Nature's Way) Fennel Seed Liquid (Nature's Answer)
302 302
FENUGREEK
(Trigonella graecum)
foenum-
Fenugreek Capsules (Nature's Way) Fenugreek Seed Capsules (Frontier) Fern Ferula Ferula foetida Ferula gummosa Ferula sumbul Fetid Nightshade FEVER BARK (Alstonia constricta) Fever Fever Fever Fever
Plant Root Tree Twig
G-11, 304
304 304 0-17, 493 0-23, 738 47 323 G-23, 738 G-14, 389
305 0-11, 298 220 0-11, 283 G-5, 88
FEVERFEW (Tanacetum parthenium) . G-11, 306
1-16 /FEVERFEW CAPSULES
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Feverfew Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . . 306 Feverfew Extract Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Humco) 306 Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Naturalife) 306 Feverfew Traditional Herb Capsules (Nature's Resource) 306 Fevergrass G-16, 465 Feverwort (Centaurium erythraea) . . . G-8, 174 Feverwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum) G-6, 113 Ficus carica G-11, 310 Field Balm G-8, 164 Field Horsetail G-14, 409 Field Lady's Mantle 570 Field Mustard 816 Field Pumpkin G-20, 618
G-11, 310
Fieldhove
G-9, 209
FIGS (Ficus carica)
G-11, 310
FIGWORT
(Scrophularia nodosa) . . . G-11, 311 Figwort Filipendula ulmaria Filwort Finger Flower Fir Tree Fireweed
(Linum
usitatissimum)
466 G-17, sn G-8, 174 G-IO, 248 714 G-26, SIS 312
Fish Mint Fish Poison Tree Five Fingers . Five Leaves Five-Finger Blossom Five-Finger Fern Five-Fingered Root Five-Leaflet Flag Lily Flaggon Flake Manna Flannelflower Flapperdock
G-23, 709 428 G-11, 289 G-3, 26 G-11, 289 491 , 795 189 G-19, 56i G-19, 56i G-17, 496 G-IS, 532 G-19, 585
Fool's-Cicely
(Artemisia dracunculus) Friar's Cap Friar's Cowl
. G-12, 320 G-IS, 521 46
FRINGETREE
(Chionanthus virginicus) . .G-12, 321 Frogsfoot Frogwort Frost Plant Frostweed
128 128 G-12, 321 G-12, 321
FROSTWORT (Helianthemum canadense)
G-12, 321
FUCUS Fucus vesiculosus Fuller's Herb Fumaria officinalis
106 106 G-22, 701 G-12, 322
arvensis)
Foxglove
G-10, 248 G-7, 128
FRANGULA
G-12, 317 G-12, 317
G-12, 322 G-12, 322 G-IO, 260 G-25, 791 G-25, 791
G
(Ferula gummosa) G-12, 316
G-23, 735
FRANKINCENSE (Boswellia carteri)
Fumus Furze Fusanum Fusoria
GALBANUM
Fragaria vesca
Frangula Bark
(Fumaria officinalis)
G-12, 316
FOX'S C l o t e
(Rhamnus frangula)
FUMITORY
G-12, 316
FORGET-ME-NOT
Fraxinella
G-4, 50 G-17, 496 G-13, 353
FRENCH TARRAGON
Gadrose Gaglee Gagroot Galanga Galangal Galanthus nivalis
FOOL'S PARSLEY
(Myosotis
Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus ornus French Lilac
G-20, 598
Fly Agaric G-3, 8 Fly-Catcher G-20, 596 Fly-Trap (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Fly-Trap (Sarracenia purpurea) . . . G-20, 596 Foal's-Foot G-9, 209 Foalswort G-9, 209 Foam Flower G-9, 219 Foeniculum vulgare G-11, 302 Folks' Glove G-IO, 248 Food of the Gods 47 (Aethusa cynapium)
FISH BERRY (Anamirta cocculus)
G-12, 313
Flax Weed G-21, 650 Flaxseed G-12, 313 Flaxseed Oil Capsules (Advanced Nutritional, Rx Vitamins) 313 Flaxweed 840 Flea Wort (Erigeron canadensis) . . . . G-7, 144 Flea Wort (Plantago afra) . G-20, 616 Fleaseed G-20, 616 Flesh and Blood G-8, 192 Fliggers G-19, 561 Florentine Orris G-19, 561 Florida Holly 117 Flower Velure G-9, 209 Flowering Ash G-17, 496 Flowering Sally G-20, 620 Flowering Wintergreen 85 Fluellin 840 Fluffweed G-IS, 532 Flux Root
FIELD SCABIOUS
(Knautia arvensis)
FLAX
Galega officinalis Galeopsis segetum Galipea officinalis Galium aparine Galium odoratum Galium verum Gallinaccia Oak Gallwort
G-25, 791 46 G-ie, 479 467 467 700 323 G-13, 353 G-13, 389 34 193 G-24, 751 G-15, 455 550 840
GAMBIR
319 G-7, 130
(Uncaria species) Gambodia
324 G-12, 325
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT TABLETS / I - 1 7
GAMBOGE
(Garcinia hanburyi) . . . . G-12, 3 2 5 Ganja G-17, 5 0 0 Garbato Tambor Hausca 160 G-12, 3 2 5 Garcinia hanburyi Garden Angelica . . G-3, 3 2 Garden Artichoke . G-4, 4 4 GARDEN CRESS
(Lepidium sativum) Garden Mint Garden Nightshade Garden Violet Garden-Poppy Gargaut Garl-Action Tablets (Action Labs)
G-12, 3 2 6 G-23, 7 0 9 G-6, 101 G-24, 7 5 0 G-20, 6 0 9 467
. . 327
GARLIC
(Allium sativum) G-12, 3 2 7 Garlic Capsules (Bio-Tech, Cardinal, Frontier, Key Co., Major, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin) . . . . 327 Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets (Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . 3 2 7 Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules 327 (Republic) Garlic Oil Capsules (Advanced Nutritional, Apothecary, Basic Vitamins, Bergen Brunswig, Family Pharmacy, Health Products, Mason Vitamins, Medicine Shoppe, Nature Made, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . . 3 2 7 Garlic Oil Natural Capsules (Cardinal, Rexall 327 Consumer) Garlic Power Tablets . . .327 (Nature's Herbs) Garlic Sage ci-26, 8 2 6 Garlic Tablets (ADH, American Pharmaceutical, Apothecary, Basic Vitamins, Bergen Brunswig, Celestial Seasonings, Contract Pharmacal, Family
Pharmacy, Freeda, Mason Vitamins, Medicine Shoppe, National Vitamin , Naturalife, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Republic , 327 Zenith Goldline) Garlicin Tablets .327 (Nature's Way) Garlic-X Tablets (Mason Vitamins) 327 Garlin Tablets (Major) . . . . .327 Garlique Enteric Coated Tablets (Sunsource) .327 Garlique Tablets (Sunsource ) .. . 3 2 7 G-7 130 Gas Plant Gatten G-25 i 791 Gatter G-25 , 791 .820 Gaultheria procumbens Gay-Feather G-17 , 5 0 3 Gelidium amansii . .9 Gelsemin .838 838 Gelsemium sempervirens Genista tinctoria G-10 , 2 6 0 Gentian .836 .836 Gentian Root .836 Gentiana lutea Geranium .233 Geranium maculatum 233 G-14 3 9 3
Geranium robertianum . . . . GERMAN CHAMOMILE
(Matricaria recutita) . . . .
G-12 331
GERMAN IPECAC
(Cynanchum vincetoxicum)
335
GERMAN SARSAPARILLA
(Carex arenaria)
336
GERMANDER
(Teucrium chamaedrys) Geum Geum rivale Geum urbanum Gharghar Giant Kelp
G-12, 337 G-4 , 71 G-25, 7 9 4 G-4 , 71 660 122
GIANT MILKWEED
(Calotropis gigantea) Giant Swallow Root Gillenia Gillenia trifoliata
338 338 421 421
Gill-Go-over-the-Ground Gill-to-by-the-Hedge Gillyflower Gin-Action Tablets (Action Labs) Ginepro Gingelly
372 372 G-25, 792 346 G-15, 440 688
GINGER
(Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Ginger Capsules (Mason Vitamins, Sundown) 339 Ginger Kid Liquid (Nature's Answer) 339 Ginger Liquid (McZand) 339 Ginger Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 339 Ginger Root Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Mason Vitamins, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Resource, Nature's Way, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) 339 Ginger Root Oil (Aura Cacia) . . 339 Ginkai Tablets (Lichtwer) . G-29, 342 GinkAlert Tablets (Mason Vitamins) 342 GINKGO
(Ginkgo biloba) G-12, 342 Ginkgo biloba G-12, 342 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal, Celestial Seasonings, Major, Mason Vitamins, Naturalife, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown, Zenith Goldline) .. * 342 Ginkgo Biloba Extract (Natrol)
Ginkgo Biloba Extract Capsules (Humco, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin, Neurovites) Ginkgo Biloba Extract Tablets (Herbal Harvest, Nature's Bounty)
342
342
342
1 - 1 8 / G I N K G O BILOBA LIQUID
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Ginkgo Biloba Liquid (Pharmaceutical Labs)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Plus Capsules (Apothecary)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Premium Extract Capsules (Futurebiotics)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Premium Extract Tablets (Futurebiotics)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Standardized Capsules (Rexall Consumer) c-30, 342 Ginkgo Biloba Tablets (Major, Natrol, Nature Made, Reese)
342
Ginkgo Capsules (McZand)
342
Ginkgo Leaf Capsules (Frontier) Ginkgo Liquid (McZand)
342 342
Ginseng Chinese Liquid (McZand)
346
Ginseng Complex Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Nature's Bounty, Rexall Consumer) . . . . 3 4 6 Ginseng Complex Korean Capsules (Mason Vitamins) . . . 346 Ginseng Concentrate Capsules (McKesson)
346
Ginseng Energy Capsules (Celestial Seasonings)
346
Ginseng Up Capsules (Nature's Bounty) Ginseng Vitamin Capsules (Family Pharmacy) Giroflier Gladdon Gladyne Glechoma hederacea Globe Amaranth Globe Artichoke Globe Crowfoot
346
Ginseng Korean Standardized Capsules (Rexall Consumer)
346
(Trollius europaeus) Globe Ranunculus Globe Trollius Gloves of Our Lady Glycine soja Glycyrrhiza glabra Gnaphalium uliginosum
(Andira araroba)
342
Ginseng Liquid (Pharmaceutical Labs)
Goat's Arrach Goat's Leaf
346
Ginkgo-Go Tablets (Wakunaga)
Goat's Pod
342
Ginkgold Tablets (Nature's Way)
Ginseng Manchurian Capsules (Nature's Bounty)
346
342
Ginseng Natural Tablets (Bergen Brunswig)
346
Ginseng Power Max 4X Capsules (Action Labs)
346
Ginseng Power Max 4X Liquid (Action Labs)
346
Ginseng Root Korean White Capsules (Bergen Brunswig)
346
346
Ginseng Root Siberian Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Nature's Resource)
346
346
Ginseng Root Tablets (Rexall Consumer)
346
Ginkgo Tablets (Mericon)
342
Ginkoba Tablets (Pharmaton) Ginsai Capsules (Lichtwer)
G-29, 342 346
Ginsana Capsules (Pharmaton)
G-29, 346
Ginsana Chewable Tablets (Pharmaton)
G-29, 346
GINSENG (Panax ginseng) Ginseng American Capsules (ADH) Ginseng American Liquid (McZand) Ginseng Capsules (American Pharmacal, Basic Vitamins, Bergen Brunswig, Contract Pharmacal, Major, McKesson, Naturalife, Perrigo) Ginseng Chinese Capsules (ADH)
. 346
G-12, 351 G-12, 351 G-12, 351 G-IO, 248 G-22, 707 G-ie, 469 236
GOA POWDER
346
(Irwin)
346 G-25, 792 G-7, 138 G-19, 56i 372 133 G-4, 44 G-12, 351
GLOBE FLOWER
Ginseng Korean Capsules (Advanced Nutritional, Health Products, Major, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, Zenith Goldline)
Ginseng Korean Tablets (Mason Vitamins)
Ginkgo Smart Capsules
346
352 43 399 G-8, 165
GOAT'S RUE
(Galega officinalis)
G-13, 353
Goatweed (Aegopodium podagrarid) .G-13, 361 Goatweed (Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719 God's-Hair 38i Gold Chain 215 Gold Cup 133 Goldbloom G-17, 497 Goldcup 128 Golden Chain 452 Golden Daisy 563 Golden Groundsel 354 Golden Moss 215 GOLDEN RAGWORT
Ginseng Siberian Capsules (Apothecary, Cardinal, Major, Mason Vitamins, Rexall Consumer) ..
346
346
Ginseng Siberian Liquid (McZand)
346
346
Ginseng Siberian Tablets (Nature's Bounty)
346
(Senecio aureus)
354
Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) G-11, 289 Golden Rod (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Golden Seal Capsules (National Vitamin) 355 Golden Seal Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 355
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
GROUND LILY / I - 1 9
Golden Seal Root Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Herbal Harvest, Major, McKesson, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way, Zenith Goldline) Golden Senecio
355 354
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
(Cassia fistula)
G-13, 354
GOLDENSEAL
(Hydrastis canadensis)
. G-13, 355
Goldenseal 563 Goldenseal Capsules (ADH, Mason Vitamins) 355 Goldenseal Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 355 Goldenseal Liquid (McZand) . . 355 Goldenseal Plus Capsules (Key Co.) 355 Goldenseal Root Alcohol Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) 355 Goldenseal Root Capsules (Apothecary, Frontier, Humco, Mason Vitamins, Nature Made, Nature's Resource, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer, Sundown) 355 Goldilocks 417 Golds G-17, 497 GOLDTHREAD
(Coptis trifolia)
358
Goldy Star G-4, 71 Goonteh 435 Goose Grass 193 Goose Tansy G-20, 610 Goosebill 193 Goosefoot 43 Goosegrass (Galium aparine) .. .193 Goosegrass (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 Goosewort G-20, 610 Go-Qi-Zi 487 Gosling Weed 193 Gossypium herbaceum G-16, 468 Gossypium hirsutum 228 GOTU KOLA
(Centella asiatica)
G-13, 359
Gotu Kola Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Frontier, Major, Mason Vitamins, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer, Sundown, Zenith Goldline) 359 Gotu Kola Herb Capsules (McKesson) 359 Gotu Kola Herb Liquid (Nature's Way) 359 Gotu Kola Liquid (McZand) . . . . 359 Gout Herb G-13, 36i Goutberry G-6, 104 (Aegopodium podagraria) .G-13, 361 GoUtWOlt
G-13, 361
Grain Grains of Paradise
G-18, 551 G-8, 165
(Aframomum melegueta) . G-13, 362 G-19^73
GRAPE G-13, 3 6 2
Grape Seed Capsules (Bergen Brunswig) 362 Grape Seed Extract Capsules (Major, Rexall Consumer, Sundown) 362 Grapeholly G-18, 527 Grapeseed Extract Capsules (Nature's Bounty) 362 Grapple Plant 247 Grass G-17, 500 Grass Myrtle G-7, 138 Gratiola G-i3, 385 Gratiola officinalis G-13, 385 Gravel Plant 768 Gray Beard Tree G-12, 321 Gray Nicker 253 GRAY WALLFLOWER
(Erysimum diffusum)
365
GREAT BURNET
(Sanguisorba officinalis) . G-13, 366 Great Burr Great Morel Great Ox-Eye Great Raifort Greater Ammi
Grecian Laurel Greek Hay Seed Greek Nuts
G-7, 128 G-4, 69 563 G-14, 408 G-5, SI
G-13, 367 G-15, 459 G-11, 304 15
GREEK SAGE
(Salvia triloba) Green Green Green Green
Bean Broom Endive Ginger
367 G-4, 65 G-10, 260 453 G-26, 829
GREEN HELLEBORE
Green Mint Green Ozier Green Sauce
368 G-23, 709 G-IO, 256 827
GREEN TEA
(Camellia sinensis)
GRAINS-OF-PARADISE
(Vitis vinifera)
(Calystegia sepium)
(Helleborus viridis)
GOUTWEED
Granadilla
GREATER BINDWEED
G-13, 369
Green Tea Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Natrol) ....369 Green Tea Extract Capsules (Celestial Seasonings) 369 Green Tea Leaf, Alcohol Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) 369 Green Tea Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 369 Green Tea Power, CaffeineFree Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 369 Green Tea Tablets (Futurebiotics) 369 Greenweed G-IO, 260 Grenadier G-20, 605 Grindelia 379 Grindelia species 379 Grip Grass 193 Groats G-18, 551 Ground Apple G-10, 270 Ground Berry 820 Ground Elder G-13, 361 Ground Furze G-23, 713 Ground Glutton 374 Ground Holly 595 GROUND IVY
(Glechoma hederacea) Ground Laurel Ground Lemon Ground Lily
372 768 G-17, 510 G-4, 74
1 - 2 0 / G R O U N D PINE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
GROUND PINE
(Ajuga chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Ground Raspberry Ground Thistle Groundbread Groundnuts
G-13, 355 151 240 575
Gum Plant G-9, 212 Gum Senegal 378 Gum Tree {Eucalyptus globulus) . . . .G-11, 283 Gum Tree {Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734 Gummigutta G-12, 325
GROUNDSEL
(Senecio vulgaris)
374
Grundy Swallow {Senecio aureus) Grundy Swallow {Senecio vulgaris) G-Sana Capsules (Mason Vitamins)
354 374 346
GUAIAC
(Guaiacum officinale)
375 375
GUAR GUM
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
. . . . 376
Guar Gum Powder (Freeda)
376
GUARANA
cupana)
376
Guarana Bread 376 Guarana Capsules (Mason Vitamins, Natrol) 376 Guarana Seed Liquid (Nature's Answer) 376 Guarana Tablets (Apothecary, National Vitamin, Sundown) 376 Guelder Rose G-5, 96 Guggal Gum G-18, 534 Guggal Resin G-IS, 534 Guggul Resin Capsules (Frontier) 534 Guinea Corn 121 Guinea Grains G-13, 362 Guinea Rush G-3, 6 Guinea Sorrel G-14, 394 Gum Acacia 378 GUM ARABIC
(Acabia Senegal) Gum Gum Gum Gum Gum Gum
Asafoetida Bush Camphor Dragon Euphorbium Ivy
(Grindelia species)
379
Gunga Guraea rusbyi Guru Nut Gutta Cambodia Gutta Gamba Gypsy Flower Gypsywort
435 198 205 G-12, 325 G-12, 325 410 G-6, 126
375
Guaiacum Guaiacum officinale
(Paullinia
GUMWEED
378 47 84i G-7, 143 767 7ie G-IO, 275
H H. Lignum Hackmatack Haematoxyion campechianum Hagenia abyssinica Hag's Taper Hair of Venus Hairy Mint Hallelujah Hallfoot Hamamelis Hamamelis virginiana Hamburg Parsley Handflower Happy Major Hardback Hardhack Hardhay Hardock Hareburr Hare's Beard
480 G-24, 759 . . . 480 450 G-18, 532 491 G-26, 813 827 G-9, 209 G-26, 821 G-26, 821 G-19, 567 G-25, 792 G-7, 128 G-23, 733 G-23, 733 G-23, 719 G-7, 128 G-7, 128 G-18, 532
Hawthorn Berries Capsules (Nature's Resource, Nature's Way) 271 Hawthorn Berries Liquid (Nature's Way) 271 Hawthorn Berry Capsules (Mason Vitamins) 271 Hawthorn Capsules (McZand) . . . 271 Hawthorn Extract Capsules (Humco) 271 Hawthorn Flowers Leaves & Berries Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 271 Hawthorn Liquid (McZand) 271 Hawthorn Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 271 Hawthorn Tablets (Naturalife) . . . 271 Hawthorne Berries Capsules (Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Nature's Bounty, Sundown) . . .271 Hawthorne Capsules (ADH) . . . 271 Hay Flowers G-24, 744 Haymaids 372 Hayriffe 193 Hayruff 193 Hazel Nut G-26, 821 Hazelwort 48 Headache 223 Headsman G-11, 278 Headwark 223 Heal-All {Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733 Heal-All {Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 68i Heal-All {Scrophularia nodosa) . . . G-11, 311 Healing Herb G-9, 212 Heart of the Earth G-22, 681 HeartCare Hawthorn Extract Tablets (Nature's Way) 271
HARONGA
(Haronga madagascariensis) Haronga madagascariensis Harpagophytum procumbens Hart's Tree Hart's Truffle Hartshorn
380 380 . . . . 247 G-24, 744 618 G-6, 123
HARTSTONGUE
(Scolopendrium vulgare) Haw Hawthorn
38i 271 G-IO, 271 G-IO,
HEARTSEASE (Viola tricolor)
382
HEATHER
(Calluna vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hedera helix Hedge Convolvulus Hedge Fumitory Hedge Lily
G-IO, 275 G-13, 367 G-12, 322 G-13, 367
HEDGE MUSTARD
(Sisymbrium officinale) Hedge-Burs
384 193
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
HORSE CHESTNUT POWER C A P S U L E S / I - 2 1
Hedgeheriff
193
(Geranium robertianum) . G-14, 393
HEDGE-HYSSOP
(Gratiola officinalis)
G-13, 385
Hedgemaids 372 Hedge-Taper G-IS, 532 Helianthemum canadense . . G-12, 321 Helianthus annuus G-23, 741 Helichrysum arenarium 417 Heliotrope G-2S, 783 Helleborus niger G-5, 97 Helleborus viridis 368 Hellweed G-IO, 254 Helmet Flower G-22, 678 Helonias Root 301 HEMLOCK
(Conium maculatum) Hemlock Bark Hemlock Gum Hemlock Spruce
G-13, 386 G-19, 594 G-19, 594 714
HEMP AGRIMONY
(Eupatorium cannabinum)
G-13, 388
HEMPNETTLE
(Galeopsis segetum) Hen Bell
G-13, 389 G-14, 389
HENBANE
(Hyoscyamus niger) Hendibeh
G-14, 389 G-8, ISI
HENNA
(Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Henne G-14, 391 Hens and Chickens G-14, 411 Hep Tree G-10, 254 Hepatica nobilis 26 Heracleum sphondylium . . . G-14, 396 Herb Bennet (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Herb Bennet (Geum urbanum) G-4, 71 Herb Christopher eo Herb Gerard G-13, 36i Herb Louisa 463 Herb Margaret 563 Herb of the Cross G-25, 788 HERB PARIS
(Paris quadrifolia) Herb Peterpaigle
HERB ROBERT
G-14, 392 231
Herb Trinity 26 Herb Twopence G-17, 520 Herbal Eyebright Capsules (Nature's Way) 300 Herbal Sure Aloe Vera Softgels (Nature's Bounty) 16 Herbal Sure Chinese Red Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Bounty) 346 Herbal Sure Extracts Capsules (Nature's Bounty) .-. . .75 Herbal Sure Feverfew Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . . 306 Herbal Sure Ginger Root Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .339 Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .355 Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .346 Herbal Sure Maximum Strength Ginkgo Biloba Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .342 Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .664 Herbal Sure Valerian Root Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .783 Herb-of-Grace (Ruta graveolens) G-21, 648 Herb-of-Grace (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Herbygrass G-21, 648 Hercules Woundwort G-22, 68i Herniaria glabra G-21, eso Herniary G-21, eso HIBISCUS
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) Hibiscus sabdariffa High Alicin Garlic Tablets (Futurebiotics) High Balm High Cranberry
G-14, 394 G-14, 394
High Potency Garlic Oil Capsules (Nature Made) Highwaythorn Hillberry Hind Heal Hindheal
HOGWEED
(Heracleum sphondylium) Hogweed Holigold Holligold
G-14, 395
.G-14, 396 G-15, 448 G-17, 497 G-17, 497
HOLLY
(Ilex aquifolium) Holly Bay Holly Thistle
G-14, 397 490 G-6, 107
HOLLYHOCK
(Alcea rosea)
G-14, 398
Holly-Leaved Berberis G-IS, 527 Holm G-14, 397 Holme Chase G-14, 397 Holy Herb 84i Holy Rope G-13, 388 Holy Tree (Antelaea azadirachta) . . G-18, 539 Holy Tree (Ilex aquifolium) G-14, 397 Honey Plant G-16, 461 Honeybloom 418 HONEYSUCKLE
(Lonicera caprifolium) Hoodwort Hop Fruit
399 G-22, 678 G-10, 254
HOPS (Humulus lupulus) Hordeum distichon
327 562 G-S, 96
HIGH MALLOW
(Malva sylvestris)
Hind's Tongue 381 Hini 104 Hip G-10, 254 Hip Fruit G-10, 254 Hippophae rhamnoides . . . . .G-22, 680 Hock-Heal G-22, 68i Hog Apple G-17, 510 Hogbean G-14, 389 Hogseed G-10, 254
G-14, 400 G-4, 63
HOREHOUND
(Marrubium vulgare) Horehound Hornseed Horse Blobs HORSE CHESTNUT
>
G-14, 401 G-S, 98 . . . 280 G-17, 503
327 (Aesculus G-6, 123 hippocastanum) G-14, 403 820 G-26, 826 Horse Chestnut Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .403 G-24, 754 I
1-22/HORSE CHESTNUT STANDARDIZED CAPSULES Horse Chestnut Standardized Capsules (Rexall Consumer) 403 Horse Daisy 563 Horse Gowan 563 Horse Tongue 381 Horse Willow G-14, 409 Horsebane (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Horsebane (Oenanthe crocata) 795 Horse-Elder G-IO, 266 Horse-Fly Weed G-26, 812 Horse-Foot G-9, 209 Horseheal G-10, 266 Horsehoof G-9, 209 HORSEMINT
(Monarda
punctata)
407
HORSERADISH
(Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
G-14, 409
Horsetail Grass G-14, 409 Horsetail Grass Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Way) 409 Horsetail Liquid (McZand) 409 Horsetail Rush G-14, 409 Horseweed (Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733 Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) . . . . G-7, 144
Houndsbane
410 G-14, 401
HOUSELEEK
(Sempervivum tectorum) . G-14, 411 Huang-Qi Huckleberry Hulm Hulver Bush Hulver Tree Hummingbird Tree Humulus lupulus Hundred-Leaved Rose Hungarian Pepper Huntsman's Cup Hurtleberry Hurts Hurtsickle Husked Nut
54
HWEMA BARK
(Corynanthe
pachyceras)
Hydnocarpus Hydnocarpus species
. . .54 G-S, 75 G-14, 397 G-i4, 397 G-14, 397 G-4, 59 G-14, 400 644 G-8, 165 G-20, 596 G-5, 75 G-S, 75 G-9, 225 708
412 177 177
HYDRANGEA
(Hydrangea arborescens)
G-14, 413
Hydrangea arborescens . . . G-14, 413 Hydrastis canadensis G-13, 355 Hydrocotyle G-13, 359 Hyoscyamus niger G-14, 389 Hypericalm Capsules (Enzymatic Therapy) 719 Hypericum perforatum G-23, 719 Hypericum Perforatum (auro cultum) 1/24 Injection (Weleda) 719 Hypoxis rooperi 7 HYSSOP
. . . G-15, 414
Hyssop Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) Hyssopus officinalis
Iberis amara Ice Vine Iceland Lichen
414 G-15, 414
84 566 415
ICELAND MOSS
(Cetraria islandica)
HOUND'S TONGUE
(Cynoglossum officinale)
Hwanggi
(Hyssopus officinalis)
HORSETAIL
(Equisetum arvense)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
415
IGNATIUS BEANS
(Strychnos ignatii) Ilex aquifolium Ilex paraguariensis Illicium verum Imlee
. . . 416 G-14, 397 G-17, 508 G-23, 725 753
IMMORTELLE
(Helichrysum arenarium) Impatiens biflora India Root India Senna Indian Apple Indian Arrowroot Indian Balm Indian Balmony Indian Bark Indian Chocolate Indian Corn
Indian Cress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 Indian Cress (Tropaeolum majus) G-18, 537 Indian Dye G-13, 355 Indian Gentian 187 Indian Gum (Acacia arabica) 3 Indian Gum (Silphium perfoliatum) . . . G-9, 238 Indian Hemp G-17, 500 Indian Hippo 421 Indian Horseradish 67 Indian Laburnum G-13, 354 Indian Liquorice 435 Indian Nard 433 INDIAN NETTLE
(Acalypha indica)
419
Indian Paint (Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355 Indian Paint (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Indian Pennywort G-13, 359 INDIAN PHYSIC
(Gillenia trifoliata)
421
Indian Pink 594 Indian Plant (Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355 Indian Plant (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Indian Plantago 612 Indian Poke 25 Indian Root G-23, 711 Indian Sage G-e, 113 Indian Shamrock G-4, 74 Indian Spikenard 433 INDIAN SQUILL
(Urginea indica) Indian Tobacco
421 G-16, 479
INDIAN-HEMP
417 436 467 G-22, 684 G-17,510 G-25, 791 G-4, 74 187 490 G-25, 794 224
(Apocynum cannabinum) Indian-Hemp Inkberry Intoxicating Pepper Inula britannica Inula helenium
418 418 G-20, 602 G-15, 443 < 119 G-10, 266
IPECAC
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha) Ipecacuanha Ipecacuanha Rio
423 423 423
ALPHABETICAL INDEX Ipomoea Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea orizabensis Ipomoea purga
KEIRI /I-23 514 523 514 G-15, 427
IPORURU
(Alchornea floribunda) IriS Iris species Irish Moss Irish Tops Ispaghula Italian Fitch Italian Jasmine Italian Limetta Itchweed Ivy Ivy-Leafed Cyclamen
424 G-19, 561 G-19, 561 152 G-22, 672 612 G-13, 353 G-15, 432 G-16, 476 25 G-3, 26 240
JABORANDI
^,
(Pilocarpus microphyllus)
JAPANESE ATRACTYLODES
(Atractylodes japonic a) Japanese Belladonna Japanese Bell-Flower Japanese Isinglass
JUNIPER 430
67i 58 9
JAPANESE MINT
(Mentha arvensis piperascens)
431
JASMINE
(Jasminum officinale) . . . G-15, 432 Jasminum officinale
G-15, 432
JATAMANSI
(Nardostachys jatamansi) Jateorhiza palmata Jaundice Berry Jaundice Root Java Pepper Java Plum
433 208 G-4, 61 G-13, 355 235 429
(Juniperus communis) . . . G-15, 440 Juniper Berry Juniper Berry Liquid (Nature's Answer) Juniper Berry Oil (Aura Cacia) Juniperus communis Juniperus sabina Juno's Tears Jupiter's Bean Jupiter's Beard Jupiter's Eye Jupiter's Nut Justicia adhatoda
G-15, 440 440 440 G-15, 440 G-21, 663 G-25, 788 G-14, 389 G-14, 411 G-14, 411 708 G-17, 492
K Kadsura Fruit Kadsura japonica Kalmia latifolia
301 301 G-IS, 528
JAVA TEA
(Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
G-15, 425
KAMALA
(Mallotus philippinensis)
442
JEQUIRITY
Jach-of-the-Buttery
215
JACK-1N-THE-PULPIT
(Arisaema atrorubens) Jack-Jump-About
426 G-13, 361
JACOB'S LADDER
(Polemonium caeruleum) Jacob's Ladder Jacob's Staff Jacob's Sword
G-15, 427 G-ie, 475 G-18, 532 G-19, 561
JALAP
(Ipomoea purga)
G-15, 427
Jalap {Ipomoea orizabensis) ....514 Jalap {Phytolacca americana) . .G-20, 602 JAMAICA DOGWOOD
m*
(Piscidia piscipula)
428
Jamaica Mignonette Jamaica Pepper Jamaica Sorrel
G-14, 391 590 G-14, 394
JAMBOLAN
(Syzygium cumini) Jambul Jamestown Weed Jamguarandi Jamum
429 429 G-15, 436 G-IS, 425 429
(Abrus precatorius)
. .
Jersey Tea Jesuit's Bark Jesuit's Tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides) Jesuit's Tea (Ilex paraguariensis)
435
541 G-20, 626 G-26, 828
biflora)
Jew's Myrtle Jew's-Harp Plant Jie-Geng
436
G-7, 132 G-4, 74 58
JIMSON WEED
(Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
Johnny-Jump-Up 382 Jointed-Podded Charlock . . G-26, 814 JOJOBA
(Simmondsia chine sis) . . . G-15, 438 Jordan Almond Juarandi Juglans cinerea Juglans regia
15 G-15, 425 134 G-25, 793
JUJUBE
(Zyzyphus jujube) Jungle Weed
439 559
442 442 443
KAVA KAVA
(Piper methysticum) G-17, 508
JEWEL WEED
(Impatiens
Kamcela Kameela Kava Extract Capsules (Nature's Way)
G-15, 443
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Celestial Seasonings, Humco, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown) 443 Kava Kava Extract Liquid (Rainbow Light) 443 Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . .. 443 Kava Kava Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 443 Kava Kava Premium Extract Capsules (Futurebiotics) 443 Kava Kava Root Capsules (Frontier, Major, Naturalife, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 443 Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443 Kawa G-15, 443 Kecksies G-13, 386 Keiri G-25, 792
1-24 /KELP
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES KOMBE SEED
KELP
(Laminaria hyperborea)
446
Kelp Tablets (Major, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin) . 1 2 2 Kelpware 106 Kelp-Ware 106 Kernelwort G-11, 311 KeX G-13, 386 Key Flower 231 Key of Heaven 231 Kharbagehindi 589 KHAT
(Catha edulis) Khella Khella Fruits Kid Chamomile Liquid (Nature's Answer) Kidney Bean Kidney Vetch Kidney wort Kif Kingcups Kings and Queens King's Clover King's Crown King's Cup King's Cure King's Cureall (Chimaphila umbellata) King's Cureall {Oenothera biennis) Kinnikinnick Kira Tablets (Lichtwer) Kiwach Klamath Weed Knautia arvensis Knee Holly Kneeholm Knight's Spur Knitback Knitborie Knob Grass Knob Root Knobweed Knotgrass Knotty Brake
447 G-5, SI G-5, SI 331 G-4, 65 G-9, 214 26 G-17, 500 G-17, 503 46 G-24, 744 G-S, 96 128 595
Kola Tree Kombe
450
Konsyl Easy Mix (Konsyl) 612 Konsyl for Kids (Konsyl) 612 Konsyl Powder Sugar Free (Konsyl) 612 Kooso 450 Korean Ginseng 346 Korean Ginseng Capsules (Herbal Harvest) 346 Korean Ginseng Extract Capsules (Humco) 346 Korean Ginseng Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .346 Korean White Ginseng Capsules (Humco) 346 Kosso 450 KOUSSO
(Hagenia abyssinica)
450
Krameria Root 64i Krameria triandra 641 Kwai Garlic Tablets (Lichtwer) G-29, 327 Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract Tablets (Wakunaga) G-30, 327
Lady's Purse Lady's Seals Lady's Slipper Ladysmock Lamb Mint (Mentha piperita) Lamb Mint (Mentha spicata) Lambkill Lamb's Quarters Lamb's Toes Lamb's Tongue Laminaria Laminaria hyperborea Lamium album Lancea Land Whin Langwort Lappa
G-22, 690 G-22, 703 541 46 G-19, 580 G-23, 709 G-IS, 528 G-4, 74 G-9, 214 24 446 446 G-25, 806 706 G-23, 713 G-19, 585 G-7, 128
LARCH
(Larix decidua)
G-15, 457
Large Fennel G-11, 302 Large-Leaved Germander . . G-26, 826 Larix decidua G-15, 457 Lark Heel G-IS, 458 Lark's Claw G-15, 458 Lark's Toe G-15, 458 LARKSPUR
595
(Delphinium consolida) . . G-15, 458
LABRADOR TEA
(Ledum latifolium) G-11, 298 G-25, 779 G-29, 719 230 G-23, 719 G-11, 310 G-7, 132 G-7, 132 G-IS, 458 G-9, 212 G-9, 212 G-23, 733 G-23, 733 G-23, 733 G-15,448 G-17, 493
.. G-15, 448 205 736
451
LABURNUM
(Cytisus laburnum) . . . . Lactuca virosa
453
Ladder-to-Heaven Ladies Fingers Ladies' Glove Ladies Seal Lady Bleeding
G-ie, 475 G-9, 214 G-IO, 248 G-25, 800 G-3, 22
G-17, 511 G-15, 455
LADY'S MANTLE
Lady's Nightcap
Laurel Laurel Camphor Laurus nobilis Lavandula angustifolia Lavender
G-15, 459 G-IS, 528 G-7, 143 G-15, 459 G-IO, 277 G-IO, 277
LAVENDER COTTON
G-ie, 460
. . G-15, 454
LADY'S BEDSTRAW
(Alchemilla vulgaris)
(Laurus nobilis)
(Santolina chamaecyparissias)
LADY FERN
Lady of the Meadow
840 G-22, 701
LAUREL
. . . . . . 453
(Lactuca virosa)
(Athyrium filix-femina)
Larkspur Lion's Mouth Latherwort
452
LACTUCARIUM
(Galium verum)
KNOTWEED
(Polygonum aviculare)
(Strophanthus hispidus)
G-15, 456 G-13, 367
Lavose Lawsonia inermis Leather Bergenia Ledum latifolium Lemna minor
G-ie, 482 G-14, 391 268 451 G-IO, 258
LEMON
(Citrus limon)
460
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
LYNAE GINSE-COOL CHEWABLE TABLETS /1-25
LEMON BALM
(Melissa officinalis)
G-16, 461
LEMON VERBENA
(Aloysia triphylla)
463
Lemon Walnut
134
LEMONGRASS
(Cymbopogon citratus)
. .
Lemon-Scented Verbena
.G-16,
465 463
LEMON-WOOD
(Schisandra sphenanthera) Lemonwood Lent Lily Lentisk Leontopodium Leonurus cardiaca Leonurus japonicus Leopard's Bane Leopard's Foot Lepidium sativum Leptandra virginica
. . . . 464 669 243 G-17, sos G-15, 456 G-18, 524 183 41 G-17, 503 G-12, 326 104
LESSER CELANDINE
(Ranunculus ficaria) Lesser Dodder
466 G-10, 254
LESSER GALANGAL
(Alpinia officinarum) Lesser Hemlock Lettuce Opium Levant
467 G-12, 316 453 827
LEVANT COTTON
(Gossypium herbaceum)
. G-ie, 468
Levant Nut Levant Salep Levisticum officinale Liatris spicata Lichwort
312 657 G-ie, 482 G-17, 503 578
LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-ie, 469
Licorice Capsules (Mason Vitamins) 469 Licorice Liquid (McZand) 469 Licorice Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 469 Licorice Root Capsules (Frontier, Major, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Way, Sundown) 469 Life Everlasting G-8, 162 Life of Man G-23, 711
Life Root (Senecio aureus) Life Root {Senecio nemorensis) Lignum Vitae Lilium candidum Lilium martagon Lily Constancy
354 21 375 804 506 G-16, 475
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
(Convallaria
majalis)
LIME (Citrus aurantifolia) Lime Limette Limon Linaria vulgaris
480
Lolium temulentum Long Purples Long-Bladder Kelp Lonicera caprifolium
G-24, 756 G-20, 620 122 399
LOOSESTRIFE
G-16, 475
(Lysimachia vulgaris)
. . . .G-16, 481
G-16, 476
Loosestrife Lophophora williamsii Lords and Ladies
G-20, 620 G-19, 588 46
G-16, 477 G-16, 476 460 840
LOTUS (Nelumbo nucifera)
G-16, 481
Lousewort
726
LOVAGE
LINDEN
(Tilia
LOGWOOD (Haematoxylon campechianum)
species)
G-16, 477
Ling G-13, 383 Linn Flowers G-16, 477 Linseed G-12, 313 Lint Bells G-12, 313 Linum catharticum 526 Linum usitatissimum G-12, 313 Linum-20 Capsules (Key Co.) .. 313 Lion's Ear G-18, 524 Lion's Foot G-IS, 456 Lion's Mouth G-10, 248 Lion's Tail G-18, 524 Lion's Tooth G-9, 245 Liquid Amber G-23, 734 Liquidambar orientalis G-23, 734 Liriodendron tulipifera 774 Lithospermum erytrorhizon 619 Little Dragon G-12, 320 Little Pollom ss Liveforever G-14, 411 Liver Lily G-19, sei Liverleaf 26 Liverweed 26 Liverwort (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Liverwort (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Lizzy-Run-up-the-Hedge 372 Lobaria pulmonaria 484 LOBELIA
(Lobelia inflata) Lobelia inflata Locust Bean Locust Pods
G-16, 479 G-16, 479 G-7, 151 G-7, 151
(Levisticum officinale) . . . .G-16, 482 Love Apple Love in Winter Love Leaves Love-Lies-Bleeding Lovely Bleeding Love-Man Low Balm Lucerne
G-24, 766 595 G-7, 128 G-3, 22 G-3, 22 193 562 G-3, 12
LUFFA
(Luffa aegyptica) Luff
a
G-16, 483
aegyptica
G-16, 483
LUNGMOSS
(Lobaria pulmonaria)
484
LUNGWORT
(Pulmonaria officinalis) Lungwort Lupinus luteus Lurk-in-the-Ditch Lustwort Lycium barbarum
.
.G-16,
485 484 839 579 740 487
LYCIUM BARK
(Lycium chinense)
486
LYCIUM BERRIES
(Lycium barbarum)
487
Lycium chinense 486 Lycoperdon species 618 Lycopersicon esculentum . . G-24, 766 Lycopodium clavatum 196 Lycopus virginicus G-6, 126 Lynae Ginse-Cool Chewable Tablets (Boscogen) 346
1-26/LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lysimachia nummularia . . . G-17, 520 Lysimachia vulgaris G-16, 481 Lythrum G-20, 620 Lythrum salicaria G-20, 620 M Mace Mackerel Mint Macochihua Macrocystis pyrifera Mad-Apple
G-18, 545 G-23, 709 424 122 G-15, 436
tinctorum)
G-16, 4 9 0
Madder Whole Root Liquid (Herb Pharm) 490 Mad-Dog Weed (Alisma plantago-aquatica) G-3, 13 Mad-Dog Weed {Scutellaria lateriflora) . . G-22, 678 Madonna Lily 804 Madweed G-22, 678 MAGNOLIA
(Magnolia
glauca)
Magnolia glauca Mahonia aquifolium
490
490 G-18, 527
MA-HUANG
494
Manchurian Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Bounty) 346 Manchurian Ginseng Tablets (Nature's Bounty) 346 Mandragora G-17, 495 Mandragora officinarum . . G-17, 495
G-ie, 488
Maiden Fern
491
MAIDENHAIR
(Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
Maidenhair-Tree Maid's Hair Maize
491
G-12, 342 G-IS, 455 224
(Mandragora officinarum)
(Justicia adhatoda)
G-17, 492
Malan
424
MALE FERN
filix-mas)
Male Shield Fern Mallaguetta Pepper Mallards Mallotus philippinensis Mallow
Malus domestica Malva Flowers Malva sylvestris Mamaeire
.. . .G-17, 493 G-17, 493 G-13, 362 505 442 G - 1 4 , 395
G-4, 37 G-14, 398 G-14, 39s G-19, 565
G-17, 497 G-17, 497 G-17, 497 594 G-24, 751
MASTERWORT
(Peucedanum ostruthium) Masterwort
507 G-14, 396
MASTIC TREE
G-17, 495 G-17, 510
MANNA
(Fraxinus ornus)
G-17, 496
Manna Ash Mapato Maranta Maranta arundinacea Marcory Marginal Fern Marguerite Marian Thistle
G-17, 496 641 43 43 729 G-17, 493 563 G-17, 516
MARIGOLD
(Calendula officinalis) Marigold of Peru
. . G-17, 497 G-23, 741
(Cannabis sativa) Marrubium Marrubium vulgare Marsdenia condurango
G-17, 500 G-14, 401 G-14, 401 216
MARSH BLAZING STAR
(Liatris spicata) Marsh Clover (Caltha palustris) Marsh Marsh Marsh Marsh
Mint Penny Stachys Tea
G-17, 503 G-e, 110 G-17, 503 G-26, 813 G-13, 359 832 451
MARSHMALLOW
(Althaea officinalis)
G-17, 508
MATE
(Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
MATICO
(Piper elongatum)
509
Matricaria recutita Matto Grosso Maudlin Daisy Maudlinwort Mauls Mawseed
G-12, 331 423 563 563 G-14, 395 G-20, 609
May
G-10, 271
May Bells May Lily May Rose
G-16, 475 G-16, 475 G-5, 96
MAYAPPLE
Mayflower Maypop Maytenus ilicifolia Meadow Anemone Meadow Cabbage Meadow Lily Meadow Queen Meadow Routs Meadow Runagates Meadow Saffran Meadow Saffron Meadowbloom {Ranunculus acris) Meadowbloom (Ranunculus bulbosus)
. G-17, 510 231 G-19, 573 218 572 696 804 G-17,511 G-17, 503 G-17,520 G-9, 206 G-9, 206 133 128
MEADOWSWEET
505
Marshmallow Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .505 Marshmallow Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) 505 MARTAGON
(Lilium martagon)
(Pistacia lentiscus)
(Podophyllum peltatum)
MARSH MARIGOLD
MALABAR NUT
Mary Bud Mary Gowles Marybud Maryland Pink Master of the Wood
MANDRAKE
MARIJUANA
(Ephedra sinica)
(Dryopteris
(Brunfelsia hopeana)
Mandrake
MADDER
(Rubia
MANACA
506
(Filipendula ulmaria)
. . . .G-17, 511
Meadow-Wort G-17, 511 Meadsweet G-17, 511 Mealberry G-25, 779 Medicago sativa G-3, 12 Mega Primrose Oil Capsules (Twinlab) 298
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
MOUNTAIN TOBACCO / I - 2 7
Mehndi Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca leucadendra Melaleucea viridiflora Melampode Melegueta Pepper Melilot Melilotus officinalis Melissa Melissa Lemon Balm Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) Melissa officinalis Melon Tree Membranous Milk Vetch Mendee Mengkudu Mentha aquatica Mentha arvensis piperascens Mentha longifolia Mentha piperita Mentha pulegium Mentha spicata Menyanthes trifoliata . . . . . Mercurialis annua
G-i4, 391 757 G-7, 136 542 G-5, 97 G-13, 362 G-24, 744 G-24, 744 G-16, 461 461 G-16, 461 G-19, 565 54 G-14, 391 G-18, 544 G-26, 813 . . . . 431 G-10, 275 G-19, 580 579 G-23, 709 G-6, 110 G-17, 513
MERCURY HERB
(Mercurialis annua)
G-17, 513
Mescal Buttons Metamucil (Procter & Gamble) Mexican Jalap
G-19, 588 G-30, 612 514
MEXICAN SCAMMONY ROOT
(Ipomoea orizabensis)
514
Mexican Tea G-26, 828 Mexican Wild Yam Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 817 Mexican Wild Yam Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . .. .817 Mexico Seed G-7, I S S MEZEREON
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Middle Comfrey Middle Confound Midsummer Daisy Mignonette Tree Milfoil Milk Ipecac (Apocynum cannabinum) Milk Ipecac (Trillium erectum)
G-6, 125 G-e, 125 G - I I , 306 G-14, 391 G-26, 833 418 G-4, 74
MILK THISTLE
(Silybum marianum)
G-17, 516
Milk Thistle Capsules (Major, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Naturalife, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . . 5ie Milk Thistle Complex Capsules (Rexall Consumer) G-30, 516 Milk Thistle Extract Capsules (Humco) 516 Milk Thistle Extract Liquid (Rainbow Light) sie Milk Thistle Liquid (McZand) sie Milk Thistle Phytosome Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .516 Milk Thistle Plus Tablets (Rainbow Light) sie Milk Thistle Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs, Nature's Resource) sie Milk Thistle SuperComplex Tablets (Rainbow Light) 5ie Milk Willow-Herb G-20, 620 Milkweed 418 Milkwort 683 Mill Mountain (Calamintha nepetd) 138 Mill Mountain (Linum catharticum) 526 Mistletoe G-11, 291 Mitrewort G-9, 219 Moccasin Flower 541 Monarda didyma 562 Monarda Lutea 407 Monarda punctata 407
G-6, 110 G-20, 610 G-18, 544 67
MORNING GLORY
(Ipomoea hederacea)
523
Mortification Root Morus nigra Mosquito Plant Mother of Rye Mother of Thyme Mother's Heart
505 99 579 280 G-26, S I S G-22, 690
MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus cardiaca)
G-18, 524
MOUNTAIN ASH BERRY
(Sorbus aucuparia)
G-18, 525
MOUNTAIN AVENS
(Dryas octopetala)
526
Mountain Balm (Calamintha nepetd) Mountain Balm (Eriodictyon californicum) Mountain Balm (Monarda didyma) Mountain Box Mountain Cranberry Mountain Damson Mountain Everlasting
138 . . . . 84i 562 G-25, 779 G-25, 779 695 G-8, 162
MOUNTAIN FLAX
(Linum catharticum) Mountain Flax
526 683
MOUNTAIN GRAPE
(Mahonia aquifolium) Mountain Grape Mountain Ivy
MONEYWORT
(Lysimachia nummularia)
Moonflower Moor Grass Morinda citrifolia Moringa oleifera
. . . .G-18, 527 G-4, ei G-18, 528
G-17, 520 MOUNTAIN LAUREL
Monkey Flower (Cypripedium calceolus) Monkey Flower (Linaria vulgaris) Monkey Nuts
(Kalmia latifolia)
840 575
MONKSHOOD
(Aconitum napellus) Mood Support Capsules (Natrol) Moon Daisy Moon Flower Moon Penny
G-18, 528
541
G-i8, 521 719 563 563 563
Mountain Mint (Calamintha nepetd) Mountain Mint (Monarda didyma) Mountain Mint (Origanum vulgare) Mountain Pink Mountain Radish Mountain Strawberry Mountain Tea Mountain Tobacco
138 562 G-19, 559 768 G-14, 408 G-23, 735 820 41
1-28 /MOUNTAIN-SWEET
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Mountain-Sweet
541
MOUSE EAR
(Pilosella officinarum)
529
Mouse Ear Mousebane Mousetail
236 G-IS, 521 215
Mouth Root
358
Mouth-Smart Movana Tablets (Pharmaton) Mu Tong Mucuna pruriens Mudar Bark Mudar Yercum Muguet
G-6, 121 G-30, 719 189 230 141 141 G-16, 475
MUGWORT
(Artemisia vulgaris)
G-i8, 530
Mugwort
G-12, 320
534 G-24, 743
MYRTLE
(Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Myrtle Flag Myrtle Flower Myrtle Sedge Myrtus Chekan Myrtus communis Mystyldene
G-7, 138 G-19, 561 G-7, 13s 178 G-18, 536 G - H , 291
olacoides)
531
MULLEIN
(Verbascum densiflorum) Mullein Leaf Liquid (Frontier) Mullein Leaves Liquid (Nature's Way) Musa paradisiaca
.G-IS, 532 532 532 597
Musk Root
G-23, 738
MUSKMALLOW
(Abelmoschus moschatus)
533
Muskseed 533 Musquash Root G-13, 386 Mustard G-25, sos Mutton Chops 193 Mu-Xiang 227 Mygrafew Tablets (Nature's Way) 306 Myosotis arvensis G-12, 316 Myrica G-22, 705 Myrica cerifera G-22, 705 Myrica gale G-24, 745 Myristica fragrans . . . . . . . . G-IS, 545 Myrobalan 772 Myroxylon balsamum G-24, 764 MYRRH
(Commiphora molmol) Myrrh Commiphora Oil (Aura Cacia)
. . .G-IS, 534 534
Nettle Leaf Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .729 Nettle Liquid (McZand) 729 Nettle Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 729 New Energy Capsules (Advanced Nutritional) 313 NEW JERSEY TEA
(Ceanothus americanus) Niando
541 424
NIAULI
(Melaleucea viridiflora)
N Naked Ladies Narcissus pseudonarcissus Nard Nardostachys jatamansi Narrow-Leaved Echinacea
G-9, 206 243 433 433 433
(Tropaeolum
Nichol Seeds Nicotiana tabacum Niggerhead Night Willow-Herb
542 253 G-24, 762 261 G-11, 298
NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS
(Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543
NASTURTIUM
MUIRA-PUAMA
(Ptychopetalwn
Myrrh Gum Liquid (Nature's Answer) Myrrhis odorata
majus)
G-18, 537
Nasturtium officinale Natural Ginkgo Biloba Tablets (Nature's Bounty) Natural Honey & Calendula Moisturizer for Extra Dry Skin (Kiss My Face) Nature's Root Nighttime Tablets (Nature's Way) Naughty Man's Cherries . . . Navy Bean Neckweed
798
. . . .342
497 783 G-4, 69 G-4, 65 G-6, 121
NEEM
(Antelaea azadirachta)
Nightshade (Datura stramonium) Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) Nightshade (Trillium erectum) Nikkar Nuts Nim Nine Hooks Ninety-Knot Noah's Ark Noble Laurel
G-15, 436 G-5, 88 G-4, 74 253 G-IS, 539 G-15, 456 G-15, 448 541 G-15, 459
NONI
. . .G-IS, 539
Neem Capsules (Nature's Way) Nelumbo nucifera
Nepeta cataria Nerium oleander Neroli NERVE ROOT (Cypripedium calceolus) Netchweed Nettle Nettle Capsules (McZand) Nettle Herb Capsules (Nature's Way)
G-IS, 544
NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
539 G-16, 481
NEPALESE CARDAMOM
(Amomum aromaticum)
(Morinda citrifolia)
540 G-S, 164 G-19, 555 G-5, 86 541 43 G-23, 729 729 729
(Zanthoxylum americanum) Norway Pine Norway Spruce Nose Bleed
. . . 545 714 714 G-26, 833
NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-IS, 545
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 NuVeg Eyebright Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 300 NuVeg Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 3 0 6 NuVeg Ginkgo Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
PALI-MARA / I - 2 9
NuVeg Red Clover Combination Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 633 NuVeg Valerian Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 783 . G-18, 547
Nymphaea odorata
G-3, 28
OAK
(Quercus robur)
G-18, 549
Oak Fern
G-IS, 454
OAK GALL
(Quercus infectoria)
550
Oak Lungs Oat Bran Chewable Tablets (National Vitamin) Oat Bran Tablets (Major, Mason Vitamins, Nature's Bounty) Oatmeal
484 551
551
G - 1 8 , 551
OATS
(Avena sativa)
G-IS, 531
Oatstraw Capsules (McZand) . . . 5 5 1 Oatstraw Liquid (McZand) 551 Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 Oderwort G-S, 82 Odorless Garlic Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 327 Oenanthe aquatica G-25, 796 Oenanthe crocata 795 Oenothera biennis 0-11, 298 Ofbit G-20, 612 Oil Nut
134
Oil of Evening Primrose Capsules (Health Products) . . . 298 Oil Plant G-7, 158 OILSEED RAPE
(Brassica napus)
G-19, 554
Oilseed Turnip sie Okra 533 Old Maids' Pink G-22, 701 Old Man's Beard (Chionanthus virginicus) . G-12, 321 Old Man's Beard (Usnea species) 778 Old Man's Night Cap G-13, 367 Old Man's Pepper G-26, 833
G-23, 711 G-19, 556
OLEANDER
(Nerium oleander) Olibanum
NUX VOMICA
(Strychnos nux vomica)
Old Man's Root Olea europaea
G-19, 555 319
OLIVE
(Olea europaea)
G-19, 556
Olive Leaf Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 556 Olivier G-19, 556 One Berry G-14, 392 One-A-Day Cholesterol Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327 One-A-Day Cold Season Tablets (Bayer) G-29, 261 One-A-Day Garlic Capsules (Bayer) G-29, 327 One-A-Day Memory & Concentration Tablets (Bayer) G-29, 342 One-A-Day Menopause Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92 One-A-Day Prostate Health Capsules (Bayer) G-29, 664 One-A-Day Tension & Mood Tablets (Bayer) G-29, 719 ONION
(Allium cepa) Ononis spinosa Onopordum acanthium Ophioglossum vulgatum
G-19, 557 G-23, 713 G-22, 678 269
OPIUM ANTIDOTE
(Combretum micranthum)
559
Opium Poppy G-20, 609 Opobalsam G-24, 764 Opossum Tree G-23, 734 Oraches 43 Orange (Citrus aurantium) . . . G-5, 86 Orange (Citrus sinensis) . . . G-24, 747 Orange Milkweed G-20, 598 Orange Root G-13, 355 Orange Swallow-Wort G-20, 598 Orchid 657 Orchis species 657 Ordeal Bean 137 OREGANO
(Origanum vulgare) Oregon Barberry
Oregon Grape (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-18, 527 Oregon Grape Liquid (Herb Pharm) 527 Oregon Grape Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) 527
G-19, 559 G-IS, 527
ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE
(Thuja orientalis) Oriental Ginseng Oriental Sesame Origano Origanum majorana Origanum vulgare Original Primrose for Women Capsules (Naturalife)
560 346 688 G-19, 559 G-24, 746 G-19, 559
298
ORRIS
(Iris species)
G-19, 56i
Orthosiphon spicatus Oryza sativa Osier Osterick
434 G-21, 643 G-IO, 256 G-S, 82
OSWEGO TEA
(Monarda didyma)
562
Our Lady's Flannel Our Lady's Keys Our Lady's Mint Our Lady's Tears Owler Oxadoddy Oxalis acetosella Ox-Eye
G-18, 532 231 G-23, 709 G-IS, 475 G-5, 89 104 827 G-3, 5
OX-EYE DAISY
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)
563
P P. Vulgaris \ . . G-19,585 Pacific Kelp Tablets (Freeda) . . . 122 Paddock-Pipes G-14, 409 Paeonia officinalis . . . . . . . . G-11, 295 PAGODA TREE
(Sophora japonica) Pale Coneflower Pale Gentian Pale Mara Pali-Mara
564 261 836 305 305
1-30 /PALMA CHRISTI
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Palma Christi G-7, 158 Palmers Aloe Vera Formula Cream (E.T. Browne) 16 Palsy Root G-17, 503 Palsywort 231 Panama Bark G-20, 624 Panax ginseng 346 Panax Ginseng Capsules (Celestial Seasonings) 346 Papaver rhoeas 223 Papaver somniferum G-20, 609 PapaW G-19, 565
G-19, 565
Papaya Chewable Tablets (Health Products, Marlex) . . . . 565 Papaya Coated Tablets (Marlex) 565 Papaya Digestive Enzyme Tablet (Apothecary) 565 Papaya Enzyme Double Strength Tablet (Rexall Consumer) 565 Papaya Enzyme Tablet (National Vitamin, Rexall Consumer) 565 Papaya Enzyme with Papain Tablet (Mason Vitamins) 565 Papaya Tablets (Freeda, Major, Rugby) 565 Paperbark Tree G-7, 136 Papoose Root 109 Paprika G-8, ies Paraguay Tea G-17,508 Paraguaya 160 PAREIRA
(Chondrodendron tomentosum)
566
Parietaria officinalis Paris quadrifolia Pariswort
578 G-14, 392 G-4, 74
PARSLEY
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567 Parsley Breakstone Parsley Fern Parsley Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) Parsley Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
570 G-24, 754 567
Pellote 567 570
(Aphanes arvensis)
570
PARSNIP
(Pastinaca sativa) Parson and Clerk Parthenocissus quinquefolia Partridge Berry
G-19, 571 46 G-3, 26 820
PASQUE FLOWER
PENNYROYAL
(Mentha pulegium)
579
Pasque Flower Passe Flower Passerina Passiflora incarnata
824 572 180 G-19, 573
PASSION FLOWER
(Passiflora incarnata) . . . .G-19, 573 Passion Flower Capsules (Frontier) Passion Vine Password Pastinaca sativa
Patchouly Patience Dock Pattens and Clogs Paucon Paullinia Paullinia cupana Pausinystalia yohimbe Pauson Pea Tree Peachwood Peagles
573 G-19, 573 231 G-19, 571 G-19, 575 G-19, 575 G-5, 82 840 108 376 376 843 108 452 480 231
PEANUT
(Arachis hypogaea)
575
PEAR
(Pyrus communis) Pearl Barley Pedlar's Basket Peggie
577 G-4, 63 840 231
PELLITORY
(Anacyclus Pyrethrum) Pellitory of Spain (Parietaria officinalis)
PEPPERMINT
Perdiem Fiber Therapy (Novartis Consumer) Perdiem Overnight Relief (Novartis Consumer) Pereira Brava
577 577 578
G-19, 580
G-29, 612 G-29, 684 566
PERILLA
(Perilla fructescens)
PATCHOULI
(Pogostemon cablin)
Pennywort 840 Peony 0-11, 295 Pepper Bark (Drimys winteri) . . . 820 Pepper Bark (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Pepper-and-Salt G-22, 690 (Mentha piperita)
572
PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL
567
G-19, 588
PARSLEY PIERT
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
PAPAYA
(Carica papaya)
Parsley Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) Parsley Piercestone
Perilla fructescens
583 583
PERIWINKLE
(Vinca minor) Persea americana Persely Persian Berries Persicaria bistorta Persicaria hydropiper Personata Peru-Apple Peruvian Balsam Peruvian Bark Peruvian Coca Peruvian Mastix Tree Peruvian Pepper Tree
584 57 G-19, 567 G-12, 317 G-s, 82 699 G-7, 128 G-IS, 436 G-24, 764 G-20, 626 197 139 139
PETASITES
(Petasites hybridus) Petasites hybridus Peter's Cress Petersylinge Petroselinum crispum Pettigree Petty Morel Petty Morell Petty Mugget Petty Mulleins Petty Whin Peucedanum ostruthium Peumus boldus Pewterwort
G-19, 585 G-19, 585 ess G-19, 567 G-19, 567 G-7, 132 G-6, 101 G-23, 711 G-IS, 455 231 G-23, 713 507 G-6, 112 G-14, 409
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
POOLROOT/I-31 PIMPINELLA
PEYOTE
(Lophophora williamsii) Phaseolus vulgaris Pheasant's Eye Philanthropium Philanthropos Philtron Phoenix dactylifera Phragmites communis Phyllanthus amarus Physalis alkekengi
. .G-19, 588 G-4, 65 G-3, 5 G-7, 128 G-3, 10 G-25, 809 G-IO, 246 639 91 G-26, 819
Physic R c o t
104
Physostigma venenosum Phyto Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Phytolacca americana Phytolacca Berry Phytolacca Root p icea species i'ickaway Anise 3 ick-Pocket °icrasma excelsa
137
kurroa)
469 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 714 790 G-22, 690 622
589
°icrorhiza kurroa 589 'ierce-Stone 658 'igeon Berry G-20, 602 'igeon's Grass G-25, 788 'igeonweed G-25, 788 'ig-Rush G-15, 448 'igweed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 'igweed (Polygonum aviculare) . . G-15, 448 igwood G-25, 791 ilewort (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) G-3, 22 ilewort (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 ilewort (Ranunculus ficaria) . .. 466 iliolerial . 579 ilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425 ilosella officinarum 529 ilot Plant G-9, 238 [lot Weed G-21, 646 menta 590 Imenta racemosa 590 MENTO
(Pimenta mpernell
Pimpinella anisum Pimpinella major Pin Heads Pinang Pine Oils
G-19, 591 G-3, 35 G-19, 591 G-12, 331 G-4, 38 G-22, 674
PINEAPPLE
(Ananas
comosus)
593
Piney Pink Peppercorns . .
G-11, 295 117
PINK ROOT
(Spigelia marilandica)
MCRORHIZA
(Picrorhiza
(Pimpinella major)
Pink Root Pinto Bean
594 831 G-4, 65
PINUS BARK
(Tsuga canadensis) Pinus species Piper Piper betle Piper cubeba Piper elongatum Piper methysticum Piper nigrum Pipperidge
G-19, 594 G-22, 674 G-6, 103 G-4, 74 235 509 G-15, 443 G-6, 103 G-4, 6i
PIPSISSEWA
(Chimaphila umbellata) Piscidia piscipula Pistacia lentiscus
595 428 G-17, 508
PITCHER PLANT
(Sarracenia purpurea) . . . G-20, 596 Pix Liquida Plantago afra Plantago lanceolata Plantago ovata
G-22, 674 G-20, eie G-11, 278 612
PLANTAIN
(Musa paradisiaca)
597
590
231 G-20, 602 375 G-17, 510 G-15, 432 G-19, 575 494 G-12, 321 G-4, 69 G-19, 56i
POISON IVY
(Rhus toxicodendron)
600
Poison Lettuce Poison Nut Poison Oak Poison Parsley Poison Root Poison Snakeweed Poison Tobacco Poison Vine Poisonberry
453 G-18, 547 600 G-13, 386 G-13, 386 G-13, 386 G-14, 389 600 G-6, 101
POISONOUS BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus sceleratus)
. G-20, 601
Poisonous Gum-Thistle
716
POKE
(Phytolacca americana)
. G-20, 602
Poke Berry Poke Root Pokeweed Polar Plant (Rosmarinus officinalis) . Polar Plant (Silphium laciniatum) . . . Polar Plant (Silphium perfoliatum) ... Polecatweed Polemonium caeruleum . . . Polemonium reptans
G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-21, 645 G-21, 646 G-9, 238 696 G-15, 427 G-3, 3
POLEY
(Teucrium polium)
603
Plantain (Plantago afra) . . . G-20, eie Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) . . . G-11, 278 Platycladus Orientalis 560 Platycodon grandiflorum 58
Polygala amara 85 Polygala senega 683 Polygonatum multiflorum . . G-22, 703 Polygonum aviculare G-IS, 448
PLEURISY ROOT
POMEGRANATE
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
PLUMBAGO
racemosa)
Plumrocks Pocan Pockwood Podophyllum peltatum Poet's Jasmine Pogostemon cablin Pohl Poison Ash Poison Black Cherry Poison Flag
(Plumbago
(Punica granatum)
G-20, 605
PONTIAN RHODODENDRON
zeylanica)
G-19,591 I Plumbago zeylanica
. . .
599 599
(Rhododendron ponticum) PoolrOOt
. . . . 606 296
1-32 /POOR MAN'S PARMACETTIE Poor Man's Parmacettie . . . G-22, 690 Poor Man's Treacle G-12, 327 Poor Man's Weatherglass . G-22, 668 POPLAR
(Populus species)
....
G-20, 607
POPPYSEED
(Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Populus species Portland Arrowroot
G-20, 607 46
Pot
G-17, 500
Pot Barley
G-4, 63
POTENTILLA
(Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
Potentilla anserina G-20, 610 Potentilla erecta G-8, 192 Potentilla reptans G-11, 289 Poverty Weed 563 Power Herb Korean Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346 Prairie Dock G-9, 238 Prairie Grub 790 Prayer Beads 435 Premium Blend Korean Ginseng Capsules (Futurebiotics) 346 Premium Blend Saw Palmetto Capsules (Futurebiotics) 664 Premium Cayenne Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 165 Premium Fenugreek Seed Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .304 Premium Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. . .306 PREMORSE
(Scabiosa succisa) Premorse Scaboius Pretty Betsy Prick Madam Prickly Ash Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid (Health from the Sun) Prickly Box t Prickly Lettuce Prickwood Prideweed Priest's Crown Primrose Primrose Oil Capsules (Green Turtle Bay)
G-20, 612 G-20, 612 G-21, 639 215 545
545 487 453 G-25, 791 G-7, 144 G-9, 245 231 298
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Primula veris Prince's Feather Prince's Feathers Prince's Pine Proactive Saw Palmetto Capsules (Nature's Way) Promensil Tablets (Novogen) Prunella vulgaris Prunus dulcis Prunus laurocerasus Prunus serotina Prunus spinosa Psyllion Psyllios
231 G-3, 22 G-20, 610 595 664 G-29, 633 G-22, 681 15 G-8, 179 810 G-22, 697 G-20, 616 G-20, 616
PSYLLIUM
(Plantago ovata)
612
Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming Laxative Capsules (Nature's Way) Psyllium Husk Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Psyllium Husks Capsules (Yerba Prima)
PURPLE GROMWELL
(Lithospermum erytrorhizon) PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE
(Lythrum salicaria) Purple Medic Purple Medick Purple Medicle Purple Mulberry Purple Side-Saddle Flower Purple Turk's Cap Lily Purple Willow-Herb Purshiana Bark Pussywillow Putcha-Pat Pyrethre
612 612
(Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium)
621
Pyrethrum Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrus communis
577 647 577 Q
G-20, 616
PUFF BALL
Pukeweed Pulegium Pulmonaria officinalis Pulsatilla Pulsatilla pratensis Pumilio Pine
618 G-16, 479 579 G-16, 485 572 572 G-22, 674
PUMPKIN
(Cucurbita pepo) Punica granatum Purging Cassia Purging Flax Purple Clover Purple Coneflower
G-3, 12 G-3, 12 G-3, 12 99 G-20, 596 soe G-20, 620 G-7, 153 G-25, 807 G-19, 575 577
612
Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming Laxative Capsules (Nature's Way) 612 Ptelea trifoliata 790 Pterocarpus santalinus 635 Ptychopetalum olacoides 531 Public House Plant 48 Pudding Grass 579 Pudding Pipe Tree G-13, 354 (Lycoperdon species)
G-20, 620
PYRETHRUM
PSYLLIUM SEED
(Plantago afra)
619
G-20, 618 G-20, 605 G-13, 354 526 G-21, 633 26i
Quack Grass G-25, 771 Quaker 46 Quaker Bonnet G-22, 678 Quaker Button's G-18, 547 Quaking Aspen G-20, 607 Quanterra Emotional Balance (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 719 Quanterra Mental Sharpness Tablets (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 342 Quanterra Prostate (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 664 Quanterra Sleep (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 461 Quanterra Stomach Comfort (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 339 QUASSIA
(Picrasma excelsa) Quassia Quassia amara Quassia Wood
622 G-3, 23 G-3, 23 G-3, 23
QUEBRACHO
(Aspidosperma bianco) Queen Ann's-Lace
quebracho623 G-25, 809
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM /1-33
Queen of the Meadow Queen's Delight Quercus infectoria Quercus Marina Quercus robur Quickgrass Quick-in-the-Hand Quillai
G-17, 511 729 550 106 G-18, 549 G-25, 771 436 G-20, 624
QUILLAJA
G-26, 812 G-S, 92 683 G-4, 74 24 G-S, 92
RAUWOLFIA
(Quillaja saponaria)
G-20, 624
Quillaja Bark Quillaja saponaria
G-20, 624 G-20, 624
QUINCE
(Cydonia oblongata)
.
625
(Rauwolfia serpentina) Rauwolfia serpentina Ray-Grass Red Bay Red Bilberry
631 63i G-24, 756 490 G-3, 20
RED BRYONY
QUININE
(Cinchona
Rattlebush Rattleroot Rattlesnake Root (Polygala senega) Rattlesnake Root (Trillium erectum) Rattlesnake Violet Rattleweed
pubescens)
Quinsy Berries Quitch Grass
G-20, 626 G-5, 94 G-25, 771
(Bryonia cretica) Red Chickweed
840 .G-17, 510
RADISH
(Raphanus sativus) Rag Paper Ragged Cup Ragweed
G-20, 628 G-IS, 532 G-9, 238 G-20, 629
RAGWORT
(Senecio jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Ragwort 354 Rainbow Weed G-20, 620 Ramp 46 Ramsons 66 Ramsted 840 Ramsthorn G-6, 123 Ranunculus acris 133 Ranunculus bulbosus 128 Ranunculus ficaria 466 Ranunculus sceleratus G-20, eoi Rape G-19, 554 Rape Seed G-19, 554 Raphanus raphanistrum . . . G-26, 814 Raphanus sativus G-20, 628 RASPBERRY
(Rubus idaeus)
G-21, 630
Rati Rattle Pouches Rattle Snake Weed
435 G-22, 690 261
G-22, 668
RED CLOVER
(Trifolium pratense)
Rabbits Raccoon Berry
632
G-21, 633
Red Raspberry Leaves Glycerine Extract Liquid (Nature's Way) Red Raspberry Liquid (McZand) Red Robin Red Root (Ceanothus americanus) Red Root (Sanguinaria canadensis) Red Rot (Pterocarpus santalinus)
Reed REED HERB
Red Elder . G-S, 96 Red Elm 697 Red Ginseng 636 Red Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) . .. .G-11, 283 Red Gum (Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734 Red Legs G-S, 82 RED MAPLE
(Acer rubrum) Red Morocco Red Pepper Red Pimpernel Red Poppy Red Raspberry Red Raspberry Leaves Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Way)
G-21, 635 G-3, 5 G-8, i e s G-22, 668 223 G-21, eso
630
541 108 740 635
Red Sanderswood 635 Red Saunders 635 Red Sedge 336 Red Sorrel G-14, 394 Red Thyme Oil (Aura Cacia) . . .76i Red Weed G-20, 602 Red Wine Extract Capsules (Sundown) 362 Redberry Leaves G-25, 779 Red-Ink Plant G-20, 602
RED CURRANT
G-21, 634
630 G-15, 448
RED SANDALWOOD
Red Clover Blossom Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .633 Red Clover Herb Capsules (Frontier) 633 Red Clover Herbal Capsules (Apothecary) 633 Red Clover Liquid (McZand) . .. 633 Red Cockscomb G-3, 22 Red Cole G-14, 408 Red Couchgrass 336 (Ribes rubrum)
630
RED-ROOTED SAGE
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) Red-Rooted Salvia
636 636
RED-SPUR VALERIAN
(Centranthus ruber)
(Phragmites communis)
G-21, 639 639 639
REHMANNIA
(Rehmannia glutinosa) Rehmannia glutinosa Remifemin Tablets (PhytoPharmica) Reseda Rest-Harrow Rhamnus catharticus Rhamnus frangula Rhamnus purshiana Rhatania
640 640 G-30, 92 G-14, 391 G-23, 713 G-6, 123 G-12, 317 G-7, 153 64i
RHATANY
(Krameria triandra) Rheum palmatum Rheumatism Root Rheumatism Weed Rhododendron ferrugineum Rhododendron ponticum
641 G-8, 185 G-26, SI 7 595 eso eoe
1-34/RHUBARB
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Rhubarb Rhus aromatica Rhus toxicodendron Ribes nigrum Ribes rubrum Ribgrass Ribwort
G-8, ISS 748 600 G-S, 94 G-21, 634 G-11, 278 G-11, 278
RICE
(Oryza
sativa)
G-21, 643
Richleaf G-23, 733 Richweed (Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92 Richweed (Collinsonia canadensis) . G-23, 733 Ricinus communis G-7, 158 Ringworm Powder 352 Ripplegrass G-11, 278 Robbia G-16, 490 Robin-Run-in-the-Grass 193 Robin-Run-in-the-Hedge 372 Rock Brake G-IS, 454 Rock Fern 491 Rock of Polypody G-15, 454 Rock Parsley G-19, 567 Rock-Rose G-12, 321 Rockwrack 106 Roman Chamomile G-IO, 270 Roman Laurel G-IS, 459 Roman Pellitory 577 Rosa canina G-10, 254 Rosa centifolia 644 ROSE
(Rosa
Rosemary Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) Rosenoble Rosin Weed
SAFFLOWER
645 G-11, 311 379
ROSINWEED
(Silphium
Round-Leaved Hepatica Rowan Tree Royal Brittany Evening Primrose Oil Capsules (Nature's Bounty) Royal Jasmine Rubia tinctorum Rubus fruticosus Rubus idaeus Rubywood Rudbeckia Ruddes
(Crocus sativus)
G-21, 653 G-25, 779
G-21, 646 G-9, 238 G-21, 645 442
ROUND-LEAFED WINTERGREEN
rotundifolia)
652
SAFFRON
Sagackhomi
laciniatum)
Rosinweed Rosmarinus officinalis Rottlera Tinctoria (Pyrola
(Carthamus tinctorius)
....
647
26 G-18, 525
298 G-15, 432 G-16, 490 G-6, 104 G-21, 630 635 26i G-17, 497
RUE
(Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
Rum Cherry Rumex acetosa Rumex aquaticus Rumex crispus Run-by-the-Ground Running Jenny
810 705 795 835 579 G-17, 520
SAGE
(Salvia officinalis)
G-21, 655
Sage of Bethlehem Sagrada Bark Sahlep
G-23, 709 G-7, 153 657
SALEP
(Orchis species) Salicaire Salicin Willow Salix species Sallow Thorn SaloOp Salsify Salt-Rheum Weed Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia officinalis Salvia triloba Sambucus ebulus Sambucus nigra
657 G-20, 620 G-25, 807 G-25, 807 G-22, 680 657 G-9, 212 G-4, 59 636 G-21, 655 367 259 G-11, 287
SAMPHIRE
(Crithum maritimum) Sampier Sampson Root Sand Plantain Sand Sedge
658 658 261 612 336
SANDALWOOD
centifolia)
644
Rose Apple Rose Bay Willow Herb . . . Rose Elder Rose Hip Rose Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) Rose Laurel. (Nerium oleander) Rose Mallow Rose Pink Rose Willow Rose-a-Rubie Rosebay Rose-Colored Silkweed . . . Roselle
429 G-26, 818 G-5, 96 G-IO, 254 G-IS, 528 G-19, 555 G-14, 398 G-8, 174 G-IO, 256 G-3, 5 eso G-23, 743 G-14, 394
ROSEMARY
(Rosmarinus officinalis)
. .G-21, 645
RUPTUREWORT
(Santalum album)
(Herniaria glabra)
G-21, eso
Ruscus aculeatus Russian Belladonna
G-7, 132 671
659
SANDARAC
RUST-RED RHODODENDRON
(Rhododendron ferrugineum)
650
Ruta graveolens Rutland Beauty
G-21, 648 G-i3, 367
Sabal Sabline Rouge Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sacred Bark Sacred Herb Sacred Mushroom
G-21, 664 39 118 G-7, 153 841 G-19, 588
(Tetraclinis articulata)
eeo
Sandarac Gum Tree 660 Sandberry G-25, 779 Sanderswood 659 Sandwort 39 Sanguinaria 108 Sanguinaria canadensis 108 Sanguinary (Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833 Sanguinary (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Sanguis Draconis 257 Sanguisorba officinalis . . . . G-13, 366 Sanicle 296 Sanicula europaea 296 Santalum album 659
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
SENOKOT GRANULES / 1 - 3 5
Santolina chamaecyparissias Santonica Saponaria officinalis Sappan Sardian Nut Sarracenia purpurea
G-i6, 460 827 G-22, 701 635 708 G-20, 596
SARSAPARILLA
(Smilax species)
G-21, 661
Sarsaparilla Capsules (ADH) . . . . 66i Sarsaparilla Root Capsules (Apothecary, Frontier) 66i SASSAFRAS
(Sassafras albidum) Sassafras albidum Sassafrax Satan's Apple Satin Flower Satureja hortensis Satyrion Saussurea Costus Saussurea costus Savin
G-21, 662 G-21, 662 G-21, 662 G-17, 495 iso G-23, 739 657 227 227 G-21, 663
SAVIN TOPS
(Juniperus sabina) Savine Savory
G-21, 663 G-21, 663 G-23, 739
Saw Palmetto Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .664 Saw Palmetto Standardized Capsules (Rexall Consumer) G-30, 664 Saxifrage G-19, 591 Saxifrax G-21, 662 Scabiosa succisa G-20, 612 Scabish G - H , 298 Scabwort G-10, 266 Scaldweed G-10, 254 Scaly Dragon's Claw 220 Scarlet Berry G-S, 88 Scarlet Monarda 562 SCARLET PIMPERNEL
(Anagallis arvensis) Schinus molle Schinus terebinthifolius
G-22, 668 139 117
SCHISANDRA
(Schisandra chinensis)
669
Schisandra chinensis Schisandra sphenanthera Schloss Tea
669 464 505
Scilla
G-23, 717
Scoke Scolopendrium vulgare Scoparium Scopola
G-20, 602 38i G-22, 672 67i
(Serenoa
repens)
G-21, 6 6 4
Saw Palmetto Berries Capsules (Frontier, Futurebiotics, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid (Nature's Answer) Saw Palmetto Capsules (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal, Celestial Seasonings, Herbal Harvest, Major, Mason Vitamins, McZand, National Vitamin, Natrol, Naturalife, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Resource, PD-Rx, Rexall Consumer, Zenith Goldline) Saw Palmetto Extract Capsules (Humco) Saw Palmetto Liquid (McZand)
(Scopolia carniolica) Scopolia carniolica Scotch Barley
67i 671 G-4, 63
SCOTCH BROOM
664
(Cytisus scoparius) Scotch Fir
G-22, 672 G-22, 674
664 SCOTCH PINE
(Pinus species) Scotch Quelch
G-22, 674 G-25, 771
SCOTCH THISTLE
664 664
(Onopordum acanthium) . G-22, 678 Scouring Rush G-14, 409 Scratweed 193 Scrofula Plant G - H , 311 Scrophularia nodosa G-11, 311 Scrubby Grass G-22, 679 Scubby Trefoil 790 SCULLCAP
664
(Cochlearia officinalis) . . .G-22, 679 Scutellaria lateriflora
(Scutellaria lateriflora) . . G-22, 678
G-22, 678
SEA BUCKTHORN
(Hippophae rhamnoides) Sea Fennel Sea Holly Sea Holme Sea Hulver Sea Kelp Sea Parsley Sea Sedge Sea Wormwood Sealroot Sealwort Seawrack Sedum acre Segg Selenicereus grandiflorus
.G-22, 680 658 G - H , 282 G - I I , 282 G - I I , 282 122 G-16, 482 336 827 G-22, 703 G-22, 703 106 215 G-19, 561 543
SELF-HEAL
(Prunella vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Self-Heal Sempervivum tectorum
296 G-14, 411
SENBURI
(Swertia japonica) Seneca
682 683
SENECA SNAKEROOT
(Polygala senega)
SCOPOLIA SAW PALMETTO
SCURVY GRASS
Senecio Senecio Senecio Senecio Senecio Senega
683
aureus bicolor jacobaea nemorensis vulgaris
354 258 G-20, 629 21 374 683
Senega Snakeroot Seneka
683 683
Sengreen G-14, 411 Senior Ginkgo Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342 SENNA
(Cassia senna) Senna Extract Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Senna Leaf Capsules (Frontier) Senokot Childrens' Syrup (Purdue Frederick) Senokot Granules (Purdue Frederick)
G-22, 684 684 684 G-30, 684 G-30, 684
1-36 /SENOKOT TABLETS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Senokot Tablets (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) . . 684 Senokot Xtra (Purdue Frederick) 684 Septfoil G-8, 192 Serenoa repens G-21, 664 Serpentaria G-17, 520 Serpent's Tongue (Erythronium americanum) 24 Serpent's Tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) 269 Serpyllum G-26, 815 Service Tree 704 SESAME
(Sesamum orientale) Sesamum orientale Setewale SetWall Seven Barks Shamrock Shan-Zhu-Yu Shave Grass Shavetail Grass Sheep Laurel Sheep Sorrel, Whole Flowering Plant Liquid (Herb Pharm) Sheep-Lice SheggS Shellflower Shepherd's Barometer Shepherd's Club Shepherd's Heart Shepherd's Knapperty Shepherd's Knot Shepherd's Needle
688 688 G-25, 783 G-25, 783 G-14, 413 827 51 G-14, 409 G-14, 409 G-18, 528
705 410 G-19, 561 G-4, 59 G-22, 668 G-18, 532 G-22, 690 G-S, 192 G-8, 192 G-24, 743
SHEPHERD'S PURSE
(Capsella bursa-pastoris) Shepherd's Shepherd's Shepherd's Shepherd's
Scrip Sprout Staff Thyme
.G-22, 690 G-22, 690 G-22, 690 G-18, 532 G-26, 815
SHORT BUCHU
(Barosma
betulina)
691
tonkinesis)
692
SIBERIAN GINSENG
(Eleutherococcus senticosus)
SIMARUBA
(Simaruba
amara)
Simaruba amara Simmondsia chines Simpler's Joy Simson Sinapis alba Singer's Plant Sisymbrium officinale Sium sisarum Skewerwood
693
695
is
695 G-15, 438 G-25, 788 374 G-25, sos 384 384 G-22, 696 G-25, 791
SKIRRET
(Sium
sisarum)
Skoke Skullcap Herb Capsules (Frontier)
G-22, 6 9 6
G-20, 602 678
SKUNK CABBAGE
(Symplocarpus foetidus)
SIAM BENZOIN
(Styrax
Siberian Ginseng Capsules (Nature's Way) . . .. 346 Siberian Ginseng Power Herb Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346 Siberian Ginseng Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346 Siberian Ginseng Tablets (Herbal Harvest) 346 Siberian Tea 268 Sicklewort (Ajuga reptans) . G-6, 125 Sicklewort (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 Side-Saddle Plant G-20, 596 Silky Cornel G-10, 256 Silphium laciniatum G-21, 646 Silphium perfoliatum G-9, 238 Silver Bells G-5, 96 Silver Leaf 729 Silverweed (Impatiens biflora) 436 Silverweed (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 Silverweed Herb 526 Silybum marianum G-17, 516 Silymarin Capsules (Twinlab) . . . 516 Silymarin Milk Thistle Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . 516
Skunkweed Slave Wood Slipper Root Slipperweed
SLIPPERY ELM
(Ulmus rubra)
697
Slippery Elm Bark Capsules (Frontier) 697 Slippery Root G-9, 212 SLOE
(Prunus spinosa)
G-22, 697
Slough-Heal Small Hemlock Smallage Smallpox Plant Smallwort
G-22, 681 G-12, 316 G-8, 172 G-20, 596 466
SMARTWEED
(Persicaria hydropiper)
699
Smell Fox Smilax species Smooth Lawsonia Smooth Strophanthus Smut Rye Snake Leaf Snake Lily Snake Root Snakebite (Sanguinaria canadensis) Snakebite (Trillium erectum) Snakehead Snakeroot Snakeweed Snap Bean Snapdragon Snapping Hazel
824 G-21, 661 G-14, 391 736 280 24 G-19, 56i 683 108 .G-4, 74 G-4, 59 48 G-5, 82 G-4, 65 840 G-26, 821
SNEEZEWORT
(Achillea ptarmica) Snow Rose Snowball Tree
700 eso G-S, 96
SNOWDROP
(Galanthus nivalis) Snowdrop Tree Snowflower Soap Bark Soap Root Soap Tree Soapwood
700 G-12, 321 G-12, 321 G-20, 624 G-22, 701 G-20, 624 G-22, 701
SOAPWORT
696 696 695 : . 541 436
(Saponaria officinalis) Solanum dulcamara Solanum nigrum Soldiers Soldier's Herb
. . .G-22, 701 G-5, 88 G-6, 101 G-20, 620 G-11, 278
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
Soldier's Woundwort Solidago canadensis Solidago virgaurea
ST. J O H N ' S WORT PREFERRED C A P S U L E S / 1 - 3 7
G-26, 833 145 0-11, 289
SOLOMON'S SEAL
(Polygonatum multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Solsequia Somali Tea Sophora japonica
G-17, 503 447 564
Sorb Apple Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus domestica Sorbus torminalis Sorghum Sorghum vulgare
704 G-18, 525 G-18, 525 704 814 121 121
SORREL
(Rumex acetosa)
705
Sour Trefoil South Indian Squill
827 421
SOUTHERN BAYBERRY
(Myrica cerifera)
G-22, 705
SOUTHERN TSANGSHU
(Atractylodes lancea) Southernwood Root Sow Berry Sowbread
706 isi G-4, 6i 240
SOYBEAN
(Glycine soja) Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish
Bugloss Camomile Chestnut Saffron
594 G-23, 711 G-20, 620 G-20, 620
SPIKENARD
SORB APPLE
(Sorbus domestica)
Spigelia marilandica Spignet Spiked Spiked Loosestrife
G-22, 707 G-3, 13 577 G-14, 403 G-21, 653
(Aralia racemosa) Spikenard
G-23, 711 433
SPINACH
(Spinacia oleracea) Spinacia oleracea Spindle Tree
G-23, 712 G-23, 712 G-25, 791
SPINY REST HARROW
(Ononis spinosa) Spire Mint Spireaea Ulmaria Spogel Sponsa Solis Spoonwood (Kalmia latifolia) Spoonwood (Mallotus philippinensis) Spoonwort Spotted Alder Spotted Corobane Spotted Cranesbill Spotted Crowbane Spotted Geranium Spotted Hemlock Spotted Monarda Spotted Parsley Spotted Thistle Spotted Touch-Me-Not
G-23, 713 G-23, 709 G-17, 511 612 G-17, 503 G-18, 528 442 G-22, 679 G-26, 821 G-13, 386 233 G-13, 386 233 G-13, 386 407 G-13, 386 G-6, 107 436
SPRUCE (Picea species) Spruce Fir
714 714
SPANISH-CHESTNUT
(Castanea sativa) Sparrow Grass Sparrow Tongue
708 G-4, 52 G-15, 448
SPEARMINT
(Mentha spicata) Speckled Jewels
G-23, 709 436
SPEEDWELL
(Veronica officinalis) Speedwell Spergularia rubra Spiceberry Spigelia anthelmia
G-23, 710 G-6, 121 39 820 831
SPURGE
(Euphorbia resinifera) Spurge Flax Spurge Laurel Spurge Olive Spurred Rye Squaw Balm Squaw Root Squaw Weed (Senecio aureus) Squaw Weed (Senecio nemorensis) Squawmint Tickweed Squawroot
716 G-17, 515 G-17, 515 G-17, 515 280 579 G-S, 92 354 21 579 109
SQUILL
(Urginea maritima)
G-23, 717
Squinancy Berries G-5, 94 Squirrel Corn (Corydalis cava) 226 Squirrel Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 St. Anthony's Turnip 128 St. Barbara's Hedge Mustard . . .384 St. Benedict Thistle G-6, 107 St. James' Weed G-22, 690 St. James Wort G-20, 629 St. James's Tea 451 St. John's Bread G-7, 151 St. John's Herb G-13, 388 St. John's Plant G-18, 530 St. John's Power 0.3% Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .719 St. John's Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 719 St. John's Power Time Release Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 719 ST. JOHN'S WORT
(Hypericum perforatum)
. G-23, 719
St. John's Wort Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Breckenridge, Celestial Seasonings, Futurebiotics, Herbal Harvest, Key Co., Mason Vitamins, Naturalife, Nature's Resource, Nature's Way, PNC, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown, Zenith Goldline) 719 St. John's Wort Capsules (Rexall Consumer) G-30, 719 St. John's Wort Extract Capsules (Humco, National Vitamin) . . . 719 St. John's Wort Herb Capsules (Frontier) 719 St. John's Wort Herb Liquid (Nature's Way) 719 St. John's Wort Liquid (Nature's Answer, Pharmaceutical Labs, PNC) . . . 719 St. John's Wort Preferred Capsules (Reese) 719
1 - 3 8 / S T . JOHN'S WORT TABLETS
St. John's Wort Tablets (Contract Pharmacal, Natrol, Nature Made, PDRx, Vitaline) 719 St. John's Wort Transdermal Patch (Zayco) 719 St. Josephwort G-4, 64 St. Mary's Seal G-22, 703 Stachys palustris 832 Staff Vine G-5, 88 Stagbush G-5, 96 Staggerweed {Delphinium consolida) . . G-15, 458 Staggerweed {Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Staggerwort G-20, 629 Stags Horn 196 Stammerwort G-20, 629 Standardized Bilberry Extract Capsules (Nature's Resource) 75 Standardized Cat's Claw Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 160 Standardized Chamomile Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 331 Standardized Feverfew Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 306 Standardized Garlic Capsules (Nature's Resource) 327 Standardized Ginseng, Korean White Capsules (Nature's Resource) 346 Standardized Green Tea Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 369 Standardized Hawthorn Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 271 Standardized Horsechestnut Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 403 Standardized Licorice Capsules (Nature's Resource) 469 Standardized Saw Palmetto ExtractCap Capsules (Nature's Way) 664 Standardized Siberian Ginseng Root Capsules (Nature's Way) 346
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Standardized Uva Ursi Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) Standardized Valerian Capsules (Nature's Resource) Standardized White Willow Bark Extract Capsules (Nature's Way)
779
783
Stinking Prairie Bush Stinking Tommy Stinkweed Stinkwort Stitchwort Stockholm Tar
790 G-23, 713 G-IS, 436 G-IS, 436 iso G-22, 674 1
STONE ROOT
807
(Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733 STORAX
STAR ANISE
(Illicium verum)
G-23, 725
Star Grass 11 Star of the Earth G-4, 71 Starbloom 594 Starchwort 46 Starweed 180 Starwort (Aletris farinosa) 11 Starwort {Stellaria media) iso Starwort {Veratrum luteum) 301 Staunchweed G-26, 833 Staunchwort G-9, 214 Stave Wood 695 STAVESACRE
(Delphinium staphisagria) Stayplough Stellaria Stellaria media Stemless Carlina Root Sterretjie
726
G-23, 713 G-15, 456 iso 151 7
STEVIA
(Stevia rebaudiana)
727
Stevia rebaudiana 727 Stick-a-Back 193 Sticklewort G-3, 10 Stickwort (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Stickwort (Oxalis acetosella) . . . . 827 Stigmata Maydis 224 (Stillingia sylvatica)
729
Stillingia sylvatica . . .
729
STINGING NETTLE
Stingless Nettle Stinking Arrach Stinking Goosefoot . . . . Stinking Motherwort . . . Stinking Nanny Stinking Nightshade
Storkbill Storksbill Stramonium Strangle Tare Straw
G-14, 393 233 G-IS, 436 G-IO, 254 G-IS, 551
STRAWBERRY
(Fragaria vesca) Strawberry Tomato String Bean String of Sovereigns Stringy Bark Tree Striped Alder Strong-Scented Lettuce
G-23, 735 G-26, 819 G-4, 65 G-17, 520 G-II, 283 G-26, 821 453
(Strophanthus kombe) Strophanthus
736 736
STROPHANTHUS GRATUS
(Strophanthus gratus) Strophanthus gratus Strophanthus hispidus Strophanthus kombe Strychnos ignatii Strychnos nux vomica Stubwort Styrax benzoin Styrax paralleloneurum Styrax tonkinesis Sugar Maple Sugar Pods Sumaruba
736 736 450 . 736 416 G-18, 547 827 73 738 692 G-8, 181
G-21, 635 G-7, 151 695
SUMATRA BENZOIN G-23, 729
G-25, 806 43
(Styrax paralleloneurum)
^
738
SUMBUL
(Ferula sumbul)
G-23, 738
43 43
G-20, 629 G-14, 389
t
STROPHANTHUS
Succory
STILLINGIA
(Urtica dioica)
(Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734
SUMMER SAVORY
(Satureja hortensis) Sun Drop
G-23, 739 G-II, 298
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TEA PLANT/1-39
Sun Rose Sundance Aloe Vera Gel (Lee)
G-12, 321 16
SUNDEW
(Drosera ramentacea) SUNFLOWER (Helianthus
annuus)
740
G-23, 741
Sunkfield c-11, 289 Super Bilberry Plus Tablets (Action Labs) 75 Super Ginkgo Biloba Plus Tablets (Action Labs) 342 Super Milk Thistle Plus Tablets (Action Labs) 51 e Super Saw Palmetto Plus Tablets (Action Labs) 664 Super St. John's Wort Plus Tablets (Action Labs) 719 Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets (Irwin) 843 Superior Chinese Astragalus Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 54 Surelle 827 SURINAM CHERRY
(Eugenia unifloria) Suterberry Swallow Wort Swallow-Wort Swamp Cedar Swamp Dogwood (Cornus florida) Swamp Dogwood (Ptelea trifoliata) Swamp Laurel Swamp Maple
742 545 338 G-20, 598 G-24, 759 G-10, 256 790 490 G-21, 635
SWAMP MILKWEED
(Asclepias incarnata)
. . . G-23, 743
Swamp Sassafras 490 Swamp Silkweed G-23, 743 r Swamp Tea Tree G-7, 136 Sweating Plant G-6, 113 Sweatroot G-3, 3 Sweet Almond 15 Sweet Bark ise Sweet Bay (Laurus nobilis) G-15, 459 Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca) . . 490 Sweet Betty G-22, 701 Sweet Bracken G-24, 743 Sweet Brake G-17, 493 Sweet Brier G-IO, 254
Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet
Broom Bugle Cane Chervil Chestnut
SWEET CICELY (Myrrhis odorata)
G-7, 132 G-6, 126 G-7, 138 G-24, 743 708 G-24, 743
SWEET CLOVER
(Melilotus officinalis) Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet
Dock Elm Fennel Flag
. . . G-24, 744 G-S, 82 697 G-11, 302 G-7, 138
SWEET GALE
(Myrica gale) Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet
Grass Gum Herb Lucerne
G-24, 745 G-7, 138 G-23, 734 727 G-24, 744
Sweethearts Sweet-Humlock Sweetleaf Sweets Sweet-Scented Cactus Sweet-Smelling Trefoil Swertia chirata Swertia japonica Swine Snout Swinebread Swine's Grass Swiss Mountain Pine Swiss Pine Swynel Grass Symphytum officinale Symplocarpus foetidus Synkfoyle Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini
193 G-24, 743 727 G-24, 743 543 G-13, 388 187 682 G-9, 245 240 G-15, 448 G-22, 674 802 G-15, 448 G-9, 212 696 G-11, 289 G-8, 195 429
T SWEET MARJORAM
(Origanum majorana) . . . G-24, 746 Sweet Mary Sweet Myrtle
G-16, 46i G-7, 138
SWEET ORANGE
(Citrus sinensis) Sweet Pepper Sweet Root (Acorus calamus) Sweet Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Sweet Rush Sweet Sedge Sweet Slumber
G-24, 747
Sweet Vernal
TAMARIND
G-7, i38
(Tamarindus indica)
753
G-ie, 469 G-7, 138 G-7, 138 ios
Tamarindus indica Tamus Tamus communis Tanacetum parthenium Tanacetum vulgare Tanner's Bark
753 G-25, 800 G-5, 90 G-11, 306 G-24, 754 G-18, 549
748 G-3, 5
SWEET VERNAL GRASS
(Anthoxanthum odoratum)
G-24, 749
SWEET VIOLET (Viola odorata)
G-24, 750
Sweet Weed Sweet Wood Bark
so* ise
SWEET WOODRUFF
(Galium odoratum) Sweet-Cus Sweet-Fern
G-5, 89 235 235 104 104 G-22, 705
G-8, 165
SWEET SUMACH (Rhus aromatica)
Tag Alder Tailed Cubebs Tailed Pepper Tall Speedwell Tall Veronica Tallow Shrub
G-24, 751 G-24, 743 G-24, 743
TANSY
(Tanacetum vulgare)
G-24, 754
Tar Weed Taraxacum officinale Tare Target-Leaved Hibiscus Tarragon Tarweed
379 G-9, 245 G-24, 756 533 G-12, 320 841
TAUMELLOOLCH (Lolium temulentum) Taxus baccata . Tea Tea Plant
. . . . G-24, 756 G-26, 841 G-13, 369 487
1-40/TEA TREE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
TEA TREE
(Melaleuca alternifolia) Tea Tree Teaberry Teasel
757
487 820 G-6, 113
TEAZLE
(Dipsacus silvestris)
G-24, 757
THYME (Thymus vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Thyme Herb Liquid (Nature's Answer) 761 Thyme Leaf & Flower Liquid (Herb Pharm) 761 Thymus serpyllum G-26, 815 Thymus vulgaris G-24, 761 Tiarella cordifolia G-9, 219 Tickleweed 25 Tiglium 234 Tiglium Seeds 234 Tilia species G-16, 477 Time Release Bilberry Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 75 Time Release Ginkgo Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .342 Time Release Hawthorn Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 271 Time Release Korean Ginseng Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 346 Time Release Milk Thistle Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 516 Tinnevelly Senna G-22, 684 Tipton Weed G-23, 719 Toadpipe (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Toadpipe (Linaria vulgaris) 840 Toadroot 60
Tegreen Capsules (Pharmanex) 369 Temu Lawak G-9, 239 Terminalia arjuna .39 Terminalia chebula 772 Tetraclinis articulata 660 Tetterberry G-25, soo Tetterwort (Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Tetterwort (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Teucrium chamaedrys G-12, 337 Teucrium polium 603 Teucrium scordium 797 Teucrium scorodonia G-26, 826 Tewon Lawa G-9, 239 Thalictroc 384 The Roman Plant G-24, 743 Theobroma cacao G-8, 199 Thick-Leaved Pennywort . . G-13, 359 Thimbleberry G-6, 104 Thisilyn Standardized Milk Thistle Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 516 TOBACCO Thormantle G-8, 192 (Nicotiana tabacum) G-24, 762 Thorn-Apple CMS, 436 Tobacco Wood G-26, 821 Thorny Burr G-7, 128 Tobasco Pepper G-8, ies Thoroughwort G-6, 113 Tolu G-24, 764 Thor's Beard G-14, 411 Thousand Weed G-26, 833 TOLU BALSAM Three-Leafed Hop Tree 790 (Myroxylon balsamum) . . .G-24, 764 Three-Leaved G-4, 74 Tom Rong G-12, 325 Three-Leaved Grass 827 TOMATO Three-Lobed Sage 367 (Lycopersicon Throat Root G-25, 794 esculentum) G-24, 766 Throatwort , G-11,311 Throw-Wort G-IS, 524 Tongue-Grass iso THUJA
(Thuja occidentalis) Thuja occidentalis Thuja orientalis Thunder Plant
G-24, 759 560 G-14, 411
(Dipteryx odorata) Tonquin Bean Toothache Tree Torch Weed
767 767 545 G-IS, 532
G-IS, 532 G-8, 192 G-8, 192 160 327 G-22, 690 G-5, 75
TRAGACANTH
(Astragalus gummifer) Tragacanth
767 54
TRAILING ARBUTUS
(Epigae repens) Trailing Tansy
768 G-20, 610
TRAVELLER'S JOY
(Clematis vitalba) Tree Moss
G-25, 769 778
TREE OF HEAVEN
(Ailanthus altissima) 770 Tree of Life G-24, 759 Trefoil (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata) . . . G - 6 , 110 Trefoil (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Trembling Poplar G-20, 607 Trifolium pratense G-21, 633 Trigonella foenum-graecum .G-11, 304 Trillium erectum G-4, 74 TRITICUM
(Agropyron repens) Triticum aestivum Trollius europaeus Tropaeolum majus
G-25, 771 799 G-12, 351 G-IS, 537
TROPICAL ALMOND
(Terminalia chebula) True Angostura True Ivy Tru& Laurel True Unicorn Root True Unicorn Star-Grass Tsuga canadensis Tuber Root
772 34 G-IO, 275 G-15, 459 11 11 G-19, 594 G-20, 598
TULIP TREE
(Liriodendron tulipifera)
TONKA BEANS
G-24, 759
Torches Tormentil Root Tormentilla Toron Total Gar Capsules (Mason Vitamins) Toywort Trackleberry
Tun-Hoof Turkey Claw
774 372 220
TURKEY CORN
(Dicentra cucullaria)
775
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Turkey Corn Turkish Sage Turk's Cap
WALLPEPPER/I-41
226 367 506
UZARA
(Xysmalobium undulatum)
782
TURMERIC
(Curcuma domestica) Turmeric Turmeric Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) Turmeric Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Turmeric Root Turmeric Whole Rhizome Liquid (Health from the Sun) Turnera diffusa Turnhoof Turnip Greens Turnip Rope Turpentine Weed Turtle Head Turtlebloom Tussilago farfara Twitch-Grass Twopenny Grass
775
G-26, 846 846
Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea
G-5, 75 G-6, 111 G-3, 20
VALERIAN
(Valeriana officinalis)
G-25, 7 8 3
846 G-i3, 355
Valerian Capsules (Mason Vitamins, Nature's Resource) 783 Valerian Liquid (McZand) 783 846 Valerian Power Time Release 244 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 783 Valerian Root Alcohol Free 372 Liquid (Nature's Answer) 816 783 Valerian Root Capsules 816 (ADH, Bergen Brunswig, G-9, 238 Cardinal, Frontier, Herbal G-4, 59 Harvest, Humco, Major, G-4, 59 McKesson, National G-9, 209 Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, G-25, 771 Nature's Herbs, Nature's G-17, 520 Way, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer, Sundown, U Zenith Goldline) 783 Ulmus minor G-10, 269 Valerian Root Power Ulmus rubra 697 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .783 Umbellate Wintergreen 595 Valerian Root Standardized Umbrella Leaves G-19, 585 Capsules Una de Gato ieo (Rexall Consumer) 783 Uncaria species 324 Valerian Root Tablets Unicaria tomentosa ieo (Apothecary, Mason Upright Virgin's Bower . . . . G-8, 19< Vitamins) 783 Upstart G-9, 206 Valeriana officinalis G-25, 783 Urginea indica 421 Vandal Root G-25, 783 Urginea maritima G-23, 717 Vapor G-12, 322 Urtica dioica G-23, 729 Vegetable Antimony G-6, 113 Vegetable Mercury 494 USNEA Vegetable Sulfur 196 (Usnea species) 778 Vegetable Tallow G-22, 705 Usnea species 778 Velvet Dock G-IO, 266 Utricularia vulgaris G-e, 105 Velvet Flower G-3, 22 Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules Velvet Leaf see (ADH, Frontier, Nature's Velvet Plant G-IS, 532 Herbs) 779 Venastat Capsules Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules (Pharmaton) G-30, 403 (Nature's Way) 779 Venus' Basin G-24, 757 UVA-URSI
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779
VENUS FLYTRAP
(Dionaea muscipula)
786
Venus Hair Venus Shoe Veratrum album Veratrum luteum Veratrum viride Verbascum densiflorum . . , Verbena officinalis Vernis de Japon Veronica beccabunga Veronica officinalis Verrucaria
491 541 G-25, 803 301 25 G-18, 532 G-25, 788 770 G-6, 121 G-23, 710 G-17, 503
VERVAIN
(Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Viburnum prunifolium G-5, 96 Vicia faba 120 Vinca minor 584 Vine of the Souls 833 Viola odorata G-24, 750 Viola tricolor 382 Violet Bloom G-5, 88 Virginia Creeper G-3, 26 Virginia Water Horehound . . G-6, 126 Virginian Poke G-20, 602 Virginian Prune 8io Virgin's Glove G-IO, 248 VIROLA
(Virola theiodora)
789
Virola theiodora 789 Viscum album G-11, 291 Vitex agnus-castus G-8, 176 Vitex Capsules (Naturalife, Nature's Way) . .. . 176 Vitis vinifera G-13, 362 Vomitroot G-ie, 479 Vomitwort G-16, 479 W WAFER ASH
(Ptelea trifoliata)
790
WAHOO
(Euonymus atropurpurea) G-25, 791 Wake Robin Wake-Robin Walewort Wall Ginger
46 *.. . G-4, 74 259 215
WALLFLOWER
(Cheiranthus cheiri) Wallflower Wallpepper
G-25, 792 418 215
1 - 4 2 /WALLSTOCK-GILLOFER
Wallstock-Gillofer Wallwort
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-25, 792 G-9, 212
WALNUT
(Juglans regia)
G-2S, 793
Walpole Tea Wandering Jenny Wandering Tailor Warnera Wartwort Water Agrimony
541 G-17, 520 G-17, 520 G-13, 355 236 G-7, 131
WATER AVENS
Blobs Bugle Cabbage Chisch
G-25, 794 G-17, 503 G-6, 126 G-3, 28 G-25, 794
WATER DOCK
(Rumex aquaticus) Water Dragon
795 G-17, 503
crocata)
Water Dropwort Water Elder
795
G-25, 796 G-5, 96
WATER FENNEL
(Oenanthe aquatica) Water Flag Water Flower
G-25, 796 G-19, sei G-25, 794
WATER GERMANDER
(Teucrium scordium) Water Hemlock Water Lily Water Lovage Water Maudlin Water Mint Water Nymph Water Parsley Water Pepper Water Pimpernel Water Pink Water Plantain Water Purslane Water Shamrock
797 G-13, 386 G-3, 28 795 G-13, 388 G-26, 813 G-3, 28 G-13, 386 699 G-6, 121 768 G-3, 13 G-6, 121 G-6, 110
WATERCRESS
(Nasturtium officinale) Watercress Capsules (National Vitamin) Water-Cup Wattle Bark
(Triticum aestivum) Wheat Bran Wheat Germ Oil Whig Plant White Archangel White Ash White Bay
798 798 G-20, 596 3
799 799 799 G-10, 270 G-25, 806 G-13, 361 490
WHITE BRYONY
(Bryonia alba)
WATER DROPWORT
(Oenanthe
G-4, 65 820 G-12, 322 G-22, 705 24 G-4, 71 G-6, 123 G-17, 500 G-4, 50 139 G-13, 36i
WHEAT
(Geum rivale) Water Water Water Water
Wax Bean Wax Cluster Wax Dolls Waxberry Waxwork Way Bennet Waythorn Weed Weeping Ash Weeping Pepper Tree Weyl Ash
White White White White White
Bryony Candytuft Cedar Cinnamon Daisy
G-25, 800 632 84 G-24, 759 147 563
White Thyme Oil (Aura Cacia) White Walnut White Weed
761 134 563
WHITE WILLOW
(Salix species)
G-25, 807
White Willow Bark Capsules (ADH, Apothecary, Frontier, Nature's Way) 807 White Wood (Canella winter ana) 147 White Wood (Melaleuca leucadendra) . G-7, 136 Whitethorn G-IO, 271 Whitsun Bosses G-5, 96 Whitsun Rose G-5, 96 Whorlywort 104 Whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20 Wild Agrimony G-20, 610 Wild American Scullcap Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) 678 Wild Balsam 436 Wild Bergamont 407
WHITE FIR
(Abies
alba)
White Flag Root White Fringe White Gum
802
G-19, 561 G-12, 321 G-23, 734
WILD CARROT
(Daucus carota) Wild Celandine Wild Chamomile Oil (Aura Cacia)
G-25, 809 436 331
WHITE HELLEBORE
(Veratrum album) White Horehound White Laurel
G-25, 803 G-14, 401 490
WHITE LILY
(Lilium candidum) White Mulberry White Murda
804 99 39
WHITE MUSTARD
(Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 8 0 5
WHITE NETTLE (Lamium album)
G-25, 806
White White White White White
G-20, 607 G-20, 598 G-13, 359 659 G-7, 136
Poplar Root Rot Saunders Tea Tree
WILD CHERRY
(Prunus serotina)
810
Wild Cinnamon 147 Wild Clover G-21, 633 Wild Cotton 4is Wild Countryside Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 Wild Countryside Chickweed Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . .. 180 Wild Countryside Damiana Leaves Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 244 Wild Countryside Dandelion Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 245 Wild Countryside Gotu Kola Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. . .359
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
WOOD S A G E / 1 - 4 3
Wild Countryside Licorice Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 469 Wild Countryside Myrrh Gum Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 534 Wild Countryside Red Raspberry Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 630 Wild Countryside Scullcap Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .678 Wild Countryside Springtime Horsetail Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 409 Wild Countryside White Willow Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 807 Wild Countryside Yellow Dock Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . 835 Wild Cranesbill 233 Wild Crane's-Bill G-14, 393 Wild Curcuma G-13, 355 WILD DAISY
(Bellis perennis) Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild
Endive Fennel Ginger Guelder Rose Hops Ice Leaf
G-26, 811 G-9, 245 G-11, 302 48 G-S, 96 G-25, 800 G-IS, 532
WILD INDIGO
(Baptisia tinctoria) Wild Indigo Fresh Root Liquid (Health from the Sun) Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) Wild Iris Wild Laburnum Wild Lady's Slipper Wild Lemon Wild Lettuce Wild Liquorice (Abrus precatorius) Wild Liquorice {Ononis spinosa) Wild Marjoram
G-26, 812
aquatica)
48 G-25, 800 551 551 382 G-17, 515 G-22, 697
WILD RADISH
(Raphanus raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Wild Radish Wild Rosemary Wild Rye
365 451 G-4, 71
WILD SERVICE TREE
(Sorbus Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild
torminalis)
814
Snowball Sorvice Strawberry Succory Sunflower Sweet William
541 814 G-23, 735 G-8, 174 G-10, 266 G-22, 701
WILD THYME
(Thymus serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Wild Tobacco
G-ie, 479
WILD TURNIP
(Brassica
rapa)
816
Wild Vine Wild Woodbine Wild Woodvine
(Dioscorea 812
812 G-19, 561 G-24, 744 436 G-17,510 453 435 G-23, 713 G-19, 559
G-26, 813
G-25, soo G-3, 26 G-3, 26
villosa)
G-26, 817
Wild Yam Capsules (Bio-Tech) Wild Yam Extract Liquid (Nature's Way) Wild Yam Liquid (Nature's Answer) Wild Yam Root & Rhizome Extract Liquid (Frontier) Wild Yam Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Way) Willow
817 817 817 817 si7 G-25, 807
824 572 G-20, 59s G-5, 75 790
WINTER CHERRY
(Physalis alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Winter Fern Winter Marjoram Winter Pink Wintera Wintera Aromatica Winterbloom
G-13, 386 G-19, 559 768 820 820 G-26, 821
WINTERGREEN
(Gaultheria procumbens)
820
Wintergreen Winterlien
647 G-12, 313
WINTER'S BARK
(Drimys winteri)
820
Winter's Cinnamon Wintersweet Winterweed Witch Grass
820 G-19, 559 180 G-25, 771
(Epilobium angustifolium)
(Hamamelis virginiana)
. G-26, 821
Witch Hazel Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) 821 Witch Meal 196 Witchen G-IS, 525 Witches' Brier G-10, 254 Witches' Gloves G-IO, 248 Witches' Pouches G-22, 690 Withe Withy G-25, 807 Wolfs Claw 196 Wolfsbane (Aconitum napellus) G-IS, 521 Wolfsbane (Arnica montana) 41 WOOD ANEMONE
(Anemone nemorosa)
824
WOOD BETONY
(Betonica officinalis)
G-26, 825
Wood Betony Herb Liquid (Nature's Answer)
WILLOW HERB
Willow Sage
Wind Flower (Anemone nemorosa) Wind Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) Wind Root Wineberry Wingseed
WITCH HAZEL
WILD YAM
WILD MINT
(Mentha
Wild Nard Wild Nep Wild Oats Liquid (Action Labs) Wild Oats Tablets (Action Labs) Wild Pansy Wild Pepper Wild Plum
G-26, 818 G-20, 620
825
WOOD SAGE
(Teucrium scorodonia)
. . G-26, 826
1-44/WOOD
SORREL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
WOOD SORREL
(Oxalis acetosella)
827 YAGE
Wood Sour 827 Wood Spider 247 Wood Strawberry G-23, 73s Wood Vine G-25, 800 Wood Waxen G-10, 260 Woodbind G-10, 275 Woodbine (Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838 Woodbine (Lonicera caprifolium) 399 Woodruff G-24, 751 Woodwrad G-24, 751 Woody G-5, 88 Woody Climber G-3, 26 Woollen G-18, 532 Woolly Thistle G-22, 678 Woolmat 410 Wormgrass 594 827
WORMSEED OIL
(Chenopodium ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
WORMWOOD
(Artemisia absinthium) . . G-26, 829 Wormwood
G-IS, 530
WORMWOOD GRASS
(Spigelia anthelmia)
831
833
Yan-Hu-Suo
226
(Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833 Yarrow Extract Liquid (Nature's Way) Yarrow Flowers Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) Yaw Root Yellow Avens Yellow Bark Yellow Bugle Yellow Catechu Yellow Chaste Weed Yellow Cleavers
833
835
Yellow Dock Root Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Way) 835 Yellow Flag G-19, 561 Yellow Galium G-15, 455
Yellow Ginseng Yellow Iris Yellow Jasmine
836 109 G-19, 56i 838
YELLOW JESSAMINE WOUNDWORT
(Stachys palustris) Woundwort (Anthyllis vulneraria) Woundwort (Prunella vulgaris) Woundwort (Solidago canadensis) Woundwort (Solidago virgaurea) Wu-Wei-Zi Wymote
832
(Gelsemium sempervirens)
. . . . 838
YELLOW LUPIN
. . . . G-9, 214 G-22, 68i 145 G-11, 289 669 505
(Lupinus luteus) Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
Pheasant's Eye Poplar Puccoon Rod Root Saunders Snakeleaf Snowdrop Starwort Sweet Clover
839 G-3, 5 774 G-13, 355 840 G-13, 355 659 24 24 G-IO, 266 G-24, 744
YELLOW TOADFLAX
257 Xie-Jie (Linaria vulgaris) X-Prep Bowel Evacuant Yellow Willowherb Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684 Yellow Wood Xuan-Fu-Hua 119 Xysmalobium undulatum 782 I Yellowroot
(Eriodictyon californicum)
. . . . 841
Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf Liquid (Herb Pharm)
841
YEW
. . . .833 729 G-4, 71 G-7, 153 G-13, 373 324 417 G-15, 455
YELLOW DOCK
YELLOW GENTIAN (Gentiana lutea)
541 133 133 G-17, 508
YERBA SANTA
YARROW
(Rumex crispus)
WORMSEED
(Artemisia cina)
(Banisteriopsis caapi)
Yellows (Cypripedium calceolus) Yellows (Ranunculus acris) Yellowweed Yerba Mate
840 G-ie, 481 545 358
(Taxus baccata)
G-26, 841
Ying Zicao Yocon Tablets (Glenwood)
619 843
YOHIMBE BARK
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
Yohimbe Capsules (Mason Vitamins) 843 Yohimbe Power Max 1500 for Women Tablets (Action Labs) 843 Yohimbe Power Max 1500 Tablets (Action Labs) 843 Yohimbe Power Max 2000 Capsules (Action Labs) 843 Yohimbe Power Max 2000 Liquid (Action Labs) 843 Yohimbe Super Potent Tablets (Mason Vitamins) . . . . 843 Yohimbie Bark Tablets (Nature's Bounty) 843 Yohimbized 1000 Liquid (Action Labs) 843 Youthwort 740 Yucca 4 Yucca filamentosa 4 Yuma G-26, 817 Z Zaffer Zanthoxylum americanum Zanzibar Pepper Zea mays
652 545 G-8, 165 224
ZEDOARY
(Curcuma zedoaria)
G-26, 846
Ze-Xie Zhi Mu Zingiber officinale Zostrix Cream (Bioglan) Zyzyphus jujube
G-3, 13 31 G-12, 339 165 439
1-45
Therapeutic Category Index Entries in this index are organized by prescribing category, enabling you to quickly identify botanicals with similar properties. Within each category, herbs are listed alphabetically by their accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed effective by the German Regulatory Authority's ''Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. The index lists herbs by general category only. To locate botanicals considered appropriate for a specific indication, please consult the Indications Index.
ACNE PREPARATIONS
ANALGESIC AGENTS
• Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-S, 88 • Brewer's Yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) lis Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 2 8 3
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . .. .382 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 ADJUNCT ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPY
Cat's Claw (Urticaria tomentosa) ieo • European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia)
G-8, 165 218
AMEBICIDES
Henna (Lawsonia inermis)
G-14, 391
Aga (Amanita muscaria) . . .G-3, 8 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . G-4, SO Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium) G-S, 96 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 109 Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus) G-6, 126 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176 Clematis (Clematis recta) .G-8, 194 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) G-8, 195 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) *". . G-9, 221 Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 223 Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) 230 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) G-9, 237 Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) 247
1-46/ANALGESIC AGENTS Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) Dogwood (Cornus florida)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-IO, 248 G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270 English Horsemint (Mentha longifolia) G-IO, 275 English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Eucalyptus globulus)
G-10, 275
(Eucalyptus G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 European Water Hemlock (Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 False Unicorn Root (Veratrum luteum) 301 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 Garlic (Allium sativum) G-12, 327 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Horsemint (Monarda punctata) 407 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) 410 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411
Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) 424 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-i6, 461 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Martagon (Lilium martagon) 506 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Petasites (Petasites hybridus) Poplar (Populus species) Potentilla (Potentilla anserind) Puff Ball (Lycoperdon species) Quince (Cydonia oblongata) Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)
G-19, 580
G-19, 585 G-20, 607 G-20, 610 618 625 G-20, 629 I
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra)
G-21, 650
Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 » Spruce (Picea species) 714 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) 726 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 White Fir (Abies alba) 802 White Willow (Salix species) G-25, 807
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) Wild Mint {Mentha aquatica) Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum) Wild Yam {Dioscorea Villosa)
G-26, 812 G-26, 813 G-26, 815 G-26, 817
Winter's Bark {Drimys winteri) 820 Wintergreen {Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Wood Anemone {Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wormwood {Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Yellow Jessamine {Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 ANORECTAL PREPARATIONS
• • • • • •
Bilberry {Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Butcher's Broom {Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Poplar {Populus species) G-20, 607 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) . . . . 612 Sweet Clover {Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821
ANTACID PREPARATIONS
Barberry {Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 European Five-Finger Grass {Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 Lovage {Levisticum officinale) G-16, 482 Salep {Orchis species) 657 Wood Betony {Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yellow Jessamine {Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 ANTHELMINTICS
Amargo {Quassia amara) . .G-3, 23 Balmony {Chelone glabra) G-4, 59 Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67
ANTIANXIETY A G E N T S / I - 4 7
Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) Black Horehound {Ballota nigra)
Blue Cohosh {Caulophyllum thalictroides) Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus)
G-5, 97 G - 5 , 98
109 G-7, 130
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) 141 Canadian Fleabane {Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Centaury {Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Chives {Allium schoenoprasum) G-8, 188 Cinnamon {Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 Corn Cockle {Agrostemma githago) 222 Cowhage {Mucuna pruriens) 230 Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
European Water Hemlock {Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 Feverfew {Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Green Hellebore {Helleborus viridis) . . 368 Groundsel {Senecio vulgaris) 374 Indian Nettle {Acalypha indica) 419 Kamala {Mallotus philippinensis) 442 Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) 450 Larkspur {Delphinium consolida) G-15, 458 Lavender Cotton {Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-ie, 460 Male Fern {Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Marigold {Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Morning Glory {Ipomoea hederacea) 523 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris) G-IS, 530 Myrtle {Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 Neem {Antelaea azadirachta) G-IS, 539 Papaya {Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 Pineapple {Ananas comosus) 593 Pink Root {Spigelia marilandica) 594 Pomegranate {Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Pumpkin {Cucurbita pepo)
G-20, 618
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Rue {Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Sweet Gale {Myrica gale)
G-24, 745
Tansy {Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Walnut {Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 Water Germander {Teucrium scordium) 797 Wild Carrot {Daucus carota) G-25, 809 Wormseed {Artemisia cina) . . .827 Wormseed Oil {Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828 Wormwood {Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Wormwood Grass {Spigelia anthelmia) 831 Yellow Lupin {Lupinus UlteUS) 839 Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841 ANTIANXIETY AGENTS
• Adonis {Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Aga {Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8 Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena asphodeloides) 31 Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) G-S, 98 • Bugle weed {Lycopus virginicus) G-6, 126
1 - 4 8 / A N T I A N X I E T Y AGENTS
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) G-9, 211 Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Heather (Calluna Vulgaris) G-13, 383 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 • Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia piscipula) 428 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 » Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 46i » Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 • Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) t G-18, 524 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-i8, 530 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-18, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 • Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 • Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 • Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 • Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 8io Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 ANTIARRHYTHMICS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . G-3, 5 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-S, si Bitter Candytuft (Iberis amara) 84 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis lanata) 250 English Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) . G-10, 271 » Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475 Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) G-18, 524 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) • Squill (Urginea maritima)
G-22, 672 G-23, 717
ANTICONVULSANTS
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841 ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 46i Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-IS, 547 Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
T H E R A P E U T I C C A T E G O R Y INDEX
• St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) G-3, 12 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarits) 91 Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia bonducella) 253 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis) G-13, 353 Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) 376 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) • • •429 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .G-18, 525 Noni (Mdrinda citrifolia) .G-18, 544 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Plantain (Musa paradisiacd) 597 Poley (Teucrium polium) 603 Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729
ANTIDIARRHEALS / 1-49
Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 ANTIDIARRHEALS
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 • Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13 Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) G-3, 22 American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . G-3, 28 Angostura (Galipea officinalis) 34 Apple Tree (Malus domestica) G-4, 37 Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) 43 Bael (Aegle marmelos) 58 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Barley (Hordeum distichori) G-4, 63 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bennet's Root (Geum urbanum) G-4, 71 • Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 • Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) G-6, 104 Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) G-6, 111 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) G-7, I S I Carrageen (Chondrus crispus) 152 Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) 160 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 * Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 » Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta) G-8, 192 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 » Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) G-9, 237 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) G-9, 242 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Dragon's Blood (Daemonorops draco) 257 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269 European Five-Einger Grass (Potentilla rep tans) . . . G-II, 289 European Mistletoe (Viscum album.) G - I I , 291 False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Gambir (Uncaria species)? . . . .324 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) 378
1-50 / ANTIDIARRHEALS Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 • Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum) 480 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-16, 481 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) G-16, 48i Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala) 526 Muira-Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) 531 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-IS, 53s Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 » Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica) 564 Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) G-19, 594 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . 612
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES • Psyllium Seed (Plantago afro) G-20, 616 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 Rhatany (Krameria triandra) 64i Rice (Oryza sativa) G-21, 643 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 Salep (Orchis species) 657 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lanced) 706 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 • Uzara (Xysmalobium undulatum) 782 Water Avens (Geum rivale) G-25, 794 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) sio Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Mint (Mentha aquatica) G-26, 813 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
ANTIEMETICS Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) . G - 3 , 6 Almond (Prunus dulcis) 15 American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) 27 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 British Elecampane (Inula britannica) 119 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) G-7, 151 Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 • Ginger (Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis) 368 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) . . G-24, 749 White Hellebore (Veratrum album) G-25, 803
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX ANTIFLATULENTS
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 Angelica {Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Basil {Ocimum basilicum) . G-4, 64 Bear's Garlic {Allium ursinum) 66 Caraway {Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Curcuma {Curcuma xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 English Horsemint {Mentha longifolia) G-IO, 275 Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) G-II, 302 Galbanum {Ferula gummosa) 323 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Horehound {Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsemint {Monarda punctata) 407 Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Jatamansi {Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Lovage {Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 Masterwort {Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 Motherwort {Leonurus cardiaca) G-i8, 524 Oswego Tea {Monarda didyma) 562 Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Salep {Orchis species) 657 Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . .. G-22, 697 Sneezewort {Achillea ptarmica) 700 Spearmint {Mentha spicata) .G-23, 709 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS/1-51 Wormwood {Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Yellow Gentian {Gentiana lutea) 836 ANTIFUNGALS
Cornflower {Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
Hwema Bark {Corynanthe pachyceras)
412
ANTMNFECTIVES
Bistort {Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Black Mustard {Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 Brazilian Pepper Tree {Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) 141 Catechu {Acacia catechu) 163 Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 Coconut Palm {Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 • Colchicum {Colchicum autumnale) G-9, 206 Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-10, 254 English Ivy {Hedera helix) G-IO, 27S Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 Fumitory {Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Goa Powder {Andira araroba) 352 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Guaiac {Guaiacum officinale) 375 Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . .382 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jequirity {Abrus precatorius) 435 Lily-of-the-Valley {Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475 Marsh Blazing Star {Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 New Jersey Tea {Ceanothus americanus) . . . . 541 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) 550 Oats {Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Oregano {Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Pitcher Plant {Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 596 Purple Gromwell {Lithospermum erytrorhizon) 619 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) 632 Sandalwood {Santalum album) 659 Sassafras {Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 Sorrel {Rumex acetosa) 705 Spruce {Picea species) 714 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Thuja {Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Thyme {Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Virola {Virola theiodora) 789 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 Yellow Dock {Rumex CrispUS) 835 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• Agrimony {Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
1-52/ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
AGENTS
• Arnica (Arnica montana) 4i • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 118 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-II, 278 • Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 • Flax (Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . .382 • Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549 • Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 • Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, SYSTEMIC
Abscess Root (Polemonium reptans) G-3, 3 Barley (Hordeum distichon) G-4, 63 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium caeruleum) G-15, 427 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 Strawberry (Fragaria G-23, 735 vesca) ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium G-5, 7 5 myrtillus) . . . .< Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 228 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 • Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) 376
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583 • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) .. .612 • Soybean (Glycine soja) . . G-22, 707 Strophanthus (Strophanthus kombe) 736 Strophanthus Gratus (Strophanthus gratus) 736 Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) 742 ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) G-IS, 539 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 ANTIPANIC AGENTS •
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
G-13, 359
ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
ANTIPRURITICS
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) G-24, 745 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799 ANTIPSORIATIC AGENTS
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Goa Powder (Andira araroba) 352 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-IS, 527 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, 661 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris) G-24, 757 ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS
Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) • Arnica (Arnica montana) Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Behen (Moringa oleifera) • Birch (Betula species) Black Bryony (Tamus communis) Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
.G-3, 20 24 41 G-4, 61 G-4, 64 67 G-5, 78 G-5, 90 G-5, 94 G-5, 100
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS/1-53
Borage (Borago Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 officinalis) G-6, 114 English Ivy (Hedera Boxwood (Buxus helix) G-10, 275 sempervirens) G-6, 116 » Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Brazilian Pepper Tree globulus) G-11, 283 (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 European Golden Rod Bulbous Buttercup (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 • European Mistletoe (Viscum Burning Bush (Dictamnus album) G-11, 291 albus) G-7, 130 European Peony (Paeonia Buttercup (Ranunculus officinalis) G-11, 295 acris) 133 Fever Bark (Alstonia • Cajuput (Melaleuca constricta) 305 leucadendrd) G-7, 136 Feverfew (Tanacetum Calamus (Acorus parthenium) G-11, 306 calamus) G-7, 138 Frankincense (Boswellia California Peppertree carteri) 319 (Schinus molle) 139 Fumitory (Fumaria Calotropis (Calotropis officinalis) G-12, 322 procera) 141 German Sarsaparilla (Carex • Camphor Tree arenaria) 336 (Cinnamomum Gotu Kola (Centella camphora) G-7, 143 asiatica) G-13, 359 Canella (Canella Goutweed (Aegopodium winterana) 147 podagraria) G-13, 361 • Cayenne (Capsicum Ground Ivy (Glechoma annuum) G-8, 165 hederacea) 372 Celery (Apium Ground Pine (Ajuga graveolens) G-8, 172 chamaepitys) G-13, 373 Chickweed (Stellaria • Guaiac (Guaiacum media) iso officinale) 375 Chinese Cinnamon Heather (Calluna (Cinnamomum vulgaris) G-13, 383 aromaticum) 182 Hemlock (Conium Chinese Olive (Canarium maculatum) G-13, 386 species) 184 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Clematis (Clematis recta) G-8, 194 hippocastanum) G-i4, 403 Comfrey (Symphytum Horseradish (Armoracia officinale) G-9, 212 rusticana) G-14, 408 Cowhage (Mucuna Horsetail (Equisetum pruriens) 230 arvense) G-14, 409 Cumin (Cuminum Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cyminum) G-9, 237 cannabinum) 418 • Devil's Claw Iporuru (Alchornea (Harpagophytum floribunda) 424 procumbens) 247 Jack-in-the-Pulpit Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254 (Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Duckweed (Lemna Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427 minor) G-10, 258 Java Tea (Orthosiphon Dwarf Elder (Sambucus spicatus) 434 ebulus) 259 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 * Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Manaca (Brunfelsia hopeana) 494 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525 Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) 545 Oats (A vena sativa) G-IS, 551 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) eoo Poke (Phytolacca americana) G-20, 602 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606 Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i Red Bryony (Bryonia cretica) 632 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, 650 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660
1-54/ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS
Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-21, 66i G-21, 662
Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Sesame (Sesamum orientale) 688 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 691 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lancea) 706 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris) Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Triticum (Agropyron repens) Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)
G-23, 729
G-23, 735 G-23, 741
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
798 G-25, 800
• White Fir (Abies alba) • White Mustard (Sinapis alba)
802 G-25, 805
• White Willow (Salix species) G-25, 807 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, 815 Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa)
G-26, 817
Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)
G-26, 819 820
ANTISEBORRHEIC AGENTS
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-i8, 527 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Peanut (A rachis hypogaea) . . . 575 Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) 6-23, 729 ANTISPASMODICS
G-24, 750 G-24, 754 G-24, 757 G-24, 759 G-24, 766 G-25, 771 G-25, 788 790
American Hellebore (Veratrum viride) 25 Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, 81 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G - 7 , 130
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, i48 Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 • Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) G-11, 302 Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) 67i Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) . .G-23, 738 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
.G-26, 833
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX ANTITHYROID AGENTS
Motherwort {Leonurus cardiaca)
G-i8, 524
ANTITUBERCULOSIS AGENTS
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 Spruce (Picea species) 714 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 ANTIVIRALS
Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) ieo Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 APPETITE STIMULANTS
m v
Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 • Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, ei Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 • Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 • Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedict us) G-6, 107 • Bog r>c." (Menyanthes trifoliata) G-6, 110
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA / 1 - 5 5
• Brewer's Yeast (Sacch a romyces cerevisiae) California Peppertree (Schinus molle) Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Celery (Apium graveolens) • Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) • Chicory' (Cichorium intybus)
118 139 G-7, 149 G-8, 165 G-8, 172 G-8, 174 G-8, 181
• Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Chiretta (Swertia chirata) 187 • Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 • Condurango (Marsdenia condurango) 216 • Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 • Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) 247 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
• Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 French Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) G-12, 320 • Ginger (Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 • Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 * Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 • Juniper (Juniperus communis) G-15, 440 Larkspur (Delphinium consolida) G-15, 458 • Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467 Muira-Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) 531 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-18, 547 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 • Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Radish (Raphanus SUtivUS)
G-20, 628
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 • Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682 Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . G-22, 696 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) G-23, 712 • Star Anise (Illicium verum) G-23, 725 • Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) G-24, 747 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 • Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 • Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 • Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea) 836 APPETITE SUPPRESSANTS
Cola (Cola acuminata) Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus)
205 259
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) THERAPY
African Potato (Hypoxis rooperi)
7
1 - 5 6 / B E N I G N PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .0-11, 289 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 • Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) G-20, 618 • Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) G-21, 664 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 BOWEL EVACUANTS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Amargo (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23 Baneberry (Actaea spicata) . . . 60 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) G-7, 153 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) G-10, 260 Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) 487 Mexican Scammony Root (Ipomoea orizabensis) 514 Mountain Flax (Linum catharticum) 526 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) .. . G-22, 697 BURN PREPARATIONS
English Ivy (Hederq helix) G-10, 275 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) G-22, 680 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 CALCIUM OXALATE STONE PREVENTION
Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . G-3, 20
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica Arenaria Rubra dioica) G-23, 729 (Spergularia rubra) 39 Stone Root (Collinsonia • Asparagus (Asparagus canadensis) G-23, 733 officinalis) G-4, 52 Strawberry (Fragaria • Bean Pod (Phaseolus vesca) G-23, 735 vulgaris) G-4, 65 Wood Betony (Betonica • Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Officinalis) G-26, 825 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS • Canadian Golden Rod Alpine Ragwort (Senecio (Solidago canadensis) 145 nemorensis) 21 Celery (Apium Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 graveolens) G-8, 172 As arum (Asa rum Centaury (Centaurium europaeum) 48 erythraea) G-8, 174 Astragalus (Astragalus Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 species) 54 Dandelion (Taraxacum Bear's Garlic (Allium officinale) G-9, 245 ursinum) 66 Dyer's Broom (Genista Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 tinctoria) G-10, 260 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Eryngo (Eryngium Visnaga) G-5, si campestre) G-11, 282 Bitter Candytuft (Iberis • European Golden Rod amara) 84 (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus Ground Ivy (Glechoma amarus) 91 hederacea) 372 Bladderwrack (Fucus Herb Robert (Geranium vesiculosus) 106 robertianum) G-14, 393 Brown Kelp (Macrocystis • Horsetail (Equisetum pyrifera) 122 arvense) G-14, 409 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Hydrangea (Hydrangea esculentum) G-6, 124 arborescens) G-14, 413 Calamus (Acorus • Java Tea (Orthosiphon calamus) G-7, 138 spicatus) 434 • Camphor Tree • Lovage (Levisticum (Cinnamomum officinale) G-16, 482 camphora) G-7, 143 Madder (Rubia Cayenne (Capsicum tinctorum) G-16, 490 annuum) = . . . G-8, 165 » Parsley (Petroselinum Celandine (Chelidonium crispum) G-19, 567 majus) G-8, 169 Parsley Piert (Aphanes Centaury (Centaurium arvensis) 570 erythraea) G-8, 174 Petasites (Petasites Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 hybridus) G-19, 585 Common Stonecrop (Sedum Pimpinella (Pimpinella acre) 215 major) G-19, 591 Coriander (Coriandrum Pontian Rhododendron sativum) G-9, 221 (Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Scotch Broom (Cytisus Digitalis (Digitalis scoparius) G-22, 672 purpurea) . G-10, 248 Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis • English Hawthorn spinosa) G-23, 713 (Crataegus laevigata^* . G-IO, 271 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
T H E R A P E U T I C C A T E G O R Y INDEX
English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-IO, 277 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) 0-11, 291 Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 • Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327 • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Kombe Seed (Strophanthus hispidus) 450 Lactucarium (Lactuca virosa) 453 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 • Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) G-18, 524 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) 545 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-18, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-i8, 551 Oleander (Nerium oleander) G-19, 555 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . .. eoe Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630
COUGH & COLD P R O D U C T S / I - 5 7
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) eso Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 • Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium) G-22, 678 • Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727 Strophanthus (Strophanthus kombe) 736 Strophanthus Gratus (Strophanthus gratus) 736 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) G-25, 792 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) G-4, 38 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Contrayerva (Dorstenia contrayerva) 218 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorfff) 220 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Grains-of-Paradise (Aframomum melegueta) G-13, 362 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Gum Arabic (Acacia senegat) Khat (Catha edulis) Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
G-13, 369 . . . 376 378 447 G-i6, 488 G-17, 516
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
Snowdrop nivalis)
(Galanthus 700
COGNITIVE ENHANCING AGENTS
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 COLD & COUGH PRODUCTS WITH ANALGESICS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
CONTRACEPTIVES (See under Oral contraceptives) COUGH & COLD PRODUCTS
• Angelica (Angelica archangelica) • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) • Arnica (Arnica montana) Arum (Arum maculatum) Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) Catnip (Nepeta cataria) .. Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) Coral Root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)
G-3, 32 G-3, 35 41 46 G-5, 94 G-5, 97
118
G-7, 143 151 G-8, 164 G-8, 179 G-8, 195 G-9, 209 220 G-9, 221 G-9, 241
1-58/COUGH & COLD PRODUCTS Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 • Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida) 261 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 • European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffd) G-14, 394 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457 Lemon (Citrus limon) 460 Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467 Linden (Jilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Luff a (Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483 • Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) . . . . 541 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) . G-19,591 • Radish (Raphanus SativUS) G-20, 628 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 • Spruce (Picea species) 714
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) G-24, 766 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 • White Mustard (Sinapis alba) G-25, 805 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 DECONGESTANTS & COMBINATIONS
Scotch Pine (Pinus species)
G-22, 674
DECONGESTANTS, EXPECTORANTS & COMBINATIONS Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis G-24, 743 odorata) DENTAL PREPARATIONS
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) ios Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Calamus (Aco>us calamus) G-7, 138 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 • Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) G-8, 195 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus) G-17, 508 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) 550 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) 795 Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) 820 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 DEODORANTS
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
G-24, 761
DEPIGMENTING AGENTS
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)
G-25, 809
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)
43
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube) DIGESTIVE AIDS
DIGESTIVE AIDS / I - 5 9
439
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G-7, 130
Calamus (Acorus Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6 calamus) G-7, 138 Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Calotropis (Calotropis Aloe capensis; Aloe procera) 141 vera) G-3, 16 Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 • Cardamom (Elettaria American Ivy cardamomum) G-7, 149 (Parthenocissus Carline Thistle (Carlina quinquefolia) G-3, 26 acaulis) 151 • Angelica (Angelica Carob (Ceratonia arckangelica) G-3, 32 siliqua) G-7, 151 Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Apple Tree (Malus Cayenne (Capsicum domestica) G-4, 37 annuum) G-8, 165 Arrowroot (Maranta • Centaury (Centaurium arundinacea) 43 erythraea) G-8, 174 Artichoke (Cynara Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . .178 scolymus) G-4, 44 • Chicory (Cichorium Asa Foetida (Ferula intybus) G-8, i8i foetida) 47 • Chinese Cinnamon Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59 (Cinnamomum Barberry (Berberis aromaticum) 182 vulgaris) G-4, 61 Chiretta (Swertia chirata) 187 Barley (Hordeum • Cinnamon (Cinnamomum distichon) G-4, 63 verum) G-8, 190 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Colombo (Jateorhiza Bear's Garlic (Allium palmata) 208 ursinum) 66 • Condurango (Marsdenia Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 condurango) 216 Bennet's Root (Geum Congorosa (Maytenus urbanum) G-4, 71 ilicifolia) 218 Bistort (Persicaria Coolwort (Tiarella bistorta) G-3, 82 cordifolia) G-9, 219 • Bitter Orange (Citrus • Coriander (Coriandrum aurantium) G-5, 86 sativum) G-9, 221 Black Pepper (Piper Corn Cockle (Agrostemma nigrum) G-6, 103 githago) 222 Bladderwrack (Fucus Cup Plant (Silphium vesiculosus) 106 perfoliatum) G-9, 238 • Blessed Thistle (Cnicus • Curcuma (Curcuma benedictus) G-6, 107 xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 • Bog Bean (Menyanthes Cyclamen (Cyclamen trifoliata) G-6, 110 europaeum) 240 • Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . . G-6, 112 • Dandelion (Taraxacum • Brewer's Yeast officinale) G-9, 245 (Saccharomyces • Devil's Claw cerevisiae) 118 (Harpagophytum Broom Corn (Sorghum procumbens) 247 vulgare) 121 • Dill (Anethum Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125 graveolens) G-10, 252 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Dragon's Blood (Daemonorops draco) 257 Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) G-IO, 260 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-IO, 269 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 English Horsemint (Mentha longifolia) G-IO, 275 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
• Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) G-11, 302 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Frostwort (Helianthemum canadense) G-12, 321 Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 323 Gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 • Ginger (Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Goldthread (Coptis trifolia) . .. 358 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) 376 • Haronga (Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Hartstongue (Scolopendrium vulgare) .. 381 • Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) 399
1-60 /DIGESTIVE AIDS • Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsemint (Monarda punctata) 407 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 • Immortelle (Helichrysum arenarium) 417 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 Indian Physic (Gillenia trifoliata) 421 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Jewel Weed (Impatiens biflora) 436 Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463 • Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) G-ie, 48i Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 Magnolia (Magnolia glauca) 490 Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 • Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, s i e Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) G-18, 534 Noni (Morinda citrifolia) G-18, 544 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) . ._ G-18, 545 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 5S7 Opium Antidote (Combretum micranthum) . .. sso Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 5S9 Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) 562 Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, ses Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pear (Pyrus communis) 577 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) G-19, 594 Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 596 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . .622 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 • Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 • Radish (Raphanus SatiVUS) G-20, 628 Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Rosinweed (Silphium laciniatum) G-21, 646 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Saffron (Crocus sativus) . G-21, 653 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess Salep (Orchis species) 657 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682 Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . .G-22, 696 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Spearmint (Mentha spicata) G-23, 709 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Star Anise (Illicium verum) G-23, 725 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) 729 Stone Root (Collinsonia canadensis) G-23, 733 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) . . G-23, 743 Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) G-24, 745 • Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) G-24, 747 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) G-24, 766 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 • Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) G-25, 791 Water Avens (Geum rivale) G-25, 794 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 • White Nettle (Lamium album) G-25, 806 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) G-25, 809 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, SIS Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 • Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 • Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 • Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea) 836 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 840 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) G-26, 846 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES • Haronga (Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY / I - 6 1
593
DIURETIC AGENTS
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) G-3, 12 Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) G-4, 52 Astragalus (Astragalus species) 54 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) . G-4, 64 Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-6, 123 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Cat's Foot (Antennaria dioica) G-S, 162 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) .178 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . 193 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) . 220 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-IO, 254 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis) G-13, 353 Hempnettle (Galeopsis segetum) G-13, 389 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409
Immortelle (Helichrysum arenarium) 417 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Juniper (Juniperus communis) G-IS, 440 Knotweed (Polygonum axiculare) G-15, 448 Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) G-15, 455 Larkspur (Delphinium consolida) G-15, 458 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-16, 477 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Martagon (Lilium martagon) 506 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Olive (Olea europaea) . . G-19, 556 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsley PierP (Aphanes arvensis) 570 Pear (Pyrus communis) 577 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, eei Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 69i • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) G-25, 791 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
G-25, 800
Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) G-26, 819 EMOLLIENTS & MOISTURIZERS
Avocado (Persea americana) 57 Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis) G-15, 438 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-IS, 527 ENURESIS MANAGEMENT
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 • Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
\ . . G-20, 618
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) \ Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis)
51
182 346 572
1-62/ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY
Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe)
. . . .843
EXPECTORANTS
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . G-4, 74 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Chinese Olive (Canarium species) 184 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410 Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda) G-17, 492 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) G-18, 534 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) 683 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, S I S Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 FEVER REDUCERS
• Angelica (Angelica archangelica) • Arnica (Arnica montana) • Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida)
G-3, 32 41 261
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
• Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 • European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 • Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 GASTRITIS AIDS
Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa)
160
GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Adam's Needle (Yucca filamentosa) 4 Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) . G - 3 , 35 Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Baneberry (Actaea spicata) . . . .60 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) G-S, SO Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-5, 83 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) G-5, 89 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Black Root (Leptandra virginica) 104 Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) G-6, 107 Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) G-6, 111 • Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Burr Marigold (Bidens tripartita) G-7, 131 Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . .134 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) G-7, 134 Calamus (Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Canella (Canella winterana) 147 Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 • Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) G-7, 149 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Cat's Foot (Antennaria dioica) G-a, 162 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-S, 164 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 • Celandine (Chelidonium majUS) G-8, 169 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Chickweed (Stellaria media) 180
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Chicory {Cichorium intybus) G-8, ISI Chinese Olive {Canarium species) 184 Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta) G-8, 192 Colombo {Jateorhiza palmata) 208 Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) 0-9, 212 Common Kidney Vetch {Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Common Stonecrop {Sedum acre) 215 Condurango {Marsdenia condurango) 216 Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Cornflower {Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cranesbill {Geranium maculatum) 233 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) 234 Cubeb {Piper cubeba) 235 Curcuma {Curcuma xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 • Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Devil's Claw {Harpagophytum procumbens) 247 Digitalis {Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Dill {Anethum graveolens) G-10, 252 Elecampane {Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Elephant-Ears {Bergenia crassifolia) 268 English Ivy {Hedera helix)
English Lavender {Lavandula angustifolia) , Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus)
G-10, 275
G-10, 277 G-11, 283
European Golden Rod {Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 European Peony {Paeonia officinalis) G-II, 295
GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS/1-63
Field Scabious {Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Flax {Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 Fool's Parsley {Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Fringetree {Chionanthus virginicus) G-12, 321 • Fumitory {Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 Gambir {Uncaria species) . . . .324 German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Germander {Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Goutweed {Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Great Burnet {Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Greater Bindweed {Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) 372 Groundsel {Senecio vulgaris) 374 • Haronga {Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Hedge Mustard {Sisymbrium officinale) 384 Hedge-Hyssop {Gratiola officinalis) G-13, 385 Hemp Agrimony {Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 • Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger)
G - 1 4 , 389
Henna {Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Herb Robert {Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 High Mallow {Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Hogweed {Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398 • Horehound {Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Horsetail {Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 • Hyssop {Hyssopus officinalis) G-15, 414 • Immortelle {Helichrysum arenarium) 417 Indian Physic {Gillenia trifoliata) 421 Ipecac {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427 Jambolan {Syzygium cumini) 429 Japanese Atractylodes {Atractylodes japonica) 430 • Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Khat {Catha edulis) 447 Lady Fern {Athyrium filix-femina) G-15, 454 Lady's Mantle {Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Lemon Verbena {Aloysia triphylla) 463 Lemongrass {Cymbopogon citratus) G-ie, 465 Lesser Galangal {Alpinia officinarum) 467 • Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra) c-ie, 469 Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477 Lungwort {Pulmonaria officinalis) G-16, 485 Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Marigold {Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Marshmallow {Althaea officinalis) 505 Masterwort {Peucedanum ostruthium) 507
1-64/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 • Milk Thistle {Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Mountain Flax {Linum catharticum) 526 Mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Nux Vomica {Strychnos mix vomica) G-IS, 547 Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549 Oats {Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Opium Antidote {Combretum micranthum) . . . 559 Papaya {Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 Parsley {Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsnip {Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Passion Flower {Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 Pennyroyal {Mentha pulegium) 579 • Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Petasites {Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Poke {Phytolacca americana) G-20, 602 Poley {Teucrium polium) 603 Pomegranate {Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Poplar {Populus species) G-20, 607 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) . . :. 612 Purple Loosestrife {Lythrum salicaria) _. G-20, 620 Raspberry {Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) \ 632 Red Sandalwood {Pterocarpus santalinus) . . . . 635 Rice {Oryza sativa) G-21, 643 Rosemary {Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Sage {Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Scarlet Pimpernel {Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 • Scopolia {Scopolia carniolica) 671 Scotch Broom {Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Self-Heal {Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 Simaruba {Simaruba amara) 695 Slippery Elm {Ulmus rubra) 697 Smartweed {Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Solomon's Seal {Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Sorb Apple {Sorbus domestica) 704 Speedwell {Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spinach {Spinacia oleracea) G-23, 712 Stillingia {Stillingia sylvatica) 729 Strawberry {Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Summer Savory {Satureja hortensis) G-23, 739 Sweet Marjoram {Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Tamarind {Tamarindus indica) 753 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 1 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain {Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wafer Ash {Ptelea trifoliata) 790 Walnut {Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 Water Germander {Teucrium scordium) 797 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806 Wild Daisy {Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wild Radish {Raphanus raphanistrum) G-26, 814 Wild Yam {Dioscorea villosa) G-26, 817 Willow Herb {Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, 818 Winter's Bark {Drimys winteri) 820 Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Woundwort {Stachys palustris) 832 • Yarrow {Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 Yellow Jessamine {Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 Yellow Toadflax {Linaria vulgaris) 840 GASTROINTESTINAL STIMULANTS
Strawberry {Fragaria vesca)
G-23, 735
GOUT PREPARATIONS
Alpine Cranberry {Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . Ash {Fraxinus excelsior) . Barberry {Berberis vulgaris) Bilberry {Vaccinium myrtillus) Birch {Betula species) Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) Black Bryony {Tamus communis) Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) Brazilian Pepper Tree {Schinus terebinthifolius) Bulbous Buttercup {Ranunculus bulbosus) Burr Marigold {Bidens tripartita) Calotropis {Calotropis procera) Celandine {Chelidonium majUS) Celery {Apium graveolens) Cheken {Eugenia chequen)
. G - 3 , 20 .G-4, 50 G-4, 61 G-5, 75 G-5, 78 G-5, 86 G-S, 90 G-5, 94 G-5, 98 . . .117 128 G-7, 131 141 G-8, 169 G-8, 172 . . . 178
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 • Colchicum (Colchicum autumnale) G-9, 206 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-IO, 254 Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) G-IO, 260 English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-10, 275 European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Gout weed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Ground Pine (Ajuga chamaepitys) G-13, 373 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Java Tea (Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525 Oats (Avena sativa) G-is, 551 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, 650 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650
INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS/1-65 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 691 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) G-26, 819 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) .' 832 HAIR GROWTH STIMULANTS
Arnica (Arnica montana) Birch (Betula species) Black Bryony (Tamus communis) Burr Marigold (Bidens tripartita) Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris)
41 G-5, 78 G-5, 90 G-7, 131
European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 316 Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) 354 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum) 480 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-16, 481 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) . . . . 541 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Puff Ball (Lycoperdon species) 618 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 68i • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Sweet Sumach (Rhus aromatica) 748 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS
G-14, 409 491
HEMOSTATICS Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 • Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Echinacea Purpurea v (Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457
1-66/INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) • Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) • Spruce (Picea species)
G-19, SSO G-22, 674
693 714
INOTROPIC AGENTS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis lanata) 250 Gray Wallflower (Erysimum diffusum) 365 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 700 IODINE PRODUCTS
Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea)
106 446
KERATOLYTICS
Garlic (Allium sativum)
. G-12, 327
LAXATIVES
Agar (Gelidium amansii) 9 • Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, SO Bael (Aegle marmelos) 58 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-5, 83 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) 99 Black Root (Leptandra virginica) 104 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-e, 121 • Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-e, 123 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . .. 134 Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 » Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) G-7, 153
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, ISI • Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Cornflower (Centaurea cy anus) G-9, 225 Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum gossypium) 229 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 Figs (Ficus carica) G-11, 310 • Flax (Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 • Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 Greater Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367 Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis) 368 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 3 8 2 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463 • Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . .G-17, 496 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) Oats (Avena sativa) Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pear (Pyrus communis) Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) • Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) Sesame (Sesamum orientate) Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer) Triticum (Agropyron repens) Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
523 G-IS, 551 . . . 575 577 589 G-20, 596 . . . . 612 G-20, 616
619 688 G-22, 697 700 G-23, 741 753 767 G-25, 771 G-25, 791 G-25, 792 795 . . . . 799 G-25, 800
LEPROSTATICS
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Lily-of-the- Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
LOCAL ANESTHETICS / I - 6 7
LIVER PRODUCTS
Adam's Needle (Yucca filamentosa) American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) .... 24 American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) .G-3, 35 • Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Asurum (Asarum eiiropaeum) 48 Astragalus (Astragalus species) 54 Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Beet (Beta vulgaris) G-4, 67 • Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-5, 83 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Root (Leptandra virginica) 104 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) • Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) Corn Silk (Zea mays) Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhizia) • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) • Devil's Claw (Ha rpagophytum procumbens)
G-7, 130
G-7, 140 G-8, 169
G-8, I S I G-8, 199 G-9, 211 224 G-9, 225 G-9, 239 G-9, 245
247
Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) Elecampane (Inula helenium) English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Eucalyptus globulus)
G-10, 254 G-10, 266 G-10, 275
(Eucalyptus G-11, 283
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) G-12, 321 • Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Haronga (Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola officinalis) G-13, 385 Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) G-15, 414 » Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube) 439 Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-ie, 460 Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-ie, 469 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Opium Antidote (Combretum micranthum) . . .559 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
G-19, 580
Petasites (Petasites hybridus) Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . • Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Soybean (Glycine soja) . . Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) • Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) • Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) • Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
G-19, 585 589 . . . 622 631 G-21, 648 G-22, 668 67i G-22, 672 G-22, 707 G-23, 710 729 G-23, 735 753 775 G-25, 788 G-25, 792
G - 2 5 , 800
G-26, 811 G-26, 826 827 G-26, 829 G-26, 833
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
. . . . 197
1-68/MENOPAUSAL PREPARATIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) 27 American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 MIGRAINE PREPARATIONS Arum (Arum maculatum) 46 Asarum (Asarum • Bilberry (Vaccinium europaeum) 48 myrtillus) G-5, 75 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-S, 164 Bistort (Persicaria Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 bistorta) G-5, 82 Cyclamen (Cyclamen Bitter Orange (Citrus europaeum) 240 aurantium) G-5, 86 Dusty Miller (Senecio Black Alder (Alnus bicolor) 258 glutinosa) G-5, 89 European Peony (Paeonia Black Currant (Ribes officinalis) G-II, 295 nigrum) G-5, 94 European Water Hemlock • Blackberry (Rubus (Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 fruticosus) G-6, 104 Feverfew (Tanacetum Borage (Borago parthenium) G-11, 306 officinalis) G-6, 114 Green Tea (Camellia • Brewer's Yeast sinensis) G-13, 369 (Saccharomyces Herb Paris (Paris cerevisiae) 118 quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Canadian Fleabane Marijuana (Cannabis (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 sativa) G-17, 500 Canella (Canella Nux Vomica (Strychnos winterana) 147 nux vomica) G-18, 547 Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla Carline Thistle (Carlina pratensis) 572 acaulis) 151 Petasites (Petasites Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 hybridus) G-19, 585 Cayenne (Capsicum Rust-Red Rhododendron annuum) G-8, 165 (Rhododendron Chinese Cinnamon ferrugineum) eso (Cinnamomum Sweet Marjoram (Origanum aromaticum) 182 mqjorana) G-24, 746 • Cinquefoil (Potentilla Sweet Violet (Viola erecta) G-8, 192 odorata) G-24, 750 • Clove (Syzygium Tansy (Tahacetum aromaticum) G-8, 195 vulgare) G-24, 754 Coconut Palm (Cocos Traveller's Joy (Clematis nucifera) G-9, 201 vitalba\ G-25, 769 • Coffee (Cqffea arabica) . . G-9, 202 • Colt's Foot (Tussilago MOUTH & THROAT PRODUCTS farfara) G-9, 209 Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Comfrey (Symphytum • Agrimony (Agrimonia officinale) G-9, 212 eupatoria) G-3, 10 Amaranth (Amaranthus Common Kidney Vetch hypochondriacus) G-3, 22 (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 MENOPAUSAL PREPARATIONS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 • Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum) 236 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 26i English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . .G-11, 289 European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa) G-11, 311 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 • High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens) 426 • Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 • Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
• Marigold {Calendula officinalis) Marshmallow {Althaea officinalis) • Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . • Onion (Allium cepa) • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Perilla (Perilla fructescens) Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) Pomegranate (Punica granatum) • Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) Radish (Raphanus SativUS)
NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES / 1 - 6 9
• White Nettle (Lamium G-17, 497 505 G-18, 534 G-IS, 549 G-19, 557 G-19, sao . . . 583 G-19, 591 G-19, 594
album)
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . MUSCLE RELAXANTS • Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
G-25, 806
G-25, 809 G-26, 812 G-26, 818 G-26, 826 827 G-26, 84i
G-8, 165
G-20, 605
NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES
G-20, 610
Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum)
G-20, 609
NARCOTICS Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum)
G-20, 609
G-20, 628
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 • Rhatany (Krameria triandra) 64i • Rose (Rosa centifolia) 644 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 • Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 68i • Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 • Usnea (Usnea species) 778 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) 795
NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES
Almond (Prunus dulcis) • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) • Arnica (Arnica montana) Asarum (Asarum europaeum) Bamboo (Arundinaria japonica) Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) Bitter Milkwort (Polygala amara) Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) Borage (Borago officinalis) • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) British Elecampane (Inula britannica) Broad Bean (Vicia faba) Calotropis (Calotropis procera) • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
15 . G - 3 , 35 41 48 G-4, 60 G-5, 81 85 G-5, 94 G-5, 98 G-6, 114
lis
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) c-7, 151 Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) G-8, 179 Cocillana Tree (Guraea rusbyi) 198 • Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 223 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 • Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cupmoss (Cladonia pyxidata) 238 Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) G-9, 241 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) G-IO, 246 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10, 266 • English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-IO, 275 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 • Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
• European Elder (Sambucus 119 120
nigra)
G-7, 143
Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-11, 287
European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
141
\
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 • European Sanicle (Sanicula europaea) 296
1-70/NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 • Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) G - I I , 302 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) 0-11, 310 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 Garlic (Allium sativum) . .G-12, 327 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 • Gumweed (Grindelia species) 379 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 • Hempnettle (Galeopsis segetum) G-13, 389 • High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 • Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandicd) 415 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) G-IS, 436 • Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-IS, 448 Lactucarium (Lactuca virosa) 453 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) 467 • Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 • Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-ie, 477 Lungmoss (Lobaria pulmonaria) 484 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES • Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 • Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 • Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Mouse Ear (Pilosella officinarum) 529 • Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 • Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) G-18, 537 • Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflord) 542 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 » Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Premorse (Scabiosa succisa) G-20, 612 Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 Radish (Raphanus Sativus)
Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)
G-20, 628
G-20, 629
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) 683 • Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Southern Bay berry (Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 • Star Anise (Illicium verum) G-23, 725 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 • Sundew (Drosera ramentacea) 740 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 • Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 76i • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Tonka Beans (Dipteryx odorata) 767 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 • Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 • White Mustard (Sinapis alba)
G-25, 805
• White Nettle (Lamium album)
G-25, 806
Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 • Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, S I S Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 OPHTHALMIC CONDITIONS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum) 137 Chickweed (Stellaria - media) iso Coca (Erythroxylum coca) . . . . 197 Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Dusty Miller (Senecio bicolor) 258 Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) 300 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) G-16, 475 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) G-IS, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Red Maple (Acer rubrum) G-21, 635 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
OXYTOCIC AGENTS
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 109 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . .G-16, 475 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Scotch Broom (Cy t is us scoparius) G-22, 672 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AGENTS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 • Bugle weed (Lye opus virginicus) G-6, 126 • Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176 • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
RESPIRATORY A G E N T S / I - 7 1
G-7, 130
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) 435 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 OTIC PREPARATIONS
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) G-19, 588 Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi) . . . 833 RENAL STONE PREVENTION
(See under Calcium oxalate stone prevention) RESPIRATORY AGENTS
Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) . G-3, 35 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Astragalus (Astragalus species) 54 Bamboo (Arundinaria japonica) G-4, 60 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) 73 Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-S, SI Bitter Milkwort (Polygala amara) 85 Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) 99 Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 118 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 Calamint (Calamintha nepeta) 138 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Carrageen (Chondrus crispus) 152 Cedar (Cedrus libani) iss Celandine (Chelidonium mOJUS) G-8, 169 Cocillana Tree (Guraea rusbyi) 198 • Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) . G-9, 209 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212
1-72/RESPIRATORY AGENTS Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Corn Poppy {Papaver rhoeas) 223 • Cowslip {Primula veris) 231 Cupmoss {Cladonia pyxidata) 238 Cypress {Cupressus sempervirens) G-9, 241 Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) G-9, 242 Daffodil {Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Duckweed (Lemna minor) G-10, 258 Echinacea Angustifolia {Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 • Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261 Elecampane {Inula helenium) G-10, 266 • English Ivy {Hedera helix) G-10, 275 • English Plantain {Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eryngo {Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 • Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 • European Elder {Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 European Golden Rod {Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) G-11, 291 European Peony {Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 • European Sanicle {Sanicula europaea) 296 False Schisandra {Kadsura japonica) 301 • Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) G-11, 302 Fenugreek {Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 Forget-Me-Not {Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 3ie Gambir {Uncaria species) .. . .324 Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 • German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) 372 Guaiac {Guaiacum officinale) 375 • Gum weed (Grindelia species) 379 Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Hedge Mustard {Sisymbrium officinale) 384 Hemlock {Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 • Hempnettle {Galeopsis segetum) G-13, 389 Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 • High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398 Horehound {Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 • Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Hyssop {Hyssopus officinalis) G-15, 414 • Iceland Moss {Cetraria islandica) 415 Indian Nettle {Acalypha indica) 419 Indian Squill {Urginea indica) 421 Indian-Hemp {Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Ipecac {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Iporuru {Alchornea floribunda) 424 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Aris'aema atrorubens) 426 Jambolan {Syzygium cumini) 429 • Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Jimson Weed {Datura stramonium) G-IS, 436 » Knotweed {Polygonum aviculare) G-IS, 448 Labrador Tea {Ledum latifolium) 451 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Lactucarium {Lactuca virosa) 453 Lady Fern {Athyrium filix-femina) G-15, 454 • Larch {Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Lesser Galangal {Alpinia officinarum) 467 • Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 • Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) G-16, 479 Luffa {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-ie, 483 Lungmoss {Lobaria pulmonaria) 484 Lungwort {Pulmonaria officinalis) G-ie, 485 • Ma-Huang {Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Maidenhair {Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 • Marshmallow {Althaea officinalis) 505 Meadowsweet {Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Mouse Ear {Pilosella officinarum) 529 • Mullein {Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Myrtle {Myrtus communis) G-IS, 536 • Nasturtium {Tropaeolum majus) G-IS, 537 • Niauli {Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Night-Blooming Cereus {Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux vomica) G-IS, 547 • Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549 Oats {Avena sativa) G-18, 551 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Oregano {Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Orris {Iris species) G-19, 561
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX Ox-Eye Daisy {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 • Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, SSO Petasites {Petasites hybridus) . G-19, 585 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 • Pimpinella {Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pineapple {Ananas comosus) 593 Pleurisy Root {Asclepias tuherosa) G-20, 598 Poppy seed {Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 Quebracho {Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 Quillaja {Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 • Radish {Raphanus Sativiis) G-20, 628 Raspberry {Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) 632 Red Clover {Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Rupturewort {Herniaria glabra) G-21, 650 Scotch Broom {Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 • Scotch Pine {Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Seneca Snakeroot {Polygala senega) 683 Siam Benzoin {Styrax tonkinesis) 692 Skunk Cabbage {Symplocarpusfoetidus) ....696 Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Soapwort {Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Solomon's Seal {Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Sorrel {Rumex acetosa) 705 Spanish-Chestnut {Castanea sativa) 708 Speedwell {Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710
SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS / I - 7 3 Spikenard {Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 • Spruce {Picea species) 714 • Star Anise {Illicium verum) G-23, 725 Storax {Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax paralleloneurum) 738 Sumbul {Ferula sumbul) . G-23, 738 • Sundew {Drosera ramentacea) 740 Sweet Cicely {Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Violet {Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Thuja {Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 • Thyme {Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761 • Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain {Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Water Fennel {Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Water Germander {Teucrium scordium) 797 • Watercress {Nasturtium officinale) 798 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 White Fir {Abies alba) 802 • White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806 Wild Cherry {Prunus serotina) 810 Wild Daisy {Bellis perennis) G-26, 8 i i Wild Service Tree {Sorbus torminalis) 814 » Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum) G-26, 815 Wintergreen {Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wood Anemone {Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wood Betony {Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Wood Sage {Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 Yellow Dock {Rumex CrispUS) 835 Yerba Santa {Eriodictyon californicum) 841 REVITALIZING AGENTS
• Cola {Cola acuminata) • Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) • Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus)
235 G-17, 508
693
SALIVA PRODUCTS
Betel Nut {Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Moneywort {Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 SCABICIDES & PEDICULICIDES
Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Celandine {Chelidonium majlis) G-8, 169 Field Scabious {Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Fish Berry {Anamirta cocculus) 312 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Pellitory {Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Poisonous Buttercup {Ranunculus sceleratus) G-20, eoi Pyrethrum {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) < 621 Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) G-5, 98
1-74/SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Borage (Borago Red-Spur Valerian (Centranthus ruber) . . . G-21, 639 officinalis) G-6, 114 Sweet Vernal Grass • Bugle weed (Lye opus (Anthoxanthum virginicus) G-6, 126 odoratum) G-24, 749 Burning Bush (Dictamnus Sweet Violet (Viola albus) G-7, 130 odorata) G-24, 750 California Poppy Sweet Woodruff (Galium (Eschscholtzia odoratum) G-24, 751 californica) G-7, 140 Taumelloolch (Lolium Corn Poppy (Papaver temulentum) G-24, 756 rhoeas) 223 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron English Hawthorn tulipifera) 774 (Crataegus laevigata) . G-10, 271 • Valerian (Valeriana • English Lavender officinalis) G-25, 783 (Lavandula Wood Betony (Betonica angustifolia) G-10, 277 Officinalis) G-26, 825 False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS Feverfew (Tanacetum Pareira (Chondrodendron parthenium) G-11, 306 tomentosum) 566 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 SKIN & MUCOUS MEMBRANE AGENTS Heather (Calluna • Agrimony (Agrimonia vulgaris) G-13, 383 eupatoria) G-3, 10 » Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 Alkanet (Alkanna Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia tinctoria) G-3, 13 piscipula) 428 Almond (Prunus dulcis) 15 Jatamansi (Nardostachys American Adder's Tongue jatamansi) 433 (Erythronium » Kava Kava (Piper americanum) 24 methysticum) G-15, 443 American White Pond Lily Larkspur (Delphinium (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 consolida) G-15, 458 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Lemon Balm (Melissa Bear's Garlic (Allium officinalis) G-16, 46i ursinum) 66 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia Bilberry (Vaccinium triphylla) 463 myrtillus) G-S, 75 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-IS, 477 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Male Fern (Dryopteris • Bittersweet Nightshade filix-mas) G-17, 433 (Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88 Marijuana (Cannabis Black Bryony (Tamus sativa) G-17, 500 communis) G-S, 90 Mugwort (Artemisia Black Currant (Ribes vulgaris) G-18, 530 nigrum) G-S, 94 Nerve Root (Cypripedium Black Nightshade (Solanum calceolus) 541 nigrum) G-6, 101 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 B ladderwort (Utricu laria Passion Flower (Passiflora vulgaris) G-6, 105 incarnata) G-19, 573 Brazilian Pepper Tree Petasites (Petasites (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 • Brewer's Yeast hybridus) G-19, 585 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia (Sacch a romyces cerevisiae) 118 serpentina) 631 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 Cashew (Anacardium occidentals) G-7, 157 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Chickweed (Stellaria media) 180 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) G-9, 242 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) 247 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 26i Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 English Adder's Tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) . . . 269 English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-10, 27s English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX Eucalyptus
SUNBURN PREPARATIONS / 1-75
Martagon (Lilium martagon) 506 Mezereon (Daphne European Elder (Sambucus mezereum) G-17, 515 nigra) G-11, 287 Moneywort (Lysimachia European Peony (Paeonia nummularia) G-17, 520 officinalis) G-11, 295 Monkshood (Aconitum European Water Hemlock napellus) G-18, 521 (Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549 Evening Primrose » Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 (Oenothera biennis) . G-11, 298 Oleander (Nerium Field Scabious (Knautia oleander) G-19, 555 arvensis) G-11, 310 Onion (Allium cepci) G-19, 557 Flax (Linum Ox-Eye Daisy usitatissimum) G-12, 313 (Chrysanthemum Frostwort (Helianthemum leucanthemum) 563 canadense) G-12, 321 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla Fumitory (Fumaria pratensis) 572 officinalis) G-12, 322 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575 • German Chamomile Pennyroyal (Mentha (Matricaria recutita) G-12, 331 pulegium) 579 German Sarsaparilla (Carex Pimento (Pimenta arenaria) 336 racemosa) 590 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus officinalis) G-13, 366 sceleratus) G-20, 601 Ground Ivy (Glechoma Puff Ball (Lycoperdon hederacea) 372 species) 618 Guaiac (Guaiacum Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum officinale) 375 salicaria) G-20, 620 » Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Red Clover (Trifolium Henna (Lawsonia pratense) G-21, 633 inermis) G-14, 391 Rosemary (Rosmarinus Horse Chestnut (Aesculus officinalis) G-21, 645 hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Indian Nettle (Acalypha Sarsaparilla (Smilax indica) 419 species) G-21, 66i » Jambolan (Syzygium Sassafras (Sassafras cumini) 429 albidum) G-21, 662 Knotweed (Polygonum Soapwort (Saponaria aviculare) G-15, 448 officinalis) G-22, 701 Labrador Tea (Ledum Solomon's Seal latifolium) 451 (Polygonatum Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla multiflorum) G-22, 703 vulgaris) G-15, 456 Southern Bayberry (Myrica Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 cerifera) G-22, 705 Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459 Spikenard (Aralia Lemon Verbena (Aloysia racemosa) G-23, 711 triphylla) 463 Spurge (Euphorbia Marigold (Calendula resinifera) 716 officinalis) G-17, 497 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum Marshmallow (Althaea perforatum) G-23, 719 officinalis) 505 globulus)
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris)
729 G-23, 735 G-23, 741 G-24, 750 757 G-24, 759 G-24, 761
Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 • Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 • White Nettle (Lamium album)
G-25, 806
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) G-26, 814 Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) 820 • Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Yellow Dock (Rumex CrispUS)
835
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteUS)
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
839
840
SMOKING CESSATION AIDS
Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXANTS Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
G-16, 479 G-24, 762
G-8, 169
STIMULANT LAXATIVES
• Senna (Cassia senna) . . . G-22, 684 SUNBURN PREPARATIONS
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) G-22, 680
1 - 7 6 /TEETHING REMEDIES
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
TEETHING REMEDIES
Male Fern {Dryopteris filix-mas)
G-17, 493
TREMOR PREPARATIONS
Cowslip {Primula veris)
231
• Stinging Nettle {Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 • Triticum {Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 • Uva-Ursi {Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779
URINARY ANTI-INFECTIVES
• Angelica {Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Asparagus {Asparagus officinalis) G-4, 52 • Bean Pod {Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 • Birch {Bet it la species) G-5, 78 Canadian Fleabane {Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 • Canadian Golden Rod {Solidago canadensis) 145 Chocolate Vine {Akebia quinata) 189 Copaiba Balsam {Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261 • European Golden Rod {Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 • Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Horsetail {Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Iporuru {Alchornea floribundd) 424 • Java Tea {Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 Juniper {Juniperus communis) G-15, 440 • Lovage {Levisticum officinale) G-16, 482 Matico {Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 • Nasturtium {Tropaeolum majas) G-18, 537 • Parsley {Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Pipsissewa {Chimaphila umbellata) 595 » Sandalwood {Santalum album) 659 Short Buchu {Barosma betulina) 691 • Spiny Rest Harrow {Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713
URINARY TRACT AGENTS
Alisma (Alisma plantago-aquatica) G-3, 13 Arenaria Rubra {Spergularia rubra) 39 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50 Barberry {Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Bean Pod {Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 Bilberry {Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Bladderwort {Utricularia vulgaris) G-6, 105 Bog Bilberry {Vaccinium uliginosum) G-6, 111 Borage {Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 British Elecampane {Inula britannica) 119 Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 Brooklime {Veronica beccabungd) G-6, 121 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Burr Marigold {Bidens tripartita) G-7, 131 California Peppertree {Schinus molle) 139 California Poppy {Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Cleavers {Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Club Moss {Lycopodium clavatum) 196 Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 Coolwort {Tiarella cordifolia) G-9, 219 Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Corn Silk {Zea mays) Cubeb {Piper cubeba) Dodder {Cuscuta epithymum) Dog Rose {Rosa canina) Eryngo {Eryngium campestre) Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus)
224 235 G-10, 254 G-10, 254 G-11, 282
G-11, 2 8 3
Field Scabious {Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Flax {Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 Fumitory {Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 German Ipecac {Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Gout weed {Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 36i Greater Bindweed {Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367 Hartstongue {Scolopendrium vulgare) 381 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Herb Robert {Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 High. Mallow {Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Horsetail {Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Hydrangea {Hydrangea arborescens) G-14, 413 Jatamansi {Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Juniper {Juniperus communis) G-15, 440 Lactucarium {Lactuca virosa) 453 Levant Cotton {Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Lily-of-the-Valley {Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Lungwort {Pulmonaria officinalis) G-16, 485 Madder {Rubia tinctorum) G-ie, 490 Marsh Blazing Star {Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Marshmallow {Althaea officinalis) sos
T H E R A P E U T I C C A T E G O R Y INDEX
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsley Piert (Aphanes arvensis) 570 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Pellitory-of-the-Wall (Parietaria officinalis) 578 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 596 Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 • Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) G-20, 618 Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) 619 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Round-Leafed Wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia) 647 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, eso Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, 66i Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 • Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) G-21, 664 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . .G-22, 668
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY P R O D U C T S / 1 - 7 7
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) 67i Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 69i Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Sumach (Rhus aromatica) 748 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 Trailing Arbutus (Epigae repens) 768 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, 815 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, 818 Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) G-26, 819 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteUS) 839 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 840 VAGINAL PREPARATIONS
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 * Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 VASOPROTECTIVE AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY PRODUCTS
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) G-6, 124 • Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Grape (Vitis vinifera) . . . G-13, 362 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 • Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) G-15, 414 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphytla) 463 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) . ., G-17, 497 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Periwinkle (Vinca minor) 584 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620
1-78/VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY PRODUCTS
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 • Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 • Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 White Hellebore (Veratrum album)
G-25, 803
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) Behen (Moringa oleifera) Cowslip (Primula veris) Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) European Mistletoe (Viscum
51 67 231 . 243
G-11, 291
Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus) 312 • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 VITAMIN C & COMBINATIONS
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus) Lemon (Citrus limon) Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . Samphire (Crithum maritimum) Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis)
G-10, 254 G-12, 326 G-12, 351 460 466 G-ie, 476 G-is, 525 658 G-22, 679
VITAMIN E
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
WART PREPARATIONS
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 • Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) . . .G-5, 88 Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Celandine (Chelidonium majlis)
VERTIGO AGENTS
album)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
228
G-8, 169
Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 • Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 • Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) G-17, 510 • Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Savin Tops (Juniperus sabina) G-21, 663 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 Sundew (Drosera ramentacea) 740 WOUND CARE PRODUCTS
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13 American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) G-6, 105 Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G - 7 , 130
• Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) 160 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Chickweed (Stellaria media) 180 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202 Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 • Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261 Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269 English Adder's Tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) . . . 269 English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-IO, 275 English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
. .
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 323 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) G-13, 355 Gout weed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 36i Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 • Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) 410 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube) 439 Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) G-IS, 455 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) . . . . . . . 466 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-ie, 481 Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) G-ie, 485
WOUND CARE PRODUCTS /1-79 • Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-IS, 521 Mouse Ear (Pilosella officinarum) 529 Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-IS, 532 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 Petasites (Petasites hybrid us) G-19, 585 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 • Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 • Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) G-22, 680 • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) 697 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719
• Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 • Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris) G-24, 757 • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Virola (Virola theiodora) 789 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) 795 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 White Fir (Abies alba) 802 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, S I S • Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 840
1-81
Indications Index Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the botanical alternatives for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed effective by the German Regulatory Authority's "Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on both proven and traditional remedies, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
ABDOMINAL CRAMPS
{See under Cramps, abdominal, symptomatic relief of) ABDOMINAL DISTRESS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
English Lavender {Lavandula angustifolia) G-IO, 277 Lady's Mantle {Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 ABORTION
{See under Pregnancy, termination of) ABRASIONS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of) ABSCESS, CUTANEOUS
{See also under Infections, skin and skin structure) German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of)
ACID INDIGESTION
ALLERGIES, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) ACNE VULGARIS
Feverfew {Tanacetum parthenium)
G-11, 306
ALOPECIA AREATA
• Brewer's Yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
118
Birch {Betula species) Burr Marigold {Bidens tripartita)
G-5, 78 G-7, 131
ACNE, UNSPECIFIED
• Bittersweet Nightshade {Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88 Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331 Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma; Emphysema) ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia)
G-8, ies 218
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
{See under Dementia, Alzheimer's type) AMENORRHEA
Alteris {Aletris farinosa) 11 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) G-11, 291 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Levant Cotton {Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775
1-82/AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
(See also under Menstrual disorders) Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841 ANEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY
Brown Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)
122
ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia) Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
218 G-18, 547 G-20, 629 G-26, 829
ANESTHESIA, LOCAL
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
. . . . 197
ANGINA
(See under Angina pectoris) ANGINA PECTORIS
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-S, SI Calamus (Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 Celandine (Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 ANTISEPTIC
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)
. .583 . .622 820
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO MENOPAUSE
{See under Menopause, management of the manifestations of) ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) 31
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 • Bugle weed {Lye opus virginicus) G-6, 126 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) G-9, 211 Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Herb Paris {Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 • Hops {Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 Jamaica Dogwood {Piscidia piscipula) 428 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-IS, 443 • Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 46i • Lily-of-the- Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 » Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) G-IS, 524 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-IS, 530 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Night-Blooming Cereus {Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) G-18, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 • Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 • Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 • Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Strawberry {Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 • Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 APHRODISIAC
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
G-21, 664
APHTHOUS ULCERS
(See under Stomatitis, recurrent aphthous, symptomatic relief of) APPENDICITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-16, 469
APPETITE, STIMULATION OF
Alteris {Aletris farinosa) • Angelica (Angelica archangelica) • Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
11 G-3, 32 G-3, 35
INDICATIONS INDEX
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS /1-83
• Artichoke (Cynara • Ginger (Zingiber scolymus) G-4, 44 officinale) G-12, 339 Barberry (Berberis Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 vulgaris) G-4, 61 Hibiscus (Hibiscus Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 sabdariffa) G-14, 394 • Bitter Orange (Citrus Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 aurantium) G-5, 86 • Horehound (Marrubium • Blessed Thistle (Cnicus vulgare) G-14, 401 benedictus) G-6, 107 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria • Bog Bean (Menyanthes islandica) 415 trifoliata) G-6, no • Juniper (Juniperus • Brewer's Yeast communis) G-15, 440 (Saccharomyces Larkspur (Delphinium cerevisiae) us consolida) G-15, 458 California Peppertree • Lesser Galangal (Alpinia (Schinus molle) 139 officinarum) 467 Cayenne (Capsicum Muira-Puama annuum) G-8, 165 (Ptychopetalum Celery (Apium olacoides) 531 graveolens) G-8, 172 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus • Centaury (Centaurium moschatus) 533 erythraea) G-8, 174 Nux Vomica (Strychnos • Chicory (Cichorium nux vomica) G-18, 547 intybus) G-8, 181 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 • Chinese Cinnamon Petasites (Petasites (Cinnamomum hybridus) G-19, 585 aromaticum) 182 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Chiretta (Swertia chirata) 187 • Quinine (Cinchona • Cinnamon (Cinnamomum pubescens) G-20, 626 verum) G-8, 190 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus • Condurango (Marsdenia officinalis) G-21, 645 condurango) 2ie • Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 • Coriander (Coriandrum Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682 sativum) G-9, 221 Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . G-22, 696 • Curcuma (Curcuma Sneezewort (Achillea xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 ptarmica) 700 • Dandelion (Taraxacum Spinach (Spinacia officinale) G-9, 245 oleracea) G-23, 712 • Devil's Claw • Star Anise (Illicium (Harpagophytum verum) G-23, 725 • Sweet Orange (Citrus procumbens) 247 sinensis) G-24, 747 Dogwood (Cornus Tansy (Tanacetum florida) G-10, 256 vulgare) G-24, 754 • English Lavender • Turmeric (Curcuma (Lavandula domestica) 775 angustifolia) G-10, 277 Watercress (Nasturtium Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) 6-11, 283 officinale) 798 • Fenugreek (Trigonella • Wormwood (Artemisia foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 absinthium) G-26, 829 French Tarragon (Artemisia • Yarrow (Achillea dracunculus) G-12, 320 millefolium) G-26, 833 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea)
836
APPETITE, SUPPRESSION OF
(See also under Obesity, exogenous) Cola (Cola acuminata) Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus)
205 259
APPREHENSION
(See under Anxiety disorders, management of) ARRHYTHMIAS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, SI Bitter Candytuft (Iberis amara) 84 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 English Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) . .G-10, 271 • Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 • Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Bear's Garlic (Allium ursinum) 66 Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) 106 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 • Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327 Lactucarium (Lactuca virosd) 453 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Strophanthus (Strophanthus kombe) 736 Strophanthus Gratus (Strophanthus gratus) 736 ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)
G-6, 124
1-84 /ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
G-11, 291
Garlic (Allium sativum) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
. G-12, 327
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
ASCITES Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata)
189
ARTHRALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
(See under Pain, topical relief of) ARTHRITIS
(See under Arthritis, unspecified; Rheumatoid arthritis)
(See under Bronchial asthma) ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
G-12, 322
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISTURBANCES
Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID
(See under Rheumatoid arthritis)
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . G-4, 50 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) 424 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 ASCARIASIS
Black Horehound (Ballota nigra)
BACKACHE
Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
ARTHRITIS, UNSPECIFIED
G-5, 98
G-22, 672 790
BITE WOUNDS ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL
552
Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)
G-13, 386
BACKACHE, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
619 757
597
BITTER TASTE
Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon californicum)
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
841
BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH EXTRACTION
(See also under Bleeding, gingival) Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis)
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR SUPPRESSION OF
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
21
BLEEDING IN THE LUNGS
BEDSORES
European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409
(See under Ulcers, decubitus, adjunctive therapy in) BELL'S PALSY
BLEEDING, GASTROINTESTINAL
G-IS, 521
Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa)
G-S, 89
BLEEDING, GINGIVAL
G-17, 500
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL DISSOLUTION OF
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Celery (Apium graveolens) Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus)
589 622
. . . . 261
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca)
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR SUPPRESSION OF
BERIBERI Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
BITES, INSECT Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
67 509
BITES, POISONOUS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Behen (Moringa oleifera) Matico [Piper elongatum) . . . . Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . .
Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
26 G-4, 44 G-8, 172 G-12, 321
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-6, 121 G-11, 283
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
INDICATIONS INDEX
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA/1-85
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
BOWEL DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY
SCOpahus)
G-22, 672
BLEEDING, RECTAL
Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, 818 BLOOD PRESSURE PROBLEMS Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 English Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) G-IO, 271 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 • Larch {Larix decidua) . . G-15, 457 • Rosemary {Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 BLOOD PURIFYING
Birch (Betula species) Borage (Borago officinalis) Burdock (Arctium lappa) Celery (Apium graveolens) Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Rupturewort (Herniaria
G-5, 78 G-6, 114 G-7, 128 G-8, 172
G-4, 63
BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium)
234
G-11, 306 G-12, 322 G-18, 544
glabra)
G-21, 650
Crispus) BOILS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
835
Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) . . Cowslip (Primula veris) Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
BOWEL, EVACUATION OF
Amargo (Quassia amara) . . G - 3 , 23 Baneberry (Actaea spicata) 60 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) G-10, 260 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) 487 Mexican Scammony Root (Ipomoea orizabensis) 514 Mountain Flax (Linum catharticum) 526 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 BOWEL, IRRITABLE, SYNDROME
G-9, 214
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) 729 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) 795 Yellow Dock (Rumex
(See under Furunculosis, symptomatic relief of)
Barley (Hordeum distichon)
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612 Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, 6ie BREAST CANCER
(See under Carcinoma, breast) BREAST CARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, breast) BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, 81 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) 160 Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara)
243 G-11, 283
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
G-11, 291
False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . . 324 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
Indian Squill (Urginea indica)
421
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens) Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) Khat (Catha edulis) Lactucarium (Lactuca virosa) Lungmoss (Lobaria pulmonaria) Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) . .. s Mouse Ear (Pilosella officinarum) Onion (Allium cepa) Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) Petasites (Petasites
G-8, 169
hybridus)
G-9, 209
Picrorhiza kurroa)
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
218 231
418 426 429 G-15, 443 447 453 484 G-16, 488 G-17, 495 G-17, 500 529 G-19, 557
563 G-19, 585
(Picrorhiza 589
1-86 /BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) . . . . 696 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon californicum) 841 BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Chinese Olive (Canarium species) 184 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 4 1 0 Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda) G-17, 492 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) G-18, 534 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) 683 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, 815 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Bitter Milkwort (Polygala amara) 85 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 • Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Carrageen (Chondrus crispus) 152 • Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 » Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cupmoss (Cladonia pyxidata) 238 Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) G-9, 241 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 26i Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10, 266 ' English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-10, 275 English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Eucalyptus globulus)
(Eucalyptus G-11, 283
• European Elder (Sambucus nigra)
G-II, 287
• European Sanicle (Sanicula europaea) 296 • Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) G-n, 302 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 • Gum weed (Grindelia species) 379 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 • Hempnettle (Galeopsis segetum) G-13, 389 • High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 • Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Knot weed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Lactucarium (Lactuca virosa) 453 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457 • Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-16, 469
• Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 • Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 • Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 50s • Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-18, 527 Mouse Ear (Pilosella officinarum) 529 • Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532
INDICATIONS INDEX Myrtle {Myrtus communis) G-IS, 536 • Nasturtium {Tropaeolum majUS) G-18, S37 • Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 • Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Oregano {Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 • Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 • Pimpinella {Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 • Radish {Raphanus SOtivUS) G-20, 628 • Scotch Pine {Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Seneca Snakeroot {Polygala senega) 683 Skunk Cabbage {Symplocarpus foetidus) . . . . 696 • Soapwort {Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Spanish-Chestnut {Castanea sativa) 708 • Spruce {Picea species) 714 • Star Anise {Illicium verum) G-23, 725 Storax {Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 • Sundew {Drosera ramentacea) 740 Sweet Violet {Viola odorata) 6-24, 730 Thuja {Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 • Thyme {Thymus vulgaris) .G-24, 76i • Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 • Watercress {Nasturtium officinale) 798 • White Mustard {Sinapis alba) G-25, 805 • White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806 Wild Cherry {Prunus serotina) sio Wild Daisy {Bellis perennis) G-26, 8ii
CARCINOMA, RECTAL/I-87 • Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum)
G-26, s i s
BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC
Alteris {Aletris farinosa) 11 Ammoniac Gum {Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Asarum {Asarum europaeum) 48 Cocillana Tree {Guraea rusbyi) 198 Hedge Mustard {Sisymbrium officinale) 384 Horehound {Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Indian Squill {Urginea indica) 421 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Lungmoss {Lobaria pulmonaria) 484 Quillaja {Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 Sweet Violet {Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Wood Sage {Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 BRONCHITIS, NOT ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) .G-23, 719 BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
{See under Bronchial asthma)
G-20, 609
BRUCELLOSIS
• Colchicum {Colchicum autumnale)
G-9, 206
BRUISES
Black Bryony {Tamus communis) Cajuput {Melaleuca leucadendra) Comfrey {Symphytum officinale)
BRUISES, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical relief of) BURNS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of) BURNS, SUPERFICIAL
Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia)
757
CALCULOSIS
{See under Renal calculi) CALLUSES
{See under Hyperkeratosis skin disorders) CANDIDIASIS, VAGINAL
Cornflower cyanus)
{Centaurea G-9, 225
CANKER SORES
{See under Stomatitis, recurrent aphthous, symptomatic relief of) CARBUNCLES
{See under Furunculosis, symptomatic relief of)
BRONCHOSPASTIC DISORDERS, POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN
Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum)
German Ipecac {Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Solomon's Seal {Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775
CARCINOMA, BREAST
Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) Reed Herb {Phragmites communis)
G-13, 369 639
CARCINOMA, PANCREAS
G-5, 90 G-7, 136 G-9, 212
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Green Tea {Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
CARCINOMA, RECTAL
Green Tea {Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1-88/CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Strophanthus
CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Celandine
(Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
Condurango (Marsdenia condurango)
216
151
CARCINOMA, UNSPECIFIED
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) 160 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . .G-22, 668 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias) CARDIAC FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in) CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, 81 Bitter Candytuft (Iberis amara) 84 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 • English Hawthorn *" (Crataegus laevigata) . G-10,271 Gray Wallflower (Erysimum diffusum) 365 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 » Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 » Squill (Urginea maritima) G-23, 717
CHOLERA 736
Wallflower
(Cheiranthus
cheiri)
CARCINOMA, TONGUE, PALLIATIVE TREATMENT IN
Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis)
(Strophanthus
kombe)
G-25, 792
CARDIAC STIMULANT
Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium) G-22, 678 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Kombe Seed (Strophanthus hispidus) 450 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) G-18, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Oleander (Nerium oleander) G-19, 555 Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Strophanthus Gratus (Strophanthus gratus) 736 CELLULITIS
Linden (Tilia species)
G-16, 477
CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
CHEST PAIN, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Coriander sativum)
(Coriandrum G-9, 221
CHOLECYSTITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Celandine
(Chelidonium
majUS)
G-8, 169
Immortelle (Helichrysum arenarium)
417
CHOLECYSTOPATHY
Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 Opium Antidote (Combretum micranthum) . . . 559 CHOLELITHIASIS
Celandine majUS)
(Chelidonium G-8, 169
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) Marijuana {Cannabis sativa)
G-12, 316 G-17, 500
CHOLESTASIA Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) G-6, 107 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Greater Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) . . . .G-13, 367 CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, ELEVATED
(See under Hypercholesterolemia, primary, adjunct to diet) CHOREA, PROPHYLAXIS OF
European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 • English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
G-11, 291
Grape (Vitis vinifera) . . . G-13, 362 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffd) G-14, 394 Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) G-IS, 414 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Periwinkle (Vinca minor) 584 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 • Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751
INDICATIONS INDEX CLAUDICATION, INTERMITTENT
• Ginkgo {Ginkgo bilobd) . G-12, 342 COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF • Angelica {Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Anise {Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Arnica {Arnica montana) 41 Arum {Arum maculatum) 46 Basil {Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) G-S, 97 Carline Thistle {Carlina acaulis) 151 Catnip {Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Cherry Laurel {Prunus laurocerasus) G-8, 179 Coconut Palm {Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Colt's Foot {Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 Coral Root {Corallorhiza odontorhiza) 220 Cypress {Cupressus sempervirens) G-9, 241 Daffodil {Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-IO, 254 Echinacea Angustifolia {Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 2 6 1 » Echinacea Pallida {Echinacea pallida) 261 • Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 26i » English Plantain {Plantago lanceolata) 0-11, 278 » European Elder {Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Hibiscus {Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Hwema Bark {Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Iporuru {Alchornea floribunda) 424 Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 I
COLITIS, MUCOUS / I - 8 9 • Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Lemon {Citrus limon) 460 Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Luff a {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483 • Meadowsweet {Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 New Jersey Tea {Ceanothus americanus) . . . .541 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Pennyroyal {Mentha pulegium) 579 • Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Pimpinella {Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 • Scotch Pine {Pinus species) G-22, 674 Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Southern Bayberry {Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 • Spruce {Picea species) 714 Sweet Marjoram {Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Sweet Violet {Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum) G-24, 766 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain {Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 • White Mustard {Sinapis alba) G-25, 805 Wild Indigo {Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 COLIC, BILIARY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Belladonna {Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) 234 English Ivy {Hedera helix) G-10, 275 Immortelle {Helichrysum arenarium) 417 Milk Thistle {Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Scopolia {Scopolia carniolica) St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) Wild Yam {Dioscorea Villosa)
671
G-23, 719 G-26, 817
COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Catnip {Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Eryngo {Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Groundsel {Senecio vulgaris) 374 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427 Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Petasites {Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 Zedoary {Curcuma zedoaria) G-26, 846 COLITIS Burr Marigold {Bidens tripartita) G-7, 131 Carob {Geratonia siliqua) G-7, 151 Catechu {Acacia catechu) 163 Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 COLITIS, MUCOUS
{See under Bowel, irritable, syndrome)
1-90/COLON, IRRITABLE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
COLON, IRRITABLE
(See under Bowel, irritable, syndrome) COLON, SPASTIC
(See under Bowel, irritable, syndrome) CONCENTRATION AND MEMORY DEFICITS AS A RESULT OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
G-17, 510
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, ADJUNCT IN
(See also under Edema, adjunctive therapy in) Astragalus (Astragalus species)
54
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) 300 Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) 435 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEFICIENCIES
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
CONSTIPATION
Agar (Gelidium amansii) • Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . Bael (Aegle marmelos) Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Behen (Moringa oleifera) Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger)
9
G-3, 16 . G-4, 50 58 G-4, 61 67 G-5, 83 91 G-5, 97
Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) 99 Black Root (Leptandra virginica) 104 Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 118 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 • Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-6, 123 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . .134 Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 • Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) G-7, 153 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, I S S Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, 181 • Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum gossypium) 229 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270 Figs (Ficus carica) G-11, 310 » Flax (Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 » Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 Greater Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367 Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis) 368 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 • Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . G-17, 496 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) 523 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Pear (Pyrus communis) 577 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 596 • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612 • Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, 616 Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) 619 • Senna (Cassia senna) . . . G-22, 684 Sesame (Sesamum orientate) 688 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer) 767 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) cG-25, 791 Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) G-25, 792 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) \ 795 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799 White Bryony (Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 CONTRACEPTION
(See under Pregnancy, prevention of)
INDICATIONS INDEX
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 9 1 Common Kidney Vetch
CONTRACEPTIVE, MALE
Levant
Cotton
(Gossypium
herbaceum)
(Anthyllis vulneraria)
G - 1 6 , 468
Common
• Hempnettle
. . G-9, 214
Stonecrop
(Sedum
acre)
CONTUSION
B a s i l (Ocimum basilicum) Vervain
. G-4, 64
(Coriandrum
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Corn
G-9, 221
Cockle
(Agrostemma
European
Mistletoe
(Viscum
album) Fool's
(Aethusa
Poppy
G-12, 316 (Calotropis
Cornflower
338
(Centaurea
CORNS
(See under H y p e r k e r a t o s i s
• C o w s l i p (Primula veris) (Cladonia
pyxidata)
238 (Cupressus
(Echinacea CORYZA, ACUTE
common,
• English
A l m o n d (Prunus dulcis) • A r n i c a (Arnica montana)
35 41
G - 4 , 60 85 G - 5 , 94
officinalis)
G - 6 , 114
britannica)
119
B r o a d B e a n (Vicia faba)
120 141
camphora)
G - 7 , 143
siliqua)
G - 7 , 151
Sanicle
False • Fennel
300
(Foeniculum e - f i , 302
G - 8 , 179
G-11, 310
rusbyi)
198
(Lepidium
G-9, 209
. .
G r e e k S a g e (Salvia triloba)
maculatum)
G-12, 331 . . . 367
Weed
431
{Datura G-15, 436
• Knotweed
447
(Polygonum G-15, 448
• L a r c h (Larix decidua) . . . G - I S , 457 • Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G - 1 6 , 469
• L i n d e n (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Lungmoss
(Lobaria
pulmonaria)
484
Bark
(Lycium
chinense)
486 (Ephedra
sinica)
G - 1 6 , 488 (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
(Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497 (Cannabis
sativa)
G - 1 7 , 500 (Althaea
officinalis)
sos (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Ear
(Pilosella
officinarum) • Mullein
529
(Verbascum
densiflorum)
(Glechoma
hederacea)
Hemlock
» C o l t ' s F o o t (Tussilago
{Mentha
stramonium)
Mouse
• German Chamomile
372
• Nasturtium
G-i8, 532 (Tropaeolum
majus)
(Grindelia
species)
Mint
arvensis piperascens)
• Meadowsweet G-12, 326
• Gumweed
(Guraea
418
• Marshmallow
(Knautia
arvensis)
Ivy
(Apocynum
cannabinum)
Marijuana
vulgare)
Cress
(Cetraria 415
Marigold
(Kadsura 301
Scabious
Moss
410
islandica)
Maidenhair
(Euphrasia
Schisandra
G - 1 4 , 408
• Ma-Huang
(Sanicula 296
Eyebright
Ground
(Prunus
laurocerasus)
farfara)
G-11, 287
• European
• Iceland
Lycium
(Sambucus
(Matricaria recutita)
(Ceratonia
Tree
Elder
sativum)
(Cinnamomum
Cocillana
G-11, 282 (Eucalyptus G-11, 283
• European
Garden
• Camphor Tree
Laurel
(Eryngium
• Eucalyptus
Field
(Calotropis
procera) .
Cherry
Eryngo
G-11, 278
japonica)
British E l e c a m p a n e (Inula
Carob
lanceolata)
officinalis)
(Borago
Calotropis
(Plantago
europaea)
(Ribes
nigrum) Borage
Plantain
(Armoracia
aviculare)
nigra)
(Polygala
amara) Currant
(Hedera
globulus)
(Arundinaria
japonica)
Black
G-3,
48
Milkwort
G-10, 261 G-10, 27S
• English
G - 1 4 . 403
Khat (Catha edulis) .
campestre)
europaeum)
Bitter
15
(Asa rum
Bamboo
. . . . 261
helix)
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
• A n i s e (Pimpinella anisum)
Ivy
(Aesculus
Hound's Tongue
Jimson
angustifolia)
(Echinacea purpurea)
s y m p t o m a t i c relief of)
• Horseradish
• Japanese G-9, 241
• Echinacea Purpurea
under C o l d ,
Chestnut
Indian-Hemp
Echinacea Angustifolia
disorders)
As a r u m
231
sempervirens)
skin
Horse
{Cynoglossum officinale) G-9, 225
Cypress
G - 1 4 , 395
rusticana) 223
Cupmoss
gigantea)
(See
(Papaver
cyanus)
cynapium) Milkweed
222
rhoeas)
G-11, 291 Parsley
Giant
Corn
sylvestris)
hippocastanum)
githago) CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
(Malva
Holly {Ilex aquifolium) . . G - 1 4 , 397
sativum)
(Verbena
G - 1 3 , 389
• High Mallow 215
Coriander
(Galeopsis
segetum)
379
• Niauli
G - I S , 537 (Melaleucea
viridiflora)
(Conium G-13, 386
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• O a k (Quercus robur)
542 . . . .G-IS, 549
1-92/COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF Oats (Avena sativa) • Onion (Allium cepa) Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Ox-Eye Daisy (Ch rysan themum leucanthemum) • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Petasites (Petasites hybridus) Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) • Pimpinella (Pimpinella major)
G-18, 551 G-19, 557 G-19, 559
563 G-19, 580 G-19, 585 589 G-19, 591
Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 Premorse (Scabiosa succisa) G-20, 612 Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 • Radish (Raphanus SativUS) G-20, 628 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) 683 • Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 • Star Anise (Illicium verum) . . . . : ' G-23, 725 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 • Sundew (Drosera ramentacea) 740 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) • Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) • Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) • White Mustard (Sinapis alba) • White Nettle (Lamium album) Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) • Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) Wood Betony (Betonica Officinalis)
G-24, 750 G-24, 761 G-24, 764 G-25, 788 G-25, 796
CRAMPS, LEG (See under Leg muscle cramps) CRAMPS, TETANIC AND EPILEPTIC
Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
G-13, 386
CUTS, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical relief of) CYSTITIS
798 G-25, 805 G-25, 806 810 G-26, 811 G-26, 815 G-26, 825
COUGH, WHOOPING
(See under Pertussis)
African Potato (Hypoxis rooperi) Arenaria Rubra (Spergularia rubra) Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica)
7 39 G-11, 310 G-12, 322 G-15, 443 542
543 775
CRADLE CAP
(See under Dermatitis, seborrheic)
DANDRUFF
(See under Dermatitis, seborrheic) CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, SI Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Celandine (Chelidonium majliS) G-8, 169 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, I S I Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
DEBILITY
Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum)
487
DEHYDRATION, TREATMENT OF
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) Borage (Borago officinalis) Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Onion (Allium cepa)
48 G-6, 114 G-13, 359 G-19, 557
DEMENTIA, ALZHEIMER'S TYPE
(See also under Organic brain dysfunction, symptomatic relief of) Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 700 DENTAL CARIES, PROPHYLAXIS
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
INDICATIONS INDEX
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF/I-93
DENTAL PLAQUE, PREVENTION OF
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
108
DEPRESSION, RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Corydalis {Corydalis cava) . . 226 Khat {Catha edulis) 447 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Mug wort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-i8, 547 Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 DERMATITIS, ECZEMATOID
• Bittersweet Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . .382 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-i8, 527 Oats (Avena sativa) G-i8, 551 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575 Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 DERMATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) 820 DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDRESPONSIVE
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions) DIABETES MELLITUS
(See under Hyperglycemia, control of, adjunct to diet)
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)
G-9, 237
DIARRHEA, CHRONIC
American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
DIAPHORETIC
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum)
DIARRHEA, BLOODY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
29
DIARRHEA
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) 43 Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) G-7, 151 Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) 378 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-ie, 48i Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala) 526 Muira-Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) 531 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lancea) 706 Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) 742 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 Wild Mint (Mentha aquatica) G-26, 813 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 • Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13 Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) G-3, 22 Angostura (Galipea officinalis) 34 Apple Tree (Malus domestica) G-4, 37 Bael (Aegle marmelos) 58 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, ei Barley (Hordeum distichon) G-4, 63 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bennet's Root (Geum urbanum) G-4, 71 • Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-S, 94 • Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) G-6, 104 Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) G-e, 111 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Carrageen (Chondrus crispus) 152 Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) ieo Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165
1-94/DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 • Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta) G-8, 192 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 • Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 Dragon's Blood (Daemonorops draco) 257 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . . 324 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 ' Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum) 480 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) G-16, 481 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . .G-18, 549 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) G-19, 594 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 • Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . 612 • Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, 616 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 625 Rhatany (Krameria triandra) 641 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess Salep (Orchis species) 657 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . .G-22, 697 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Uzara (Xysmalobium undulatum) 782 Water Avens (Geum rivale) G-25, 794 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 • Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 DIET, SUPPLEMENTATION OF
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799 DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6 Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 American Ivy (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) G-3, 26 • Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 Apple Tree (Maius domestica) . G-4, 37 Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bennet's Root (Geum urbanum) G-4, 71 Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) G-S, 82 Bitter Candytuft (Iberis amara) 84 • Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) 106 • Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) G-6, 107 • Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) G-6, 110 • Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112 • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) lis Broom Corn (Sorghum vulgare) 121 Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
INDICATIONS INDEX Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Calamint {Calamintha nepeta) 138 Calamus {Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) 141 • Caraway {Carum carvi) . G-7, 148 • Cardamom {Elettaria cardamomum) G-7, 149 Carline Thistle {Carlina acaulis) 151 Carob {Ceratonia siliqua) G-7, 151 Cascarilla {Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 • Centaury {Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cheken {Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 • Chicory {Cichorium intybus) G-8, I S I • Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Chiretta {Swertia chirata) 187 • Cinnamon {Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 Colombo {Jateorhiza palmata) 208 • Condurango {Marsdenia condurango) 216 Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Coolwort {Tiarella cordifolia) G-9, 219 • Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Cup Plant {Silphium perfoliatum) G-9, 238 • Curcuma {Curcuma xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 Cyclamen {Cyclamen europaeum) 240 • Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Devil's Claw {Harpagophytum procumbens) 247
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS / I - 9 5 • Dill {Anethum graveolens) G-10, 252 Dragon's Blood {Daemonorops draco) 257 Dyer's Broom {Genista tinctoria) G-10, 260 Elecampane {Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Elm Bark {Ulmus minor) G-10, 269 English Chamomile {Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 English Horsemint {Mentha longifolia) G-10, 275 • English Lavender {Lavandula angustifolia) G-10, 277 Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 • Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) G-11, 302 Feverfew {Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Frostwort {Helianthemum canadense) G-12, 321 Galbanum {Ferula gummosa) 323 Gamboge {Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 German Ipecac {Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Germander {Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Giant Milkweed {Calotropis gigantea) 338 • Ginger {Zingiber officinale) G-12, 339 Goldthread {Coptis trifolia) . .. 358 Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Guar Gum {Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) 376 • Haronga {Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Hartstongue {Scolopendrium vulgare) 381 • Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Hogweed {Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Holly {Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Honeysuckle {Lonicera caprifolium) 399 • Horehound {Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsemint {Monarda punctata) 407 Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Iceland Moss {Cetraria islandica) 415 • Immortelle {Helichrysum arenarium) 417 Indian Nettle {Acalypha indica) 419 Indian Physic {Gillenia trifoliata) 421 Jambolan {Syzygium cumini) 429 Jatamansi {Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Jewel Weed {Impatiens biflora) 436 • Juniper {Juniperus communis) G-15, 440 Lavender Cotton {Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460 Lemon Verbena {Aloysia triphylla) 463 • Lesser Galangal {Alpinia officinarum) 467 Lotus {Nelumbo nucifera) G-16, 481 Lovage {Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 Magnolia {Magnolia glauca) 490 Masterwort {Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 • Milk Thistle {Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Mountain Avens {Dryas octopetala) 526 Mountain Grape {Mahonia aquifolium) G-IS, 527 Myrrh {Commiphora molmol) G-IS, 534 Noni {Morinda citrifolia) .G-IS, 544 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Opium Antidote {Combretum micranthum) . . .559
1-96/DIGESTIVE DISORDERS Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) Pear (Pyrus communis) Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) • Peppermint (Mentha
G-19, 559 562 G-19, 567 G-19, 571 577 577 579
piperita)
G-19, 580
Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) Quince (Cydonia oblongata) • Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) • Radish (Raphanus Sativus)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-19, 591 593 G-19, 594 G-20, 596 597 . . . 622 625 G-20, 626
G-20, 628
Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Saffron (Crocus sativus) . G-21, 653 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655 Salep (Orchis species) Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) Senburi (Swertia japonica) Skirret (Sium sisarum) .. Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . Spearmint (Mentha spicata) St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
657 G-22, 679 . . . . 682 G-22, 696 G-22, 697 G-23, 709
Star Anise (Illicium verum) G-23, 725 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) 729 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) . . .G-23, 743 Sweet Gale (Myrica gale)
G-24, 745
• Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) G-24, 747 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) G-24, 766 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 • Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) G-25, 791 Water Avens (Geum rivale) G-25, 794 Water Fennel (Oenanthe aquatica) G-25, 796 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) G-25, 809 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyilum) G-26, 815 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 » Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 ' Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea) 836 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 840 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) G-26, 846 DIGESTIVE INSUFFICIENCIES, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-23, 719
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
DROPSY
(See under Edema, idiopathic) DYSENTERY
Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-16, 481 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Uzara (Xysmalobium undulatum) 782 DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium) G-5, 96 False Unicorn Root (Veratrum luteum) 301 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374
INDICATIONS INDEX
EPILEPSY /I-97
Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsemint (Monarda punctata) 407 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Martagon (Lilium martagon) 506 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 Puff Ball (Lycoperdon species) 618 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Wild Mint (Mentha aquatica) G-26, 813 Wild Yam (Dioscorea Villosd) G-26, 817 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 DYSPEPSIA
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) DYSTONIA
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica)
G-7, 140
DYSURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arenaria Rubra (Spergularia rubra) Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
39 G-13, 359
EAR, INFLAMMATION, MIDDLE
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Garlic (Allium sativum) . .G-12, 327 ECZEMA, ATOPIC
Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris)
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica)
742 775
EMPHYSEMA
G-24, 757
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions) EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Dog Rose (Rosa canind) G-IO, 254 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) 430 Lily-of-the- Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-IS, 475 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) 487 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 Stone Root (Collinsonia canadensis) G-23, 733 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Marijuana sativa)
(Cannabis G-17, 500
ENTERITIS
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Rhatany (Krameria triandra) 641 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 Simaruba (Simaruba amard) 695 Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis) G-23, 739 ENTEROCOLITIS, CHRONIC
Colombo (Jateorhiza palmata)
208
ENURESIS
Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) 301 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 ENURESIS, NOCTURNAL, PRIMARY
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
G-7, 140 G-21, 664
EPILEPSY
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291
1-98/EPILEPSY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) 0-11, 295 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mug wort {Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Scullcap {Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Valerian {Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-IO, 256 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) 693 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) G-23, 712 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Asiatic Dogwood {Cornus officinalis) Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis)
51
182 346 572
EXHAUSTION
Celery (Apium graveolens) Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe)
G-8, x 172 *"* 182 218 G-13, 359 429 . . . . 843
EYE, INFLAMMATION OF
Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens)
426
FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arnica (Arnica montana) California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) Cola (Cola acuminata)
41
G-7, 140 205
FEVER ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON COLD
• Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Calamint (Calamintha nepeta) 138 Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) 151 • Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida) 26i • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 • European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457 Linden (Tilia species) .. . .G-16, 477 • Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 • Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Premorse (Scabiosa succisa) • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) • Spruce (Picea species)
G-19, 580 G-20, 612 G-22, 674 714
FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Abscess Root (Polemonium reptans) G-3, 3 Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5 Aga (Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8 Angostura (Galipea officinalis) 34 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Canella (Canella winterana) 147 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia bonducella) 253 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-IO, 256 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Greater Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) . . . .G-13, 367
INDICATIONS INDEX Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium caeruleum) G-15, 427 Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Marigold {Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) G-IS, 539 Noni (Morinda citrifolia) G-IS, 544 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) 545 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 Poley (Teucrium polium) 603 Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) 619 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) ... 622 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i Red Currant (Ribes rubrum) G-21, 634 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) eeo Scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) , 695 Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) 742 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) 753
FLUID RETENTION/I-99 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 White Willow (Salix species) G-25, 807 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 FISSURE, ANAL
Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 European Peony (Paeon ia officinalis) G-11, 295 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . G-17, 496
German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Horsemint (Monarda punctata) 407 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-16, 482 Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) 562 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Salep (Orchis species) 657 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Spearmint (Mentha spicata) G-23, 709 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 White Nettle (Lamium album) G-25, 806 Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea) 836 FLUID RETENTION
FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6 Alteris (Aletris farinosa) 11 Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Bear's Garlic (Allium ursinum) 66 Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 English Horsemint (Mentha longifolia) G-10, 275 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) G-11, 302 Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 323 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) G-3, 12 Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, SO Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) G-4, 52 Astragalus (Astragalus species) 54 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64 Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-6, 123 Burdock (Arctium lappa) .G-7, 128 Cat's Foot (Antennaria dioica) G-8, 162 Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . .178 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . 193 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
1-100 /FLUID RETENTION
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 langsdorffi) 220 Parsley Piert (Aphanes Cornflower (Centaurea arvensis) 570 cyanus) G-9, 225 Pear (Pyrus communis) 577 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) .G-10, 254 Pimpinella (Pimpinella Elecampane (Inula major) G-19, 591 helenium) G-10, 266 Sarsaparilla (Smilax Garden Cress (Lepidium species) G-21, 661 sativum) G-12, 326 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia German Ipecac officinalis) G-22, 679 (Cynanchum Short Buchu (Barosma vincetoxicum) 335 betulina) 691 German Sarsaparilla (Carex Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 arenaria) 336 Strawberry (Fragaria Goat's Rue (Galega vesca) G-23, 735 officinalis) G-13, 353 Sweet Clover (Melilotus Hempnettle (Galeopsis officinalis) G-24, 744 segetum) G-13, 389 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum Hibiscus (Hibiscus majorana) G-24, 746 sabdariffa) G-14, 394 Wahoo (Euonymus Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 atropurpurea) G-25, 791 Horsetail (Equisetum Water Fennel (Oenanthe arvense) G-14, 409 aquatica) G-25, 796 Immortelle (Helichrysum White Bryony (Bryonia arenarium) 417 alba) G-25, 800 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum Winter Cherry (Physalis cannabinum) 418 alkekengi) G-26, 819 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 FROSTBITE, POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN Knotweed (Polygonum Cayenne (Capsicum aviculare) G-IS, 448 annuum) G-8, 165 Lady's Bedstraw (Galium Horsetail (Equisetum verum) G-IS, 455 arvense) G-14, 409 Larkspur (Delphinium Marigold (Calendula consolida) 6-15, 458 officinalis) G-17, 497 Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477 Oak Gall (Quercus Marigold (Calendula infectoria) 550 officinalis) G-17, 497 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 spicata) G-17, 503 Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon Marsh Marigold (Caltha balsamum) G-24, 764 palustris) G-17, 503 FUNGAL INFECTIONS, SKIN Martagon (Lilium (See under Infections, mycotic, martagon) 506 cutaneous) Mate (Ilex FURUNCULOSIS paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Meadowsweet (Filipendula American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 ulmaria) G-17, 511 Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis • Bittersweet Nightshade annua) G-17, 513 (Solanum dulcamara) . . G-5, 88 Olive (Olea europaea) . . .G-19, 556 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) us Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 FURUNCULOSIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) Behen (Moringa oleifera)
29 67
GALLSTONES
(See under Biliary calculi, chemical dissolution of) GASTRIC ULCERS, ACTIVE, BENIGN, SHORT-TERM TREATMENT OF
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
GASTRITIS
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) Barley (Hordeum distichon) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Calamus (Acorus calamus) California Peppertree (Schinus molle) Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa)
47 G-4, 63 G-7, 134 G-7, 138 139 160
INDICATIONS INDEX
GASTROINTESTINAL HYPERMOTILITY /I-101
Colombo {Jateorhiza palmata) 208 Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Flax {Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) 372 Khat {Catha edulis) 447 • Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-i6, 469 Marshmallow {Althaea officinalis) 505 Mountain Grape {Mahonia aquifolium) G-IS, 527 Quince {Cydonia oblongata) 625 Strawberry {Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sweet Marjoram {Origanum major ana) G-24, 746 White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806 GASTRITIS, HEMORRHAGIC
Horsetail {Equisetum arvense)
G-14, 409
GASTROENTERITIS
Cinquefoil {Potentilla erecta) Fool's Parsley {Aethusa cynapium) Self-Heal {Prunella vulgaris)
G-8, 192 G-12, 316 G-22, 681
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 Betel Nut {Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Bilberry {Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Bog Bilberry {Vaccinium uliginosum) G-6, 111 Boldo {Peumus boldus) . G-6, 112 Burdock {Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Canella {Canella winterana) 147
Cashew {Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Cat's Foot {Antennaria dioica) G-8, 162 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Chinese Olive {Canarium species) 184 Columbine {Aquilegia vulgaris) G-9, 211 Congorosa {Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Cubeb {Piper cubeba) 235 Elecampane {Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Elephant-Ears {Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Gambir {Uncaria species) . . . .324 Germander {Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Goutweed {Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Hogweed {Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398 Hyssop {Hyssopus officinalis) G-15, 414 Jambolan {Syzygium cumini) 429 Japanese Atractylodes {A tract}'lodes japonica) 430 Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Lady Fern {Athyrium filix-femina) G-15, 454 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477 Lungwort {Pulmonaria officinalis) G-16, 485 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Masterwort {Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mercury Herb {Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Mug wort {Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Oats {Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Parsley {Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsnip {Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Petasites {Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Poley {Teucrium polium) 603 Raspberry {Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) 632 Red Sandalwood {Pterocarpus santalinus) . . . . 635 Rice {Oryza sativa) G-21, 643 Sorb Apple {Sorbus domestica) 704 Speedwell {Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spinach {Spinacia oleracea) G-23, 712 Sweet Marjoram {Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Wafer Ash {Ptelea trifoliata) 790 Walnut {Juglans regia) .. .G-25, 793 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 White Nettle {Lamium album) G-25, 806 Wild Daisy {Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Radish {Raphanus raphanistrum) G-26, 814 Willow Herb {Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, 818 Yellow Jessamine {Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 GASTROINTESTINAL HYPERMOTILITY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Henbane niger)
{Hyoscyamus G-14, 389
1-102/GENITAL WARTS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
GENITAL WARTS
(See under Condylomata acuminata) GIBRALTAR FEVER
(See under Brucellosis) GINGIVITIS Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Calamus (Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus) G-17, sos Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) 550 Rhatany (Krameria triandra) 64i Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 GLANDS, SWOLLEN
Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209
GLANDULAR PROBLEMS
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 GLANDULAR STIMULATION
Celery (Apium graveolens)
G-8, 172
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 New Jersey Tea [Ceanothus americanus) . . . .541 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Sandalwood (Santalum album) 659 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Birch (Betula species) Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) Black Bryony (Tamus communis) Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Black Horehound (Ballota nigra)
Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum) 137 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-IS, 425 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 700 GONORRHEA
Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . .261 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
G-4, 6i G-5, 75 G-5, 78 G-5, 86 G-5, 90 G-5, 94 G-5, 98
Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Burr Marigold (Bidens tripartita) G-7, 131 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Celandine (Chelidonium mqjus)
GLAUCOMA, UNSPECIFIED
, G - 3 , 20 . G-4, 50
G-8, 169
Celery (Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 1 7 8 Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 1 Colchicum (Colchicum autumnale) G-9, 206 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) English Ivy (Hedera helix)
G-10, 260 G-10, 275
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) G-12, 337 Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Ground Pine (Ajuga chamaepitys) G-13, 373 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Java Tea (Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) G-17, 511 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-i8, 521 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, eso Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679
I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
HEADACHE, M I G R A I N E / 1 - 1 0 3
Short Buchu {Barosma betulina) 691 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) 742 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
G-24, 743
Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) G-26, 819 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 GROWTH, IN CHILDREN, STIMULATION OF
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
G-23, 712
GUM DISEASE
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
G-9, 212
GUMS, SORE
(See under Pain, dental) GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Birth wort (Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, so Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . .. 280 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 300 Ground Pine (Ajuga chamaepitys) G-13, 373 Marijuana (Cannabis G-17, 500 sativa)
Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 HAIR LOSS
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Horsetail (Equisetum an'ense) G-14, 409 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 HALITOSIS, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Coriander sativum)
(Coriandrum G-9, 221
HALLUCINOGENS
Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) Peyote (Lophophora williamsii)
424 G-19, 588
HANSEN'S DISEASE
(See under Leprosy) HAY FEVER
(See under Pollinosis) HEADACHE
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) G-9, 237 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-IO, 248 Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . 261 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270 English Horsemint (Mentha longifolia) G-10, 275 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) 716 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 White Willow (Salix species) G-25, 807 Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164 Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-18, 547 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650
1-104/HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
HEADACHE, TENSION
(See under Pain, unspecified) HEADACHE, VASCULAR
(See under Headache, migraine) HEART FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in) HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in) HEARTBURN
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) HELMINTHIASIS
Amargo (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 109 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G-7, 130
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) .. G-7, 144 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Centaury (Centaurium c erythraea) G-8, 174 Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) G-8, 188 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) 230 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
European Water Hemlock (Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis) 368 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 374 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419 Larkspur (Delphinium consolida) G-15, 458 Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) 523 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-18, 536 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) G-18, 539 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) 593 Pink Root (Spigelia marilandica) 594 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
G-20, 618
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. G-21, 648 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 Sweet Gale (Myrica gale)
G-24, 745
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) G-25, 809 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Wormwood Grass (Spigelia anthelmia) 83i Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteUS)
839
HEMATEMESIS
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 82i HEMATURIA
Burr Marigold (Bidens tripartita)
G-7, 131
HEMOPHILIA, UNSPECIFIED
Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
G-22, 672
HEMOPTYSIS
Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 HEMORRHAGE, NASAL
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 316 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-16, 48i Puff Ball (Lycoperdon species) 618 • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 HEMORRHAGE, POSTPARTUM
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 HEMORRHAGE, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
21
G-11, 291
Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) 354 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468
INDICATIONS INDEX Logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum) 480 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA / I - 1 0 5
•
HEMORRHOIDS
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, 181 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 HEMORRHOIDS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) G-e, 123 • Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) 6-7, 153 Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Gout weed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463
• •
•
Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-19, 573 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) 840 163
HERPETIC MANIFESTATIONS, ORAL, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Herpes simplex virus infections) HICCUP
Calamint nepeta)
(Calamintha 138
HOARSENESS
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) Scotch Pine (Pinus species)
G-8, 165 G-11, 283 300 G-22, 674
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
786
G-14, 409 . . . . 509
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 Salep (Orchis species) 657 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 838
. . . . 541
G-17, s i e
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-ie, 469 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
HYPERACTIVITY
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
HERNIA, TESTICULAR
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA 182
HERPES GENITALIS
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
G-24, 759
HYPERACIDITY, GASTRIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum)
Thuja (Thuja occidentalis)
268
HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS
HODGKIN'S DISEASE
HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Catechu (Acacia catechu) Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) Matico (Piper elongatum) New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus)
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528
G-13, 355
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 228 • Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583
I - 1 0 6 /HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, PRIMARY HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, PRIMARY, ADJUNCT TO DIET
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . Garlic (Allium sativum) . Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) • Soybean (Glycine soja) . .
.0-11, 298 G-12, 327 . . . 575 . . . . 612 G-22, 707
HYPERGLYCEMIA, CONTROL OF, ADJUNCT TO DIET
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) . G-3, 12 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia bonducella) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G - 8 , 199
G-9, 245 253 G-11, 283
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis) G-13, 353 Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . 376 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 52s Noni (Morinda citrifolia) .G-18, 544 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Poley (Teucrium polium) 603 Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
G-23, 729
Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 HYPERHIDROSIS
Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) 430 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 • Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 • Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 HYPERKERATOSIS SKIN DISORDERS
Garlic (Allium sativum)
. G-12, 327
HYPERLIPEMIA
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
majUS)
736
HYPERTENSION, ESSENTIAL
(See under Hypertension) (See under Hypertension) HYPERTHYROIDISM
21 66 122 G-8, 169
Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . .. 178 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) 215 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
kombe)
Strophanthus Gratus (Strophanthus gratus) 736 Surinam Cherry (Eugenia unifloria) 742 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826
HYPERTENSIVE CRISES
376
HYPERTENSION
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) Bear's Garlic (Allium ursinum) Brown Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) Celandine (Chelidonium
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606 • Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 • Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727 Strophanthus (Strophanthus
Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)
106
HYPERTONIA
Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, 81 Olive (Olea europaea) . . .G-19, 556 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i HYPNOTIC
(See under Sleep, induction of) HYPOCHONDRIA
Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530
G-11, 291
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . .G-12, 327 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
G-12, 322
HYPOTENSION
• Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum)
G-7, 143
545
INDICATIONS INDEX
INFECTIONS, TAPEWORM / I - 1 0 7
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Calotropis {Calotropis procera)
141
English Chamomile {Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) G-11, 291 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Nerve Root {Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Scullcap {Scutellaria lateriflora) G-22, 678 Sweet Violet {Viola odoratd) G-24, 750 Valerian {Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 ICHTHYOSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Burdock {Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Peanut {Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575 IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Infection, tendency to) IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA
Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Oats {Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 IMPOTENCE, MALE
{See under Erectile dysfunction) INDIGESTION
{See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) INFECTION, TENDENCY TO
• Arnica {Arnica montana) 41 Barberry {Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO • Cajuput {Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136
• Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261 Garden Cress {Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 • German Chamomile {Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Japanese Mint {Mentha an'ensis piperascens) 431 • Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Lemon {Citrus limon) 460 Lime {Citrus aurantifolia) G-16, 476 Luffa {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 • Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 • Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus) 693 • Spruce {Picea species) 714 INFECTION, VIRAL
Cat's Claw {Unicaria tomentosa)
160
INFECTIONS, GENITOURINARY TRACT
Matico {Piper elongatum)
. . . . 509
INFECTIONS, INTESTINAL
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao)
G-8, 199
INFECTIONS, MYCOTIC, CUTANEOUS
Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia)
757
INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Fumitory {Fumaria officinalis) G-12, 322 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) 632 Sorrel {Rumex acetosa) 705 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 Yellow Dock {Rumex Crispus) 835 INFECTIONS, PREVENTION OF
Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-IO, 254 Sea Buckthorn {Hippophae rhamnoides) G-22, 680 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
INFECTIONS, RESPIRATORY TRACT, TREATMENT ADJUNCT
Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea)
. G-10, 26i
INFECTIONS, RESPIRATORY TRACT, UNSPECIFIED
Astragalus {Astragalus species) 54 Echinacea Angustifolia {Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 Iporuru {Alchornea floribunda) 424 Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Thuja {Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) 775 INFECTIONS, SKIN AND SKIN STRUCTURE
Coconut Palm {Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Goa Powder {Andira araroba) 352 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) 550 Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Tea Tree {Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Thuja {Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Virola {Virola theiodora) 789 INFECTIONS, SMALLPOX
Pitcher Plant {Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 596 Purple Gromwell {Lithospermum erytrorhizon) 619 INFECTIONS, SOFT TISSUES
{See under Infections, skin and skin structure) INFECTIONS, TAPEWORM
Kamala {Mallotus philippinensis) Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) Male Fern {Dryopteris filix-mas)
442 450 G-17, 493
1 - 1 0 8 / I N F E C T I O N S , TAPEWORM
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
G-20, 605 • G-20, 6 1 8
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841 INFECTIONS, UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT
• Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) G-4, 52 • Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65 • Birch (Betula species) G-S, 78 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144 • Canadian Golden Rod (Solidago canadensis) 145 Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata) 189 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261 • European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 • Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 • Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) 424 • Java Tea (Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 • Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 • Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) G-18, 537 • Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 • Sandalwood (Santalum album) 659
• • •
Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 691 Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Uva-Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
(See under Bowel, irritable, syndrome) ITCHING, SKIN
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
INFLAMMATION, ANORECTAL
. . . G-18, 549
563
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, UNSPECIFIED
Picrorhiza kurroa)
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions)
ITCHING, SUNBURN
(See under Gonorrhea) Oak (Quercus robur) Ox-Eye Daisy (Ch rysa n th em u m leucanthemum)
INTERTRIGO
(Picrorhiza 589
INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) G-8, Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
128 190 209 254 270
G-11, 2 8 3
European Elder (Sambucus nigra)
G-11, 2 8 7
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 4os Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 INSECT BITES, PAIN DUE TO
(See under Pain, topical relief of) INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of) INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
(See under Claudication, intermittent) • Denotes r e c o m m e n d a t i o n by Commission E.
JAUNDICE
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) G-9, 211 Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . .G-16, 460 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 367 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 JOINTS, SWOLLEN
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) KERATOSIS PALMARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin disorders)
29 419 466
INDICATIONS INDEX
LIVER DISORDERS / I - 1 0 9
KERATOSIS PILARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin disorders) KERATOSIS PLANTARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin disorders) LABOR, STIMULATION OF
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 109 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 LACK OF STAMINA
• • • •
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202 Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) 693 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lancea) 706
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 European Elder (Sambucus nigra)
G-11, 287
Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
G-16, 469
G-25, 788
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 LEG MUSCLE CRAMPS
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744
LEPROSY Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras) 412 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775
• Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Elecampane (Inula helenium) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
•
LEUKEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Reed Herb (Phragmites communis)
639
LEUKORRHEA Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) White Nettle (Lamium album)
• 770 G-25, 806
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria)
•
G-26, 812
LICE, BODY (See under Pediculosis, human)
•
Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) Heather (Calluna vulgaris) Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) Linden (Tilia species) . . . Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
LICE, HEAD
(See under Pediculosis, human) •
LICE, PUBIC (See under Pediculosis, human) LITHURSIS
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Adam's Needle (Yucca filamentosa) • Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) • Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) Black Root (Leptandra virginica) » Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
Cornflower cyanus)
4 • G-4, 44 • G-4, ei G-4, 69 G-S, 83 104 G-8, 169
(Centaurea G-9, 225
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
'
Petasites (Petasites hybridus) Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
G-9, 245 G-10, 266 G-11, 283
G-12, 321 G-12, 322 G-13, 383
G-13, 388 G-14, 393 G-14, 408 431 G-16, 477 G-17, 516 579 G-19, 580
G-19, 585 671 729 753 G-25, 788 G-26, 829 G-26, 833
LIVER DISORDERS
American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) Asarum (Asarum europaeum)
24 26 29 48
1-1 10 /LIVER DISORDERS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Astragalus (Astragalus species) 54 Balmony (Chelone glabra) .G-4, 59 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Beet (Beta vulgaris) G-4, 67 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 Corn Silk (Zea mays) 224 Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) G-10, 254 English Ivy (Hedera helix)
G-10, 275
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola officinalis) G-13, 385 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube) 439 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Opium Antidote (Combretum micranthum) . . .559 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i Red Bryony (Bryonia cretica) 632 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Soybean (Glycine soja) . . .G-22, 707 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
G-25, 800
Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
G-26, 811 G-26, 826 827 G-26, 829
LUMPS IN THE BREAST Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 LYMPH NODES, INFLAMMATION OF
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria)
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 MASTODYNIA
Bugle weed (Lye opus virginicus) Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus)
G-6, 126 G-8, 176
MEASLES
G-26, 812
LYMPHEDEMA
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa) G-11, 311 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 LYMPHOMAS, HODGKIN'S
(See under Hodgkin's disease)
Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
MENINGITIS
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
MENOPAUSE, CLIMACTERIC COMPLAINTS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 • Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176
LYMPHOMAS, NON-HODGKIN'S
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
786
LYMPHOSARCOMA
(See under Lymphomas, non-Hodgkin's) MALARIA
(See under P. falciparum infections) MALARIA, TREATMENT OR PROPHYLAXIS OF
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, sie Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . .. 622 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF
Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) 354 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-IS, 456 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 MENORRHAGIA
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 • Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Burning Bush 0ictamnus albus)
G - 7 , 130
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409
INDICATIONS INDEX
MOOD SWINGS / I - 1 1 1
Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Sweet Sumach (Rhus aromatica) 748 MENSTRUAL BLOOD, HEAVY LOSS OF, IDIOPATHIC
Loosestrife vulgaris)
(Lysimachia G-16, 481
MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
(See under Pain, menstrual) MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) 24 Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Arrach (Chenopodium vulvaria) 43 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) 48 Beth Root (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Caraway (Carum carvi) .. G-7, 148 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa) ioo Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) G-9, 237 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 Dusty Miller (Senecio bicolor) 258 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-IO, 266 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-ie, 482 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) G-17, 516 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-i8, 525 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) G-25, 792 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, S I S Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 MENSTRUAL SYNDROME, PRE-, MANAGEMENT OF • Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
• Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus) G-6, 126 • Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176 Evening Primrose {Oenothera biennis) . . . G - I I , 298 Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460 Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) 562 • Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610 • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 METABOLIC DISORDERS
Red Bryony (Bryonia cretica) White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
632 G-25, 800
METEORISM
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148 Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) G-IO, 277 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 46i Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 MICTURATION PROBLEMS ACCOMPANYING PROSTATE ADENOMA
Poplar (Populus species) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
G-20, 607 G-20, 618 G-23, 729
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
(See under Headache, migraine) MOOD SWINGS
G-5, 92
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica)
G-7, 140
I-112/MORNING SICKNESS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
MORNING SICKNESS
Cola {Cola acuminata) Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
MYALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
205
NEURALGIA
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under Pain, neurogenic) NEURALGIA, TRIGEMINAL
G-19, 580 MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTIONS
MOTION SICKNESS
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) • Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
MOUTH AND THROAT DISORDERS
American White Pond Lily (Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Canella (Canella winterana) 147 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum) 236 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583 Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) G-19, 594 Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasticity, muscle, symptomatic alleviation of) MUSCLE TENSION
Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) • Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
G-7, 136 G-S, 165
MYALGIA
(See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of)
41
NARCOTIC ADDICTION, DETOXIFICATION TREATMENT OF
G-18, 551
NASAL CONGESTION, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Scotch Pine (Pinus species)
G-22, 674
NAUSEA
(See also under Motion sickness) Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6 Almond (Prunus dulcis) 15 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . . 324 Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis) 368 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-16, 468 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 NECK STIFFNESS
Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) 566
G-24, 759
NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
(See under Pain, neurogenic) NEUROPATHY
California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica)
G-7, 140
NIGHT SWEATS
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica)
51 301
NIGHT VISION ENHANCER
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
43 439
NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF, STRESS-INDUCED
(See under Nutrients, deficiency of) NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF, SURGERY-INDUCED
(See under Nutrients, deficiency of) NYSTAGMUS
Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus)
312
OBESITY, EXOGENOUS
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)
G-IS, 443
OPHTHALMIA
G-13, 386
NERVE DAMAGE
MUSCLES, SKELETAL, RELAXATION, PREOPERATIVE
Pareira (Chondrodendron tomentosum)
MYOCARDITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Oats (Avena sativa)
.G-18, 521
Thuja (Thuja occidentalis)
Arnica (Arnica montana) G-12, 339
(Aconitum
napellus)
(See under Leprosy) G-8, 165
Monkshood
. . . 226
NERVE INFLAMMATION
Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, 650 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) California Peppertree (Schinus molle) Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) Chickweed (Stellaria media) Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
48 139 16 iso G-9, 225
I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
PAIN, N E U R O G E N I C / I - 1 1 3
Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)
300
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) Oats (Avena sativa) Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica)
218
300 G-18, 547 G-18, 551
PAIN, MENSTRUAL
824 832
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) . . . .G-11, 298 PAIN, CANCER
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
PAIN, DENTAL
7ie 77s
G-9, 221
ORCHITIS
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)
820
ORGANIC BRAIN DYSFUNCTION, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See also under Dementia, Alzheimer's type) • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12,342 OXYTOXIC
Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) .G-ie, 468 P. FALCIPARUM INFECTIONS
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe pachyceras)
412
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITIS, TOPICAL
(See under Pain, topical relief of) PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS INJURIES
(See under Pain, topical relief of) PAIN, ABDOMINAL
(See also under Cramps, abdominal, symptomatic relief of) Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17,500 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) 775
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 109 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
PAIN, BREAST
G-21, 635
ORAL AND PHARYNGEAL DISORDERS
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) .
Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) . . .. Woundwort (Stachys palustris)
• Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
G-8, 195
PAIN, EAR
English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) Rue (Ruta graveolens) . .
G-10, 270 419 G-ie, 461 .G-17, 493 .G-21, 648
PAIN, JOINT
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . .0-22, 668 PAIN, LEO
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa)
708
PAIN, LUMBAR
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) 51 Barberry (Berberis . vulgaris) G-4, 61 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)1 . .6-5, 92 Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) G-16, 465 'Denotes recommendation by Commission E,
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 • Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) 230 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) 424 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) ,. G-17, 493 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-IS, 521 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) eso Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Spruce (Picea species) 714 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) .. G-6, 103 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) . .. 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 • Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 English Ivy (Hedera helix) .G-10, 275 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283
1-114/PAIN, NEUROGENIC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) 0-11, 29s Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) G-ie, 465 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-IS, 521 Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 • Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 700 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) . 726 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 7S4 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 • White Fir (Abies alba) 802 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 838 PAIN, SPASMODIC
Petasites (Petasites hybridus)
G-19, 585
PAIN, STOMACH
Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . .261 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) 820 PAIN, TEETHING
(See under Pain, dental) PAIN, TOOTH Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270 European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, s i s Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. G-21, 648 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) 820 PAIN, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 26i Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) .G-14, 411 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Poplar (Populus species) .G-20, 607 Quince (Cydonia oblongata) 62s Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) 639 White Fir (Abies alba) 802 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
G-26, 812 G-26, 815 G-26, 829
PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 223 Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) 247 English Horsemint (Mentha longifolia) G-10, 275 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 410 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-IS, 521 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 • White Willow (Salix species) G-25, 807 PAIN, URINARY TRACT
Petasites (Petasites hybridus) Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
G-19, 585 ...
.G-22,
668
PALPITATIONS
Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
PANCREAS, DISSEMINATED ADENOCARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, pancreas) PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
Haronga (Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585
INDICATIONS INDEX
POISONING/I-115
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
593
PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 PEDICULOSIS CAPITIS INFESTATION
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium)
62i
Maidenhair (Adiantum capillus-veneris) 491 Mandrake (Mandragora offtcinarum) G-17, 495 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mouse Ear (Pilosella offtcinarum) 529 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-IS, 536 Petasites (Petasites hybridus)
PEDICULOSIS, HUMAN
Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) 62i Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 PERICARDITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
G-IS, 521
PERTUSSIS
Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga) G-5, 81 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra)
G-5, 98
Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) 6-8, 179 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cupmoss (Cladonia pyxidata) 238 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-10,266 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
. -G-11, 283
European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
.G-11,291
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) G-15, 436 Lactucarium (Lactuca virosa) 453 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) 486
G-19, 585
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 76i Tonka Beans (Dipteryx odorata) 767 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) 810 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 708 Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 PHLEBITIS
Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-6, 114 English Ivy (Hedera helix)
G-10, 275
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 PHOTODERMATOSIS
PHARYNGITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arum (Arum maculatum) 46 Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) G-5, 89 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis). .. G-7, 144 Catechu (Acacia catechu) . . . . . . 163 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, ies Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, ISI Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) . . . G-9, 209 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) .6-9, 212 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .e-21, 655 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)
G-25, 809
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids) PLASMODIUM INFECTION
(See under P. falciparum infections) PLEURITIS
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9, 212 PMS (See under Menstrual syndrome, pre-, management of) PNEUMONIA
' Asarum (Asarum europaeum) Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia)
48 G - 5 , 100
268
POISONING
Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum) Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
137 423
1-116/POISONING
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Milk Thistle {Silybum marianum)
Yew (Taxus baccata) . .. G-26, 841 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
POISONING, ALCOHOL
Aga {Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8 POISONING, STRYCHNINE
Marijuana {Cannabis sativa)
Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) Sweet Gale (Myrica
G-17, 516
(See under Menstrual syndrome, pre-, management of)
gale)
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Jatamansi {Nardostachys jatamansi)
433
G-17, 495
PSORIASIS
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Goa Powder (Andira araroba) 352 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-i8, 527 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, eei Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741
Astragalus (Astragalus species) Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosd)
54 160
PROSTATE DISORDERS
POSTNASAL DRIP
Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) Pumpkin (Cucurbita
(See under Cold, common, symptomatic relief of) PREGNANCY, COMPLAINTS OF
Devil's Claw {Harpagophytum procumbens) False Unicorn Root {Veratrum luteum)
G-17, 497
PROMOTE THE NATURAL IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE BODY
POLLINOSIS
Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum)
Marigold (Calendula officinalis)
G-11, 282
pepo)
247
301
PREGNANCY, PREVENTION OF
G-20, 618
Round-Leafed Wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia) 647 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 691 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, sis
Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus)
G-7, 130
Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosd) ieo Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Jequirity {Abrus precatorius) ....,............435 Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .0-21, 648 Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . .727 PREGNANCY, TERMINATION OF
Asarum (Asarwn europaeum) 48 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) 0-5, 97 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .G-21, 648 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 652 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) 695
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, BENIGN, SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
African Potato (Hypoxis rooperi) 7 European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 • Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
dioica)
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
(See under Emphysema) RASH, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions) RENAL CALCULI
G-20, 618
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) • Stinging Nettle (Urtica
.G-21, 664
..-:•:•
G-23, 729
PRURITUS, ANAL
Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-11, 310
• • •
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) ... .G-11, 298 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum)
G - 2 4 , 745
Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . .799
PROCTITIS
G-17, SOO
G-23, 710
G - 1 4 , 411
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) .. . G-22, 668 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
•
Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . .G-3, 20 Arenaria Rubra (Spergularia rubra) 39 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) G-4, 52 Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) . . . .G-4, 65 Birch (Betula species) . . . . G-5, 78 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) .............. .0-5, 94 Canadian Golden Rod (Solidago canadensis) 145 Celery {Apium graveolens) G-8, 172 Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) G-8, 174 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
INDICATIONS INDEX
Dyer's Broom (Genista tinctoria) G-IO, 260 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) 0-11, 282 • European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .0-11, 289 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 • Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) G-14, 413 • Java Tea (Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 • Lovage (Levisticum officinale) G-16, 482 Madder (Rubia tinctorum) G-ie, 490 • Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsley Piert (Aphanes arvensis) 570 • Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) ... 6oe Rust-Red Rhododendron (Rhododendron ferrugineum) eso Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) . 0-22, 672 • Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)...... .G-23, 729 Stone Root (Collinsonia canadensis) G-23, 733 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 • Triticum (Agropyron repens) . . . G-25, 771 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) .0-3, 35 Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) .. 73
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS / I - 1 1 7
Bitter Milkwort (Polygala amara) 85 Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) 99 Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 Borage (Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Calamint (Calamintha nepeta) 138 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Cedar (Cedrus libani) 169 Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 223 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) G-9, 242 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Duckweed (Lemna minor) G-IO, 258 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 European Elder (Sambucus nigra) G-11, 287 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) G-11,295 European Sanicle (Sanicula europaea) 296 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11,304 Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 316 Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) 375 Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) .6-13, 383 Hollyhock (Alcea rosea) . .0-14, 398 Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) .
Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
.
Lady Fern (Athyrium filix-femina) Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis)
.G-IS, 414
......431 .G-IS, 448
G-15, 454 o-ie, 485
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) G-IS, 547 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Orris (Iris species) G-19, sei Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) . 563 Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Red Bryony (Bryonia cretica) 632 Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Siam Benzoin (Styrax tonkinesis) 692 Sloe (Prunus spinosa) ... .G-22,697 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) . . . . . . . . . G-22, 703 Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) ...705 Speedwell {Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax paralleloneurum) 738 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 76i Vervain (Verbena officinalis) 0-25, 788 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 White Bryony (Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 White Fir (Abies alba) 802
1-118/RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 81 I Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 Yellow Dock (Rumex CrispUS) 835 RETINOPATHY, DIABETIC
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Cranberry {Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . G - 3 , 20 American Bittersweet {Celastrus scandens) 24 • Arnica {Arnica montand) 41 Barberry {Berberis vulgaris) G-4, ei Basil {Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 • Birch {Betula species) G-5, 78 Black Bryony {Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Mustard {Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 Borage {Borago officinalis) G-6, 114 Boxwood {Buxus sempervirens) G-6, 116 Brazilian Pepper Tree {Schinus terebinthifolius) . . . 117 Bulbous Buttercup {Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Buttercup {Ranunculus acris) 133 • Cajuput {Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Calamus {Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 California Peppertree {Schinus molle) 139 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) 141 • Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Canella {Canella winterana) 147 • Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Celery {Apium graveolens) . .. G-8, 172 Chickweed {Stellaria media) iso Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) 182 Chinese Olive {Canarium species) 184 Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Cowhage {Mucuna pruriens) 230 Cumin {Cuminum cyminum) . G-9, 237 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 • Devil's Claw {Harp agophy turn procumbens) 247 Dog Rose {Rosa canina) .G-10, 254 Duckweed {Lemna minor) G-10, 258 Dwarf Elder {Sambucus ebulus) 259 Elephant-Ears {Bergenia crassifolia) 268 • Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 European Golden Rod {Solidago virgaurea) .. .G-11, 289 • European Mistletoe {Viscum album) G-11, 291 European Peony {Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Fever Bark {Alstonia constricta) ...............305 Feverfew {Tanacetum parthenium) .G-11, 306 Fumitory {Fumaria officinalis) G-12,322 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenaria) 336 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Goutweed {Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) 372 Ground Pine {Ajuga chamaepitys) G-13, 373 • Guaiac {Guaiacum officinale) 375 Heather {Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 Hemlock {Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) G-14, 408 Horsetail {Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Indian-Hemp {Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Iporuru {Alchornea floribunda) 424 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427 Java Tea {Orthosiphon spicatus) 434 Kava Kava {Piper methysticum) G-IS, 443 • Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457 Laurel {Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459 Lemongrass {Cymbopogon citratus) G-ie, 465 Male Fern {Dryopteris filix-mas) G-17, 493 Manaca {Brunfelsia hopeana) 494 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Meadowsweet {Filipendula ulmaria) G-17,511 Mezereon {Daphne mezereum) . G-17, 515 ^Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) . G-i8, 521 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .o-i 8, 525 Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-IS, 532 Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) . 543
INDICATIONS INDEX
SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF/I-119
Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) . . 545 Oats (Avena sativa) G-is, 551 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577 Poke (Phytolacca americana) G-20, 602 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606 Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 63i Red Bryony (Bryonia cretica) 632 • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) G-21, 645 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, eso Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata) 660 Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, 66i Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
G-21, 662
Scotch Broom (Cytisus SCOparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) 0-22, 679 Sesame (Sesamum orientate) 688 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) .. 69i Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) ,. 699.Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 700 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lanced) 706 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis spinosa) G-23, 713 • Spruce (Picea species) 714 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
G-23, 729
Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris) G-24, 757 Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) G-24, 759 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata) 790 Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) 798 White Bryony (Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 • White Fir (Abies alba) 802 White Hellebore (Veratrum album) G-25,803 • White Mustard (Sinapis alba) . . . . .G-25,805 • White Willow (Salix species) G-25,807 Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) G-26, SIS Wild Yam (Dioscorea Villosa)
G-26, 817
Winter Cherry (Physalis alkekengi) •..: G-26, 819 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Speedwell (Veronica officinalis)
(See under Tinea capitis infections) RUBEFACIENT
Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459 Pimento (Pimenta racemosa) 590 SAUVATION, INCREASE SECRETION OF
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) G-17, 520 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . .. 622 SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G - 7 , 130
Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus) 312 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) G-20, eoi Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) 621 SCABIES
(See under Sarcoptes scabiei infestations) SCAR TISSUE
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G - 1 4 , 389
SCARLATINA
• American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria)
27 G-11, 283
G-26, 812
SCARLET FEVER
6-23, 710
(See under Scarlatina) SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
RHINITIS, VASOMOTOR
Asarum (Asarum europaeum)
RINGWORM INFECTIONS OF THE SCALP
48
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum)
.29
1-120/SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Hemlock (Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) .G-17, 493 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-11, 306 Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-ie, 477 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Wood Betony (Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825 SEDATION, DAYTIME
Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia piscipula)
428
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION SCROFULOSIS
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
G-10, 275
G-19, 559
SCURVY
Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Canella (Canella winterana) 147 Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris) G-9, 211 Globe Rower (Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Lemon (Citrus limon) 460 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) G-ie, 476 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-ie, 48i Pinus Bark (Tsuga canadensis) G-19, 594 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 597 Samphire (Crithum maritimum) 658 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 Yellow Dock (Rumex CrispUS)
835
SEDATION
(See also under Sleep, induction of) Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-s, 92 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 I
Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Damiana (Turnera diffusa) . . . . 244 Iporuru (Alchornea floribunda) 424 Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 Muira-Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) 531 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) . . . .843 SHORTNESS OF BREATH
European Elder (Sambucus nigra)
G-11, 287
Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus)
543
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus G-11, 283
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) .. .G-16,483 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) 705 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 Yellow Dock (Rumex CrispUS)
835
SKIN ABSCESSES
(See under Infections, skin and skin structure) SKIN CARE
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
SKIN DISORDERS
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13 Bear's Garlic (Allium ursinum) 66 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) 133 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134 Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) 222 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) G-9, 242 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 245 Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) 247 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
SINUSITIS, TREATMENT OF
globulus)
Avocado (Persea americana) 57 Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis) G-IS, 438 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . .575
15
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-11, 283
European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) .G-11, 295 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) .. G-12, 322 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) .. .367 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) 375 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) 419
INDICATIONS INDEX Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla Vulgaris) G-15f 456 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 Oleander (Nerium oleander) G-19, 555 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 Puff Ball (Lycoperdon species) .618 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) G-22, 701 Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) 729 Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) 6-23, 735 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 730 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Triticum (Agropyron repens) G-25, 771 Turkey Corn (Dicentra cucullaria) 773 Virola (Virola theiodora) 789 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) G-26, 814 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Yellow Dock (Rumex Crispus) 833
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS/I-1 21 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
840
SKIN LACERATIONS, INFECTED
(See under Infections, skin and skin structure) SKIN PIGMENTATION
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)
G-25, 809
SKIN ULCERS
American Adder's Tongue (Erythronium americanum) 24 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Catechu (Acacia catechu) 163 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) 218 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 26i English Adder's Tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) ... 269 English Ivy (Hedera helix) .G-10, 273 Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) G-11, 310 Frostwort (Helianthemum canadense) .G-12, 321 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) .G-14, 391 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) .............G-15, 436 Martagon (Lilium martagon) soe Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) G-22, 705 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) G-23, 734 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteUS) 839 SKIN, BACTERIAL SUPERINFECTIONS
Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon)
619
SKIN, DRY, MOISTURIZATION OF
Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Mountain Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) G-i8, 527 SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
• Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) G-6, 105 • Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 118 Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Chickweed (Stellaria media) . ? . . . . — .. .180 Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3 Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia) ............... .218 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) G-9, 243 English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-10, 273
1-122/SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
• English Plantain (Plantago Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Soapwort (Saponaria lanceolata) 0-11, 278 officinalis) G-22, 701 European Elder (Sambucus Spurge (Euphorbia nigra) G-11, 287 resinifera) 716 European Water Hemlock • St. John's Wort (Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 (Hypericum Evening Primrose perforatum) G-23, 719 (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 Turmeric (Curcuma • Fenugreek (Trigonella domestica) 775 foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 • Walnut (Juglans regia) . . .G-25, 793 Field Scabious (Knautia White Lily (LiHum arvensis) G-11, 310 candidum) 804 • Flax (Linum • White Nettle (Lamium usitatissimum) G-12, 313 album) G-25, 806 • German Chamomile • Witch Hazel (Hamamelis (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 virginiana) G-26, 821 • Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 Henna (Lawsonia SKIN, IRRITATION, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH inermis) G-14, 391 (See under Pain, topical Horse Chestnut (Aesculus relief of) hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Indian Nettle (Acalypha SKIN, RADIATION DAMAGE, TREATMENT OF indica) 419 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae • Jambolan (Syzygium rhamnoides) G-22, 680 cumini) 429 SLEEP DISORDERS Labrador Tea (Ledum Corn Poppy (Papaver latifolium) 451 rhoeas) 223 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla English Hawthorn vulgaris) G-15, 456 (Crataegus laevigata) . G-IO, 271 Marigold (Calendula Male Fern (Dryopteris officinalis) G-17, 497 filix-mas) G-17, 493 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 SLEEP, INDUCTION OF Mezereon (Daphne (See also under Sedation) mezereum) G-17,515 American Hellebore Moneywort (Lysimachia (Veratrum viride) 25 nummularia) G-17, 520 Bitter Orange (Citrus Monkshood (Aconitum aurantium) G-5, 86 napellus) G-18, 521 Borage (Borago • Oak (Quercus robur) G-IS, 549 officinalis) G-e, 114 Oak Gall (Quercus • Bugleweed (Lycopus infectoria) .. 550 virginicus) G-e, 126 • Oats (Avena sativa) . . . . .G-IS, 551 Burning Bush (Dictamnus Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla albus) G-7, 130 pratensis) 572 Corn Poppy (Papaver Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)"... 575 rhoeas) 223 Purple Loosestrife (Lyihrum • English Lavender salicaria) G-20, 620 (Lavandula Red Clover (Trifolium angustifolia) G-IO, 277 pratense) G-21, 633 False Schisandra (Kadsura Rosemary (Rosmarinus japonica) 301 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 officinalis) G-21, 645 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Heather (Calluna vulgaris) .G-13, 383 • Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 • Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Larkspur (Delphinium consolida) G-15, 458 • Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) G-ie, 461 Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) 463 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-IS, 530 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 • Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) G-IO, 573 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 • Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Red-Spur Valerian (Centranthus ruber) . . . G-21, 639 Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 • Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 SMOKING CESSATION, TEMPORARY AID TO
Tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum)
G-24, 762
SNAKEBITE
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) Contrayerva (Dorstenia contrayerva) Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia)
. 141 218 . . . . 261
INDICATIONS INDEX
STOMATITIS/1-123
German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) 533 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 SOUR STOMACH
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) SPASM, ALIMENTARY CANAL
Carline Thistle (Carlina acaulis) Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
151
Angelica (Angelica archangelica) G-3, 32 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) G-4, 69 Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) G-s, 98 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
SPASTICITY, MUSCLE, SYMPTOMATIC ALLEVIATION OF
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) G-5, 92 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626
G-7, 130
.G-10, 270 G-11, 302
False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica)
301
29 67
SPRAINS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
(See under Pain, topical relief of) STERILITY
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) 91 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) . . . . . 346 STIMULANT
0-12,322 .0-12, 331
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus)
G-i4, 389 671 G-22, 697 G-24, 756 G-24, 761 0-26,833
SPASMS, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) c-8, 165
G-ie, 488 G-17, 516
STOMACH, DISSEMINATED ADENOCARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, stomach)
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) STOMACH, UPSET
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) STOMATITIS
SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema ammoniacum) Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
STOMACH, SOUR
SPERMATORRHEA
G-13, 386
SPASM, GASTRIC
English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) .. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) Sloe (Prunus spinosa) ... Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) ...
Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Linden (Tilia species) .. . G-ie, 477 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) . G-23, 738 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826
G-4, 38 G-7, 130
Contrayerva (Dorstenia contrayerva) 218 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) 305 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) .. .G-11, 30* Grains-of-Paradise . (Aframomum melegueta) G-13, 362 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Guarana (Paullinia cupana) ... 376 Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) 378 • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 • Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) G-3, 22 American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) 27 • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35 • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 • Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-S, 75 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-S, 94 • Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) '... G-6, 104 Bugle (Ajuga reptans) ... o-e, 12s Catechu (Acacia catechu) .. .. 163 • Cinquefoil (Poientilla erecta) G-8, 192 • Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) G-8, 195 • Coffee (Coffea arabica) .. G-9, 202 • Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261 English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270 • English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-11, 278 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
1-1 24/STOMATITIS European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) G-14, 393 • High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 • Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 41s Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens) 426 • Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 • Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 • Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) G-is, 456 • Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-IS, 457 • Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum) :. . 467 • Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) sos • Myrrh (Commiphora molmoJ) G-IS, 534 • Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-i8, 549 • Onion (Allium cepa) G-19,557 • Peppermint (Mentha piperita) G-19, sso Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) .G-19, S9i • Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20, eio • Rhatany (Krameria triandra) . . . . 641 • Rose (Rosa centifolia) '.. 644 Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .G-21, 648 • Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, ess • Scotch Pine (Pinus Species) G-22, 674 Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 68i • Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . .. G-22, 697 Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES • Spruce (Picea species) Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) • Usnea (Usnea species) • White Nettle (Lamium album) Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctorid) Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium)
714 G-24, 750 757 775 778 G-25, 806 Q-26, 812 G-26, 818
STOMATITIS, RECURRENT APHTHOUS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Common Stonecrop (Sedum acre) Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus)
215 795
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 SWOLLEN ANKLES
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) G-IS, 455 SYNCOPE
Ignatius Beans (Strychnos ignatii) 4ie Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 SYPHILIS
(See under T. pallidum infections)
STRANGURIA
Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon)
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
619
STREP THROAT
(See under Streptococci species upper respiratory tract infections) STREPTOCOCCI SPECIES UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) Thuja (Thuja occidentalis)
G-9, 212 G-24, 759
STREPTOCOCCUS TONSILLITIS
(See under Streptococci species upper respiratory tract infections) STROKE, ISCHEMIC
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis)
SWELLING AND FRACTURES
G-8, i e s . G-ie, 47s
STYES
Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)
300
Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) 141 Clematis (Clematis recta) .G-8, 194 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) 338 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 3S9 Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) 37s Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-IS, 443 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus) . . 5 4 1 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) ; .. .G-21, 662 TACHYCARDIA, UNSPECIFIED
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
91 770
SUNBURN, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical relief of) • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
TAPEWORM INFECTIONS
(See under Infections, tapeworm)
INDICATIONS INDEX
ULCERS, L E G / I - 1 2 5
TEETHING
Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas)
0-17, 493
TETANUS
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
(See under Pharyngitis, symptomatic relief of)
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
(See under T. pallidum infections)
THROMBOPHLEBITIS
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 THYROID DYSFUNCTION
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) .G-3, 12 Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) 446 TINEA CAPITIS INFECTIONS
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-i8, 528 TINNITUS
Calamint (Calamintha nepeta) : . . . 138 • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . .G-12,342 TOBACCO WITHDRAWAL, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-18,551
TONSILLITIS
Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa)
0-11,311
Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) 757 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) G-25,809 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26,812 Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . .0-26,841 TOOTH DECAY
'
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
TREMOR, KINETIC
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226 Cowslip (Primula veris) 231
THROAT, SORE
Oats (Avena sativa)
• St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) G-23, 719 • Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744
G-9, 201
TRACHEITIS
Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) TRAUMA, BLUNT
• Arnica (Arnica montana) 41 • Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212
TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY
TUMORS, BENIGN EPITHELIAL
(See under Warts, common, removal of) TYPHUS FEVER
Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria)
G-26, 812
ULCERS, DECUBITUS, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) G-24, 764 ULCERS, DUODENAL
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 German Sarsaparilla (Carex arenaria) 336 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-14, 401 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) G-15, 448 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) G-IS, 536
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Calamus (Acorus calamus) Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-7, 134 G-7, 138 233 G-IO, 248 G-i6, 469
TUBERCULOSIS, TREATMENT ADJUNCT
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61 Chickweed (Stellaria media) iso Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, ISI Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Spruce (Picea species) ....... 714 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 TUMOR THERAPY ADJUVANT
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) ... G-3, 16 Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . . 117 Canadian Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) .. G-7, 144 • European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
G-11, 291
TUMOR, MALIGNANT
Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
399 786
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
ULCERS, GASTRIC
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) G-7, 134 Calamus (Acorus calamus) G-7, 138 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) G-9, 212 Common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) .G-14, 391 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-ie, 469 Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17,497 Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565 Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) 697 ULCERS, LEG
Linden (Tilia species) . .. .G-ie, 477 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626
1-126/URETHRITIS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
URETHRITIS
Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) G-ie, 468 URINARY BLADDER WITH RETENTION, NEUROGENIC ATONY OF
Snowdrop nivalis)
(Galanthus 700
URINARY FREQUENCY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga) G-6, 121 Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 • Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) G-20, 618 • Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) G-21, 664 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668 • Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 URINARY INCONTINENCE
Sweet Sumach (Rhus aromatica)
748
URINARY RETENTION, UNSPECIFIED
Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Alisma (Alisma plantago-aquatica) G-3, 13 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) .. G-4, SO Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, ei Bean Pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, es Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) •. G-5, 73 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-S, 97 Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) G-6, 10s
Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) G-6, 111 Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-6, 114 British Elecampane (Inula britannica) 119 Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 California Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica) G-7, 140 Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193 Club Moss (Lycopodium clavatum) 196 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) G-8, 199 Coolwort (Tiarella cordifolia) G-9, 219 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) G-9, 221 Corn Silk (Zea mays) 224 Cubeb (Piper cubeba) 23s Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) G-IO, 254 Dog Rose (Rosa canind) G-IO, 254 Eryngo (Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) G-12, 313 German Ipecac (Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) . . . . : .G-13, 301 Greater Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) ... G-13, 367 Hartstongue (Scolopendrium vulgare) .: 381 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13,383 Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) . . . . . . . . . G-14, 393 High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 39s Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) G-14,413 I • Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) 433 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) G-16, 485 Madder (Rubia tinctorum) G-ie, 490 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris spicata) G-17, 503 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525 Myrtle (Myrtw communis) G-18, 536 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) 543 Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) G-19, 559 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) G-19, 567 Parsley Piert (Aphanes arvensis) 570 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) G-IO, 571 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Pellitory-of-the-Wall v (Parietaria officinalis) .578 Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) G-20, 595 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) G-20, eoo Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Round-Leafed Wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia) 647 Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra) G-21, 650 Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, eei Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662
INDICATIONS INDEX
VOMITING/I-127
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolicd) 671 Short Buchu (Barosma betulina) 69i Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) 699 Sneezewort {Achillea ptarmicd) 700 Speedwell {Veronica officinalis) G-23, 710 Squill {Urginea maritima) G-23, 717 Sweet Cicely {Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743 Sweet Sumach {Rhus aromatica) 748 Sweet Vernal Grass {Anthoxanthum odoratum) G-24, 749 Trailing Arbutus {Epigae repens) 768 Triticum {Agropyron repens) G-25, 77i Turkey Corn {Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Wild Daisy {Bellis perennis) G-26, S I I Wild Service Tree {Sorbus torminalis) 814 Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum) G-26, S I S Winter Cherry {Physalis alkekengi) G-26, 819 Wood Betony {Betonica officinalis) . . . . . . . G-26, 825 Yellow Lupin {Lupinus luteUS)
839
Yellow Toadflax {Linaria vulgaris)
840
URINARY TRACT PAIN, RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, urinary tract) {Claviceps purpurea)
280
UTERINE BLEEDING
Canadian Fleabane {Erigeron canadensis)
.. o-7, 144
UTERINE SPASTICITY
Valerian {Valeriana officinalis)
VENOUS STASIS
541
VAGINAL PROLAPSE
Alteris {Aletris farinosa)
G-25, 783
VAGINAL ITCHING
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
G-6, 124
VERRUCAS VULGARIS INFECTION
3
(See under Warts, common, removal of)
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
Acacia {Acacia arabica) Feverfew {Tanacetum parthenium)
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)
11
VERTIGO
G - H , 306
VENEREAL DISEASE
Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 German Sarsaparilla {Carex arenarid) 336 VENOUS CONDITIONS
Beth Root {Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculent'im) G-6, 124 • Butcher's Broom {Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194 Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Grape {Vitis vinifera) . . . .G-13, 362 Great Burnet {Sanguisorba officinalis) G-13, 366 • Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Lemon Verbena {Aloysia triphylla) 463 Marigold {Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Pimpinella {Pimpinella major) G-19,591 Purple Loosestrife {Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620 • Sweet Clover {Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 • Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
UTERINE ATONY, POSTPARTUM
Ergot
Nerve Root {Cypripedium calceolus)
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) G-13, 359 Grape (Vitis vinifera) ... .G-13, 362 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Sweet Clover {Melilotus officinalis) G-24, 744 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 • Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) Behen (Moringa oleifera) Cowslip (Primula veris) European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
51 67 231
G-11, 291
Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus) 312 • Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) G-24, 746 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Dusty Miller (Senecio bicolor)
258
VITAMIN C, DEFICIENCY OF
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) .G-10,254 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) .. G-12, 326 Lemon (Citrus limon) . . . . 460 Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) . G-16,476 Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .G-is, 525 Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia officinalis) G-22, 679 P Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) 814 VITAMIN E, DEFICIENCY OF
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
228
VOMITING (See also under Motion sickness) Almond (Prunus dulcis) 15 American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) 27
1-128/VOMITING Black Horehound {Ballota nigra) G-5, 98 British Elecampane {Inula britannica) 119 California Peppertree (Schinus molle) 139 Carob {Ceratonia siliqua) G-7, 151 Cascarilla {Croton eluteria) . . . 156 Common Kidney Vetch {Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Giant Milkweed {Calotropis gigantea) 338 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Lemon Balm {Melissa officinalis) G-16, 461 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris) G-i8, 530 Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Sneezewort {Achillea ptarmica) 700 White Hellebore {Veratrum album) G-25, 803 VOMITING, INDUCTION OF
Asarum {Asarum europaeum) 48 Baneberry {Actaea spicata) . . . .60 Black Bryony {Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Cocillana Tree {Guraea rusbyi) 198 European Peony (Paeonia officinalis) 0-11, 295 German Ipecac {Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 335 Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola officinalis) . . . . . . . . . . . G-13, 385 Indian Physic {Gillenia trifoliata) 421 Ipecac {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Mountain Flax {Linum catharticum) 526 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) 589 Poke {Phytolacca americana) G-20, 602
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES White Bryony {Bryonia alba)
W O U N D CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
G-25, 800
VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
{See under Candidiasis, vaginal) WARTS
Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 • Bittersweet Nightshade {Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88 Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) 141 Cashew {Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Celandine {Chelidonium majUS) G-8, 169 Common Stonecrop {Sedum acre) 215 Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 Giant Milkweed {Calotropis gigantea) 338 Houseleek {Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Indian-Hemp {Apocynum cannabinum) 418 • Mayapple {Podophyllum peltatum) G-17, 510 • Oats {Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Spurge {Euphorbia resinifera) 7ie Sundew {Drosera ramentacea) 740 WARTS, COMMON, REMOVAL OF
Savin Tops {Juniperus sabina)
G-21, 663
WARTS, GENITAL {See under Condylomata acuminata) WEIGHT, REDUCTION OF
Brown Kelp {Macrocystis pyrifera) Pineapple {Ananas comosus)
122 593
WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Bronchial asthma) WHOOPING COUGH
{See under Pertussis) WITHDRAWAL, NARCOTIC, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Barberry {Berberis vulgaris)
G-4, 61
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Alkanet {Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13 American White Pond Lily {Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28 Ammoniac Gum {Dorema ammoniacum) 29 Basil {Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64 Behen {Moringa oleifera) 67 Beth Root {Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) G-5, SO Bistort {Persicaria bistorta) G-5, 82 Black Currant {Ribes nigrum) G-5, 94 Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) G-6, 101 Bladderwort {Utricularia vulgaris) G-6, 105 Brazilian Pepper Tree {Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117 Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 Bugle {Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 • Cajuput {Melaleuca leucadendra) G-7, 136 Carline Thistle {Carlina acaulis) 151 Cascara Sagrada {Rhamnus purshiana) G-7, 153 Cat's Claw {Unicaria tomentosa) ieo Catechu {Acacia catechu) 163 Chickweed {Stellaria media) iso Cinnamon {Cinnamomum verum) G-8, 190 Clematis {Clematis recta) .G-8, 194 Coconut Palm {Cocos nucifera) G-9, 201 Coffee {Coffea arabica) .. G-9, 202 Cola {Cola acuminata) 205 Common Kidney Vetch {Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214 Common Stonecrop {Sedum acre) 215 Digitalis {Digitalis purpurea) G-IO, 248
INDICATIONS INDEX
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN/I-129
Dogwood (Cornus florida) G-10, 256 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) 261 • Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261 Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-IO, 269 English Ivy (Hedera helix)
G-10, 275
English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) G-II, 278 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-II, 304 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) G-II, 306 Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) 323 • German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) G-13, 355 Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) G-i3f 366 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) 372 Heather (Calluna vulgaris) G-13, 383 High Mallow (Malva sylvestris) G-14, 395 Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) G-i4, 401 • Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) G-14, 409 Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 410 Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) G-14, 411 Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415
Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica)
419
Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) 429 Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube) 439 Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) .G-15, 455 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) G-16, 48i Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) G-ie, 485 • Marigold (Calendula officinalis) G-17, 497 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) 505 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mouse Ear (Pilosella officinarum) 529 Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) G-18, 532 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Ox-Eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) 563 Petasites (Petasites hybridus)
G-19, 585
Pimpinella (Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 • Pineapple (Ananas comosus) : . . . . 593 • Poplar (Populus species) .G-20, 607 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) . G-2i, 645 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) ... G-22, 668 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) ......... G-22, 680 • Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) ....... .G-22, 690
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Teazle (Dipsacus silvestris) • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba)
697 G-23, 710
G-23, 719 G-23, 741 G-24, 757 G-24, 764
G-25, 769
Vervain (Verbena officinalis) . .G-25, 788 Virola (Virola theiodora) 789 Water Dock (Rumex aquaticus) 795 Water Germander (Teucrium scordium) 797 White Fir (Abies alba) 802 White Lily (Lilium candidum) 804 Wild Daisy (Bellis perennis) G-26, 811 Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) G-26, 812 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) G-26, 818 • Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) G-26, 821 Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) G-26, 826 Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) 827 Wormwood {Artemisia absinthium) G-26, 829 Woundwort (Stachys palustris) 832 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) G-26, 833 Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) . . . ..........840
1-131
Homeopathic Indications Index Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the botanicals used by homeopaths for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed alphabetically by scientific name, with the accepted common name shown in parentheses. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these botanicals, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
ABDOMINAL CRAMPS
{See under Cramps, abdominal, symptomatic relief of) ABRASIONS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of) ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of) AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma) AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
{See under Menstrual disorders) ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Lycoperdon species (Puff Ball)
618
ANGINA
{See under Angina pectoris) ANGINA PECTORIS
Nicotiana tabacum (TobaCCO) Spigelia anthelmia (Wormwood Grass)
.0-24, 762 831
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO MENOPAUSE
{See under Menopause, management of the manifestations of)
Aconitum napellus (Monkshood) G-IS, 521 Amanita muscaria (Aga) G-3, 8 Anamirta cocculus (Fish Berry) 312 Aquilegia vulgaris (Columbine) G-9, 211 Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) G-26, 829 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) 726 Ferula sumbul (Sumbul) .. G-23, 738 Humulus lupulus (Hops) .. .G-i4, 400 Leonurus japonicus (Chinese Motherwort) 183 Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) G-IS, 545 Origanum majorana (Sweet Marjoram) G-24, 746 Papaver rhoeas (Corn Poppy) .. 223 Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) . G-14, 392 Passiflora incarnata (Passion Flower) G-19, 373 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Spigelia marilandica (Pink Root) 594
Strophanthus gratus (Strophanthus Gratus) Strophanthus hispidus (Kombe Seed) Strychnos ignatii (Ignatius Beans) Strychnos mix vomica (Nux Vomica) Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree)
736 450 416 G-18, 547 G-8, 176
APPETITE, SUPPRESSION OF
{See under Obesity, exogenous) APPREHENSION
{See under Anxiety disorders, management of) ARRHYTHMIAS
Iberis amara (Bitter Candytuft) Viscum album (European Mistletoe)
84 0-11, 291
ARTHRALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical relief of) ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL
{See under Bronchial asthma) BACKACHE, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical relief of)
1 - 1 3 2 / B A C T E R I U R I A A S S O C I A T E D WITH CYSTITIS BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR SUPPRESSION OF
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
Ruta graveolens (Rue) Verbena officinalis (Vervain)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
G-21, 648 G-2S, 788
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
BULIMIA NERVOSA
G-8, 169
423 G-IO, 271 G-H, 291
196
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Aralia racemosa (Spikenard) Aspidosperma quebrachobianco (Quebracho) Betonica officinalis (Wood Betony) Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac) Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) Lobelia inflata (Lobelia) ..
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias) CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
G-23, 711 623 G-26, 825 423 G-23, 719 G-ie, 479
.G-IO,
266
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac) 423 Cetraria islandica (Iceland Moss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 5 Dorema ammoniacum (Ammoniac Gum) .29 Myroxylon balsamum (Tolu Balsam) .G-24, 764
84 736
BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
(See under Bronchial asthma) BRUISES
G-26, 811
Adonis vernalis (Adonis) G-3, 5 Apocynum cannabinum (Indian-Hemp) 4is Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) G-13, 369 Crataegus laevigata (English Hawthorn) G-10, 271 Digitalis purpurea (Digitalis) G-IO, 248 Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel) G-IS, 528 Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) . . . . . . . . . . . o - i s , 524 Prunus spinosa (Sloe) . . . . G-22, 697 Spigelia anthelmia (Wormwood Grass) 83i Strophanthus hispidus (Kombe" Seed) 450 CATHARTIC
Quassia amara (Amargo) . . . G-3, 23 CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY
Conium maculatum (Hemlock) Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) CHEILITIS, ACTINIC Marsdenia condurango (Condurango)
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-4, 52
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
...
CALCULOSIS
Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus) Iberis amara (Bitter Candytuft) Strophanthus gratus (Strophanthus Gratus)
280
Aralia racemosa (Spikenard) G-23, 711 Lemna minor (Duckweed) . .G-IO, 258 Mentha piperita (Peppermint) G-19, sso Mercurialis annua (Mercury Herb) G-17, 513
(See under Renal calculi)
BLOOD PURIFYING
Bellis perennis (Wild Daisy)
226
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
BLOOD PRESSURE PROBLEMS
Inula helenium (Elecampane)
CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
BURNS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
Lycopodium clavatum (Club Moss)
G-7, 144
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL DISSOLUTION OF
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac) Crataegus laevigata (English Hawthorn) Viscum album (European Mistletoe)
Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane)
BRUISES, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR SUPPRESSION OF
Chelidonium majus (Celandine)
CHOLECYSTITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-13, 386 G-23, 719
Allium cepa (Onion) Gratiola officinalis (Hedge-Hyssop)
G-19, 557 G-13, 385
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, ADJUNCT IN
(See under Edema, adjunctive therapy in) CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Ilex aquifolium (Holly)
G-14, 397
CONSTIPATION
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Collinsonia canadensis (Stone Root)
G-26, 833 G-23, 733
CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-26, 833 Artemisia cina (Wormseed) . . . . . 827 Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) G-IS, 530 Oenanthe crocata (Water Dropwort) 795 Passiflpra incarnata (Passion Flower) G-19, 573 Verbena officinalis (Vervain) G-25, 788 CORYZA, ACUTE
(See under Cold, common, symptomatic relief of) COUGH, CHRONIC
216
Inula helenium (Elecampane)
G-IO, 266
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX
DYSPEPSIA/1-1 3 3
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax) Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry Laurel)
Buxus sempervirens (BoXWOOd) Daphne mezereum (Mezereon)
0-26, 833 526 G-8, 179
{See under Pertussis) CRADLE CAP
DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDRESPONSIVE
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Dermatitis, seborrheic) CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-14, 408 G-26, 829
CRETINISM
{See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in) CUTS, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of) DANDRUFF
{See under Dermatitis, seborrheic) DEBILITY
Betonica officinalis (Wood Betony) Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) Panax ginseng (Ginseng)
G-17, 515
{See under Skin, inflammatory conditions)
COUGH, WHOOPING
Armoracia rusticana (Horseradish) Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
G-6, 116
G-26, 825 G-20,626 726 346
DELIRIUM
Pastinaca sativa (Parsnip) . .o-i», 571 DEPRESSION, RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS
Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) 0-13, 369 Conium maculatum (Hemlock). 0-13,386 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) .. 726 Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) 0-23, 7i» Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Strychnos ignatii (Ignatius Beans) . . . . ;. 416 Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . .G-24, 759
Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley) G-12, 316 Alchemilla vulgaris (Lady's Mantle) G-15, 456 Apocynum cannabinum (Indian-Hemp) 418 Asarum europaeum (Asarum) . . . .48 Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) G-20, 626 Corydalis cava (Corydalis) 226 Euphorbia cyparissias (Cypress Spurge) G-9, 242 Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida) 47 Glechoma hederacea (Ground Ivy) 372 Helleborus niger (Black Hellebore) G-a, 97 Helleborus viridis (Green Hellebore) 368 Ipomoea purga (Jalap) G-IS, 427 Leptandra virginica (Black Root) 104 Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax) 526 Nicotiana tabacum (TobaCCO) . . .' G-24, 762 Nymphaea odorata (American White Pond Lily) 0-3, 28 Rheum palmatum (Chinese Rhubarb) o-s, iss Ricinus communis (Castor Oil Plant) G-7, isa Sanguisorba officinalis (Great Burnet) G-13,366 Sanicula europaea (European Sanicle) 296 Veratrum album (White Hellebore) G-25,803
Allium sativum (Garlic) .. . G-12, 327 Allium ursinum (Bear's Garlic) 66 Capsicum annuum (Cayenne) G-8, ies Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G-4, 59 Cornus florida (Dogwood) G-IO, 256 Gentiana lutea (Yellow Gentian) 836 Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) G-13, 355 Ilex paraguariensis (Mate) G-17, sos Iris species (Orris) G-19, sei Juniperus communis (Juniper) G-15, 440 Knautia arvensis (Field Scabious) G-II, 310 Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato)
G-24, 766
Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331 Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) G-IS, 545 Picrasma excelsa (Quassia) 622 Raphanus sativus (Radish) . G-20, 628 Rhamnus catharticus (Buckthorn) G-e, 123 Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara Sagrada) G-7, 153 Silphium laciniatum (Rosinweed) G-21, 646 Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) 753 Taxus baccata (Yew) G-26, 84i DROPSY
{See under Edema, idiopathic) DYSENTERY
Sophora japonica (Pagoda Tree) . . .
564
DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Anamirta cocculus (Fish Berry) . . .312 Aquilegia vulgaris (Columbine) .. . . . . G-9, 211 Cicuta virosa (European Water Hemlock) . G-II, 297
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
DYSPEPSIA
Agrostemma githago (Corn Cockle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
{See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of)
1 - 1 3 4 / E A R , I N F L A M M A T I O N , MIDDLE
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
EAR, INFLAMMATION, MIDDLE
FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Capsicum annuum (Cayenne)
Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida) 47 Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) G-IS, 524
G-8, i65
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions)
FROSTBITE, POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN
Calendula officinalis (Marigold)
EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Apocynum cannabinum (Indian-Hemp)
FURUNCULOSIS
418
EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
226
GALACTORRHEA
Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax)
526
ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL
Helleborus niger (Black Hellebore)
G-17, 497
Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)
G-6, 103
GALLSTONES G-5, 97
{See under Biliary calculi, chemical dissolution of)
EPILEPSY
Oenanthe crocata (Water Dropwort)
GASTRITIS 795
EXHAUSTION
Asarum europaeum (Asarum) . . . .48 Avena sativa (Oats) G-IS, 551 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) 726 Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) G-IS, 443 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) 6oo FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Amanita muscaria (Aga) G-3, 8 Artemisia cina (Wormseed) 827 Asimina triloba (American Pawpaw) 27 Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) G-20,626 Cornus florida (Dogwood) .G-10, 256 Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset) .' c-e, 113 Phytolacca americana (Poke) G-20, 602 Pimpinella major (Pimpinella) G-19,591 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-S, 88 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547
Agrostemma githago (Corn Cockle) Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane)
Punica granatum (Pomegranate) G-20, eos Quassia amara (Amargo) . . .G-3, 23 Rhamnus frangula (Frangula) G-12, 317 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) 600 Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) G-21, 645 Sinapis alba (White Mustard) G-25, 805 Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-5, 88 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547 Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasm, smooth muscle) 222 G-26, 829
GENITOURINARY TRACT, SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasm, smooth muscle) GLANDS, SWOLLEN
726 G-7, 144
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley) G-12, 316 Aletris farinosa (Alteris) 11 Aloe ferox (Cape Aloe) 16 Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) G-4, 69 Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) G-5, 100 Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) G-13, 369 Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac) 423 Chamaemelum nobile (English Chamomile) . . . G-10,270 Cochlearia officinalis (Scurvy Grass) G-22, 679 Colchicum autumnale (Colchicum) G-9, 206 Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida) 47 Geranium maculatum (Cranesbill) 233 Marsdenia condurango (Condurango) 216 Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) G-15, 443
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
GLANDULAR PROBLEMS
Conium maculatum (Hemlock) Phytolacca americana (Poke)
G-13, 386 . .G-20, 602
GOITER
Fucus vesiculosus (Bladderwrack)
106
GONORRHEA
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .G-4, 61 Colchicum autumnale (Colchicum) G-9, 206 Juniperus sabina (Savin Tops) G-21, 663 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) 128 GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)
G-13, 359
HAIR LOSS
Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood)
G-6, lie
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
HAY FEVER
(See under Pollinosis)
Quassia amara (Amargo) Spigelia anthelmia (Wormwood Grass)
. . . G-3, 23
Anamirta cocculus (Fish Berry) 312 Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) G-13, 369 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) 726 Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) G-6, 124 Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) . . . G-12, 342 Iris species (Orris) G-19, 56i Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) G-14, 392 Paullinia cupana (Guarana) 376 Primula veris (Cowslip) 231 Prunus spinosa (Sloe) G-22, 697 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Spigelia anthelmia (Wormwood Grass) 831 Strychnos mix vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547 HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
G - H , 297 240 o-io, 248 G-14, 392 258
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in)
HEMORRHOIDS
Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut) Aloe ferox (Cape Aloe) Collinsonia canadensis (Stone Root) . . Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane) Glechoma hederacea (Ground Ivy) Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel) Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax) Paeonia officinalis (European Peony) Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica)
G-14, 403 ie G-23, 733 G-7, 144 372
HYPOTHYROIDISM, PRIMARY
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in) HYPOTHYROIDISM, REPLACEMENT OR SUPPLEMENTAL THERAPY IN Brassica oleracea (Cabbage) G-7, 134 HYPOTHYROIDISM, SECONDARY
G-26, 821 526
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in)
G-11, 295
HYPOTHYROIDISM, TERTIARY
G-18, 547
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in)
HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Geranium maculatum (Cranesbill) 233 Vinca minor (Periwinkle) . . . . . . 5 8 4
Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane) Leptandra virginica (Black Root) .
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
HERPES ZOSTER INFECTIONS
HELMINTHIASIS
G-25, 803
(See under Pain, anorectal)
Daphne mezereum (Mezereon) Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel)
Artemisia cina (Wormseed) 827 Artemisia vulgaris (MugWOrt) G-18, 530 Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G - 4 , 59 Cicuta virosa (European Water Hemlock) G-II, 297 Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax) 526
.G-24, 762
HYPOTHYROIDISM, ORDINARY
(See under Pain, unspecified)
(See under Headache, migraine)
G-26, 833 280
HYPOTENSION
Nicotiana tabacum (TobaCCO) Veratrum album (White Hellebore)
HEMORRHOIDAL PAIN
HEADACHE, TENSION
HEADACHE, VASCULAR
HYPNOTIC
(See under Sleep, induction of) 83i
HEMORRHAGE, UNSPECIFIED
HEADACHE
Cicuta virosa (European Water Hemlock) Cyclamen europaeum (Cyclamen) Digitalis purpurea (Digitalis) Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) Senecio bicolor (Dusty Miller)
INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT/1-133
(See under Infection, tendency to) G-7, 144 104
G-17, 515 G-IS, 528
HYPERHIDROSIS
Salvia officinalis (Sage) . . . .G-21, 655 HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hedera helix (English Ivy) .G-10, 275 Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) G-18, 524 Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed) G-6, 126
INDIGESTION
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) INFECTION, TENDENCY TO Scrophularia nodosa (Figwort)
.G-11,311
INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo) Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed) Veratrum album (White Hellebore)
.0-26,812 c . G-IS, 436 G-25, 803
INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT
Agropyron repens (Triticum)
.G-25, 771
1 - 1 3 6 / I N F E C T I O N S , URINARY TRACT
Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel)
G-22, 668
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
(See under Gonorrhea) INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset) G-6, 113 Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) G-24, 766 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) 128 Ranunculus sceleratus (Poisonous Buttercup) . . . G-20, 601 INSECT BITES, PAIN DUE TO
(See under Pain, topical relief of) INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of) INTERTRIGO
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions)
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS) Mahonia aquifolium (Mountain Grape)
196 G-18, 527
LIVER DISORDERS
Chelidonium majus (Celandine) G-8, 169 Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G-4, 59 Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane) G-7, 144 Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) G-6, 124 Fumaria officinalis (Fumitory) G-12, 322 Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . . 453 Picrasma excelsa (Quassia) 622 Solidago virgaurea (European Golden Rod) . G-11, 289 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, S47 LYMPHEDEMA
Scrophularia (Figwort)
ITCHING, SKIN
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
Chimaphila umbellata (Pipsissewa) Oenanthe aquatica (Water Fennel)
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
G-11, 311
595 G-25, 796
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
G-8, 176
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)
G-12, 31 e
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium)
. . . 453
LEUKORRHEA
Alchemilla vulgaris ., (Lady's Mantle) Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower)
572
G-IS, 45s
G-ie, 461 572 eoo 258
MENSTRUAL SYNDROME, PRE-, MANAGEMENT OF
Cyclamen europaeum (Cyclamen)
240
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
(See under Headache, migraine)
Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) . Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade)
v . . .G-4,
69
128 G-e, 101
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF
Aristolochia clematitis (Birthwort)
Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS)
196
Gossypium herbaceum (Levant Cotton)
G-ie, 468
MUMPS
MUSCLE SPASM
MUSCLE TENSION
Abelmoschus moschatus (Muskmallow) MYALGIA
(See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of) MYALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
G-S, SO
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
MENORRHAGIA
MYXEDEMA
LIPS, DRY
Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane)
(See under Cheilitis, actinic)
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in)
726
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) Leptandra virginica (Black Root)
.G-4, ei .104
572
(See under Spasticity, muscle, symptomatic alleviation of)
MENINGITIS
Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree)
196
Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower)
MEASLES
G-4, 69
G-13, 355
MORNING SICKNESS
JOINTS, SWOLLEN
Atropa belladonna (Belladonna)
G-16, 468
MOOD SWINGS
nodosa
MASTITIS
ITCHING, SUNBURN
Gossypium herbaceum (Levant Cotton) Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS) Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) Senecio bicolor (Dusty Miller)
G-7, 144
Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) 109 Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane) . . . . . G - 7 , 144
MYXEDEMA COMA/PRECOMA
(See under Hypothyroidism, replacement or supplemental therapy in)
533
PROSTATITIS / 1 - 1 3 7
H O M E O P A T H I C I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
Sedum acre (Common Stonecrop)
NEURALGIA, TRIGEMINAL
PAIN, HEMORRHOIDAL
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
(See under Pain, anorectal)
NEURALGIA
726
(See under Pain, neurogenic) OBESITY, EXOGENOUS
338 141 ioe
Corydalis cava (Corydalis) 226 Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed) G-15, 436 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
Armoracia rusticana (Horseradish) Cochlearia officinalis (Scurvy Grass) Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) Dryopteris filix-mas (Male Fern) Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Rower) Senecio bicolor (Dusty Miller)
G-14, 408 G-22, 679 726 G-17, 493
ORCHITIS Rhododendron ferrugineum (Rust-Red Rhododendron)
572 258
eso
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITIS, TOPICAL
(See under Pain, topical relief of) PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS INJURIES
4*
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
PAIN, JOINT
G-3, 8 G-7, ISS
Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut) G-14, 403 Pimpinella anisum (Anise) . G-3, 35 Pimpinella major (Pimpinella) G-19, 591
(See under Cramps, abdominal, symptomatic relief of) PAIN, ANAL
(See under Pain, anorectal) PAIN, ANORECTAL
Krameria triandra (Rhatany) . . . . 64i
G-14, 392
Anamirta cocculus (Fish Berry) 312 Claviceps purpurea (Ergot) 280 Conium maculatum (Hemlock) G-13, 386 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-18, 547 PERITONITIS
Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632 PERTUSSIS
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Bellis perennis (Wild Daisy)
G-26, SI 1
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac) . . . Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry Laurel)
423 G-8, 179
PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Aconitum napellus (Monkshood) G-18, 521 Amanita muscaria (Aga) G-3, 8 Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) G-20, 626 Coffea arabica (Coffee) . . . . G-9, 202 Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel) G-18, 528 Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) G-14, 392 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) 128 Rhododendron ferrugineum (Rust-Red Rhododendron) .. .. eso Spigelia anthelmia (Wormwood Grass) 83i Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-18, 547 Veratrum album (White Hellebore) G-25, 803
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids) PMS
(See under Menstrual syndrome, pre-, management of) POISONING, ALCOHOL Amanita muscaria (Aga)
6-3, 8
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Cinchona pubescens (Quinine)
G-2O, 626
POLLINOSIS
Aralia racemosa (Spikenard) Justicia adhatoda (Malabar Nut)
G-23, 711 G-17, 492
POSTNASAL DRIP
(See under Cold, common, symptomatic relief of)
PAIN, TOOTH
Cheiranthus cheiri (Wallflower)
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
G-25, 792
(See under Menstrual syndrome, pre-, management of)
G-21, 648
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, BENIGN, SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
PAIN, TOPICAL RELIEF OF PAIN, ABDOMINAL
Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
PAIN, LUMBAR
OPHTHALMIA
-^
215
Amanita muscaria (Aga) Ricinus communis (Castor Oil Plant)
NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
Calotropis gigantea (Giant Milkweed) Calotropis procera (Calotropis) Fucus vesiculosus (Bladderwrack)
PALPITATIONS
Ruta graveolens (Rue) PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Allium cepa (Onion) G-19, 557 Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-18, 547
Chondrodendron tomentosum (Pareira)
566
PROSTATITIS
Chimaphila umbellata (Pipsissewa)
595
1 - 1 3 8 / P R U R I T U S , TOPICAL RELIEF OF PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) Fumaria officinalis (Fumitory) Pinus species (Scotch Pine) Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) Smilax species (Sarsaparilla)
G-7, 157 G-13, 359 G-6, 124 G-12, 322 G-22, 674 600 G-21, 661
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions) RENAL CALCULI
Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus) G-4, 52 Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) G-4, 6i Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's Purse) G-22, 690 Galium aparine (Cleavers) 193 RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Apocynum cannabinum (Indian-Hemp) 418 Solidago virgaurea (European Golden Rod) . G-11, 289 RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . G-12, 327 Armoracia rusticana (Horseradish) G-i4, 408 Aspidosperma quebrachobianco (Quebracho) 623 Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) G-4, 69 Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) G-5, 100 Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632 Chelidonium majus (Celandine) G-S, 169 Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) G-20, 626 Corydalis cava (Corydalis) 226 Eupatorium cannabinum (Hemp Agrimony) G-13, 388 Euphorbia cyparissias (Cypress Spurge) G-S, 242 Euphorbia resinifera (Spurge) . . . 71 e
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 27s Iris species (Orris) G-19, sei Justicia adhatoda (Malabar Nut) G-17, 492 Knautia arvensis (Field Scabious) G-11, 310 Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS) 196 Marrubium vulgare (Horehound) G-14, 401 Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile) .. . G-12, 331 Oenanthe aquatica (Water Fennel) G-25, 796 Phytolacca americana (Poke) G-20, 602 Pinus species (Scotch Pine) G-22, 674 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Sambucus nigra (European Elder) G-11, 287 Sinapis alba (White Mustard) G-25, 805 Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade) .. . G-5, 88 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547 Teucrium scorodonia (Wood Sage) G-26, 826 Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) G-24, 7»o RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Actaea spicata (Baneberry) eo Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . .G-12, 327 Apium graveolens (Celery) . G-8, 172 Bellis perennis (Wild Daisy) .0-26,811 Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .o-4> ei Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632 Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) . . . io» Chelidonium majus (Celandine) . . . G-8, 169 Colchicum autumnale (Colchicum) G-9, 20* Corydalis cava (Corydalis) . . . . 226 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) 726
Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet) G-17, 511 Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's Claw) 247 Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 275 Juniperus sabina (Savin Tops) G-21, 663 Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel) G-IS, 528 Linum catharticum (Mountain Flax) 526 Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) G-24, 766 Mercurialis annua (Mercury Herb) G-17, 513 Panax ginseng (Ginseng) 346 Phytolacca americana (Poke) G-20, 602 Pinus species (Scotch Pine) G-22, 674 Polygonum aviculare (Knotweed) G-IS, 448 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) 128 Ranunculus sceleratus (Poisonous Buttercup) . .. G-20, 601 Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara Sagrada) G-7, 153 Rhododendron ferrugineum (Rust-Red Rhododendron) . . . . eso Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Ruta graveolens (Rue) G-21, 648 Smilax species (Sarsaparilla) G-21, eei Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-5, 88 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547 Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759 Viola odorata (Sweet Violet) G-24, 750 Viscum album (European Mistletoe) . . . . .G-11, 291 SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) SCABIES
(See under Sarcoptes scabiei infestations) N
726
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS / I - 1 3 9
SCARLATINA
Asimina triloba (American Pawpaw)
27
SCARLET FEVER
(See under Scarlatina) SCROFULOSIS
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
SEBORRHEA
Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre)
726
SEDATION
(See under Sleep, induction of) SEPTICEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Baptisia tinctoria (Wild Indigo)
G-26, SI 2
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Origanum majorana (Sweet Marjoram) Origanum vulgare (Oregano) Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree)
G-24, 746 G-19, 559 G-8, 176
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, FEMALE
Euphorbia cyparissias (Cypress Spurge) G-9, 242 Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) G-6, 124 Lycoperdon species (Puff Ball) 618 Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS) 196 Mahonia aquifolium (Mountain Grape) G-IS, 527 Marsdenia condurango (Condurango) 216 Primula veris (Cowslip) 231 Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup) 128 Ranunculus sceleratus (Poisonous Buttercup) .. . G-20, 601 Raphanus sativus (Radish) . G-20, 628 Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy) eoo Smilax species (Sarsaparilla) G-21, 661 Taxus baccata (Yew) G-26, 84i Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759
SPASTICITY, MUSCLE, SYMPTOMATIC ALLEVIATION OF
SKIN ULCERS
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
Clematis recta (Clematis) .. G-8, 194
SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
SKIN, DRY, MOISTURIZATION OF
Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea)
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Coffea arabica (Coffee) . . . G-9, 202 Eschscholtzia californica (California Poppy) G-7, 140 Humulus lupulus (Hops) . . G-14, 400 Ipomoea purga (Jalap) G-IS, 427 Passiflora incarnata (Passion Flower) G-19, 573 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-18, 547 SMOKING CESSATION, TEMPORARY AID TO
Lobelia inflata (Lobelia) . . G-16, 479 SPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE
Petasites hybridus (Petasites)
G-19, 585
SPASMS, UNSPECIFIED
Strychnos ignatii (Ignatius Beans)
4ie
280
Apium graveolens (Celery) . G-8, 172 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572
Mahonia aquifolium (Mountain Grape)
SHINGLES
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under Herpes zoster infections)
Anacardium occidentale
STIMULANT
(Cashew)
SINU-BRONCHITIS
Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
c-13,35s
SKIN DISORDERS
G - 7 , 157
Cicuta virosa (European Water Hemlock) Daphne mezereum
G-26,811
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) . G-4, 61 Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold) . . . . . . .G-I 7,503 Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) : G-13, 359 Cinchona pubescens (Quinine) G-20, 626 Daphne mezereum (Mezereon) G-17,515
SPRAINS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Veratrum album (White Hellebore)
G-25,803
0-11,297 STOMACH, UPSET
(Mezereon)
Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel) ......G-22, 668 Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) G-4, 69 Bellis perennis ( W i l d Daisy) . . . . . . . .
G-18, 527
541
G-17, 515
Euphorbia resinifera (Spurge) . . . 716 Fumaria officinalis (Fumitory) G-12, 322 Pinus species (Scotch Pine) . . . . . . . . . . G-22,674 Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade)—0-5, 88 Vinca minor (Periwinkle) 584 Viola tricolor (Heartsease) . . . . . . 3 8 2
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) STOMATITIS
Asimina triloba (American Pawpaw) Capsicum annuum (Cayenne)
.27 G-8, ies
Galium aparine (Cleavers)
193
SUNBURN, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
SKIN, IRRITATION, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
SYPHILIS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under T. pallidum infections)
SLEEP DISORDERS
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
Avena sativa (Oats)
G-18, 551
Stillingia sylvatica (Stillingia) . . . 729
1-140/TEETHING
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
TEETHING
Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331 Rheum palmatum (Chinese Rhubarb) G-8, ISS THYROID DYSFUNCTION
Iris species (Orris)
G-19, 561
TONSILLITIS
Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) G-4, 69 Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) . . . G-12, 342 Scrophularia nodosa (Figwort)
G-11, 311
TRACHEITIS
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . .453 TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
(See under T. pallidum infections) ULCERS, GASTRIC
Inula helenium (Elecampane)
G-IO, 266
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Uva-Ursi) G-25, 779 Capsicum annuum (Cayenne) G-8, 165 Chimaphila umbellata (Pipsissewa) 595 Chondrodendron tomentosum (Pareira) 566 Colchicum autumnale (Colchicum) G-9, 206 Delphinium staphisagria (Stavesacre) .726 Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane) G-7, 144 Geum urbanum (Bennet's Root) G-4, 71 Gratiola officinalis (Hedge-Hyssop) G-13, 385 Helleborus niger (Black Hellebore) G-S, 97 Juniperus communis (Juniper) G-15, 440 Juniperus sabina (Savin Tops) G-21, 663
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . . 453 Myroxylon balsamum (Tolu Balsam) G-24, 764 Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) 798 Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) G-19, 567 Piper cubeba (Cubeb) 235 Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) G-15, 443 Pulsatilla pratensis (Pasque Flower) 572 Rhus aromatica (Sweet Sumach) 748 Santalum album (Sandalwood) 659 Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) G-21, 664 Smilax species (Sarsaparilla) G-21, 66i Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) G-18, 547 Viola tricolor (Heartsease) 382 UTERINE BLEEDING
Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's Purse) Gossypium herbaceum (Levant Cotton) Juniperus sabina (Savin Tops) Sanguisorba officinalis (Great Burnet)
G-22, 690 G-16, 468
G-26, 821 196 699 G-21, 648 G-13, 366
VERTIGO
Anamirta cocculus (Fish Berry) Paris quadrifolia (Herb Paris) Strychnos nux vomica (Nux Vomica) Viscum album (European Mistletoe) VOMITING Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley) Apocynum cannabinum (Indian-Hemp) Aquilegia vulgaris (Columbine) Asimina triloba (American Pawpaw) Nicotiana tabacum (TobaCCO)
312 G-14, 392 G-18, 547 G-11, 291
G-12, 316 418 G-9, 211 27 G-24, 762
G-21, 663 WARTS
G-13, 366
UTERINE PROLAPSE
Aletris farinosa (Alteris)
Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel) Lycopodium clavatum (Club MOSS) Persicaria hydropiper (Smartweed) Ruta graveolens (Rue) Sanguisorba officinalis (Great Burnet)
. . . . . . . .11
Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel) Juniperus sabina (Savin Tops)
G-22, 668 G-21, 663
UTERINE SPASTICITY
WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot) 280 Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile) .. . .G-12, 331
(See under Bronchial asthma) WHOOPING COUGH
(See under Pertussis)
VARICOSE VEINS
(See under Veins, varicose, obliteration of) VEINS, VARICOSE, OBLITERATION OF
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
G-26, 8 3 3
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN Aristolochia clematitis (Birthwort) G-5, SO Calendula officinalis (Marigold) G-17, 497 Clematis recta (Clematis) .. G-8, 194
1-141
Asian Indications Index Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the botanicals used in Asian medicine for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. An "I" in parentheses indicates Indian usage; a "C" denotes Chinese medical applications. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these botanicals, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
AMENORRHEA
ABORTION
{See under Pregnancy, termination of) ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of) ACID INDIGESTION
{See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) ACNE, UNSPECIFIED
Duckweed {Lemna minor) (C)
.G-IO, 258
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma) ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) .. G-4, 74 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) .. 0-8, 165 ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, MANAGEMENT OF
Coffee {Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202 Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) (C) G-20, 626 Tamarind {Tamarindus indica) (I) 753
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, ie Astragalus {Astragalus species) (C) .54 Bog Bean {Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) (I) G-7, 130 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (C) 182 Chinese Rhubarb {Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) (I) .. .0-14, 391 Myrrh {Commiphora molmol) (C) . . . . . . . . . . . .G-18, S34 Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 Safflower {Carthamus tinctorius) (C) . . . 652 Saffron {Crocus sativus) (C) G-21, 653
AMNESIA
Lemon-Wood {Schisandra sphenanthera) (C)
464
ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Arjun Tree {Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Cassia {Cassia angustifolia) (J) 684 Chocolate Vine {Akebia quinata) (C) . . . . . . 189 Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11,302 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) (I) .. .0-14, 391 Lycium Berries .{Lycium barbarum) (I,C) 487 Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-18,547 Plumbago {Plumbago zeylanica) (C) t 599 Senna {Cassia senna) (I) .. G-22,684 ANGINA
{See under Angina pectoris) ANGINA PECTORIS
AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
{See under Menstrual disorders)
Ginkgo {Ginkgo biloba) (C) . . . . .0-12, 342
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-142/ANGINA
PECTORIS
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Tropical Almond {Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 Zedoary {Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
APPREHENSION
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO MENOPAUSE
{See under Anxiety disorders, management of)
{See under Menopause, management of the manifestations of)
ARTHRITIS
{See under Arthritis, unspecified; Rheumatoid arthritis)
ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID
Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . .G-17, 500 Schisandra {Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 Soybean {Glycine soja) (C) G-22, 707
{See under Rheumatoid arthritis)
APPETITE, STIMULATION OF
ARTHRITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus communis) (I) . . . G-7, 158 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165 Garlic {Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327 Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 Safflower {Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-5, 86 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165 Clove {Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 ASCITES Coriander {Coriandrum Bitter Apple sativum) (C) G-9, 221 {Citrullus colocynthis) (I) .. G-5, 83 Costus {Saussurea Black Catnip costus) (C) 227 {Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Fennel {Foeniculum Celandine vulgare) (I) G-11, 302 {Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169 Fenugreek {Trigonella Giant Milkweed foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 {Calotropis gigantea) (I) . . . . . 338 Ginger Lycium Berries {Zingiber officinale) (I) . G-12, 339 {Lycium barbarum) (I) 487 Golden Shower Tree ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL {Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 {See under Bronchial asthma) Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) (I) G-13, 369 BELL'S PALSY Guar Gum {Cyamopsis ' Castor Oil Plant tetragonoloba) (I) 376 {Ricinus communis) (C) .. G-7, 158 Japanese Atractylodes Garlic {Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327 {Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Star Anise Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux {Illicium verum) (I) G-23, 725 vomica) (I) G-18,547 BERIBERI Siberian Ginseng Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 {Eleutherococcus BITE WOUNDS senticosus) (C) 693 Bistort Tomato {Lycopersicon {Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82 esculentum) (I) G-24, 766
Calotropis {Calotropis procerd) (I) 141 Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) (I) 146 Cotton {Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Great Burnet {Sanguisorba officinalis) (C) G-13, 366 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (C) G-22, 668 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) (C) G-26, 828 BITES, POISONOUS
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosd) (C) G-5, 92 Rauwolfia {Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) 63i Red Sandalwood {Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 BITTER TASTE
Chinese Thoroughwax {Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH EXTRACTION
{See under Bleeding, gingival) BLEEDING, GINGIVAL
Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . .G-14, 389 BLEEDING, POSTPARTUM
Cane-Reed {Costus speciosa) (I)
146
BLEEDING, VAGINAL, ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY
European Mistletoe {Viscum album) (C)
G-11, 291
BOILS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Furunculosis, symptomatic relief of) BREAST CANCER
{See under Carcinoma, breast) BREAST CARCINOMA
{See under Carcinoma, breast) BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Arjun Tree {Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Asa Foetida {Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Bamboo {Arundinaria japonica) (C) G-4, 60 Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S I N D E X
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 1 4 3
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . .G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) (I) G-7, 134 Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) (I) G-7, 143 Costus (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) (I) . . .G-12, 326 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) (C) G-12, 342 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (I,C) G-14, 389 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) (I) 435 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) (C) G-IS, 436 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) (C) G-16, 488 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-i8, 547 Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) (I) 419 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I) 431 Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) (C) 435 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (I) G-16, 465 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) G-16, 469 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-16, 483 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) , G-18, 547 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Papaya (Carica papaya) (I) G-19, 565 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-ie, 483 BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
58
(See under Bronchial asthma) CALCINOSIS
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) ..-. 39 Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43 Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) .. c-4, 74 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-10, 246 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11, 302 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in) CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
CHEILITIS, ACTINIC
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) (I)
G-4, 38
CHEST PAIN, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73 Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (C) 234 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I) . . .G-13, 369 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652 Sandalwood (Santalum album) (C) 659 Siam Benzoin (Styrax tonkinesis) (C) 692 Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax paralleloneurum) (C) 738 CHOLERA
BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
Balloon-Flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) (C)
CARDIAC FAILURE
(See under Renal calculi)
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies Costus (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (I) G-ie, 465 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (I) G-16, 481 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (I) . .G-18, 545 CIRRHOSIS, LIVER
CARBUNCLES
CARCINOMA, BREAST
Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) . . . . . . . . 3 9 Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) (C) .G-15, 432
Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) (C) . .. 639
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Furunculosis, symptomatic relief of)
CARCINOMA, LUNG, SMALL CELL
Astragalus (Astragalus species) (C)
54
CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Celandine (Chelidonium majus) (C) .G-8, 169
(See also under Influenza syndrome, symptomatic relief of) Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . .G-5, 86 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (C) . .G-12, 339
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 4 / C O L D , COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC R E L I E F O F
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 COLIC, BILIARY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . 0-3, 16 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Walnut (Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793 COLITIS Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
COLONOPATHY
Rice (Oryza sativa) (I)
G-21, 643
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, ADJUNCT IN
(See also under Edema, adjunctive therapy in) Astragalus (Astragalus species) (C)
54
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I) . . . 163 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 CONSTIPATION
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, 16 Areca Nut (Areca catechu) (I) G-4, 38 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) (C) G-4, 52 Cassia (Cassia angustifolia) (I) 684 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) (C) .. G-7, ISS
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (I,C) 234 Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (I) 376 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) (I) 419 Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis) (I) 442 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . .523 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-18, 547 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) (I) 575 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrorhizon) (C) 619 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Senna (Cassia senna) (I) .. G-22, 684 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) .. 799 CONSTIPATION, HYPERTONIC SPHINCTER
Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 CONTRACEPTION
(See under Pregnancy, prevention of) CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata) (C) 189 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (I) 234 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389 Pellitory (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S CORYZA, ACUTE
(See under Cold, common, symptomatic relief of) COUGH, CHRONIC
Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) (C) Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (I)
G-20, 609 G-23, 734
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C) 31 Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) (C) G-4, 52 Bamboo (Arundinaria japonica) (C) G-4, 60 Beet (Beta vulgaris) (I) G-4, 67 Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74 Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) (I) . . . G-7, 134 Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) (I) 146 Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata) (C) 189 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (I) .G-9, 221 Costus (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum gossypium) (I) 229 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-H, 302 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) (I) .G-12, 313 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) (I) 338 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 1 4 5
Henna (Lawsonia DEAFNESS Chinese Thoroughwax inermis) (I) G-14, 391 (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I) 431 DEBILITY Jequirity Japanese Mint (Mentha (Abrus precatorius) (I) 435 arvensis piperascens) (I) 431 Jimson Weed (Datura Rice (Oryza sativa) (C) . . . G-21, 643 stramonium) (C) G-15, 436 DEHYDRATION, TREATMENT OF Lemon-Wood (Schisandra Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena sphenanthera) (C) 464 asphodeloides) (C) 31 Licorice Gotu Kola (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .0-16, 469 (Centella asiatica) (I) . . . G-13, 359 Luff a (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-16, 483 Lycium Bark DELIRIUM (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Chinese Rhubarb Lycium Berries (Rheum palmatum) (C) . .. G-8, 185 (Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 DERMATITIS, UNSPECIFIED Ma-Huang Celandine (Ephedra sinica) (C) G-16, 488 (Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169 Marijuana (Cannabis DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDsativa) (I,C) G-17, 500 RESPONSIVE Northern Prickly Ash (See under Skin, inflammatory (Zanthoxylum conditions) americanum) (I) 545 DIABETES MELLITUS Oak Gall (See under Hyperglycemia, (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 control of, adjunct to diet) Papaya (Carica papaya) (I) G-19, 565 DIARRHEA, CHRONIC Perilla Pomegranate (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 (Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 605 Poppyseed Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) (I) .G-20, 609 (Papaver somniferum) (I) G-20, 609 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Radish Salep (Orchis species) (I) 657 (Raphanus sativus) (C) .. .G-20, 628 Schisandra Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 Schisandra Tropical Almond (Schisandra chinensis) (C) 669 (Terminalia chebula) (C) 772 White Mustard DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF (Sinapis alba) (C) 0-25,80s Acacia (Acacia arabica) (I) 3 Wild Thyme Areca Nut (Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, SIS (Areca catechu) (C) G-4, 38 COUGH, WHOOPING Arrowroot (See under Pertussis) (Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43 Bael (Aegle marmelos) (I) 58 CROUP Black Catnip Indian Nettle (Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 (Acalypha indica) (I) 419 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (C) G-6, 103 CYSTITIS Carambola Cotton (Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 I (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) . . . . . 228
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies Chicory (Cichorium intybus) (I)
G - 8 , 181
Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) (I,C) 182 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 Coffee (Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202 Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum gossypium) (I) 229 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (C) G-11, 302 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) (I,C) 305 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I,C) G-13, 369 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (I) . . .G-16, 48i Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . .G-17, 500 Nepalese Cardamom (Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (C) . G-18, 545 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) (I) . . .G-20, 605 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) (C) G-20, 609 Radish (Raphanus sativus) (C) G-20, 628
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 6 / D I A R R H E A , SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F
Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 Rice {Oryza sativa) (I,C) . . G-21, 643 Smartweed {Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 Sumbul {Ferula sumbul) (I) G-23, 738 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) (C) 770 Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, SIS DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Areca Nut {Areca catechu) (C) G-4, 38 Arrowroot {Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43 Bael {Aegle marmelos) (I) 58 Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74 Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) (C) G-5, SO Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) (I) G-6, 101 Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Calamus {Acorus calamus) (I,C) . . . G-7, 138 Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus communis) (I) . . . G-7, 158 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) .. G-S, 165 Chicory {Cichorium intybus) (I) G-8, ISI Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (I,C) 182 Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) (C) G-9, 221 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) (I) 234 Ginger {Zingiber officinale) (I) . G-12, 339 Ginseng {Panax ginseng) (C) . .. 346 Guar Gum {Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (I) 376 Indian Squill {Urginea indica) (I) 421 Jambolan {Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . .. 431 Lemon {Citrus limon) (I) 460
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Morning Glory {Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . .523 Neem {Antelaea azadirachta) (I) G-IS, 539 Nepalese Cardamom {Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540 Northern Prickly Ash {Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans) (C) . .G-IS, 545 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Onion {Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557 Pineapple {Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Radish {Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628 Senburi {Swertia japonic a) (C) . 682 Smartweed {Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 Star Anise {Illicium verum) (I) G-23, 725 Tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum) (I) G-24, 766 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) (I,C) . .. 775 DISLOCATED JOINTS
Peanut {Arachis hypogaea) (I)
575
DROPSY {See under Edema, idiopathic) DYSENTERY
Arjun Tree {Terminalia arjuna) (I) . . . . . . . . 3 9 Arrowroot {Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43 Black Catnip {Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (I) G-e, 103 Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Cotton {Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Cotton Tree {Cochlospermum gossypium) (I) 229 Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) (I) .0-11, 302 Figs {Ficus carica) (C) . . . G-11, 310
Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) (C) G-13, 359 Great Burnet {Sanguisorba officinalis) (C) G-13, 366 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391 Jasmine {Jasminum officinale) (C) G-15, 432 Knotweed {Polygonum aviculare) (C) G-15, 448 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I,C) 550 Oregano {Origanum vulgare) (C) . .G-19, 559 Oriental Arborvitae {Thuja orientalis) (C) 560 Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza kurroa) (C) 589 Pomegranate {Punica granatum) (I,C) . G-20, 605 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) (I,C) G-20, 609 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Smartweed {Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 Star Anise {Illicium verum) (I) G-23, 725 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) (C) 770 Tropical Almond {Terminalia chebula) (C) . . . . . 772 Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) .G-25, 793 DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Jasmine {Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-IS, 432 Sumbul {Ferula sumbul) (I) G-23, 738 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) (C) 770 DYSPEPSIA
{See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
FEVER, REDUCTION O F / I - 1 4 7
DYSPNEA
Bog Bean (Menyanth.es trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (C) G-12, 339 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) (C) G-15, 436 Lemon-Wood (Schisandra sphenanthera) (C) 464 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 DYSTOCIA
Saffron (Crocus sativus) (C)
G-21, 653
DYSURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Duckweed (Lemna minor) (C) G-10, 258 Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 63i
Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-e, 110 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) (I) G-8, 165 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Duckweed (Lemna minor) (C) G-10, 258 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) (C) 523 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lanced) (C) 706 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788 ENTERITIS
Figs (Ficus carica) (C) . . . G-11, 310 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lanced) (C) 706 ENURESIS
Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 EPILEPSY
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) (C) G-4, 38 Celandine • (Chelidonium majus) (C) .G-8, 169 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (C) 234 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) (C) G-ie, 488 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (C) . G-22, 668
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) (C) .. o-s, 82 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I) . . . . . . 141 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Duckweed ^ (Lemna minor) (C) G-10, 258 Gotu Kola (Centella * asiatica) (I) G-13, 359 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) (I) 433 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) (C) 589 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (C) G-23, 734
EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions) EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) (C) .
51
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) .. G-4, 74 Fenugreek {Trigonella foenum-graecum) (C) . . . .G-II, 304 Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans) (I) .G-IS, 545 Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus) (C) 693 Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 ERYSIPELAS
Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-e, 101 Duckweed {Lemna minor) (C) G-IO, 258 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 EXHAUSTION
Arjun Tree {Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (C) 182 Japanese Atractylodes {Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Lotus {Nelumbo nucifera) (I) G-ie, 48i EYE SIGHT IMPAIRMENT
Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
EYES, WATERY
{See under Lacrimation, symptomatic relief of) FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I) .. .G-13, sea Salep (Orchis species) (I) 557 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) 669 FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C) 31 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Behen (Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . . 67 Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) (C) . .0-5, 82 Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 8 / F E V E R , REDUCTION OF
Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, HO Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (C) G-7, 130 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Cane-Reed 146 {Costus speciosa) (I) Carambola 148 (Averrhoa carambola) (I) . Cassia 684 (Cassia angustifolia) (I) . . Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Coffee (Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I) . . G-13, 369 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (I) G-ie, 465 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (I) G-ie, 481 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) .G-16, 483 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) (C) G-16, 488 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) (I) 6-18,539 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-18,. 545 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (C) G-IS, 547 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) (C) 589 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) (I,C) G-20, 626 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) 631 Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653 Sandalwood (Santalum album) (I) 659 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (I) G-23, 734 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846 FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) (C) G-7, 149 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 Costus (Saussurea costus) (C) 227 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) .G-13, 354 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) (I) 433 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (I) G-16, 465 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) (I) 523
Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Radish (Raphanus sativus) (I) . . :G-20, 628 Star Anise (Illicium verum) (I) G-23, 725 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (I) G-24, 766 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) . . 799 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, 815 FLU SYMPTOMS
(See under Influenza syndrome, symptomatic relief of) FURUNCULOSIS
Bistort (Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101 Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Burdock (Arctium lappa) (C) G-7, 128 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, 158 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (C) . . . . 177 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (C) 23* Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .G-ie, 469 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) (C) G-18, 534 Plumbago (Plumbago zeylanica) (C) 599 Red-Rooted Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788 White Nettle (Lamium album) (C) G-25, 806
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
HEART FAILURE / I - 1 4 9
FURUNCULOSIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I)
141
GASTRITIS
Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (C) G-6, 103 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Tropical Almond {Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Black Catnip {Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Bog Bean {Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Cabbage {Brassica oleracea) (I) G-7, 134 Cardamom {Elettaria cardamomum) (C) G-7, 149 Clove {Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-s, 195 Costus {Saussurea COStUS) ( I , C )
227
Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera) (I) G-IO, 246 Jatamansi {Nardostachys jatamansi) (I) 433 Lemongrass {Cymbopogon citratus) (I) G-ie, 46S Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Pomegranate {Punica granatum) (I) .. G-20, eos Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) (C) G-20,609 Southern Tsangshu {Atractylodes lancea) (C) 706 Tropical Almond {Terminalia chebula) (I,C) . . . . 772 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) (C) 775 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASM
{See under Spasm, smooth muscle)
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) (C) .. . G-4, 64 Tropical Almond {Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 GONORRHEA
Cotton {Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 22s Cowhage {Mucuna pruriens) (I) 230 Flax {Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313 Grape {Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362 Knotweed {Polygonum aviculare) (C) G-15, 448 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . .612 Sandalwood {Santalum album) (I) 659 GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Bog Bean {Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Cabbage {Brassica oleracea) (I) G-7, 134 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Golden Shower Tree {Cassia fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
HEADACHE
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6 Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) (I) G-8, 181 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-IO, 246 Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . .G-13, 362 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) G-14, 391 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . .431 Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) (I) G-15, 432 Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) (I) 433 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) G-ie, 469 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (I) . .G-IS, 545 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 Radish (Raphanus sativus) (I) . . .G-20, 628 Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653 HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
HAIR LOSS
Cashew {Anacardium occidentale) (I) Oriental Arborvitae {Thuja orientalis) (C)
G-7, 157 560
HALITOSIS
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (I) . . . >
Coffee (Coffea arabicd) (I) . G-9, 202 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I,C) .G-13, 369 HEADACHE, TENSION
(See under Pain, unspecified) . HEADACHE, VASCULAR
G-8, 195
(See under Headache, migraine) HEARING, IMPAIRMENT
HALITOSIS, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
{See under Spasm, smooth muscle)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190 Dill (Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252
GINGIVITIS
HANSEN'S DISEASE
Acacia {Acacia arabicd) (I) . .. . .3
(See under Leprosy)
GENITOURINARY TRACT, SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASM
Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (C) 487. Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 HEART FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 0 / H E A R T FAILURE, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE
(See under Congestive heart failure, adjunct in) HEARTBURN
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) HEAT STROKE
Sandalwood (Santalum album) (I) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (C) HELMINTHIASIS
659 775
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Plumbago (Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . . 599 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 605 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Walnut (Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793
Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Oriental Arborvitae (Thuja orientalis) (C) 560 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Turmeric {Curcuma domestica) (C) 775
HEMATEMESIS
Acacia (Acacia arabicd) (I) 3 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) (I) . . . G-7, 134 Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (I,C) G-9, 221 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) (I) G-12, 326 Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (I) 487
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . G-3, 6 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) (C) .G-3, 10 Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, 16 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (C) 47 Calamus HEMATURIA (Acorus calamus) (I) G-7, i38 Chocolate Vine Calotropis (Akebia quinata) (C) 189 (Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Cleavers Croton Seeds (Galium aparine) (C) 193 (Croton tiglium) (I,C) 234 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-16, 483 Dill Oriental Arborvitae (Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252 (Thuja orientalis) (C) 560 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) (I) 338 HEMOPTYSIS Indian Squill (Urginea Asparagus (Asparagus indica) (I) 421 officinalis) (C) G-4, 52 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346 Kamala (Mallotus Great Burnet (Sanguisorba philippinensis) (I) 442 officinalis) (C) G-13, 366 Knotweed (Polygonum Oak Gall aviculare) (C) -h . 1 .. .CMS, 448 (Quercus infectoria) (I) . . . . . 550 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Oriental Arborvitae citratus) (I) . . . G-ie, 465 (Thuja orientalis) (C) . . . . . . . .560 Lotus (Nelumbo Pineapple .G-16, 481 nucifera) (I) (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Morning Glory Turmeric ? / (Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . . »23 (Curcuma domestica) (C) . . . . .775 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) (I) 0-18,539 HEMORRHAGE, NASAL Northern Prickly Ash Coriander (Zanthoxylum (Coriandrum sativum) (I) .G-9, 221 americanum) (I) 545 Gotu Kola (Centella Onion (Allium cepd) (C) .. G-19,557 asiatica) (C) G-13, 359 Papaya Great Burnet (Sanguisorba (Carica papaya) (I) . . . . ' . .G-19, sea officinalis) (C) G-13, 366 Plantain Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597
HEMORRHOIDS
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I,C) . . . . 550 Oleander (Nerium oleander) (I) . . . G-19, 555 Papaya (Carica papaya) (I) G-19, 565 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) (C) 589 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) (C) .G-3, 10 Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (C) . . . G-4, 64 HEPATITIS, CHRONIC Areca Nut (Areca catechu) (C) . . . . . . G-4, 38 HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101 Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) (C) G-15, 432
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
ITCHING, SUNBURN / I - 1 5 1
Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) (C) 435 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 HERNIA, UNSPECIFIED
Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) (C) G-11, 302 Fenugreek {Trigonella foenum-graecum) (C) . . . G-11, 304 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762 HERPES ZOSTER INFECTIONS
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C)
G-14, 394
HICCUP Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 HYPERACIDITY, GASTRIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Lemon (Citrus limon) (I)
460
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
HYPERGLYCEMIA, CONTROL OF, ADJUNCT TO DIET Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C) G-3, 13 Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C) 31 Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus . species) (I) 177 Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia bonduceila) (I) 253 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-IS, 547 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Rice (Oryza sativa) (C) . . . .G-21, 643 Salep (Orchis species) (I) 657 HYPERHIDROSIS
Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) (C) Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I,C) . . . . Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) Soybean (Glycine soja) (C) G-22,
39 51
IMPOTENCE, MALE
(See under Erectile dysfunction) INDIGESTION
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) INFECTION, TENDENCY TO
Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 INFECTIONS, FUNGAL, UNSPECIFIED
486 550 640 644 707
HYPERTENSION
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C) G-3, 13 Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 631 Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) (I) G-23, 738 HYPERTENSION, ESSENTIAL
(See. under Hypertension) HYPERTENSIVE CRISES
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (C) . G-3, 16 Calamus (Acorus calamus) (C) . . . . G-7, 138 Onion (Allium cepa) (C) . . .G-19, 557 INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . G-3, 16 Beet (Beta vulgaris) (I) G-4, 67 Onion (Allium cepa) (C) . . G-19, 557 INFECTIONS, SMALLPOX
Behen (Moringa oleifera) (I)
. . . .67
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
(See under Gonorrhea) INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, UNSPECIFIED
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia bonduceila) (I) 253 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) (C) . G-18, 521
(See under Hypertension)
INFLUENZA SYNDROME, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
HYPNOTIC
Jequirity (Abrus precatorius) (I)
(See under Sleep, induction of) HYPOSALIVATION
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra sphenanthera) (C)
435
INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
464
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (I) INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of) INTERTRIGO
(See under Skin, inflammatory conditions)
IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Infection, tendency to)
ITCHING, SKIN
IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550
G-24, 766
ITCHING, SUNBURN
(See under Pruritus, topical relief of)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-152/JAUNDICE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
JAUNDICE
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, HO Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (C) G-7, 130 Cassia (Cassia angustifolia) (I) 684 Celandine (Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169 Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) (C) G-15, 448 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) (C) G-19, 559 Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurroa) (C) 589 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 LABOR AND DELIVERY, ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (I) . . . . G-7, 130 Chinese Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) (C) 183 Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus) (I) 312 LACRIMATION, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (C)
. . . . . . . 487
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (C) G-9, 245 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) (C) G-11, 291 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (I) 376 LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (C)
G-23, 734
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I) Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata) (C) Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (C)
LICE, BODY
. . . 163 189 772
(See under Pediculosis, human) LICE, HEAD
(See under Pediculosis, human) LICE, PUBIC
(See under Pediculosis, human) LEPROSY
Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (I,C) 177 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (I) . . . G-13, 359 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) (I) G-15, 432 Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis) (I) 442 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) (I) . .G-16, 465 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-ie, 483 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) (I) G-is, 539 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (I) G-23, 734 LEUKEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Reed Herb (Phragmites communis) (C) . . . 639 LEUKORRHEA Adrue (Cyperuj articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6 Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) (I) 429
Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I,C) Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) (C) Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (C)
. . . . 550 770 772
LIPS, DRY
(See under Cheilitis, actinic) LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
LIVER DISORDERS
Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus officinalis) (C) 51 Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 Cassia (Cassia angustifolia) (I) 684 Corn Silk (Zea mays) (C) 224 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 Red-Rooted Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Senna (Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (C) 775 MALARIA, CHRONIC
Vervain (Verbena officinalis) (C)
G-25, 788
MALARIA, TREATMENT OR PROPHYLAXIS OF
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Birth wort (Aristolochia clematitis) (C) G-5, so Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Fever Bark (Alstonia constricta) (I,C) . . . . 305
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS/I-153
Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Neem (Antelaea azadirachta) (I) G-18, 539 Nepalese Cardamom (Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-IS, 545 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-18, 547 Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557 Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) (I,C) G-20, 626 MASTITIS
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) (C)
G-9, 245
MASTODYNIA
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6 MEASLES
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) (C) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (C) Duckweed (Lemna minor) (C)
G-S, 92 G-9, 221 G-10, 258
MENINGITIS
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF
Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) (I)
433
False Schisandra (Kadsura japonica) (C) 301 Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Lycium Berries (Lycium barbarum) (I) 487 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) (I) G-18, 534 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Red-Rooted Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (I) . G-22, 668 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716 Vervain (Verbena officinalis) (C) G-25, 788 Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) (C) G-26, 818 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) (C) G-26, 828
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra sphenanthera) (C) Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (C) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (C)
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
NOCTURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Headache, migraine)
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra sphenanthera) (C)
Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Radish (Raphanus sativus) (I) . . .G-20, 628 NEPHROPATHY
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 NEURALGIA
[See under Pain, neurogenic) NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
(See under Pain, neurogenic) NEUROPATHY
Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
NIGHT BLINDNESS
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (I)
376
NIGHT SWEATS
464 772 799
464
MOUTH, DRY
(See under Hyposalivation)
OLIGURIA
MYALGIA
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) (C)
(See under Pain, muscular, temporary relief of)
G-4, 38
OPHTHALMIA
54
Celandine (Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11, 302 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) (I) G-20, 609
MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
NAUSEA
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
(See under Pain, menstrual)
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) (C) G-7, 149 Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (C) . .G-12, 339 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (C) . . .G-13, 369
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G - 6 , 101 Chinese Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) (C) 183 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) G-ie, 469
MENORRHAGIA
Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (C) G-21, 653 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) .. 799
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . G-3, 6 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . G-4, 64 Celandine (Chelidonium majus) (C) G-8, 169 Chinese Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) (C) . . . . 183
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTIONS
(See under Leprosy) MYOCARDITIS, VIRAL
Astragalus (Astragalus species) (C)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-154/OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Northern Prickly Ash {Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Oleander {Nerium oleander) (I) . . . G-19, 555 Red Sandalwood {Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 ORCHITIS
Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 PAIN, ABDOMINAL
Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) (C) G-II, 302 Fenugreek {Trigonella foenum-graecum) (C) . . . G-11, 304 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Jasmine {Jasminum officinale) (C) G-15, 432 Lesser Galangal {Alpinia officinarum) (C) 467 Radish {Raphanus sativus) (C) . . G-20, 628 PAIN, BONE
False Schisandra {Kadsura japonica) (C) Ma-Huang {Ephedra sinica) (C)
301 G-16, 488
PAIN, EAR
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Bog Bean {Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Indian Nettle {Acalypha indica) (I) 419 Tobacco {Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762 PAIN, EPIGASTRIC
Adrue {Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . . G-3, 6 Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86 Sandalwood {Santalum album) (C) 659 PAIN, JOINT
Asiatic Dogwood {Cornus officinalis) (C)
51
Birthwort {Aristolochia clematitis) (C) Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (C) Divi-Divi {Caesalpinia bonducella) (I) Duckweed {Lemna minor) (C) European Mistletoe {Viscum album) (C) Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (C) Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I) Plumbago {Plumbago zeylanica) (C) Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (C) . Soybean {Glycine soja) (C)
PAIN, RENAL
G-5, SO
182 253 G-10, 258 G-11, 291 G-14, 389 431 . . . .599
693
PAIN, STOMACH
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) (C) 234 False Schisandra {Kadsura japonica) (C) 301 Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . G-14, 389 Jasmine {Jasminum officinale) (I) G-15, 432 Siam Benzoin {Styrax tonkinesis) (C) 692 Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax paralleloneurum) (C) 738
636 PAIN, TOOTH
G-22, 668 G-22, 707
PAIN, LUMBAR
Asiatic Dogwood {Cornus officinalis) (C) 51 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) (C) G-11, 291 Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-18, 547 Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 White Nettle {Lamium album) (C) G-25, 806 PAIN, MENSTRUAL
False Schisandra {Kadsura japonica) (C) Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus) (C)
301 636
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum camphora) (I) G-7, 143 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) (C) G-11, 291 PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Peanut {Arachis hypogaea) (I) 575 Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) (I) G-20, 626 Radish {Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74 Calamus {Acorus calamus) (I) G-7, 138 Catechu {Acacia catechu) (I) .163 Cinnamon {Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190 Clove {Syzygium aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (I)
G - 1 4 , 389
Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431 Jasmine {Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-15, 432 Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (I) 487 Northern Prickly Ash {Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Pellitory {Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577 Red Sandalwood {Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 Tobacco {Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . .G-24, 762 Wild Thyme {Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, S I S PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389 Lycium Bark {Lycium chinense) (C) 486
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
RECTAL PROLAPSE /I-155
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) (C) . G-is, 521 Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) (C) G-IS, 547 Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557 Southern Tsangshu (Atractylodes lanced) (C) 706 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, 815 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-16, 483 Northern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) (I) 545 Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix vomica) (I) G-18, 547 Salep (Orchis species) (I) 657 PEDICULOSIS, HUMAN
312
PERTUSSIS
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I)
772
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids) PNEUMONIA
Rice (Oryza sativa) (I) Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) (I)
G-21, 643 G-23, 738
POISONING, FISH
PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Fish Berry (Anamirta cocculus) (I)
Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I)
47
PHARYNGITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Balloon-Flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) (C) 58 Burdock (Arctium lappa) (C) G-7, 128 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, ISS Chinese Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) (C) 183 Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum gossypium) (I) 229 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) (C) 234 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (I) . .G-12, 339 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I,C) 6-16, 469 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (C) G-18, 547 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) (C) . G-22, 668 POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Cassia (Cassia angustifolia) (I) 684 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) G-i6, 469 Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C) 583 Senna (Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684 POLYDIPSIA, TEMPORARY, MANAGEMENT OF
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) (I) . . G-13, 369 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-15, 432 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) (C) G-15, 448 Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Storax (Liquidambar oriemalis) (I) G-23, 734 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) . . 799 Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, 815 PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF
(See also under Psychotic disorders, management of the manifestations in severely ill) Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359 PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF THE MANIFESTATIONS IN SEVERELY ILL
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . G-14, 389 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
POSTNASAL DRIP
PULPITIS
(See under Cold, common, symptomatic relief of)
Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C)
POSTPARTUM, COMPLICATIONS OF
Red-Rooted Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
486
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
636
PREGNANCY, PREVENTION OF
Costus (Saussurea costus) (I) . . . 227 Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis) (I) 442 PREGNANCY, TERMINATION OF
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (I) ....'. 228 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) (I) .. G-9, 237 Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326 Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716
(See'under Skin, inflammatory conditions) RECTAL PROLAPSE
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (C) G-9, 221 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (C) 550 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 60s Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) (I,C) G-20, 609 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (C) 772
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 6 / R E N A L CALCULI
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
RENAL CALCULI
Chocolate Vine (Akebia quinata) (C) 189 Cumin {Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) (C) G-13, 359 Kamala {Mallotus philippinensis) (I) 442 RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Asiatic Dogwood {Cornus officinalis) (C) 51 Basil {Ocimum basilicum) (C) G-4, 64 Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (C) 182 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera) (I) G-10, 246 Fennel {Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11, 302 Southern Tsangshu {Atractylodes lancea) (C) 706 RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS, UPPER, RELIEF OF
{See under Influenza syndrome, symptomatic relief of) RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Balloon-Flower {Platycodon grandiflorum) (C) 58 Dill {Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252 Flax {Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313 Onion {Allium cepa) (I) . . . .G-19, 557 RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Behen {Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . .67 Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . G-4, 74 Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga racemosa) (C) G-5, 92 Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) (I) G-e, 101 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130 Calotropis {Calotropis procera) (I) 141
Chinese Cinnamon {Cinnamomum aromaticum) (C) 182 Frankincense {Boswellia carteri) (I) 319 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359 Henna {Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391 Indian Squill {Urginea indica) (I) 421 Jimson Weed {Datura stramonium) (C) G-15, 436 Lycium Bark {Lycium chinense) (I,C) 486 Plumbago {Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . .599 Rehmannia {Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) 640 Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus) (C) 693 Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) .G-25, 793 White Mustard {Sinapis alba) (C) G-25, 805 Wormseed Oil {Chenopodium ambrosioides) (C) G-26, 828 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Star Anise {Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
Morning Glory {Ipomoea hederacea) (I) 523 Oleander {Nerium oleander) (I) . . . .G-19, 555 Plantain {Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Plumbago {Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . . 599 Safflower {Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652 Smartweed {Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 SCABIES
{See under Sarcoptes scabiei infestations) SCARLATINA
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C)
31
SCARLET FEVER
{See under Scarlatina) SCHIZOPHRENIA
{See under Psychotic disorders, management of the manifestations of) SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165 Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) (I) .G-20, 626
RHINITIS
SCROFULOSIS
Tobacco {Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762
Bistort {Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82 Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 121 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Black Catnip {Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Bog Bean {Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) (C) G-7, 130 Carambola {Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 Chaulmoogra {Hydnocarpus species) (C) . . . . 177 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359 Grape {Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362 Ground Ivy {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372 Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (I) 487
SCURVY
Garden Cress {Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326 SEDATION
{See under Sleep, induction of) SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Acacia {Acacia arabica) (I) 3 Behen {Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . . 67 Cotton {Gossypium hirsutum) (I) 228 Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793 SHINGLES
{See under Herpes zoster infections)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
STOMATITIS / I - 1 5 7
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) (C) G-23, 719
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
SINUSITIS, TREATMENT OF
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
SKIN DISORDERS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . c-3, 16 Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39 Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64 Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) (C) G-5, SO Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Burdock (Arctium lappa) (C) G-7, 128 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) (I) 146 Catechu (Acacia catechu) (C) . . . 163 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177 Costus (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313 Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) (I) 338 Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (I) G-13, 359 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) G-14, 394 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431 Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) (C) G-is, 448 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) (I) G-18, 534 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) (I) G-18, 547
SKIN ULCERS
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I,C) . . G-6, 101 Burdock (Arctium lappa) (C) G-7, 128 Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, 158 Indian Nettle (Acalypha indica) (I) 419 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) (I) G-18, 534 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-18, 545 Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 Senburi (Swertia japonica) (C) 682 SOUR STOMACH
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) SPASM, GASTRIC
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (C) . . . G-4, 64 SPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE
Star Anise (Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
SPERMATORRHEA
Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) (I) . . . G-8, 181 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) G-14, 394 Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 Lycium Bark (Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum erytrvrhizon) (C) 619 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) (C) G-26, 828
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . .G-14, 389 Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) (I) 47 Cassia (Cassia angustifolia) (I) 684 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .G-16, 469 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) .G-16, 483 Red-Rooted Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 638 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 STERILITY
Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) (I)
230
SLEEP DISORDERS
Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) (C)
STOMACH, DISSEMINATED ADENOCARCINOMA
693
(See under Carcinoma, stomach) STOMACH, SOUR
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Burning Bush (Dictamnus albus) (C) G-7, 130 Lemon-Wood (Schisandra sphenanthera) (C) 464 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . G-17, 500
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric, symptomatic relief of) STOMACH, UPSET
(See under Digestive disorders, symptomatic relief of) STOMATITIS
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I,C)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
163
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
1-158/STOMATITIS
Myrrh {Commiphora molmof) (I) G-IS, 534 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I,C) 550 Tamarind {Tamarindus indica) (I) . . 753 STRANGURIA
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C)
URINARY RETENTION, UNSPECIFIED
Ginkgo {Ginkgo biloba) (C) G-12, 342 Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 Rehmannia {Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) ....640
Siberian Ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus) (C)
TONSILLITIS 31
STREPTOCOCCI GROUP A BETAHEMOLYTIC INFECTIONS
{See under Erysipelas) > STROKE, ISCHEMIC
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C) Siam Benzoin {Styrax tonkinesis) (C) Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax paralleloneurum) (C)
TINNITUS
Balloon-Flower {Platycodon grandiflorum) (C) 58 Oak Gall {Quercus infectoria) (I) 550 St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) (C) G-23, 719
73 TREPONEMA PALLIDUM 692
{See under T. pallidum infections) TUBERCULOSIS, TREATMENT ADJUNCT
738
SWELLING AND FRACTURES
Black Nightshade {Solanum nigrum) (I,C) .. G-6, 101 Chinese Motherwort {Leonurus japonicus) (C) 183
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C) 31 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) (I) G-9, 245 Zedoary {Curcuma zedoaria) (I) G-26, 846 TUMOR THERAPY ADJUNTIVE
SYNCOPE
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73 Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74 Siam Benzoin {Styrax tonkinesis) (C) 692 Storax {Liquidambar orientalis) (C) G-23, 734 Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax paralleloneurum) (C) 738
Reed Herb {Phragmites communis) (C) . . . 639
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
Dill {Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) (I) . .. G-13, 359
UTERINE BLEEDING
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena asphodeloides) (C) 31 Senna {Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684
Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130
Bistort {Persicaria bistortd) (C) .. G-5, 82 Marijuana {Cannabis sativa) (I,C) .. G-17, 500
UTERINE PROLAPSE
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . 6-5, 86
ULCERS, GASTRIC
VENEREAL DISEASE
Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) . G-ie, 469
Cotton Tree {Cochlospermum gossypium) (I)
URETHRITIS
VERTIGO
Flax {Linum usitatissimum) (I) .G-12, 313
Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) (I) 234 Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 Rehmannia {Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
ULCERS, DUODENAL
URETHRORRHEA TETANUS
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Black Catnip {Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Cardamom {Elettaria cardamomum) (I) G-7, 149 Chinese Motherwort {Leonurus japonicus) (C) 183 Chocolate Vine {Akebia quinata) (C) 189 Cleavers {Galium aparine) (C) 193 Coriander {Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale) (C) G-9, 245 Lycium Berries {Lycium barbarum) (C) 487 Papaya {Carica papaya) (I) G-19, 565 Plantain {Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 Radish {Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628
TYPHUS FEVER
SYPHILIS
{See under T. pallidum infections)
693
Arjun Tree {Terminalia arjuna) (I) Black Pepper {Piper nigrum) (I) . . . .
39
G-6, 103
229
THROAT, SORE
URINARY FREQUENCY, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
VISUAL DISTURBANCES
{See under Pharyngitis, symptomatic relief of)
Rehmannia {Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-IS, 545
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN / I - 1 5 9
VOMITING
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-5, 86 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) (C) G-6, 103 Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) (I) 148 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) (C) G-7, 149 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) (I) G-8, ISI Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) (I) 182 Chinese Thoroughwax (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (I,C) G-11, 302 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (C) . G-12, 339 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) (C) . . .G-13, 359 Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . .G-13, 362 Japanese Atractylodes (Atractylodes japonica) (C) . .. 430 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis p'perascens) (I,C) . . . 431
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) (I) . . .G-16, 48i Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . G-17, 500 Nepalese Cardamom (Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (C) . G-18, 545 Oregano (Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) (I) . . G-20, 605 Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635 Saffron (Crocus sativus) (I) G-2i, 653 Sandalwood (Santalum album) (C) 659 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753 White Mustard (Sinapis alba) (C) G-25, sos Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, 815 WARTS
Calotropis (Calotropis procera) (I) 141 Celandine (Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169 WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Bronchial asthma) WHOOPING COUGH
(See under Pertussis)
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus amarus) (I) 91 Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Catechu (Acacia catechu) (C) . . . 163 Costus (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-10, 246 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) . G-16, 469 Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) (I,C) G-18, 534 Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria) (C) 550 Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 631 Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) (C) . . . 652 Smartweed (Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699 Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) (I) G-23, 734 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) (I) 772 Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 White Nettle (Lamium album) (C) G-25, 806 Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-161
Side Effects Index Presented here is an alphabetical list of every side effect cited in the herbal monographs. Under each heading, herbs associated with the reaction are listed alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. For ease of comparison with prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Side Effects Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph.
ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT
ALKALOSIS, METABOLIC
(See under Distress, abdominal; Distress, gastrointestinal)
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
ABDOMINAL DISTENTION
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Sunflower (Helianthus annum)
G-23, 741
ABDOMINAL PAIN/CRAMPS
Aga (Amanita muscaria) G-3, 8 Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, IS Gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 Jalap (Ipomoea purga) G-15, 427 Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) 523 Orris (Iris species) G-19, 561 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) .. .G-26, 829 ACCOMMODATION, IMPAIRED
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-IS, 443 Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) .. 67i ALBUMINURIA
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis', Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
G-16, 469
Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) G-6, 107 Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . .. 118 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) 26i Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida) 261 Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) ... G-IO, 26i European Mistletoe (Viscum album) 0-11, 291 Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) ... .G-11, 302 Garlic (Allium sativum) ... .G-12, 327 Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) . . . 446 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) . . G-ie, 465 Papaya (Carica papaya) . . . .G-19, 565 Poplar (Populus species) . . .G-20, 607 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) 612
Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, eie Rhatany (Krameria triandra) . . . . 641 Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764 Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer) 767 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) . .. G-25, 783 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) 820 ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION
Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) 117 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833 ALLERGY
(See under Allergic reactions) ALVEOBRONCHIOLITIS
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
G-8, i6S
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
G-12, 331
1 - 1 6 2 /ANAPHYLAXIS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Indian Squill {Urginea
ANAPHYLAXIS
Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) Echinacea Angustifolia {Echinacea angustifolia)
indica)
G-8, 165 261
ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC
Trailing Arbutus {Epigae repens)
768
ANEMIA, MICROCYTIC
Green Tea {Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
ANGINA
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea) 280 European Mistletoe {Viscum album) G-II, 291 ANGIOEDEMA
{See under Edema, angioneurotic) ANOREXIA
Coca {Erythroxylum coca) 197 Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Digitalis {Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) .G-17, 508 Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717 Swamp Milkweed {Asclepias incarnata) . . . G-23, 743 ANURIA
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
ANXIETY
Yohimbe Bark {Pausinystalia yohimbe) . .
843
APATHY
Marijuana {Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
Pleurisy Root {Asclepias tuberosa)
{See under Stomatitis, ulcerative)
G-20, 598
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Buckthorn {Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada {Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb {Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Frangula {Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Lily-of-the-Valley {Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475 Ma-Huang {Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Strophanthus {Strophanthus Kombe) 736 ASPHYXIA
Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) Cyclamen {Cyclamen europaeum) Pink Root {Spigelia marilandica)
G-5, 97 240 594
ASTHENIA
Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450 Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609 ASTHMA, ALLERGIC
612 G-20, 616
APPETITE, DECREASED
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Khat {Catha edulis) 447 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos APPETITE, LOSS OF
{See also under Anorexia) Digitalis Lanata {Digitalis lanata)
ASTHMA, WORSENING OF
BLEEDING, VAGINAL
Ginseng {Panax ginseng)
346
Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens)
BLISTERING
American Liverleaf {Hepatica nobilis) 26 Arnica {Arnica montana) 41 Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) G-5, 86 Black Mustard {Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 Bulbous Buttercup {Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup {Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Cashew {Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157 Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Clematis {Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194 Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Globe Flower {Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Marsh Marigold {Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Mezereon {Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Poisonous Buttercup {Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 Savin Tops {Juniperus sabina) G-21, 663 Traveller's Joy {Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 Wood Anemone {Anemone nemorosa) 824 BLOOD GLUCOSE, REDUCTION
{See under Hypoglycemia) 431
BLOOD PRESSURE, ELEVATION
{See under Hypertension) ASTHMATIC EPISODES
Black Mustard {Brassica nigra) . . Senna {Cassia senna)
BLOOD PRESSURE, REDUCTION G-5, 100 G-22, 684
BELCHING
250
{See under Epistaxis)
ARRHYTHMIAS
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) Psyllium Seed {Plantago afra)
APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
BLEEDING, NASAL
421
Asa Foetida {Ferula foetida)
. .47
{See under Hypotension) BONE DENSITY, CHANGES
Buckthorn {Rhamnus catharticus) . .. G-6, 123
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) Frangula (Rhamnus frangula)
COLIC / I - 1 6 3
. . . . G-7, 153 G-8, 185 G-12, 317
BONE DISORDERS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis: Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
BOWEL MOVEMENTS, PAINFUL
Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 BRADYCARDIA
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . G-4, 38 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) 280 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . . 606 BREATH, SHORTNESS OF
Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger)
G-s, 97
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Coca (Erythroxylum coca) 197 Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . .G-9, 212 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Dusty Miller (Senecio bicolor) 258 Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 316 Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) 354 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) . . . . 374 Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 Madder (Rubia tinctorum) . G-16, 490 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 Senna (Cassia senna) G-22, 684
Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-e, 114
(See under Dyspnea)
CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES BREATHING, LABORED
American Hellebore (Veratrum viride) 25 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783
(See under Dyspnea) BRONCHITIS Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
G-17, soo
BRONCHOSPASM
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus)
CARDIAC ARREST
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus)
G-15, 425
G-15, 425 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
BRONCHOSPASM, EXACERBATION OF
(See under Arrhythmias)
Scotch Pine (Pinus species) .G-22, 674 Spruce (Picea species) 714
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias)
BURNING
Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) . . . . 230 CACHEXIA Trailing Arbutus (Epigae repens)
CARDIAC RHYTHMS, DISTURBANCES
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) 768
CARCINOGENIC
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) .. G-3, 13 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21
. . G-9, 242
CENTRAL/PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 243 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828
. . G-26, 829
CHEST TIGHTNESS
Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens)
.G-14, 413
CHILLS
European Mistletoe (Viscum album) Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
G-11, 291 786
CHOLERA
Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE
Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
G-17, 515 786
CIRCULATORY DAMAGE
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
786
CNS STIMULATION
Khat (Catha edulis) CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR
BREATHING, DIFFICULT
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
447
COAGULATION INTERFERENCE Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 COLIC American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-5, 83 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Clematis (Clematis recta) .. G-8, 194 Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) . .. 37s Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) .6-15, 425 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Mexican Scammony Root (Ipomoea orizabensis) 514
I-164/COLIC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700 Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 COLIC, BILIARY
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) . . G-7, 149 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhizia) . G-9, 239
CONSTIPATION
CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL
Coffee (Cojfea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos
CONSTRICTION, PUPILLARY
DEPENDENCE, PSYCHIC
(See under Miosis)
(See under Dependence, psychological)
COLLAPSE
CONSTRICTION, PUPILS
Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
(See under Miosis)
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
COLOR PERCEPTION, DISTURBED
COORDINATION DIFFICULTY
Lily-of-the- Valley (Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475 Strophanthus (Strophanthus Kombe) 736
(See under Coordination, impaired)
CONVULSIONS
COORDINATION, DISTURBED
CONJUNCTIVITIS
CONJUNCTIVITIS, ALLERGIC
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
G-18, 528
G-12, 331
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)
. . G-9, 242
COUGH
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species)
G-S, 100 G-8, 165 177
CRAMPING CONSCIOUSNESS, DISORDERS OF
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
G-14, 403
Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron)
G-12, 342
CRAMPING, ABDOMINAL
(See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
CONSCIOUSNESS, LOSS OF
CRAMPING, MUSCULAR
600
Aga (Amanita muscaria)
G-16, 488
DEPENDENCE, PHYSICAL
DEPRESSION
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina)
63i
DEPRESSION, MOOD
(See under Depression) Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339 Squill (Urginea maritima) . .G-23, 717 DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT
CORNEAL DEFECTS
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) .. G-9, 242 Goa Powder (Andira araroba) 352 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . . . 612 Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, 616
DEPENDENCE, DRUG
Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica)
DERMATITIS
(See under Coordination, impaired)
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
(See under Nasal congestion)
DELIRIUM
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) G-13, 355 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) G-15, 436
DEPENDENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos
COORDINATION, IMPAIRED CONGESTION, NASAL
(See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3 Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) . . .G-13, 355 Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Mountain Avens (Dryas octopetala) 526 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719 Tropical Almond (Terminalia chebula) 772
G-3, 8
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) G-12, 331 Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) . G-21, 645 DERMATITIS, CONTACT
Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) . . . G-6, Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) . G-7, Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) . .G-11,
116 136 220 306
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL / I - 1 6 5
G-IS, 545
DERMATOSIS
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)
G-5, 86
DIAPHORESIS
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) G-6, 113 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 DIARRHEA
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48 Bael (Aegle marmelos) 58 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) . G-6, 113 Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194 Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Colchicum (Colchicum autumnale) .. . G-9, 206 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-IO, 248 Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis lanata) 250 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) . . . .0-11, 283 Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) .. . 375 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376 Gumweed (Grindelia species) . . . 379
Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) . . . . 466 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . G-17, 493 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mountain Flax (Linum catharticum) 526 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 Myrtle (Myrtus communis) . .G-IS, 536 Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Pineapple (Ananas comosus) . . . . 593 Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 Senna (Cassia senna) G-22, 684 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700 Soybean (Glycine soja) . .. .G-22, 707 Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) . . . 729 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) . .. G-23, 743 Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824 DIARRHEA, BLOODY
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) . Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) Celandine (Chelidonium majus) . . Orris (Iris species)
. . . G-5, 83
. . G-7, 153
. . G-8, 169 . G-19, 561
DIPLOPIA
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempennrens) . . . . 838 DIPSESIS
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) Mezereon (Daphne mezereum)
G-14, 403 G-17, 515
DISCOMFORT, GENERAL
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
DISTENTION, ABDOMINAL
(See under Abdominal distention) DISTRESS, ABDOMINAL
Garlic (Allium sativum) . . . G-12, 327 DISTRESS, EPIGASTRIC
Colombo (Jateorhiza palmata)
208
DISTRESS, GASTRIC
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal) DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 75 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) ... 146 Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta) G-8, 192 cClematis (Clematis recta) . . G - 8 , 194 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhizia) . G-9, 239 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) . . . G-9, 245 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248
1-166 /DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL Elephant-Ears {Bergenia crassifolia) 268 False Unicorn Root {Veratrum luteum) 301 Garden Cress {Lepidium sativum) G-12, 326 Ginkgo {Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342 Globe Flower {Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Goldenseal {Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Gumweed {Grindelia species) . . . 379 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Indian Nettle {Acalypha indica) 419 Indian Squill {Urginea indica) 421 Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Japanese Mint {Mentha arvensis piperascens) 431 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Oak {Quercus robur) G-18, 549 Peppermint {Mentha piperita) G-19, 580 Periwinkle {Vinca minor) 584 Pineapple {Ananas comosus) . . . . 5 9 3 Pleurisy Root {Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Poisonous Buttercup {Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 Pomegranate {Punica granatum) G-20, 605 Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) . . . 632 Sandalwood {Santalum album) 659 Scurvy Grass {Cochlearia officinalis) . . G-22, 679 Soapwort {Saponaria officinalis) .. . G-22, 701 Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717 St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719 Stinging Nettle {Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 Swamp Milkweed {Asclepias incarnata) .. . G-23, 743 Trailing Arbutus {Epigae repens) 768
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Traveller's Joy {Clematis vitalba) Watercress {Nasturtium officinale) Wild Radish {Raphanus raphanistrum) Wood Anemone {Anemone nemorosa)
G-25, 769 798 G-26, 814
Quebracho {Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) Yage {Banisteriopsis caapi) DRUG IDIOSYNCRASIES
{See under Allergic reactions) DRY MOUTH
824
{See under Xerostomia)
DISTRESS, PRECORDIAL
DYSPEPSIA
{See under Distress, epigastric) DISTRESS, STOMACH
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis virginiana)
{See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
DYSPHORIA
DISTRESS, UPPER Gl
{See under Distress, epigastric) DISTURBANCES, GASTROINTESTINAL
{See under Distress, gastrointestinal) DIURESIS, POTENTIATION OF
Bitter Apple {Citrullus colocynthis)
623 833
G-5, 83
DIZZINESS
Aga {Amanita muscaria) G-3, 8 Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92 Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Hydrangea {Hydrangea arborescens) G-14, 413 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Mezereon {Daphne mezereum) G-17, s i s Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609 Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) 622 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Wormwood {Artemisia absinthium) . . G-26, 829
. G-26, 821
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Cola {Cola acuminata) 205 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Jimson Weed {Datura stramonium) G-15, 436 Ma-Huang {Ephedra sinica) G-ie, 488 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) .G-17, 508 St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719 Valerian {Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783 DYSPNEA
Chaulmoogra {Hydnocarpus species) Jaborandi {Pilocarpus microphyllus)
177 G-15, 425
EARS, RINGING
{See under Tinnitus) ECZEMA
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Garlic {Allium sativum) . . . .G-12, 327 Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626 Stavesacre {Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 ECZEMATOUS REACTIONS
{See under Eczema)
DROWSINESS
EDEMA
California Poppy {Eschscholtzia californica) Jimson Weed {Datura stramonium)
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Buckthorn {Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
G-7, 140 G-15, 436
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
FLUID RETENTION / I - 1 6 7
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, ISS Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-16, 469 EDEMA, ANGIONEUROTIC
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
FACE, REDDENING OF
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) G-S, 86 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157 Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 600
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
ESTROGEN, DECREASE
G-23, 729
EDEMA, LOCAL
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
280
Cat's Claw (Unicaria tomentosa)
ieo
EUPHORIA
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500 Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi) 833
EDEMA, NON-SPECIFIC
(See under Edema) EDEMA, SKIN
(See under Edema, angioneurotic) ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES
(See under Electrolyte imbalance) ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 ELECTROLYTES, LOSS OF
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
ERYTHEMA
G-3, 16
EXANTHEMA
Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 1 is Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 EXCITABILITY
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 3ss Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda) G-17, 492 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843
EMBRYOTOXICITY
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
197
EMESIS
(See under Vomiting)
G-17, sis
EPILEPTIFORM MOVEMENTS, UNSPECIFIED
EYELIDS, HEAVY
827
EPISTAXIS
346
ERECTION DISTURBANCES, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Impotence) ERUPTIONS, ECZEMATOID
(See under Eczema)
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838 EYES, DILATATION OF PUPIL
(See under Mydriasis) EYES, IRRITATION OF
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
FACIAL SWELLING
Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica) FASCICULATIONS
FATIGUE
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719 FERTILITY DISORDERS, MALE
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) . . .228 FEVER Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) 26i Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida) 261 Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . . . G-10, 261 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) eoo Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) 786 FINGER CLUBBING
G-22, 684
FLATULENCE
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) . . . . . 47 Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . .118 Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376 Manna (Fraxinus ornus) .. .G-17, 496 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741 FLUID RETENTION
G-S, 100
564
Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609 Wormseed (Artemisia cina) 827
Senna (Cassia senna)
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) .. G-9, 242
(See under Distress, epigastric)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) ....838 EYELID SWELLING
EPIGASTRIC PAIN
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
G-IS, 436
EYE MOVEMENTS, ABNORMAL
EPIDERMAL SHEDDING
Mezereon (Daphne mezereum)
EXHAUSTION
Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium)
G-14, 403
(See under Edema)
1-168/FLUSHING, CUTANEOUS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES GASTROINTESTINAL UPSET
FLUSHING, CUTANEOUS
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
FRETFULNESS (See under Anxiety)
(See under Gastrointestinal disorders) GENITAL FUNCTION DISTURBANCES
GASTRIC DISCOMFORT
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
GENITAL SWELLING GASTRIC DISORDER
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal) GIDDINESS GASTRITIS
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) Mountain Flax (Linum catharticum)
(See under Dizziness) G-8, 165 . . . 450 526
GINGIVITIS
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
GLOSSONCUS
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
GASTROENTERITIS
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48 Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, SO Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) . . . 375 Jalap (Ipomoea purga) G-IS, 427 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) G-22, 668 Wormseed (Artemisia cina) 827 GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) G-18, 537 Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala senega) 683 Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) G-22, 703 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) G-25, 783 GASTROINTESTINAL REACTIONS
(See under Gastrointestinal disorders) GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
(See under Gastrointestinal disorders)
GROIN PAIN
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
HAIR DISCOLORATION
Trailing Arbutus (Epigae repens)
768
HALLUCINATIONS
Coca (Erythroxylum coca) 197 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355 Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) G-15, 436 Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) . G-19, 588 Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi) 833 HALLUCINATIONS, AUDITORY
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) Peyote (Lophophora williamsii)
G-17, 500 . .G-19, 588
HALLUCINATIONS, VISUAL
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) Peyote r (Lophophora williamsii)
G-17, 500 . G-19, 588
HEADACHE
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-S, 92 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248
Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis lanata) 250 European Mistletoe (Viscum album) G-11, 291 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . . . ,G-16, 475 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . .G-17, 493 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, S28 Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, S98 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) 622 Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717 St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719 Strophanthus (Strophanthus Kombe) 736 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) . . . G-23, 743 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) . . . G-24, 744 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 770 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) .. G-26, 829 HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca)
. . . . 597
HEARING, IMPAIRED
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
HYPOTENSION / 1 - 1 6 9
HEAT INTOLERANCE
Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)
G-17, 495
HEMATURIA
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) Celandine (Chelidonium majus) Sandalwood (Santalum album)
G-3, 16 G-8, 169 659
HEMIPARESIS
Asarum (Asarum europaeum)
. . . .48
HEMOGLOBINURIA
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
HEMOLYSIS
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
HEMOLYTIC ICTERUS
(See under Jaundice)
Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) 579 Petasites (Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585 Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) . . . G-24, 744 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Tonka Beans (Dipteryx odorata) 767 Trailing Arbutus (Epigae repens) 768 Uva-Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779 Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) . G-26, 821 (See under Urticaria) HYPERACIDITY
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508
(See under Liver function, impaired) HEPATOTOXICITY
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) . . G-3, 13 Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio nemorensis) 21 Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-e, 114 Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Colt's Foot (Tussilago farfara) G-9, 209 Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . ., G-9, 212 Dusty Miller (Senecio bicolor) 258 Forgbt-Me-Not (Myosotis arvensis) G-12, 316 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) . . .G-12, 337 Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) 354 Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) . . . . 374 Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513
HYPERTENSION
Broad Bean (Vicia faba) Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe)
120 G-16, 469 G-ie, 488 843
HYPERTENSION, PORTAL
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 HYPERTHERMIA
Khat (Catha edulis) 447 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
HIVES
HEPATIC ADENOMA
HEPATIC FUNCTION TESTS, IMPAIRED
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) G-8, 165 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) 261 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)
106
HYPERTHYROIDISM, EXACERBATION OF
Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea)
HYPERALDOSTERONISM
Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317
. . . 446
HYPERTONIA
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
G-23, 741
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
. . . . 376
HYPERDIPSIA HYPOKALEMIA
(See under Dipsesis) HYPEREXCITABILITY
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
HYPERGLYCEMIA Khat (Catha edulis)
447
HYPERPYREXIA
(See under Fever) HYPERSALIVATION
(See under Sialism) HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS, GENERAL
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, 16 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) G-8, ISS Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Senna (Cassia senna) G-22, 684 HYPOTENSION
G-3, 16
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
. . . . G-5, 92
1-170 /HYPOTENSION
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-IS, 425 Pontian Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) . . . . 606 HYPOTHERMIA
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-13, 369 G-16, 488 .G-17, sos
IRRITATION
G-18, 521
ICTERUS
(See under Jaundice)
Club Moss (Lycopodium clavatum) Short Buchu (Barosma betulina)
197
691
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina)
631
3
INFECTION, SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
White Bryony (Bryonia alba)
LEGS, WEAKNESS
280
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
(See under Irritation, local)
LESIONS, HEPATIC
ITCHING
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 LIPS, SWELLING
JAUNDICE
Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) . . .G-12, 337
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
LIVER DAMAGE
(See under Hepatotoxicity) JAUNDICE, CHOLESTATIC
G-25, soo
INFLAMMATION, ORAL
Bishop's Weed (Ammi Visnaga)
(See under Stomatitis)
KIDNEY DAMAGE
INSOMNIA
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Cola (Cola acuminata) 205 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 INTOXICATION, STATE OF
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 IRRITABILITY
Coffee (Coffea arabica)
177
IRRITATION, SKIN
(See under Pruritus) G-3, 10 . . . 641
G-17, 500
LESIONS, GASTROINTESTINAL
466
INDIGESTION
Acacia (Acacia arabica) Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria) Rhatany (Krameria triandra)
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
IRRITATION, LOCAL
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
IMPOTENCE
LARYNGITIS
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) LARYNGOSPASM
196
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) . G-9, 241 Wormseed (Artemisia cina) 827
G-9, 202
Birth wort (Aristolochia clematitis) . Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . Mercury Herb (Mercurialis annua) Scotch Pine (Pinus species) Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) ..
LIVER FUNCTION, CHANGES
G-5, 81
767
LIVER FUNCTION, IMPAIRED
. G-5, so G-8, 165 177 . G-9, 212 G-17, 513 G-22, 674 G-24, 764
KIDNEY DISORDERS, EXACERBATION OF
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Tonka Beans (Dipteryx odorata)
G-14, 403
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 MALIGNANCY
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
MANIC BEHAVIOR
Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) G-15, 436 Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) . G-24, 745 MASTALGIA
(See under Mastodynia) MASTODYNIA
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES KIDNEY IRRITATION
Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-S, 83 Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123 Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) . . .146 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Beth Root (Trillium erectum)
G-4, 74
MENTAL DEPRESSION
(See under Depression) MICTURITION DISTURBANCES
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
NAUSEA /I-171
Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) . . 67i MIGRAINE, AGGRAVATED
Brewer's Yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . .118 Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199 MIOSIS
Herb Paris {Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
MOTOR SKILLS, IMPAIRMENT
Aga {Amanita muscaria) Rauwolfia {Rauwolfia serpentina)
G-3, 8 63i
MOUTH SENSATIONS, UNPLEASANT
Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia)
Buttercup {Ranunculus acris) . . .133 Clematis {Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194 Elecampane {Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Globe Flower {Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Green Hellebore {Helleborus viridis) 368 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Orris {Iris species) G-19, 56i Poisonous Buttercup {Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800 MUSCLE CRAMP
{See under Cramping, muscular) G-5, 97 G-IS, 528
MUSCLE PITCHING {See under Fasciculations)
MOUTH, BURNING
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Celandine {Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Croton Seeds {Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Night-Blooming Cereus {Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543
{See under Myasthenia) MUTAGENICITY
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) . . . G-4, 64 Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) . .. G-9, 212 Madder {Rubia tinctorum) . G-ie, 490 MYALGIA
Chaulmoogra {Hydnocarpus species) Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
MOUTH, DRY
{See under Xerostomia)
177 280
MUCOUS MEMBRANE IRRITANT
Arum {Arum maculatum) 46 Hedge-Hyssop {Gratiola officinalis) G-13, 385 Horseradish {Armoracia rusticana) . . . G-14, 408 Marsh Marigold {Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Poke {Phytolacca americana) . G-20, 602 Spurge {Euphorbia resinifera) . . . 716 Traveller's Joy {Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769
...
26 G-5, 83 128
G-18, 528
MYDRIASIS
Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum) Valerian {Valeriana officinalis)
G-14, 389 G-17, 495 ' G-25, 783
NASAL CONGESTION
Rauwolfia {Rauwolfia serpentina)
MUCOUS MEMBRANE, IRRITATION OF
American Liverleaf {Hepatica nobilis) Bitter Apple {Citrullus colocynthis) Bulbous Buttercup {Ranunculus bulbosus)
MYASTHENIA
Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia)
631
NAUSEA
Alpine Cranberry {Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20 American Pawpaw {Asimina triloba) 27
Angostura {Galipea officinalis) 34 Beth Root {Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Black Hellebore {Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 Butcher's Broom {Ruscus aculeatus) G-7, 132 Cane-Reed {Costus speciosa) . . . 146 Celandine {Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Colchicum {Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206 Cranesbill {Geranium maculatum) 233 Cyclamen {Cyclamen europaeum) 240 Echinacea Angustifolia {Echinacea angustifolia) 26i Echinacea Pallida {Echinacea pallida) 261 Echinacea Purpurea {Echinacea purpurea) . . . .G-10, 26i Elephant-Ears {Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Ergot {Claviceps purpurea) 280 Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus globulus) . . . G-11, 283 Guar Gum {Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376 Herb Paris {Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Indian-Hemp {Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Ipecac {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 Jaborandi {Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-IS, 425 Jalap {Ipomoea purga) G-15, 427 Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) . .. 450 Lily-of-the-Valley {Convallaria majalis) .. . G-ie, 475 Ma-Huang {Ephedra sinica) G-ie, 488 Male Fern {Dryopteris filix-mas) .. . G-17, 493 Manna {Fraxinus ornus) . . G-17, 496 Monkshood {Aconitum napellus) G-i8, 521 Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528
1-172 /NAUSEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Myrtle {Myrtus communis) . G-i8, 536 Niauli {Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Night-Blooming Cereus {Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543 Sandalwood {Santalum album) 659 Sarsaparilla {Smilax species) G-21, 661 Stavesacre {Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 Strophanthus {Strophanthus Kombe) 736 Trailing Arbutus {Epigae repens) 768 Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus altissima) 770 Uva-Ursi {Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779 Yohimbe Bark {Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 NECROSIS, CUTANEOUS
Black Mustard {Brassica nigra) Mezereon {Daphne mezereum) Savin Tops {Juniperus sabina) White Bryony {Bryonia alba)
NERVE DAMAGE
White Mustard {Sinapis alba)
PANIC
G-25, 805
NERVOUSNESS
346
NEUROTOXICITY
G-8, 165
NUMBNESS, FINGERS
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
280
OBSTIPATION
Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Scopolia {Scopolia carniolica) . . 671 OLIGURIA
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
ORTHOSTATIC CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
G-5, 100 G-17, 515 G-21, 663 G-25, soo
European Mistletoe {Viscum album)
Arnica {Arnica montana) European Mistletoe {Viscwn album)
G-11, 291
PAIN, ABDOMINAL
Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92 PAIN, MUSCLE
{See under Myalgia) PAIN, STOMACH
NEPHROPATHY
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, ie Buckthorn {Rhamnus catharticus) . .. G-6, 123 Cascara Sagrada {Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153 Chinese Rhubarb {Rheum palmatum) G-8, 185 Frangula {Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 I
{See under Stomachache)
G-18, 528
PERCEPTION OF TIME AND SPACE, ALTERATIONS IN
G-17, 500
PERSPIRATION
PHOTODERMATOSIS
PAIN, LIMB
G-22, 668
Mountain Laurel {Kalmia latifolia)
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199 {See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
594
PARESTHESIA
{See under Diaphoresis)
{See under Distress, epigastric)
NEPHRITIS
Scarlet Pimpernel {Anagallis arvensis)
PARALYSIS, SPINAL CORD
Pink Root {Spigelia marilandica)
OVERSTIMULATION
41 G-11, 291
Areca Nut {Areca catechu) . .G-4, 38 Chaulmoogra {Hydnocarpus species) 177 Labrador Tea {Ledum latifolium) 451 Mercury Herb {Mercurialis annua) G-17, 513 Wormseed Oil {Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828
Marijuana {Cannabis sativa)
PAIN, EPIGASTRIC NECROSIS, SKIN
843
PARALYSIS
Ginseng {Panax ginseng) Cayenne {Capsicum annuum)
Yohimbe Bark {Pausinystalia yohimbe)
Angelica {Angelica archangelica) . . . G-3, 32 Dill {Anethum graveolens) . G-10, 252 Parsley {Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567 Rue {Ruta graveolens) G-21, 648 PHOTOSENSITIVITY
Parsnip {Pastinaca sativa) . G-19, 571 Pimpinella {Pimpinella major) G-19, 591 Rue {Ruta graveolens) G-21, 648 St. John's Wort {Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719
PAIN, UTERINE
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa)
622
PALPITATIONS
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Green Tea {Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508 PANCREATIC DISEASE, UNSPECIFIED
Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
PHOTOTOXICITY
Bishop's Weed {Ammi Visnaga) Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) Burning Bush {Dictamnus albus) Celery {Apium graveolens) Contrayerva {Dorstenia contrayerva)
G-5, SI G-5, 86 G-7, 130 G-8, 172 218
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
SENSITIVITY REACTIONS / I - 1 7 3
Haronga (Haronga madagascariensis) 380 Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396 Lovage {Levisticum officinale) . . . .G-16, 482 Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) 507 Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) . G-i9, 571 Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamwn) . . G-24, 764 Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata) . . . 790 PIGMENTATION
Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium)
Quinine {Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626 Sandalwood {Santalum album) 659 Stavesacre {Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 PSEUDOALDOSTERONISM
Licorice {Glycyrrhiza glabra)
{See under Dependence, psychological)
Cat's Claw {Unicaria tomentosa)
PULMONARY HYPERPLASIA
Comfrey {Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 PULSE CHANGES
Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
RESTLESSNESS
{See under Dysphoria) PULSE, FAST
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
RHINITIS
Psyllium {Plantago ovata)
612
PULSE, IRREGULAR
Indian Squill {Urginea indica)
RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS
421
PUPIL ENLARGEMENT
Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Kava Kava {Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 PURPURA
Cayenne {Capsicum annuum) Senna {Cassia senna) {See under Sialism) SALIVATION, INCREASE
{See under Sialism) SEDATION Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger) SEIZURES
PRURITUS
PUSTULES, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Convulsions)
Bitter Orange {Citrus aurantium) Goa Powder {Andira ararobd)
G-8, 165 G-22, 684
SALIVATION
{See under Hypokalemia) Arnica {Arnica montand) 41 Brewer's Yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 118 Cowhage {Mucuna pruriens) . . . . 230 Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Ergot {Claviceps purpurea) 280 Horse Chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Night-Blooming Cereus {Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543 Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
54
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143
Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764
POTASSIUM LOSS
ieo
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
{See under Thrombocytopenia) POISONOUS
G-5, 90
Areca Nut {Areca catechu) . .G-4, 38
Astragalus {Astragalus species)
PLATELET, DECREASE
Asarum {Asarum europaeum) . . . .48 Bitter Apple {Citrullus colocynthis) G-S, 83 European Water Hemlock {Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 Fool's Parsley {Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Rust-Red Rhododendron {Rhododendron ferrugineum) 650 Tansy {Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754 Taumelloolch {Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Tobacco {Nicotiana tabacum) G-24, 762 Wormwood Grass {Spigelia anthelmia) 831
Black Bryony {Tamus communis)
RENAL FAILURE
197
PSYCHIC DEPENDENCE
G-5, 86
RASH, PUSTULAR
REFLEXES, ABNORMAL
G-16, 469
PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES
Coca {Erythroxylum coca)
Poppyseed {Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609 White Bryony {Bryonia alba) G-25, 800
G-14, 389
SEIZURES, EXACERBATION OF
G-S, 86 352
PYREXIA
{See under Fever) RASH
Arnica {Arnica montand) 41 Asarum {Asarum europaeum) . . . .48 Chaste Tree {Vitex agnus-castus) G-8, 176 Guaiac {Guaiacum officinale) . . . 37s
Evening Primrose {Oenothera biennis)
G-11, 298
SENSATION, ABNORMAL
{See under Paresthesia) SENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Boneset {Eupatorium perfoliatum) . G-6, 113 Cornflower {Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Gotu Kola {Centella asiatica) G-13, 359
1-174/SENSITIVITY REACTIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-13, 388 Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) 415 Ipecac {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423 SERUM ELECTROLYTE CHANGES
{See under Electrolyte imbalance) SERUM POTASSIUM, REDUCTION
(See under Hypokalemia) SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE, ELEVATION
(See under Hypertriglyceridemia) SHAKING
(See under Tremors) SHIVERING
(See under Tremors) SIALISM
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243 Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-i5, 425 Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528 Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 SIALORRHEA
SKIN, BURNING OF
(See under Sialism)
Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)
SIALOSIS
(See under Sialism) SKIN ERUPTIONS
Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543' SKIN REACTIONS
Arnica (Arnica montana) Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus)
Boneset (Eupatorium petfoliatum) .G-6, 113 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . . . G-7, 128 Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis) G-7, 158 Chicory (Cichorium intybus) G-8, 181 Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) . . . . G-8, 190 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Elecampane (Inula helenium) G-IO, 266 English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-IO, 275 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) . .G-11, 306 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342 Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) G-i3, 388 Hops (Humulus lupulus) . . G-14, 400 Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) .G-14, 413 Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Nerve Root (Cypripedium calceolus) 541 Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata) 595 Poplar (Populus species) . . G-20, 607 Savin Tops (Juniperus sabina) G-21, 663 Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) .G-24, 754
4i G-4, 44 G-6, 107
234 . . G-9, 242
SKIN, ERUPTIONS OF
Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
234 466
SKIN, IRRITATION OF
American Hellebore (Veratrum viride)
25
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44 Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Black Bryony (Tamus communis) G-5, 90 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) G-7, 157 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Chinese Olive (Canarium species) 184 Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) . . . G-8, 195 Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) . . . .230 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Goa Powder (Andira araroba) 352 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema atrorubens) 426 Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) G-17, 503 Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) . .G-17, 510 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) G-IS, 530 Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) G-18, 537 Orris (Iris species) G-19, sei Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, eoi Savin Tops (Juniperus sabina) G-21, 663 Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) . . . G-22, 701 Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) G-23, 711
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) Squill (Urginea maritima) . Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba) White Bryony (Bryonia alba) White Mustard (Sinapis alba)
TACHYARRHYTHMIA
. . . 716 G-23, 717 . . . 729 G-25, 769 G-25, 800 G-25, 805
SKIN, REDDENING
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria)
SPASM, TONIC-CLONIC
G-17, 515
Hyssop (Hyssopus
726
G-15, 443
SLEEP DISTURBANCES
cacao)
G-8, 199
SLEEPINESS
(See under Drowsiness) SLEEPLESSNESS
(See under Insomnia) SNEEZING
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
SOMNOLENCE
(See under Drowsiness) SPASM, GASTROINTESTINAL
Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, 8 0 Buckthorn {Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 1 2 3 Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 1 5 3 ' Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) . . . . . G-8, 1 8 5 Digitalis Lanata 250 (Digitalis lanata) Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) . . . . G-12, 3 1 7 Senna (Cassia senna) . . . . G-22, 6 8 4 SPASM, GENERALIZED
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97
G-17, 515
STOMATITIS, ULCERATIVE
Tolu Balsam (Myroxyion balsamum) . . .G-24, 764 STOOL URGENCY
Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria)
. . . . 726
STUFFINESS, NASAL
STUPOR
officinalis)
G-15, 414
SPEECH, COMPULSIVE
Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium)
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)
STOMATITIS Mezereon (Daphne mezereum)
(See under Nasal congestion)
G-14, 389
SKIN, YELLOWING
Cocoa (Theobroma
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora) G-7, 143 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828
/I-175
G-15, 436
STOMACH COMPLAINTS
Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) . . Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . Cola (Cola acuminata) European Five-Finger Grass (Potentilla reptans) Henna (Lawsonia inermis) . Potentilla (Potentilla anserina) Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) White Willow (Salix species)
117 G-7, 132 G-8, 188 G-9, 202 205 G-11, 289 G-14, 391 G-20, eio
Celandine (Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . . . .G-16, 475 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco) 623 Strophanthus (Strophanthus Kombe) 736 Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) . . . .G-24, 744 Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum) G-24, 7Si Wormseed (Artemisia cina) 827 SWEAT GLAND DISORDER
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica)
.. 67i
G-21, 66i SWEAT, COLD
G-21, 664 775
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
SWEATING
(See under Diaphoresis) G-25, 807
STOMACHACHE
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 528 Soybean (Glycine soja) . . . G-22, 707
SWEATING, DECREASED
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
SWELLING, UNSPECIFIED
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) Mezereon (Daphne mezereum)
G-3, 86 G-17, 515
TACHYARRHYTHMIA
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
1 - 1 7 6 /TACHYCARDIA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
TACHYCARDIA
TINGLING, TOES
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) 280 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) G-17, 495 Mezereon {Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
TACHYPHYLAXIS
Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
ULCERS, CUTANEOUS
G-18, 521
TINNITUS
ULCERS, GASTRIC
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339
(See under Fatigue)
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
TISSUE DAMAGE
(See under Consciousness, loss of)
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera)
URINARY DISTURBANCES
G-3, 16
TONGUE, SWELLING
(See under Glossoncus)
TERATOGENICITY
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . Morning Glory (Ipomoea hederacea) . .
G-15, 427
TOXICITY, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Thrombocytopenia)
American Hellebore (Veratrum viride) 25 Bitter Candytuft (Iberis amara) 84 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) . . . 228 Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) G-12, 316 Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux vomica) . G-18, 547 Taumelloolch (Lolium temulentum) G-24, 756 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 774 White Hellebore (Veratrum album) G-25, 803 Yew (Taxus baccata) G-26, 841
THYROID GLAND ENLARGEMENT
TREMBLING
Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus)
(See under Tremors)
523
THIRST
(See under Dipsesis) THROAT IRRITATION
Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Quinine (Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626 THROMBOPENIA
G-6, 126
TINGLING
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
G-i8, 521
TINGLING, FINGERS
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
G-is, 521
TREMORS
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38 Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera langsdorffi) 220 Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis)
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus
ficaria)
URINARY TRACT IRRITATION
URINARY URGENCY
Stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726 URINE, PRESENCE OF RBC'S
TRIGLYCERIDES, INCREASE
(See under Hematuria)
TUMORS, MALIGNANT
G-i8, 521
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . G-4, 38
466
American Liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis) 26 Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133 Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194 Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus) G-12, 351 Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla pratensis) 572 Poisonous Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601 Sarsaparilla (Smilax species) G-21, 66i Traveller's Joy (Clematis vitalba) G-25, 769 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 824
(See under Tremors)
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)
572
URINARY TRACT DISORDER, UNSPECIFIED
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
(See under Hypertriglyceridemia)
G-16, 488
(See under Micturition disturbances)
TREMULOUSNESS
TINGLING, MOUTH
466
URINARY FREQUENCY
TINGLING, LIMBS
770
G-8, 165
TIREDNESS
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
(See under Hyperthermia)
G-5, 100
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium ambrosioides) G-26, 828
TONGUE, BURNING TEMPERATURE ELEVATION
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
URTICARIA
American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
27
SIDE E F F E C T S INDEX
WATER R E T E N T I O N / 1 - 1 7 7
Brewer's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 118 Psyllium (Plantago ovata) 612 Psyllium Seed (Plantago afra) G-20, 616 Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764 VERTIGO
Broad Bean (Vicia faba) Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco)
120 G-13, 369 623
VESTIBULAR DISTURBANCES
Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
VISION ABNORMALITIES
(See under Visual disturbances) VISION, CHANGES
(See under Visual disturbances) VISION, DOUBLE
(See under Diplopia) VISION, TEMPORARY LOSS OF
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus species) 177 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Wormseed (Artemisia cina) 827 VOMITING
Aga (Amanita muscaria) G-3, 8 Alpine Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20 Angostura (Galipea officinalis) 34 Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) ... G-5, SO Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) G-5, 83 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-S, 92 Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Black Root (Leptandra virginica) 104 Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) 117 I
Broad Bean (Vicia faba) 120 Celandine (Chelidonium majus) G-8, 169 Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta) G-8, 192 Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202 Colchicum (Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206 Colombo (Jateorhiza palmata) 208 Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum) 233 Croton Seeds (Croton tiglium) 234 Cyclamen (Cyclamen europaeum) 240 Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242 Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243 Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) G-10, 248 Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea angustifolia) 261 Echinacea Pallida (Echinacea pallida) 26i Echinacea Purpurea (Echinacea purpurea) . . . G-10, 261 Elephant-Ears (Bergenia crassifolia) 268 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) 280 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) . .. G-11, 283 Frangula (Rhamnus frangula) G-12, 317 Gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) G-12, 325 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) G-13, 369 Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia) G-14, 392 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus < hippocastanum) G-14, 403 Indian Squill (Urginea indica) 421 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) 418 Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 423
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 Labrador Tea (Ledum latifolium) 451 Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475 Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica) G-16, 488 Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . G-17, 493 Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos Mezereon (Daphne mezereum) G-17, 515 Monkshood (Aconitum napellus) G-18, 521 Mountain Flax (Linum catharticum) 526 Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) G-IS, 52s Myrtle (Myrtus communis) . G-IS, 536 Niauli (Melaleucea viridiflora) 542 Night-Blooming Cereus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543 Orris (Iris species) G-19, sei. Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa) G-20, 598 Simaruba (Simaruba amara) . . . . 695 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700 Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717 Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) . . . 729 Strophanthus (Strophanthus Kombe) 736 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) .. . .6-23, 743 Trailing Arbutus (Epigae repens) 768 Uva-Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) .G-25, 779 Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) . G-26, 829 Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus) 835 Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838 Yohimbe Bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 VOMITING, BLOODY
Arum (Arum maculatum) WATER RETENTION
(See under Edema)
46
1-178 /WEAKNESS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(See under Asthenia)
European Mistletoe (Viscum album)
WHEALS
XEROSTOMIA
Black Bryony (Tamus communis)
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
WEAKNESS
G-S, 90
G-11, 291
Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)
G-17, 495
G-14, 389
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens)
. . . . 838
4|
*
1-17
Drug/Herb Interactions Guide This section catalogs potentially adverse drug/herb combinations by both the generic name of the drug or drug category and the accepted common name of the herb.
Under each bold-face
drug entry you '11 find a list of the herbs with which the agent may interact. Likewise, under a bold-face herb entry you '11 find a list of potentially interactive drugs. A description of the interaction's effect follows each item in the list. Further information on each drug can be found in Physicians' Desk Reference®. Information on each herb appears in the Herbal Monographs section of this book.
ADONIS
Calcium (Increases action Digoxin (Increases action Glucocorticoids (Increases action Laxatives (Increases action Quinidine (Increases action Saluretics (Increases action ADONIS
of Adonis) of Adonis) of Adonis)
ALOE VERA
Green Tea (Decreased absorption of alkaline drugs due to tannin component in tea) Oak (Absorption of alkaline drugs may be reduced or inhibited)
{See under Aloe) ALPHA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Saw Palmetto (Saw Palmetto has an additive alpha adrenergic blocking effect when given in combination with alpha blockers)
of Adonis)
ALKALOIDS
ALPINE CRANBERRY
of Adonis)
Oak (Absorption of alkaloids may be reduced or inhibited)
Medication and Food that Increase Uric Acid Levels (Decreases effect of Alpine Cranberry)
of Adonis)
VERNAL/S
{See under Adonis) AESCULUS
ALKALINE DRUGS
HIPPOCASTANUM
{See under Horse Chestnut) ALCOHOL
German Chamomile (May increase sedative effect) Rauwolfia (Increases impairment of motor skills) Valerian (Additive depressive effects with Valerian) White Willow (Enhances toxicity of salicylates)
ALOE
Antiarrhythmics (Aloe-induced hypokalemia may affect cardiac rhythm) Cardiac Glycosides (Increases effect of cardiac glycosides) Corticosteroids (Increased potassium loss) Licorice (Increased potassium loss) Thiazide Diuretics (Increased potassium loss) ALOE
Belladonna (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb) Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action) Scopolia (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) ANDROGENS
Saw Palmetto (Saw Palmetto antagonizes the effect of androgens)
BARBADENSIS
{See under Aloe) ALOE
AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE
CAPENSIS
{See under Aloe)
ANTIARRHYTHMICS
Aloe (Aloe-induced hypokalemia may affect cardiac rhythm)
1-180 /ANTIARRHYTHMICS
Buckthorn (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Cascara Sagrada (Potentiates arrhythmias with prolonged use of Cascara) Licorice (Licorice-induced hypokalemia increases risk of arrhythmias) Senna (Senna-induced hypokalemia may increase risk of arrythmia) ANTICHOLINERGICS
Jimson Weed (Co-administration of Jimson Weed with other anticholinergic drugs may increase the frequency and/or severity of anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, and others)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
White Willow (Additive effect with salicylates) ANTITHROMBOLYTIC DRUGS
Ginkgo (Increases effect of antithrombolytic drugs) ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
UVA-URSI
(See under Uva-Ursi) Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified (Coumarin component in Arnica may increase anticoagulant effect) Warfarin Sodium (Additive anticoagulant effect) ARNICA
MONTANA
(See under Arnica) ARTEMISIA
ABSINTHIUM
(See under Wormwood) ASPIRIN
Arnica (Coumarin component in Arnica may increase anticoagulant effect) Astragalus (Astragalus may potentiate anticoagulant effects) Horse Chestnut (Horse Chestnut has a coumarin componant and may interact with warfarin, salicylates and other drugs with anticoagulant properties)
Cayenne (Decreased bioavailability of aspirin) Feverfew (Increased antithrombotic effect)
Evening Primrose (Evening Primrose oil may lower seizure threshold and decrease effectiveness of anticonvulsant medications)
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS, UNSPECIFIED
Yohimbe Bark (May need to adjust antihypertensive medications due to hypertensive effect of Yohimbe)
German Chamomile (May increase sedative effect)
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified (Astragalus may potentiate anticoagulant effects) Immunosuppressants (Decreased effectiveness of immunosuppressive effect due to immunostimulant effect of Astragalus) ASTRAGALUS
SPECIES
(See under Astragalus) ATROPA
Salicylates (Increases prothrombin time; caution should be observed when used concurrently) Warfarin Sodium (Increases prothrombin time; caution should be observed when used concurrently) BLADDERWRACK
Hypoglycemic Drugs (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs) BREWER'S YEAST
MAO Inhibitors (Increase in blood pressure) BUCKTHORN
ASTRAGALUS
BELLADONNA
(See under Belladonna)
ANTIHISTAMINES
Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action)
BENZODIAZEPINES
BILBERRY ARNICA
ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS, UNSPECIFIED
ANTICONVULSANTS
Quinidine (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb)
BARBITURATES
Rauwolfia (Synergistic effect) White Willow (Enhances toxicity of salicylates) BELLADONNA
Amantadine Hydrochloride (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb)
Antiarrhythmics (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Cardiac Glycosides (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Corticosteroids (Increases hypokalemic effects) Digoxin (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) Licorice Root (Increases hypokalemic effects) Thiazide Diuretics (Increases hypokalemic effects) BUGLEWEED
Diagnostic Procedures Using Radioactive Isotopes (Herb interferes with these isotopes) Thyroid Preparations (Effect not specified)
DRUG/HERB INTERACTIONS GUIDE CALCIUM
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Squill (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) CALCIUM SALTS
Kombe Seed (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Oleander (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb) Strophanthus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Strophanthus Gratus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) CAMELLIA
SINENSIS
(See under Green Tea)
DIGITALIS / I - 1 8 1
Ma-Huang (Disturbance of heart rhythm) CARDIOACTIVE STEROIDS
Castor Oil Plant (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) CARICA
PAPAYA
(See under Papaya) CASCARA SAGRADA
Antiarrhythmics (Potentiates arrhythmias with prolonged use of Cascara) Cardiac Glycosides (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Corticosteroids (Increases hypokalemic effect) Digoxin (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) Indomethacin (Decreases therapeutic effect of Cascara) Thiazide Diuretics (Increases hypokalemic effect) CASSIA SENNA
CAPSICUM
ANNUUM
(See under Cayenne)
(See under Senna)
Digoxin (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) CINCHONA
PUBESCENS
(See under Quinine) COFFEA
ARABICA
(See under Coffee) COFFEE
Drugs, unspecified (Herb can hinder (or decrease) resorption of other drugs) CONVALLARIA
MAJALIS
(See under Lily-of-the-Valley) CORTICOSTEROIDS
Aloe (Increased potassium loss) Buckthorn (Increases hypokalemic effects) Cascara Sagrada (Increases hypokalemic effect) Echinacea Angustifolia (Echinacea may potentially interfere with the anti-cancer chemotherapeutic effect of corticosteroids)
CASTOR OIL PLANT
CYCLOSPORINE
White Willow (Potentiates action of salicylates)
Cardioactive Steroids (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb)
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
CAYENNE
St. John's Wort (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower cyclosporine serum levels)
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Aloe (Increases effect of cardiac glycosides) Buckthorn (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Cascara Sagrada (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Chinese Rhubarb (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Frangula (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Guarana (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb)
Aspirin (Decreased bioavailability of aspirin)
CYTISUS
(See under Scotch Broom) DATURA
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
Ma-Huang (Ma-Huang has an additive effect on the CNS when combined with CNS stimulants) CHASTE TREE
Dopamine Antagonists (Decreased dopaminergic effect of herb) CHINESE RHUBARB
Cardiac Glycosides (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb)
SCOPARIUS
STRAMONIUM
(See under Jimson Weed) DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Bugleweed (Herb interferes with these isotopes) DIGITALIS
Methylxanthines (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
1-182/DIGITALIS
Quinidine (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Sympathomimetic Agents (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDE PREPARATIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Squill (Squill potentiates the positive inotropic and negative chronopic effects of digoxin) St. John's Wort (Co-administration of the herb with digoxin has resulted in a significant decrease in the digoxin area under the curve) Uzara (Herb contains cardiac glycosides and may have additive effect when taken with digoxin, possibly increasing digoxin toxicity)
Licorice (Licorice-induced hypokalemia increases risk of digitalis toxicity) Rauwolfia (Severe bradycardia when used in combination with digitalis glycosides) Senna (Senna-induced hypokalemia may increase toxicity of digitalis preparations)
DIOSCOREA
DIGITALIS LANATA
(See under Wild Yam)
Methylxanthines (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Quinidine (Risk of'cardiac arrhythmias) Sympathomimetic Agents (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) DIGITALIS
PURPUREA
(See under Digitalis) DIGOXIN
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Buckthorn (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) Cascara Sagrada (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin. toxicity) Chinese Rhubarb (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) Frangula (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) Guarana (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity)
VILLOSA
DIURETICS
Kombe Seed (Increases effects and side effects of herb) DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS
Chaste Tree (Decreased dopaminergic effect of herb) DRUGS THAT CAUSE THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Quinine (Herb increases risk of thrombocytopenia) DRUGS, UNSPECIFIED
Coffee (Herb can hinder (or decrease) resorption of other drugs) Flax (Absorption of other drugs may be delayed when taken simultaneously) Niauli (Co-administration may result in decreased effect of drugs that undergo liver metabolism) Psyllium (Absorption of other drugs may be decreased if taken simultaneously with herb) Psyllium Seed (Absorption of other drugs may be decreased if taken simultaneously with herb)
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA
Corticosteroids (Echinacea may potentially interfere with the anti-cancer chemotherapeutic effect of corticosteroids) Immunosuppressants (The immune-stimulating effect of Echinacea may interfere with drugs that have immunosuppressant effects) EPHEDRA
SINICA
(See under Ma-Huang) ESTROGEN
Senna (Senna decreases estrogen levels when taken with estrogen supplements) Wild Yam (Additive effect) ETHANOL
Yohimbe Bark (Increased anxiogenic effects) EVENING PRIMROSE
Anticonvulsants (Evening Primrose oil may lower seizure threshold and decrease effectiveness of anticonvulsant medications) FENUGREEK
Hypoglycemic Drugs (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs) FEVERFEW
Aspirin (Increased antithrombotic effect) Warfarin Sodium (Increased antithrombotic effect) FLAX
Drugs, unspecified (Absorption of other drugs may be delayed when taken simultaneously) FRANGULA
Cardiac Glycosides (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb)
DRUG/HERB INTERACTIONS GUIDE
Digoxin (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) FUCUS
VESICULOSUS
(See under Bladderwrack) GALEGA
OFFICINALIS
INDIAN SQUILL / I - 1 8 3
Strophanthus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Strophanthus Gratus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects)
(See under Goat's Rue) GLYCYRRHIZA GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Alcohol (May increase sedative effect) Benzodiazepines (May increase sedative effect) Warfarin Sodium (Hydroxycoumarin component in Chamomile may elevate prothrombin times) GINKGO
Antithrombolytic Drugs (Increases effect of antithrombolytic drugs) GINKGO
BILOBA
(See under Ginkgo) GINSENG
Hypoglycemic Drugs (Increases hypoglycemic effect) Loop Diuretics (Increases diuretic resistance) MAO Inhibitors (Combination increases chance for headache, tremors, mania) GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Kombe Seed (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Licorice (Licorice potentiates effect of glucocorticoids) Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Oleander (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb) Squill (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb)
GLABRA
(See under Licorice)
Quinidine (Increased anticholinergic action) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Increased anticholinergic action) HORSE CHESTNUT
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified (Horse Chestnut has a coumarin componant and may interact with warfarin, salicylates and other drugs with anticoagulant properties)
GOAT'S RUE
Hypoglycemic Drugs (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs)
HYOSCYAMUS
NIGER
(See under Henbane) HYPERICUM
PERFORA TUM
(See under St. John's Wort)
GREEN TEA
HYPNOTICS
Alkaline Drugs (Decreased absorption of alkaline drugs due to tannin component in tea)
Valerian (Additive effect when taken with Valerian)
GUANETHIDINE
Bladderwrack (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs) Fenugreek (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs) Ginseng (Increases hypoglycemic effect) Goat's Rue (Herb may have an additive hypoglycemic effect when taken with other hypoglycemic drugs)
HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS
Ma-Huang (Increased sympathomimetic effects) GUARANA
Cardiac Glycosides (Increased effect due to potassium loss with chronic use of herb) Digoxin (Herb may cause hypokalemia, which may increase digoxin toxicity) HALOPERIDOL
Milk Thistle (Silymarin in combination with haloperidol causes a decrease in lipid peroxidation) HALOTHANE
Ma-Huang (Disturbance of heart rhythm) HENBANE
Amantadine Hydrochloride (Increased anticholinergic Antihistamines (Increased anticholinergic Phenothiazines (Increased anticholinergic Procainamide (Increased anticholinergic
action) action) action) action)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Astragalus (Decreased effectiveness of immunosuppressive effect due to immunostimulant effect of Astragalus) Echinacea Angustifolia (The immune-stimulating effect of Echinacea may interfere with drugs that have immunosuppressant effects) INDIAN SQUILL
Methylxanthines (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb)
1-184/INDIAN SQUILL
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Quinidine (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Sympathomimetic Agents (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) INDINAVIR SULFATE
St. John's Wort (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower indinavir serum levels) INDOMETHACIN
Cascara Sagrada (Decreases therapeutic effect of Cascara) Senna (Decreased therapeutic effect of Senna) Wild Yam (Wild Yam may decrease the antiinflammatory effect of indomethacin) INSULIN
Psyllium (Effect unspecified; insulin dose should be decreased) JIMSON WEED
Anticholinergics (Co-administration of Jimson Weed with other anticholinergic drugs may increase the frequency and/or severity of anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, drowsiness, and others) KOMBE SEED
Calcium Salts (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Diuretics (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Glucocorticoids (Increases effects and side effects of herb)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Laxatives (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Quinidine (Increases effects and side effects of herb) LAXATIVES
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Kombe Seed (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Oleander (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb) Squill (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Strophanthus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Strophanthus Gratus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) LEVODOPA
Rauwolfia (Decreased effect; increases in extra-pyramidal symptoms) LICORICE
Aloe (Increased potassium loss) Antiarrhythmics (Licorice-induced hypokalemia increases risk of arrhythmias) Digitalis Glycoside Preparations (Licorice-induced hypokalemia increases risk of digitalis toxicity) Glucocorticoids (Licorice potentiates effect of glucocorticoids) Loop Diuretics (Additive effect of hypokalemia) Thiazide Diuretics (Additive effect of hypokalemia)
LICORICE ROOT
Buckthorn (Increases hypokalemic effects) LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
Calcium (Increases the the-Valley) Digoxin (Increases the the-Valley) Glucocorticoids (Increases the the-Valley) Laxatives (Increases the the-Valley) Quinidine (Increases the the-Valley) Saluretics (Increases the the-Valley) LINUM
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
USITATISSIMUM
(See under Flax) LOOP DIURETICS
Ginseng (Increases diuretic resistance) Licorice (Additive effect of hypokalemia) Uva-Ursi (The sodium-sparing effect of Uva-Ursi may antagonize the diuretic effect of the loop diuretics) LYCOPUS
VIRGINICUS
(See under Bugleweed) MA-HUANG
Cardiac Glycosides (Disturbance of heart rhythm) Central Nervous System Stimulants (Ma-Huang has an additive effect on the CNS when combined with CNS stimulants) Guanethidine (Increased sympathomimetic effects) Halothane (Disturbance of heart rhythm) MAO Inhibitors (Increases sympathomimetic effects of ephedrine)
DRUG/HERB I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE
Oxytocin (Development of high blood pressure)
PHENTOLAMINE M E S Y L A T E / I - 1 8 5
Yohimbine Hydrochloride (Silymarin antagonizes the effect of yohimbine)
MAO INHIBITORS
MORPHINE SULFATE
Brewer's Yeast (Increase in blood pressure) Ginseng (Combination increases chance for headache, tremors, mania) Ma-Huang (Increases sympathomimetic effects of ephedrine) Scotch Broom (Increased risk of hypertensive crisis)
Yohimbe Bark (Potentiates effects of morphine)
MATRICARIA
RECUTITA
(See under German Chamomile) MEDICATION AND FOOD THAT INCREASE URIC ACID LEVELS
Alpine Cranberry (Decreases effect of Alpine Cranberry) Uva-Ursi (Decreases effect of herb) MELALEUCEA
NALTREXONE HYDROCHLORIDE
Yohimbe Bark (Potentiates Yohimbe side effects) NERIUM
OLEANDER
(See under Oleander) NEUROLEPTICS
Rauwolfia (Synergistic effect) NIAULI
Drugs, unspecified (Co-administration may result in decreased effect of drugs that undergo liver metabolism) NIFEDIPINE
Senna (Inhibits activity of Senna via calcium channel blockade)
VIRIDIFLORA
(See under Niauli) METHYLXANTHINES
Digitalis (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Digitalis Lanata (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Indian Squill (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Squill (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) MILK THISTLE
Haloperidol (Silymarin in combination with haloperidol causes a decrease in lipid peroxidation) Phenothiazines (Silymarin in combination with phenothiazines causes a decrease in lipid peroxidation) Phentolamine Mesylate (Silymarin antagonizes the effect of phentolamine)
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Uva-Ursi (Uva-Ursi may potentiate the gastrointestinal irritation caused by NSAIDs) White Willow (Use with caution; effect not specified)
Glucocorticoids (Increased efficacy effects when given with herb) Laxatives (Increased efficacy effects when given with herb) Quinidine (Increased efficacy effects when given with herb) Saluretics (Increased efficacy effects when given with herb)
Yohimbe Bark (Potentiates hypertensive effect) OAK
Alkaline Drugs (Absorption of alkaline drugs may be reduced or inhibited) Alkaloids (Absorption of alkaloids may be reduced or inhibited) OENOTHERA
BIENNIS
(See under Evening Primrose) OLEANDER
Calcium Salts (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb)
and side simultaneously
and side simultaneously
and side simultaneously
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
St. John's Wort (Breakthrough bleeding has been reported with concomitant use of the herb with oral contraceptives) OXYTOCIN
Ma-Huang (Development of high blood pressure) PANAX
GINSENG
(See under Ginseng) PAPAYA
Warfarin Sodium (Increased INR levels) PAULLINIA
CUPANA
(See under Guarana) PAUSINYSTALIA
OTC STIMULANTS
and side simultaneously
YOHIMBE
(See under Yohimbe Bark) PHENOTHIAZINES
Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action) Milk Thistle (Silymarin in combination with phenothiazines causes a decrease in lipid peroxidation) Wormwood (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold) PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE
Milk Thistle (Silymarin antagonizes the effect of phentolamine)
1 - 1 8 6 /PHOSPHODIESTERASE
INHIBITORS
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS
Digitalis (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Digitalis Lanata (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Indian Squill (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Squill (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS
St. John's Wort (An additive photosensitizing effect is expected when the herb is used with photosensitizing drugs such as tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and thiazides) PLANTAGO AFRA
(See under Psyllium Seed) PLANTAGO OVATA
(See under Psyllium) PROCAINAMIDE
Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action) PSYLLIUM
Drugs, unspecified (Absorption of other drugs may be decreased if taken simultaneously with herb) Insulin (Effect unspecified; insulin dose should be decreased)
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Digitalis (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Digitalis Lanata (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action) Indian Squill (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Kombe Seed (Increases effects and side effects of herb) Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Oleander (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb) Scopolia (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) Squill (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias; increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Strophanthus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Strophanthus Gratus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects)
PSYLLIUM SEED
QUERCUS
ROBUR
(See under Oak) QUINIDINE
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Belladonna (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb)
RAUWOLFIA
Drugs that Cause Thrombocytopenia (Herb increases risk of thrombocytopenia) RAUWOLFIA
Alcohol (Increases impairment of motor skills) Barbiturates (Synergistic effect) Digitalis Glycoside Preparations (Severe bradycardia when used in combination with digitalis glycosides)
SERPENTINA
(See under Rauwolfia) RESERPINE
St. John's Wort (Hypericum antagonizes the effect of reserpine) RHAMNUS
CATHARTICUS
(See under Buckthorn) RHAMNUS
FRANGULA
(See under Frangula) RHAMNUS
PURSHIANA
(See under Cascara Sagrada) RHEUM PALMA TUM
(See under Chinese Rhubarb) RICINUS
COMMUNIS
(See under Castor Oil Plant) SACCHAROMYCES
CEREVISIAE
(See under Brewer's Yeast) SALICYLATES
Bilberry (Increases prothrombin time; caution should be observed when used concurrently) White Willow (Use with caution; effect not specified) SALIX
QUININE
Drugs, unspecified (Absorption of other drugs may be decreased if taken simultaneously with herb)
Levodopa (Decreased effect; increases in extra-pyramidal symptoms) Neuroleptics (Synergistic effect) Sympathomimetic Agents (Increases blood pressure)
SPECIES
(See under White Willow) SALURETICS
Adonis (Increases action of Adonis) Lily-of-the-Valley (Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley) Oleander (Increased efficacy and side effects when given simultaneously with herb) Squill (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb)
DRUG/HERB I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE
STROPHANTHUS / I - 1 8 7
Strophanthus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Strophanthus Gratus (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects)
Indomethacin (Decreased therapeutic effect of Senna) Nifedipine (Inhibits activity of Senna via calcium channel blockade) SERENOA
REPENS
(See under Saw Palmetto)
SAW PALMETTO
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers (Saw Palmetto has an additive alpha adrenergic blocking effect when given in combination with alpha blockers) Androgens (Saw Palmetto antagonizes the effect of androgens) SCOPOLIA
Amantadine Hydrochloride (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) Quinidine (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) SCOPOLIA
CARNIOLICA
(See under Scopolia) SCOTCH BROOM
MAO Inhibitors (Increased risk of hypertensive crisis) SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
St. John's Wort (Concomitant use with the herb will result in an additive serotonin effect and possible toxicity) SENNA
Antiarrhythmics (Senna-induced hypokalemia may increase risk of arrythmia) Digitalis Glycoside Preparations (Senna-induced hypokalemia may increase toxicity of digitalis preparations) Estrogen (Senna decreases estrogen levels when taken with estrogen supplements)
SIL YBUM MARIANUM
(See under Milk Thistle) SQUILL
Calcium (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Digoxin (Squill potentiates the positive inotropic and negative chronopic effects of digoxin) Glucocorticoids (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Laxatives (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Methylxanthines (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Quinidine (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias; increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Saluretics (Increases effectiveness and side effects of herb) Sympathomimetic Agents (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) ST. JOHN'S WORT
Cyclosporine (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower cyclosporine serum levels) Digoxin (Co-administration of the herb with digoxin has resulted in a significant decrease in the digoxin area under the curve) I
Indinavir Sulfate (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower indinavir serum levels) Oral Contraceptives (Breakthrough bleeding has been reported with concomitant use of the herb with oral contraceptives) Photosensitizing Agents (An additive photosensitizing effect is expected when the herb is used with photosensitizing drugs such as tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and thiazides) Reserpine (Hypericum antagonizes the effect of reserpine) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Concomitant use with the herb will result in an additive serotonin effect and possible toxicity) Sympathomimetic Agents (St. John's Wort may have MAO inhibitor properties and caution should be used with sympathomimetic agents) Theophylline (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower theophylline serum levels) STROPHANTHUS
Calcium Salts (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Glucocorticoids (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Laxatives (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Quinidine (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Saluretics « (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects)
1 - 1 8 8 / S T R O P H A N T H U S GRATUS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
STROPHANTHUS GRATUS
Calcium Salts (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Glucocorticoids (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Laxatives (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Quinidine (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) Saluretics (Simultaneous administration with herb enhance both effects and side effects) STROPHANTHUS
KOMBE
(See under Strophanthus)
THEOPHYLLINE
URINARY TRACT ACIDIFIERS
St. John's Wort (The herb induces the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and will lower theophylline serum levels)
Uva-Ursi (Drugs or foods that acidify the urine will decrease the antibacterial effect of Uva-Ursi)
THIAZIDE DIURETICS
UVA-URSI
Aloe (Increased potassium loss) Buckthorn (Increases hypokalemic effects) Cascara Sagrada (Increases hypokalemic effect) Licorice (Additive effect of hypokalemia) Uva-Ursi (The sodium-sparing effect of Uva-Ursi may antagonize the diuretic effect of thiazide diuretics)
Loop Diuretics (The sodium-sparing effect of Uva-Ursi may antagonize the diuretic effect of the loop diuretics) Medication and Food that Increase Uric Acid Levels (Decreases effect of herb) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Uva-Ursi may potentiate the gastrointestinal irritation caused by NSAIDs) Thiazide Diuretics (The sodium-sparing effect of Uva-Ursi may antagonize the diuretic effect of thiazide diuretics) Urinary Tract Acidifiers (Drugs or foods that acidify the urine will decrease the antibacterial effect of Uva-Ursi)
THYROID PREPARATIONS
Bugleweed (Effect not specified) TRAZODONE HYDROCHLORIDE
STROPHANTHUS
GRATUS
(See under Strophanthus Gratus) STROPHANTHUS
HISPIDUS
(See under Kombe Seed) SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS
Digitalis (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Digitalis Lanata (Risk of cardiac arrhythmias) Indian Squill (Can increase the risk of cardie arrhythmias when given simultaneously with this herb) Rauwolfia (Increases blood pressure) Squill (Increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias) St. John's Wort (St. John's Wort may have MAO inhibitor properties and caution should be used with sympathomimetic agents)
Wormwood (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold) TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Belladonna (Increases anticholinergic effect of herb) Henbane (Increased anticholinergic action) Scopolia (Increased effect when given simultaneously with herb) Wormwood (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold) TRIGONELLA
FOENUM-GRAECUM
(See under Fenugreek) URGINEA
INDICA
(See under Indian Squill)
UZARA
Digoxin (Herb contains cardiac glycosides and may have additive effect when taken with digoxin, possibly increasing digoxin toxicity) VACCINIUM
MYRTILLUS
(See under Bilberry) VACCINIUM
VITIS-IDAEA
(See under Alpine Cranberry) VALERIAN
Alcohol • (Additive depressive effects with Valerian) Hypnotics (Additive effect when taken with Valerian) VALERIANA
OFFICINALIS
(See under Valerian)
0
TANACETUM
PARTHENIUM
(See under Feverfew)
URGINEA
MARITIMA
I (See under Squill)
VITEX
AGNUS-CASTUS
I (See under Chaste Tree)
D R U G / H E R B I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE WARFARIN SODIUM
Arnica (Additive anticoagulant effect) Bilberry (Increases prothrombin time; caution should be observed when used concurrently) Feverfew (Increased antithrombotic effect) German Chamomile (Hydroxycoumarin component in Chamomile may elevate prothrombin times) Papaya (Increased INR levels) WHITE WILLOW
Alcohol (Enhances toxicity of salicylates) Antiplatelet Drugs (Additive effect with salicylates) Barbiturates (Enhances toxicity of salicylates) Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Potentiates action of salicylates)
YOHIMBINE
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Use with caution; effect not specified) Salicylates (Use with caution; effect not specified)
HYDROCHLORIDE / I - 1 8 9
Tricyclic Antidepressants (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold) XYSMALOBIUM
UNDULATUM
{See under Uzara)
WILD YAM
YOHIMBE BARK
Estrogen (Additive effect) Indomethacin (Wild Yam may decrease the antiinflammatory effect of indomethacin)
Antihypertensive agents, unspecified (May need to adjust antihypertensive medications due to hypertensive effect of Yohimbe) Ethanol (Increased anxiogenic effects) Morphine Sulfate (Potentiates effects of morphine) Naltrexone Hydrochloride (Potentiates Yohimbe side effects) OTC stimulants (Potentiates hypertensive effect)
WORMWOOD
Phenothiazines (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold) Trazodone Hydrochloride (Wormwood preparations should not be administered with drugs known to lower the seizure threshold)
YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Milk Thistle (Silymarin antagonizes the effect of yohimbine)
1-19
Safety Guide This guide lists botanicals in three precautionary categories: • Not for use during pregnancy • Not for use while nursing • For use only under supervision All common, scientific, and brand names of each potentially harmful botanical are listed alphabetically. Generally accepted common names that serve as monograph titles appear in bold type. Scientific names are shown in italic type. Brand names are followed by the supplier's name in parentheses. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant or product in the Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For additional information on potential adverse effects, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
Not for use during pregnancy Absinthe G-26, 829 Achillea millefolium G-26, 833 Adiantum capillus-veneris 491 Akebia 189 Akebia quinata 189 Alant G-io, 266 Alcohol Free Chaste Tree Berry Liquid (Nature's Answer) 176 Alcohol Free Kava Kava Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 443 Alcohol Free Sage Liquid (Nature's Answer) 655 Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 833 Alder Buckthorn G-12, 317 Alder Dogwood G-12, 317 Alexandrian Senna G-22, 684 ALKANET
(Alkanna tinctoria) Alkanet Root Alkanna tinctoria
G-3, 13 G-3, 13 G-3, 13
ALOE
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe capensis; Aloe vera) Aloe 99 Gel (Lee) Aloe barbadensis Aloe capensis Aloe ferox Aloe vera Aloe Vera Capsules (ADH, Herbal Harvest, National Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Way) Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000 Capsules (Mason Vitamins) Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Aloe Vera Super-Strength Liquid (Pharmaceutical Labs)
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF
(Hepatica nobilis) G-3, ie ie G-3, 16 G-3, ie ie G-3, ie
652
AMMONIAC GUM
(Dorema ammoniacum) Anchusa
29 G-3, 13
ANGELICA
ie . . . . 16
(Angelica archangelica) ... G-3, 32 Angelica archangelica G-3, 32 Angelica Root Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 32 Angel's Wort G-3, 32 ANISE
(Pimpinella anisum) . . . . . .G-3, 35 16
16
AMARGO
(Quassia amara)
American Saffron
26
G-3, 23
Apium graveolens Arabian Coffee Arabica Coffee Aralia racemosa Arberry Arborvitae
G-8, 172 G-9, 202 G-9, 202 G-23, 711 G-25, 779 G-24, 759
1-192/ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arisaema atrorubens Aristolochia clematitis Arrow Wood Arruda Brava Arruda Do Mato Artemisia absinthium Artemisia vulgaris
. . . G-25, 779 426 G-5, SO G-12, 317 G-IS, 425 G-15, 425 G-26, 829 G-18, 530
foetida)
47
Asarabacca
48
ASARUM
(Asarum
europaeum)
Asarum europaeum Asclepias tuberosa Ash Ass Ear ASS'S Foot Asthma Weed Ava Ava Pepper Band Man's Plaything Baptisia tinctoria Barbary
48
48 G-20, 598 622 G-9, 212 G-9, 209 G-16, 479 G-15, 443 G-15, 443 G-26, 833 G-26, 812 487
BARBERRY
(Berberis vulgaris)
G-4, 61
BARLEY
(Hordeum distichon)
G-4, 63
Barley Grain Capsules
(ADH)
63
BLUE COHOSH
(Trillium erectum)
G-4, 74
Bird's Foot Bird's Neat Birds' Nest Birthroot
G-11, 304 G-25, 809 G-25, 809 G-4, 74
BIRTH WORT
Bissy Nut 205 Bitter Ash (Picrasma excelsa) . . 622 Bitter Ash (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23 Bitter Bark G-7, 153 Bitter Wood G-3, 23 Bitterwood 622 Black Alder G-12, 317 BLACK COHOSH
(Cimicifuga racemosa)
. . . . G-5, 92
Black Cohosh Capsules (Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Natrol, Nature's Way, Rexall Consumer) 92 Black Cohosh Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 Black Root G-9, 212 Black Snake Root G-5, 92 Black-Tang 106 Blackwort G-9, 212 Bladder Fucus 106 Bladderpod G-16, 479 BLADDERWRACK
(Fucus vesiculosus)
BASIL
(Ocimum basilicum) Bastard Cinnamon Bastard Jasmine Bastard Saffron Bearberry Bearsgrape Bee Balm Beechdrops . Beefsteak Plant Bees' Nest
G-4, 64 182 487 652 G-25, 779 G-25, 779 562 109 583 G-25, 809
BEHEN
(Moringa
BETH ROOT
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, 80
ASA FOETIDA
(Ferula
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
oleifera)
Ben Nut Tree Berberis vulgaris Berberry Bergamot Bergenia crass
.67
67 G-4, 6i G-4, 61 562 ifolia 268
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) Blazing Star
106
106 301
BLESSED THISTLE
(Cnicus benedictus)
G-6, 107
Blessed Thistle Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 107 Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 107 Blindweed G-22, 690
(Caulophyllum thalictroides)
109
Blue Cohosh Liquid (McZand) Blue Cohosh Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) Blue Flag Blue Ginseng Blueberry Root Boneset
109 109 G-19, 561 109 109 G-9, 212
BORAGE
(Borago officinalis)
G-6, 114
Borage Oil Capsules (ADH, Sundown) Borago officinalis Box Thorn British Tobacco Bruisewort
114 G-6, 114 487 G-9, 209 G-9, 212
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus catharticus) Buckthorn Bark Bugbane Bugloss Bugwort Bullsfoot
. . . G-6, 123 G-12, 317 G-5, 92 G-6, 114 G-5, 92 G-9, 209
Bupleurum Chinese Burage Burrage Butterbur Butterfly Weed
187 G-6, 114 G-6, 114 G-9, 209 G-20, 598
Buttons
G-24, 754
Caffea
G-9, 202
California Buckthorn
G-7, 153
CALIFORNIA POPPY
(Eschscholtzia californica)
G-7, 140
CAMPHOR TREE
(Cinnamomum camphora) Cana Fistula Canada Root Cankerroot Canton Cassia
G-7, 143 G-13, 354 G-20, 598 358 182
CAPE ALOE BLOODROOT
(Sanguinaria canadensis) BloodwOIt Blue Balm
(Aloe ferox) 108 G-26, 833 562
Capsella bursa-pastoris Cardin Carpenter's Weed
16 . . . G-22, 690 G-6, 107 G-26, 833
SAFETY GUIDE
DYER'S BROOM /1-1 93
Carrot Carthamus tinctorius
G-25, 809 652
CASCARA SAGRADA
(Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark Capsules (Frontier) 153 Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . 153 Cascara Sagrada Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Humco, Nature's Way) 153 Cascara Sagrada Natural Laxative Capsules (Nature's Resource) 153 Case-Weed G-22, 690 Cassia 182 Cassia Aromaticum 182 Cassia Bark 182 Cassia fistula G-13, 354 Cassia Lignea 182 Cassia senna G-22, 684 Castor Bean G-7, 158
Celery Seed Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 172 Cemphire G-7, 143 Cephaelis ipecacuanha 423 Ceylon Cinnamom G-8, 190 Chai Hu 187 Chamaemelum nobile G-10, 270 Chantal Aloe Vera Cream (National Vitamin) ie
Coltsfoot
CHASTE TREE
COMFREY
(Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Chasteberry Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 176 Chelidonium majus G-8, 169
(Ricinus communis)
G-7, 158
Catmint Catnep
G-8, 164 G-8, 164
(Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182 Chinese Matrimony Vine
486
CHINESE MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus japonicus)
183
CHINESE RHUBARB
(Rheum palmatum)
G-8, 185
(Bupleurum Chinese)
(Nepeta
Chinese Wolfberry Chittem Bark
(Akebia
cataria)
486 G-7, 153
CatSWOlt
G-8, 164
Caulophyllum thalictroides
109
CELANDINE
(Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
189
Cimicifuga Cimicifuga racemosa Cinchona Cinchona pubescens '. Cinnamomum aromaticum Cinnamomum camphor a . . . . Cinnamomum verum
G-S, 92 G-5, 92 G-20, 626 G-20, 626 182 G-7, 143 G-8, 190
CINNAMON
(Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 190 Citronella G-ie, 465 Cnicus benedictus G-6, 107 COCILLANA TREE
CELERY
(Apium graveolens)
quinata)
G-8, 164
Catnip Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) 164 Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) 164 Catnip Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 164 Catnip Liquid (Nature's Answer) 164 Catnip G-8, 164
.
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract (Nature's Answer) Celery Seed Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
G-8, 172
172 172
Cola acuminata Cola Nut Cola Seeds
205 205 205 205
COLT'S FOOT
(Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209 48
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 Commiphora molmol Common Matrimony Vine Compass Plant Compass-Weed
G-i8, 534 487 G-21, 645 G-21, 645
(Guraea
rusbyi)
CoCOWOrt Coffea arabica . . COFFEE (Coffea
CONGOROSA
(Maytenus ilicifolia)
218
Consound Coon Root Coptide Coptis Coptis Groenlandica Coptis trifolia
G-9, 212 108 358 358 358 358
Cotton Root
187
CHOCOLATE VINE CATNIP
(Cola acuminata)
CHINESE CINNAMON
CHINESE THOROUGHWAX CASTOR OIL PLANT
COLA
198
G-22, 690 G-9, 202
CoUghrOOt
Coughwort Crocus sativus Curcuma domestica Curcuma zedoaria Cutweed Cymbopogon citratus Daggers Da-Huang Daisy Daucus carota Desert Herb Devil's Dung Devil's Nettle Devil's Plaything Didin Didthin Di-Gu-Pi Dog Wood Dogwood Bark Donnhove Dorema ammoniacum Dragon Flower Drumstick Tree Duck's Foot
G-16, 468 G-4, 74
G-9, 209 G-21, 653 775 G-26, 846 106 G-ie, 465 G-19, sei G-S, 185 G-24, 754 G-25, 809 G-ie, 488 47 G-26, 833 G-26, 833 G-IS, 534 G-IS, 534 .486 G-12, 317 G-7, 153 G-9, 209 29 G-19, s e i 67 G-17, 510
DYER'S BROOM
arabica)
G-9, 202
(Genista tinctoria)
G-10, 260
1 - 1 9 4 / D Y E R ' S BUGLOSS
Dyer's Dyer's Dyer's Dyer's Dyer's
Bugloss Greenwood Saffron Weed Whin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-3, 13 G-IO, 260 652 G-IO, 260 G-IO, 260
ELECAMPANE
(Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
ELEPHANT-EARS
(Bergenia crassifolia) Elfdock ElfwOlt Emetic Herb Emetic Weed Enchanter's Plant Enebro
268 G-10, 266 G-10, 266 G-16, 479 G-16, 479 G-25, 788 G-15, 440
ENGLISH CHAMOMILE
(Chamaemelum nobile) . . G-10, 270 Ephedra G-ie, 488 Ephedra sinica G-ie, 488 Ephedrine G-ie, 488 Eschscholtzia californica . . . G-7, 140 European Angelica G-3, 32 European Barberry G-4, 6i European Vervain G-25, 788 EuroQuality Juniper Berries Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . .. .440 EuroQuality Red Clover Blossoms Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 633 Ex-Lax Maximum Strength (Novartis Consumer) 684 Eye Balm G-13, 355 Eye Root G-13, 355 Eyebright G-ie, 479 Fairy-Wand 301 Fake Saffron 652 False Cinnamon -.. 182 False Coltsfoot 48 FALSE UNICORN ROOT
(Veratrum luteum) Featherfew Featherfoil Felon Herb
301 G-11,3oe G-11, soe G-IS, 530
FENUGREEK
(Trigonella graecum)
foenum-
Fenugreek Capsules (Nature's Way)
G-11, 304
304
Fenugreek Seed Capsules (Frontier) Ferula foetida
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
304 47
FEVERFEW
(Cassia
fistula)
GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis)
G-13, 354
. . G-13, 355
(Tanacetum parthenium) . G-11, 306 Feverfew Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . 306 Feverfew Extract Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Humco) 306 Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Naturalife) 306 Feverfew Traditional Herb Capsules (Nature's Resource) 306 Fevergrass G-16, 465 Field Balm G-8, 164 Fieldhove G-9, 209 Five-Finger Fern 491 Five-Leaflet 189 Flag Lily G-19, 56i Flaggon . G-19, 561 Fliggers G-19, 56i Florentine Orris G-19, 56i Flower Velure G-9, 209 Flux Root
G-20, 5 9 8
Foal's-Foot Foalswort Food of the Gods
G-9, 209 G-9, 209 47
FRANGULA
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Frangula Bark G-12, 317 Fucus 106 Fucus vesiculosus ioe Furze G-IO, 260 Gagroot G-ie, 479 Garden Angelica G-3, 32 Genista tinctoria G-IO, 260 Ginepro G-IS, 440 Gladyne G-19, sei Glycyrrhiza glabra G-ie, 469 Golden Seal Capsules (National Vitamin) 355 Golden Seal Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 355 Golden Seal Root Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Herbal Harvest, Major, McKesson, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way, Zenith Goldline) 355
Goldenseal Capsules (ADH, Mason Vitamins) 355 Goldenseal Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 355 Goldenseal Liquid (McZand) . . . . 355 Goldenseal Plus Capsules (Key Co.) 355 Goldenseal Root Alcohol Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) 355 Goldenseal Root Capsules (Apothecary, Frontier, Humco, Mason Vitamins, Nature Made, Nature's Resource, Perrigo, Rexall Consumer, Sundown) 355 GOLDTHREAD
(Coptis trifolia) Go-Qi-Zi Gossypium herbaceum Grapeholly Greek Hay Seed Green Broom Green Ginger Greenweed Ground Apple Ground Lemon Ground Lily Ground Raspberry Guggal Gum Guggal Resin Guggul Resin Capsules (Frontier) Gum Asafoetida Gum Camphor Gum Plant Guraea rusbyi Guru Nut Hackmatack Hair of Venus Hallfoot Hamburg Parsley Hartshorn Hazelwort Healing Herb Helonias Root
358 487 G-16, 468 G-IS, 527 G-11, 304 G-IO, 260 G-26, 829 G-10, 260 G-IO, 270 G-17, 510 G-4, 74 G-13, 355 G-IS, 534 G-IS, 534 534 47 G-7, 143 G-9, 212 198 205 G-24, 759 491 G-9, 209 G-19, 567 G-e, 123 48 G-9, 212 301
SAFETY GUIDE
LICORICE ROOT CAPSULES / I - 1 95
Hepatica nobilis 26 Herb of the Cross G-25, 788 Herb Trinity 26 Herbal Sure Aloe Vera Softgels (Nature's Bounty) 16 Herbal Sure Feverfew Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . 306 Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .355 Herb-of-Grace (Ruta graveolens) c-21, 648 Herb-of-Grace {Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Herbygrass G-21, 648 High Balm 562 Highwaythorn G-6, 123 Hindheal G-24, 754 Hog Apple G-17, 510 Holly Thistle G-6, 107 Holly-Leaved Berberis G-18, 527 Hordeum distichon G-4, 63 HOREHOUND
(Marrubium vulgare) Horse-Elder Horse-Fly Weed Horse-Foot Horseheal Horsehoof
G-14, 401 G-IO, 266 G-26, 812 G-9, 209 G-IO, 266 G-9, 209
Indian Plant (Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355 Indian Plant (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108 Indian Root G-23, 711 Indian Shamrock G-4, 74 Indian Spikenard 433 Indian Tobacco G-16, 479 Intoxicating Pepper G-IS, 443 Inula helenium G-10, 266 IPECAC
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha) Ipecacuanha Ipecacuanha Rio Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea purga Iris Iris species
423 423 423 523 G-15, 427 G-19, 561 G-19, 561
JABORANDI
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425 JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT
(Arisaema atrorubens) Jacob's Sword
426
G-19, 561
JALAP
(Ipomoea purga) Jamguarandi
G-15, 427 G-15, 425
HORSEMINT
(Monarda punctata) Houndsbane Hydrastis canadensis
407
G-14, 401 G-13, 355
HYSSOP
(Hyssopus officinalis) Hyssop Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) Hyssopus officinalis India Senna Indian Apple Indian Balm Indian Cress Indian Dye Indian Horseradish Indian Laburnum Indian Nard Indian Paint (Hydrastis canadensis) . . Indian Paint (Sanguinaria canadensis)
G-15, 414
„..414 G-15,414 G-22,684 G-17,510 G-4, 74 798 G-13,355 67 G-13,354 433 G-13, 355
JATAMANSI
(Nardostachys jatamansi) Jaundice Berry Jaundice Root Jesuit's Bark Jew's-Harp Plant Juarandi
433 G-4, ei G-13, 355 G-20, 626 G-4, 74 G-15,425
JUNIPER (Juniperus communis) . . . .G-15, 440 Juniper Berry Juniper Berry Liquid (Nature's Answer) Juniper Berry Oil (Aura Cacia) Juniperus communis Juno's Tears Kava Extract Capsules (Nature's Way)
G-IS, 440 440 440 G-IS, 440 G-25, 788 443
KAVA KAVA
108
(Piper methysticum)
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Celestial Seasonings, Humco, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown) 443 Kava Kava Extract Liquid (Rainbow Light) 443 Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . . . 443 Kava Kava Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 443 Kava Kava Premium Extract Capsules (Futurebiotics) 443 Kava Kava Root Capsules (Frontier, Major, Naturalife, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 443 Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443 Kawa G-IS, 443 Kelpware ioe Kelp-Ware ioe Kidney wort 26 Kinnikinnick G-25, 779 Knitback G-9, 212 Knitbone 6-9, 212 Kola Tree 205 Lady's Purse G-22, 690 Lamb's Quarters G-4, 74 Laurel Camphor G-7, 143 Lavose G-16, 482 Leather Bergenia 268
G-15, 443
LEMONGRASS
(Cymbopogon citratus) . . G-ie, 4es Leonurus cardiaca Leonurus japonicus
G-IS, 524 183
LEVANT COTTON
(Gossypium herbaceum) . .G-IS, 468 Levisticum officinale
G-ie, 482
LICORICE
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) Licorice Capsules (Mason Vitamins) Licorice Liquid (McZand) Licorice Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Licorice Root Capsules (Frontier, Major, Nature's Bounty, Nature's Way, Sundown)
G-16, 469 469 469 469
469
1 - 1 9 6 /LIFE OF MAN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Life of Man Lion's Ear Lion's Tail Liver Lily Liverleaf Liverweed Liverwort
G-23, 711 c-is, 524 G-IS, 524 G-19, 56i 26 26 26
LOBELIA
(Lobelia inflata)
G-ie, 479
Lobelia inflata
G-i6, 479
LOVAGE
(Levisticum officinale) . . . G-16, 482 Low Balm Lurk-in-the-Ditch Lycium barbarum
562 579 487
(Lycium chinense)
486
LYCIUM BERRIES
(Lycium barbarum)
487
Lycium chinense Mace Mahonia aquifolium
486 G-IS, 545 G-18, 527
MA-HUANG
(Ephedra sinica)
G-ie, 488
Maiden Fern
491
MAIDENHAIR
(Adiantum capillus-veneris)
. . . 491 G-17, 510 G-14, 401 G-14, 401 423
MAYAPPLE
(Podophyllum peltatum) Maytenus ilicifolia Mealberry Mentha pulegium Mexico Seed Midsummer Daisy Milfoil Milk Ipecac Milkwort Monarda didyma Monarda Lutea Monarda punctata Moringa oleifera
. .G-17, 510 218 G-25, 779 . 579 G-7, 158 G-11, 306 G-26, 833 G-4, 74 683 562 407 407 67
MORNING GLORY
(Ipomoea
hederacea)
Mosquito Plant
G-22, 690
MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus cardiaca) Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain
G-i8, 524
Balm Box Cranberry Flax
562 G-25, 779 G-25, 779 683
MOUNTAIN GRAPE
(Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527 Mountain Grape Mountain Mint Mouth Root Mu Tong
G-4, 6i 562 358 189
523 579
G-18, 530
306 G-18, 545
MYRRH
. . G-is, 534
Myrrh Commiphora Oil (Aura Cacia) Myrrh Gum Liquid (Nature's Answer) Myrtle Flower Nard Nardostachys jatamansi Narrow-Leaved Echinacea Nasturtium officinale Nepeta cataria Nightshade
534
(Zanthoxylum americanum)
534 G-19, sei 433 433 433 798 G-8, 164 G-4, 74
. .. 545 G-26, 833
NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-19, 561
OSWEGO TEA
562
Palma Christi G-7, ISS Palmers Aloe Vera Formula Cream (E.T. Browne) ie Papoose Root 109 Pariswort G-4, 74 PARSLEY
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
Nose Bleed
ORRIS
(Monarda didyma)
Mygrafew Tablets (Nature's Way) Myristica fragrans
(Commiphora molmol)
One-A-Day Menopause Health Tablets (Bayer) .. . G-29, 92 Orange Milkweed G-20, 598 Orange Root G-13, 355 Orange Swallow-Wort G-20, 598 Oregon Barberry G-18, 527 Oregon Grape (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527 Oregon Grape Liquid (Herb Pharm) 527 Oregon Grape Root Liquid (Nature's Answer) 527 (Iris species)
MUGWORT
(Artemisia vulgaris)
LYCIUM BARK
Mandrake Marrubium Marrubium vulgare Matto Grosso
Mother's Heart
G-18, 545
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 NuVeg Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 306 NuVeg Red Clover Combination Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 633 Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 Oil Plant G-7, 158 Old Man's Pepper G-26, 833 Old Man's Root G-23, 711
Parsley Fern Parsley Herb Capsules (Nature's Way) Parsley Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Parsley Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) Paucon Pauson Pearl Barley PENNYROYAL (Mentha pulegium) Pepper-and-Salt Perdiem Overnight Relief (Novartis Consumer)
G-24, 754 567 567 567 108 108 G-4, 63 579 G-22, 690 G-29, 684
PERILLA
(Perilla fructescens)
583
Perilla fructescens Persely Persian Berries Peruvian Bark Petersylinge Petroselinum crispum Petty Morell
583 G-19, 567 G-12,317 G-20, 626 G-19,567 G-19, 567 G-23, 711
SAFETY GUIDE
SNAKE LILY/I-197
Philtron G-25, 809 Phyto Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 469 Pick-Pocket G-22, 690 Picrasma excelsa 622 Pigeon's Grass G-25, 788 Pigeonweed G-25, 788 Piliolerial 579 Pilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425 Pimpinella anisum G-3, 35 Piper methysticum G-15, 443 Pipperidge G-4, 6i PLEURISY ROOT
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Podophyllum peltatum G-17, 510 Poison Flag G-19, 561 Polar Plant G-21, 645 Polygala senega 683 Poor Man's Parmacettie . . . G-22, 690 Pot Barley G-4, 63 Premium Fenugreek Seed Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .304 Premium Feverfew Leaf Capsules (Nature's Herbs) ....306 Prickly Ash 545 Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid (Health from the Sun) 545 Prickly Box 487 Promensil Tablets (Novogen) G-29, 633 Public House Plant 48 Pudding Grass 579 Pudding Pipe Tree G-13, 354 Pukeweed G-ie, 479 Pulegium 579 Purging Cassia G-13, 354 Purple Clover G-21, 633 Purshiana Bark G-7, 153 QUASSIA
(Picrasma. excelsa) ff-
Quassia Quassia amara Quassia Wood Queen Ann's-Lace Quercus Marina
Raccoon Berry Ramsthorn
. . . .G-22, 6 9 0 . . . G-26, 8 1 2 G-5, 9 2
683
. . . . G-4, 7 4 . .
G-5, 9 2
RED CLOVER
(Trifolium pratense)
. . G-21, 6 3 3
Red Clover Blossom Capsules (Nature's Bounty) 633 Red Clover Herb Capsules (Frontier) 633 Red Clover Herbal Capsules (Apothecary) 633 Red Clover Liquid (McZand) . . . 633 Red Root 108 Redberry Leaves G-25, 779 Remifemin Tablets (PhytoPharmica) G-30, 92 Rhamnus catharticus G-6, 123 Rhamnus frangula G-12, 317 Rhamnus purshiana G-7, 153 Rheum palmatum G-8, 185 Rhubarb G-8, 185 Richweed G-5, 92 Ricinus communis G-7, 158 Rock Fern 491 Rock Parsley G-19, 567 Rockwrack 106 Roman Chamomile G-IO, 270 ROSEMARY
(Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary Leaf Liquid (Nature's Answer) Rosmarinus officinalis Round-Leaved Hepatica
G-21, 645 645 G-21, 645 26
RUE
622 G-3, 23 G-3, 23 G-3, 23 G-25, 809 106
(Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
Run-by-the-Ground Ruta graveolens Sacred Bark
579 G-21, 648 G-7, 153
SAFFLOWER
(Carthamus tinctorius)
QUININE
(Cinchona pubescens)
Rattle Pouches Rattlebush Rattleroot Rattlesnake Root (Polygala senega) . . . Rattlesnake Root (Trillium erectum) . . . Rattleweed
G-20, 626 G-17, 510 G-6, 123
652
SAFFRON
(Crocus sativus) Sagackhomi
G-21, 653 G-25, 779
SAGE
(Salvia officinalis)
G-21, 655
Sagrada Bark G-7, 153 Salsify G-9, 212 Salvia officinalis G-21, 655 Sandberry G-25, 779 Sanguinaria 108 Sanguinaria canadensis 108 Sanguinary (Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833 Sanguinary (Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Scabwort G-10, 266 Scarlet Monarda 562 Scotch Barley G-4, 63 Sea Parsley G-16, 482 Seawrack 106 Segg Seneca
G-19, 561 683
SENECA SNAKEROOT
(Polygala senega) Senega Senega Snakeroot Seneka
683 683 683 683
SENNA
(Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
Senna Extract Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 684 Senna Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 684 Senokot Childrens' Syrup (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot Granules (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot Tablets (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) .. 684 Senokot Xtra (Purdue Frederick) 684 SheggS G-19, 561 Shepherd's Heart 0-22, 690 SHEPHERD'S PURSE
(Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690 Shepherd's Scrip Shepherd's Sprout Siberian Tea Simpler's Joy Slippery Root Smallage Snake Lily
,. .G-22, 690 G-22, 690 268 G-25, 788 G-9, 212 G-8, 172 G-19, sei
I-198/SNAKE ROOT Snake Root Snakebite (Sanguinaria canadensis) Snakebite (Trillium erectum) Snakeroot Soldier's Woundwort Sow Berry Spanish Bugloss Spanish Saffron Spignet
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES 683 ios . G-4, 74 48 G-26, 833 G-4, 61 G-3, 13 G-21, 653 G-23, 711
SPIKENARD
(Aralia racemosd) Spikenard Spotted Monarda Spotted Thistle Squaw Balm Squaw Root Squawmint Tickweed Squawroot St. Benedict Thistle St. James' Weed St. John's Plant St. Josephwort Standardized Feverfew Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) Standardized Licorice Capsules (Nature's Resource) Standardized Uva Ursi Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) Starwort Staunchweed Sundance Aloe Vera Gel (Lee) Suterberry Swallow-Wort Swamp Cedar Sweet Root Sweet Slumber Symphytum officinale Tanacetum parthenium Tanacetum vulgare
G-23, 711 433 407 G-6, 107 579 G-5, 92 579 109 G-6, 107 G-22, 690 G-IS, 530 G-4, 64
306
469
779 301 G-26, 833 16 545 G-20, 598 G-24, 759 G-16, 469 108 G-9, 212 0-11, 306 G-24, 754
TANSY
(Tanacetum vulgare)
G-24, 754
Tea Plant Tea Tree Tetterwort (Chelidonium majus)
487 487 G-8, 169
Tetterwort {Sanguinaria canadensis) Thousand Weed Three-Leaved Throw-Wort
ios G-26, 833 G-4, 74 G-18, 524
THUJA
(Thuja occidentalis) Thuja occidentalis Tinnevelly Senna Toothache Tree Toywort Tree of Life Trefoil (Hepatica nobilis) Trefoil (Trifolium pratense) Trifolium pratense Trigonella foenum-graecum Trillium erectum Tuber Root
G-24, 759 G-24, 759 G-22, 684 545 G-22, 690 G-24, 759 26 G-21, 633 G-21, 633 G-11, 304 G-4, 74 G-20, 598
TURMERIC
(Curcuma domestica)
775
Turmeric G-26, 846 Turmeric Extract Capsules (Nature's Way) 846 Turmeric Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 846 Turmeric Root G-13, 355 Turmeric Whole Rhizome Liquid (Health from the Sun) 846 Tussilago farfara G-9, 209 Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules (ADH, Frontier, Nature's Herbs) 779 Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules (Nature's Way) 779 UVA-URSI
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
G-25, 779
Velvet Dock Venus Hair Veratrum luteum Verbena officinalis
G-IO, 266 491 301 G-25, 788
VERVAIN (Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Vitex agnus-castus G-8, 176 Vitex Capsules (Naturalife, Nature's Way) . . .176 Vomitroot G-16, 479 Vomitwort G-16, 479 Wake-Robin G-4, 74 Wallwort G-9, 212
Warnera Water Flag
G-13, 355 G-19, 56i
WATERCRESS
(Nasturtium officinale)
798
Watercress Capsules (National Vitamin) Waythorn Whig Plant White Cedar White Flag Root White Horehound White Root Wild Bergamont
798 G-6, 123 G-10, 270 G-24, 759 G-19, 56i G-14, 401 G-20, 598 407
WILD CARROT
(Daucus carota)
G-25, 809
Wild Clover Wild Countryside Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Wild Countryside Licorice Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Wild Countryside Myrrh Gum Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Wild Curcuma Wild Ginger
G-21, 633
92
469
534 G-13, 355 48
WILD INDIGO
(Baptisia tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Wild Indigo Fresh Root Liquid (Health from the Sun) Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol Free Liquid (Nature's Answer) Wild Iris Wild Lemon Wild Nard Wild Sunflower Wild Tobacco Wind Root Witches' Pouches Wood Waxen
812
812 G-19, 56i G-17, 510 48 G-IO, 266 G-16, 479 G-20, 598 G-22, 690 G-10, 260
WORMWOOD
(Artemisia absinthium)
. . .G-26, 829
Wormwood G-18, 530 X-Prep Bowel Evacuant Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684
SAFETY GUIDE
GARLIC POWER T A B L E T S / I - 1 9 9
YARROW
(Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833 Yarrow Extract Liquid (Nature's Way) 833 Yarrow Flowers Capsules (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .833
Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow
Bark Flag Ginseng Iris Puccoon Root Starwort
G-7, 153 G-19, sei 109 G-19, 561 G-13, 355 G-13, 355 G-10, 266
Yellow Wood Yellowroot Zaffer Zanthoxylum americanum
545 358 652 545
ZEDOARY
(Curcuma zedoaria)
G-26, 846
Not for use while nursing Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic Hi-Po Formula Capsules (Wakunaga) Alcohol Free Kava Kava Liquid (Nature's Answer) Alder Buckthorn Alder Dogwood Alexandrian Senna ALKANET (Alkanna tinctoria) Alkanet Root Alkanna tinctoria Allium sativum Anchusa Arrow Wood Ass Ear Ava Ava Pepper
327 . . . .443 G-12, 317 G-12, 317 G-22, 684 G-3, 13 G-3, 13 G-3, 13 G-12, 327 G-3, 13 G-12, 317 G-9, 212 G-15, 443 G-15, 443
BASIL
(Ocimum basilicum) Bergenia crassifolia Bitter Bark Black Alder
G-4, 64 268 G-7, 153 G-12, 317
Buckthorn Bark Bugbane Bugwort California Buckthorn Cana Fistula
G-12, 317 G-5, 92 G-5, 92 G-7, 153 G-13, 354
CASCARA SAGRADA
(Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark Capsules (Frontier) 153 Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 153 Cascara Sagrada Capsules (Herbal Harvest, Humco, Nature's Way) 153 Cascara Sagrada Natural Laxative Capsules (Nature's Resource) 153 Cassia fistula G-13, 354 Cassia senna G-22, 684 Centrum Garlic Capsules (Whitehall-Robins) G-31, 327 CHINESE RHUBARB
(Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
BLACK COHOSH
(Cimicifuga
racemosa)
Black Cohosh Capsules (Frontier, Herbal Harvest, Natrol, Nature's Way, Rexall Consumer) Black Cohosh Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) Black Root Black Snake Root Blackwort Boneset Bruisewort
G-5, 9 2
92 92 G-9, 212 G-5, 92 G-9, 212 G-9, 212 G-9, 212
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Chinese Tian Shan Garlic Tablets (Nature's Herbs) Chittem Bark Cimicifuga Cimicifuga racemosa Clove Garlic Cockup Hat
. . . . .327 G-7, 153 G-5, 92 G-5, 92 G-12, 327 729
COMFREY
(Symphytum officinale)
. .. G-9, 212
Consound G-9, 212 Da-Huang G-8, ISS Deodorized Garlic Tablets (Nature's Bounty) 327 Dog Wood G-12, 317
Dogwood Bark Dyer's Bugloss
G-7, 153 G-3, 13
ELEPHANT-EARS
(Bergenia crassifolia) Ex-Lax Maximum Strength (Novartis Consumer)
268 684
FRANGULA
(Rhamnus frangula) Frangula Bark Garl-Action Tablets (Action Labs)
G-12, 317 G-12, 317 327
GARLIC
(Allium sativum) Garlic Capsules (Bio-Tech, Cardinal, Frontier, Key Co., Major, Mason Vitamins, National Vitamin)
G-12, 327
327
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets (Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . 327 Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules (Republic)
327
Garlic Oil Capsules (Advanced Nutritional, Apothecary, Basic Vitamins, Bergen Brunswig, Family Pharmacy, Health Products, Mason Vitamins, Medicine Shoppe, Nature Made, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . .327 Garlic Oil Natural Capsules (Cardinal, Rexall Consumer)
327
Garlic Power Tablets (Nature's Herbs)
327
1 - 2 0 0 /GARLIC
TABLETS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Garlic Tablets (ADH, American Pharmaceutical, Apothecary, Basic Vitamins, Bergen Brunswig, Celestial Seasonings, Contract Pharmacal, Family Pharmacy, Freeda, Mason Vitamins, Medicine Shoppe, National Vitamin, Naturalife, Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, Republic, Zenith Goldline) Garlicin Tablets (Nature's Way) Garlic-X Tablets (Mason Vitamins) Garlin Tablets (Major) Garlique Enteric Coated Tablets (Sunsource) Garlique Tablets (Sunsource) . .
327 327 327 327 327 . 327
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
(Cassia fistula) Gum Plant Hartshorn Healing Herb High Alicin Garlic Tablets (Futurebiotics) High Potency Garlic Oil Capsules (Nature Made) Highwaythorn India Senna Indian Laburnum Intoxicating Pepper Kava Extract Capsules (Nature's Way)
G-13, 354 G-9, 212 G-6, 123 G-9, 212 327 327 G-6, 123 G-22, 684 G-13, 354 G-15, 443 443
KAVA KAVA
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen Brunswig, Celestial Seasonings, Humco, Mason Vitamins, McZand, Nature's Resource, Rexall Consumer, Rexall Managed Care, Sundown) Kava Kava Extract Liquid (Rainbow Light)
443 443
Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . . . 443 Kava Kava Power Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 443 Kava Kava Premium Extract Capsules (Futurebiotics) 443 Kava Kava Root Capsules (Frontier, Major, Naturalife, Nature's Herbs, Nature's Way) 443 Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443 Kawa G-15, 443 Knitback G-9, 212 Knitbone G-9, 212 Kwai Garlic Tablets (Lichtwer) G-29, 327 Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract Tablets (Wakunaga) G-30, 327 Leather Bergenia 268 Marcory 729 NuVeg Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 Odorless Garlic Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 327 One-A-Day Cholesterol Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327 One-A-Day Garlic Capsules (Bayer) G-29, 327 One-A-Day Menopause Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92 Perdiem Overnight Relief (Novartis Consumer) G-29, 684 Persian Berries G-12, 317 Piper methysticum G-15, 443 Poor Man's Treacle G-12, 327 Pudding Pipe Tree G-13, 354 Purging Cassia G-13, 354 Purshiana Bark G-7, 153 Queen's Delight 729 Ramsthora G-e, 123 Rattleroot G-5, 92 Rattleweed G-5, 92 Remifemin Tablets (PhytoPharmica) G-30, 92 Rhamnus catharticus G-6, 123 Rhamnus frangula G-12, 317 Rhamnus purshiana G-7, 153
Rheum palmatum Rhubarb Richweed Sacred Bark Sagrada Bark Salsify
G-8, ISS G-8, iss G-5, 92 G-7, 153 G-7, 153 G-9, 212
SENNA
(Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
Senna Extract Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 684 Senna Leaf Capsules (Frontier) 684 Senokot Childrens' Syrup (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot Granules (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot Tablets (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684 Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) . . 684 Senokot Xtra (Purdue Frederick) 684 Siberian Tea 268 Silver Leaf 729 Slippery Root G-9, 212 Spanish Bugloss G-3, 13 Squaw Root G-S, 92 St. Josephwort G-4, 64 Standardized Garlic Capsules (Nature's Resource) 327 STILLING1A
(Stillingia sylvatica)
729
Stillingia sylvatica 729 Symphytum officinale G-9, 212 Tinnevelly Senna .G-22, 684 Total Gar Capsules (Mason Vitamins) 327 Wallwort G-9, 212 Waythorn G-e, 123 Wild Countryside Black Cohosh Root Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 X-Prep Bowel Evacuant Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684 Yaw Root 729 Yellow Bark G-7, 153
SAFETY GUIDE
PIGWOOD/I-201
For use only under supervision Aconite Aconitum napellus
G-IS, 521 G-18, 521
ALMOND
(Prunus dulcis)
15
AMERICAN HELLEBORE
(Veratrum viride) American Nightshade American Spinach Apocynum cannabinum Aristolochia clematitis Arruda Brava Arruda Do Mato Atropa belladonna Basam Bear's Grape
2s G-20, 602 G-20, 602 418 G-5, SO G-15, 425 G-15, 425 G-4, 69 G-22, 672 G-20, 602
BELLADONNA
(Atropa belladonna) Belladonna Scopola Besom
G-4, 69 67i G-22, 672
BiRTHWORT
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-S, SO Bitterroot Bizzom Blue Rocket
418 G-22, 672 G-IS, 521
BOXWOOD
(Buxus sempervirens)
. . . . G-6, l i e
Branching Phytolacca Breeam Broom Broomtops Browme Brum Bugbane Burning Bush Bush Tree Buxus sempervirens Canadian Hemp Cancer-Root Catchfly Chongras Coakum Cokan Convallaria Convallaria majalis Convall-Lily Crowberry
G-20, 602 G-22, 672 G-22,672 G-22, 672 G-22, 672 G-22, 672 25 G-25, 791 G-e, ne G-6, l i e 418 G-20, 602 418 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20,602 G-16, 475 G-16, 475 G-ie, 475 G-20, 602
Cytisus scoparius Dead Men's Bells Deadly Nightshade Devil's Bite Devil's Cherries Devil's Herb
G-22, 672 G-10, 248 G-4, 69 25 G-4, 69 G-4, 69
DIGITALIS
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
Digitalis purpurea G-10, 248 Dipteryx odorata 767 Divale G-4, 69 Dogbane 418 Dog's Finger G-10, 248 Duck's Foot G-17, 510 Dudgeon G-6, 116 Dwale G-4, 69 Dwayberry G-4, 69 Earth Gall 25 Euonymus atropurpurea . . . G-25, 791 Fairy Caps G-10, 248 Fairy Fingers G-IO, 248 Fairy Gloves G-IO, 248 Fairy Thimbles G-IO, 248 Finger Flower G-IO, 248 Fly-Trap 4is Folks' Glove G-10, 248 Foxglove G-10, 248 Friar's Cap G-IS, 521 Fusanum G-25, 791 Fusoria G-25, 791 Gadrose G-25, 791 Gatten G-25, 791 Gatter G-25, 791
(Teucrium chamaedrys) . . G-12, 337 G-IO, 248 G-4, 69 15 G-17, 510 G-17, 510 418 G-17, 510 G-25, 791 25
INDIAN-HEMP
(Apocynum cannabinum)
418
418 G-20, 602 G-22, 672 25
JABORANDI
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) Jacob's Ladder Jalap Jamguarandi Japanese Belladonna Jordan Almond Juarandi Ladder-to-Heaven Ladies' Glove Lily Constancy
G-15, 425 G-16, 475 G-20, 602 G-15, 425 67i 15 G-15, 425 G-16, 475 G-10, 248 G-16, 475
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
(Convallaria majalis) Lion's Mouth Mace Mandragora Mandragora ojficinarum
. . . G-16, 475 G-10, 248 G-18, 545 G-17, 495 . . G-17, 495
MANDRAKE
(Mandragora ojficinarum) Mandrake May Bells May Lily
G-17, 495 G-17, 510 G-IS, 475 G-16, 475
MAYAPPLE
(Podophyllum peltatum) Milk Ipecac Milkweed
. G-17, 510 418 418
MONKSHOOD
(Aconitum napellus)
GERMANDER
Gloves of Our Lady Great Morel Greek Nuts Ground Lemon Hog Apple Honeybloom Indian Apple Indian Arrowroot Indian Poke
Indian-Hemp Inkberry Irish Tops Itchweed
G-IS, 521
Mousebane G-IS, 521 Muguet G-IS, 475 Myristica fragrans G-18, 545 Naughty Man's Cherries . .. . G - 4 , 69 NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-18, 545
Our Lady's Tears Phytolacca americana Phytolacca Berry Phytolacca Root Pigeon Berry Pigwood
G-ie, 475 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-25, 791
1-202/PILOCARPUS MICROPHYLLUS Pilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425 Pocan
G-20, 602
Podophyllum peltatum Poison Black Cherry
G-17, 5io G-4, 69
POKE
(Phytolacca americana) Poke Berry Poke Root Pokeweed Prickwood Prunus dulcis Raccoon Berry Red Weed Red-Ink Plant Russian Belladonna
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Satan's Apple Scoke Scoparium Scopola
G-17, 495 G-20, 602 G-22, 672 67i
SCOPOLIA
. G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 G-25, 791 15 G-17, 510 G-20, 602 G-20, 602 671
(Scopolia carniolicd) Scopolia carniolica
671 671
Tickleweed
25
TONKA BEANS
(Dipteryx odorata) Tonquin Bean Veratrum viride Virginian Poke Virgin's Glove
767 767 25 G-20, 602 G-10, 248
WAHOO
SCOTCH BROOM (Cytisus scoparius)
G-22, 672
Skewerwood Skoke Spindle Tree Sweet Almond Teucrium chamaedrys
G-25, 791 G-20, 602 G-25, 791 15 G-12, 337
(Euonymus atropurpurea) Wallflower Wild Cotton Wild Lemon Witches' Gloves Wolfsbane
G-25, 791 418 418 G-17, 510 G-10, 248 G-18, 521
1-203
Manufacturers Index This herbal entry Guide,
index
provides
monographs. lists the
two
you
with
The
names
page
second
numbers, to
the
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 932-2953 FAX: (516) 694-6493
215 North Route 303 Congers, NY 10920-1726
the
the first
information for products refers
monograph
each
follow to
in
a
the
supplier
photograph
which
the
327 346 346 346 75 342 516 664 719 551 ssi 843 843
of the
product
Herbal Products Available: Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Barley Grain Capsules 63 Bilberry Extract Capsules 75 Borage Oil Capsules 114 Butcher's Broom Capsules 132 Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Cayenne Peppers Capsules 165 Damiana Leaves Capsules 244 Dandelion Root Capsules 245 Devil's Claw Capsules 247 Echinacea Capsules 26i Evening Primrose Oil Capsules 298 Garlic Tablets 327 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginseng American Capsules . . . . 346 Ginseng Chinese Capsules 346 Goldenseal Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Capsules 359 Hawthorne Capsules 271 Sarsaparilla Capsules 661 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules 779 Valerian Root Capsules 783 White Willow Bark Capsules . . . SOT
843 ADVANCED NUTRITIONAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
843 843
6988 Sierra Court Dublin, CA 94568 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 624-6543 (925) 828-2128 FAX: (925) 828-6848
whose
company's
Direct Inquiries to: (914) 268-0027 FAX: (914) 268-2988
280 Adams Boulevard Farmingdale, NY 11735
ADH HEALTH PRODUCTS INC.
of
herbal
ACTION LABS, INC.
Herbal Products Available: Garl-Action Tablets Gin-Action Tablets Ginseng Power Max 4X Capsules Ginseng Power Max 4X Liquid Super Bilberry Plus Tablets Super Ginkgo Biloba Plus Tablets Super Milk Thistle Plus Tablets Super Saw Palmetto Plus Tablets Super St. John's Wort Plus Tablets Wild Oats Liquid Wild Oats Tablets Yohimbe Power Max 1500 for Women Tablets Yohimbe Power Max 1500 Tablets Yohimbe Power Max 2000 Capsules Yohimbe Power Max 2000 Liquid Yohimbized 1000 Liquid
contact
products
appear
contact
information.
product
in
the
in
the
If an Identification
appears.
Herbal Products Available: Activin Capsules Flaxseed Oil Capsules Garlic Oil Capsules Ginseng Korean Capsules New Energy Capsules
362 313 327 346 313
AIM FOR HERBS
16 Kingston Street Somerville, MA 02144 Direct Inquiries to: (888) 752-1352 www.aimforherbs.com Herbal Products Available: Activated Ginkgo Tablets
342
ALVITA TEA COMPANY
600 East Quality Drive American Fork, UT 84003-3302 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 258-4828 FAX: (801) 763-0789 www.alvita.com Herbal Products Available: Alvita Astragalus Root Tea Bags 54 Caffeine-Free Ginger Root Tea Bags 339 Chinese Green Tea Tea Bags . .. 369 AMERICAN PHARMACAL, INC.
1201 Douglas Avenue Kansas City, KS 66103 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 349-4923 FAX: (210) 349-9043 Herbal Products Available: Ginseng Capsules AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO.
12 Dwight Place Fairfield, NJ 07004 Direct Inquiries to: (973) 515-1000
346
1-204 /AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO.
FAX: (973) 515-9766 Herbal Products Available: Garlic Tablets
327
APOTHECARY PRODUCTS
11531 Rupp Drive Bumsville, MN 55337 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 328-2742 FAX: (800) 328-1584 Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets 12 Cayenne Herbal Capsules 165 Echinacea Root Herbal Capsules 261 Garlic Oil Capsules 327 Garlic Tablets 327 Ginkgo Biloba Plus Capsules . . . 342 Ginseng Siberian Capsules 346 Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 Guarana Tablets 376 Papaya Digestive Enzyme Tablet 565 Red Clover Herbal Capsules . . . 633 Sarsaparilla Root Capsules 66i Valerian Root Tablets 783 White Willow Bark Capsules . .. 807 AURA CACIA
101 Arbuckle Road Weaverville, CA 96093 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 437-3301 FAX: (800) 717-4375 www.auracacia.com Herbal Products Available: Ginger Root Oil Juniper Berry Oil Myrrh Commiphora Oil Red Thyme Oil White Thyme Oil Wild Chamomile Oil
339 440 534 761 76i 331
BASIC VITAMINS
P.O. Box 412 Vandalia, OH 45377 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 782-2742 FAX: (937) 898-0500 www.basicvitamins.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets Garlic Oil Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginseng Capsules BAYER CORP., CONSUMER CARE DIVISION
36 Columbia Road P.O. Box 1910 Morristown, NJ 07962-1910
12 327 327 346
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 348-2240 Herbal Products Available: One-A-Day Cholesterol Health Tablets G-29, 327 One-A-Day Cold Season Tablets G-29, 26i One-A-Day Garlic Capsules G-29, 327 One-A-Day Memory & Concentration Tablets . . . G-29, 342 One-A-Day Menopause Health Tablets G-29, 92 One-A-Day Prostate Health Capsules G-29, 664 One-A-Day Tension & Mood Tablets
G-29, 719
BERGEN BRUNSWIG DRUG COMPANY
4000 Metropolitan Drive Orange, CA 92868 Direct Inquiries to: (714) 385-4000 FAX: (714) 385-8830 Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Capsules Cat's Claw Capsules Cayenne Capsules Echinacea Capsules Evening Primrose Oil Capsules Feverfew Capsules Garlic Oil Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginger Root Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Capsules Ginseng Capsules Ginseng Natural Tablets Ginseng Root Korean White Capsules Ginseng Root Siberian Capsules Golden Seal Root Capsules Gotu Kola Capsules Grape Seed Capsules Green Tea Capsules Kava Kava Capsules Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules Valerian Root Capsules
FAX: (610) 225-0160 Herbal Products Available: Zostrix Cream BIO-TECH PHARMACAL, INC.
P.O. Box 1992 Fayetteville, AR 72702 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 345-1199 FAX: (501) 443-5643 Herbal Products Available: Bioflax Capsules Garlic Capsules Wild Yam Capsules
900 West Valley Road Suite 400 Wayne, PA 19087 Direct Inquiries to: (610) 225-0200
313 327 817
BOERICKE & TAFEL
2381 Circadian Way Santa Rosa, CA 95407 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 876-9505 (707) 571-8202 FAX: (707) 571-8237 Herbal Products Available: Califlora Calendula Gel
497
BOIRON USA
75 160 165 261 298 306 327 327 339 342 346 .. 346 346 346 355 359 362 369 443 664 719 783
6 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, PA 19073 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 264-7661 FAX: (610) 325-7480 Herbal Products Available: Calendula Gel Calendula Lotion Calendula Ointment
497 497 497
BOSCOGEN INC.
11 Morgan Irvine, CA 92618 Direct Inquiries to: (949) 380-4317 FAX: (949) 583-2016 www.boscogen.com Herbal Products Available: Lynae Ginse-Cool Chewable Tablets
346
BRECKENRIDGE PHARMACEUTICAL, INC.
P.O. Box 206 Boca Raton, FL 33429 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 367-3395 (561) 367-8512 FAX: (561) 367-8107 Herbal Products Available: St. John's Wort Capsules E.T. BROWNE DRUG COMPANY
BIOGLAN PHARMA, INC.
165
140 Sylvan Avenue P.O. Box 1613 Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 Direct Inquiries to: (201) 947-3050 FAX: (201) 947-9276
719
M A N U F A C T U R E R S INDEX
FUTUREBIOTICS / 1 - 2 0 5
Herbal Products Available: Palmers Aloe Vera Formula Cream
is
CARDINAL HEALTH, INC.
5555 Glendon Court Dublin, OH 43016 Direct Inquiries to: (614) 757-5000 Herbal Products Available: 75 Bilberry Capsules 261 Echinacea Capsules 327 Garlic Capsules Garlic Oil Natural Capsules . . . . 327 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginseng Siberian Capsules 346 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Valerian Root Capsules 783 CELESTIAL SEASONINGS, INC.
4600 Sleepytime Drive Boulder, CO 80301-3292 Direct Inquiries to: (303) 530-5300 FAX: (303) 581-1294 www.celestialseasonings.com Herbal Products Available: Echinacea Capsules 261 Garlic Tablets 327 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginseng Energy Capsules 346 Green Tea Extract Capsules . . . . 369 Kava Kava Capsules 443 Panax Ginseng Capsules 346 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 St. John's Wort Capsules 719 CONTRACT PHARMACAL CORPORATION
160 Commerce Drive Hauppauge, NY 11788 Direct Inquiries to: (631) 231-4610 FAX: (631) 231-4156 Herbal Products Available: Echinacea Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginseng Capsules St. John's Wort Tablets
261 327 346 719
ENZYMATIC THERAPY
825 Challenger Drive Green Bay, WI 54311 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 783-2286 E-mail:
[email protected] www.enzy.com Herbal Products Available: Hypericalm Capsules FAMILY PHARMACY
P.O. Box 1027 Southeastern, PA 19398-1027
719
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 333-7347 FAX: (610) 695-8604 Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginseng Vitamin Capsules
327 327 346
FREEDA VITAMINS, INC.
36 E. 41st Street New York, NY 10017 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 777-3737 (212) 685-4980 FAX: (212) 685-7297 Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Concentrate Tablets Cabbage Tablets Garlic Tablets Guar Gum Powder Pacific Kelp Tablets Papaya Tablets
12 134 327 376 122 565
FRONTIER
P.O. Box 299 Norway, IA 52318 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 786-1388 FAX: (800) 717-4372 Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Leaf Capsules 12 American Ginseng Root Capsules 346 Bilberry Leaf Capsules 75 Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . . 134 Blessed Thistle Capsules 107 Burdock Root Capsules 128 Butcher's Broom Root Capsules 132 Cascara Sagrada Bark Capsules 153 Catnip Leaf Capsules 164 Cat's Claw Inner Bark Capsules ieo Cayenne 30,000 Heat Units Capsules i65 Certified Organic Nettle Leaf Capsules 729 Certified Organic Red Raspberry Leaf Capsules 630 Chamomile Flowers Capsules .. . 331 Chickweed Herb Capsules iso Damiana Leaf Capsules 244 Dandelion Root Capsules 245 Devil's Claw Root Tuber Capsules 247
Echinacea Angustifolia Herb Capsules Echinacea purpurea Root Capsules Elder Flowers Capsules Eleuthero Ginseng Root Capsules Eyebright Herb Capsules Fenugreek Seed Capsules Garlic Capsules Ginger Root Capsules Ginkgo Leaf Capsules Goldenseal Leaf Capsules Goldenseal Root Capsules Gotu Kola Capsules Guggul Resin Capsules Hawthorne Berries Capsules Horsetail Grass Capsules Kava Kava Root Capsules Korean Ginseng Root Capsules Licorice Root Capsules Marshmallow Root Capsules Mullein Leaf Liquid . . Nettle Leaf Capsules Passion Flower Capsules Red Clover Herb Capsules Red Raspberry Leaves Capsules Sarsaparilla Root Capsules Saw Palmetto Berries Capsules Senna Leaf Capsules Skullcap Herb Capsules Slippery Elm Bark Capsules St. John's Wort Herb Capsules Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules Valerian Root Capsules White Willow Bark Capsules Wild Yam Root & Rhizome Extract Liquid Wild Yam Root Capsules Yarrow Flowers Capsules Yellow Dock Root Capsules FUTUREBIOTICS
145 Ricefield Lane Hauppauge, NY 11788 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 367-5433 www.futurebiotics.com
261 261 287 346 300 304 327 339 342 355 355 359 534 ....271 409 443 346 469 . . . . 505 532 729 573 633 630 66i 664 684 678 . . . . 697 719 779 783 . . . 807 817 817 33 . . . . 835
1-206 /FUTUREBIOTICS
Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Whole Juice Concentrate Liquid Bilberry Extract Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Premium Extract Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Premium Extract Tablets Green Tea Tablets High Alicin Garlic Tablets Kava Kava Premium Extract Capsules Premium Blend Korean Ginseng Capsules Premium Blend Saw Palmetto Capsules Saw Palmetto Berries Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Wild Indigo Fresh Root Liquid 12 75 342 342 369 327 443 346 664 664 719
GLENWOOD
82 North Summit Street Tenafly, NJ 07670 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 664-1449 (732) 981-9780 FAX: (732) 981-9790 Herbal Products Available: Yocon Tablets
843
THE GREEN TURTLE BAY VITAMIN CO., INC.
56 High Street P.O. Box 642 Summit, NJ 07902 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 887-8535 (908) 277-2240 FAX: (908) 273-9116 E-mail:
[email protected] www.energywave.com Herbal Products Available: Primrose Oil Capsules . . . .
HEALTH PRODUCTS CORPORATION/ HEALTH BRAND Health Vitamin Company, Inc. 1060 Nepperhan Avenue Yonkers, NY 10703-1432 Direct Inquiries to: (914) 423-2900 FAX: (914) 963-6001 Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil Capsules 327 Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Oil of Evening Primrose Capsules 298 Papaya Chewable Tablets 565 HERB PHARM
P.O. Box 116 Williams, OR 97544 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 599-2392 (541) 846-6262 FAX: (800) 545-7392 E-mail:
[email protected] www.herb-pharm.com Herbal Products Available: Madder Whole Root Liquid . . . . 490 Oregon Grape Liquid 527 Sheep Sorrel, Whole Flowering Plant Liquid 705 Thyme Leaf & Flower Liquid . . 761 Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf Liquid 84i HERBAL HARVEST
298
HEALTH FROM THE SUN
P.O. Box 179 Newport Beach, NH 03773 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 447-2249 FAX: (603) 763-9159 www.hfts.com Herbal Products Available: Bio-EFA Black Currant Capsules Black Currant Capsules . . . . Curcu Caps Capsules Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid Turmeric Whole Rhizome Liquid
812
. .94 . .94 .132
.545
.846
90 Orville Drive Bohemia, NY 11716 Direct Inquiries to: (631) 567-9500 FAX: (631) 244-2136 Herbal Products Available: Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153 Cayenne Capsules 165 Dandelion Root Capsules 245 Echinacea Capsules 26i Eyebright Capsules 300 Feverfew Extract Capsules 306 Ginger Root Capsules 339 Ginkgo Biloba Extract Tablets 342 Ginseng Complex Capsules 346 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271 Korean Ginseng Capsules 346 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Siberian Ginseng Tablets 346
St. John's Wort Capsules Valerian Root Capsules
719 783
HUMCO
7400 Alumax Drive Texarkana, TX 75501 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 662-3435 FAX: (903) 831-7736 Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Extract Capsules 75 Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153 Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Cayenne Pepper Capsules 165 Echinacea Capsules 261 Feverfew Extract Capsules 306 Ginkgo Biloba Extract Capsules 342 Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 Hawthorn Extract Capsules 271 Kava Kava Capsules 443 Korean Ginseng Extract Capsules 346 Korean White Ginseng Capsules 346 Milk Thistle Extract Capsules . . 516 Saw Palmetto Extract Capsules 664 St. John's Wort Extract Capsules 719 Valerian Root Capsules 783 IRWIN NATURALS
10549 West Jefferson Boulevard Culver City, CA 90232 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 841-8448 FAX: (310) 202-9454 Herbal Products Available: Cat's Claw Capsules ieo Echinacea Capsules 261 Ginkgo Smart Capsules 342 Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets . . . . 8 4 3 THE KEY COMPANY
1313 W. Essex Ave. P.O. Box 220370 St. Louis, MO 63122 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 325-9592 (314) 965-6699 FAX: (314) 965-7629 Herbal Products Available: Alfamin Tablets Echinacea Root Capsules Garlic Capsules Goldenseal Plus Capsules Linum-20 Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules
12 26i 327 355 313 719
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
MCZAND HERBAL, INC. / I - 2 0 7
KISS MY FACE
P.O. Box 224 Gardiner, NY 12525 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 262-KISS (914) 255-0884 ^ FAX: (914) 255-4312 "^ www.kissmyface.com Herbal Products Available: Natural Honey & Calendula Moisturizer for Extra Dry Skin
497
KONSYL PHARMACEUTICALS
4200 South Hulen Fort Worth, TX 76109 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 356-6795 (817) 763-8011 FAX: (817) 731-9389 www.konsyl.com Herbal Products Available: Konsyl Easy Mix Konsyl for Kids Konsyl Powder Sugar Free
612 612 612
LEE PHARMACEUTICALS
1434 Santa Anita Avenue P.O. Box 3836 If South El Monte, CA 91733-3312 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 950-5337 FAX: (626) 442-6994 Herbal Products Available: Aloe 99 Gel Sundance Aloe Vera Gel
ie ie
LICHTWER PHARMA U.S., INC.
Foster Plaza 9 750 Holiday Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15220 Direct Inquiries to: (412) 928-9334 FAX: (412) 928-9655 Herbal Products Available: Ginkai Tablets 0-29, 342 Ginsai Capsules 346 Kira Tablets G-29, 719 Kwai Garlic Tablets G-29, 327 MAJOR PHARMACEUTICALS
•
31778 Enterprise Drive Livonia, MI 48150 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 875-0123 FAX: (734) 762-9730 Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets Bilberry Capsules Cayenne Pepper Capsules Echinacea Root Capsules Evening Primrose Capsules Eyebright Capsules Garlic Capsules
12 73 i65 261 298 300 327
Garlin Tablets 327 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342 Ginseng Capsules 346 Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Ginseng Siberian Capsules 346 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Capsules 359 Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . .362 Kava Kava Root Capsules 443 Kelp Tablets 122 Licorice Root Capsules 469 Milk Thistle Capsules 516 Oat Bran Tablets 551 Papaya Tablets 565 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Valerian Root Capsules 783 MARLEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
50 McCullough Drive Southgate Center New Castle, DE 19720 Direct Inquiries to: (302) 328-3355 FAX: (302) 328-6968 Herbal Products Available: Papaya Chewable Tablets Papaya Coated Tablets
Tablet
565 565
Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules Total Gar Capsules Valerian Capsules Valerian Root Tablets Yohimbe Capsules Yohimbe Super Potent Tablets
MASON VITAMINS, INC.
5105 N.W. 159th Street Miami Lakes, FL 33014 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 327-6005 FAX: (800) 328-3944 www.masonvitamins.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Fortified Tablets Alfalfa Tablets Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000 Capsules Bilberry Capsules Cat's Claw Capsules Cayenne Capsules Echinacea Capsules Evening Primrose Oil Capsules Feverfew Capsules Garlic Capsules Garlic Oil Capsules Garlic Tablets Garlic-X Tablets Ginger Capsules Ginger Root Capsules GinkAlert Tablets Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Extract Capsules Ginseng Complex Korean Capsules Ginseng Korean Capsules Ginseng Korean Tablets Ginseng Siberian Capsules Goldenseal Capsules Goldenseal Root Capsules Gotu Kola Capsules G-Sana Capsules Guarana Capsules Hawthorn Berry Capsules Kava Kava Capsules Kelp Tablets Licorice Capsules Milk Thistle Capsules Oat Bran Tablets Papaya Enzyme with Papain
342 346 346 346 346 355 355 359 346 122 271 443 122 469 516 .551 565
664 719 327 783 783 843 843
McKESSON DRUG COMPANY
12 12 ie 75 ieo 163 261
One Post Street San Francisco, CA 94104-5296 Direct Inquiries to: (415) 983-8300 FAX: (415) 983-7160 Herbal Products Available: Cayenne Capsules 165 Echinacea Capsules 261 Ginseng Capsules 346 Ginseng Concentrate Capsules .. 346 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Herb Capsules 359 Valerian Root Capsules 783 McZAND HERBAL, INC.
298 306 327 327 327 327 339 339 342 342
P.O. Box 5312 Santa Monica, CA 90409 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 800-0405 FAX: (310) 822-1050 Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Liquid Astragalus Root Liquid Black Walnut Liquid Blue Cohosh Liquid Cat's Claw Capsules
12 54 134 109 160
1-208 /MCZAND HERBAL, INC.
Cayenne Capsules Chamomile Liquid Dandelion Liquid Echinacea Liquid Feverfew Capsules Ginger Liquid Ginkgo Capsules Ginkgo Liquid Ginseng American Liquid Ginseng Chinese Liquid Ginseng Siberian Liquid Goldenseal Liquid Gotu Kola Liquid Hawthorn Capsules Hawthorn Liquid Horsetail Liquid Kava Kava Capsules Kava Kava Liquid Licorice Liquid Milk Thistle Capsules Milk Thistle Liquid Nettle Capsules Nettle Liquid Oatstraw Capsules Oatstraw Liquid Red Clover Liquid Red Raspberry Liquid Saw Palmetto Capsules Saw Palmetto Liquid Valerian Liquid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
165 331 245 261 306 339 342 342 346 346 346 355 359 271 271 409 443 443 469 516 516 729 729 551 551 633 630 664 664 783
THE MEDICINE SHOPPE
ll 00 North Lindbergh St. Louis, MO 63132 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 325-1397 (314) 993-6000 FAX: (314) 872-5500 Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil Capsules Garlic Tablets
327 327
MERICON INDUSTRIES, INC.
8819 N. Pioneer Road Peoria, IL 61615-1561 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 242-6464 FAX: (309) 693-2158 E-mail:
[email protected] Herbal Products Available: Ginkgo Tablets NATIONAL VITAMIN COMPANY, INC.
2075 West Scranton Avenue Porterville, CA 93257-8358 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 538-5828 FAX: (209) 781-8878
342
Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets Aloe Vera Capsules Cat's Claw Capsules Chantal Aloe Vera Cream Echinacea Capsules Evening Primrose Oil Capsules Garlic Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginkgo Biloba Extract Capsules Ginseng Korean Capsules Golden Seal Capsules Guarana Tablets Kelp Tablets Oat Bran Chewable Tablets Papaya Enzyme Tablet Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Extract Capsules Valerian Root Capsules Watercress Capsules
12 16 ieo 16 261 298 327 327 342 346 355 376 122 551 565 664 719 783 798
NATROL
2 l 4 l l Prairie Street Chatsworth, CA 91311 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 326-1520 www.natrol.com Herbal Products Available: Astragalus Capsules 54 Basics Stinging Nettles Capsules 729 Bilberry Herb Capsules 75 Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Blackcurrant Seed Oil Capsules 94 Evening Primrose Oil Capsules 298 Ginkgo Biloba Extract 342 Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342 Green Tea Capsules 369 Guarana Capsules 376 Kavatrol Capsules G-29, 443 Mood Support Capsules 719 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 St. John's Wort Tablets 719 NATURALIFE CORPORATION
10 Mountain Springs Parkway Springville, UT 84663 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 531-3233 FAX: (800) 489-3302 Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Capsules
75
Cat's Claw Bark Capsules Dr. Masquelier's Authentic OPC's Tablets Feverfew Leaf Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginkgo Biloba Capsules Ginseng Capsules Hawthorn Tablets Kava Kava Root Capsules Milk Thistle Capsules Original Primrose for Women Capsules Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules Vitex Capsules
160 362 306 327 342 346 271 443 516 298 664 719 176
NATURE MADE
1150 Aviation Place San Fernando, CA 91340 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 276-2878 www.naturemade.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Herbs Tablets Chinese Red Panax Ginseng Capsules Chinese Red Panax Ginseng Tablets Echinacea Capsules Garlic Oil Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Tablets Goldenseal Root Capsules High Potency Garlic Oil Capsules St. John's Wort Tablets
12 346 346 261 327 342 355 327 719
NATURE'S ANSWER
320 Oser Avenue Hauppauge, NY 11788 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 439-2324 (516) 231-7492 FAX: (516) 951-2499 www.naturesanswer.com Herbal Products Available: Alcohol Free Black Walnut Green Hulls Fluid Extract . . . . 134 Alcohol Free Chaste Tree Berry Liquid 176 Alcohol Free Dandelion Root Liquid 245 Alcohol Free Ginger Root Fluid Extract 339 Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb Liquid 359 Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid . . 409
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
Alcohol Free Kava Kava Rosemary Leaf Liquid 645 Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid . . . 664 Liquid 443 St. John's Wort Liquid 719 Alcohol Free Milk Thistle Thyme Herb Liquid 76i Seed Liquid 516 Valerian Root Alcohol Free Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves Liquid 783 Liquid 532 Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf Free Liquid 812 Liquid 729 Wild Yam Liquid 817 Alcohol Free Passionflower Witch Hazel Leaf Liquid 821 Liquid 573 Wood Betony Herb Liquid 825 Alcohol Free Red Raspberry Leaf Liquid 630 NATURE'S BOUNTY, INC. Alcohol Free Sage Liquid 655 90 Orville Drive Bohemia. NY 11716 Alcohol Free White Willow Direct Inquiries to: Bark Liquid 807 (631) 567-9500 Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers FAX: (631) 244-2136 Liquid 33 Herbal Products Available: Alcohol Free Yellowdock Alfalfa Natural Tablets 12 Root Liquid 835 Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Alfalfa Liquid 12 Bilberry Capsules 75 Angelica Root Liquid Fluid Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Extract 32 Cayenne Capsules 165 Astragalus Liquid 54 Dandelion Root Capsules 245 Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid Deodorized Garlic Tablets 327 Extract 705 Echinacea Capsules 261 Bladderwrack Fluid Extract 106 Evening Primrose Oil Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol Capsules 298 Fluid Extract 107 Eyebright Capsules 300 Blue Cohosh Root Liquid 109 Feverfew Capsules 306 Burdock Root Fluid Extract . 1 2 8 Garlic Oil Capsules 327 Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid Garlic Tablets 327 Extract 164 Ginger Root Capsules 339 Catnip Liquid 164 Ginkgo Biloba Extract Cat's Claw Bark Liquid ieo Tablets 342 Celery Liquid Fluid Extract 172 Ginseng Complex Capsules 346 Chickweed Herb Liquid iso Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract . . . 190 Ginseng Manchurian Capsules .. 346 Cleavers, Alcohol-Free Liquid . . 193 Ginseng Siberian Tablets 346 Damiana Leaf Fluid Extract . . . . 244 Ginseng Up Capsules 346 Fennel Seed Liquid 302 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Ginger Kid Liquid 339 Grapeseed Extract Capsules 362 Goldenseal Root Alcohol Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271 Free Liquid 355 Herbal Sure Aloe Vera Green Tea Leaf, Alcohol Softgels 16 Free Liquid 369 Herbal Sure Chinese Red Guarana Seed Liquid 376 Ginseng Capsules 346 Juniper Berry Liquid 440 Herbal Sure Extracts Kid Chamomile Liquid 331 Capsules 75 Marshmallow Root Liquid 505 Herbal Sure Feverfew Myrrh Gum Liquid 534 Capsules 3oe Herbal Sure Ginger Root Oregon Grape Root Liquid 527 Capsules 339 I Parsley Leaf Liquid 567 I
NATURE'S HERBS / I - 2 0 9
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng Capsules 346 Herbal Sure Maximum Strength Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Herbal Sure Valerian Root Capsules 783 Licorice Root Capsules 469 Manchurian Ginseng Capsules . . 346 Manchurian Ginseng Tablets . . . . 346 Milk Thistle Capsules 516 Natural Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342 Oat Bran Tablets 551 Red Clover Blossom Capsules 633 Royal Brittany Evening Primrose Oil Capsules 298 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Silymarin Milk Thistle Capsules 516 Valerian Root Capsules 783 Yohimbie Bark Tablets 843 NATURE'S HERBS
150 Motor Parkway Hauppauge, NY 11788 Direct Inquiries to: (516) 467-3140 www.naturesherbs.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Leaf Capsules 12 Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules 16 American Ginseng Root Capsules 346 Bayberry Bark Capsules 705 Bilberry Power Capsules 75 Black Cohosh Power Capsules 92 Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . . 134 Blessed Thistle Capsules 107 Burdock Root Capsules 128 Butcher's Broom Root Capsules 132 Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild Stimulant Laxative Capsules 153 Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Cat's Claw Power Capsules . . . . 160
1-210/NATURE'S HERBS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cayenne Power Herb Capsules 165 Celery Seed Capsules 172 Celery Seed Power Capsules . . . 172 Chamomile Flowers Capsules . . . 331 Chasteberry Power Capsules . . . . 176 Chickweed Capsules -iso Chinese Tian Shan Garlic Tablets
327
Damiana Leaves Capsules 244 Devil's Claw Secondary Root Capsules 247 Elderberry Flowers & Berries Capsules 287 Elderberry Power Capsules 287 EuroQuality Juniper Berries Capsules 440 EuroQuality Red Clover Blossoms Capsules 633 Eyebright Capsules 300 Garlic Power Tablets 327 Ginger Power Capsules 339 Golden Seal Power Capsules . . . 355 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Green Tea Power Capsules 369 Green Tea Power, CaffeineFree Capsules 369 Hawthorn Flowers Leaves & Berries Capsules 271 Hawthorn Power Capsules 271 Horse Chestnut Power Capsules 403 Kava Kava Power Capsules . . . . 443 Kava Kava Root Capsules 443 Korean Ginseng Root Capsules 346 Licorice Power Capsules 469 Marshmallow Root Capsules . . . . 505 Mexican Wild Yam Capsules .. . 817 Mexican Wild Yam Power Capsules 817 Milk Thistle Phytosome Capsules sie Milk Thistle Power Capsules . . . 516 Nettle Leaf Capsules 729 Nettle Power Capsules 729 NuVeg Black Cohosh Root Capsules 92 NuVeg Eyebright Capsules 300 NuVeg Feverfew Leaf Capsules 306
NuVeg Ginkgo Power Capsules 342 NuVeg Red Clover Combination Capsules 633 NuVeg Valerian Root Capsules 783 Odorless Garlic Capsules 327 Olive Leaf Power Capsules 556 Parsley Leaf Capsules 567 Phyto Power Capsules 469 Power Herb Korean Ginseng Capsules 346 Premium Cayenne Capsules . 1 6 5 Premium Fenugreek Seed Capsules 304 Premium Feverfew Leaf Capsules 306 Psyllium Husk Capsules 612 Saw Palmetto Berries Capsules 664 Saw Palmetto Power Capsules 664 Senior Ginkgo Power Capsules 342 Senna Extract Capsules 684 Siberian Ginseng Power Herb Capsules 346 Siberian Ginseng Root Capsules 346 St. John's Power 0.3% Capsules 719 St. John's Power Capsules 719 St. John's Power Time Release Capsules 719 Superior Chinese Astragalus Capsules 54 Time Release Bilberry Power Capsules 75 Time Release Ginkgo Power Capsules 342 Time Release Hawthorn Power Capsules 271 Time Release Korean Ginseng Power Capsules 346 Time Release Milk Thistle Power Capsules 516 Turmeric Power Capsules 846 Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules 779 Valerian Power Time Release Capsules 783 Valerian Root Capsules 783
Valerian Root Power Capsules Wild Countryside Black Cohosh Root Capsules Wild Countryside Chickweed Capsules Wild Countryside Damiana Leaves Capsules Wild Countryside Dandelion Root Capsules Wild Countryside Gotu Kola Capsules Wild Countryside Licorice Root Capsules Wild Countryside Myrrh Gum Capsules Wild Countryside Red Raspberry Leaf Capsules Wild Countryside Scullcap Capsules Wild Countryside Springtime Horsetail Capsules Wild Countryside White Willow Capsules Wild Countryside Yellow Dock Root Capsules Yarrow Flowers Capsules
783 92 iso 244 245 359 469 534 630 678 409 807 835 33
NATURE'S RESOURCE
1150 Aviation Place San Fernanado, CA 91340 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 314-4372 www.naturesresource.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets 12 American Ginseng Capsules . . . . 346 Cascara Sagrada Natural Laxative Capsules 153 Cat's Claw Caplets iso Cayenne Capsules 165 Chinese Red Panax Capsules . .. 346 Eyebright Capsules 300 Feverfew Traditional Herb Capsules 306 Ginger Root Capsules 339 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginseng Root Siberian Capsules 346 Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Capsules 359 Hawthorn Berries Capsules 271 Kava Kava Capsules 443 Milk Thistle Power Capsules . . .516
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 St. John's Wort Capsules 719 Standardized Bilberry Extract Capsules 7s Standardized Garlic Capsules . 3 2 7 Standardized Ginseng, Korean White Capsules 346 Standardized Licorice Capsules 469 Standardized Valerian Capsules 783 Valerian Capsules 783 NATURE'S WAY
10 Mountain Springs Parkway Springville, UT 84663 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 962-8873 FAX: (801) 489-1700 www.naturesway.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Capsules 12 Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Astragalus Root Capsules 54 Bayberry Root Capsules 705 Bilberry Extract Capsules 75 Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . 134 Blessed Thistle Capsules 107 Butcher's Broom Root Capsules 132 Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153 Catnip Herb Capsules 164 Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Dandelion Capsules 245 Devil's Claw Secondary Root Capsules 247 Fennel Seed Capsules 302 Fenugreek Capsules 304 Garlicin Tablets 327 Ginger Root Capsules 339 Ginkgold Tablets 342 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Herb Liquid 359 Hawthorn Berries Capsules 271 Hawthorn Berries Liquid 271 HeartCare Hawthorn Extract Tablets 271 Herbal Eyebright Capsules 300 Horsetail Grass Capsules 409 Hyssop Herb Capsules 414 Kava Extract Capsules 443 Kava Kava Root Capsules 443 Licorice Root Capsules 469
PERRIGO/I-211
Melissa Lemon Balm Herb Capsules 461 Mullein Leaves Liquid 532 Mygrafew Tablets 306 Nature's Root Nighttime Tablets 783 Neem Capsules 539 Nettle Herb Capsules 729 Parsley Herb Capsules 567 Proactive Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming Laxative Capsules 612 Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming Laxative Capsules 612 Red Raspberry Leaves Capsules 630 Red Raspberry Leaves Glycerine Extract Liquid 630 Saw Palmetto Berries Capsules 664 Siberian Ginseng Capsules 346 St. John's Wort Capsules 719 St. John's Wort Herb Liquid . . . 719 Standardized Cat's Claw Extract Capsules ieo Standardized Chamomile Extract Capsules 331 Standardized Feverfew Extract Capsules 306 Standardized Green Tea Extract Capsules 369 Standardized Hawthorn Extract Capsules 271 Standardized Horsechestnut Extract Capsules 403 Standardized Saw Palmetto ExtractCap Capsules 664 Standardized Siberian Ginseng Root Capsules 346 Standardized Uva Ursi Extract Capsules 779 Standardized White Willow Bark Extract Capsules 807 Thisilyn Standardized Milk Thistle Extract Capsules sie Turmeric Extract Capsules 846 Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules 779 Valerian Root Capsules 783 Vitex Capsules 176 White Willow Bark Capsules . . . 807
Wild American Scullcap Herb Capsules Wild Yam Extract Liquid Wild Yam Root Capsules Yarrow Extract Liquid Yellow Dock Root Capsules . . .
678 si 7 817 33 835
NEUROVITES
P.O. Box 180 Rockaway Beach, OR 97136 Direct Inquiries to: (503) 228-4119 FAX: (503) 228-4119 Herbal Products Available: Black Currant Oil Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Extract Capsules
94 342
NOVARTIS CONSUMER HEALTH, INC. 560 Morris Avenue Summit, NJ 07901-1312 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 452-0051 FAX: (800) 635-2801 Herbal Products Available: Ex-Lax Maximum Strength 684 Perdiem Fiber Therapy G-29, 612 Perdiem Overnight Relief . G-29, 684 NOVOGEN, INC. 1 Landmark Square, 2nd Floor Stamford, CT 06901-2628 Direct Inquiries to: (888) NOVOGEN E-mail:
[email protected] www.novogen.com Herbal Products Available: Promensil Tablets G-29, 633 PD-RX PHARMACEUTiCALS INC.
727 North Ann Arbor Avenue Oklahoma City, OK 73127 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 299-7379 FAX: (405) 942-5471 Herbal Products Available: Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Tablets
664 719
PERRIGO 117 Water Street Allegan, MI 49010 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 827-2296 FAX: (616) 673-9122 Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Capsules 7S Cayenne Capsules ies Echinacea Capsules 26i Feverfew Capsules 306 Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327 Garlic Oil Capsules 327 Garlic Tablets 327
1-212/PERRIGO
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Ginger Root Capsules Ginseng Capsules Goldenseal Root Capsules Milk Thistle Capsules Valerian Root Capsules
339 346 355 516 783
PHARMACEUTICAL LABORATORIES, INC.
1170 Corporate Drive W. Suite 102 Arlington, TX 76006-6813 Direct Inquiries to: (817) 633-1461 FAX: (817) 633-8146 Herbal Products Available: Aloe Vera Super-Strength Liquid Echinacea Liquid Ginkgo Biloba Liquid Ginseng Liquid St. John's Wort Liquid
16 26i 342 346 719
G-29, 342
342 369
PHARMATON NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS 900 Ridgebury Road P.O. Box 368 Ridgefield, CT 06877 Direct Inquiries to: (203) 798-4157 FAX: (203) 798-5771 Herbal Products Available: Ginkoba Tablets G-29, 342 Ginsana Capsules G-29, 346 Ginsana Chewable Tablets . G-29, 346 Movana Tablets G-30, 719 Venastat Capsules G-30, 403 PHYTOPHARMICA
825 Challenger Drive Green Bay, WI 54311 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 553-2370 (Doctors and Pharmacists) (800) 644-0799 (Consumers) Herbal Products Available: Remifemin Tablets G-30, 92 PNC, PHARMACISTS' NUTRITION CENTER
9775 SW Commerce Circle Suite C4 Wilsonville, OR 97070-9602
719 719
THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY
100 Connecticut Avenue Norwalk, CT 06850-3590 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 877-5666 FAX: (800) 877-3210 Herbal Products Available: Senokot Childrens' Syrup . G-30, 684 Senokot Granules G-30, 684 Senokot Tablets G-30, 684 Senokot X 684 Senokot Xtra 684 X-Prep Bowel Evacuant Liquid 684 RAINBOW LIGHT NUTRITIONAL SYSTEMS
125 McPherson Street Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 635-1233 (831) 429-9089 FAX: (831) 429-0189 Herbal Products Available: Kava Kava Extract Liquid Milk Thistle Extract Liquid Milk Thistle Plus Tablets Milk Thistle SuperComplex Tablets
443 sie sie sie
REESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY
10617 Frank Ave. P.O. Box 1957 Cleveland, OH 44106 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 321-7178 FAX: (216) 231-6444 E-mail:
[email protected] w w w .reesechemical. com Herbal Products Available: Ginkgo Biloba Tablets St. John's Wort Preferred Capsules REPUBLIC DRUG COMPANY, INC.
175 Great Arrow Buffalo, NY 14207
Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules Garlic Tablets
327 327
REXALL CONSUMER PRODUCTS
PROCTER & GAMBLE
PHARMANEX, INC.
BioGinkgo Tablets Tegreen Capsules
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 828-7444 FAX: (716) 874-6060
P.O. Box 5516 Cincinnati, OH 45201 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 358-8707 (513) 558-4422 Herbal Products Available: Metamucil G-30, 612
625 Cochran Street Simi Valley, CA 93065-1939 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 999-6229 FAX: (805) 582-9301 Herbal Products Available: BioGinkgo Extra Strength Tablets
Direct Inquiries to: (877) 376-6762 (503) 682-1415 FAX: (503) 682-0845 E-mail:
[email protected] Herbal Products Available: St. John's Wort Capsules St. John's Wort Liquid
342 719
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc. 6111 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Boca Raton, FL 33487-3693 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 255-7399 FAX: (561) 995-6881 www.rexallsundown.com Herbal Products Available: Alfalfa Tablets 12 Bilberry Capsules 75 Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Echinacea Capsules 261 Echinacea Standardized Capsules 261 Feverfew Capsules 306 Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327 Garlic Oil Natural Capsules . . . 327 Ginger Root Capsules 339 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Ginkgo Biloba Standardized Capsules G-30, 342 Ginseng Complex Capsules 346 Ginseng Korean Standardized Capsules 346 Ginseng Root Tablets 346 Ginseng Siberian Capsules 346 Goldenseal Root Capsules 3ss Gotu Kola Capsules 359 Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . . 362 Horse Chestnut Standardized Capsules 403 Kava Kava Capsules 443 Milk Thistle Complex Capsules G-30, s i e Papaya Enzyme Double Strength Tablet ses Papaya Enzyme Tablet ses Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Saw Palmetto Standardized Capsules G-30, 664 St. John's Wort Capsules . . G-30, 719 Valerian Root Capsules 783 Valerian Root Standardized Capsules 783
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
YERBA PRIMA / I - 2 1 3
REXALL MANAGED CARE
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc. 6111 Broken Sound Parkway Boca Raton, FL 33487 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 700-0065 FAX: (561) 995-0191 •4fcHerbal Products Available: Echinacea Capsules Ginkgo Biloba Capsules Kava Kava Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules
261 342 443 719
RUGBY LABORATORIES, INC.
2725 Northwoods Parkway Norcross, GA 30071-1533 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 645-2158 FAX: (770) 840-9040 Herbal Products Available: Papaya Tablets
SUNSOURCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
565
RX VITAMINS, INC.
200 Myrtle Boulevard Larchmont, NY 10538-2002 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 792-2222 FAX: (914) 337-4006 Herbal Products Available: "» Flaxseed Oil Capsules
313
54
150 Motor Parkway Hauppauge, NY 11788 Direct Inquiries to: (516) 467-3140 www.twinlab.com Herbal Products Available: Mega Primrose Oil Capsules . . . . 298 Silymarin Capsules 516 14905 23rd Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55447 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 328-3344 FAX: (612) 476-4026 Herbal Products Available: Alterra Extended-Release Tablets
54
m
385 Williamson Way Ashland, OR 97520 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 648-4755 (541) 482-9231 FAX: (541) 482-9112 Herbal Products Available: St. John's Wort Tablets
75 114 261
Tablets
327 342 G-30, 327
WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTH PRODUCTS
201 Tabor Road Morris Plains, NJ 07950 Direct Inquiries to: (973) 540-2000 (973) 540-4655 Herbal Products Available: Quanterra Emotional Balance G-30, 719 Quanterra Mental Sharpness Tablets G-30, 342 Quanterra Prostate G-30, 664 Quanterra Sleep G-30, 46i Quanterra Stomach Comfort G-30, 339 WELEDA, INC.
175 North Rt. 9W P.O. Box 249 Congers, NY 10920 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 241-1030 (914) 268-8572 FAX: (914) 268-8574 Herbal Products Available: Hypericum Perforatum (auro cultum) 1/24 Injection
719
5 Giralda Farms Madison, NJ 07940-0871
719
719
WAKUNAGA CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Div. of Wakanuga Pharmaceutical 23501 Madero Mission Viejo, CA 92691 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 527-5200 FAX: (949) 458-2764 E-mail: kyolic.com
Herbal Products Available: Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic Hi-Po Formula Capsules Ginkgo-Go Tablets Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract
WHITEHALL-ROBINS HEALTHCARE
VITALINE CORPORATION
SUNDOWN VITAMINS, INC.
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc. m 6111 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Boca Raton, FL 33487 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 327-0908 FAX: (561) 995-4891 www.rexallsundown.com Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Capsules Borage Oil Capsules Echinacea Capsules
327 327
UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, INC.
SOLGAR VITAMIN AND HERB COMPANY, INC.
500 Willow Tree Road Leonia, NJ 07605 Direct Inquiries to: (201) 944-2311 FAX: (201) 944-7351 www.solgar.com Herbal Products Available: Astragalus Vegicaps
RR 3 Box 690K Kula, HI 96790-9766 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 446-7262 FAX: (808) 879-6895 Herbal Products Available: Garlique Enteric Coated Tablets Garlique Tablets TWINLAB
SOLARAY
Division of Nutraceutical Corporation 1400 Kearns Blvd. Park City, UT 84060 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 669-8877 FAX: (800) 767-8514 www.nutraceutical.com Herbal Products Available: Astragalus Capsules
Ginger Capsules 339 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342 Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 Gotu Kola Capsules 359 Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . . 362 Guarana Tablets 376 Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271 Kava Kava Capsules 443 Licorice Root Capsules 469 Red Wine Extract Capsules 362 St. John's Wort Capsules 719 Valerian Root Capsules 783
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 322-3129 Herbal Products Available: Centrum Echinacea Capsules G-31, 261 Centrum Garlic Capsules . . G-31, 327 Centrum Ginkgo Biloba Capsules G-31, 342 Centrum Ginseng Capsules G-31, 346 Centrum Saw Palmetto Capsules G-31, 664 Centrum St. John's Wort Capsules ., G-31, 719 YERBA PRIMA
740 Jefferson Avenue Ashland, OR 97520-3743 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 488-4339 FAX: (541) 488-2443
I - 2 1 4 / Y E R B A PRIMA
Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Tablets Psyllium Husks Capsules
ZAYCO, INC.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
75 612
Herbal Products Available: St. John's Wort Transdermal Patch
ZENITH GOLDLINE PHARMACEUTICALS
4275 Executive Square Suite 800 La Jolla. CA 92037
4400 Biscayne Boulevard Miami, FL 33137
Direct Inquiries to: (888) 776-6005 FAX: (760) 770-2612
Direct Inquiries to: (800) 327-4114 FAX: (954) 575-4319
719
Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Capsules Echinacea Capsules Garlic Tablets Ginkgo Biloba Capsules Ginseng Korean Capsules Golden Seal Root Capsules Gotu Kola Capsules Saw Palmetto Capsules St. John's Wort Capsules Valerian Root Capsules
75 261 327 342 346 355 359 664 719 783
G-1
Herb Identification Guide
In this full-color photo section, you'll find hundreds of pictures of herbs and leading commercial preparations. The first part of the section is an Herb Identification Guide with photos of over 380 common medicinal plants. Each herb is labeled with its generally accepted common name immediately above the photo, and its scientific name immediately below. The pictures are arranged alphabetically by common name.
Following these photos is a Product Identification Guide in which you'll find a representative selection of popular commercial formulations. The pictures on these pages are arranged alphabetically by manufacturer and product name. Please note that the plants are not reproduced in actual size, and that the scale of the photos varies. For the average dimensions of the plant and its component structures, please check the Description section of the corresponding herbal monograph.
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-3
G-4/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
APPLE TREE
ASPARAGUS
BARLEY
BELLADONNA
Malus domestica
Asparagus officinalis
Hordeum species
Atropa belladonna
BENNET'S ROOT
Areca catechu
Chelone glabra
Ocimum basilicum
Geum urbanum
ARTICHOKE
BAMBOO
BEAN POD
BETEL NUT
Beta vulgaris
Trillium erectum
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-5
BLACK ALDER
G-6/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
BLACK NIGHTSHADE
BLESSED THISTLE
BONESET
BUCKTHORN
Solanum nigrum
Cnicus benedictus
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Rhamnus catharticus
BLACK PEPPER
BOG BEAN
BORAGE
BUCKWHEAT
Piper nigrum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Borago officinalis
Fagopyrum esculentum
BLACKBERRY
BOG BILBERRY
BOXWOOD
BUGLE
Rubus fruticosus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Buxus sempervirens
Ajuga reptans
BLADDERWORT
BOLDO
BROOKLIME
BUGLEWEED
Utricularia vulgaris
Peumus boldus
Veronica beccabunga
Lycopus virginicus
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-7
G-8/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Capsicum annuum
Vitex agnus-castus
Allium schoenoprasum
Syzygium aromaticum
CELANDINE
CHERRY LAUREL
CINNAMON
COCOA
Cinnamomum verum
Theobroma cacao
Chelidonium majus
Prunus laurocerasus
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-9
G-10/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DOG ROSE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
Lavandula angustifolia
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-11
G-12/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION G U I D E / G - 1 3
GOAT'S RUE
GOUTWEED
GREATER BINDWEED
HEDGE-HYSSOP
Galega officinalis
Aegopodium podagraria
Calystegia sepium
Gratiola officinalis
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
GRAINS OF PARADISE
GREEN TEA
HEMLOCK
Cassia fistula
Aframomum melegueta
Camellia sinensis
Conium maculatum
GOLDENSEAL
Centella asiatica
!
Sanguisorba officinalis
G - 1 4 / P D R FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Paris quadrifolia
Heracieum sphondylium
HERB ROBERT
Geranium robertianum
Ilex aquifolium
Marrubium vulgare
Sempervivum tectorum
HORSE CHESTNUT
HYDRANGEA
Aesculus hippocastanum
Hydrangea arborescens
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-1!
LADY'S MANTLE
G-16/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-17
G-18/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-19
OILSEED RAPE
OREGANO
PARSNIP
PETASITES
Brassica napus
Origanum vulgare
Pastinaca sativa
Petasites hybridus
PASSION FLOWER
PEYOTE
OLEANDER LEAF
G-20/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PITCHER PLANT
POMEGRANATE
PREMORSE
QUILLAJA
Sarracenia purpurea
Punica granatum
Scabiosa succisa
Quillaja saponaria
PLEURISY ROOT
POPLAR
PSYLLIUM SEED
QUININE
Plantago afra
Cinchona pubescens
& AS
Asclepias tuberosa
Populus species
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-21
G-22/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
SCARLET PIMPERNEL
SCULLCAP
SENNA
SOAPWORT
Anagallis arvensis
Scutellaria lateriflora
Cassia senna
Saponaria officinalis
SCOTCH BROOM
SCURVY GRASS
SHEPHERD'S PURSE
SOLOMON'S SEAL
Cytisus scoparius
Cochlearia officinalis
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Polygonatum multiflorum
SCOTCH PINE
SEA BUCKTHORN
SKIRRET
SOUTHERN BAYBERRY
Pinus species
Hippophae rhamnoides
Sium sisarum
Myrica cerifera
Glycine soja
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-23
SPINY REST HARROW
STINGING NETTLE
SUMBUL
Mentha spicata
Ononis spinosa
Urtica dioica
Ferula sumbul
SPEEDWELL
SQUILL
STONE ROOT
SUMMER SAVORY
SPEARMINT L^-V-A^;
Spinacia oleracea
G-24/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-25
G-26/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-27
Product Identification Guide
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Shown here are selected herbal preparations and their packaging. The photos are arranged alphabetically by
manufacturer and brand name. The company's name appears above the product; its brand name below.
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-29 BAYER CORPORATION
LICHTWER PHARMA
NOVARTIS
PHARMANEX, INC.
LICHTWER PHARMA
NOVARTIS CONSUMER HEALTH, INC.
PHARMANEX, INC.
• Clinically Proven lb Improve MemorvAnd Concentration'
BioGinkgo Extra ° Strength
^ ^ j ^ ^ 0 Kxcliuivc (iinkgo Formula £
Ginkar , ^ „
3n>c..J3> ^
50 mg Ginkgo Biloba Clinically Proven to Improve Memory and Concentration
100% Natural Vegetable Laxative 2 5 0 gm and 4 0 0 gm
GinkaP
Perdiem" Overnight Relief
LICHTWER PHARMA
NOVARTIS CONSUMER HEALTH. INC.
e^PHARHANEX
6 0 mg Extra Strength Ginkgo biloba Available in 60 et.
BioGinkgo 27/7® PHARMATON PHARMATON
f\ Kira
Hie Clinically Proven / . " > ; Hypericum Formula VJ\\S?^"'.' St. John's Won! ••'-'..'
Standardized St. John's Wort Extract To Maintain a Healthy Emotional Balance and Weil-Being
Kira^
OtUOML STJUNWUtao flWQO M U U CXTMCT
100% Natural Daily Fiber Source available in 2 5 0 gm
Perdiem 9 Fiber Therapy
40 mg Ginkoba™ PHARMATON
LICHTWER PHARMA
NOVOGEN «. Ginsana •+ Clinically Proven To Lower Cholesterol*
promensil"
midlife as nature intended
i»fiff ?*"f. *' *" I Guaranteed Odor Free ^
promensi Specialized Nutritional Supplements
Tension & Mood, Memory & Concentration. Cold Season, Cholesterol Health. Prostate Health, Menopause Health
One-A-Day*
Standardized and Tested Q A Concentrated y \ ) Garlic Tablets
Dietary Supplement
Concentrated Garlic Tablets Clinically Proven to Lower Cholesterol
Kwai*
30 Tablets Natural plant estrogens for women experiencing normal midlife changes.
100 mg Capsules
Promensil™
Ginsana* PHARMATON
BAYER CORPORATION CONSUMER CARE DIVISION
NATROL
TO DOUBLE-CHECK SAFETY:
- F E E L your
BEST: Take a quick glance at the Safety Guide, which lists herbs to be avoided while
ONEADAY
pregnant and nursing, and those to be used only under
'•BSofleels
(jMTlML
supervision.
Ginsana' 5 0 mg Chewy Squares
Standardized Potency Kava Extract
One-A-Day® Garlic Softgels
Kavatrol™
Ginsana 8
30PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES REXALL SUNDOWN
WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
PURDUE FREDERICK THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY
Qpanterria
C K ^ # ^
John'*
^SUPPLEMENT FOR MOOD SU Sn/rly & Xntlimlh:
"• - " " ^ "
•"•"•
'-»•*"»
36 Ounces (74 mL)
300 mg Dietary Supplement for Mood Support
Natural Vegetable Laxative Children's Syrup
Movana™
Senokot 8
St. John's Wort
Quanterra™ Mental Sharpness
PHARMATON
THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY
REXALL SUNDOWN
WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
Quanterra
Senokot
VENASTAI LEG HEALTH DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
MSima-un
mu*)**
Senokot Senolibt
. HJp. P„tc*l Aiam.l Uj Svellmt
_.
.
Dietary Supplement for Leg Health
Natural Vegetable Laxative Available in Tablets, Granules, and Syrup.
Venastat™
Senokot*
Saw Palmetto
PHYTOPHARMICA
REXALL SUNDOWN
WAKUNAGA
PHYTOPHARMICA
REXALL SUNDOWN
WAKUNAGA CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Quanterra™ Prostate WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
f
5Ptiyt°FWi*=*. "WlAlsUPPtlKf"'
6 0 and 1 2 0 tablets Natural support for menopause. Also available in Remifemin™ Plus, with St. John's Wort.
Remifemin 7
2JL
^
«L
Aged Garlic Extract"
Ginkgo Biloba REXALL SUNDOWN
Kyolic*
PROCTER & GAMBLE
WARNER-LABMERT
PROCTER A GAMBLE
WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
•
^v*
Quanterra™ Sleep WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
w**' Qiianterra
yuanterra
Available in 4 8 , 7 2 , 1 1 4 and 1 8 0 dose canisters and cartons of 30 one-dose packets. Also available in sugar free. Cinnamon Spice and Apple Crisp Wafers available in 12-dose cartons.
Metamucil*
Milk Thistle
Quanterra™ Emotional Balance
Quanterra™ Stomach Comfort
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/
WHITEHALL-ROBINS WHITEHALL-ROBINS
S' CUIIITIWI
If
SIRBALSJ 'IBMttlWUUllWMUT s q u i r t j
1 helps support immune system function and the bodi's defenses ; A natural!defenses*
hanging racemes. They have 5 free, short-tipped sepals. The corolla is about 4 cm long, campanulate, bilabiate with an obtuse upper lip and an ovate tip on the lower lip. The flower is glabrous on the outside and has a white awn on the inside. There are 2 long and 2 short stamens, and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a 2-valved, ovate, glandular, villous capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial with a branched tap root. In the first year it develops a leaf rosette. In the second it produces a 2 m high, erect, unbranched, gray, tomentose stem. The leaves are alternate, ovate, tapering upward and petiolate. Almost all leaves are crenate; only the highest ones are entire-margined. Characteristics: The plant is very poisonous; it tastes hotbitter with a slightly unpleasant odor. Habitat: Digitalis is indigenous to Europe. It was introduced to the east and the American continent. Production: Digitalis leaves are the leaves of Digitalis purpurea or of Digitalis lanata. Digitalis lanata corresponds to Digitalis purpurea but has a milder effect. The rose leaves are harvested during the first period of vegetation in early autumn. The drying period is decisive for the content of cardenolide glycosides. The temperature for drying is 30° C to 50° C. Not to be Confused With: Confusion seldom occurs due to cultivation under controlled conditions. Other Names: Foxglove, Dead Men's Bells, Dog's Finger, Fairy Fingers, Fairy Gloves, Finger Rower, Folks' Glove, Lion's Mouth, Ladies' Glove, Witches' Gloves, Gloves of Our Lady, Fairy Caps, Fairy Thimbles, Virgin's Glove
Steroid saponin: including desgalactotigonin. digitonine, purpureagitoside Anthracene derivatives: anthraquinones EFFECTS
The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides that are positively inotropic, negatively chronotropic and improve the contraction power of cardiac muscle. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug's use originated in Ireland, then came to Scotland and England and finally to central Europe. It was used to treat ulcers in the lower abdomen, boils, headaches, abscesses and paralysis. Externally, the drug was used for the granulation of poorly healing wounds and to cure ulcers. Furthermore, the drug was used for cardiac insufficiency, especially high blood pressure. Use of the raw product has become obsolete because the effect is not reproducible. The use of pure glycosides is recommended instead. Digitoxin is available in mono preparations (extract) and is used as an isolated pure substance. Homeopathic Uses: Digitalis purpurea is used for cardiac insufficiency and migraine. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Because of the narrow therapeutic range of digitalis glycosides, a certain percentage of patients may experience side effects immediately upon administration of therapeutic dosages: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the risks of cardiac arrhythmias. OVERDOSAGE
With overdosage, in addition to the already-mentioned symptoms, the following can also occur:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides 0.5 to 1.5%): including ones of the - A-sequence (aglycone digitoxigenin): purpurea glycoside A (primary glycoside), digitoxin (secondary glycoside) - B-sequence (aglycone gitoxigenin): purpurea glycoside B (primary glycoside), gitoxin (secondary glycoside), Digitalinum verum
Heart: cardiac rhythm disorders, all the way up to lifethreatening ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block Central nervous system: stupor, visual disorders, depression, confused states, hallucinations, psychoses
- E-sequence (aglycone gitaloxigenin): glucoverodoxin, glucogitaloxin, gitaloxin
Lethal dosages lead to heart failure or asphyxiation. Administration over extended periods leads in rare cases to gynecomastia. Because of the difficulties in standardizing the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be preferred (digitoxin).
Pregnane glycosides: digitalonin
The first measures to be taken in case of poisoning are gastric lavage and activated charcoal instillation. All other
including
digipurpurin,
diginin,
2 5 0 /DIGITALIS
measures proceed according to the symptoms. For loss of potassium, careful replenishment is necessary. For ectopic irritation build-up in the ventricle, administration of phenytoin as an antiarrhythmatic is recommended. Lidocaine should be used in cases of ventricular extrasystole, and for partial atrioventricular block, atropine is recommended. The prophylactic installation of a pacemaker is often necessary. For elimination of the glycosides hemoperfusion is possible, the administration of cholestyramine for interrrupting the enterohepatic circulation and/or the application of digitoxin antibodies (antigen-binding fragments, digitalis antidote {Boehringer Mannheim}, is very likely only fully effective with digitoxin poisoning). The drugs and pure glycosides should be administered in the following situations (among others): atrioventricular block of the 2nd and 3rd degree, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm, WPWsyndrome. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Today, the drug is obsolete. Due to the lack of reproductivity of content, the use of appropriate pure glycosides is advisable. Digitoxin is contained in mono preparations (extract) and used as an isolated pure substance. Preparation: Tincture: shaken for 1 day in 25% ethanol at a ratio of 1:10. The manufacture of the digoxin and digitoxin is a complicated process that involves fermentation, extraction and evaporation. Storage: Store carefully away from sources of light. LITERATURE
Brisse B, Anwendung pflanzlicher Wirkstoffe bei kardialen Erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(4): 107. 1989. Buschauer A, Entwicklung neuer positiv inotroper Arzneistoffe: Suche nach einm "Digitalisersatz". In: PZW 134(1)3. 1989. Cohn JN, (1974) J Am Med Ass 229: 1911. Holtje HD, Molecular Modelling von Digitaloiden. In: PZ 137(37):2812. 1992. Ikeda Y et al., Quantitative HPLC analysis of cardiac glycosides in Digitalis purpurea. In: JNP 58(6):897-901. 1995. Lichius JJ, Weber R, Kirschke M, Liedtke S, Brieger D, Neues vom Fingerhut und seinen Kaffeesaureestern. In: DAZ 135(40):3794-3800. 1995. Lustenberger, B, In: Lustenberger J (Basler Dissertationen zur Geschichte der Pharmazie und Naturwissenschaften, Bd. 4), Der Weg zur Etablierung der Reinglykoside in der Digitalistherapie. Juris Druck - Verlag Dietikon. 1993. Rail B, Herzinsuffizienz: Was bringt die Digitalis-Therapie? In: DAZ 137(3): 126-27. 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Thomas R e t al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:1649. Tschesche R, Briigmann G, Tetrahedron 20:1469-1475. 1964. Voigt G, Hiller K, Sci Pharm 55:201-207. 1987. Wichtl M, Buhl W, Huesmann G, DAZ 127:2391-2400. 1987. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Digitalis Lanata Digitalis lanata DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The leaves are the medicinal part of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is long and densely flowered, with racemes facing all directions. The bracts are glandular-haired with ciliate edges. The flower structures are in fives. The sepals are fused, the calyx tubular. The petals are fused to a campanulate corolla, which is glandular-haired on, the outside, white with yellow-brown spots, 18 to 25 mm long and unevenly bilabiate. The upper lip has 4 points, and is flat and hem-like. The lower lip is almost as long as the corolla tube and is turned away from it. There are 4 stamens, often stretching out of the corolla tube. The ovaries are superior, 2-chambered, clavate, glandular-haired, gradually merging into the stigmas. The fruit is a 10 mm long septicidal, brittle capsule. The seeds are approximately 1.5 mm long and red-brown.
DIGITALIS
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Digitalis lanata is a herbaceous biennial or perennial, upright, up to 1.2 m high. The leaves are sessile, simple, narrow-lanceolate, 15 to 35 cm long, entire and ciiiate in the upper area of the shoot axis. The stem is upright, usually green, grooved-edged, usually glabrous below and long woolly-haired in the upper half. The plant has a primary root with no shoot-bearing roots. Habitat: The plant's habitat extends from Greece and the Balkans across the northern coast of the Black Sea to the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. Production: Woolly foxglove leaves are the dried leaves of Digitalis lanata. Annual cultivation begins with sowing in April; harvesting is between September and November. The roughly cut leaves are dried for 10 to 12 hours at 50° C. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides) (0.5 to 1.5%) of the following series, including: A-series (aglycone digitoxigenin): including lanatoside A (0.05 to 0.25%) glucodigifucoside (0.01 to 0.15%), glucoeM* vatromonoside (0.02 to 0.05%), digitoxin, alpha- and betaacetyldigoxin
LANATA/251
qualities, the drug is now obsolete and has been replaced by pure cardenolide glycosides. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Because of the unsatisfactory reproducibility during production, this drug is obsolete today; the pure cardenolide glycosides are used. The simultaneous administration of arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xanthines, phosphodiestrase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Because of the difficulties involved in standardizing the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be preferred (digitoxin, digoxin, alpha-acetyldigoxin, beta-acetyldigoxin, lanatoside C, deslanoside). Patients receiving no more than therapeutic dosages might experience the following side effects: hypertonias in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. Drug Interactions: Neither the drug nor pure glycosides should be administered in the presence of first- and seconddegree AV-Block, hypercalcemia, hypokaliemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm or WPW syndrome. OVERDOSAGE
B-series (aglycone gitoxigenin): lanatoside B (0.01 to 0.15%), glucogitoroside (0.02 to 0.12%), Digitalinum verum (0.02 to 0.12%), gitoxin, alpha- and beta-acetylgitoxin
With overdosage, in addition to the symptoms above, the following can also occur:
C-series (aglycone digoxigenin): lanatoside C (0.08 to 0.24%), desacetyl lanatoside C, digoxin
Heart: Cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threatening ventricular tachycardias and atrial tachycardias with atrioventricular block.
D-series (aglycone diginatigenin): lanatoside D, diginatin, diginatigenin gitaloside
Central nervous system: Dizziness, vision disorders, depressions, states of confusion, hallucinations, psychoses.
E-series (aglycone gitaloxigenin): lanatoside E, glucoveredoxin (0.01 to 0.14%), glucoverodoxin (0.02 to 0.12%), gitaloxin Pregnane derivatives: including digifolein, glucodigifolein, diginin, digipronin, lanafolein, gitonine Steroid saponins: including lanagitosides I and II, tigonin, desglucolanatigonin, aglycones including tigogenin, digalogenin, digitogenin, gitogenin EFFECTS
The cardioactive cardenolide glycosides contained in the drug are positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic. Digitalis lanata is known to be highly resorbent when administered orally. It produces rapid results and wideranging effects; has strong diuretic properties; is quickly abating; and demonstrates good tolerability. Digitalis lanata has three times the physiological effect of Digitalis purpurea and is preferred for its fast-acting effect. Despite these
Lethal dosages (for humans, 2 to 3 g of the drug) initially lead to signs of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea caused by irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Slowed pulse, extrasystoles and conduction disturbances result from resorption. These are followed by ventricular fibrillation and later death from cardiac arrest. The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric lavage and instillation of medicinal charcoal. All otherr measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful potassium substitution for potassium; phenytoin as an antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine for partial atrioventricular block. The prophylactic insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is recommended. Hemoperfusion for the elimination of the glycosides and cholestyramine administration for the interruption of the enterohepatic circulation are possible.
2 5 2 / D I G I T A L I S LANATA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Mode of Administration: The drug is not used today. The following preparation and supply information is for historical reference.
The stem is branched above, with a bluish bloom. The leaves are double and more pinnate, feathery, white-tipped leaflets with a deep groove on the upper surface. The leaf sheath is oblong with a thick-skinned edge.
How Supplied: Whole and powdered drug.
Characteristics: Dill has an aromatic scent.
Preparation: Tincture; powder: ethanol 25%; 1:10; succussed for 24 hours.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region, southern Russia, and cultivated throughout Europe as well as North and South America.
DOSAGE
Storage: Store securely and protect from light. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kallfelz HC, Reinhardt D, Treatment of heart insufficiency in infancy and childhood with a combined drug made of digitalis lanata glycosides, Thei Ggw, 110:357-8 passim, 1971 Mar.
Production: Dill herb consists of the fresh or dried leaf and upper stem of Anethum graveolens. Dill seed consists of the dried fruit of Anethum graveolens. Other Names: Dilly ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : DILL HERB
Volatile oil (0.5 to 1.5%): chief constituents are carvone, dill apiole, (+) limonene
Pitra J, Hor(3k P. Cardiac glycosides. XII. Digoxin, the fermented drug of undulating foxglove (Digitalis lanata EHRH) Cesk Farm, 21:142-4. 1972 May.
Phthalides
Schneider KW, Gattenlohner W, Different changes of central hemodynamic: due to Digitalis purpura and ianata preparations, Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med, 77:980-2, 1971.
No information is available.
E F F E C T S : DILL HERB
C O M P O U N D S : DILL FRUIT
Digitalis lanata See
Digitalis
Lanata
Volatile oil (2.5 to 4.0%): chief constituents are carvone (approximately 50%), dill apiole, (+) — limonene Phtalides Fatty oil
Digitalis purpurea See Digitalis
Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone E F F E C T S : DILL F R U I T
Dill Anethum graveolens
The fruit of the Dill plant has an antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and a bacteriostatic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
DILL H E R B
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the seed, the fresh or dried leaves and the upper stem.
Unproven Uses: Dill herb is used for prevention and treatment of diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and urinary tract, for sleep disorders and for spasms.
Flower and Fruit: The yellow flowers are in large, 20 to 50 rayed umbels. There is no involucre or calyx. The petals have an inward-curving point, which is not indented. The fruit is flattened and oval with a rib on the back, which is sharp-edged. Ribs that appear on the edge have a winged edge. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm tall. The stem is erect, round, smooth, dark-green and white-striped.
DILL FRUIT
Approved by Commission E: • Dyspeptic Complaints Indian Medicine: Dill is used for halitosis, worm infestation, complaints of the repiratory tract and syphilis.
DIVI-DIVI / 2 5 3
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS DILL HERB
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DILL FRUIT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Photodermatosis is possible after contact with the juice of the freshly harvested plant.
Poggendorf A, Gockeritz D, Pohloudek-Fabini R, Der Gehalt an atherischem 01 in Anethum graveolens, m: PA 32(10):607. 1977. Varo PT, Heinz DE. (1970) J Agric Food Chem. 18:234 et 239. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979
DOSAGE DILL F R U I T
Mode of Administration: Whole seeds and crushed fruits are used to make teas and other galenic preparations for internal application.
Dionaea muscipula See
Venus
Flytrap
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage of the seeds is 3 gm; essential oil daily dose is 0.1 to 0.3 gm. LITERATURE DILL HERB
Badoc A, Contribution a 1'etude du genre Anethum. In: Memoire Diplome superieur Rech Biol et Physiol, Univ Sci £ Techn Lille Flandres Artois No. 122. Dec. 1986.
Dioscorea villosa See
Wild Yam
Debelmas AM, Rochat J. (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
Dipsacus silvestris
Dranik LI. (1970) Khim Prir Soed 6:268.
See
Teazle
Gijbels MJ et al., (1983) Sci Pharm 51:414. Harborne JB. (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1729. Kosawa M et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:220. Poggendorf A, Gockeritz D, Pohloudek-Fabini R, Der Gehalt an atherischem 01 in Anethum graveolens. In: PA 32(10):607. 1977.
Dipteryx odorata See
Tonka
Beans
Varo PT, Heinz DE, (1970) J Agric Food Chem 18:234 et 239. Further information in: Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. DILL FRUIT
A* Badoc A, Contribution a 1'etude du genre Anethum. In:' Memoire Diplome superieur Rech Biol et Physiol, Univ Sci Techn Lille Flandres Artois No. 122, Dec. 1986. Debelmas AM, Rochat J, (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23. Dranik LI, (1970) Khim Prir Soed 6:268. Gijbels MJ et al., (1983) Sci Pharm 51:414. Harborne JB, (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1729. Kosawa M et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:220.
Divi-Divi Caesalpinia bonducella DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is seed. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are dorsiventrally zygomorphous and arranged in dense clusters. The sepals are free or fused at their base, or fused to the base of the petals and stamens to form the corolla. The petals are separate from each other but have an ascending bud covering. There are twice as many stamens as petals, usually 10. The ovary always has only 1 carpel. The fruit is indehiscent or a legume with yellow nuts. Leaves, Stem and Root: Divi-Divi is a tree or shrub that grows to a height of 9 m, with alternate entire-margined or double-pinnate thorny leaves.
254/DIVI-DIVI
Habitat: Sri Lanka, Brazil, South America Production: Nikkar nuts are the seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella. - Other Names: Nikkar Nuts, Nichol Seeds, Gray Nicker ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil (20 to 25%, bonduc nut oil): chief fatty acids are linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid Proteins Starch
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafless parasite up to 150 cm high. The stem is yellow or reddish, thread-like, branched, with sucking roots, and climbing. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe, Asia and South Africa. Production: Dodder epithymum.
whole
plant
Saponins
A purgative principle The drug has been subjected to very little investigation. EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Dodder has hepatic and laxative effects.
Indian Medicine: The roasted seeds are used in febrile illnesses and in the treatment of diabetes.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Seeds are ground and roasted for internal use.
Cuscuta
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Saponins
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
of
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Divi-Divi is a febrifuge and tonic.
the
Other Names: Lesser Dodder, Dodder of Thyme, Devil's Guts, Beggarweed, Hellweed, Strangle Tare, Scaldweed
Diterpenes: including, among others, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, eta-caesalpine
EFFECTS
is
Unproven Uses: Dodder is used for disorders of the urinary tract, spleen and liver. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration ot designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. It is conceivable that the drug triggers intestinal colic in cases of overdosage. LITERATURE
LITERATURE
Balmain et al., Tetrahedron 1967:5027. 1967. Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Pagnani F, Ciarallo G, (1974^ Boll Chim Farm 113(1):30.
Dog Rose Rosa canina
Dodder Cuscuta epithymum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are reddish, wax or fleshcolored. They are arranged in small clusters. The calyx is divided into 5 and the corolla is fused to a 4 to 5 tipped tube with fringed scales inside. There are 5 stamens and 1 ovary.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the petals, the Rose hips with and without seeds and die seeds. Flower and Fruit: The pink flowers are usually solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. The receptacle deepens to form a cup whose upper edge the 5 pinnatifid sepals and 5 petals and numerous stamens sit. There are long white silky hairs in ffie receptacles and numerous ovaries. The ovaries grow into stiff-haired nuts surrounded by the receptacle and become the scarlet 'rosehip'.
DOG ROSE 255
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an approximately 1 to 3 m high shrub with hanging branches and erect root shoots that are covered in tough, sickle-shaped prickles that are appressed below. The leaves are pinnatifid with 5 to 7 ft, leaflets. They are markedly petiolate, obovate, smooth-margined, glabrous, glossy and dark green above, lighter and simple-serrate beneath. Characteristics: The sepals revolute at the end of the flowering period and drop when the fruit ripens. Habitat: Rosa canina grows in Europe and North Africa and is extensively cultivated. Production: Dog Rose fruit consist of the ripe, dried fruit (nutlet) of various species of the genus Rosa particularly Rosa moschata. The fruits are secondary products of Dog Rose shells. Dog Rose shells consist of the ripe, fresh or dried, opened seed receptacle, whole or cut and freed from hairs, of Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina, Rosa rugosa, Rosa moschata and other Rosa species. The ripe receptacles are harvested by hand and dried in the air, sun or in drying plants at a maximum temperature of 80° C. The dry Dog Roses are broken up and the fruit and skins are separated by sieving. \
Other Names: Brier Hip, Hip, Rose Hip, Sweet Briar, Brier Rose, Eglantine Gall, Hogseed, Dog-Berry, Sweet Brier, Wild Brier, Witches' Brier A C T I O N S A N D PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: DOG ROSE FRUITS
Fatty oil (8 to 10%)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Unproven Uses: Dog Rose fruits are used in folk medicine for disorders of the efferent urinary tract and the kidneys. kidney stones, rheumatic conditions such as rheumatism, and gout, colds, scurvy and febrile conditions. DOG ROSE SHELLS
Unproven Uses: Dog Rose shells are used in folk medicine for colds and 'flu,1 intestinal conditions, digestive complaints, vitamin C deficiency, gallstones, subacidic-stomach. infectious diseases, conditions of the efferent urinary tract. edema, rheumatism and gout, bleeding and leucorrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOG ROSE FRUITS AND SHELLS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Mode of Administration: Dog Rose fruits are available as whole and powdered drug. Daily Dosage: The single dose is 2 gm drug. Storage: Dog Rose should be stored in a dry and dark place. DOG ROSE SHELLS
Mode of Administration: Dog Rose shells are available as whole, crude and powdered drug.
Tocopherol (vitamin E)
Daily Dosage: Tea: 2 to 5 gm drug added to 1 cup and steeped for 10 to 15 minutes
Volatile oil (0.3%)
Storage: Should be stored in dark place.
Proteic substances EFFECTS: DOG ROSE FRUITS
The pectin and fruit acid content are responsible for the diuretic and laxative effect. COMPOUNDS: DOG ROSE SHELLS
LITERATURE
DOG ROSE SHELLS
Czygan FC, Rosa canina L. - Die Hunds- oder Heckenrose. In: ZPT 10(5): 162. 1989. Jaretzky R, Pharm Zentralh 82:229. 1941.
Flavonoids
Kurucu S, Coskun M, Kartal M, High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ascorbic acid in the fruits of some Rosa species growing in Turkey. In: PM 58(7)75. 1992.
Fruit acids: malic acid, citric acid
Luckner M, BepMer O, PA 21:197. 1966.
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (12 to 15%): invert sugar, saccharose
Further information in:
Carotinoids
Pectins Tannins Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.2 to 2.4%) EFFECTS: DOG ROSE SHELLS
The drug is a vitamin C supplement
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients U«d in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
2 5 6 / D O G ROSE
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Dog-Tree, Box Tree, Boxwood, Budwood, False Box, Cornelian Tree, Cornel, Bitter Redberry, Green Ozier, Swamp Dogwood, Silky Cornel, Osier, Rose Willow ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. DOG ROSE FRUITS
Czygan FC, Rosa canina L. - Die Hunds- oder Heckenrose. In: ZPT 10(5): 162. 1989.
COMPOUNDS
Steroid saponins: including sarsapogenin-O-beta-D-galactoside, sarsapogenin-0-beta-D-xylosyl-( I (2)-beta-D-galactoside Iridoide monoterpenes: cornin (verbenalin) Tannins
Jaretzky R. Pharm Zentralh 82:229. 1941.
EFFECTS
Luckner M, Bepler O. PA 21:197. 1966.
Effect on mollusks: The drug destroys the biomphalaria glabratus snails (carrier of bilharziose).
Further information in: Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Cardiac effect: Heart activity, at different levels up to the cessation of heartbeat, is examined depending on the concentration of the methanol extract.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New York 1980.
Antiplasmodic effect: Induced malaria on chicks and Peking ducks was treated for 5 days with a water-insoluble fraction. As a result, antiplasmodic activity toward P. cathemerium could be observed, similar to that deployed by quinine and sulfadiazine. To date, the results cannot be sufficiently assessed.
Dogwood Comus florida
The bark works as a tonic, an astringent and a stimulant.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark. Fresh bark is also used occasionally.
Unproven Uses: In North America, the dried bark was used in folk medicine for strength, to stimulate appetite, for fever and for chronic diarrhea. It is used externally as an astringent for wounds and boils. Formerly, it was in use as a replacement for quinine. It is still used for headaches and fatigue.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are sessile, small, greenish, and in clusters of 12 to 20 at the splayed end of a tough, 3 cm long stem. The bracts are white or pale reddish, ovate to long and are longer than the inflorescence. The petals are about 4 mm long. The fruit is a scarlet berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a 4 to 9 m high tree, which is heavily branched and has a dark gray, thick and rough bark. The branches are smooth and covered in leaf scars. The leaves are 7 to 10 cm long, opposite, petiolate, entire, ovate acuminate at both ends, and somewhat rough. The upper surface is dark green. In autumn the upper surface is bright red to violet. The underside is always whitish-green. The leaves are slightly pubescent when young. Habitat: Cornus florida is indigenous to eastern and southern North America; other varieties are found in Europe. Production: American Boxwood bark and root-bark are the dried and occasionally fresh bark and root-bark of Cornus florida. It is collected in the wild.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include for poor digestion and chronic attacks of fever. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Formerly the drug was used internally as a tincture as an alternative to quinine and externally as a liquid extract. Homeopathic Dosage: Oral: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). Preparation: Decoction or infusion (no specifications).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
D R Y O P T E R I S FILIX-MAS / 2 5 7
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Caetano-Anolles G, Trigiano RN, Windham MT, Sequence signatures from DNA amplification fingerprints reveal fine population structure of the dogwood pathogen Discula destructiva. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 145:377-83, 1996 Dec 15
COMPOUNDS
4f._ Jacobs, B, In: Jacobs ML. Burlage HM: Index of Plants of North Carolina with Reputed Medicinal Uses, USA. 1958. Jensen SR, Kjaer A, Nielsen BJ, Biochem Syst Ecol 3:75-78. 1975. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hostettmann K. Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Nakanishi K, Helv Chim Acta 61:1990. 1978.
Ester resins (dracoresin): benzoyl ester of dracoresinotannol Dracoresen Flavane quinones: including dracorubin (dracocarmin), dracorhodin, both colored an intense red EFFECTS
Dragon's Blood has an astringent effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The resin is used for diarrhea, digestive disorders and as a coloring agent. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Dorema ammoniacum See
Ammoniac
Gum
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The resin is used in a powder form. LITERATURE
* Dorstenia contrayerva See
Contrayerva
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Merlini L, Gasini G, J Chem Soc Perkin I 1976:1570. 1976.
Dragon's Blood (Xue-Jie) Daemonorops
Rao SR et al., JNP 45:646. 1982.
draco
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the red resin from the fruit, which is extracted from both Daemonorops draco and Daemonorops propinquis.
See Winter's Bark
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged along the branch. The fruit is a cherry-sized berry ending in a point. When the fruit are ripe, they are covered in a reddish, resinous substance, which is separated in various ways.
Drosera ramentacea
Leaves, Stem and Root: Dragon's Blood is a tree with long, thin, flexible stems, which are inclined to climb when they are older. The leaves have thorny petioles, which grow into long appendages. The bark is covered in hundreds of flattened thorns. Habitat: Malaysia, Indonesia. Production: Dragon's Blood resin is the resin of Daemonorops draco. Other Names: Dracorubin, Sanguis Draconis, Draconis Resina, Xue-Jie
Drimys winteri
See Sundew
Dryas octopetala See Mountain Avens
Dryopteris filix-mas See Male Fern
258/DUCKWEED
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Duckweed
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The plant is available as fresh or ground herb and as an extract.
Lemna minor DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant. Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers infrequently. The tiny inconspicuous flowers have 2 unevenly sized stamens and 1 pistil. A delicate membranous bract surrounds 3 flowers, which are located on the edge of the stem. The fruit is tubular with 1 ovule. The seeds have longitudinal ribs.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Lemna minor is a water plant with leaf-like organs that are 2 to 6 mm long. They are flat, have 3 to 5 ribs, and are sometimes pigmented with red. Two to six leaf-like shoots stick together, and each bears a root with a rounded root cover.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Characteristics: The plant has leaf-like shoots with 1 root per leaf.
Dusty Miller
Habitat: The plant is found worldwide in cooler, oceanic climates. The plant is not found in east Asia and South Africa. Production: Duckweed is the fresh plant Lemna minor. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: in particular C-glucosyl-flavone, including among others orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, lutonarin, vicenin-1; also O-glycosides, including among others apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glycoside Cyclopentane fatty prostaglandin
acids,
with
structure
resembling
Polysaccharides: apiogalacturonans Cardiac steroids (cardenolides) EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Duckweed is used internally for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and externally for gout and rheumatism. Chinese Medicine: Duckweed is used for measles, edema, joint pain, dysuria, acne, erysipelas and epilepsy. Homeopathic Uses: Duckweed is used for chronic colds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Senecio bicolor DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant harvested before flowering, the herb of the flowering plant, and the whole fresh, flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous yellow capitula, 12 to 15 cm in diameter, on short peduncles. The calyx only has a few sepals. There are 10 to 12 lingual florets. The fruit is striped. Leaves, Stem and Root: Senecio cineraria is a semi-shrub that grows up to 80 cm high. The stem is erect, heavily branched at the base, and sometimes snow-white tomentose. The leaves are densely pubescent beneath and more or less cobwebbed on the upper surface. They may have sparse greenish hairs. The lower leaves are oval to lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the outer lobes are usually longer than they are wide. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to die Mediterranean region, naturalized in North America and cultivated as an ornamental plant in many countries. Production: Cineraria juice is the juice of the whole Senecio cinerarian plant. Other Names: Cineraria Maritima ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.9% in the blossoming foliage): including, among others, jaconine, jacobine, otosenine, retrorsine, senecionine, seneciphylline Polyynes
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EFFECTS
The active agents are the alkaloids jacobin, senecionin, and otosenin These pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Though no longer recommended, the plant previously was administered for ailments of the eye, as an emmenagogic, and in cataplasms and oral rinses. Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, the juice is used to treat eye-sight problems (for the treatment of spots before the eyes), migraine, and as an emmenagogue. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Dusty Miller should not be taken internally (except in homeopathic dosages) because of the potential hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
DWARF E L D E R / 2 5 9
Flowers and Fruit: The reddish-white flowers are in a terminal, umbrella-like, richly blossomed, paniculate cyme with 3 main branches. The calyx margin is 5-tipped. The corolla has fused petals and is rotate with 5 acuminate tips. The 5, stamens have dark red anthers and an inferior, 3valved ovary with 3 stigmas. The fruit is a black, globular, berry-like drupe with at least 3 to 4 ovate seeds. When ripe, the fruit stems are erect and violet or crimson. Leaves, Stem and Root: Dwarf Elder is a perennial, herb-like plant 0.5 to 2 m high with a sturdy, finger-thick, branched rhizome that creeps deeply and horizontally. The stems are leafy, erect, sturdy and branched above. They die off in autumn. The leaves are crossed opposite, odd-pinate with 3 to 4 pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets and 2 large, ovatelanceolate, and serrate stipules. Characteristics: The fragrance is similar to that of sunflowers or almond.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The use of the sterilized juice is no longer recommended for internal use, nor is any other preparation of Dusty Miller.
Habitat: The plant is found from southern Sweden throughout central and southern Europe, in northern Africa, in western Asia as far as Iran, and in North America.
LITERATURE
Production: Dwarf Elder root is the root of Sambucus ebulus, which is collected in the spring or late autumn and then air-dried.
Adams R et ah, J Am Chem Soc 71:1953-1956. 1941. Barger G et al., J Chem Soc:584. 1937. Habib AM, PM 26:279. 1974. Klasek A et al., Coll Czech Chem Comm 40:2524. 1975. Nachmann RJ, PH 22:780-782. 1983. Resch JF et al., PM 47:255. 1983. Roder E, DAZ 132:2427. 1992. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994 (unter Senecio bicolor). Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Cineraria maritima). Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994 (unter Senecio bicolor).
Other Names: Dane wort, Wale wort, Blood Elder, Blood Hilder ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoides: ebuloside, 6'-0-apiosyl-ebuloside, 7,7-0-dihydroebuloside, secoebuloside, isoswer-oside Nauseant, purgative resins with unresolved structure EFFECTS
The drug is said to be a mild diuretic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Dwarf Elder is used in folk medicine as an ingredient in different teas prepared to assist in weight reduction and alleviate rheumatism. The drug also is used for constipation and as an emetic and to treat edema and kidney disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Dwarf Elder Sambucus ebulus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves, the ripe, dried or fresh fruit and the dried roots.
Healtii risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. OVERDOSAGE
According to older scientific reports, large quantities of all parts of the plant, (in particular the raw berries) leads to vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, dizziness, headache, and unconsciousness. Cases of death are also mentioned.
2 6 0 / D W A R F ELDER DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Dwarf Elder is obsolete as a drug in most countries. It is found in some tea mixtures, but is not used in medicinal preparations. LITERATURE
Gross GA, Phytochemische Untersuchungen von Inhaltsstoffen der Zwergholunderwurzel, Dissertation Ziirich. 1985. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Petkov V, Markovska V, (1981) Plant Med Phytother 15(3): 172. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Dyer's Broom Genista
tinctoria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The entire plant has medicinal applications. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in short, terminal racemes. They are golden yellow and bean-shaped, 1.5 to 2 cm long and are on pedicles, which are shorter than the calyx. The petal stems of the 4 lower petals are initially straight, but in moments of tension, when for instance, they are touched by an insect, they curl down suddenly and the flower opens. The fruit is a smooth pod 2.5 to 3.5 cm long. It is brown, compressed at the sides, and contains 5 to 10 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 30 to 60 cm high, always thornless subshrub with a creeping, woody rhizome. The florescent green stems are smooth and produce fairly rigid, smooth or pubescent forked branches, which sprout lanceolate leaves. The leaves are alternate, glabrous, entiremargined, 1.25 to 2.5 cm long, nearly sessile, and with a ciliate margin. The stipules are linear-awl-shaped. Habitat: Dyer's Broom is indigenous to the Mediterranean region, the Canary Islands, Europe and western Asia, and cultivated elsewhere, including the eastern U.S. Production: Dyer's Broom leaves are the green leaves of Genista tinctoria.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Other Names: Dyer's Weed, Dyer's Greenwood, Dyer's Whin, Furze, Green Broom, Greenweed, Wood Waxen ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Quinolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids — cytisine, methylcytisine, anagyrine, as well as isosparteine, lupanine, tinctorin Flavonoids: in particular luteolin glycosides Isoflavonoids: genistein, genistin Lectins EFFECTS
The drug acts as a purifier, cathartic, diuretic, purgative and emetic. It increases heart rate, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, stimulates kidney blood circulation and affects metabolism. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, the drug was used as a purgative and to remove bladder stones, as well as for digestive disorders and gout. Once an infusion has been taken, breathing deepens and pain in the lumbar and pelvic region is alleviated. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Overdosage can lead to diarrhea and to symptoms of a cystine poisoning. Anagyrine has exhibited teratogenic effect in animal experiments. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as an infusion. Preparations: To prepare an infusion, use 1 teaspoonful of the ground drug per cup of water. Daily Dosage: Drink 1 to 2 cups of infusion daily. LITERATURE
Atkinson JE et al., (1969) Tetrahedron 25:1507. Bricout J, (1974) Phytochemistry 13:2819. Harborne JB, (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1449. Hrochova V, Sitaniova H, Farm Obz 51:131. 1982. Inouye H et al., (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 4429. Inouye H et al., (1970) Chem Pharm Bull 18:1856. Lewis JR, Gupta P, (1971) J Chem Soc Chem Comm 4:629. Rulko F, (1976) Pr Nauk Akad. Med Wroclawin 8:3. Sadritdinov F, (1971) Farmakol Alkaloidov Serdechnykh Glikozidov 146.
ECHINACEA / 261
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Swietek L, Dombrowicz E, (1984) Farm Pol 40(12):729. Ulubelen A et al., (1971) Lloydia 34(2):258. Further information in: Chan, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal J^, Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly sweet then bitter leaving a tingling sensation on the tongue. The odor is faintly aromatic. Habitat: Echinacea purpurea and Echinaceae pallida grow in the middle or eastern U.S. and is cultivated in Europe. Production: Echinacea purpurea herb consists of the fresh, above-ground parts, harvested at flowering time. The root consists of the fresh or dried underground part, gathered in autumn. Echinacea pallida herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts, collected at the time of flowering. Echinacea angustifolia herb and root consist of the fresh or dried roots, or above-ground parts collected at the time of flowering. Not to be Confused With: The herbs and roots of Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida have different medicinal properties. Some Echinacea species may be confused with or adulterated with Parthenium integrifoium. Other Names: Black Sampson, Niggerhead, Rudbeckia, Sampson Root, Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog, Red Sunflower ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Echinacea Echinaceae
species
TRADE NAMES
Echinacea (available from numerous manafacturers), Echinacea Root, Echinacea Standardized, Echinacea Root Herbal, Echinacea angustifolia Herb, Echinacea purpurea Root DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are, depending on varieties, the roots, leaves or the whole plant in various stages of development.
M
Flower and Fruit: The flower-heads are large and solitary on terminal peduncles with spreading ray florets. The bracts are in a number of rows. The bracts are leafy, rigid, thorny tipped, and longer than the conical erect disc florets. The reddish or occasionally white florets are conspicuous. The Hgual florets are usually sterile and 3 cm long. The pappus is small or absent. Leaves, Stem and Root: Echinacea is usually a perennial herb and grows up to 45 cm. in height. The leaves are large, solitary, opposite or alternate and are smooth-margined. They are 7 to 20 cm long and have a rough surface. The leaves are entire-margined and are on slender petioles. A transverse section of the rhizome shows a thin bark and a yellowish, porous wood, which is flecked with black.
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Water-soluble immunostimulating polysaccharides (4-O-methylglucuronylarabinoxylans, acidic arabinorhamno-galactans) Volatile oil (under 0.08-0.32%): components including germacrene alcohol, borneol, bornylacetate, pentadeca-8-en2-on, germacrene D, caryophyllene, caryophyllene epoxide Flavonoids: ferulic acid derivatives including cichoriic acid, cichoriic acid methyl ester, 2-0- caffeoyl-3-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid, 2,3-O-diferuloyl tartaric acid 2-O-caffeoyl tartaric acid Alkamides: including undeca-2E,4Z-dien-8,10-diin acid- and dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z- tetraen acid isobutylamide Polyenes: trideca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9,-tetraine, trideca-1-en3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, trideca-8,10,12-trien-2,4,6-triine, pontica epoxide COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Water-soluble immunostimulating polysaccharides Water-soluble immunostimulating glycoproteins Volatile oil (0.2%): components including caryophyllene, humules, caryophyllene epoxide, dodeca-2,4-dien-l-yl-isovalerate, germacrene D, palmitic acid, linolenic acid
262/ECHINACEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives (0.6-2.1%): including cichoriic acid, cichoriic acid methyl ester, 2-0- caffeoyl tartaric acid Alkamides (0.01-0.04%): including undeca-2E,4Z-dien-8,10diinacetyl- and dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tetracetyliso-butylamide Polyynes (0.01 mg/%): including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11 -pentain, trideca-1,1 l-dien-3,5,7,9,-tetraine, trideca-8,10,12-trien2,4,6-triine, pontica epoxide Effective pyrrolizidine alkaloids: tussilagine, isotussilagine COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB
Volatile oil (0.1%)- including 1,8-pentadecadien Flavonoids: in particular rutin Caffeic acid derivatives: Cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside Alkamides: including butylamide
dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyliso-
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA ROOT
Water-soluble immunstimulating polysaccharides (arabinorhamnogalactans) Volatile oil (0.2 - 2%): chief components include pentadeca8Z-en-2-on, pentadeca-1,8Z-dien, 1 -pentadecan Caffeic acid derivatives: echinacoside Alkamides: including isomeric dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tetraenic acid-isobutylamide Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentain, pontica epoxide COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB
Volatile oil (under 0.1%): typical components consist of epishyobunol, beta-farnesene, alpha- and beta-pinenes, myrcene, carvomenthene, caryophyllene Flavonoids Caffeic acid derivatives: cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside, echinacoside Alkamides: including isobutylamide
dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyl-
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica epoxide COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA ROOT
Volatile oil (under 1%): components include dodeca-2,4dien-1-ylisovalerate, as well as palmitic acid, linolenic acid Flavonoids Caffeic acid derivatives (0.3 to 1.3%): echinacoside, cynarin
Alkamides (0.01%): including dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z- tetracetyl isobutylamide Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica epoxide, in dehydrated roots only traces EFFECTS: ALL VARIETIES
General Echinacea activity is directed towards the nonspecific cellular immune system. The herb exerts anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, bactericidal, and wound healing actions, depending on the type of plant species. The main active principles of the immunostimulating, antibacterial and virostatic drug are the alkamides, glycoproteins, caffeic acid derivatives (cichoriic acid and echinosides) and polysaccarides. Immunostimulating Ethanolic root extracts of the Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea angustifolia were shown to cause a 23% increase of the phagocytosis rate in granulocyte smears in vitro (Jurcic, 1989; Melchart 1995). Confirmed by the carbon clearance test and granulocyte tests, the ethanolic root extracts significantly enhance phagocytosis (Bauer, 1988). The ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea exert immunostimulatory effects also through metabolic and bactericidal activities of peritoneal macrophages. The ethanolic extracts of both Echinacea plants also increase the total weight of the spleen (Bukovsky, 1993). Anti-Inflammatory Polyunsaturated alkamides in Echinacea angustifolia exert anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase (Muller-Jakic, 1994). The polysaccharide fraction of Echinacea angustifolia exerts antiinflammatory effects (Tubaro, 1987), and the polysaccharide from Echinacea purpurea induces an acute phase reaction. The acute phase reaction occurs with enhancing the spontaneous motility of PMN and increasing the ability of these cells to kill bacteria such as staphylococci. (Roesler, 1991). Cytokine Stimulation Arabinogalactan, a highly purified polysaccharide from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea, is effective in activating macrophage cytotoxicity actions against tumor cells and microorganisms (Leishmania enriettii). This polysaccharide induces macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (TL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-beta. The component also induces a slight increase in T-cell proliferation (Burger, 1997; Luettig, 1989; Roesler, 1991). Extracts of Echinacea purpurea stimulate cell-mediated immunity through the
ECHINACEA / 263
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
production of lymphokines by lymphocytes (Coeugriiet, 1987). Echinacea purpurea herb has shown some short-term viral resistance against influenza, herpes, and vesicular stomatitis viruses, which has been credited to an interferonlike effect (Wacker, 1978). Collagen Protectant The caffeic acid derivatives exert a protective effect on the free-radical-induced degradation of Type HI collagen. Collagen degradation was inhibited the greatest by echinacoside and chicoriic acid, then cynarine and chlorogenic acid. The collagen protection from free radical damage is through a scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species and/or C-, N-, S-centered secondary radicals. These activities may be useful for the treatment/protection of photodamage of the skin by UVA/UVB radiation, in which oxidative stress plays a critical role (Facino, 1995). CLINICAL TRIALS
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial evaluated the effect of a fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. There were 109 patients with a history of more than 3 colds jtL or respiratory infections in the previous year included in the study. The fluid extract, given 4 mL twice daily for 8 weeks, did not significantly decrease the incidence, duration or severity of colds and respiratory infections compared to placebo (Grimm, 1999). The efficacy and safety of Echinaforce® (Echinacea purpurea preparation from 95% herb and 5% root), Echinacea concentrate (same preparation at 7 times higher concentration), and special Echinacea purpurea root preparation were evaluated in the treatment of the common cold. There were 559 volunteers with a common cold included in the study. The participants received 2 tablets 3 times daily. The primary endpoint was the relative reduction of the complaint index, which is a group of 12 symptoms that occur during common cold. Echinaforce® and its concentrated preparation were significantly more effective than the special extract or placebo treatment group. All treatments were well tolerated with the frequency of adverse events not significantly higher than in the placebo group (Brinkeborn, 1999). m The safety and efficacy of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea ethanolic root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) was determined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The time until the first URTI (time and event) and adverse effects were evaluated in 302 patients. The root extract dosages were 50 drops twice daily for 12 weeks from Monday to Friday. The time until occurrence of a URTI was 66 days in the Echinacea angustifolia group, 69 days in the Echinacae purpura group and 65 days in the placebo group. Though the
results do not prove efficacy of prophylaxis, the authors conclude that Echinacea may reduce the risk of developing a URTI by 10 to 20% (Melchart, 1998). A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted to determine the effect of an extract of Echinaceae pallidae root with influenza infections of the upper respiratory tract. A dose of 900 mg daily was evaluated for the relief of symptoms, including shortening of the illness period and curing cough and hoarseness. The length of the illness period was reduced significantly with the extract from 13 to 9 days compared with placebo. The strongest effects on the clinical symptoms were achieved after 8-10 days (Brauning. 1993). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Approved by Commission E: • • • • • • •
Common cold Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Infections of the urinary tract Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Tendency to infection Wounds and burns
Echinacea purpurea herb is used internally as supportive therapy for colds and chronic infections of the respirator) tract and lower urinary tract. It can also be applied locally to poorly healing superficial wounds. ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Unproven Uses: Echinacea purpurea root is used for acute and chronic respiratory tract infections (of viral and bacterial origin); increased susceptibility to infection due to temporarily lowered resistance, treatment of leukopenia following radio and cytostatic therapy and in support of anti-infectious chemotherapy. ECHINACEA PALLIDA ROOT
Approved by Commission E: • Fevers and colds Echinacea pallida root is used as a supportive therapy for influenza-like infections. ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, native Americans use the drug externally for burns, swelling of the lymph nodes, and insect bites. The drug is used internally for pain associated with headaches and stomach aches, measles, coughs and gonorrhea. The drug has also been used for rattlesnake bites. Today the drug is used for prophylaxis and treatment of 'flu' infections, sepsis, and mild to moderate cold infections. Externally, the drug is used for treatment of poorly healing
264 /ECHINACEA
wounds and inflammatory conditions such as abscesses and leg ulcers. CONTRAINDICATIONS
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS
Because of a possible activation of autoimmune aggressions and other overreactive immune responses, the drug should not be administered in the presence of multiple sclerosis, leukosis, collagen disease, AIDS or tuberculosis. Parenteral administration should not be used in patients with tendencies to allergies, especially allergies to members of the composite family (Asteraceae). Echinacea should not be used during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions and galenic preparations. Daily Dosage: When using the tincture, 30 to 60 drops should be taken three times a day. Storage: Echinacea should be protected from light sources, and, if possible be uncomminuted. ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB AND ROOT
Mode of Administration: As a liquid preparation for oral use. Preparation: A 1:5 tincture is made using 50% (V/V) ethanol and native dried extract (50% ethanol in a 7 to 11:1 proportion)
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS
General: When used parenterally, dose-dependent short-term fever reactions, nausea and vomiting can occur. Caution should be exercised if the drug is administered parenterally to people with diabetes. Hypersensitivity reactions with anaphylaxis have been reported (Mullins, 1998). Rashes, itching, occasional swelling of the face, breathing difficulties, dizziness and a drop in blood pressure have been observed after administration of preparations containing Echinacea. Fertility: High concentrations of Echinacea had adverse effects on oocytes in animal models (Ondrizek, 1999). Pregnancy: Parenteral administration should be avoided during pregnancy. Drug Interactions: The immune-stimulating effect of echinacea may interfere with drugs that have immunosuppressant effects. Interaction may occur when using cyclosporine or other anti-rejection drugs. Echinacea may also interfere with the cancer chemotherapeutic effect of corticosteroids. DOSAGE ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Daily Dosage: The daily dose is 900 mg of drug. The drug should be used for a maximum of 8 weeks. Storage: Protect from light sources. If possible, store uncomminuted. ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB AND ROOT
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy in the claimed areas of application has not been documented, therapeutic application cannot be recommended. Because of the risks, the use of parenteral preparations is not justified. How Supplied: Capsule — lOOmg, 125mg, 250mg, 380mg 390mg, 400mg, 430mg, 450mg, 500mg Liquid — 120mg/5mL Preparation: The root tea is prepared using 1/2 teaspoonful of comminuted drug with boiling water. Strain after 10 minutes. Daily Dosage: For colds, drink 1 cup freshly made tea several times daily.
Mode of Administration: Pressed juice and galenic preparations for internal and external use.
Storage: Protect from light sources. If possible, store uncomminuted.
Preparation: The pressed juice is prepared in a concentration of 2.5:1 and is stabilized with 22% alcohol. Other complicated methods of preparation are known.
LITERATURE
Daily Dosage: When used internally, the recommended dosage is 6 to 9 ml of the expressed juice. The recommended dosage for parenteral administration should be individualized, depending on the seriousness of the condition as well as the specific nature of the respective preparation. Parenteral application requires a gradation of dosage, especially for children. The manufacturer is required to show this information for the respective preparation. When used externally, semi-solid preparations containing at least 15% pressed juice are used for a maximum of 8 weeks.
Bauer R, Arzneipflanzenportrat: Echinacea- welche Inhaltsstoffe wirken immunmodulierend? In: DAZ 132(23): 1233. 1992. Bauer R, Echinacea. In: PM 59(6):94. 1992. Bauer R, Jurcic K, Puhlmann J, Wagner H, Immunologische in vivo- und in vitro Untersuchnugnen mit Echinacea-Extrakten. In: Arzneim Forsch 38:276-281. 1988. Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und "Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993. Bauer R, Remiger P, Jurcic K, Wagner H, Beeinflussung der Phagozytoseaktivitat durch Echinacea-Extrakte. In: ZPT 10:4348. 1989.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Bauer R, Remiger P, Wagner H, Echinacea-Vergleichende DCund HPLC-Analyse der Herba-Drogen von Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida und Echinacea angustifolia. In: DAZ 128:174180. 1988. Bauer R~ Wagner H, Echinacea - Der Sonnenhut - Stand der Forschung. In: ZPT 9(8): 151. 1988. Bauer R, Wagner H, Echinacea-Drogen - Who is who? In: ZPT 9(6):191. 1988. Bauer R, Wagner H, Echinacea. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1990. Bauer, R et aL, (1985) Helv Chim Acta 68:2355. Bauer, R et al., (1987) Phytochemistry 26(4): 1198. Becker H. (1982) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 122(45):2320. Beuscher N, Scheit KH, Bodinet C. Egert D, Modulation der korpereigenen Immunabwehr durch polymere Substanzen aus Baptisia tinctoria und Echinacea purpurea. In: Immunotherapeutic prospects of infectious diseases, Hrsg. Masihi KN. Lange W. Springer, Heidel. Beuscher N, Uber die medikamentose Beeinflussung zellularer Resistenzmechanismen im Tierversuch. Aktivierung von Peritonealmakrophagen der Maus durch pflanzliche Reizkorper. In: Arzneim Forsch 32(1): 134-138. 1977. Bodinet C, Beuscher N, Antiviral and immunological activity of glykoproteins from the root of Echinacea purpurea. In: PM, Abstracts of the 39th Annual Congress of Medicinal Plant Research. 1991. Bohlmann F, Hoffman H. (1983) Phytochemistry 22(5): 1173. Braunig B, Dorn M, Knick E, Echinaceae purpureae radix: zur Starkung der korpereigenen Abwehr bei grippalem Infekten. In: ZPT 13(1):7. 1992. Brinkeborn R, Shah D, Degenring F. Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 1999 Mar;6(l):l-6. Bukovsky M, Kostalova D, Magnusova R et al: Testing for immunomodulating effects of ethanol-water extracts of the above-ground parts of the plants echinaceae Moench and Rudbeckia L. Cesk Farm 1993a;42:228-231. Burger RA; Torres AR; Warren RP et al. Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997 Jul;19(7):371-9. Busing KH, Hyaluronidasehemmung durch Echinacin. In: Arzneim Forsch 2:467-469. 1952. Cheminat A, Zawatzky R, Becker H, Brouillard R, Caffeoylconjugates from Echinacea Species: Structure and biological activity. In: PH 27(9):2787-2794. 1988. Coeugniet EG & Elek E. Immunomodulation widi Viscum album and echinacea purpurea extracts. Onkologie 1987; 10(suppl 3):27-33. Die Chemie der Pflanze (Standard, Wirksamkeit). In: Symbiose 4(3): 11. 1992.
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Dorn M, (1989) Milderung grippaler Effekte durch ein pflanzliches Immunstimulans. Natur- und Ganzheitsmedizin 2:314-319. Facino RM; Carini M; Aldini G et al. Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Planta Med 1995 Dec;61(6):510-4. Forth H, Beuscher N, Beeinflussung der Haufigkeit banaler Erkaltungsinfekte durch Esberitox. In: Z Allgemeinmed 57:22722275. 1981. Grimm W, Muller H. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999 Fee; 106(2): 138-43. Harnischfeger G, Stolze H, (1980) Notabene Medici 10:484. Jacobson M, (1967) J Org Chem 32:1646. Jurcic K, Melchart D. Holzmann M, Martin P, Bauer R, Doenecke A, Wagner H, Zwei Probandenstudien zur Stimulierung der Granulozytenphagozytose durch EchinaceaExtrakt-haltige Praparate. In: ZPT 10(2):67-70. 1989. Kinkel HJ, Plate M. Tullner HU, Objektivierbare Wirkung von Echinacin-Salbe auf die Wundheilung. In: Med Klinik 79:580583. 1984. Luettig B; Steinmuller C; Gifford GE et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989 May 3;81(9):669-75. May G, Willuhn G, (1978) Arzneim Forsch 28:1. Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, Bauer R, Wagner H, (1994) Immunomodulation with Echinacea - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 1:245-254. Melchart D; Walther E; Linde K et al. Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections:a doubleblind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Fam Med 1998 Nov-Dec;7(6):541-5. Mose JR, (1983) Med Welt 34:51. Muller-Jakic B; Breu W; Probstle A et al. In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Planta Med 1994 Feb;60(l):3740. Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998 Feb 16; 168(4): 170-1. Ondrizek RR, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A. An alternative medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid. Fertil Steril 1999 Mar;71(3):517-22. Parnham MJ, Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. In: Phytomedicine 3(1):95-102. 1996.
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Proksch A, (1982) Uber ein immunstimulierendes Wirkprinzip aus Echinacea purpurea. Dissertation, Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversitat, Miinchen. Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C et al. Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. Int J Immunopharmacol 1991; 13:931-941.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Samochowie CE et al., (1979) Wiad Parazyt. 25(1) 77.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Schoneberger D. Einflup* der immunstimulierenden Wirkung von Prefisaft aus herba Echinaceae purpureae auf Verlauf und Schweregrad von Erkaltungskrankheiten. Forum Immunologic 1992;8:18-22.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Schulte KE et al., (1967) Arzneim Forsch 17:825.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Schulte KE, Riicker G, Perlick J, Das Vorkommen von Polyacetylen-Verbindungen in Echinacea purpurea MOENCH und Echinacea angustifolia DC. In: Arzneim-Forsch 17:825-829. 1967. Schumacher A, Echinacea angustifolia und die spezifische und unspezifische zellulare Immunantwort der Maus. In: Dissertation Heidelberg. 1989.
Echinaceae species See Echinacea
Stimpel M et al., (1984) Infect Immunol 46(3):845. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H et al., (1984) Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccaride fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immunity 46:845-849. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML, Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysccharide fraction from plant Echinacea purpurea. In: Infect Immun 46:845-849. 1984. Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P et al: Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide fraction of echinacea angustifolia. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39:576-569. Vergin H, Wolter R, Untersuchungen zur Phagozytose-Aktivitat der isoliert perfundierten Rattenleber mit Echinacea purpureahaltigen Praparaten. In: Natura med 1/2:27-29. 1988. Vomel Th, (1985) Arzneim Forsch 3511(9): 1437. Von Roder E et al., (1984) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 124(45):2316. Wacker A, Hilbig W, (1978) Planta Med 33:89. Wacker A, Hilbig W, Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea. In: PM 33:89-102. 1978. Wagner H et al., (1984) Arzneim Forsch 34:659. Wagner H, Stuppner H, Puhlmann J, Briimmer B, Deppe K, Zenk MH, Gewinnung von immunologisch aktiven Polysacchariden aus Echinacea-Drogen und - Gewebekulturen. In: ZPT 10(2):35. 1989. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Elecampane Inula
helenium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried or fresh rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are yellow composite flowers in loose, terminal, panicled cymes. They are 7 to 8 cm in diameter. The involucre is imbricate and cup-shaped. The inner bracts are dry at the tip and splayed, the outer ones are like leaves and ovate. The female lateral florets are narrowly linguiform. The androgynous disc florets are tubular. The receptacle is flat, slightly pitted and glabrous. The flowers are a bright yellow. The achaenes are cylindrical, 4 to 5 mm long, brown, glabrous and have 4 tips. The pappus is 8 to 10 mm long and consists of brownish, fine, rough, brittle bristles. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 80 to 180 cm high. The rhizome is short with compact branches. It is tuberous and has sturdy, 1 cm thick and 50 cm long roots. The stem is erect, branched above and villous. The leaves are large, tomentose beneath and irregularly dentate. The cauline leaves are cordate-acute. The basal leaves are oblong and petiolate. Characteristics: The rhizome has a strong odor, the taste is pungent, bitter and tangy. Habitat: Indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, introduced to the U.S. and China.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production: Elecampane root is the root of Inula helenium. It is harvested in autumn. The roots are then cut and hung up to dry or dried artificially at 50° C. Other Names: Alant, Elfdock, Elfwort, Horse-Elder, Horseheal, Scabwort, Wild Sunflower, Yellow Starwort, Velvet Dock ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components alantolactone, isoalantolactone, 11,13- dihydroisoalantolactone, 11,13- dihydroalantolactone (the mixture of alantolactone derivatives is also known as helenalin or elecampane camphor) Polyynes Polysaccharides: above all inulin (fructosan) EFFECTS
The main active principles are alantolacton, isoalantolacton and other sesquiterpenlactones. Compounds of this kind have an antiphlogostic and antibiotic effect. Antifungal activity has also been demonstrated. The antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect results from the sesquiterpene lactones. Alantolactone and isoalantolactone are antitumoral, and helenin shortens clotting time. Alantolactone and heler.in lead to complete paralysis of the spontaneous contraction of the intestine in animal studies. The plant has mild antiseptic and expectorant effect due to the essential oil, which contains sesquiterpene. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the rhizome are used to treat bronchitis, whooping cough and bronchial catarrh. In folk medicine, Elecampane is used as a stomachic, diuretic, carminative and cholagogue, as well as for menstrual complaints. Homeopathic Uses: Inula helenium preparations are used for stomach ulcers and chronic cough.
ELECAMPANE/267 DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The comminuted drug is used in tea mixtures. The extract is used as a constituent in numerous pharmaceutical preparations, including gastrointestinal remedies, alterants, gout remedies, diuretics and in numerous expectorants. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, boiling water is poured over 1 gm of ground drug and left to draw for 10 to 15 minutes, after which time it is strained through a tea strainer (1 teaspoonful corresponds to about 4 gm drug). Daily Dosage: Average single dose 1 gm. Tea—1 cup is drunk 3 to 4 times daily as an expectorant; may be sweetened with honey. Helenium Extract—The single dose is 0.5 gm. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic once a day (HAB34). Storage: Store in a cool place, protected from light, not in plastic containers. LITERATURE
Kerimov SS, Chishov OS, (1974) Khim Prir Soed 10:254. Khvorost PP, Komissarenko NF, (1976) Khim Prir Soed 6:820. Kiesewetter R, Miiller M, (1958) Pharmazie 13:777. Lauro L, Rolih C, Observations and research on an extract of Inula viscosa Ait. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 66:829-34, 1990 Sep Pazzaglia M, Venturo N, Borda G, Tosti A, Contact dermatitis due to a massage liniment containing Inula helenium extract. Contact Dermatitis, 61:267, 1995 Oct Rosik GH et al., Khim Farm Zh 21:632-634. 1987. Tripathi YB, Chaturvedi P, Assessment of endocrine response of Inula racemosa in relation to glucose homeostasis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol, 61:686-9, 1995 Sep Vishnakova SA et al., (1977) Rasut Resur 13:428. Zinchenko V et al., Rastit Res 19:544-548. 1983. Further information in:
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The drug is severely irritating to mucous membranes and strongly sensitizing. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Larger administrations of the drug lead to vomiting, diarrhea, spasms and signs of paralysis. Following gastric lavage, intestinal emptying (sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal powder, poisoning is treated with the antimetic trifluopromazine.
Alonso Blasi N, Fraginals R, Lepoittevin JP, Benezra C, A murine in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis to sesquiterpene alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Arch Dermatol Res, 284:297-302, 1992 Fokina GI, Frolova TV, Roikhel VM, Pogodina W, Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol, 36:18-21, 1991 Jan-Feb. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Veriag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
268/ELECAMPANE
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Iijima K, Kiyohara H, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Cyong JC, Yamada H, Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula britannica subsp. Japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo. Planta Med, 61:50-3, 1995 Feb. Jiang B, Liao X, Jia X, Ye X, Ding J, Yu X, Wu Y, Studies and comparisons on chemical components of essential oils from Clematis hexapetala Pall, and Inula nervosa Wall. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 15:488-90 512, 1990 Aug. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wang Q, Zhou BN, Zhang RW, Lin YY, Lin LZ, Gil RR, Cordell GA, Cytotoxicity and NMR spectral assignments of ergolide and bigelovin. Planta Med, 62:166-8, 1996 Apr Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Elephant-Ears Bergenia crassifolia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Whole plant has medicinal properties. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in curled cymes. Their structures are arranged in fives and tfiey are radial with the 2 to 3 ovaries joined only at the base. The petals are red or pink-violet and up to 1.5 cm long. The ovary is superior, and the fruit has numerous seeds. The seeds are brown to brown-black, edged, up to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick. Leaves, Stem and Root: Bergenia crassifolia is a herbaceous perennial that grows up to 50 cm high. The leaves are basal, oval, up to 20 cm long, over 10 cm wide, orbicular, fleshy, glabrous, with indented glands and slightly dentate. The rhizome is up to 3 cm thick, above ground and covered with the sheaths of the previous year's leaves. Habitat: Russia, Mongolia
Production: Bergeniae rhizoma are the dried rhizomes of Bergenia crassifolia. They are collected in the wild and airdried for 2 weeks. Other Names: Learner Bergenia, Siberian Tea ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (1.8 to 2.3%) Phenol carboxylic acids: bergenin (6.7 to 10.1%, lactones) Tannins
(28%)
EFFECTS
The watery extracts of the drug have astringent, bacteriostatic, local hemostyptic and antiphologistic effects, due to the tannin content and that of other phenolic constituents. The arbutin they contain exhibits urine-disinfecting effect (comparable to Uva ursi). A shortening of blood coagulation time could be demonstrated in animal experiments. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Elephant-Ears have been used for fever, tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, intestinal disease and rheumatism. The drug is also used for skin leishmaniosis and as a hemostyptic. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Preparations are contraindicated in pregnancy, breast-feeding and children under 12 years of age. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction wim the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of its high tannin content, the intake of preparations of the drug could lead to digestive disorders; individuals with sensitive stomachs may experience nausea and vomiting. OVERDOSAGE
Overdose could lead to inflammatory irritation of the mucous membranes of the bladder and urinary tract, accompanied by urgency and blood in the urine. Long-term administration of the drug could lead to liver damage, due to the possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinone released, particularly among children. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole internal and external use.
drug
preparations
for
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kindl H, Conversion of (4-3H)L-phenylalanine into (43H)pyrocatechol and (3-3H)hydroquinone in leaves of Bergenia
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
crassifolia. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 350:1289-90, 1969 Oct.
Elettaria cardamomum See Cardamom
ENGLISH A D D E R S T O N G U E / 2 6 9
Tannins (3%) Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid Sterols: including, among others, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol EFFECTS
The drug has diuretic and astringent properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Eleutherococcus senticosus See Siberian Ginseng
Unproven Uses: Internally, the drug is used for digestive disorders and severe cases of diarrhea. Externally, it is used to treat open wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Elm Bark
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Ulmus minor
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Elm bark is used both internally and externally in various preparations.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the inner bark of the young branches. Flower and Fruit: The reddish brown flowers appear before the leaves. They are androgynous, short-pedicled and in globular clusters. The perigone is campanulate-top-shaped and greenish with a purple margin. There are 3 to 4 stamens witii dark violet anthers. The tree is wind pollinated. The fruit is a broad-winged, almost circular, oval or elliptical and glabrous achaene. The reddish nutlet reaches to the front margin of the notch. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ulmus minor is a 40 m high tree with black-brown, finely fissured bark. The branches, which develop long grooves, have alternate, petiolate, 6 to 10 cm long leaves with 8 to 12 lateral ribs. The leaves are ovate. The lamina is irregular and the margin double-serrate. The petioles are 8 to 15 mm longer than the buds, which develop in spring on short branches and form into clusters before flowering. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe as far as the Mediterranean. Production:. Smooth-leaved Elm bark is the bark of Ulmus minor. The bark is gathered for therapeutic or medicinal purposes. It is manually cut in circles and the bark is removed from the young (new) twigs (the diameter of the twig should not be more than 1 cm). The long grain and the upper layer of the bark must be removed, then the bark is dried. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Mucilage: yielding mainly D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-galacturonic acid after hydrolysis
Preparation: The ground bark is used for infusions. A decoction from the bark can be prepared using 2 teaspoons of the drug per cup of water. Externally, a 20% decoction is used, which is diluted 1:1 with water, for the treatment of festering and open wounds. Daily Dose: The dosage of the decoction prepared from die bark is 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily. In powder form, a dose of 2 to 5 gm may be taken daily. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
English Adder's Tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the root and leaves. Flower and Fruit: The plant's 12 to 40 ripe yellow sporangia on either side of the middle panicle form an acuminate spike. The tip contains no sporangia. Leaves, Stem and Root: This fern grows from 8 to 25 cm high. The stems, covered in the remains of leaves, grow singly from the underground roots. The stems consist of a few sturdy, yellow fibers and are round, hollow and
2 7 0 / E N G L I S H A D D E R ' S TONGUE
succulent. Each bears a smooth, oblong-oval, acuminate, entire frond. Characteristics: Though a member of the Fern family, the appearance of English Adder's Tongue is not at all typically fern-like. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Britain. Production: English Adder's Tongue is the aerial part of Ophioglossum vulgatum. Not To Be Confused With: English Adder's Tongue is not related to American Adder's Tongue (Erythronium americanum). Other Names: Serpent's Tongue, Christ's Spear ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including among others quercetin-3-methyl ether-7-diglucoside-4' glucoside The constituents of the drug have not been thoroughly investigated. EFFECTS
See Erythronium americanum.
receptacle is clavate, filled with latex, and covered at the edge with slit bracts. The linguiform florets are female and silver-white. The tubular florets are androgynous and yellow. The corolla of every floret has a short appendage at the base, which surrounds the tip of the fruit. The achaenes are 2 mm long, light brown and almost triangular with vertical ribs. The achaenes are smooth and have no pappus. Leaves, Stem and Root: The 15 to 30 cm high plant has a deeply buried rhizome. The rhizome sprouts numerous, ascending, occasionally upright, simple or branched, rounded, vertically grooved, pubescent stems. The stems are covered in alternating, heavily segmented, gray-green to rich-green leaves that are 2 to 4 cm long. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern and western Europe and northern Africa, and is cultivated all over Europe. The main exporters are Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy, as well as Poland, the Czech and Slovakian Republics, North America and Argentina. Production: English Chamomile consists of the dried flowers of the cultivated double flowered variety of Chamaemelum nobile. The plant is harvested in June and July, then dried at temperatures of 35°C.
See Erythronium americanum.
Other Names: Chamomile
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
COMPOUNDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Ground
Apple,
Whig
Plant,
Roman
Volatile oil: chief components include ester of angelic- or tiglic acid with isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol or 3-methylpentan-1-ol, to some extent present as hydroperoxides
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: See Erythronium americanum. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Sesquiterpene lactones: in particular nobilin, besides 3epinobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin, 3-dehydronobilin that is present to some exient as hydroperoxides, including 1-betahydroperoxy-isonobilin and 4-alpha-hydroperoxy-manolide Flavonoids: including anthemoside, cosmosioside, luteolin7-0-glucoside
English Chamomile
Caffeic and ferulic acid ester
Chamaemelum nobile
Polynes: Including cis- and trans-dehydromatricaria ester
"DESCRIPTION
EFFECTS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the English Chamomile oil extracted from the fresh or dried filled or unfilled flower heads and the dried aerial plant parts; the dried flower heads of the cultivated, filled varieties; and the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant.
In contrast to true chamomile, few studies are available. The essential oil is active against gram-positive bacteria and dermatomyces. The drug is also cytostatic and acts on the CNS, causing a reduction of aggressive behavior in animal tests. Efficacy in dyspepsia (including flatulence) may be due to the amaroids.
Flower and Fruit: The stems end in 12 to 18 fruit-bearing, white florets, which are about 2 to 2.5 cm wide. The epicalyx is semi-globose. The bracts are in a number of rows and are lanceolate to spatulate with a broad membranous border. The
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the French use English Chamomile mainly for feelings of fullness, bloating and mild
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
spasmodic gastrointestinal disturbances and sluggishness of the bowels. It is also used for menstrual complaints, nervousness, hysteria and general debility. It is used topically for inflammation of the mouth and throat, rhinitis, toothache, earache, headache and influenza. The oil is used in mouthwashes. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathy to treat nervous gastrointestinal disorders, but efficacy has not been proven. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a small potential for sensitization.
ENGLISH
HAWTHORN/271
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed uses is not documented and there is a certain risk involved, a therapeutic application cannot be recommended. English Chamomile is used in folk medicine as a fluid extract, tincture, elixir, wine, syrup, ointment and powder. Preparation: To prepare a decoction, add 3 g drug to 100 ml water. An infusion is prepared using 7 to 8 capitula per cup. A liquid rub is prepared using 1 dsp diluted in 250 ml water. Daily Dosage: The average single dose of the drug is 1.5 g at the main meals. The average daily dose of an infusion is 50 ml to 200 ml. When used as a bath additive, add 50 g to 10 liters of water. Liquid rubs are applied as poultices or washes 2 to 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes for acute conditions. For chronic conditions: 1 to 3 times daily; Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute 3 times daily; Chronic: once a day (HAB1) Storage: Store in well-sealed glass or metal containers protected from moisture. LITERATURE
Damiani P et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 54:213.
English Hawthorn Crataegus
laevigata
TRADE NAMES
Hawthorn, Hawthorn Extract (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product), Hawthorne Berries, Hawthorn Flowers, Leaves & Berries, Standardized Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Power, Time Release Hawthorn Power, HeartCare DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are generally white thorn flowers, leaves, fruit, and various mixtures of different plant parts. Flowers and Fruit: The white flowers are in richly-blossomed cymes. The sepals are usually short, more or less triangular, entire-margined or, particularly the American variety, fairly long with glandular tips. The petals are usually separate, orbicular, crenate, white or occasionally red. There are 10 to 20 stamens and 1 to 5 carpels, which are more or less fused to the receptacle. There are 2 ovules, the upper one is sterile and covers the lower fertile one like a cap. There is 1 seed in each chamber. The false fruit is ovoid or globose and crowned by the remains of the sepals. It is red, black, or yellow and mealy.
Herisset A et al., (1974) Plant Med Phytother 8(4):306 and 287. Holub M, Samek Z, (1977) Collect Czech Chem Commun 42: 1053.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hawthorn is a bulky shrub or small tree, 1.5 to 4 m high with hard wood and usually thorny branches. The leaves have many forms. They are shallow, 3 to 5 lobed, with the lobes pointed forward. The leaves are unevenly serrate, obovate, yellowish-green, and glossy.
Isaac O, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) Allioni - Rdmische Kamille. In: ZPT 14(4):212. 1993.
Characteristics: The flowers have an unpleasant smell and a slightly bitter taste; the fruit has a sour taste.
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5(3):234.
2 7 2 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
= .- Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern temperate zones of Europe, Asia, and North America. Production: Hawthorn consists of the leaves and flowers of Crataegus laevigata and. occasionally other species. The medicinal parts of the Hawthorn plant are collected in the wild and dried at room temperature. Not to be Confused With: Hawthorn is sometimes mistaken for the flowers, leaves, and fruit of Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorbus aucuparia or Prunus spinosa. Other Names: Haw, May, Whitethorn, Hawthorn ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoides (1.8%): O-glycosides, including hyperoside (0.28%), rutin (0.17%) 6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds, (0.02%), vicenin-1, orientin
including
vitexin
6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds, linked O-glycosidically as well as with other monosaccharides, including vitexin-2"O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (0.53%), vitexin-2"-0-alpha-Lrhamnoside-4'"-acetate Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (2.4%) Biogenic amines, including tyramine Triterpenes ( 0.6%): including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 2alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid (crataegolic acid) EFFECTS
The active principles are procyanidins and flavonoids. They cause an increase in coronary blood flow due to dilatory effects resulting in an improvement of myocardial blood flow. The drug is positively inotropic and positively chronotropic. The cardiotropic effect of Crataegus is said to be caused by the increased membrane permeability for calcium as well as the inhibition of phosphodiesterase with an increase of intracellular cylco-AMP concentrations. Increased coronary and myocardial circulatory perfusion and reduction in peripheral vascular resistance were observed. High doses may cause sedation. This effect has been attributed to the oligomeric procyanidins (Anonym, 1994). Crataegus extract has been found to prolong the refractory period and increase the action potential duration in guinea pig papillary muscle. One study demonstrated that a Crataegus extract blocked the repolarizing potassium currents in ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs. This effect is similar to that of class HI antiarrhythmic drugs and may explain the antiarrhythmic effect of Hawmorn (Muller, 1999).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Decrease in cardiac output (Stage II NYHA) Hawthorn is used for senile heart, chronic cor pulmonale, and mild forms of bradycardia! arrhythmias. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Hawthorn is also used as a cardiotonic, for hypertension, ischemia of the heart, arrhythmia and as a sedative. Hawthorn has a high flavonoid content and is used to prevent collagen destruction in joints and decrease inflammation and decrease the fragility of capillaries. Hawthorn has shown some effectiveness in lowering cholesterol levels in at least one study. Several extracts from different componants of the plant have demonstrated antioxidant effects. Chinese Medicine: In China, Hawthorn is used to reduce food stagnancy and blood stasis (Chen, 1995). Homeopathic Uses: Therapeutic dilutions are used for cardiac insufficiency, senile cardiac insufficiency, dysrhythmia, and angina pectoris. CLINICAL STUDIES
Cardiac Effects Several studies that have used animal models demonstrate the cardiac effects of Hawthorn. The influence of the main flavonoids from Hawthorn on coronary flow, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and the velocity of contraction and relaxation was investigated on isolated guinea pig hearts maintained at a constant perfusion pressure was the focus of one study. The study recorded an increase in coronary flow of 186% for one of the main glycosides, luteolin-7-glucoside; 66% for the hyperoside component and 66% for the rutin flavonoid. Coronary relaxation velocity increased by 104% in the luteolin-7-glucoside arm, 62% for hyperoside and 73% for rutin. Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects were noted for all of the above extracts as well. The beta adrenergic effects of the flavonoids were prevented by the addition of propranolol. The authors postulate that the mechanism of action for the cardiac effects of Hawthorne is due to the inhibition of the 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme (Schussler, 1995). It should be noted that in a more recent study, the positive inotropic effect of Hawthorn was not attributed to phosphodiesterase inhibition or to a beta-sympathomimetic effect (Muller, 1999). Another small, placebo controlled, randomized double-blind study was performed to test the efficacy of a special extract (WS 1442) of Hawthorn in a group of 30 patients with stage II NYHA cardiac insufficiency. Treatment duration was 8 weeks. Primary parameters were alteration in the pressure-x-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
rate product (PRP) under standardized loading on a bicycle ergometer, and the score of a subjective questionnaire on improvement of complaints. Secondary target parameters included exercise tolerance and the change in heart rate and arterial blood pressure. A statistically significant improvement in both primary and secondary parameters were noted in the WS 1442 group over that of the placebo group (Leuchtgens, 1993).
ENGLISH HAWTHORN/273 OVERDOSAGE
The LD50 via intraperitoneal injection in the mouse model has been reported at a single dose of 1,170 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg in the rat. In both species, signs of overdose included sedation, dyspnea, tremor and piloerection (Schlegelilch & Hey wood, 1994). The same authors reported that an oral dose if 3,000 mg/kg in mice and rats was well tolerated with no negative clinical signs or death reported in the animal models.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hawthorn is contraindicated in children under 12 years of age. Use of Hawthorn during the first trimester of pregnancy is contraindicated. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: It is recommended that Hawthorn supplements be prescribed and monitored by a physician. During treatment with Hawthorn, the clinician should monitor heart rate and blood pressure on a regular basis.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The dried and comminuted drug for decoctions as well as liquid or dry extracts for oral intake. How Supplied: Capsules — 80 mg, 100 mg, 300 mg, 450 mg, 455 mg, 480 mg, 500 mg, 510 mg, 565 mg Liquid — 250 mg/ml Tablets — 80 mg
Higher doses can produce hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia, and sedation. Less serious adverse effects include dizziness and tremor. Accidental corneal scratches caused by thorns of hawthorn bushes have resulted in blindness in 88 out of 132 reported cases in Ireland (Duke, 1985). Drug Interactions Hawthorn may potentiate the effects of cardiac glycosides. If Hawthorn therapy is initiated in patients taking digoxin, digitoxin or g-strophanthin, the dosage of standard cardiac glycosides should be adjusted downward. Hawthorn may cause a hypertensive effect when used in combination with beta-blockers (Murray & Pizzorno, 1996). Because Hawthorn has an action similar to Class III antiarrhythmics, use with other antiarrhythmics should be discouraged. Hawthorn has been found to inhibit the inward flow of potassium channels resulting in an increased action potential in cardiac ventricular cells. Drugs that act in a similar manner such as cisapride are likely to interact with Hawthorn and should therefore not be taken in conjunction with Hawthorn. Pregnancy: Hawthorn is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy. Nursing Mothers: There are no warnings in the literature regarding use of Hawthorn in nursing mothers. Pediatrics: Hawthorn is not recommended for children under the age of 12 years.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 gm of drug or 160 to 900 mg extract administered in divided doses, 3 times daily, (ethanol 45% V/V or methanol 70% V/V) standardized on procyanidin or flavonoids; single dose: 1 gm of drug several times daily. The duration of treatment is minimum 6 weeks. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice a week; ointment 1 to 2 times a day (HAB1) Storage: Hawthorn should be protected from light and moisture in well-sealed containers at temperatures below 25° C. LITERATURE
Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Crataegus, Toxikologie und Pharmakologie. Teil 1, Toxizitat. Planta Med 43:105-120. Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Planta Med 43:105, 209 et 313. Anonym, 5. KongreJJ fur Phytotherapie: Phytoforschung intensiviert. In: DAZ 133(48):4593. 1993. Anonym, Behandlung der leichten Herzinsuffiziens: Weijklornextrakt und ACE-Hemmer im Vergleich. In: DAZ 134(39):3749. 1994. Anonym, Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava, Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995. Anonym, Weipdorn bei Herzinsuffiziens und Angina pectoris. In: Symbiose 4(3): 16. 1992. Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Dine Th, Luyckx M, Vasseur J, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Pinkas M, Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolic activities, fresh plant organs and pharmaceutical preparations. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(11): 10861089. 19%.
2 7 4 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bahorun T, Trotin F, Pommery J, Vasseur J, Pinkas-M, Antioxydant activities of Crataegus monogyna extracts. In: PM 60(4):323-328. 1994.
Leuchtgens H, Cratagus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II heart failure. A placebo controlled randomized double-blind study. In: Fortschr Med 20;111(20021: 352-4 Jul 20,1993.
Beretz A et al., (1980) Planta Med 39(3):241.
Loew D, (1994) Crataegus-Spezialextrakte bei Herzinsuffizien. Kassenarzt 15:43-52.
Chen JD, WU YZ, Tao ZL et al: Hawthorn (shan zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats. World Rev Nutr Diet 77:147-154. 1995. Ciplea AG, Richter KD, (1988) The protective effect of Allium sativum and Crataegus on isoprenaline-induced tissue necroses in rats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:1588-1592. Czygan FC, Crataegus-Arten- WeipMorn. Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 15(2): 117. 1994. Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo, Hypericum und Kava-Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995. Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, FL, pp 146-147. 1985. Eichstadt H, Bader M, Danne O, Kaiser W, Stein U, Felix R, (1989) Crataegus-Extrakt hilft dem Patienten mit NYHA IIHerzinsuffizien Therapiewoche 39: 3288-3296. Ficarra P et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10)342. Ficarra P et al., (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(5)148. Fischer K, Jung F, Koscielny J, Kiesewetter H, (1994) Crataegus-Extrakt vs. Methyldigoxin. EinfluP auf Rheologie und Mikrozirkulation bei 12 gesunden Probanden. Miinch Med Wschr 136 (Suppl 1), 35-38. Forster A, Forster K, Buhring M, Wolfstadter HD, (1994) Crataegus bei ma(3ig reduzierter linksventrikularer Auswurffraktion. Ergospirometrische Verlaufsuntersuchung bei 72. Patienten in doppelblindem Vergleich mit Plazebo. Miinch Med Wschr 136 (Suppl I). 21-26 Iwamoto M et al., (1981) Planta Med 42(1 ):1 Joseph G, Zhao Y, Klaus W (1995) Pharmakologisches Wirkprofil von Crataegus-Extrakt im Vergleich zu Epinephrin, Amrinon, Milrinon und Digoxin am isoliert perfundierten Meerschweinchenherzen. Arzneim Foisch/Drug Res 45: 12611265 Kaul R, Pflanzliche Procyanidine. Vorkommen, Klassifikation und pharmakologische Wirkungen. In: PUZ 25(4): 175-185. 1996. Klensch O, Nagell A, Die Darreichungsform Tee am Beispiel Weipdornblatter mit Bluten. In: DAZ 134(32):3005. 1994. Krzeminski T, Chatterjee SS, (1993) Ischemia and early reperfusion induced arrhythmias, beneficial effects of an extract of Crataegus oxyacantha L. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 3:45-48. Kurcok A, (1992) Ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cardiac injury; effects of two flavonoids containing plant extracts possessing radical scavenging properties. NaunynSchmiedebergs's Arch Pharmacol 345 (Suppl RB 81) Abstr 322. Kurzmann M, Schimmer O, Weifkiorn - Flavonoidmuster und DC-Identitatspriifung. In: DAZ 136(33):2759-2764. 1996.
Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):9296. 1997. Meier B, Neue Erkenntnisse zur Analytik und Wirksamkeit von Wei|3dorn. In: DAZ 136(44):3877-3879. 1996. Murray M & Pizzorno J: A Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd ed. Batyr University Publications, Seattle, WA, USA, ppV Cratag-1-4. 1996. Muller A, Linke W, Klaus W: Crataegus extract blocks potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes. In: Planta Med 65(4): 335-9 May, 1999. Popping S, Rose H, Ionescu I, Fischer Y, Kammermeier H, (1995) Effect of a Hawthorn Extract on Contraction and Energy Turnover of Isolated Rat Cordiomyocytes. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 45:1157-1161. Rehwald A et al., HPLC analysis of the flavonoids of Crataegi folium cum flore. In: PM 59(7)28. 1993. Reuter HD, Crataegus als pflanzliches Kardiakum. In: ZPT 15(2):73. 1994. Rewerski W et al., (1971) Arzneim Forsch 21:886. Schlegelmilch R, Heywood R, (1994) Toxicity of Crataegus (Hawthorn) Extract (WS 1442). J Am Coll Toxicol 13:103-111. Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994) Wirksamkeit des Extraktes LI 132 (600 mg/Tag) bei 8wochiger Therapie. Plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie mit Weifklorn an 78 herzinsuffizienten Patienten im Stadium II nach NYHA. Munch Med Wschr 136(Suppl 1): 13-20. Schussler M et al., Effect of flavonoids from Crataegus species in Langendorf perfused isolated guinea pig heart. In: PM 58(7)46. 1992. Schuessler M et al., Cardiac effects of flavonoids from Crataegus species. In: PM 59(7)88. 1993. Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U, Myocardial effects of flavonoids from Crataegus species. In: Arzneimittelforschung 45(8): 842-5, Aug, 1995. Siegel G, Casper U, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore. In, Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 1-14. Siegel G, Casper U, Walter H, Hetzer R, (1994) WeipMornExtrakt LI 132. Dosis- Wirkungs-Studie zum Membranpotential und Tonus menschlicher Koronararterien und des Hundepapillarmuskels. Miinch med Wschr 136(Suppl l):45-56. Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988. Sticher O, Rehwald A, Meier B, (1994) Kriterien der pharmazeutischen Qualitat von Crataegus-Extrakten. Miinch Med Wschr 136(Suppl l):69-73.
ENGLISH I V Y / 2 7 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Tauchert M, Loew D, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore bei HerzinsuffizienZ In, Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 137-144. ^ Tauchert M, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994) Wirksamkeit des ~* Weipdorn-Extraktes LI 132 im Vergleich mit Captopril. Multizentrische Doppelblindstudie bei 132 Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz im Stadium II nach NYHA. Munch Med Wschr 136(Suppl l):27-34. Tauchert M, Siegel G, Schulz V, (1994) Weipdom-Extrakt als pflanzliches Cardiacum (Vorwort). Neubewertung der tfierapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Miinch Med Wschr 136(Suppl l):3-5. Trunzler G, Phytotherapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und arteriellen Gefafkrkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989. Wagner H, Grevel J, (1982) Planta Med 45:98. Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. 0Q Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotiierapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
densely covered in 1- or more-celled tomentose hairs with few glands and a mild odor. The stem is erect, simple or branched, up to 1 m high, tough and obtusely angular. The leaves are sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, usually acuminate, with 6 to 12 pairs of curved pinnate veins. The underside of the leaves are gray to white tomentose. Production: English Horsemint is the aerial part of Mentha longifolia, the dried herb. Habitat: The plant is common in all of Europe to southern Sweden. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components piperitone (share 60-80%), furthermore beta- caryophyllene (5-15%), germacren D (515%), 1,8-cineole (2-7%), limonene (1-8%), with other chemotypes chief components D-carvone, piperitone, isomenthone + menthofurane, menthone, piperitol, menthol or linalool Flavonoids: including among others diosmin, hesperidin, quercitrin, thymonin, apigenine-7-glucuronide EFFECTS
English Horsemint has carminative and stimulant effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders, particularly for flatulence. Historically, it has been used for all kinds of pain, headaches in particular. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The ground drug is used internally as an infusion; it is used externally as a bath additive.
English Horsemint Mentha longifolia DESCRIPTION
£k
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are sometimes interrupted lower down by 1 cm thick, gray to white, downy, panicled, false spikes. The false spikes are arranged with linear, villous bracts, which are longer than the flowers. The calyx is fluffy and woolly pubescent with awl-shaped tips. The corolla is lilac to flesh-colored. The fruit is a finely speckled nutlet Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial. It has a sturdy rhizome with underground runners. The shoots are
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogdh), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
English Ivy Hedera
helix
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and berries.
2 7 6 / E N G L I S H IVY
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are greenish-yellow umbels, which form dense, semi-globular clusters. The calyx tips are short, almost triangular, tomentose and drooping. The 5 petals are oblong and slightly involute. There are 5 stamens and 1 inferior ovary with 5 valves. The style is fused into a column. The fruit is a globular, usually 5-valved berry, which becomes black and ripens in spring. It contains 3 to 5 reniform, triangular, acute seeds, which are reddish-violet when young, later dark brown, and finally black. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen perennial, which creeps or, by means of adventitious roots, climbs to a length of 3 to 15 m. The stem is branched, the leaves are alternate, petioled, glabrous, glossy, coriaceous. Younger leaves are 5-lobed; the leaves of older flowering plants are ovate-rhomboid. Characteristics: The berries and leaves have a bitter taste. Habitat: English Ivy is indigenous to the temperate regions of Europe, and also north and central Asia. It is cultivated in the U.S. Production: English Ivy leaf consists of the dried leaves of Hedera helix. Other Names: Gum Ivy, True Ivy, Woodbind ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: aglycone hederagenin, oleanolic acid, bayogenin, chief components hederosaponin C (hederacoside C, slightly transforming into alpha-hederin, aglycone hederagenin), additionally hederosaponin B (hederacoside B) Volatile oils: including some with methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone Polyynes: including falcarinol, 11,12-didehydrofalcarinol Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol Flavonoids: including rutin EFFECTS
English Ivy is an expectorant and antispasmodic. In animal experiments, the drug is anti-exudative and cytotoxic. Hedera saponin C exhibits an antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, anthelmintic and mollusicidal, as well as an antiflagellate, effect. The fresh leaves are an irritant to the skin and mucosa and can have an allergenic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: m Cough • Bronchitis English Ivy is a respiratory catarrh used for the symptomatic treatment of chronic inflammatory bronchial conditions.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Ivy is used internally for liver, spleen and gallbladder disorders and for gout, rheumatism and scrofulosis. Externally, it is used for burn wounds, calluses, cellulitis, inflammations, neuralgia, parasitic disorders, ulcers, rheumatic complaints and phlebitis. Homeopathic Uses: English Ivy is administered in homeopathy for rachitic states. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or sid^ effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The drug has a medium potential for sensitization through skin contact. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: English Ivy is available as comminuted drug and other galenic preparations for internal external use. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops, suppositories and tablets. Preparation: Prepare a tea by adding 1 heaped teaspoonful of drug to 1/4 liter of hot water and steeping the mixture for 10 minutes. A poultice is prepared by mixing fresh Ivy leaves 1:3 with linseed meal. To make an infusion, add 1 heaping teaspoonful of drug to one-quarter cup boiling water and steep for 10 minutes. Daily Dosage: Tea and other infusions can be taken internally 3 times daily. The average daily dose is 0.3 to 0.8 g of drug. Fresh leaves may be laid upon festering wounds and burns; a decoction of fresh leaves (200 gm/liter water) may be used externally for rheumatism. The daily dose of a tincture is 40 to 50 drops; single dose: 5 to 10 drops. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Balansard G et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:234. Czygan FC, Hedera helix L. - Der Efeu. In: ZPT 11 (4): 133. 1990. Elias R et al., JNP 54:98-103. 1991. Gladtke E, Zur Wirksamkeit eines Efeublatterpraparates (Prospan).1 In: Intern Praxis 32(1)187. 1992. Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285. Julien J et al., (1985) Planta Med (3):205. Mahran GH et al., (1975) Planta Med 29:127. Trute A, Gross J, Mutschler E, Nahrstedt A, In vitro antispasmodic compounds of the dry extract obtained from Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 125-129. 1997.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Trute A, Nahrstedt A, Identification and quantitative analysis of phenolic dry extracts of Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 177-179. 1997. Tschesche R, Schmidt R, Wulff G, Z Naturforsch 20B:708-709. 1965. ^* Wulff G, DAZ 108:797-807. 1968. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 -6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. *fc Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
ENGLISH L A V E N D E R / 2 7 7
is amethyst-colored, tomentose and after flowering it is closed by a lidlike appendage of its upper tip. The corolla is longer with a cylindrically fused base, the lips are flat, and the upper lip is larger with 2 lobes. The lower lip is 3-lobed with even* tips. The stamens are enclosed in the tube. The ovary consists of 4 carpels and has a nectary below it. The fruit is a glossy brown nutlet. Leaves, Stem and Root: English Lavender is a 60 cm high subshrub and is heavily branched with leafy, erect, rod-like, gray-green, young branches. The leaves are sessile, oblonglanceolate, entire-margined, involute, gray, later green with glandular spots beneath. Characteristics: The flowers have a fresh aromatic fragrance. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region but is common in most of southern Europe and is cultivated extensively. Production: English Lavender flower consists of the dried flower of Lavandula angustifolia, gathered shortly before fully unfolding, as well as its preparations. Flowering shoots are harvested when the middle section of the spike is flowering; it is cut 10 cm beneath the insertion of the spike. The most valuable part is the receptacle. Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of lavender such as Lavendula intermedia (Lavendin) and Lavendula latifolia. The varieties are often mixed commercially. When the drug material has a high proportion of stem and leaf material, it is considered less valuable. Other Names: French Lavender, Garden Lavender, Lavender ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Volatile oil (1-3%): chief components (-)-linalool (making up 20-50%) and linalyl acetate (30-40%), furthermore, including among others, cis-ocimene, terpinene-4-ol, betacaryophyllene, lavandulyl acetate
English Lavender
Hydroxycoumarins: including among others, umbelliferone, herniarin
Lavandula angustifolia
Tannins (13%)
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil extracted from the fresh flowers and/or the inflorescences, the flowers collected just before opening and dried, the fresh flowers and the dried flowers. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 6 to 10 blossoms forming interrupted terminal spikes. The pedicles are 10 to 15 cm long downy stems. The bracts are 5 mm long, ovate to broadly triangular, often brown and brownviolet or violet-tinged. The tubular calyx has 5 uneven tips, it |
Cqffeic acid derivatives: including among others, rosmaric acid EFFECTS
The drug contains essential oil. The main active constituents are linalyl acetate and linalool. In a 1936 study, a choleretic and cholagogic effect was described. In addition, an antimicrobial effect has been demonstrated in vitro. In animal experiments a neurodepressive effect was demonstrated (shortening of the falling-
278/ENGLISH
LAVENDER
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
asleep period and lengthening of sleep duration) and a reduction of motor activity.
Guillemain J, Rousseau A, Delaveau P. (1989) Effets neurodepresseurs de l'huile essentielle de Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Ann Pharmaceutiques Francaises 47:337-343.
In humans, after inhalation of the drug, an effect on the limbic cortex (similar to nitrazepam) was demonstrated.
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:305.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • •
Loss of appetite Nervousness and insomnia Circulatory disorders Dyspeptic compaints
Internally, English Lavender is used for mood disturbances such as restlessness or insomnia, functional abdominal complaints (nervous stomach irritations, Roehmheld syndrome, meteorism, nervous intestinal discomfort).
Ianova LG et al., (1977) Khim Prir Soedin 1:111. Kaiser R, Lamparsky D, (1977) Tetrahedron Lett 7:665. Meyer A, Der Duft des Monats: Lavendel. In: DAZ 133(40):3667. 1993. Mukherjee BD, Trenkle RW, (1973) J Agric Food Chem 21:298. Schilcher H, Pflanzliche Psychopharmaka. Eine neue Klasbifizierung nach Indikationsgruppen. In: DAZ 135(20): 18111822. 1995. Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997. Ter Heide R et al., (1970) J Chromatography 50:127.
Externally, English Lavender is used in balneotherapy for treatment of functional circulatory disorders.
Timiner R et al., (1975) J Agric Food Chem 23:53. Further information in:
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Lavender is used for migraine, cramps and bronchial asthma. Externally, it is used for rheumatic conditions (the drug as an extract in liniments), as a sedative in cases of tension, exhaustion; also for poorly healing wounds (lavender baths) and for sleep as aroma therapy (herb pillow). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The volatile oil possesses a weak potential for sensitization. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The whole drug is used for infusions, as an extract and as a bath additive. Combinations with other sedative and/or carminative herbs may be beneficial. Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 10 ml of drug per cup of hot water (150 ml), draw for 10 minutes, and strain. For external use as bam additive, 100 g of drug is scalded or boiled with 2 liters of water and added to the bath. Daily Dosage: A tea prepared as indicated above can be administered 1 cup three times daily. One to 4 drops of Lavender oil may be placed on a sugar cube. LITERATURE
Atanassova-Shopova S, Roussinow KS, (1970) On certain central neurotropic effects of lavender essential oil. Bull Inst Physiol 8:69-76. Buchbauer G, Jirovet L, Jager W, Dietrich H, Plank C, Karamat E, (1991) Aromatherapy: Evidence for Sedative Effects of the Essential Oil of Lavender after Inhalation. Z Naturforsch 46c: 1067-1072.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
English Plantain Plantago lanceolata DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves, the dried herb and the fresh plant. Flower and Fruit: The globular or shortly cylindrical spikes are on erect or ascending, 5-grooved, appressed pubescent
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
peduncles. The flowers are small, almost colorless behind scarious, narrow-acuminate bracts. The scarious calyx is deeply divided into 4 parts and has a cylindrical tube and a margin with 4 ovate tips. There are 4 long stamens with yellowish-white filaments and anthers and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a bivalvular, 3 to 4 mm long capsule. The seeds are oblong, 2 mm long and blackish.
ENGLISH PLANTAIN/279 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • • •
Common cold Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Inflammation of the skin
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows from 5 to 50 cm high. It has a very fibrous root. All the leaves are in basal rosettes and are lanceolate or linearlanceolate, deeply 3 to 5 ribbed, entire-margined or shortdentate.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the pressed juice of English Plantain is used internally for conditions of the respiratory tract, cystitis, enuresis, liver disease, stomach cramps, diarrhea and as a diuretic.
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the cool temperate regions of the world.
Externally the plant is used for wounds, furuncles, conjunctivitis and as a hemostyptic.
Production: English Plantain herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts of Plantago lanceolata, harvested at flowering season (May to September) and dried quickly at 40 to 50° C.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Not to be Confused With: the similar Digitalis-lanata leaves. Other Names: Buckhorn, Chimney-Sweeps, Headsman, Narrow-Leaved Plantain, Ribgrass, Ribwort, Ripplegrass, Soldier's Herb ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb and other galenic preparations for internal and external use. It is available as macerations, liquid extracts, lozenges, syrup and pressed juice of the fresh plant. The drug is available in many standardized preparations of antitussives and expectorants.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes (2-3%): chief components are aucubin (rhinantin) and catalpol as well as asperuloside Mucilages (2-6%): glucomannans, arabinogalactane, rhamnogalacturonane Flavonoids: including among other chief components apigenine-6,8-diglucoside, luteolin-7-glucuronide
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 2 to 4 gm cut drug (or put in cold water brought to a boil) and strain after 10 minutes (1 teaspoonful = approximately 0.7 gm drug). Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 to 6 gm of herb. Tea—1 cup of freshly made tea to be drunk several times a day.
Cqffeic acid esters: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, acteoside (verbascoside)
LITERATURE
Tannins
Brautigam M, Franz G, Schleimpolysaccharide aus Spitzwegerichblattem. In: DAZ 125:58. 1985.
Hydroxycoumarins: aesculetin
Davini E, The quantitative isolation and antimicrobial activity of aglycone of aucubin. In: PH 25:2420. 1986.
Saponins (traces) Silicic acid EFFECTS
Liquid extract and the pressed juice of fresh Plantain herb have a proven bactericidal effect. The aucubigenin (hydrolised acubin) and an antimicrobial saponin are believed to be responsible for the antibacterial effect. In addition, acceleration of blood clotting has been demonstrated and a possible epithelization effect has been mentioned.
Elich J, Die antibakterielle Aktivitat einiger einheimischer Plantago-Arten. In: Disseration Universitat Berlin. 1962. Koedam A, Plantago - history and use. In: Pharm Weekbl 112(10):246-252. 1977. Murai M et al., Phenylethanoids in the herb of Planatago lanceolata and inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema. In: PM 61(5):479-480. 1995. Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
280/ENGLISH
PLANTAIN
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Ephedra sinica See Ma-Huang
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
of the fungus begins with the infection of the ovary by an ascospore. The spore, usually deposited by a visiting insect, germinates on the stigma, and the hyphae grows down into the ovary where it appropriates food destined for the grain. When the ovary has been completely destroyed, the mycelium grows. Horizontal walls are formed and fat vacuoles become visible. The hyphae of the skin layer store purple pigment 3 weeks after the infection a long, curved, black sclerotium develops. It reaches a length of up to 8 cm and bears minute condia, which are made up of the remains of the ovary and the style embedded into the loose mycelium. The sclerotium usually falls to the ground before harvest and survives the winter. In the spring, 1 to 3 cm long redstemmed, capitula-like, pink fruiting bodies grow out of it, which in turn produce 50 to 70 u.m long thread-like ascospores.
*f£
Habitat: Claviceps purpurea grows as a parasite on rye (occasionally on other grasses), and is found in all areas of the world where rye is cultivated. Production: Ergot consists of the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, a parasitic fungus harvested after it has grown on cultivated rye. Other Names: Cockspur Rye, Hornseed, Mother of Rye, Smut Rye, Spurred Rye
*
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Epigae repens See Trailing Arbutus
Epilobium species See Willow Herb
Equisetum arvense See Horsetail
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (ergot alkaloids, varying by variety of ergot) Chief alkaloid of the lysergic acid amide type: ergometrine (ergobasine) Chief alkaloid of the lysergic acid ergopeptine type: ergotamine, ergovaline, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocornine, alpha- and beta-ergocryptine, further alkaloids of the clavine type: including among others agroclavine, elymoclavine, festuclavine Peptide alkaloids (ergopeptine group): especially ergotamine, as well as ergovaline, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocornine, alpha- and beta-ergocryptine Xanthone derivatives (ergochromes): including, among others, secalonic acid A to C, ergoflavin
Ergot Claviceps purpurea DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the fungus is the sclerotium, which grows on rye plants and is later dried. Flower and Fruit: Ergot is a permanent form of a fungus that is a parasite on ripening rye, wheat and other grasses. It is black, hard and much larger than the grains of rye. The cycle
Anthracene derivatives: including, among others, clavorubine, endocrocine Amines: including, methylamine
among
others,
trimethylamine,
Fatty oil EFFECTS
The drug contains ergoline alkaloids of which only ergometrin and ergopeptine have a therapeutic and toxic effect. The
«*
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
action of ergot is traceable to its stimulation of the smooth musculature. However, therapeutic use cannot be recommended because of the risks involved. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^|
Unproven Uses: Although the risk involved is too high to recommend therapeutic use, ergot and ergot preparations were previously used in gynecology and obstetrics. Uses included hemorrhages, climacteric hemorrhages, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, before and after miscarriage, for removal of the placenta and shortening of the afterbirth period, for atonia of the uterus and also for migraine.
ERGOT/281
Drug overdose is managed by1 gastrointestinal emptying through inducement of vomiting and gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate. That is followed by installation of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet and warmth). The therapy for poisonings consists of treating angiospasms with Nitrolingual-spray and vascular massage, sedatives for spasm (diazepam or chloral hydrate), administration of blocking agents, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include uterine and muscle spasm, convulsions, paralysis, circulatory problems accompanying arterial disease and a tendency to bleed. Efficacy has not been proven.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc: acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Storage: Ergot must be stored in tightly sealed containers and kept in a cool place, protected from light. The powdered form should not be stored.
Ergot is now contraindicated for all therapeutic use, but especially in the presence of peripheral blood flow disorders such as Raynaud's disease. Thrombangitis obliterans, severe arteriosclerotic vascular changes, liver function disorders, severe coronary insufficiency, kidney damage, pregnancy, £- nursing, infectious diseases, sepsis, hypertonia and severe hypotonia. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages, but therapeutic use is not recommended because of the many side effects. Among side effects that may occur are queasiness, vomiting, feeling of weakness in the legs, muscle pain, numbness in the fingers, angina complaints, tachycardia or bradycardia, localized edema and itching. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage or long-term administration can lead to thrombosis, damage to the vessels of the retina (combined with optic atrophy) gangrene of the extremities, hemiplagia and convulsions.
fc
Symptoms of acute poisonings include queasiness, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, skin coolness, itching of the skin, rapid and weak pulse, paresthesia, numbness of the extremities, confusion or unconsciousness. Chronic poisonings appear as: Ergotismus gangrenosus: characterized by painful arterial blood flow disorders of the extremities with dry gangrene, angina complaints, field of vision losses, aphasias. Ergotismus convulsivus: characterized by muscle twitching, later clonic spasm and ultimately tonic spasms, hemiplagia, loss of consciousness and death.
LITERATURE
Anon., Ergotamin. Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 134 (1994), 1887 Anon., Hepetitis C - Hohes Riskiko fur Medizinberufe. In: PUZ 25(6):344. 1996. Anon., Parkinson-Krankheit: Mehe Lebensqualitat bei (Combination von L-DOPA mit Dopaminagonisten. In: PUZ 24(2): 101. 1995. Anon Anon. Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen. Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 132 (1992), 1235 Crespi-Perellino N et al., JNP 50:1065-1074. 1987. Ergotamin. In: DAZ 134(20): 1887. 1994. Flieger M et al., JNP 47:970-976. 1984. Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kobel H, Sanglier JJ, Biotechnology 4:569-609. 1986. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Marshall M, Wiistenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe 1994. 1994. Milhahn HC et al., Contributions to the dissociation between antineoplastic and mutagenic activities of the ergot minor
282/ERGOT
alkaloid festucalavine by substitution at C-2. In: PM 59(7): A&83. 1993. Militz M, Antoniusfeuer, Mutterkron und Isenheimer Altar. In: PZ 141(9):720-721. 1996. Neurotransmitter: Serotoninagonisten und -antagonisten in der Pharmakotherapie. In: DAZ 133(51/52):4895. 1993.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Eryngium campestre See Eryngo
Eryngo
Perellino NC, et al., Identification of ergobine, a new natural peptide ergot alkaloid. In: JNP 56(4):489-493. 1993.
Eryngium campestre
Pertz H, Naturally occuring clavines: Antagonism/partial agonism at 5-HT2alpha receptors and antogonism at alpha 1adrenoceptors in blood vessel. In: PM 62(5)387-392. 1996.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves, dried flowers and dried roots.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schlenger R, 50 Jahre LSD. In: DAZ 133(32):2903. 1993. Schmidt M, LSD, Psilocybe, Ololiuqui. In: PTA 8(3): 186. 1994. Seeger R, Neumann HG, D-(+)-Lysergsaurediethylamid (LSD). In: DAZ 132(42):2244. 1992. Seiffer B, Therapie der Akromegalie. In: Med Mo Pharm 15(5): 159. 1992. Stadler PA, PM 46:131-144. 1982. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The plant bears small terminal cymes on oval to globular capitula on sweeping inflorescences. The linear-lanceolate to awl-shaped bracts terminate in sharp thorns. The sepals are lanceolate, terminate in thorny tips and are twice as long as the white or gray-green petals. The fruit is compressed obovate with lanceolate, pointed scales. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 15 to 60 cm high, perennial, with a whitish or yellow-green color. The bifurcated stem is erect, thick, grooved and spare. The stem forms a round bush with the branches. The leaves are tough, short-petioled or sessile. The upper leaves are clasping, double pinnatesect and thorny dentate. The root is cylindrical, thick, brown and woody.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Characteristics: The root is spicy.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant grows in most parts of Europe and northern Africa and has been introduced into North America.
Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen. In: DAZ 132(23): 1235. 1992.
Production: Eryngo root is the root of Eryngium campestre, which is gathered and dried in the spring and autumn. It is gathered in uncultivated regions. The roots are halved and air-dried. Eryngo herb is the dried leaves and blossoms of Eryngium campestre.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wang BH, Polya GM, The fungal teratogen secalonic acid D is an inhibitor of protein kinase C and of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In: PM 62(2): 111-114. 1997.
Other Names: Eringo, Sea Holly, Sea Holme, Sea Hulver ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: ERYNGO ROOT
Wenzlaff H, Dihydroergotamin. In: DAZ 136(26):2179-2181. 1996.
Triterpene
saponins
Furanocoumarins
Erigeron canadensis See Canadian Fleabane
Pyranocoumarins: including egelinol and its angeloyl-, senecionyl- or benzyl-esters agasyllin, grandivetin and egelinol benzoate Monoterpene glycosides of the cyclohexenol type: including 3-(beta-D-glucosyloxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one
Eriodictyon californicum
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid
See Yerba Santa
Oligosaccharides:
1-kestose
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EFFECTS: ERYNGO ROOT
The root is said to be mildly expectorant and spasmolytic; however, there is no scientific evidence to support this. COMPOUNDS: ERYNGO HERB
^TTriterpene saponins
EUCALYPTUS
283
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994. Hiller K, In "The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae"'. Ed. V. N. Hey wood, Academic Press London 1971.
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid
Hiller K, Linzer B PA 22:321. 1967.
Flavonoids
Kartnig T, Wolf J. Flavonoide aus den oberirdischen Teilen von Eryngium campestre. In: PM 59(3):285. 1993.
EFFECTS: ERYNGO HERB
Lisciani R et al., (1984) J Ethnopharmacol 12(39):263.
The herb is said to be a mild diuretic and an expectorant; however, there is no scientific evidence to support this. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ERYNGO ROOT
Unproven Uses: The root is used in the treatment of bladder and kidney stones, renal colic, kidney and urinary tract inflammation, urinary retention and edema. It is also used for coughs, bronchitis, skin disorders and respiratory disorders. ERYNGO HERB
Unproven Uses: The herb is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and as an adjuvant to treat inflammation of • the efferent urinary tract, prostatitis and bronchial catarrh. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ERYNGO ROOT AND HERB
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-5. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Erysimum diffusum See Gray Wallflower
Erythronium americanum See American Adder's Tongue
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
ERYNGO ROOT
Mode of Administration: The comminuted root is contained in tea mixtures, extracts, decoctions, liquids and tinctures. Preparation: To make a tea, use 1 level teaspoonful of the ground root per cup of boiling water (30 to 40 gm per liter boiling water). Allow to draw until cold. To make a decoction, boil 4 teaspoonfuls of the ground root in 1 liter of water for 10 minutes and allow to draw for 15 minutes. The tincture is prepared by soaking 20 gm ground drug in 80 gm of 60% alcohol for 10 days. Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 3 to 4 cups of the tea; 2 to 3 cups of the decoction; 50 to 60 drops of the tincture in 3 or divided doses; or 2 to 3 gm of the liquid extract. ERYNGO HERB
Mode of Administration: The herb is administered as an extract and in homeopathic dilutions (from E. yuccifolium). LITERATURE
Bhargava SK, Dixit VP, (1985) Plant Med Phytother 19(1):29. Erdelmeier CAJ, Sticher O, (1985) Planta Med 51(5):407. Gracza L et al., (1985) Arch Pharm 312(12): 1090.
Erythroxylum coca See Coca
Eschscholtzia californica See California Poppy
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted from the fresh leaves and branch tips as well as the dried leaves. Flower and Fndt: The flowers are solitary on short pedicles. They have a somewhat pointed, but low operculum stretching over the surface of the stamens. There are no sepals but there are numerous long stamens turned inward, which open along the whole length in 2 splits. The fruit is 10 to 15 by 15
284/EUCALYPTUS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
to 30 mm and is a depressed-globose, somewhat tapering toward the base, with 4 main ribs.
gamma-terpenes, valerenaldehyde)
Leaves, Stem and Root: Eucalyptus is a deciduous tree up to 40 m tall with silver-gray bark, which has scattered warts. The trunk is twisted. The juvenile leaves are 7 to 16 by 4 to 9 cm, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cordate, very glaucus. The mature leaves are 10 to 13 by 3 to 4 cm, lanceolate to falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, asymmetrical rounded and glossy green.
Euglobale: macrocarpale (with acylphloroglucinol-monoterpene or else sesquiterpene- parent substances)
Habitat: Eucalyptus is indigenous to Australia and Tasmania. It is cultivated today in some subtropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, Asia and America. Production: Eucalyptus oil consists of the volatile oil from various cineol-rich species of Eucalyptus, such as Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum (syn. Eucalyptus polybractea) and/or Eucalyptus smithii. The oil is obtained by steam distillation, followed by rectification of the fresh leaves and branch tops. Eucalyptus leaf consists of the dried, mature leaves from older trees of Eucalyptus globulus. To harvest eucalyptus, the trees are cut down; drying takes place in the shade. Not To Be Confused With: Camphor oil and by-products of turpentine manufacture: the oil is also blended with other expensive oils, such as rosemary and thyme. The properties of Eucalyptus leaves vary from species to species. Other Names: Blue Gum, Fever Tree, Gum Tree, Red Gum, Stringy Bark Tree ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : EUCALYPTUS OIL
Chief constituent of the rectified volatile oil: 1,8-cineol (over 80%), furthermore p-cymene, alpha-pinenes, limonene, geraniol, camphene E F F E C T S : EUCALYPTUS OIL
Some of the subsequent properties mentioned refer to isolated cineole. As the standardized commodity, the drug contains 80 to 90% cineole. In vitro, eucalyptus oil has an antibacterial and fungicidal effect. The drug inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis and has a mild hyperemic, expectorant and secretolytic motor effect when used topically. In animal experiments eucalyptus was demonstrably cough relieving and displayed a surfactant effect. In vitro, the oil was enzyme inducing and improved pulmonary compliance. It is secretolytic, expectorant, mildly antispasmodic, and a mild local hyperemic. COMPOUNDS: EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Volatile oil: chief constituent 1,8-cineol (45-75%), in additions myrtenol, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, pinocarvon,
aliphatic
aldehydes
(butyr-,
capron-,
Flavonoids: rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin E F F E C T S : E U C A L Y P T U S LEAF
The drug has been shown to be secretolytic, expectorant, weakly antispasmodic, deodorizing, cooling and diuretic. In animal experiments the blood-sugar level of uninfluenced plasma insulin was reduced. The euglobulin is said to have an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect in animal experiments and inhibits in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA activity. INDICATIONS AND USAGE E U C A L Y P T U S OIL
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis • Rheumatism Eucalyptus oil is used internally and externally for catarrh of the respiratory tract and externally for rheumatic complaints. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the oil is used for asthma, coughs, diseases of the frontal sinuses, fever, flu, gastric complaints, hoarseness, incipient scarlet fever and measles, worm infestation and as an intestinal antiseptic. EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis Eucalyptus leaf is used internally as a catarrh of the respiratory tract. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is used internally for the treatment of bladder diseases, asthma, fever, flu, whooping cough, liver and gallbladder complaints, loss of appetite and diabetes. It is used externally for wounds, acne, poorly healing ulcers, stomatitis, bleeding gums, pain and rheumatism, neuralgia, gonorrhea and as a gastrointestinal remedy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS EUCALYPTUS OIL
General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver. Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like attacks or even death by asphyxiation.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUCALYPTUS LEAF
General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver. Poisonings occur with the volatile oil but are not likely with administration of the leaf drug. Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like attacks or even death by asphyxiation. OVERDOSAGE
EUCALYPTUS OIL
Overdoses can lead to life-threatening poisonings. Severe poisonings are possible for children after a few drops; poisonings have been known in adults with 4 to 5 ml. Symptoms include drop in blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and asphyxiation. Because of the danger of aspiration, vomiting should not be induced. Following the administration of activated charcoal, therapy consists of diazepam for spasms, atropine for colic, electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any acidosis that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
EUCALYPTUS/285
tions for internal and external application. The drug may also be administered by inhalation. Preparations: Eucalyptus tincture — 1:5 70% ethanol (V/V) Eucalyptus liquid extract — 60% 1:1 Eucalyptus syrup — pour 1500 ml on 100 gm cut drug and leave to draw for 6 hours and strain. 180 gm sugar is added to 100 ml infusion, brought to a simmer and filtered. Tea — pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 gm of the finely cut drug, cover and leave to draw for 5 to 10 minutes, strain. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 gm of drug, divided up every 3 to 4 hours. Single dose: 1.5 gm several times a day The average dose for the tincture is 3 to 4 gm. Eucalyptus tea — 1 cup up to 3 times a day. Eucalyptus syrup — 2 to 5 dessertspoons daily. Eucalyptus powder — daily dose 4 to 16 gm; divided over 3 to 4 hours.
DOSAGE
Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightlysealed, non-synthetic containers; different consignments must be stored separately.
EUCALYPTUS OIL
LITERATURE
Mode of Administration: Essential oil and other galenic preparations are available for internal and external application.
Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
EUCALYPTUS OIL
Preparation: 1,8-cineole is recovered through a renewed fractional distillation of the oil.
Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ. Brophy JJ, House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp. 1992.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, the average daily dose is 0.3 to 0.6 gm eucalyptus oil.
Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In: Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991.
Inhalation: 2 to 3 drops in boiling water, inhale the steam (single dose: 0.2 gm corresponding to 10 drops). Oil: 3 to 6 drops added in 150 ml water, to be taken several times a day. When used externally, the concentration is 5 to 20% essential oil,.in oil and semi-solid preparations and 5 to 10% essential oil, in aqueous-alcoholic preparations. If the essential oil is used, several drops may be nibbed into the skin. Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightly sealed containers protected from light; different consignments must be stored separately. EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Mode of Administration: Eucalyptus leaf is administered as the comminuted leaf for infusions and other galenic prepara-
Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119. Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161. Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol on the vascular state of the mucos membrane. Arch Otolaryngol 6: 112-122. Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H. Heuss D, (1995) Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2: 93-102. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995) Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2: 93-103.
286/EUCALYPTUS
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14: 228-234. Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184. Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der ArzneimitteltJherapie im Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995. Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455. Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M. (1989) Therapeutischer Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis. Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156. Linsenmann P, Swoboda M. (1986) Therapeutische Wirksamkeit atherischer Ole bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis. Therapiewoche 36:1161-1166. Osawa K et al., Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. In: JNP 59(9):824-827. 1996. Patel S, Wiggins J, (1980) Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis Childh 55:405-406. Rommelt H, Schnizer W, Swoboda M, Senn E, (1988) Pharmakokinetik atherischer Ole nach Inhalation mit einer terpenhaltigen Salbe. Z Phytother 9:14-16. Ziinker KS, Bliimel G. (1983) Terpene-induced lowering of surface tension in vitro. In: A rationale for surfactant substitution. Resp Exp Med 182:33-38. Zanker KS, Bliimel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical and experimental evidence for the action of terpens as modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304. Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Anonym, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996. Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp. 1992. Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In: Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991. Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119. Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
™
Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol«M*C"*»^,. the vascular state of the mucous membrane. Arch Otolaryngol 6: 112-122. Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995) Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:93-102. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995) Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:93-103. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14: 228-234.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der Arzneimitteltherapie im Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
^i
Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M, (1989) Therapeutischer Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis. Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156.
^ W
EUROPEAN E L D E R / 2 8 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Linsenmann P, Swoboda M, (1986) Therapeutische Wirksamkeit atherischer Ole bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis. Therapiewoche 36:1161-1166.
Eugenia chequen See Cheken
Osawa K et al., Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. In: JNP 59(9):824-827. 1996. Patel S, Wiggins J, (1980) Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis Childh 55:405-406. Rommelt H, Schnizer W, Swoboda M, Senn E, (1988) Pharmakokinetik atherischer Ole nach Inhalation mit einer terpenhaltigen Salbe. Z Phytother 9:14-16. Zanker KS, Blumel G, (1983) Terpene-induced lowering of surface tension in vitro. In: A rationale for surfactant substitution. Resp Exp Med 182:33-38. Zanker KS, Blumel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical and experimental evidence for the action of terpens as modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304. Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Eugenia uniflora See Surinam Cherry
Euonymus species See Wahoo
Eupatorium cannabinum See Hemp Agrimony
Eupatorium perfoliatum See Boneset
Euphorbia cyparissias See Cypress Spurge
Euphorbia resinifera See Spurge
Schulz R, Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbli Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Eucalyptus globulus See Eucalyptus
Euphrasia officinalis See Eyebright
European Elder Sambucus nigra DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark peeled from the branches in spring and freed from the cork, the airdried flowers, the fresh and dried leaves, the fresh and dried ripe fruit, the dried roots, and the fresh leaves and inflorescences in equal parts.
288/EUROPEAN ELDER
Flower and Fruit: The strongly perfumed, yellowish-white flowers are in large, flat, apical, richly and densely blossomed erect cymes with 5 main branches. The edge of the calyx is small and 5-tipped. The corolla is rotate, deep, and has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The fruit is a black-violet, berry-like drupe with blood-red juice. The seeds are brownish, ovate, and domed on the outside. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a shallow-rooted, up to 7 m high tree or bush with spreading branches containing dry white latex. The bark of the trunk is light brown to gray, and fissured. The bark on the young branches is green and covered with gray lenticles. The leaves are odd 3 to 7 pinnate. They are matte green above and light blue-green beneath. The leaflets are ovate or oblong acuminate, and densely serrate. Characteristics: The flowers have a strong, somewhat numbing perfume. Habitat: European Elder is indigenous to almost all of Europe. Production: Elder flowers consist of the inflorescence of Sambucus nigra, which are collected in the wild, sifted and dried. Not to be Confused With: Confusion sometimes arises with the flowers of Sambucus ebulus. Other Names: Black Elder, Black-Berried Alder, Boor Tree, Elder, Bountry, Ellanwood, Ellhorn ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
mouthwash and for respiratory disorders such as coughs, head colds, laryngitis, flu, and shortness of breath. Elder is used occasionally by nursing mothers to increase lactation. Externally, herbal pillows are used for swelling and inflammation. Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy is inflammation of the respiratory tract. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb and other galenic preparations for infusions. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, brew 2 teaspoonfuls (3 to 4 g) of elder flowers in 150 ml of boiling water and strain after 5 minutes. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug is 10 to 15 gm. The infusion (tea) should be freshly prepared and drunk in doses of 1 to 2 cups several times—especially in the afternoon and evening. Homeopathic Dosage: For adults, 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic once a day (HAB1). Adjust dosages for children. Storage: Elder should be stored where it is protected from light and moisture.
Flavonoids (up to 3%): chief components are rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, nicotoflorin
LITERATURE
Volatile oil (0.03-0.14%): higher share (65%) of free fatty acids, including among others palmitic acid (share 38%)
Czygan FC, Holunder wird wieder gesellschaftsfahig. In: ZPT 15(2): 111. 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives (3%): chlorogenic acids
Eberhardt R, Pfannhauser W, Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 181:97. 1985.
EFFECTS
Bauer R et al., (1985) Helv Chim Acta 68:2355.
Inoue T, Sato K, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1871.
Animal tests have shown that Alder increases bronchial secretion. A diaphoretic effect is apparent, but the mechanism is unknown.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Paulo E, (1976) Folia Biol 24(2):213.
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis • Fevers and colds The drug is used for colds and coughs. It is a sweatproducing remedy for the treatment of feverish colds. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Elder flowers are used internally as a sudorific tea and for colds and other feverish conditions. Elder is also used as an infusion, as a gargle/
Lawrie W et al., (1964) Phytochemistry 3:267.
Petitjean-Freytet C et al., J Pharm Belg 46:241. 1991. Richter W, Willuhn G, DAZ 114:947. 1974. WiUuhn G, Richter W, PM 31:328. 1977. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD / 289
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients; Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. jf? Schuiz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Other Names: Cinquefoil, Five Fingers, Five-Finger Blossom, Sunkfield, Synkfoyle ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (6 to 12%) Flavonoids: including quercetin-3,7-diglucuronide EFFECTS
The drug is astringent and has wound healing effect due to the tannin content. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: European Five-Finger Grass is used internally for diarrhea and fever; externally for inflammation of the mucous membranes of mouth and gums, toothache, and heartburn. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
European Five-Finger Grass Potentilla ^
reptans
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh flowering plant and the roots. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary or in pairs on long thin pedicles opposite the leaves. The calyx has 5 segments and is 10 to 25 mm across. The golden yellow petals are obcordate and up to twice as long as the calyx. A ring-like swelling at the base of the stamens exudes a kind of honey. The small fruit is oblong-ovate and wrinkled. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial with a thin, divided rhizome and rosettes of basal leaves. The basal leaves produce 30 cm to 100 cm-long flowering stems from their axils, which are rooted at the nodes. The stems are pubescent or almost glabrous, have no glands and are often tinged red. The cauline leaves are long-petioled and 5 to 7 digitate. The basal stipules are fused to the petiole. The leaflets are obovate, 10 to 70 mm long, dentate to serrate and pubescent or almost glabrous. ^
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There have been complaints of gastrointestinal upset in conjunction with the drugs use reported in the literature.
Habitat: Europe. The plant is common in Europe, Western Asia, North America, Ethiopia and the Near East. Potentilla canadensis is indigenous to Canada and the U.S. and is very similar. Production: European Five-Finger Grass and root is the complete plant of Potentilla reptans. The drug is a mixture of green and brown in color and has no particular smell or taste. The roots are dug up in September/ October and then dried in a sunny, airy place.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available as crude drug and as an infusion for internal and external use. Preparation: A decoction for internal use is prepared by adding 3 gm of drug per 100 ml of water. A decoction using 6 gm of drug per 100 ml of water is used for external application and mouth rinses. Daily Dosage: Internally, 2 to 3 cups of a decoction prepared according to the formula above are administered daily. Externally, a decoction using the formula above is administered as a gargle, mouthwash or rinse. Moist compresses may be applied to affected areas of the skin. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
European Golden Rod Solidago virgaurea DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial parts collected during the flowering season, the fresh inflorescences and the flowering twigs.
2 9 0 / E U R O P E A N CrOLDEN ROD
Flower and Fruit: The yellow composite flowers are in erect racemes facing all directions and are simple or compound. They are medium-sized. The involucral bracts are imbricate and arranged in numerous rows. The ray florets are narrow, lingual and female. The disc florets are funnel-shaped, 5tipped and androgynous. The fruit is a cylindrical achene with numerous ribs. It is brown, sparsely pubescent and 3.5 to 4.5 mm long with a tuft of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that ranges in size from a few centimeters to over 1 m. The rhizome is cylindrical, noded, diagonally ascending and short. The stem is erect, cane-like, angularly grooved above, usually redtinged beneath, and glabrous to loosely appressed pubescent higher up. The basal leaves are long-petioled, elliptical, acuminate and narrowing to the winged stem. The lower ones are serrate and the upper ones entire-margined.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Carotinoids (as blossom pigments) Flavonoids (I.I to 2%): chief component rutin (0.8 %), including as well hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-robinoside, astragalin, nicotiflorin, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-galactoside, kaempferol3-0alpha- arabinoside, kaempferol - 3 - O - beta - D - robinobioside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D- galactoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O beta - D - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D - rutinoside, rhamnetin - 3 - O - glucorahamnoside Phenol glucosides (hydroxy benzylbenzoyte diglucosides, 0.2 to 1.0%): leicarposide (0.2 to 1%), virgaureoside A (0.01 to 0.14%), benzyl-2,6-dimethoxy-benzoate Caffeic acid derivatives (0.2 to 0.4%): including chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and North America.
Phenol carboxylic acids: salicylic acid (0.1%), as well as vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapineic acid—free, estered or glycosylated
Production: Golden Rod is the aerial part of Solidago virgaurea. It occurs in the wild in Hungary, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Poland
Polyynes (in the roots): 2,8-cis-trans-matricaria ester, 2,8cis-cis-matricaria ester, cis-lachnophyllum ester, matricaric acid lactone, lachnophyllum lactone
Not to be Confused With: Despite qualitative and quantitative differences in their effects, drugs containing Solidago gigantea or Solidago canadensis are exchanged with Solidago virgaurea on the market; confusions with Senecio species are also conceivable. Other Names: Aaron's Rod, Woundwort, Goldenrod
EFFECTS
The drug has a diuretic effect due to the leiocarposide and the phenol glycosides. Golden Rod also inhibits the formation of urinary calculi. Leiocarposide displays an analgesic effect. The saponin is antimicrobial, weakly spasmolytic and anti-exudative.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COMPOUNDS
Approved by Commission E:
Triterpene saponins (0.2 to 0.3%): In the European form—3,28-bisdemosidic ester saponins, including acyl-virgaurea saponins 1, 2 and 3; the acid components are acetic acid and beta-hydroxy butyric acid; aglycone is polygalic acid.
• Infections of the urinary tract • Kidney and bladder stones
In the Asian fonn—bi- or tridemosidic solidago saponins I to XXIX, acyl-virgaurea saponin 1, acylvirgaurea saponin 2, bellis saponin BA2
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Golden Rod is used internally for rheumatism, gout, diabetes, hemorrhoids, prostatic hypertrophy, nervous bronchial asthma, internal bleeding, enlargement of the liver, acute exacerbation of pulmonary tuberculosis; externally for inflammations of the mouth and throat as well as festering wounds
Volatile oil (0.4 to 0.5%, in the stored drug less than 0.2%): chief components
Homeopathic Uses: Solidago virgaurea is used for renal insufficiency and liver disorders.
In the European form—alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, delta-elemene, gamma-cadinene, beta-phellandrene, myrcene
CONTRAINDICATIONS
In the Asian form—limonene, germacrene-D, germacrene-B and beta-caryophyllene Polysaccharides (water-soluble, 6 to 8%) Diterpenes: cis-clerodane-derivatives, presumably only in the Asian variety
Irrigation therapy is c6ntraindicated in cases of edema resulting from reduced cardiac and/or kidney function. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a weak potential for sensitization. Care must be taken in patients with chronic renal
EUROPEAN
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
diseases, and the drug should be used in this patient population only under physician supervision. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As chopped drug by itself or in . combination preparations. Preparation: To make an infusion, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls (3 to 5 gm) of drug is scalded with simmering water (150 ml) and strained after 15 minutes. Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 6 to 12 gm of comminuted drug prepared as an infusion. The infusion dosage is one cupful, 2 to 4 times daily between meals. The recommended dosage for the liquid extract is 0.5 to 2 ml liquid extract (1:1) in 25% ethanol 2 to 3 times daily. A dosage of 0.5 to 1 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% ethanol, 2 to 3 times daily is commonly used. Ample fluid intake should be ensured. In folk medicine, 0.5 to 2 gm drug as an infusion is taken 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1) Storage: The drug must be protected from light and moisture.
MISTLETOE/291
Vonkruedener S et al., Effects of extracts from Populus tremula L., Solidago virgaurea L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. on various myeloperoxidase systems. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(8):809-814. 1996. Further information in:
*
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997,
LITERATURE
Bader G et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42(2): 140. Bader G, Plohmann B, Franz G, Hiller K, Saponins from Solidago virgaurea L. - Possible agent for therapy of cancer? In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 21. 1996. Bader G, Wray V, Hiller K, The main saponins from the aerial parts and the roots of Solidago virgaurea subsp, virgaurea. In: PM 61(2);158-161. 1995. Goswami A et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):837. Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewerrung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995. Hiller K, Bader G, Goldruten-Kraut Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 17(2): 123-130. 1996. Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A, Studies on the constituents of Solidago virga-aurea L. 1. Structural elucidation of saponins in the herb. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39: 2037. 1991. Kalemba D, Phenolic acids in four Solidago species. In: PA 47:471-472. 1992. Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95. Metzer J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(12):869. Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST Segebrecht S, Neuere Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989. Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8. 1989.
European Mistletoe Viscum album DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and twigs collected before the berries form, the fresh herbs of certain host plants, the fresh leafy twigs with fruit collected in the autumn, the whole fresh plant collected from apple trees, the leaves and the berries. Flower and Fruit: The flower is yellowish-green, dioecious and appears in insignificant, small, 3 to 5 flowered clusters. The perigone of the male flower is 4 tipped. The stamens are fused with the tips. The female flower is smaller and has 4 tepals with a thick stigma sitting on die short style. The fruit is a glossy, white, globular, pea-sized berry with thick sticky flesh. When ripe, it is white to yellowish or orange and has 1 to 2 oval or angular seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a semi-parasitic, almost round bush growing on deciduous trees, which are 30 to 80 cm in diameter. The round branches are repeatedly bifurcated and thickened to knots at the joints and are the same yellowish-green as the leaves. The leaves are alternate, sessile, lanceolate or lanceolate-spatulate, coriaceous and evergreen.
292/EUROPEAN
MISTLETOE
Habitat: European Mistletoe is found mostly in Europe and as far as Iran. It is not found in America or Australia. It is cultivated in central Europe and China. Production: European Mistletoe berries are the fresh or dried fruit of Viscum album. Mistletoe stem is the fresh or dried stem of Viscum album. Mistletoe herb consists of fresh or dried younger branches with flowers and fruits of Viscum album. The drug is collected in the wild during the spring and is air-dried or put in driers at a maximum temperature of 40° C. Other Names: Mistletoe, Mystyldene, All-Heal, Birdlime, Devil's Fuge
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lignans: including among others syringaresinol and its glycosides Triterpenes: including among others alpha-amyrin (alphaviscol), beta-amyrin acetate, betulic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid *
.^ %
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E HERB
The Mistletoe lectins in the drug are hypotensive, cytotoxic and immune-stimulating. It causes significant improvement of the symptoms of chronic joint conditions, and a significant lengthening of survival times of cancer patients as well an improvement of quality of life. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
Mucilage (2%, referred to as Viscin): The mock berries of the Mistletoe have not been fully investigated. Presumably, they lack the toxic lectins and viscotoxins.
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
Unproven Uses: The fruit acts on circulation by regulating blood pressure. It is also an expectorant and a tonic. In addition, the fruit is used to treat internal bleeding, epilepsy, arteriosclerosis, cramps, gout, hysteria and major blood loss.
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N MISTLETOE FRUIT
No information is available. C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
The Mistletoe stems contain the same constituents as the Mistletoe foliage (Visci alhi herba), but because of the high percentage of support elements lacking any effective ingredients, these constituents exist only in very low concentrations.
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
Unproven Uses: The stem of European Mistletoe is used for its calming effect; in the treatment of mental and physical exhaustion; and as a tranquilizer against nervous conditions such as agitation, anxiety and increased excitability.
41
EUROPEAN M I S T L E T O E HERB
Approved by Commission E: E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
No information is available.
• Rheumatism • Tumor therapy (adjuvant)
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E HERB
Lectins (glycoproteins with 11% carbohydrate): Mistletoe lectin I (ML I, VAA 1, viscumin), mistletoe lectin II (ML II), mistletoe lectin III (ML III, VAA II), the lectin fractions named are isolectin mixtures Polypeptides (built up out of 46 amino acids, 0.05-0.1%): viscotoxins A2, A3, B, Ps 1Mucilages (knovm as viscin, 4-5%): including among others galacturonans, arabino galactans Sugar alcohols: including among others mannitol, quebrachitol, pinitol, viscumitol Flavonoids: including glycosides of quercetin, quercetin methyl ethers, isorhamnetin, sakuranetin and homoeriodictyol; in the subspecies V. album ssp. platyspermum: homoeriodictyol - 7 - O - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-[apiosyl (l->6)]-glucosyl-7-0-rhamnoside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4'-0-glucoside, 3',5,7trimethoxyflavanone-4' - O-glucoside Phenyl alyl alcohols: including among others syringin (syrigenin-4'-0-glucosides), coniferyl-4'-[apiosyl (1-2')] glucoside
Unproven Uses: For treating degenerative inflammation of the joints and as palliative therapy for malignant tumors through nonspecific stimulation. Other uses include longterm therapy for cases of mild high blood pressure and as an arteriosclerosis prophylactic. European Mistletoe tea may be used for high blood pressure, epilepsy, whooping cough, asthma, vertiginous attack, amenorrhea, diarrhea, chorea, nervous tachycardia, hysteria and nervousness. Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for joint pain, tendon and muscle pain, lumbago, back pain, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and agalactia. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for dizziness, high and low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia and joint degeneration. CONTRAINDICATIONS EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
Contraindications for parenteral administration of the herb include protein oversensitivity, chronic-progressive infections, e.g., tuberculosis, and conditions of high fever.
™
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE/293
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE FRUIT
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE FRUIT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper ^administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The berries are said to have emetic and evacuant effects and to have caused the death of children. However, unambiguous proof for these effects does not exist.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE STEM
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB AND STEM
Anonym, Allergie auf Mistelextrakt. In: ZPT 13(3):96. 1992. EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug is non-toxic with peroral administration. Local reactions can occur with parenteral administration of European Mistletoe extracts such as wheal formation, possibly also necrosis, chills, fever, headache, anginal complaints, orthostatic circulatory disorders and allergic reactions. The wheal formation and the elevation of body temperature are considered signs of immune system stimulation and therefore as positive therapeutic effects.
Anonym, Die Mistel. In: DAZ 136(48):4330-4332. 1996. Anonym, Integrative Konzepte in der Onkologie: Misteltherapie (S. 19). In: NGM Suppl. 1/94:1-36. 1994. Anonym, Misteltherapie aus schulmedizinischer Sicht. In: DAZ 131(37):1894. 1991. Anonym, Optimale Misteldosierung. In: PZ 140(35):3082. 1995. Anonym, Phytotherapie: Einsatz von Mistelextrakten in der Tumortherapie. In: DAZ 135(1):73. 1995. Anonym, Sind Mistelpraparate mehr als nur Adjuvanzien in der onkologischen Therapie? In: ZPT 15(6):353-355. 1994. Becker H, Exner J, (1980) Z Pflanzenphysiol. 97
DOSAGE EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
Berg P, Stein G, Ein Inhaltsstoff allein geniigt nicht, s. auch folgenden Artikel. In: ZPT 16(5):282. 1995.
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered herb are available in the forms of juice, coated tablets, drops, oil preparations, ampules and compound preparations.
Beuth HJ, Mistel: "In der Onkologie nur Praparate einsetzen, die auf Mistellektin standardisiert sind!" In: ZPT 16(1):40-41. 1995.
Preparation: A medicinal tea is prepared using 2.5 gm (1 teaspoonful) finely cut drug with 1 cup cold water, steeped for 12 hours at room temperature, then strained. European Mistletoe wine is prepared by adding 40 gm drug to 1 liter wine; the preparation is ready for use after 3 days. A liquid extract is made in the ratio of 1:1 with diluted ethanol; a tincture is made in the ratio of 1:5 with 4 5 % ethanol.
Beuth J, Ko HL, Gabius HJ, Burrichter H, Oette K, Pulverer G, (1992) Behavior of lymphocyte subsets, expression of activation markers in response to immunotherapy with galactoside-specific lectin from Mistletoe in breast cancer. Clin Invest 70:658-661 Beuth J, Ko HL, Pulverer G, Angewandte Lektinologie. In: DAZ 134(25):2331. 1994. Beuth J, Lenartz D, Uhlenbruck G, Lektionoptimierter Mistelextrakt. In: ZPT 18(2):85-91. 1997. Bloksma N et al., (1982) Planta Med 46:221.
Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dose is 10 gm drug. The dosage of medicinal tea is 1 to 2 cups daily. European Mistletoe wine dosage is 3 to 4 glasses daily, liquid extract dosage is 1 to 3 ml 3 times daily, and the tincture dosage is 0.5 ml 3 times daily. The dosage for the treatment of hypertonia and as an arteriosclerotic prophylactic is 2 to 6 gm of European Mistletoe powder 3 times daily by mouth. Storage: European Mistletoe must be stored away from the light over an appropriate drying agent.
Dumont S et al., Lectins from Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) induce the production of cytokines by cultured human monocytes. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):57. 1995. Franz G, Phytotherapie in der Tumorbehandlung. In: DAZ 130(26): 1443. 1990. Franz H, (1985) Pharmazie 40(2):97. Franz H et al., (1981) Biochem J 195:481. Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Die Misteltherapie auf dem naturwissenschaftlichen Priifstand. In: PZ 139(22): 1745. 1994. Hamacher H, Mistel (Viscum album L.) - Forschung und therapeutische Anwendung. In: ZPT 18(l):34-35. 1997.
2 9 4 / E U R O P E A N MISTLETOE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Joshi SS, Koch B, Schroeder M, Manzke WM, Westerhausen M, (1994) From ill-defined extracts to the immunomodulatory lectin: Will there be a reason for oncological application of Mistletoe? Planta Med 60:2-7.
Schwarz T et al., Stimulation by a stable, standardised Mistletoe preparation of cytokine production in an in vitro human skin bioassay. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 1996.
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Miinchner-Phytotherapietagung 1992. Neues iiber die Misteltherapie. In: ZPT 14(1): 17. 1993.
Stirpe F et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257(22): 13271.
Gabius HJ, Mythos Mistel: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. In: PZ 140(12): 1029-1030. 1995. Hajto T, Hostanka K, Frei K, Rordorf Chr, Gabins H-J. (1990a) Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor interleukin 1: und interleukin 6 by Heiman mononuclear cells exposed to galactoside - specific lectin from clinically applied Mistletoe extract. Cane Res 50:3322. Hajto T, Hostanka K. Gabius HI. (1989) Modulatory potency of the galactoside-specific lectin from Mistletoe extract (Iscador), the host defense system in vivo in rabbits, patients. Cane Res 49:4803. Hajto T, Hostanka K, Gabius HI. (1990) Zytokine als Lectininduzierte Mediatoren in der Misteltherapie. Therapeutikon 4:136-145. Hamacher H. Mistel (Viscum album L.) - Forschung und therapeutische Anwendung. In: ZPT 18(l):34-35. 1997. Hamacher H. Scheer R, Anthroposophie/Phytotherapie: MistelForschung und therapeutische Anwendung. In: DAZ 136(34):2904-2905. 1996. Hassauer W et al., (1979) Onkologie 2(1):28. Hauser SP. (1993) Mistel - Wunderkraut oder Medikament? Therapiewoche 43(3):76-81. Keine H, (1989) Klinische Studien zur Misteltherapie karzinomatoser Erkrankungen. Eine Obersicht. Therapeutikon 3:347-353. Kleijnen J, Knopschild P, (1994) Mistletoe treatment for cancer. Review of controlled trials in humans. Phytomedicine 1:255260.
Timoshenko AV et al., Influence of the galactoside-specific lectin from Viscum album and its subunits on cell aggregation and selected intracellular parameters of rat thymocytes. In: PM 61 (2): 130-133. 1995. Uhlenbrock S, Weihnachten, Miraculix und die Anthroposophie. In: PZ I40(5I/52):4602-4603. 1995. Wagner H et al., (1986) Planta Med (2): 102. Wagner H, Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. In: DAZ 132(20): 1087/1088. 1992. Wagner H, Jordan E, (1986) Structure, properties of polysaccarides from Viscum album (L). Oncology (Suppl 1):815. Wagner H. Pflanzliche Immunstimulanzien. In: DAZ 131(4): 117. 1991. Wasielewski S, Krebserkrankungen: Streit um alternative Heilverfahren in der Onkologie. In: DAZ 135(24):2234-2235. 1995. Woynarvski JM et al., (1980) Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 361(10): 1525 et 1535. Further information in: Frohne D. Pfiinder HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kwaja TA et al., (1980) Experientia 36:599.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Loew, B, In: Loew D, Rietbrock N: Phytopharmaka II: Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, 1996.
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Luther P et al., (1980) Int J Biochem 11:429.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Muller J, (1962) Ger Offen DE 1:130:112. Olsn'es S et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257:1371. Rentea R et al., (1981) Lab Invest. 44(1 ):43. Saenz MT, Ahumada MC, Garcia MD, Extracts from Viscum and Crataegus are cytotoxic against larynx cancer cells. In: Z Naturforsch C 52(l-2):42-44. 1997. Salzer G, Havelec L, (1978) Onkologie 1(6):264.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Samuellson G et al., (1981) Acta Pharm Sueca 18:179.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Schmidt S, Unkonventionelle Heilverfahren in der Tumortherapie. In: ZPT 17(2): 115-117. 1996.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Salzer G, Muller H, (1978) Prax Klein Pneumol 32(11):721.
EUROPEAN PEONY/295
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
European Peony
COMPOUNDS: EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
Monoterpenes: monoterpene ester glucosides of the pinanetype: chief component paeoniflorine (1.5 to 3.5%)
Paeonia officinalis
EFFECTS* EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
DESCRIPTION
A Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried ripe seeds, the fresh underground parts harvested in spring and the fresh root. Flower and Fruit: The large flowers are solitary at the ends of the stems. The calyx consists of 5 green, partly corollalike sepals. The wild species has 5 to 8 ovate, red petals that are 4 to 5 cm long; the cultivated forms have many more. The stamens are light-red with long yellow anthers. The 2 or 3 ovaries have red stigmas and develop into tomentose follicles containing numerous, dark, glossy, pea-sized seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: In its winter state, the plant has a turnip-like rhizome and close, gnarled root fibers that are brown on the outside and white inside. The stem is leafy, erect, lightly branched and glabrous, with a stalk about 50 cm high. The leaves are alternate, more or less petiolate with a dark green glossy upper surface and a light green finely pubescent undersurface. m Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the mountains ot southern Europe from Portugal to Albania and Hungary, as far as Asia Minor. It is widely cultivated as a garden plant. Production: European Peony flower consists of the petals of Paeonia officinalis and/or Paeonia mascula. European Peony root consists of the dried secondary roots of Paeonia officinalis and/or Paeonia mascula. The cultivated Peony roots are dug up in spring, cleaned and dried in the sun or artificially. The flowers are harvested in dry weather shortly after the end of flowering and dried quickly in the shade or in moderate sunshine. Other Names: Peony, Piney
The plant contains anthocyanin glycosides and tannins (main active principle: paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside*. Animal tests have demonstrated strong uterine contraction, tone reduction in the gastrointestinal tract and a drop in blood pressure. Anticonvulsive and analgesic effects could not be demonstrated. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine. European Peony root is used for neurasthenia and neurasthenia syndrome, neuralgia, migraines and allergic disorders such as excitability, epilepsy and whooping cough. Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are hemorrhoids and other anal conditions. EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Unproven Uses: The flowers were formerly used as a folk medicine remedy for epilepsy, as an emetic, emmenagogue and abortifacient, for diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, fissures, anal fissures associated with hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and ailments of the respiratory tract. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include hemorrhoids and other anal conditions. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Side effects that may occur, particularly in cases of overdosages, include gastroenteritis with vomiting, colic and diarrhea. Because efficacy has not been documented, therapeutic use cannot be recommended.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS: EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Anthocyans: diglucoside)
in
particular
paeonin
(paeonidin-3,5-
Tannins (pentagalloyl glucose) £
Flavonoids: in particular kaempferol glycosides EFFECTS: EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
The plant contains anthocyanin glycosides and tannins (main active principle: paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside). Animal tests have demonstrated strong uterine contraction, tone reduction in the gastrointestinal tract and a drop in blood pressure. Anticonvulsive and analgesic effects could not be demonstrated, although hypertonia has been reported in animal tests.
EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Mode of Administration: Therapeutic use cannot be recommended because efficacy has not been proven. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops and compound preparations. Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1 g Tree Peony flowers per cup water. Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of infusion per day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops. 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic). Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily: chronic: once a day (HAB1).
2 9 6 /EUROPEAN
PEONY
Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no longer than 1 year. E U R O P E A N PEONY ROOT
Mode of Administration: European Peony root is administered as a tincture. European Peony flowers are used as an inactive ingredient in cough and fumigant teas and as a coloring agent in cough syrup. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops and compound preparations.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial, plant grows 20 to 40 cm high. The short rhizome is solid, horizontal, multisegmented, broken off and covered in thick fibers. It has scales formed by leaf stalk remnants at the neck and has a number of segments. The stem is usually undivided, erect, grooved, and has only 1 to 2 sessile leaves. The leaves are basal, long-petioled, and palmate with 5 lobes. The tips are 3-lobed. The lateral tips are divided in 2 and especially glossy underneath. Characteristics: The taste is slightly salty, bitter and dry.
Daily Dosage: Tincture: 30 to 50 drops daily. Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no longer than 1 year. LITERATURE
Caesar W, Die Pfingstrose. In: DAZ 130(23): 1339. 1990. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, western Siberia, northern Africa, and in the mountains of tropical Africa. Production: European Sanicle consists of the dried, aboveground parts of Sanicula europaea, which is collected in the wild.
Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I., Academic Press UK 1985.
Not to be Confused With: Commercially, the herb may be mixed with leaves of Cardamine enneaphylos. In some areas, Astrantia major is labeled as sanicle and used accordingly in folk medicine.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Poolroot, Self-Heal, Sanicle
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Triterpene saponins (up to 13%): including among others, acyl-saniculosides A-D, aglycones including A1-barrigenol, Rl-barrigenol, barringtogenol
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid Flavonoids: chief components rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin EFFECTS
European Sanicle Sanicula europaea DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh flowering herb and the basal leaves collected during the flowering season and dried. Flower and Fruit: The white or reddish inflorescences form a cyme with small head-like umbels with 4 to 6 linear bracts. The calyx is 5-tipped and there are 5 petals. The androgynous florets are in the center of the small umbel surrounded by 10 to 20 male florets. The ribless fruit is densely covered with barbed thorns and almost globular, with long styles that curve downwards. The mericarps are distinctly domed and almost flat at the narrow groove. There are numerous oil lines.
The drug has a mild astringent and expectorant effect. It also reduces edema in animal experiments. The saponin complex has been shown to be antimicrobial and antifungal. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis European Sanicle is used for mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Unproven Uses: Past external uses in folk medicine have included wounds and contusions, and European Sanicle has been used internally for stomach inflammations and bloody vomiting, among other applications. Homeopathic Uses: The primary application of European Sanicle in homeopathy is for diarrhea.
HERBAL
E U R O P E A N WATER H E M L O C K / 2 9 7
MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic 3 dosages. DOSAGE
w* Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions and other preparations for oral application. How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations include juices, tablets and compound preparations. Preparation: No information is available.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 g of the herb. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (Chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily: chronic once a day (HAB34). Storage: The drug must be kept in sealed containers, protected from light.
Characteristics: The rhizome has a bad odor and is extremely poisonous. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and Asia. Other Names: Cowbane ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Polyynes: including cicutoxin (0.07-0.2^ in the fresh rhizome tuber), isocicutoxin, cicutol, cicudiole. falcarindiol Furanocoumarins
Alky I phthalides EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathic dilutions for migraine, painful menstruation, worm infestation and inflammation of the skin. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
Engel S, Horn K, Phytodermatosen (lurch Dictamnus albus. Sanicula europaea und Philodendron consanguineum. In: Dermat j£ Mschr 158(l):22-27. 1972. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hiller K et aL PA 24:178. 1969. Hiller K et al., PA 22:220-221. 1967. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
European Water Hemlock
The freshly harvested root stock is extremely poisonous due to its cicutoxin content. The plant itself is weakly poisonous. OVERDOSAGE
Two to 3 gm of the root stock are said to be fatal for an adult. The toxicity of the drug declines through dehydration and storage. Symptoms of poisoning, following the initial stupor and nausea, include severe tonic-clonic spasms, unconsciousness, canosis and extremely widened pupils. Death occurs through asphyxiation at the peak of a convulsive attack or through heart failure. Forced diuresis, hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are initiated as treatment for poisonings. Gastric lavage should only be carried out under anesthetic because of the danger of convulsion. Benzodiazepine or barbiturates are used to lessen the effects of the spasms.
Cicuta virosa
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and internally as a dilution of the mother tincture.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome with roots. Flower and Fruit: The flower is a white umbelliferous blossom with distinct calyx tips. The petals have indented tips. The style cushion is flat. The fruit is brown-yellow, 2.5 mm by 3 mm, and has dark-brown stripes. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 30 to 120 cm. The leaves are 2- to 3-pinnate. The leaflets are lanceolate and sharply serrate. The whole plant is glabrous. The rhizome is tuberous, fleshy and hollow. The stem is erect, round, hollow, glabrous, branched above, and forms adventitious roots at the nodes.
LITERATURE
Bilia AR, Ctalano S, Fontana C, Morelli I, Palme E. A new saponin from Potentilla tormentilla. In: PM 58(7)23. 1992. Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix E, Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa—a new and potent potassium channel blocker in T lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 219:332-6. 1996. Wittstock U, Hadacek F, Wurz G, Teuscher E, Greger H. Polyacetylenes from water hemlock, Cicura virosa. In: PM 61(5):439-445. 1995. Wittstock U, Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of cicutoxin and related polyacetylenes from cicuta virosa on neuronal action
2 9 8 / E U R O P E A N WATER HEMLOCK
potentials: a comparative study on the mechanism of the convulsive action. In: PM 63(2): 120-124. 1997. Wittstock U. Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of polyacetvlenes from Cicuta virosa on the electrical activity of molluscan giant neurones. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):84. 1995. Wittstock U. Wurz G. Hadacek F, Greger H, Teuscher E, Biocative polyacetylens from Cicuta virosa. In: PM 58(7)22. 1992.
FDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: This biennial grows up to 1 m and has a spindle-shaped, fleshy, turnip-like root, which produces leaf rosettes in the first year. The stem is erect, unbranched or branched higher up and angular. The ovary is a capsule covered in short glandular hairs, with simple, light hairs on the purple papilla. The cauline leaves are shortpetioled or sessile, often hanging, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, irregular and finely dentate.
Further information in:
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and open in the evening.
Frohne D. Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: Originally indigenous to North America, it is now naturalized throughout most of Europe and parts of Asia.
Lewin L. Girte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Production: Evening Primrose oil is the fatty seed oil of Oenothera biennis. The oil is extracted by means of a coldextraction process, which involves hexane in steel or glasslined tanks. The extract is washed and the solvent removed using low pressure.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Fever Plant, King's Cureall, Night Willowherb, Scabish, Sun Drop
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4.Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttaart 1997.
Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis TRADE NAMES
Evening Primrose Oil Capsules (available from numerous manufacturers), Mega Primrose Oil, Oil of Evening Primrose. Original Primrose for Women, Royal Brittany Evening Primrose Oil DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fatty oil extracted from the ripe seeds and the fresh plant gathered at the beginning of the flowering season. Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are 2 to 3 cm long and are solitary in the leaf axils. The open ones are lower than the buds. The sepals are lanceolate, acuminate, turned down, thin, more or less pale green and smooth on the outside with a few scattered hairs. The petals are obovate. The ovary is inferior. The style has a 4-sectioned stigma. The fruit is a linear-oblong, quadrangular, downy-villous capsule that's up to 3 cm long. The seeds are 1.5 mm long, dark gray to black with irregular sharp edges.
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids linoleic acid (65-80%), gammalinolenic acid (8-14%), oleic acid (6-11%), palmitic acid (710%) EFFECTS
Gamma-linolenic acid (a component in Evening Primrose oil) is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and then to prostaglandin El (PGE1) in-vivo by the enzyme delta-6desaturase. PGE1 has anti-inflammatory and cell membrane stabilizer activity in the body. Evening Primrose oil supplements provide increased levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the blood of people with a deficiency of the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Gamma-linolenic acid is also a component in breast milk, but is not added to infant formulas. It has been postulated that gamma-linolenic acid may be beneficial to neural development in breast-fed infants (Newall, 1996). A review of the literature involving human trials shows that EPO has not been effective in the treatment of atopic asthma, weight loss, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, attention deficit disorder, diabetes or premenstrual syndrome. Animal studies have demonstrated benefits in treating hypertension, thrombosis, hypercholesterolemia and platelet aggregation. CLINICAL TRIALS
Mastalgia A retrospective study covering seven years involving 566 women with cyclical breast pain (mastalgia) was performed. Most women were first treated with Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine HCL) 100 mg daily for a 3-month period. Those that did not
EVENING PRIMROSE / 2 9 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
w
respond were given 3 g of Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) daily for a one-month period followed by 2 g daily for an additional two months. Other women were given the Evening Primrose oil regimen as first-line treatment. 5 8 % of the pyridoxine/EPO treatment group reported pain relief and 59% of the EPO first-line group reported relief. The author concluded that good responses can be obtained from products devoid of significant side effects, such as EPO and Vitamin B-6 as a first line treatment (McFayden, 1992). Tamoxifen and danazol should be reserved for those patients who do not respond to EPO or pyridoxine. Premenstrual
Syndrome
A meta-analysis of 7 placebo-controlled trials involving the use of EPO for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was carried out in 1996. The authors note that two well-constructed studies in the group failed to show any statistically relevant beneficial effects with EPO in treating PMS symptoms. The scoring in the remaining studies was not consistent and therefore the authors were not able to pool the results for statistical analysis (Budeiri, 1996). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^
Mastalgia
(breast pain)
3 to 4 grams daily in divided doses Storage: Evening Primrose oil is rinsed in nitrogen and stored in cooled tanks lined with polyethylene. Commercial products should be stored at room temperature in an area that is dry and not in direct sunlight. LITERATURE
Berth-Jones J, Placebo controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. In: Lancet 341:1557-1560. 1993. Budeiri D, Li Wan Po A, Doman JC, Is Evening Primrose oil of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome? Control Clin Trials 17:60-68. 1996. Haslett C et al., (1983) Int J Obesity 7(6):549. Horrobin DF. (1983) J Reprod Med 28(7):465. Ihrig M, Blume H, Nachtkerzenol-Praparate: Ein Qualitatsvergleich. In: PZ 139(9):668. 1994. Ippen H, Gamma-Linolensaure besser aus Nachtkerzen- oder aus Borretschol? In: ZPT 16(3): 167-170. 1995.
Unproven Uses: Evening Primrose oil is used for neurodermatitis, premenstrual syndrome and as a dietary aid. The drug is also used to treat hyperactivity in children, high cholesterol levels, menopausal hot flashes and mastalgia.
McFayden IJ. Forrest AP, Chetty U, Cyclical breast pain some observations and the difficulties in treatment. BJCP 46:161-164.1992.
Capsules containing 500 mg of Evening Primrose oil have been approved for use in Germany, in the treatment of and to relieve the symptoms of atopic eczema.
Pye J K et al., (1985) Lancet II, 373.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
There are case reports of seizures in schizophrenic patients that were being treated with Evening Primrose oil along with phenothiazine medications. Practitioners should be aware that Evening Primrose oil has a potential to lower the seizure threshold in patients with seizure disorders or those being treated with drugs that lower the seizure threshold.
_
Pediatric—2 to 4 grams daily in divided doses
Midwinter RE et al., (1982) Lancet I, 339. Seaman GVF et al., (1979) Lancet 1:1139. Ten Hoor F. (1980) Nutr Metab 24(Suppl. 1):162. Willuhn G, Phytopharmaka in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT 16(6):325-342. 1995. Wright S, Burton JL, (1982) Lancet II, 1120. Further information in:
DOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Mode of Administration: Evening Primrose oil is available in capsules for oral administration.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
How Supplied: Capsules—500 mg, 1300 mg.
Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD, Herbal Medicines. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 110-113.1996.
Most commercial products (capsules) are standardized for gamma linolenic acid content of 9%. Daily Dosage: Treatment with Evening Primrose oil may require up to 3 months duration before positive results are attained for all indications listed below (Newall, 1996). Atopic
eczema
Adult—6 to 8 grams daily in divided doses
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
300/EYEBRIGHT
Eyebright Euphrasia officinalis TRADE NAMES
Eyebright (Available from numerous manufacturers) Eye-bright Herb, Herbal Eyebright, NuVeg Eyebright DESCRIPTION
In folk medicine, Eyebright is used for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, styes, eye fatigue symptoms, functional eye disorders of muscular and nervous origin, coughs and hoarseness. The efficacy of the herb for its^ claimed uses is not documented. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering plant.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Flower and Fruit: White, bluish or reddish-violet flowers are in spike-like inflorescence in the axils of the upper leaves. The calyx has 4 tips and is glabrous to short bristly. The corolla is bilabiate and is 8 to 12 mm long. The upper lip is domed, helmet-like and revolute at the tips. The lower lip has 9 dark violet long stripes. There are 4 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a narrow, oblong capsule with a ciliate edge. The seeds are numerous and grooved.
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy of the claimed uses is undocumented, and external eye application is not absolutely hygienic, therapeutic use cannot be recommended.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 30 cm high. It is annual. The stem is rigid, erect, lightly branched below. The leaves are opposite, sessile and grass-green. They are ovate or oblong-ovate and twice as long as wide. The involucral bracts have 4 to 7 teeth.
DOSAGE
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 2 to 3 gm of finely cut drug to boiling water; strain after 5 to 10 minutes. Decoction — 2%. Daily Dosage: A decoction is used 3 to 4 times daily for eye rinses.
Characteristics: Eyebright is odorless and has a bitter and salty taste. It is semi-parasitic.
LITERATURE
Habitat: Europe.
Luczak S, Swiatek L, Plantes Med Phytother 24:66. 1990.
Production: Eyebright consists of the whole plant of Euphrasia officinalis gathered during flowering season. Eyebright herb consists of the fresh or dried, above-ground parts of Euphrasia officinalis.
Salama O et al., PH 20:2603. 1981.
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 39:269. 1980.
Other Names: Euphrasia
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 42:122. 1981.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in:
Harkiss KJ. Timmins P. (1973) Planta Med 23:342.
Salama O, Sticher O, (1983) Planta Med 47:90.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: aucubin, catalpol, euphroside, ixoroside, veronicoside, verproside, mussaenoside, ladroside
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lignans: dehydrodiconiferyl-4-beta-D-glucoside Flavonoids: including apigenin-, chrysoeriol- and luteolin-7O-galactosides and -rhamnogalactosides Tannins
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
EFFECTS
No documentation available.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. "
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Eyebright preparations are used externally as lotions, poultices, and eye-baths, for eye complaints associated with disorders and inflammation of the blood vessels, inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva, as a preventive measure against mucus and catarrh of the eyes.
Fagopyrum esculentum See Buckwheat
FALSE UNICORN ROOT/301
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
False Schisandra Kadsura japonica DESCRIPTION
LITERATURE
^pt Medicinal Parts: The fruit of the plant is considered to have medicinal value, but efficacy has not been documented. Flower and Fruit: Single axillary flowers on up to 4 cm long, purple stems; there are 9 to 15 white, reddish or yellow tepals. Male flowers have numerous stamens; female flowers have numerous carpels and a superior ovary. The fruit is a berry-like, globose aggregate fruit. Leaves, Stem and Root: This dioecious climbing shrub has leaves that are 6 to 11 cm long, elliptical to lanceolate, simple, pergament-like with a slightly crenate margin. Habitat: Indigenous to Japan. Production: False Schisandra fruit are the dried fruits of Kadsura japonica. They are collected in the wild. Not to be Confused With: Schisandra chinensis Other Names: Kadsura fruit "
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including germacrene C Lignans: dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene lignans, including binankadsurin-A-ester EFFECTS
Although clinically unsubstantiated, False Schisandra fruit is credited in classical Chinese-Tibetan medicine with an efficacy analogous to that of Schisandra fruit. That drug exhibits liver-protective, inflammation- and tumor-inhibiting, neuroleptic and anti-convulsive effects, as well as a nonspecific enhancement of physical performance ability. Experimental documentation regarding analogous efficacy of kadsura fruit has not been forthcoming, however. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The fruit is used for chronic coughs and asthma, chronic diarrhea, enuresis, spermatorrhoea, night sweats and insomnia. H Chinese Medicine: The fruit is used as an analgesic for pains in the bones, ligaments, stomach and during menstruation, as well as for spontaneous, painful local swellings.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, l992-1994.
False Unicorn Root Veratrum luteum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are numerous, greenishwhite, without covering leaves. They are dioecious and arranged in terminal racemes of 15 cm with nod-like feathers. The petals are narrow and shorter than the stamens, while the filaments taper to a point. The anthers are terminal and 2-lobed. The petals of the female flowers are linear, the stamens short, and the ovary ovate, deltoid and grooved. The stigmas are oblong, have 3 grooves and open upward. The fruit is numerous and capsule-like, compressed and acute. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial with a strong leafy stem 30 to 90 cm high. The stem is undivided, smooth and angular. The foliage leaves are alternate; the lower ones spatulate and the upper ones lanceolate. The basal leaves are 20 cm long, 1.25 cm wide, narrow and whorled at the base. The rhizome is tuberous and stunted. It is approximately 1.25 cm long. Characteristics: False Unicom Root has a bitter taste. Habitat: The plant grows in the Mississippi Delta region. Production: False Unicorn Root is the rhizome of Veratrum luteum. Other Names: Starwort, Helonias Root, Blazing Star, FairyWand ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Steroid saponins: (mixture is referred to as chamaelirin, ca. 10%), aglycone diosgenin
DOSAGE
Preparation: Before being dried and cut, the fruits are simmered in vinegar. Daily Dosage: 1.5 to 6 g Chinese Dosage: 9 to 15 g drug daily
EFFECTS
Oxytocic, diuretic, anthelmintic INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: False Unicom Root is used for menstrual disturbances, dysmenorrhea and pregnancy complaints.
302 /FALSE UNICORN ROOT PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The appearance of gastric complaints is conceivable with the drug, due to the high saponin content, particularly in cases of overdosage. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. LITERATURE
Atta-Ur-Rahman, Ali RA, Choudhary MI, New steroidal alkaloids from rhizomes of Veratrum album. In: JNP 55:565570. 1992. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston, Berlin 1962-1997 (unter Chamaelirium luteum (L.) GRAY). Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Helionas dioica). Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Fennel seed consists of the dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare. Other Names: Large Fennel, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel, Fenkel, Bitter Fennel ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: FENNEL OIL
When extracted from bitter fennel the chief components are: Trans-anethols (50-75%) Fenchone (12-33%) Estragole (2-5%?) Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, pcymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene, gamma-terpenes, terpinols, cis-ocimene When extracted from sweet fennel the chief components are: Trans-anethole (80-90%) Fenchone (1-10%?) Estragole (3-10%c)
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the Fennel oil extracted from the ripe fruit and the dried ripe fruit and Fennel seeds of Foeniculum vulgare. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is fairly large umbels almost 15 cm across on very irregular rays. The flowers are fairly small and usually androgynous. The petals are a rich yellow, broadly ovate and have an involute lobe at the tip. The style is very short and almost wart-like. The fruit is glabrous, brownish or greenish-gray. They are 6 to 10 mm long, somewhat cylindrical with blunt ribs and strongly domed. Leaves, Stem and Fruit: The plant is biennial to perennial, about 80 to 15.0 cm high, glabrous, sea-green to glaucous and has a strong spicy smell. The stem is erect, round, glabrous, smooth and filled with latex. The lower leaves are petiolate and have long sheaths. Characteristics: Fennel has a spicy aroma. Habitat: Fennel is indigenous to the Mediterranean region, has spread to England, Germany, South Tyrol and Argentina. Fennel is also found today in Iran, India and China. Production: Fennel oil is the essential oil obtained from the dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare by steam distillation.
Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, pcymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene, gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen EFFECTS: FENNEL OIL
Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility; in higher concentrations, antispasmodic; experimentally, anethole and fenchone have shown a secretolytic action on the respiratory tract. In vitro, it is antimicrobial. COMPOUNDS: FENNEL SEED
Volatile oil With bitter fennel the chief components are: Trans-anethole (50-75%) Fenchon (12-33%) Estragole (2-5%) Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene, gamma-terpenes, terpinols cis-ocimene With sweet fennel the chief components are: Trans-anethole (80-90%) Fenchon (1-10%) Estragole (3-10%) Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene, gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Hydroxycoumarins (traces): umbelliferone, scopoletine, osthenol, scoparin, Furocoumarins traces) including bergapten, columbianetin, psoralen, xanthotoxin
FENNEL/303 FENNEL SEED
Mode of Administration: Crushed or ground seeds for teas, tea-like products, as well as other galenic preparations for internal use.
Pyranocoumarins Daily Dosage: 5 to 7 gm of drug Flavonoids Fatty oil
LITERATURE
Betts TJ, J Pharm Pharmacol 20:469-472 et 61S-64S. 1968. Czygan FC. ZPT 8:82. 1987.
EFFECTS: FENNEL SEED
The seed promotes gastrointestinal motility. In higher concentrations, Fennel has an antispasmodic effect. Experimentally, anethole and fenchone have been shown to have a secretolytic effect in the respiratory tract of frogs. Aqueous Fennel extracts raised the mucociliary activity of the ciliary epithelium.
El-Khrisy EAM et al.. (1980) Titoterapia 51:273. Forster HB et al., (1980) Planta Med 40(4):309. Gershbein LL, (1977) Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(3):173. Harborne JB, Williams CE, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1741. Harries N et al., (1978) J Clin Pharm 2:171.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
FENNEL OIL
Karlsen J et al., (1969) Planta Med 17:281.
Approved by Commission E: • Cough • Bronchitis • Dyspeptic complaints Unproven Uses: Peptic discomforts, such as mild, spastic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, feeling of fullness, flatulence; catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Fennel honey is used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract in children. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Allergic reactions following intake of Fennel have been only very rarely observed. Cross Sensitivity among patients with celery allergy appear to be possible. Pregnancy: Preparations, excluding the drug itself and tea infusions are not to be administered during pregnancy. Pediatric Use: Preparations, excluding the drug itself and tea infusions are not to be administered to small children. DOSAGE
FENNEL OIL
Mode of Administration: Essential oil and galenic preparations for internal use. Note: Diabetics must check the sugar content of available preparations. Daily Dosage: 0.1 to 0.6 ml of Fennel oil Duration of administration: Maximum of 2 weeks.
Karlsen J et al., PM 17:281-293. 1969. Kunzemann J, Hermann K, (1977) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 164:194. Massoud H, Study on the essential oil in seeds of some fennel cultivars under egyptian environmental conditions. In: PM 58(7):A681. 1992. Parzinger R, Fenchel. In: DAZ 136(7):529-530. 1996. Rothbacher H, Kraus A, (1970) Pharmazie 25:566. Shah CS et al., PM 18:285-295. 1970. Stahl E, (1980) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 45:2324. Trenkle K, PA 27:319-324. 1972. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
304/FENNEL
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997
Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum TRADE NAME
Fenugreek Seed (from various manufacturers) Premium Fenugreek Seed DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, dried seeds. Flower and Fruit: The 0.8 to 1.8 cm long flowers are solitary or in pairs in the leaf axils. They are almost sessile. The calyx tube is membranous and usually longer than the lanceolate tips. The corolla is usually pale yellow, occasionally darker or violet and about double the length of the calyx. The wings are about half as long as the standard and the carina is very obtuse, round and barely longer than the calyx. The fruit is a 2.5 to 10 cm long and 0.5 to I cm wide, erect, leaning, linear and appressed pubescent pod with a long lip. The 4 to 20 seeds are flattened, divided into 2 uneven halves by a deep groove, ovate to di-shaped. yellow-brown, or brown-red and very hard when dry. Leaves, Stern and Root: The plant is an annual, 10 to 50 cm high herb with a long vertical taproot. The stem is sturdy, round, erect or decumbent and branched. The leaves are trifoliate and the petioles are 0.5 to 2 cm long. The leaflets are 1 to 3 cm long, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtusely deltoid to rounded. The stipules are fairly large, membranous, ovate, acute and more or less softly pubescent. Habitat: The species is common all over the Mediterranean region as far as India and China and southward as far as Ethiopia. The main regions of cultivation are southern France, Turkey, northern Africa, India and China. Production: Fenugreek consists of the ripe, dried seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Other Names: Greek Hay Seed, Bird's Foot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Mucilages (25-45%, mannogalactans) Proteins (25-30%) Proteinase inhibitors Steroid saponins (1.2-1.5%): including trigofoenosides A to G (to some extent bitter), aglycones including diosgenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, yuccagenin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Steroid saponin-peptide ester: including foenugraecin Sterols: chief constituents 24xi-ethyl-cholest-5-en-3beta-ole (65%), sterols that are to some extent estered Flavonoids: including isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, orientin arabinoside, isoorientin arabinoside, saponaretin, vicenin1, vincenin-2, vitexin Trigonelline (coffearin, N-methylbetaine of the nicotinic acid, 0.4%) Volatile oil (0.01%): aroma bearer 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl2(5H)-furanone EFFECTS
Externally, the drug acts as an emollient. Internally, Fenugreek reduces blood sugar, but the mode of action is unclear. In addition, a lipid-lowering effect attributed to the saponin fraction has been proven as well as a hydrogogic effect. There is no indication of a lactation-promoting effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Inflammation of the skin Unproven Uses: Internal uses include upper respiratory catarrh, diabetes, and to increase milk production. Externally, the drug is used as poultice for local inflammation, ulcers, and eczema. Chinese Medicine: The drug is used to treat cold pain in the lower abdomen, impotence, and hernia (said to be due to cold 'chi'). Indian Medicine: The drug is used for fever, vomiting, anorexia, coughs, bronchitis, and colitis. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be used during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Sensitization is possible through repeated external administration of the drug. Drug Interactions: Fenugreek has hypoglycemic effect. There is a potential for the herb to interact with hypoglycemic drugs that are used to treat diabetes resulting in an exaggerated hypoglycemic effect. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug is available in the form of teas and compound preparations. How Supplied: Capsules — 575 mg, 610 mg, 626 mg
FEVER BARK/305
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Preparation: To prepare a tea, leave 0.5 gm drug to steep in cold water for 3 hours, then strain; the tea may be sweetened with honey. A poultice is prepared as a thick paste made from the powdered seeds: add 50 gm of powdered drug to lU liter of boiling water for 5 minutes. To make a cold maceration, soak 0.5 gm of drug in cold water, then filter. Daily Dose: The daily internal dose ot the drug is 6 gm. One cup of the tea may be taken several times a day. For loss of appetite, take 2 gm of cut drug with fluid 3 times daily, before meals. The cold maceration can be drunk several times a day.
Ferula foetida See Asa Foetida
Ferula gummosa See Galbanum
LITERATURE
Ferula sumbul
Abdo MS. Al-Khafawi AA, (1969) Planta Med 17:14.
See Sumbul
Adamska M. Lutomski J, (1971) Planta Med 20:224. Al-Meshal IA et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56 (4):232. Ali L et al.. Characterization of the hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed. In: PM 61(4):358-360. 1995.
Fever Bark
Bohlmann MB et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:1513.
AI st on ia constrict a
Girardon P et al.. (1985) Planta Med 51 (6):533.
DESCRIPTION
Girardou P et al., PM 51:533. 1985.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark of the root and trunk.
Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 23:2605. 1984. Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 24:2399. 1986. Gupta RK, Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 25:2205. 1986. Hardman R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:698. Ribes G et al.. (1986) Ann Nutr Metab. 28:37. Ribes G et al., (1986) Phytother Res 1(1):40. Ribes G et al.. (1986) Proc. Soc Exp Biol Med 183:159. Sood AR et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:351. Weder JK. Heufiner K, Z Lebensm Untersuch Forsch 193:242 et 321. 1991. Further information in: Chan, EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New # York 1980.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are creamy white and starshaped. Leaves, Stem and Root: Alstonia are evergreen trees, which grow to a height of 15 m. The leaves are glossy, oblong and petiolate. The tree has a 2 to 7 cm rusty-brown, rugose periderm, which is deeply fissured. The inner surface is yellowish brown and coarsely striated longitudinally, fracture fibrous. Characteristics: The tree is a protected species in some countries. The taste is very bitter, the odor is slightly aromatic. Habitat: Alstonia constricta is indigenous to Australia; Alstonia scholaris is indigenous to India and the Philippines. Production: Alstonia bark is the trunk and branch bark of Alstonia constricta. Other Names: Australian Quinine, Australian Febrifuge, Alstonia Bark, Devil Tree, Dita Bark, Pale Mara, Devil's Bit, Australian Fever Bush, Pali-Mara ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Indole alkaloids: including reserpine, deserpidine, alstonine, tetrahydroalstonine, alstonidine, yohimbine
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
The drug is said to be a febrifuge, antispasmodic and antihypertensive. The antihypertensive effect is due to the reserpine and echitamin content.
EFFECTS
3 0 6 / F E V E R BARK
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a febrifuge and stimulant and for its reserpine content. In the past, it was used to treat rheumatism.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb of the plant.
Chinese Medicine: In the Far East, Fever Bark is used for diarrhea and malaria. It has also been used as a uterine stimulant.
Flower and Fruit: The 5 to 20 composite flower heads are in a dense corymb. The epicalyx has a diameter of 6 to 8 mm. The lingual florets are white and female. The ray florets are 2.5 to 7 mm. The achenes are 1.2 to 1.5 mm and 5- lo 8ribbed.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Due to the presence of pharmacologically active indole alkaloids of the beta-carbolin type, side effects may resemble those of Rauwolfia. Symptoms of poisoning following the intake of higher dosages are conceivable.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a strongly aromatic perennial. The leaves are pinnatisect to pinnatifid and yellowish-green. The basal and lower cauline leaves are more or less ovate with 3 to 7 oblong-elliptical to ovate segments, which are subpinnately divided. They are crenate or entire-margined.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant originated in southeastern Europe and is now found all over Europe, Australia and North America.
Mode of Administration: The forms available are powder, liquid extract, infusion and tincture. Up-to-date information on usage is not available. Preparation: Fever Bark is available as an infusion, 1:20, a tincture, 1:8 or 1:10 and as a liquid extract, 1:1. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the infusion is 15 to 20 ml; tincture, 2 to 4 ml; liquid extract, 4 to 8 ml.
Production: Feverfew leaves are the leaves of Tanacetum parthenium. The plant is cut before full flowering. It is dried in thin layers in the shade, at temperatures not exceeding 35° C. Other Names: Featherfew, Featherfoil, Midsummer Daisy ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Atta-ur-Rahman AM, et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24:2771. Chopra RN, et al., (Eds.) Chopra's Indigeneous Drugs of India, Vol 1, Dhur and Sons Calcutta 1938. Goyal H, et al., (1981) J Res Ayur Siddha. 2 (3):286. Khan I. Qureshi Z, (1967) J Pharm Pharmacol 19:815. Kucera MV, et al., (1973) Afric J Pharm Pharm Sci: 3228. Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986. Sharp TM, (1934) J Chem Soc 287. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Feverfew Tahacetum parthenium TRADE NAMES
Feverfew (available from numerous manufacturers), Feverfew Extract, Herbal Sure Feverfew, NuVeg Feverfew Leaf, Premium Feverfew Leaf, Feverfew Traditional Herb, Standardized Feverfew Extract, Feverfew Leaf, Mygrafew
Volatile oil (0.75%): chief constituents are L-camphor, transchrysanthyl acetate, including, camphene, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, D-germacrene, linalool, borneol, terpinenes-4-ol Sesquiterpene lactones: especially parthenolide, and also 3beta-hydroxy-parthenolide, costunolid, reynosin, 8-beta-hydroxy-reynosin, tanaparthin-alpha-peroxide, canin, artecanin, secotanapartholide A Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-0-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0glucoside, tanetin Polyynes: presumably only in fresh plants EFFECTS
Sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide, are the active compounds in Feverfew (Groenewegen, 1986; Sumner, 1992). Parthenolide, although a key determinant of biological activity for Tanacetum parthenium leaf extracts, is not the sole pharmacologically active constituent (Brown, 1997). Other sespuiterpene lactones such as 3-beta-hydroxyparthenolide, secotanapartholide A, canin and artecanin, contain an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit responsible for anti-secretory (anti-inflammatory) activity (Groenewegen, 1986). Physiochemical methods were used to measure partholide in several purported commercial Feverfew products. The results found a wide variation in partholide content
FEVERFEW/307
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
and in some products, partholide was not detected (Heptinstall, 1992).
ag
Crude chloroform extracts of fresh Feverfew leaves (rich in sesquiterpene lactones) and of commercially available powdered leaves (lactone-free) produce a dose-dependent inhibition of thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B4 (eicosanoids) for an anti-inflammatory effect (Sumner, 1992). Anti-inflammatory properties of Feverfew also consist of inhibition of cellular phospholipases. which prevents release of arachidonic acid (Makheja, 1982). Parthenolide and chrysanthenyl acetate have also been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase (Pugh, 1988). Extracts of Feverfew also inhibit granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Heptinstall. 1985). Major flavonol and flavone methyl ethers (tanetin) of the herb inhibit the major pathways of arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes (Williams, 1999).
Feverfew extract and parthenolide inhibit human blood aggregation and serotonin (5-HT) secretion by platelets (Groenewegen, 1990). The extract does this through neutralizing cellular sulfhydryl-affecting substances, which are fm properties of monocyte adherence (Krause, 1990). The chloroform extract of the Feverfew leaf contains an unidentified substance capable of producing a selective, openchannel block of voltage-dependent potassium channels, which results in an anti-spasmodic effect (Barsby, 1993). Feverfew extract inhibited anti-IgE-induced histamine release in a unique way, which concludes that Feverfew extract contains a novel type of mast cell inhibitor (Hayes, 1987). CLINICAL TRIALS
ffr
treatment group, thus suggesting that Feverfew may be taken prophylactically to prevent attacks of migraines (Johnson, 1985). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the use of dried chopped Feverfew (70-86 mg) in patients with symptomatic rheumatoid arthritis. There were 41 patients involved in the study, and they were observed during a 6week period. Variables assessed in the study included stiffness, pain (visual analogue scale), grip strength, articular index, full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urea, creatinine, C reactive protein, complement breakdown products, rheumatoid factor titre, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), functional capacity, and patient and observer global opinions. There were no important differences in clinical or laboratory variables between the groups during the study period (Pattrick, 1989). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Feverfew is used mainly for migraine, arthritis, rheumatic diseases and allergies. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Feverfew is used for cramps, as a tonic, a stimulant, a digestive agent and a blood purifier. Other uses in folk medicine include migraine prophylaxis, digestion problems, intestinal parasites and gynecological disorders. The herb is also used as a wash for inflammation and wounds, as a tranquilizer, an antiseptic, and following tooth extraction as a mouthwash. The infusion is used for dysmenorrhea. In post-natal care, Feverfew is used to reduce lochia. The drug is used externally as an antiseptic and insecticide. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The herb is not to be used during pregnancy or during breastfeeding.
The efficacy of dried Feverfew leaves for migraine prophylaxis was assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of 72 patients with classic or common migraine headaches for over 2 years. The effect of 1 capsule daily of Feverfew was determined by the use of diary cards and visual analogue scores. Duration of treatment was 4 months. After this time, Feverfew was associated with a reduction in number and severity of attacks in each 2-month period. The degree of vomiting was also reduced in the Feverfew treatment group. A significant improvement in the visual analogue scale was also observed in the Feverfew treatment group (Murphy, 1988).
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug has a high potential for sensitization via skin contact. Feverfew has been known to cross-react with Tansy, Yarrow, Marguerite, Aster, Sunflower, Laurel and Liverwort (Schmidt, 1986). A post-Feverfew syndrome has been reported in about 10% of migraine patients who abruptly stopped taking Feverfew. Rebound headaches, insomnia, muscle stiffness, joint pain, fatigue, nervousness and tension have occurred (Miller, 1998).
Patients already taking Feverfew for migraine prophylaxis were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The placebo groups had a significant increase in the frequency and severity of headache, nausea and vomiting with the emergence of untoward effects during the early months of treatment. There was no change in the frequency or severity of symptoms of migraine in the Feverfew |
Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal irritation and abdominal pain or heartburn have been reported (Johnson, 1985; Murphy, 1988; O'Hara, 1998). Glossitis and stomatitis are significant problems if they do occur (Brown, 1996). The occurrence of glossitis and stomatitis with encapsulated products has not been shown to be more common than placebo (Johnson, 1985; Murphy, 1988).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
308 /FEVERFEW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Skin: There are reports of allergic dermatitis on exposure to the leaves and petals of Feverfew (Schmidt, 1986). Two elderly individuals suffering from acute recurrent photodermatitis were shown to be allergic to Feverfew (Mensing, 1985). Eczema was reported in greenhouse workers exposed to various members of the Compositae family, including Feverfew (Paulsen, 1998). A recent investigation does not support the theory of airborne sesquiterpine lactone-containing plant parts, or of direct release of sesquiterpene lactones from living plants as the only explanations for airborne Compositae dermatitis (Christensen, 1999). Musculoskeletal: Feverfew contains sesquiterpenes (parthenolide and cynaropicrin), which have been shown to induce toxic and irreversible inhibition of smooth muscle contractility when there are high concentrations in the tissue (Hay, 1994). Drug Interactions: Although reports are sketchy, and most involve animal subjects and in vitro research, there is a strong possibility that Feverfew may interact with thrombolytics, anticoagulants and platelet aggregation. The mechanism of action is believed to be inhibition of arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for prostaglandins that are involved in the clotting mechanism. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Feverfew preparations are both internally and externally. How
used
Supplied:
Capsules — 80 mg, 380 mg, 384 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg Tablets — 12mg (standardized to 600 meg sesuiterpine lactone content) Preparation: To make an infusion, use 2 teaspoonfuls of the drug per cup, allow to draw for 15 minutes. To make a strong infusion, double the amount and allow to draw for 25 minutes. Daily
Dosage:
Capsules — 200 to 250 mg daily for the treatment of migraines; the usual standardization level is 0.2% parthenolide content (Brown, 1996). Freshly dried powdered Feverfew of 25 mg is approximately equal to 0.1 mg of sesquiterpine lactones (SL) (Mervyn,1986). Fresh leaf — 1 to 3 leaves (25 to 75 mg) once or twice daily has been recommended (Johnson et al, 1985; O'Hara, 1998). Unproven uses — 3 cups of the infusion are taken per day. The stronger infusions are used for washes. Storage: Store the herb in sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Abad MJ, Berjemo P, Villar A, Phytother Res 9:79-92. 1995. Anderson D, Jenkinson PC, Dewdney RS, Blower SD, Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Human Toxicol 7:145-152. 1988. Anonym, Naturmedizin: Mutterkraut gegen Migrane. In: DAZ 137(28):2424. 1997. Awang DVC, Dawson BA, Kindack DG, Crompton CW, Heptinstall S, JNP 54:1516-1521. 1991. Barsby RW, Knight DW, McFadzean I, A chloroform extract of the herb Feverfew blocks voltage-dependent potassium currents recorded from single smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993 Jul;45(7):641-5. Berry MI, (1984) Pharm J 232:611. Bohlmann F, Arndt C, Bomowski H, Kleine KM, Herbst P, Chem Ber 97, 1179-1192. 1964. Bohlmann F, Zdero C, (1982) Phytochemistry 21(10):2543. Brown AMG et al., Inhibition of human neutrophils by aqueous and organic extracts of Tanacetum ssp. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 66. 1996. Brown AM, Edwards CM, Davey MR et al., Pharmacological activity of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip): assessment by inhibition of human polymorphnuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997 May;49(5):558-61. Christensen LP; Jakobsen HB; Paulsen E et al. Airborne Compositae dermatitis: monoterpenes and no parthenolide are released from flowering Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) plants. Arch Dermatol Res 1999 Jul-Aug;291(7-8):425-31. Collier HOJ et al., (1980) Lancet 11:922. Deweerdt CJ, Bootsma HPR, Hendricks H, Herbal medicines in migraine prevention. In: Phytomedicine 3(3):225-230. 1996. Govindachari TR et al., (1964) Tetrahedron 21(6): 1509. Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, A comparison of the effects of an extract of Feverfew and parthenolide, a component of Feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990 Aug;42(8):553-557. Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, Lancet, No 8471, 44-45. 1986. Groenewegen WA, Knight DW, Heptinstall S. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986 Sep;38(9):709-712. Groenewegen WA, Knight DW, Heptinstall S, Progr Med Chem 29:217-238. 1992. Guin JD, Skidmore G, Arch Derm 123:500-503. 1987. Hay AJ, Hamburger M, Hostettmann K et al., Toxic inhibition of smooth muscle contractility by plant-derived sesquiterpenes caused by their chemically reactive alphamethylenebutyrolactone functions. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112:912. Hayes NA, Foreman JC, J Pharm Pharmacol 1987 Jun;39(6):466-70. Heptinstall S et al., (1985) Lancet 1:1071.
FICUS CARICA / 3 0 9
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Heptinstall S. Awang DVC, Dawson BA, Kindack D, Knight DW, May J, J Pharm Pharmacol 44:391-395. 1992. Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-456. 1984. Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J & Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987. Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987. Heptinstall S. J R Soc Med 81:373. 1988. Heptinstall S. White A. Williamson L, Mitchell J, Extracts of Feverfew inhibit granule secretion in the blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lancet 1985 May ll;l(8437):1071-4. Hylands PJ. Hylands DM. Dev Drugs Mod Med 100-104. 1986. Johnson ES. Kadam NP. Hylands DM et al., Efficacy of Feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Brit Med J 1985 Aug 31:291(6495) 291:569. Krause S, Arese P. Heptinstall S. Losche W. Influence of substances affecting cell sulfhydryl/disulfide status on ahderence of human monocytes. Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Jun;40(6):68992. g|
Losche W. Mazurov AV et al.. An extract of Feverfew inhibits interaction of human platelets with collagen substrates. Thromb Res. 1987; 48(5):511-518.
Pattrick M, Heptinstall S, Doherty M, Feverfew in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1989 Jul;48(7):547-9. Paulsen E. Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers (II). Etiological factors. Contact Dermatitis 1998 Jan:38(l):14-9. Pugh WJ. Sambo K. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in Feverfew. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988 Oct;40(10):743-5. Romo de Viva A, Jiminez H, (1965) Tetrahedron 21(7): 1742. Schmidt RJ, Plant dermatitis. Compositae. Clin Dermatol 1986 Apr-Jun:4(2):46-61. Sumner H. Salan U, Knight D. Hoult J, Inhibition of 5lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in leukocytes by feverfew. Involvement of sesquiterpene iactones and other components. Biochem Pharmacol 1992Jun 9:43(11):2313-20. Voyna-Yasenetskaja TA. Losche W, Groenewegen WA, Heptintall S, Repin VS, Till U, J Pharm Pharmacol 40:501-502. 1988. Warren RG. Austr J Pharm 67:475. 1986.
Losche W, Mazurov AV, Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA, Repin VS, Till U, Throm Res 48:511-518. 1978.
Williams CA, Harborne JB, Geiger H, Hoult JR, The flavonoids of Tanacetum parthenium and T. vulgare and their antiinflammatory properties. Phytochemistry 1999 Jun;51(3):417-23.
Losche W. Mazurow AV. Voyno-Yasenetskaja TA. Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall. Repin VS. Folia Haematol 115:181184. 1988.
Williams CA, Hoult JR, Harborne JB et al., A biologically active lipophilic flavonol from Tanacetum parthenium. Phytochemistry 1995 Jan;38(l):267-70.
Losche W, Michel E. Heptinstall S, Krause S, Groenewegen WA, Pescarmona GP, Thielmann K, Plant Med 54:381-384. 1988.
Willuhn G, Parthenolid - Sesquiterpenlacton zur Migriineprophylaxe. In: DAZ 133(37):3292. 1993.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM, (1981) Lancet 11:1054. Makheja AN, Bailey JM, A platelet phospholipase inhibitor from the medicinal herb Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982 Jun;8(6):653-60. Makheja AN. Bailey JM. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 8:653-660. 1982. Mensing H, Kimmig W & Hausen BJ, Airborne contact dermatitis. Hautarzt 1985; 36:398-402.
r
OHara MA, Kiefer D, Farrell K et al., A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7:523536.
Mervyn L, Standardized Feverfew preparations. Lancet 1986; 1:209. Miller LG, Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:2200-2211.
Further information in: Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte =- Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Mitchell JC, Geissman TA, Dupuis G, Towers GHN, Invest Dermatol 56:98-101. 1971. Murphy JJ, Heptinstall S, Mitchell JRA, Randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of Feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet 1988 Jul 23:2(8604): 189-192.
Ficus carica See Figs
3 1 0 / F I E L D SCABIOUS
Field Scabious Knautia arvensis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leafy stem including the flower heads and the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The flat-domed, composite flowers are on long, pubescent, glandular or non-glandular pedicles. The androgynous heads are 2 to 4 cm in diameter and contain 85 to 100 florets. The female capitula are smaller and contain 55 to 60 florets. The florets are blue-lilac, occasionally red-lilac or yellowish-white to pure white. The lateral florets are raylike. The 2- to 3-rowed involucre bracts are lanceolate, compressed and long-haired. The edge of the calyx has 8 to 16 bristles. The corolla is fused and 4 tipped. There are 4 stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The fruit is a nutlet 5 to 6 mm long and about 2 mm wide. The fruit is thickly covered in vertical hairs. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 30 to 150 cm high. The rhizome is branched and has a strong taproot. The rhizome produces a flowering stem from the leaf rosette, which survives the winter. The stem is erect, lightly branched and has short gray hairs. The leaves are opposite, gray-green and matte. The lower ones are petioled, oblong and entire-margined. The upper leaves are sessile, pinnatisect and have lanceolate tips.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for chronic skin diseases, eczema, anal fissures, pruritus ani, urticaria, scabies, favus, and for the cleansing and healing of ulcers. It is also used to treat coughs and throat complaints, as well as cystitis. Homeopathic Uses: Field Scabious is used in homeopathic remedies to treat respiratory tract inflammations and poor digestion. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Decoction and infusion preparations are used both internally and externally. Preparation: For preparation of the drug, use approximately 30 gm infusion or decoction, add to 1 liter of hot water, strain and cool. Daily Dosage: For chronic eczema, add 4 teaspoonfuls to 2 glasses of water, leave to draw for 10 minutes and drink during the course of the day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe except the Arctic. It is also found in the Caucasus and western Siberia. Production: Field Scabious herb consists of the leafy stems and flower heads and also occasionally the root of Knautia arvensis.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Devil's Bit, Seabridge ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Figs
Triterpene saponins: knautioside (1.1-1.7%)
Ficus carica
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol glucoside, knautiosides A and B Iridoide monoterpenes: including dipsacan Flavonoids: including leucanthoside, luteoloside Tannins EFFECTS
The drug is said to have an astringent, antiseptic, expectorant and even purgative effect. None of these effects have been proven.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit and the tree sap latex. Flower and Fruit: In its known form, the fig is neither a fruit nor a flower. It is a hollow, fleshy receptacle enclosing numerous flowers, which are never exposed to sunlight, but nevertheless develop fully and produce seeds. The inflorescence is hidden in the body of the fruit. The edge of the pearshaped receptacle is curved inwards forming an almost closed hollow space. The numerous fertile and sterile florets are on the inner surface. When it ripens, the receptacle
FIGWORT/311
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
enlarges and the one-seeded fruit becomes embedded in it. It appears as a single purple-brown fruit. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ficus carica is a deciduous, heavily branched tree growing to 4 m or more. The leaves are downy A. beneath and are 10 to 20 cm long, broad-ovate to orbicular with 3 to 5 deep lobes. Habitat: Indigenous to Asia Minor, Syria and Iran. It is cultivated or grows wild in many subtropical regions. Production: Figs consists of the dried fruits of Ficus carica. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flower and Fruit: The reddish-brown or greenish-yellow flowers are in terminal panicles. The calyx has 5 segments, with ovate, narrow-tunicate margined cusps. The corolla is a bilabiate, swollen, almost globular tube. The upper lip is divided into 2 and the lower lip is 3-lobed with revolute lobes. There are 4 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is an ovate, many-seeded, and pointed green capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows from 50 to 100 cm high. The root capitula have ovate, tuberous nodes. The stem is erect, sharply quadrangular, often purple, glabrous, and has a row of hairs at the nodes. The leaves are crossed opposite, dark green, oblong, double serrate and often cordate at the base.
Furanocoumarins: including psoralen, bergaptene Fruit acids: citric acid, malic acid
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, central Asia, and North America.
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (approximately 50%), to some extent transformed into inverted sugar
Other Names: Throatwort, Carpenter's Square, Kernel wort, Heal-All Scrofula Plant, Rosenoble
Mucilages
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Pectin Vitamin B and C ^
EFFECTS
No information is available INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fig preparations are used as a laxative. Chinese Medicine: In China, figs are used for dysentery and enteritis.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoides: including monoterpenes Flavonoids: including among others, diosmin Tannins Saponins EFFECTS
Figwort has a diuretic and mildly laxative effect. (No new research is available.) INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Unproven Uses: External uses as folk remedies have included skin rashes, venereal warts, hemorrhoids, lacrimation and earache. According to English sources, the plant was used as a remedy for rabies. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for low resistance, chronic tonsillitis, and tonsillar hypertony as well as for lymphedema.
Siewek F et al. (1985) Z NaturForsch 40 (1/2): 8.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Figwort
Preparation: Homeopathic preparations of the mother tincture are derived from the whole Figwort plant in dilutions.
Scrophularia nodosa
Homeopathic Dosage: 15 to 20 drops to be taken orally 3 times daily. Scrophularia nodosa can be administered by injection for long-term treatment
«
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the dried herb harvested before flowering, the herb with the root, and the root alone.
LITERATURE
Inouye H et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
3 1 2 /FIGWORT
Jerznanowska Z, Pijewska L, (1954) Acta Polon. Pharm l l : l . Kato Y, (1946) Foha Pharmacol Jap. 42:37 (via CA 47:1843) Pauli GF, Ofterdinger-Daegel, S, Teborg D, Digitalis, Scrophularia & Co. In: DAZ 135(2): 111.1995. Pethes E et al., (1973) Herba Hung 12:101. Swann K, Melville C, (1972) J Pharm Pharmacol 24:170P. Weinges K, Von der Eltz H. (1978) Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 1968. Further information in: Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Antibacterial activity of the phenolic acids fractions of Scrophularia frutescens and Scrophularia sambucifolia. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:11-4, Jul 26 1996. Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts and harpagoside isolated from Scrophularia frutescens L. Farmaco. 53:443-6, Jun 1996. Fernandez MA, Garcia MD. Saenz MT Gas chromatographic determination of chlorothalonil in leaves and roots of Scrophularia and in soil. J AOAC Int. 53:587-8, Mar-Apr 1996. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliehe Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
of about 30 to 35 anthers. The pollen is round and tricolporate. The female flowers have 3 tepals as well as small staminoids. The 3 or 4 carpels are set sideways on a central, erect fruit axis that becomes conically oblong when the fruit ripens. The style is inserted in the side and the stigma is turned back. The drupes are globose to reniform, 9 to 11 mm long, glabrous, and sit on the short, spreading branches of the fruit axis. The fruit is about 1 cm long, blackish, and contains a horseshoe-shaped seed. Leaves, Stem and Root: Anamirta cocculus are hardy, woody lianas with ash-gray to straw-yellow striped bark. The leaves are ovate to cordate. The leaf blade is 16 to 28 cm long and 10 to 24 cm wide and coriaceous. The main veins are arranged in palmate fashion at the base with parallel secondary veins. The 6 to 18 cm petiole is thickened at both ends. Characteristics: The fruit shell is tasteless, the seed is bitter and oily. Habitat: The plant grows in India. Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Production: Fish Berry seeds are the fruit of the false myrtle Anamirta cocculus. They are collected in the wild and sundried after harvesting. Other Names: Levant Nut, Crow Killer, Fish Killer, Indian Berry, Cocculus Indicus ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpens: picrotoxin, a mixture of picrotoxinine and its by product picrotin, picrotoxin acid methyl ester Isoquinoline alkaloids:
Filipendula ulmaria See Meadowsweet
Fish Berry Anamirta cocculus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the ripe, dried fruit. Flower and Fruit:' The plant's petiolate inflorescences are panicle-like, 16 to 40 cm long and usually inserted in the stem. Male flowers are occasionally axillary. The two outer petals are smaller and about 1 mm long. The inner ones are whitish or yellowish-green, broad-elliptoid, 2 to 3 mm long, in 2 alternating, triple whorls and are imbricate. The synandria are formed from a short-stemmed, globose cluster
menispermine, paramenispermine
Fatty oil EFFECTS
The effect of the drug is due to the picrotoxin content. Picrotoxin paralyzes presynaptic blocking mechanisms and, like strychnine, has an analeptic effect in low doses. The central ends of the parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, as is the medulla oblongata. Breathing frequency is initially increased and subsequently decreased. The pulse slows due to the stimulation of the vagus and an increase in blood pressure. Central nervous system-stimulated vomiting along with an increase in perspiration and saliva are probably also due to the action of picrotoxin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In the past, the drug was used as an insecticide in powder form for scabies. Its use against skin parasites and lice, while not substantiated, seems plausible. It was also used in cases of barbituric acid poisoning. In more recent times, it has been used in the treatment of peripheral and vestibular nystagmus, and in both long and short-term
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
therapy for peripherally based dizziness as well as travel sickness.
FLAX/313
Storage: Because they are poisonous, preparations should be secured in tightly closed containers, protected from light and unauthorized access.
Indian Medicine: The seeds have been used externally in India and on the Malaysian archipelago for gout, skin diseases and parasites. The tender leaves are used as a contracting agent for the womb after birth.
Frohne D, Pikrotoxin - Renaisssance eines "obsoleten"" pflanzlichen Arzneistoffes. In: ZPT 10(3): 101. 1989.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for nervous exhaustion, attacks of dizziness, cramps, paralysis, dysmenorrhea and occipital headaches. Efficacy has not been proven.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is very poisonous. Mild poisonings cause headache, dizziness, nausea, coordination disturbances, general depression and spastic twitching. OVERDOSAGE
With high dosages, the symptoms above are followed by frequent vomiting, sleepiness and tonic-clonic spasms. Death follows, often not until days later, through asphyxiation and heart failure. Two to three Cocculus kernels can be fatal. Treatment consists of inducing vomiting and/or gastric lavage, purging with sodium sulphate, instillation of activated charcoal and forced diuresis. The spasms should be suppressed with diazepam, but only as much as is absolutely necessary. In case of fever, the patient should be wrapped in ice packs, administered high-caloric infusions and possibly given oxygen respiration. Phenothiazines and analeptics should be avoided.
LITERATURE
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl.. Bde 1-3. W. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3. Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H. Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart. Jena. New York 1995.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In combination preparations. How Supplied: Commercial preparations include ampules, drops and tablets. Preparation: Liquid extract is prepared using a l:l ratio of the drug and 90% ethanol A mixture of the extract and coconut oil is prepared using a ratio of 1:8
Flax Linum
usitatissimum
TRADE NAMES
Bio flax, Flaxseed Oil, New Energy DESCRIPTION
Tincture: 1:10 tincture: 70% ethanol Unguetum cocculi: 125 g extract plus 650 g coconut oil plus 50 g beeswax and 250 g paraffin Picrotoxin extraction is made using special procedures; maximum yield 1.5% Daily Dosage: One to 5 mg can be taken by healthy patients who do not experience side effects. For peripheral states of dizziness: 1 mg to 5 mg (picrotoxin) slow intravenous infusion. As a long-term treatment: 1 mg suppositories for 3 weeks.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stem as a sterile linen thread, the oil extracted from the seeds, the dry ripe seeds, the linseed cakes and the fresh flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are panicle-like loose cymes on long peduncles in the leaf axils of the upper part of the stem. They have 5 ovate, acuminate, finely ciliate sepals and 5 obovate petals, which are sky blue and longer than the sepals. There are 5 stamens fused at the base and 1 ovary. The fruit is an almost globular, 6 to 8 mm long capsule on an erect or slightly bent stem. The seeds are flat, brown and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grow> Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every from 20 to 150 cm high. The root is short, fusiform and light 30 to 60 minutes (for acute conditions), or 1 ml twice a week sc or ointment 1 or 2 times daily for chronic conditions. I| yellow. The stem is unbranched, erect or ascending in shon
314/FLAX
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
curves. The leaves are smooth edged, gray-green, sessile and almost awn-like acuminate. Characteristics: The plant flowers only in the morning. Habitat: The plant is cultivated in temperate and tropical, regions the world over. Production: Flaxseed consists of the dried, ripe seed of the collective variations of Linum usitatissimum as well as its preparations. The various cultivars of Linum usitatissimum are equally acceptable for the indications listed. The plant is cultivated. The ripe seeds are recovered from the capsules by threshing. The oil contained within the seeds is perishable. Processing of the seeds should take place by cold pressing at a temperature below 40° C. Not to be Confused With: Lolium temulentum and weed seeds. Other Names: Flaxseed, Lint Bells, Winterlien, Linseed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
• Inflammation of the skin Unproven Uses: Internally, Flax is used for irritable colon, diverticulitis and as mucilage for gastritis and enteritis. A decoction is used for bladder catarrh and inflammation, gastritis. Externally, Flaxseed is used for removing foreign bodies from the eye. A single Flaxseed is moistened and placed under the eyelid, the foreign body should stick to the mucous secretion of the seed; as cataplasm for local skin inflammation. Indian Medicine: Flax is used in India as a tea for coughs, bronchial conditions, urethritis, diarrhea and gonorrhea; externally for skin infections. The seeds are also used in Indian veterinary medicine. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Flaxseed is contraindicated in the following conditions: ileus, stricture of the esophagus and in the gastrointestinal area, acute inflammatory illnesses of the intestine, of the esophagus and of the stomach entrance.
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages (3-10%, in the epidermis, high swelling capacity): including arabinoxylans, galactans, rhamnogalacturonans Cyanogenic glycosides (0.05-0.1%): linustatin and neolinustatin (yielding under optimal conditions 30-50 mg HCN per 100 gm) Fatty oil (30-45%): chief fatty acids linolenic acid (40-70%), linoleic acid (10-25%), oleic acid (13-30%) Proteins (20-27%) Lignans: secoisolariciresinol-diglucoside Phenylpropane linusitamarine
derivatives:
including
among
others,
EFFECTS
The bulk material and mucins (swelling agent and mucilage) are responsible for the laxative effect. In animal experiments a reduction of cholesterol levels in the liver was observed (due to the unsaturated fatty acids). A blood sugar lowering effect was also proven. The antitumoral effect is attributed to the lignans (lignans are antimycotic, anti-oxidative and anti-estrogenic).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The use of large quantities of the drug as a laxative with too little fluid intake can lead to an ileus. The cyanogenic glycosides present no danger with the intake of therapeutic dosages; the glycosides are broken down only to a limited extent in the body. An elevation in the concentration of cyanide ions and of the detoxification product thiocyanic acid in the blood could not be demonstrated. It is recommended that if flaxseed is taken for inflammatory bowel conditions, that the flaxseed be preswollen before use (Bisset & Wichtl, 1994). Drug Interactions: The absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously may be delayed. Food Interactions: The absorption of Flaxseed oil is facilitated when taken with food. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally, the cracked or coarsely ground seed, in which only the cuticle and mucilage epidermis are damaged is used. Linseed gruel and other galenic preparations are also available for internal use. Externally, as linseed meal or linseed expellent.
Toxic principle: there is a discussion on the toxic effect of the cyanogenic glycosides in the drug which may cause prussic acid poisoning in humans. However, neither high single doses nor chronic intake of linseed have caused any signs of poisoning in humans.
Capsules — 1000 mg, 1300 mg
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Oil
Approved by Commission E:
Seeds (whole or crushed)
• Constipation
Powder
How Supplied:
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
FOENICULUM
VULGARE/315
Preparation: To prepare a demulcent for use in gastritis and enteritis, allow 5 to 10 gm of whole seeds to stand in cold water for 20 to 30 minutes, then pour off the liquid (Bisset & Wichtl, 1994).
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Daily
Schulz V, (1984) Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nitroprusside, Cyanide, Thiosulphate and Thiocyanate. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9:239-251.
Dosage:
Constipation — l dessertspoon of whole or bruised (not ground) seed with at least 150 ml of liquid 2 to 3 times daily. Lower Cholesterol — 35 to 50 gm daily of the crushed seeds. May be incorporated into muffins or breads (Arjmandi et al, 1998). Decrease platelet aggregation — l to 2 tablespoonfuls flaxseed oil daily (Allman et al, 1995). Gastritis and enteritis — 2 to 4 tablespoons of milled linseed prepared as recommended above (the seeds should not be taken in the dry state, should be pre-hydrated.) External — 30 to 50 gm Flaxseed flour for a hot moist cataplasm or compress. Storage: Flaxseed oil must be processed and stored properly (see "Production" above). Flaxseed meal is less vulnerable to rancidity when exposed to light and heat than the processed oil. The seeds should be protected from light and stored in a sealed container. The oil should also be protected from light and should be refrigerated. LITERATURE
Allman MA, Pena MM & Pang D: Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflower seed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. In: Eur J Clin Nutr 49(3): 169-178, 1995. Anonym, Leinol als diatetisches Adjuvans. In: DAZ 135(16): 1501. 1995. Anonym, Leinsamen (Semen Lini) ist ungiftig. In: ZPT 5:770. 1984. Anonym, Pharmaceutical Care:"'Den Mifjbrauch von Laxanzien vermeiden helfen." In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995. Arjmandi BH, Khan DA. Juma S et al., Whole flaxseed consumption lowers serum LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) concentrations in postmenopausal women. In: Nutr Res 18(7): 1203-1214, 1998. Bisset NG & Wichtl M (eds): Lini semen. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, CRC Press, Stuttgart, Germany, pp 298-300. 1994. Curry CE, (1982) Laxative products. In: Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. Am Pharmac Assoc, Washington, S 6992. Ecker-Schlipf B, Ostrogensubstitution mit Leinsamen und Sojamehl. In: DAZ 131(19):953. 1991.
Schiebel-Schlosser G, Leinsamen - die richtige Wahl. In: PTA 8(4):300. 1994.
Schulz V, Loffler A, Gheorghiu Th, (1983) Resorption von Blausaure aus Leinsamen. Leber Magen Darm 13:10-14. Sewing KFR, (1986) Obstipation. In: Fulgraff G, Palm D (Hrsg) Pharmakotherapie. Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Auflage. Fischer, Stuttgart, S 162-168. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfiinder HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur potheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachvedag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Foeniculum vulgare See Fennel
316/FOOL'S
PARSLEY
Fool's Parsley Aethusa cynapium
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fool's Parsley has been used for gastrointestinal complaints in children, infantile cholera, summer diarrhea and convulsions.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the entire fresh plant and the dried aerial parts (herb). Flower and Fruit: The plant has white long-stemmed umbels with many florets and no involucre. The calyx has 5 fused sepals. There are 5 white, sometimes reddish, obcordate, irregular petals. The flowers have 5 stamens and a 2-valved ovate ovary. The fruit is a 3 to 5 mm wide, globose schizocarp, straw yellow when ripe with red-brown stripes; it opens easily. Each section has 5 triangular ribs with l or 2 oil grooves in the hollow and 2 in the joints. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafy, 60 cm high annual or biennial plant. The root is thin, spindle-shaped and whitish. The stem is erect, round, grooved, hollow, glabrous and usually forked with a bluish bloom, which rubs off when handled. The leaves are glossy, dark green above and light green beneath. Leaflets are serrate with a triangular outline and double to treble pinnatifid. They give off an unpleasant garlic odor when rubbed. Characteristics: The plant is poisonous. The plant can be mistaken for Parsley because of its similar appearance, but the plant is poisonous and can have fatal consequences. This similarity has resulted in its being given the name Fool's Parsley. It also bears a resemblance to Hemlock, though it is not as poisonous. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern and central Europe, introduced into North America; cultivated and used as an ornamental plant for meadows in southern Germany. Not to be Confused With: Young garden parsley is very similar. However, it differs in the glossiness of the underside surface of the leaf and pungent, burning, garlic-like smell of the leaves when rubbed. Other Names: Dog Poison, Fool's-Cicely, Small Hemlock, Dog Parsley, Lesser Hemlock ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Polyynes: (only in freshly-harvested leaves) including aethusin, aethusanol A, aethusanol B Flavone glycosides: including rutoside, narcissine, camphor oil-3-glucorhamnoside Ascorbic
acid
Homeopathic Uses: Aethusa cynapium is used for milk intolerance in children, pylorus cramp, acute diarrhea with vomiting and poor concentration (HABl). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Fool's Parsley is considered a toxic plant. The older literature contains descriptions of poisonings, sometimes fatal, occurring as a result of confusing garden parsley with the freshly harvested drug. Probably, however, these had to do with poisonings by spotted hemlock. Caution should nevertheless be exercised. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The juice of the fresh drug is used in poultices; also available as alcoholic extracts. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10 globules, I to 3 times daily; injection solution l ml twice weekly sc (HABl). LITERATURE
Bohlmann F, et al., Chem Ber 93:981. 1968. Bohlmann F, et al., Chem Ber 88:1245. 1960. Teuscher E. et al., PA 45:537. 1990. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Forget-Me-Not Myosotis arvensis
EFFECTS
DESCRIPTION
No information is available.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering plant.
HERBAL
FRANGULA / 3 1 7
MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The blue flowers are in leafless racemes. The calyx is fused and leaf-like with 5 tips. The corolla is shaped like a stemmed plate, has 5 tips, and is glabrous with yellow scales in the tube. The tube is enclosed in the calyx. There are 5 stamens and a 4-valvular ovary. The fruit stems ^g* are twice as long as the caylx and stand out. The calyx is closed when the fruit ripens. The fruit is composed of 4 nutlets. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is leafy and grows from 15 to 40 cm high. The stem is erect or ascendent and pubescent. The leaves are alternate. The lower leaves are petiolate and oblong-obovate, the upper ones sessile and lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe. Production: Forget-Me-Not is the flowering plant Myosotis arvensis. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid # EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Forget-Me-Not is used in the treatment of respiratory disorders and nose bleeds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity are possible consequences when taken internally, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances. Therefore, the drug should not be taken internally. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is administered ground and as an extract for external use. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag £ Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Frangula Rhamnus frangula DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark of the trunk and branches and the fresh bark of the trunk and branches. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2 to 10 axillary blossomed cymes on pedicles that are 1 to 3 times as long. The flowers are greenish white, infundibular, 3 to 4 mm long with 5 sepals and 5 petals, which are initially pubescent. The sepals are 3 mm long, oblong-triangular and acute. The petals are whitish, erect and stemmed. The petals enclose the stamens. The stamens are somewhat shorter than the petals and have large anthers and short filaments. The fruit is a globular, initially green, later red when ripe. The blackpurple drupe is about 8 cm wide containing 2 to 3 seeds. The seeds are wide, flat triangular-lentil-shaped with a longer, very narrow groove. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a thornless, 1 to 3 m high bush or a 7 m high weedy tree. The branches are piled on the boughs and densely foliated. The bark is initially green later gray-brown and covered in gray-white lenticles. The leaf buds are pubescent. The leaves are thin, soft when young later becoming stiffer. They are broadly elliptical to obovate and about 3.5 to 5 cm long. The leaves are usually entire-margined and pubescent on the ribs of the under surface. Characteristics: The heartwood is bright yellow-red. The odor is somewhat foul and the taste is disgustingly bitter. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to all of Europe, Western Asia, Asia Minor and the Caucasus; it has spread to the wild in North America. Production: Frangula bark consists of the dried bark of the trunks and branches of Rhamnus frangula. The bark is peeled in May and June, then either dried and stored for 1 year to dry or heated for 1 hour at 100° C. Other Names: Buckthorn, Frangula, Alder Buckthorn, Black Alder, Dog Wood, Black Dogwood, Black Alder Tree, European Black Alder, Black Alder Dogwood, Arrow Wood, European Buckthorn, Persian Berries, Alder Dogwood ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (4 to 6%): anthranoids, chief components glucofrangulin A, glucofrangulin A-diacetate (estered at rhamnose remnant), as well as frangulin A, frangulin C
Fragaria vesca
Naphthalene derivatives: naphthoquinones
See Strawberry
Peptide alkaloids (traces): including frangulanine
318/FRANGULA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
EFFECTS
Preparations:
The bark contains anthracene derivatives and their aglycones which have an anti-absorptive and hydrogogic effect. The anthracene derivatives induce active secretion of electrolytes and water in the intestinal lumina and inhibit the absorption of electrolytes and water from the colon by stimulating propulsive contractions. This results in accelerated intestinal passage time. In this manner, the increased water and subsequent volume of the intestinal content raise pressure and stimulate intestinal peristalsis.
Tea — scald 2 gm finely cut drug and strain after 15 minutes. The drug may also be left to steep in cold water for 12 hours.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Constipation Unproven Uses: Frangula bark is used to ease bowel evacuation in the case of anal fissures, hemorrhoids and after rectal-anal surgery. It may also be used in preparation for exploratory surgery of the gastrointestinal tract. Homeopathic Uses: Rhamnus frangula is used for weak digestion with a tendency to diarrhea. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used with intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory intestinal diseases, appendicitis or with children under 12 years of age. The drug is not to be administered during pregnancy or while nursing. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Long-term use leads to loss of electrolytes, especially potassium ions. This may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive steroids, which may lead to arrhythmias. Nephropathies, edema and accelerated bone deterioration are possible after long term use. The question of an increased incidence of carcinoma of the colon following long-term administration of anthracene drugs has not yet been fully clarified. Recent studies show no definite connection between the administration of anthracene drugs and the frequency of carcinoma of the colon. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Vomiting and spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints could occur as side effects to the drug's purgative effect or with overdosages.
Dry extract — percolation of 100 gm bark with methanol, after 1 day 400 gm to 500 gm percolate are extracted. The liquids (percolate and pressed juice) are left to stand for 8 days at 2 to 8° C before being filtered and dried. The glucofrangulin content must be stabilized at 15 to 17%. Daily Dosage: 20 anthracene derivatives
mg
to
180
mg
hydroxy-
Tea — 1 cup mornings and evenings The correct dosage for each individual is the smallest dosage necessary to maintain a soft stool. Frangula bark should not be used continuously for more than 1 or 2 weeks. Homeopathic Dosage: from D3: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1) Storage: Frangula may be stored for at least 1 year if protected from light and moisture. LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ 136(38):3253-2354. 1996. Anonym. Pharmaceutical Care: "Den MiJ3brauch von Laxanzien vermeiden helfen". In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995. Demirezer LO. Glucofrangulinanthrone A/B, deren Oxidationsformen und davon abgeleitete Zuckerester aus Rhamnus-Arten. In: Dissertation Universitat Frankfurt/Main. 1991. Helmholz H, Ruge A, Piasecki A, Schroder S, Westendorf J, Genotoxizitiit der Faulbaumrinde. In: PZ 138(43):3478. 1993. Pailer M, Haslinger E, (1972) Monatsh. Chem 103:1399. Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL, Rosier KHA, Blosmster RN, Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:2463-2466. 1991. Van Os FHL, (1976) Pharmacology I4(Suppf 1)7:18. Wagner H et al., (1978) Planta Med 33:53. Further information in:
DOSAGE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Mode of Administration: Frangula Bark is available in solid pharmaceutical form and in commercial compounded preparations for oral intake. It is also available parenterally for homeopathic use.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, ^tk 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
#
Frankincense Boswellia
carteri
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the resin gum exuded when incisions are made in the bark of the trunk.
FRANKINCENSE / 3 1 9
Other Names: Olibanum ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (5-9%): chief components 1-octyl acetate (sliare 60%), 1-octanol (share 12.7%), including as well alphapinene (3.5%), incensol (2.7%) Resins (60%): components including among others alphaboswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid, methyl ester of 3-acetylpVboswellic acid Mucilages
(12-20%)
EFFECTS
Externally, Frankincense can cause mild irritation of the skin. Internally, it is a mild carminative. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The drug is considered obsolete for medicinal use because its mode of action has not been documented. In vitro, the alpha and beta boswellic acids showed antimicrobial activity and inhibited the complementary system. The mucin, triterpene and essential oil content make application for respiratory conditions and its use for wounds seem plausible. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is considered obsolete, even though no health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary on short stalks and single axillary inflorescences. The calyx is small, 5toothed and perennial. The corolla has 5 elongated petals, and there are 5 stamens. The long anthers fall early. The fruit is a capsule divided into 3 parts with a seed in each section. The seeds are surrounded by a wide membranous leaf.
*
Leaves, Stem and Root: Boswellia carteri is a richly foliated tree whose leaves alternate unevenly on the branches to the tips. The 10 pairs and one leaflet are short-stalked, elongated, blunt, serrate, finely pubescent and mostly alternate. The base of the leaf is a fleshy cup-shaped disc that is larger than the corolla. The plant grows on few roots, which appear to be fused with the stony soil via an inert mass. Habitat: Boswellia carteri is found in Somalia and parts of Saudi Arabia. Production: (Indian) Frankincense or Olibanum is the hardened gum resin of Boswellia carteri, which exudes when incisions are made in the trunk. It is collected after being allowed to harden in the open air for about three weeks. Not to be Confused With: The exuded gum resin of the trunk of Boswellia serrata also is called Frankincense or Olibanum.
Preparation: The Frankincense resin is obtained by tapping the bark and leaving the exudate for about three months, during which time it hardens slightly, allowing the resin to be collected. LITERATURE
Ammon HPT, Entziindliche Darmerkrankungen: Weihrauch bei Colitis ulcerosa, siehe auch folgenden Artikel. In: DAZ 137(3): 125. 1997. Ammon HPT, Hemmstoffe der Leukotrienbiosynthese. In: DAZ 137(3): 139-40. 1997. Ammon HPT, Weihrauch - ein neuer Weg in der Therapie der •"Entziindungen. In: DAZ 132(45).2442. 1991. Ammon S, Ein pflanzliches Antirheumaticum. In: DAZ 131(19):972. 1991. Ammon T, Lipoxygenasehemmer aus Weihrauch. In: DAZ 133(37):3295. 1993. Anonym, Weihrauchtherapie. In: DAZ 134(4):324-325. 1995. Hoernlein RF et al., Die Hemmung der 5-Lipoxygnesae durch Acetyl-11-keto-P-Boswelliasaure (AKBA): StrukturWirkungsbeziehungen. In: 8. Fruhjahrstagung der DPhG, Salzau, Abstracts, in PUZ 25(3): 140. 1996.
320
/FRANKINCENSE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ 137(8):611-613. 1997. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Martinetz D, Der Indische Weihrauch - neue Aspekte eines alten Harzes. In: ZPT 13(4): 121. 1992. Miiller-Bohn T, Chemie und Pharmakologie des Weihrauchs: Boswelliasauren gegen chronische Polyarthritis und Colitis ulcerosa. In: DAZ 136(48):4324-4325. 1996. Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatric In: ZPT 18(3): 165-162. 1997. Rail B et al., Boswellic acids and protease activity (s.auch foigende Abstracts). In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):105. 1995. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wasielewski S, Maligne G, Weihrauchextrakt bei bosartigen Hirntumoren. In: DAZ 137(26):2250-2251. 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
which are bushily branched with flowering branches at the top. The leaves are simple, lanceolate-linear, 2 to 10 cm by 2 to 10 mm, thorn-tipped, entire or slightly serrate, and somewhat glossy. Characteristics: The odor is aromatic and intense. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Germany, Russia and southern Europe. Production: French Tarragon leaves or herbs are picked when in bloom and carefully dried. Other Names: Little Dragon, Mugwort, Estragon ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil of complex, variety-specific composition (0.253.1%): chavicol methyl ether dominates in German species, accompanied by ocimene, myrcene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, linalool Flavonoids: including quercetin and patuletin glycosides Hydroxycoumarins: including herniarin, scopoletin hocoumarins:
including artemidin
Polyynes EFFECTS
Fraxinus excelsior
The essential oil of the drug is an appetite stimulant.
See Ash
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: French Tarragon is used as an appetite stimulant.
Fraxinus ornus
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Manna
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
French Tarragon
Mode of Administration: Both the fresh and dried plant is used, mostly as a culinary herb.
DOSAGE
Artemisia dracunculus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial parts of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are drooping, almost globular and 2 to 3 mm across. They are whitish, later reddish, and clustered in loose panicles. The sepals of the epicalyx are oblong-elliptic and mostly green; the inner ones are ovate with a broad membranous edge. The ray florets are female. The disc florets are androgynous and infertile. The corolla is yellow with a glabrous receptacle. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a glabrous, 60- to 120cm high herbaceous perennial. There are numerous stems,
LITERATURE
Balza F, Jamieson L, Towers GHN, Chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus. In: JNP 48:339. 1985. Greger H, Bohlmann F, Zdero Ch, Neue Isocumarine aus Dracunculus. In: PH 16:795. 1977. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lakupovic J, Tan RX, Bohlmann F, Jia ZJ, Huneck S, Acetylenes and other constituents from Artemisia dracunculus. In: PM 57:450. 1992. Marco JA et al., Sesquiterpenes lactones from Artemisia species. In: PH 32:460. 1993.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Schormiiller B, In: Schormiiller J: Alkaloidhaltige Genuf5rriittel, Gewiirze, Kochsalz, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1970. Thieme H, Nguyen XT, PA 27:255-265. 1972. 4Kb Vostrowsky O et al., Uber die Komponenten des atherischen Ols aus Estragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.). In: Z Lebensm Untersuch Forsch 173:365-367. 1981.
Fringetree Chionanthus virginicus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root or tree bark. Flower and Fruit: The tree bears long peduncles of white, snowdrop-like flowers with fringed petals the same size as magnolia flowers. The flowers are androgynous, but on some stalks the flowers are almost exclusively male or female. The calyx is short and consists of four parts. The four petals are fused at the base. They are initially green but turn snow white and extend about 2.5 cm. Two stamens are enclosed in the short tube. The fruit is 1.5 to 2 cm across, dark blue to black, and oval and with a hard stone. Leaves, Stem and Root: Fringetree is a deciduous shrub or tree up to 10 m tall. The leaves are smooth or downy, oblong or oval, 7.5 to 20 cm long and opposite. The root bark is about 3 mm thick and consists of irregular, quilled pieces up to about 8 cm long. The exterior of the bark is dull brown with concave scars. The inner surface is smooth and buff colored. The fracture is short and dense with projecting bundles of stone cells. Characteristics: Fringetree is almost odorless and very bitter. The bark is so dense that, unlike most other barks, it sinks in water. Habitat: Fringetree grows in the central and southern U.S. and also in eastern Asia. Production: Fringetree root bark is the root bark of Chionanthus virginicus. Other Names: Gray Beard Tree, Old Man's Beard, Poison Ash, Snowflower, White Fringe, Chionanthus, Snowdrop Tree ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Lignane glycosides: phillyrin (chioanthine) Saponins
FROSTWORT/321 EFFECTS
Fringetree, because of its saponin content, is said to have hepatic, cholagogue, diuretic and tonic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fringetree is used in treatment of the liver and gallbladder conditions (including gallstones). North American folk uses include jaundice, hepatatrophy, wounds and ulcers. Homeopathic Uses: Although mention is made of significant homeopathic use, no details are given. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract and preparations are administered internally. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AutL. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Jacober H, Pharm Acta Helv 34:585. 1959.
Frostwort Helianthemum canadense DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers twice each season, once early and again near the end. The first flowers are flat with large, bright yellow petals. The second flowers are in terminal clusters. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that grows 3 to 6 cm high and has a simple, erect and sparsely branched white stem. The few branches are slender and purplish-green with opposite leaves and leaf scars. The leaves are linear, up to 1.5 cm long, grayish-green and downy. Characteristics: The taste is astringent and bitter. The plant is odorless. Habitat: Frostwort is indigenous to the eastern U.S., but is now also found in Europe. Production: Frostwort is the aerial part of Helianthemum canadense.
3 2 2 /FROSTWORT
Other Names: Frost Plant. Frostweed, Rock-Rose, Sun Rose ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Tannins Glycoside:
helianthinin
The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated. EFFECTS
Frostwort is astringent and tonic.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
crimson to pink. But like the inner petals they are dark-red to black at the tip and have a green keel. The fruit, which appears in the flowering season, is nut-like, globular, slightly flattened at the side, green and has a dent in the top. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 50 cm high and has a tender, erect, angular, branched, hollow and glabrous stem which, like the leaves, is bluish green. The leaves are alternate and divided into 3-pinnate sections. They are petiolate, double pinnate, soft with petioled palmate or pinnatifid pinna.
^
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The herb is used internally for digestive disorders and externally for ulcers. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Frostwort is administered as a liquid extract.
Characteristics: The herb has a bitter, salty taste. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region to northern Africa and in all of Europe and Siberia. The herb has been introduced into North and South America. Production: Common Fumitory herb consists of the dried, above ground parts of Fumaria officinalis, gathered during the flowering season.
LITERATURE
Not to be Confused With: The very similar species F. vaillanti and F. schleicheri.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.h Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Other Names: Earth Smoke, Hedge Fumitory, Beggary, Fumus, Vapor, Wax Dolls
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena. New York 1995.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Flavonoids: including rutin Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: acid
including caffeoylmalic
Isoquinoline alkaloids: some of them include -
Fucus vesiculosus
Protoberberine-type: including (-)-scoulerine
See Bladderwrack
Protopine-type: including protopine; main alkaloid Spirobenzylisoquinoline-type: fumaricine, (+)-fumariline
Fumaria officinalis
Indenobenzazepine-type: including fumaritine, fumarofine
See Fumitory
Organic acids: fumaric acid EFFECTS
Fumitory Fumaria officinalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb and the aerial parts of the fresh flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The short pedicled flowers are in erect, dense, terminal racemes opposite the leaves and are 5 to 8 mm long. The outer petals are rounded at the front and are
Fumitory has a light, antispasmodic effect on the bile ducts and the gastrointestinal tract. It is also amphicholeretic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Liver and gallbladder complaints Spastic discomfort in the area of the gallbladder and bile ducts, as well as the gastrointestinal tract. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb has been used for skin diseases, constipation, cystitis, arteriosclerosis, rheuma-
^
G A L B A N U M /323
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
tism, arthritis, as a blood purifier, hypoglycemia and for infections. Homeopathic Uses: for chronic, itching eczema resulting j ^ t from liver disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Snowdrop
Galbanum
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Ferula gummosa
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and its galenic preparations for internal use.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oily gum-resin.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 2 to 3 gm drug and strain after 20 minutes. Daily Dosage: 6 gm of drug. Infusions for gallbladder complaints, drink 1 warm cup 30 minutes before meals. Pressed juice—2 to 3 teaspoons (2.4 to 3.5 gm drug) daily as a cold or hot infusion. Grated fresh plant—1 teaspoon 3 times daily (about 50% plant material). Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). Storage: Protect from light and moisture. LITERATURE
Duke JA, (1985) Die amphocholeretische Wirkung der Fumaria officinalis. Z Allg Med 34: 1819.
Two types of Galbanum are used: Levant or Soft Galbanum is more viscous and often contains small root pieces. Persian or Hard Galbanum sometimes contains pieces of stem and is friable in texture. Flower and Fruit: The plant bears yellowish-white flowers in a few flat umbels. The fruit is thin and flat. The seeds are glossy. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ferula gummosa is a perennial plant with a firm, smooth and hollow stem that grows up to 1.75 m tall. The leaflets are glossy, ovate, wedge-shaped and have sharply serrate margins. Characteristics: The gum-resin occurs in translucent, yellowish or bluish-green masses of tears. Soft Galbanum (Levant) is more viscous and may contain small pieces of root. Hard Galbanum (Persian) is friable and may contain pieces of stem. The odor is similar to musk or turpentine. Habitat: The plant is found in central Asia, Iran, the Mediterranean region and also at the Cape of Good Hope.
Hahn R, Nahrstedt A, High Content of Hydroxycinnamic Acids Esterified with (+)-D-Malic-Acid in the Upper Parts of Fumaria officinalis. In: PM 59(2): 189. 1993.
Production: Galbanum is the resin from the roots and trunk of Ferula gummosa and other related varieties. The exuding resin is collected from the pith without wounding the plant.
Mardirossian ZH et al.. PH 22:759. 1983.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1. Further information in:
W
Galanthus nivalis
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
COMPOUNDS
Resinous substances (60%): chiefly galbaresenic acid and galbanic acid Mucilages
(40%)
Volatile oil (10-20%): including among others, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, myrcene, cadinenes, guaiazulene, aroma bearer undecatriene
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The drug acts as stimulant, expectorant, and vulnerary. In vitro an antimicrobial effect has been proven.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Internally, Galbanum is used for digestive disorders and flatulence; externally it is used in the treatment of wounds.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
324/GALBANUM PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal and external use. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.l. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Autl. Bde 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Galega officinalis
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in loose, globose inflorescences. The flowers are fused and grow in fives. The corolla is funnel-shaped, the 2-part ovary is inferior. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule opening on 2 sides. The seeds are long-winged at both ends. Leaves, Stem and Root: This woody liana or climbing shrub has leaves that are opposite and short-petiolate. Young branches are 4-sided or orbicular and have pairs of stipules. Using Uncaria gambir as a prototype, the calyx is 5-tipped, the corolla light purple. The leaves are 6 to 11 mm long with a I to 2 cm long petiole, coriaceous, lanceolate to oval, entire, pubescent at the veins. After the leaf-axillary flower branches drop, a barbed tendril, which is 1 to 2 cm long and woody, is formed.
See Goat's Rue
Habitat: Indonesia and Malaysia
Galeopsis segetum
Production: Yellow catechu is the dried aqueous extract of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria gambir. Cultivated stock is harvested, then the leaves and shoots are boiled with water to form a decoction that is pressed and evaporated to the consistency of syrup. The resulting lumps are dried in the sun.
See Hempnettle
Not to be Confused With: Acacia
Galipea officinalis See Angostura
Other Names: Yellow Catechu ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Galium aparine See Cleavers
Galium odoratum
Catechin tannins (20 to 50%): among them gambirines Al to A3 (astringently active flavanol dimers) Flavanols (JO to 50%): particularly (+)-catechin, gambirines Bl to B3 (dimers) Indole alkaloids of the beta-carboline type (presumably only traces in the drug): including gambirtanine, dihydrogambirtanine
See Sweet Woodruff
EFFECTS
Galium verum
The drug is astringent in effect because of the tannins it contains, which are also said to exhibit antibacterial and algicidal efficacy. The flavonoid fraction (cyanidanol = (+)catechin) is said to be hepatoprotective in effect.
See Lady's Bedstraw
Gambir Uncaria species
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Catechu tincture is used in folk medicine for diarrhea, nausea and gastrointestinal disturbances. Decoction is used for ulcers of the stomach and oral mucosa, and also asthma. The effect for diarrhea appears plausible because of the tannin content.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and young shoots of the plant.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug for internal use. ,
Preparation: Tincture: 200 g drug (pounded), 50 g cut cinnamon to 1 liter 45% ethanol, macerated (BP88) Daily Dosage: 0.5 to 2 g drug; Catechu Tincture: 2.5 to 5 ml LITERATURE
Balz JP. Das NP. Uncaria elliptica a major source of rutin. Planta Med, 25:174-7, 1979 Jun. Blaschek W. Hansel R. Keller K. Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1998. Chang CC. Tung LH. Chen RR. Chiueh CC, A study on the antihypertensive action of uncarine A, an alkaloid of Uncaria formosana used in Chinese herb medicine. Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih. 25:61-9, 1979 Feb. Chang P. Koh YK. Geh SL. Soepadmo E. Goh SH. Wong AK, Cardiovascular effects in the rat of dihydrocorynantheine isolated from Uncaria callophylla. J Ethnopharmacol, 25:213-5, 1989 Apr. Endo K. Oshima Y, Kikuchi H. Koshihara Y, Hikino H, •r Hypotensive principles of Uncaria hooks. Planta Med, 25:18890, 1983 Nov. Haginiwa J. Sakai S. Takahashi K, Taguchi M, Shujiro S, Studies of plants containing indole alkaloids. I. Alkaloids in Uncaria genus. Yakugaku Zasshi, 25:575-8, 1971 May. Law KH. Das NP, Initiation and maintenance of callus tissue culture of Uncaria elliptica for flavonoid production. Prog Clin Biol Res. 25:67-70, 1988. Lin CC. Lin JM, Chiu HF, Studies on folk medicine 'thangkau-tin' from Taiwan. (I). The anti-inflammatory and liverprotective effect. Am J Chin Med, 57:37-50, 1992. Lin JM, Lin CC, Chen MF, Ujiie T, Takada A, Studies on Taiwan folk medicine, thang-kau-tin (II): Measurement of active oxygen scavenging activity using an ESR technique. Am J Chin Med, 57:43-51. 1995. Mimaki Y, Toshimizu N, Yamada K, Sashida Y, Anticonvulsion effects of choto-san and chotoko (Uncariae Uncis cam Ramlus) in mice, and identification of the active principles. Yakugaku Zasshi, 57:1011-21, 1997 Dec. ML Yamanaka E, Kimizuka Y, Aimi N, Sakai S, Haginiwa J, Studies of plants containing indole alkaloids. IX. Quantitative analysis of tertiary alkaloids in various parts of Uncaria rhynchophylla MIQ. Yakugaku Zasshi, 25:1028-33, 1983 Oct. Yano S. Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Alkaloids from the leaves of Uncaria homomalla. Planta Med, 57:749-52, 1980 Sep. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Alkaloids of Uncaria pterppoda. Isolation and structures of
GAMBOGE/325
pteropodine and isopteropodine. J Chem Soc Perkin 1, 57:22459, 1966. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Ca2+ channel blocking effects of hirsutine, an indole alkaloid from Uncaria genus, in the isolated rat aorta. Planta Med, 57:403-5, 1991 Oct. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Gambirine, a new indole alkaloid from Uncaria gambier roxb. Tetrahedron Lett, 57:1571-4, 1967 Apr. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Biosynthesis of (+)14Ccatechin by the plant Uncaria gambir Roxb. Biochem J, 57:73-7, 1967 Oct. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K, Studies on Uncaria alkaloid. XXI. Separation of rhynchophylline and corynoxeine (author's transl.). Yakugaku Zasshi, 57:758-9, 1975 Jun. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S. Watanabe K, The antihypertensive effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla in essential hypertension (author's trans!.). Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih, 57:749-52, 1980 Sep. Zhu M, Bowery NG, Greengrass PM, Phillipson JD, Application of radioligand receptor binding assays in the search for CNS active principles from Chinese medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol, 57:153-64, 1996 Nov.
Gamboge Garcinia hanburyi DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the resin extracted from the plant. Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree grows to about 15 m and has a diameter of about 30 cm. The bark is usually in the form of cylindrical sticks, deep orange-brown and opaque. The transverse fracture is smooth and almost conchoidal. Characteristics: The taste is innocuous at first, then becomes very acrid and causes an unpleasant stinging sensation shortly after being placed in the mourn. The powder is highly sternutatory. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Indochina and Sri Lanka. Production: Gamboge is the gum-resin from the trunk of Garcinia hanburyi harvested from trees that are at least ten years old. Other Names: Camboge, Gutta Cambodia, Gutta Gamba, Gummigutta, Tom Rong, Gambodia
326/GAMBOGE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Resins (70-75%): consisting mainly of yellow or red-colored benzophenones and xanthones, including morellic acid, isomorellic acid, alpha-gambogic acid (alpha-guttic acid) Mucilages
(25-30%)
EFFECTS
The drug's mucilage content produces a strong laxative effect. The beta gutteriferine componant acts as a strong irritant to intestinal mucous membranes and also exhibits antimicrobial properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The racemes are terminal or axillary. The sepals are elliptical, 1 to 1.5 mm long and bristly downy. The petals are longer than the calyx, white or reddish, oblongspatulate and indistinctly stemmed. The anthers are often violet. The fruit is a compressed, orbicular-ovate, 5 to 6 mm long, clearly winged small pod on an erect stem. The seeds are ovate, almost smooth and red-brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: Garden Cress is a 20 to 40 cm high herb with a glabrous bluish bloom. The stem is erect, round and branched. The leaves are light green and thin. The basal leaves are usually lyrate-pinnatesect. The lower cauline leaves are usually doubly or singly pinnatesect. All leaves have dentate to prickly segments.
Unproven Uses: Gamboge is used for the treatment of digestive disorders, in particular constipation, and is used in combination with other laxatives.
Characteristics: Garden Cress has a radish-like taste. The seeds have a slimy skin and swell in water.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The herb is grown worldwide.
As little as 0.2 g of the drug can lead to abdominal pain and vomiting. OVERDOSAGE
Fatalities have been observed with administration of 4 g.
Production: Garden Cress is the fresh plant (aerial part) of Lepidium sativum, harvested during the flowering season or shortly afterward. The fresh herb has a spicy odor. It is rarely dried, either naturally or artificially, since the fresh plant is used most often.
DOSAGE
No information is available in the literature. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11. Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston. Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
%
* Not to be Confused With: Adulterations rarely occur, since it is usually cultivated. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : IN THE FRESH FOLIAGE
Glucosinolates: chief components glucotropaeolin, yielding benzyl isothiocyanate (benzyl mustard oil) and its autolysis products (including benzyl cyanide, 3-phenyl propionitrile, benzaldehyde) when the plant is bruised Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 37%)
Lu GB et al., (1984) Yao Hsueh Husueh Pao 19 (8): 636. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New York 1995.
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE SEEDS
Glucosinolates (3.5 to 5.3%): glucotropeolin Cucurbitacins Cardiac
Garcinia hanburyi See Gamboge
Garden Cress Lepidium sativum
steroids
(cardenolides)
EFFECTS
The antibacterial action of Garden Cress has been demonstrated in various tests. It was completely inhibitory in the case of 3 microorganisms, although the antibacterial characteristics depended largely on the age of the plants used. An antiviral effect against the encephalitis virus Columbia SH, was demonstrated in tests on mice. Its diuretic action has not been proven through experiments.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh or dried herb harvested during or shortly after the flowering season.
Unproven Uses: The herb is used for coughs, vitamin C deficiency, constipation, poor immunity and as a diuretic.
W
GARLIC / 3 2 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Indian Medicine: Garden Cress is used for vitamin C deficiency, liver disease, asthma, hemorrhoids and as an abortifacient. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
*/*• No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The mustard oil contained in Garden Cress can cause skin blisters and necrosis in higher concentrations. It is sometimes misused as an abortifacient because the internal administration of mustard oil causes severe anemia of the internal organs. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Garden Cress is administered as a freshly cut herb in oral preparations. LITERATURE
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Iori R, Rollin P, Streicher H. Thtem J, Palmieri S, The myrosinase-glucosinolate interaction mechanism studied using some synthetic competitive inhibitors. FEBS Lett, 385:87-90, # 1996 Apr 29. Rao KV. Beach JW, Streptonignn and related compounds. 5. Synthesis and evaluation of some isoquinoline analogues. J Med Chem, 19:1871-9, 1991 Jun. Ugazio G et al., co-toxicological study conducted with a battery of biological and phytological tests on sediments carried out on a series of 24 tributaries of the Po in 1994 and 1995. G Ital Med Lav Ergon, 19:10-6, 1997 Jan-Mar.
Garlic Allium sativum TRADE NAMES
Garlic (available from numerous manufacturers), Garlicin, Garlique, Garlic Oil, Garlic Power, Triple Garlic, High Potency Garlic Oil, Garlic Odorless, Chinese Tian Shan Garlic, Deodorized Garlic, Kyolic Reserve Aged Garlic Extract, Odor Free Concentrated Garlic, Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic Hi-Po Formula, High Alicin Garlic, Standardized Garlic, Natural Garlic Oil DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole fresh bulb, the dried bulb and the oil of garlic. Flower and Fruit: The plant consists of a cluster of long flowers where the floral axis terminates in a single flower and contains few florets (small flowers or buds). There are numerous 1 cm deciduous bulbs capable of producing new
plants, which shed simultaneously. The flowers usually remain in bud form and often do not produce any seed. The petals are reddish or greenish-white and longer than the stamens. The anthers of the middle stamens are spread at the base and have fan-shaped tips. Leaves, Stem and Root: Allium sativum is a perennial plant that grows 25 to 70 cm high. The plant contains an erect, rigid or curved stem, which is leafy in the middle. The leaves are flat, 4 to 25 mm, straight and broad, with a wedge-shaped tip; they can be rough or smooth-edged. The sheath, or lower part of the leaf surrounding the stem, is pointed and longer than the flower cluster. The garlic bulb is usually a compound bulb, and the secondary bulbs are oval in shape. The bulb skin color is either silky white or green. Habitat: Central to southern Asia is considered the region of origin; garlic has been introduced to the Mediterranean with cultivation worldwide. Production: Garlic bulbs, either fresh or carefully dried, consist of the main bulb with several secondary bulbs (cloves). Garlic may be harvested in September and October when the leaves and bulbs are dry. Other Names: Poor Man's Treacle, Clove Garlic, Common Garlic, Allium, Stinking Rose ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Alliins (alkylcysteine sulfoxides): in particular allylalliin, propenyl alliin and methylalliin (including their gammaglutamyl conjugates. Once cut, the alliin in the freshly harvested bulbs is converted to allicin (diallyl-disulphidemono-S-oxide). Bulbs that have been dried and then remoistened, ferment into alliaceous oils. These oils are oligosulfides, ajoens (dialkyl-trithlaalkane-monoxides) and vinyl dithiins. Fructosans (polysaccharides) Saponins EFFECTS
The alliin in the drug is antimicrobial, lipid-reducing, antioxidative and fibrinolytic. The antibacterial, antimycotic and lipid-reducing effects have been well-documented. Inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation, increased bleeding time and clotting time, and enhancement of fibrinolytic activity have been demonstrated in clinical trials. A study of the lipid-lowering effect with isolated hepatocytes suggest that garlic extracts are responsible for early inhibition of sterol synthesis due to their sulfur-containing compounds. Alliin, the main sulfur-containing compound of garlic, when coverted to allicin, exerts inhibitory effects on
3 2 8 /GARLIC
key enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis, including HMG CoA reductase (Gebhardt, 1993; Gebhardt, 1996). Garlic tablets studied in vitro were found to enhance natural killer (NK) cells, which are an important part of the immune system in fighting cancers, viruses and certain bacteria. Antioxidative effects of garlic, determined by an increase in intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, are responsible for decreasing poor cellular function and premature aging. Antiviral activity was also noted in vitro with garlic tablets (See, 1999). Ajoen is the antithrombotic compound that inhibits fibrinogen receptors on platelets (Robbers, 1996). The allicin and oligosulfides in garlic oil have antiplatelet activity through inhibition of adenosine diphosphate, collagen and betathromboglobulin release after collagen stimulation. The compounds also exert antithrombotic effects through inhibition of platelet thromboxane formation (Bordia, 1998; Legnani 1993). CLINICAL TRIALS
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study involving 42 outpatients was conducted over a 12-week period to assess the effects of standardized garlic powder tablets on serum lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and blood pressure. Standardized garlic powder administered 900 mg daily produced a significantly greater reduction in serum total cholesterol (262+/- 34mg/dL to 247 +/-40mg/dL with garlic compared to 276+/-34mg/dL to 274+/- 29mg/dL with placebo). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly reduced with garlic treatment by 11% compared to 3% with placebo treatment. No significant change was demonstrated in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glucose, blood pressure and other monitored parameters (Jain, 1993). The lipid-lowering effect of garlic powder tablets was tested by administering a dose of 900 mg daily (equivalent to approximately 2.7 grams or 1 clove of fresh garlic daily) to 28 outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. After 12 weeks of treatment, there were no significant lipid or lipoprotein changes in either the placebo- or garlic-treated groups (Isaacsohn, 1998). A 5 mg dose of steam distilled garlic oil was administered twice daily to 25 outpatients with moderate hypercholesterolemia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic oil was determined after a 12-week period. The commercial garlic oil preparation did not have a significant effect on serum lipoproteins, cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis (Berthold, 1998).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Note: There are contradicting results regarding the lipidlowering effect of garlic, which may be attributed to lack of manufacturing standardization of the products used in the studies. The fresh garlic may contain higher amounts of the active ingredient, allicin, which is inactivated upon cooking. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Arteriosclerosis • Hypertension • Raised levels of cholesterol Garlic is used internally as an adjuvant to dietetic measures for elevated lipid levels. The herb is also used for prevention of age-related vascular changes and arteriosclerosis. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, garlic is utilized internally for inflammatory respiratory conditions, whooping cough and bronchitis. Garlic is also used for gastrointestinal ailments, particularly digestive disorders with flatulence and gastrointestinal spasms. Other uses consist of menstrual pains, treatment of diabetes, and as a tonic for diverse illnesses and debilities. Externally, garlic is used for corns, warts, calluses, otitis, muscle pain, neuralgia, arthritis and sciatica. Indian Medicine: Garlic is used in bronchitis, constipation, joint pain and fever. Homeopathic Uses: Garlic is used in conditions such as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, digestive complaints and muscle rheumatism in the lumbar region. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Adverse effects such as headache, myalgia, fatigue and vertigo have been seen with therapeutic doses of garlic (Holzgartner, 1992). Allergic Reactions: Frequent contact with the drug may result in allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis and asthma (Asero, 1998; Lee, 1991). Burns: Garlic associated partial thickness burns and necrosis have been reported in several case studies in which the herb remained in contact with the skin for a minimum of 6 to 18 hours (Roberge, 1997; Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987). Gastrointestinal: Abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and a feeling of fullness have occurred with garlic therapy (Holzgartner, 1992; Berthold, 1998) Hematologic: A significant decrease in hematocrit values and plasma viscosity have been associated with the administration of garlic powder (Jung, 1991). There has been risk of postoperative bleeding with TURP (trans-urethral resection of prostate) or mammaplasty surgery (Burnham, 1995;
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
German, 1995). Also, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma has been reported with garlic (Rose, 1990). Hypersensitivity: Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic5 has been observed (Lybarger, 1982). if Ocular: The alliin, S-alkyl cysteine sulfoxide, which decomposes into a variety of thiosulfinates and polysulfides via allinase upon extraction (crushing), produces a lacrimation effect (Augusti, 1996). Olfactory: Garlic therapy is associated with body odor or halitosis (Berthold, 1998). Nursing: Not to be used while nursing. Drug Interactions: Concomitant use of garlic with anticoagulants such as Coumadin and antiplatelets such as aspirin and dipyridamole could increase the risk of bleeding due to the effect of garlic on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen. (Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993; Newall, 1996; Robbers, 1996). NSAID's, such as indomethacin, could increase bleeding time by decreasing platelet aggregation (Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993). ^
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The minced bulb and preparations are for internal use and external treatment. Garlic oil maceration or garlic oil resulting from steam distillation is widely available. How Supplied: Capsules — 3 mg, 100 mg, 270 mg (total allicin 5000 meg), 300 mg, 500 mg, 580 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 600 mg (total allicin 2500 meg or standardized to 500 meg allicin), 1000 mg, 1500 mg, 5000 mg Dried powder Oil macerations Tablets — 300 mg, 400 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 500 mg, 600 mg (total allicin 5000 meg), 810 mg Preparation: Garlic oil maceration — Bulbs are homogenized and stirred in fatty oil (1:1) for 48 hours, then filtered. £. Solid garlic extract — An extraction of the chopped bulbs with ethanol or methanol is allowed to evaporate. Aqueous extract — Fresh bulbs are macerated in cold water (1:1). Fermented garlic — The minced drug is soaked over a long duration in a water-ethanol mixture, volatile agents escape, and the garlic becomes odorless. Steam distillations and tinctures are also possible.
GARLIC / 3 2 9
Daily Dosage: General — The average daily dose is 4 gm of fresh garlic or 8 mg of essential oil. One fresh garlic clove, 1 to 2 times daily. Arteriosclerosis — Daily doses of 600-800 mg of garlic powder and dried garlic have been shown to be effective (Harenberg, 1988: Kiesewetter. 1991). Hyperlipidemia — A total daily dose of 600-900 mg of garlic powder (standardized to 1.3% of alliin content) has been shown effective (Holzgartner, 1992; Isaacsohn, 1998; Mader, 1990; Simons, 1995). Hypertension — The effective dose is garlic powder taken 200-300 mg three times daily (Auer, 1990; Sigagy, 1994). External — Fresh garlic applied to the skin as an antimicrobial dressing should not be left for more than a few hours due to case reports of burns (Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987: Roberge, 1997). Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 times daily sc; ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1) Storage: Garlic should be hung in plaits in a dry place. LITERATURE
Agarwal KC, Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med Res Rev 1996; 16(1): 111-124. Anonym, Knoblauch. Blockade der Cholesterinsynthese in der Leber. In: DAZ 134(45):4468. 1994. Apitz-Castro R et al., (1983) Thromb Res 32:155. Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D et al., A case of garlic allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 Mar;101(3):427-8. Augusti KT, Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian J Exp Biol 19% Jul;34(7):634-40. Augusti KT, Benaim ME, (1974) Clin Chim Acta 60:121. Augusti KT, Mathew PT, (1974) Experientia 30:468. Block E et al., (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:8295. Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K, Effect of garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998 Jun 17,279(23): 1900-2. Bordia A et al., Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Apr;58(4):257-63. Brahmachar MD, Augusti KT, (1962) J Pharm Pharmacol 14: 254 and 617. Burnham BE, Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995 Jan;95(l):213. Chaudhuri BN et al., (1984) Biomed Biochim Acta 41:1045.
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Garty BZ, Garlic Burns. Pediatrics 1993 Mar;91(3):658-9. Gebhardt R, Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Lipids 1993;28:613-619. Gebhardt R, Beck H, Differential inhibitory effects of garlicderived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids 1996 Dec;31(12):126976. German K, Kumar U, Blackford HN, Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995 Oct:76(4):518.
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Koch HP, Saponine in Knoblauch und Kiichenzwiebel. In: DAZ 133(41):3733. 1993. Koch HP. Wie "sicher" ist Knoblauch? Toxische, allergische und andere unerwiinschte Nebenwirkungen. DAZ (1992) 132(27):1419. Koch B, In: Koch HP, Lawson.LD: Garlic - The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 1996. Kubitschek J, Knoblauch blockiert Cholesterolsynthese in der Leber. ZPT (1995) 16(2):74, s. auch (3):146.
Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1988 Dec;74(3):247-9.
Lawson LD, Wang ZJ, Pre-hepatic fate of the organosulfur compounds derived from garlic (Allium sativum). PM (1993) 59(7)88.
Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate. Arzneimittelforschung 1992 Dec;42( 12): 1473-7.
Lee TY, Lam TH, Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991 Mar;24(3): 193-6.
Ide N et al., Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Cu+-induced oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins.PM (1997) 63(3):263-264.
Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G et al., Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993 Feb;43(2): 119-22.
Imai J et al., Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged garlic extracts and its constituents. PM (1994) 60(5):417.
Lybarger JA, Gallagher JS, Pulver DW et al., Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982 May;69(5):448-54.
Isaacsohn JL, MoserM, Stein EA et al.. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized. placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1998 Jun 8:158(11): 1189-94. Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG, Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Am J Med (1993) 94:632-635. Jain RC, Vyas CR, (1974) Brit Med J 2:730. Jung EM, Jung F, Mrowietz C et al.. Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A randomized placebocontrolled double blind cross-over study in apparently healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1991 Jun;41(6):626-30. Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M, Miyashita C, Wenzel E, (1989) Akutwirkungen eines zusammengesetzten Knoblauchpraparates auf die Flie(3fahigkeit des Blutes. ZPT 10(3):87. Kabelik J, (1970) Pharmazie 25:266. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Pindur G et al., Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation, and other risk factors. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991 Apr;29(4):1515. Koch HP, Der lange Weg zum "geruchlosen Knoblauch." PUZ (1996) 25(4): 186-191. <
Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Oct;40(10): 1111-6. Miitsch-Eckner M, Erdelmeier CAJ, Sticher O, A novel amino acid glycoside and three amino acids from Allium sativum. JNP (1993) 56(6):864. Nagae S et al., Pharmacokinetics of the garlic compound Sallylcystein. PM (1994) 60(3):241. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD, Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996. Parish RA, Mclntire S, Heimbach DM, Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr Emerg Care 1987 Dec;3(4):258-60. Reuter HD, 6. Kongrep der Gesellschaft fur Phytotherapie:Satelliten-Symposium "International Garlic Research". ZPT (1996) 17(l):13-25. Reuter HD, Chemie, Pharmakologie und medizinische Anwendung von Knoblauch. ZPT (1989) 10(4): 124. Reuter HD, II. Internationales Knoblauch-Symposium. ZPT (1991)12(3):83.
Koch HP, Epidemiologic der Knoblauchforschung. DAZ (1992)132(40):2103.
Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
Koch HP, Hormonwirkungen bei AIlium-Arten. ZPT (1992)13(6):177.
Roberge RJ, Leckey R, Spence R, Krenzelok EJ, Garlic burns of the breast. Am J Emerg Med 1997 Sep;15(5):548.
Koch HP, Metabolismus und Pharmakokinetik der Inhatsstoffe des Knoblauchs. Was wissen wir dariiber? ZPT (1992) 13(3):83.
Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet
GERMAN C H A M O M I L E / 3 3 1
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
dysfunction from excessive garlic consumption: a case report. Neurosurgery 1990:26:880-82. Schiewe FP, Hein T, Knoblauch bei Hyperlipidamie. ZPT (l995)16(6):343-348.
Gaiiltheria procumbens See Wintergreen
^Schoetan A et al.. (1984) Experientia 40(3>:26I. See, D, Gurnee K. LeClair, M. An in vitro screening study of 196 natural products for toxicity and efficacy. JAN A 1999 Winter:2( 1 ):25-39. Sendl A, Phytotherapie: Biirlauch und Knoblauch im Vergleich. DAZ (I993)133(5):392. Siegers CP. Neues zur arteriosklerotischen Wirkung des Knoblauchs. ZPT (1993)14(1):21. Simons LA. Balasubramaniam S. von Konigsmark M et al.. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1995 Mar; 113(2):219-25. Walper A et al.. Effizienz einer Diatempfehlung und einer zusiitzlichen Phytotherapie mit Allium sativum bei leichter bis mapiger Hypercholesteriniimie. Medwelt (1994) 45(7/8):327.
Gelidium amansii See Agar
Gelsemium sempervirens See Yellow Jessamine
Genista tinctoria See Dyer's Broom
Wenkert E et al.. (1971) Experientia 28:377. Whitaker JR. (1976) Adv Food Res 22:73.
Gentiana lutea
Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Pille fiir die ewige Jugend. DAZ (1991)131(17):837.
See Yellow Gentian
Further information in: Chan H. But P. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica Vol 1. World Scientific, Singapore 1986.
Geranium maculatum
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
See Cranesbill
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Geranium robertianum
Hausen BM, Allergiepflanzen - Pflanzenallergene. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1988. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
See Herb Robert
German Chamomile Matricaria Recutita TRADE NAMES
Chamomile Flowers (available from numerous manufacturers), Standardized Chamomile Extract, Wild Chamomile, Kid Chamomile DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts consist of the entire flowering herb or only the flowers. Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are terminal and longpedicled. The flower is white with a yellow center. The margin flowers are obtuse with a tunicate margin. The ray florets are white, linguiform, female and 3-toothed. The disc
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PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
florets are tubular, androgynous, 5-toothed, with a hollow receptacle.
kines. This activity is through a mechanism unrelated to free radical scavenging or leukocyte formation (Panes, 1996).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 20 to 40 cm high herb with an erect, glabrous stem, which is branched above. The leaves are 2 to 3 pinnatisect and have a narrow thorny tip.
Antioxidant Effects
Characteristic: The receptacle of the compound head of German Chamomile is hollow which distinguishes it from other types of chamomile. Habitat: German Chamomile is indigenous to Europe and northwest Asia, naturalized in North America and elsewhere. Production: German Chamomile consists of the fresh or dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita and their preparations. Other Names: Pin Heads, Chamomilla. Chamomile, Single Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil {0.4-1.5%): chief components (-)-alpha-bisabolol (levomenol), bisabolol oxide A, bisabolol oxide B, bisabololone oxide A, beta-trans-farnesene, trans-en-yne-dicycloether (polyyne spiroether, adjoining cis-en-yn-dicycloether), chamazulene (blue in color, arising from the non-volatile proazulene matricin after steam distillation), spathulenol Flavonoids: flavone glycosides: aglycones apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, chief glycosides apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin glucoside acetate, - flavonol glycosides, aglycones including quercetin, isorhamnetin, patuletin, for example rutin, hyperoside Unbound, Highly Methoxylized Flavonoids: jaceidinem chrysospenol, chrysosplenetin Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, herniarin Mucilages: (10% in the mucilage ribs, fructans) including rhamanogalacturonane EFFECTS
Gastrointestinal Effects The proteolytic activity of pepsin is reduced by (-)-alphabisabolol in the gastrointestinal tract (Isaac, 1975). The (-)alpha-bisabolol exerts a protective effect from gastric toxicity produced by acetylsalicylic acid (Torrado, 1995). Anti-Inflammatory Effects Chamazulene exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of leukotriene B4 formation (Safayhi, 1994). The enyne dicycloether inhibits degranulation of mast cells to prevent histamine release (Miller, 1996). Apigenin, a flavonoid, effectively blocks intercellular adhesion molecule-1 upregulation and leukocyte adhesion in response to cyto-
Chamazulene, a volatile oil, exerts antioxidant through inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Rekka, Chamazulene also blocks chemical peroxidation of donic acid for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (Safayhi, 1994).
effects 1996). arachieffects
Antineoplastic Effects Apigenin applied topically has effects on skin tumorigenesis through inhibition of skin papillomas and a tendency to decrease the conversion of papillomas to carcinomas (Li, 1996; Wei, 1990). Apigenin inhibits UV-induced tumorigenesis when applied topically via G2/M and Gl cell-cycle arrest in keratinocytes (Lepley, 1996; Lepley, 1997). The chemoprevention mechanisms occur through inhibition of the mitotic kinase activity, perturbation of cyclin Bi levels, and inhibition of protein kinase C (Lepley, 1996; Lin, 1997). Apigenin suppresses transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages, which is important for the prevention of carcinogenesis and inflammation (Liang, 1999). Anxiolytic Effects Flavonoids are CNS-active molecules and the chemical modification of the flavone nucleus dramatically increases the anxiolytic potency (Paladini, 1999). Apigenin is a ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects (Viola, 1995). Miscellaneous Effects Apigenin has been associated with an increase in atrial rate as a result of a reduction in noradrenaline uptake and a reduction in monoamine oxidase activity (Lorenzo, 1996). The herb exerts antibacterial and drying effects on weeping wound areas, which increase healing (Glowania, 1987). Chamomile oil has antimicrobial activity against some skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Candida species (Aggag, 1972). CLINICAL TRIALS
A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-fluorouracil(5FU) chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. There were 164 patients included in the study at the time of their fist cycle of 5-FU based chemotherapy, All patients received oral cryotherapy for 30 minutes with each dose of 5-FU. Chamomile mouthwash was administered three times daily for 14 days in the treatment group. Stomatitis scores determined by health care providers and by patients suggested no difference of
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
stomatitis between the chamomile and placebo-treatment group (Fidler, 1996). The efficacy of Kamillosan cream (topical chamomile cream) was compared to steroidal (0.25% hydrocortisone, "ffe 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester) and non-steroidal (5% bufexamac) deramatologic agents for the maintenance therapy of eczematous disease. There were 161 patients suffering from inflammatory dermatoses on hands, forearms, and lower legs included in the study. The patients had initially been treated with 0.1% difluocortolone valerate. The Kamillosan cream was slightly less effective as 0.25% hydrocortisone and superior to 5% bufexarnac and 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester (Aertgeerts, 1985). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
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Contact Dermatitis: Chamomile, a Compositae plant, is associated with allergic contact dermatitis (Hausen, 1996; Pereira, 1997; Rodriguez-Serna, 1998). Allergic Conjunctivitis: Chamomile tea eye washing to treat ocular reactions has induced allergic conjunctivitis witii lid angioedema (Subiza, 1990). Drug Interactions: Coumarin Anticoagulants — Due to the content of hydroxycoumarins in chamomile, there may be an additive effect when taken with warfarin. Alcohol/Benzodiazepines — Chamomile has week anxiolytic properties at benzodiazepine receptor sites, thus concomitant use of alcohol and benzodiazepines should be avoided.
Approved by Commission E: DOSAGE
• • • • • •
Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Inflammation of the skin Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Tendency to infection Wounds and burns
Chamomile is used internally for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with gastrointestinal spasms, irritation of the oral pharygeal mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract. Externally, the drug is used for skin and mucous membrane inflammations, pulpitis, gingivitis, respiratory catarrh, and ano-genital inflammation. Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, the herb is used internally for diarrhea and flatulence. The herb is used externally for furuncles, hemorrhoids, abscesses, and acne. Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for inflammation and cramps in the gastrointestinal tract, teething symptoms, severe pain, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, and dysmenorrhea. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Chamomile should not be taken by anyone with a known allergy to its components or other members of the Compositae family (eg, arnica, yarrow, feverfew, tansy, artemesia) (Hausen, 1996). A case report indicates chamomile may precipitate severe anaphylactic reactions in patients with hay fever and bronchial asthma caused by a variety of pollens (grass, olive, and mugwort) (Subiza, 1989).
Mode of Administration: Liquid and solid preparations are available for external and internal application. How Supplied: Capsule — 125 mg, 350 mg, 354 mg Liquid — 1:4 Oil — 100% Preparation: An infusion for internal use is prepared by pouring boiling water (150 ml) over 3 gm of chamomile, cover for 5 to 10 minutes and strain. (1 teaspoonful = 1 gm drug). An infusion for external poultice application is prepared by pouring one and one-half cups of hot water over 2 dessertspoons of the drug, cover, leave to draw for 15 minutes and then strain. Ointments and gels are available in strengths of 3 to 10%. Daily Dosage: An internal single dose is approximately 3 gm as an infusion. Liquid extract 1-4 ml or 1 cup of freshly made tea is administered 3-4 times daily. Externally as a bath additive, 50 gm is added to 1 Liter of water or 6 gm of drug for a steam bath. Washes and gargles may be administered several times a day. Homeopathic Dosage: Internally, the herb is given as 5-10 drops, 1 tablet, or 5-10 globules. Externally, dilute 1 dessertspoon with 250 ml water and use 2-3 times daily in poutices or washes (HAB1). LITERATURE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Achterrath-Tuckerman U et al., (1980) Planta Med 39(1 ):38.
Anaphylactic Reactions: Ingestion of chamomile-tea infusion has precipitated an anaphylactic reaction in an 8 year old male with hay fever and broncial asthma caused by a variety of pollens (Subiza, 1989).
Aertgeerts P, Albring M, Klaschka F, Nasemann T, PatzeltWenczler R, Rauhut K, Weigl B, (1985) Vergleichende Priifung von Kamillosan(Creme gegeniiber steroidalen (0,25 % Hydrocortison, 0,75 % Bluocortinbutylester) und nichtsteroidalen
3 3 4 / G E R M A N CHAMOMILE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
(5 % Bufexamac) Externa in der Erhaltungstherapie von Ekzemerkrankungen. Z Hautkr 60:270-277.
umstrittener Memoden. Deutscher Arzte-Verlag Koln, S 197212.
Aggag M, Yousef R. Study of antimicrobial activity of chamomile oil. Planta Med 1972 Sep;22(2): 140-4.
Lepley DM; Pelling JC. Induction of p21AVAFl and Gl cellcycle arrest by the chemopreventive agent apigenin. Mol Carcinog 1997 Jun;19(2):74-82.
Albring M, Albrecht H, Alcorn G, Liicker PW, (1983) The measuring of the anti-inflammatory effect of a compound of the skin of volunteers. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 5:75-77. Ammon HPT, Kaul R. (1992) Pharmakologie der Kamille und ihrer Inhaltsstoffe! Dtsch Apoth Z 132(SuppI 27):3-26. Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientziindliche Drogen. In: ZPT 14(1 ):26. 1993. Fidler R, Loprinzi C, O'Fallon J et al. Prospective evaluation of a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-FU-induced oral mucositis. Cancer 1996 Feb l;77(3):522-5. Fuller E et al.. Anti-inflammatory activity of Chamomilla polysaccharides. In: PM 59(7)66. 1993. Fuller E, Franz G, Neues von den Kamillenpolysacchariden. In: DAZ 133(45 ):4224. 1993. Gasic O et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 2:51. Glowania HJ; Raulin C; Swoboda M. Effect of chamomile on wound healing—a clinical double-blind study. Z Hautkr 1987 Sep 1:62(17): 1262, 1267-71. Habersang S, (1979) Planta Med 37(2): 115. Hausen HM, Busker E, Carle R. (1984) Ober das Sensibilierungsvermogen von Compositenarten. VII. Experimentelle Untersuchungen mit Ausziigen und Inhaltsstoften von Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert und Anthemis cotula L. Planta Med 50:229-234. Heilmann J, Kamillenflavonoide: Nur Aglyka dringen in die Haut ein. In: DAZ 133(37):3296. 1993. Isaac D, (1980) Die Kamillentherapie - Erfolg und Bestatigung. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 120:567-570. Isaac O, (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3, 118. Isaac O; Thiemer K. Biochemical studies on camomile components/Ill. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol. Arzneimittelforschung 1975 Sep;25(9):13524. Jakovlev V et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3. Jakovlev V et al., (1983) Planta Med 49(2):67. Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, (1983) Pharmakologische Untersuchungen von Kamillen-Inhaltsstoffen. VI. Untersuchungen zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen und Matricin. Planta Med 49:67-73. Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, Pharmakologische Untersuchungen von Kamilleninhaltsstoffen VI. Untersuchungen zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen und Matricin. In: PM 49:67. 1983. Jenss H, (1985) Zur Problematik funktioneller Magen-DarmKrankheiten am Beispiel des Colon irritabile. In: Oepen I (Hrsg) An den Grenzen der Schulmedizin, eine Analyse
Lepley DM; Li B; Birt DF; Pelling JC. The chemopreventive flavonoid apigenin induces G2/M arrest in keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 1996 Nov;17(l l):2367-75. Li B; Pinch H; Birt DF. Influence of vehicle, distant topical delivery, and biotransformation on the chemopreventive activity of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, in mouse skin. Pharm Res 1996 Oct; 13(10): 1530-4. Liang YC; Huang YT; Tsai SH et al. Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase by apigenin and related flavonoids in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis 1999 Oct;20( 10): 1945-52. Lin JK; Chen YC; Huang YT; Lin-Shiau SY. Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin and curcumin. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997:28-29:39-48. Lorenzo PS; Rubio MC; Medina JH; Adler-Graschinsky E. Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in the positive chronotropic effects of apigenin in rat atria. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 Sep 26;312(2):203-7. Maiche AG. Grohn P. Maki-Hokkonen H. (1991) Effect of chamomile cream and almond ointment of acute radiation skin reaction. Acta Oncol 30:395-396. Miller Th, Wittstock U. Lindequist U, Teuscher E, Effects of some components of the essential oil of chamomile, Chamomilla recutita, on histamine release from mast cells. Planta Med 1996 Feb:62(l):60-61. Nissen HP, Blitz H, Kreysel HW. (1988) Profilometrie, eine Methode zur Beurteilung der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit von Kamillosan-Salbe. Z Hautkr 63:184-190. Paladini AC: Marder M; Viola H et al. Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999 May:51(5): 519-2. Panes J; Gerritsen ME; Anderson DC et al. Apigenin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 upregulation in vivo. Microcirculation 1996 Sep;3(3):279-86. Pereira F; Santos R; Pereira A. Contact dermatitis from chamomile tea. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Jun:36(6):307. Rekka EA; Kourounakis AP; Kourounakis PN. Investigation of the effect of chamazulene on lipid peroxidation and free radical processes. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996 Jun;92(3):361-4. Redaelli C et al., (1981) J Chrom. 209:110. Redaelli C et al., (1981) Plant Med 42:288. Rodriguez-Serna M; Sanchez-Motilla JM; Ramon R; Aliaga A. Allergic and systemic contact dermatitis from Matricaria chamomilla tea.Contact Dermatitis 1998 Oct:39(4): 192-3.
GERMAN IPECAC / 3 3 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Safayhi H et al., Chamazulene: an antioxidaht-type inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation. In: PM 60(5):410. 1994. Schilcher H, (1987) Die Kamille. Handbuch fur Arzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart Ammon HPT, Sabieraj J, Kaul R, ™ Kamille - Mechanismus der antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Kamillenextrakten und -inhaltsstoffen. In: DAZ 136(22): 18211834. 1996. Sorkin B, Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit von Kamille am Menschen. In: Seifen, Ole. Fette. Wachse 108(1):9-10. 1982. Subiza J; Subiza JL; Hinojosa M et al. Anaphylactic reaction after the ingestion of chamomile tea: a study of cross-reactivity with other composite pollens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989 Sep;84(3):353-8. Subiza J, Subiza JL, Alonso M et al. Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea. Ann Allergy 1990 Aug;65(2): 127-32. Szelenyi I et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(3):218. Torrado S; Torrado S; Agis A et al. Effect of dissolution profile and (-)-alpha-bisabolol on the gastrotoxicity of acetylsalicylic acid. Pharmazie 1995 Feb:50(2): 141-3. Vilagines P et al., (1985) C R Acad Sci (111)301(6):289. Viola H: Wasowski C: Levi de Stein M et al. Apigenin, a £ component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med 1995 Jun;61(3):213-6. Wei H, Tye L, Bresnick E. Birt D. Inhibitory effect of apigenin, a plant flavonoid. on epidermal ornithine decarboxylase and skin tumor promotion in mice. Cancer Res 1990 Feb l;50(3):499-502. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Chamomilla recutita). Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988 (unter Chamomilla recutita). Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
m w
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
German Ipecac Cynanchum vincetoxicum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the leaves or rhizome with the attached roots. Flower and Fruit: The plant has small white flowers in peduncled cymes, 5 sepals and a wheel-shaped corolla. There is a 5-lobed secondary corolla. There are 5 stamens whose anthers are fused to a 5-sectioned wreath. The 2 superior ovaries have a common stigma. The fruit is a 5 cm long, glabrous, striped, clavate follicle. The seeds have silky tufts of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 30 to 100 cm. The underground creeping rhizome has heavily branched runners. The stem is unbranched, thin and erect. The leaves are opposite, short petioled, ovate to oblong and entiremargined. Characteristics: The fresh rhizome has an intensive odor. The taste is sweet, then bitter-hot. It is poisonous. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe. Production: German Ipecac herb and rhizome are the leaves and rhizome (including attached roots) of Cynanchum vincetoxicum. The subterranean rhizome, including parts of the roots, are dug up in autumn, cleaned and quickly dried at temperatures of up to 50° C. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Saponin-like 15-oxasteroide glycosides (mixture termed vincetoxin): aglycones including hirundigenin, anhydrohirundigenin, vincetogenin Isoquinoline alkaloids: including tylophorine EFFECTS
The drug has diuretic, diaphoretic, digestive and emmenagogic effects. The alkaloids have an antitumoral effect, and the chloroform extract has an antimicrobial effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug was formerly used as a diuretic, diaphoretic and emetic, and for the treatment of kidney complaints, edema, the plague, snake bite and dysmenorrhea. Today, it is used in the treatment of digestive and kidney disorders and for dysmenorrhea. The poultices heal swellings
336/GERMAN
IPECAC
and bruising. The drug can also be found in homeopathic preparations. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
According to older scientific literature, "vincetoxin" in high dosages causes vomiting, apnea and cardiac paralysis in animal experiments. Seed extracts led to advancing paralysis of the central nervous system. Poisonings of humans have not been found in recent reports. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As an infusion, powdered drug. alcoholic extract and homeopathic dilution. Preparation: The drug is prepared as an infusion. Daily Dosage: The infusion should be administered under medical supervision.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
both ends, and the tube has a winged edge. The flowers form many blossomed spikelets, which in turn form a terminal, oblong ear. The middle spikelets contain male flowers at the tip and female flowers at the base. The upper spikelets are male. " Leaves, Stem and Root: German Sarsaparilla is a 15 to 45 cm high plant with a 2 to 5 mm thick, horizontally creeping rhizome, which produces extremely long runners. The plant has black-brown basal leaves, which break up into long fibers. The stem is sturdy, upright and about 1 mm thick. It is sharply triangular, rough above, and surrounded by brown leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are linear and usually grooved. The lamina are rigid and gradually tapering forward to the involute tip. The roots form such a thick mass that they prevent water from getting in and thus prevent the washing away of dykes and dams.
LITERATURE
Froiine D, Plunder HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Autl. Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994. Kennard O et al.. Tetrahedron Letters 3799-3804. 1968. Lewin L. Gifte und Vergihungen. 6. Autl., Nachdruck. Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Characteristics: The rootstock has an aromatic-turpentine odor. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe mainly on the Atlantic, Baltic and southern Scandinavian coasts as far as central Germany. It was introduced to the American Atlantic coast. Production: German Sarsaparilla consists of the dried, underground parts of Carex arenaria. The root is dug up in March and April, dried and cut into pieces for sale. Not to be Confused With: Other Carex varieties Other Names: Red Sedge, Sand Sedge, Red Couchgrass, Sea Sedge ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Saponins
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Volatile oil: contents include methyl salicylate and cineol
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including tricine
German Sarsaparilla Car ex arenaria DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is somewhat hanging and consists of 6 to 16 ovoid, 1 cm long, terminal, straight, greenish spikes. The lower ones are female; the middle ones are female at the base and male at the tip. The upper ones are only male. These are simple greenish unisexual flowers without a corolla. They have 1 husk with an ovary surrounded by a tubular-like involucre. The style has 2 stigmas, 3 stamens and a fruit oval. It is somewhat acute at
Tannin: (8 to 10%, catechin tannins) EFFECTS
There are no studies available on efficacy. The main constituents, saponins, essential oil and flavones, as well as the tannins, are most likely responsible for the effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: There are no documented indications to date. In folk medicine, preparations of German Sarsaparilla are used for the prevention of gout, rheumatism, inflammation of the joints, for skin ailments and as a diaphoretic and diuretic; further, for venereal disease, flatulence, colic, liver disorders, diabetes, edema, lung tuberculosis and amenorrhea.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed uses are not documented, a therapeutic application cannot be recommended. The cold maceration and the decoction are used in folk medicine.
GERMANDER / 3 3 7
Production: Germander is the aerial part of Teucrium chamaedrys. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.07%): chief components beta-caryophyllene (20%), humulene (15%) Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, harpagide, acetyl harpagide
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 3 gin drug to 1 cup water. A cold maceration is made by adding 2 teaspoonfuls drug to 1/4 liter water.
Diterpenes: including among others, teugin. teuflin, teuflidin, dihydroteugin, teucrin A, B, E, F, G, marrubiin
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm drug as a decoction. The cold maceration is dosed 1 cup, 2 to 3 times daily.
Flavonoids: including among others, cirsiliol, cirsimaritin, luteolin
LITERATURE
The drug, which contains strong amaroids, is said to have a cholagogic effect, but this has not been scientifically proven. The toxic principle is therefore unknown. Higher doses or poisoning results in hepatitis-like symptoms, which may include liver cell necrosis.
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others, teucroside
EFFECTS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Germander is used as a digestive aid, as a rinse for gout, as weight-loss aid and for fever.
Germander Teucrium
chamaedrys
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb collected during the flowering season. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 10 to 12 mm long and are erect. They are arranged on long pedicles in l-to-6 blossomed, false racemes inclined to one side. The calyx is tubular-campanulate, often tinged with red-violet and is pubescent. The corolla is usually carmine red, occasionally white. The stamens and styles are exserted. The nutlet is ovoid, 1.5 to 2 cm long, smooth, finely reticulate and has a large, circular, attaching surface. Leaves, Stem.and Root: The plant is a subshrub with a shortlived main root from which grow long-reaching, branched, jm, thin woody roots and a stem-producing runner. The stems are usually erect and branched. The older branches are decumbent; the younger ones erect, tough, round and lanate. The branches are occasionally covered in glandular hairs, which are often red-violet. The leaves are in close pairs and are always covered in teeth. They are summer-green and have distinctly protruding pinnatifid ribs. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region as far as Anatolia and the Urals.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is highly toxic and should not be used (see PRECAUTIONS). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Liver cell necrosis has been observed following intake of the drug. Symptoms include jaundice and an elevated level of aminotransferase in the blood. One case of death has been recorded. For that reason, the drug is not to be administered. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Germander is occasionally used in tea mixtures (see PRECAUTIONS).
Daily Dosage: Dosages of more than 600 mg daily can cause toxic effects. LITERATURE
Chialva F et al., J High Res Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 5:182. 1982. Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R, Plant Med Phytother 3(3): 183. Malakov PY et al., PH 24:301-303. 1985. Reinbold AM, Popa PD, (1974) Khim Prir Soedin. 589. Rodriguez MC et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(7): 1467. Rodriguez MC et al., PH 23:2960-2961. 1984. Rovesti P, (1957) Ind Perf. 12:334. Savona G et al., PH 21:721-723. 1982.
3 3 8 /GERMANDER
Sticher O, Lahloub MF, (1982) Planta Med 30:124. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Geum rivale See
Water Avens
Geum urbanum See Bennet's Root
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides calactin and uscharidin
(cardenolids):
calotropin,
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, taraxasterol EFFECTS
The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides and exhibits an emetic-cathartic effect resembling that of Ipecacuanha. The calotropin demonstrates anti-tumor qualities against human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the nasopharynx, in vitro. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Giant Milkweed has been used for dysentery, vomiting, toothache, syphilis, convulsions, warts, leprosy and digestion problems. Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for skin conditions, intestinal worms, coughs, ascites and anasarca. Homeopathic Uses: Calotropis gigantea is used for obesity. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Giant Milkweed Calotropis
gigantea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the bark and roots. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in umbels. The flower structures are arranged in fives. The corolla is fused and campanulate, 3 to 5 cm wide and split up to two-thirds of the length. The lobes are greenish with purple tips. The paracorolla is composed of 5 cap-like points. The 5 stamens and the 2 styles are fused to a stemmed gynostegium and the pollen sticks together to form to a pollinium. The sepals are ovate and the ovary superior. The fruit is a swollen follicle, 9 to 10 cm long and turned back. The seeds have a silky tuft of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: Calotropis gigantea is a shrub, occasionally tree-like, which grows up to 3 m high. The leaves are sessile with the base clasping th&stem, fleshy, 10 to 20 cm long and 4 to 10 cm wide, elongate-ovate or elliptical. The stem is woody. Habitat: India, China, and Malaysian archipelago Other Names: Giant Swallow Root, Swallow Wort, Crown Flower
OVERDOSAGE
Higher dosages cause severe mucous membrane irritation, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea, as well as bradycardia and convulsions, sometimes leading to death. It is not known whether those compounds found in the plant that belong chemically to the cardioactive steroid glycoside group are indeed cardioactive, because of their unusual structure (the sugar remnant is bound to the aglycone both as a glycoside and as an ether). Mucilaginous drinks are recommended to treat the symptoms of inflammation; morphine and atrophine for treating pain. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug preparations for internal use. Daily Dosage: As an emetic: 2 to 4 gm; As a diaphoretic and expectorant: 200 to 600 mg. Homeopathic Dosage: (from D4) 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules, 1 to 3 times daily or from D6 1 ml injection solution sc. twice weekly (HAB1). LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kiuchi F, Fukao Y, Maruyama T, Obata T, Tanaka M, Sasaki T, Mikage M, Haque ME, Tsuda Y, Cytotoxic principles of a
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Bangladeshi crude drug, akond mul (roots of Calotropis gigantea L.). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 46:528-30, 1998 Mar. Sen S, Sahu NP, Mahato SB, Flavonol glycosides from Calotropis gigantea. Phytochemisjry, 232:2919-21, 1992 Aug. 4£ Sengupta A, Bhattacharya D, Pal G, Sinha NK, Comparative studies on calotropins DI and DII from the latex of Calotropis gigantea. Arch Biochem Biophys, 232:17-25, 1984 Jul.
GINGER/339
Aryl alkanes Gingerols: chief components [6]-gingerol (pungent substances), [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol Shogaols: chief components [6]-shogaol (pungent substane), [8]- shogaol, [10]- shogaol (artifacts formed during storage. arising from the gingerols) Gingerdiols
Gillenia trifoliata
Diarylheptanoids: including among others, gingerenone A and B
See Indian Phasic
Starch (50%) EFFECTS
Ginger Zingiber officinale TRADE NAMES
Ginger Root (available from numerous manufacturers,) Ginger Kid, Alcohol Free Ginger Root, Ginger Power, Caffeine-Free Ginger Root, Quanterra Stomach Comfort DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. Flower and Fruit: The flower scape grows directly from the root and terminates in a long, curved spike. A white or yellow flower grows from each spike. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ginger is a creeping perennial on a thick tuberous rhizome, which spreads underground. In the first year, a green, erect, reed-like stem about 60 cm high grows from this rhizome. The plant has narrow, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate leaves 15 to 30 cm long, which die off each year. Characteristics: The fracture is short and fibrous. The odor and taste are characteristic, aromatic and pungent. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeastern Asia, and is cultivated in the U.S., India, China, the West Indies and tropical regions. Production: Ginger root consists of the peeled, finger-long, fresh or dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale.
Compounds isolated from the Ginger rhizome have been studied in numerous in vitro and animal experiments. Other studies show that Ginger root is positively inotropic. antithrombotic; has anti-oxidant, anti-migraine and anti-lipidemic effects, and promotes secretion of saliva, gastric juices and bile. Anti-Emetic Effects The components in Ginger that are responsible for the antiemetic effect are thought to be the gingerols and shogaols.The mechanism of action is not due to a nystagmus response or vestibular stimulation (Holtmann, 1989). In contrast to most anti-emetic medications that act on the CNS. the anti-emetic effect of Ginger is thought to be due to local gastrointestinal actions (Mowrey & Clayton, 1982). Anti-Inflammatory Effects The anti-inflammatory effect of Ginger is thought to be due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, results in reduced leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis (Kiuchi. 1992; Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992). Miscellaneous Effects In humans, Ginger increases the tone and peristalsis of the intestine (Bisset, 1994; Iwu, 1993). The root of Zingiber officinale has also shown immune system stimulation (Chang, 1995) and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity (Verma, 1993). CLINICAL TRIALS
Motion Sickness ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2.5-3.0%): chief components vary greatly, depending upon country of origin: (-)-zingiberene and arcurcumene, beta-bisabolene and ar-curcumene, neral and geranial, D-camphor, beta-phellandrene, geranial, neral and linalool, (E)-alpha-farnesene, important as aroma carrier zingiberol (mixture of cis- and trans-beta-eudesmol)
One double-blind, randomized, non-placebo controlled study compared the effectiveness of Ginger and six other commonly used non-herbal drugs (scopolamine, dimenhydrinate with caffeine, cyclizine, cinnarizine, cinnarizine with domperidone, meclizine with caffeine) in 1489 participants during whale-watching voyages off the coast of Norway. 78.3% of those that took 500 mg of Ginger root 2 hours prior to a boat
340 /GINGER
trip were symptom-free for the 6-hour duration. The = incidence of severe vomiting did not differ in a statistically significant way between Ginger and any of the other test groups (Schmid, 1994). Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting A double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 120 females that underwent gynecologic outpatient surgery was performed. The participants were randomly given either 1 gm of powdered Ginger root or 10 mg of metoclopramide orally and evaluated for incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Ten percent of the patients in the Ginger group had one or more episodes of vomiting. 17.59c of the metoclopramide arm and 22.5% of the placebo group had one or more episodes of vomiting. Fifteen percent of the Ginger group and 32.5% of the metoclopramide group required antiemetic treatment compared to 37.5% of the placebo group. The authors concluded that the Ginger group had a statistically significant lower incidence of nausea and vomiting when compared to placebo (Phillips, 1993). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Travel sickness • Dyspeptic complaints Unproven Uses: In folk medicine. Ginger is used as a carminative, expectorant, and astringent. Chinese Medicine: In China. Ginger is used to treat colds, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. Indian Medicine: Indian medicine uses include anorexia, dyspeptic symptoms and pharyngitis. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The German Commission E contraindicates the use of Ginger in morning sickness associated with pregnancy. Most research provides evidence that Ginger can be used and is effective in the treatment of morning sickness. It is recommended that excessive doses are avoided for this purpose (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Because of its cholagogic effect, the drug should not be taken in the presence of gallstone conditions except after consultation with a physician.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
It has been reported that administration of 6 grams of dried powdered Ginger has been shown to increase the exfoliation of gastric surface epithelial cells in human subjects. It is postulated that this action may possibly lead to ulcer formation. Therefore, it- is recommended that dosages on an empty stomach be limited to 6 grams (Desai, 1990). There have been reports that Ginger can cause hypersensitivity reactions resulting in dermatitis. Large overdoses can cause central nervous system depression and cardiac arrhythmias. Pregnancy: A study in 27 pregnant patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (persistent vomiting occurring prior to the 20th week of pregnancy and requiring hospitalization) found that 1 gram per day (250 milligrams 4 times a day) for 4 days caused no adverse effects. One spontaneous abortion occurred; a causal relationship between the abortion and the use of Ginger was not determined. All infants were normal (Fischer-Rasmussen, 1990). Drug Interactions: More than one in-vitro study confirms an antithrombotic effect. It is recommeded that patients taking anticoagulants or those with bleeding disorders avoid the use of large doses of Ginger. OVERDOSAGE
According to research, the LD50 of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol is set between 250 and 680 mg/kg. (Fulder & Tenne, 1991; Suekawa et al, 1984.) Toxicity tests in mice using a Ginger extract via lavage resulted in no mortality or adverse effects in doses up to 2.5 g/kg over a 7 day period. When the dose was increased to between 3 and 3.5 g/kg, a 10% to 30% mortality rate was reported (Macola, 1989.) Overdosage may cause cardiac arrhythmia and CNS depression (Iwu, 1993). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted rhizome and dry extracts for teas and other galenic preparations for internal use. The powdered drug is used in some stomach preparations. How Supplied: Capsules — 100 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 460 mg, 470 mg, 500 mg, 550 mg, 1000 mg
Ginger has been found to inhibit thromboxane synthesis, therefore it should not be used by patients who are at risk for hemorrhage (Bracken, 1991)
Fluid Extract — 1:1
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Liquid — 1:4
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction wiuh the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Oil — 100%
Chewable Tablets — 67.5 mg
Tea Bags
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 0.5 to 1 g drug and strain after 5 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 3 g drug). Daily
Dosage:
ANTI-EMESIS
Capsules/Powder — 0.5 to 2 grams (Bisset,1994; Schmid et al, 1994) CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING
All dosage forms — 1.5 grams (Myer et al, 1995). DYSPEPSIA
Capsules/Powder — 2 to 4 grams/day HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Capsules/Powder — 1 gram/day given for 4 days (FischerRasmussen et al, 1990). MOTION SICKNESS
Capsules/Powder — 1 gram to be taken 30 minutes before travel; for continuing symptoms, 0.5 to 1 gram every 4 hours (Muller & Clauson, 1997). POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Capsules/Powder — 0.5 to 2 gram daily RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS
Powder — 1 to 2 grams/day (Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992). Storage: Powdered Ginger root should be stored in a cool, dry place protected from light. Powdered Ginger should not be stored in plastic containers. LITERATURE
Bisset NG (ed). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals; a Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart and CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994.
GINGER /341
Erler J et al., Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 186:231. 1988. Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT 15(3): 137. 1994. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer S, Dahl C et al., Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 38:19-24. 1990. Fulder S & Tenne M, Ginger as an anti-nausea remedy in pregnancy; the issue of safety. Herbalgram 1991; 38(Fall):47-50. Gujral S et al., (1978) Nutr Rep Int 17:183. Harvey DJ, J Chromatogr 212:75. 1981. Iwu MM (ed), Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. Hikino H, In: Economic, Medicinal Plant Research. Vol. 1. Acadamic Press UK 1985. Kasahara Y, Hikino H, (1983) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 37:73. Kavvai T et al., Anti-emtic principles of Magnolia obovata bark and Zingiber officinale rhizome. In: PM 60:17. 1994. Kikuchi F et al., (1982) Chem Pharm Bull 30. 754. Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N, Constituents of Zingiberaceae. 4. Diarylheptanoids from Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. In: PH 30: 3947. 1991. Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N, Diarylheptanoids from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. In: PH 30(11):3647-3651. 1991. Kikuzaki H, Tsai SM, Nakatani N, Gingerdiol related compounds from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. In: PH 31(5):1783-1786. 1992. Kiuchi F, Iwakami S, Shibuya M et al., Inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis by gingerols and diarylheptanoids. Chem Pharm Bull 40(2):387-391. 1992. Macolo N, Jain R, Jain SC et al., Ethnopharmacologic investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale). J Ethnopharmacol 27:129-40, 1989.
Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR et al.. Ginger root- a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynecological surgery. Anaesthesia 45:669-71. 1990.
Maries RJ, Kaminski J, Arnason JT, Pazos-Sanou L, Heptinstall S, Fischer NH, Crompton CW, Kindark DG, A bioassay for inhibition of serotonin release from bovine platelets. In: JNP 55:1044-1056. 1992.
Bracken J, Ginger as an antiemetic: possible side effects due to its thromboxane synthetase activity. Anaesthesia; 46:705-706. 1991.
Mikawa U et al., Delayed-type allergy-controlling agents containing gingerones. In: Patent Jap. 1988.
Chang CP, Chang JY, Wang FY et al.. The effect of Chinese medicinal herb Zingiberis rhizoma extract on cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Ethnopharmacol 48:13-19. 1995.
Muller JL & Ciauson KA., Pharmaceutical considerations of common herbal medicine. Am J Managed Care 1997; 3:17531770. 1997.
Chen CC, Ho CT, J Agric Food Chem 36:322. 1988. Denyer CV, Jackson P, Loakes DM, Isolation of antirhinoviral sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale). In: JNP 57(5):658-662. 1994. Desai HG, Kalro RH & Choksi AP, Effect of ginger & garlic on DNA content of gastric aspirate. Ind J Med Res 92:139-41, 1990.
Mowrey DB, Clayson DE, (1982) Lancet II, 655.
Nagabhushan M, Amonkar AJ, Bhide SV, Mutagenicity of gingerol and shoagol and antimutagenicity in zingerone in Salmonella/microsme assay. In: Cancer-Lett (Shannon Irel) 36(2)221-233. 1987. Narasimhan S, Govinarajan VS, (1978) J Food Tech 13:31. Phillips S, Ruggier R & Hutchinson SE., Zingiber officinale (ginger) - an antiemetic for day case surgery. Anaesthesia 48:715-717. 1993.
342/GINGER
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D, Zingiber officinale. In: Tagl Praxis 33(3):629. 1992. Suekawa M et al.. (1984) J Pharmacobio-Dyn 7 (11):836. Sugaya A et al., (1975) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 29:160. Further information in: Chan H, But P, Pharmacology, Applications of Chinese Materia Medica, Vol 1, World Scientific Singapore 1986. Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schmid R, Schick T, Steffen R et al.. Comparison of seven commonly used agents for prophylaxis of seasickness. J Trav Med 1:203-206. 1994. Srivastava KC & Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypotheses 39:342-348. 1992. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Suekawa M, Ishige A, Yuasa K et al.. Pharmacological studies on ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constituents, (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogoal. J Pharm Dyn 7:836-848. 1984. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New York 1995. Wichd M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba TRADE NAMES
Ginkgo Biloba (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product), Bioginkgo, Gincosan, Ginexin Remind, Ginkai, Ginkoba, Ginkgo Go!, Ginkgold, Ginkgo Power, Ginkgoba, Ginkgo Leaf, Quanterra Mental Sharpness, Ginko Biloba Premium Extract, Gingko Biloba Extract, Activated Ginkgo, Nuveg Ginkgo Power, Time Release Ginkgo Power, Senior Ginkgo Power, Herbal Sure Maximum Strength Gingko Biloba
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried leaves, and the seeds separated from their fleshy outer layer. Flower and Fruit: The tree flowers for the first time when it is between 20 and 30 years old. The flowers are dioecious. They are in the axils of the lower leaves of the current year's short shoots. The male flowering parts are attached to short catkins. The female flowers have longer pedicles and are at the end of a leafless branch. Fertilization occurs months after pollination by spermatozoids, although usually only one ovule is fully formed. The light green or yellowish seeds, incorrectly called fruit, later become fleshy and plum-like. They have a diameter of 2.5 to 3 cm, and each contains a two-edged edible nut. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ginkgo biloba is a 30 to 40 m high dioecious tree with a girth of about 4 m. The trees can live for hundreds of years. The bark is light to dark brown with rough grooves and reticulate fissures. The leaves are fanshaped with bifurcated ribs and glabrous. They are fresh green to golden yellow in autumn. The female trees are pointed and pyramid-shaped; the male trees are broad and sparer. Characteristics: The seeds smell like butyric, capric or valeric acid when ripe. Habitat: Ginkgo is indigenous to China, Japan and Korea, and is also found in Europe and the U.S. Production: The leaves are harvested either mechanically or by hand from plantations or in the wild. The leaves are then dried and pressed into balls. A dry extract from the dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba is manufactured using acetone/water and subsequent purification steps without addition of concentrates or isolated ingredients. Other Names: Maidenhair-Tree ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (0.5-1.8%): including monosides, biosides and triosides of quercetin, isorhamnetins, 3-0- methylmyristicins, and kaempferol, to some extent estered with p-coumaric acid Biflavonoides (0.4-1.9%): for example, amentoflavone, bilobetin, 5-methoxybilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin Proanthocyanidins
(8-12%)
Trilactonic diterpenes (0.06-0.23%): ginkgolide A, B, C Trilactonic
sesquiterpene
bilabolids
(0.04-0.2%)
EFFECTS
Ginkgolide B is a potent inhibitor of platelet-activating factor (PAF), which is important for the induction of
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
arachidonate-independent platelet aggregation. Ginkgolide B blocks the binding to PAF to its receptor resulting in an antagonistic effect (Chung, 1987). This effect will inhibit PAF-induced bconchoconstriction and airway hyperactivity, along with T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. PAF induces inflammation and changes in vascular permeability (Braquet, 1989: Delia Loggia, 1993). Ginkgo biloba exerts ischemic protective and antioxidant effects through the flavonoids. This occurs through a free scavenger action and prevention of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is involved in producing tissue and vascular damage, and neuronal loss, which may lead to dementia (Dorman, 1992; Koc, 1995; Otamiri, 1989). The herb also reduces neutrophil infiltration and increases blood flow to prevent the progression of dementia ischemia. The antioxidant and membrane-stablizing activity increases cerebral hypoxia tolerance (Koltringer, 1989; Otamiri, 1989). Other effects consist of spasmolytic properties through direct action on alpha-adrenoceptors and smooth muscle relaxing properties via the signal transduction pathway, intracellular I cAMP, antagonism of the adrenergic nervous system and hyperpolarization (Hellegouarch, 1985; Struillon, 1995). CLINICAL TRIALS
Dementia A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial with a particular extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI) and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) were used to evaluate the response in 309 patients over a 52-week period. EGb 120 mg daily was safe and was shown to stabilize or improve cognitive performance and the social functioning of demented patients for 6 months to 1 year (Le Bars, 1998). Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease The clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract (EGb 761) was demonstrated in 111 patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease (POAD) in Fontaine stage lib and intermittent claudication. The mean pain-free walking distances were very similar at the beginning of the treatment period. After 8, 16 and 24 weeks, the EGb treatment group was significantly better than the placebo group with maximum walking distance and relative increases of the pain-free walking distance. The doppler indices remained nearly unchanged during the coarse of therapy (Peters, 1998).
GINKGO/343
Equilibrium Disorders An open, controlled study consisted of 44 patients complaining of vertigo, dizziness or both, caused by vascular vestibular disorders. The patients were randomly treated with extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) 80 mg twice daily or with betahistine dihydrochloride (BI) 16 mg twice daily for 3 months. A complete neuro-otologic and equilibrimetric examination was performed at baseline and after 3 months of treatment, including an evaluation of clinical findings. Dizziness and vertigo improved in 64.7% of patients in the BI treatment group and in 65% of those in the EGb 761 treatment group in the first month of therapy. No significant changes were observed in cranial scans for patients with a 'central' cranial pattern or with the equilibrium score. EGb 761 induced a slight decrease of saccadic delay and considerably increased saccadic velocities while BI improved saccadic accuracy but did not modify delay. EGb 761 improved smooth pursuit gain three times more than BI. Both drugs asymmetrically reduced nystagmus maximum velocity and improved the sinusoidal vestibulo-ocular reflex. BI considerably reduced, whereas EGb 761 considerably improved, visuovestibular ocular reflex (Cesarani, 1998). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • •
Symptomatic relief of organic brain dysfunction Intermittent claudication Vertigo (vascular origin) Tinnitus (vascular origin)
The Commission E approvals listed are limited to special standard extracts of Ginkgo. Unproven Uses: The drug is used for disturbed brain functions that result in dizziness and headache with emotional lability and anxiety. Ginkgo has been demonstrated to improve concentration and memory deficits as a result of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Chinese Medicine: Among traditional Chinese uses for Ginkgo biloba are asthma, tinnitus, hypertonia and angina pectoris. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathy includes tonsillitis and cephalgia among the indications for use of Ginkgo. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in patients knowa to be hypersensitive to Ginkgo biloba preparations. Patients with known risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (systematic arterial hypertension, diabetes amyloid senile plaques) should avoid the use of Ginkgo biloba due to a recent case report of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with the herb (Vale, 1998).
3 4 4 /GINKGO PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Mild gastrointestinal complaints could occur as side effects (Cohen, 1998). Also, blood pressure problems, allergic reactions and phlebitis have occasionally been documented after parenteral administration. Allergic skin reactions have been observed on extremely rare occasions. The possible hypersensitivity reactions consist of occurrence of spasms and cramps and, in cases of acute toxicity, atonia and adynamia. Fertility: Ginkgo has adverse effects on oocytes (Ondrizek, 1999):
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: Ginkgo must be protected from light and moisture. LITERATURE
American Psychiatric Association (Ed.), DSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. R. R. Donnelly & Sons Company 1994. Amling R. Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT 12(1):9. 1991. Anonym. Ginkgo und Crataegus. In: DAZ 137(20): 1751-1753. 1997. Anonym. Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava, Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995.
Hematologic Effects: Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage and an increase in bleeding time have been associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion (Rowin, 1996; Vale. 1998).
Anonym. Psycho-Phytos: Ginkgo, Johanniskraut und Kava-Kava. In: DAZ 135(18): 1632-1634. 1995.
Drug Interactions: Antithrombolytic Agents (anticoagulants, antiplatelets and aspirin) — Spontaneous bleeding has been associated with the herb due to its potent inhibitory effect on the platelet-activating factor (PAF). Case reports involving the herb associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage suggests an additional risk of intracerebral hemorrhage with the use of thrombolytic therapy (Matthews, 1998; Rowin, 1996; Vale, 1998).
Bauer R, Zschocke S, Medizinische Anwendung von Ginkgo biloba Geschichtliche Entwicklung. In: ZPT 17(5):275-283. 1996.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ginkgo is available in liquid or solid pharmaceutical forms, for oral intake and parenterally for homeopathic use. How
Supplied:
Capsules—30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg, 260 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg Extract—50:1 Liquid—40mg/5mL Tablets—30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 120 mg, 260 mg Daily Dosage: Ginkgo biloba extract should be standardized to contain 24% flavone and 6% terpene lactones: 40 to 80 mg three times a day (van Beek, 1998). Studies have demonstrated efficacy with 120 mg daily in 2 to 3 divided doses for dementia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and for equilibrium disorders like tinnitus or vertigo (Cesarani, 1998; Le Bar, 1998; Peters, 1998). Chinese Medicine: In traditional Chinese medicine, the daily dose is 3 to 6 g of leaves as an infusion. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Bach D, Behandlung der benignen Prostatahypertrophie. In: ZPT 17(4):209-218. 1996.
Beske F, Kunczik T, (1991) Fruhzeitige Therapie kann Milliarden sparen. Der Kassenarzt 42:36-42. Blaha L, (1989) Differential diagnose der zerebralen Insuffizienz in der Praxis. Geriatrie und Rehabilitation 2,1:23-28. Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol I. JR Prous Science, Barcelona 1988. Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol II, JR Prous Science, Barcelona 1989. Briichert E, Heinrich SE, Ruf-Kohler P, (1991) Wirksamkeit von LI 1370 bei alteren Patienten mit Hirnleistungsschwache. Munch Med Wschr 133(Suppl 1):9-14. Bundesgesundheitsamt, (1991) Empfehlungen zum Wirksamkeitsnachweis von Nootropika im Indikationsbereich "Demenz" (Phase HI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt 7:342-350. Burkard G, Lehrl S, (1991) Verhaltnis von Demenzen vom Multiinfarkt- und vom Alzheimertyp in arztlichen Praxen. Munch Med Wschr 133(Supp. l):38-43. Caesar W, Alles uber Ginkgo. In: DAZ 134(44):4363. 1994. Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D et al., Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Adv Ther 1998 Sep-Oct;15(5):291-304. Chung KF, Dent G, McCusker M et al., Effect of a ginkgolide mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet responses to platelet activating factor in man. Lancet 1987 Jan 31;1(8527):248-51. Cohen AJ & Bartlick B: Ginkgo biloba for antidepressentinduced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1998; 24:139143.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Delia Loggia R, Sosa S, Tubaro A, Bombardelli E, Antiinflammatory activity of Ginkgo biloba flavonoids. In: PM 59 (1992), A588. Deutsches Institut fiir medizinische Dokumentation und Information (Hrsg.), ICD-10. Internationale und statistische ^••Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme. 10. Revision. Bd 1. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munchen Wien Baltimore 1994. Dfeudis FV, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological activities and clinical applications. In: Elsevier Editions Scientifiques Paris. 1991. Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo, Hypericum und Kava- Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995. Dorman D, Cote L, Buck W, Effects of an extract of Gingko biloba on bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and edema in rats. Am J Vet Res 1992 Jan;53(l): 138-42. Dom M. Braunig B, Gross HD, Ginkgo-Dragees bei zerebraler Leistungsschwache. In: ZPT 12(6): 180. 1991. Ermini-Funfschilling D, (1992) Moglichkeiten und Grenzen eines Gedachtnistrainings mit Patienten bei beginnender Demenz. Z Moderne Geriatrie 12:459-456. Gravel E, (1989) Vergleich zweier Personengruppen beziiglich jfcder Auswirkungen des mentalen Trainings ("Gehirn-Jogging") auf die Selbsteinschiitzung der Leistungsfiihigkeit in Abhangigkeit von der Trainingszeit (Tageszeit der Trainingsdurchfuhrung). Geriatrie & Rehabilitation 2,1:44-46. Hartmann A, Schulz V (Hrsg.), (1991) Ginkgo biloba, Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse 1990/91. Munch Med Wschr 133:1-64. Hellegouarch A, Baranes J, Clostre F et al.. Comparison of the contractile effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba and some neurotransmitters on rabbit isolated vena cava. Gen Pharmacol 1985; 16:129-132. Hopfenmuller W, (1994) Nachweis der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit eines Ginkgo biloba-Spezialextraktes. Metaanalyse von 11 klinischen Studien bei Patienten mit Hirnleistungsstorungen im Alter Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 44:1005-1013. Israel L, Dell'Accio E, Martin G, Hugonot R, (1987) Extrait de Ginkgo biloba et exercices d'entra nement de la memoire. Evaluation comparative chez personnes (gees ambulatoiRes Psychologie Medicinale 19(8):1431-1439. Joyeux M et al., Comparative antilipoperoxidant, antinecrotic i y a n d scavenging properties of terpenes and biflavones from Ginkgo and some flavonoids. In: PM 61(2): 126-129. 1995. Kanowski S, (1991) Klinischer Wirksamkeitsnachweis bei Nootropika. Munch Med Wschr 133:5-8. Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R, (1995) Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 4:149-158.
GINKGO / 3 4 5
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992a) Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmac 35:352-358. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992b) Ginkgo biloba. Lancet, 11361139. Koalik F et al., (1992) Kombinierte Anwendung von nootroper Therapie und kognitivem Training bei chronischen organischen Psychosyndromen. Neuropsychiatrie 6:47-52. Koc R, Akdemir H, Kurtsoy A et al., Lipid peroxidation in experimental spinal cord injury. Comparison of treatment with Ginkgo biloba, TRH and mehtylprednisolone. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1995;195(2): 117-23. Koltringer P, F.ber O, Lind P et al., Mikrozirkulation und Viskoelastizitaet des Vollblutes unter Ginkgo-biloba extrakt. Eine plazebokonntrollierte, randomisierte Douppelblind-Studie. Perfusion 1989: 1:28-30. Krieglstein J, Neuroprotective properties of Ginkgo bilobaconstituents. In: ZPT 15(2):92-96. 1994. Kurz A, Ginkgo biloba bei Demenzerkrankungen. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg.), Phytopharmaka. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt 1995, S 145-149. Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N et al., A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA 1997 Oct 22-29;278(16): 1327-32. Matthews MK, Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933-4. Nieder M, (1991) Pharmakokinetik der Ginkgo-Flavonole im Plasma. Munch Med Wschr 133:61-62. Oberpichler-Schwenk H, Krieglstein J, (1992) Pharmakologische Wirkungen von Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakt und -Inhaltsstoffen. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 21:224-235. Ondrizek RR, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A. An alternative medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free hamster occytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid. Fertil Steril 1999 Mar;71(3):517-22. Otamiri T, Tagesson C: Ginkgo biloba extract prevents mucosa damage associated with small-intestinal ischaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24:666-670. Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U. Demonstration of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent claudication—a placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial. Vasa 1998 May;27(2):106-10. Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatrie. In: ZPT 18(3): 165-162. 1997. Riederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (Hrsg.), Neuropsychopharmaka. Band 5: Parkinsonmittel und Nootropika. Springer Verlag, Wien Noew York 1992, S. 161-324. Rosenblatt M, Mindel J, Spontaneous bilateral hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 10; 336(15): 1108.
3 4 6 /GINKGO
Rowen J, Lewis S, Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology 1996 Jun;46(6): 1775-6. Rupalla K, Oberpichler-Schwenk H, Krieglstein J, Neuroprotektive Wirkungen des Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakts und seiner Inhaltsstofe. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg.) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag. Darmstadt 1995, S 17-27.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S F U R T H E R I N F O R M A T I O N IN:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schilcher H, Ginkgo biloba L. In: ZPT 9:119. 1998.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Schmid M. Schmoll H (Hrsg.), Ginkgo. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1994.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Schmid B, In: Schmid, Schmoll gen. Eisenwert: Ginkgo, UrBaum und Arzneipflanze, Mythos, Dichtung und Kunst. 1994.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Schwabe U, Paffrath D (Hrsg.), Arzneiverordnungsreport '95. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart Jena 1995, S 214-224, 373374. Sowers S. Weary PE, Collins OD, Cnoley EP, Ginkgo tree dermatitis. In: Arch Dermatol 81:452-456. 1965. Spegg H, Ginkgo biloba - ein Baum aus Urzeiten, ein Phytopharmakon mit Zukunft. In: PTA 4(12):576. 1990.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988. Sticher O, (1993) Ginkgo biloba - Ein modernes pflanzliches Arzneimittel. Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 138/3:125-168.
Ginkgo biloba See Ginkgo
Sticher O, Hasler A. Meier B, Ginkgo biloba - Eine Standortbestimmung. In: DAZ 131(36): 1827. 1991. Sticher O. Quality of Ginkgo preparations. In: PM 59(1):2-11. 1993.
Ginseng
Struillon L, Cohen Y, Vilde JL et al.. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is not active against Mycobacterium avium infection in C57BL/6 mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:1013-1014.
Panax
Vale, S, Subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Lancet 1998 Jul 4;352(9121):36. Vesper J, Hansgen KD, (1994) Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba in 90 Outpatients with Cerebral Insufficiency Caused by Old Age. Phytomedicine 1:9-16. Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Ginkgo biloba - Grundlagen und Anwendung in der Psychiatric Psychopharmakotherapie 1:70-76. Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Kava-Kava und Kavain in der Psychopharmakotherapie. Psychopharmakotherapie 1:33-39. Vorberg G, Schenk N, Schmidt U, (1989) Wirksamkeit eines neuen Ginkgo-biloba- Extraktes bei 100 Patienten mit zerebraler Insuffizien. Z Herz & plus; GefafJe 9:396-401. Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992. Woerdenberg HJ, Van Beek TA, Ginkgo biloba. In: DeSmet PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF ed., Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997; 3:5166.
ginseng
TRADE NAMES
Ginseng (available from numerous manufacturers), Ginsana, Gin Zip, Chinese Red Panax Ginseng, Manchurian Ginseng, Premium Blend Korean Ginseng, Ginseng Complex, Korean Ginseng, Siberian Ginseng, Korean Ginseng Extract, Korean White Ginseng, The Ginseng Solution, Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng, American Ginseng Root, Korean Ginseng Root, Standardized Siberian Ginseng Root, Natural Ginseng, Ginseng Up, Herbal Sure Chinese Red Ginseng, Siberian Ginseng Power Herb, Time Release Korean Ginseng Power, American Ginseng, Chinese Red Panax, Concentrated Ginseng Extract, Eleuthero Ginseng Root, Siberian Ginseng Root, Korean White Ginseng Root, Centrum Ginseng, GinAction, Ginsai, Ginseng Concentrate, Ginseng Manchurian, Ginseng Natural, Ginseng Power Max 004X G-Sana, Lynae Ginse-Cool, Power Herb Korean Ginseng DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is simple or branched with 1 to 3 umbels of 15 to 30 flowers. The flowers are
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
"androgynous and have greenish-yellow corollas. The ovary is inferior. The fruit is a pea-sized, globular to reniform, scarlet, smooth and glossy drupe, which contains 2 seeds. 3
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, and stands &- erect from 30 to 80 cm high. It has a smooth, round stem and bears terminal whorls of 3 to 5 palmate leaves. The leaflets are thin, finely serrate, gradually acuminate, 7 to 20 cm long and 2 to 5 cm wide. The rhizome tapers at the ends and is often palmate at the tip, giving it a human-like form. Habitat: Panax ginseng is indigenous to China. It is cultivated in China, Korea, Japan and Russia. Production: Ginseng root consists of the dried main and lateral root and root hairs of Panax ginseng. Other Names: Five-fingers, Red berry, American Ginseng, Chinese Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Oriental Ginseng ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxadiol: including ginsenoside Ral, Ra2, Ra3, Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, notoginsenoside R4, Rsl, Rs2, ^r Rs3, Rs4, malonylginsenoside Rbl, Re, Rd Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxytriol: including ginsenoside Re, Rf, Rgl, notoginsenoside Rl Aglycone oleanolic acid: including ginsenoside Ro, chikusetsusasaponin-V Rbl, Rb2, Re, Rd, Re, Rgl Water-soluble polysaccharides: panaxane A to U Polyynes: including falcarinol (panaxynol), falcarintriol (panaxytriol), examples estered with acetic acid or linolenic acid EFFECTS
The main active component in Ginseng consists of the ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins. There are twenty-five ginsenosides that have been separated and detected based on the sugar unit sequences and aglycone moieties (Attele, 1999; Fuzzati, 1999; Wang, 1999). The ginsenosides demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing a variety of pharmaceuticalr responses gL quite different from one another. A single ginsenoside may initiate multiple or opposing actions in the same tissue, thus making the overall phamacology of ginseng complex (Attele, 1999). Cognitive Function Effects The loss of nicotinic receptor binding has been associated with age-related cognitive impairments. Nicotinic receptor stimulation of the central nervous system is beneficial for neuroprotection against age associated cognitive disorders. A
GINSENG / 3 4 7
non-ginsenoside component of the herb has demonstrated affinity for the nicotinic receptor. This binding of the compound to the receptor results in nicotinic activity (Lewis, 1999). Ginsenoside-Rg2 and -Rg3 block nicotinic acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. This results in an inhibitory effect of the acetylcholine-evoked secretion of catecholamines. (Tachikawa, 1999). These different effects of Panax gingseng contribute to the variety of pharmacological effects. Antineoplastic Effects A protopanaxadiol component of Ginseng was shown to inhibit proliferation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin (Lee, 1999). Ginsenoside-Rs4 and -Rs3 elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl, which are associated with the induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells (Kim, 1999). Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptotic cell death in the glioma cell line through activation of caspase and production of oxygen species (Kim, 1999). Antioxidant Effects The antioxidant effects of Ginseng protect against oxidative DNA and protein (globin) damage caused by free radicals (Lee, 1998). Antioxidant activity of the herb also provides a hepatoprotective effect by increasing hepatic gluathione peroxidase activity (Voces, 1999). Antioxidant intervention by Ginseng is exerted by weak radical scavenging activity and stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cardiac tissue (Maffei, 1999). Antiplatelet Effects The antiplatelet components consist of panaxynol and ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 in the diethyl ether and 1butanol fractions of the herb. Panaxynol inhibits the aggregation, release reaction, and thromboxane formation in platelets while ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 suppress the release reaction only (Kuo, 1990; Teng, 1989). Antiviral Effects Ginseng induces production of interferon, enhances natural killer cell and antibody dependent cytotoxic activities, and stimulates cell mediated immunity (Singh, 1983; Singh, 1984). Decrease in Alcohol Levels The effect of ginseng in the reduction of blood ethanol levels may be attributed to different mechanisms. Ginseng increases alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity at high concentrations due to an augmented induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Ginseng enhances blood alcohol clearance in man (Lee, 1987). The
3 4 8 /GINSENG
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ginsenosides also reduce plasma ethanol by a delay in gastric emptying time (Koo, 1999).
mood, improved psychophysical performance, and reduced fasting blood glucose and weight (Sotaniemi, 1995).
Hypolipidemic/Cardiac Effects
Antiviral
Ginseng saponins activate lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that reduces chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins, and results in a decrease of triglycerides and cholesterol (Inoue, 1999). The ginsenosides demonstrate negative chronotropic effects and positive and negative inotropic effects on the heart (Wu, 1988). The anti-arrhythmic properties of Rgl consist of prolonged ventricular refractoriness and repolarization, and increased ventricular fibrillation threshold (Wu, 1995).
The properties of a standardized extract of ginseng root for inducing a higher immune response in vaccination against influenza were evaluated in 227 volunteers. The placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind study was conducted over a 12-week period. Oral standardized ginseng extract 100 mg daily was given over the entire 12-week period, with anti-influenza polyvalent vaccination given to all volunteers at week 4. There were significantly fewer cases of influenza or the common cold in the ginseng-treatment group, and significantly higher antibody titers and natural killer cell levels at 8 and 12 weeks in the ginseng treatment group (Scaglione, 1996).
Miscellaneous Effects Stimulation of corticotrophin secretion and increased hepatic ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis are effects of the saponin glycosides in Ginseng. Panax ginseng is comprised of at least 28 different saponin glycosides, which contain nuclei resembling those of steroids (Punnonen, 1980). The ginsenosides also stimulate insulin release and increase insulin receptors to exert a hypoglycemic effect (Guodong, 1987). Ginseng also decreases blood sugar through glucose metabolism related to adrenergic receptors. Ginseng decreases lactic acid and stimulates other respiratory enzymes in the electron transport chain to promote aerobic oxidation (Yao, 1990). The saponins have shown enhancement of erectile capacity mediated by endotheliumderived relaxing factor and peripheral neurophysiologic enhancement (Choi, 1999; Choi, 1995).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Lack of stamina Ginseng is used internally for fatigue and debility, and for a decrease capacity for work and concentration. Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Ginseng is used for loss of appetite, cachexia, anxiety, impotence and sterility, neuralgia and insomnia. Chinese Medicine: In Chinese medicine, Ginseng is used for hemoptysis, gastric disturbances, and vomiting. Homeopathic Uses: Ginseng is used for rheumatism and debility.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Cognitive Function A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Ginseng on cognitive function over an 8-week period. There were 112 healthy volunteers over 40 years of age. The primary outcome was the change in score on each cognitive test, evaluated at baseline, and again at 8 weeks. Oral standardized ginseng 400 mg daily was significantly better compared to placebo with abstract thinking and a tendency toward faster simple reaction times. There was no difference between the groups with regard to concentration, memory, or subjective experience (Sorenson, 1996). Hypoglycemic The effect on blood glucose with Ginseng was demonstrated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 36 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients. Ginseng 200 mg daily improved glycated hemoglobin, serum aminoterminalpropetptide concentration and physical activity after 8 weeks of therapy. Ginseng 100 mg and 200 mg daily dose elevated
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Caution should be taken in patients with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Hypertension resulting from Ginseng Abuse Syndrome is associated with prolonged high dose Ginseng with concomitant use of caffeine (Siegel, 1979; Siegel, 1980). General adverse effects include insomnia, epistaxis, headache, nervousness, and vomitting. Mastalgia: Mastalgia with diffuse breast nodularity has been reported with Ginseng use (Palmer, 1978). Vaginal Bleeding: Oral Ginseng and Ginseng face cream have been associated with post menopausal vaginal bleeding (Greenspan, 1983; Hopkins, 1988). Pregnancy/Lactation: Maternal use of Ginseng has been associated with neonatal androgenization, thus it is not recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation (Awang, 1991). Drug Interactions: Diabetic Agents/Insulin — Caution should be taken when taking an antidiabetic agent or insulin to lower blood glucose
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
GINSENG/349
because Ginseng has been shown to have hypoglycemic effects (See EFFECTS and CLINICAL TRIALS).
Erectile Dysfunction — Korean Red Ginseng given orally as 600 mg three times daily has been effective (Choi, 1995).
Warfarin/NSAIDS/Antiplatelet Agents — A case report of a 47-year old male with a mechanical valve in the aortic position taking warfarin had a decrease in the INR 2 weeks after initiating Ginseng therapy. The INR returned to normal 2 weeks after discontinuation of warfarin (Awang, 1991). Due to the antiplatelet effect of Ginseng, avoid concomitant use with antiplatelet agents or NSAIDS.
Physical and Psychological Performance Capacity (lack of stamina) — Ginsana given 100 mg twice daily has improved . oxygen capacity, reduction of maximum stress frequency, increase in ling function parameters and shortened reaction time to visual stimulants after 11 weeks (Forgo, 1985).
Phenelzine (MAOI) — Headache, tremors, and mania have been reported with concomitant use of phenelzine and Ginseng (Jones, 1987).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules or 1 mL injection solution sc twice weekly. LITERATURE
Anonym, Kann Ginseng die Leistungsfahigkeit erhohen? In: DAZ 132(12):XLVMI. 1992.
Loop Diuretics — Germanium, present in most Ginseng products, was reported to cause loop diuretic resistance in a 63 year old male with glomerulonephritis. Germainium causes nephrotoxicity in the nephron segment where loop diuretics work (Becker, 1996).
Attele AS; Wu JA; Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999 Dec 1:58(11): 1685-93.
OVERDOSAGE
Avakian EV et al., (1984) Planta Med 50:151.
Massive overdosages can bring about Ginseng Abuse Syndrome, which is characterized by hypertension, insomnia, hypertonia and edema.
Awang DV. Maternal use of ginseng and neonatal androgenization. JAMA 1991 Jul 17;266(3):363. '
DOSAGE
Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und "Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug infusions, powder and galenic preparations for internal use. Various standardized preparations containing Ginseng root are available. How Supplied: Capsules — lOOmg, 150mg. 200mg, 250mg, 404mg, 405mg, 410mg, 424mg, 470mg, 500mg, 505mg, 535mg, 560mg, lOOOmg, 1250mg Liquid — 300mg/ml Tablet — 350mg, 500mg
Anonym, Mythos-Tonikum-Arzneimittel. Ginsengextrakt bei Atemwegserkrankungen. In: DAZ 134(26):2461. 1994.
Baldwin CA et al., (1986) Pharm J 237:583.
Becker BN; Greene J; Evanson J et al. Ginseng-induced diuretic resistance. JAMA 1996 Aug 28;276(8):606-7. Blasius H, Phytotherapie: Adaptogene Wirkung von Ginseng. In: DAZ 135(23):2136-2138. 1995. Caesar W, Ginsengwurzel in Europa. Eine alte Geschichte. In: DAZ 131(19):935. 1991. Choi H, Seong D, Rha K. Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1995 Sep;7(3): 181-6.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 3 gm comminuted drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Choi Y, Rha K, Choi H. In vitro and in vivo experimental effect of Korean red ginseng on erection. J urol 1999 Oct; 162(4): 1508-11.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 1 to 2 gm root. The infusion may be taken 3 to 4 times a day over 3 to 4 weeks.
Forgo I, Schimert G. Zur Frage der Wirkungsdauer des standardisierten Ginseng-Extraktes G 115 bei gesunden Leistungssportiern. Notabene medici 1985 9:636-649.
Cognitive Function — Oral standardized Ginseng 400 mg daily was effective in improving cognitive function (Sorenson, 1996).
Fulder SJ, (1981) Am J Chin Med 9:112.
Hypoglycemic Effects — Dosage of 100-200 mg of oral standardized Ginseng has been effective in Type 2 diabetic patients (Sotaniemi, 1995). Antiviral — Studies have proven efficacy in addition vaccination with 100-200 mg daily of oral standardized Ginseng extract (Scaglione, 1996).
Fuzzati N; Gabetta B; Jayakar K et al. Liquid chromatographyelectrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots. J Chromatogr A 1999 Aug 27;854(l-2):6979. Greenspan EM. Ginseng and vaginal bleeding. JAMA 1983 Apr 15;249(15):2018. Guodong L, Zhongqui L. Effects of ginseng saponins on insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats. Chin J Integr Trad Western Med 1987;7:326.
3 5 0 /GINSENG
Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285. Hirakura K, Morita M, Nakajima K, Ikeya Y, Mitsuhashi H, Polyacetylenes from them roots of Panax ginseng. In: PH 30:3327-3333. 1991. Hopkins M, Androff L, Benninghoff A. Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988,159:1121-1122. Hyo-Won B, Il-Heok K, Sa-Sek H, Byung-Hun H, Mun-Hae H. Ze-Hun K, Nak-Du K, (1987) Roter Ginseng. Schriftenreihe des Staatlichen Ginseng-Monopolamtes der Republik Korea. Inoue M; Wu CZ; Dou DQ et al. Lipoprotein lipase activation by red ginseng saponins in hyperlipidemia model animals. Phytomedicine 1999 Oct;6(4):257-65. Jones BD; Runikis AM. Interaction of ginseng with phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987 Jun;7(3):201-2. Kim HE, Oh JH, Lee SK, Oh YJ. Ginsenoside RH-2 induces apoptotic cell death in rat C6 glioma via a reactive oxygen and caspase dependent but Bcl-X(L)-independent pathway. Life Sci 1999;65(3):PL33-40. Kim SE; Lee YH; Park JH; Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rs3, a new diol-type ginseng saponin, selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl leading to induction of apoptosis in SKHEP-1 cells. Anticancer Res 1999 Jan-Feb;19(lA):487-91. Kim SE; Lee YH; Park JH; Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rs4, a new type of ginseng saponin concurrently induces apoptosis and selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl in human hepatoma SK-HEP-l cells. Eur J Cancer 1999 Mar;35(3):507-ll. Kitigawa I, (1983) Yaligali Zasshi 103:612. Konno C et al., (1984) Planta Med 50(5):434. Koo MW. Effects of ginseng on ethanol induced sedation in mice. Life Sci 1999;64(2): 153-60. Kuo SC; Teng CM; Lee JC et al. Antiplatelet components in Panax ginseng. Planta Med 1990 Apr;56(2): 164-7. Lee FC; Ko JH; Park JK; Lee JS. Effects of Panax ginseng on blood alcohol clearance in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1987 Jun;14(6):543-6. Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OhdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Lett 1998 Oct 23; 132(l-2):219-27. Lee SJ; Sung JH; Lee SJ et al. Antitumor activity of a novel ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Cancer Lett 1999 Sep 20;144(l):39-43.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Obermeier A, (1980) Zur Analytik der Ginseng- und Eteutherococcusdroge. Dissertation Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversitat Miinchen. Palmer BV, Montgomery ACV, Monteiro JC. Ginseng und mastalgia. BMJ 1978; 1:1284. Petkov VD et al., Memory effect of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng(G 115), Ginkgo biloba(GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). In: PM 59(2).106. 1993. Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatric In: ZPT 18(3): 162-165. 1997. Ploss E, (1988) Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer. Wissenschaftlicher Bericht. Kooperation Phytopharmaka, Koln Bonn Frankfurt Bad Homburg. Punnonen R; Lukola A. Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Br Med J 1980 Oct 25;281(6248): 1110. Ro JY; Ahn YS; Kim KH. Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside on the mediator release in the guinea pig lung mast cells activated by specific antigen-antibody reactions. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998 Nov;20(ll):625-41. Scaglione F; Cattaneo G; Alessandria M et al. Efficacy and safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22(2):6572. Sieg! RK, (1979) Ginseng abuse syndrome - problems with the panacea. J Amer Assoc 241:1614-1615. Siegl RK, (1980) Ginseng and the high blood pressure. J Am Med Assoc 243:32. Singh VK, George CX, Singh N, et al. Combined treatment of mice with Panax ginseng extract and interferon inducer. Amplification of host resistance to Semliki forest virus. Planta Med. 1983 Apr;47(4):234-6. Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Gupta BM. Immunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract. Planta Med 1984 Dec;50(6):462-5. Sonnenborn U, Proppert Y, (1990) Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Z Phytotherapie 11:35-49. Sorensen H, Sonne J. A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions. Curr Ther Res 1996;57:959-68. Sotaniemi E, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995 Oct; 18(10): 1373-5. Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988.
Lewis R; Wake G; Court G et al. Non-ginsenoside nicotinic activity in ginseng species. Phytother Res 1999 Feb;13(l):59-64.
Sprecher E, Phytotherapeutika als Wunderdrogen? Versuch einer Bewertung. In: ZPT 10(1):1. 1989.
Maffei F, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemiareperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Med 1999 Oct;65(7):614-9.
Tachikawa E; Kudo K; Harada K et al. Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 Mar 12;369(l):23-32.
Matsuda H et al., (1986) Chem Pharm Bull 34(3): 1153.
Takahashi M, Yoshikura M, (1966) Yakugaku Zasshi 86:1051 and 1053.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Teng CM: Kuo SC; Ko FN et al. Antiplatelet actions of panaxynol and ginsenosides isolated from ginseng. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989 Mar 24;990(3):315-20. Voces J, Alvarez A, Vila L, et al. Effects of administration of the standardized Panax ginseng extract Gl 15 on hepatic antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1999 Jun; 123(2): 17584. Wang B. Yang M. Jin Y, Liu P. Studies on the mechanism of ginseng polypeptide induced hypoglycemia. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990:25(10):727-31. Wang X: Sakuma T: Asafu-Adjaye E. Determination of ginsenosides in plant extracts from Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius L. by LC/MS/MS. Anal Chem 1999 Apr 15:71(8): 1579-84. Wichtl M. Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992. Wu JX: Chen JX. Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of Panax notoginseng saponins. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1988 Sep:9(5):409-12. Wu W: Zhang XM: Liu PM et al. Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rgl on cardiac electrophysiological properties and ventricular Fibrillation threshold in dogs. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1995 Sep;I6(5):459-63. Youn YS. (1987) Analytisch vergleichende Untersuchungen von Ginsengwurzeln verschiedener Provenienzen. Dissertation Freie Universitiit Berlin. Further information in: Chan. EH et al.. (Eds) Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Frohne D. Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur potheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
GLOBE FLOWER / 3 5 1
Glechoma hederacea See Ground Ivy
Globe Flower Trollius europaeus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant. Flower and Fruit: Every branch of the stem bears a solitary, terminal flower. They are up to 5 cm in diameter, globular and have no calyx. The flowers usually have 10 perianth segments. The petals are lemon yellow. The outer petals are occasionally green underneath. They are bent. The stamens are approximately 12 mm long and have a 0.5 to 5 mm long appendage. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 70 cm high and glabrous. The stem is hollow, smooth and branched upward. The basal leaves are long-petioled and 3 to 5 lobed. The lobes are cuneate and more or less deeply indented and serrate. The cauline leaves are smaller and more or less sessile. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern and central Europe. Production: Globe flowers are the flowers of Trollius europaeus. Other Names: Globe Ranunculus, Globe Crowfoot, Globe Trollius ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Ranunculin: protoanemonine-forming substance in the freshly harvested plant that changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces. The pungent, volatile protoanemonine quickly dimerizes to the non-mucous membrane irritating anemonine. When dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine formation.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Flavonoids
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Carotinoids: including neoxanuhine (trollixanthine), xanthophyll epoxide
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
C)
EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, the plant was used to treat scurvy. It loses most of its active properties on drying.
352/GLOBE
FLOWER
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blisters and cauterizations due to the resulting protoanemonine formation, which is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Because of the very low level of protoanemonine-forming substances in the plant, the danger of poisoning is quite low.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
surface is brownish and striated. The fracture is laminated with yellow fibers. Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and bitter, and the odor is slight but disagreeable. Habitat: The tree grows in Brazil. Production: Goa powder is exuded from the nuclear cavity of Andira araroba. The exuded substance is purified by recrystalization in benzol, thus producing raw chrysarobin. Other Names: Araroba, Bahia Powder, Brazil Powder, Chrysatobine, Crude Chrysarobin, Ringworm Powder ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Glycine soja See Soybean
Glycyrrhiza glabra See Licorice
Gnaphalium uliginosum See Cudweed
Goa Powder Andira araroba DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried and pulverized latex of the trunk and branches. Flower and Fruit: Andira araroba is a large smooth tree whose yellowish wood has vertically running channels and spaces. The latex collects increasingly in these spaces as the tree ages. The bark forms in long flat pieces about 3 mm thick and is grayish-white and fissured externally. The inner
COMPOUNDS
Anthrone derivatives: in particular chrysophanolanthrone, dehydroemodine anthrone monomethyl ether, emodine anthrone monomethyl ether, dimerics of these compounds EFFECTS
The powder is a strong reducing agent. It causes severe erythema upon contact with the skin. It inhibits glucose-6phosphate-dehydrogenization in psoriatic skin conditions. The drug easily absorbs through the skin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goa Powder is used for psoriasis in chrysarobin ointments and for various kinds of dermatomycosis. It has been widely replaced by synthetic anthranol, which is also used in the treatment of psoriasis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes (redness, swelling, pustules and conjunctivitis, even without eye contact). Internal administration leads to vomiting, diarrhea and kidney inflammation (with as little as 0.01 g). External administration on large skin areas could cause resorptive poisonings. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Goa Powder is administered topically in emulsion form, but has largely been replaced by the synthetic anthranol cignolin. LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ 136(38):3253-2354. 1996. BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164. 1992. Miiller K, Wiegrebe W, Psoriasis und Antipsoriatika. In: DAZ 137(22): 1893-1902. 1997. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Thomson RH, Naturally Occurring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic Press New York 1971.
Goat's Rue Galega officinalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves collected at the beginning of the flowering season and dried, as well as the tips of the flowering branches. Flower and Fruit: The plant's long-peduncled, axillary racemes are made up of numerous 1 cm long, slightly inclined florets. The petals are bluish-white and short stemmed. The filaments are fused. The fruit is a round, indented pod that grows 2 to 3 cm long and 2 to 3 mm thick, and contains many seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The strong, bright green shrub has numerous 40 cm to 1 m high, erect, branched, hollow stems. It has a divided rhizome with brown fibers sprouting numerous erect, corrugated, round, tall stems. The leaves are odd-pinnate; the leaflets are 1.5 to 4 cm long and 4 to 16 mm wide, elliptical to lanceolate and thorny-tipped with a rich green upper surface and a lighter undersurface. Characteristics: The plant is odorless unless bruised, whereupon it emits a disagreeable smell, which probably gave rise to the common name Goat's Rue. Habitat: Goat's Rue grows wild throughout Europe and Asia. Production: Goat's Rue herb consists of the dried, aboveground parts of Galega officinalis, harvested during the flowering season. Other Names: Italian Fitch, French Lilac ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Guanidine derivatives: galegine, 4-hydroxygalegine Quinazoline alkaloids: (+)-peganine Lectins Flavonoids: including galuteolin EFFECTS
The herb contains galegin, which affects blood sugar. In vitro, an inhibiting effect on the glucose transport of human epithelium cells has been demonstrated. The reported blood sugar-lowering effect of Goat's Rue herb on humans has not
GOATS RUE/ 353
been documented, nor have die reported aggregation-inhibiting, lactagogic and diuretic effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Goat's Rue herb are used as a diuretic, and also as supportive therapy for diabetes. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages have not been recorded. Poisonings have only been observed in animals, and then only following the intake of large quantities of the plant. Sheep reportedly experienced salivation, spasms, paralyses and death through asphyxiation following ingestion of inordinate amounts. Drug Interactions: A possible interaction exists with hypoglycemic medication. Goat's Rue should not be used by diabetics currently maintained with commercial pharmaceutical hypoglycemics. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed uses is not documented, therapeutic application cannot be recommended. Goat's Rue cannot be recommended for diabetes mellitus because of the severity of the disease and the availability of effective therapeutic alternatives. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 2 gm of ground drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes. Liquid Extract — Drug 1:1 Tincture — 1:10 45% ethanol LITERATURE
Barthel A, Reuter G, PA 23:26. 1968. Reuter G, Flora 154:136. 1964. Schreiber K, Pufahl K, Brauninger H, Liebigs Ann Chem 671:142. 1964. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. HMSO, UK 1984.
3 5 4 / G O A T ' S RUE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S EFFECTS
The active agents are seneciionin (aurein), other alkaloids, and resins. The drug has menstruation stimulant, diuretic, and astringent properties, although the mode of action has not been documented. The ^pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Life Root is used for loss of blood (bleeding) and menopausal symptoms.
Golden Ragwort Senecio aureus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant harvested during the flowering season and the dried herb. Flower and Fruit: The few capitula are in a loose, manyblossomed corymb that is up to 2.5 cm wide. They are surrounded by a double involucre and consist of 8 to 12 yellow lingual, female florets. There are also numerous androgynous, tubular ray florets, which are somewhat darker. Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows up to 60 cm tall. The rhizome is 2 to 5 cm thick, has numerous thread-like roots, and produces an erect or ascending stem. The root bark is hard and blackish. It surrounds a ring of whitish, woody bundles and a large, dark, central pith. The stem is fluffy-haired when young, later glabrous, and bears alternate leaves. The basal leaves grow up to 15 cm long. They are long-petioled, simple, round, and reniform with a cordate base. The cauline leaves are shorter, incised and pinnatifid, becoming bracts. Characteristics: The herb has a bitter and astringent taste. The smell is slightly acrid.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Life Root should not be taken internally. Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity are possible due to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internal use of Life Root is not recommended. Daily Dosage: The traditional average daily dose of the drug as a liquid extract is 4 g taken 3 to 4 times daily. (See Precautions and Adverse Reactions.) LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Nachmann RJ, PH 22:780-782. 1983. Resch JF et al., PM 47:255. 1983. Roder E et al., (1983) Planta Med 49:57. Roder E, DAZ 132:2427. 1992. Zalkow LH et al., (1979) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 1:1542.
Golden Shower Tree
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
Cassia fistula
Other Names: Squaw Weed, Golden Senecio, Golden Groundsel, Ragwort, Coughweed, Cocash Weed, Grundy Swallow, Life Root
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the bark, fruit and seeds.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: chief alkaloids are floridanine, florosenine, otosenine Sesquiterpenes of the eremophilane-type: including among others, ligularenolide, tetrahydroligularenolide, dehydrofukinone, trans-9-oxofuranoeremophilane Flavonoids: including among others, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl acetate, quercetin-3-O-glucosyl acetate
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in loose, hanging, 30 to 50 cm long racemes. There are 5 pale yellow, ovate petals. The diameter of the corolla is approximately 3.8 cm. The calyx is deeply divided and 5-toothed. There are 10 stamens. The fruit is a legume, 30 to 60 cm long, hanging and indehiscent. Leaves, Stem and Root: Cassia fistula is a tree, that grows up to 9 m high. The leaves are 20 to 40 cm long, 4- to 8-paired pinnate. The leaf spindle is hairy and the leaflet is petiolate, ovate to oval, acuminate, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
and silvery haired underneath. The young bark is smooth and greenish-gray. Older bark is dark brown and rough. Habitat: India, Africa and South America Production: Cassia pods are the dried ripe fruit of Cassia fistula. Not to be Confused With: Very occasionally the tree has been confused with South American Cassia species. Other Names: Canafistula. Indian Laburnum, Pudding Pipe Tree, Purging Cassia ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (1% in the mesocarp): sennosides, fistulinic acid Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (50%): particularly saccharose Fruit acids: citric acid Steroids: sterols (in the seeds), including beta-sitosterol Fatty oil (in the seeds) EFFECTS
The anthracene derivatives have a laxative effect. Preparations from the fruit have demonstrated antimicrobial and antiviral effects in vitro. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: Golden Shower Tree is used for flatulence, constipation, fever, anorexia, gout, jaundice, itching and skin conditions. Efficacy for constipation is plausible because of the anthranoid content; the other indications have not been proven. CONTRAINDICATIONS
GOLDENSEAL/355
lytes, particularly of potassium ions, which in turn leads to aldosteronism, albuminuria, hematuria, inhibition of intestinal motility, muscle weakness, enhancement of the effect of cardioactive steroids and an influence upon the effect of antiarrhythmics. In rare cases, administration of the drug may lead to cardiac arrhythmia, nephropathy, edema and accelerated osteoclasis. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole drug preparations are for internal use. Preparation: To prepare an extract, use pulp and distilled water in a 1:1 ratio, macerate, then exhaustively percolate with distilled water and filter. Evaporate to a soft extract. Daily Dosage: 4 to 8 gm of fruit pulp LITERATURE
el-Saadany SS, el-Massry RA, Labib SM, Sitohy MZ, The biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Nahrung, 35:807-15, 1991. Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta MP, Evaluation of traditional medicine: effects of Cajanus cajan L. and of Cassia fistula L. on carbohydrate metabolism in mice. Rev Med Panama, 16:39-45, 1991 Jan. Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta MP, Studies on the possibilities to infect the cells of callus of Cassia fistula by an animal virus & induce production of interferon-like antiviral factor(s). Indian J Exp Biol, 16:349-55, 1981 Apr. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
The drug is contraindicated with ileum, acute-inflammatory diseases of the intestine and appendicitis. It is also contraindicated for children under 12 years of age and for women during pregnancy or while nursing.
Goldenseal
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hydrastis canadensis
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The question of the increase in probability of the appearance of carcinomas in the colon following long-term administration of Anthracene drugs has not yet been fully clarified. Recent studies, however, have revealed no connection between the administration of Anthracene drugs and the frequency of carcinomas of the colon.
TRADE NAMES
Golden Seal, Goldenseal (Available from numerous manufacturers), Goldenseal Power, Golden Seal Herb, Golden Seal Root, Golden Seal Plus, Goldenseal Root Alcohol Free, Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the air-dried rhizome with the root fibers.
OVERDOSAGE
In the case of overdose, cramp-like gastrointestinal complaints could occur as a side effect of the laxative effect of the drug. Prolonged administration leads to loss of electro-
Flower and Fruit: The flower is small, solitary, terminal and erect. It has 3 small greenish white petals which drop as soon as they come out. The fruit is a group of small, fleshy,
356/GOLDENSEAL
oblong carmine berries with 1 or 2 hard, black and glossy seeds. The fruit is similar to the raspberry but is not edible. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a low herbaceous perennial about 30 cm high. It has a horizontal bright yellow, knotty and twisted rhizome about 0.6 to 1.8 cm thick out of which the root fibers grow. It is folded longitudinally and encircled by old leaf scars. The fracture is short and shows a dark, yellow cut surface, thick bark, large pith and broad medullary rays. The flowering stem appears in spring and is erect, cylindrical, downward pubescent, 15 to 30 cm tall and has a few short brown scales at the base. It bears 2 clearly ribbed, dark green and pubescent, cauline leaves. The lower one is sessile the upper one petiolate, round and divided into 7 lobes and finely serrate. There is also a root leaf on a long petiole, which is similar to the cauline leaves but larger. Characteristics: The taste is very bitter, the smell is strong, characteristic and disagreeable. Habitat: Indigenous to the U.S., cultivated elsewhere.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1982). Berberine is also active against other intestinal infections that cause aute diarrhea such as Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella paratyphi and various Klebsiella species. Berberine sulfate has been shown to block the adherence of Streptococcus pyrogenes and E. coli to host cells, possibly explaining it's mechanism of action against numerous pathogens (Sun, 1988). Berberine was found to be the active constituent in an extract of Hydrastis canadensis root that demonstrated activity against a multiple drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Gentry, 1998). Berberine also inhibits Helicobacter pylori (Bae, 1998). Berberine has a long history of use for eye infections. In one study that looked at effectiveness in treating trachoma, berberine was more effective than sulfacetamide in eradicating Chlamydia trachomatis from the eye and preventing relapse of symptoms (Babbar, 1982; Mohan, 1982).
Production: Goldenseal root is the rhizome of Hydrastis canadensis. The root is dug up in the autumn and dried.
Berberine has a choleretic (bile-stimlating) effect and has been shown to lower bilirubin levels (Chan, 1977).
Not to be Confused With: Goldenseal is often adulterated with Bloodroot.
Berberine inhibited the effects of tumor promotors on the skin using a mouse model (Nishino, 1986). There is evidence that berberine also has a direct tumor killing effect and has the ability to stimulate production of white blood cells (Zhang, 1990; Liu, 1991).
Other Names: Orange Root, Yellow Root, Yellow Puccoon, Ground Raspberry, Wild Curcuma, Turmeric Root, Indian Dye, Eye Root, Eye Balm, Indian Paint, Jaundice Root, Warnera, Indian Plant ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: chief alkaloids hydrastine (1.5 to 4%), berberine (0.5 to 6%), (-)-canadine (0.5%) Starch EFFECTS
Many of the studies that have been conducted focus on the berberine and hydrastine componants that are found not only in Goldenseal, but also in numerous other herbs commonly used in Chinese and Indian medicine. The effects reported here focus on these componants and not necessarily the Goldenseal in it's raw form. Berberine sulfate has been shown to inhibit the growth of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitro. The parasites all exhibited morphological changes after exposure to berberine sulfate (Kaneda, 1991). In one experiment by Swab et al (1981), berberine hydrochloride reduced the cholera toxin-induced secretion of water, sodium and chloride in perfused rat ileum. Berberine was also found to inhibit the intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins without causing histological damage to the intestinal mucosa (Sack,
Berberine has hypotensive, antisecretory and sedative effects. The mechanism for these effects may be explained by the fact that berberine has platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist activity that is similar to that of clonidine (Hui, 1984). CONTRAINDICATIONS
Goldenseal is contraindicated in pregnancy. Goldenseal is contraindicated in people with glucose-6phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency (Chan, 1993). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goldenseal is used as an antiseptic externally on wounds and herpes labialis. It is also used for gastritis and as an astringent. The berberine componant is used to treat acute diarrhea caused by numerous gastrointestinal pathogens. Berberine is also used as an adjunct treatment in various cancers and in neutropenia resulting from radiation and chemotherapy. Berberine has been used to treat trachoma, gastric ulcers and gallbladder disease. Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathic dilutions, Hydrastis canadensis is used for the treatment of irregular menstruation, digestive problems and bronchitis.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
GOLDENSEAL/357
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: If taken over an extended period, the drug can bring about digestive disorders, mucous membrane irritation, constipation, excitatory states, hallucinations and occasionally deliria. Pregnancy: pregnancy.
Goldenseal
should
not
be
taken
during
Drug Interactions: Berberine has an antagonistic effect on the anticoagulant activity of heparin (Preininger, 1975). There have been reports of decreased vitamin B absorption with higher doses of Goldenseal (Tierra, 1980).
Storage: Store at room temperature. Avoid moisture, high temperatures and direct light. LITERATURE
Babbar OP, Chhatwal VK, Ray IB et al: Effect of berberine chloride eye drops on clinically positive trachoma patients. Ind J Med Res 76(suppl):83-88. 1982. Bae EA. Han MJ, Kim NJ et al: Anti-helicobacter pylori activity of herbal medicines. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 21(9):990992. 1998. Chan MY: The effect of berberine on bilirubin excretion in the rat. Comp Med East West 5:161-168. 1977. Galefi C et al., Canadinic acid: an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis. In: PM 63(2): 194. 1997.
Drug/Laboratory Interactions: At one time it was believed that Goldenseal could mask the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC/Marijuana) in illicit drug urinalysis. This effect has since been disproved (Mikkelsen & Ash, 1988).
Gentry EJ, Jampani HB, Keshavarz-Shokri A et al: Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots of commercial Hydrastis canadensis powder. J Nat Prod 61(10): 1187-1193. 1998.
OVERDOSAGE
Gleye J et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:675.
The LD50 for berberine in rats was found to be greater than 1,000 mg/kg of body weight making the toxicity of this componant in Goldenseal very low (Haldon, 1975). The hydrastine componant appears to be the toxic compound in Goldenseal. High doses result in strychnine-like convulsions and gastrointestinal relaxation (Osol & Garrar, 1955). Other effects of overdose that have been reported include difficulty in breathing, bradycardia and central paralysis.
Grieve M: A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York, p 362-364. 1971.
Following stomach and intestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) the treatment for poisonings consists of the instillation of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth). The treatment of spasms with diazepam (I.V.), electrolyte substitution and the countering of any acidosis imbalance that may appear with sodium bicarbonate infusions may be necessary. In the event of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. DOSAGE
Daily
Dosage:
Extract — Standardized extract (5% hydrastine) 250-500 mg 3 times daily (Werbach & Murray, 1994) Fluid extract — l U to 1 teaspoonful (1.25-5 ml) (Grieve, 1971) Solid extract — 325-520 mg (Grieve, 1971) Local antiseptic — 1 teaspoonful powder steeped in 1 cup boiling water for 15 minutes. Swish around the mouth or gargle for mouth or throat sores (Tyler, 1997). Travelers diarrhea — One capsule (500-1000 mg root) 3 times daily (Tyler, 1997)
Haginiwa J, Harada M, (1962) Yakugaku Zasshi 82:726. Haldon B: Toxicity of berberine sulfate. Acta Pol Pharm 32:113-120. 1975. Hui K. Yu J, Chan W, Tse E: Interaction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Life Sci 49(4): 315-24. 1991. Kaneda Y, Torii M & Tanaka T: In vitro effects of berberine sulfate on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Tricomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85:417-425. 1991. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., NewYork 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Liu CX et al: Studies on plant resources, pharmacology and clinical treatment with berbamine. Phytother Res 5:228-230. 1991. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Mikkelsen SL & Ash KO: Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing. Clin Chem 34:2333-2336. 1988. Mohan M, Pant CR, Angra SK et al: Berberine in trachoma. Ind J Opthalmol 30:69-75. 1982. Nishino H, Kitagawa K, Fujiki H et al: Berberine sulfate inhibits tumor-promoting activity of teleocidin in two stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology 43:131-134. 1986.
358/GOLDENSEAL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Osol A & Farrar CG (eds): The Dispensatory of the United States of America, 25th ed. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 660-661. 1955.
Habitat: Coptis trifolia is indigenous to India and Coptis groenlandica, which is also used, is indigenous to Greenland and Iceland.
Preininger V: The pharmacology and toxicology of the Papaveraceae alkaloids, in Manske RHF & Holmes HL (eds): The Alkaloids, Vol. 15. Academic Press, p 239. 1975.
Production: Goldthread rhizome is the rhizome of- Coptis trifolia.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Sack RB & Froehlich JL: Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae toxins and Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35:471-475. 1982. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Sun D, Courtney HS & Beachey EH: Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, tibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1370-1374. 1988. Swabb EA, Tai YH & Jordan L: Reversal of cholera toxininduced secretion in rat ileum by luminal berberine. Am J Physiol 1981; 241:G248-252. Tierra M: The Way of Herbs. Unity Press. Santa Cruz, CA, USA, 1980. Tyler VE: The Honest Herbal. George F Stickley Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 111-112. 1982. Tyler VE: Golden Seal: can this herb boost immunity. Prevention July:68-70. 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Zhang RX, Dougherty DV & Rosenblum ML: Laboratory studies of berberine used alone and in combination with 1,3bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea to treat malignant brain tumors. Chinese Med J 103:658-665. 1990.
Other Names: Mouth Root, Cankerroot, Yellowroot, Coptis, Coptide, Coptis Groenlandica ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (6 to 9%): including coptin, berberine EFFECTS
The herb is a bitter tonic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goldthread is used in digestive disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Berberine has a mutagenic effect upon yeast cells and in the Ames test (intercalation into the DNA), although that does not necessarily mean a mutagenic effect for the drug when administered to humans. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a powdered drug or a liquid extract. LITERATURE
Goldthread Coptis trifolia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and sometimes the stems and leaves. Flower and Fruit: The solitary flowers are small and white, and are arranged on leafless scapes. Leaves, Stem and Root: Goldthread is a perennial plant in bushes of up to 15 cm with yellowish, scaly leaves at the base and long-petioled, obovate, evergreen leaves. The rhizome is thread-like, golden yellow with a matte surface and very small roots. Characteristics: Goldthread has a very bitter taste and slight odor.
Hegnauer R Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969.
Gossypium herbaceum See Levant Cotton
Gossypium hirsutum See Cotton
GOTU KOLA/359
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Gotu Kola
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Centella asiatica
Anti-inflammatory effects exerted by extracts of Centella asiatica were demonstrated by a reduction of acute radiation reaction in rats (Chen, 1999).
TRADE NAMES
Jf\ Gotu Kola (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product), Gotu Kola Herb, Wild Countryside Gotu Kola, Natural Herbal Gotu Kola, Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aboveground parts, the fresh and dried leaves and stem. Flower and Fruit: The pedicles are 1.2 to 4 cm long. The sepals of the epicalyx are oval to circular, with a membranous border. They are about 2.5 to 3 mm long and 1.5 to 2.5 mm wide. The umbels have 2 or 3 sessile or short-pedicled florets. The petals are white, to purple or pink. The calyx is not generally dentate. The fruit is oval to globular in shape, and has a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. The mericarps are clearly flattened at the sides and usually have 7 to 9 ribs and are raised rugose. Leaves, Stem and Root: Centella asiatica is a tender umbel W plant, which has numerous creeping stems. The stems have roots at the nodes, which are smooth. The circular-reniform leaves are 2 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 5 wide, with a crenate margin and 5 to 9 ribs. The petioles are 3 to 30 cm long. Characteristics: Gotu Kola is almost tasteless and odorless. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, parts of China, the western South Sea Islands, Madagascar, South Africa, southeast U.S., Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, and eastern South America. Production: Hydrocotyle herb is the aerial part of Centella asiatica. The plant is gathered throughout the year and dried in the sun. Other Names: Indian Pennywort, Marsh Penny, Indian Hydrocotyle, White Rot, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Hydrocotyle ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
t
Triterpene acids: including asiatic acid, madecassic acid (6hydroxy asiatic acid), terminolic acid Triterpene acid ester from oligosaccharides (pseudosaponins): including asiaticoside, asiaticoside A, asiaticoside B Volatile oil (0.1%)
Anti-Neoplastic Effects Cytotoxic and antitumor effects of Centella asiatica involve direct action on DNA synthesis. The development of solid and ascites tumors was decreased by the herb (Babu, 1985). Ulcer-protective Effects Asiaticoid (suspended in propylene glycol) administered orally to rats, significantly reduced the formation of stressinduced ulcers (Ravokatra, 1993). An extract of the herb also significantly inhibited gastric ulceration induced by cold and restraint stress in animal models. The dose dependent reduction of gastric ulceration was associated with a dose dependent increase of the GABA level in the brain (Chatterjee, 1992). Vascular/Venous Tone Effects Ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica, in vitro, had a remarkable enhancement of fibroblast cell attachment and tissue plasminogen activator (Kim, 1993). Varicose veins are associated with increased uronic acid and lysosomal enzymes involved with mucopolysaccharide (beta-glycuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase) metabolism. Total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (TTFCA) decreases uronic acid, beta-glycuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arysulfatase in the connective tissue and vascular wall (Arpaia, 1990). Wound Healing Effects Asiaticoside facilitates wound healing through an increase in peptidic hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis and epithelialization, as shown in animal models (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1990; Shukla, 1999). Asiatic acid and madecassic have also demonstrated an increase in peptidic hydroxyproline showing an increased remodeling of the collagen matrix (collagen synthesis) in wounds (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1999). Asiaticoside also induces enzymatic and non-emzymatic antioxidants, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid in newly formed tissue (initial stage of wound healing) (Shukla, 1999). CLINICAL TRIALS
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in treating chronic venous insufficiency. Ninety-four patients The main constituents of the drug are triterpene acids and their sugar residues (asiaticoside and madegassoside). , with chronic venous insufficiency were included in the EFFECTS
360/GOTU KOLA
study. The asiaticoid mixture, administered as 60 mg daily and 120 mg daily for 2 months, led to significant improve- 1 ment in subjective (heaviness in the legs, pain in standing up, edema) and objective (plethysmographic measurements of vein tone) parameters compared to placebo (Pointel, 1987). Venous
Hypertension
The effect of an extract of Centella asiatica with capillary filtration and ankle edema was evaluated in patients with venous hypertension. Sixty-two patients were included in the study and administered either placebo or the extract as 60 mg or 30 mg three times daily. Capillary filtration rate and ankle edema both significantly improved in a dose-dependent manner in the extract-treatment groups. The subjective symptoms (swelling, sensation, restless lower extremity, pain and cramps, and tiredness) were significantly improved in the extract-treatment groups, with no change in the placebotreatment group (Belcaro, 1990). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for rheumatism and skin diseases. Externally, the drug is used for poorly healing wounds, leprosy sores, and post-operative scarring. In Asia, the drug is used to enhance urination, for physical and mental exhaustion, diarrhea, eye diseases, inflammations, asthma, and high blood pressure. Indian Medicine: The drug is used for skin diseases, syphilis, rheumatism, and leprosy. Gotu kola is also used for the treatment of mental illness, epilepsy, hysteria, and for dehydration. Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for dysentery and summer diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, urinary calculi, epistaxis and scabies. Homeopathic Uses: Gotu Kola is used for skin diseases associated with itching and swelling and inflammation of the uterus. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Although there have been case reports of allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica, the plant's sensitizing capacity is considered low (Bilbao, 1995; Danese, 1994; Gonzalo, 1996; Hausen, 1993). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Gotu Kola is available in liquid or solid pharmaceutical forms, for oral intake. Gotu Kola is also available parenterally for homeopathic use. How
Supplied:
Capsules — 400 mg, 435 mg, 439 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg Liquid — 1:1; 250 mg/ml
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Daily Dosage: 0.6 gm of dried leaves or infusion taken 3 times daily; normal single dose is 0.33 to 0.68 gm. Varicose Veins — Centella asiatica extract administered as 60 mg daily has shown improvement (Arpaia, 1990). Venous Hypertension — Total triterpenic fraction of centella asiatica (TTFCA) tablets have demonstrated improvement of venous hypertension at doses of 30 mg given three times daily or 60 mg given three times daily (Belcaro, 1990). Chronic Venous Insufficiency — Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) administered as 120 mg daily and 60 mg daily have demonstrated efficacy in chronic venous insufficiency (Pointel, 1987). Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly; ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1). Storage: Store in a cool, dry place and in well-sealed containers. LITERATURE
Asakawa Y et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(10):2590. Allegra G et al., (1981) Clin Terap. 99:507. Arpaia MR, Ferrone R, Amitrano M, Nappo C, Leonardo G, del Guercio R, Effects of Centella asiatica extract on mucopolysaccharide metabolism in subjects with varicose veins. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res, 10:229-33, 1990 Babu TD, Kuttan G, Padikkala J, Cytotoxic and anti-tumour properties of certain taxa of Umbelliferae with special reference to Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. J Ethnopharmacol, 48:53-7, 1995 Aug 11. Belcaro GV; Rulo A; Grimaldi R. Capillary filtration and ankle edema in patients with venous hypertension treated with TTFCA. Angiology 1990 Jan;41(1): 12-8. Belcaro GV; Grimaldi R; Guidi G. Improvement of capillary permeability in patients with venous hypertension after treatment with TTFCA. Angiology 1990 Jul;41(7):533-40. Bilbao I; Aguirre A; Zabala R et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from butoxyethyl nicotinic acid and Centella asiatica extract. Contact Dermatitis 1995 Dec;33(6):435-6. Bonte F; Dumas Mf Chaudagne C; Meybeck A, Influence of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human collagen I synthesis. Planta Med 1994 Apr;60(2): 133-5. Bosse JP et al., (1979) Ann Plastic Surg 3(1).T3. Brevoort P, Der Heilpflanzenmarkt der USA - Ein Uberblick. In: ZPT 18(3): 155-162. 1997. Castellani C et al., Boll Chim Farm 120:570-605. 1981. Chatterjee TK; Chakraborty A; Pathak M; Sengupta GC. Effects of plant extract Centella asiatica (Linn.) on cold restraint stress ulcer in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1992 Oct;30(10):889-91.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Chen YJ; Dai YS; Chen BF et al. The effect of tetrandrine and extracts of Centella asiatica on acute radiation dermatitis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1999 Jul:22(7):703-6. Danese P; Carnevali C; Bertazzoni MG. Allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica extract. Contact Dermatitis 1994 Sep;31(3):201. Di Carlo FI et al., (1964) J Reticuloendothelial Soc 1:224. Dutta T, Basu UP, (1968) Ind J Exp Biol 6(3): 181. Dutta T, Basu UP, (1967) Ind J Chem 5:586. Dutta T Basu UP, Bull Nat Inst Sci India 37:178-184. 1968. Gonzalo Garijo MA, Revenga Arranz F, Bobadilla Gonzalez P. Allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica: a new c^ise. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 24:132-4. 1996 May-Jun. Grimaldi R et al., Pharmacokinetics of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica after single and multiple administrations to healthy volunteers. A new assay for asiatic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 24:235-41, 1990 Feb. Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988. Hausen BM. Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), an effective therapeutic but a weak sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1993 Oct;29(4): 175-9. Kim YN; Park YS; Kim HK et al. Enhancement of the attachment on microcarriers and tPA production by fibroblast cells in a serum-free medium by the addition of the extracts of Centella asiatica. Cytotechnology 1993;13(3):221-6. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Maquart FX, Bellon G, Gillery P, Wegrowski Y, Borel JP, Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by a triterpene extracted from Centella asiatica. Connect Tissue Res. 24:107-20, 1990. Maquart FX: Chastang F: Simeon A et al., Triterpenes from Centella asiatica stimulate extracellular matrix accumulation in rat experimental wounds. Eur J Dermatol 1999 Jun;9(4):289-96. Montecchio GP, Samaden A, Carbone S, Vigotti M, Siragusa S, Piovella F, Centella asiatica Triterpenic Fraction (CATIF) reduces the number of circulating endothelial cells in subjects with post phlebitic syndrome. Haematologica, 48:256-9, 1991 May-Jun. Pointel JP; Boccalon H; Cloarec M et al., Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venousinsufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 1987 Jan;38(l Pt l):46-5. Rao PS, Seshardri TR, (1969) Curr. Sci 38:77. Ravokatra A; Loiseau A; Ratsimamanga-Urverg S et al., Action of asiaticoside (pentacyclic triterpene) extracted from Hydrocotyle madagascariensis on duodenal ulcers induced with
GOUTWEED
361
mercaptoethylamine in male Wistar rats. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1974 Apr 29;278(18):2317-21. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Shukla A; Rasik AM; Jain GK et al. In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 Apr;65(l):l-ll. Shukla A; Rasik AM; Dhawan BN. Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phytother Res 1999 Feb:13(l):50-4. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Effects of Centella asiatica extract on dermal wound healing in rats. Indian J E\p Biol, 24:1208-11, 1996 Dec Tang W. Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Vecchaio AD et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10):355. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka unJ pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New York 1995.
Goutweed Aegopodium podagraria DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers range from 50 to 100 cm. They have large white or reddish double umbels that are usually androgynous. The flowers have no involucre and no calyx. The petals are white or pink, about 1.5 mm long, obcordate and cuneate at the base. The fruit is oblong and brownish with pale veins. The fruit is slightly pressed in at the sides, unwinged, unstriped, with a 3 mm-long mericarp. Leaves, Stem and Root: The stem is erect, angular, grooved. hollow, glabrous and branched. The lower leaves are double trifoliate, and the upper leaves trifoliate. The leaflets are ovate and crenate-serrate. Characteristics: Propagates via underground runners. Habitat: Indigenous to Europe (not Spain), West Asia. Production: Goutweed is the aerial part of Aegopodium podagraria. Other Names: Goutwort, Ground Elder, Gout Herb. Herb Gerard(e), Jack-Jump-About, Goatweed, Ashweed, Achweed, English Masterwort, Pigweed, Eltroot, Bishop's Elder, Weyl Ash, White Ash, Bishopsweed, Bishopswort.
3 6 2 /GOUTWEED ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil Polyynes: only in freshly-harvested leaves
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical West Africa. Not to be Confused With: The seeds can be mistaken for peppercorns.
Flavonol glycosides: including hyperoside, isoquercitrin
Other Names: Guinea Grains, Melegueta Pepper, Mallaguetta Pepper
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ascorbic
COMPOUNDS
acid
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
No information available.
Pungent substances: including hydroxyphenylalkanones and hydroxyphenylalkanoles
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used internally as an infusion for gout and rheumatic diseases. It is used externally in macerations for poultices and baths for hemorrhoids, gout and rheumatic diseases, as well as for kidney and bladder disorders and intestinal disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a tea; externally, the fresh herb is squeezed for poultices. Daily Dosage: There is no exact dosage. A daily recommended dose consists of 1 to 2 dessertspoonfuls (30ml) of the juice of the fresh plant. LITERATURE
Bohlmann F et al., Chem Ber 93, 981. 1968. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994. Harborne JB, Williams CA, PH 11 (5): 1741-1750. 1972. Schneider V, Ernahr-Umschau 31(2):54-57. 1984.
Tannins Starch Fatty oil EFFECTS
The seed is a stimulant. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Grains-of-Paradise was used as a stimulant. Now it is obsolete as a drug. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Due to the constituent pungent substances, the intake of larger dosages may lead to irritation of the stomach and the urinary tract. LITERATURE
Connell WD, J Chem 23:369. 1970. Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Grains-of-Paradise Aframomum melegueta
Grape
DESCRIPTION
Vitis vinifera
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, mauve and waxlike. The fruit is 10 cm long, pear-shaped and scarlet. The seeds are small, hard, shiny, reddish-brown and oystershaped. They have an aromatic and pungent taste and smell. Leaves, Stem and Root: Aframomum melegueta is a reedlike plant, 1 to 2.5 m high. The leaves are long and narrow.
TRADE NAMES
Grape Seed Extract (Available from numerous manufacturers), Red Wine Extract, Grape Seed, Activin, Dr. Masquelier's Authentic OPC DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the fruit and the juice.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compound compact panicles. The petals are about 5 mm long and droop like the sepals. The fruit is oblong to globular. 6 to 22 mm long, dark blue-violet, red, green or yellow, juicy, sweet or sour. The seeds are pear-shaped, with hard skin and two long dimples on the side. Leaves, Stem and Root: The vine is a 30 cm high climber with deep, heavily-branched roots and a woody trunk. The trunk has striped, loose bark. The brown-red to brownyellow branches are glabrous or slightly downy and finely grooved. The leaves are orbicular, generally in 3 to 5 lobes or blades. They are deeply notched at the stem. The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous, the under surface is lanate. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Europe and western Asia and is cultivated today in all temperate regions of the world. Production: Vine leaves are the foliage leaves of Vitis vinifera. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
4p"
Flavonoids (4 to 5%): including. kaempferol-3-O-glucosides, quercetin-3-O-glucosides Tannins: procyanidolic oligomers (proanthocyanidins), including constituent monomers of catechin epicatechin Non-flavonoids (Stilbenes): resveratrol and viniferins Fruit acids: including, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid Phenylacrylic acid derivatives: p-cumaroyl acid, caffeoyl acid, feruloylsuccinic acid EFFECTS
Antiatherosclerotic Effects: The oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by free radicals is associated with the initiation of atherosclerosis. Proanthocyanidin decreases the number of LDL-positive macrophage-derived foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. The compound also inhibits the oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in LDL to exert a reduction in atherosclerosis of the aorta (Nuttall, 1998, Yamakoshi, 1999). ^
Anticarcinogenic/Antitumor: Chemoprotective properties of proanthocyanidins include activity against free radicals and oxidative stress (Ye, 1999). The anti-tumor-promoting acitvity due to strong antioxidant effects of the compound has been demonstrated in animal models (Zhao, 1999). Antioxidant Effects: Proanthocyanidin from the Grape Seed extract exerts a concentration-dependent inhibition of oxygen free radicals. In one study, the antioxidant effect of proanthocyanidin was more potent compared to vitamin C
GRAPE/363
and vitamin E succinate (Bagchi, 1997). The compound also inhibits peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes (Plumb, 1998). Hair Growth: Proanthocyanidins extracted from Grape Seeds promote proliferation of hair follicle cells, and possess remarkable hair-cycle converting activity from the telogen phase to the anagen phase. Epicatechin and catechin are the constitutive monomers inducing the degree of polymerization inducing hair growth (Takahashi, 1998). Hepatoprotective Effects: Proanthocyanidin has been shown to significantly attenuate acetaminophen induced hepatic DNA damage, apoptosic and necrotic cell death of liver cells. The component also antagonizes acetaminophen induced changes in bcl-Xl expression (Ray, 1999). Ischemia Prevention: Maintenance of microvascular injury by procyanidins occurs through the scavenger effect of reactive oxygen species (Maffei Facino, 1994). Procyanidins also reduce ventricular contraction in a dose-dependent fashion. Procyandins decrease coronary perfusion pressure and improve cardiac mechanical performance. (Maffei Facino R, 1996). Vascular Effects: Procyanidins isolated from Grape Seed stabilizes capillary walls and prevents increases in permeability which inhibits edema (Robert, 1990; Zafirov, 1990). Overproduction of hyaluronan content associated with pathologic venous walls, in particular vein-lymphatic edema, is decreased by procyanidolic oligomers (Drubaix, 1997). Procyanidolic oligomers cross-link collagen fibers, resulting in reinforcement of the natural cross-linking of collagen that forms the collagen matrix of vascular connective tissue (Tixier et al, 1984). The vascular activity of procyanidin has positive effects on diabetic retinopathy, night vision and ocular stress (Boissin, 1988; Corbe, 1988; Soyeux, 1987). CLINICAL TRIALS
Peripheral Venous Insufficiency The efficacy of Grape Seed extract was evaluated for the treatment of venous insufficiency and symptoms due to hormonal supplementation. Grape Seed extract (150 mg twice daily) was administered to 4,729 patients in an openlabel study. Peripheral venous insufficiency was evaluated 45 and 90 days after treatment. The efficacy score was based on symptoms of nocturnal cramps, paresthesias, sensation of warmth, cyanosis and edema. The sensation of heaviness in the legs decreased in 57% of cases by day 45 and 89.4% by day 90. In addition, the improvement of symptoms occurred in 66% of cases by day 45 and 79-83% of cases by day 90 (Henriet, 1993).
364/GRAPE
Ocular
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Effects
A lower resistance to glare and alteration of scotopic vision are associated with retinal pathology related to age, fatigue and stress. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers (PCO) on light vision and chorioretinal circulation was determined in 100 subjects. PCO (Endotelon) was administered in tablets of 50 mg four times daily for five weeks. Improvements in visual adaptation to low luminances and visual performances after glare, as measured by a nyctometer were significant (Corbe, 1988). Postoperative
Edema
The effect of PCO from Grape Seed extract was shown to have protective effects on the postoperative edema compared to placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Thirty-two female patients undergoing a facelift were administered either 300 milligrams Grape Seed extract or placebo daily over the 5 days preceding the operation, and postoperatively from days 2 to 6. Prophylactic decrease in postoperative facial edema was the main efficacy criteria. The Grape Seed extract cohort scored significantly better than placebo against postoperative facial swelling (Baruch, 1984). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Grape preparations are used in venous diseases and blood circulation disorders. Indian Medicine: Grape is used for headache, dysuria, scabies, skin diseases, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids and vomiting. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. A reversible inhibition of intestinal enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and dipeptidyl peptidase) was demonstrated in animal models (Tebib, 1994). DOSAGE
How Supplied: Capsule—25 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 500 mg Tablet—50 mg Daily Dosage: Grape Seed extract has been used for preventive therapy with 50 mg daily and treatment doses of 150-600 mg daily in divided doses (Arne, 1982; Baruch, 1984; Corbe; 1988; Delacroix, 1981; Henriet, 1993; Nuttall, 1998; Soyeux, 1987). LITERATURE
Arne JL: Contribution to the study of procyanidolic oligomers: Endotelon in diabetic retinopathy. Gaz Med France 1982; 89(30):3610-3614. Bagchi D; Garg A; Krohn RL et al. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed
proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997 Feb;95(2): 179-89. Baruch. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of a double-blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1984;29(4):393-5. Bavaresco L; Fregoni C; Cantu E; Trevisan M. Stilbene compounds: from the grapevine to wine. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1999;25(2-3):57-63. Boissin JP; Corbe C; Siou A. Chorioretinal circulation and dazzling: use of procyanidol oligomers (Endotelon). Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1988 Feb;88(2): 173-4, 177-9. Corbe C; Boissin JP; Siou A. Light vision and chorioretinal circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers (Endotelon). J Fr Ophtalmol 1988;11(5):453-60. Delacroix P: Double-blind trial of endotelon in chronic venous insufficiency. Rev Med 1981;27-28:1793-1802. Drubaix I; Maraval M; Robert L; Robert AM. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) levels in pathological human saphenous veins. Effects of procyanidol oligomers. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1997 Jan;45(l):86-91. Henriet JP. Veno-lymphatic insufficiency. 4,729 patients undergoing hormonal and procyanidol oligomer therapy. Phlebologie 1993 Apr-Jun;46(2):313-25. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung 1994 May;44(5):592-601. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Procyanidines from Vitis vinifera seeds protect rabbit heart from ischemia/ reperfusion injury: antioxidant intervention and/or iron and copper sequestering ability. Planta Med 1996 Dec;62(6):495502. Nutall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E et al: An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect(R). J Clin Pharm Ther 1998; 23:385-389. Plumb GW; De Pascual-Teresa S; Santos-Buelga C et al. Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins: effect of polymerisation, galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic Res 1998 Oct;29(4):351-8. Ray SD, Kumar MA, Bagchi D. A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999 Sep l;369(l):42-58. Robert L; Godeau G; Gavignet-Jeannin C et al. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on vascular permeability. A study using quantitative morphology. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1990 Jun;38(6):60816.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Soyeux A; Seguin JP; Le Devehat C; Bertrand A. Endotelon. Diabetic retinopathy and hemorheology (preliminary study). Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1987 Dec;87(12):1441-4. Takahashi T; Kamiya T; Yokoo Y. Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds promote proliferation of mouse hair follicle cells in vitro and convert hair cycle in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol 1998 Nov;78(6):428-32.
GRAY
WALLFLOWER/365
Leaves, Stem and Root: Gray Wallflower is a herbaceous biennial or perennial upright that grows up to 1.2 m high. The leaves are alternate. The lower ones are petiolate, 1 to 8 mm wide, gray-haired, narrow, linear-lanceolate, entire or dentate; the middle and upper ones are sessile. The stem is edged, covered in jointed hairs and branched in larger plants. The root is thin, spindle-shaped and branched.
Tebib K, Rouanet JM, Besancon P. Effect of grape seed tannins on the activity of some rat intestinal enzyme activities. Enzyme Protein l994-95;48(l):51-60.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Commonwealth of Independent States and Hungary.
Tixier JM; Godeau G; Robert AM: Hornebeck W. Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of procyagenols to elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem Pharmacol 1984 Dec 15:33(24):3933-9.
Production: The gray-leaved wild radish is collected during the flowering season of the two-year-old plants of Erysimum diffusum and dried after harvesting at a maximum temperature of 40° C.
Yamakoshi J; Kataoka S; Koga T; Ariga T. Proanthocyanidinrich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1999 Jan; 142(1): 139-49. Ye X; Krohn RL: Liu W et al. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999 Jun; 196(1-2):99108.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids, 1 to 3%): chief component erysimoside (primary glycoside, aglycone k-strophanthidin, 0.6%) Helveticoside
{secondary
glycoside)
Canescine
Zafirov D; Bredy-Dobreva G; Litchev V et al. Antiexudative and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape seeds (V. Vinifera). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1990;16(3):50-4.
Erycanoside
Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenols fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3'-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis 1999 Sep;20(9): 1737-4.
The drug contains cardioactive glycosides of the cardenolide type with k-strophantidin as the aglycone. It is accordingly positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic in its effect.
Cheirotoxin
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Gratiola officinalis
Unproven Uses: The drug was used in the past for cardiac insufficiency (NYHA I and II), but can no longer be recommended.
See Hedge-Hyssop
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Gray Wallflower Erysimum diffusum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the plant's radish. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in densely flowered racemes. The 4 sepals are upright and gray-haired, the 4 petals yellow, long-petiolate, pubescent on the lower surface and 8 to 14 mm long. There are 2 short and 4 long stamens; the ovary is superior with 4 fused carpels. The fruit is a 3.5 to 8 cm long, approximately 1 mm wide, 4-sided, appressed pubescent, dehiscent pod that opens on 2 sides. The seeds are elongate with a diameter of approximately 1 to 1.5 mm.
Although poisonings among humans are both unknown and unlikely, due to the difficulties accompanying resorption of the glycosides, the possibility of a poisoning resulting from either high dosages of the drug or its glycosides through peroral administration is not to be completely ruled out. DOSAGE
How Supplied: capsules; tablets. Storage: Drug should be stored in a tightly sealed, secure container. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
366/GRAY
WALLFLOWER
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Great Burnet Sanguisorba officinalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the fresh aerial parts, the dried herb, the rhizomes and roots. Flower and Fruit: The composite heads are ovate-oblong. approximately 1 to 2 cm long and consist of 5 to 10 usually androgynous flowers. The calyx has 4 dark red-brown tips, 4 stamens with stiffly patent red filaments and yellow anthers. The smooth, spike-like, quadrangular fruit calyx has 1 carpel and 1 style and is narrowly winged. The fruit is a nut enclosed in the perigone tube. Leaves, Stem and Root: Great Burnet is a semi-rosette shrub with a strong dark brown root that produces thick fibers and a short rhizome. The stems are erect, angular, glabrous, and bifurcated. The rosette leaves are 20 to 40 cm long and consist of 7 to 15 ovate leaflets, which are cordate at the base and blue-green beneath. There are only a few cauline leaves. which taper towards the top.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for female disorders, menorrhagia during menopause, hot flushes, dysentery, enteritis, diarrhea, bladder restraint, hemorrhoids, phlebitis, and varicose veins. Externally, Great Burnet is used in plaster for wounds and ulcers. Folk medicine uses included administration of the plant latex as a remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Chinese Medicine: The Chinese use Great Burnet as an astringent and hemostyptic for nosebleeds, dysentery, reptile bites and bloody coughs. Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are uterine bleeding, varicose veins and diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and externally. It is available in ground form and is used as an extract, juice or tea. A plaster is used externally. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34).
Characteristics: The brown-red composite head is characteristic for this plant.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the northern, temperate regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and North America.
Bastow KF et al.. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase by sanguiin H-6, a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba officinalis. In: PM 59(3):240. 1993.
Production: Great Burnet is the Sanguisorba officinalis plant in flower. The fresh aerial parts are collected in the wild during the flowering season. The rhizomes and roots are harvested in autumn, then washed and dried.
Chang, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
COMPOUNDS
Kaneta M et al., Agric Biol Chem 43:657. 1979.
Flavonoids: including among others, rutin, flavonoid sulfates
Kashiwada Y, Nonaka GI, Niskioka I, Chang JJ, Lee KH, Antitumor agents, 129. Tannins and related compounds as selective cytotoxic agents. In: JNP 55:1033-1043. 1992.
Tannins: including casuarinin
ellagitannins,
sanguinarine
H-ll,
Kosuga T et al., (1981) Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):501.
Triterpene glycosides: aglycones pomolic acid, tormentolic acid, including among others, ziyuglycosides I and II (sanguisorbin), betulinic acid, ursolic acid
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Sterols: including beta-sitosterol
Nonaka GI et al., (1982) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 10(4): 1067.
Kosuga T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(11):448.
Nonaka GI et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(2):483. EFFECTS
The drug has been credited with decongestant, astringent and diuretic properties, but no investigation into effects has been carried out.
Reher G et al., PH 31:3909-3914. 1992. Sunstar Inc. (1980) Pat. JP 80/120509 Japan. Tanaka T et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22(11):2575.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Tanaka T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(1): 117. Tanake T et al., (1985) J Chem Res (S)6:176. Yosioka I et al., Chem Pharm Bull 19:1700. 1971.
GREEK SAGE/367 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Greater Bindweed is used for fevers, urinary tract diseases, as a purgative for constipation and to increase the production of bile. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Greater Bindweed Calystegia sepium
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. It is conceivable that an overdose of the drug would trigger intestinal colic.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole flowering plant and the root.
Mode of Administration: The pressed juice, powdered root and an infusion are used internally. The drug is rarely used anymore due to its strong intestinal effects.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are about 5 cm long, the pedicle is quadrangular. Under the calyx there are 2 cordate, pointed, red-bordered bracts, which extend to cover the calyx. There are 5 sepals. The corolla is fused and conical. There are 5 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 10 to 30 cm high and has a creeping rhizome. The stem is angular, glabrous and twining. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, cordate or arrow-shaped. The base of the leaves are acuminate, and they often have dentate lobes. Most twining plants seem to follow the course of the sun and bind round a support from left to right. But the Bindweed will always twine against the sun, confounding all attempts to train it, even dying in the process.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 1 to 2 teaspoons of cut drug per cup of water. LITERATURE
Asano N, Kato A, Oseki K, Kizu H, Matsui K, Calystegins of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti (Solanaceae). Structure determination and their glycosidase inhibitory activities. Eur J Biochem, 14:369-76, 1995. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Peumans WJ, Winter HC, Bemer V, Van Leuven F, Goldstein IJ, Truffa-Bachi P, Van Damme EI, Isolation of a novel plant lectin with an unusual specificity from Calystegia sepium. GlycoconJ J, 14:259-65, 1997.
Characteristics: The flowers close in damp weather.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg / Lech 1993.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and eastern U.S.
Van Damme EJ, Barre A, Verhaert P, Rouge P, Peumans WJ, Molecular cloning of the mitogenic mannose/maltose-specific rhizome lectin from Calystegia sepium. FEBS Lett, 14:352-6, 1996.
Production: The upper part of the herb is harvested during the flowering season and dried at temperatures of no more than 40° C in a well-aired place. Other Names: Devil's Vine, Hedge Lily, Lady's Nightcap, Rutland Beauty, Hedge Convolvulus, Old Man's Night Cap, Bearbind ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Greek Sage Salvia triloba
COMPOUNDS
DESCRIPTION
Glycoretines: polymeric, resinous glycosides of hydroxy fatty acids (C12-C16) with oligosaccharides; the hydroxyl groups have been esterified with acetic, propionic, isobutyric and valeric acids, among others
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the leaf.
Tannins EFFECTS
The drug has a powerful effect; activity in the smooth muscle area is stimulated, intestinal peristalsis is increased, and there is an increase in bile production.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 2 to 6 blossoms. The calyx is campanulate, dentate, 5 to 8 mm long, often purple and pubescent. The corolla is 16 to 25 mm long, typically lilac or pink but occasionally white. Leaves, Stem and Root: Salvia triloba grows as a semi-shrub, up to 1.2 m high. The leaves are petiolate and tomentose. The lamina is simple or pinnatifid with 1 to 2 pairs of lateral leaf sections and a large elongate-ovate end section. The
368/GREEK SAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
stem is square, appressed pubescent, grayish-white beneath and green above.
Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Greece, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Albania, Turkey and Cyprus. Various species are particularly widespread in the Mediterranean region.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Production: Greek Sage leaves are the dried leaves of Salvia triloba, which are harvested once a year if collected in the wild and three times a year when cultivated. Other Names: Three-Lobed Sage, Turkish Sage ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1.5 to 3.5%): chief component 1.8-cineole (40 to 67%), camphor (2 to 25%), thujone (5 to 6%), including as well camphene, beta-caryophyllene, myrcene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene Flavonoids: including 7-O-gIucosides and 7-O-glucuronides of apigenin, chrysoeriol, hispidulin, luteolin, 6-methyl luteolin, as well as salvigenin, jaceosidin Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid (1.0 to 2.5%) Diterpenes: including carnosol (0.5%) Triterpenes (8%): ursolic acid, oleanolic acid EFFECTS
The chief active ingredient (cineole) of the drug's essential oil has an antimicrobial effect. The combined action of the essential oil and the tannins is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, particularly in the region of the mouth and throat. Decoctions and infusions of the leaves exhibit antihypertensive, spasmolytic and blood sugar-reducing effects in animal experiments, during which the plasma insulin levels remain unchanged. The hypoglycemic effect is traced to the inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption. A sedative effect has also been described. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Salvia triloba is used internally for diabetes in Israel and Cyprus, and elsewhere for cardiac symptoms, lung complaints, colds, coughs, nervousness and digestion problems. Externally it is used to treat skin damage.
LITERATURE
Ulubelen A, Ozturk S, Isildatici S, A new flavone from Salvia triloba L.f (Labiatae). J Pharm Sci, 57:1037-8, 1968 Jun.
Green Hellebore Helleborus viridis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The drug derived from the plant's rhizome and roots is obsolete in medicine today. Flower and Fruit: There are 2 to 3 flowers with a diameter of 4 to 7 cm and 5 ovate, grass-green, broad flower bracts. The petals are in the form of petaloid honey glands, and there are numerous stamens. The ovary is superior with the carpels only fused at the base. The fruit is a 25 to 28 mm long follicle with beak. The seeds have a narrow longitudinal strip with a ring at the end. Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows upright, up to 40 cm high. There are 2 basal, long-petioled leaves; the lamina is divided like a foot into 7 to 13 sections that are narrow-lanceolate, serrate and dark green. The stem is upright, branching higher up and leafless to that point. The cauline leaves are similar to the basal ones but sessile and smaller. The rhizome is usually branched. Habitat: The various species of Hellebore grow mainly in mountainous regions of Europe and North America. The plant is most commonly found in the Alps; Helleborus viridis is found growing as far north as northwest France. Production: Green Hellebore root is the dried rhizome with roots of Helleborus viridis. Not to be Confused With: Adulteration and mistaken identity can occur with Hellebori nigri rhizoma, Actaea spicata, Adonis vernalis, Trollius europaeus and Eupatorium cannabium.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with die proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Other Names: Bear's Foot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: Aqueous decoctions and infusions prepared from the whole, cut and powdered drug are used internally. The fresh cut leaves are applied topically.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolids, 0.5 to 1.5%): chief component hellebrin, including deglucohellebrin
Preparation: The literature contains no detailed descriptions.
Alkaloids of unknown structure: celliamine, sprintillamine, sprintilline
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
GREEN TEA / 3 6 9
Steroid saponins
Storage: Store securely.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
The steroid saponin mixture helleborin is severely toxic and irritating to mucous membranes (ptarmic). It exhibits digi«• talis-like effects through the cardioactive glycosides it contains (hellebrin). The alkaloids it contains produce an excitation of the motor centers, eventually leading to convulsions and respiratory failure and triggering bradycardia in the heart and a negatively inotropic effect.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Johnson CT, Routledge JK, Suspected helleborus viridis poisoning of cattle. Vet Rec, 89:202, 1971 Aug 14.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Camellia sinensis
Previous uses in folk medicine included nausea, constipation and worm infestation. Root preparations were used also for heart failure and as a diuretic. Helleborus viridis was employed as a laxative according to Hager (around 1930) and was important in homeopathic medicine.
Green Tea Leaf (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product,) Green Tea Extract, Green Tea, Standardized Green Tea Extract, Green Tea Power, Chinese Green Tea Bags, Green Tea Power Caffeine Free
Homeopathic Uses: Helleborus viridis is used for diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
^ The drug is not to be administered in allopathic medicine. No risks are known in connection with the administration of homeopathic dosages of the drug. OVERDOSAGE
The mucous membrane-irritating effect of the saponins appears to play the largest role in poisonings with the drug. resulting in scratchiness in mouth and throat, salivation. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, shortness of breath, and possible convulsions and asphyxiation. The ingestion of very large dosages leads to disorders of cardiac function (cardiac arrhythmias). Following gastrointestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal, the treatment for poisonings consists of the treatment of spasms with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution and the countering of any acidosis that may appear through sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. £f
Green Tea
Unproven Uses: The drug is obsolete today because the risks of use are considered too high, given that efficacy for previously accepted indications has not yet been proven.
Cases of fatal poisonings are known among animals who fed on the leaves of the plant. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug. Daily Dosage: 1 g drug; maximum single dosage: 0.2 g drug. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every to 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34).
TRADE NAMES
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the very young downy leaves, from which green or black tea is prepared according to the treatment being given. Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow short-pedicled and singly or in clusters of a few flowers in the leaf axils. They are white or pale pink and have a diameter of 3 to 5 cm. The flowers have between 5 and 7 sepals and petals at a time. The petals are fused at the base with the numerous stamens. The ovary has 3 chambers. The fruit is a greenish-brown, woody capsule with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm and contains 1 to 3 smooth brown seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen, heavilybranched shrub. The leaves are glossy dark green, alternate, short-petiolate, coreacious, lanceolate or elongate-ovate and roughly serrate. The young leaves appear silver because of the covering of downy hairs on the surface. Habitat: The plant does not originate in the wild. It was originally cultivated in China and is grown as a tea plant today in India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Indonesia, Kenya, Turkey, Pakistan, Malawi and Argentina. Production: Tea leaves are the fermented and/or dried leaves of Camellia sinensis. Harvesting takes place under stringent quality control. Green Tea is produced by steaming the fresh-cut leaf. Black Tea is produced by allowing the leaves to oxidize. During oxidation, enzymes present in the tea convert many of the polyphenolic therapeutic substances to less active compounds. Oxidation does not occur with Green Tea because die steaming process inactivates die enzymes responsible for oxidation. The anti-oxidant activity of Green Tea is six times greater than that of Black Tea.
370/GREEN TEA
Other Names: Black Tea, Chinese Tea, Green Tea ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Purine alkaloids (methyl xanthines): caffeine (previously referred to as theine or teine; depending upon the development stage of the leaves, 2.9-4.2%, content declining with age), theobromine (0.15-0.2%), theophylline (0.02-0.04%) Thterpene saponins (theafolia saponins): aglycones including among others, barringtogenol C, Rl-barringenol Catechins: in unfermented (green) tea 10-25%, with fermentation partially changing over into oligomeric quinones with tannin character, into theaflavine, theaflavin acid, thearubigene, or into non-water soluble polymeric- flavonoids: including, among others, quercetin, kaempferol, myrecetin Flavonoids: including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others, chlorogenic acid, theogallin Anorganic ions: high fluoride content (130-160 mg/kg), potassium and aluminum ions Volatile oil: chief components linalool, in fermented tea also 2-methyI-hept-2-en-6-on, alpha-ionon and beta-ionon, more than 300 volatile compounds are involved in tea aroma EFFECTS
The caffeine in the drug has a centrally stimulating and antidepressive effect (adenosine antagonism.) Adenosine antagonism leads to dilation of the renal vessels with a consecutive increase of the rate of filtration (diuresis). Caffeine is positively inotropic, promotes the secretion of gastric juices, glycolysis and lipolysis. In animal tests, bradykinin and prostaglandin antagonism caused a capillary sealing and anti-inflammatory effect. An antidiarrheal effect can be attributed to a combination of the tannin effect and the fact that doses of 400 mg polyphenols administered three times daily promotes the growth of Lactobacillis and Bifidobacter species while inhibiting the growth of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile (Yamamoto, 1997). There is clinical evidence that Green Tea has cancer preventive effects. The types of cancer that Green Tea has been shown to prevent as demonstrated in well controlled clinical studies include cancers of the pancreas, colon, small intestine, stomach, breast and the lung. Green Tea mouthwashes have been shown to inhibit the growth of cavity-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Escherichia coli (Ra~ sheed 1998; Haider, 1998).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES CLINICAL TRIALS
Cancer Treatment/Prevention A large (n = 2226) case-control study was conducted in China, where recently diagnosed cancer cases (pancreatic, colon and rectum) among residents between the ages of 30 and 74 years were included. Controls (n = 1552) were selected and matched to cases by age and gender and adjustments were made for age, income, education and cigarette smoking. As tea consumption increased, the incidence of all three cancers decreased. Women with the highest tea consumption (> or = 200 g/month) had a 33% reduced risk for colon cancer, 43% reduced risk of rectal cancer and 47% reduction in the risk for pancreatic cancer (p= 0.07, 0.001 and 0.008 respectively). For men who consumed > or = 300 g/month of Green Tea, the risk of colon cancer was reduced by 18%, for rectal cancer there was a 43% reduction of risk and for pancreatic cancer the risk reduction was 47% (p= 0.38, 0.04 and 0.04 respectively) (Ji, 1997). A two-part case control study of 472 Japanese women with stage I, II or III breast cancer was conducted. The first part of the study assessed the association between consumption of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer and the number of axillary lymph node metastases for premenopausal women or the increased expression of progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor among postmenopausal women with stage I or II cancer. The second part of the study investigated the recurrence rate of those with stage I or II breast cancer in relation to the amount of Green Tea consumption. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of Green Tea consumption and the rate of cancer recurrence. The recurrence rate was 16.7% for those that consumed > or = 5 cups/ day and 24.3% among those consuming < or = 4 cups/day (p < 0.05). The authors concluded that increased consumption of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer onset is significantly associated with improved prognosis of stage I and II breast cancer, and that this association may be related to a modifying effect of Green Tea on the clinical characteristics of the disease (Nakachi, 1998). Dental Caries Prevention An extract of oolong tea (semifermented tea leaves of Camellia sinensis) containing polymerized polyphenols in 0.2% ethanol was administered to 35 volunteers between 18 and 29 years of age to test the inhibitory effect of the extract on dental plaque deposition. The study was repeated 1 week after the first trial using 0.2% ethanol without the tea extract. The oolong tea cohort showed significant inhibition of plaque deposition (Ooshima, 1994). In another study, it was demonstrated that total inhibition of Streptococcus mutans was possible after exposure to a 0.1%
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
1
infusion of Chinese Green Tea polyphenols (CTP) for 5 minutes. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after a 0.2% CTP rinse and brush regimen was used by the shidy participants. The authors conclude that CTP is an effective agent to prevent dental caries (Chung, 1993). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Though no Commission E monograph is available for Green Tea, there is clinical evidence that Green Tea is likely to be useful as a cancer preventive and as a preventive for dental caries. Unproven Uses: Internal application: Green Tea is used for stomach disorders, migraine, symptoms of fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea when taken as a beverage. It can be used to increase performance (stimulant effect). Homeopathic Uses: Camellia sinensis is used for cardiac and circulatory conditions, headaches, states of agitation, states of depression and stomach complaints. Indian Medicine: In India, tea preparations are used for diarrhea, loss of appetite, hyperdipsia, migraine, cardiac pain, fever and fatigue. Chinese Medicine: In China Green Tea is used to treat migraine, nausea, diarrhoea resulting from malaria and digestion problems. It is also used as a cancer preventive.
GREEN T E A / 3 7 1
Children: There have been reports of microcytic anemia in infants that were fed an average of 250 ml Green Tea daily. This effect may possibly be due to impairment of iron metabolism (Merhav, 1985). Drug Interactions: The resorption of alkaline medications can be delayed because of chemical bonding with the tannins. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage (quantities corresponding to more than 300 mg caffeine, or 5 cups of tea as a beverage) can lead to restlessness, tremor and elevated reflex excitability. The first signs of poisoning are vomiting and abdominal spasm. Fatal poisonings are not possible with tea beverages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Green Tea is administered as an infusion or in capsule form for internal use. How Supplied: The usual concentration of total polyphenols in dried Green Tea leaf is around 8% to 12%. One cup of Green Tea normally contains 50 to 100 milligrams polyphenols (Murray & Pizzorno, 1998; Yamamoto, 1997). Capsules — 100 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, 333 mg, 383 mg, 500 mg Liquid — 1:1 Tablets — 100 mg
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Side effects of tea consumption are possible with persons who have sensitive stomachs, chiefly due to the chlorogenic acid and tannin content. Hyperacidity, gastric irritation, reduction of appetite, as well as obstipation or diarrhea, could be the result of intense tea consumption. These side effects can be generally avoided by the addition of milk (reduction of the chlorogenic acid and other tannins). Care should be taken with patients that have weakened cardiovascular systems, renal diseases, thyroid hyperfunction, elevated susceptibility to spasm and certain psychic disorders, such as panicky states of anxiety. With long-term intake of dosages above 1.5 g caffeine per day, non-specific symptoms occur, such as restlessness, irritability, sleeplessness, palpitation, vertigo, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and headache.
Dried extract (instant tea) — Processed using steam extraction followed by drying Filter tea bags — Available commercially containing 1.8 to 2.2 gm tea Preparation: To prepare a tea, boiling water is poured over a heaped teaspoon of leaf tea, a level teaspoon of crushed leaves or a tea bag and left to draw for 3 to 10 minutes as required. The caffeine is almost completely drawn after approximately 3 minutes. The tannin-containing substance (and with it the antidiarrheal action) increases when the tea is left to brew. Daily Dosage: A daily dose of 300 to 400 mg of polyphenols is typical. The amount of polyphenols in 3 cups of Green Tea is between 240 and 320 mg. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should not exceed a dosage of 300 mg per day (5 cups of tea spread out over the course of a day).
Storage: Store tightly sealed and dried; store separately from other chemicals and aromatic substances.
Nursing Mothers: Infants whose nursing mothers consume beverages containing caffeine could suffer from sleep disorders.
Anonym, Griiner Tee schutzt vor Krebs. In: DAZ 137(24):2045. 1997.
LITERATURE
372 /GREEN TEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Graham B, In: Graham HN: Tea: The Plant and Its Manufacture, Chemistry, and Consumption of the Beverage. In: The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry. Consumption, and Heath Effects, Alan R. Liss, New York, S.29-74. 1984.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
Haslam E, Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: possible modes of action. In: JNP 59(2):205-215. 1996. Imai K, Nakachi K, Cross sectional study of effects of drinking Green Tea on cardiovascular and liver disease. In: Brit Med J 310:693-696. 1995. Jain AK, Shimoi K, Nakamura Y, Kada T. Hana Y, Tomita J, Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N'-methylN'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in-vitro and in gastric tract of rats. In: Mutat Res 210(1)1-8. 1989. Ji BT, Chow WH, Hsing AW et al., Green Tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 70(3):255-258. 1997. John TJ, Mukundan P, Antiviral property of tea. In: Curr Sci 47:159. 1978. Ludewig R, (1995) Schwarzer und Griiner Tee als Genup*- und Heilmittel. Dtsch Apoth Z 135:2203-2218. Murray MT & Pizzorno: Camellia Sinensis (green tea), in A Textbook of Natural Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, pp 625627. 1998.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Grindelia camporum See Gumweed
Ground Ivy
Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T. Imai K, Higashi Y. Influence of drinking Green Tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. In: Jpn J Cancer 89(3): 254-61. Mar, 89.
DESCRIPTION
Rasheed A & Haider M, Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries. Arch Pharm Res 21:348352. 1998.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb collected during the flowering season and dried, the fresh aerial parts collected during the flowering season, and the whole plant.
Scholz E, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE. Der Teestrauch. In: ZPT 16(4):231-250. 1995.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2- to 6-blossomed false whorls in the axils of the foliage leaves. The individual flowers are 1 to 2 cm long with distinct pedicles and bracteoles that are 1 to 1.5 mm long. The calyx is bilabiate and tubular, with 5 tips. The bilabiate corolla is 15 to 22 mm long, usually blue-violet but occasionally red-violet or white. The fruit is a nut of about 2 mm.
Schroder B, In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom. Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991. Sur P, Ganguly DK, Tea root extract (TRE) as an antineoplastic agent. In: PM 60(2): 106. 1994. Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Chu DC et al.. Chemistry and Applications of. green tea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1997. Yoshizawa S et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):44. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Glechoma
hederacea
Leaves, Stem and Root: This perennial herb grows 15 to 60 cm high and has a creeping main stem, which roots at the lower nodes and keeps its leaves in winter. The quadrangular stem is up to 2 mm thick and often tinged with blue-violet, as are the petioles. The leaves are crossed opposite, longpetioled, reniform to broadly cordate, crenate; dark green above and paler green beneath. Characteristics: The plant has a mild unpleasant smell; the taste is hot and bitter. Habitat: Ground Ivy is a common wild plant in Europe.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production:' Ground Ivy is the aboveground part of Glechoma hederacea, gathered when in flower (from April to June). It is air-dried in the shade to keep loss of the essential oil to a minimum. s Other Names: Alehoof. Gill-Go-over-the-Ground, LizzyRun-up-the-Hedge, Gill-to-by-the-Hedge, Robin-Run-in-theHedge, Catsfoot, Hedgemaids, Tun-Hoof, Haymaids, Turnhoof, Creeping Charlie. Cat's-Paw ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (traces): chief components (-)-pinocarvone, (-)menthone, (+)-pulegone. also including germacran D, germacran B, cis-ocimene Sesquiterpenes: glechomafuran, glechomanolide Hydroxy fatty acid: 9-hydroxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadiendic acid Cajfeic acid derivatives: rosmaric acid Flavonoids: including cymaroside, cosmosyin, hypersoside isoquercitrin EFFECTS
^r The drug is said to be an anti-inflammatory, which is believed to be due to the tripterpen content. No detailed information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally for inflammation of gastrointestinal mucous membranes and diarrhea. Ground Ivy is also used for mild respiratory complaints of the upper bronchia; in the symptomatic treatment of coughs; and as a diuretic in cases of bladder and kidney stones. Externally, the drug is used for the treatment of poorly healing wounds, ulcers and skin diseases. In Italy, it is used for arthritis and rheumatism. Chinese Medicine: Ground Ivy is used to treat carbuncles, erysipelas, lower abdominal pain, scabies, scrofulous, irregular menstruation, coughs, dysentery and jaundice. Efficacy has not, however, been proven for these indications. Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include diarrhea and hemorrhoids. pinellin, pimpinellin, isobergaptene, sphondin Volatile oil: including those containing n-octylacetate
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage leaves, the fresh leaves, the young leafy branches with the ripe berries and the flowers of the branch tips with the leaves.
EFFECTS
Hogweed is considered a mild expectorant; however, this has not been scientifically proven. A phototoxic effect should be expected after administration. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used to relieve muscle cramps, stomach disorders, digestion problems, diarrhea, gastrointestinal catarrh and diarrhea following a cold. The furocoumarin methoxsalin is used in the treatment of psoriasis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Phototoxic effects must be avoided following intake of the drug due to its furocoumarin content. For that reason, UV^ radiation and solaria should be avoided after its administration. The same danger exists following contact with the freshly bruised plant. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: An infusion is used internally. Preparation: To make an infusion, add 3 teaspoonfuls of herb to 2 glasses of cold water and allow to draw for 8 hours. Daily Dosage: The preparation should be drunk throughout the day.
Flower and Fruit: Because of the shrinking of the one sex, the flowers are usually dioecious. The inflorescence is a 1 to 3 flowered axillary cyme. They are white. The calyx is small and has 4 to 5 tips. The 5-petalled corolla is rotate. The ovary is superior. There are 4 to 5 stamens. The coral red fruit is a 4-sectioned, sessile, berry-like, pea-sized drupe with 4 to 5 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 10 m high evergreen bush or tree with smooth, dark, gray-brown bark. The bark on the younger branches is green and glossy. The branches and foliage are glabrous. The leaves are alternate, coriaceous, stiff, ovate or elliptical and acute. The lower ones are thorny denate, the upper ones entire-margined. Characteristics: The flowers have a weak pleasant scent. The berries are poisonous to children. Habitat: The plant is found in central Europe, North America and eastern Asia. Production: Holly leaves and fruits are the leaves and fruits of Ilex aquifolium. Other Names: Hulver Bush, Holm, Hulm, Holme Chase, Holy Tree, Christ's Thorn, Hulver Tree ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS LITERATURE
Baerheim Svendsen A et al., PM 7:113-117. 1959. Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Veriagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
•
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G: Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Ognyanov I et al., PM 14:19-21. 1966. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4.Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U: Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Saponins Nitrile glycosides: menisdaurin, not cyanogenic Flavonoids: including, among others, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin glycosides Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid Sterols: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, alpha-amyrinester, beta-amyrin, ursolic acid Purine alkaloids: only traces of theobromine EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Holly is used as a diuretic. Also used for coughs, digestive disorders and jaundice.
398/HOLLY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
In folk medicine, Holly is used for fever, chronic bronchitis, constipation, rheumatism and gout.
Hollyhock Alcea rosea
Homeopathic Uses: conjunctivitis.
Ilex
aquifolium
is
used
for •=
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
The intake of more than 5 berries can lead to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Fatal gastrointestinal inflammation is said to have taken place following the ingestion of very large quantities (20 to 30 berries) (Lewin). Stomach emptying and the administration of activated charcoal should therefore be carried out with the intake of more than 10 berries. Further treatment should proceed according to symptoms. Poisonings have not been reported in recent times. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a tea and alcoholic extract for internal use. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). LITERATURE
Catalano S, Marsili A, Morelli J, Pistelli L, Constituents of the leaves of Ilex aquifolium. In: PM 33:416. 1978. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Ilex paraguariensis).
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowers of plants bearing dark purple flowers. Flower and Fruit: Six to 10 cm flowers sit in the axils of the cauline leaves singly or in groups of 2 or 4, with the upper ones forming long spikes. Sepals of the epicalyx are broadly triangular and sharp-edged. The epicalyx is significantly shorter than the calyx and both are gray-green haired. Leaves, Stem and Root: Hollyhock is a biennial plant. In the second year it produces a spire-like, hairy stem up to 3 m tall. The leaves are cordate-orbicular to rhomboid, weakly 3to 5-lobed and slightly scabrid-setulose. The sepals are epiclyx-subacute and triangular. The flowers are found in the leaf axils with short peduncles. The petals are 30 to 50 mm, contiguous, usually pink but sometimes white or violet. The mericarps are 7 mm long. The dorsal face has a deep, narrow furrow with rugose angles produced into parallel wings. The lateral faces are appressed-setose. Habitat: The plant was originally indigenous to southwest and central Asia. A few species were probably introduced into southeast central Europe as ornamental plants and then spread in the wild. Hollyhock is now widely cultivated in Europe and temperate regions of Asia. The main suppliers of the drug are Belgium, Hungary, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia, Rumania, Albania. Production: Hollyhock flower consists of the flowers of Alcea rosea as well as their preparations. The flowers are harvested when not quite in full bloom on plants with over 2 to 3 years of growth, then air-dried at 35°C. Other Names: Althea Rose, Malva Flowers, Rose Mallow ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages
(acetylated
galacturonorhamane)
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO UK 1984. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Anthocyans (termed althaein): delphinidine- and malvidinemono glycosides EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb, roots and seeds have been used internally and externally for treating coughs and lung diseases. The Hollyhock's flower is used as mucilage for prophylaxis and therapy of diseases and discomforts of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and to relieve fever and thirst. Other folk uses include external application for skin inflammations and ulcers. Infusions and decoctions
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
HONEYSUCKLE/ 399
made with the flowers have been used as a gargle for oral and pharyngeal inflammation.
They are short-petioled and elliptical. The lower leaves are paired.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant grows in the northern temperate zones as far as the northern edges of the subtropics and is cultivated extensively.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Administered internally as a mucilage for respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract discomforts and diseases, and to relieve fever and thirst. External applications include use for skin inflammations and ulcers. Infusions and decoctions, often with added herbs, are used as a gargle for oral and pharyngeal inflammation. How Supplied: Whole, cut and powdered drug. Preparation: To prepare as a tea, use 1 to 2 g of the drug per teacup. For a mouthwash, boil 1.5 g drug with 100 ml water.
Production: Honeysuckle flowers and leaves are from Lonicera caprifolium. Other Names: Goat's Leaf, Woodbine ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Saponins Further constituents are largely unknown; iridoide monoterpenes have been demonstrated in the rind including among others loganin (extremely bitter), that possibly also occurs in the drug. EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Autl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Alcea rosea). Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Autl, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992 (unter Alcea rosea). Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Honeysuckle Lonicera caprifolium DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers, the seeds and the leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in sixes directly on the upper leaf pair. There are sometimes whorls of 6 in the next 1 or 2 leaf pairs. The corolla has a tight, 25 to 28 mm long tube, and a bilabiate margin. It is yellowish-white, often redtinged, glabrous inside and glandular outside. The ovary is jug-shaped. The fruit is a berry. They are ellipsoid, 8 mm long and coral red. The seeds are ellipsoid, flattened, longitudinally grooved and 4 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: Honeysuckle is an up to 4 m high, deciduous, clockwise-climbing shrub. The foliage leaves are short-petioled, elliptical or obovate, blunt, entire, glabrous, blue-green beneath and 4 to 10 cm by 3.5 to 6 cm. The leaves are shortly fused in pairs, but the upper ones are fused to an oval or circular leaf through which the stem grows.
The main active principles are saponin and luteolin. The drug has a laxative and diaphoretic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders, malignant tumors and as a diaphoretic agent. It is rarely used today. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Because of the saponin content, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and possibly of the kidneys, urinary passages and urinary bladder are possible in the event of overdosage. Case studies are not known. (The berries of the red honeysuckle are considered poisonous. Intakes above 10 berries are said to trigger nausea, vomiting and tachycardia, elevated body temperature, exanthemas and cyanosis.) DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete. LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
400/HOPS
Hops Humulus lupulus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the glandular hairs separated from the infructescence, the whole dried female flowers, the fresh cones (preferably with few seeds) collected before the seeds ripen and the fresh or dried female inflorescence. Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are yellowish-greenish, inconspicuous and about 5 mm in diameter. The female flowers are in richly blossomed, heavily branched inflorescence. The ovary, which has 2 long downy stigma, is surrounded at the base by a round compressed nutlet. A yellowish fruit cone grows from the female flower. The inside of the bracts is covered with small, glossy, light yellow glandular scales, which contain hop bitter (Lupulin). Leaves, Stem and Root: The hop plant is a perennial. The annual shoots reach a height of 6 m (12 m when cultivated). The stems are pencil-thick, green and do not tum woody. They are covered in 6 rows of climbing barbs. The leaves are 3 to 5 Iobed, serrate and opposite.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S EFFECTS
The drug is a sedative and therefore has sleep-inducing effect. This effect, however, strongly depends on the quality of the extract used. In animal experiments, the 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol exhaled by the plant caused a long and deep narcotic sleep after a short period of excitation. The hop bitter acids are antibacterial and antimycotic. They stimulate the secretion of gastric juices. In animal experiments, a strong spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle of the intestinal tract has been reported. An estrogenic principle is considered plausible. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Nervousness and insomnia Unproven Uses: Used as a bitter and stomachic to stimulate the appetite and increase the secretion of gastric juices.
Characteristics: Lupulin has a very strong odor and an extremely bitter taste.
In folk medicine, Hops has been used internally for nerve pain, priapism, inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane and tension headaches and used externally for ulcus cruris, ulcers and skin abrasions.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe, cultivated in Asia, U.S. and elsewhere.
Homeopathic Uses: Humulus lupulus is found in preparations for treating nervousness and insomnia.
Production: Hop cones consist of the whole dried female inflorescence of Humulus lupulus. After the harvest, the hops are dried on racks at temperatures of 30 to 60° C.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Acylphloroglucinols (10%) Alpha-bitter acids: including, among others, humulone, cohumulone, adhumulone Beta-bitter acids: including, among others, lupulone, colupulone, adlupulone Volatile oil (0.3-1.0%): very complex in makeup, chief components myrcene, humulene, beta-caryophyllene, undecane-2-on, furthermore 2-methyl-but-3-en-ol (particularly following storage, as breakdown product of the acylphloroglucinols)
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The fresh plant has a sensitizing effect (hoppicker's disease), which may occur, more rarely, with the dust of the drug as well. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, powdered drug or dry extract powder for infusions or decoctions or other preparations; liquid and solid preparations for internal use and externally for bath additives. Hops is often found in combination with other sedatives. How Supplied: Liquid extract — drug: 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83). Tincture — drug 1:5 60% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83)
Resins (oxidation products of the bitter acids) Phenolic acid: including, among others, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and their derivatives, for example, chlorogenic acid Tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidines Flavonoids: including, among others, xanthohumole
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, boiling water is poured over the ground hop cones and left to draw for 10 to 15 minutes (1 teaspoonful is equal to 0.4 gm drug). Daily Dosage: For most indications, a single dose of 0.5 gm is given.
HOREHOUND / 4 0 1
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
To promote sleep, a single dose of 1 to 2 gm drug is given; liquid extract: single dose: 0.5 to 2 ml; tincture: single dose: 1 to 2 ml.
Wohlfart R, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Nachweis sedativhypnotischer Wirkstoffe im Hopfen. 4. Mittlg. Die Pharmakologie des Hopfeninhaltsstoffes 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Planta Med 48:120-123.
Tea: 1 cup before bedtime for 2 to 3 days.
Wohlfart R, Wurm G, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Der Abbau der Bittersauren zum 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol, einem Hopfeninhaltsstoff mit sedativ-hypnotischer Wirkung. Arch Pharmaz 315:132-137.
m. ^
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: Protect from light and moisture in well-sealed containers. LITERATURE
Bravo L et al.. (1974) Boil Chim Farm:306. Caujolle F et al.. (1969) Agressologie 10:405. Field JA et al.. Determination of essential oils in hops by headspace solid- phase microextraktion. In: J Agric Food Chem 44(7): 1768-1772. 1996. Fintelmann V, Klinisch-arztliche Bedeutung des Hopfens. In: ZPT 13(5): 165. 1992. Ganzer BM, Hopfen: nicht nur fur die Bierbrauerei. In: PZ 137(38):2824. 1992. #
Hansel R et al.. (1982) Planta Med 45(4):224. Hansel R, Pflanzliche Beruhigungsmittel Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Selbstmedikation. In: DAZ 135(32):2935-2943. 1995. Hansel R, Wagener HH. (1967) Versuche, sedativ-hypnotische Wirkstoffe im Hopfen nachzuweisen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 17:79-81. Hartley RD, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1641.
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. AufL Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997 Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Hartley RD, Fawcett CH, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1395. Holzl J, Inhaltsstoffe des Hopfens (Humulus lupulus L.). In: ZPT 13(5): 155. 1992.
Hordeum distichon
Kumai A, Okamoto R, (1984) Toxicol Lett 21(2):203.
See Barley
Moir M et al.. (1980) Phytochemistry 19(10):2201. Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995. Schmalreck AF et al., (1975) Can J Microbiol 21:205. Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997. ^
Stevens JF, Ivancic M, Hsu VL, Deinzer ML, Prenylflavonoids from Humulus lupulus. In: PH 44(8): 1575-1585. 1997. Stocker HR, (1967) Sedative und hypnogene Wirkung des Hopfens. Schweizer Brauerei Rundschau 78:80-89. Tobe H, Muraki Y, Kitamura K, Komiyama O, Sato Y, Sugioka T, Maruyama HB, Matsuda E, Nagai M, Bone resorption inhibitors from hope extract. In: Biosc Biotech Biochem 61(1):158-159. 1997. Wohlfart R, (1983) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 123:1637.
Horehound Marrubium vulgare DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowering branches, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the whole plant. Flower and Fruit: The small, white 5 to 7 mm long, labiate globular flowers are sessile. There are 6 to 8 richly flowered false whorls that are 1.5 to 2 cm long on each stem. The calyx is tubular, white and tomentose with 10 awl-shaped tips, which are curved back in a hook. The corolla is white and downy. The fruit is an ovate. 1.5 to 2 mm long, obtusely
402/HOREHOUND
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
triangular, smootfi, gray-brown with darker marbling or light brown nut. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb with a fusiform root and a multi-headed, often woody, root crown. The stems are erect, branched, obtusely quadrangular, and about 40 to 60 cm high and 7 mm thick at the base. The branches are curved, spreading out, obtusely quadrangular, and loosely downy, like the leaves. The leaves are tomentose-downy, petiolate, orbicular and unevenly crenate. They have distinct veins on the underside and are wrinkled.
bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, tuberculosis, pulmonary catarrh, respiratory infections, diarrhea, jaundice, debility and painful menstruation, and as a laxative in higher doses; externally for skin damage, ulcers and wounds, and as a gargle for mouth and throat infections. Homeopathic Uses: Inflammation of the respiratory tract. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Characteristics: The leaves smell tangy when rubbed and contain musk juice, which taste bitter and hot.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region to central Asia. It has become established in central Europe; introduced to America, South Africa and Australia.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, freshly pressed plant juice and other galenic preparations for internal use.
DOSAGE
Production: Horehound herb consists of the fresh or dried, above-ground parts of Marrubium vulgare as well as their preparations. The plant is harvested during the flowering season from June to August. Fast drying is recommended.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 1 to 2 gm of the drug; strain after 10 minutes. For a liquid extract, prepare as a (1:1) dilution with ethanol (20%). Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4.5 gm of the drug; 30 to 60 ml pressed juice.
Other Names: Houndsbane, Marrubium, White Horehound ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Diterpene hitter principles: chief components (0.1-1.0%), premarrubiin (0.1%)
marrubiin
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid Flavonoids: including among others chrysoeriol, vicenin II, lactoyl flavones, for example luteolin-7-lactate, apigenin-7lactate Volatile oil (traces): including among others camphene, pcymene, fenchene EFFECTS
The bitter ingredients act as a gastric juice stimulant; marrubinic acid acts as a choleretic. In animal experiments, a significant increase of bile secretion was observed after administration of marrubinic acid and its salt. The main active principles, essential oil, diterpene-amaroids, tannins and flavonoids indicate that the drug would probably stimulate gastric juice secretion.
The infusion dosage is 1 to 2 gm of the drug taken up to 3 times daily. The liquid extract dosage is 2 to 4 ml 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Bartarelli IM, (1966) Boll Chim Farm 105:787. Brieskorn CH, Feilner K, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:485. Busby MC et al., (1983) Proc R IR Acad Sect B 83:1. Cahen R, (1970) C R Soc Biol 164:1467. Henderson MS, McCrindle R, (1969) J Chem Soc Chem Comm 15:2014. Karryev MO et al., (1976) Izv Akad Nauk Turkm Ser Biol 3:86. Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28. Nicholas HJ, (1964) J Pharm Sci 53:895. Pandler WW, Wagner S, (1963) Chem Ind 42:1693. Popa DP et al., (1968) Khim Prir Soedin 4(6):345.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Popa DP et al., (1974) Rastit Resur 10(3):365. Popa DP, Salei LA, (1973) Rastit Resur 9(3):384.
• Dyspeptic complaints • Loss of appetite Unproven Uses: The drug is used for dyspepsia, loss of appetite, bloating and flatulence, and respiratory catarrh. In folk medicine, it is used internally for acute and chronic
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AuflL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
HORSE CHESTNUT/403
long, cuneate-obovate, acute and dentate. The leaflets are rich green above and beneath are light green. Habitat: Although the herb is indigenous to the mountains of Greece, Bulgaria, the Caucasus, northern Iran and the Himalayas, it is cultivated elsewhere, especially in northern Europe including the British Isles, Denmark, Scandinavia and Russia (Narva and St. Petersburg). Production: Horse Chestnut leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of Aesculus hippocastanum. A dry extract is manufactured from Horse Chestnut seeds standardized to a content of 16-20% triterpene glycosides (calculated as anhydrous aescin). Not to be Confused With: The leaves of the Horse Chestnut are commonly confused with those of Sweet Chestnut.
Horse Chestnut
Other Names: Spanish Chestnut, Buckeye, Common Horse Chestnut, Conqueror Tree
Aesculus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
hippocastanum
TRADE NAMES
COMPOUNDS: HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Horse Chestnut (available from numerous manufacturers), Horse Chestnut-Power, Venastat, Standardized Horsechestnut Extract
Triterpene saponins
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Horse Chestnut leaves, the oil extracted from the peeled fruit capsules (seeds) and dried chestnut seeds. Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in stiffly upright panicles gradually thickening near the distal end. Most of the flowers are male, but a few are female or androgynous. The calyx is fused and bell-shaped with 5 irregular tips. The petals are 10 to 15 mm long with a yellow spot, which turns red. There are 3 upward petals and 2 downward, which are folded at the edge. The flower is ciliate and cordate (heart shaped) at the base and contains 7 S-shaped, bending stamens with red anthers that are longer than the petals. The ovary is 3-valved, superior and velvety. The fruit capsules are green and globular with soft spines and fine hairs. There are 1 to 3 red-brown seeds (Chestnuts) within the capsules, which are shiny brown with a yellowish gray-brown navel and a tough shell. Leaves, Stem and Root: The seasonal tree is up to 35 m high; it includes a large regular crown and widely spread roots. The trunk is initially smooth but later has thinly scaled, peeling and fissured bark. The young twigs are yellowish to red-brown and are initially covered with brown hairs. The buds gradually thicken near the distal end and are extremely sticky with dark red bud scales to protect the seed plant bud. The leaves are long, 5 to 7 palmate, with a 20 cm long grooved petiole. The leaflets are initially red-haired, 20 cm
Hydroxycoumarins: chief component is aesculin, in addition fraxin and scopolin Flavonoids: including rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin Tannins EFFECTS: HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
The main active principles of the anti-exudative effect and improvement of venous tone are hydroxycoumarins (aesculin and fraxin), triterpene saponins in the petioles and leaf veins, flavonoids and a rich supply of tannins. Although the drug is said to have an anti-exudative effect and improve venous tone, there is a lack of clinical data to support the efficacy. COMPOUNDS: HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Triterpene saponins (3-5%): The triterpene saponine mixture known as aescin (also escin) consists of diacylated tetra-and pentahydroxy-beta-amyrin compounds.The compounds bear a glucuronic acid remnant substituted with 2 monosaccharide remnants in position 3 at the OH-group. Aglycones, protoescigenin and barringtogenol C, are bonded like esters onto the OH-group at position 21 with either angelic or tiglic acid, or with either alpha-methyl butyric or isobutyric acid remnants. The OH-group in position 22 (beta-escin) or 28 (cryptoescin) is acetylated, and both positional isomeric compounds remain in equilibrium though migration of the acetyl remnant. Flavonoids: in particular biosides and triosides of the quercetins Oligosaccharides: including 1-kestose, 2-kestose, stachyose
404/HORSE
CHESTNUT
Polysaccharides: starch (50%)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Fatty oil (2-3%)
vein incompetence to determine the edema-reducing effect of Horse Chestnut seed extract. The edema reduction effect and reduction of leg volume with edema provocation of the Horse Chestnut seed extract were both statistically significant (Diem, 1992).
E F F E C T S : HORSE C H E S T N U T SEEDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, condensed tannins: (only in the seed-coat)
As found in different animal tests and preclincal investigations, the principal ingredient of Horse Chestnut seed extract, triterpene glycoside mixture (aescin), has an anti-exudative, vascular tightening effect, and reduction of vascular permeability which result in an antiedemic effect. The vein-toning properties of the Horse Chestnut extract also demonstrated improvement of venous return flow. A significant reduction of transcapillary filtration was seen in a placebo-controlled human pharmacological trial (Bisler, 1986). Significant improvement in the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency was demonstrated in diverse, randomized, double-blind and cross-over studies (Calabrese, 1993; Steiner, 1990). There are indications that Horse Chestnut seed extract reduces the activity of lysosomal enzymes, which increases in chronic pathological conditions of the veins. The enzymes will break down glycoacalyx (mucopolysaccharides) in the region of the capillary walls, allowing proteins to leak into the interstitium. The activity of the enzymes is reduced by the aescin and so the breakdown of glycoacalyx is also inhibited. The transcapillary filtration of low-molecular proteins, electrolytes and water into the interstitium is inhibited through a reduction of vascular permeability by the aescin. CLINICAL TRIALS
The efficacy and safety of Horse Chestnut seed extract, given as Venostasin retard (50mg aescin) twice daily, was compared to mechanical compression involving bandages and stockings in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. The study consisted of 240 patients with chronic venous insufficiency over a 12-week period. The results determined a similar decrease of lower leg volume of approximately 25% and noted compression treatment is uncomfortable, not convenient and subject to poor compliance (Diehm, 1996). Venostasin retard was administered to 52 pregnant women with edema due to venous insufficiency in a placebocontrolled, double-blind, cross-over study. A significant reduction of edema and greater resistance to edema provocation was demonstrated in the Venostasin retard group. There were also less severe symptoms of pain, fatigue, swelling and itching with patients receiving Venostasin retard therapy (Steiner, 1990). A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was conducted on 40 patients with venous edema in chronic deep
HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Unproven Uses: Eczema, superficial and deep varicose veins, leg pains, phlebitis, hemorrhoids, pains before and during menstruation. In folk medicine, the leaves are used as a cough remedy, as well as for arthritis and rheumatism. H O R S E C H E S T N U T SEEDS
Approved by Commission E: • Venous conditions (chronic venous insufficiency) Treatment of symptoms found in pathological conditions of the veins of the legs (chronic venous insufficiency), for example pain and a sensation of heaviness in the legs, nocturnal cramps in the calves, pruritis and swelling of the legs. Unproven uses: Horse Chestnut seeds are used for symptoms of post-traumatic and post-operative soft tissue swelling. Further indications are painful injuries, sprains, bruising, pain syndrome of the spine, edema, rheumatic disease and varicose veins. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic treatments include hemorrhoids, lumbar and low back pain, venous back pressure. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. One case of liver damage following intramuscular administration of an extract of the drug (origin details of the drug uncertain) is known. Drug Interactions: Horse Chestnut leaf has a coumarin componant and may interact with warfarin, salicylates and other drugs with anti-coagulant properties. HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Susceptible patients may nevertheless experience mucous membrane irritations of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. nausea) following intake of the drug; decrease in kidney function with pre-existing renal insufficiency and acute nephrotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity and urticaria have also been observed. I.V administration of aescin can lead to anaphylactic reactions.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS OVERDOSAGE
HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
The intake of larger quantities of Horse Chestnut seeds (in one case of a child with 5 seeds) can bring about vomiting, diarrhea, severe thirst, reddening of the face, enlargement of pupils, vision and consciousness disorders. Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal, therapy for poisonings consists of diazepam for spasms, atropine for colic, electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any acidosis that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Mode of Administration: Extracts of the drug are contained in "vein teas" or "hemorrhoid teas," as well as in pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of venous symptoms. Preparation: One ampule corresponds to 4 mg flavones in 0.9% NaCl. Daily Dosage: Infusion (as a tea)—Pour boiling water over 1 tsp. of finely cut drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes (ltsp = 1 gm drug). Intravenously—1 to 2 ampules daily. Intramuscularly—1 ampule daily. HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Mode of Administration: Available in liquid and solid preparations for internal use; semi-solid preparations for external use; and parenterally for homeopathic use. How Supplied: Ampules Capsules — 250 mg, 300 mg, 485 mg Coated tablets Drops Ointment/Gels Tablets
HORSE CHESTNUT/405
Oral—Aescin from encapsulated standardized extracts are initially given at doses of 10 mg (Chandler, 1993). The encapsulated standardized extract has been used for the treatment of postoperative or traumatic edema, hemorrhoids or symptoms due to varicose veins in doses providing 40 to 120 mg of aescin per day (Schlesser, 1991). Aescin (escin) 100 mg corresponding to 250-312.5 mg extract may be administered twice daily in delayed-release form. Tincture—For the treatment of painful hemorrhoids, a dose of 1:10 tincture is 0.6 ml (Reynolds, 1977). Topical—A 1 to 2% gel is applied topically several times daily for soft tissue injuries, bruises and symptomatic relief of varicose veins (Fachinfo Reparil (R)- Sportgel 1994; Fachino Opijo (R) N gel, 1991; Calabrese & Preston 1993). Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1). Storage: The herb should be stored in a dry and dark place. LITERATURE
Aizavva X, Fukui. Yamada K, Kogo H, Aescin, antiinflammatory action of Aescin (1, intravenous injection). In: Pharmacometrics (Tokyo) 8:211. 1974. Alter H, (1973) Zur medikamentbsen Therapie der Varikosis. Z AUg Med 49(17): 1301-1304. Annoni F, Mauri A, Marincola Resele LF. (1979) Venotonic activity of Escin on the human saphenous vein. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 29:672. Arnold M, Przerwa M, Die therapeutische Beeinflufibarkeit experimentell erzeugter Odeme. In: Arzneim Forsch 26:402-409. 1976. Auster F, Wirkung eines RoPkastanienpraparates auf die Resistenz der Hautkapillaren. In: Pharmazie 11:726-730. 1956. Bisler H, Pfeifer R, Kluken N, Pauschinger P, (1986) Wirkung von Ropkastaniensamenextrakt auf die transkapillare Filtration bei chronischer venoser Insuffizien. Z Dtsch Med Wschr 111: 1321-1328. Brandt D (ed.): Reparil (R) -Ampoules. In: MDR, MIMS Desk Reference Vol 28. MIMS, Pretoria, 1992/93.
Tincture
Buechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Preparation: Stabilized extract of Horse Chestnut (5:1) is standardized for aescin; tincture of Horse Chestnut 1:1 with 75% ethanol; isolated aescin.
Calabrese C, Preston P, Report of the results of a double-blind, randomized, single-dose trial of a topical 2% escon gel versus placebo in the acute treatment of experimentally-induced hematoma volunteers. Planta Med 59:394-397. 1993.
Daily Dosage: Intravenous—Doses of 5 mg once or twice daily of aescin as the sodium salt has been used for treatment or prevention of post-traumatic edema and potoperative edema. The maximum daily dose is 20 mg (Brandt, 1992/1993).
Chandler RF, Herbal Medicine: Horse Chestnut. Can Pharm J 1993; 126:297-306. Comaish JS, Kersey PJ, Contact dermatitis to extract of horse chestnut (esculin). Contact Dermatitis 1980 Jan;6(2): 150-1.
4 0 6 / H O R S E CHESTNUT
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Daub B, Chronische Veneninsuffizienz: RoBkastanienextrakt oder Kompressionsstrumpf - gleiche Wirkung. In: DAZ 136(12):946. 1996.
Hellberg K, Ruschewski W, de Vivie R, Drug induced acute renal failure after heart surgery. Thoraxchir Vask Chir 1975 Aug;23(4):396-9.
De Smet PA, Van den E, Lesterhuis W, Hepatotoxicity associated with herval tablets. BJM 1996; July 13, 313:92.
Hitzenberger G, (1989) Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit des RoBkastaniensamenextraktes. Wien Med Wschr 139(17):385-389
Diehm C, Vollbrecht D, Amendt K, Comberg HU, Medical edema protection-clinical benefit in patients with chronic deep vein incompetence. A placebo controlled double blind study. Vasa 21 (2): 199-92.1992,
Hiibner G, Wray V, Nahrstedt A, Flavonolglycosides in Aesculus hippocastanum L.: Isolation, structure elucidation and quantification. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress ofGA, 139. 1996.
Diehm C, Trampisch HJ, Lange S, Schmidt C, Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet Feb 3;347:292-294. 1996.
Jacker HJ, Zur Pharmakologie der RoBkastanie. In: PZH 116(9):959-968. 1977.
Ehringer H, Objektivierbare Venentonisierung nach oraler Gabe eines Kombinationspraparates mit RoBkastanienextrakt. In: Arzneim Forsch 18:432. 1968. Escribano MM, Munoz-Bellido FJ, Velazquez E et al., Contact urticaria due to aescin. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Nov:37(5):233. Fachinformation: Opino (R) N gel, Aescin. Toponwerke GmbH & Co, KG, Koeln, 1991. Fachinformation: Reparil (R)- Sportgel, Aescin, Diethylaminsalicylat. Madaus AG, Koeln, 1994. Felix W, Schneider E, Schmidt A, Grimm G, Vasoaktive Wirkung von alpha-Aescin. In: Fischer H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der Angiologie: Chronische Veneninsuffizienz. Pathogenese und medikamentose Therapie, Schattauer, Stuttgart, 30:93-105. 1984. Felix W, Spektrum Venenmittel. In: Arzneimitteltherapie heute. Bd. 45. Spektrum Venenmittel. Aesopus Verlag Zug S 29. 1986. Felix W, Wirkungsmechanismen der internen Therapie mit "Venopharmaka". In: Dt med J 21:458-465. 1970. Fink Serralde C. Dreyfus Cortes GO, Colo Hernandesz, Marquez Zacarias LA, (1975) Valoracion de la escina pura en el tratamiento del sindrome des estasis venosa cronica. Munch Med Wschr (mex. Ausgabe) 117(l):41-46. Fischer H, Pflanzliche Venentherapeutica. In: Therapiewoche 34:4101-4106. 1984. Fricke U, (1995) Venenmittel. In: Schwabe U, Paffrath D (Hrsg), Arzneiverordnungs-Report '95. Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, Jena, S 421-430. Friederich HC, Vogelsberg H, Neiss A, (1978) Ein Beitrag zur Bewertung von intern wirksamen Venenpharmaka. Z Hautkrankheiten 53(ll):369-374. Girerd I, DiPasquale, Steinetz G, Beach BG, Pearl VLW, The anti-edema properties of aescin. In: Arch internat Pharmacodyn Ther, Bruxelles 133:127-137. 1961. Hampel H, Hofrichter G, Liehn HD, Schlemmer W, Zur Pharmakologie der Aescin-Isomere unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung von alpha-Aescin. In: Arzneim Forsch 20:209215. 1970.
K^
Konoshima T, Lee KH. (1986) J Nat Prod 49(4):650. Kreysel HW, Nissen HP, Enghofer E, A possible role of lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the reduction in their serum activity by Venostasin. Vasa 12(4):37782. 1983. Locks H, Baumgartner H, Konzett H, (1974) Zur Beeinflussung des Benentonus durch RoBkastanienextrakte. Arzneim Forsch 24:1347. Lohr E, Garanin G, Jesau P, Fischer H, (1986) Odemprotektive Therapie bei chronischer Veneninsuffizienz mit Odemneigung. Munch Med Wschr 128:579-581. Longiave D, Omini C, Nicosia S, Berti F, (1978) The Mode of Action of Escin on Isolated Veins, Relationship with PGF2. Pharmacol Res 10:145.
^|
Lorenz D, Marek ML, (1960) Das therapeutisch wirksame Prinzip der RoBkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum). Arzneim Forsch 10:263-272. Marshall M, Dormandy JA, (1987) Oedema of long distant flights. Phlebol 2:123-124. Marshall M, Loew D, (1994) Diagnostische MaBnahmen zum Nachweis der Wirksamkeit von Venentherapeutika. Phlebol 23:85-91. Marshall M, Wustenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe 1994. Neiss A, Bohm C, (1976) Zum Wirksamkeitsnachweis von RoBkastaniensamenextrakt beim varikosen Symptomenkomplex. Munch Med Wschr 7:213-216. Pauschinger P, tl987) Klinisch experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von RoBkastaniensamenextrakt auf die transkapillare Filtration und das intravasale Volumen an Patienten mit chronisch venoser Insuffizien. Z Phlebol Proktol 16:57-61. Preziosi P, Manca P, (1965) Arzneim Forsch 15:404. Proserpio G et al., (1980) Fitoterapia 2:113. Rao GS et al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:471. Reynolds JEF, Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1998.
»
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Neue Befunde zur Wirksamkeit und zu Wirkungsmechanismen des Ro(3kastanien-Saponins Aescin. In: Arzneim Forsch 26:225-235. 1976. Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Lang W, Leng E, Animal experiments on the question of the renal toleration of the horse chestnut saponin aescin. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(3):598-605. Rudofsky G, Neip A, Otto K, Seibel K, (1986) Odemprotektive Wirkung und klinische Wirksamkeit von Ro(3kastaniensamenextrakt im Doppelblindversuch. Phlebol Proktol 15:47-54. Schlesser JL (ed.). Drugs Available Abroad. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, MI, 1991. Simini B, Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency (letter;comment). Lancet 1996 Apr 27;347 (9009): 1182-3. Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, (1986) Untersuchung zur odemprotektiven Wirkung eines Venentherapeutikums. Munch Med Wschr 31:551-552. Steiner M, Untersuchung zur odemvermindernden und odemprotektiven Wirkung von Ro(3kastanienextrakt. In: Phlebol Proktol 19:239-242. 1990. Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, Venostasin retard in the management of venous problems during pregnancy. Phlebology 5:41-44. 1990. Vayssairat M et al.. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. In: Lancet 347(9009): 182-183. 1996. Vogel G, Aesculus hippocastanum L. - Die Ropkastanie. In: ZPT 10:102 - 106. 1989. Vogel G, Marek ML, Stoeckert J, Weitere Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus des RoPkastanien-Saponins Aescin. In: Arzneim Forsch 13:59. 1963. Further information in: Chan, EH et al. (Ed.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzheimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HORSEMINT/407
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New .York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Horsemint Monarda
Punctata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in axillary whorls. They are bilabiate. The corolla is yellow with red spots. The 2 stamens and the sessile bracts are yellow and purple. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and grows up to 90 cm high with a branched, round stem. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate and downy. Characteristics: The taste is pungent and bitter; the odor reminiscent of thyme. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern and central U.S. Other Names: Spotted Monarda, Monarda Lutea, Wild Bergamot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including among others thymol (20%), thymol methyl ether, thymol hydroquinone; in Monarda punctata varieties, maritima including also gamma-terpinene, geranylformate, nerylformate EFFECTS
The drug has carminative, stimulant and emmenagogic effects. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used during pregnancy. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders, flatulence and dysmenorrhea.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Indian Medicine: American Indians use inflammations, rheumatism and backache.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. (Oil from the plant, however, is only to be
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
the
drug
for
408/HORSEMINT
administered externally. Even then, because it raises blisters in its pure form, it should be diluted with olive oil before application.)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Mountain Radish, Red Cole, Great Raifort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Mode, of Administration: Ground drug used as an infusion. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtin: The freshly harvested root contains the glucosinolates sinigrin (0.3%) and gluconasturtin, which release enzymatically triggered (myrosinase) allyl mustard oil (up to 90%) and a little 2phenyl mustard when the root is cut up. The dehydrated root contains both of these mustard oils. EFFECTS
Horseradish Armor acta rusticana DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the fresh or dried horseradish root. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is made up of numerous, richly flowered racemes (cymes). The fragrant flowers are on 5 to 7 mm long, upright pedicles. The sepals are 2.5 to 3 mm long, broadly ovate, with a membranous white margin. The white petals are 5 to 7 mm long and broadly obovate. The inner stamens are 2.5 mm long; the outer ones 1.5 mm long. The stigma is broad, round and gently 2-lobed. The small pods are on 20 mm long, upright spreading stems. They are globose to obovate and 4 to 6 mm long. The seeds are smooth. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm high. It is a sturdy and glabrous perennial. The root is quite thick and woody. In cultivated varieties, it is thick and fleshy with numerous root heads, which are light yellowish-white and have horizontal underground runners. The sometimes solitary stems are upright, branched above, grooved and hollow. The leaves are long-petioled, oblong-ovate, cordate at the base, 30 to 100 cm long and unevenly crenate. The lower cauline leaves have shorter petioles and are lobed or combshaped pinnate with linear-oblong, entire-margined or serrate sections. The upper cauline leaves with narrowed bases are sessile, oblong or lanceolate, unevenly crenate to serrate and obtuse. The uppermost leaves are linear or almost entiremargined. Characteristics: The rootstock has an odor that is strong and irritating, and a sharp, burning taste. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Volga-Don region but has spread to almost all of Europe and other parts of the world. Production: Horseradish consists of the fresh or dried, peeled or unpeeled roots of Armoracia rusticana.
Horseradish works antimicrobially against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, and is hyperemic on skin and mucous membranes and carcinostatic (due to the mustard oils). Horseradish demonstrated an antispasmodic effect in animal experiments. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/Bronchitis • Infections of the urinary tract Unproven Uses: Internally, Horseradish is used to treat inflammation of the respiratory tract and as supportive therapy for infections of the urinary tract. Externally, the drug is used for inflammation of the respiratory tract and for hyperemic treatment for minor muscle aches. In folk medicine, horseradish is administered for influenza, respiratory ailments, digestion, gout, rheumatism, and liver and gallbladder disorders. Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include eye inflammations, upper respiratory tract inflammations and upper abdominal colic. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Because of the mucous membrane-irritating effect of the mustard oils, the intake of the drug should not be carried out in the presence of stomach or intestinal ulcers or in patients with a history of kidney disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Pediatric Use: Preparations of horseradish should not be administered to children under 4 years of age. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Fresh or dried root that has been cut or ground, freshly pressed juice or other galenic preparations for internal or external applications.
HORSETAIL / 4 0 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Daily Dose: The average dose for internal use is 20 g of fresh root; for external use, ointments and gels with a maximum of 2% mustard oils may be used.
Habitat: Horsetail grows throughout Europe. It grows in Asia as far south as Turkey and Iran. The plant is also found in the Himalayas, central and north China and Japan.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every •^T 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB34). The mother tincture and first decimal dilution to be taken diluted wi water.
Production: Horsetail consists of the fresh or dried, green, sterile stems of Equisetum arvense harvested in the summer. The herb is collected in the wild and air-dried.
Storage: Fresh roots should be buried in soil or sand. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutisehen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Simon JE, Chadvvick AF, Craker LE (Eds), Herbs. An Indexed Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
Not to be Confused With: Other Equisetum species. Other Names: Bottle-Brush, Corn Horsetail, Dutch Rushes, Field Horsetail, Horse Willow, Horsetail Grass, Horsetail Rush, Paddock-Pipes, Pewterwort, Scouring Rush, Shave Grass, Toadpipe ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: (0.6 to 0-9%): apigenin-5-0-glucoside, genkwanin-5-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-0-(6'-0-malonyl-glucoside)-7-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Stoll A, Seebeek E, Helv Chim Acta 31:1432-1434. 1948. jg|
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, Pharniakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
Caffeic acid ester (up to 1%): including chlorogenic acid, dicoffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid Silicic acid (5 to 7.7%): to some extent water-soluble Pyridine alkaloids: nicotine (traces), palustrine (in the gamatophytes and in the rhizome styrolpyrone glucosides, including equisetumpyrone) EFFECTS
Horsetail Equisetum
Horsetail has a mild diuretic and spasmolytic action in animal tests. The flavonoids and silicic acid contribute to the astringent effect.
arvense INDICATIONS AND USAGE
TRADE NAMES
Alcohol Free Horsetail, Horsetail, Horsetail Grass, Wild Countryside Springtime Horsetail DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried green, sterile shoots and fresh sterile shoots. Flower and Fruit: Horsetail appears in two forms during the year. From March to April the red-brown to straw yellow simple stem develops with leaves arranged in a number of levels on the stem in whorls. The leaves are brown, fused to a sheath at the lower level with black-tipped, dry sporangia cones at the tip sprinkling greenish spore powder. In May and June there is a sterile summer form with 10 to 14 cm high stems and numerous branches that are arranged in whorls at the nodes. The stem and branches are deeply grooved, usually square and rough.
Approved by Commission E: • Infections of the urinary tract • Kidney and bladder stones • Wounds and burns Internal preparations are used for post-traumatic and static edema, flushing-out therapy for bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract and renal stones. It is used externally as a supportive treatment for poorly healing wounds. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Equisetum arvense is used for tuberculosis, as a catarrh in the kidney and bladder regions, as a hematostatic for profuse menstruation, nasal, pulmonary and gastric hemorrhages, for brittle fingernails and loss of hair, for rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures and for frostbite.
410/HORSETAIL CONTRAINDICATIONS
Horsetail is contraindicated in patients who have edema due to impaired heart and kidney function. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. A doctor should be consulted when the drug is utilized as a bath additive in cases of major skin lesions, acute skin lesions of unknown origin, major feverish and infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency and hypertonia. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and other galenic preparations are available for oral administration. Comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic preparations are used externally. Preparation: To make a tea. pour 200 ml boiling water over 2 to 3 gm drug and boil for 5 minutes. Strain after 10 to 15 minutes. To make an infusion, use 1.5 gm drug per 1 cup water. A liquid extract is prepared in a 1:1 ratio in 25% alcohol.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Veit M, Problem bei der Bewertung pflanzlicher Diuretika. Als Beispiel Schachtelhalmkraut DAB 10 (Equiseti herba). In: ZPT 15(6):331-341. 1994. Veit M et al., Flavonoids of the Equisetum hybrids in the subgenus Equisetum. In: PM 58(7)97. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Daily Dosage: Daily dose of Horsetail is 6 g drug. The drug should be administered with plenty of fluids. The internal dosages are as follows:
Hound's Tongue
Infusion — 2 to 4 g
Cynoglossum officinale
Liquid extract — 1 to 4 ml 3 times daily Tea — 2-3 g per cup repeatedly during the day between mealtimes External use: Compresses: 10 g drug to 1 liter Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc 3 times daily (HAB1). Storage: Horsetail must be protected from light in wellsealed containers. LITERATURE
Beckert C, Veit M, Styrylpyrone im Schachtelhalm. In: DAZ 137(28):2474-2475. 1997. Eugster C, Heterocycles 4:51. 1976. Gibelli C, (1931) Arch Int Pharmacodyn 41:419. Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995. Karrer P et al., Helv Chim Acta 32:2397-2399. 1949. Pohl RW, (1955) Am Fern J 45:95. Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8. 1989.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial and root of the herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on short, bent pedicles, which grow to 1 cm after flowering. The corolla is cupshaped and larger than the calyx. The corolla is initially dark violet, then dull brown. It is occasionally white with thickened, velvety purple or light red, tubular scales. The nutlets are flat, ovoid and light brown. They are 5 to 7 mm wide, thickened at the edge and covered with barbs. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial. The taproot is 10 to 30 cm long and up to 1.5 cm thick. It is reddish colored with a few fibers. The shoots are gray-green and smell of mice. The stems are usually rigidly erect, angular, hairy and heavily foliated. They are 30 to 80 cm high and up to 1 cm thick. The lower leaves are in rosettes, which form a tough, coriaceous sheath at the base. The upper leaves are sessile and clasping. Habitat: Especially common in Germany and Switzerland, now also found in the U.S. in areas where Germans and Swiss settled. Production: Hound's Tongue herb consists of the aboveground parts of Cynoglossum officinale. Hound's Tongue
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
root is the root of Cynoglossum officinale. The root is gathered in the second spring and then dried. Other Names: Dog's Tongue, Dog-Bur, Gypsy Flower, Sheep-Lice, Woolmat ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
HOUSELEEK/411
Storage: The herb should be protected from light and kept dry above annealed calcium chloride in air-tight, sealed glass or chalk containers, with the possible addition of a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride as an insecticide. It should be3 renewed annually. LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE HERB
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.7 to 1.5%): main alkaloids heliosupine, echinatine, also 7-angeloylheliotridine, acetylheliosupine
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS:
No information is available. COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE ROOT
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids presumably, as in the plant, heliosupine and echinatine Tannins
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR, Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984.
EFFECTS: HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
The root has antidiarrheal and wound-healing effects. It is both toxic and carcinogenic.
Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
According to previous reports, cynoglossin has a paralyzing effect on the peripheral nerve ends of frogs. The substances consolicin and consolidin have a paralyzing effect on the CNS, which is 3 times stronger than the effect of cynoglossin. The toxicity should disappear with storage.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hound's Tongue have been used as an antidiarrheal and an expectorant. The effectiveness of the herb for the claimed applications is not documented. CYNOGLOSSUM ROOT
Unproven Uses: In the past, it was used as an analgesic both internally and externally, as a cough sedative and for diarrhea. The root is used externally in the treatment of wounds.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR, Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984. Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Houseleek
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB AND ROOT
Sempervivum tectorum
WARNING: The traditional folk medicinal preparations should not be used!
DESCRIPTION
Because of its high pyrrolizidine alkaloid content with 1,2unsaturated necine parent substances, the drug is both hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in effect. The drug should under no circumstances be taken internally. DOSAGE HOUND'S TONGUE HERB AND ROOT
See Warning above regarding internal use.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh leaves before flowering and their juice. Flower and Fruit: The pink or red flowers are in cymes on their own peduncles, which are about 22 cm high. The individual flowers are short-pedicled and splayed in a star shape. The 12 sepals and petals are twice as long as the calyx. The 24 stamens are in 2 circles. There are 24 ovaries. The small fruit is many-seeded and fused at the base.
4 1 2 /HOUSELEEK
Leaves, Stem and Root: The green succulent leaves grow. directly from the perennial fibrous root and form a dense, obovate, basal rosette 5 to 10 cm in diameter. They are fleshy and juicy, flat, 2.5 to 5 cm long. The purple leaves are sessile-oblong with a ciliate margin and are often in carpets of tufts. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and southern Europe and now grows wild in northern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Other Names: Jupiter's Eye. Jupiter's Beard, Thor's Beard, Bullock's Eye, Sengreen, Ayron, Ayegreen, Aaron's Rod, Hens and Chickens, Liveforever, Thunder Plant ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Fruit acids: L(-)-malic acid, isocitric acid, succinic acid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
water. Gargles are prepared using plant juice diluted with water and sweetened with honey. The pure plant juice is used for ear drops. Daily Dosage: Infusion dosage is 1 cup every 3 hours. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Humulus lupulus See Hops
Tannins Mucilage EFFECTS
The active agents are the leaves containing tannin, bitter substances, sugar, and mucous. Results of research carried out to date point to a possible liver-protective and antioxidative effect. There are no studies available for the astringent, diuretic and antiseptic effects attributed to the drug. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Houseleek is used internally to relieve severe diarrhea. Folk medicine uses include dysentery, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, impairment of hearing and fever, worm infestation, uterine neuralgia, tonsillitis, headache and toothache. Externally, the drug is used for bums, wounds, ulcers and swelling caused by insect bites, open wounds, sore nipples, corns, inflammation of the throat, hemorrhoids, eczema, stomatitis, oral fungal infections and inflammation of mucous membranes and for the treatment of itchy and burning skin parts. A gargle of diluted juice made from the leaves is used for stomatitis.
Hwema Bark Corynanthe
pachyceras
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an apical, up to 10cm long panicle. The calyx has 4 short tips. The corolla tube is white and urn-shaped with 4 narrow, approximately 2-mm long lobes. The lobes have globular appendages, with 4 stamens and a 2-chambered ovary. The fruit is a 7 to 10 mm long and 2 to 4 mm wide, loculicidal capsule, which is black when ripe, with numerous double slit winged seeds. Leaves and Trunk: Corynanthe pachyceras is a tree that grows up to 20 m high. The leaves are opposite, with simple lamina that are paper-like. The lamina grow from 15 to 25 cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide. They are elongate-ovate with approximately 12 mm long stipules. The branches are glabrous and the trunk bark is dark green to reddish brown. Habitat: Tropical Africa
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Production: Hwema bark is the dried bark of Corynanthe pachyceras. It is dried in the sun or drying cupboard with circulating air at temperatures less than 70° C after harvesting.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Houseleek is used internally as a decoction. Freshly pressed leaves and their juice is used externally. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, allow 15 g of the drug to steep in 1000 ml water for 10 minutes. Poultices are prepared using crushed fresh leaves. A compress is made by soaking a cloth in plant juice that has been diluted with
Not to be Confused With: Incorrect identification can occur with Cinchonae cortex and sometimes with Yohimbe Cortex. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids of the beta-carboline and oxindole type: chief alkaloids corynanthine (1.2%) and corynantheidine, including as well, corynanthidine (alpha-yohimbine), beta-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
yohimbine, corynantheine, dihydrocorynantheine, corynoxine, corynoxeine
HYDRANGEA/413
Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens
EFFECTS
The alkaloid-containing drug (yohimbine-corynantheine ^ type) affects the CNS by inhibiting motility in animal experiments. The drug is spasmolytic, blood pressure reducing and also mildly analgesic and locally anesthetic in effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Hvvema Bark preparations are used for fever and malaria (infusion), leprosy (decoction), colds, and to lower blood pressure (dry extract). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The LD50 in mice was determined to be 4.9 mg dry extract/kg body weight, I.V. The symptoms observed included convulsions and dyspnea. OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses among humans could conceivably lead to signs of poisoning. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug, liquid and solid preparations for internal use; solid preparations for external use. Preparation: To prepare a dry extract (10:1), the bark powder is succussed for 30 minutes at 95°C with a 10-fold amount of isotonic Nacl solution. It is filtered after cooling and the solution is concentrated to double the weight of the drug. Freeze-drying follows a 48-hour clarification period. This produces a brown powder. Drugmative dry extract is 10:1.
DESCRIPTION
,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome and the roots. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is flat cymes of umbels with creamy white flowers. They are androgynous or completely sexless and have inferior ovaries. The fruit is a schizocarp or capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: Hydrangea is a marsh plant, a bush up to 3 m high whose leaves are only pubescent on the veins of the undersides. The petiole is 2 to 5 cm long. The leaves are simple or lobed and opposite. There are no stipules. The bark is rough and tends to peel off. The roots are of various lengths and widths. They are pale gray on the outside and solid with a slight splitting structure. Habitat: Indigenous to the eastern U.S. as far south as Florida. Production: Hydrangea root is the root of Hydrangea arborescens. Other Names: Seven Barks ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponins Flavonolids: including, among others, rutin Volatile oil Isocoumarin hydrangenol
derivatives:
including,
among
others,
EFFECTS
The drug has a diuretic effect. Daily Dosage: Dry extract — 200 mg 1 to 4 times daily. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
How Supplied: Tablets, capsules, suppositories and drink ampules. Storage: Hwema Bark should be stored in a dry place. LITERATURE
*
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
Hydnocarpus species See Chaulmoogra
Unproven Uses: Hydrangea is used in the treatment of conditions of the urinary tract, particularly bladder and kidney stones. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. According to information in older medical literature, the intake of larger dosages can lead to dizziness, feelings of constriction in the chest and central nervous system disorders. The plant has a weak potential for sensitization (chief allergen hydrangenol). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a liquid extract, in compounded preparations.
414/HYDRANGEA" LITERATURE
Bate-Smith EC, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:267. Der Mardirossian A et al., (1976) J Toxicol Environ Health 1: 939.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis TRADE NAMES
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hyssop (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product), Hyssop Herb
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the flower tips and the essential oil.
Kern W, List PH, horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: The dark-blue bilabiate flowers are medium-sized false whorls in one-sided, terminal, leafy racemes. The calyx is downy, 5-tipped and glabrous inside. There are 4 stamens, which are turned away from each other and extend far above the perianth. The style is very long.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
DESCRIPTION
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen subshrub about 60 cm high. The stem is erect, quadrangular, shrubby and branched. The leaves are sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire-margined, punctate, glabrous, dark green and paler beneath.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Characteristics: The plant has a weak sweetish smell. The taste is bitter.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Hydrangea arborescens See
Hydrangea
Hydrastis canadensis See Goldenseal
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Europe and grows wild in the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated elsewhere. Production: Hyssop herb consists of the fresh or dried aboveground parts of Hyssopus officinalis. Hyssop oil consists of the essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis, obtained by steam distillation. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
In the foliage: Volatile oil
Hyoscyamus niger
Tannins
See Henbane
Bitter principles: including, among others, marubiin Flavonoids: glycosides of hesperidin and diosmetin In the volatile oil:
Hypericum perforatum See St. John's Wort
Chief components: 1-pinocamphone, isocamphone, pinocarvone, alpha- and beta-pinene EFFECTS
Hypoxis rooperi See African Potato
1-pinocamphone and isopinocamphone are the toxically active constituents of the drug. The oil has an antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect. Extracts of the leaves are antimicrobial, antiviral (herpes simplex) and mildly spasmolytic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
ICELAND MOSS
415
Flower and Fruit: Cetraria islandica is a lichen that grows on the ground and has a stiff, curling thalius. The thalius is from 2 to 6 cm high, erect, dichotomously branched, with a 1 to 10 cm wide section. The upper surface is olive-brown-green or brown, the underside is whitish to light brownish. The margins are covered in 0.5 mm long papilla, which contain the reproductive parts.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hyssop herb are used for the gentle stimulation of circulation, for intestinal catarrhs, for diseases of the respiratory tract, colds, chest and lung ailments. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Isolated cases of tonic-clonic spasms have been observed among adults after intake of 10 to 30 drops of the volatile oil over a number of days (2 to 3 drops for children).
Characteristics: Iceland Moss tastes bitter, and when wet, has a smell reminiscent of seaweed. Habitat: Grows in the boreal, alpine and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and in some regions of the Southern Hemisphere.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Hyssop herb preparations are available as capsules for internal use.
Production: Iceland Moss consists of the dried thalius of Cetraria islandica as well as its preparations. It is collected in the wild, then air-dried, moistened, cut and re-dried.
How Supplied: Capsules — 445 mg
Other Names: Iceland Lichen, Cetraria. Eryngo-Leaved Liverwort
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Joulain D, (1979) Riv Ital Ess Prof Piante Off Ar Sap Cosm
COMPOUNDS
48:479.
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufi., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food. Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Opdyke DU, (1978) Food Cosmet Toxicol 16 (Suppl. 1):787.
Hyssopus officinalis See Hyssop
Mucilages, glucans (50%): lichenan (lichenan). isolichenan (isolichenan) Aromatic lichen acids (2-3%): fumarprototcetraric acid, protocetraric acid, cetraric acid Aliphatic lichen acids (1.0-1.5%): esp. protolichesteric acid EFFECTS
The bitter organic acids have an antibiotic effect. It is also a demulcent and a mild antimicrobial. The drug has an demulcent effect due to the sesquitering action of the polysaccharides. An ethanol precipitation of the aqueous extract containing lichenan and isolichenan demonstrated an antitumoural effect in animal tests. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Iberis amara See Bitter Candytuft
Iceland Moss Cetraria islandica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried thalius commonly known as Iceland Moss.
• • • •
Cough/bronchitis Dyspeptic complaints Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Loss of appetite
r
Unproven Uses: Iceland Moss is also used for irritation of the oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes; loss of appetite and gastroenteritis (the bitter organic acids). In folk medicine, the drug has been used for lung disease, kidney and bladder complaints, gastric conditions, nausea and vomiting (in particular in pregnancy and with migraine), bronchitis, whooping cough and diarrhea. It is also used externally for poorly healing wounds.
416/ICELAND
Homeopathic bronchitis.
MOSS
Uses:
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cetraria islandica is used
to treat
Ignatius Beans Strychnos ignatii
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. In rare cases, external administration of the drug led to sensitization. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted thallus for infusions and other galenic formulations for internal use; comminuted thallus preferably for cold maceration and other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2.5 gm of comminuted drug and strain after 10 minutes (I teaspoonful = 1.3 gm of drug); infusion may be sweetened. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 gm. Single dose: 1.5 g drug in a teacup. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, l tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or l to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: l to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once daily (HABl). Storage: Store in the dark and well-sealed containers. LITERATURE
Anonym, Niedere Pflanzen ganz gro{3 - 39. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Arzneipflanzenforschung in Saarbriicken. In: DAZ 131(37): 1899. Pengsuparp Th, et aL Mechanistic evaluation of new plantderived compounds that inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In: JNP 58(7): 1024-1031. 1995. Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds and the dried root bark. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in dense, axillary thyrses. Their parts are arranged in fives. They are greenish-white, pubescent and have a 2-valved superior ovary. The fruit is a golden-yellow berry. The berry is up to 13 cm wide and has a hard exocarp. The fruit pulp is yellow and contains up to 40 seeds. The seeds are 2 to 3 cm long by 2 cm wide, oval or rounded-angular, obtuse and very hard. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing hooked stems that are up to 20 m long. The truck cm thick. It is occasionally a small tree. It bears are up to 25 cm long, broad-ovate, opposite petioled.
shrub with is up to 10 leaves that and short-
Habitat: The plant is common all over southeastern Asia and is cultivated there; especially in Vietnam and the Philippines. Production: Ignatius beans are the seeds of Strychnos ignatii. Not to be Confused With: The seeds of S. lanata and S. multiflora were once treated in the same manner as Ignatii seeds. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (2.5-5.6%): chief alkaloid strychnine (share 45-60%), in addition, above all, brucine, further including, among others, 12-hydroxystrychnine, alpha-colubrine, icajine, vomicine, novacine. There are also chemical strains for which brucine predominates, and others in which strychnine occurs only in traces. Fatty oil
Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed. Pub. CRC Press Boca Raton 1975. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Cetraria). Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
The drug, which contains strychnine and brucine, is psychoanaleptic (see Nux Vomica). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations made of the Ignatius Bean are used to treat faintness. Therapeutic use as a bitter or tonic is not recommended. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for nervous disorders, cramps in hollow organs and muscles, and depressive states. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely toxic due to the strychnine content and | should not be administered in allopathic medicine.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning can occur after ingestion of one bean. Strychnine doses of as little as 1.5 mg (30-50 mg of the drug) initially cause restlessness, feelings of anxiety, heightening of sense perception, enhanced reflexes, equilibrium disorders and painful stiffness of the neck and back musculature. Later, twitching, tonic spasms of the masseter and neck musculature, and finally, painful convulsions of the entire body are triggered by visual or tactile stimulation. Dyspnea comes following spasm of the breathing musculature. Death occurs through suffocation or exhaustion. The lethal dosage for an adult is approximately 50 mg strychnine (1-2 gm of the drug). Chronic intake of subconvulsive dosages can also lead to death under similar conditions after a period of weeks. This is due to an accumulation of drug in the body, particularly in those who have liver damage. Following the administration of a watery suspension of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisoning consists of keeping external stimulation to a minimum through placement in a quiet, warm, darkened room. Convulsions should be treated with dosages of diazepam or barbital (i.v.). Highcalorie glucose infusions should also be given. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. Gastric lavage should be avoided, due to the danger of triggering convulsions. Analeptics or phenothiazines should not be administered. Because of the possibility of unwanted effects occurring in conjunction with the administration of therapeutic dosages, one should forgo any administration of the drug. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: It is used in the manufacture of strychnine and brucine. Daily Dosage: If the drug is taken internally, the maximum single dose is 0.1 gm; the maximum daily dosage is 0.3 gm. Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: Mark the container as "poisonous" and keep tightly sealed; protect the drug from cool air and light. LITERATURE
Bisset NG, Phillipson JD, JNP 39:263. 1976. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lenrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
IMMORTELLE
417
Marini-Bettolo GB, Advances in the research of curare and Strychnos. In: Rend Accad Naz 40:1975-1976, 1-2. 61-76. 1977. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena. New York 1995.
Ilex aquifolium See Holly
Ilex paraguariensis See Mate
Illicium verum See Star Anise
Immortelle Helichrysum arenarium DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the composite heads and the whole of the flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The small orange flowers are in dense clustered cymes. The bracts are dry-membranous and usually lemon-yellow. All the florets are tubular and funnel-shaped. The fruit is pentangular with a tuft of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 10 to 30 cm high. The stem is erect, unbranched and gray-tomentose. The leaves are alternate. The lower leaves are spatulate and the upper ones lanceolate, acute and as gray-tomentose as the stem. Characteristics: Immortelle has a weak aroma. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe and the U.S. Production: Immortelle consists of the dried flowers of Helichrysum arenarium gathered shortly before fully unfolding.
4 1 8 /IMMORTELLE
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the capitula of Helichrysum stoechas and Helichrysum augustifolium. Other Names: Common Shrubby Everlasting, Eternal Flower, Goldilocks, Yellow Chaste Weed
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
minutes and then strain. Drink throughout the day and make a fresh batch daily. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 g of drug. Storage: Store Immortelle protected from light and moisture. LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: in particular isosalipurposide (intensive yellow chalcone glycoside), naringenin-5-glucosyl-gIucoside, helichrysin A and B (C-2-enantiomeric narigenin-5-O-glucosides, B-salipurposide) Phthalides: including 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-phthaIides and their monoglucoside Alpha-pyrone derivatives: arenole, homoarenole Sesquiterpene bitter principles
Derkach AI et al., Chem Nat Comp 6:722. 1986. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Dmgs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Mericli AH et al., Sci Pharm 54:363. 1986.
Volatile oil (traces)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Caffeic acid derivatives
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
The drug has antibacterial principles, and is mildly choleretic and mildly spasmolytic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Impatiens biflora See
Jewel
Weed
• Dyspeptic complaints
Impomoea hederacea
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder complaints with accompanying cramps. In folk medicine, it is used as a diuretic and for jaundice, gout, rheumatism, kidney complaints and dropsy.
See
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indian Hemp
Because of the bile-stimulating effect of the drug, it is not to be administered when there is biliary obstruction. The presence of gallstone illnesses can lead to colic. PRECAUTICNS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Immortelle is used as a comminuted herb for infusions and other galenic preparations for internal use. Pharmaceutical cholagogues contain extracts of' the drug. It is an inactive ingredient in many tea specialties. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include teas, drops and compound preparations. Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 2 teaspoonfuls of the drug (3 to 4 g). Allow to stand for 10
Morning
Glory
Apocynum cannabinum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the juice obtained from the fresh plant. Flower and Fruit: The small whitish-green, occasionally pink to violet flowers are on pods that grow to 2 to 4 mm in length. The calyx is deeply lobed and half as long as the corolla. The petals are oblong-lanceolate. The tufts of hair on the seeds are 2 to 3 cm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian Hemp is a perennial up to 2 m tall. It has an erect stem, which branches at the top. The whole plant is glabrous or downy. The short-petioled leaves are 5 to 11 cm long, yellowish-green and oblong or oblongovoid. The tips of the leaves are initially rounded and then terminate abruptly in a thorny tip.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Characteristics: The plant has an acrid taste and is to a certain degree poisonous. Habitat: The plant is found mostly in the U.S. and Canada. W
Not to be Confused With: Indian Hemp (Cannabis indica), though both species contain latex and their tough, fibrous bark can be used as a substitute for hemp, hence the name. Production: Indian Hemp root is the root of Apocynum cannabinum, which is gathered (and sometimes dried), in autumn. The plant is cultivated as a crop in Germany and Russia. Other Names: Bitterroot, Catchfly, Dogbane, Fly-Trap, Honeybloom, Milk Ipecac, Milkweed, Mountain Hemp, Wallflower. Wild Cotton, Canadian Hemp ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
doses of the drug because of the mucous membrane-irritating resin fraction. OVERDOSAGE
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of poisonings see Digitalis folium. Despite the strong efficacy of the drug's cardioactive steroid glycosides in parenteral application, serious poisoning in the course of peroral administration is unlikely, due to the low resorption rate. DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of die liquid extract is 10 to 30 drops to be taken 3 times daily or 0.3 to 0.6 ml. of a 1:10 tincture. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or every 1 to 3 days (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1).
COMPOUNDS
Storage: Store in secure area as the drug is poisonous.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids): in particular cymarin, k-strophantoside, apocannoside, cynocannoside
LITERATURE
EFFECTS
W
INDIAN N E T T L E / 4 1 9
The high content of cardenolide glycosides causes bradycardia and increased contraction of the heart. Blood pressure is lowered, and rebound vagotonia hypertension can occur. The drug increases diuresis and stimulation of the vasomotor centers. It causes more severe irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane than digitalis and strophantus preparations. It has a lower therapeutic effect on atrial fibrillation than digitalis. Cardenollide glycoside cymine has an effect that is similar but generally weaker than glycoside strophantine, with the exception of the stronger diuretic effect in edema. It is less cumulative. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The juice of the fresh plant is used in the treatment of condylomatosis and warts. American Indians use the roots for asthma, dropsy, coughs, syphilis and rheumatism. In folk medicine, the root is used to strengthen weak heart muscles following pneumonia, valvular insufficiency and senile heart. It is also used as a diuretic. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include cardiac •fff. insufficiency, renal inflammation with edema, and vomiting with diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug should be administered only by someone who is expert in its use. Topical irritation of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, accompanied by nausea and vomiting, is more common than in other drugs containing cardenolid glycosides. Vomiting and gastrointestinal irritations can occur, even with the administration of therapeutic
Belkin M et al., (1952) J Nat Cancer Inst 13:742. Desruelles J et al.. Therapie 28:103-113. 1973. Kupchan SM et al.. J Med Chem 7:803-805. 1964. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Indian Nettle Acalypha indica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the whole flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like, has 3 to 7 female flowers below, which consist only of a 3-carpeled-
4 2 0 / I N D I A N NETTLE
ovary with 3 styles. The male flowers are above these with 4 sepals and 8 stamens. On the tips of the young flower shoots are T-shaped, hairy structures approximately 2 mm wide with 2 side openings. The fruit is a 3-chambered capsule with 3 gray-brown seeds of approximately 1 mm diameter. Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian nettle is an annual, upright, nettle-like diclinous, monoecious herb, which grows up to 60 cm high. The leaves are alternate, long-petiolate, round to rhomboid, 2 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide narrowing to the petiole. They are matte above, glossy beneath with strongly protruding ribs, dentate at the front and smooth toward the base. The margin, petiole and ribs are weakly pubescent with 2 awl-like stipules. The stem is usually unbranched and pubescent. The main root is unbranched with thin secondary roots. Habitat: The plant comes from India, Indochina and Ethiopia. Other Names: Cat's Nettle Production: Indian nettle is the whole fresh plant of Acalypha indica collected during the flowering season and dried. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: acalyphin (0.3%, 3-cyanopyridone derivative) Tannins: including tri-O-methyl ellagic acid
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
tration of designated therapeutic dosages. Dermatitis has been observed following skin contact with the latex of the fresh plant. Cyanide poisonings from the drug are unlikely, due to the relatively low levels of cyanogenic glycoside content and the lack of stimuli leading to ingestion. OVERDOSAGE
In animal experiments (rabbits), administration of large quantities of the drug led to gastrointestinal inflammation and to a change in blood color to chocolate-brown, indicating the presence of additional toxic substances. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations and other galenic preparations for internal use and liquid preparations for external use. Preparation: Decoction: 100 gm drug to 1 liter water Extract: 1000 gm drug to 1000 ml 90% ethanol (V/V) Infusion: 50 gm drug to 1 liter water Juice: 800 gm drug to 800 ml water and 200 ml ethanol 90% Tincture: 125 gm drug to 1000 ml ethanol 90% (V/V) Daily Dosage: Decoction — single dose: 15 to 30 ml Extract — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
Volatile oil EFFECTS
The drug is hemostyptic and antibacterial in effect (cyanogenic glucoside acalyphine). In vitro, proof of an acceleration of blood coagulation exists, which is due to the high levels of calcium salts. The leaf latex is said to have emetic and expectorant effects upon children. When administered as a suppository for constipation, it is said to immediately relax the contracted anal sphincter. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally used for worm infestation and constipation, for pregnant women, also for upset stomach and bronchitis. Externally used for eczema and skin rashes, ear ache (decoction), tumors (juice), as well as for cuts and other wounds, and also for inflammation of the joints (cut leaves and stems). Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for ulcers, changes to the skin, bronchitis, constipation, croup and earache. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects other than possible gastric irritation are known in conjunction with the proper adminis-
Infusion — single dose: 15 to 30 ml Juice — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml Tincture — single dose: 2 to 4 ml LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1998. Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acalypha indica induced haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. Ceylon Med J, 26:1996 Jan. Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acute intravascular haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients following ingestion of herbal broth containing Acalypha indica. Trop Doct, 26:32, 1996 Jan. Shanmugasundaram KR, Seethapathy PG, Shanmugasundaram ER, Anna Pavala Sindhooram - an antiatherosclerotic Indian drug. J Ethnopharmacol, 7:247-65, 1983 May.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
INDIAN
Indian Physic
Indian Squill
Gillenia trifoliata
Urginea indica
SQUILL/421
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried and pulverized root bark.
Medicinal Parts: The parts used medicinally are the horizontal and vertically cut strips of the dried, middle, fleshy onion layers of the white flowering variety (which are collected after flowering) as well as the fresh, fleshy onion layers of the white and red varieties.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white and tinged with red. They are arranged in a few loose, terminal panicles. Leaves, Stem and Root: This perennial herb has irregular, cylindrical roots, which are usually transversely grooved and up to 15 cm long. The external surface is blackish, and the transverse section shows a thick, reddish bark, which easily separates from the white woody center. Sprouting from the root are a number of stems 60 to 90 cm high. The leaves and leaflets have various forms. Characteristics: Indian Physic is odorless, but the plant has a pleasantly bitter taste. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern U.S., and is cultivated in Europe and elsewhere. Production: Indian Physic is the root bark of Gillenia trifoliata. Other Names: Indian Hippo, Bowman's Root, American Ipecacuanha, Gillenia ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Resins Gillein (Gillenin) The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated. EFFECTS
The drug is an expectorant, emetic and a "blood purifier." INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in the treatment of digestive disorders, particularly in cases in which a safe and reliable emetic is required. Folk medicine applications also include use with dyspepsia, dropsy, rheumatism and chronic constipation. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a powder, an infusion or a tonic for internal use. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a 10 to 60 cm long, loose raceme with 4 to 30 flowers in the axils of the bracts, which usually drop before the flower. The peduncle is upright, up to 1 m high, cylindrical, ribbed, glabrous and reddish-brown. The pedicle is up to 3.5 cm long, splayed when in flower and upright when the fruit is ripe. The flowers are radial with 6 corolla-like tepals, which are 5 to 12 mm long, campanulate and reddish-green. There are 6 stamens, 3 fused carpels and a 3-chambered, superior ovary. The fruit is a capsule, 10 to 25 cm long, with 12 to 30 seeds. The seeds are clavate to elliptical with a diameter of 4 to 10 mm, dark brown to black, with orbicular, translucent wings. Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian squill is a herbaceous perennial bulb plant that reaches up to 35 cm. The flowering varieties might reach up to 1 m high. The leaves are basal, in 2 rows, 13 to 35 cm long, 6 to 30 mm wide, linear to lanceolate or sword-shaped, flat, parallel-veined, glabrous and whorled at the base. The bulb is whitish, globose to ovoid with a diameter of 3 to 7 cm. The outer layer is membranous, the inner one fleshy. Characteristics: The bulb tastes bitter; slimy. Habitat: India and Sri Lanka Production: Indian squill is the dried and cut bulb of Urginea indica freed from the outer layers shortly after harvesting. The bulbs are dug up, cleaned and cut into quarters. Then the core is removed and the remaining pieces are dried in the sun or over a fire until the weight is reduced by 80%. Not to be Confused With: Because of the similarity in name, it can be confused with Scilla indica. Other Names: South Indian Squill ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolids, 0.1 to 1.5%): chief components proscillaridin A and scillaren A, including as well scillipheoside, scillarenine-bis-alpha-rhamnoside, scillicyanogenine glucoside, scillicyanosidine glucoside, scilliglaucosidine glucoside Mucilages (50%, glucomannoxylans)
4 2 2 / I N D I A N SQUILL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol
drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be preferred (proscillaridin A).
EFFECTS
The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric lavage and instillation of activated charcoal. All other measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful potassium replacement for potassium loss; phenytoin as an antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine or orciprenaline for pronounced bradycardia. The prophylactic insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is recommended. Hemoperfusion for the elimination of the glycosides or cholestyramine administration for the interruption of the enterohepatic circulation are possible.
The drug's content levels of cardioactive glycosides explain the administration in the presence of cardiac insufficiency and cardio-conditioned edema formation. The expectorant may be due the drug's effect as a mild irritant of the gastrointestinal tract combined with an increase in secretions of the bronchial system. The drug's administration as an antirheumatic appears plausible, due to the skin-irritating effect of the oxalate raphides it contains. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: For chronic bronchitis, asthma and cardiac insufficiency as a treatment of second choice in the case of hypersensitivity to digitalis. Indian Medicine: For edema, digestion disturbances, menstruation disorders, worm infestation, chronic bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism and skin conditions. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Neither the drug nor pure glycosides should be administered in the presence of first- and second-degree AV-Block, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm, WPW syndrome. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of the limited therapeutic range of the cardioactive steroid glycosides, a number of patients receiving no more than therapeutic dosages might experience the following side effects: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular pulse. Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Contact witii the latex of the fresh bulbs can lead to skin inflammation (Scilla dermatitis).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug, powdered drug and other galenic preparations for internal and external use. Preparation: Liquid extract: 100 g drug are percolated with 70% ethanol and then evaporated to 850 ml; the rest is filled to 1000 ml again with 70% ethanol and filtered (BPC79). Tincture: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000 ml 60% ethanol (BPC79). Acetic acid maceration: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000 ml acetic acid in a closed vessel and then filtered. Finally the filtrate is heated and re-filtered after 7 days (BPC79). Daily Dosage: Drug: single dose: 60 to 200 mg; Tincture: 0.3 to 2 ml; Liquid extract: 0.06 to 0.2 ml; Acetic acid essence: 0.6 to 2 ml. Storage: Store in a dry place and below 25°C. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
OVERDOSAGE
Overdose could lead to hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular pulse along with the following: - heart: cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threatening ventricular tachycardias, atrial tachycardias with atrioventricular block. - CNS: dizziness, vision disorders, depressions, states of confusion, hallucinations, psychoses. Lethal dosages lead to cardiac arrest or to asphyxiation. Because of the difficulties involved in standardizing the
Inula britannica See British Elecampane (Xuan-Fu-Hua)
Inula helenium See Elecampane
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Ipecac Cephaelis ipecacuanha DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the pulverized roots of the 3-to-4-year-old plant, which have been dug up and dried quickly in the sun. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal, capitulumshaped inflorescences surrounded by 4 to 6 bracts. The individual florets have a 5-tipped calyx, ciliated at the tips with a white campanulate-conical, 5-tipped corolla. A bitter, dark purple, fleshy drupe develops from the 2-carpeled ovary. Leaves, Stem and Root: Cephaelis ipecacuanha is a perennial, evergreen, leafy plant about 40 cm high with a 2 to 4 mm thick rhizome from which sprout numerous 20 cm long fibrous roots. Some of these roots develop into tubers. The green stem may be creeping or ascending, simple or branched. It is somewhat quadrangular, occasionally bears adventitious roots. The opposite leaves are entire-margined, and the leaf blade, narrows into the short petiole. There are stipules at the base of the leaf, which are slit like awls and fused together with the petiole-like leaf sheath. Habitat: Indigenous to the sparser woods of Brazil; cultivated in India and on the Malaysian archipelago. Production: Ipecac is the root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha. The subterranean parts of the 3-to-4-year-old plants are quickly dried in the sun and then cut into pieces of 5 to 10 cm in length. Other Names: Ipecacuanha, Ipecacuanha Rio, Matto Grosso ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the emetine type (2-4%): chief alkaloids emetine and cephaelin
IPECAC 423 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Ipecac is contained in expectorants and secretory preparations; it is used for amoebic dysentery, as a bronchial treatment and as an emetic in cases of poisoning. It is also used as an expectorant and to soothe and assist in coughing up of thick phlegm and in the treatment of croupous bronchitis in children. Homeopathic Uses: Ipecae is used to treat bronchitis. asthma, whooping cough, gastrointestinal inflammations. disorders in blood pressure and bleeding of the mucous membranes. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages as an expectorant. Administration over extended periods can lead to myopathias. Frequent contact with the drug can trigger allergic reactions of the skin and the mucous membranes ("druggist's asthma," the allergen is a glycoprotein). Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Higher dosages of the drug (1 to 2 gm) have a nauseate effect (therapeutically used as an emetic). Toxic dosages can lead to mucous membrane erosion in the gastrointestinal tract, tachycardia, drop in blood pressure and cardiac rhythm disorders, as well as disorders in respiratory function and possibly to convulsions, shock and coma. Following intestinal emptying (sodium sulfate), the treatment for poisonings consists of the administration of generous amounts of liquids (warm tea), instillation of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), me treatment of spasms with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution and the countering of any acidosis imbalance that may appear through sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the event of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is necessary. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required.
Starch (30 to 40%) DOSAGE
EFFECTS
Emetine hydrochloride and cephaelin hydrochloride, alkaloids contained in the drug, have a locally irritating effect on the gastric mucous membrane and are thus responsible for the reflex increase of bronchial secretions and the expectorant effect. The saponins probably support this effect. The drug affects the sensory stomach nerves; it is secretory in small doses and emetic in larger doses. It is also spasmolytic and expectorant. It is partially effective in amoebic dysentery due to the action of the alkaloid emetin on the magna-form of the pathogen.
Mode of Administration: Ipecac is used orally as a tincture. extract and fluid extract and in medicinal preparations with a standardized alkaloid content. Preparation: Ipecac extract: After the alkaloids have been determined the powder is stabilized with lactose or dextrin, (DAB 10). Tincture: 1 part root powder with 8 to 12 parts 70% ethanol (DAB 10). These preparations are stabilized to a standardized alkaloid content.
4 2 4 /IPECAC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Dosage: Infusion 0.5%: 10 ml (adults)
Ipomoea orizabensis
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day; suppositories: 2 to 3 times daily (chronic) (HAB1).
See Mexican Scammony Root
Storage: Store carefully in the dark in tightly sealed containers.
Ipomoea purga See Jalap
LITERATURE
Berrens L, Young E, (1963) Int. Arch All. Appl. Immunol. 22:51. Garrettson LK, Ipecac home use- we need hope replaced with data- editoral comment. In: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 29(4):515. 1991. Kleinschartz W, Litovitz T, Overda GM, Bailey KM, Kuba A, The effect of milk on Ipecac-induced emesis. In: J Toxicol Clint Toxicol 29(4):505. 1991. Kunkel N, Vergiftungen: Aktivkohle, Ipecacuanhasirup oder Magenspulung? In: DAZ 132(30): 1587. 1992. Nagakura N et al.. Four tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene glucosides from Cephaelis ipecacuanha. In: PH 32:761. 1993. Wiegrebe W, Kramer WJ, Shamma M, The emetine alkaloids. In: JNP 47(3):397. 1984. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Iporuru Alchornea floribunda DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The female inflorescence is apical and up to 25 cm long; the male inflorescence is axillary and 10 to 25 cm long with pale green flowers. The ovary is 3-carpeled and fused. The fruit is a 3-chambered capsule with glossy brownish seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: Alchornea floribunda is a tree or shrub up to 4.5 m, occasionally up to 10 m high. The leaves are clustered at the end of the glabrous branches. They are short-petiolate, lanceolate to spatulate, 15 to 35 cm long, 6 to 13 cm wide, glabrous above and slightly downy beneath. The stipules are 3 to 9 mm long and downy. Habitat: Tropical Africa, Amazon region Production: Niando root is the fresh or dried root of Alchornea floribunda collected in the wild. Other Names: Macochihua, Niando, Malan ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Imidazole alkaloids (0.6 isoalchornein (0.005%)
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tannins
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Hombopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
to
1.2%):
alchornein
(0.4%),
EFFECTS
The drug has stimulating and hallucinogenic effect upon humans, due to the alkaloids it contains (chief active ingredient alchornein). An elevation in the sensitivity of the sympaticus to adrenaline was demonstrated in animal experiments. In- comparison to atropine, alchorneine tartrate has a strong anticholinergic, vagolytic and peristalsis-inhibiting effect; in addition, it exhibits the action of a weak local anesthetic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug can be used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and conditions of the gastrointestinal
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
tract. The indigenous people of the Amazon have used the bark and roots of Iporuru for many different purposes for hundreds of years. One of the more popular preparations is an alcoholic bark tincture used to treat rheumatism, arthritis, ' colds and muscle pains. In Africa the drug is used frequently W as an aphrodisiac and hallucinogen. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Nothing has been documented regarding side effects in connection with therapeutic administration. OVERDOSAGE
The drug is considered severely toxic. High dosages in animal experiments led to severe excitation and spasms. Cases of death through exhaustion have been observed among humans following over-stimulation and hallucination. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb and cut drug preparations for internal use. Preparation: There are traditional preparations in the form of macerates or palm wine with the appropriate dosage. LITERATURE
^
de Smet PA, Some ethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens. J Ethnopharmacol, 261: Drug Information Center, Royal Dutch Association for the Advancement of Pharmacy. The Hague, The Netherlands. 96. Duke J, and Vasquez R, Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton. FL, 1994. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Raymond-Hamet Goutarel R, Are the stimulant effects of Alchomea floribunda Mueller Arg. in men due to yohimbine. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 261:3223-4, 1965 Oct 18.
JABORANDI/425
bracts. The flowers have a diameter of 4 to 5 cm and are glabrous. The 5 sepals are free, broadly triangular to orbicular and coriaceous. The petals have forward-bending tips and are thinly coriaceous and somewhat translucent. The oval anthers have an oblong gland. The disc is 0.5 mm high and 1.3 to 1.5 mm in diameter. The ovary is 0.5 mm and extends past the disc with a head-like stigma. The mericarp has roundish, flattened, black-brown seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tree or shrub 3 to 7 m high with a trunk diameter of 3 to 7.5 cm. The branches are pubescent when young and glabrous when older. The leaves are alternate to opposite, odd-pinnate with 1 to 5 pairs of pinna. The pinna are sessile, elliptical, distinctly asymmetrical at the base and have an indented tip. The leaflets are dull green, up to 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, with entire, slightly recurved margins and an uneven base. The ribs are prominent on the upper surface and have visible oil cells. Characteristics: The taste is bitter and the odor slightly aromatic. Habitat: The plant grows in the northeastern part of Brazil. Production: Jaborandi leaves are the dried leaves of Pilocarpus microphyllus. Other Names: Arruda Brava, Arruda do Mato, Jamguarandi, Juarandi ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Imidazole alkaloids (0.5-1.0%): chief alkaloid is ^-pilocarpine, through drying and under storage conditions changing over to some extent into isopilocarpine, companion alkaloids including pilocarpidine, pilosine and others Volatile oil (0.5%): chief components are limonene and undecanone EFFECTS
Iris species See Orris
The drug affects the parasympathetic system. It increases the secretion of saliva, sweat, gastric juices and tears, and stimulates the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchi, bile duct and bladder. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Jaborandi Pilocarpus microphyllus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves. Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are in terminal or axillary racemes that are up to 30 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. The pedicles are 0.1 to 1.5 mm long and have alternate
Unproven Uses: Jaborandi has been used in the treatment of glaucoma. In folk medicine, it has been used for epilepsy, convulsions, gonorrhea, ischuria, as an anesthetic for mucous membranes, for fever, influenza, pneumonia, gastrointestinal inflammations, kidney disease, psoriasis, neurosis and poisoning. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug is used today as an industrial
4 2 6 /JABORANDI
agent for the manufacture of pilocarpine, but is used medicinally only for homeopathic applications.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jack-in-the-Pulpit Arisaema atrorubens
The incorrect administration of pilocarpine eyedrops can lead to poisoning through leakage into the nose or mouth. Symptoms include bradycardia, bronchial spasms, colics, collapse and possible cardiac arrest, convulsions, drop in blood pressure, dyspnea, nausea, severe salivation, strong secretion of sweat and vomiting. Pregnancy: Jaborandi should not be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
The lethal dose is approximately 60 mg of pilocarpine, corresponding to 5 to 10 gm of the drug. Individuals with cardiac and circulatory illnesses are particularly susceptible. Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium sulphate), the treatment for poisonings consists of the instillation of activated charcoal with atropine and the use of diazepam in the case of spasms. Forced dialysis and the administration of plasma volume expanders can also be useful.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence (spadix) is yellowishwhite, later brown, club-shaped and surrounded by a larger spathe. The spathe is greenish on the outside and whitestriped with a weak purple-violet tinge on the inside. The fruit is a scarlet berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: Jack-in-the-Pulpit is a herbaceous perennial rhizome, which extends up to 30 cm high. The leaves are basal and trifoliolate-digitate. The leaflets are ovoid, acuminate and entire. The rhizome is tuberous with hair-like roots at the top, shaped into a wreath. Habitat: The plant is found in North America and China. Production: Arisaema root is the fresh rhizome of Arisaema atrorubens.
DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mode of Administration: Jaborandi is obsolete by itself as a drug.
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Craveiro AA et al., (1979) J Nat Prod 42:169. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Polysaccharides:
starch
Pungent substances: structures are unknown (only in the fresh root) EFFECTS
The pungent substances contained in the fresh drug are severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes, as well as being toxic. This toxicity is eliminated through dehydration and/or extended cooking. The dried or cooked root serves as a source of starch. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations have been used for chronic bronchitis, asthma, colic, gastrointestinal disturbances, inflammation of the oral mucosa, rheumatism, for bumps, eye inflammations and abscesses (as a poultice) and as a contraceptive by the Hopi Indians. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tedeschi E, Kamionsky J, Fackler S, Sarel S, Isr J Chem 11:731-733. 1973. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The fresh rhizome is considered toxic. Internal administration leads to severe mucous membrane irritation and acute gastrointestinal inflammations, and skin inflammation. Pregnancy: Contraindicated in pregnancy (used as a contraceptive in folk medicine). DOSAGE
No information is available.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
JALAP 427
LITERATURE
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1998.
Reznicek G et al., A new ester saponine from Polemonium caeruleum. In: PM 59(7)12. 1993.
C
Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Jacob's Ladder Polemonium caeruleum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers grow in clusters at the end of the lateral branches. They are open, slightly hanging and have 5 sepals and 5 petals. The corolla is 2 to 2.5 cm, deep blue and has a short pollen tube. The stamens are enclosed in the tube and have yellow anthers.
^|
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial. The plant is bright green and smooth. The upper section is covered in short glandular hairs. The rhizome is short and creeping, and the stem is 45 to 90 cm high, hollow and quadrangular. The leaves with numerous pairs of leaflets are 1.25 to 2.5 cm long. These are pinnate and alternate.
Ipomoea purga DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root tuber. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in twos (occasionally in threes or fours), radial, with their structures grouped in fives. There are 5 narrow-lanceolate, purplepunctate sepals. The petals are fused to a 7 cm wide, funnelshaped red corolla, and there are 5 stamens. The superior ovary is 2-chambered. The fruit is a capsule with 4 seeds.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and northern Europe.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This winding herb grows high. The leaves are alternate, up to 9 cm long wide, cordate, acuminate and entire. The stem tinged and glabrous. The rhizome is tuberously milky, approximately 5 cm long, with tuberous, secondary roots.
Production: Jacob's Ladder is the aerial part of Polemonium caeruleum.
Habitat: Ipomoea purga grows in South and Central America, Mexico and Jamaica.
Other Names: Charity, English Greek Valerian
Production: Jalap resin (also known as jalap or Jalapae resina) is the resin of Ipomoea purga derived from alcoholic extraction of the jalap root powder. The tuberous, tfiickened secondary roots (black rhubarb tubers) of Ipomoea jalapae tuber are harvested from May to autumn and dried in the sunon hot ash or over an open fire
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins Flavonoids EFFECTS
All parts of the plant contain saponin, which has astringent, diaphoretic and hemolytic effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
£
Jalap
Unproven Uses: Jacob's Ladder is used for febrile and inflammatory conditions.
up to 4 m and 5 cm is purplethickened. thickened
Not to be Confused With: Jalap resin may be confused with Brazil jalap, Aloe, Orizaba jalap, colophonium, starch. dextrin and guaiac resin. Confusion can arise between Jalap tuber and Ipomoea orizabensis, Ipomoea operculata, Operculina turpethum, Convolvulus scammonia and Mirabilis jalapa. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The ground drug is used as an infusion.
Ipomoea purga is a centuries-old purgative and vermifuge. It has also been used as an anthelmintic. COMPOUNDS: JALAP RESIN
Glycoretines: convulvin (55%, non-ether-soluble), jalapin (7%, ether-soluble), convulvin and jalapin are mixtures made up of resinous glycosides of hydroxy-fatty acids (CI2 to CI6) with oligosaccharides, their hydroxy 1 groups estered to
4 2 8 /JALAP
the fatty acid esters with, among others, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, alpha-methylbutyric acid, tiglic acid and iso-valeric acid or n-valeric acid.
Storage: Store securely in a tightly sealed container, protected from light. JALAP TUBER
EFFECTS: JALAP RESIN
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug
The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines it contains.
Preparation: There is no information in the literature.
C O M P O U N D S : JALAP TUBER
Daily Dosage: maximum 4.5 g drug; single dosage: maximum 1.5 g drug
Resins (5 to 209c): glycoretines (see Jalap resin) Polysaccharides: starch EFFECTS: JALAP TUBER
The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines it contains. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Storage: Store protected from light in a secure, tightly sealed container. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
JALAP RESIN
Unproven Uses: Used for constipation, colic and pain in the intestinal region, dysentery, colitis and rheumatism. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for restlessness at night in children and diarrhea in homeopathic medicine. JALAP TUBER
Unproven Uses: Jalap tuber is considered to be obsolete. In the past, it was used as a laxative and purgative. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS JALAP RESIN
General: The drug's laxative effect frequently produces nausea, cramp-like pains and gastroenteritis. Pregnancy: Administration is not advisable during pregnancy, particularly because of the possible teratogenic effect. JALAP TUBER
General: Jalap tuber is to be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified in the appropriate use of this substance. The drug's laxative effect is frequently accompanied by nausea, cramp-like pains and gastroenteritis.
Jamaica Dogwood Piscidia
piscipula
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The plant has blue to white flowers with white stripes out of which 4 pods with 4 longitudinal wings develop. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tree or shrub up to 15 m high with compound leaves. The bark is 3 to 6 mm thick and dark gray-brown with thin, longitudinal and transverse ridges. It is roughish and wrinkled, and somewhat fissured. The fracture is tough, fibrous, showing blue-green or brownish-green patches. Characteristics: The taste is bitter and acrid and the odor characteristic. Habitat: The tree is indigenous to Central America and the northern parts of South America.
Pregnancy: The administration of jalap tuber is not advisable during pregnancy, particularly because of the possible teratogenic effect.
Production: Jamaica Dogwood is the root bark of Piscidia piscipula.
DOSAGE
Other Names: Dogwood, Fish Poison Tree
JALAP RESIN
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Preparation: There is no information in the literature. Daily Dosage: 1.5 g drug; maximum single dosage: 0.1 to 0.3 g drug Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules, every to 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic once a day (HAB34).
COMPOUNDS
Isoflavonoids: including among others jamaicine, ichthynone, the rotenoids rotenone, milleton, isomilletone Tannins EFFECTS
Research indicates mat Jamaica Dogwood is mildly sedative and spasmolytic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for states of anxiety and fear and as a daytime sedative. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
, No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug and liquid extract are no longer in use. It has been used in some medicinal preparations. LITERATURE
Aurousseau M et al., (1965) Ann Pharm Franc 23:251. Heller W, Tamm C, (1975) Helv Chim Acta 58:974. Nordal A et al.. (1966) Acta Chem Scand 20:1431.
JAMBOLAN/429
seeded and edible. The seeds are subcylindrical, about 6 mm long and rather less in diameter. One end of the seed is truncated and has a central depression. Externally, they are hard, tough and blackish-brown; internally they are pinkishbrown. Characteristics: The taste of the seeds is faintly astringent and aromatic; the odor is slight. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the east Indian Malayian region. It has spread as far as China and Australia and is cultivated on the Antilles. Production: Jambolan seed consists of the dried seed of Syzygium cumini (syn. Syzygium jambolana). Because the commodity consists mostly of the dried, fallen apart cotyledons, they must be broken apart in order to produce the drug. Jambolan bark consists of the dried bark from the trunk of Syzygium cumini (syn Syzygium jambolana).
Pietta P, Zio C. (1983) J Chrom. 260:497. Schwartz JSP et al.. (1964) Tetrahedron 20:1317. Stamm OA et al., (1958) Helv Chim Acta 41:2006. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food. Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Jambul, Jamum, Java Plum, Rose Apple ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: JAMBOLAN SEED
Fatty oil (3-5%): containing oleic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid, sterculiac acid and malvalic acid (cyclopropylidenic acids), among others, as well as vernolic acid (epoxy fatty acid) Tannins (6%): including corilagin, 3,3'-Di-0-methyl ellagic acid, galloyl glucose EFFECTS: JAMBOLAN SEED
Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Anti-inflammatory actions were demonstrated in animal experiments. Results of hypoglycemic and CNS experiments were not conclusive.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
COMPOUNDS: JAMBOLAN BARK
Jambolan Syzygium cumini DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark, the 4fc dried seed kernels, the disintegrated kernels, the dried trunk bark and the macerated seeds. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compound, triple panicles. They are sessile, whitish, fragrant, and are usually on older branches behind the leaves. The calyx tube is 4 to 6 mm long and twisted. The petals are hood-like. There are approximately 60 stamens, which are as long as the calyx tube. The drupe is initially pink, becoming black when ripe. The drupe is 1.2 to 3 cm long, globular to ovate, 1-valved, 1-
Tannins: gallic and ellagic acid derivatives including 3,3'Di-O-methyl ellagic acid Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside Triterpenes: betulinic acid, friedelin, friedelan-3-alpha-ole, epi-friedelanol, eugenin Flavonoids: including myricetin, kempferol, quercetin, astragalin EFFECTS: JAMBOLAN BARK
The bark has astringent effects because of the tannin content. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
JAMBOLAN SEED
Unproven Uses: Jambolan seed is used for diabetes and in combination preparations for atonic and spastic constipation, diseases of the pancreas, gastric and pancreatic complaints, nervous disorders and as a diuretic.
4 3 0 /JAMBOLAN JAMBOLAN BARK
Approved by Commission E: • Diarrhea • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx • Inflammation of the skin '
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Nair AGR, Subramanian S, (1962) J Sci Ind Res India 2IB, 437. s Shrothi, DS et al., (1963) Ind J Med Res 51:464. Further information in:
Unproven Uses: Preparations are used internally for bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery, and externally for ulcers.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for diabetes, leucorrhea, stomachache, fever, dysuria, and inflammation of the skin.
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Homeopathic Uses: Syzygium cumini is used for diabetes.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS J A M B O L A N SEED
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Administration in the presence of diabetes mellitus is not recommended, due to the fact that the blood sugarreducing effect is Unproven.
JAMBOLAN BARK
Bhargava KK et al., Curr Sci 43:645-646. 1974. Bhargava KK et al., Curr Sci 43:645. 1974. Bhatia IS et al., PM 28:346. 1975. Jain, SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med 15(4):439. Kopanski L, Schnelle G, PM 54:572. 1988.
J A M B O L A N BARK
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Linde H, (1983) Arch Pharm 316(11):971. Mukherjee SK et al., (1963) Ind Med Gaz 3:97. Nair AGR, Subramanian S, (1962) J Sci Ind Res India 2IB, 437.
DOSAGE J A M B O L A N SEED
Daily Dosage: A single dose is made up of 30 seeds (1.9 gm) in powdered form. JAMBOLAN BARK
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic preparations for internal use (gargle, infusion) and local application (compresses). Preparation: To make a decoction for internal and external use, place 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls of comminuted drug in about 150 ml cold water, bring to a boil, simmer for 5 to 10 minutes and strain.
Sengupta D, Das PB, J Ind Chem Soc 42:255. 1965. Shrothi DS et al., (1963) Ind J Med Res 51:464. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 3 to 6 gm drug. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally:T to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times a day; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE JAMBOLAN SEED
Bhatia IS et al., PM 28:346. 1975. Saeed MT et al., J Oil Technol Assoc India 19:86-88. 1991. Bhatia IS et al., PH 10:219. 1971. Desai HK et al., Ind J Chem 13:97-98. 1975. Jain, SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med 15(4):439. Linde H, (1983) Arch Pharm 316(11):971. Mukherjee SK et al., (1963) Ind Med Gaz 3:97.
Japanese Atractylodes Atractylodes japonica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the whole plant and roots. Flower and Fruit: The composite flowers are surrounded by bracts. The capitulas are apical and upright, with a diameter of 1.5 to 2 cm. The calyx is double-rowed and doublepinnate. The lingual florets are in 7 or 8 rows, whitish and 1 to 1.2 cm long. The fruit is an achaene. The pappus is brownish and 8 to 9 mm long.
JAPANESE MINT 431
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an upright, herbaceous perennial with a rhizome that extends up to 1 m high. The basal leaves wilt rapidly; the upper cauline leaves are alternate, small, usually simple and sessile. The lower leaves are long-petiolate, 8 to 10 cm long. The lamina is pergament-Mjl like, single pinnate with 3 to 5 elongate-elliptical leaflets. The apical leaflet is larger with short thorns on the margin. The rhizome is elongate, gnarled, 2 to 3 cm thick and up to 8 cm long.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G. Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin. Heidelberg 1998. Satoh K, Nagai F, Ushiyama K, Kano I, Specific inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity by atractylon, a major component of byaku-Jutsu, by interaction with enzyme in the E2 state. Biochem Pharmacol (1997 Feb 21) 53(4):611-4.
Habitat: Japan. Production: Japanese Atractylodes rhizome is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes japonica. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mentha arvensis var. piperascens
COMPOUNDS
DESCRIPTION
Volatile oil (1.5%): constituents not investigated
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial parts of the plant and the essential oil, which is extracted by steam distillation followed by partial removal of menthol and rectification.
Sesquiterpenes: atractylon, atractylenolids I to III, eudesma4 (14), 7(ll)-dien-8-one Polyynes: including diacetylatractylodiol, (4E, 6E, 12E)tetradecatrien-8, 10-diin-l, 3-diolacetate Water-soluble polysaccharides: atractan A, atractan B m
Japanese Mint
EFFECTS
The furanosesquiterpenes isolated from the essential oil of the drug exhibit antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, mildly analgesic, antiphlogistic, tumor-inhibiting and antioxidative effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Japanese Atractylodes has been used for gastric complaints, inflammations, heavy sweating and as a diuretic. Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for loss of appetite, physical and mental exhaustion, diarrhea, edema, nausea and vomiting. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug, powdered drug and liquid preparations for internal use. % Preparation: The powder is prepared in accordance with Jap XI. There is no information available on the preparation of the infusion. Daily Dosage: Internally: single dose: 0.5 to 1.0 gm of powder; daily dose: 1.5 to 3.0 gm of powder Infusion: single dose: 1 to 1.5 gm; daily dose: 3 to 5 gm Storage: Should be tightly sealed.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in densely globular. sessile, 8- to 12-blossomed false whorls with small linearlanceolate bracts. The inflorescence is leafy at the apex. The bracts are like the leaves, smaller above. The tepals are 1.5 by 2.5 mm, broadly campanulate and hairy. The corolla is lilac, white or, rarely, pink. The nutlets are pale brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: Japanese Mint is a pubescent. fragrant perennial or occasionally annual that grows up to 60 cm. The stems are ascending or erect. The leaves are 15 to 70 mm by 10 to 40 mm, and are elliptic-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually elliptical with the base narrowing to a petiole. and shallowly dentate. Habitat: The plant is found in Europe as far north as the 65th latitude, in Asia (particularly in Siberia), the Caucasus, the Himalayas, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan. It was probably introduced to North America. Production: Mint oil consists of essential oil recovered from Mentha arvensis var. piperascens. The oil is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh, flowering herb, followed bypartial removal of menthol and rectification. Menthol is obtained from various species of Mentha, chiefly M. arvensis var. piperascens (from Japan), M. arvensis var. glabrata (from China) and M. piperata (from America). The product extracted from the first two is less valuable than the third, even though it contains a higher proportion of menthol. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Chief components: menthol (25-40%), menthone (15-30*^). isomenthone (7-12%), limonene (7-12%), neomenthol (24%), menthyl acetate (1-5%), beta-caryophyllene (2-5^).
432/JAPANESE
MINT
piperitone (0.5-4%), alpha- and beta-pinene (2-4% each). The composition does not reflect the relationship of the components to one another in the plant. The volatile oil gained through steam distillation loses 30 to 50% of the menthol through winterization and rectification. EFFECTS
Japanese Mint has carminative, cholagogic, antimicrobial and, possibly, secretolytic effects on the bronchial mucosa. It is also cooling to the skin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • • • • •
Common cold Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Liver and gallbladder complaints Pain Tendency to infection
Unproven Uses: Internally, the herb is used for sensitivity to weather changes, breathing difficulties, flatulence, functional gastrointestinal and gallbladder disorders, and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract. Externally, it is used for headaches, myalgia and neuralgic ailments. It is used both externally and internally for functional cardiac complaints. Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for headaches, dyspeptic complaints, diarrhea and vomiting, toothaches and skin rashes. Indian Medicine: The herb is used for joint pains, dyspeptic complaints, diarrhea and vomiting, coughs and asthma, headaches and toothaches, as well as general debility. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications for the internal administration of the drug include occlusion of the biliary ducts, gallbladder inflammation and severe liver damage. Gallstone sufferers could experience colic due to the cholagogic effect. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The intake can lead to gastric complaints in susceptible patients. Volatile oils containing menthol can worsen the spasms of bronchial asthma. The volatile oil possesses a weak potential for sensitization due to its menthol content. Pediatric Use: Preparations containing the oil should not be applied to the faces of infants or small children, particularly not in the nasal area (glottal spasm, bronchial spasm, asthmalike attacks, or even possible respiratory failure could occur).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES OVERDOSAGE
Cases of poisoning are not recorded. The minimal lethal dosage of menthol is estimated to be 2 gm, although individuals have survived higher dosages (8 to 9 gm). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The essential oil and other galenic preparations are available for internal and external application. Varieties are commercially available as Brazilian, Chinese, Indian and Japanese mint oil. Daily Dosage: For internal use, the average daily dosage is 3 to 6 drops. When used as inhalation therapy, 3 to 4 drops are placed in hot water. To use externally, rub a few drops on the affected area. In folk medicine, 2 drops are placed in a glass of water, tea or juice and taken once or twice a day. To make a heart poultice, 10 to 20 drops are placed on a compress, which is applied externally for 10 to 15 minutes. For headaches, 1 to 2 drop.-, can be rubbed on the temples. Storage: Store in air-tight containers protected from light; oils of different batches should not be mixed. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Jasmine Jasminum officinale DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the fresh and dried flowers. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in 2 to 12 flowered, axillary cymes. The sepals are fused, with 5 awlshaped, 6 to 8 mm long tips. The corolla is white. The corolla tube is 15 to 18 mm long with 8 to 9 mm long, ovate tips, which broaden like plates. There are 2 stamens. The fruit is a black berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: Common jasmine is a procumbent or climbing shrub, that grows up to 5 m high. The leaves are opposite and 5 to 7 pinnatifid. The leaflets are elongatelanceolate, acute, narrowing at the base, weakly pubescent on both surfaces with a ciliate margin. The branches are initially lightly pubescent, later becoming glabrous, slightly edged, green and cane-like.
JATAMANSI / 4 3 3
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production: Common jasmine flowers are the dried, fresh flowers of Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum
opposite, grow from the rhizome, are 15 to 20 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, spatulate and narrow toward the petiole. The cauline leaves are sessile, opposite, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long and narrow-ovate. The finger-thick, woody rhizome is covered with reddish brown fibers from the remains of the petioles.
Other Names: Royal Jasmine, Italian Jasmine, Catalonian Jasmine, Poet's Jasmine
Habitat: Nardostachys jatamansi is indigenous to China, India and Nepal.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Volatile oil
Production: Jatamansi roots are the dried roots and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi. An essential oil is extracted from the rhizome.
Pyrridine alkaloids: jasminine (presumably an artifact)
Not to be Confused With: Selinum vaginatum
Characteristics: The flowers are very fragrant. Habitat: France, Italy, China, Japan, India, Morocco, Egypt
COMPOUNDS
EFFECTS
No definitive data are available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: Jasmine is used for hepatitis and abdominal pain in liver cirrhosis or dysentery. Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for pain symptoms of the stomach, head, teeth and eyes, for leprosy, itching, skin disease and dysmenorrhea.
Other Names: Indian Nard, Indian Spikenard, Spikenard, Nard, Narrow-Leaved-Echinacea ACTION AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.3 to 0.4%): including valeranone (jatamansone), nardosinone, calarene, beta-maaliene. maaliol, betaionone, l(10)-aristelonone-(2), nardol, valerenal EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Preparation: Jasmine is available as a tea blend or oil. LITERATURE
No data available
Valid data regarding the pharmacological efficacy of the drug have not yet become available. In animal experiments, a limiting effect upon convulsant thresholds and a reduction of motor coordination ability traceable to the sequiterpene ketone valeranone contained in the drug have been demonstrated. The authors conclude from this that the substance is anticonvulsive in effect without exhibiting neuroleptic characteristics. In addition, it manifests an antiulcerogenic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Jasminum officinale See Jasmine
Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi
Unproven Uses: In combination with cold water, the various oils are considered to be effective against nausea, stomachache, flatulence, liver problems, jaundice and kidney complaints, insomnia and headache. Externally, the oil is added to a steaming bath to treat inflammation of the uterus. The oils are also used in eye compounds and as poison antidotes. Indian Medicine: Jatamansi is used for nervous headache, excitement, menopausal symptoms, flatulence, epilepsy and for pain in the intestinal region.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 1 to 5 capitula, which are usually surrounded by bracts. Their structures are in fives, the petals fused, the corolla tube 6 mm long and lightly pubescent on the inside. The fruit is crowned by pointed ovate calyx tips, which are covered in splayed white hairs. Leaves, Stem and Root: This upright herbaceous perennial grows to a height reaching up to 60 cm high. The leaves are
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Jatamansi root is used in the forms of a whole, cut or powdered drug for internal and external use.
434/JATAMANSI
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include capsules and compound preparations.
disk. The fruit breaks up into 4 oval-oblong nutlets with bumpy surfaces.
Daily Dosage: Powder — 0.6 to 1.3 g drug as a single dose
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 40 to 80 cm high herb. The stem is quadrangular and glabrous to pubescent with crossed, opposite leaves. The leaves are about 75 mm long, usually short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate with an irregularly coarse, roughly serrate to dentate (or occasionally crenate) margin. The upper surface is brownish-green, the lower surface gray-green with strong, protruding ribs and glandular punctate markings. The plant resembles Peppermint.
Pure drug — 5 g of the drug 3 times daily with a cup of water Liquid extract/tincture (1:10) — 1 wineglassful, 3 times daily (corresponds to approximately 2 g drug per single dose) Infusion (1:40) — 1 wineglassful, 3 times daily (corresponds to approximately 2 g drug per single dose)
M
Characteristics: The herb has a weak, unusual smell reminiscent of a cattle pen. The taste is salty, bitter and astringent.
Storage: Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry place. LITERATURE
Dixit VP, Jain P, Joshi SC, Hypolipidaemic effects of Curcuma longa L and Nardostachys jatamansi, DC in triton-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 32:299-304, 1988 Oct-Dec. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Rucker G, Tautges J, Sieck A, Wenzl H, Graf E, Isolation and pharmacodynamic activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone from Nardostachys jatamansi. DC Arzneimittelforschung, 28:7-13, 1978. Rucker G, Tautges J, Sieck A. Wenzl H, Graf E, Nardostachys jatamansi: a chemical, pharmacological and clinical appraisal. Spec Rep Ser Indian Counc Med Res, 28:1-117, 1978.
Jateorhiza palmata See Colombo
Habitat: The plant is found in an area extending from tropical Asia to tropical Australia and is cultivated in those areas and elsewhere. Production: Java Tea consists of the dried leaf and stem tips of Orthosiphon spicatus, which is harvested shortly before flowering. The leaves are then dried in a well-ventilated location. Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with other Orthosiphon varieties and Eupatorium varieties from Java.
wk
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.02-0.06%): including among others betacaryophyllene, alpha-humulene, caryophyllene-epoxide Flavonoids: in particular more highly methoxylized examples (0.2%) including eupatorin, sinensetin, scutellarine tetramethyl ethers, salvigenin Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others 2,3-dicoffeoyltartrate, rosmaric acid, 2-caffeoyl tartrate. Diterpene ester: orthosiphole A to E, (diterpene dibenzoyl diacetyl ester of primarane type) Triterpene saponins: (up to 4.5%): aglycone hederagenin
Java Tea Orthosiphon
spicatus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and stem tips collected during the flowering season. Flower and Fruit: The flowers usually are arranged in a whorl of 6 (occasionally 10) blooms. The calyx tube is short with an upright-curved upper lip. The corolla is blue to light violet. The corolla tube is about 2 cm long with a broad upper lip that has 3 indentations. The lower lip is narrow and ovate-lanceolate. The 4 stamens are blue and 2.5 to 3 cm long. The style is as long as the stamen, and the ovary has a
EFFECTS
Java Tea has been shown in human and animal tests to be a mild diuretic. The essential oil of the drug, which contains sesquiterpenes, is antimicrobial, antiphlogistic and possibly antitumoral. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Infections of the urinary tract • Kidney and bladder stones Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is used for the above conditions and also for gout, rheumatism, hematuria and albuminuria.
«^
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of the drug for irrigation therapy is contraindicated in the presence of edema resulting from reduced cardiac or renal activity. ^| PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and other galenic preparations for internal use. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include: Capsules Drops Tablets Preparation: To make an infusion (tea), pour 150 ml hot water over the drug and strain after 10 minutes.
JEQUIRITY / 4 3 5
Jequirity Abrus precatorius DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, roots and seeds. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are racemes of pink blossoms. The fruit is a pod with oval seeds, which are rounded at the ends. They are about 3 mm in diameter, hard, red and glossy, with a large black dot at one end. One variety has white seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: This deciduous climbing plant with compound leaves grows to about 4 m. Characteristics: The plant is a protected species in some countries. Habitat: The plant originated in India and is found today in all tropical regions of the world. Other Names: Indian Licorice, Wild Licorice, Prayer Beads, Crab's Eyes, Gunga, Goonteh, Rati ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
4| Daily Dosage: The daily dosage ranges from 6 to 12 g drug. Adequate fluid intake (at least 2 liters per day) is essential. Storage: Java Tea should be stored in a tightly sealed container that protects it from light and moisture.
COMPOUNDS
Toxic lectins: abrine and isolectins. EFFECTS
Jequirity is an irritant and abortifacient. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Unproven Uses: Jequirity was used for chronic conjunctivitis and as a contraceptive in folk medicine, but is no longer used for these purposes.
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16):1425-1440. 1995.
Indian Medicine: Jequirity is used for coughs as well as inflammations and conditions of the upper respiratory tract and lungs.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used in hepatitis and bronchitis.
Proksch P, Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miquel - der Katzenbart. In: ZPT 13(2):63. 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Steinegger E> Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. -^ Takeda Y et al., Orthosiphol D and E, minor diterpenes from Orthosiphon stamineus. In: PH 33:411. 1993. Teuber R, Neue Naturstoffe aus Orthosiphon stamineus Bentham. In: Dissertation Universitat Marburg. 1986. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
The drug is very poisonous because it contains the toxic lectin abrine and isolectins. OVERDOSAGE
Severe poisonings among adults following the intake of one half to two seeds, as well as cases of death among children following the consumption of two seeds, have been recorded. Besides gastrointestinal emptying, counter-measures include, administration of large amounts of fluid, monitoring of the circulatory system, administration of anti-epileptic drugs and possibly artificial respiration. LITERATURE
Desai VB, Rupawala EN, (1966) Ind J Pharm 29:235.
4 3 6 /JEQUIRITY
Desai VB, Sirsi M, (1966) Ind J Pharmac 28:340. Dupaigne P, (1974) Plantes Med Phytother 8:104. Karawya MS et al., (1981) Fitoterapia 4:175. Ku SC et al., (1995) Planta Med 61:307. Lin JY, Liu SV, (1986) Toxikon 24:757.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Naphthalene derivatives: 1.4-naphthoquinone, in particular lawsone (2-hydroxy-l, 4- naphthoquinone), yielding from the precursor through drying of the leaves 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene-4-beta-D-glucoside
Lin JY et al., (1981) Toxikon 19:41.
EFFECTS
Murray DR, Vairinhos F, (1982) Z Pflanzenphysiol 108:471.
Jewel Weed is a digestive, appetite stimulant and diuretic.
Further information in:
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Frohne D. Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Jewel Weed is used for mild digestive disorders. In folk medicine the fresh plant is used as an ointment for hemorrhoids and the juice is used for removing warts.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Herausg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte Vorkommen, Wirkung. Therapie, allergische Reaktionen, 3. Aufl., ecomed 1988. Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Administered as the ground drug and as an infusion. LITERATURE
Jewel Weed Impatiens
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1 — 11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
biflora
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Jimson Weed Datura
Flower and Fruit: The axillary flowers are orange-yellow with large reddish-brown spots. They have an irregular form. The sepal sac abruptly contracts to a spur of about 5 to 9 mm. The spur is bent 180 degrees to lie parallel with the sac. The fruit is an oblong capsule which, when ripe, bursts open at the slightest touch and spreads the seeds over large distances. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a glabrous, fleshy annual 20 to 180 cm high. The stems are simple or branched and have swollen nodes. The leaves are thin, ovate, with 5 to 12 (up to 14) teeth on each side and are often undulate. They are rich green. Habitat: Impatiens is common in the temperate regions and in South Africa, but it grows mostly in the mountainous, tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Production: Jewel Weed is the aerial part of Impatiens biflora.
stramonium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves or the dried leaves with the tips of the flowering branches. Occasionally the fruit, the ripe seeds and the fresh, aerial parts of the plant are used. Parts of the plant are regarded as poisonous. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are large, white, solitary, terminal or in the branch bifurcations. The calyx has a long 5-edged and short 5-tipped tube. The corolla is funnelshaped and folded with a short 5-sectioned border. There are 5 free stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a 5 cm long 4-valved capsule, which is densely thorny and walnut-sized. The numerous seeds are 3.5 mm long, flat, reniform and black. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grows to 1.2 m high. It has a simple or bifurcated, round, erect glabrous stem. The leaves are 20 cm long, long-petioled, ovate, dentate, glabrous and dark green.
Other Names: Wild Balsam, Balsam-Weed, Spotted TouchCharacteristics: The foliage has an unpleasant smell; the Me-Not, Slipperweed, Silverweed, Wild Lady's Slipper, Speckled Jewels, Wild Celandine, Quick-in-the-Hand | flowers are fragrant and poisonous.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Habitat: Jimson Weed is found in most temperate and subtropical parts of the world, probably originated in Central America. Production: Jimson Weed leaf consists of the dried leaf, or the dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium. Jimson Weed seed consists of the ripe seed of Datura stramonium. Other Names: Devil's Apple. Devil's Trumpet, Jamestown Weed, Mad-Apple. Nightshade. Peru-Apple, Stinkweed, Stinkwort, Stramonium, Thorn-Apple, Datura ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: JIMSON WEED LEAF
Tropane alkaloids (0.1-0.65%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscyamine, under drying conditions changing over to some extent into atropine and scopolamine (ratio 4:1), furthermore including, among others, apoatropine, belladonnine, tigloylmeteloidin Flavonoids Hydroxycoumarins: including, among others, umbelliferone, scopolin, scopoletin Withanolide: including, among others, withastramonolide COMPOUNDS: JIMSON WEED SEED
Tropane alkaloids (0.4-0.6%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscyamine, under drying conditions changing over to some extent into atropine, and scopolamine (ratio 4:1). Indole alkaloids ($-carboline type): including, among others, fluorodaturin (very fluorescent). Lectins Fatty oil (15-45%) Proteins (12-25%) EFFECTS: JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
The drug contains alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine) in extremely varying concentrations. The effect is anticholinergic and parasympatholytic (see Belladonna); the scopolamine fraction is more responsible for this effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Due to the inconsistent alkaloid content of the raw herb, the authors do not recommend use of non-standardized Jimson Weed products. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Jimson Weed preparations have been used for asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis during bronchitis and influenza, for severe catarrh and as an expectorant. It was also used as a basic therapy for diseases of the autonomic nervous system. In the 18th century
JIMSON W E E D / 4 3 7
stramonium was first used for epileptic fits, and it was also used for hallucinogenic effect in magic and witch potions. Homeopathic Uses: Used for infection with high temperatures, cramps and inflammations of the eyes. Chinese Medicine: Used in Chinese medicine for general states of pain. It is smoked for asthma, dyspnea and coughs; externally for rheumatism. CONTRAINDICATIONS
JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Glaucoma, suspicion of glaucoma, paralytic ileus, pyloric stenosis, enlarged prostate, tachycardic arrhythmias, acute pulmonary edema. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS JIMSON W E E D LEAF A N D SEED
General: Patients with urine retention or coronoary sclerosis should not use Jimson Weed. Drug Interactions: Jimson Weed will have an additive effect when taken with other anticholinergic medications. OVERDOSAGE JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
The intake of very high dosages leads to central excitation (restlessness, compulsive speech, hallucinations, delirium, manic episodes), followed by exhaustion and sleep. The 4 early warning symptoms of poisoning are skin reddening, dryness of the mouth, tachycardic arrhythmias and mydriasis. Accommodation disorders, heat build-up through decline in sweat secretion, miction disorders and severe constipation can occur as side effects, particularly with overdosages. Lethal dosages (for adults starting at 100 mg atropine, depending upon atropine content, 15 to 100 g of the leaf drug, 15 to 25 g of the seed drug, considerably less for children) carry with them the danger of asphyxiation. Treatment for poisonings include stomach emptying, temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipyretics), oxygen respiration for respiratory distress, intubation, parenteral physostigmine salts as antidote, diazepam for spasms and chlorpromazine for severe excitation. DOSAGE
JIMSON WEED LEAF
Daily Dosage: Stabilized leaf powder: 0.05 to 0.1 gm drug as a single dose up to 3 times a day; daily dose: 0.6 gm drug (OAB90); as a narcotic: 1 gm drug. Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly; eye drops 1 to 3 times a day (HAB1). Storage: Keep carefully stored and protected from light.
4 3 8 / J I M S O N WEED JIMSON WEED SEED,
Daily Dosage: Seeds: single oral dose: 0.05 gm; daily dose: 0.6 gm drug (EB6); seed tincture: single oral dose: 0.3 gm; daily dose: 3.0 gm (EB6).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jojoba Simmondsia chinesis DESCRIPTION
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly; eye drops 1 to 3 times a day (HAB1). Storage: Keep carefully stored and protected from light. LITERATURE
JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Evans WC, PH 23:1717. 1984. Friedmann M, Levin CE. J Agric Food Chem 37:998. 1989. Itoh T et al., PH 17:971. 1978. Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355. 1996. Mechler E, Hann N, PM 42:102. 1981. Mirazamatov RT et al.. Khim Prir Soedin (3):381. 1986. Sharova EG et al., Khim Prir Soedin (1):126. 1977. Tursunova RL et al./Khim Prir Soedin (1):91. 1978.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the liquid Jojoba wax.
%
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are axillary. The male flowers are small and yellow and have no petals. The female flowers are usually solitary, inconspicuous and pale green. There may also be inflorescences in the form of panicles, umbels and cymes. Pollination is by wind. The fruit capsules contain 1 to 3 seeds although 1-seeded capsules are the most common. The seeds are approximately 2 cm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a heavily branched, evergreen dioecious bush. The male plants are larger, taller and less compact than the female. The desert variety develop taproots up to 3.6 m in length. The horizontal root branches reach from 60 to 90 cm in depth. The leaves are thick, coriaceous, blue-green, entire-margined and oblong. They are in pairs and depending on the dampness of the soil the leaves may remain on the bush for 2 to 3 periods of growth. Characteristics: The oil from the fruit has a pleasant scent and taste.
ft
Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to areas extending from the Sonora dessert of the U.S. to northwest Mexico. It is cultivated in India and Israel.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Production: From the cultivation (of plants) in Mexico and in South America. Liquid Jojoba wax is a clear, light yellow, oily liquid, that is extracted from the seeds of Simmondsia chinesis.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4..Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Liquid wax exters: esters in position 9-10 simple unsaturated C20- and C22-fatty acids, chiefly gadolenic acid (20:1(9), make up 70% of the fatty acids) with the corresponding alcohols, chiefly eicosanol (20:1 (9)-OH) and docosenol (22:1 (9) OH) EFFECTS
Active agents are the simple unsaturated C20/22 - fatty acids and alcohol.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Jojoba oil has a robust and stable constitution. It is used in skin care products as a carrier (substance) for oxidation sensitive substances (Vitamin A).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Skin care - cosmetics
A
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper external administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Jojoba wax is not suitable for internal use.
JUJUBE ( D A - Z A O ) / 4 3 9
Production: Jujube berries are the fruit of Zyzyphus jujube; Zyzyphus vulgaris is also used. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: In ointments and creams as a medium (or vehicle) for oxidation sensitive substances.
Triterpene saponins: zyzyphus saponins I, II and HI, jujuboside-B, in the seeds jujuboside-A and -B, aglycone jujubogenine
LITERATURE
Mucilage
DOSAGE
Knoepfler NB et al.. Agr Food Chem 6:118. 1958. Miwa TK. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:259. 1971.
Tannins (10%) Flavonoids: including among others naringenin-6,8-di-Cglucosides, in the seeds spinosin (C-glycoflavone)
Further information in: Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Peptide alkaloids: daechucyclopeptide, daechualkaloid-A
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992,
Triterpenes: betulinic acid, betulonic acid, maslinic acid, alphitolic acid and oleanolic acid
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Hydroxycoumarins
Isoquinoline alkaloids: oxonuciferin, nornuciferin
Sugars: including among others saccharose, glucose, fructose, galactose
Juglans cinerea See Butternut
Fruit acids: including among others malic acid, tartaric acid EFFECTS
Jujube is emollient, anti-allergenic and sedative. Zyzyphus vulgaris also has a hypotensive effect.
Juglans regia See Walnut
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Jujube is used as a nutrient and tonic. It is also used as a prophylactic against liver disease and stress ulcers. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Jujube (Da-Zao) Zyzyphus jujube
No healdi hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DESCRIPTION
LITERATURE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit. The Jujube berry is classed with raisins, dates and figs, and can be eaten fresh or dried.
Ahn YS et al., (1982) Korean J Pharmacol 18 (1):17.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, pale yellow and solitary. The fruit is of variable size, depending on the origin, but is usually up to 3 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. The fruit is red, smooth and shiny when fresh, brownish-red and grooved when dried. It is pulpy and contains 1 or 2 acute, oblong seeds.
Cyong J et al., (1979) Proc Symp. Wakan-Yaku 12:1. Cyong J, Hanabusa K, (1980) Phytochemistry 19:2747. Cyong J, Takahashi M, (1982) Chem Pharm Bull 30:1081. Hikino H, In: Economic, Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1, Acadamic Press UK 1985. Ikram M et al., (1981) J'Nat Prod 44:91. Inoue O et al., (1978) J Chem Res 144.
Characteristics: The taste of the fruit is sweet and mucilaginous.
Okamura N et al., (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29:676, 3507.
Habitat: The plant grows in southern Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Far East.
Woo WS et al., (1979) Phytochemistry 18:353.
Shibata S et al., (1970) Phytochemistry 9:677. Yagi A et al., (1978) Chem Pharm Bull 26:1798.
4 4 0 / J U J U B E (DA-ZAO)
Further information in: Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Juniper Juniperus
communis
TRADE NAMES
Juniper (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product), Juniper Berry, Euro Quality Juniper Berries DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil from the berry cones; the ripe, dried berry cones; the ripe fresh berry cones; the fresh or dried pseudo fruit or berry; and the ripe berry. Flower and Fruit: The plant is usually dioecious, occasionally monoecious and occasionally bears androgynous flowers. The yellowish male flowers are in elliptical catkins consisting of numerous stamens in 3-segmented whorls in the leaf axils of young shoots. The greenish female flowers are almost ovoid and consist of 3 carpels. The carpels become fleshy and in the second year when ripe form pea-sized, globular, and dark-brown to violet, blue-frosted juniper berries. The berries ripen for 2 or 3 years so that blue (ripe) and green (unripe) berries are found on the same tree. The seeds are light brown, oblong-triangular. They are somewhat warty between the edges and have a hard shell. Leaves, Stem and Root: Juniperus communis is a tree or shrub found in varying forms from 2 to 10 m in height. The bark is smooth and yellow-brown at first, later fissured, grayblack and peeling. The buds are covered in scale-like needles, which can be distinguished from the foliage needles by their length. The leaves are needles in whorls of 3 spreading from the branchlets. They are evergreen, stiff, pointed, prickly and sea green. The outer and inner membranes have thickened cell walls. Characteristics: The berries have a tangy smell. The taste is tangy-sweet, then resinous and bitter.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: Europe, northern Africa, north Asia and North America. Production: Juniper Berry is the ripe, fresh or dried spherical ovulate cone (berry) of Juniper communis as well as its preparations. The ripe berries are harvested from the end of August to the middle of September and then dried at room temperature and sorted. Other Names: Juniper Berry, Ginepro, Enebro ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1-2%); make-up is very dependent upon the source of the drug, chief components monoterpene hydrocarbons, for example alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, gamma-muurolen, sabinene, additionally including among others limonene, beta-elemene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-pinene, gamma-cadinene, terpinene-4-ol Diterpenes Catechin tannins Flavonoids Monosaccharides: inverted sugar (20 to 30%) Oligomeric proanthocyanidins EFFECTS
The diuretic effect is attributed to the essential oil content. The drug works to lower blood pressure and as an antidiabetic. In animal experiments a hypotensive, antidiabetic and antiexudative effect was proven. In vitro, an antiviral effect was also demonstrated. In older studies a spasmogenic, expectorant and bronchospasmolytic effect has been described, for which there are no new data. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Dyspeptic complaints Unproven Uses: Juniper is used externally for rheumatic symptoms (as a bath additive). In folk medicine it is used internally to regulate menstruation and to relieve menstrual pain, flushing out therapy for inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract, gout, arteriosclerosis, for severe irritation resulting from bronchitis and diabetes (ground juniper berries). It is often chewed for halitosis. Homeopathic Uses: Juniperus communis is used for discharge disturbances of the efferent urinary tract and dyspeptic complaints.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications for internal administration include pregnancy and inflammatory renal diseases. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS 4ft General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Long-term internal administration or overdosage can bring about kidney irritation and kidney damage. External administration for large skin wounds, acute skin diseases, feverish diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia should only take place under the supervision of a doctor. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, crushed or powdered drug for infusions and decoctions, alcohol extracts, and in wine. Essential oil is used for oral application in liquid and solid medicinal forms. Combinations with other plant drugs in bladder and kidney teas and similar preparations may be useful. Juniper berry is also used as bath salts in the treatment of rheumatism.
m ^
Lamer-Zarawska E, Phytochemical studies on flavonoids and other compounds of juniper fruits (Juniperus communsi L.). In: Pol J Chem 54(2):213-219. 1980. Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28. Ramie S. Murko D, Chemical composition of fruit of Juniperus species. In: Archiv Farm 33(1): 15-20. 1983. Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST Segebrecht S, Neuere Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989. Schilcher H, Emmrich D, Koehler C, Gaschromatographischer Vergleich von atherischen Wacholderolen und deren toxikologische Bedeutung. In: PZW 138(3/4)85. 1993. Schilcher H. Heil BM, Nierentoxizitat von Wacholderbeerzubereitungen. In: ZPT 15(4):205-213. 1994. Schmidt M. Wacholderzubereitungen. Mufi die Monographic umgeschrieben werden? In: DAZ 135(14): 1260-1264. 1995. Sbkeland J. Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1 ):8. 1989. Thomas AF, (1972) Helv Chim Acta 55:2429. Thomas AF, (1972) Helv Chim. Acta 56:1800. Further information in:
How
Supplied:
Capsules — 515 mg Liquid — 1:1 Oil — 100% Daily Dosage: The daily dose is 2 to 10 gm of the drug, corresponding to 20 to 100 mg of the essential oil. The duration of use should be limited to a maximum of 6 weeks. A 1:20 dilution infusion (0.5 gm in 1 teacup) may be taken 3 times daily. Tincture (1:5): 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily. Liquid extract: 2 to 4 ml 3 times daily. For diabetes: 10 freshly ground berries to taken daily with water for 15 days; repeat after a month's break from treatment.
#
JUNIPER/441
Homeopathic Uses: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once daily (HAB1). Storage: Juniper should be protected from light. LITERATURE
Chatzopoulou PS, Katsiotis ST, Study of the Essential Oil from Juniperus communis "Berries" (Cones)Growing in Greece. In: PM 59(6):554. 1993. De Pascuale Teresa J, (1977) An Quim. 73(3):463. Freidrich H, Engelshowe R, (1978) Planta Med 33:251.
Frohne D. Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte-Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
442/JUNIPERUS
COMMUNIS
Juniperus communis See Juniper
Juniperus sabina See Savin Tops
Justicia adhatoda See Malabar Nut
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Production: Kamala fruit skins are from the fruits of Mallotus philippinensis, covered in hairs and glands. The fruit is collected in the uncultivated regions and cleaned. Other Names: Kameela, Kamcela, Spoonwood, Rottlera Tinctoria ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Phloroglucinol derivatives (red to yellow, 47 to 80%): chief constituents include rottlerin (ca. 1%), isorottlerin (ca. 0.1%), 3-hydroxy rottlerin, 3,4-dihydroxyrottlerin, methylene-bis-methyl phloroacetophenone and their resinous polymers, that arise through auto-oxidation Bergenin
Kadsura japonica See False Schisandra
Tannins EFFECTS
The drug has an anthelmintic and purgative effect.
Kalmia latifolia See Mountain Laurel
Kamala Mallotus
philippinensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the glands and hairs covering the fruit.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: Internally, Kamala is used to treat tape worm infestations (ascarides, rectal worms), constipation, kidney and bladder stones, leprosy lesions and as a contraceptive; externally for parasitic skin diseases and wound infections of the ear. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The tree has dioecious flowers. The male flowers are in threes in the axils of the bracts, while the female flowers are on longer, heavily branched, lateral boughs. Both flowers are covered by rust-red matted hairs. The fruit is a 3-lobed, pea-sized capsule from which a red, mealy powder is obtained, which consists of minute glands and hairs. Leaves, Stem and Root: Mallotus philippinensis is an 8 to 10 m high tree with a diameter of 90 to 120 cm. The bark of the slender branches is pale, and the younger ones are covered in rust-red matted hairs. The leaves are alternate and have articulate petioles, which are 2.5 to 5 cm long. The leaf blade is rusty tomentose, 8 to 15 cm long, ovate with two inconspicuous basal glands. It is entire-margined, coriaceous and glabrous above with very prominent ribs below. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to India, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, China and Australia.
Mode of Administration: The drug is used orally as a powder or liquid extract. Daily Dosage: For worms: adults: 6 to 12 gm drug in 2 to 3 portions at 30 minute intervals; young children: 1.5 gm drug; school children: 3 gm drug. Preparations can be sweetened with honey prior to administration. Storage: Keep tightly sealed, dry and protected from light LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lounasmaa M et al., (1975) Planta Med 28:16. Widen CF, Puri HS, (1980) Planta Med 40:284.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Kava Kava Piper methysticum TRADE NAMES
Kava Kava (available from numerous manfacturers) Alcohol Free Kava Kava, Kava Kava Power, Kava Kava Premium, Kava Kava Root DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the peeled, dried, cut rhizome, which has normally been freed from the roots, and the fresh rhizome with the roots. Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous small flowers in spike-like inflorescences 3 to 9 cm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 2 to 3 m high, erect dioecious bush. The leaves are very large, measuring 13 to 28 cm by 10 to 22 cm. They have a deeply cordate base and 9 to 13 main ribs that are slightly soft on the undersurface. The stipules are large. The plant has a massive, 2 to 10 kg, branched and very juicy rhizome with many roots. They are blackish-gray on the outside and whitish on the inside. The fracture is mealy and somewhat splintery. The central portion is porous with irregularly twisted thin woody bundles, separated by broad medullary rays, forming meshes beneath the bark. Characteristics: The taste is pungent and numbing, and the odor is reminiscent of lilac. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the South Sea Islands and is mainly cultivated there. Production: Kava Kava rhizome consists of the dried rhizomes of Piper methysticum. Other Names: Ava, Ava Pepper, Intoxicating Pepper, Kawa, Kawa Pepper, Tonga, Kew
KAVA KAVA/443
attributed to the interaction with ion channels. The interaction consists of fast and specific inhibition of voltagedependent sodium channels and reduction of currents through voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels (Friese, 1998; Gleitz, 1995; Gleitz, 1996; Schirrmacher, 1999). The paralysis effect of Kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility is similar to that of local anesthetics (Jameison, 1989; Singh, 1983). The lipid soluble extract (kava resin) decreases spontaneous motility and motor control (Jamieson, 1989). The analgesic action of kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin and dihydromethysticin is due to antinociceptive activities. Nalaxone (opiate antagonist) is ineffective in reversing the antinociceptive activities, thus indicating the analgesia produced from the compounds occurs via non-opiate pathways (Jameison, 1990; Jameison, 1989). The lipid soluble components of kava do not interact with benzodiazepine binding sites, but do seem to potentiate the activity of GABA-A in the brain center for sedative effects (Davies, 1992; Jussofie, 1994). The psychotropic properties of Kava have been demonstrated by the inhibition of norepinephrine uptake by kavain, dihydromethysticin and the racemate (+/-) kavain (Seitz, 1997). One study did find that desmethoxyyangonin, methysticin, yangonin, dihydromethysticin, kihydrokavain and kavain reversibly inhibit MAO-B (Uebelhack, 1998). An increase of dopamine and serotonin by activation of neurons results in central nervous system effects (Fachinfo Antares 120(R), 1996). A recent study investigated the antithrombotic activity of kava pyrones. Kavain exerts antithrombotic action on human platelets through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) as a primary target. This suppresses the generation of thromboxane (TXA2), which normally induces aggregation of platelets and exocytosis of ATP by its binding on TXA2 receptors (Gleitz, 1997).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
CLINICAL TRIALS
Kava lactones (kava pyrones, 5-12%): chief components include (+)-kavain, dihydrokavain (marindinine), (+)-methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonine, desmethoxyyangonin
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 101 outpatients suffering from anxiety of non-psychotic origin who met DSM-IH-R criteria. Improvements in anxiety were seen after week 8 with a standardized Kava Kava extract (70% kava-pyrone). The study continued over a 25-week period with significant improvement based upon the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), somatic and psychic anxiety, Clinical Global Impression, Self-Report Symptom Inventory and Adjective Mood Scale (Volz, 1997).
Chalcones: including flavokavin A and B EFFECTS
The kava pyrones in the drug have centrally muscle-relaxing, anticonvulsive and antispasmodic effects. The herb also contains hypnotic/sedative, analgesic and psychotropic properties contributing to its use for anxiety and insomnia. The centrally muscle-relaxing, analgesic and anticonvulsive action of the kava pyrones, kavain, dihydrokavain, dihydromethysticin and (+/-) kavain (synthetic kava pyrone) is
The anxiolytic effect of a special kava extract (70 mg of kava pyrones three times daily) was compared to two benzodiazepine preparations (oxazepam 15mg/day, bromazepam). The multi-center, double-blind study involved 172 patients. There was a therapeutically relevant reduction in the severity
444/KAVA
KAVA
of anxiety according to the HAMA scale in all three groups. There wasn't a statistically significant difference between the three types of treatment in terms of reducing anxiety (Woelk, 1993). A standardized Kava extract give'n 100 mg three times daily was compared to placebo in a randomized, double-blind study. The study included 58 patients with anxiety syndromes not caused by mental disorders. The HAMA overall score of anxiety symptoms revealed significant reduction in the Kava treatment group compared to placebo after 1 week of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, an even greater reduction in anxiety symptoms was seen with the Kava treatment group, with no adverse reactions (Lehmann, 1996). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
• Nervousness and insomnia Kava Kava is used for nervous tension, stress and agitation. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb is used as a sleeping agent and sedative; for asthma, rheumatism, dyspeptic symptoms, chronic cystitis, syphilis, gonorrhea and weight reduction. Homeopathic Uses: Kava Kava is used for states of excitement and exhaustion. It is also used for gastritis and pain in the urethra. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in patients with endogenous depression because it increases the danger of suicide. It is also contraindicated during pregnancy and in nursing mothers. The herb is contraindicated in persons with endogenous depression, because there is an increased risk of suicide in this population. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Administration of the herb leads to rare cases of allergic reactions and gastrointestinal complaints. Slight morning tiredness can appear at the beginning of the therapy. Motor reflexes and judgment when driving may be reduced while taking the herb.
FDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
hepatitis was determined after a liver biopsy, and upon discontinuation of Kava, liver tests normalized (Stahl, 1998). Musculoskeletal: Minor inhibition of movement and impaired motor reflexes have been observed with the use of Kava (Jamieson, 1990). Ocular: Increase in pupil diameter, reduction of the near point of accommodation and near point of convergence, and disturbance to the oculomotor balance have been reported with Kava (Garner, 1985). Eye irritation has been reported with the heavy consumption of Kava (Ruze, 1990). Skin: Heavy chronic consumption of Kava is associated with a peculiar, scaly rash suggestive of ichthyosis (Ruze, 1990). A reversible, slight yellowing of the skin has been associated with long-term use of Kava. Sebotropic drug reactions resulting from Kava-Kava extract therapy has been reported (Jappe, 1998). The drug should not be taken for longer than three months without a doctor's supervision. Drug Interactions: Alcohol — Concomitant use of Kava Kava with alcohol results in an increase in each other's hypnotic action. The alcohol also increases the possibility for kava toxicity (Jamieson, 1990). Alprazolam —- Kava used simutaneously with alprazolam has resulted in coma (Almeida, 1996). CNS depressants, such as barbituates — The herb may potentiate the effectiveness of substances that act on the central nervous system. Psychoactive agents — The intensity of psychoactive agents may be intensified with kava (Jamieson, 1990). Dopamine — Kava Kava has been reported to antagonize the effect of dopamine. Patients with Parkinson's Disease taking levodopa should avoid the use of the herb (Baum, 1998; Cupp, 1999; Schelosky, 1995). Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
Central Nervous System: Dyskinesia and choreoathetosis of the limbs, trunk, neck and facial musculature have been reported secondary to the administration of kava (Schelosky, 1995; Spillane, 1997).
Nursing Mothers: The drug is contraindicated in nursing mothers.
Endocrine: Following long-term use of high doses of Kava extract, weight loss was reported (Mathews, 1988).
Overdosage can result in disorders of complex movement, accompanied by undisturbed consciousness, later tiredness and tendency to sleep.
Hepatotoxicity: Increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels have been associated with high doses of Kava extract (Mathews, 1988). Two cases of acute hepatitis with an increase of liver enzymes were reported. Necrotizing
OVERDOSAGE
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted rhizome and other galenic preparations for oral use.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
How Supplied: Capsules — 100 mg, 125 mg, 128 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 390 mg, 400 mg, 425 mg, 455 mg, 500 mg Liquid — 1:1, 1:2 Preparation: There are a number of different extraction recipes depending on the pharmaceutical companies. Daily Dosage: Capsules — The root extract is taken 150 mg to 300 mg twice daily, with a daily dosage of kava pyrones 50 to 240 mg (Herberg, 1996; Lehmann, 1996). Tincture — The tincture is taken as 30 drops with water three times daily (Chavallier, 1996). Infusion — Take 1/2 cup twice daily (Chavallier. 1996). Note: The drug should be administered with food or liquid due to its lipid solubility (Fachinfo Antares 120 (R). 1996). The activity of the herb is enhanced when mixtures of the kava pyrones are taken instead of a single pyrone (Jamieson, 1989). Homeopathic Dosage: The herb is taken as 5 to 10 drops, 1 i tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB1). Storage: The herb should be stored away from direct light, moisture and heat at room temperature. LITERATURE
Almeida JC & Grimsley EW, Coma from the health food store: interaction between kava and alprazolam (letter). Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:940-941. Backhaus C, Krieglstein J. (1992) Extract of kava and its methysticin constituents protect brain tissue against ischaemic damage in rodents. J Pharmacol 215:265-269. Baum SS, Hill R, Rommelspacher H, Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998 Oct;22(7): 1105-20. Bhate H, Gerster G, Fracza E, (1989) Orale Pramedikation mit Zubereitungen aus Piper methysticum bei operativen Eingriffen in Epiduralanasthesie. Erfahrungsheilkunde 6:339-345. Bhate H, Gerster G, Behandlung mit Phytotranquilizern vor der Narkose. Therapeutikon 1992 5:214-222. Chavallier, A, The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. DK Publishing Company, New York, New York, 1996. Cupp MJ, Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. Am Fam Physician 1999 Mar 1;59(5): 1239-45. Davies LP, Drew CA, Duffield P et al., Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992 Aug;71(2): 120-6. Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo. Hypericum und Kava-Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995.
KAVA KAVA/445
Emser W, Bartylla K, (1991) Verbesserung der Schlafqualitat. TW Neurol Psychiatr 5:636-642. Fachinformation: Antares (R) 120, kava-kava extract. Krewel Meuselbach GmbH, Eitorf, 1996. Fachinformation: Kavasporai (R) forte, kava-kava extract. Mueller Goeppingen Gmbh & Co KG, Goeppingen, 1996. Friese J, Gleitz J, Kavain, dihydrokavain, and dihydromethysticin non-competitively inhibit the specific binding of [3H]-batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Planta Med 1998 Jun:64(5):458-9. Garner LF & Klinger JD, Some visual effects caused by the beverage kava. J Ethnopharmacol 1985; 13:307-311. Gepner B, Cnota P, (1994) Untersuchung der Vigilanz nach Applikation von Kava-Kava-Extrakt, Diazepam oder Placebo. Z Phytother 15:30-37. Gleitz J, Beile A, Wilkens P et al.. Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets. Planta Med 1997 Feb;63(l):27-30. Gleitz J et al., Kavain inhibits non-stereospecifically veratridineactivated Na+; channels. Planta Med 62(6):580-581. 1996. Gleitz J, Friese J, Beile A et al.. Anticonvulsive action of (+/-)kavain estimated from its properties on stimulated synaptosomes and Na+ channel receptor sites. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 Nov 7:315(l):89-97. Gleitz J, Beile A, Peters T et al., (+/-)-Kavain inhibits veratridine-activated voltage-dependent Na(+)-channels in synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Neuropharmacology 1995 Sep;34(9): 1133-8. Hansel R, Beiersdorff HU, (1955) Arzneim Forsch 9:581. Hansel R, Kava-Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster), in der modernen Arzneimittelforschung Portarit einer Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 17(3): 180-195. 1996. Hansel R, Pflanzliche Sedativa. In: ZPT 11(1):14. 1990. Hansel R, Woelk H, (1995) Spektrum Kava-Kava. 2. Auflage. Aesopus Verlag GmbH, Basel. Herberg KW, Alltagssicherheit unter Kava-Kava-Extrakt, Bromazepam und deren Kombination. Z Allge Med 1996;72:973-977. Herberg KW, (1991) Fahrtuchtigkeit nach Einnahme von KavaSpezial-Extrakt WS 1490. Z Allge Med 67:842-846. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990 Jul;17(7):495-507. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, Cheng D et al., Comparison of the central nervous system activity of the aqueous and lipid extract of kava (Piper methysticum). Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1989 Sep-Oct;301:66-80. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, Positive interaction of ethanol and kava resin in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990 Jul;17(7):509-14.
446/KAVA
KAVA
Jappe U, Franke I, Reinhold D et al., Sebotrophic drug reaction from kava-kava extract therapy: a new entity? J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38(1): 104-106. Johnson E, Frauendorf A, Stecker K, Stein U, (1991) Neurophysiologisches Wirkprofil und Vertraglichkeit von KavaExtrakt WS 1490. TW Neurol Psychiatr 5:349-354. Jussofie A et al., Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Dec;116(4):469-74. Kinzler E, Kromer J, Lehmann. (1991) Wirksamkeit eines Kava-Spezial-Extraktes bei Patienten mit Angst-. Spannungsund Erregungszustanden nicht-psychotischer Genese. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 41:584-588. Lehmann E, Kinzler E, Friedemann J, Efficacy of a special Kava extract (piper methysticum) in patients with states of anxiety, tension and excitedness of non-mental origin - A double-blind placebo-controlled study of four weeks treatment. Phytomedicine 1996,2:113-119. Mathews JD, Riley MD, Fejo L et al., Effects of the heavy usage of kava on physical health: summary of a pilot survey in an Aboriginal community. Med J Aust 1988; 148:548-555. Munte TF, Heinze HJ, Matzke M, Steitz J, (1993) Effects of oxacepam and an extract of Kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology 27:46-53. Norton SA & Ruze P, Kava dermopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:89-97. Ruze P, Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency? Lancet 1990 Jun 16:335(8703): 1442-1445. Schelosky L, Raffauf C, Jendroska K et al., Kava and dopamine antagonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995 May;58(5):639-40. Schirrmacher K, Busselberg D, Langosch JM et al., Effects of (+/-)-kavain on voltage-activated inward currents of dorsal root ganglion cells from neonatal rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999 Jan;9(l-2): 171-6. Schmidt M, Kava-Kava. In: PTA 8(5):374. 1994. Seitz U, Schule A, Gleitz J, [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition properties of kava pyrones. Planta Med 1997 Dec;63(6):548-9.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Uebelhack R, Franke L, Schewe HJ, Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-kava). Pharmacopsychiatry 1998 Sep;31(5): 187-92. Volz HP, Kieser M, Kava-Kava Extract WS 1490 versus Placebo in Anxiety Disorders - A Randomized Placebocontrolled 25-week Outpatients Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997 Jan;30(l):l-5. Volz HP, (1995) Die anxiolytische Wirksamkeit von KavaSpezialextrakt WS 1490 unter Langzeittherapie - eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie. Z Phytother Abstractband, S 9. Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Kava-Kava und Kavain in der Psychopharmakotherapie. Psychopharmakotherapie 1:33-39. Warnecke G, Pfaender H, Gerster G, Gracza E, (1990) Wirksamkeit von Kawa-Kawa-Extrakt beim klimakterischen Syndrom. Z Phytother 11:81-86. Woelk H et al., Behandlung von Angst-Patienten. Z Allgemeinmed 1993;10:271-277. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopamika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Siegel RK, (1976) Herbal intoxication. Psychoactive effects from herbal cigarettes, tea and capsules. JAMA 236:473-476. Singh YN, Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 May;7(3):267-76. Smith RM, (1979) Tetrahedron 35(3):437. Spree MH, Croy HH, Antares - ein standardisiertes Kava-KavaPraparat mit dem Spezialextrakt KW 1491. Der Kassenarzt. 1992;17:44-51. Stahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH et al., Necrotizing hepatitis after taking herbal remedies. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998; 123(47): 1410-1414.
Kelp Laminaria hyperborea DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the stem-like part of the thallus. Flower and Fruit: The plant fits the general description of brown algae. It is unsegmented to heavily segmented and can
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
grow into plants many meters in length. The thallus is reminiscent of root, leaf or stem-like organs (in the case of L. hyperborea stem-like). The color is greenish-brown to reddish.
KHAT/447
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Habitat: The plant grows on the North Atlantic coast.
Lin A, Kupferminc M, Dooley SL, A randomized trial of extraamniotic saline infusion versus laminaria for cervical ripening. Obstet Gynecol, 75:545-9, 1995 Oct.
Production: Kelp consists of the dried, stem-like parts of the thallus of Laminaria hyperborea (syn. Laminaria cloustonii).
Nguyen MT, Hoffman DR, Anaphylaxis to Laminaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75:138-9, 1995 Jan.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Salts of alginic acid (laminaric acid, 25%) Iodine (to some extent organically bound, 0.3-0.45%)
Read SM, Currie G, Bacic A, Analysis of the structural heterogeneity of laminarin by electrospray-ionisation-mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res, 75:187-201, 1996 Feb 23. Schneider D, Halperin R, Langer R, Caspi E, Bukovsky I, Abortion at 18-22 weeks by laminaria dilation and evacuation. Obstet Gynecol, 75:412-4, 1996 Sep.
Reserve carbohydrates: laminarin (47%). mannttol (5-6%), fucoidin, mannitol glucoside EFFECTS
No information is available.
Khat Catha
edulis
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of kelp are used for the regulation of thyroid function.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the tree are the leaves.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
t No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The danger of induction or worsening of hyperthyroidism following internal administration of the drug exists with dosages above 150 u\g iodide per day. In rare cases, it can lead to severe allergic reactions.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a cyme growing from the leaf axil. The flowers are radial and inconspicuous, with a fleshy disk and their structures are in fives. The calyx is 5lobed and there are 5 elongate-oval, white-yellowish petals, 5 stamens, and 3 blunt stigmas. The fruit is 3-sided capsule with chamber containing 1, occasionally 2, seeds. The brownish seeds have a wing-like, whitish aril.
DOSAGE
No information is available. LITERATURE
Chen FP, Soong YK, Hui YL, Successful treatment of severe uterine synechiae with transcervical resectoscopy combined with laminaria tent. Hum Reprod. 75:943-7, 1997 May. Chiu KW, Fung AY, The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus) common rue (Ruta graveolens) and kelp (Laminaria Japonica) in rats. Gen Pharmacol, 75:859-62. 1997 Nov. Drozhzhina VA, Petrishchev NN, Fedorov IuA, The enhancement of the physiological resistance of the periodontal tissues in white rats under the action of biologically active substances from Laminaria. Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova, 75:126-33, 1995 Dec. Glatstein IZ, Pang SC, McShane PM, Successful pregnancies with the use of laminaria tents before embryo transfer for refractory cervical stenosis. Fertil Steril, 75:1172-4, 1997 Jun. Jain JK, Mi shell DR Jr, A comparison of misoprostol with and without laminaria tents for induction of second-trimester abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 75:173-7, 1996 Jul.
Leaves: Khat is an evergreen shrub or tree that reaches about 2 to 25 m high. The leaves are opposite on flowering branches. They are alternate, coriaceous, 3 to 12 cm long, oval to ovate and crenate or dentate. The upper surface of trie leaves is wax-like glossy and olive green. The older leaves are occasionally red-violet. Habitat: Ethiopia, Kenya, North Yemen, and northern Madagascar Production: Khat or Arabian tea is the fresh leaves or shoots of Catha edulis. The leaves are harvested in the early morning, 5 to 8 years after planting. They are kept in banana * leaves, paper or plastic to prevent it drying out. Other Names: Abyssinian Tea, Arabian Tea, Somali Tea ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Phenyl alkyl amines (0.3 to 0.9%): khatamine, in fresh leaves as chief effective agent (S)-(-)-cathinone (50% in young leaves, in fully-developed leaves only 2%), becoming dimers during dehydration, as well as (+)-norpseudoephed-
448/KHAT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
rine (cathine), (-)-norephedrine, merucathinone, pseudome' rucathinone, (-)-formyl norephedrine Sesquiterpene polyester alkaloids: cathaedulines Kl to K15 -
Al-Meshal I A, Tariq M, Parmar NS, Ageel AM Antiinflammatory activity of the flavonoid fraction of khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Agents Actions, 19:379-80, 1986 Jan
Catechin tannins Volatile oil EFFECTS
The alkaloid-containing drug (chief active ingredient cathinone) is centrally stimulating and indirectly sympathomimetic (amphetamine-like effect). In addition, the leaf preparations have ulcer-protective and insecticidal effects, and the drug's high tannin content makes it constipating. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Khat has been used for centuries in Islamic culture to improve communicative abilities, performance and to suppress feelings of hunger. The leaves can be chewed or administered as an infusion (Yemen) or paste (Ethiopia/ Somalia). Khat leaves are said to have an aphrodisiac effect and are used for depression, headache, gonorrhea, gastric complaints, coughs, asthma and fever. The medicinal use of Khat preparations is obsolete today. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The fresh shoot tips may lead to central excitation, suppression of appetite, widening of the pupils, increased motor activity, hypertonia and hyperthermia through the sympathomimetic effect of cathinone (the other constituents account for only approximately 10% of the effect) and its ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier. Moderate dosages (100 to 300 g of the fresh leaves) lead to a state of general well being, mental alertness and exaggerated self-regard. Physical ability is temporarily enhanced and the need for sleep is reduced. Depression and anxiety states can follow once the effect wears off. Diabetics could experience hyperglycemia. The tannin content of the drug leads to constipation and digestive disorders. Acute poisonings have not been recorded. Chronic use can lead to such long-term ill effects as emaciation (through appetite suppression), increased susceptibility to infection, nervousness, insomnia and disturbances of the circadian rhythm. In addition, Khat preparations have been associated with ulcers in the digestive tract and liver and kidney damage. When the drug is used over periods of years, it can lead to personality disorders.
Balint GS, Balint E Kath (Catha edulis) - a plant containing an amphetamine-like substance Orv Hetil, 136:1063-6, 1995 May 14 Dhadphale M, Mengech A, Chege SW Miraa (catha edulis) as a cause of psychosis. East Afr Med J, 19:130-5, 1981 Feb Geisshiisler S, Brenneisen R The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin. J Ethnopharmacol. 19:269-77, 1987 May Geisshiisler S, Brenneisen R The presumed neurotoxic effects of Catha edulis - an exotic plant now available in the United Kingdom. Br J Ophthalmol, 19:779-81. 1986 Oct Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 Kalix P Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects. Pharm World Sci, 18:69-73, 1996 Apr Kalix P Hyperthermic response to (-)-cathinone, an alkaloid of Catha edulis (khat). J Pharm Pharmacol, 11:662-3, 1980 Sep Nabil Z, Saleh M, Mekkawy H, Allah GA Effects of an extract of khat (Catha edulis) on the toad heart. J Ethnopharmacol, 18:245-56, 1986 Dec Nencini P, Amiconi G, Befani Possible involvement of amine sympathetic activation induced in humans. J Ethnopharmacol,
O, Abdullahi MA, Anania MC oxidase inhibition in the by khat (Catha edulis) chewing 11:79-86, 1984 Jun
Tariq M, Al-Meshal I, Al-Saleh A Toxicity studies on Catha edulis. Dc Toxicol Environ Sci, 11:337-40, 1983
Knautia arvensis See Field Scabious
Knotweed Polygonum aviculare DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: powdered drug
LITERATURE
Al-Ahdal MN, McGarry TJ, Hannan MA Cytotoxicity of Khat (Catha edulis) extract on cultured mammalian cells: effects on macromolecule biosynthesis. Mutat Res, 204:317-22, 1988 Feb
Available
as
whole herb
Storage: Can be kept for several months deep-frozen
and
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb, sometimes with the root, collected during the flowering season and dried, as well as the fresh aerial parts collected during the flowering season.
1
KNOTWEED/449
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are axillary cymes with 1 or a few flowers. The flowers are very small, shortpedicled, inconspicuous and green or red with white margins. The epicalyx has 5 bracts and is fused at the base. There are 5 stamens, and the superior ovary has 3 styles. The \ fruit is a nut, which is as long as the epicalyx and is matte brown with wrinkled stripes, ovate to almost elliptical and flattened on 3 sides. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy annual. The main stem is initially erect, up to 1 m high and heavily branched. It later becomes closely procumbent and spreads along the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire-margined, short-petioled with varying forms on the main and side shoots. They are broadly elliptical to linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. At the base of the leaves there is a scarious divided leaf sheath. The thin, fusiform, brownish roots produce a few hair-thin lateral roots. Characteristics: The appearance depends on the location. It may also have an ascending stem. Habitat: The plant is found in most temperate regions of the world. Production: Knotweed herb consists of the dried herb, occasionally containing roots, of Polygonum aviculare, gathered during flowering season. Other Names: Allseed Nine-Joints, Armstrong, Beggarweed, Bird's Tongue, Birdweed, Centinode, Cow Grass, Crawlgrass, Doorweed, Hogweed, Knotgrass, Ninety-Knot, Pigrush, Pigweed, Red Robin, Sparrow Tongue, Swine's Grass, Swynel Grass ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx The herb is used as a mild catarrh of the respiratory tract for inflammatory changes to the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine iris used as a supportive treatment for pulmonary disorders, as a perspiration inhibitor in cases of tuberculosis, as a diuretic, as a hemostatic in cases of hemorrhage and for skin disorders. Chinese Medicine: In China, Knotweed is used for gonorrhoea, jaundice, skin defects, dysentery (red), itching and tapeworm in children. Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, Polygonum aviculare is used for rheumatism of the fingers. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a ground herb for teas and other galenic preparations for internal use and local application. The drug is a component of various pectoral and bronchial teas. The extract is found in standardized preparations of antitussives and diuretics. Preparation: To make a tea, place 1.5 gm finely cut drug in cold water and bring to a simmer. Strain after 5 to 10 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 1.4 gm drug). Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 4 to 6 gm of drug. Tea—As a supportive treatment for coughs and bronchial catarrh, drink 1 cup 3 to 5 times a day.
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (0.1-1%): chief components are avicularin (quercetin-3-arabinoside), hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin-3-galactoside, additionally including among others vitexin, isovitexin, rhamnazine bisulphate Silicic acid (1%): partially water-soluble Tannins Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, scopoletin Lignans: aviculin
Infusion for external use—The daily dose is 5 g drug. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34) LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.-; Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EFFECTS
Haverland F, PA 18:59-87. 1963.
Knotweed has astringent properties. In vitro, the flavonoid fraction is said to inhibit aggregation of human erythrocytes, probably by an effect on cyclo-oxigenase.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
450 /KOMBE SEED
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Kombe Seed
Saponins (0.2%)
Strophanthus hispidus
Fatty oil (30%): chief fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and 9-hydroxy-deltal2-octadecenoic acid
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the ripe seed. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a many-blossomed, umbelliferous raceme. The flowers are radial and their structures are in fives. The sepals are 1.3 to 1 cm long and 0.1 to 1 cm wide. They are unevenly divided into five, the outer tips ovate, the inner ones lanceolate and densely pubescent. The corolla is tubular, with the upper part broadened into a cup shape. The margin is covered with 10 scales, 1.1 to 2 cm long with a diameter of 0.8 to 1.7 cm. The margin is white or yellow, with a purple spot in the shaft. There are 5 stamens and a 2-chambered, semi-inferior ovary. The fruit is a follicle, 24 to 48 cm long, 1.3 to 1.8 cm in diameter, dark brown, hard, grooved and white punctate with lenticles. The seeds are spindle-shaped, flat, 1 to 1.8 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, densely pubescent with an upright, 4 to 8 cm long tuft of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: Strophanthus hispidus is either a liana, up to 100 m long, or a shrub, up to 5 m high. The leaves are opposite. The petiole is 1 to 5 mm long, the lamina 15 to 22 cm long and 8 to 12 cm wide. They are simple, elliptical to obovate, acuminate, rounded at the base or cordate. The trunk has a diameter of up to 6 m and has dark gray bark. The branches are dark brown or almost black. The young branches are stiffly villous and punctate with lenticles. Characteristics: The plant contains latex. Habitat: West and Central Africa Production: Brown Strophanthus seeds are the ripe seeds of Strophanthus hispidus freed from the bushel-like appendage. The seeds are first harvested after 3 years (first flowering). Then the fruit is picked, and the seeds are removed. Not to be Confused With: Often confused in the past with Strophanthus kombe, S. sarmentosus and other Strophanthus species. Can also be confused with Alafia, Futumia, Kickxia and Holrrhena species. Other Names: Arrow Poison ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids, 4 to 8%): chief glycoside presumably k-strophanthoside (primary glycoside, strophanthidin glucosyl cymaroside) from which cymarin (strophantidin cymaroside) is formed through fermentation of the seeds
EFFECTS
The action mechanism of the drug is dependent upon the cardioactive cardenolide glycosides it contains (see S. kombe semen and strophantine effects). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the herb have been used in the past for cardiac complaints. Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, preparations are used for nervous cardiac complaints and cardiac insufficiency. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of quinidine, calcium salts, saluretics, laxatives and glucocorticoids enhance effects and side effects. For symptoms of an acute poisoning and treatment, see Digitalis folium. OVERDOSAGE
Nausea, vomiting, headache, stupor and cardiac arrhythmias could occur as side effects with parenteral administration of glycoside mixtures of the drug, particularly with overdoses. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Communited drug, herb powder, liquid preparations for internal use. Homeopathic Dosage: (from D4) 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every to 30 to 60 minutes, maximum 12 times daily (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, IV, IM, 3 times daily (acute) and once a day (chronic) (HPUS88). LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
Kousso Hagenia abyssinica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the unripe fruit and the dried panicles of female flowers. Flower and Fruit: The small flowers are large-branched, thickly glandular-haired panicles up to 0.5 m long. They are androgynous, male or female. The male flowers are greenish
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
and have fertile stamens and hairy bracts. The female flowers are dark-red. Leaves, Stem and Root: Hagenia abyssinica is tree that grows up to 6 m high with tuft-like, erect, pinnatifid leaves. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeast Africa and is cultivated in Ethiopia. Production: Kousso flowers are the flowers of Hagenia abyssinica. Other Names: Cossoo, Kooso. Kosso ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Acylphloroglucinols (kosotoxine): monomelic, dimeric, trimeric compounds, such as protocosin (trimeric); acyl residues are isobutyryl- isovaleryl- and alpha-metylbutyryl residues; representatives include, for example, cosin K6 and cosin K8 (monomerous), cusso toxin (dimerous), protocosin (trimerous) Tannins EFFECTS
Kousso is a vermifuge because of its complex mixture of aglyphloroglucinols, which has a taeiafugic effect. An antitumoral effect has also been described INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: This obsolete drug, which can no longer be procured, formerly was used to treat tapeworm infestation. Its efficacy depended on the composition of the drug. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Side effects include irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, salivation, nausea and diarrhea. A tendency toward fainting spells, headache and general weakness has been connected with the use of the drug during use as a tapeworm cure. Abortive effects have been described. The drug should no longer be administered in allopathic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Conditions of collapse and vision disorders have been observed with overdosages. The treatment for poisoning consists of gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), installation of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth). Diazepam (intravenous) should be used to treat spasms. Atropine and electrolyte substitution should be employed. Possible cases of acidosis should be countered with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be administered. Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
LABRADOR TEA / 4 5 1 DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in most countries. LITERATURE
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der harmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Metzner J et al., Antispastische Wirkung von Hagenia abyssinica. In: PM 47(4):240-241. 1983. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schiemenz GP, Schroeder JM, Z Naturforsch 40B(5):669-680. 1985 Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Metzner J et al Antispastische Wirkung von Hagenia abyssinica. Planta Med 47 (1983), 240-241 Woldemariam TZ, Fell AF, Linley PA, Chromatographic and spectroscopic studies on the constituents in male and female flowers of Hagenia abyssinica. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 8:859-65. 1990. Woldemariam TZ, Fell AF, Linley PA, Bibby MC, Phillips RM, Evaluation of the anti-tumour action and acute toxicity of kosins from Hagenia abyssinica. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 10:55560, 1992 Aug
Krameria triandra See
Rhatany
Labrador Tea Ledum latifolium DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and the flowering shoots. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in flat, terminal umbels. The calyx i£ small and has 5 tips. The 5-petalled corolla is white. The 10 stamens grow from the edge of a honey ring. The ovary is superior. The fruit is a 5-valvular capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The evergreen, branched shrub grows to about 1.5 m. The young branches are gray or rustcolored. The 1.25 to 2.5 cm long leaves are alternate, shortpetioled, entire-margined, and linear, have revolute margins,
452 /LABRADOR TEA
and are stiff, coriaceous, dark green above, rust-colored and woolly-downy underneath. L. palustre is larger, more regularly formed and has larger leaves. Characteristics: It has a numbing, tangy aroma and is poisonous. It is a protected species. Habitat: The plant grows in Greenland, Canada and the U.S. The very similar variety L. palustre is more common in northern Europe and northern Asia. Production: Labrador herb is the aerial part of Ledum Iatifolium and L. palustre. Other Names: St. James's Tea, Marsh Tea, Wild Rosemary ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Labrador Tea is obsolete as a drug. It has been used as an extract in some bath additives and is also contained in homeopathic preparations. LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Volatile oil (0.9-2.6%): chief components sesquiterpenes, in particular ledol (ledum camphor, porst camphor) and palustrol, Japanese sources also yield ascaridol
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Catechin tannins
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids: including among others hyperoside Hydroglycosides: arbutin EFFECTS
Internally mildly expectorant. Externally antiphlogistic (neither proven).
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Labrador Tea has been used for respiratory conditions. Externally, it has been used for skin inflammation.
Laburnum Cytisus laburnum
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Medicinal Parts: The seeds are the medicinal parts.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers bow down in clusters of 10 to 30. There are 10 to 25 cm long racemes. The calyx is short, campanulate, pubescent and marked brown at the base. The anthers are orange. The pod is 5 to 8 cm by 8 to 9 cm, flat, lumpy and silky-haired with wings. The seeds are flat and dark brown.
General: Initially, the drug causes severe gastrointestinal irritation (vomiting, gastroenteritis, diarrhea), due to its ledol content. Following absorption, the drug causes severe CNS excitation. This effect may lead to spasms and paralysis in some cases. Pregnancy: Contraindicated. Poisonings in earlier times were seen in connection with its misuse for purposes of abortion. OVERDOSAGE
. Leaves, Stem and Root: Cytisus laburnum is a small shrub or tree that can occasionally grow up to 7 m high. It has light gray branches and smooth, dark green, initially erect branchlets. The alternate leaves are almost in rosettes on short shoots with 2 to 7 cm long petioles. The leaflets are elliptical to ovate, rounded or thorn tipped. They are glabrous above and light gray pubescent beneath.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), and instillation of activated charcoal, the treatment of poisonings consists of Habitat: The plant is indigenous to mountainous regions of treating spasms with diazepam (I.V.) and colic with atropine; Europe. It is also cultivated worldwide. electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Monitoring of kidney | Other Names: Golden Chain, Pea Tree, Bean Trifoil
LACTUCARIUM / 4 5 3
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Quinolizidine alkaloids (1-3%): main alkaloids (-)-cytisine (95%), as well as (-)-N-methylcytisine, epibaptifoline Lectins EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Experiments in the use of cytisine as a pesticide (lice) have shown that in the necessary concentration the danger of poisoning is too high.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Seeger R, Neumann HG, Cytisin. In: DAZ 132(7):303. 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Tschirch C, Kraus L, Goldregen-Alkaloid Cytisin. In: DAZ 132(47):2560. 1992. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
There are no indications for this drug. The drug is severely toxic. See Overdosage section. OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, dizziness, salivation, pains in the mouth, in the throat and in the stomach area, outbreaks of sweat, headache as well as extended, severe, and sometimes bloody vomiting. If no vomiting occurs, excitatory states can come about from the centrally stimulating effect of the drug, with tonic-clonic spasms that later change over into paralyses. Anuria and uremia have also been observed. Death comes through asphyxiation. Fifteen to 20 seeds or 3 to 4 unripe berries are considered fatal for an adult. While poisonings occur relatively frequently, cases of death have not been recorded in recent times. If no vomiting has occurred, poisonings are treated with gastric lavage, then through the administration of activated charcoal; spasms are to be treated with chlorpromazine or diazepam. In cases of asphyxiation, intubation and oxygen respiration are to be carried out. LITERATURE
Frohne D. Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Greinwald R, Untersuchungen zur chemotaxonomischen Bedeutung von Leguminosenalkaloiden und zum Alkaloidstoffwechsel in transformierten Geweben und Zellkulturen. In: Dissertation Universitat Wurzburg. 1988. Gresser G, Der Besenginster - Cytisus scoparius (L.) LINK. In: ZPT 17(5):320-330. 1996. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Lactuca virosa See Lactucarium
Lactucarium Lactuca virosa DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried latex and the leaves. Flower and Fruit: The composite flowers are in pyramidshaped panicles. The capitula have a few florets. They are androgynous, pale yellow, lingual florets. The bracts are imbricate. The fruit is 4-lipped and black with a broad edge. It is glabrous at the tip. It has a whitish beak that is as long as the fruit, making the hair tuft look stemmed. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is biennial, up to 1.2 m high, with a fusiform, pale root that produces the erect, branched and hollow stem. It is smooth, light green and sometimes has purple spots. The leaves are oblong to obovate, narrowed at the base, clasping and usually simple. They are thorny-tipped, lie horizontally and are thorny on the underside of the midrib. Characteristics: The whole plant contains milky latex. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to western and southern Europe and is cultivated in Germany, Austria, France and Scotland. Production: Lactucarium leaves are the leaves of the aerial part of Lactuca virosa. They are gathered when in flower and then dried. Not to be Confused With: L.sativa, L.serriola, L.quercina and Sonchus oleraceus.
454/LACTUCARIUM
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Prickly Lettuce, Strong-Scented Lettuce, Green Endive, Lettuce Opium, Acrid Lettuce, Poison Lettuce, Wild Lettuce
Kern W, List PH, HorhammerX (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag' Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactones: lactucin, lactucopicrin (lactupictin, intybin)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Marquardt P et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:68.
Triterpenes: including among others, taraxasterol, betaamyrin EFFECTS
The herb is supposed to have a narcotic effect. It is an analgesic and spasmolytic, and is said to act as a tranquilizer. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Medicines containing Lactucarium are used to treat whooping cough attacks. The drug is used for bronchial catarrh, asthma and urinary tract diseases. The oil of the seeds is used for arteriosclerosis and was also used as wheat germ oil. Homeopathic Uses: Lactuca virosa is used for laryngitis, tracheitis with heavy coughing, for swelling of the liver and for urinary complaints. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a low potential for sensitization. OVERDOSAGE
The following signs of poisoning can occur through overdosage or following intake of the fresh leaves, as in salads: outbreaks of sweating, acceleration of breathing, tachycardia, pupil dilation, dizziness, ringing in the ears, vision disorders, pressure in the head, somnolence, on occasion also excitatory states. The toxicity is, however, relatively low. Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), as well as instillation of activated charcoal, the treatment of poisonings should proceed symptomatically.
, Rees S, Harborne J, (1984) Bot J Linn Soc 89(4):313. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Ruban G et al., (1978) Acta Crystalogr Sect B 34(4): 1163 Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Lady Fern Athyrium filix-femina DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome when gathered in spring or autumn. Leaves, Stem and Root: Athyrium filix-femina is a 10- to 40cm high fern. The pencil-thick, creeping rhizome is densely covered with dark-brown hairs. Numerous tomentose, long, branched, dark-brown root fibers sprout from the rhizome. The not-so-numerous leaves are in rigid, upright, double rows. They are coriaceous, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, deeply pinnatifid and wintergreen. The petioles are semi-round, smooth and whitish. On the underside of the leaf tips there are 2 parallel rows of large groups of filmless sporangia, which are initially yellowish and later turn dark brown. Habitat: Lady Fern is indigenous to Britain, parts of Europe and the U.S. Other Names: Common Polypody, Brake Root, Rock Brake, Rock of Polypody, Oak Fern
DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mode of Administration: Due to its poison content, the drug is only administered under medical supervision. It is ground and used as an alcoholic extract and further processed in the pharmaceutical industry.
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
(8%)
C-glucosyl flavones:
including mangiferin
Phytoecdysones LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Amaroids
Huang ZJ et al., (1982) J Pharm Sci 71(2):270.
Essential
Saponin: including the steroid saponin osladin oil
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LADY'S BEDSTRAW/455
The drug is a mild expectorant; a choleretic-type effect is questionable.
quadrangular with 4 vertical lines, downy or glabrous and rough. The leaves are in false whorls of 8 to 12. They are linear, dark green above, and gray and short-haired beneath.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong honey fragrance.
EFFECTS
Unproven •Uses: The drug is used for respiratory and gastrointestinal tract illnesses. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in Germanspeaking countries. However, Lady Fern is still found in commercial preparations as drops and tablets, as well as in preparations used in the religious system of anthroposophy. Daily Dosage: In anthroposophic medicine, the usual dose to treat gastrointestinal illnesses is 1 to 2 tablets or 10 to 20 drops taken 3 times daily. LITERATURE
Abraham H, Zucker und Supstoff. In: PTA 7(10):744. 1993. Anonym, Niedere Pflanzen ganz gro|3 - 39. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Arzneipflanzenforschung in Saarbriicken. In: DAZ 131(37): 1899.
Habitat: The plant grows throughout Europe (with the exception of Lapland and arctic Russia), as well as in Asia Minor, Iran and Syria. Production: Lady's Bedstraw is the herb of Galium verum. collected during the flowering season and dried. Other Names: Yellow Galium, Cheese Rennet, Curdwort. Maid's Hair, Yellow Cleavers, Petty Mugget, Cheese Renning ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, scandoside, desacetylasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid, giniposidic acid. daphylloside Rennin Flavonoids : including rutin, isorutin, palustroside, cynaroside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-7-O-glucoside Anthracene derivatives
Constantinescu E et al.. (1966) Pharmazie 21:121.
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid
Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
EFFECTS
Jizba J et al., (1971) Tetrahedron Lett 18:1329. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus GrL^hrbuchjder Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Ge.org Q/lms Verlag Hildesheim 1979".
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, the drug is used in folk medicine for swollen ankles and as a diuretic for bladder and kidney irritation. Externally, it is used for poorly healing wounds. The efficacy of this drug has not been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Lady's Bedstraw Galium verum DESCRIPTION
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Currently obsolete but formerly the drug was used internally as a tea and topically in alcoholic extracts as a moist poultice.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried herb. Preparation: To prepare a tea or infusion, pour 250 ml of cold water over 2 heaping teaspoonfuls of die drug, bring to simmering point, simmer for 2 minutes and then allow to draw.
Flower and Fruit: The small lemon-yellow flowers are in dense terminal panicles. The peduncle is very downy. The corolla is 2 to 3 mm wide, usually golden yellow, and smells strongly of honey. The border of the calyx is pointed, and the ovaries are bivalvular and inferior. The fruit is smooth, indehiscent, 1.5 mm long, glabrous and eventually black.
LITERATURE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The true plant is a 30 to 100 cm high herbaceous perennial with a cylindrical, creeping rhizome that sprouts runners. The stem is ascending or erect, bluntly
Bqjthe-Horvath K et al., PH 21:2917-2919. 1982. Borisov MI et al., Rastit Resur 11:351. 1975. Burnett AR, Thomsom RH, (1968) J Clin Soc (6):854.
Daily Dosage: Internally, 2 to 3 cups of tea daily.
456/LADY'S
BEDSTRAW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Corrigan D et al., (1978) Phytochemistry 17:1131.
EFFECTS
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lady's Mantle herb has astringent properties, due to the presence of tannins. It has also been shown to inhibit tumor growth. In mice the total retardation of breast neoplasminduced tumors was achieved using agrimoniin and the average life expectancy of the animals was increased. An extract of the drug hinders the enzymes elastase, trypsin and a-chymotrysin.
Mathe-feet al., (1982) Planta Med 45:158. Raynaud J. Mnajed H, (1972) C R Acad Sci Paris 274:1746. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Diarrhea
Lady's Mantle Alchemilla
vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb collected in the flowering season and dried. Flower and Fruit: The plant has inflorescences of small, insignificant, yellow-green, many-flowered cymes. The perianth is 4-leaved. The flower has 4 stamens, 1 ovary and an inferior style. The fruit is enclosed in the calyx. The flowers are infertile.
Unproven Uses: Lady's Mantle is used for mild and nonspecific diarrhea and gastrointestinal disorders. In folk medicine the drug is used internally for menopausal complaints, dysmenorrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, and as a gargle for mouth and throat inflammation. Externally, it is used for ulcers, eczema, skin rashes and as an additive in baths for the treatment of lower-abdominal ailments. Homeopathic Uses: Alchemilla vulgaris is used for Ieucorrhea and for chronic diarrhea resulting from liver disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Alchemilla vulgaris is a hardy, halfrosette shrub, which grows from 30 to 50 cm. It has a branched stem, which is villous to glabrous. The basal leaves are round, 7- to 9-lobed (dew cup); cauline leaves are shortpetioled to sessile, 5- to 7-lobed, crenate or serrate and villous. Even the older leaves remain more or less folded.
Mode of Administration: Lady's Mantle herb is administered as a cut herb for infusions and decoctions, as well as other galenic preparations for internal use.
Characteristics: Lady's Mantle is odorless and has an astringent taste.
Preparation: Tea: 2 to 4 gm drug to 150 ml hot water left to draw for 10 minutes. .Prepare a fresh batch every day.
Habitat: The plant gfovfs in the Northern Hemisphere from North America, Greenland and Europe to the Mediterranean and Iceland; and Asia from the Caucasus and the Himalayas to Siberia.
Daily Dosage: Lady's Mantle herb is administered in 2 to 4 gm single doses as an infusion; the average daily dose is 5 to 10 gm of herb. The tea is taken 3 times daily between meals.
Production: Lady's Mantle herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts of Alchemilla vulgaris gathered at flowering time, as well as its preparations. It is produced mostly through cultivation. Other Names: Bear's Foot, Leontopodium, Lion's Foot, Nine Hooks, Stellaria
DOSAGE
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules, every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; Ointment: Apply 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1). LITERATURE
Dome AJ et al., PH 25:65-68. 1986.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Filfpek J, The effect of Alchemilla xanthochlora on lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion scavenging acticity. In: PA 47:717-718. 1992.
COMPOUNDS
Geiger C, Rimpler H, PM 56:585-586. 1990.
Bitter
principles
Flavonoids Tannins
Geiger C. Ellagitannine aus Alchemilla xanthochlora ROTHMALER und Potentilla erecta (L.) RAEUSCHEL. Beitrage zur Analytik und Strukturaufklarung. In: Dissertation Universitat Freiburg. 1990.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Schimmer O, Felser C. Alchemilla xanthochlora ROTHM.- Der Frauenmantel. In: ZPT 13(6):207. 1993. Schimmer O, Lindenbaum M, Tannins with antimutagenic properties in the herb of Alchemilla species and Potentilla anserina. In: PM 61(2): 141-145. 1995. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim. 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York. 1995.
LARCH / 4 5 7
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Europe, cultivated in North America. It was first introduced to England in 1639. Production: The balsam of Larix decidua is obtained by drilling into the trunks. The balsam contains up to 20% essential oil. Other Names: European Larch, Common Larch ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (14-15%): chief components: (-)-alpha-pinene (70%), Delta3-carene (10%) (-)-beta-pinene (6.5%), betapyrones (3%) Resins: including among others oleoresin acids (50-65%): including among others laricinolic acid, alpha- and betalaricinolic acid
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Veriagsges. Stuttgart. 1997.
EFFECTS
Laminaria hyperborea
When used externally the drug has a hyperemic and antiseptic effect due the essential oil content. Its use for catarrhal infections of the upper respiratory tract also seems plausible.
See Kelp
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Lamium album See White Nettle
Larch LarfxaecTducL.. _
• • • • • • •
Fevers and colds Cough/bronchitis Tendency for infections Blood pressure problems Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Rheumatism Common cold
Unproven Uses: The drug has been used to treat neuralgic discomforts and furuncles.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the outer bark separated from its outermost layer. Flower and Fruit: The female flowers are cone-shaped, erect, 2 cm long, short-pedicled, round-ovate and encircled by scales at the base. The covering scales turn dark red when in bloom. The male catkins are sessile, about 1.5 cm long, sulfur yellow, ovoid-globular. The seeds are light brown, glossy with 13 mm long and 5 mm wide wings. Leaves, Stem and Root: Larch is a deciduous tree that grows up to 54 m high tree (stunted at high altitudes) with a straight trunk, brown-red bark and pyramid-shaped, sparsely foliated crown. The main branches are horizontal and turned up at the tips. The secondary branches are hanging. The foliage is light green with delicate needles, arranged singly in spiral rows on long shoots and in bushels on short ones. They fall in autumn.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Inhalation may cause acute inflammation of the airway passages. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper external administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Resorptive poisonings, such as kidney and central nervous system damage, are possible with large-area administration. Kidney damage is conceivable with internal administration. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available in form of ointments, gels, emulsions and oils. Preparation: Liquid and semi-solid preparations 10 to 20%.
458/LARCH
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
LITERATURE
um flower are sometimes used as a diuretic and vermifuge, as a sedative and an appetite stimulant. In folk medicine, Larkspur is used occasionally as a diuretic. It was formerly used as an anthelmintic.
Freudenberg K, Weinges K, (1959) Tetrahedron Letters 17:19. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Larix decidua
Although the delphine has a paralyzing effect upon peripheral and motor nerve endings and the central nervous system, poisonings among humans by Delphinium consolida have never been observed.
See Larch
Larkspur Delphinium consolida DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in short racemes and are blue, pink or purple. The petals are fused to a helmet-like form with a honey spur at the back, which reaches into the back of the 5 sepals. There is usually only 1 glabrous ovary, but numerous stamens. The fruit is a follicle with black, flattened seeds, which have sharp edges and a scarred surface. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 40 cm. Larkspur is an annual and has a thin stem that is sparsely branched from the middle. The leaves are alternate and divided into narrow linear sections. The lowers ones are petioled and the upper ones sessile. Habitat:_E^ope,
OVERDOSAGE
western
U.S.
Toxic dosages in animal experiments have led to death through asphyxiation (LD50 rabbits 1.5-3.0 mg/kg body weight, I.V.). Poisonings of animals with fatal results by Delphinium species are particularly frequent in the U.S. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy of Delphinium and its preparations is not documented, a therapeutic administration cannot be recommended. Preparation: Larkspur is found only in teas, often as an inactive ingredient. LITERATURE
Atta-ur-Rahman AM, Nasreen A, Akhtar F, Shekhani MS, Clardy J, Parvez M, Choudhary MI, Antifungal diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium denudatum. J Nat Prod, 60:472-4, 1997 May. Bhandary KK, Ramasubbu N, Joshi BS, Desai HK, Pelletier SW, Structure of delvestine: a norditerpenoid alkaloid from Delphinium vestitum Wall. Acta Crystallogr C, 59:1704-7, 1990 Sep 15.
Production: DetpWfhium flower consists of the* flowers of Delphinium consolida.
Ding LS, Chen WX, Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium kamaonense var. glabrescens. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 59:438-40, 1990.
Not to be Confused With: the flowers of Delphinium oriental.
Gheorgiu A et al., Ann Pharm Frnac 22 (1964), 49.
Other Names: Knight's Spur, Lark Heel, Lark's Claw, Lark's Toe, Staggerweed
Manners GD, Panter KE, Pelletier SW, Structure-activity relationships of norditerpenoid alkaloids occurring in toxic larkspur (Delphinium) species. J Nat Prod, 59:863-9, 1995 Jun.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Diterpene alkaloids: chief alkaloid delphinine The presence of alkaloids has sometimes been described in the literature but they cannot always be found. EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Larkspur is obsolete. It is used only as an inactive ingredient in tea mixtures. Preparations of delphini-
Yum L, Wolf KM, Chiappinelli VA, Description of a scale for rating the clinical response of cattle poisoned by larkspur. Am J Vet Res, 41:488-93, 1991 Mar. Further information in: Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Wonnacott S, Albuquerque EX, Blockade of nicotinic currents in hippocampal neurons defines methyllycaconitine as a potent and specific receptor antagonist. Mol Pharmacol, 41:802-8, 1992 Apr. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Olsen JD, Sisson DV, Toxicity of extracts of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) in mice hamsters rats and sheep. Toxicol Lett, 59:33-41, 1991 Apr. Park JC, Desai HK, Pelletier SW Two new norditerpenoid alkaloi.djjfcom Delphinium elatum var. 'black night'. J Nat Prod, 59:291-5, 1995 Feb. Ralphs MH, Olsen JD, Comparison of larkspur alkaloid extract and lithium chloride in maintaining cattle aversion to larkspur in the field. J Anim Sci, 70:1116-20, 1992 Apr. Siemion RS. Raisbeck MF, Waggoner JW, Tidwell MA, Sanchez DA, In vitro ruminal metabolism of larkspur alkaloids. Vet Hum Toxicol, 34:206-8, 1992 Jun. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Ulubelen A, Desai HK, Srivastava SK, Hart BP, Park JC, Joshi BS, Pelletier SW, Mericli AH. Mericli F, Ilarslan R, Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium davisii. J Nat Prod, 59:360-6, 1996 Apr. Yum L, Wolf KM, Chiappinelli VA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in separate brain regions exhibit different affinities for methyllycaconitine. Neuroscience, 41:545-55, 1996 May.
Laurel
LAUREL/459 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: LAUREL LEAF
Volatile oil (1-3%): chief components 1,8-cineol Sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone, costunolide, furthermore eremanthin, laurenbiolide Isoquinoline alkaloids: including, among others, reticulin COMPOUNDS: LAUREL FRUIT
Volatile oil (1-4%): including, among others, 1,8-cineol, alpha- and beta-pinene, citral, methylcinnamat Sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone, costunolid, furthermore eremanthin, laurenbiolide Fatty oil (25-55%): chief fatty acids lauric, palmitic, oleic acid The green salve-like laurel oil is gained by pressing or cooking the berries. Besides fatty oil, it contains the components of the volatile oil and a large percentage of sesquiterpene lactones. EFFECTS
Laurel leaves are externally rubefacient and allergenic because of die essential oil they contain. An antimicrobial, molluscidal and insect repellent effect has been demonstrated. """*' INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Laurus nobilis
Unproven Uses: Both forms are used as a skin stimulant (rubefacient) and for rheumatic conditions.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the fruit and the oil.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a medium potential for sensitization.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in axillary bushy umbels or sbpjjsgfacemous panicles. They are dioecious, whitishgreen with 4?*p6tals,*fused at the base. The* male flower usually has 10'to"'12 stamens; the female has 4 staminoids. The ovary is short-stemmed with one chamber with a hanging ovule, a short style and a triangular obtuse stigma. The fruit develops on the stem into deep-black 2 cm long ovate berries. Leaves, Stem and Root: Laurel is an evergreen shrub or up to 10 m high tree with smooth, olive green to black bark. The dark-green bay leaves are lanceolate and alternate, about 10 cm long and acuminate at both ends. They are short petioled and their margins are often sinuate and coriaceous. Habitat: Laurel is indigenous to Mediterranean countries. Production: Bay leaves are the leaves of Laurus nobilis. Bay berries are the fruits of Laurus nobilis. Other Names: Sweet Bay, True Laurel, Bay, Roman Laurel, Noble Laurel, Daphne, Bay Laurel, Bay Tree, Grecian Laurel
DOSAGE
LAUREL LEAF
Mode of Administration: The essential oil is used in ointments and soaps. LAUREL FRUIT
Mode of Administration: The mixture of essential and fatty oils, extracted through pressing, was formerly used in the treatment of furuncles; today Laurel is used externally in veterinary medicine, as an udder ointment. LITERATURE
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed erlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Hogg JW et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:868. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
460/LAUREL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Novak M. (1985) Phytochemistry 24(4):585.
EFFECTS
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The drug has anti-inflammatory, digestive, stimulation of menstruation, and anthelmintic effects.
Steinegger ET Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tada H' eTaL (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:667. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Tori K et aL (1976) Tetrahedron Lett 5:387.
Laurus nobilis See Laurel
Unproven Uses: Lavender Cotton is used for digestive disorders, PMS, worm infestation, stomach complaints and also to treat jaundice.
—
^
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used internally as an infusion, but medicinal use has generally ceased. LITERATURE
Becchi M, Carrier M, (1980) Planta Med 38(3):267.
Lavandula angustifolia See English Lavender
Giner R et al., (1986) Planta Med 6:83P. Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lavender Cotton
. — _
.
Santolina chamaecyparissias
Lawsonia inermis
DESCRIPTION
See Henna
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the herb. Flower and Fruit: The yellow flower heads are 1 cm wide, almost semi-globular, long-pedicled, homogamous and without lingual florets. The corolla tube is compressed and somewhat winged, with a one-sided appendage. The fruit is glabrous.^ Leaves, Stem affd foot: The evergreen plant fs a bushy, aromatic subshrub with brittle branches. There are 4 compact rows of small leaves that are narrow, linear, 2 to 3 cm wide, fleshy, obtuse, paired-pinate, gray-tomentose, and occasionally green.
Ledum latifolium See Labrador Tea
Lemna minor See Duckweed
Habitat: The plant is common in the Mediterranean region. Characteristics: The plant has a strong scent similar to that of chamomile. Production: Lavender Cotton is the aerial part of Santolina chamaecyparissias. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1%): chief components artemisiaketone (3,5,6trimethyl-l,5-heptadien-4-one, 65%), as well as myrcene, alpha-pinene Alkaloids
Lemon Citrus limon DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the juice, peel and oil of the fruit. Flower and Fruit: Flowers are arranged singly or in short, sparsely flowered racemes, hermaphrodite or functionally male. The petals are suffused with purple on the outer surface. There are 25 to 40 stamens in coherent groups. The fruit is yellow when ripe and grows to 6.5 to 12.5 cm. It is 8-
«
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
to I0-locular, oblong or ovoid, with a broad, low, mamilliform projection at the apex. The rind is somewhat rough to almost smooth. The pulp is acidic. Leaves, Stem and Root: Citrus limon is a small tree, growing 0k only 3 to" 6 m talf with twigs that are angular when young and soon become rounded and glabrous with stout axillary spines. The leaves are pale green, broadly elliptical, acute and serrate or crenate. The petiole has a flat wing or is merely margined and is distinctly articulated with the lamina. Habitat: The tree is indigenous to northern India, cultivated in Mediterranean regions and worldwide in subtropical regions. Production: Lemons are the fruit, lemon peel is the skin of the fruit and lemon oil the essential oil extracted from the skins of Citrus limon. Other Names: Limon ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil in the fresh and dehydrated peel: chief components (+)-limonene in addition to citral (as an odor-bearer), m n-nonanal, n-decanal, n-dodecanal, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetat, citronellyl acetat, methyl anthranilate; also in pressed oils, lipophilic flavinoids, including sinensetin, nobiletin and furocoumarins Flavonoids: in particular the bitter neohesperidosides naringin and neohesperidin dyhydro chalcones, furthermore hesperidin, rutin and ericitrim EFFECTS
The cj^D^avonoids in lemon affect vascular permeability and are anti?infJ*immatory, diuretic and a^ source of vitamin C. • - ~
LEMON BALM / 4 6 1 DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Lemon is used internally in the form of oil, tincture or fresh fruit. LITERATURE
Calomme M et al.. Inhibition of bacterial mutagenisis by Citrus flavonoids. In: PM 62(3):222-226. 1996. Calomme M et al., PM 62:222. 1996. Clavarano I, Essenze Deriv. Agrum 36:5. 1966. Horowitz RM, Gentili B, Tetrahedron 19:773. 1963. Paris R, (1977) Plant Med Phytother 1 l(Suppl):129. Paris R, Delavean P. (1977) Plant Med Phytother 1 l(SuppI):198. Further information in: Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Oliver-Bever B (Ed.). Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. London 1986. Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. * ' Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
"
Unproven Uses: Lemon is used as a source of vitamin C in cases of general low resistance, scurvy and colds. In folk medicine, lemon juice was recommended as a drink for fever, as a remedy for acute rheumatism and as an antidote to intoxicants, particularly opium. Additional traditional uses that are still recommended include sunburn, and as a quinine substitute for malaria or to reduce body temperature in typhus patients. Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include as a remedy for shaking and heartburn. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization through skin contact with volatile oil.
Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis TRADE NAMES
Lemon Balm (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product), Melissa Lemon Balm Herb, Quanterra Sleep DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted by distillation, the dried leaves, the fresh leaves and the whole plant. Flower and Fruit: The small white bilabiate flowers are in 6 one-sided false whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. The
462/LEMON
BALM
calyx is campanulate, bilabiate, and it has a shortly dentate upper lip. The corolla tube is curved upward. The upper lip is slightly domed and divided in two parts, the lower lip is 3lobed with an extended middle lobe. The flower has 4 stamens. The fruit is an oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 2 mm long and chestsyit-brown, nutlet. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that grows up to 90 cm high, with an erect, quadrangular, branched and sparsely haired to glabrous stem. The leaves are petiolate and have an ovate to rhomboid, 2 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 5 cm wide crenate leaf blade, which is shortly pointed at the end, and stunted or wedge-shaped at the base. It is usually only pubescent above or completely glabrous. Characteristics: Before flowering, the taste and smell is lemon-like, later becoming astringent to balm-like and warming. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the east Mediterranean region and west Asia, and is cultivated in central Europe or established in the wild. Production: Lemon balm is the fresh or dried leaves of Melissa officinalis as well as its preparations. The leaves are collected before flowering or before there is too much branching. Leaves and stem are separated and comminuted and dried quickly at temperatures between 30 to 40° C. Not to be Confused With: Nepeta cataria. var. citriodora (lemon cat mint). Other Names: Balm, Sweet Mary, Honey Plant, Cure-AH, Dropsy Plant, Melissa ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatit&f&ft-*{(W2-0.8%): chief components geranial (citral a), neral (citral "S), citronellal (together 40^75% of the volatile oil, aroma-carrier), furthermore, linalool, geraniol, geranylactetate, methyl citronellate, trans-P-ocimene, 1-Octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-on. beta-caryophyllene, caryophyllebepoxide, germacren D, eugenol Glycosides: of the alcoholic or phenolic components of the volatile oil, for example eugenol glucoside Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmaric acid (up to 4.7%) Flavonoids: including among others cynaroside, cosmosiin, rhamnocitrin, isoquercitrin Triterpene acids: including among others ursolic acid. Only the very fresh drug (maximum 6 months old) is usable as a sedative, because of the low volatile oil content and its high volatility; the requirements of the German-language medication texts do not take this into consideration (no minimum content requirement given).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES EFFECTS
The drug has mild sedative and carminative, spasmolytic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-oxidative and anti-hormonal effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Nervousness and insomnia The drug is used for nervous agitation and sleeping problems. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is utilized as decoctions of the flowering shoots for nervous complaints, lower abdominal disorders, meteorism, nervous gastric complaints, hysteria and melancholia, chronic bronchial catarrh, nervous palpitations, vomiting, migraine, nervous debility, headache and high blood pressure. It is used externally for rheumatism, nerve pains and stiff necks (compress). Homeopathic Uses: Melissa officinalis is used for menstrual irregularities. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, herb powder, liquid extracts or dry extracts for teas and other galenic preparations; liquid and solid forms for internal and external use; combinations with other sedative and/or carminative herbs may be beneficial. How Supplied: . . Capsules — 395 mg Preparation: To prepare an infusion pour one cup of hot water over 1.5 to 4.5 gm of the drug and strain after 10 minutes. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1.5 to 4.5 gm of drug. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). Storage: Store in well-sealed, non-plastic containers, protected from light and moisture for up to 1 year. LITERATURE
Aufmkolk M, (1985) Endocrinology 116(5): 1687. Aufmkolk M et al., (1984) Endocrinology 115(2):527. Aufmkolk M et al., (1984) Horm Metab Res 16(4): 183.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Brieskom CH, Krause W, (1974) Arch Pharm 307(8):603. Buechner KH et al., (1974) Med Klein. 69(23): 1032. Chlabicz J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(11):770. Cohen RA, Kucera LS, Herrmann EC Jr, Antiviral activity of Melissa Brficihalis "(Limon Balm) extract. In: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 117:431-434. 1964. Czygan FC, Melisse - Objekt der Grundlagenforschung. In: DAZ 132(12):599. 1992. De Jong CAG. (1978) Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 112(3):82. Enjalbert F et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 2:59. Forster HB et al,. (1980) Planta Med 40(4):309. Hermann EC Jr., Kucera LS, Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (Labiatae): II. Nontanninia polyphenols of Melissa officinalis. In: Proc soc Exp Bio Med 124:869. 1967. Koch-Heitzmann I, Schultze W, 2000 Jahre Melissa officinalis. Von der Bienenpflanze zum Virustatikum. In: ZPT 9(3):77. 1988.
LEMON V E R B E N A / 4 6 3
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Kiimel G, Stoll L, Brendel M, Herpes simplex. Therapie mit rezeptfreien Topika. In: DAZ 131(30):1609. 1991. Kucera LS, Hermann EC Jr, (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124:865 et 874.
Lemon Verbena
Mohrig A, Melissenextrakt bei Herpes simplex - die Alternative zu Nucleosid-Analoga. In: DAZ 136(50):4575-4580. 1996.
Aloys ia trip hy I la -••-•
Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oil of vervain as a distillate of the fresh twigs and the dried leaves and stems.
Ozarowski A, (1982) Wiad 4:7. Pertz H, Naturally occuring clavines: Antagonism/partial agonism at 5-HT2alpha receptors and antogonism at alpha 1adrenoceptors in blood vessel. In: PM 62(5)387-392. 1996. Richter T, Melissa officinalis - Ein Leitmotiv fur 1000 Jahre MedizinggscWehte. In: DAZ 133(41):3723. 1993. Sarer E, Kokdil G,^Cpnstituterits of the essential ofl from Melissa officinalis. In: PM 57:89. 1991. Schultze W, Konig WA, Hilker A, Richter R, Melissenole. In: DAZ 135(7):557-577. 1995. Thieme H, Kithe C, (1973) Pharmazie 28(1 ):69. Uehleke B, Phytobalneologie. In: ZPT 17(l):26-43. 1996. Vogt HJ, Tausch I, Wobling RH, Kaiser PM (1991) Melissenextrakt bei Herpes simplex." Allgemeinarzt 14:832-841. Wagner H, Sprinkmeyer L, (1973) Dtsch Apoth Z 113:1159. Walz A, Melisse hilft heilen. In: DAZ 136(2):26. 1996. 'Wolbling RH, Milbradt R, (1984) Therapiewoche 34(9): 1193. Zitiert nach: Koch- Heitzmann I, Schultze W, (1984) Melissa officinalis. Eine alte Arzneipflanze mit neue therapeutischen Wirkungen. Dtsch Apoth Z 124:2137-2145. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous small flowers in panicle-like spikes. The hairy calyx is about 3 mm long with 4 tips. The petals are white or bluish, and fused to a 4 to 5 mm long funnel at the base. There are 2 short and 2 long stamens in the funnel. Leaves, Stem and Root: Aloysia triphylla is an up to 3 m tall shrub. The branches are striate and scabrous. They bear leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 on the stem. The leaves are entiremargined, short-petioled, lanceolate and about 7 to 10 cm long. They have lateral veins almost at right angles to the midrib, and are dotted on the underside with oil-bearing glands. Characteristics: The leaves have a lemony fragrance. Habitat: The plant originated in Argentina, Chile and Peru, and is cultivated in most other warmer countries. Main countries of cultivation are Algeria, Chile, Israel and Morocco. Production: Lemon Verbena leaves are the leaves and stems, in whole and ground form, of Aloysia triphylla. The shrubs are propagated by runners or cuttings. They are cut from the second year of growth, in the month of July, before flowering. The young lateral branches appear in October. They are dried rapidly in thin layers or bundles. The dried
464/LEMON VERBENA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Herb Louisa, Lemon-Scented Verbena
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Killacky J et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:310.
COM^ttJ'NDS
Rimpler H, Sauerbier H, Biochem Syst Ecol 14:307-310. 1986.
leaves are then stripped off. The harvest consists of approximately 10,000 kg of the leaf drug per hectare.
'
Volatile oil: main constituents are geraniol and neral Flavonoids: including apigenin-, diosmetin- and luteoIin-7O-glucosides. in addition to mono-, di- and trimethoxyflavones, including eupatorin. (See Lippiae triphylla aetherolum.)
Skalta H, Shammas G, PM 54:265. 1988. Tomas-Barberan FA, Harborne JB, Self R, PH 26:2281-2284. 1987. Torrent Marti MT, Rev R Acad Farm (Barcelona) 14:39-55. 1976.
Iridoids: iridoid glycosides including geniposidic acid EFFECTS
The leaves are considered to be antispasmodic, sedative and are a febrifuge. There are no up-to-date studies available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In France, Lemon Verbena is used in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders, agitation and insomnia. The drug has also been used in the treatment of febrile hemorrhoids, varicose veins and impure skin. In Morocco it is also used for chills and constipation. Efficacy has not been proven in any of these areas. The plant is used as an inactive ingredient to improve the flavor in medicinal teas. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In France, the infusion is available in vat^^rcstaurantsjiinder the name "Vervaine oderante." Used in various medicinal preparations 'and tea mixtures. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 5 to 29 g of the leaf per 1 liter of water. Daily Dosage: Drink 2 to 5 cups of the infusion during the course of the day. In preparations with a high water content (such as instant teas), the daily dose equivalent should not exceed 10 g. The upper limit for daily dosages of powders and tinctures is 5 g. Storage: The drug must be stored in sealed containers, protected from light and dampness. LITERATURE
Breitweiser K, (1943) Pharmaz Ind 10:76. Carnat A, Carnat AP, Chavignon O, Heitz A, Wylde R, Lamaison JL, Luteolin 7-diglucuronide the major flavonoid compound from Aloysia triphylla and Verbena officinalis. Planta Med, 61:490, 1995 Oct.
Lemon-Wood Schisandra sphenanthera DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Medicinal properties are attributed to the fruit and seed of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in clusters with a few blossoms in the axils of the bracts. There are 5 to 8 tepals. The perigone of the male flowers has 5 to 8 sections and 11 to 19 stamens. The female flowers have a similar perigone and 30 to 50 ovaries. The fruit is elongate-elliptical, slim and hangs in aggregate clusters. The individual fruit is round, fleshy, brown-red to dark brown and berry-like. Leaves, Stem and Root: The dioecious Schisandra sphenanthera has leaves that are alternate and arranged like whorls on short shoots. The petiole is J to 3 cm long. The lamina is dark green to-brown, 5 to 11 cm long and 3 to 7 cm wide. It is ovate to elliptical, acute at both ends and serrate to dentate. The young branches are purple. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China. Production: Southern schisandra fruit is the dried, ripe fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Lignans (in the seeds 2 to 10%): dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives, including schizandrins A and B, schizandrols A and B, schizantherins A to E, additional lignans with other parent substances, including epigalbacin, anwulignan, ganschisandrin Fatty oil (in the seeds)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EFFECTS
Various lignans have been isolated from the drug that are also present in Schisandra chinensis; some of the action mechanisms described there may also apply to Schisandra sphenapjhera. (See Schisandra chinensis.) INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: The plant is used for dyspnea, coughs caused by disturbance of lung function, dry mouth, thirst, spontaneous or night sweats, nocturia, insomnia, amnesia and anxiety states. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole drug and preparations for internal use. Preparation: To prepare Cuwuweizi powder, the drug is evaporated in the ratio of 1:5 with vinegar in closed containers until the surface turns black. The product is then ground to a powder. Daily Dosage: The literature has no information. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Liu CS, Fang SD, Huang MF, Kao YL, Hsu JS, Studies on the active principles of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. The structures of schisantherin A, B, C, D, E and the related comfja*m!?LiSci Sin. 21:483-502, 1978 Jul-Aug.
LEMONGRASS / 4 6 5
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cymbopogon citratus is a perennial plant with a smooth and glabrous stalk up to 2 m. The leaf blade is linear, acuminate, up to 90 cm long and 5 mm wide and smooth on both sides. The leaf sheaths are round, glabrous and smooth. The ligule is paper-like and less than 1 mm long. CYMBOPOGON NARDUS
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is very large and consists of a 1-meter long spike with numerous racemes up to 20 mm long and arranged in zigzag order. The sessile spike is 5 mm long. The lower spelt is oblong-lanceolate, usually flat, narrowly winged with 3 ribs. The awn, if there is one, is 5 mm long. The petiolar spike is 5 mm long, and the lower spelt lanceolate has 7 ribs. Leaves, Stem and Root: Cymbopogon nardus is a perennial plant with a stalk that grows up to 2 to 2.5 m. It is smooth arid glabrous. The leaf blade is up to 1 m long and 1.5 cm wide and usually light green. The upper surface is smooth, the lower surface and the margin are rough. The leaf sheaths are glabrous and yellowish-green. The basal leaf sheaths are also glabrous but green to reddish. The ligule is paper-like and about 1 mm long. Characteristics: Cymbopogon species have essential oils in tube-like cells with corked walls. Habitat: Citronella grass was originally indigenous to the tropics and the subtropics of the Old World. Today it is cultivated in Central and South America and Queensland, Australia. Production: Lemongrass consists of the above-ground parts of Cymbopogon citratus. West Indian Lemongrass oil consists of the es'se'ntial oil from Cymbopogon citratus. Citronella oil consists of the essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus.
Lemongrass
Other Names: Citronella, Fevergrass
Cymbopogon citratus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
COMPOUNDS: LEMONGRASS LEAVES
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves and the Lemongrass oil of Cymbopogon citratus and the citronella oil from Cymbopogon nardus.
Volatile oil (0.2-0.4%) COMPOUNDS: LEMONGRASS LEAVES
Citral (65-86%) CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 30 cm long and have false spikes with reddish brown sheaths 15 to 25 mm long. The racemes are 15 to 17 mm long. The sessile spikelet is 6 mm long and the upper spelts are 0.7 mm wide, lanceolate, narrowly winged, flattened at the back, slightly concave and ribless in the lower part. The stemmed spikelet is 4.5 mm long, and the lower spelt is 0.7 mm wide. Inflorescences are rarely formed on this variety.
Myrcene (12-20%) COMPOUNDS: CITRONELLA OIL
Citronellal (32-45%) Geraniol (12-25%) Geranyl acetate (3-8%) Citronellyl acetate (1-4%)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
466/LEMONGRASS EFFECTS
In rats, i.v. administration of an infusion caused a drop in arterial pressure and a mild diuretic effect. The oral administration of an imprecise amount of extract caused a drop in temperature and tendency to lengthen intestinal passage^ dme. Because of the small number of experiments carried out, a hypotensive action cannot be considered as conclusively proven. The essential oil has an antibacterial effect in animal tests: in higher doses, it has a sedative/ analgesic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Externally, Lemongrass is used for lumbago, neuralgic and rheumatic pain, sprains, and as a mild astringent. Internally, the herb is used for gastrointestinal symptoms and mild states of agitation. Indian Medicine: Lemongrass is used for intestinal parasites, stomach complaints, flatulence, leprosy, bronchitis and fever. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The application of salves with the volatile oil upon the skin has led in rare cases to signs of allergy. A toxic alveolitis was observed in 2 cases following inhalation of the volatile oil. DOSAGE
No information is available. Storage: Store in air-tight containers protected from light. LITERATURE
De Silva MG, Mfg Chemist 30:415-416. 1959. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuchdgr Pharrnazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (r>ogenOTopringer. yejlag Berlin, Heidelberg, Newjfork, 19921994. *:\ ^ , Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Sarer E, Scheffer JJC, Svendsen AB, Composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) STAPF cultivated in turkey. In: Sci Pharm 51:58. 1983. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Leonurus cardiaca See Motherwort
Leonurus japonicus See Chinese Motherwort
Lepidium sativum See Garden Cress
Leptandra virginica See Black Root
Lesser Celandine Ranunculus ficaria DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh herb. Flower and Fruit: The golden yellow flowers have a diameter of 25 mm. The calyx usually has 3 sepals, the corolla 8 or more petalswhich are glossy and spread out in a star-shape. Since the petals are green underneath, the flowers are inconspicuous when closed. There are numerous stamens and ovaries. The fruit is 1-seeded and indehiscent. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 5 to 15 cm high. The stems are decumbent and bear bulbils in the leaf axils. The leaves, like the stems, are glabrous and fleshy. The lower ones are long-petioled, alternate and orbicular-cordate. The upper ones are 5-lobed. There are-fleshy, cylindrical clavate tubers between the roots. Characteristics: The herb has a hot, unpleasant taste and is toxic. Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. Production: Lesser Celandine is the fresh herb of Ranunculus ficaria. Other Names: Pilewort, Figwort, Smallwort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
The glycoside ranunculin as protoanemonine-forming agent: The freshly-harvested plant (0.06-0.35% of the fresh weight, of which only 3% of the overall content of the plant is contained in the leaves, 68% in the stalks, 2 5 % in the blossoms) changes enzymatically when it is cut into small pieces, and probably also when it is dried, into the pungent, volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to non-mu-
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
cus-membrane-irritating anemonine. When dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine-formation. EFFECTS
Active agents are tannin, the alkaloids chelidonin and ^ cholerytrin, the saponin fikarin and large quantities of vitamin C.
LESSER G A L A N G A L / 4 6 7
Further information in: Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Unproven Uses: Lesser Celandine is used for scurvy, treatment of bleeding wounds, gums and swollen joints.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
The dangers of irritation of the skin and mucus membranes are relatively low with pilewort. The consumption of small quantities of the fresh leaf sheaths (before blossoming; the stem should be discarded) as a springtime salad is unproblematic. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with the freshly-harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister formation and cauterizations which are difficult to heal due - to the resulting protoanemonine, that is severely irritating to ^ skin and mucus membranes. If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritations of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution; in case of internal contact, administration of activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage. OVERDOSAGE ..***• }sr* —
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in animal experiments. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground and as an extract. The drug extracts can be added to baths to treat hemorrhoids, warts and scratches. LITERATURE
Lesser Galangal Alpinia
officinarum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the rhizome. Flower and Fruit: Galangal is a perennial plant. It is similar in appearance to the sword lily. Leaves, Stem and Root: Lesser Galangal has a dark, reddishbrown, cylindrical rhizome about 1 to 2 cm in diameter and 3 to 6 cm long. The stem is marked at short intervals with raised rings, which are the scars of the leaf bases. Stems are up to 1.5 m with long narrow lanceolate leaves bearing racemes of orchid-shaped flowers, white and veined red. A fracture of the rhizome is hard and tough, showing a pale inside with a darker central column. Characteristics: Lesser' Galangal has a pungent and spicy taste. The odor is aromatic, rather like ginger. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China and entered Europe via India and Arabia in the Middle Ages. Production: Lesser Galangal consists of the dried rhizome of Alpinia officinarum. Not to be Confused With: The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga and other Alpina species
Kolesnik et al., (1963) CA 59:7856.
Other Names: Galanga, East India Root, Chinese Ginger, China Root, India Root, East India Catarrh Root, Gargaut, Colic Root, Catarrh Root, Galangal
Pourrat H, Pourrat A, (1966) Bull Soc Chim Franc 2410.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Pourrat H et al., (1979) Ann Pharm Franc 37:441. Pourrat H et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40:373. Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963. Texier O et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(12):2903.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components-sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene alcohols Diarylheptanoids: mixture termed galangol, some of them pungent substances
468/LESSER
GALANGAL
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gingerole: phenyl alkanones, pungent substances Starch
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tannin Flavonoids: including kaempferide
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
galangin,
galangin-3-methylether,
EFFECTS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
The plant is said to have antispasmodic, antiphlogistic and antibacterial properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Dyspeptic complaints • Loss of appetite Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include painful upper abdominal syndrome of the Roemheld complex type, sluggish digestion, and for liver and gallbladder complaints. Additional uses include fevers and colds, cough/bronchitis, tendency for infections, and inflammation of the mouth and pharynx. Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for pain, particularly stomach pain. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not reported. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and powder, as well as other galenic preparations for oral administration. Preparation: Infusion - Pour boiling water over 0.5 to 1 g drug and strain after 10 minutes. Daily Dosages^lno 4r g. The infusion dosage-is 1 cup 30 minutes before' meals. LITERATURE
Levant Cotton Gossypium herbacewn DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root bark, the fresh inner-root bark and the seeds. Flower and Fruit: The yellow flowers have a dark red spot at the base of the petals. The calyx is 2 to 2.5 cm long. The bracts are broadly deltate-ovate to semicircular, usually at least as wide as long. Their margins have 6 to 8 acute or shortly acuminate teeth, usually less than 3 times as long as wide. The fruit is beak-shaped, terminally rounded, up to 18 mm long, with 3 to 4 chambers. The seeds, which are embedded in the hairs, are square with gray pubescense. Leaves, Stem and Root: Gossypium herbaceum is an evergreen shrub 2 m high and 1 to 1.5 m wide. The few branches are glabrous to sparsely haired and foliated. The leaves are broadly cordate, coriaceous, reticulate, pubescent with undulate margins. They have a short tip and narrow base. Habitat: The variety is indigenous to Asia and Africa. Today it is mainly cultivated in Egypt, China, India, Anatolia and the southern U.S. Other Names: Cotton Root, Cotton
Collins KR, Pat EP 25649 (1981) Europe.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
De Pooler HL, et al., PH 24:93. 1985.
COMPOUNDS
Haraguchi H, et al., Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell growth. In: PM 62(4):308-313. 1996.
Volatile oil (traces): including with beta-bisabolol Resinous substance: containing, among others, salicylic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
Haraguchi H, et al., PM 62:308. 1996. Itokawa H, et al., (1987) Planta Med 53(1 ):32.
Dimeric sesquiterpenes: (+)-gossypol, (+) -gossypol, p-hemigossypol in some strains presumably in very low quantities)
Mitsui S, et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:2377. Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed., CRC Press, 1975. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
The drug has not been investigated in recent times. EFFECTS
A histamine-releasing effect has been observed in vitro, in the lung tissue of pigs. The drug also appears to have emmenagogic, oxytocic and contraceptive (male) effects, but constituents have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LICORICE. 4 6 9
oxytocic effect, similar to that of secale, has been observed in animal experiments, making its use as a contraction stimulant seem plausible.
from two cotton species using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biol (Mosk), 26:432-40, Mar-Aprl992. Dai RX et al., (1978) Acta Biol Exp Sinica 11:27.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Dorsett PH et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64:1073.
Unproven Uses:, The drug has many indications in folk medicine, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, nausea, fever, headache, diarrhea and dysentery; as an oxytoxic, to expel the afterbirth, for urethritis, nerve inflammation, poor lactation, metrorrhagia, hemorrhage, menorrhagia and atonic amenorrhea, painful menstruation and climacteric complaints.
Hamasaki Y, Tae HH, (1985) Biochim Biophys Acta 843(11:37. Liu ZQ et al., In: Recent Advances in Fertility Regulation. Beijing 1980, Eds. C. C. Fen et al. Pub. S. A. Atar. Geneva 1981.
Chinese Medicine: Cotton is used in China as a male contraceptive. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used chiefly in gynecology to treat menstrual disturbances, menstrual bleeding, morning sickness and uterine bleeding. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Pregnancy: Cotton is not to be administered during pregnancy, except at delivery. OVERDOSAGE
In animal studies, numerous poisonings, some of them fatal, have been observed following long-term feeding with large quantities of cotton seed press cakes. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used as a decoction, liquid extract and tincture, as well as in combination with secale^h^drastis, chaemaelirium and leonurus. Preparatioris!*Tirfcture and liquid extracfof 2 to 4 ml, liquid extract 20 to 40 drops per single dose. Daily Dosage: The standard single dose to be taken internally is 2 g of the drug, or 10 g of a 20% decoction, i.e. 1 teaspoonful for a single-dose decoction. The dosage of the liquid extract administered during labor is a single dose of 1 to 2 level teaspoonfuls, with another similar dose given 2 to 4 times daily after the birth as a post-natal styptic. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). Storage: Store Cotton in well-filled containers, protected from light and heat. LITERATURE
Byzova MV, Kraev AS, Pozmogova GE, Skriabin KG, Molecular characteristics of chalcone synthase gene families
Qian SZ et al., (1980) Chin Med J 93:477. Stipanovic RD et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1077. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), JMedicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London 1986. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Zheng MS, Zhang YZ Anti-HBsAg herbs employing ELISA technique. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 26:560-2 518. Sep1990.
Levisticum officinale See Lovage
Liatris spicata See Marsh"Blazing Star
Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra TRADE NAMES
Licorice Root (available from numerous manufacturers) Wild Countryside Licorice Root, Standardized Licorice, Licorice Power, Phyto Power, Licorice
4 7 0 /LICORICE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the unpeeled, dried roots and the runners, the peeled dried roots, and the rhizome with the roots. Flower and Fruit: The axillary inflorescences are upright. spike-like and 10 to 15 cm long. The individual flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm long, bluish to pale violet and short-pedicled. The calyx is short, bell-shaped and glandular-haired. The tips of the calyx are longer than the tube, and are pointed lanceolate. The petals are narrow, the carina petals are not fused, and they are pointed but not beaked. The fruit is a pod, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, and 4 to 6 mm wide. It is erect and splayed, flat with thick sutures, glabrous, somewhat reticulate-pitted, and usually has 3 to 5 brown, reniform seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial. It is 1 to 2 m high and has a long sturdy primary taproot. The taproot is 15 cm long and subdivides into 3 to 5 subsidiary roots, 1.25 m in length. There are several horizontal woody stolons which may reach 8 m. New stems are produced every year. They are sturdy, erect, branched either from the base or from further up, and are generally rough at the top. The foliage leaves are alternate, odd pinnate and 10 to 20 cm long. The leaflets are in 3 to 8 pairs. The stipules are very small and drooping. Habitat: Individual varieties of Glycyrrhiza are found in different regions. Glycyrrhiza glanulifera is found in southeastern Europe and western Asia. Glycyrrhiza pallida and violocea are found in Iraq. Glycyrrhiza typica is indigenous to southern Europe and southwest Asia. Production: Licorice root consists of the peeled and unpeeled, dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra. I irnrir^jtiipg is the extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. . ..**•' 7*
"*
...
•• ~
Other Names: Sweet Root, sweet wort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: LICORICE EXTRACT
Triterpene saponins (3-15%): (according to DAB 1996, 46% in the adjusted Licorice extract, according to D AC 1995, 5-7% in the dry Licorice extract): chief components are glycyrrhetic acid (sweet-tasting, aglycone 18 beta^glycyrrhetic acid, salts termed glycyrrizin) Flavonoids: aglycones, including liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin (its chalcone), isolicoflavonol Isoflavonoids: aglycones formononetin, glabren, glabridin, glabrol, 3-hydroxyglabroI, glycyrrhisoflavone Cumestan derivatives: glycyrol, isoglycyrol, liqcoumarin Hydroxycoumarins: including herniarin, umbelliferone, glycycoumarin, licopyranocumarin
The drug contains considerably more free flavonoid and isoflavonoid aglycones than the root drug does, due to the hydrolysis that takes place during the extraction procedure. COMPOUNDS: LICORICE ROOT
Triterpene saponins (3-15%): chief components glycyrrhetic acid (sweet-tasting, aglycone 18beta-glycyrrhetic acid, salts termed glycyrrhizin), 18-alpha-glycrrhetic acid, glycyrrhetic acid methyl ester, glabric acid, glabrolide, uralenic acid Flavonoids: aglycones including liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin (its chalcone), isolicoflavonol, isoliquiritin, licoricidin Isoflavonoids: aglycones formononetin, glabren, glabridin, glabrol, 3-hydroxygIabrol, glycyrrhisoflavone Cumestan derivatives: glycyrol, isoglycyrol, liquocoumarin Hydroxycoumarins: including herniarin, umbelliferone, glycycoumarin, licopyranocoumarin Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol Volatile oil (very little): with anethole, estragole, eugenol, hexanoic acid EFFECTS: LICORICE EXTRACT AND ROOT
Anti-Inflammatory/Anti-platelet Effects Glabridin exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of tyrosinase activity, superoxide anion production, and cyclooxygenase activity (Yokota, 1998). Licoricidin, a potent compound in the root, has an inhibitory effect on isoPAF(platelet-activating factor) acetyltransferase resulting in anti-inflammatory activity (Nagumo, 1999). Isoliquiritigenin, an aldose reductase inhibitor, exerts anti-platelet effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase activity (Tawata, 1992). The anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrrhizin is attributed to its anti-thrombin action through inhibition of thrombin induced platelet aggregation (Francischetti, 1997). Antiulcer Effects Licorice has protective effects against gastric ulcers induced by aspirin (Dehpour, 1994). Licorice has the ability to release endogenous secretin, which is a potential mediator of the antiulcer actions (Shiratori, 1986). Carbenoxolone, a succinate derivative of glycyrrhetic acid, has been shown to accelerate the healing of ulcers (Barbara, 1979; Bianchi, 1985). Deglycyrrhizinated licorice is also effective for healing ulcers and lacks undesirable side effects seen with carbenoxolone (Morgan, 1982).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Antiviral/Antifiingal Effects Glycyrrhizin suppresses the secretion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HbsAg) in patients with HBV. The compound is thought to bind to hepatocytes at a concentration able to modify the expression of HBV-related antigens on the hepatocytes and suppress sialylation of HbsAg (Sato, 1996). Glycyrrhizin stimulates interferon gamma produced by T-cells for an antiviral effect against influenza virus infection (Utsunomiya, 1997). Antiviral action of glycyrrhizin on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) occurs by inhibiting replication through interference with virus-cell binding and also suppression of giant cell formation. (Ito, 1987; Nakashima, 1987). Glycyrrhizin induces CD4 T cells, which suppress type 2 cytokines produced by burn-associated type 2 T cells. This improves resistance to Candida alibicans associated with thermal injury (Utsunomiya, 1999). Mineralcorticoid Effects Licorice inhibits the enzyme 11-beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney, which leads to decreased transformation of Cortisol into cortisone. The mineralocorticoid action of Cortisol causes a decrease in serum potassium and an increase in serum sodium concentration resulting in retention of water, causing weight increase and hypertension (Palermo, 1996). Glycyrrhetic acid, the hydrolytic metabolite of glycerrhizic acid causes the inhibition of peripheral metabolism of Cortisol and produces a pseudo-aldosteronelike effect (Heikens, 1995). Licorice induces high blood pressure also through inhibition of NADPH-dependent short chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzymes in the kidney (Duax, 1998). MisceUerteoys. Effects Glabridin has been shown to inhibit UVB induced pigmentation and erythema in skins of giunea pigs (Yokota, 1998). Isoliquiritin inhibits granuloma angiogenesis in a concentration dependent manner (Kobayashi, 1995). Glycyrrhizin has therapeutic effects on liver dysfunction associated with cytomegalovirus infection (Numazaki, 1994). Glycyrrhizin has complementary effects on intracelluar calcium mobilization to block neuromuscular transmission (Dezaki, 1995). Licorice exerts a choleretic effects through glycyrrhizin and other unknown components (Raggi, 1995). CLINICAL TRIALS
Gastric Ulcer A double-blind study involving thirty-four patients was conducted to compare carbenoloxalone and pirenzepine for treatment of a chronic gastric ulcer. Carbenoxalone was administered as 300 mg daily for 1 week followed by 150 mg daily for 5 weeks. Pimzepine was administered as 150 mg daily for 6 weeks. There was no significant difference
LICORICE/471
between the groups at the end of the treatment period with ulcers healed in 59% of the pirenzepine group and in 52% of the carbenoxolone group. The healing rates in this study do not compare well with reported treatment success rates of H2-receptor antagonists (Bianchi, 1985). Peptic Ulcer A randomized, single-blind trial compared the efficacy of deglycyrrhizinated licorice (Caved-S®) to cimetidine in 100 patients with peptic ulcer disease. The patients were administered either cimetidine 200 mg 3 times daily plus 400 mg at night or Caved-S plus antacid combination, 2 tablets to be chewed 3 times a day between meals. Caved-S® was as effective as cimetidine for healing peptic ulcers over 6 and 12 weeks but was slower in reducing night pain from peptic ulcer. The medications were equally effective and superior to placebo for the prevention of recurrences with peptic ulcers. Endoscopic evaluation showed healing of ulcers in 60% and 66% of the Caved-S and cimetidine groups, respectively at the end of 6 weeks. After 12 weeks, healing had occurred in 88% and 94%, respectively (Morgan et al, 1982). Hepatitis A retrospective study evaluated the long-term use of a glycyrrhizin-containing solution for prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. One-hundred and ninety-two patients with chronic hepatitis C were included in the study. Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC), an intravenous solution containing 0.2% glycyrrhizin, 0.1% cysteine, and 2% glycine in physiologic solution, 100 milliliters (mL) daily was administered to 83 patients over an 8 week period, then followed by 2 to 7 times per week for 2 to 16-years (median 10.1 years). The other 109 patients were treated with other herbal remedies, such as vitamin K, for 1 to 16 years (median, 9.2 years). The 10-year rate occurrence of HCC were 7% in the SNMC treatment group and 12% respectively in the non-SNMC treatment group. The 15-year rate was 12% in the SNMC treatment group and 25% in the other treatment group (p=0.032). Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a characteristic of chronic hepatitis and a risk factor for the development of HCC normalized in 35.7% in the SNMC treatment group, which was significantly better than the 6.4% of the other treatment group (Arase et al, 1997). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LICORICE ROOT
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis • Gastritis Unproven Uses: The drug is used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract as well as for gastric/duodenal ulcers. In
4 7 2 /LICORICE
folk medicine, the herb is used for appendicitis, constipation, and to increase milk production and micturation. The drug is also used as a treatment for epilepsy and inflammation of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Externally, the herb is used for dermatoses.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Corticosteroids - Concomitant use of licorice with corticosteroids potentiates effects due to the prolonged half-life of Cortisol. OVERDOSAGE L I C O R I C E ROOT AND E X T R A C T
Indian Medicine: Internally, the herb is used for gastric ulcers, headaches, bronchitis, eye diseases and sore throat. The drug is used externally for wounds and cuts. Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for sore throats, carbuncles, spleen disorders, dry cough, and dehydration. LICORICE EXTRACT
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for gastritis, gastric ulcers, ulcer prophylaxis, and viral liver inflammation.
The intake of higher dosages (above 20 gm per day for the extract and above 50 gm per day for the root) over an extended period of time will lead to hypokalemia, hypernatremia, edemas, hypertension and cardiac complaints. In rare cases, myoglobinemia has resulted due to the mineralcorticoid (aldosterone-like) effect of the saponins (Heikens, 1995; Saito, 1994; Seelen, 1996). Preparations from the drug should not be administered for longer than 6 weeks. The complaints disappear after discontinuing the daig. (SEE PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS)
CONTRAINDICATIONS L I C O R I C E ROOT AND FRUIT
DOSAGE L I C O R I C E ROOT
Contraindications include chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, severe renal insufficiency, diabetes, arrythmias, hypertension, hypertonia, hypokalemia, and pregnancy. Tobacco use has been associated with licorice toxicity (Synhaivsky, 1980).
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, drug powder, dry extracts for infusions, decoctions, liquid or solid forms for internal use. Various teas contain extracts of the drug, for example, bronchial teas, gastric teas, and laxative teas.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug should not be .administered for more than 6 weeks (see side effects).
L I C O R I C E ROOT AND E X T R A C T
General: Intake of the herb over a prolonged period of time may result in hypokalemia, hypernatremia, edema, hypertension and cardiac complaints. Endocrine: Pseudoaldosteronism reported with the use of licorice is attributed to glycyrrhetenic acid, the hydrolytic metabolite of glycerrhizic acid. Hypertension and hypokalemic metabolic alkylosis (e.g. lethargy, paresthesias, muscle cramps, hejdaches) are possible consequences of the hypermineraTcorticoijJ, effect- of Licorice extracts. Retention of sodium and water and suppression of the renin-aldosterone system is associated with extracts of the root (Heikens, 1995; Seelen, 1996). Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis, resulting in acute renal failure and profound deposition of calcium into the damaged skeletal and cardiac muscles was reported with glycyrrhizin use (Saito, 1994). Drug Interactions: Furosemide/Thiazide Diuretics - Due to the additive effect of hypokalemia, the concomitant use of these medications with licorice is not recommended. Digitalis Glycosides - Hypokalemia associated with the prolonged use of licorice may potentiate digitalis toxicity. Anti-arrythmic Agents (procainamide, quinidine) - Hypokalemia and severe ventricular tachycardia of torsades de pointes type reported with licorice consumption may be potentiated with concomitant use of anti-arrythmic agents (Eriksson, 1999).
How Supplied: Capsules — lOOmg, 200mg, 400mg, 444mg, 445mg, 450mg, 500mg Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 1 to 1.5 gm of finely comminuted drug and add cold water. Bring to a boil, or pour the boiling water over the drug and allow to draw for 10 to 15 minutes and then strain (1 teaspoonful = 3 gm drug). Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 to 15 gm of the root, equivalent to 200 to 600 mg of glycyrrhizin. The drug is not to be taken longer than 6 weeks (SEE OVERDOSAGE). Succus liquiritiae: 0.5 to 1 gm for catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract and 1.5 to 3.0 gm for gastric/duodenal ulcers. Tea - Drink one cup of tea after meals. LICORICE EXTRACT
Mode of Administration: The drug is widely available in medicinal preparations, as tea or in drop form; the juice of licorice is found in liquorice edible goods and preparations. Preparation: For preparation of tea, pour a cup of boiling water over 1 teaspoon of juice, leave to draw for 5 minutes. Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of tea after each meal. The dosage for the drop form is 25 drops to be taken 4 times daily.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LITERATURE
Aikawa Y, Yoshiike T, Ogawa H, Effect of glycyrrhizin pain and HLA-DR antigen expression on CD8-positive cells in peripheral blood of herpes zoster patients in comparsion with other antiviral agents. In: Skin Pharmacol 3:268-271. 1990. AmagayiTS et al..\F Pharmacobiodynamics 7 (12):923. Anderson J, Smith WG, (1961) The antitussive activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol Arase Y. Ikeda K. Murashima N et al: The long term efficacy of glycyrrhizin in chronic hepatitis C patients.Cancer 1997; 79:1494-1500. Baba M, Shigeta S, Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin against varicella-zoster virus in vitro. In: Antiviral Res 7:99-106. 1987. Barbara L; Belsasso E: Blasi A et al. Pirenzepine and carbenozolone in gastric ulcer. Preliminary results of a multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1979;57:21-4. Bardhan KD et al., (1978) Gut 19:779. Bhardwaj DK et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 15:352. Bhardwaj DK et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 16:401. Bhardwaj DK, Singh R,(1977) Curr Sci 46:753. Christensen SB et al.. An antileishmanial chalcone from Chinese licorice roots. In: PM 60(2): 121. 1994. Dehpour AR; Zolfaghari ME: Samadian T; Vahedi Y. The protective effect of liquorice components and their derivatives against gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994 Feb;46(2): 148-9. Dezaki K; Kimura I; Miyahara K; Kimura M. Complementary effects of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in the nerve-stimulated skeletal muscle of mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995 Nov;69(3):281-4. Duax Wi#^3nosh D. Structure and mechanism of action and inhibition of sterold^Uehydrogenase enzymes involved in hypertension. Endocr Res 1998 Aug-Nov;24(3-4):521-9. Eriksson JW; Carlberg B; Hillorn V. Life-threatening ventricular tachycardia due to liquorice-induced hypokalaemia. J Intern Med 1999 Mar,245(3):307-10. Epstein MT et al., (1977) Brit Med J 19:488. Fintelmann V, Modeme Phytotherapie am Beispiel gastroenterologischer Erkrankungen. In: ZPT 11(5): 161. 1990. Francischetti IM; Monteiro RQ; Guimaraes JA. Identification of glycyrrhizin as a uhrombin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997 Jun 9,235(1 ):259-63. Hattori T, Ikematsu Sh, Koito A, Matsushita Sh, Maeda Y, Hada M, Fujimaki M, Takatsuki K, Preliminary evidence for inhibitory effects of glycyrrhizin on HIV replication in patients with AIDS. In: Antiviral Res 11:255-262. 1989. Hayashi H et al., Distribution patterns of saponine in different organs of Glycyrrhiza glabra. In: PM 59(4):351. 1993. Hayashi Y et al., (1979) Yakuri to Chiryo 7:3861.
LICORICE/473
Heikens J, Fliers E, Endert E et al. Liquorice-induced hypertension: a new understanding of an old diseasexase report and brief review. Neth J Med 1995; 47:230-234. Inoue H, Saito K, Koshihara Y, Murota S, (1986) Inhibitory effect of glyzyrrhetinic acid derivatives of lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase. Chem Pharm Bull 34:897. Ito M, Nakashima H, Baba M, Pauwels R, De Clercq E, Shigeta S, Yamamoto N, Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic activity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV (HTLV-III/LAV). In: Antiviral Res 7:127-137. 1987. Kato H; Kanaoka M; Yano S; Kobayashi M. 3Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid is a major metabolite that causes licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995 Jun;80(6): 1929-33. Khaksa G et al., Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of disodium glycyrrhetinic acid hemiphthalate. In: PM 62(4):326-328. 1996. Killacky J et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:310. Kinoshita T et al., (1978) Chem Pharm Bull 26: 141 et 135. Kiso Y et al., (1984) Planta Med 50:298. Kobayashi S; Miyamoto T; Kimura I; Kimura M. Inhibitory effect of isoliquiritin, a-compound in licorice root, on angiogenesis in vivo and tube formation in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Oct; 18(10): 1382-6. Kumagai A, Takata M, (1978) Proc Symp Wakan-Yaku 11:73. Miething H, Speicher-Brinker A, Hansel R, Hochdruckfliissigchromatographische Untersuchungen der Flavonoidfraktion in Siipholzwurzeln und deren pharmazeutischen Zubereitungen. In: PZW 135(6):253. 1990. Morgan AG, McAdam WAF, Pacsoo C et al: Comparison between cimetidine and Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration, and subsequent maintenance therapy. Gut 1982; 23:545-551. Nagumo S; Fukuju A; Takayama M et al. Inhibition of lysoPAF acetyltransferase activity by components of licorice root. Biol Pharm Bull 1999 Oct;22(10): 1144-6. Nakashima H; Matsui T; Yoshida O et al. A new anti-human immunodeficiency virus substance, glycyrrhizin sulfate; endowment of glycyrrhizin with reverse transcriptase- inhibitory activity by chemical modification. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987 Aug;78(8):767-71. Neilsen I, Pedersen RS, (1984) Lancet 1:8389. Nose M et al., A comparision of the antihepatotoxic activity between glycyrrhizin and glycerrhetinic acid. In: PM 60(2): 136. 1994. Numuzaki K, Umetsu M, Chiba S, Effects of glycyrrhizin in children wim liver dysfunction assiciated with cytomegalovirus infections. In: Tohoku J Exp Med 172:147-153. 1994. Palermo M; Shackleton CH; Mantero F; Stewart PM. Urinary free cortisone and the assessment of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid
474/LICORICE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
dehydrogenase activity in man. Glin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996 Nov;45(5):605-ll.
Veit M, Wirkungen der Glycyrrhetinsaure auf den Steroidstoffwechsel. In: ZPT 14(1):43. 1993.
Raggi MA; Bugamelli F; Nobile L et al. The choleretic effects of licorice: identification and determination of the pharmacologically active components of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Boll Chim Farm- 199> Dec; 134( 11 ):634-8.
Watanabe Y, Watanabe K, (1980) Proc Symp Wakan-Yaku 13:16.
Rees WDW et al., (1979) Scand. J Gastroenterol. 14:605. Saitoh T et al.. (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:991. Saitoh T et al.. (1978) Chem Pharm Bull 26:752. Saitoh T et al.. (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:752 et 1242. Sato H; Goto W; Yamamura J et al. Therapeutic basis of glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 1996 May;30(2-3):171-7. Saito T; Tsuboi Y; Fujisawa G et al. An autopsy case of licorice-induced hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis associated with acute renal failure: special reference to profound calcium deposition in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1994 Nov:36( 11): 1308-14. Seelen MA; de Meijer PH; Braun J et al. Hypertension caused by licorice consumption. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996 Dec 28;140(52):2632-5. Synhaivsky A. Licorice, snuff, and hypokalemia. N Engl J Med 1980 Aug 21;303(8):463. Segal R et al.. (1985) J Pharm Sci 74 (1):79. Shiratori K; Watanabe S; Takeuchi T. Effect of licorice extract (FmlOO) on release of secretin and exocrine pancreatic secretion in humans. Pancreas I986:l(6):483-7.
Yagura T et al., (1978) Proc Symp Wakan-Yaku 11:79. Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Iga T, Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method. In: J Pharm Sci 81(10): 10421046. 1992. Yokota T; Nishio H; Kubota Y; Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998 Dec;ll(6):355-61. Further information in: Chang EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I., Academic Press UK 1985. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Suzuki H, Ohta Y, Takino T, Fujisawa K, Hirayama C, Effect of glycyrrhizin on biochemical test in patients with chronic hepatitis. Double blind trial. In: Asian Med J 26:423-438. 1983.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Takechi M, Tanaka Y, Structure-activity relationships of the synthetic methyl glycyrrhetate glycosides. In: PH 32:1173.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tamura Y, Nishikawa T, Yamada K, Yamamoto M, Kumagai A, (1979) Effects of glyzyrrhetinic acid and ist derivatives on Delta5-reductase in rat liver. Arzneimittel Forsch/Drug Res 29: 647.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tanaka S et al., (1987) Planta Med 53 (1):5.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tawata M; Aida K; Noguchi T et al. Anti-platelet action of isoliquiritigenin, an aldose reductase inhibitor in licorice. Eur J Pharmacol 1992 Feb 25;212(l):87-92.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Utsunomiya T; Kobayashi M; Hemdon DN et al. Effects of glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on Candida albicans infection in thermally injured mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1999 May;116(2):291-8. Utsunomiya T; Kobayashi M; Pollard RB; Suzuki F. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, reduces morbidity and mortality of mice infected with lethal doses of influenza virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 Mar;41(3):551-6. Van Hulle C, (1970) Pharmazie 25:620.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Lilium candidum See White Lily
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Lilium martagon See Martagon
Lily-of-the-Valley Convallaria majalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flower tips and the dried inflorescence, the Lily-of-the-Valley herb, the dried root rhizome with the roots, the flowering aerial parts and the whole, fresh, flowering plant.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY / 4 7 5
strophanthin. The studies show Lily-of-the-Valley to have the following effects: Cardiac: The power and speed of cardiac muscle contraction is increased and there is a reduced relaxation time. The beat frequency is slowed, stimulation transfer is delayed and the ability of the chamber muscles to be stimulated is increased (positively inotropic, negatively chronotropic, negatively dromotropic and positively bathmotropic effect.) Renal: In animal tests, the effect was natriuretic and diuretic. Venous: In animal tests, Lily-of-the-Valley demonstrated a dose-dependent, veno-constrictive effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in racemes nodding to one side, usually with a triangular penduncle. The tips are hemispheric, campanulate. 6-petalled with ovoid revolute tips. The perigone is white or pink. The stamens are attached to the base of the perigone. The fruit is a bright red, globular berry with 2 blue seeds. The plant is autosterile. Leaves, Stem and Root: The 15 to 20 cm high plant has 2 to 3 leaves at the tip of the runner-like, branched rhizome. The leaves are elliptoid and acute. They taper to a long, sharp petiole at the base, which is clasped by a membranous sheath.
Approved by Commission E: • Arrhythmia • Cardiac insufficiency NYHA I and II • Nervous heart complaints Unproven Uses: The drug is used for mild cardiac insufficiency (stage I-II NYHA), heart insufficiency due to old age and chronic cor pulmonale. In folk medicine, Lily-of-theValley was also used- for weak contractions in labor, epilepsy, dropsy, strokes and ensuing paralysis, conjunctivitis and leprosy. Use for these applications is no longer common because of the drug's toxic effect.
Characteristics: Fragrant but poisonous (all parts). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant is native to Europe and has been introduced into the U.S. and northern Asia. Production: Lily-of-the-Valley herb consists of the dried, above-ground parts of Convallaria majalis (or closely related species^ottected during the flowering season. The harvested parts of the plant must be dried quickly at*ia maximum temperature of 60°C. Not to be Confused With: Lilly-of-the-Valley is easily confused with Polygonatum odoratum. Other Names: May Lily, May Bells, Convallaria, Our Lady's Tears, Convall-Lily, Lily Constancy, Jacob's Ladder, Ladder-to-Heaven, Muguet
General: Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Nausea, vomiting, headache, stupor, disorders of color perception and cardiac arrhythmias can occur as side effects, particularly with an overdosage. - , Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of quinidine, digoxin, calcium salts, saluretics, laxatives and glucocorticoids enhances effects and side effects. OVERDOSAGE
For symptoms of an acute poisoning and therapy, see Digitalis folium. The dangers of poisoning are relatively low with oral application, due to the poor absorbability of the glycosides.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides): varying according to geographical source, chief glycoside convallatoxin (western and northwestern Europe), convalloside (northern and eastern Europe), or convallatoxin + convallatoxol (central Europe)
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, as well as galenic preparations for internal use; no longer considered safe because of the levels of toxins.
EFFECTS
Only older studies are available, which indicate the convallara glycosides are qualitatively similar to digitoxin and
How Supplied: All information is based on stabilized Lillyof-the-Valley powder as specified in the German pharmacopoeia. No other forms can be recommended. However, commercial pharmaceutical preparations are available as capsules, drops, solutions and tablets.
476/LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
Preparation: Tincture 1:10; liquid extract: 1:1; dry extract: 4:1. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug: 0.6 g of tincture; 0.6 g of liquid extract; 0.15 g of dried extract. The average single dose: 2 g of tincture: 0.2 g of liquid extract; 0.05 g~"of dry extract. In intravenous application, the full effective dose of convaltoxin is 0.4 to 0.6 mg, the prepared dose 0.2 to 0.3 mg. Storage: The preparations should be stored in well-sealed containers and protected from light.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Lime Citrus aurantifolia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal component is the bergamot oil extracted from the plant.
LITERATURE
Bleier W et al., (1965) Pharm Acta Helv 40:554. Holzl J. Franz C. PM 24:378. 1973. Kopp B, Kubelka W, (1982) Planta Med 45:87. Krenn L, Schlifelner L, Stimpfl T, Kopp B, HPLC separation and quantitative determination of cardenolides in Herba Convallariae. In: PM 58(7)A82. 1992. Laufke R, (1958) Planta Med 6:237. Loew D. Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):9296. 1997. Loew DA, Loew AD, Pharmakokinetik von herzglykosidhaltigen Pflanzenextrakten. In: ZPT 15(4): 197-202. 1994. Tschesche R et al., (1959) Naturwissensch. 46:109.
Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are small and pure white. The fruit is about half the size of a lemon, with a smoother, thinner peel, a greenish-yellow color and sweet taste. Leaves. Stem and Root: The evergreen tree is small, bent, thorny and normally only grows to a height of 2.5 m. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate and acuminate. Habitat: Lime is indigenous to Southern Asia and is cultivated in the West Indies, semi-tropic areas of the U.S. and Central America. Production: Limes and lemons are the fruit of Citrus aurantifolia.
Tschesche R, in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Ed. H. Wagner and L. Horhammer, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin 1971.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in:
COMPOUNDS
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftprlanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Volatile oil (in the fruit rind): containing, among others, citral, (+)-limonene, pinenes, alkanes, alkanols, alkanals, beta-bisabolene; also, in pressed oils, furocoumarins
Hansel^EfXetier K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der'Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Other Names: Limette, Italian Limetta, Adam's Apple
Citric acid Flavonoids: including hesperidine EFFECTS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Lime acts as an antiscorbutic and refrigerant as well as a vitamin C supplement. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Lime is used as a source of vitamin C to treat scurvy and in cases of general low resistance. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization through skin contact with the juice of the fruit or wim the volatile oil.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DOSAGE
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Mode of Administration: Lime is used internally as a liquid extract of the fresh fruit.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LINDEN /477
Kovats et al., Helv Chim Acta 46:2705. 1963.
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong, sweet fragrance and the fruit tastes slightly sweet, slimy and dry.
Lund ED, Bryan WL, (1977) J Food Sci 42:385.
Habitat: The tree is common in northern temperate regions.
LITERATURE
Natarajan S et al., (1976) Econ Bot 30:38. Shaw PE^Cbleman RL, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1276. Stanley et al., PH 6:585. 1967. Strickler et al., Helv Chim Acta 49:2055. 1966. Tatum JH, Berry RE, (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1091. Wilson W, Shaw PE, (1977) J Agric Food Chem 25:211. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Linden charcoal consists of the charcoal obtained from the wood of Tilia cordata and/or Tilia platyphyllos. Linden leaf consists of the dried leaf of Tilia cordata and/or Tilia platyphyllos. Silver Linden flower consists of the dried flowers of Tilia tomentosa (synonym Tilia argentea). Linden wood consists of the dried sapwood of Tilia cordata and/or Tilia platyphyllos. Linden flower consists of the dried flower of Tilia cordata and/or Tilia platyphyllos. Not to be Confused With: Linden flower should not be confused with Tilia tometosa and Tilia x euchlora Other Names: Lime, Linn Flowers ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: LINDEN CHARCOAL
Extremely adsorbent charcoals EFFECTS: LINDEN CHARCOAL
No information is available.
Linaria vulgaris See Yellow Toadflax
COMPOUNDS: LINDEN LEAF
Flavonoids: including tiliroside, kempferol-3,7,-dirhamnoside, kempferol-3-0-glucoside-7-0-rhamnoside, linarine (acacetin-7-rutinoside), quercetin-3,7-di-0-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-0-glucoside-7-0-rhamnoside
Linden
Tannins
Tilia species
Mucilages
DESCRIPTION
Medicilffif Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh and dried flowers. "*•'*" **' """ Flower and Fruit: The yellowish-white flowers are arranged in clusters of 5 to 11. The calyx is 5-sepaled, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute and deep. The 5 petals are spatulatelanceolate with crenate tips. There are numerous stamens and 1 superior ovary, which is almost globular and has silkyhaired villi. The fruit is a 1-seeded, pear-shaped, indistinctly angular, thin-shelled nut. There is a tongue-shaped, parchment-like, greenish- or yellowish-white bract at the base of the flowers. Leaves, Stem and Root: Linden is an impressive tree up to 25 m high with a large, closed crown. The bark is fissured, gray-brown or black-gray. The bark of the branches is smooth. The branchlets are olive-green, brown or brown-red with white warts. The leaves are long-petioled, uneven at the base and broadly cordate. They have a dark upper surface and are bluish-green beneath with rust-colored tufts of down in the vein axils.
EFFECTS: LINDEN LEAF
The apparent diaphoretic effect has not been proven. COMPOUNDS: SILVER LINDEN FLOWER
Flavonoids: including astragalin, isoquercitrin, kempferitrin, quercitrin, tiliroside, quercetin-3-0-glucoside-7-0-rhamnoside, kempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, kempferol-3-O-glucoside7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-rhamnoxyloside Hydroxycoumarins: including, among others, calycanthoside, aesculin Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid Mucilages EFFECTS: SILVER LINDEN FLOWER
A possible sedative-anxiolytic effect and an anti-stress effect are under investigation. The flavone-like substances in the drug are thought to be responsible for these effects. COMPOUNDS: LINDEN WOOD
Mucilages
4 7 8 /LINDEN
Sterols: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastenol and their fatty acid esters Triterpenes: squalene EFFECTS: LINDEN WOOD
The djjUxetjc, hypotensive, and choleretic effects ascribed to the drug are insufficiently documented. In animal experiments, an increase of bile secretion and a lowering of arterial pressure have been described. Aqueous extracts of the drug are antimicrobial. COMPOUNDS: LINDEN FLOWER
Flavonoids (1%): including chief constituents astragalin, isoquercitrin, kempferoI-3-O-rhamnoside, quercitrin, tiliroside (astragalin-6"-p-cumaroylester), including as well rutin, hyperoside, afzelin, kempferitrin Mucilages( 10%): arabino galactans with uronic acid share Volatile oil (0.01-0.02%): including linalool, germacrene, geraniol, 1,8-cineole, 2-phenyl ethanol, phenyl ethyl benzoate, alkanes
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES LINDEN WOOD
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Linden wood are used for diseases and ailments of the liver and gallbladder systems and for cellulitis. LINDEN FLOWER
Approved by Commission E: • Cough • Bronchitis Unproven Uses: The flowers are used for catarrh of the respiratory tract and as a diaphoretic for feverish colds and infectious diseases, where a sweating cure is needed. It is occasionally used as a diuretic, a stomachic, an antispasmodic and a sedative. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
LINDEN FLOWER
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid Tannins EFFECTS: LINDEN FLOWER
The antitussive, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, and analgesic effects attributed to the drug have not yet been widely supported by experimental data. The toxic principle is unknown. An alcoholic extract of the flowers is antimicrobial in vitro with the tannins, glycosides, and the essential oil the active components. Tilia flavonoids, which have not been described in detail, are anti-edemic in animal experiments. In addition, varioifs^peTimeotal rjesults point to a sedative effect. The diaphoretic effect is controversial. After steam inhalation with a lime flower additive, an improvement of the symptoms of uncomplicated colds was observed in comparison to a control group (only steam). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LINDEN CHARCOAL
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a comminuted herb for teas, infusions, and other galenic preparations for internal use. The drug is a component of some standardized urologic, antitussive, and sedative preparations; it is also found in cold remedy tea mixtures. Preparation: To make a tea, pour boiling water over 2 gm drug, or add the drug to cold water and boil briefly; steep 5' to 10 minutes and strain (1 teaspoonful = 1.8 gm drug). Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dosage is 2 to 4 gm of drug. LITERATURE
LINDEN LEAF
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. SILVER LINDEN FLOWER
Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Atherisches Lindenbliitenol Aromastoffanalyse. In: DAZ 132(15):748. 1992. Further information, in:
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Linden charcoal are used internally for intestinal disorders and externally for ulcus cruris (leg ulcers).
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed, CRC Press 1975.
LINDEN LEAF
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag'Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Linden leaf are used as a diaphoretic.
Rodi L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
SILVER LINDEN FLOWER-
LINDEN WOOD
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Silver Linden flower are used for catarrhs of the respiratory tract and as an antispasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LINDEN FLOWER
Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Atherisches LindenbliitenolAromastoffanalyse. In: DAZ 132(15):748. 1992. Hildebrandt G, Engelbrecht P, Hildebrandt-Evers G, (1954) Physiologhefee -Grundlagen fiir eine tageszeitliche Ordnung der ^Schwitzprozeduren. Z Klin Med 152:446-468.
Lithospermum erytrorhizon See
Purple
(Ying
Gromwell
Zicao)
Kram G, Franz G, PA 49:149. 1985.
Lobaria pulmonaria
Kram G. Franz G, PM 49:149. 1983.
See
Lungmoss
Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975.
Lobelia
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lobelia
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Oims Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer • Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
inflata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh and dried herb and the seeds. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on long pedicles in the leaf axils. They are pale violet-blue and lightly tinged with pale yellow. The fruit consists of an ovoid or flattened bilocular capsule containing numerous small, brown and reticulate seeds. — Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an erect annual or biennial herb 30 to 60 cm high. The stem is pubescent, angular, branching near the top. It contains an acrid latex. The leaves are pale green or yellowish, the lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. They are alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 8 cm long, with a dentate margin and a finely pubescent lamina.
Limffifi- eatharticum
Characteristics: After chewing the leaves^the taste is similar to tobacco. The taste 'is' acrid, the odor faintly irritant.
See Mountain Flax
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the regions in the north of U.S., Canada and Kamchatka. It is cultivated elsewhere. Production: Lobelia is the aerial part of Lobelia inflata.
Linum usitatissimum See Flax
Other Names: Indian Tobacco, Pukeweed, Asthma Weed, Gagroot, Vomitwort, Bladderpod, Eyebright, Emetic Herb, Emetic Weed, Wild Tobacco and Vomitroot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Liquidambar orientalis See Sto rax
Piperidine alkaloids (6%): chief alkaloids L-lobeline (alphalobeline); companion alkaloids including among others lobelanine, lobelanidine, norlobelanine, and isolobinine EFFECTS
Liriodendron tulipifera See Tulip Tree
The main active principle is lobelin. The drug has a stimulating effect on the respiratory center but it is broken down too quickly in the body to be used as a respiratory analeptic.
4 8 0 /LOBELIA INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Lobelia inflata is used only in homeopathy as an asthma treatment and also as an aid in curing addiction to smoking.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopamika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Lobelia inflata See Lobelia
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage leads to dryness of the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, burning in the urinary passages, feelings of anxiety, dizziness, headache, shivering, respiratory difficulties, paraesthesias, outbreak of sweating, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, somnolence and muscle twitching; death can occur through respiratory failure, accompanied by convulsions. 0.6 to 1 gm of the leaves are said to be toxic, 4 gm fatal. Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), instillation of activated charcoal, and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), children with chloral hydrate (rectal); monitoring of ECG. Cardiac massage and artificial respiration may also be required. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is no longer used. It is a constituent in some homeopathic preparations. LITERATURE
Logwood Haematoxylon campechianum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the unfermented heartwood. Flower and Fruit: The small yellow flowers grow in axillary racemes. There are 5 petals. The fruit is a flat pod, usually with 1 seed. Leaves, Stem and Root: Haematoxylon campechianum is a 10 to 12 m high tree. The twisted branches are thorny, while the bark is rough and dark. The leaves have 4 pairs of small, smooth and cordate stipules whose tips point to the small trunk. Habitat: The plant originated in the tropical regions of the U.S. and is cultivated in the Caribbean and other regions. Production: Logwood is the wood from Haematoxylon campechianum. The cultivated trees are felled in their 11 th year and the red heartwood is extracted.
Chang?Hfihet-aL, (Eds): Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research^ World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Other Names: Blood wood, H. lignum, Peach wood
Gross D, (1971) Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 29:1.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Karawya MS et al., (1971) J Ass Off Ann Chem 54(6): 1423. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1980. Lewin L, Giftevund Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schwarz HD, 100 Jahre Lobelin. In: ZPT 11(5): 159. 1990.
M
COMPOUNDS
Homoisoflavanes (neoflavane derivatives): to some extent in glycosidic bonds, changing over into the intensively redcolored, quinoide hematein through oxidation Tannins EFFECTS
Logwood has astringent properties, due to the isoflavone hematoxylin. An antiphlogistic effect has been proven in animal experiments and an antimicrobial effect in vitro. Hemateine and hematoxylin are said to inhibit the production of melanin in skin when used topically. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses have included diarrhea and hemorrhage.
J|
LOTUS/481
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. However, internal administration of hematoxylin carried out in animaJL^experiments led to elevated body temperature, jft vomiting, anuria, coma and death. Reports of these studies provided no information regarding dosage (Lewin). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered as an infusion and a liquid extract. Daily Dosage: A single dose of a decoction equal to 1 g of drug is mentioned, but the number of times it could be taken daily was not specified. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PR Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lolium temulentum See Taumelloolch
Habitat: The plant is found in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Production: Loosestrife is the aerial part of Lysimachia vulgaris. Other Names: Yellow Willowherb ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: glycosides of the myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin, including among others rutin Steroids: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol The constituents of the drug have not been extensively investigated. EFFECTS
Loosestrife has an astringent effect. The main active principle is rutin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Loosestrife is used for scurvy, diarrhea and dysentery, as well as hemorrhages (nose bleeds and heavy menstrual blood flow^ and wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Lonicera caprifolium See Honeysuckle
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Loosestrife Lysimachia .vulgaris DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in long-peduncled racemes in the axils of the upper stem and in terminal, panicled inflorescence. The pedicle is about 1 cm long, downy and glandular-haired. The calyx is split almost to the base. The filaments are glandular-haired, usually fused to die middle with each other and in a tube containing the ovary. A The seeds are triangular, covered thickly in long warts, whitish and 1.5 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and has underground runners, which produce new buds. The stem is erect, up to 1.5 m tall, branched, obtusely angular, leafy and thickly downy. The leaves are slightly downy with glandular hairs. The leaves are in whorls or opposite, rarely spiralled, up to 14 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, short petioled, tightly reticulate and red-glandular punctate.
Mode of Administration: The herb is used externally in the powdered form. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lophophora williamsii See Peyote
Lotus Nelumbo
nucifera
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the roots, the seeds and the aerial parts of the flowering plant.
482/LOTUS
Flower and Fruit: The solitary flowers are 16 to 23 cm across, pink and scented. They grow above the leaves. The seeds are 1.7 by 1.3 cm and ovoid. Leaves, Stein and Root: The rhizome is 10 to 20 cm long, stout and branching. It bears numerous scale-like leaves as well as foliage" leaves. The foliage leaves are peltate and have no sinuses. The petioles are 1 to 2 cm long, the lamina are 30 to 100 cm in diameter and are almost circular, glossy and unwettable. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to India. Production: Lotus is the whole plant of Nelumbo nucifera. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: including. benzyl isoquinoline type: armepavine, n-methyl coclaurine aporphine type: roemerine (remerine), nuciferine, n-nomuciferine, nornuciferine, anonaine, liriodenine, asimilobin, lirinidin proaporphine type: prunuciferine Flavonoids: including hyperoside, isoquercitrin, nelumboside, quercetin glucuronide, camphor glucuronide Tannins EFFECTS
Active agents are the alkaloids nelumbin and roemerine in the leaves. The drug is an astringent. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The powdered beans are used in the treatment of digestive disorders, particularly diarrhea. The flowers are-used,as aji astringent for bleeding. Indian Medicine: Lotus is used for cholera, diarrhea, worm infestation, vomiting, states of exhaustion and intermittent fever. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Lovage Levisticum officinale DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome and roots, the cut, dried herb and the dried fruit. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 8 to 20 rayed compound umbels. There is an involucre and epicalyx. There is no calyx. The orbicular petals are pale yellow and involute. The fruit is yellow-brown, 5 to 7 mm long, compressed, and has sharply keeled to winged ribs. Leaves,.Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy perennial. It has a thick, spindle-shaped, branched root, which is brownishyellow on the outside and whitish on the inside. The stem is erect, round, hollow, finely grooved, glabrous and up to 4 cm thick at the base. The leaves are rich green, glossy, coriaceous; the lower ones double pinnate, the upper ones simple-pinnate. The leaflets are broad and obovate. Characteristics: The rubbed leaves give off an aromatic scent. The fruit is very fragrant. Habitat: Lovage is indigenous to the Mediterranean region. It grows wild in the Balkans and northern Greece and is cultivated elsewhere. Production: Lovage root consists of the dried rhizomes and roots of Levisticum officinale, as well as their preparations. Roots of 2-year-old plants are collected in autumn. It is important that the roots are not damaged during the drying process since this would result in a loss of the essential oil. Not to be Confused With: Angelicae radix, Pastinacae radix or Pimpinellae radix. Other Names: Lavose, Sea Parsley ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.35-1.7%): chief components alkylphthalides (aroma-bearers), including among others 3-butylphthalide, ligusticumlactone (E- and Z-butylidenphthalides), E- and Zligustilide furthermore, including among others, alpha- and beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene, citronellal Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the plant are available in powder and liquid extract for internal use. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R: Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Coumarin Furocoumarins: bergaptene, apterin Polyynes: including among others, falcarindiol (probably only in the fresh rhizome) EFFECTS
Lovage has diuretic, sedative, antimicrobial and cholinergic properties.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
The Hgustilide-containing essential oil has an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle. The folk use for gastric complaints is probably based on the specific odor caused by phthalide as well as on the bitter taste, which increases saliva and gastric secretions. * INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Infections of the urinary tract • Kidney and bladder stones Lovage is used for flushing-out therapy for inflammation of the lower urinary tract and flushing-out therapy for prevention of kidney gravel. Unproven Uses: The folk medicine uses include dyspeptic complaints, such as indigestion, heartburn, feelings of fullness, flatulence, menstrual complaints. Lovage is also used as a secretolytic for respiratory catarrh. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Because of the irritating effect of the volatile oil, the drug should not be administered in the presence of inflammation of the kidneys or of the urinary drainage passages, nor with reduced kidney function. No irrigation therapy is to be *P carried out in the presence of edema resulting from reduced cardiac and kidney function. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a low potential for sensitization. An elevation of UV-sensitivity among lightskinned people is possible (phototoxic effect of the furocoumarins). Pregnancy: Not tffbeT used during pregnancy.* DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and other galenic preparations for internal use. Daily Dosage: 4 to 8 gm drug. Ample intake of liquid is essential. Tea: 2 to 4 gm drug to 1 cup, several times a day between meals. Infusion: 1.5 gm per cup. £ Storage: Protect from light and insects in well-sealed containers. The whole drug should be stored not longer than 18 months; the powdered drug, not longer than 24 hours. LITERATURE
Albulescu D et al., (1975) Farmacia 23:159. Bjeldanes LF, Kim I, (1977) J Org Chem 42:2333. Fischer FC, Svendson AB, (1976) Phytochemistry 15:1079. Gijbels MJ et al., (1981) Chromatographia 14(8):451.
LUFFA/483
Gijbels MJ et al., (1982) Planta Med 44:207. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AuflL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lawrence BM, (180) Perf Flav 5:29. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Vollmann C, Levisticum officinale - Der Liebstockel. In: ZPT 9(4): 128. 1988. Yu SR, You SQ, (1984) Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 19(8):566. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Luffa Luffa
aegyptica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried network of vascular bundles of the ripe cucumber-like plant. When dried, the dense vascular network mat-makes up the fruit becomes the Loofah; which is used to scrub and soften the skin. Flower and Fruit: The plant bears solitary, yellow, female flowers, which are 5 to 10 cm wide and have an oblong, clavate calyx tube. The fruit is cylindrical or oblong-clavate. It is not ribbed, prickly or sharp-edged. It is somewhat tomentose, up to 40 cm long and 5 to 15 cm thick. The seeds are blackish, smooth and winged. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual climbing plant that grows from 3 to 6 m high. The stems are thin and pentangular. The leaves are cordate-indented, 15 to 30 cm long and wide and 3- to 7-lobed. Habitat: The plant probably originated in India and was brought to Egypt in the Middle Ages. Today, it is cultivated in the tropical regions of the world. Production: Luffa sponge consists of the dried fiber structure of the ripe cucumber-like fruits of Luffa aegyptica. The ripe fruit is freed of soft material by banging and washing.
484/LUFFA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Triterpene saponins: including among others lucyoside A-M (aglycones including oleanolic acid, hederagenin 21-hydroxy-hederagenin, gypsogenin, arjunolic acid)
1.5 cm up to hand size. It is found on the trunks of old woodland trees and is browinsh-green or red-brown with a reticulate, punctate structure. It is tomentose and whitishbrown beneath and is covered with glabrous white spots on the margin and on the reticulate ridges.
CucurBitacins (the young fruits are eaten as salad)
Habitat: Lungmoss is found throughout Europe.
Sterols: including delta5-sterols, delta7-sterols
Production: Lungmoss is the whole lichen tissue of Lobaria pulmonaria. The lichen is gathered throughout the entire year. The minute roots in the subterranean part, along with any possible earth, are cleaned off (do not gather dry lichen, as they are mostly found on dead plants, and therefore are no longer effective).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : LUFFA FRESH F R U I T
Triterpenes (triterpene acids): including bryonolic acid (3%) The luffa fungus (Luffa, Luffa aegyptica) is likely to be mostly free of soluble constituents and to consist chiefly of cellulose, hemicelluiose and pectins. EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Luffa sponge are used as a preventive for infections or colds, as a remedy for colds and nasal catarrhs, and for sinusitis and suppuration of the sinus. Chinese Medicine: Luffa is used for coughs, chronic bronchitis, diseases of the spleen and paralyzing diseases. Indian Medicine: Luffa is used for splenopathy, leprosy, syphilis, bronchitis, fever and hematuria. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
No information is available. LITERATURE
HanseLJ^Kellex K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der .jgha^snazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., f|de 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Not to be Confused With: Common Lungwort, which is a plant. Other Names: Oak Lungs, Lungwort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Lichen acids: including among others stictictic, norstictic, thelophoric acid, gyrophoric acid Mucilages EFFECTS
"~"
The drug has diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. The active agents exhibiting the antimicrobial effects are unknown. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: As a result of the relaxing effect of Lungmoss on the respiratory tract, the drug is used for all chronic respiratory tract illnesses: bronchitis, coughs and asthma, as well as for irritable coughs and smoker's cough. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Luffa aegyptica See Luffa
Mode of Administration: Lungmoss is available as dried lichen as a liquid extract for internal use. Lichen preparations can be bought as sweets, syrups or pastilles. Storage: The drug should be stored in glass or porcelain containers, protected from light.
Lungmoss Lobaria pulmonaria
LITERATURE
Catalano S et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:22.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the lichen.
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: Lobaria pulmonaria is a lichen, with deeply pinnatisect lobes with indented tips, measuring from
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
DESCRIPTION
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
LUNGWORT/485
Mucilages: polygalacturonane, arabinogalactans, rhamnogalacturonane Silicic acid: more than 2.5% water-soluble silicic acid Tannins
* Lungwort Pulmonaria officinalis
The drug has an expectorant, soothing effect due to the mucilaginous polysaccharide and tannin content.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb and the fresh, aerial parts of the flowering plant.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Lungwort is used internally for illnesses and conditions of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and efferent urinary tract; and externally in the treatment of wounds.
Flower and Fruit: The blue, later blue-violet flowers are in terminal curled cyme-like inflorescences on flowering branches. The calyx is fused and has 5 tips. The corolla is fused to a tube and the 5 tips are rotate. There are 5 stamens and a 4-valved ovary with 1 style. There are both long and short-styled flowers. There are 5 tufts of hair at the entrance to the corolla tube. The fruit consists of 4 nuts 3.5 to 4 mm in length, glabrous when ripe, glossy brown to black, mildly keeled with a distinct displaced ring. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 30 cm high. The rhizome is quite thin and branched. First it 1& produces flowering shoots and then the leaf rosettes. The shoots are fresh green and covered in glandular hairs. The stems are erect or ascending, slightly angular and pubescent. The rosette-like basal leaves that form after flowering are long petioled, cordate-ovate, acute, more long than wide with whitish spots. The cauline leaves are alternate, taper to a winged stem and are sharply pointed; only the lower ones have some pinnatifid ribs. Characit^stics^ The taste is slightly bitter and slimy. Habitat: The plant is common in many parts of Europe. Production: Lungwort consists of the dried plant section of Pulmonaria officinalis and its effective pharmaceutical preparations. Lungwort is collected in uncultivated regions and air-dried. Not to be Confused With: Lungwort is occasionally adulterated with other Pulmonaria species, particularly Pulmonaria mollis. m
EFFECTS
Other Names: Dage of Jerusalem, Common Lungwort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Allantoin Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid Flavonoids (0.3 to 0.5%): especially O-glycosides of the kaempferol and quercetin
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Lungwort is available as whole, cut and powdered drug for internal and external use. It is also available in commercial forms as syrup, juice, drops and in compounded preparations. Preparation: To prepare a tea, 1.5 gm finely cut drug is put in cold water which is brought quickly to a boil or it is scalded with boiling water and strained after 5 to 10 minutes (1 teaspoon corresponds to approximately 0.7 gm drug). Liquid extract: 1:1 with 25% ethanol. (V/V) Daily Dosage: As bronchial tea it is drunk in sips throughout the day. It may be sweetened with honey. Storage: Should be protected from light LITERATURE
Brantner A, Kartnig Th, Flavonoid glycosides from aerial parts of Pulmonaria officinalis. In: PM 61(6):582. 1995. Luthy J et al., (1984) Pharm Acta Helv 59(9/10):242. Miiller BM, Franz G, Polysaccharide aus Pulmonaria officinalis - Wertgebende Bestandteile der Droge? In: PZW 135(6):243251. 1990. Further information in: c. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
4 8 6 /LUNGWORT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Cyclopeptides: lyciumin A, lyciumin B Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, 5alpha-stigmastan-3,6-dione Diterpenes: sugiol E F F E C T S : L Y C I U M R O O T BARK
Lupinus luteus See Yellow Lupin
Lycium barbarum See Lycium Berries (Go-Qi-Zi)
Lycium Bark (Di-Gu-Pi) Lycium chinense Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the fruit and root bark. Flower and Fruit: The plant has 1 to 3 axillary, radial flowers. The calyx and petals are fused; the calyx is bilabial with a double-toothed upper lip and triple-toothed lower lip. The corolla is funnel-shaped, light purple or violet with a 5lobed margin. There are 4 stamens, which are hairy at the base. The ovary is 2-chambered with 1 style. The fruit is a yellow-orange, elongate, sweet-tasting berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: Lycium chinense is a shrub that grows up to 3 m high. The leaves are alternate, ovatelanceofertg?fb«rhomboid, narrowing suddenly to the petiole, and bright grfferif'TKe branches are cane-like, initially upright, then hanging down bow-like and thornless. Habitat: The plant is native to eastern Asia, particularly to China and Japan. Production: Lycium bark is the dried root bark of Lycium chinense or Lycium barbarum. Harvest begins in early spring or in late autumn when the roots are dug up and then peeled. The root bark is then cleaned and dried in the sun. Lycium leaves are the dried leaves of Lycium chinense. Other Names: Chinese Matrimony Vine, Chinese Wolfberry ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : L Y C I U M R O O T BARK
kukoamine
Dipeptides: Lyciumamide phenylalaninol-acetate)
C O M P O U N D S : L Y C I U M LEAVES
Steroids: withasteroids (0.1%), including withanolide A, withanolide B Sterols: including glucoside
beta-sitosterol
and
beta-sitosterol
E F F E C T S : L Y C I U M LEAVES
DESCRIPTION
Polyamines: bisamide)
The methanolic root extract and the kukoamine A isolated from the plant are reported to have had significant antihypertensive effects in animal experiments. The isolated octapeptides lyciumines A and B are believed to inhibit the activity of renin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Experimental data confirming these results are not available.
A
(spermidin-dihydrocaffeoyl-
No experimental data regarding the pharmacological efficacy of the drug are available. In vitro experimental models have indicated that the steroid withanolide isolated from it may have immunosuppressive effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE L Y C I U M R O O T BARK
Unproven Uses: The root of the plant is used in fever and blood pressure-reducing medications. The berries are considered to provide a liver and kidney tonic. Chinese Medicine: Used internally for fever, hyperhidrosis, thirst, coughs, nose bleeds, pulpitis, diabetes, hypertension, malaria and for black vomit. External uses include eczema and rheumatism. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been proven. LYCIUM LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Preparations from the leave are used in folk medicine for whooping cough and paroxysmal cough (Iberian peninsula), as a mouthwash for toothache (Indonesia). Chinese Medicine: Lycium leaf is used for inflammatory processes, such as rheumatism, and as a tea taken for pain. Indian Medicine: Used for rheumatism. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS L Y C I U M R O O T BARK A N D L E A V E S
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. CONTRAINDICATIONS LYCIUM ROOT BARK
(N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-
Contraindications include pregnancy, symptoms of the common cold and diarrhea.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LYC1UM BERRIES (GO-QI-ZI) / 4 8 7
Not to be used during pregnancy.
sun until the skin is hard and the fruit pulp is soft inside. After drying, the fruit stem is removed.
DOSAGE LYCIUM ROOT BARK
Other Names: Bastard Jasmine, Box Thorn, Common Matrimony Vine, Prickly Box, Tea Plant, Barbary, Tea Tree
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug preparations are administered internally and externally.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LYCIUM LEAVES
COMPOUNDS
Storage: Store in a dry place.
Water-soluble polysaccharides
LYCIUM LEAVES
Glycoproteins
Mode of Administration: Lycium leaf is administered as a tea or as an infusion for use as a gargle.
Carotinoids: particularly physalien (zeaxanthin dipalmitate)
Daily Dosage: Drug/tea: 9 to 15 g or 6 to 12 g, depending on the literature source. For Whooping Cough, 1 cup of tea sipped throughout the day.
EFFECTS.
A possible immunostimulating and hypoglycemic effect has been described, The plant contains a mydriatic acting protein.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kim HP, Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim YC. Kim YC, Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol, 97:301-14, 1997 Sep. Kim SY, Choi YH, Huh H, Kim J. Kim YC, Lee HS, New antihepatotoxic cerebroside from Lycium chinense fruits. J Nat Prod, 60:274-6, 1997 Mar.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is administered as a non-specific strengthening agent, due to the minerals and vitamins . (particularly vitamin C) that it contains. Lycium barbarum is also used as a purgative and diuretic. Chinese Medicine: The plant is used to treat weakness of the lumbar region and knee; liver and kidney disorders, diabetes, tinnitus, impaired hearing, poor sight, anemia, coughs, dizziness and excessive tear production. Indian Medicine: Lycium barbarum is used for ascitis, anemia, menstruation disorders, toothache, scabies and bleeding hemorrhoids.
Lycium Berries (Go-Qi-Zi)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Lycium barbarum
Not to be used during pregnancy.
DESCRfP^SlT ~
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: ihe medicinal part is-the frait.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Flower and Fruit: There are 1 to 3 axillary, radial flowers. The calyx and petals are fused; the calyx is bilabial with the upper lip double-toothed and the lower lip triple-toothed. The corolla is funnel-shaped, light purple or violet with a 5lobed margin. There are 4 stamens, which are hairy at the base. The ovary is 2-chambered with 1 style. The fruit is a scarlet, elongate, sweet-tasting berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: Lycium barbarum is a shrub, growing up to 3 m high. The gray-green leaves are alternate, lanceolate and gradually narrow to the petiole. The branches are cane-like, initially upright, then hanging down bow-like and often thorny. Habitat: The shrub is indigenous to China and Mongolia. Production: Barbary wolfberry fruits are the dried ripe fruit of Lycium barbarum. The fruit is harvested in summer or autumn. The whole fruit, with stem attached, is dried in the
DOSAGE
Mode of Application: Whole, cut and powdered drug. Daily Dosage: Drug/tea: 6 to 12 g or 6 to 15 g, depending on the literature source. Storage: Store in cool, dry place and in tightly sealed container. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Liu B, Effects of Lycium barbarum L and Drynaria fortunei, J Smith on in vitro attachment and growth of human gingival fibroblasts on root surfaces, Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih, 27:159-61, 190, 1992 May.
4 8 8 / L Y C I U M BERRIES ( G O - Q I - Z I )
Lu CX, Cheng BQ, Radiosensitizing effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for Lewis lung cancer, Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 11:611-2, 582, 1991 Oct.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Ma-Huang Ephedra sinica
Ren B, Ma Y, Shen Y, Gao B, Protective action of Lycium barbarum L. (LbL) and betaine on lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane induced by H2O2, Chung Kuo Chung Yao~Tsa Chihf 20:303-4, inside cover, 1995 May.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the young canes collected in autumn and the dried rhizome with roots.
Lycium chinense
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and occasionally reduced to acuminate scales. They are fused in pairs at the base. They are unisexual, usually dioecious and sometimes monoecious. The male inflorescences consist of 2 to 24 blooms. The involucre is 2-lobed and fused to a tube. The fruit is a red, berry-like false fruit formed from the upper bract. '
See Lycium Bark (Di-Gu-Pi)
Lycoperdon species See Puff Ball
Lycopersicon esculentum See Tomato
DESCRIPTION
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 30 cm tall lightly branched subshrub with lengthened, cylindrical branches that are 1 to 2 mm in diameter. It is similar in appearance to Horsetail, and is sometimes twining and often has underground runners. The stem and branches are round with numerous vertical grooves of gray-green or bright green coloring. Very small leaves are occasionally reduced to pointed scales and are almost always fused at the base to form a sheath. They are reddish brown. Habitat: Ephedra sinica grows mainly in Mongolia and the bordering area of China, Ephedra gerardiana is from India.
See Club Moss
Production: Ma-Huang consists of the dried, young branchlets, harvested in the fall, of Ephedra sinica, Ephedra shennungiana, or other equivalent Ephedra species. It is mostly cultivated. The plant is harvested as late as possible after the last rain, but before the winter frost and is air-dried in the sun.
Lycopus yirginieus
Not to be Confused' With: Many similar species
See Bugleweed ~
Other Names: Desert Herb, Ephedrine
Lycopodium clavatum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Lysimachia nummularia See Moneywort
Alkaloids of the 2-aminophenylpropane type: main alkaloids L-(-)-ephedrine (lR,2S-(-)- ephedrine) and D-pseudoephedrine (lS,2S-(+)- ephedrine); lesser alkaloids L-norephedrine, D-norpseudoephedrine. EFFECTS
Lysimachia vulgaris See Loosestrife
The level of the active principles can fluctuate drastically. Ephedrine acts by indirectly stimulating the sympathomimetic and central nervous system. The herb is bacteriostatic, positively inotropic and positively chronotropic. In animal tests ephedrine acts as an antitussive. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Lythrum salicaria
Approved by Commission E:
See Purple Loosestrife
• Cough/bronchitis
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Unproven Uses: Ma-Huang is used for diseases of the respiratory tract with mild bronchospasms in adults and children over the age of six. Various indications include asthma, cardiovascular stimulation and as a CNS stimulant. Chines&"Me"dicine: The drug has been used for over 4000 years for severe febrile illnesses, bronchial asthma, joint symptoms, inability to perspire, coughing with dyspnea, edema and pains in the bones. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications include states of anxiety and restlessness, high blood pressure, angle-closure glaucoma, cerebral perfusions, prostate adenoma with residual urine volume, pheochromocytoma and thyrotoxicosis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Common side effects include headache, irritability, motor restlessness, nausea, sleeplessness, tachycardia, urinary disorders and vomiting. Higher dosages may result in blood pressure and cardiac rhythm disorders. Dependence can develop with extended intake. Because of the danger of the development of tachyphylaxis and of dependence, the drug should only be administered for short periods. Pregnancy: Ma-Huang should not to be used during pregnancy Drug Interactions: Ephedra has an addictive effect on the CNS when used in conjunction with caffeine, decongestants and other central stimulants. Cardiac heart glycosides or halothane: disturbance of heart rhythm. Guanethidine^njfeanGement of the sympathomimetic effect MAO-inhibitors: potentiate the sympathomimetic action of ephedrine. Secale alkaloid derivatives or oxytocin: development of high blood pressure. OVERDOSAGE
Life-threatening poisonings are seen with very high dosages of the drug (over 100 gm, lethal dosage with oral administration corresponding to approximately 1 to 2 gm L-ephedrine). Symptoms of poisoning include severe outbreaks of sweating, enlarged pupils, spasms and elevated body temperature. Death following overdose is due to heart failure and asphyxiation. Following stomach emptying (gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permaganate solution), therapy consists of the administration of activated charcoal and prophylaxis against shock. Spasms should be treated with diazepam, electrolyte substitution should be employed, and sodium bicarbonate infusions should be used to prevent
MA-HUANG/489
acidosis. Intubation and oxygen respiration are also on occasion necessary. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ma-Huang is administered as a comminuted herb, as well as other galenic preparations for internal use. Daily Dosage: For adults, the average single dose is 15 to 30 mg total alkaloid, calculated as ephedrine, for a total dose of 120 mg per day. When used in children, single doses of herb preparations corresponding to 0.5 mg total alkaloid per kg of body weight are employed. The recommended daily dosage for children is 2 mg. Tea — Made with 1 to 4 gm, 3 times daily. Ephedra tincture (1:1) — medium single dose 5 gm. Ephedra extract — 1 to 3 ml 3 times daily. Ephedra tincture (1:4) — 6 to 8 ml 3 times daily. Storage: Ma-Huang must be protected from light. LITERATURE
Gazaliev AM, Fazilov SD, Zhurinov MZ, Khim Prorod Soed 23:862-864. 1987. Harada M, Nishimura M, J Pharm Dyn 4:691-699. 1981. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
490/MACROCYSTIS
PYRIFERA
Macrocystis pyrifera See Brown Kelp
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S DOSAGE
How Supplied: Liquid — 1:4 LITERATURE
Madder Rubia tinctorum TRADE NAMES
Madder Whole Root (available from numerous manufactures and as combination product) DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root. Flower and Fruit: The small yellowish-green flowers are in loose, leafy, long-peduncled terminal or axillary cymes. The margin of the calyx is indistinct, 4 to 5 sectioned and has a tip which is curved inward. There are 5 stamens and an inferior ovary. The fruit is a black, pea-sized glabrous, smooth drupe containing 2 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows from 60 to 100 cm high. The pencil-thick rhizome creeps widely underground. The stem is quadrangular with backward turning prickles at the edges. The stems are at times so thin that they are more descendent than erect. The leaves are in whorls, in fours below, in sixes above. They are oblong to lanceolate with 1 rib and are protrudingly reticulate beneath.
Anonym, Rubiae-tinctorum-radix-haltige Humanarzneimittel, Widerruf der Zulassung. In: DAZ 133(11):888. 1993. BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164. 1992. Courchesne M. Brassard P, Identification and characterization of naturally occuring rubiadins. In: JNP 56(5):722. 1993. Nung V N et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:177. Schumann C. Apotheker und die Entwicklung der Farberei. In: PZ 140(39):3446-3451. 1995. Westendorf J. Phytotberapie: Anthranoide in Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ 133(25 ):2345. 1993. Westendorf J, Poginskky B, Marquardt H, Marquardt H, The genotoxicity of Lucidin, a natural component of Rubia tinctorum L., and lucidinmethylether, a component of ethanolic Rubia extracts. In: Cell Biol Toxicol in press. 19. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa and is cultivated elsewhere.
Thomson RH, Naturally Occuring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic Press New York 1971.
Production: Madder root consists of the dried root of Rubia tinctorunLjis well as its preparations.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. AufJ., .Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Other Nam'es'^Dyer's Madder, Robbia'"'"
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (rubiadins, 2 to 4%): chief components alizarin, lucidin, pseudopurpurin (purpurin carboxylic acid), purpurin, rubiadin and die glucosides and/or the primerosides of these compounds. EFFECTS
Madder root inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in the kidney. Lucidin is the toxic principle and is mutagenic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Madder root is used to dissolve kidney stones PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Because of the possible carcinogenic effect of the rubiadins, the drug should not be administered.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Magnolia Magnolia glauca DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The bark is the medicinal part. Leaves, Stem and Root: The inner bark occurs in long, fibrous strips. The outer surface is rough, almost granular and pitted. The inner surface is striated but almost smooth. The fracture is short with the inner part tough and fibrous. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production: Magnolia bark is the bark from the trunk and branches of Magnolia glauca.
MAIDENHAIR/491
Maidenhair Adiantum capillus-veneris
£
Other Names: White Laurel, Beaver Tree, Swamp Sassafras, White Bay, Sweet Bay, Holly Bay, Indian Bark, Red Bay, Swamp Laurel
TRADE NAMES
Oregon Grape (Berberis aquifolium variety available from numerous manufacturers) Oregon Grape Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Neolignans: magnolol Volatile oil The constituents of the drug have not been widely investigated. EFFECTS
Magnolia has diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory and stimulant effects. It is also a tonic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The preparations are used for digestive disorders; used rarely, except in Oriental medicine. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
^
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Magnolia has been used internally as a powder or liquid extract. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, BirkhaosirVErlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. • -•**• •*" ~ ..* -. Kern W, List PH, Horharamer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Yajara S, Nishiyori T, Kohda A, Nohra T, Nisbioka I, Isolation and characterization of phenolic compounds from Magnolia cortex produced in China. In: Chem Pharm Bull Tokyo 39:2024. 1991.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The dried fronds (Maidenhair) are used as a drug as well the dried herb with rhizome and roots (Maidenhair with roots). Flower and Fruit: There are lumps of sporangia without a veil on the underside of the lateral lobes. The sporangia are square to reniform and later, dark brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: Maidenhair is a hardy, up to 35 cm high plant with an aromatic lily fragrance. It has a creeping rhizbme. The leaves are double-rowed, tender, glabrous and up to 50 cm long. They have a glossy black petiole and are covered with hairs at the base. The leaf-blade is ovate to oblong-ovate. The leaflets are light-green periolate. The pinnules have hair-like petioles. The veins of the sterile pinna terminate in teeth at the edge of the leaf. Habitat: Southern Europe, Atlantic coast as far as Ireland, from the south to the southern Alpine valleys (Tessin, southern Tyrol). Production: Maidenhair fern, which is gathered in June and dried, is the frond of Adiantum capillus-veneris. Not to be Confused With: It has sometimes been observed that the drug has been made impure by an addition of bracken leaf fronds (Pteridium aquilinum). Other Names: Venus Hair, Rock Fem, Hair of Venus, FiveFinger Fern, Maiden Fern ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids Proanthocyan idins Hydroxycinnamic acid ester
Magnolia glauca See Magnolia
EFFECTS
The drug is an expectorant, beneficial in bringing up phlegm, and a demulcent. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mahonia aquifolium See Mountain Grape
Unproven Uses: In the middle ages, the drug was used for various illnesses of the respiratory tract, in the form of socalled pectoral teas and as a syrup for severe coughs. Because of its similarity to Maidenhair, the drug was used to treat a lack of hair growth and to promote dark hair color.
4 0 2 /MAIDENHAIR
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
It is still taken as an infusion in Spain, Belgium and the Canary Islands to treat bronchitis, coughs and whooping cough, and also for painful and excessive menstruation. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is taken internally as a tea prepared from the ground or powdered drug. Daily Dosage: The standard single dose is 1.5 gm of the drug to 1 cup of liquid per dose (average single dose) Storage: Protect from light.
lanceolate to elliptical, tapering to an acute apex with entire margins. The leaf blade and petiole are finely pubescent. Characteristics: The taste is bitter and die odor tea-like. Habitat: Originally indigenous to northern India, the plant is now found in all the areas of Ayurveda medicine in India, Sri Lanka and the Maylan archipelago. Production: Vasaca leaves are the leaves of Justicia adhatoda. Other Names: Arusa, Adulsa ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Quinazoline alkaloids: including vasicine and vasicinone Volatile oil EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Berti G et al., Tetrahedron Lett: 1-5. 1964. Cooper-Driver G, Swain T, Bot J Linn Soc 74:1-21. 1977. Imperato F, PH 21:2158-2159. 1982. Imperator F, (1982) Phytochemistry 21(8):2158. Jain SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med(4):439. Twaij HAA et al., (1985) Indian J Pharmacol 17(I):73.
Malabar Nut
Mildly spasmolytic, bronchodilatory and expectorant INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: For acute and chronic bronchial infections, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract and tuberculosis as an expectorant and to alleviate coughs. Indian Medicine: Justicia adhatoda is used as an expectorant and secretory agent. Homeopathic Uses: Justicia adhatoda preparations are used for hay fever and acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Justicia adhatoda
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage leaves, j4^*fiQwer collected in the flowering season, the dried bark of the trunk, branches and roots, and the fresh leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in dense, 2.5 to 7.5 cm long peduncled, axillary spikes. The bracts are elliptical, and the bracteoles are oblong-lanceolate. The calyx is 1.5 cm long, glabrous or black pubescent, with 5 sections containing regular lanceolate segments. The corolla is white with red to purple bands. The corolla tube is 1.3 cm long and is cylindrical and pubescent inside of the lower half. The upper lip is convexly domed. The anthers are arrow-shaped and sometimes spurred at the base. The ovary is bivalvular with a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a 4-seeded, short-haired, longitudinally grooved capsule. The seeds are orbicular, glabrous, slightly bumpy-warty and 5 to 7 mm across. Leaves, Stem and Root: ant-smelling shrub 2.5 opposite, branches. The 25 cm long, 2.5 to 8
The plant is an evergreen, unpleasm high with numerous, usually bark is yellow. The leaves are 8 to cm wide, short-stalked, opposite,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
-,
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of the vasicine content, the administration of large dosages can lead to excitatory states. Pregnancy: Administration during pregnancy is to be avoided. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration:Today, the extract of the leaves is only found in some combination preparations. Daily Dosage: 1 to 2 gm as drug or liquid extract (1:1) with 40% ethanol (V/V) Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute), and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily; Chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Brain KR, Thapa BB, J Chromatogr 258:183-188. 1988.
MALE F E R N / 4 9 3
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Cooper-Driver G, Swain T, Bot J Linn Soc 74:1-21. 1977. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen)/tSprihger Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Male Fern Dryopteris filix-mas DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried fronds, die dried rhizome collected in autumn with the leaf bases, the fresh rhizome and the fresh aerial parts. Flower and Fruit: On the underside of the leaflets there are 2 rows of sori, covered by kidney-shaped, red-brown film. The spores are dark brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: The root is a crooked half-under4§ ground fleshy rhizome, covered in the remains of dark brown petioles, which produces long branched root fibers. The remains of the petioles are linear-lanceolate and tomentose with red-brown scales. The foliage grows in a crown, with fronds arranged in spirals, 60 cm to 1.5 m high. There are 2pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, alternate, sessile leaflets, subdivided with round segments. The young fronds are rolled in spirals and thickly covered in hairs. They gradually open out as the fronds grow. Habitaff^tfic* plant is found in the temperate zones of Europe, northern Asia and in North and'South" America. Production: Male Fern leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of Dryopteris filix-mas. Male Fern herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts of Dryopteris filix-mas. Male Fern rhizome consists of me fresh or dried rhizomes separated from the attached roots. The root-stock is collected in autumn and gently dried. Not to be Confused With: The rhizomes of most European Dyopteris species. Other Names: Aspidium, Bear's Paw Root, Fern, Knotty Brake, Male Shield Fern, Marginal Fern, Sweet Brake ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: MALE FERN RHIZOME
Acylphloroglucinoles (2%, mixtures termed raw filicin or filicin): in particular, flavaspidic acids, filicinic acids, paraspidin, desaspidin Tannins
COMPOUNDS: MALE FERN LEAVES
Acylphloroglucinoles (0.2%, mixtures termed raw filicin or filicin): in particular, flavaspidic acids, filicinic acids, paraspidin, desaspidin Flavonoids EFFECTS
Male Fern herb has an anthelmintic effect and is strongly cytotoxic against band worms and liver flukes, although roundworm and oxyuris are resistant. It is also cell toxic, virostatic and antiviral. The pharmacological effect is largely due to the flavaspidic acid with filicic acids being the main active principle. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Male Fern herb are used externally for rheumatism, sciatica, muscle pain, neuralgia, earache and toodiache, for festering and poorly healing wounds, burns, hemorrhoids, for teething in infants, and sleep disorders, as well as internally for tapeworms and flukes. Homeopathic Uses: Dryopteris filix-mas is used for weak sight and damage to the optic nerve. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be administered in the presence of anemia, cardiac, liver or kidney diseases or diabetes. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The following can occur even with therapeutic dosages: queasiness, nausea, severe headache, vomiting, diarrhea. Pregnancy: The drug^ should not be used during pregnancy. Pediatric Use: The drug should not be administered to children under 4 years. Use in the Elderly: The drug should not be administered to elderly persons. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosages in susceptible patients can lead to liver, cardiac and kidney damage as well as central nervous system disorders, psychoses and permanent injuries such as paralysis and visual disorders may be seen as a result of overdose. Cases of death, particularly among children, have been observed following administration of Filmaron oil (10% solution of volatile extracts of the rhizomic drug in cooking oil). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Warning: Dosages may be toxic! Due to the risks, internal application is not recommended; if possible other remedies should be used. Because the efficacy
4 9 4 / M A L E FERN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
of the claimed applications is not documented, therapeutic usage is not recommended. Preparation: Filix-mas extract: The percolate is completely freed from ether by steaming (maximum 50° C). It is made into a dried extract in a vacuum. The content is stabilized with high-fat cooking oil (DAB6) Daily Dosage: The single and daily dose of Filix-mas extract is 6 to 8 gm for adults and 4 to 6 gm for children. In case of an unsuccessful cure, the treatment may only be repeated after an interim of a few weeks. The single and daily maximum dose of Filix-mas liquid extract is 3 gm. The maximum daily dosage of Aspidinolfilicium oii solution is 20 gm. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1); Storage: The drug is stored over adsorbant calcium for a maximum duration of 1 year, with a relative humidity below 0.05 in sealed containers away from light sources. LITERATURE
Bottari F et al., (1972) Phytochemistry 11:2519.
Malus domestica See Apple Tree
Malva sylvestris See High Mallow
Manaca Brunfelsia hopeana DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of Manaca are the roots and stem. Flower and Fruit: The blue or white flowers are large, conical and very fragrant. The calyx is divided into 5 sections, with rounded lobes and 2 lips covering the bud. There are 4 fertile anthers, which fuse together above where they divide into 2 stigma-like lobes. The fruit is a fleshy or leathery capsule with numerous large seeds embedded in it.
Calderwood JM et al., J Pharm Pharmacol 21:55 S. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Manaca is a shrub with obovate, deciduous leaves. The tough, woody roots are about 1.5 cm in diameter. They are yellow in the center and have a papery, pale brown epidermis. The stems have a small yellow medulla. Habitat: Manaca grows in South America, the West Indies and Brazil.
Karl CJPj^ersen PA, Muller G, Z Naturforsch 360607-610.
1981. '
'"V^ ~
_
. .,
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Widen CJ, Sarvela J, Britton OM, On the location and distribution of phloroglucinols (Filicins) in Ferns. In: Ann Bot Fennici 20:407. 1983. Widen CJ, Vida G, Euw JV, Reichenstein T, Helv Chim Acta 54:2824-2850. 1971.
Production: Manaca root is the root of Brunfelsia hopeana. Other Names: Pohl, Vegetable Mercury ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
The active ingredients of the drug have not yet been adequately investigated. The spasmogenic bninfelsamidine (pyrrole-3-carboxamidine, identical with Nierembergia toxin) has been demonstrated in the related species Brunfelsia grandiflora. EFFECTS
Diuretic and antirheumatic effect have been attributed to Manaca. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mallotus philippinensis See Kamala
Unproven Uses: Manaca is used in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. In the past, folk medicine uses have included syphilis and scrofulosis.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
MANDRAKE/495
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and bordering frost-free regions.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. In animal experiments, anxiety states, restlessness. increas«:-~in cardiac and pulmonary frequency, elevated salivation, vomiting, muscle tremors and tonic-clonic spasms were observed following intake of plant parts of Brunfelsiaspecies, as well as death.
Not to be Confused With: The roots of Atropa belladona, whose alkaloid pattern is similar.
DOSAGE
Other Names: Mandragora, Satan's Apple
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract preparations for internal use.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lloyd HA et a!., Brunfeslamidine: A novel convulsant from the medicinal plant Brunfeksia grandiflora. In: Tetrahedron Letters 26(22):2623-2624. 1985. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Mandrake root is the dried, underground part of Mandragora vernalis or M. officinarum. The plant is gathered in uncultivated regions.
COMPOUNDS: MANDRAGORA ROOT
Tropane. alkaloids (0.4%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscyamine, under storage conditions changing over to some extent into atropine, and scopolamine COMPOUNDS: MANDRAKE HERB
The leaves have hardly been investigated, but in view of the demonstrated toxicity, the same alkaloid mixture is to be assumed. EFFECTS: MANDRAKE ROOT AND HERB
The action of the drug is mainly due to the anticholinergic effect of the main alkaloids (atropine, hyoscamin and scopolamine). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mandragora officinarum See Mandrake
Unproven Uses: Mandragora is one of the oldest of the medicinal plants. In folk medicine, a tincture of Mandragora radix was used for stomach ulcers, colic, asthma, hay fever and whooping cough. Today, Mandrake is only used in homeopathy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Mandrake-
-
Mandragora officinarum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried underground part, the fresh herb and the root.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Skin reddening, dryness of the mouth, tachycardiac arrhythmias, mydriasis (the 4 early warning symptoms of a poisoning), accommodation disorders, heat build-up through decline in sweat secretion, micturition disorders and constipation can occur as side effects, particularly with overdoses. OVERDOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are on light green pedicles. They are glabrous on the outside. The corolla is light green to yellow. The calyx is lanceolate with a pointed tip, half as long as the 3 cm corolla. The hairs on the outside of the corolla have heads, which consist of 15 cells and sit on a tiny stem of 2 to 3 cm. The fruit is yellow, globular and extends with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm well beyond the calyx. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant has a thick, tuberous root and is almost stemless. The root is light brown on the outside, simple or branched, and up to 60 cm deep. The leaves are all the same size, pubescent, short petiolate, ovatelanceolate. They have a disgusting smell.
Because of the high content of scopolamine in the drug, poisonings lead at first to somnolence, but then also, after the intake of very high dosages, to central excitation (restlessness, hallucinations, delirium and manic episodes), followed by exhaustion and sleep. Lethal dosages (for adults starting at 100 mg atropine, considerably less for children) carry with them the danger of respiratory failure. Severe poisonings are particularly conceivable in connection with the misuse of the drug as an intoxicant. The treatment for poisonings include stomach emptying; temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipyretics!); oxygen respiration for respiratory distress; intuba-
496/MANDRAKE
tion; parenteral physostigmine salts as antidote; diazepam for spasms while monitoring respiratory function; catheter for cystoparalysis. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is now obsolete and is only rarely used In medicinal preparations. In homeopathy, dilutions from the fresh herb are used. LITERATURE
AI-Khali S, Alkofahi A, The chemical constituents of Mandragora autumnalis. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 149. 1996. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL. Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
3 to 4 mm long and 7 to 10 mm wide. It is rounded at the base or narrowed wedge-shaped, glossy dark brown, flat and longitudinally striped. The seeds are ovate, 15 to 20 mm by 4 to 5 mm, broad, flat, longitudinally striped and brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: Fraxinus ornus is a tree growing up to 8 m tall with gray, crust-embossed bark. The new-year's branchlets are olive-green or browny gray-green, somewhat glossy, with numerous, light-brown lenticels. The long shoots are downy to the tip; the short shoots are awned at the base. The terminal and lateral buds are orbicular and 4scaled. The leaflets are elliptical-ovate-lanceolate or ovate, tapering to a tip and crenate-serrate. The upper surface is rich green and the underside lighter green with pink veins. The nerves are pink-tomentose.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to southern Europe, extending to the southern borders of the Alps and as far as European Turkey. The tree is cultivated in Italy.
Jackson BP, Berry MI, Hydroxytropane tigliates in the roots of Mandragora species. In: PH 12(5): 1165-1166. 1973.
Production: Manna consists of the dried sap generated from the slit bark of trunk and branches of Fraxinus ornus, as well as its preparations in effective dosage. The eight to ten yearold trees are incised. The manna flows out of the bark and is collected.
Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355. 1996. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Flowering Ash, Manna Ash, Flake Manna
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Alditols: Mannitol (70-90%)
Scholz E, Alraunenfruchte - ein biblisches Aphrodisiakum. In: ZPT 16(2): 109-110. 1995.
Oligosaccharides: Stachyose, Mannotriose, Glucose, Fructose
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Manna acts as a laxative.
Wagner Hf^^esenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche HomoSpaffiika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Tena, New York 1995.
Approved by Commission E:
COMPOUNDS
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
• Constipation
Manna Fraxinus ornus
Unproven Uses: Manna is also used for ailments where an easier elimination and a soft stool is desirable, such as anal fissures, hemorrhoids, and post-rectal/anal surgery. CONTRAINDICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the juice extracted from the bark starting from the 8m to the 10th year. This tree yields from its bark a sugary sap known in pharmacy as Manna. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is in upright, later hanging, feathery panicles. The sepals are very short. The petals are fused at the base in pairs. They are linear to narrowly linguiform and white. The 2 stamens have very long filaments. The fruit is a nutlet. It is hanging, linguiform,
The drug is not to be used in the presence of ileus. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Susceptible persons could experience flatulence and nausea. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and other galenic preparations for internal use.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Daily Dosage: For adults, 20 to 30 gm of drug; For children, 2 to 16 gm of drug. Manna, like other laxatives, should not be used for an extended period of time. LITERATURE
*Iansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Fraxinus ornus).
Maranta arundinacea See Arrowroot
Marigold Calendula officinalis TRADE NAMES
Califlora Calndula Gel, Calendula Gel, Calendula Ointment
MARIGOLD / 4 9 7
Not to be Confused With: Other Asteraceae; arnica and saffron are often adulterated with Marigold. Other Names: Calendula, Holligold, Goldbloom, Golds, Mary Bud, Ruddes, Mary Gowles, Holigold, Marybud ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD FLOWERS
Triterpene saponins (2 to 10%): glycosides A to F (mono- or bisdemosidic oleanolic acid glycosides) Triterpene alcohols: tirterpene monooles (0.8%), triterpene dioles (4%) and triterpene trioles, including lupeol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, faradiol, arnidiol, their mono- and diesters (chiefly acetic acid, lauric, myristic and palmitic acid as acid components) Flavonoids (0.3 to 0.8%): including isorhamnetin and quercetin glycosides Hydroxycoumarins: including scopoletin, umbelliferone, esculetin Carotinoids: chief components lutein, zeaxanthine
DESCRIPTION
4Qt Flower and Fruit: On the tip of each stem there is a 5 to 7 cm composite flower head consisting of an epicalyx of numerous narrow-lanceolate sepals, which are densely covered on both sides with glandular hairs. The inner section of the flower head is made up of orange-yellow tubular florets. The disc florets are pseudohermaphrodites; the female sterile. The zygomorphic ray florets at the edge are female, their stamens are completely absent, and their inferior ovaries are much more developed than those of the tubular florets. -SeBftJEonns only in the female ray flowers. The heterocarp acherte$*are~sickle-shaped, curved and ringed. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is usually an annual, seldom biennial. It grows to between 30 and 50 cm high and has a 20 cm long tap root and numerous thin, secondary roots. The stem is erect, angular, downy and branched from the base up or higher. The alternate leaves are almost spatulate at the base, oblong to lanceolate above and are all tomentose. \
Characteristics: The plant has a strong, unpleasant smell. Habitat: Central and southern Europe, western Asia and the U.S. Production: Marigold flowers are the ray florets of the completely unfolded, collected and dried capitula of Calendula officinalis. Harvest begins in July. Drying takes place in the shade at a maximum of 45° C. Calendula herb consists of the fresh or dried above-ground parts of Calendula officinalis harvested during flowering season.
Volatile oil (0.2%): chief components alpha-cadinol, Tcadinol, fatty acids Water-soluble polysaccharides (15%): rhamnoarabinogalactans, arabinogalactans Polyynes EFFECTS: MARIGOLD FLOWERS
The results of numerous studies on the mode of action are available. The flowers are antimicrobial .due to the terpene alkaloids, lactone and'flavones contained in the essential oil. Flavonoids isolated from flowers of Calendula officinalis demonstrated positive antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (at a concentration of 1 milligram/milliliter (Dumenil et al., 1980). Other studies have demonstrated the flavones to be effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Sarcina lutea and Candida monosa. Organic extracts of the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in-vitro MTT/ tetrazolium-based assay. It was also found that the organic extract caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1 reverse transcription activity (Kalvatchev et al, 1997). Antiviral tests performed using the oleanolic acid glycosides from the aerial parts of the plant demonstrated an inhibitory effect against Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Only one compound (3.MH) significantly affected replication in Rhinovirus (HRV) cultures (De Tommasi et al., 1991).
498/MARIGOLD
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Topical application of Calendula has been shown to enhance the granulation and epithelialization of damaged skin (Klouchek-Popova et al., 1982).
Externally, Marigold is used for inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, poorly healing wounds, leg ulcers, to clean wounds, and for acute and chronic skin inflammation.
CLINICAL STUDIES
Unproven Uses: Marigold has been used extensively as a folk medicine. Externally it is used for varicosis, vascular disease wounds, inflammatory skin disease, anal eczema, proctitis, conjunctivitis. It is a constituent in treatments for sore, dry skin, bee stings and frostbite.
Wound Treatment/Tissue Repair In one study, surgically induced skin wounds in rats were treated with a 5% Calendula ointment in combination with allantoin. Histological studies of the damaged tissue at 8 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after inflicting the wounds were performed. The drug combination was found to markedly stimulate physiological regeneration and epithelialization. This effect was attributed to more extensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen protein during the regenerative period in the tissues (KlouchekPopova et al., 1982). In another in-vitro study, an extract of Calendula was shown to induce formation of new blood vessels, which is important in the process of granulation (Patrick et al., 1996). Anti-Inflammatory Action The anti-inflammatory activity of the 3 main triterpendiol esters of Marigold were tested against Croton oil-induced edema of the ears in mice. Faradiol-3-myristic acid ester and faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester were found to have the same dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The non-esterified faradiol was more active than the esters and had an equivalent effect on inflammation as an equimolar dose of indomethacin (Zitterl-Eglseer, et al., 1997). In another study, the faradiol monoester was proven to be the most relevent anti-inflammatory principle due to its quantitative prevalence in the flowers. The unesterified faradiol was found tojbjuthe most active of all tested compounds, equal to indomethacin"y>ejfect-(Delia Loggia et al.,. 19.94).
Marigold is used internally for inflammatory conditions of internal organs, gastrointestinal ulcers, constipation, worm infestation and dysmenorrhea. It is also used as a diuretic and diaphoretic. In the past (19th century), Marigold was used as a cancer therapy but is no longer in use today for this purpose. Homeopathic Uses: Calendula officinalis is used for frostbite, burns to the skin and poorly healing wounds. The efficacy of the homeopathic uses has not been proven. MARIGOLD HERB
Unproven Uses: Preparations are used for circulation, ulcers, spasms, swelling of the glands, jaundice, and for wounds and eczema. The herb is used in Russia for strep throat, on the Canaries for coughs and cramps and in China for irregular menstruation. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
MARIGOLD FLOWERS AND HERB
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization after frequent skin contact with the drug. A low rate of contact dermatitis (less than 1%) occurred in patients patch-tested with a tincture of 10% Calendula. Only- 2 of 1032 patients had a positive skin reaction to Calendula (Bruynzeel et al, 1992).
COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD HERB
DOSAGE
Triterpene saponins
MARIGOLD FLOWERS
Flavonoids Carotinoids Volatile oil EFFECTS: MARIGOLD HERB
The astringent and granulation-promoting effect may be attributable to the essential oil, saponin and the amaroid loliolid. Efficacy has not been documented with valid data. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
MARIGOLD FLOWERS
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx • Wounds and burns
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions, and other preparations to be applied topically. It is available as tinctures, liquid extracts and infusions. How Supplied: Powder, gel ointment, ophthalmic solution, tincture (10%), tea (infusion), shampoo and hand cream. Cream Gel — 7%, 10%
Ointment — 4% Ophthalmic solution Tea Tincture
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Shampoo Preparation: Tea — 150 ml of hot water are poured over 1 to 2 teaspoons drug and strained after approximately 10 minutes. Diaphoretic — 2 to 4 ml tincture to 250 to 500 ml water or 0.5 to 1 ml liquid extract 1:1 ethanol 40%. Ointment (10 to 20%) — 2 to 5 g drug in 100 g ointment with a fatty base. Marigold oil — olive oil extraction 1:10 peanut oil; this 1:1 in 4 0 % ethanol or 1:5 in 90% ethanol. Daily
Dosage:
Sore Throat and Inflammation, powder — 1 to 2 grams of Calendula powder to 150 milliliters of water (Bisset, 1994).
MARIGOLD/499
Delia Loggia R et al., The role of triterpenoids in the topical antiinflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers. In: PM 60(6):516-520. 1994. De Tommasi N, Conti C, Stein ML, Pizza C, Structure and in vitro antiviral activity of triterpenoid saponins from Calendula arvensis. Planta Med (1991 Jun) 57(3):250-3. Dumenil G, Chemli R & Balansard G et al., Evaluation of antibacterial properties of marigold glowers (Calendula officinalis L.) and mother homeopathic tinctures of C. officinalis L. and G. arvensis L. Ann Pharm Fr 1980; 38(6):493-499. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Sore Throat and Inflammation, tea — 1 to 2 grams in one cup of water, steep 10 to 15 minutes.
Isaac O, Calendula officinalis L.- Die Ringelblume, Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 15(6):357-370. 1994.
Peptic Ulcer, tea — 1 to 4 grams in one cup of water, steep 10 to 15 minutes. Take three times daily (Mills, 1991).
Isaac O, Die Ringelblume. Botanik, Chemie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Pharmazie und therapeutsche Verwendung, Wissenschaftl. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart, 1992.
Wound Treatment, ointment 2% to 5% — Apply topically to the affected area (Bisset, 1994).
Kalvatchev Z, Walder R & Garzaro D, Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula""officinalis flowers. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51:176-180.
Wound Treatment, compress — Steep one tablespoon herb in 500 milliliters water for 10 to 15 minutes and apply as a moist compress (Weiss, 1985).
Kasprzyk Z, Pyrek J, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1631.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB1). Sfora^^gProtejct from light and moisture. May be stored a maximum of.*3 years:
Kasprzyk Z, Wilkomyrski B, (1973) Phytochemistry 13:2299. Kloucek-Popova E, Popov A, Pavlova N et al., Influence of the physiological regeneration and epithelization using fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1982; 8(4):63-67. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg OltnS Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
MARIGOLD HERB
Mennet-von Eiff M, Meier B, Phytotherapie in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT 16(4):201-210. 1995.
Mode of Administration: Since efficacy has not been proven the therapeutic value is uncertain.
Mills SY, Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. Viking Arkana, London, 1991.
Preparation: Contained in Kneipp's Calendula Ointment. LITERATURE
MARIGOLD PLOWERS
Ahmed AA et al., Sesquiterpene glycosides from Calendula officinalis. In: JNP 56(10):1821. 1993. Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992. Bisset NG, Calendulae floss - marigold, in Herbal Drugsand Phytopharmaceuticals; a Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart and CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1994. Bruynzeel DP, Van Ketel WG, Young E et al., Contact sensitization by alternative topical medicaments containing plant extracts. Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27:278-279.
Patrick KFM, Kumar S, Edwardson PAD et al., Induction of vascularisation by an aqueous extract of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L the European marigold. Phytomedicine 1996; 3(1): 11-18. Pyrek J, (1977) Roczniki Chemii 51:1141, 2331, 2493. Samochowiec E et al., (1979) Wiad Parazytol 25(1):77. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Vecherko LP et al., (1975) Khim Prir Soed 11(3):366. Weiss RF, Herbal Medicine. Ab Arcanum, Gothernburg, Sweden, 1985.
500/MARIGOLD
PDR FOR H E R B A L MEDICINES
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Veriagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
It is possible to confuse Marijuana with varieties of Urtica, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Boraginaceae.
Wilkomirski B, (1985) Phytochemistry 24(12):3067.
Other Names: Cannabis, Pot, Bhang, Grass, Indian Hemp, Weed, Ganja, Kif
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995,
ACTIONS
AND
PHARMACOLOGY
fl
COMPOUNDS
Willuhn G, Ringenblumenbliiten (Calendulabliiten). In: Tagl Praxis 33(3):685. 1992. Zitterl-Eglseer K, Sosa S, Jurenitsch J et al., Anti-oedematous activities of the main triterpendiol esters of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 57:139-144.
Marijuana Cannabis sativa DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the twig tips of the female flowers, with either flowers or fruit attached, the flower-bearing twigs that have been dried; the ripe hemp fruit and various homeopathic preparations of the fresh dried plant-parts. Flower and Fruit: Hemp is dioecious. The female flowers are reduced to the perigone with one bract. The complete inflorescences form a leafy, false spike. The male flowers form panicles rich in pollen. Pollination is by wind. The fruit is a gray-green, glossy achene, 3.5 to 5 mm long and 2.5 to 4 mm wide. The seeds have little endosperm, are white, oilyfleshy and hooked. Leaves, Stem and Root: Cannabis is an annual or biennial plant, which is usually branched and grows up to 5 m. The plant ha"s"s11ret^"rough-Jiaired and compressed bristles. The leaves are lohg-petioled and 3 to 7 pinnate. The leaflets are lanceolate and serrate. Habitat: The plant probably originated in the Middle East. Today it is grown worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Production: Indian hemp is the dried flowering or fruiting branch tips of Cannabis sativa var. indica. Production depends on the origin. One method is by striping the leaves. Another method is stripping the resin exuded from the flowers and multiple fruit, which is shaped into balls or sheet forms. The final method involves cutting 5 cm to 10 cm long branch tips, which have just borne fruit, removing the leaves, pressing the shooting tips and gathering them into bundles. Not to be Confused With: Prior to being used as a narcotic, marijuana was often combined with Nicotiana tabacum, Lavandula officinalis, Nepeta catarina or Origanum vulgare.
Cannabinoids: chief active agent 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC = 1-THC), in addition to 60 additional cannabinoids Volatile oil: of a very complex composition, with, among other things beta-caryophyllenes, humules, caryophyllene oxide, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, limonene, myrcene, betaocimene Flavonoids: including canniflavone-1, canniflavone-2 EFFECTS
Psychotropic action: In most subjects the effect is registered following an oral dose of 20 mg d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or after inhaling a cigarette with 2% d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The symptoms are mood swings, reduction in drive, inability to think clearly, confusion, lack of concentration, impairment of short term memory and perception of time. Sensory impressions become heightened or experienced differently. Complex tasks become more difficult, the capacity to understand or empathize is impaired. Negative reactions such as anxiety, panic and psychosis can occur.
M
It is only possible to describe this effect in animal tests, on the basis of free behavioral and controlled behavioral tests. A stimulating effect has also been observed with lower doses. Not all cannaboids cause the same effect. CBC, CBD and CBG have no psychomimetic effect. Various interactions occur in combination with d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Antiemetic action: has been reported in clinical studies involving cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Anticonvulsive action: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces the clinical and electrographic convulsion intensity in cats. Analgesic characteristics: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol displays analgesic characteristics, while at the same time partially increasing sensitivity to pain. Body temperature: In animal tests, d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannaboids reduced body temperature. The maximum reduction was relatively small. A stronger hypothermic effect was observed in higher doses, which affected behavior. Respiratory tract: The inhalation of marihuana smoke caused bronchial dilation in healthy subjects. Methacholineinduced asthma attacks can be terminated by inhaling marihuana, in this case only psychomimetic cannaboids are active.
™
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
^1
Eyes: The ability of cannabis products to reduce intraocular pressure was discovered accidentally during trials on the effect of inhaling high doses. During the tests, intraocular pressure dropped by 45%. Eye drops applied locally had the same effect as standard medication but the effect lasted longer. Immune system: In vitro and in animal testing, depending on the tissue, the immune system was significantly suppressed after cannaboid administration. Antimicrobial action: CBC, CBDA. CBG and d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol displayed antibacterial effects. CBC and d-9tetrahydrocannabinol are bacteriostatic and bactericidal against streptococci and staphylococci. Tumor inhibiting effect: The in-vitro inhibiting effect of d-9tetrahydrocannabinol, d-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and CBN on the growth of transplanted lung tumors has been documented. Heart, circulation: Cannaboids increase heart frequency, peripheral vasodilatation causes an increase in systolic blood pressure in the prone position and a decrease in the supine position.
W
Other effects: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is said to be an appetite stimulant. Long term usage leads to a clear increase in tolerance for most of the pharmacological effects. Mode of action: Most cannaboids act on the CNS. The multiplicity of effects does not point to just one receptor. Possible interaction with cell-wall lipids or effects on prostoglandin biosynthesis is under discussion at present. When administered orally, the first psychotropic reactions take SfffeV^O to 60 minutes later. The effect is at its optimum between* 2 to 3 hours later and-lasts for a total of 8 hours. When inhaled the effect sets in within a few minutes, reaches its climax or maximum after 30 minutes and lasts for 3 hours. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^1
Unproven Uses: Cannabis was first mentioned in the pharmacopoeia of the Chinese Emperor about 3,000 years ago. Cannabis resin was used for beriberi, constipation, female conditions, gout, malaria, rheumatism and absentmindedness. In medieval herbals, it was mostly used externally. There are recipes for balms for healing contractures and for cooling poultices for the head and joints and for podagra. In 1845, the herb tips were mentioned for internal administration for gonorrhea, angina pectoris and choking fits. It was not until the nineteenth century that Indian hemp was described as having a euphoric effect; it was used for insomnia, neuralgia, painful rheumatism, painful gastrointes-
MARIJUANA/501
tinal disorders, cholera, tetanus, epilepsy, strychnine poisoning, acute bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, impending abortion and weak contractions. The extract was used as a sedative and mild soporific. Current literature on phytotherapeutic drugs cite as indications for Indian hemp: painful disorders of the alimentary canal such as ulcers or cancer; respiratory disorders such as asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis; neuralgia, migraine; urinary tract disorders; mental disorders such as anxiety, neurasthenia or hysteria. Dronabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Marinol®) is marketed as an appetite stimulant in the treatment of AIDSrelated anorexia and as an antiemetic for chemotherapyinduced emeses. Indian and Chinese Medicine: In early Indian and Chinese me'dicine, it was used for nervous depressive states, insomnia, vomiting, tetanus and coughs. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The intake x>fLtoxic dosages, as is common with the smoking of cannabis, leads almost at once to euphoric states (pronounced gaiety, laughing fits) with exaggerated apprehension of sensual impressions. Alterations in the perception of time and space, as well as acoustical, visual and sensory hallucinations, lasting for 2 to 3 hours are common in higher dosages. Driving ability can be disturbed for as long as 8 hours. Although only rarely reported, acute poisoning symptoms include nausea, vomiting, tear flow, hacking cough, disturbance of cardiac function and numbness of the limbs. Despite its widespread use as a recreational drug, instances of death are very rare. The results of chronic abuse are laryngitis, bronchitis, apathy, psychic decline and disturbances of genital functions. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Marijuana is widely used as an illegal recreational drug. It is usually either smoked or eaten to produce mind-altering effects. The extracted or synthetically produced delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol component is used legally in capsule form for oral administration. How Supplied: Capsules — (Marinol®) 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg Dried Herb Daily Dosage: The former average oral single dose of the drug was 0.1 gm.
502/MARIJUANA
Appetite stimulation — (Marinol®) 2.5 mg to 10 mg twice daily Antiemetic times daily
(Marinol®) 5 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 four to six
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Ross SA, ElSohly MA, The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis. In: JNP 59(1):49-51. 1996. Ruh MF, Taylor JA, Howlett AC, Welshons WV Failure of cannabinoid compounds to stimulate estrogen receptors. Biochem Pharmacol, 53:35-41, 1997 Jan 10
Narcotic — hash .and tobacco are mixed. 1 cigarette contains 0.5 gm to 1 gm of the drug with at least 5 mg to 10 mg d-9tetrahydrocannabinol for the psychotropic effect. More exact dosages are almost impossible to stipulate due to the varieties of action of the different cannaboids and because of varying breathing techniques.
Ruh MF, Taylor JA, Howlett AC, Welshons WV The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis sativa. J Nat Prod, 53:49-51, 1996 Jan
Storage: Store with care, protected from light. Studies have shown that 9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a strong affinity with synthetics and rubber and is easily absorbed by them.
Taura F, Morimoto S, Shoyama Y Three acyclic bisphenylpropane lignanamides from fruits of Cannabis sativa. Phytochemistry, 271:1003-7, 1995 Mar
Segelman A et al., (1977) J Pharm Sci 66:1358. Taschner KL, Drogen und Stra|3enverkehr. In: DAZ 134(35):3299. 1994.
LITERATURE
Turner CE et a!., (1980) J Nat Prod 43:169.
Anonym, Cannabis: Hanf als Nutzpflanze. In: DAZ 135(27):2538-2541. 1995.
Vidal C, Fuente R, Iglesias A, Saez A Bronchial asthma due to Cannabis sativa seed. Allergy, 40:647-9, 1991 Nov
Anonym, Rezeptorforschung: Korpereigener Ligand des Cannabis-Rezeptors isoliert. In: DAZ 133(24):2214. 1993.
Yamamoto I, Matsunaga T, Kobayashi H, Watanabe K, Yoshimura H Analysis and pharmacotoxicity of feruloyltyramine as a new constituent and p-coumaroyltyramine in Cannabis sativa L. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 40:465-9, 1991 Nov
Bayewitch M, Rhee MH, Avidor-Reiss T, Breuer A, Mechoulam R, Vogel Z Cannabis sativa - deceptive weed? S Afr Med J, 271:1269-70, 1995 Dec Bonnin A et al Effects of perinatal exposure to delta 9tetrahydrocannabinol on the fetal and early postnatal development of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in rat brain. J Mol Neurosci, 7:291-308, 1996 Winter Castle DJ, Ames FR Cannabis and the brain. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 30:179-83, 1996 Apr Clarke CC, Marijuana botany. In: And/Or Press, Berkeley, California. 1981. DrogenmiPbrauch: Drogen im Straf3enverkehr. In: DAZ 134(27):2575. 1994. Evans ASp^fafc; 11985) J Pharm Pharmacol. Evans AT et aI."Yl987) FEBS 211:119. Evans AT et al., (1987) Biochem Pharmacol 36:2035. Evans FJ, Cannabinoids - The separation of central from peripheral effects on a structural basis. In: PM 57:60. 1991. Fairbairn JW et al., J Pharm Pharmacol 28:130. Fairbairn JW, Pickens JT (1981) Br. J Pharmacol 72:401. Gil EW et al., (1970) Nature 228:135. Goedecke H, Karkos J, Die arzneiliche Verwendung von Cannabisprodukten. In: DAZ 136(34):2859-2862. 1996. Jungmayr P, Rauschmittel: Macht Marihuana dumm? In: DAZ 136(34):2867-2868. 1996. Kovar KA, Cannabis - was ist das? In: DAZ 132(43):2302. 1992. Nahas, B, In: Marihuana in Science and Medicine. Nahas G (Ed.) Raven Press New York. 1984. Paris RR et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:144.
Yamaudi T, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:2189. Further information in: Barrett ML et al Biochem Pharmacol 34 (1985), 2019 Burstein S, Ozman K Biochem Pharmacol 34 (1982), 2019 Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C (Eds) Physicians Desk Reference for Herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Company Inc., Montvale, 1998 Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hernandez ML, Garcia-Gil L, Berrendero F, Ramos JA, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic neurons. J Mol Neurosci, 8:83-91, 1997 Apr Lercker G, Bocci F, Frega N, Bortolomeazzi R Cannabinoid acids analysis. Farmaco, 40:367-78, 1992 Mar Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Mackie K, Hille B Cannabinoids inhibit N-type calcium channels in neuroblastoma-glioma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89:3825-9, 1992 May 1 Mackie K, Hille B Passive consumption of marijuana through milk: a low level chronic exposure to delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol(THC). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 89:255-60, 1990
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Navarro M, Rubio P, de Fonseca FR Behavioural consequences of maternal exposure to natural cannabinoids in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 122:1-14, 1995 Nov ^ Romero J, Garcia-Palomero E, Lin SY, Ramos JA, Makriyannis A, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ Cannabis sativa—a plea for decriminalisation. S Afr Med J, 58:1268-9, 1995 Dec
MARSH M A R I G O L D / 5 0 3
Other Names: Button Snakeroot, Gay-Feather, Backache Root, Colic Root, Devil's Bite ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Coumarin Flavonoids: including rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside EFFECTS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Main active principle: Coumarin. There is no reliable information available.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Marsh Blazing Star has been used for disorders of the kidney, dysmenorrhea, as a diuretic and for gonorrhea treatment.
Thomas BF, Adams IB, Mascarella SW, Martin BR, Razdan RK Structure-activity analysis of anandamide analogs: relationship to a cannabinoid pharmacophore. J Med Chem, 58:471-9, 1996 Jan 19
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
0
Marrubium vulgare
Mode of Administration: Ground drug as an infusion.
See Horehound
LITERATURE
Marsdenia condurango See Condurango
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lowry JB, (1973) Nature 241:61. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Seshadri TF, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:881.
Margli Blazing Star Liatris spicata*' ~
Marsh Marigold
DESCRIPTION
Caltha palustris
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the roots.
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is compound spikes of carmine red flowers, 4 to 8 mm in diameter.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried aerial part of the flowering plant
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and has an erect, leafy stem up 2 m. The leaves are opposite, up to 30 cm long and 1 cm wide. The rhizome is 1 cm or more in diameter. It is gnarled with several cup-shaped scars. The rhizome is brownish and slightly wrinkled on the outside. Inside it is whitish with dark gray spots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are about 4 cm in diameter. The involucre is simple and has 5 or more yolk-yellow, 12 to 18 mm long ovate bracts, that are glossy greenish on the outside. There are numerous stamens and 5 to 8 ovaries. The fruit is a star-shaped follicle with a short beak. The seeds are dark brown to black, measuring about 2.5 cm long by 1.3 cm wide.
Characteristics: The root is very solid. The taste is bitter, and the odor is faintly aromatic, resembling cedar. Habitat: U.S., cultivated in parts of Europe. Production: Marsh Blazing Star is the rhizome of Liatris spicata.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Caltha palustris is a 15 to 30 cm high perennial marsh plant with a sturdy, many-headed rhizome. The glabrous, hollow stem is ascending or decumbent. The leaves are dark green and have an oily-glossy, cordate to reniform, crenate or serrate-margined leaf blade. The petioles
504/MARSH
MARIGOLD
are grooved. The cauline leaves have shorter petioles and are smaller, clasping, and often have a membranous leaf sheath. Characteristics: The plant is highly poisonous. Habitat: Caltha palustris is found in all temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Other Names: Cowslip, Kingcups, Water Blobs, Horse Blobs, Bull's Eyes, Leopard's Foot, Meadow Routs, Verrucaria, Solsequia, Sponsa Solis, Palsy Root, Water Dragon ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Protoanemonine-forming agents: In the freshly harvested plant, it is presumably the glycoside ranunculin that changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces, and probably also when it is dried. It then changes into the pungent, volatile protoanemonine that is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes but quickly dimerizes to anemonine; when dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine formation Triterpene saponins: including hederagenin glycosides
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to treatment-resistant blisters and cauterizations due to the release of protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, large quantities could lead to severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as with irritation of the urinary drainage passages. OVERDOSAGE
Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution followed by mucilage. Ingestion of the drug should be treated with gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. The toxicity of this plant is less than that of many other Ranunculaceae (Anemones nemorosae) due to the relatively low levels of protoanemonine-forming agents.
Triterpene lactones: caltholid, palustrolid Isoquinoline alkaloids (aporphine type, very small quantities): including corytuberine, magnoflorine, protopine EFFECTS
The drug lowers cholesterol levels and raises blood sugar levels in rats subsequent to oral administration (according to unavailable Russian research). There are also reports of antiinflammatory effects on formaldehyde-induced inflammation. The drug contains alkaloids of the benzylisoquinoline type (magnoflorine, triterpene saponins, triterpene lactones). In animal tests magnoj3ori«e temporally lowejs blood pressure and induces hypothermia in mice. An effect on the nicotine receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system is under discussion. Insufficient information is available for an authoritative assessment of these effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration:-Because of the herb's toxicity, its use is not recommended other than topically and as an extract. LITERATURE
Bhandari P et al., Triterpenoid saponins from Caltha palsutris. In: PM 53(1):98-100. 1987. Bhandari P et al., Two nortriterpene lactones from Caltha palustris. In: PH 23(8): 1699-1702. 1984. Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987. Bruni A et al., Protoanemonin detection in Caltha palustris. In: JNP 49(6): 1172-1173. 1986. " Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGcs Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drpgen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Unproven Uses: Marsh Marigold was formerly used for jaundice, liver and bilious complaints. Some Native American tribes and those practicing Russian folk medicine used the plant for dressing and cleansing skin lesions and sores. When administered internally, it is meant to have a laxative and diuretic effect. Since this has not been sufficiently proven, and the side effects of Marsh Marigold are so dangerous, its internal use is not recommended.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used externally for skin rashes.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
M A R S H M A L L O W /505
Marshmallow
Pectins
Althaea officinalis
Starch EFFECTS
TRADE NAMES
Marshmallow is'available from a number of manufacturers, often as Marshmallow Root. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the mallow flowers, leaves, syrup and roots. Flower and Fruit: The reddish-white flowers are usually in axillary or terminal clusters. The 6 to 9 sepals of the epicalyx are fused at the base, pointed and 8 to 10 mm long. There are 5 sepals, 5 heart-shaped petals and numerous stamens fused together with the anthers to a column. The ovaries are in a ring. There are numerous styles. The mericarps are smooth and downy. The 5 to 8 mm fruit is disc-like and breaks up into the mericarps, which are downy on the outside and often have fine, branched and radiating ribs. The seeds are darkbrown, glabrous, kidney-shaped and somewhat compressed. Leaves, Stem and Root: The 60 to 120 cm high, hardy, velvety plant has a thick erect root up to 50 cm long by a few cm with secondary roots. The erect, succulent stem is usually woody at the base but unbranched. The leaves are shortpetioled with an ovate, acute leaf-blade. The secondary leaves are narrow and drooping. The lower leaves are 5lobed, and the upper cauline leaves are often triangular, wider than they are long, and irregularly and roughly dentate. Habitat: The plant was originally indigenous to Asia and then spread westward to southeast Europe and eastward to China. In temperate latitudes, Marshmallow is established as a gardSFplant. Production: Marshmallow root consists of the dried root, unpeeled or peeled, of Althaea officinalis. The root cultures are harvested from October to November, and after cleaning, are carefully dried at a maximum temperature of 35° C. Marshmallow leaves consist of the dried leaves of Althaea officinalis. After harvest, the leaves are dried at a temperature of 40° C. Not to be Confused With: May be confused with other Althea species. Other Names: Moorish Mallow, Cheeses, White Maoow, Althea, Mortification Root, Sweet Weed, Wymote, Mallards, Schloss Tea ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages: mixture of colloidally soluble polysaccharides, particularly galacturonic rhamnans, arabinogalactans, arabans and glucans
The drug alleviates local irritation, inhibits mucociliary activity, stimulates phagocytosis, and functions as an antiinflammatory and anticomplementary agent, immune stimulant and hypoglycemic. Efficacy has been demonstrated when used as a gargle for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis Unproven Uses: Uses of the drug include irritation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa and associated dry cough; mild inflammation of the gastric mucosa; as cataplasm for light inflammations and skin burns; and for insect bites. In folk medicine, marshmallow is employed for catarrh of the mouth, throat, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract, as well as for inflammation, ulcers, abscesses, burns, constipation and diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Drug Interactions: The absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously may be delayed. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cut leaves for aqueous extracts as well as other galenic preparations for internal use. Cut or ground root for aqueous extracts as well as other galenic preparations for internal use. Marshmallow syrup is to be used only for treatment of dry coughs. Note: Diabetics need to consider sugar concentration of marshmallow syrup. How Supplied: Capsules — 460 mg Cough mixture Drops Liquid — Generally in syrup form, which is also called "snail juice": (1:1) Powder Tablets (coated and uncoated) Preparation: To prepare a tea, use 10 to 15 g with 150 ml of cold water and allow to stand for 90 minutes, then warm to drink.
5 0 6 /MARSHMALLOW
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 6 gm of the root and 5 gm of the leaf. The tea dosage is several cups of the slightly warmed tea taken during the course of the day. A single dose of the syrup is 10 gm. Storage: The drug should be protected from light sources and insects.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Franz G, (1986) Planta Med 6:76P.
Martagon
Capek P, et al., Carbohydr Res 164:443. 1987.
Lilium martagon
Franz G, Madaus A, Stabilitat von Polysacchariden. Untersuchungen am Beispiel des Eibischschleims. In: DAZ 130(40):2194. 1990. Franz G, PM 14:90. 1966.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, stem and flowers, which are collected when the plant is completely mature.
Franz G, PM 55:493. 1989. Gudej J, (1981) Acta Pol Pharm 38:385. Gudej J, Bieganowska HL, Chromatographia 30:333. 1990. Gudej J, PM 57:284. 1991. Hahn-Deinstrop E, Eibischwurzel Identifizierung von Eibischwurzel-Extrakt und Gehaltsbestimmung in einem InstantTee. In: DAZ 135(13): 1147-1149. 1995. Kardosova A, et al., (1983) Coll Czech Commun 45:2082. Kochich P, et al., (1983) Sov J Bioorg Chem 9(2): 121. Nosal'ova G, Strapkova A, Kardosova A, Capek P, Zatureck'y L, Bukovska E, Antitussive Wirkung des Extraktes und der Polysaccharide aus Eibisch (Althaea officinalis L. var. robusta). In: PA 47(3):224-226. 1992. Nosolova G, et al., PA 47:224. 1993. Shimizu N, Tomoda T, Chem Pharm Bull 33:5539. 1985. Tomoda M et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:1357. Tomoda1vf^ral^(l9.80X.Chem Pharm Bull 28:824^ Tomoda M et al., (1987) Planta Med 53(1):8.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is terminal and racemous with 3 to 10 inclined flowers. The flower buds are globose or oblong-ovate. The tepal petals are 3 to 3.5 cm long, involute and orange with dark spots. They contain a ciliate mauve honey gland. The anthers are red. The fruit is a 2-winged capsule witJi an erect fruit stem. The seeds are flat, light brown and 6 to 8 mm long. Since the seeds do not ripen in northern regions, propagation takes place by means of bulbils, which occur at the leaf axils. Flowers are produced during the third year of growth. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 30 to 60 cm high or higher. The bulb is golden yellow, ovate and about 5 cm long. The stem is erect, round, glabrous or with short rough hairs on the upper section. The stem is green or spotted red and leafy in the middle. The leaves are 7 to 11 ribbed, oblong-spatulate, shortly ciliated and up to 15 cm long. Habitat: The plant comes from China and Japan, but is also cultivated in central and southern Europe.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Production: Martagon is the tuber of Lilium martagon.
Further information in:
Other Names: Purple Turk's Cap Lily, Turk's Cap
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Soluble
polysaccharides
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Starch
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Gamma-methylene
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
glutamic
acid
Tuliposide The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated. EFFECTS
No information is available.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. It is used externally for ulcers. Homeopathic Uses: All the above uses are also employed in homeopathic medicine.
MASTERWORT/507
Furocoumarins: in particular imperatorin, oxypeucedanin, osthrutol gamma-chromones: peucenine Phthalides Polyynes
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
EFFECTS
DOSAGE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mode of Administration: Martagon is available as cut drug for internal use in infusions and external use in poultices. Homeopathic dilutions are also available.
Unproven Uses: Masterwort is used for bloating, flatulence, Roemheld syndrome, digestive disorders, weak stomach and intestinal catarrh.
LITERATURE
Satou T, Mimaki Y, Kuroda M, Sashida Y, Hatakeyama Y, A pyrroline glucoside ester and steroidal saponins from Lilium martagon. Phytochemistry, 41:1225-30, 1996 Mar.
Masterwort Peucedanum ostruthium DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root. Flower and Fnut: The white flowers form many-blossomed compound umbels. There is no involucre. The epicalyx has only a few leaves. The calyx is indistinct The petals have indented, pointed tips. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 50 to 100 cm high. X^rhj.zome is gray-brown and produces runners. The stem is rounds sirghtiy grooved and glabrous. The basal leaves are doubly trifoliate. The leaflets are ovate to oblong, about 4 cm wide, roughly serrate and pale green beneath. The lateral leaflets are dipinnate. The terminal leaflet is tripinnate. The cauline leaves are small with a bulbous, membranous sheath. Characteristics: Masterwort has an aromatic-bitter taste. Habitat: The plant grows in central Europe. Production: Masterwort rootstock is the rhizome of Peucedanum ostruthium. The thickened rhizomes are harvested. These are dug up in autumn or spring, then cleaned, freed from any root or green residue, cut and dried at a temperature of 35° C. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components alpha-pinene, (+)-phellandrene, (+)-limonene, esters of isobutyric and isovaleric acid
Masterwort is said to be stomachic and to have a mild sedative effect. Its main action is as a diuretic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Light-skinned individuals may experience an increase in UV-sensitivity, due to the phototoxic effect of the furocoumarins. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Masterwort is obsolete as a drug in German-speaking countries. It is occasionally used as a constituent in medicinal preparations in combination with other bitters. It is administered as a powder or as an infusion. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use a cold extraction of 1 teaspoonful of the drug over a period of 8 hours. Daily Dosage: Infusion — Can be drunk throughout the day. Powder — 0.5 gm to 2 gm can be taken 2 to 3 times daily. Storage: Store in a dry place, in closed containers. LITERATURE
Gijbels MJM et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 61(1):17. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schimmer O et al., (1980) Planta Med 40(1):68. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
5 0 8 / M A S T I C TREE
Mastic Tree Pistacia lentiscus DESCRIPTION
Medicitml Parts: The medicinal part is the resin. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is compact and spikelike. The flowers are yellowish or purplish. The drupe is approximately 4 mm, globose, apiculate and is red, but later turns black. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small evergreen tree or shrub 1 to 8 m high. The trees are said to be exclusively male. The leaves are bipinnate. The 8 to 12 leaflets measure I to 5 cm by 0.5 to 1.5 cm. They are lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, mucronate and coriaceous. The rhachis is broadly winged. The petioles are glabrous. Habitat: The tree thrives in the Mediterranean region, Portugal, Turkey, on the Canaries and in tropical Africa. Production: Mastic resin is the resin from the trunk of Pistacia lentiscus. Other Names: Lentisk ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Resins (90%): chief components are the triterpenes mastic acid, isomastic acid, oleanolic acid and tirucallol Volatile oil (I-3%): including alpha-pinene, myrcene, linalool, beta-pinene, beta-caryophyllene (constituents vary a great deal) E F F E C T S ^ ^ „_
In animal experiments Mastic is ulcer protective. The amaroids and essential oil are astringent and aromatic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Mastic Tree resin was formerly used in dentistry, as a material for fillings. The masticated resin releases substances that freshen the breath and tighten the gums.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S LITERATURE
Al-Said MS et al., Evaluation of Mastic, a crude drug obtained from Pistacia lentiscus for gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer activity. In: ETH 15:271. 1986. Mamer FJ, Freyer A, Lex J, Triterpenoids from gum Mastic, the resin of Pistacia lentiscus. In: PH 30(11):3709-3712. 1991. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Mate Ilex paraguariensis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried or roasted leaves. Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are axillary and are in clusters of 40 to 50. They have a 4 to 5 sepaled calyx and 4 to 5 petalled corolla, are unisexual and dioecious. The fruit is a globoid reddish drupe with 5 to 8 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen shrub or tree up to 20 m tall with pale bark and an oblong-oval crown. The leaves are alternate, obovate, acuminate with a crenate or serrate margin. They are dark green above and pale green beneath and are tough, coriaceous and 6 to 20 cm long and 3 to 9 cm wide. Characteristics: The taste is astringent and bitter. The odor is characteristic and ar6matic. Habitat: The plant is only found in South America between the 20th and 30th parallel. Production: Mate consists of the dried leaf and leaf stem of Ilex paraguariensis. It is harvested every 2 years from May to September, then dried and cut. Other Names: Yerba Mate, Jesuit's Tea, Paraguay Tea
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Purine alkaloids: chief alkaloids caffeine (0.4-2.4%) and theobromine (0.3-0.5%)
Pediatric Use: There is an occasional risk of diarrhea in small children.
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The resin is used for the production of chewing gum and is used in the food and drink industries.
^ ™
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including among others rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol glycosides Triterpene saponins (mate saponins)
^
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Nitrite glycosides: menisdaurin, not cyanogenic Volatile oil EFFECTS
The main active principles are caffeine in varying amounts, tannins and small amounts of essential oil. Depending on the caffeine content the drug can display analeptic, diuretic, positively inotropic and positively chronotropic, glycogenolytic and lipolytic effects. The centrally stimulating effect of the drug is due to the chlorogenic acids. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Lack of stamina Mate is used for mental and physical fatigue. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Mate is used internally for ulcers, rheumatism, anemia, neurasthenia, depression, as a diuretic for oliguria and as a prophylaxis against fever and infections. Externally Mate is used as a poultice for ulcers and inflammation. Homeopathic Uses: Ilex paraguariensis is used to treat poor digestion. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Mate is available as comminuted herb ffi^dnfusions, herb powder and as galenic preparations for internal use.^nie-drug is available as filter teas in mono tea form and in various tea combinations such as bladder and kidney teas. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour water that has just been brought to boil over 1 teaspoonful drug (2 gm) and leave to draw for 5 to 10 minutes, then strain. The briefly infused drink is more stimulating, less astringent and tastes better (caffeine dissolves more quickly than the tannins). Roasted leaves: The dried leaves are heated for 20 minutes to 100° C and then rinsed with water. The leaves are stored for 3 to 4 days to allow the taste and aroma to develop (DAC86). Daily Dosage: 3 gm of drug.
MATICO/509 LITERATURE
Baltassat F et al., (1985) Plant Med Phytother 18(4): 194. Gosmann G et al., Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex paraguariensis. In: JNP 58(3):438-441. 1995. Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press Boca Raton 1975. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Ilex paraguariensis). Kraemer KH et al., A new polar saponin from Ilex paraguariensis. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):62. 1995. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.),Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Matico Piper elongatum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the leaf. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a long spike of up to 20 cm, opposite the leaf. The flowers have no tepals and are very small with 4 stamens and an obovoid ovary with a very short 3-stigmaed style'. The fruit is a very narrow, black, 1seeded drupe. Leaves, Stem and Root: Piper elongatum is a shrub that typically grows to over 2 m high. The leaves are alternate, entire, up to 20 cm long and 4 cm wide, short petiolate and coriaceous. The lamina is elongate-lanceolate, long acuminate and punctate with oil glands. The leaf base is unevenly cordate; the petiole is winged and clasps the stem. The stem is round, conspicuously jointed and pubescent toward the top. Characteristics: The leaves have an aromatic smell when rubbed and a bitter, mildly astringent taste.
Tea: as required (1 teaspoon corresponds to 2 gm drug).
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Argentina, Columbia and Tanzania.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34).
Production: Piper elongatum is cultivated as a medicinal plant in the countries of origin. Matico leaves are the dried leaves of Piper elongatum. The fresh leaves are also used medicinally.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
510/MATICO
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can occur widi Piper aduncum. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.3 to 6.0%): chief component dill apiol, as well as asaltone, parsley apiol Tannins Sesquiterpene: maticin EFFECTS
Use as a hemostyptic could possibly be a result of the tannin content. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The hemostyptic effect of the leaves is used externally for bleeding wounds and in the treatment of ulcers. Internally, it is used for urogenital complaints (primarily bacterial infections), atonic diarrhea and dysentery. In Peru, Matico is considered to be an aphrodisiac. It has also been used for minor wounds such as leech bites and after tooth extraction.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are located in the stem bifurcation between 2 leaves. When the flower drops, the developing fruit swells to me size and shape of a 2.5 to 5 cm long rosehip. It is yellow and fleshy. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial reaching a height of 40 cm. It has a bifurcated, 45 cm high stem and deeply indented, umbrella-like, hand-sized leaves. The rhizome is reddish-brown and is 0.5 cm in diameter. Depending on the time of harvesting, the surface of the rhizome may be smooth or wrinkled. Nodes occur at intervals of 3 to 5 cm, and the fracture is whitish. Characteristics: The odor is unpleasant and acrid. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeast North America. Production: Mayapple rhizome consists of the dried rhizome and connected roots of Podophyllum peltatum. Mayapple resin consists of the resin of the dried and aged rhizome of Podophyllum peltatum. Not to be Confused With: Mayapple should not be confused with English Mandrake or Bryonia dioica.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Other Names: Duck's Foot, Ground Lemon, Hog Apple, Indian Apple, Mandrake, Raccoon Berry, Wild Lemon
DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mode of Administration: The leaves are administered as whole, cut and powdered forms for internal and external use.
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE R O O T
Preparation: There is no information in the literature. Daily Dosage: Powder — 0.5 to 2 g drug, 3 to 4 times daily Infusion — single dose: 1 g drug per cup; or 10% infusion: taken 3 or 4 times daily. LITERATURE.
,.* ? * • "**
.-,-
-•
-
Moneywort
Vogel G, (1980) The anti-amanita effect of silymarin. In: Faulstich et al., (Eds.), Amanita toxins and poisoning. Witzstrock, Baden-Baden Koln New York, S 180-187.
Lysimachia nummularia
Wagner H, Seligmann O, Seilz M, Abraham D, Sonnenbichler J, (1976) Silydianin und Silychristin, zwei isomere Silymarine aus Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. (Mariendistel). Z Naturforsch 31b:876-884.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried whole flowering plant.
Zi X, Agarwal R, Silibinin decreases prostate-specific antigen with cell growth inhibition via Gl arrest, leading to differentiation of prostate carcinoma cells: implications for prostate cancer intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 Jun 22;96(13):7490-5. Zi X, Feyes DK, Agarwal R, Anticarcinogenic effect of a flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB 468: induction of Gl arrest through an increase in Cipl/p21 concomitant with a decrease in kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and associated cyclins. Clin Cancer Res 1998 Apr;4(4): 1055-64.
DESCRIPTION
Fruit and Flower: The flowers are solitary or in pairs. The leaf axils have 5 free, almost cordate sepals. The corolla is rotate, divided into 5 and fused at the base. It is rich yellow and spotted with dark red glands on the inside. There are 5 glandular-haired stamens fused at the base and 1 ovary. The fruit is a 4- to 5-mm long globular capsule. The seeds are triangular, blackish-brown, warty and 1.5 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial. The stem is a runner-like creeper, lightly branched, quadrangular, glabrous to slightly pubescent with roots at the nodes. It grows I from 10 to 45 cm. The leaves are entire-margined, crossed-
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
opposite, short-petioled, red-glandular punctate and orbicular elliptical. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to all of Europe and the Caucasus and has been introduced into America and Japan. Production: Moneywort is the complete plant of Lysimachia nummularia. The whole flowering plant, including the root, is collected, cleaned and dried in the shade. Other Names: Creeping Jenny, Creeping Joan, Herb Twopence, Meadow Runagates, Running Jenny, Serpentaria, String of Sovereigns, Twopenny Grass, Wandering Jenny, Wandering Tailor ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including among others glycosides of myricetins, kempferols and quercetins, including rutin, hyperosides Tannins Triterpene saponins The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated. EFFECTS
Moneywort is mildly astringent and expectorant. Extracts of the aerial plant parts are said to be antibacterial in vitro; however, scientific results are not available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Moneywort is used externally as a vulnerary and for acute and chronic eczema. It is used internally for diarrhea and excessive salivation, and as an expectorant for coughs. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards- or side effects are known jn conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Preparation: To make a tea, pour 250 ml boiling water over 2 heaping teaspoonfuls drug and leave to draw for 5 minutes. For a wound poultice, dilute the tea preparation with the same amount of chamomile tea. Daily Dosage: For the treatment of coughs, drink 1 cup of tea, 2 to 3 times daily with honey if desired. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Pram N et al., PA 38:494. 1083.
MONKSHOOD/521
Monkshood Aconitum napellus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Deadly poison. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 50 to 160 cm long and form violet, bluish or reddish upright racemes. The calyx has 5 petal-like sepals. The upper sepal is convex and helmetshaped. There are 2 petals with nectar-releasing spurs under the upper sepal. There are numerous glabrous or ciliate stamens. There are 3 glabrous ovaries with 10 to 14 ovules. The fruit is a 16 to 20 mm long by 5 mm thick follicle. The seeds are glossy black and triangular with narrow wings on the edges. Leaves, Stem and Root: Aconitum napellus is a 0.5 to 1.5 m high shrub with a tuberous, thickened, fleshy root and an erect, rigid, undivided stem. The racem axis and petioles are glabrous or hairy. The leaves are dark green, glossy above and lighter beneath. They are palmate and 5 to 7-pinnatasect The sections of the leaf are rhomboid in outline and deeply indented with oblong tips. Characteristics: The "plant is extremely poisonous. Habitat: Aconitum napellus is common to the Alps and the Carpathians and is to be found in all the mountainous regions of Europe. The plant is found as far as Sweden in the north, as far as England and Portugal in the west, as far as the Pyrenees in the south and as far as the Carpathians in the east. Production: Monkshood tuber consists of the fresh or dried tubers and roots of Aconitum napellus- harvested in autumn after flowering. Monkshood herb consists of the dried herb of Aconitum napellus collected at the beginning of the flowering season. The collected roots are quickly dried at 40° C. Not to be Confused With: Other blue-flowering Aconitum species. Other names: Aconite, Wolfsbane, Blue Rocket, Friar's Cap, Mousebane ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Nor-diterpene alkaloids: including aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, N-desethyl aconitine, oxoaconitine EFFECTS
The efficacy of the drug is based on the di-ester alkaloids aconitin, mesaconitin and hypaconitin. Aconitin raises membrane permeability for sodium ions and retards repolarization. Aconitin is initially stimulating, and then causes paralysis in the motor and sensitive nerve ends, and in the
522/MONKSHOOD
CNS. The other di-ester alkaloids function in a similar fashion. Hypaconitin works more intensely. Aconitin applied in small doses triggers bradycardia and hypotension; in higher doses it has at first, a positive inotropic effect, followed by tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. E^ester alkaloids were shown to be analgesic in animal experiments. Applied topically in humans, the drug is initially stimulating, in the form of itchiness or burning, and then anesthetizing. The drug has an anti-febrile effect. Therapeutic doses influence the heart minimally; the heart rate may increase slightly. Given orally, the drug is active after a few minutes. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used to reduce pain from neuralgia, particularly with trigeminus and intercostal neuralgia. It is also used for myalgia, muscular and articular rheumatism, serous skin inflammation and migraine. Preparations of blue monkshood are used for pain, facial paralyses, ailments of the joints, arthritis, gout, rheumatic complaints, inflammation, pleurisy, pericarditis sicca, fever, and skin and mucosal diseases, as well as for disinfecting and wound treatment. In experimental pharmacology, Aconitin is used due to its ability to trigger cardiac arrhythmia. Chinese Medicine: Monkshood is used for analgesia, as an anti-inflammatory and a cardiac tonic.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Preparation: Aconiti tinctura: 1:1 Daily Dosage: Aconiti tinctura: Average dose 0.1 gm; maximum dose 0.2 gm; maximum daily dose 0.6 gm. Only standardized preparations should be used. Externally: Aconiti tinctura is applied with a brush. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times per day (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; Ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1). Storage: The herb must be kept in a dry place protected from light and insects. LITERATURE
Bugatti C, Colombo ML, Tome F, Extraction and purification of lipoalkaloids from Aconitum napellus roots and leaves. In: PM 58(7)95. 1992. Hikino H et al., J Pharm Dyn 2:78-83. 1979. Honerjager P, Meissner A, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 322:49-58. 1983. Katz A, Rudin HP, Staehlin E, Pharm Acta Helv 62: 216-220. 1987. Katz A, Staehlin E, Pharm Acta Helv 54:253-265. 1979. Kimura M et al., Japan J Pharmacol 48:290-299. 1988.
Homeopathic Uses: Aconitum napellus is used for acute inflammatory illnesses, cardiac palpitations with anxiety states and painful peripheral nerve disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is highly toxic. Signs of poisoning can appear even with the administration of therapeutic dosages. The first sign of poisoning is -a tingling of the mouth, fingers and toes, which then spreads'f/veF the entire body surface and changes into a furry sensation. Body temperature decreases quickly and queasiness, vomiting, diarrhea and urination follow. OVERDOSAGE
With fatal doses, breathing becomes irregular and the heartbeat slows down and becomes arrythmic. Intense pains are characteristic. Death usually follows within 6 hours due to heart failure or asphyxiation. For adults, the estimated fatal dosage lies between 1 to 2 g. Countermeasures include gastrointestinal emptying, keeping the patient warm, cardiovascular and pulmonary support, magnesium and calcium infusions, administration of atropine to fight bradycardia, lidocaine for relieving the arrythmias, possibly artificial respiration, pain relief (no opiates). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The use of the drug is risky and not recommended.
Liu H, Katz A, Norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum napellus ssp. neomontanum. In: PM 62(2):190-191. 1997. Rao MR, (1966) Acta Pharm Sinica 3, 195. Further information in: Chan H, But P (Eds.), Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica, Vol 1, Ed. World Scientific Singapore 1986. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AuflL, Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 199S-
Morinda citrifolia
Fatty oil (12 to 14%): chief fatty acids oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid Resins (15%): glycoretines (macromolecular, resinous glycosides of hydroxy-fatty acids [CI2 to CI6]) with oligosaccharides, the so-called pharbitinic acids; the latter's hydroxyl groups are estered with (among others) alpha-methylbutyric acid, tiglic acida and valeric acid to the fatty acid remnant EFFECTS
See Noni
The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines it contains, which presumably explains its usefulness against ascarid and tapeworm infestations.
Moringa oleifera
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Behen
Morning Glory Impomoea
hederacea
DESCRIPTION
41 Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds and root. Flower and Fruit: The flowering branches bear 1 to 5 radial flowers with structures in fives. The 5 sepals are 1.3 to 2.5 cm long, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate and rough-haired at the base. The 5 petals are 3.8 to 5 cm long, funnel-shaped, spotted blue-pink or are fused at the base of the orange corolla. The plant has 5 stamens and a superior 3-chambered ovary. The fruit is a capsule with a diameter of approximately 8 mm containing 4 to 6 smooth seeds. i
Leaves, Stem dnd Ro6i: This winding herb grows 1 to 3 m high. The leaves are alternate, ovate-cordate and entire, with a diameter of 5 to 12.5 cm. The stem is slightly pubescent. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China, India, and Central and South America.
fc
MORNING GLORY 7 5 2 3
Production: Morning Glory seeds are the dried, ripe seeds of Ipomoea hederacea. The plants are harvested in autumn before the seeds open, then dried in the sun. The seeds are then removed and cleaned. Not to be Confused With: Morning Glory seeds are similar to and sometimes confused with the seeds of other Ipomoea species. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids of the ergoline type (0.5%): chief alkaloids lysergol (50%) and chanoclavine (35%). Smaller amounts of penniclavine and elymoclavine
Unproven Uses: Morning Glory has been used for worm infestation and constipation. Indian Medicine: Morning Glory is used for constipation, flatulence, parasite infestation, scabies and dyspepsia. According to the Tschirch manual, the roots of Ipomoea species have long been in use in India, and the drug also was used extensively by the Persians and Arabs. Chinese Medicine: Uses of Morning Glory include edema, constipation, parasite infestation and feelings of fullness. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug's laxative effect is frequently accompanied by cramp-like pains. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Because of the possible teratogenic effect, the drug should not be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
~*~
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug. Preparation: Resin is made by heating the powdered drug until it melts, then cooling it to form a pale translucent mass. Daily dosage: Drug — 0.5 to 3 g drug Resin — daily dose: 0.3 g; maximum single dose: 0.1 g Chinese Dosage: Powder — 1.5 to 5 g drug, can be raised to 12 to 15 g Tea — 24 to 30 g drug Storage: Store in dry place. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
524/MORUS
NIGRA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Moms nigra
Tannins
See Black Mulberry
Volatile oil (traces) EFFECTS
Mildly negatively chronotropic, hypotonic, sedative.
Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Nervous heart complaints
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh aerial parts collected during the flowering season. Flower and Fruit: Small, bright red, bilabiate flowers are in dense false whorls in the upper leaf axils. The calyx is funnel-shaped with 5 rigid, awned tips, which are bent outward. The corolla is densely villous on the outside and longer than the calyx. The stamens stretch out longer than the flower. The fruit is a brown, triangular, 2.5 to 3 mm long nutlet with a tuft of hair at the tip. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and has a short woody rhizome. It grows to about 120 cm. The stem is erect, quadrangular, grooved, hollow, often red-violet and usually hairy. The leaves are long-petioled, pubescent or glabrous. The lower leaves are palmate and cordate at the base. The upper leaves are 3-lobed. The upper surface is dark green, the lower surface light green. Characteristics: Motherwort has an unpleasant smell. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Europe and Scandinavia through temperate Russia to central Asia. It was introduced to North America and has become established in the wild there. Productionr^Apt^p,rwx>rt herb consists of the above-ground parts of Leonurus cardiaca, gathered during flowering season, as well as their preparations. They are collected in the wild and dried at 35° C. Other Names: Lion's Tail, Lion's Ear, Throw-Wort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Unproven Uses: Hyperthyroidism and flatulence. In folk medicine it is used for bronchial asthma, climacteric symptoms and amenorrhea. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic treatments include use for cardiac complaints, flatulence and hyperthyroidism. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and other galenic preparations for internal use. Daily Dosage: 4.5 gm herb; infusion: 2 to 4 gm drug 3 times daily; liquid extract (1:1): 2 to 4 ml 3 times daily; tincture: daily dose: 2 to 6 ml. Homeopathic Dosage: Acute states: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes. Chronic states: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 pellets or a knife tip 1 to 3 times daily. Parenterally: Acute: 1 to 2 ml sc, 3 times daily; chronic: 1 to 2 ml once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Buzogany K, Cucu V, Accumulation, distribution and conservation dynamics of iridoids in Leonurus cardiaca L. and L. villosus Desf. In: Farmacia (Bukarest): 34(3): 173-176. 1986. Chang CF, Li CZ, (1986) Chung I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 6(1):39. Kartnig T et al., (1985) J Nat Prod 48(3):494.
COMPOUNDS
Diterpene bitter principles: leocardin Iridoide monoterpenes: ajugoside (leonuride), ajugol, galiridoside, reptoside Flavonoids: including, among others, rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, genkwanin Leonurin: (syringa acid esters of 4-guanidino-butane-l-ols)
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Need. 21(4):417. Malakov P et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(10):2341. Peng Y, (1983) Bull Chin. Mat Med 8:41. Reuter G, Diehl HJ, (1970) Pharmazie 25:586. Schilling G et al., (1975) Liebigs Ann Chem:230. Tschesche R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:2783.
Betaine: stachydrine (N-dimethyl-L-proline)
Weischer ML, Okpanyi SN, Pharmakologie eines pflanzlichen Schlafmittels. In: ZPT 15(5):257-262. 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives: caffeic acid-4-O-rutinoside
Xia XX, (1983) J Trad Chin Med 3:185.
MOUNTAIN ASH BERRY / 5 2 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. _,
aucuparia as well as its preparations. The ripe, shiny red fruit is harvested from August to October Other Names: Quick-Beam, Rowan Tree, Witchen, European Mountain Ash, Sorb Apple
Madaus G, Lehxbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Cyanogenic glycosides (0.06%; in the seeds 0.2 to 0.59c: traces in the fruit pulp): in the seeds amygdalin, in the fruit pulp prunasin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Mountain Ash Berry Sorbus
aucuparia
COMPOUNDS
Fruit acids: malic acid (3 to 5%), tartaric acid Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: fructose, sorbose
DESCRIPTION
Sugar alcohols: sorbitol Tannins
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is usually a medium-sized tree up to 16 m high with a round, rather loose crown. The bark is smooth and pale gray, later becoming vertically fissured and blackish. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 5 to 11 almost sessile leaflets. These are oblong-lanceolate, irregularly thorny-tipped and serrate, pubescent or almost glabrous. Characteristics: The flowers have an unpleasant smell and the berries are sharp-tasting and sour. Sorbus moravica tastes sweet in contrast Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe, to Western Siberia and Asia Minor, and is found in North America. Production: Mountain Ash Berry consists of the fresh or dried fruit, or fruit cooked and dried thereafter, of Sorbus
glucose,
Parasorboside (bitter substance): parasorbic acid is formed from it through cell destruction (lactone of the (5S)-Hydroxyhex-2-en-acid-1, pungent in odor, mucus-membrane-irritating, 0.1 to 0.3% of the fresh weight). Parasorbic acid is destroyed through dehydration or volatilized during cooking. It is present only in traces (less than 0.01%) in the cultivated variety, that contains few bitter substances.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, dried fruit or the dried and then boiled fruit. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is broadly umbelliferous-paniculate, erect, floriferous, loosely tomentose, occasionally completely or almost completely glabrous. The calyx has 5 segments. There are 5 white petals and numerous stamens. The ovary is inferior and has 2 to 4 free styles, which are pubescent in the lower portion. The false fruit is almost gtebular with a diameter of 9 to 10 mm and is scarlet. There are usaally*3 Seeds which are narrow-oblong, acute and reddish.
saccharose,
Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.03 to 0.13%, higher content in the non-bitter fruits) EFFECTS
The parascorbic acid is weakly laxative and irritating to the mucous membrane. Ascorbic acid is a vitamin C supplement. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven uses: Mountain Ash is used in folk medicine for kidney diseases, diabetes, rheumatism, disorders of the uric acid metabolism, for dissolution of uric acid deposits, menstruation disturbances, the alkalization of the blood, to improve the metabolism and for vitamin C deficiency. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug or with the consumption of fruit sauces, juices, jellies, jams, etc. produced through cooking. OVERDOSAGE
Because of the formation of the mucus-membrane-irritating parasorboside that results from cutting up the fruit, the intake of very large quantities ofthe fresh fruit leads to gastroenteritis, vomiting, queasiness, gastric pain, diarrhea, kidney damage (albuminuria, glycosuria) and to polymorphic exanthemas.
526 /MOUNTAIN ASH BERRY DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Mountain Ash is available as whole and crude drug forms. Daily Dosage: A puree is used for diarrhea. Freshly pressed juic$ (or juice with sugar) is taken by the dessertspoonful for conditions of the lungs and pleura with fever. LITERATURE
branches are double-rowed, the upright stem has leaves all around. The plant has a primary taproot. Habitat: The shrub grows in the Arctic, subarctic and high mountainous regions. Production: The plant is collected in the wild, cut and powdered. Other Names: Silverweed Herb
Fikenscher LH et al., PM 41:313. 1981.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Letzig E et al., Nahrung 7:591. 1963.
COMPOUNDS
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 39:269. 1980.
Tannins (2.5 to 5.5% in the root; 7.5 to 14% in the leaves)
Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Catechin tannins (7 to 14%) Flavonoids (0.7 to 1.6%): glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, limocitrin, gossypetin, corniculatusin and sexangularetin
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EFFECTS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Due to its tannin and flavonoid glycoside content, the drug is astringent in effect.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Triierpenes: including tormentoside
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include stomach pains and diarrhea. The effect appears to be plausible because of the flavonoid glycoside content, but is Unproven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The ingestion of larger dosages can lead to digestive complaints and constipation, due to the high tannin content. Available data are insufficient to classify the drug's safety.
Mountain Avens Dryas,J@etQpetala . ..**-" >f" ~ DESCRIPTION
-....
..
--
Medicinal Parts: Mountain Avens or Silverweed Herb is the whole dried plant of Dryas octopetala. Flower and Fruit: The flower stalk is upright, 2 to 8 cm long. The diameter of the flowers is 2 to 4 cm; there are 6 to 9 sepals, which are glabrous on the inside and brown, feltlike and glandular on the outside. There are 6 to 9 white petals and numerous stamens. The carpels are numerous, free and densely haired, with apical styles twisted like screws. The fruit is like a nut. Leaves, Stem and Root: This evergreen dwarf shrub grows up to 0.5 m high. The leaves are 0.5 to 4 cm long, up to 2.5 cm wide, coriaceous, crenate, short-petiolate; the lamina is spatulate, obovate or elongate-elliptical, with a cordate base, wrinkled and glabrous above, tomentose beneath; the stipules are dry-membranous and sharply acuminate. The small stem is heavily branched, the leaves on the horizontal
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Schulthess H, Dissertation Zurich; 1945.
Mountain Flax Linum catharticum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb, the fresh flowering plant and the whole plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on loose, panicled, branched, sparsely leafed twining stems on long peduncles in the leaf axils. They hang before flowering. The sepals are
MOUNTAIN G R A P E / 5 2 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
elliptically acuminate, 2 to 2.5 mm long with ciliate glands. The 5 white petals are up to 5 mm long, and yellow at the base. There are 5 stamens fused at the base and 1 ovary with 5 headed stigma on long thin styles. The fruit is erect, globular, 2 to 3 cm long and incomplete 10-valved with long, (P pubescent, dividing membranes. The seeds are elliptical, 1 to 1.5 mm long, flat, smooth and light brown.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground and as an extract. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 2.5 gm to 1 cup of hot water. Dosage: 2.0 gm powder as a single dose. LITERATURE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an inconspicuous annual (occasionally perennial) that grows up to 30 cm. It has a long erect or ascending stem, which is undivided or dividing into the flowering branches. The leaves are opposite or alternate, entire-margined, sessile and have a partly ciliate margin. Habitat: Found in central Europe as far as the British Isles and southward as far as the Mediterranean countries, the Caucasus, Iran and northern Africa. Production: Mountain Flax is the flowering plant (aerial part) of Linum catharticum, collected in the uncultivated regions. Other Names: Purging Flax, Dwarf Flax, Fairy Flax, Mill Mountain ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
&
Lignans: achromatin (bitter), presumably present in the fresh plant as a glycoside Tannins Volatile oil The constituents of the drug have not been extensively investigated. EFFECTS
MountakFFlax has a laxative effect in therapeutic doses of up to 0.5 gm.* Higfi'ddSes cause vomiting-and gastroenteritis. Although the amaroid linin is not laxative, it is probably present in the form of a glycoside, which has a stronger laxative effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Its use as a laxative is obsolete. In folk medicine Mountain Flax is used for constipation, oliguria, edema, worm infestation, catarrhal and rheumatic conditions. ~
Homeopathic Uses: Used homeopathically for coughs, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, catarrh and rheumatic disorders, dropsy and worm infestation. Also used as a purgative and emetic. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug can lead to vomiting, inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea. The emetic and laxative effects are used therapeutically.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mountain Grape Mahonia aquifolium TRADE NAMES
Oregon Grape (Berberis aquifolium variety available from numerous manufacturers) Oregon Grape Root DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome and the roots, the dried branch and twig bark, as well as the root bark. Flower and Fruit: The heavily scented flowers are either in dense 5 to 10 cm panicles or in groups of 3 to 6 in erect 5 to 8 cm racemes in the leaf axils. The flowers are yellow and have 9 sepals, 6 petals and 6 stamens, which are about 8 cm long. The pedicles are 5 to 10 mm long. The fruit is a globose, purple-black, frosted berry with red juice. The 2 to 5 seeds are glossy brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a fast-growing, evergreen, stoloniferous shrub about 50 to 150 cm high with stout stems, sparingly branched. The leaves are odd-pinnate, 10 to 20 cm long with 3 to 6 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are 4 to 8 cm by 2 to 4 cm, ovate, distally spinose dentate, coriaceous, dark and shining green. Habitat: Indigenous to the Pacific U.S.; ornamental or cultivated in Europe. Production: Mountain Grape bark consists of the branch and twig bark as well as the twig tips of Mahonia aquifolium. Other Names: Holly-Leaved Berberis, Oregon Grape ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (in the root bark, 7 to 16%, in the stem bark, 2.4-4.5%): benzyl isoquinoline type: including among others berberine
528/MOUNTAIN GRAPE
bisbenzyl isoquinoline type: including among others berbamine, oxyacanthine
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A): 1.
aporphine type: including among others isocorydine EFFECTS
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
The use of the drug as a tonic for loss of appetite is plausible in view of the alkaloid and amaroid content. The berberine has a mild mutagenic effect. It is an antipsoriatic when used externally.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for scaly skin, psoriasis, eczema, bronchitis, gastritis, cholecystitis and digestion problems. Homeopathic Uses: Mountain Grape is used for dry skin rashes (e.g., for psoriasis between the acute phases) and for liver and gallbladder conditions. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Further information in:
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Berberis aquifolium). Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fach verlag Lands berg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflafrizliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Pregnancy: The drug should not be used during pregnancy.
Mountain Laurel
DOSAGE
Kalmia latifolia
Mode of Administration: The drug is available in commercial ointments for external use. Storage: Protect from light. LITERATURE
Anonym, Ein Lichtblick in der Psoriasistherapie. In: DAZ 134(8):646. 1994. Augustin M, Mahonia aquifolium bei Psoriasis. In: ZPT 17(1):44. 1996. Galle K.lfladr'-S, Wagner H, Mahonia. In: DAZ 134(49):4883. 1994. ..«-•**• ' Mennet-von Eiff M, Meier B, Phytotherapie in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT 16(4):201-210. 1995. Misik V et al., Lipoxygenase inhibition and antioxidant properties of protoberberine and aporphine alkaloids isolated from Mahonia aquifolium. In: PM 61(4):372-373. 1995. Muller K, Ziereis K, Gawlik I, The antipsoriatic Mahonia aquifolium and its active constituents II: Antiproliferative activity against cell growth of human keratinocytes. In: PM 61(l):74-75. 1995. Muller K, Ziereis K, The antisporiatic Mahonia aquifolium and its active constitutents; Pro- and antioxidant properties and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. In: PM 60(5):421. 1994. Niedner R, Wiesnauer M, Dermatologie: Mahonia aquifolium ein Phytopharmakon in der Psoriasistherapie. In: DAZ 132(37): 1890. 1992. Petersen-Lehmann J, Homoopathische Salbe gegen Schuppenflechte. In: PZ 137(38):2892. 1992.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried leaves. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a compound umbelled-raceme with numerous flowers. The flowers are red, whitish or purple-brown to chocolate brown; solitary on long glandular-hairy pedicles in the axils of the bracts and 2 lateral, brown bracteoles. The bud has 10 folds and spreads out in a bowl shape. There are 10 stamens, red anthers without appendages that burst open at irregular holes. The fruit is an erect, orbicular, 5-to-7-valvular capsule. The numerous seeds are flat, oblong, 1 mm long and fly easily. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a heavily branched shrub or tree about 4 m high with reddish-brown or gray branches. The evergreen, laurel-like, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, glabrous leaves are alternate, 4 to 12 cm long and have a 1 to 3 cm long petiole. They are red-brown on the lower surface, have numerous glandular hairs and a distinct midrib. The upper surface is dark green. Habitat: Eastern U.S. Production: Mountain Laurel leaves are the leaves (fresh or dried) of Kalmia latifolia. Other Names: Broad-Leafed Laurel, Calico Bush, Spoonwood, Sheep Laurel, Rose Laurel, Laurel, Lambkill, Mountain Ivy
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
MOUSE E A R / 5 2 9
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes (andromedan- derivatives): including among others grayanotoxin I (andromedotoxin, asebotoxin, acetylandromedol, rhodotoxin), grayanotoxin II, HI, XVIII, lyonol Ht A, leucothol A, kalmiatoxine Acylphloroglucinols: including among others 2\6'-dihydroxy-4' -methoxy-acetophenone, phloretin Flavonoids: including among others asebotin, hyperoside EFFECTS
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Use of Mountain Laurel is no longer recommended because of the formation of grayanotoxins, which are highly toxic. Efficacy for the recorded indications has not been proven.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
According to earlier sources (which are questionable), the drug is antiphlogistic and mildly diuretic.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Unproven Uses: Today, the drug is only used in homeopathic dilutions. In the past it was used as a decoction in the treatment of tinea capitis and to treat psoriasis, herpes and secondary syphilis. m
LITERATURE
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include rheumatism, shingles, nerve pain, rheumatic and cardiac pain.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wolters B, Zierpflanzen aus Nordamerika. In: DAZ 137(26):2253-2261. 19977"
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The andromedan derivatives of the drug prevent the closure of the excitable cells of the sodium channels and thereby prevent conduction. Painful mucous membranes in the mouth and in the stomach, increased salivation, cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and paresthesias are experienced following intake of the drug. Dizziness, headache, fever attacks»j&^well as intoxicated states with temporary loss of vision, follow.lateR Muscle weakness, coordination disorders and spasms can also occur. Bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, drops in blood pressure, eventual cardiac arrest and respiratory failure can lead to death. OVERDOSAGE
Following gastrointestinal emptying, (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) and instillation of activated charcoal, the treatment of poisoning consists of - electrolyte replacement, countering of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate, plasma volume expanders if required, diazepam (I.V.) in case of spasms and oxygen in case of respiratory failure.
Mouse Ear Pilosella qfficinarum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowering aerial parts. Flower and Fruit: The yellow, composite flowers are solitary at the end of long pedicles. There are bright yellow, lingual florets. The lateral ones are usually striped reddish underneath. The bracts are linear and acute, have a membranous margin and are covered in star-hairs. They have black glandular hairs at the base. The fruit is cylindrical and has a simple, brittle tuft of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb, which grows up to 30 cm. Erect, leafless stems grow from the rosette of basal leaves. The plant produces long, leafy runners. The leaves are oblong or obovate to lanceolate. iThey bear long bristles, which are thickened at the base and are star-haired to tomentose beneath.
DOSAGE
homeopathic
Habitat: Trie plant grows in large areas of Europe and temperate Asia. It is also found in North America.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Production: Mouse Ear is the aerial part of Pilosella officinarum.
Mode of Administration: preparations.
Available
in
5 3 0 / M O U S E EAR ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including among others luteolin-7-glucoside, isoetin Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, skimmine Tannins EFFECTS
The plant has been shown to have diuretic, spasmolytic and diaphoretic effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Mouse Ear is used internally in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, coughs and whooping cough and externally in the treatment of wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and externally as a liquid extract. LITERATURE
Bate-Smith EC et al., Phytochemistry 7:1165.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
stemmed, erect or slightly drooping. They are in dense heavily branched panicles with numerous lanceolate bracts. The bracts are downy white with a green midrib. The inner bracts are lanceolate and acuminate. The outside ones are oblong and obtuse with broad membranous margin. The flowers are yellowish or red-brown and almost glabrous. The inner flowers are androgynous and those on the outside are female. The receptacle is glabrous. The fruit has an indistinct margin. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a long-stemmed, 70 to 150 cm high shrub with a branched, many-headed and creeping rhizome without runners or rosette. The shoots are slightly, pubescent, often red-tinged and have a weak unpleasant smell. The erect or ascending, edged, coriaceous stems die off each year. They are in branched panicles and downy. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm long, coriaceous, and the margins are often rolled back. The upper surface is usually dark green and glabrous, occasionally pubescent, and the lower surface is tomentose. The basal leaves are shortpetioled and lobed with an end section and 1 to 2 pairs of small side leaflets. The rest of the leaves are sessile or almost sessile with a slit base. The lower leaves are double-pinnate, the middle and upper ones are pinnatifid and lanceolate, acuminate, entire-margined or slightly serrated.
Duquenois P, (1965) Mem Soc Bot Franc 41.
Characteristics: Mugwort has a pleasant tangy taste. The root is sweet and pungent, the herb is aromatic and bitter.
Guerin JC, Reveillere HP, (1985) Ann Farm Franc 43(1 ):77. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Asia and North America, and is also distributed all over Europe except in the south.
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. MadausjG^Lehrbuch. der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Geprg jQlms- Verlag Hildesheim J979.^
Mucuna pruriens See Cowhage
Production: Mugwort herb consists of the above-ground parts of Artemisia vulgaris. The branch tips are gathered during the flowering season and carefully dried. Other fresh above- and underground parts of the plant are harvested at the beginning of winter, primarily from the wild. Mugwort root consists of the below-ground parts of Artemisia vulgaris. Not to be Confused With: Some confusion can arise with Asinthii herba. Other Names: Felon Herb, St. John's Plant, Wormwood ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the above-ground parts of the plant, particularly the dried branch tips. Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are ovoid, 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide. The numerous flowers are short-
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (complex composition): chief constituents, according to plant variety, 1,8- cineol, camphor, linalool or thujone Sesquiterpene lactones: including vulgarin, pilostachyin, pilostachyin C Lipophilic flavonoids Polyynes
MUIRA-PUAMA/531
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Hydroxycoumarins: for example, umbelliferone, aesculetin EFFECTS
The aqueous extract and essential oil show antimicrobial activity in laboratory tests. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Mugwort is not to be used during pregnancy. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Mugwort is used in complaints and problems involving the gastrointestinal tract such as stomach ulcers and indigestion. The plant is also used for worm infestations, epilepsy, persistent vomiting, to promote circulation, as a sedative, and for delayed or irregular menstuation. The root is used for asthenic states as a tonic, and in combination with other remedies also for psychoneuroses, neurasthenia, depression, hypochondria, autonomic neuroses, general irritability and restlessness, insomnia and anxiety states. The efficacy of Mugwort for the listed indications has not been substantiated.
Jork H, Juel S, (1979) Arch Pharm 312:540. Juel S et al., (1976) Arch Pharm 309:458. Kaul VK et al., (1976) Ind J Pharm 38 (1):21. Marco JA et al., Sesquiterpenes lactones from Artemisia species. In: PH 32:460. 1993. Marco JA, Sanz JF, Hierro P, Two eudesmane acids from Artemisia vulgaris. In: PH 30:2403-2404. 1991. Michaelis K et al., On the essential oil components from blossoms of Artemisia vulgaris L. In: Z Naturfosch 37(3/4): 152. 1982. Nano GM et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:211. Nano GM et al., Composition of some oils from Artemisia vulgaris. In: PM 30(3):211. 1976. Stefanovic M et al., (1982) Glas Khem Drush Beogr 47 (3):7. Wallnofer B, Hofer O, Greger H, Polyacetylenes from Artemsia "Vulgares" Group. In: PH 28(10):2687. 1989. Further information in:
Chinese Medicine: Mugwort is used in China for female complaints as well as for ulcers and burns.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses of the root include convulsions and worm infestations.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Sensitization through skin contact has been observed, almough very rarely.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Pregnancy: Mugwort is not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE^,
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed applications is not verified, therapeutic administration is not recommended. Preparation: "Moxibustion" (China, Japan) leaves are ground with water in a mortar and, after removal of the larger remnants, small cones are formed and dried to be later burnt onto the skin of the patient Tea is prepared by allowing 1 tsp. to draw in 150 to 200 ml boiling water for 10 minfites. A liquid extract is prepared in a 1:1 proportion from a mixture of the drug in 25% ethanol. Daily Dosage: An infusion (drug 0.5 to 2 g) is given 3 times daily. Usual dosage of tea is one cup 2 or 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1). LITERATURE
Hoffmann B, Herrmann K, (1982) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 174 (3):211.
Muira-Puama Ptychopetalum olacoides DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried roots and the dried trunk with bark. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are racemous; there are 1 or 2 per axil. They have 5 to 8 flowers and are about 2 cm long. The calyx is narrow and has 5 tips. The corolla is white, oblong and about 1.3 to 2 mm long. The outside is smooth, and the inside is white pubescent. There are usually 10 stamens with long anthers. The ovary is clavate. The fruit is a long elliptical drupe that is initially green and changes to pink and finally to lilac-black when ripening. The pericarp is thin, and the endocarp is crusty. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 5 to 15 m high tree with a trunk 25 cm in diameter, which is vertically grooved. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, very tapered and narrow toward the base. They are sometimes acute, coriaceous, smooth and gray or frosted to blue-green beneath. The dried
532/MUIRA-PUAMA
leaves are matte with a dark green to black upper surface and a dark gray undersurface. The ribs are pinnatifid, curved, becoming distinct at the margin and protruding on the undersurface. The petioles are deeply grooved and do not thicken. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Guyana and the Amazon region of Brazil. Production: Muira-Puama consists of the wood from the trunk and/or roots of Ptychopetalum olacoides and/or Ptychopetalum unicatum. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene acid esters (0.4-0.5%): chief components are behenolic acid esters of lupeol (60%), including, among others, fatty acid esters of beta-sitosterol Sterols: beta-sitosterol, campesterol, lupeol Volatile oil: chief components are alpha-pinene (25%), alpha-humulene (10%), beta-pinene (8%), beta-caryophyllene (8%) camphene (7%), camphor (6%), EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Muira-Puama is used internally for diarrhea, loss of appetite and for the prevention of sexual disorders. The herb is also used externally for the prevention of sexual disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages^ DOSAGE
-**'
*"
Mode of Administration: Muira-Puama is administered whole, ground, as a powder and as an extract. Preparation: To prepare a liquid extract, mix the.powdered herb in a ratio of 10:2:1 with spirit of wine and glycerine. Then percolate the mixture with spirit of wine, yielding 10 parts liquid extract. Daily Dosage: When used internally, a single dose is 0.5 gm drug. The daily dosage for the liquid extract and the decoction is 0.5 to 2 ml 3 times daily. For external use, die herb can be added to baths. LITERATURE
Auterhoff H, Momberger B, Arch Pharm 304:223-228. 1971. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Mullein Verbascum densiflorum TRADE NAMES
Mullein Leaf, Alcohol-Free Mullein Leaves, Mullein Leaves DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb at die beginning of the flowering season, the flowers and the root. Flower and Fruit: The large, yellow flowers with a diameter of 30 to 35 mm are in apical spike-like racemes. The calyx is divided deeply into five. The corolla is rotate, has a short tube and a 5-lobed, uneven margin. There are 5 stamens of uneven length. The 3 upper ones are lanate and have long anthers. There is 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a 2-lobed capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is biennial. It has petiolate basal leaves and is up to 2 m high. The stem is erect, undivided or lightly branched above. It is tomentose like the leaves and calyx. The leaves are alternate, turned downward and finely crenate. The lower ones are lanceolate or oblong lanceolate; the upper ones, ovate. Characteristics: The flowers have a honey-like fragrance and an almond-like taste. The leaves are slimy and bitter. Habitat: The plant is widespread in Europe, temperate Asia and North America. Production: Mullein flower consists of die dried petals of Verbascum densiflorum and/or of Verbascum phlomoides. Not to be Confused With: Other Verbascum species. Other Names: Torch Weed, Aaron's Rod, Blanket-Leaf, Candlewick Plant, Flannelflower, Feltwort, Hedge-Taper, Jacob's Staff, Shepherd's Club, Velvet Plant, Shepherd's Staff, Torches, Our Lady's Flannel, Blanket Herb, Woollen, Rag Paper, Wild Ice Leaf, Clown's Lungwort, Golden Rod, Adam's Flannel, Beggar's Blanket, Clot-Bur, Cuddy's lungs, Duffle, Fluffweed, Hare's Beard, Hag's Taper ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilage (3%): including among others, arabino galactans, xyloglucans Triterpene saponins: chief components verbascosaponine (0.007%) Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, aucubin, 6beta-xylosylaucubin, catalpol, isocatalpol, methyl catalpol
MUSKMALLOW 7 533
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Caffeic acid derivatives: verbascoside (acteoside) Flavonoids (0.5-4.0%): including among others, rutin, diosmin, quercetin-7-O-glucoside, hesperidine, apigenin-7-Oglucoside, kempferol-7-O-glucoside w
Invert sugar (11%)
LITERATURE
Grzybek J, Szewczyk A, Verbascum-Arten - Konigskerze oder Wollblume Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 17(6):389-398. 1996. Haslinger E, Schroder H, Sci Pharm 60:202. 1992. Klimek B, PA 48:51. 1991.
EFFECTS
Kraus K, Franz G, DAZ 127:665. 1987.
Mullein alleviates irritation and has an expectorant effect due to its mucin and saponin content.
Seifert K et al., PM 51:409. 1985. Swiatek L et al., PM 45:153. 1982.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Swiatek L et al., Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 9:246. 1987.
• Cough/bronchitis
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: Mullein is used internally for catarrh of the respiratory tract, bladder and kidney conditions, enteritis, rheumatism, coughs, flu, intestinal pain caused by colic, asthma, cystitis, hemorrhoids, dermatoses, and painful diarrhea. The plant is used externally for earache, ear furuncles, eczema of the auditory canal, middle ear infection, inflammatory skin diseases with itch, burns, eczema, weeping eczema, nappy dermatitis, insect bites, and itching in the anal and genital regions. tt PRECAUTIONS AND
ADVERSE
REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, and powdered drug is available in the form of teas and other galenic preparations for internal and external use. How Supplied: Liquid — 250" n^mT, 285 mg/ml
See Plantain -
-
Liquid Extract — 1:1 Preparation: To prepare tea, pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 gm finely cut drug and strain after 10 to 15 minutes (1 teaspoonful is equivalent to 0.5 gm drug).
£
Musa paradisiaca
To make an oil preparation, pour 100 gm of olive oil over a handful of fresh flowers. Leave the mixture outdoors in the sun, stirring several times a day, then filter after 3 to 4 weeks. To prepare a tincture, add 20 gm cut drug to 80 gm of 70% ethanol and leave to draw for 10 days. Daily Dose: The daily dose is 3 to 4 gm of drug. The tincture dose is 20 to 30 drops taken several times a day. Storage: Mullein must be protected from light and particularly from moisture to prevent the drug from changing color to brown or dark brown due to the iridoid content.
Muskmallow Abelmoschus moschatus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds of the plant and the oil extracted from them. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary and axillary. They have 5 to 7 pubescent, linear, 1.5 cm long epicalyx leaves. The sepals are about 3 cm long. The corolla has a diameter of 7.5 cm. The petals are sulfur yellow with a crimson spot at the base. The petals are ovate and lightly pubescent. The fruit is a 5 to 8 cm long capsule, which is shaped like a pentagonal pyramid and filled with numerous large seeds. The seeds are kidney-shaped, compressed and about 3 mm in diameter. They are grayish-brown, with numerous striations that are concentric around the hilum.
534/MUSKMALLOW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual erect herb about 1 to 2 m high with star-shaped, pubescent stem, stalks and leaves. The leaves are 15 to 25 cm long, cordate to round with 3 to 7 lobes, which taper to a point. The petioles are as long or longer than the leaves. The stipules are oblong and pubescent.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Abelmoschus moschatus).
Characteristics: The seeds have a strong, musky smell, and the taste is oily. The seed pods have an aromatic flavor and are used in some parts of the Middle East to mix with and flavor coffee.
Myosotis arvensis
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Africa, India, Java and South America and is cultivated in all tropical regions.
Srivastava KC, Rastogi SC, (1969) Planta Med 17:189. Further information in:
See Forget-Me-Not
Production: Muskmallow seeds are the dried seeds of Hibiscus abelmoschus. The seeds are dried in the open air.
Myrica cerifera
Not to be Confused With: Foenugraeci semen.
See Southern Bayberry
Other Names: Muskseed, Ambrette Seed, Abelmosk, Ambretta, Egyptian Alcee, Target-Leaved Hibiscus, Okra ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Myrica gale
COMPOUNDS
See Sweet Gale
Fatty oil and chief fatty acids: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid Volatile oil: ambrette oil, chief components famesylacetate, macrocyclic lactones as carriers of the musk smell such as hexadec-7-en-16-olide (ambrettolide), tetradec-5-en-14-olide
Myristica fragrans See Nutmeg
Sterols: including beta-sitosterin, beta-sitosterin-beta-Dglucoside EFFECTS
Muskmallow is said to be an aromatic, a stimulant and carminative. .- «*^' :^ -
Myroxylon balsamum See Tolu Balsam
INDICATIONS AWD tf SAGE
Unproven Uses: The various preparations are used internally and externally for snake bite, cramps, stomach and intestinal disorders with cramps, loss of appetite and headache. Homeopathic Uses: Muskmallow is used for feelings of tightness in die rib cage area. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Muskmallow is used as a tea or tincture, and is administered both internally and externally. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules, 1 to 3 times a day (HAB34). LITERATURE
Maurer B, Greider A, (1977) Helv Chim Acta 60:1155.
Myrrh Commiphora molmol TRADE NAMES
Myrrh is sold as Myrrh Commiphora, Myrrh Gum, Guggal Resin, Wild Countryside Myrrh Gum (available from numerous manufacturers). DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The resin, which has exuded from the bark and dried in the air, is the medicinal part. Myrrh is the pale yellow granular secretion that is discharged into cavities in the bark when it is wounded. The exudate hardens to a redbrown mass about the size of a walnut. Flower and Fruit: The yellowish-red inflorescences are panicled. The fruit is brown, about 7 mm long, ovate and I acuminate.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Commiphora molmol is a thorny shrub or small tree up 3 m high. It has a thick trunk and numerous irregular knotted branches and smaller clustered branchlets. A few trifoliate leaves grow at the end of short branches, with very small lateral leaflets dentate only at the tip. The terminal leaflet is 1 cm long, obovate and glabrous. The oleo-gum resin exudes from fissures or incisions in the bark and is collected as irregular masses or tears, varying in color from yellowish to reddish-brown, often with white patches. Characteristics: The surface may be oily or covered with fine dust. The taste is bitter and acrid. The odor is aromatic. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to eastern Mediterranean countries, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen and South Arabia. Production: Myrrh is collected in the wild from June to August and consists of oleo-gum resin exuded from the stems of Commiphora molmol after incisions have been made in the bark. It is then air-dried. Myrrh can also originate from other Commiphora species if the chemical composition is comparable to the official drug. Not to be Confused With: Some confusion can arise with "False myrrh" or Commiphora mukul.
MYRRH/535
included stimulating the appetite and the flow of digestive juices. Chinese Medicine: Uses include carbuncles, furuncles, wounds (as a styptic), amenorrhea and abdominal tumors. Indian Medicine: Among uses in Indian medicine are menstrual disorders, stomach complaints, wounds, ulcers and inflammations of the skin and mouth. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of myrrh is contraindicated during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Powdered resin, myrrh tincture and other galenic preparations for topical use. How Supplied: Capsules — 657 mg Dental powders — 10% powdered resin Liquid — 1:1 (Myrrh gum) Oil — 100% (Myrrh commiphora)
Other Names: Guggal Gum, Guggal Resin, Didin, Didtfiin ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Preparation: Prepare 1:5 tincture using 90% ethanol (V/V) in accordance with DAB 10.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2-10%): chief components are sesquiterpenes including, among others, delta-elemene, beta-eudesmol, alpha-copaene and furosesquiterpenes, especially 5-acetoxy2-memoxy-4,5-dienone (aroma-bearer), furanoeudesma-1,3dien," isofufanogermacren (curzeren), curzenenone, 2methoxy-furanoguaia-9-ene Triterpenes (30-50%): including 3-epi-alpha-amyrin, alphaamyrenone Mucilages (30-60%): chiefly methyl-glucurono-galactans) EFFECTS
Myrrh has a local astringent, disinfectant and granulationpromoting effect because of its essential oil (consisting mainly of sesquiterpenes) and amaroids. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Unproven Uses: Myrrh is used for the topical treatment of mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. In folk medicine, Myrrh is occasionally used internally as a carminative for non-specific intestinal infections and also as an expectorant for coughs. Folk medicine uses have also
Daily Dosage: Myrrh tincture: Paint an undiluted tincture (1:5) on 2 to 3 times daily for external applications. As a rinse, use 5 to 10 drops in a glass of water; as a gargle, 30 to 60 drops in a glass of water. In dental powders: 10% of powdered resin. Storage: The herb and its preparations should be stored in sealed containers that protect them from light and moisture. A desiccant should be present because the carbohydrate component of the drug readily absorbs water. For this reason, powdered forms should not be stored. LITERATURE
Arora RB et al., (1972) bid J Med Res 60(6):929. Bajaj AC, Dev S, (1982) Tetrahedron 38(19):2949. Brieskorn CH, (1980) Tetrahedron Lett 21(6):1511. Brieskorn CH et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22:187 et 1207. Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49. Kodama M et al., (1975) Tetrahedron Lett 35:3065. Malhotra SC, Ahuja MMS, (1971) Ind J Med Res 59(10):1621. Mester L et al., (1979) Planta Med 37(4):367. Mincione E, Iavarone C, (1972) Chim Ind 54:424 and 525. Pernet R, (1972) Lloydia 35:280.
536/MYRRH
Ruecker G, (1972) Arch Pharm 305(7):486. Srivastava M et al., (1984) J Biosci 6(3):277. Tripathi SN et al., (1975) Ind. J Exp Biol 13(1):15. Wiendl RM, Franz G, Myrrhe. Neue Chemie einer alten Droge. In: DAZ 134(1):25. 1994. Wylegalla R, Biblische Botanik: Pflanzen und Friichte aus dem gelobten Land. In: DAZ 137(11):867-869. 1997. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ovate to lanceolate, entire-margined, acuminate and 1-3 cm long. Characteristics: The berries have a sweet-spicy taste. Habitat: Myrtle grows from the Mediterranean region to the northwestern Himalayas. Production: Myrtle leaves are the dried leaves of Myrtus communis. Myrtle oil is the essential oil of Myrtus communis, which is extracted from the leaves and branches through steam distillation. (The percentage extracted ranges from 0.1 to 0.5%.) May and June are the best months for harvesting, since the plant has the highest concentration of essential oil during this period. Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the leaves of Bux semper-virens and Vaccinium vitisidaea, which resemble Myrtle. ACTIONS ANO PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: MYRTLE OIL
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Chief components: 1,8-cineol (15-45%), alpha-pinene (1538%), myrtenol (1-5%), myrtenylacetate (4-20%), limonene (4-10%), alpha-terpineol (2-12%), geraniol (0.5-1.5%), geranylacetate (1-5%), myrtol (a myrtle oil fraction that boils between 160-180°C, ~xhief components 1.8-cineole and alpha-pinene)
Myrrhis odorata
The oil's mono- and sesquiterterpenes display antibacterial, fungicidal and disinfectant activity.
EFFECTS: MYRTLE OIL
See Sweet Cicely
COMPOUNDS: MYRTLE LEAVES
Volatile oil (0.1-0.5%): (see Myrtle Oil compounds listing above for composition) Tannins (gallotannins, condensed tannins)
Myrtus communis* DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves (dried and as a source of oil), twigs and the fresh, flowering branches. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are medium-sized and stiff. They are short, glandular-haired pedicles, which are covered in bracteoles. They grow solitary in the leaf axils. The petals are white with fine glands and a somewhat tomentose margin covered with fine hairs. The anthers are yellow. The berries are pea-sized, orbicular or ovoid-ellipsoid, blue-black or white. They are crowned by the calyx. Leaves, Stem and Root: Myrtle is an evergreen, bushy shrub or a small tree growing up to 5 m high witih opposite branches and quadrangular cane-shaped, initially delicately glandular, downy branches. The dark green leaves are glossy, glabrous, coriaceous, opposite-paired or whorled, I
Acylphloroglucinols: myrtocommulon A and B EFFECTS: MYRTLE LEAVES
The leaves, which contain essential oil and tannins, display antimicrobial activity. An antiademic and hypoglycemic effect was demonstrated in animal experiments. An effect on the central nervous system (an increase in the duration of sleep) was also proven. The efficacy in cold infections may be attributable to the deodorizing and bronchosecretolytic effect of the essential oil. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
MYRTLE OIL
Unproven Uses: Myrtle oil is used internally in folk medicine for acute and chronic infections of the respiratory tract such as bronchitis, whooping cough, tuberculosis of the lung, as well as for bladder conditions, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, prostatitis and worm infestation. It is sometimes used as a substitute for Buchu.
NASTURTIUM/537
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MYRTLE LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine internal uses include diarrhea, hemorrhoids, prostatitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, tuberculosis and colds. Among external uses are ear infections, tired limbs, fatigue and leukorrhea. External applications include ear infections, tired limbs, and leukorrhea. CONTRAINDICATIONS
No internal administration of the drug should take place in the presence of inflammatory illnesses of the gastrointestinal area or of the biliary ducts, or in the case of severe liver diseases. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. In rare cases, the internal administration of Myrtle oil as a drug leads to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pediatric Use: Preparations containing the oil should not be applied to the faces of infants or small children because of the possibility of triggering glottal spasm, bronchial spasm, asthma-like attacks or even respiratory failure. OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses of Myrtle oil (more than 10 g) can lead to lifethreatening poisoning, due to the high cineole content. Symptoms include, among others, a decrease in or loss of blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and respiratory failure. Do not induce vomiting if poisoning occurs, because of the danger of aspiration. Following administration of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.); treating colic with atropintffand providing electrolyte substitution. Treat possible cases ofaddosTs with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage of powder from the leaves is 5 g taken before meals. 3 cups of an infusion may be taken each day. Washes may be used several times daily. Storage: Store the leaves in a tightly sealed container that blocks exposure to light. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Joseph MI et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42 (2): 142. Lawrence BM, Perfumer Flavorist 15:65-66. 1990. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, Charles C Thomas USA 1981. Peyron L, Plantes Med Phytother 4:279-285. 1970. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Myrtus communis See Myrtle
DOSAGE
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
MYRTLE OIL
See Daffodil
Mode of Administration: Myrtle is available in various medicinal/pharmaceutical preparations for internal use. Preparation: Prepare an infusion by mixing 15 to 30 g of the drug with 1 L water and leave to draw for 15 minutes.
Nardostachys jatamansi. See Jatamansi
Daily Dosage: Single dose: 0.2 g of drug to be taken internally. Storage: Protect from light and keep tightly sealed.
Nasturtium
MYRTLE LEAVES
Tropaeolum majus
Preparation: Prepare an infusion by mixing 15 to 30 g of the drug with 1 L water and leave to draw for 15 minutes. A wash is prepared by adding 30 g of leaves to 1 L of water and letting it stand.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh herb, the whole fresh flowering plant and the seeds.
5 3 8 /NASTURTIUM
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The handsome campanulate flowers are orange with flame-red to fiery red stripes. The calyx is bilabiate, colored and has a spurred upper lip. There are 5 uneven petals. The 2 upper petals are unstemmed, the 3 lower ones are stemmed and fringed at the base. There are 8 stamens and a superior ovary with a 3-stigmaed style. The fruit is a 3-vaIved pericarp. It is orbicular-reniform, fleshy, wrinkled when ripe and dirty yellow. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual, sometimes perennial and often creeping or climbing plant, 0.3 to 5 m long. The main root is thin and forms an underground runner. The stem is round, branched, fleshy and glabrous, like the whole plant. The leaves are alternate, long-petioled, hastate and almost circular. The leaves are 3 to 5 cm and deeply lobed at the petiole. Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and the leafy parts smell and taste like cress. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to warmer regions of South America and is becoming naturalized in the Mediterranean region, otherwise found as a garden or ornamental plant. Production: Garden Nasturtium consists of the aerial parts, the seeds or leaves of Tropaeolum majus. Other Names: Indian Cress
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Infections of the urinary tract • Cough • Bronchitis Unproven Uses: Nastertium is used internally for infections of the urinary tract and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. It is also used internally for mild muscular pain, skin diseases, scurvy, tuberculosis, conditions of the respiratory and urinary tracts, and menstrual disorders. The herb is used externally for hair loss and for infected and poorly healing wounds. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not administer to patients with gastrointestinal ulcers or kidney diseases. Do not administer to infants or small children. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Administration of higher dosages of the fresh plant or of its volatile oil can lead to mucous membrane irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. External administration involving long-term intensive contact with the fresh plant can lead to skin irritations. The plant possesses a low potential for sensitization.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates (0.1%): in the fresh, unbruised plant: chief components are glucotropaeolin, yielding benzyl isothiocyanate after cell destruction Ascorbieefficid -(vitamin C, 300 mg/100 gm fresh weight) . ..**-• if."
^
.
-vered'aTme"base with scaly brown leaves. There are 3 to 4 leaves above these, which are broad, elliptical/sheath-like, folded and acute. The upper surface is bright green, the underside is paler.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used for insomnia, emotional tension, states of agitation, nervousness and hysteria. It is also used internally in the treatment of menorrhagia and diarrhea, as well as externally in the treatment of pruritus vulvae. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The plant possesses a medium potential for sensitization through skin contact. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration:,The drug is administered in its dry form or as liquid extract. The supply of higher (concentrated) doses should be avoided. Preparation: Liquid extract: 1:1 in 45% alcohol. Daily Dosage: To be taken internally, 2 teaspoonfuls (2 to 4 gm) of the dried drug as an infusion. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Characteristics: The plant has a faintly gentian-like smell and has an irritating effect on the skin.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: Indigenous to the U.S. and Canada, cultivated in Europe.
Schmalle HW, Hausen BM, Naturwissenschaften: 66:527. 1979.
Production: Lady's Slipper rhizome is the rhizome of Cypripedium calceolus.
New Jersey Tea
Not to be Confused With: Other Cypripedium varieties
Ceanothus americanus
Other Names: Lady's Slipper, American Valerian, Bleeding Heart, Moccasin Flower, Monkey Flower, Noah's Ark, Slipper Root, Venus Shoe, Yellows
DESCRIPTION
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves, the dried root bark and the fresh leaves. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences grow in the axils of the upper leaves and have long peduncles. They are 5 to 15 cm long, panicled, and have numerous cyme-like partial inflo-
8 4 2 / N E W JERSEY TEA
rescences. The flowers are white, the petals are 2 to 3 mm long and twice as long as the sepals. The fruit is a globose capsule with a diameter of about 7 mm. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ceanothus americanus is a low deciduous shrub 40 to 100 cm high with greenish-purple branches. The petioled leaves are alternate, 3 to 10 cm long by 1.5 to 5 cm wide, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, lightly pointed at the tip, and with pinnatifid nerves. The upper surface is glabrous or has finely compressed silky hairs. The lower surface is densely gray and pubescent. The leaf blade is finely and irregularly serrated. The root is tough, woody, dark brown, and striated or finely wrinkled longitudinally. The bark is thin, brittle and dark brown. Characteristics: The taste is astringent; odorless. Habitat: Indigenous to eastern and central North America. It is also used for breeding garden hybrids. Production: Red Root is the root of Ceanothus americanus. The shrub is cultivated. Other Names: Red Root, Wild Snowball, Jersey Tea, Mountain-Sweet, Walpole Tea, Redroot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Orally as a liquid extract. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc 3 times daily (HAB1). LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lagarias JC et al., (1979) J Nat Prod 42:220 et 663 Mayo de P, Starratt AN, Canad J Chem 40:1632-1641. 1962. Servis RE et al., J Am Chem Soc 91:5619-5624. 1969.
Niauli Melaleucaea viridiflora DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the young or shrubby plants and the oil, which is distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs.
COMPOUNDS
Cyclic peptide alkaloids (0.16% in the root cortex): including ceanothines A to E, americine, adouetines X and Y cyclic peptines Triterpenes: including ceanothusic acid, ceanothenic acid, and betulic acid EFFECTS
The taiwjjas Jhave an astringent effect. In blood taken from young rats, .an~aq«eoas-ethanol extract of the drug reduced blood-clotting time by 25%. However, the results are difficult to assess. The hemostyptic effect is attributed to the acid fraction of the drug. The drug is still useful as an astringent, expectorant and antispasmodic. There is no valid data on the expectorant and antispasmodic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, New Jersey Tea was used as an astringent, in the clotting of the blood, for fever, gonorrhea, syphilis, and for colds and chills, especially of the respiratory organs. Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, Ceanothus americanus is used to treat enlarged spleen. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Flower and Fruit: The plant grows up to 15 m. Characteristics: The presence of traces of copper in the Niauli oil make it slightly greenish. The aromatic odor is reminiscent of camphor. Habitat: The plant grows in tropical parts of southeast Asia and Australia. -?Production: Niauli oil consists of the essential oil from the leaves of Melaleucaea viridiflora, obtained by water distillation. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Chief components: 1,8-cineole (up to 40%), viridiflorol (up to 25%), nerolidol (up to 95%), linalool (up to 30%), (+)alpha-terpineol and (-)-alpha-terpineol as well as their valeric acid esters, alpha-pinene, limonene EFFECTS
The drug is antibacterial and stimulates circulation. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis Unproven Uses: Niauli is used for catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, rheumatism, neuralgia, cystitis.
NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS / 5 4 3
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications to internal use include inflammatory illnesses of the gastrointestinal area or of the biliary ducts, and severe liver diseases. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The internal administration of Niauli oil as a drug leads, in rare cases, to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Drug Interactions: Niauli oil contains 35-60% cineole. Cineole causes the induction of the enzymes involved in the detoxification of the liver. The effect of other drugs can therefore be reduced and/or shortened. Pediatric Use: Preparations containing the oil should not be applied to the faces of infants or small children, since glottal spasm, bronchial spasm and asthma-like attacks are possible, as is respiratory failure. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosages of Niauli oil (more than 10 gm), can lead to life-threatening poisonings due to the high cineole content. Symptoms include, among others, fall in blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and respiratory failure. In case of poisoning, vomiting should not be induced because of the danger of aspiration. Following administration of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.). treating colics with atropine, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Nicotiana tabacum See Tobacco
Night-Blooming Cereus Selenicereus grandiflorus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried flowers, the fresh young stems and flowers, and the fresh young shoots and sprouts. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 18 to 25 cm long and have a diameter of 15 to 27 cm. They have numerous, longacute, lanceolate tepals that are arranged in a spiral. The outer tepals are brown; the middle ones are light yellow and the inner ones are spatulate to acute, lanceolate and snow white. The numerous stamens are white and have yellow anthers. The styles with the 4-rayed stigmas become yellow toward the top. The ovary is globular and bumpy, with triangular scales and many brownish-gray hairs and thorns, which are approximately 10 mm long, dark brown and bristly. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant has a succulent trunk as well as a 1 to 4 cm thick snake-like, creeping or climbing, branched stem, which can grow to 10 m long or longer. The stem is 4- to 8-sided, green to bluish, has no bumps and is covered in adventitious roots. It has white tomentose axis buds on the protruding vertical ribs with 6 to 11 needle-like thorns that are 4 to 6 mm long. Characteristics: The plant has sweet-smelling flowers, which only bloom for about 6 hours before dying.
Mode of Administration: The oil and other galenic preparations are for internal and external application.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Central America and is cultivated in Mexico and also in Europe.
Preparation: Oily nose drops are prepared in a 2 to 5% concentration in vegetable oil. For external use, preparations contain 10 to 30% active ingredient in oil.
Production: The young shoots and flowers are harvested in June or July and then preserved in alcohol. Some cultivated production is done in greenhouse settings, particularly in Europe.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, the single dose is 0.2 gm, with the daily dosage ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 gm.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the flowers of Opuntia maxima, Selenicereus hamatus, and Selenicereus pteranthus. The drug is adulterated commercially with the flowers of Opuntia vulgaris and Opuntia ficusindica.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Other Names: Sweet-Scented Cactus ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (1.5%): including among others, narcissin, rutin, I cacticine, kaempferitine, grandiflorin, hyperoside
544/NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS
Amines: (found only in the shoots) chief components are hordenine (cactine), tyramine, N-methyltyramine, N,N-dimethyl tyramine
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Betacyans: (in the blossoms, yellow pigments)
Willaman JJ, Schubert BG (1961) Tech. Bull 1234: USDA Washington DC.
EFFECTS
The drug has an effect similar to digitalis, which includes cardiac stimulation as well as coronary and peripheral vessel dilation. The drug is also said to stimulate the motor neurons of the spinal cord. In addition, the drug may act topically as an antiphlogistic, but this is Unproven.
Noni Morinda citrifolia DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Selenicereus grandiflorus are used for nervous cardiac disorders, angina pectoris, stenocardia, and urinary ailments. In Mexico and Central America, folk medicine internal uses include hemoptysis, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhage, cardiac complaints, cystitis, shortness of breath and dropsy. Externally, it also is used in these countries as a skin stimulant for rheumatism. Homeopathic Uses: Night-Blooming Cereus is used to treat heart disease in homeopathy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Intake of the fresh juice is said to cause itching and pustules on the skin, burning of the mouth, queasiness, vomiting and diarrhea. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Fluid extracts and tinctures are used internally and externally. •&s**
'
Preparations': iHujd extract (Extractum Cerei lkjuidum 1:1); Tinctura Cerei (1:4) BPC 34; Tincture in sweetened water (1:10). Daily Dosage: For the folk medicine dosages, a liquid extract is used in doses up to 0.6 ml, one to 10 times daily. The Tincture Cerei dosage is 0.12 to 2 ml taken 2 to 3 times daily. Dosage for the tincture in sweetened water is 10 drops, 3 to 5 times daily.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the leaf, fruit and root. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is globose. The flowers are radial, their structures in fives with fused yellowish-white tepals. The ovary is inferior with 1 stigma. The fruit is a many-seeded, glassy-white berry the size of a chicken egg. Leaves, Branches: Morinda citrifolia is a tree that is occasionally shrub-like. It grows up to 10 m high. The leaves are opposite, 10 to 30 cm long. The petiole is approximately 12 mm long. The lamina is coriaceous, glossy, elliptical to elliptical-ovate, acuniinate, somewhat crenate and cuneiform at the base with stipules. The branches are square, divided jointed and contain nodes. Characteristics: The fruit is inedible. Habitat: Malaysia Production: Noni fruit and leaves are the fresh ripe fruit and dried leaves of Morinda citrifolia. Other Names: Mengkudu ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil Iridoids: asperulosid, deacetylasperuloside EFFECTS
No definitive data available.
LITERATURE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Unproven Uses: Noni is used for diabetes, as a blood purifier (for women), for fever and stomachache (Malaysia). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Madaus G: Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Cactus grandiflorus).
DOSAGE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Preparation: The dried leaves are used as hot compresses on the chest and stomach (for fever and stomachache).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LITERATURE
Hirazumi A, Furusawa E, Chou SC, Hokama Y, Immunomodulation contributes to the anticancer activity of morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice. Planta Med, 39:7-9, 1996. Younos C, Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Lanhers MC, Misslin R, Mortier F, Analgesic and behavioral effects of Morinda citrifolia. Planta Med, 56:430-4, 1990 Oct.
NUTMEG/545
lence, worm infestation, diarrhea, fever, coughs, asthma, paralyses and leprosy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Northern Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum americanum
DOSAGE
Prickly Ash Autumn-Harvested
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract, in preparations and in combinations.
DESCRIPTION
How Supplied: Liquid extract—1:4
TRADE NAMES
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root bark and the berries. Flower and Fruit: The greenish-yellow flowers are in terminal umbels. The fruit is black or deep blue and enclosed in a gray shell. 0k
Overdosage is said to lead to salivation, increased cardiac function and elevated blood pressure. Severe poisonings resulting from intake of the drug have not been recorded.
LITERATURE
Fish F et al., (1975) Lloydia 38:268. Fish F, Waterman PG, (1973) J Pharm Pharmac. 25S, 115. Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an aromatic shrub or small tree up to 3 m tall. The branches are alternate and the leaves pinnatifid. The bark and the petioles are covered in sharp spines about 5 mm long. The bark is brownish-gray on the outside and faintly furrowed with whitish patches and flattened spines that are about 5 mm long.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Characteristics: The leaves and berries have an aromatic lemon-like fragrance, and the bark has a pungent, acrid taste.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde 1986.
Habitat: The plant grows in North America.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia-of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Other "rfSrnes:' Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree, Yellow Wood, Suterberry "'"' -~ " *"ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyranocoumarins: xanthoxyletin (xanthoxyloin), xanthyletin, alloxanthyletin
Myristica fragrans
Isoquinoline alkaloids: chelerythrine, berberine, N-methylisocorydine, laurifoline, magnoflorine, nitidine
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are die nutmeg seeds, which through various processes yield several therapeutic components. They include the essential oil of the seed; the compressed, dried aril; the mixture of fat, oil and color pigment from the pressed seeds; the dried seed kernels freed from the aril and shell of the nut; calcified seed kernels; and the dried seed kernels.
Volatile oil '
Nutmeg
Resins EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Northern Prickly Ash is used for low blood pressure, rheumatic disorders, fever and inflammation. Indian Medicine: The drug is used for toothache, headache, eye and ear conditions, dyspeptic symptoms, colic, flatu-
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: Myristica fragans is either male or female, although mere are male trees with female flowers and fruit The flowers are unisexual. The male flowers are in sparsely flowered inflorescence; the female ones are solitary and inconspicuous. The flowers have a simple 3-lobed involucre; the filaments are fused to a tube. The fruit ripens 7 to 10
546/NUTMEG
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
months after flowering. The fruit is fleshy, almost round, acuminate at the stem end, 3 to 6 cm long and 2.5 to 5 cm thick. The fruit is light yellow and about the size of a peach. The fruit flesh bursts open when ripe and exposes the bright red seed's aril that surrounds the dark brown seed. Within the aril, the seed kernel is covered in a hard brown testis that shows the marks of the aril. Leaves, Stem and Root: Nutmeg is an evergreen tree up to 15 m in height. The smooth bark is green on the young branches, then turns grayish-brown. The alternate leaves are dark green, entire-margined, sharp edged, short-petioled, ovate-elliptical and up to 8 cm long. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Molucca Islands and New Guinea and has spread to Indonesia, the West Indies and other tropical areas, where it also is cultivated. Production: Nutmeg is the seed of Myristica fragrans. After harvesting, the nut is shelled and dried (maximum 45° C), and the seed is opened after 4 to 8 weeks. The lacy, fleshy covering of the nut, which is scarlet when fresh and dark orange when dried, yields Nutmeg and Mace. After being separated, both parts are dried slowly. The nut is ground and then distilled. Nutmeg butter is made by pressing and steaming the nuts to extract the fatty and essential oils from the seeds. Not to be Confused With: Several other nuts are often given the name nutmeg. Confusion may occur with calabash nutmeg (Monodora myristica), Papua nutmeg (Myristica succedanea) and Myristica malabarica, Laurelia sempervirens, Atherosperma moschatum, Ravensara aromatica, Cryptocarya moschata, Torreya californica. Nutmeg oil is sometimes confused with the oil from the green leaves of Myristica^fragrans. Other NameSx^M&ce^
.-~ - «•
EFFECTS
In animal experiments, the eugenol in the essential oil inhibits, dose-dependently, medicinally induced diarrhea and slows down the transport of active carbon in the gastrointestinal tract. An effect on prostaglandin synthesis and an antimicrobial effect have also been demonstrated. The use of the drug for dysentery and rheumatic complaints seems plausible. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine uses of nutmeg include diarrhea and dysentery, inflammation of the stomach membranes, cramps, flatulence and vomiting. Externally, the oil is used for rheumatism, sciatica, neuralgia and disorders of the upper respiratory tract. Chinese Medicine: Indications include diarrhea, vomiting and digestive problems. Indian Medicine: Indications in Indian medicine include headaches, poor vision, insomnia, fever and malaria, cholera, impotence and general debility. Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are nervous physical symptoms, digestive problems with flatulence and disturbed perception. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. However, the drug can trigger allergic contact dermatitis. OVERDOSAGE: NUTMEG SEED AND OIL
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: NUTMEG
Volatile oil (7-16%) Fatty oil (30-40%): fatty acids including among others lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic acid Triterpene saponins Sterols: including among others beta-sitosterol, campesterol COMPOUNDS: NUTMEG OIL
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 80%): including (39%), alpha-pinene (13%), beta-pinene (9%)
Fatty oil (30 to 40%) in the nutmeg oil rendered through pressing
sabinene
monoterpene alcohols (5%): including 1,8-cineole (3.5%) phenyl propane derivatives (10 to 18%): including myristicin (2 to 5%), elemicin (1 to 2.5%)
Ingestion of 1 to 3 "nuts" (or even fewer) can produce amphetamine derivatives through bioconversion of the phenylpropane derivatives in the human body. This eventually leads to intense thirst, nausea, reddening and swelling of the face, and alterations of consciousness from mild changes, such as anxiety or lethargy, to intensive hallucinations. The stupor can last from 2 to 3 days. The therapy for poisonings consists of gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), and installation of activated charcoal. That is followed by treating spasms intravenously with diazepam; treating colic with atropine; electrolyte substitution; and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Nutmeg oils, extracts, powders, syrups and butters are used internally. The oil also is used externally as a liniment 10% Preparation: There is no information in the literature. Daily Dosage: Infusion/decoction: 1%, 50 to 200 ml daily. Liquid extract: 1 to 2 times daily. Oil: 1 to 3 drops internally 2 to 3 times a day. Powder: 0.3 to 1 g; not to exceed 3 times daily. Syrup: 10 to 40 ml daily. Tincture: 2 to 10 ml daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: Nutmeg should be stored in tightly sealed containers and kept cool and dry. The oil should be protected from light in containers that are tightly sealed, completely filled and kept at a temperature not to exceed 25° C. LITERATURE: NUTMEG SEED AND OIL
Baldry J et al., (1976) Int Flav Food Add 7:28. Bennett A et al., New Eng J Med 290:110. Effertz B et al., (1979) Z Pflanzenphysiol 92:319. Forrest JE et al., (1974) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1(2):205. ForrestJE^Heacock.PvA, (1972) Lloydia 35:440. Forrest TP e t « t , Jpt973) Naturwissenschaften 60:257. Gottlieb OR, (1979) J Ethnopharmacol 1:309. Isogai A et al., (1973) Agric Biol Chem 37:198 et 1479. Kim et al., (1978) Biochim. Biophys Acta 537:22. Miller EC et al., (1983) Cancer Res 43:1124. Misra V et al., (1978) Ind J Med Res 67:482.
NUX V O M I C A / 5 4 7
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chernie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Nux Vomica Strychnos nux vomica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, dried seeds and the dried bark. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are terminal and cymelike. The flowers have a 5-tipped calyx and a white to greenish-white plate-shaped corolla with a long tube. There are 5 sessile stamens in the mouth of the corolla tube. The ovary is superior, 2-valved and has a lorlg style and a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit, when ripe, is an orange-red, globular berry with a diameter of 4 to 6 cm. The pulp is white, bitter and surrounded by a tough, brittle exocarp about 1.5 mm thick. There are usually 1 to 9 seeds in the pulp, of which 2 to 4 are erect. The seeds are disc-like, orbicular, 12 to 25 mm wide, radially striped, appressed pubescent and exceptionally bitter.
Further information in:
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tree up to 25 m high with a ""trunk circumference of up to 3 m. The branches are obtuse-quadrangular, close together and repeatedly bifurcated. They are glabrous and they have 1 to 2 leaf pairs, which are thjckened at the nodes. The trunk bark is blackish-ashgray and the branch bark is gray. The twigs are green and glossy. The leaves are petiolate and crossed-opposite. The leaf blade is glabrous, broadly ovate, entire-margined and has a curved main rib. The broad stipules dry later.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant grows all over southeast Asia from Pakistan to Vietnam.
Pecevski J et al., (1980) Toxicol Lett 7:739. Rasheed A et al., (1984) Planta Med 50(2):222. Sanford KJ, Heinz DE, (1971) Pharm Acta Helv 59(9/10):242. Sanford KJ, Heinz DE, (1971) Phytochemistry 10:1245. Sarath-Kumara SJ et al., (1985) J Sci Food Agric 36(2):93. Shafkan I et al., (1977) New Eng J Med 296:694.
S48/NUX
VOMICA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Production: Nux Vomica consists of the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. The berries are picked when ripe. The hard exocarp is removed and the seeds are taken out and washed to remove any pulp residue. They are subsequently dried in the sun.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for loss of appetite, anemia, lumbago, asthma, bronchitis, constipation, diabetes, intermittent and malarial fever, skin diseases, paralyses, and muscle weakness; a special procedure is supposed to detoxify the seeds.
Not to be Confused With: The seeds of Strychnos nuxblanda, Strychnos potatorum and Strychnos wallichiana. Nux vomica powder may be confused with the powder of date nuts or olive stones and with by-products of stone-nut processing.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for inflammations of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, disorders of the urinary tract, febrile illnesses, hepatocystic disorders, hemorrhoids, dizziness, headache, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, cramps, paralyses, insomnia and nervous irritability.
Other Names: Poison Nut, Quaker Button's PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (2.0-5.0%): chief alkaloids strychnine and brucine (approximately in a 1:1 ratio), including among others, 12-hydroxystrychnine, 15-hydroxystrychnine, alphacolubrine, beta-colubrine, icajine Fatty oil Polysaccharides as insoluble reserve substances Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, loganin EFFECTS
Nux Vomica increases reflex excitability. Endogenic and exogenic stimuli reach the targeted organ without hindrance and, as a result, possess a strengthened effect that can be attributed to the alkaloid strychnine. The toxic principle strychnine deadens the inhibitory synapse of the CNS and results in overextended musculature reactions. The strychnine and brucine components act as competitive antagonists of the neurotransmitter glycine. The drug is psychoaaateptic due to an increase in reflex action, i.e., endogenic and-~e)tGgenic stimuli reach-the targeted organ without hindrance and as a result have a strengthened effect. In addition, strychnine is cholinolytic in animal experiments. In lower doses, the drug causes a reflexive increase of glandular secretion in the gastrointestinal tract through the amaroids. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Nux Vomica and its preparations are used in combinations for diseases and conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, organic and functional disorders of the heart and circulatory system, diseases of the eye, nervous conditions, depression, migraine, and climacteric complaints. In addition, the herb is used as a tonic, an appetite stimulant, for respiratory complaints, for secondary anemia and for unspecific geriatric complaints. Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for general pain, febrile illnesses, sore throat and abdominal tumors.
The drug is severely toxic due to the strychnine content and is not recommended for use. OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning can occur after ingestion of one bean. Strychnine doses of as little as 1.5 mg (30-50 mg of the drug) initially cause restlessness, feelings of anxiety, heightening of sense perception, enhanced reflexes, equilibrium disorders, and painful stiffness of the neck and back musculature. Later, twitching, tonic spasms of the masseter and neck musculature, and finally painful convulsions of the entire body that are triggered by visual or tactile stimulation occur. Dyspnea comes following spasm of the breathing musculature. Death occurs through suffocation or exhaustion. The lethal dosage for an adult is approximately 50 mg strychnine (1-2 gm of the drug). Chronic intake of subconvulsive dosages can also lead to death under similar conditions after a period of weeks. This is due to an accumulation of drug in the body, particularly in those who have liver damage. Following the administration of a watery suspension of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisoning consists of keeping external stimulation to a minimum through placement in a quiet, warm, darkened room. Convulsions should be treated with dosages of diazepam or barbital (i.v.). Highcalorie glucose infusions should also be given. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. Gastric lavage should be avoided, due to the danger of triggering convulsions. Analeptics or phehothiazines should not be administered. Because of the possibility of unwanted effects occurring in conjunction with the administration of therapeutic dosages, one should forgo any administration of the drug. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Nux Vomica is used almost exclusively in homeopathy. Radioactively tagged strychnine is used in medicine to detect glycinergic receptors. In industry, the drug is used as an active agent for pest control. Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.02-0.05 gm.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
OAK/549
The daily dosages for various preparations are as follows: liquid (0.05 to 2 ml), extract (0.005 gm, with a maximun dose of 0.1 gm), tincture (0.5 to 2 ml (BP80), or Strychninum nitricum (maximum single dose of 0.005 gm). Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: Mark the container as "poisonous" and keep tightly sealed; protect the drug from cool air and light. LITERATURE
Bisset NG, Phillipson JD, JNP 39:263. 1976. Galeffi C, ETH:2:129-134. 1980. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Oak Quercus
robur
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark of the young branches and the lateral shoots, the dried bark of the trunk and branches, the dried leaves of various oak species and the seed kernels without the seed coats. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are reddish brown and monoecious. The male flowers consist of a 5-part perigone with 6 to 10 stamens that appear in small groups in limp, hanging catkins. The female flowers, solitary or in groups of up to 5, appear in a involucre which clasps the base of the fruit and which later becomes bowl-shaped. The fruit is solitary or in groups of up to 5 on 1 shared, glabrous or occasionally sparsely pubescent stem. They are oblongovdte, acuminate and enclosed in the cupule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is about 50 m high with a broad, irregular, heavily branched crown and a trunk which divides into gnarled, strong, bent branches. The bark is deeply fissured, thick and grey-brown. The leaves are shortpetioled, almost sessile, oblong-obovate, almost lobed, usually cordate or polled at the base.
Maier W, Groger D, Pharm Zentralhalle 107:883. 1968.
Habitat: The tree is widespread in Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus region.
Marini-Bettolo GB, Advances in the research of curare and Strychnos. In: Rend Accad Naz 40:1975-1976, 1-2, 61-76. 1977. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993, ^ r - _ -
Production: Oak bark consists of the dried bark of young branches and saplings of Quercus robur and/or Quercus petraea, harvested in the spring, as well as their preparations. Oak bark is harvested from March to April. The trees fall every 10 years. The bark is dried rapidly.
Rodriguez F et al. PH 18:2065. 1980.
Other Names: Common Oak, Pedunculate Oak, English Oak, Tanner's Bark
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Catechin tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Ellagitannins: (including castalagin, pedunculagin, vesvalagin, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxy diphenoyl glucose), flavano-ellagitannins (acutissimins A and B, eugenigrandin, guajavacin B, stenophyllanin C)
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 19915.
Gallo tannins Monomeric and dimeric catechins and leucocyanidins Tannins (12 to 16%)
Nymphaea odorata See American
White
Pond Lily
EFFECTS
The drug, which contains tannins, is astringent, antiphlogistic, antiviral and anthelmintic.
S50/OAK INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • •
Cough/bronchitis Diarrhea Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Inflammation of the skin
Unproven Uses: Oak is used internally for non-specific diarrhea. In smaller doses it is used as a stomach tonic. The drug is used externally for inflammatory skin diseases, inflammation of the mouth and throat as well as the genital and anal area, suppurating eczema, hyperhydrosis, intertrigo and as an adjuvant treatment of chilblains. Oak is also used in folk medicine internally for hemorrhagic stool, non-menstrual uterine bleeding, hemoptysis and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. External uses include hemorrhoid bleeding, varicose veins, uterine bleeding, vaginal discharge (washes/douches), rashes, chronic, itching, scaley and suppurating eczema and eye inflammations. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Whole-body baths are contraindicated with large-area weeping eczemas and skin injuries, with feverish and infectious illnesses, with cardiac insufficiency in stages III and IV (NYHA) and with hypertonia in stage IV (WHO). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Internal administration could lead to digestive complaints because of the secretion-inhibiting effect of the tannins. Drug-Interactions: The absorption of alkaloids and other alkaline Tmigs* may bejreduced or inhibited.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bath additive — duration: 20 minutes at 32 to 37° C. Storage: Should be tightly sealed and protected from light LITERATURE
Ahn BZ et al., Arch Pharm 304:666. 1971. Glasl H, DAZ 123:1979. 1983. Konig M et al., Ellegitannins and complex tannins from Quercus petraea bark. In: JNP 57(10):1411-1415. 1994. Pallenbach E, Scholz E, Konig M, Rimpler H, Proanthocyanidins from Quercus petraea bark. In: PM 59(3):264. 1993. Scalbert A et al., PH 27:3483. 1988. Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht. In: DAZ 132(37): 1873. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bde 4-6 (Drdgen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Oak is available as whole, crude and powdered drug form, as a bath additive and in compounded preparations. It is also available in solid pharmaceutical form for oral intake.
Oak Gall
Preparation: Tea — 1 gm finely cut or coarse powdered drug is put in cold water, rapidly boiled and strained after some time (1 teaspoon corresponds to 3 gm drug).
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the leaf.
Bath additive — 5 gm drug is boiled with 1 Liter water and added to the full or hip bath. Daily Dosage: Internally — 3 gm of drug; Tea: 1 cup 3 times a day. Externally — Rinses/gargles: boil 2 dessertspoons finely cut drug with 3 cups water.
Quercus infectoria DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are tangled into hanging, axillary cadcins, with a 6- to 8-tepaled perigone and 6 to 10 stamens. The female sessile flowers are single or in small groups in the leaf axils of dropping stipules. The perigone is 6-tipped with an inferior 3-chambered ovary surrounded by an initially inconspicuous and then later cupshaped cupula. The fruit is up to 4 cm long, cylindrical, shiny brown and is 3 times longer than the cupula, which is covered with narrow scales.
OATS / 5 5 1
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows as a shrub or small tree, diclinous and monoecious. The leaves are alternate, approximately 5 cm long, short-petiolate, elongate, sinuate, roughly thorny-tipped serrate. Characteristics: Apical galls are formed by the laying of eggs by the gall wasp (Andricus gallae-tinctoriae) in the young leaf buds. Habitat: The various Quercus species originated in Iran, Iraq and Turkey, but are now widespread and particularly common in Asia Minor, Europe and North Africa. Production: Oak Gall is the gall of Quercus infectoria produced by gall wasps (Andricus gallae-tinktoriae) laying their eggs in the leaf buds. The development of the larva probably stimulates the bud as an infection would and produces the gall as a reaction. Other Names: Gallinaccia Oak
Preparation: Tincture — Powdered gall apples are mixed roughly 1:5 with spirit of wine. Storage: The drug should be stored in a tightly sealed container. LITERATURE
Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakbuhi T, Constituents of Quercus infectoria. Planta Med, 65:286-7, 1977 May. Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakouhi T, Pharmacology of Quercus infectoria. J Pharm Sci, 65:1791-4, 1976 Dec. Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakouhi T, Studies on Quercus infectoria; isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central depressive activity. Planta Med, 65:156-61, 1979 Feb. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (60 to 70%): gallotannins, particularly hexa- and heptagalloyl-glucoses
Oats
Phenol carboxylic acids: gallic acid (3%), ellagic acid (2%)
Avena sativa
EFFECTS
The astringent quality of the drug can be explained by the tannins it contains. The dry extract exhibits analgetic, hypoglycemic and sedative-hypnotic efficacy. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: External uses include treatment of inflammation of the skin and frostbite and as an adjuvant in the treatment of infectious skin conditions. Oak gall is used exterrilury "for chilblains and gingivitis, for which efficacy appears plausible but has not yet beeti sufficiently documented. Indian Medicine: Uses include intestinal hemorrhaging, coughing blood, diarrhea, dysentery, ulcerative stomatitis, coughs, bronchitis, dyspepsia, fever, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, impetigo, eczema, hemorrhoids, pharyngodynia, diabetes, hyperhidrosis and tonsillitis. Chinese Medicine: Dysentery, hyperhidrosis, oral ulceration, leucorrhea, hemorrhoids, wounds and rectal prolapse are considered to be indications. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been proven.
TRADE NAMES
Wild Oats, Oat Bran, Oatstraw DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried above-ground plant, the ripe, dried fruits, and the dried, threshed leaf and stem. Flower and Fruit: The spikelet has 2 to 3 flowers. The outer glume has no awn, is 18 to 30 mm long and has 7 to 11 ribs. The top glumes grow from 12 to 24 l mm long, have 2 divisions and a dentate tip. They have 7 ribs and can either be awned or unawned. The awn is 15 to 40 mm long, upright and rough. The double ribbed husks are 10 to 20 mm long and are thickly ciliate on the short ridge. The 3 stamens are 2.5 to 4 mm long. The ovary has a pinnatifid stigma. The fruit is 7 to 12 mm long, narrowly elliptoid and pubescent. Leaves, Stem and Root: Oat is a light-green annual grass with a bushy root. The stalks are 60 to 100 cm high, smooth and glabrous. The linear-lanceolate tapering, flat leaves are in double rows, and the leaf sheath is clasping. The ligula is short and ovate with triangular pointed teeth. The leaf blade is linear-lanceolate and is 45 cm long by 5 to 15 mm wide.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper external administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Habitat: Oats originated in England, France, Poland, Germany and Russia, and are now cultivated worldwide.
DOSAGE
Production: Wild oat herb consists of the fresh aboveground parts of Avena sativa, which are harvested shortly before the height of the flowering season and then quickly
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the whole, cut and powdered drug have internal and external applications.
552/OATS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
dried. Oats consist of the ripe, dried fruits of Avena sativa. Oat bran is taken from the outer layer of the husked fruit. To make rolled oats, the husked fruit is treated with steam, then crushed. Oat straw consists of the dried, threshed leaves and stems of Avena sativa, also harvested shortly before the height of the flowering season. Other Names: Grain, Groats, Oatmeal, Straw
Silicic acid (partially water-soluble) Steroid saponins: avenacoside A and B Unusual amino acids: avenic acid A and B Flavonoids: including vitexin-, isovitexin-, apigenin-, isoorientin-, tricinglycosides
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
EFFECTS: OAT STRAW
COMPOUNDS: OAT HERB
There is no information available concerning the efficacy of oat straw.
Soluble oligo- and polysaccharides: including saccharose, kestose, neokestose, bifurcose, beta- glucans, galactoarabinoxylans
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
OAT HERB
Silicic acid (partially water-soluble) Steroid saponins: avenacoside A and B Unusual amino acids: avenic acid A and B Flavonoids: including vitexin-, isovitexin-, apigenin-, isoorientin-, tricinglycosides EFFECTS: OAT HERB
Unproven Uses: Wild oat herb preparations are used for many purposes, including acute and chronic anxiety, atonia of the bladder and connective tissue, connective tissue deficiencies, excitation, gout, kidney ailments in Kneipp therapy, neurasthenic and pseudoneurasthenic syndromes. old age symptoms, opium and tobacco withdrawal treatment, rheumatism, skin diseases, sleeplessness, stress, weakness of the bladder, and as a tonic and roborant. The efficacy for the claimed applications is not documented.
In one poorly constructed experimental investigation, the drug was said to lower the uric acid level and to display an antihepatoxin effect in animal experiments. The mode of action was not explained.
Homeopathic Uses: Oats are used in homeopathy for exhaustion and insomnia.
COMPOUNDS: OAT FRUIT
OAT FRUIT
Starch
Unproven Uses: Oat preparations are used for diseases and complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder and kidneys, for cardiovascular disorders, constipation, diabetes, diarrhea, physical fatigue, rheumatism, and as a gruel for chest and throat complaints. The claimed efficacy has not been fully substantiated. """
Soluble polysaccharides: in particular beta-glucans and arabinoxylans Proteic substances: including gliadin, avenin, avenalin Peptides: alpjia-avenothionine, beta-avenothionine Steroid saponinsT avenacoside A and B *
" *
Sterols: including beta-sitosterol, delta-5-avenasterol Fatty oil
OAT STRAW
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the skin • Warts
Vitamins of the B-group Amines: including gramine EFFECTS: OAT FRUIT
Dehusked oats are, according to various studies, able to lower serum cholesterol and to hinder prostaglandin biosynthesis. The latest research attributes the cholesterol-lowering effect to the water-soluble polysaccharides, in particular beta-glucans.
Unproven Uses: The drug is employed externally for seborrheic skin disorders, especially those accompanied by itch. Oat straw is used for abdominal fatigue, bladder and rheumatic disorders, eye ailments, frostbite, gout, impetigo and metabolic diseases. It is used in foot baths for chronically cold or tired feet. It is also used as a tea for flu and coughs. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COMPOUNDS: OAT STRAW
OAT HERB, FRUIT AND STRAW
Soluble oligo- and polysaccharides: including saccharose, kestose, neokestose, bifurcose, beta-glucans, galactoarabinoxylans
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
OATS / 5 5 3
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DOSAGE AVENA HERB
Mode of Administration: The herb is used in combination therapy, as a tea for internal use, and in homeopathic mother tinctures and dilutions. How
WichU M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. OAT FRUIT
Connor J et al., (1975) J Pharm Pharmacol 27:92.
Supplied:
Liquid — 1000 mg/ml Preparation: To make a tea, 3 gm drug is boiled in 250 ml water, which is strained after cooling. Daily Dosage: The tea is taken repeatedly throughout the day and shortly before going to bed. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice weekly sc (HAB1). Storage: The herb should be protected from light and moisture. OAT FRUIT
Mode of Administration: The fruit is used in homeopathy and in combination preparations. OAT STRAW
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic preparations as teas and bath additives.
Effertz B et al., (1979) Z Pflanzenphysiol 92: 319Anand CL (1971) Nature 233:496. Gabrinowicz JW, (1974) Med J Aust Ii: 306. Kim et al., (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 537:22. Schneider E, Losliche Silikate im griinen Hafer. In: ZPT 11(4):129. 1990. Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht.. In: DAZ 132(37): 1873. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. OAT STRAW
Preparation: To make oat straw bath, 100 g chopped drug is boiled with 3 liters water for 20 minutes and the decoction is added to the bath. Daily Dosage: 100 g of herb is used for one full bath.
Kim et al., (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 537:22. Anand CL, (1971) Nature 233:496. Connr J et al., (1975) J Pharm Pharmacol 27:92. Effertz B et al., (1979) Z Pflanzenphysio^92:319.
LITERATURE " OAT HERB " * * * * .
~
-
»
Anand CL, (1971) Nature 233:4%. Connor J et al., (1975) J Pharm Pharmacol 27:92. Effertz B et al., (1979) Z Pflanzenphysiol 92:319. Gabrinowicz JW, (1974) Med J Aust Ii:306. Kim et al, (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 537:22. Schneider E,. Losliche Silikate im griinen Hafer. In: ZPT 11(4): 129. 1990. Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht.. In: DAZ 132(37):1873. 1992. Further information in:
Gabrinowicz JW, (1974) Med J Aust Ii: 306.. Jaspersen-Schib R, Ballaststoffe als Lipidsenker. In: DAZ 132(39): 1991. 1992. Schneider E, Losliche Silikate im griinen Hafer. In: ZPT 11(4): 129. 1990. Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht. In: DAZ 132(37):1873. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
S54/OCIMUM
BASILICUM
Ocimum basilicum See Basil
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Not to be Confused With: Rapeseed oil may be adulterated with resins and mineral oil. Sinapis arvensis is a permitted substitute. Other Names: Colza, Cole, Rape, Rape Seed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Oenanthe aquatica See Water Fennel
Oenanthe crocata See Water Drop wort
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids: oleic acid (60%), linoleic acid (20%), linolenic acid (10%), as well as palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, behenic acid. Varieties with high erucic acid content (40 to 50%) are no longer cultivated (reduction of the erucic acid content in the Common Market countries to below 5%) Sterols: beta-sitosterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, estered to some extent EFFECTS
Oenothera biennis See Evening Primrose
Rapeseed oil, when ingested in high dosages over an extended period of time, is cardiotoxic. The drug is chiefly used as a substitute for olive oil and in the manufacture of salves and liniments.
Oilseed Rape
No medicinal indications
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Brassica
napus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the roots and seeds. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in racemes with 4 upright, splayed sepals. The 4 petals are yellow, 11 to 14 mm long, almost twice as long as the calyx, with an orbicular-elliptical surface. TJ*cre_are 2 short and 4 long stamens. The ovary is superior, with 4foseti calpels. The fruit is 4.5 to 11 cm long and is a dehiscent pod opening on 2 sides with a septum and 20 to 40 seeds. The seeds are globose and approximately 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter. Leaves, Stem and Root: Oilseed Rape is an annual or biennial herb that grows up to 1.4 m high. The leaves are alternate with a bluish bloom; the lower ones are petiolate and pinnatisect, with relatively large terminal lobes and are slightly pubescent. The middle and upper leaves are sessile, partly clasping, simple, glabrous, dentate or entire. The stem of larger plants is branched. The root is thin and spindleshaped.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the oil, which is low on erucic acid. DOSAGE
Storage: Store in the dark, in well-filled containers. LITERATURE
Butcher RD, Goodman BA, Deighton N, SnDth WH, Evaluation of the allergic/irritant potential of air pollutants: detection of proteins modified by volatile organic compounds from oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) using electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry. Clin Exp Allergy, 25 (1995). Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Slabas AR, Cottingham IR, Austin A, Hellyer A, Safford R, Smith CG, Immunological detection of NADH-specific enoylACP reductase from rape seed (Brassica napus) - induction, relationship of alpha and beta polypeptides, mRNA translation and interaction with ACP. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1039:181-8, 1990 Jun 19.
Habitat: Europe, North Africa, U.S. Production: The seeds are cold-pressed and then refined. Rapeseed oil is the cold-pressed and refined oil from the ripe seeds of Brassica napus.
Olea europaea See Olive
OLEANDER/555
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Oleander Nerium oleander DESCRIPTION
£ Medicinal Parts: The leaves are the medicinal part of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The corolla is 4 to 7 mm in diameter, usually pink to red but sometimes white. The petals are thickly covered in glands. The tube is 2 cm long as are the obtuse and patent lobes. The anther appendages are long, pubescent and twisted. The follicles are 8 to 16 cm by 0.5 to 1 cm, erect and reddish-brown.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Side effects can include, particularly in the case of overdosages, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, stupor and cardiac arrhythmias. Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of the drug with quinidine, calcium salts, saluretics, laxatives or glucocorticoids increases both efficacy and side effects. For symptoms of an acute poisoning and therapy see Digitalis. The scientific literature (Lewin) contains numerous descriptions of fatalities. OVERDOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The evergreen plant can be tree or shrub-like. The trunks are up to 4 m high. The leaves are 6 to 12 by 1.2 to 2 cm, linear-lanceolate, sharp-edged, coriaceous, dark green. Habitat: Nerium oleanJer grows mainly in the Mediterranean region but also in parts of Asia. It is cultivated in Europe.
^
Production: Oleander leaf is the leaf of Nerium oleander, collected shortly before flowering and then dried in the shade. Other Names: Rose Laurel ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardiac steroids (cardenolide): chief components are 16acetyl neogistonin, adynerin, 5alpha-adynerin, gentiobiosyladynerin, delta 16-dehydroadynerin, digitoxigenin oleandroside, gentibioosyl-odoroside A, gentiobiosyl-oleandrin, glucosyl^leandrin, oleandrigenin glucoside, kaneroside, neriaside, nerigoside^jieriumoside Pregnanes and pregnane glycosides: including 12beta-hydroxy-16alpha-metfioxy-pregna-4,6-dien-3,20-dione EFFECTS
Oleander is positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic. The cardenolide glycosides of the drug are qualitatively digitoxin-like in their action, but generally weaker, probably due to the lower rate of absorption. £
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses of Oleander leaf include diseases and functional disorders of the heart, as well as skin diseases. Previous internal application for myocardial insufficiency, decompensated hypertonia and cardiac insufficiency is no longer common. Indian Medicine: Among uses in Indian medicine are scabies, eye diseases (using only the juice of the leaves) and hemorrhoids.
See PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS. DOSAGE
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include solutions, coated tablets and compound preparations. Dosage: No information is available. Storage: Oleander should be stored where it is protected from dampness and light. LITERATURE
Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):9296. 1997. Loew DA, Loew AD, Pharmakokinetik von herzglykosidhaltigen Pflanzenextrakten. In: ZPT 15(4): 197-202. 1994. Siddiqui S et al., Isolation and structure of two cardiac glycosides from the leaves of Nerium oleander. In: PH 26(1):237-241. 1985. Yamauchi T et al.. Quantitative variations m the cardiac glycosides of oleander. In: PH 22:2211-2214. 4983. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Hoihammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
556/OLEANDER
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Olivier ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: OLIVE LEAVES
Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, oleoropine (6-9%), additionally 6-O-oleoropinesaccharose, ligstroside, oleoroside, oleoside-7,11-dimeth-ylether Triterpenes: including oleanolic acid, maslinic acid
Olive
Flavonoids: luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenine-7-O-glucoside
Olea europaea
Chalcones: olivin, olivin-4'-0-diglucoside
TRADE NAMES
Olive oil and Olive leaves are available from numerous manufacturers. The leaves are sometimes marketed as Olive Leaf-Powder.
EFFECTS: OLIVE LEAVES
Animal tests demonstrated hypotensive, antiarrhythmic and spasmolytic effects on the smooth muscle of the intestine, caused by the terpenes and phenols of die drug.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves, the oil extracted from the ripe drupes, and the fresh branches containing leaves and clusters of flowers.
COMPOUNDS: OLIVE OIL
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in small axillary clustered inflorescence. The calyx has 4 tips. The white corolla has a short tube and 4 lobes. The superior ovary is bilocular, with each side having 2 hanging anatropal ovules. The drupe has 1 to 2 seeds, is fleshy, plum-like or round. The smooth drupe is initially green, then red and finally blue-black when ripe. The very hard stone contains oblong compact seeds with many endosperm.
Steroids (0.125 to 0.25%): beta-sitosterol, delta7-stigmasterol, delta5-avenasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol
Leaves, Stem and Root: Olive grows as a medium high shrub or a tree up to 10 m high. The plant has pale bark and canelike, quadrangular to round, initially downy, thorny or thomless^branches. The leaves are opposite, entire, stiff, coriaceous, nairoVF-elliptical to lanceolate or eordate with thorny tips. The upper surface is dark green, glabrous or covered with scattered scutiform hairs; the underside shimmers silver with scuitform hairs. Habitat: The plant grows in almost all of the southern European countries and throughout the entire Mediterranean region as far as Iran and beyond the Caucasus. Olive trees are cultivated in many regions of the world. Production: Olive leaves consist of the fresh or dried leaves of Olea europaea. The leaves are harvested from cultivated trees and dried in the shade. Olive oil is the fatty oil extracted from the drupes of Olea europaea, using the coldpress method. Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise between Olive leaves and the leaves of Nerium oleander. The oils of Camellia sasanqua and other Camellia species can be mistaken for Olive oil.
Chief fatty acids: oleic acid (56-83%), palmitic acid (820%), linoleic acid (4-20%)
Tocopherols (0.02%) EFFECTS: OLIVE OIL
Through die presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the drug has an antisclerotic effect by positively influencing die serum lipids. A reduction of plasma glucose was also observed. Contraction of the gallbladder was observed with the increase of cholecystokinin in die plasma. (Use for gallstones is not advised because, efficacy has not been proven and use may cause colic.) INDICATIONS AND USAGE
OLIVE LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include hypertonia, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism and gout, diabetes mellitus and fever. OLIVE OIL
Unproven Uses: Internal uses of die oil in folk medicine include cholangitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, flatulence, constipation, icterus, Roemhel syndrome, gastrointestinal ulcers and kidney stones. Externally, it has been used for psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, mild burns and rheumatism. Its use as a lubricant for constipation and dry skin conditions appears plausible because of trie oily characteristics. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The internal administration of die drug can trigger colic among gallstone sufferers, so its use is contraindicated.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
OLIVE LEAVES
ONION/ 557
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Onion
Mode of Administration: The drug is available for oral use in mono and combination tea mixture preparations.
Allium cepa
How Supplied: Capsules — 580 mg
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bulb.
DESCRIPTION
Drops Preparation: An infusion is prepared by pouring 150 ml of hot water over 7 to 8 g of the dried leaves. Prepare a tea by pouring hot water over 2 teaspoonfuls of the drug and allowing it to steep for 30 minutes. Daily Dosage: Tea: 3 to 4 cups throughout the day. OLIVE OIL
Daily Dosage: Constipation — 100 to 500 ml Olive oil at body temperature applied rectally. Gastrointestinal ulcers — 15 to 30 ml 3 taken times daily at mealtimes. LITERATURE
OLIVE LEAVES
Bianchi G, Pozzi N, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol, a major C6-C2 phenolic in Olea europaea. In: PH 35(5): 1335. 1994. Bianco A et al., Partial synthesis of oleuropein. In: JNP 55(6):760-766. 1992. Duarte J et, al., Effects of oleuropeosid in isolated guinea-pig atria. In: PM 59(4):318. 1993. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 CDrogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kuwajima H et al., A secoiridoid glucoside from Olea europaea. In: PH 27(6): 1757. 1988. Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaften 70:95.
Flower and Fruit: The peduncles are up to 3 cm long. Trie flowers.are greenish-white, in orbicular umbels, with 6 free flower bracts that are shorter than the 6 stamens. The pedicles are eight times as long as the flowers. The fruit is a thin-skinned capsule. The seeds are black and angular. The flowers are in globular umbels, before blooming in membranous sheaths. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial or biennial. There are many varieties and can be compressed-globose. ovate or oblong. Most varieties have secondary bulbs. Leaves are shorter than the peduncle, tubular or swollen, and blue-green. There is a hollow scape, which is gray-blue. expanded and bloated below the middle. Habitat: Central Asia is considered to be the region oi origin. Onion was introduced to the Mediterranean and is cultivated worldwide. Production: Onion consists of the fresh or dried, thick and fleshy leaf sheaths and stipules of Allium cepa. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
'r~
COMPOUNDS
Alliins (alkylcysteine sulphoxides): in particular allylalliin (allyl-L (+)-cysteine sulphoxide) and its gamma-glutamyl conjugates, that in the course of cutting up either the freshly harvested bulbs or those that have been already dried and then re-moistened, are transformed into the so-called alliaceous oils. Fructosans (polysaccharides, 10-40%)
OLIVE OIL
Anonym, Positive Auswirkungen von Olivenol auf den Blutdruck. In: ZPT 12(1):13. 1991. Hemming S, 1st Olivenol erlaubt? In: DAZ 131(29):1525. 1991. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissensch. 70:95. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Saccharose and other sugars Flavonoids: (spiraeoside)
including
quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside
Steroid Saponins EFFECTS
The thiosulphinate exhibits an antimicrobial effect, and is effective against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi. Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli.
558/ONION
Lipid and blood pressure lowering effect: Certain constituents function similarly to those in garlic, although this is not yet clinically proven. Inhibits thrombocyte aggregation: Dimethyl and diphenyltiiiosulphinateboth retard thrombocyte biosynthesis using thrombase stimulation. Antiasthmatic and antiallergic effect: Guinea pigs sensitized using ovalbumin were protected from asthma attack through the oral administration of onion juice. Administration of an ethanol onion extract significantly reduced allergy-induced bronchial constriction in asthma patients. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • • • • • • •
Loss of appetite Arteriosclerosis Dyspeptic complaints Fevers and colds Cough/bronchitis Hypertension Tendency to infection Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Common cold
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is administered internally for cough, whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma and angina. Onion has been used to stimulate gallbladder functions, for digestive disorders with bloating and colic pain, for dehydration, as an aid at the introduction of menstruation. Onion is also used for ascariasis, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis and in the treatment of diabetes. Externally the drug is used for insect bites, wounds, light burns, fujjmcles, warts, and in the after-care of bruises. Indian Medicine: t5nion preparations are*Used for dyspeptic conditions, respiratory conditions, wounds, pain and for malarial fever. Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for worm infestation, fungal and bacterial infections.
Preparation: Onion oil maceration: same as garlic maceration drug extract 1:1. Old recipe: Siripus Cepae: freshly grated onions 15 g; water 60 ml; ethanol 90% (\7V) 15 ml; saccharose 150 g; the ethanolic extract is boiled with the saccharose. Popular: pressed juice and onion syrup: made of 500 g onions, 500 g water, 100 g honey and 350 g sugar. Onion tincture: 100 g minced onions in 300 g ethanol 70% macerated for 10 days. Daily Dosage: Raw drug is used therapeutically. Externally the juice is spread or laid on as a poultice or in slices. Internally: onion tincture 4 to 5 teaspoonfuls daily; onion syrup 4 to 5 tablespoons daily. Average daily dose: 50 g of fresh onions or 20 g of dried drug. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; Ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1) LITERATURE
Agarwal RH, Controlled trial of the effect of cycloalliin on the fibrinolytic activity of venous blood. In: Atherosclerosis 27:347351. 1977. Augusti KT, Benaim ME, (1974) Clin Chim Acta 60:121. Augusti KT, (1976) Curr Sci 45:863. Dorsch W, et al., (1984) Eur J Pharmacol 107(1):17. Jain RC, Vyas CR, (1974) Brit Med J 2:73j3. Kabelik J, (1970) Pharmazie 25:266. Koch HP, Hormonwirkungen bei Allium-Arten. In: ZPT 13(6): 177. 1992. Kumari K, Augusti KT, Antidiabetic effects of S-methylcystein sulphoxide on alloxan diabetes. In: PM 61(l):72-74. 1995. Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24: 600 and 1593.
Homeopathic Uses: Allium cepa is used for acute inflammatory' illnesses, pain syndrome, flatulent colic.
Maugh TH, (1979) Science 204:293.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tverskoy L, Dmetriev A, Kozlovsky A, Grodzinsky D, Two phytoalexins from Allium-cepa bulbs. In: PH 30:799. 1991.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The intake of large quantities can lead to stomach complaints. Frequent contact with the drug leads on rare occasion to allergic reactions (hand eczema). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cut onions, pressed juice from fresh onions and other oral galenic preparations.
Spare CG, Virtanen Al, (1963) Acta Chem Scand 17:641.
Vollhardt BR, Zwiebelolmazerat (z.B. Alligerol). In: Intern Praxis 32(1):201. 1992. Wagner H, Bayer Th, Dorsch W, Das antiasthmatische Wirkprinzip der Zwiebel (Allium cepa L.). In: ZPT 9(6): 165. 1988. Whitaker JR, (1976) Adv Food Res 22:73. Zwiebeln gegen Durchfall. In: Medical Tribune 14:26. 1993.
OREGANO/559
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
^
Further information in:
Catechin tannins
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Flavonoids: including vitexin, saponaretin, orietin
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim. 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York. 1995.
EFFECTS
The drug has mild choleric and astringent effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug has been used for cholecystopathy, dyspepsia and liver disease. It is obsolete as a drug and now found only in combination preparations. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Ononis spinosa
LITERATURE
See
Bassene E, Plantes Med Phytotherapie 21:173. 1987.
Spiny
Rest
Harrow
Bassene E et al., Ann Pharm Franc 44:491. 1986.
Onopordum acanthium See Scotch Thistle
Further information in: Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New Jfork, 1969.
Ophioglossum vulgatum See English Adder's Tongue
Orchis species See Salep
Opium Antidote Combretum micranthum DESCRIPTION
_
Medicinal Parts: The dry leaves and stems are the medicinal parts of the plant. Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are 10 to 13 cm long and about 6 cm wide, with 8 to 10 lateral spreading veins, transparent in the axils. The surface of the young leaves has small scales. Characteristics: The taste is astringent and strong. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China, Malaysia and Indonesia. Production: Combretum leaves are the dried leaves of Combretum micramthum. Other Names: Combretum, Jungle Weed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolidine alkaloid betaines: stachydrines, 4-hydroxystachydrines, combretin-A (betaines drawn from the proline)
Oregano Origanum vulgare DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted from the fresh or dried leaves through a process of steam distillation, the herb picked during the flowering season and freed from the thicker stems and dried, as well as the fresh flowering herb. Flower and Fruit: The bright purple labiate flowers are in cyme-like panicles with elliptical, pointed and usually dark purple bracts, which are longer than the calyx. The calyx is tubular and has 5 even tips. The upper lip of the corolla is flat. The lower lip has 3 lobes; the middle lobe is the widest. There are 4 stamens, the longer ones extending beyond the lower lip. Leaves, Stem and Root: Origanum vulgare is a woody perennial plant, which grows up to 90 cm high. The upper part is branched. The plant has rhizome-like runners and is downy, bristly or velvet-like. The leaves are 10 to 40 cm
560/OREGANO
long and 4 to 25 mm wide, ovate, entire-margined or slightly crenate, glabrous or pubescent, translucent-punctate and petiolate. Characteristics: The plant has an aromatic scent, similar to Origanum majorana.
Preparation: For internal use, pour 250 ml boiling water over 1 heaped teaspoonful and strain after 10 minutes; the tea can be sweetened with honey. The unsweetened infusion is used as gargle and mouthwash. To use as a bath additive, pour 1 1 of water over 100 g drug, strain after 10 minutes and add to a full bath.
Habitat: The plant is common throughout Asia, Europe and northern Africa.
Daily Dosage: Tea: 1 cup several times a day. Powder: 0.5 to 1 dessertspoon 2 to 3 times daily with food.
Production: Oregano consists of the above-ground parts of Origanum vulgare. It is harvested 5 cm above the ground during the flowering season and dried carefully on the field or under a roofed loft.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB34).
Other Names: Mountain Mint, Origano, Wild Marjoram, Winter Marjoram, Wintersweet ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.15-1.0%): chief components carvacrol (share 40-70%), gamma-terpinene (8-10%), p-cymene (5-10%), additionally alpha-pinene, myrcene, thymol. There are also strains with thymol, linalool + terpinene-4-ol, linalool, caryophyllene +germacren D, or germacren D as chief components Flavonoids: including naringin
Storage: Store Oregano where it is protected from moisture and light. LITERATURE
Afshaypuor S et al., Volatile constituents of Origanum vulgare ssp.t viride (syn. O. heracleoticum) from Iran. In: PM 63(2): 179180.' 1997. Afshaypuor S, Essential oil constituents of wild marjoram from Iran. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 133. 1996. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Caffeic acid derivatives: in particular, rosmaric acid (5%)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
The essential oil, which contains carvacrol, is antimicrobial in vitro. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Oregano herb is used for respiratory disorders^such "as coughs, inflammation of the bronchial mucous membranes and as an expectorantT In folk medicine, it is used for coughs, dyspepsia, painful menstruation, rheumatoid arthritis, scrofulosis, urinary tract disorders and as a diaphoretic. Chinese Medicine: In China, Oregano is used for colds, fever, vomiting, dysentery, jaundice and malnutrition for children. Homeopathy Uses: Oregano is used to increase sexual excitability. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Oregano infusions and powders are used as teas, gargles and bath additives.
Oriental Arborvitae^ Thuja orientalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves and leafy branches. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence forms cones with horned cone scales. The male cones are apical and globose with 3 to 6 stamens. The female cones are small, ovoid to globose with 3 pairs of scales, the upper one sterile, the middle one with 1 ovule and the lower one with three. The seeds are ovoid to elliptical and have no wings. Leaves, Stem and Root: Oriental arborvitae is a diclinous, monoecious, evergreen tree, which grows up to 10 m high. The leaves are decussately arranged, scale-like, imbricate, appressed to the branches, thick and acute. The edge leaves are pressed together and keeled. The surface leaves are ovate-rhomboid, grooved on the back, needle-like when young and acutely splayed. The branches are vertical,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
flattened and vertically branched. The smaller branches are the same color on both sides. Habitat: China, Korea, Afghanistan, Iran Production: Oriental Aborvitae tops are the dried leaves and leafy branches of Thuja orientalis. They are harvested from cultivated stock in late summer or early autumn, followed by drying in the shade. Not to be Confused With: May be confused with other Thujae species. Other Names: Chinese Arborvitae ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.4%): containing alpha-pinene, alpha-thujone (6%) Flavonoids: including tricetin-3-glucoside Wax (0.5%, estolides): chief acid juniperic acid EFFECTS
The terpene-containing drug is severely toxic. The hemostyptic and hair growth-promoting effects with which it is credited have not yet been documented in experimental data. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ORRIS / 5 6 1
Origanum vulgare See Oregano
Orris Iris species DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome with the roots. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are long-pedicled and perfumed. The tepals are white or slightly blue. The outer ones are darker with a yellow beard. The andiers are as big as the filaments. The upper lip of the stigma branch is inclined forward. The fruit is a large capsule with a number of sections in which the brown seeds are lined up like rolls of coins. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plants are perennial, 30 to 100 cm high. The rhizome is thick and short. The strong flowerbearing stem is branched from the middle. The leaves are broad, sword-shaped, usually curved and gray-green. Habitat: Indigenous to southern Europe.
Chinese Medicine: Oriental Arborvitae is used for coughing blood, nose bleeds, dysentery, hematuria and hair loss.
Production: Orris root is the root of Iris germanica, Iris versicolor and other varieties.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Other Names: Iris, Florentine Orris, White Flag Root, Blue Flag, Flag Lily, Liver Lily, Poison Flag, Snake Lily, Water Flag, Wild Iris, Yellow Flag, Yellow Iris, Dragon Flower, Myrtle Flower, Fliggers, Flaggon, Sheggs, Segg, Daggers, Jacob's Sword, Gladyne
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
ModeofATPase. Planta Med, 56:360-3, 1990 Aug.
6 3 8 / R E D - R O O T E D SAGE (DAN-SHEN)
Qi XG, Protective mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeonia lactiflora for experimental liver damage. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 18:102-4, 69, 1991 Feb. Sato M, Sato T, Ose Y, Nagase H, Kito H, Sakai Y, Modulating effect of tanshinones on mutagenic activity of TrpP-l and benzoapyrene in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res, 56:149-54, 1992 Feb. Shen YC, The protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the warm ischemic kidney: experimental study in animals. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih, 56:759-61, 783, 1988 Dec. Sun RY, Dilative effect of injection of radix Angelicae, Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazin on the pulmonary vessels in rats. Chung Kuo I Hsueh.Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao. 56:40-4, 1988 Feb. Wang JZ, Chen ME, Xu YQ, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza co. on angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic polypeptide in rabbits. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 18:420-1. 390. 1991 Jul. Wang L, Huang X, Ding Z, Chen H, Peng R. Yuan G. Zhou D, The effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza and polysaccharide sulphate on the adhesion of erythrocytes of the patients with cerebral thrombosis to cultured endothelial cells. Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 26:381-5, 1995 Dec. Wu BQ, Cerebral infarction in 141 cases treated by traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Chung xHsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 56:656-7, 644, 1989 Nov. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS. Cardiovascular pharmacology of Panax notoginseng (Burk). F.H. Chen and Salvia miltiorrhiza. Am J Chin Med. 18:145-52. 1986. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P. Shiao MS. Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on serum lipid peroxide, superoxide dismutase of the patients with coronary heart disease. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 18:287-8, 1996 May. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on isolated perfused liver and portal vein of rats. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 18:749-51, 764, 1992 Dec. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Experimental study of Salvia miltiorrhiza on prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 18:480-2, 1996 Aug. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Hypotensive action of Salvia miltiorrhiza cell culture extract. Am J.Chin Med, 18:157-66, 1990. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Planta Med, 18:339-42, 1997 Aug. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Increase of vitamin E content in LDL and reduction of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits by a water-soluble antioxidant-rich fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol, 18:481-6, 1998 Mar. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Possible active components of tan-shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) for protection of
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
the myocardium against ischemia-induced derangements. Planta Med, 18:51-4, 1989 Feb. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Prevention of reperfusion injury of an ischemic flap: an experimental study Chung Hua Cheng Hsing Shao Shang Wai Ko Tsa Chih, 18:216-7, 249, 1992 Sep.
1
Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, Studies on cardiovascular actions of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Am J Chin Med, 18:26-32, 1986. Wu YJ, Hong CY, Lin SJ, Wu P, Shiao MS, The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol, 18:402-6, 1995 May. - :_. Xie M, Jin ZY, Ye GH, Clinical research of compound salviae miltiorrhizae injection for severe pancreatitis. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 43:269-70, 1995 May. Xu HT, Chen SL, Li LS, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the left ventricular diastolic function in coronary artery stenosis. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 26:737-9, 710, 1990 Dec. Xue QF, Effect of ligustrazine and Salvia miltiorrhiza on microcirculation in the hamster cheek pouch. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih, 56:334-7, 382, 1986 Jun. Yu GR, Clinical and experimental study on the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on microcirculation and 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid in patients with coronary heart disease. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 56:596-8, 581, 1988 Oct.
m
Yu GR, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on mesenteric microcirculatory blood flow in the dog measured by the Doppler effect of laser light. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 56:546-7, 516, 1984 Sep. Yu NC, Zhu YL, Cai LJ, Changes in plasma 6-keto-PGFl alpha, TXB2 lipid peroxides in acute cerebral infarction patients and the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on these' three indices. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih, 56:596-9, 651, 1988 Oct. Yu NC, Zhu YL, Cai LJ, New platelet aggregation inhibitors from Tan-Shen; radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 56:1670-5, 1983 May. Yu NC, Zhu YL, Cai LJ, The effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the ischemic injury of the intercalated disc of heart in rabbits. (author's transl) Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 56:416-20, 1979,Jul. Zhang FC, Zheng LJ, Effects of different administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza and heparin on antithrombin IIIAg, antithrombin III: A and alpha 2-macroglobulin in patients with cor pulmonale. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 18:589-91, 579, 1991 Oct. Zhang JQ, Zhou YP, Inhibition of aldose reductase from rat lens by some Chinese herbs and their components. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 56:557-9, 576, 1989 Sep. Zhang JY, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza root on calcium deposition in experimental fracture healing. Chung Hsi I Chieh [• Ho Tsa Chih, 56:536-9, 515, 1984 Sep.
^
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Zhang XL, Preliminary study of rose shu-xin oral liquid in the treatment of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 56:414-6, 389. 1992 Jul. Zhang YW, Xue Y, Zhang BQ, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on hyperfibrinogen in patients with malignant lymphoma. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 56:607-8. 582, 1988 Oct. Zhao BL, Jiang W, Zhao Y. Hou JW, Xin WJ. Scavenging effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on free radicals and its protection for myocardial mitochondrial membranes from ischemiareperfusion injury. Biochem Mol Biol Int, 38:1171-82. 1996 May.
REED H E R B / 6 3 9 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is not in current use. It was previously used as a sedative. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
No information is available. LITERATURE
Zhou Y. Pan LM, Zhan S. Studies and preparations of fufang danshen granules. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 56:540-3. 575-6. 1992 Sep. Zhu P. Experimental study on myocardial protection with verapamil and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge cardioplegia. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih, 26:9-12, 60. 1990 Jan. Zhuang HM, Zhu HY. Qin ZL, Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the survival time of a heart allograft in experimental animals. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 56:29-30, 6. 1988 Jan.
Red-Spur Valerian Centranthus
ruber
Handjieva N et al.. PM 34:203. 1978. Hegnauer R: Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11, Birkhiiuser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Marekow NL, PM 23A:48. 1977. Schneider G, Valepotriat-Artefakte aus Centrantus ruber. In: Arch Pharmaz 318(6):515- 519. 1985.
Reed Herb Phragmites
communis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are in dense cymes, red, pink or seldom white. The corolla is tubular and spurred at the base. Each flower contains 1 stamen. The fruit is small and dry. The margin of the surrounding calyx forms a pinnatifid rosette or a papus. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from about 30 to 80 cm high. The rhizome is perennial and very branched. The stems are tough, bushy at the base, hollow and smooth. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm long in opposite pairs, somewhat fleshy and entire-margined. Habitat: The plant is probably indigenous to the Mediterranean region, although it is found in Europe. Other Names: Pretty Betsy, Bouncing Bess, Delicate Bess, Drunken Sailor, Bovisand Soldier ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoids (iridoid epoxy compounds, 1-3%): valepotriates, including valtrate, acevaltrate, didrovaltrate
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stem and the rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The grassy flowers appear in long panicles of up to 30 cm with a thick crown of hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy grass with a long, creeping rhizome. It grows up to 3 m and has graygreen leaves. Habitat: Reed Herb is common worldwide. Production: Reed Herb and rhizome are the stem (base) and rhizome of Phragmites communis. Other -Names: Common Reed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including tricine, luteolin, chrysoeriol, rutin, isoquercitrin Vitamin A (5 mg/100 gm in the fresh foliage) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 100 mg/100 gm in the fresh foliage)
EFFECTS
The drug has sedative and equilibratory effects.
B vitamins
640 /REED HERB
Sugar: in particular saccharose, inverted sugar (relatively high content in the rhizome) Triterpenes: including beta-amyrin, taraxerol, taraxerone EFFECTS
The plant has diuretic and diaphoretic effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Reed Herb is used as a diuretic and diaphoretic to treat digestive disorders. The juice is used to soothe insect bites. Chinese Medicine: Reed Herb is used for diabetes, leukemia and breast cancer.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1.5 to 4 cm wide. The lamina is obovate to lanceolate and undulating with a crenate margin; the leaves and stem are velvet-pubescent. The roots are partly thickened to tubers. Habitat: Rehmannia glutinosa is indigenous to China, Japan and Korea. Production: Rehmannia glutinosa is harvested in autumn; the root tuber is either cleaned and used as it is (called Shoudihuang or Xiandihuang) or is moistened with steam, cut into slices and dried over a fire until the water is reduced by 80% (Shengdihuang). ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COMPOUNDS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Iridoids: chief component catalpol (0.3 to 0.5%), including ajugol, aucubin, melittoside, rehmaniosides A to D Monoterpene: rehmapicroside
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations are used internally and externally. The fresh and dried forms are used as infusions. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Ionone glucosides: rehmaionones A and B Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: stachyose (10%, based upon the fresh weight), saccharose, raffinose, D-fructose, Dglucose, D-galactose
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol
Tsitsa-Tzardi E, Skaltsa-Diamantidis H, Philianos S, Delitheos A, Chemical and pharmacological study of Phragmites communis Trin. Ann Pharm Fr, 48:185-91. 1990. Van Ree R, Driessen MN, Van Leeuwen WA, Stapel SO, Aalberse RC, Variability of crossreactivity of IgE antibodies to group I and V allergens in eight grass pollen species. Clin Exp Allergy, 22:611-7, 1992 Jun.
EFFECTS
Rehmannia (Di-Huang) Rehmannia glutinosa DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root r tuber. Flower and Fnrit: The inflorescences are racemes with approximately 10 flowers. The flower structures are in fives; the calyx is approximately 1.5 cm long, 5-trpped and campanulate. The corolla is a tube that broadens higher up, is 3 to 4 cm long and red-violet. There are 4 stamens and a superior, 2-chambered ovary. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up to 40 cm high. The leaves are alternate, 3 to 10 cm long and
The phenolic glycosides of the drug are antibacterial, immunosuppressive and antihepatotoxic in effect. Verbascoside inhibits the thromboxane synthetase system; its efficacy with rheumatic diseases, among others, is thus plausible. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic and for its nourishing and strengthening effect on the liver, kidney and heart. The fresh and dried forms are used differently. Shoudihuang (fresh root tuber) is used in the liver and kidney meridians for paralysis of the larynx, irregular menstruation, allergic lowered immunity, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus, impaired hearing,-hyperhidrosis, diabetes and increased frequency of urination. Shengdihuang (dried root tuber) is used mainly in the heart, kidney and liver meridians for febrile conditions, dry mouth, nose bleeds, internal bleeding, rheumatism, constipation, hepatitis, diabetes and metrorrhagia. Efficacy for the indications rheumatism, eczema and viral hepatitis (IV) has been proven in clinical trials with decoctions of the fresh root. Efficacy for the otfier indications has not yet been proven.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
RHATANY / 6 4 1
using rabbits. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 116:95-7, 70, 1988 Feb.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug. Preparations are for internal use. Preparation: Shoudihuang can be prepared in two ways: Jiushoudihuang (jiudun method): The drug is simmered in yellow rice wine over a low flame until all of the wine has been absorbed (30 to 50 kg for 100-kg drug). It is then dried in the sun until the.outcr skin (initially slimy) is dry, and is then cut into 2 to % mm thick slices, which are dried.
Rehmannia glutinosa See Rehmannia (Di-Huang)
Rhamnus catharticus See Buckthorn
Zhengshoudihuang (zheng method): Using this method, the drug is steamed until it is smooth and black (80% loss of moisture). It is then cut into 2 to 4 mm thick slices and dried.
Rhamnus frangula
Daily Dosage: Decoction — 9 to 15 g drug
See Frangula
Storage: The fresh root is stored in sandy earth, protected from frost. The dried drug is stored dry in areas having good air circulation. LITERATURE
Feng GP, Zhang SD, Yi NY, Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa, Plastrum testudinis, Aconitum carmichaeli and Cinnamomum cassia on the beta-adrenergic receptors of hyperthyroid rat kidneys. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 116:606-8, 582, 1986 Oct. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Kubo M, Asano T, Matsuda H, Yutani S, Honda S, Studies on Rehmanniae radix. III. The relation between changes of constituents and improvable effects on hemorheology with the processing of roots of Rehmannia glutinosa. Yakugaku Zasshi, 116:158-68, 1996 Feb. Lu CS, Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa in the treatment of Sheehan's syndrome. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 116:476-8,451, 1985 Aug. Ni M, Bian B, Wang H. Constituents of the dry roots of Rehmannia glutinosa. Libosch Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 116:297-8, inside backcover, 1992 May. Ni M, Bian B, Wang H, On the constituents of rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. forma hueichingensis. Hsiao Yakugaku Zasshi, 116:593-6, 1971 May. Yuan Y, Hou S, Lian T, Han Y, Studies of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. f. hueichingensis as a blood tonic. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 17:366-8, inside backcover, 1992 Jun. Zha LL, Experimental effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on the pituitary and adrenal cortex in a glucocorticoid inhibition model
Rhamnus purshiana See Cascara Sagrada
Rhatany Krameria triandra DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the air-dried root, separated from the rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The 7 to 12 mm long flowers are spare terminal racemes. The calyx is petaloid. The sepals are splayed, lanceolate, dark red, silky-haired on the outside. The petals are irregular, with 2 glands, wedge-shaped, 3 to 5 mm wide, crimson and spatulate. The flower has 3 stamens. The ovary is ovate, covered in bristly hairs with a thick glabrous style. The fruit is solitary angular and bristled. It is ovate and has numerous red-black bristly thorns. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 0.3 to 1 m high subshrub whose long, 3 cm thick root is covered in a brownred, smooth, peeling bark. The younger branches are dark green, silky to bristly haired, the older ones are black and often gnarled. The leaves are entu-e-rnargined, ovate, silvergray pubescent, 6 to 15 mm long and 2 to 6 mm wide. Habitat: Rhatany is mostly found in Peru, but there are a few areas in countries bordering Peru and in the central Andes where it is also found.
642/RHATANY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Production: Rhatany root consists of the dried root of Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon as well as its preparations collected in the wild, washed and air-dried in the shade.
Undiluted Rhatany tincture painted on the affected surface 2 to 3 times daily. Tea: freshly prepared as a rinse or gargle 2 to 3 times a day.
Not to be Confused With: roots of other Krameria species
Storage: Rhatany should be protected from light.
Other Names: Rhatania. Krameria Root, Mapato
LITERATURE
Tannins (JO-15%): oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufi., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Tanner's reds (phlohaphenes): polymeric, insoluble oxydation products of the tannins
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Neolignans: including among others rhatany phenols I—III (0.3%) EFFECTS
In vitro the drug is antimicrobial, fungitoxic and astringent. Because of the tannin and lignan content, local treatment of oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane inflammation seems reasonable. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
^
SchoJz E, Rimpler H, Osterr Apoth Ztg 48:138.-1994. Scholz E, Rimpler H, PM 55:379. 1098. Scholz R, Rimpler H, (1986) Planta Med (6):58P. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. -Williams V et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22:569.
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Unproven Uses: In folk medicine used internally as an antidiarrheal agent for enteritis, inflammation of female genital organs and urinary tract. It is used externally to strengthen gums and clean teeth. Homeopathic Uses: Krameria triandra is used for bleeding mucous membranes and painful conditions of the rectum.
I
Rheum palmatum See Chinese Rhubarb (Da-Huang)
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Internal administration can lead to digestive complaints because of the secretion-inhibiting efficacy. Allergic mucus membrane reactions have been observed in rare cases. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic preparations for topical application, especially in oral and pharyngeal areas. The drug is a component of various standardized preparations of pharyngeal remedies.
Rhododendron ferrugineum See Rust-Red Rhododendron
Rhododendron ponticum See Pontian Rhododendron
Rhus aromatica
Preparation: 1.5 to 2 gm coarsely powdered drug in boiling water, strain after 10 to 15 minutes (1 teaspoonful = approx. 3 g drug).
See Sweet Sumach
Daily Dosage: About 1 gm comminuted drug in 1 cup of water as decoction or 5 to 10 drops of Rhatany tincture in 1 glass of water, 2 to 3 times daily.
Rhus toxicodendron See Poison Ivy
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
RICINUS COMMUNIS / 6 4 3
Ribes nigrum
Diterpenes: momilactone A, momilactone B
See Black Currant
Trigonelline Trypsin inhibitors
Ribes rubrum
Lectins
See Red Currant
Vitamins of the B-group EFFECTS
Rice has been shown to be effective for pain relief and sedation of the digestive tract.
Rice
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Oryza sativa "• DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the seeds. Flower and Fruit: The panicle is up to 30 cm long. The husk is 7 to 9 mm long with 5 clearly protruding veins. They have 8 cm long, light or dark red awns, or no awns at all. The seed is tightly covered by the layers of the husk and is compressed from the side.
Unproven Uses: Rice is used during recovery from disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, illnesses of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea. Chinese Medicine: Among uses in Chinese medicine are diabetes, spontaneous perspiration, diarrhea and debility. Indian Medicine: Rice is used for pneumonia, diarrhea and diseases of the colon. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Rice is an annual. The stem is hollow, leafy and erect. The leaves are clasping and sheathlike at the base and grow up to 1 m in length. The leaf surface is up to 60 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. The leaves have bristly ciliate spikelets at the base. Habitat: Rice is probably native to China and India. Today it is cultivated widely in wet areas in the tropics and subtropics. Production: Rice is the seed of Oryza sativa.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Starch (70%) including
prolamines,
glutelins,
globulins,
Fatty oil (1,0-1.8% in the entire fruit, 7—12 % in the germ): chief fatty acid linoleic acid (45%) Polysaccharides, soluble: galactoarabinoxylan Monosaccharides, saccharose Flavonoids: tricinine
oligosaccharides:
including
tricine,
DOSAGE
Preparation: Rice seeds are boiled in water before ingestion. LITERATURE
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie, 4. Aufl., Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1992. Huesing JE, Murdock LL, Shade RE, Rice and stinging nettle lectins - insecticidal activity similar to wheat germ agglutinin. In: PH 30:3565. 1991.
Other Names: Nivara
Proteins: albumins
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
glucose,
fructose,
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Swaminathan S, Rice, This member of the grass family is one of three on which the human species largely subsists. In: Scientific American 250(1 ):80. 1984. Vignols F, Wigger M, Garcia-Garrido JM, Grellet F, Kader JC, Delseny M, Rice lipid transfer protein (LTP) genes belong to a complex multigene family and are differentially regulated. Gene, 195:177-86, Aug 22, 1997.
tricine-7-O-glucoside,
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, gamma-sitosterol, campesterol
Ricinus communis See Castor Oil
6 4 4 / R O S A CANINA
Rosa canina See Dog Rose
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Volatile oil (in the fresh blossoms): chief components (-)citronellol, geraniol, nerol, phenyl ethanol, Including as well (-)-linalool, and citral EFFECTS
Rosa gallica & Rosa centifolia See Rose
Rose
The astringent effect attributed to the drug is due to the tannin content. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
-
Rosa gallica & Rosa centifolia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the petals and the oil extracted from them. Rose is also used in homeopathic medicine.
Unproven Uses: Rose flowers are used in folk medicine internally for diarrhea, tuberculosis of the lungs, pulmonary catarrh and asthma, hemorrhage and leucorrhea. Externally, it is used for inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, suppurating wounds and lid inflammation. Indian Medicine: In India, Rose is used for coughs, bronchitis, asthma, fever and general debility. It is also used for wounds and hyperhydrosis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are usually solitary, more rarely in twos and threes, on 2 to 3 cm long, thicklyglandular pedicles. The calyx is round to peaf-shaped and is usually thickly covered with stem glands and gland bristles. The velvety petals are pink to purple, 2 to 3 cm long and wide. The style and stigma form the ovary that is surrounded by carpels enclosed in the calyx, forming woolly capitula. The ripe, red-brown false fruit is 1 to 1.5 cm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant, a descendant of Rosa gallica is a low shrub with extensive runners and above ground reed-like shoots, which are erect and branched. They usually grow to between 0.5 to 1 m and are covered with long, revolute or erect thorns and stem glands of different length. The leaves, which are usually penfoliate, less frequently trifoliate, have long glanular, dark green above, lighter and bluer below, leaflets. They grow together at the leaf stem that terminate in free tips. Habitat: Rose is probably indigenous to Iran and is cultivated worldwide. Production: Rose flowers consist of the dried petals of Rosa gallica and Rosa centifolia that are gathered prior to fully unfolding. The petals are harvested by hand and dried in the shade. Other Names: Cabbage Rose, Hundred-Leafed Rose, French Rose, Damask Rose ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidins
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic ' dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Rose flowers are available as whole, crude and powdered drug forms for internal and external use. Preparation: Tea — 1 to 2 gm drug added to 1 cup (200 ml) water. Rose vinegar — 60 gm petals added to 750 ml red wine vinegar. Daily Dosage: Tea infusion — up to 3 cups per day. It is also used for rinses and washes. Powder — 5 to 10 gm with honey or liquid. The leaves can be applied directly to the eyes. Storage: Should be tightly sealed and stored in dry arid cool place. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis TRADE NAMES
Rosemary Leaf (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product) DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted from the leaves and the leafy stems, the flowering, dried twig tips, the dried leaves, the fresh leaves, the fresh aerial parts collected during flowering and the flowering branches. Flower and Fruit:" Labiate flowers grow on tometose inflorescences in the leaf axils of the upper part of the branches. The calyx is 3 to 4 mm. green or reddish, initially tomentose, later 5 to 7 mm and glabrous. The venation is conspicuous. The corolla is 10 to 12 mm long, bluish, occasionally pink or white. The nutlet is brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen, branched subshrub, 50 to 150 cm high with erect, climbing or occasionally decumbent brown branches. The leaves are linear, coriaceous, entire-margined, light gre^en and somewhat rugose above. They are tomentose, 15 to 40 mm by 1.2 to 3.5 mm. Characteristics: The plant has a very pungent aroma. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and Portugal and is cultivated there as well as on the Crimea, in the Transcaucasus, Central Asia, India, Southeast Asia, South Africa, Australia and the U.S. Production: Rosemary leaves consist of the fresh or dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis collected after flowering as well as their preparations. The leaves are harvested after flowering on sunny, warm days and dried.
ROSEMARY / 6 4 5
Volatile oil (1.0 to 2.5%): chief components 1,8-cineole ( 20 to 50%), alpha-pinene (15 to 25%), camphor (10 to 25%), including as well camphene, borneol, bornyl acetate, betacaryophyllene, p-cymene, limonene, linalool, myrcene, alpha- terpineol, verbenone EFFECTS
The drug is mildly antimicrobial and antiviral (probably because of the diterpenes). Animal tests have demonstrated spasmolytic effects on the gallbladder ducts and on the upper intestine. The tests have confirmed choleretic, liver-protective, anti-convulsive, antimutagenic and tumor-inhibiting effects. The metabolism of the drug is accelerated by the presence of 1,8 cineol. In humans Rosemary oil improves circulation when applied externally because of a certain skin irritating effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • .•
Blood pressure problems Dyspeptic complaints Loss of appetite Rheumatism
Rosemary is used internally for dyspeptic disorders and externally for hypotonic circulatory disorders and rheumatic conditions. Unproven Uses: Rosemary is used in folk medicine for digestive symptoms, headaches and migraine, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, states of exhaustion, dizziness and poor memory. It is used externally as a poultice for poorly healing wounds, for eczema, as an analgesic for injuries of the mouth and throat, topically for myalgias, intercostal neuralgia and sciatica. ' Homeopathic Uses: Rosmarinus officinalis is used for gastrointestinal disorders.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Ledum palustre, Andromeda polifolia, Teucrium montanum, Taxus baccata, Santolina rosmarinfolia, and S. chamaecyparissus.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Other Names: Polar Plant, Compass-Weed, Compass Plant
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Caffeic acid derivatives: chief component rosmarinic acid Diterpenes (bitter): including carnosolic acid (picrosalvin), isorosmanol, rosmadial, rosmaridiphenol, rosmariquinone Flavonoids: including cirsimarin, diosmin, hesperidin, homoplantiginin, phegopolin Triterpenes: chief components oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and their 3-acetyl esters
Rosemary preparations should not be used during pregnancy. General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Contact allergies have been observed on occasion. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Very large quantities of rosemary leaves misused for the purpose of abortion, can lead to deep coma, spasm, vomiting, gastroenteritis, uterine bleeding, kidney irritation, and to death in humans.
646/ROSEMARY DOSAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Kreis P, Juchelka D, Motz C, Mosandl A, Chirale Inhaltstoffe atherischer Ole. In: DAZ 131(39):1984. 1991.
Mode of Administration: Rosemary is available as whole, crude and powdered drug forms for internal and external use. It is also available in compounded preparations.
Litvinenko VI et al., (1970) Planta Med 18:243.
How Supplied: Liquid — 1:1
Tattje DHE, (1970) Pharm Weekbl 105:1241.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Further information in: Preparation: Tea — pour boiling water over 2 gm finely cut drug and strain after 15 minutes (1 teaspoon corresponds to approximately 2 gm drug). Rosemary wine — Add 20 gm drug in 1 Liter wine, let stand for 5 days, shake occasionally.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. - :.
Liquid extract — 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V)
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Daily Dosage: The daily dose is 4 to 6 gm drug. Tea — 1 cup several times a day
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Tincture (1:5) — single dose: 20 to 40 drops
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tincture — 1:5 with 70% ethanol (V/V)
Liquid extract — single dose: 2 to 4 ml Externally — semi-solid and liquid forms wjth 6 to 10% essential oil Bath additive — 50 gm drug to 1 Liter hot water added to full or hip bath Washes — use 1% infusion Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1) Storage: Rosemary should be protected from light and moisture.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Rosinweed Silphium laciniatum
LITERATURE
Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996. Boehlens MH, Perfum Flav 10:21-24, 26 et 28-37. 1985. Brieskorn CH, Zweyrohn G, (1970) Pharmazie 25:488. Brieskorn CH, Domling HJ, (1969) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 14:10. Brieskorn CH, Michel H, (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 30:3447. Czygan I, Czygan FC, Rosmarin - Rosmarinus officinalis L. In: ZPZ 18(3): 182-186. 1997. Haraguchi H et al., Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis. In: PM 61(4):333-336. 1995. Houlihan CM et al., (1985) J Am Oil Chem Soc 62(1):96. Koedan A, Gijbels MJM, (1978) Z Natur Forsch 33C, 144.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a stately 1 to 4 m high herbaceous perennial, with an almost leafless, round shaft. The leaves are 30 to 60 cm long. They are long-petioled, simple or double pinnate leaves. The leaves are alternate, with their edges turned upward and downward and their surfaces facing north and south. Characteristics: The taste of the root is bitter and then acrid. The roots are odorless. Habitat: The plant grows in the midwestern U.S., especially Ohio. Other Names: Compass Weed, Polar Plant, Pilot Weed
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
RUBIA TINCTORUM / 6 4 7
petiolate, orbicular and glabrous. They are grass-green, glossy, somewhat cordate at the base, shallowly crenate, coriaceous and evergreen.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Resins (smelling terpene-like, mastic-like)
Characteristics: The flowers have a slight, pleasant fragrance, and the leaves are astringent.
Volatile oil Inulin (in the root) EFFECTS
Habitat: The plant originated in the South Sea islands but is now naturalized in other climates.
The active agents are resin, with 19% terpene and 37% of a resin acid, and inulin in the root. The drug has antispasmodic, diuretic and diaphoretic effects.
Production: Wintergreen leaves are the leaves of Pyrola rotundifolia.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Other Names: Wintergreen
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, the drug is used for the treatment of digestive disorders.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
"
:~
COMPOUNDS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Hydroquinone derivatives (4-8%): chief components isohomoarbutin, additionally homoarbutin (arbutin) Naphthacene derivatives (naphthoquinone): chimaphilin (2,7-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)
DOSAGE
Tannins (up to 18%)
Mode of Administration: Rosinweed is available as a tincture or liquid extract.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
No information is available.
*
v
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wintergreen is used for bladder inflammation and urinary tract diseases, diseases of the prostate and kidney disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Rosmarinus officinalis See Rosemary
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a weak sensitizing effect due to its chimaphilin content. The drug is not suitable for longterm use because of its hydroquinone glycoside content. DOSAGE
Round-Leafed Wintergreen
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered ground and as an extract.
Pyrola rotundifolia
LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves. Flower and Fruit: The white, sometimes reddish flowers are in many-blossomed, nodding racemes turning to all sides. The calyx is divided in 5 almost to the base and has lanceolate, revolute, splayed tips. vThe corolla has 5 petals and is flatly campanulate. The 10 stamens are curved upward. The ovary is superior with 5 sections and a downward curving style. The fruit is a 5-sectioned capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 30 cm high. The stem is erect, obtusely angular and glabrous; it has 2 sheath-like bracts. The leaves in die basal rosette are
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969 (unter Pirola rotundifolia). Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Pirola rotundifolia).
Rubia tinctorum See Madder
648/RUBUS
FRUTFCOSUS
Rubus fruticosus See
Blackberry
Rubus idaeus See
Raspberry
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Herb-of-Grace, Herbygrass ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Alkaloids (0.4-0.4%): furoquinoline alkaloids including among others, skimmianin, gamma-fagarine, dictamnin, kokusaginine, ptelein Acridine alkaloids: including arborinine- 2-arylquinoline Quinazoline alkaloids: including among others, arborine Quinoline alkaloids: including graveoline, graveolineine
Rue Ruta
graveolens'^.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal the herb, flowering, beginning
Parts: The medicinal parts are oil extracted from the herbal parts of the plant harvested after the fresh aerial parts of the plant collected at the of the flowering season and the whole plant.
Flower and Fruit: The yellow flowers are in cymes, which are on twining branches with entire or 3-lobed bracts. The calyx has 4 or 5 segments. The 4 to 5 petals are spoon-like concave.-ovate and end suddenly in the" stem. The 8 to 10 stamens are in 2 circles. The single short, broadly ovate ovary has 4 to 5 grooves and is covered with hemispherical glands. The fruit is a globular, 4 to 5 valvular, many-seeded capsule. The seeds are angular and have a bumpy brown skin. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy shrub 30 to 80 cm high with a woody root and a crooked, branched rhizome. The shoots are glabrous, pale green and more or less covered in oil glands. The stems are erect, rigid, round, lightly branched and woody from below. The leaves are 4 to 11 cm long and 3 to 7 cm wide, odd-pinate, with 1 to 3 pinnatesect pinna. The terminal segments are spatulate to lanceolate. The front leaves are very finely crenate or serrate, somewhat fleshy, pale yellowish or bluish green. Characteristics: The odor is tangy and the taste is hot, somewhat bitter and can cause skin irritation.
Volatile oil (0.2-0.4%): chief components are nonan-2-one (50%), nonan-2-ylacetate, undecan-2-one, undec-2-ylacetate further including, among others, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, menthol Flavonoids: chief component is rutin (2-5%) Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, herniarin, gravelliferon, rutacultin Furocoumarins: bergapten, psoralen, xanthotoxin, chalepensin, isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin, rutarin, rutaretine Pyranocoumarins: including among others, xanthyletine Lignans: savinin, helioxanthine EFFECTS
The alkaloids in the drug are anti-exudative. Chalepensin inhibits fertility, and the coumarin derivatives and alkaloids are spasmolytic. In addition, the drug is antimicrobial, abortifacient and photosensitizing. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of rue herb and/or leaves are used for menstrual disorders, as an effective uterine remedy and as an abortive agent. In folk medicine, Rue is used for menstrual complaints, as a contraceptive and as an abortive agent. The herb is also used for inflammation of the skin, oral and pharyngeal cavities, earache, toothache, for feverish infectious diseases, for cramps, as an obstetric remedy, hepatitis, dyspepsia, diarrhea and intestinal worm infestations.
Habitat: The plant grows in the Balkans as far as Siebengebirge, upper Italy and central Italy and is cultivated elsewhere. Rue is completely naturalized in the southern Alps, southern France and Spain.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are contusions, sprains, bruising, varicose veins and rheumatism (especially of the spine).
Production: Rue leaves consist of the dried leaves of Ruta graveolens. Rue herb consists of the dried above-ground parts of Ruta graveolens. Both are dried in the shade at a maximum of 35° C.
Rue is not to be used during pregnancy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with other Ruta species.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug can lead to photosensitization, due to its furocoumarine and furoquinoline content; photodermatoses have
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
been observed following skin contact with the fresh leaves. Sensitization is possible following skin contact. Pregnancy: Vomiting, epigastric pain, liver damage, kidney damage, depression, sleep disorders, feelings of vertigo, delirium, fainting, tremor, and spasm, occasionally with fatal outcome, have occurred after misuse of extracts of the plant as an abortive agent.
RUMEX C R I S P U S / 6 4 9
Reisch J et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:240. Robbins RC, (1967) J Atheroscler Res 7:3. Rozsa Z et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:218. Schimmer O, Furochinolinalkaloide als biologisch aktive Naturstoffe. In: ZPT 12(5): 151. 1991. Van Duuren BL et al., (1971) J Natl Cancer Inst 46:1039. Varga E et al., (1976) Fitoterapia 47:107.
OVERDOSAGE
Vomiting, epigastric pain, liver damage, kidney damage, depression, sleep disorders, feelings of vertigo, delirium, fainting, tremor, and spasm, occasionally with fatal outcome, have occurred in cases of overdose.
Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the leaves and root are used internally as a tea and also externally.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Preparation: Tea or a cold decoction is prepared by adding 1 heaping teaspoonful to 1/4 liter of water. (1 teaspoonful is roughly equivalent to 2.8 g drug).
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Daily Dosage: 0.5 g of the drug is considered a medium single dose; 1.0 g the maximum daily dose. The tea may be taken several times a day. v .
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
DOSAGE
Delayed menstruation—2 cups per day of the infusion For topical use, leaves are used to fill hollow teeth for toothache and juice from the leaves is used as an ear drop for earaches. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice a week (HAB1) LITERATURE
Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT 12(1 ):9. 1991. Becela-Deller C, Die Weinraute. Heilpflanze zwischen Magie und Wissenschaft. In: DAZ 131(51/52):2705. 1991. Becela-Deller C Ruta graveolens L. - Weinraute. In: ZPT 16(5):275-281. 1995. Grundon, MF, In "The Alkaloids Vol. 11", Pub. Royal Soc Chem (1981). Hellwig B, Phytochemie, Hauterkrankungen und zentrales Nervensystem, 21. Seminarkongrep* der Bundesapothekerkammer in Erfurt. In: DAZ 135(38):3492 ff. 1995.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Rumex acetosa See Sorrel
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Rumex aquaticus
Novak I et al.T (1967) Planta Med 15:132.
See Water Dock
Opdyke DLJ, (1975) Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: Suppl 713. Paulini H, Waibel R, Kiefer J, Schimmer O, GravacridondiolacetaU a new dihydrofuroacridone alkaloid from Ruta graveolens. In: PM 57:82. 1991.
Rumex crispus
Reisch J et al., (1967) Pharmazie 22: 220 et (1970) 25:435.
See Yellow Dock
650/RUPTUREWORT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Rupturewort Herniaria glabra
Preparation: Put 1.5 gm comminuted drug (1 teaspoonful is equal to 1.4 gm) in cold water and bring briefly to a boil. Strain after 5 minutes.
DESCRIPTION
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily as a diuretic.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh flowering plant.
LITERATURE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in flat clusters of 7 to 10 in the leaf axils or opposite the leaves along the stem. They are yellow-white and very small. The fruit is a membranous capsule covered by the calyx and contains 1 seed. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual small shrub of about 15 cm. The stem tends to be decumbent. It is round and branched. The leaves are sessile, entire-margined, elliptical and opposite. The leaves are alternate. Characteristics: The plant is yellow-green and glabrous; it creates suds when rubbed under water. Habitat: The plant is found in the temperate and southern regions of Europe and in Asian Russia.
Cart J, Reznicek G, Korhammer S, Haslinger E, Jurenitsch J, Kubelka W, The first spectroscopically confirmed saponin from Herniaria glabra. In: PM 58(7)09. 1992. Franck HP, (1975) Dtsch. Apoth Ztg 115:1206. Freiler M et al., A new triterpenesaponin from Herniaria glabra. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):66. 1995. Freiler M et al., Sci Pharm 64:359. 1996. f KroTikowska M, Wolbis M, (1979) Acta Pol Pharm 36:469. Reznicek G et al., PA 48:450. 1993. Tama M et al., (1981) Clujul Med 54(1 ):73. Zoz et al., (1976) Rastit Resur 12(3):411 (via CA 85:174257). f Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Production: Rupturewort is the complete aerial part of Herniaria glabra or Herniaria hirsuta. -
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheirri 1979.
Other Names: Flax Weed, Herniary
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: herniaria saponins I-VII (aglycones medicagen, gypsogen, 16-hydroxy-medicagen)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Flavonoids: including hyperoside Hydroxycoumarins:
umbelliferone,
herniarin
EFFECTS
The main active principles (saponins, flavonoids, coumarins and small amounts of tannins) are reported to have mild spasmolytic and diuretic effects, which have not been scientifically proven. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Herniaria glabra is used for disorders of the efferent urinary tract, inflammatory disorders of the kidneys and bladder, respiratory disorders, nerve inflammation, gout and rheumatism, and as a blood purifier. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered as an infusion and in tea mixtures, as an extract in drops and in urological pharmaceutical preparations.
Ruscus aculeatus See Butcher's Broom
Rust-Red Rhododendron Rhododendron ferrugineum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage leaves, the dried leafy branches and the fresh leafy branches. Flower and Fruit: The pink flowers are in umbel-like racemes. The calyx has 5 short ovate tips. The corolla is fused and funnel-shaped with an edge divided into 5 segments. It is covered on the outside with white or goldenyellow resin spots. There are 10 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a 5-valved capsule. The seeds are fusiform, about 1 mm long and light brown.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen shrub up to 1 m high and is richly branched from the base upward. The branches are sturdy and elastic with gray-brown bark. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, tough and glabrous. The margin is entire, involuted. The leaves are dark green above, densely scaled underneath and sometimes rust-colored.
RUST-RED RHODODENDRON / 651
Unproven Uses: Rust-Red Rhododendron is used to treat rheumatic symptoms, calculosis, geriatric complaints, gout, high blood pressure, meteorosensitiveness, migraine, muscular pain and neuralgia. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for neuralgia, rheumatism, and inflammation of the testicles.
Characteristics: The leaves are not ciliate at the edge. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant grows in the Alpine chain from the Pyrenees to the southern Croatian mountains, but not in the Carpathians.
The Rhododendron species mentioned are considered poisonous. The grayanotoxins prevent the closure of the sodium channels and thus paralyze conduction.
Production: Rust-Red Rhododendron consists of the dried leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum.
OVERDOSAGE
Not to be Confused With: The leaves of R. hirsutum. The plant product may be altered through the addition of cranberry leaves. Other Names: Rosebay, Snow Rose ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: RHODODENDRON AUREUM
Diterpenes of the andromedan type (presence questionable) Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (ericolin) Flavonoids: including polystachoside, avicularin, myricetin, gossypetin, azaleatin Phenol glycosides (bitter substances): rhododendrine (betuloside, 4-(3'-glucosyloxybutyl)-phenol) COMPOUNDS: RHODODENDRON FERRUGINEUM
Diterpenes of the andromedan type (presence questionable, but probable) Flavonoids: including myricetin, gossypetin, azaleatin
Signs of poisoning could include cardiac arrhythmias, coordination disorders, diarrhea, hypotension, cold sweats, paresthesia, salivation, severe stupor, spasm bradycardia, vomiting and eventually death through cardiac failure or apnea. Unambiguous proof of toxicity is available only for the foliage, blossoms and sap of Rhododendron ponticum. Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulphate), administration of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), bradycardia with atropine, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Opiates should not be given. Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 5 to 6 gm of drug as an infusion.
Phenol glycosides (bitter substances): rhododendrine (betuloside, 4-(3'-glucosyloxybutyl)-phenol)
LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS: RHODODENDRON PONTICUM
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Diterpenes of the andromedan type: grayanotoxin I (andromedotoxin, acetyl andromedol, asebotoxin, rhodotoxin), grayanotoxin II (andromedol), grayanotoxin III (andromedenol). Flavonoids: including myricetin, gossypetin, azaleatin Phenol glycosides (bitter substances): rhododendrine (betuloside, 4-(3'-glucosyloxybutyl)-phenol) EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Bewu(?tlos nach Verzehr eines Honigbrotchens. In: DAZ 132(27): 1440. 1992.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), tiagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Keller S auf dem et al., PA 25:621-625. 1970. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Because the drug's composition is not fully known, its use Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, I 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. cannot be recommended.
652/RUST-RED
RHODODENDRON
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
left to dry. Direct sunlight destroys the coloring pigment. Safflower or thistle oil is the oil extracted from the embryos of the fruits of Carthamus tinctorius. Other Names: Dyer's Saffron, American Saffron, Fake Saffron, Bastard Saffron, Zaffer
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttsart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ruta graveolens
No information is available.
C O M P O U N D S : SAFFLOWER F L O W E R S
Chalcones and their p-quinones: carthamin (yellow), carthamone (red-orange) Flavonoids EFFECTS: SAFFLOWER FLOWERS
See Rue
Saccharomyces cerevisiae See Brewer's Yeast
- ;_
C O M P O U N D S : S A F F L O W E R OIL
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids linoleic acid (55-88%), linolenic acid Carotinoids E F F E C T S : S A F F L O W E R OIL
Safflower oil lowers the serum cholesterol levels. - INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Safflower Carthamus tinctorius DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers, seeds and the oil extracted from its embryos. Flower and Fruit: Axillary flowers grow in the leaf axils. They are initially red-yellow, later bright orange. The heads are up to 4 by 3 cm and are encircled by upper leaves. The bracts are light green and have thorny tips with a thorny appendage. The fruit is 6 to 8 cm long, obovate or pearshaped and bluntly wedge-shaped at the base with protruding long ribs. The pappus consists of scales. Leaves, Stem and Root: Carthamus tinctorius is an annual plant, that grows up to 90 cm high. It has a thin fusiform root. The stem is erect, simple or branched at the top into stiff, glabrous, whitish-yellow and glossy branches. The leaves are long, fairly soft, and glabrous with a thornyserrate margin and tip. Habitat: The plant is said to be indigenous to Iran, northwest India and possibly parts of Africa. It is also found in the Far East and North America, and can be cultivated. Production: Safflower blooms are the dried flowers of Carthamus tinctorius. The flowers are gathered as they begin to wilt, the calyx and inferior ovary are removed, the remainder is put in the shade where it is mildly warm, and
SAFFLOWER
FLOWERS
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is mainly used as a stimulant, purgative, antihydrotic, emmenagogue, abortifacient, expectorant, pneumonic and for tumors. It is also added to teas for soothing which soothe coughs and bronchial conditions. Chinese Medicine: In China, Safflower flowers treat amenorrhoea and stomach tumors, as well as for external and internal wounds. Indian Medicine: The flowers are used for scabies, arthritis, and chest pains. SAFFLOWER OIL
Unproven Uses: Safflower oil is used for the prophylaxis of arteriosclerosis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS S A F F L O W E R F L O W E R S A N D OIL
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. SAFFLOWER
FLOWERS
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE SAFFLOWER
FLOWERS
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm of decoction; single dose is 1 gm.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
LITERATURE SAFFLOWER
FLOWERS
Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Oinuma H, Kasahara Y, Yamanouchi S, Takido M, Kumaki K. Tamura T, Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of Compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemistry, 12:1255-60, 1996 Dec. Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT 12(1):9. 1991.
SAFFRON/653
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Xu SX, (1986) Chung Yao Tung Pao 11(2):42.
Caldes G et al., (1981) J Gen Appl Microbiol 27, 157. Chan, EH et al., (Eds.). Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Kern W, List PH, .Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Liu F, Wei Y, Yang XZ, Li FG, Hu J, Cheng RF, Hypotensive effects of safflower yellow in spontaneously hypertensive rats and influence on plasma renin activity and angiotensin II level. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao. 27:785-7, 1992. Lu ZW, Liu F, Hu J, Bian D, Li FG, Suppressive effects of safflower yellow on immune functions. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao, 12:537-42, 1991 Nov.
Saffron Crocus sativus
-.:_.-
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stigma and style. Flower and Fruit: The lily-like flowers have two 2 bracts at the base. There is a pale violet-veined calyx, yellow anthers and a white filament. The thread-like style is 10 mm long. The stigma is bright orange. The plant is non-fruit-bearing.
Martiner Flores H, Cruz Mondragon C, Larios Saldana A Reduction of crude fiber content in safflower meal (Carthamus tinctorius L) and its potential use in human food. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 284:295-8, 1996 Dec.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The grass-like plant is a perennial that grows 8 to 30 cm high. There is a large squat tuber, surrounded by reticulate and fibrous sheaths. The leaves are erect or splayed, narrow, and have a ciliate margin and keel.
Nose M, FuJimoto T, Takeda T, Nishibe S, Ogihara Y, Structural transformation of lignan compounds in rat gastrointestinal tract. Planta Med, 53:520-3, 1992 Dec.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to India, the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean region. It is cultivated in India, Spain, France, Italy and the Middle East.
Shi M, Chang L, He G, Stimulating action of Carthamus tinctorius L. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Leonurus sibiricus L. on the uterus. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 20:173-5 192, 1995 Mar. Thomson RH, Naturally Occurring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic Press New York 1971. Yasukawa K et al., Inhibitory effect of alkane-68-diols the components of safflower on tumor promotion by 12-0tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology, 53:133-6, 1996 Mar-Apr. Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Watanabe T, Sakakibara J, Okuyama H, Antioxidative compounds isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil cake. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:1910-4, 1997 Dec. Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Watanabe T, Sakakibara J, Okuyama H, Tinctormine a "novel Ca2+ antagonist N-containing quinochalcone C-glycoside from Carthamus tinctorius L. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:3355-7, 1992 Dec. SAFFLOWER OIL
Production: Saffron is produced by drying the brown-red stigma over fire. Not to be Confused With: The powdered drug is more or less always adulterated; Calsendula officinalis, Carthamus tinctorius are usually used. Other Names: Spanish Saffron ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Apocarotinoid glycosides: in particular crocin (crocetin-betadigentiobioside), colored intensive yellow orange ^ Picrocrocin (glycosidic bitter principle, up to 4%): the apocarotinoids and picrocrocin are presumably breakdown products of a carotinoid-digentiobioside-diglucoside (protocrocin) Volatile oil (0.4 to 1.3%): components 4,5-dehydro-betacyclocitral (safranal), 4-hydroxy-beta-cyclocitral (breakdown products of the picrocrocin)
Caldes, G et al., (1981) J Gen Appl Microbiol 27, 157. Chan, EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Carotinoids: lycopene, alpha-, beta-, gamma-carotene Fatty oil
6 5 4 /SAFFRON
Starch
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Morimoto S et al., Post-harvest degradation of carotenoid glucose esters in saffron. In: PM 60(5):438. 1994.
EFFECTS
Small doses of Saffron stimulate the secretion of the gastric juices. Large doses stimulate the smooth muscle of the uterus.
Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT 9(49): 105. 1988. Wagner K, Dissertation Universitat Saarbriicken. 1969.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: Saffron is no longer of interest medicinally. It is sometimes used in folk medicine to stimulate digestion.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975.
Chinese Medicine: Chinese uses include menorrhagia, amenorrhea, high-risk deliveries and postpartum lochiostasis.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Indian Medicine: In India, Saffron is used for bronchitis, sore throat, headache, vomiting and fever. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers: Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
Pregnancy: The herb is not to be used during pregnancy.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
OVERDOSAGE
Lethal poisonings can occur with overdoses or through the abuse of larger doses as an abortient (abortive dosage approximately 10 gm, lethal dosage approximately 12 to 20 gm). Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, uterine bleeding, intestinal colic, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, severe schwere purpuras, hemorrhaging of skin of the nose, lips and eyelids, attacks of dizziness, stupor, yellowing of the skin and the mucous membranes (through inclusion of the apocarotinodermas) and central paralysis. The treatment consists of stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal; convulsions to be treated with diazepam, colics with atropine, and any eventual acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Storage: It is stored in air-tight, non-synthetic containers and protected from light. LITERATURE
Dhingra VK et al., (1975) Ind J Chem 13:339. Dufresne C, Cormier F, Dorion S, In vitro formation of crocetin glucosyl esters by Crocus sativus callus extract. Planta Med, 16:150-3, 1997 Apr. Duquenois P, (1972) Bull Soc Pharm Strasbourg 15:149. Escribano J, Alonso GL, Coca-Prados M, Fernandez JA, Crocin safranal and picrocrocin from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Lett, 100:2330, 1996 Feb 27.
Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Skubas Al, Characterization of the platelet aggregation inducer and inhibitor isolated from Crocus - sativus. Biochem Int, 22:103-10, 1990 Oct. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Nair SC, Kurumboor SK, Hasegawa JH, Saffron chemoprevention in biology and medicine: a review. Cancer Biother, 5:257-64, 1995 Winter. Nair SC, Pannikar B, Panikkar KR, Antitumor activity of saffron (Crocus sativus). Cancer Lett, 57:109-14, 1991 May 1. Nair SC, Salomi MJ, Panikkar B, Panikkar KR, Modulatory effects of Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa extracts on cisplatin-induced toxicity in mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 16:75-83, 1991 Jan. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Salomi MJ, Nair SC, Panikkar KR, Inhibitory effects of Nigella sativa and saffron (Crocus sativus) on chemical carcinogenesis in mice. Nutr Cancer, 16:67-72, 1991. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Sage Salvia
officinalis
SAGE / 6 5 5
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the leaves of Salvia triloba and also with Salvia or Phlomis species.
TRADE NAMES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Sage (available from a number of manufacturers), AlcoholFree Sage.
COMPOUNDS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh leaves and the fresh flowering aerial parts, the dried leaves, and the oils extracted from the flowers and stems. Flower and Fruit: The medium-sized, pale violet, white or pink labiate flowers are in 6- to 12- blossomed false whorls, which are arranged above each other in 4 to 8 rows. The surrounding leaves fall early. The calyx is 10 to 14 mm long, funnel-shaped-campanulate, downy, glandular punctate and bilabiate. The upper lip has 3 throrny-awned teeth; the lower lip has 2. The corolla tube has a ring of hair inside. The upper lip is almost straight and the lower lip has 3 segments. There are 2 stamens with almost semicircular bent filaments. Leaves,.Stem and Root: Sage grows as.a bush up to 60 cm high. The stem is erect and woody at the base with leafy, quadrangular, white-gray tomentose branches. The leaves are simple, oblong or oblong-lanceolate and narrowed at the base. They are petiolate, densely and finely crenate, ribbedwrinkled, and white-gray tomentose initially, tough, and evergreen. Characteristics: The leaves are aromatic, tangy, and bitterly astringent. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in all of Europe. It is cultivated in North America. Production: Sage leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of Salvia officinalis. In the wild, sage is collected from the former Yugoslavia, the Adriatic coast and those areas that are farther from the coast but are still under Mediterranean influence. The harvest lasts from mid-July until December, depending on the area. October is recommended as the most favorable time to harvest Dalmatian sage. When Sage is cultivated, it is recommended that the harvest take place beginning in the second vegetation year at the beginning of the flowering period and in the afternoon. Sage can be dried in direct sunlight, but up to 25% of the oil can be lost. Drying in shade reduces oil loss to 2 to 10%. Optimum drying conditions for preventing oil loss use a drying chamber with vertical incoming air currents at 50° C with 0.9% absolute humidity.
Volatile oil (1.5-3.5%): chief constituents alpha-thujone and beta-thujone(20-60%), 1,8-cineole (6-16%), camphor (1437%), borneol, isobutyl acetate, camphene, linalool, alphaand beta-pinene, viridiflorol, alpha- and beta-caryophyllene (humulene) Caffeic acid derivatives (3-6%): rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid - :,..Diterpenes: chief components carnosolic acid (picrosalvin, 0.2-0.4%), rosmanol, safficinolide Flavonoids: including, among others, apigenin- and luteolin7-glucosides, numerous methoxylated aglycones, including among others, genkwanin, genkwanin-6-methylether Triterpenes: chief components ursolic acid (5%) - EFFECTS
Sage has antibacterial, fungistatic, virostatic, astringent, secretolytic, and perspiration-inhibiting effects. In animal experiments, the herb was found to be antihypertensive and choleretic. It acts on the CNS and is a spasmolytic agent. Proof of an antidiabetic effect found in one study has not yet been confirmed. The essential oil has bactericidal, fungistatic, and virostatic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx • Excessive perspiration Sage is used externally for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat and internally for dyspeptic symptoms and as a diaphoretic. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally for gastric disorders such as loss of appetite, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, enteritis, and excessive perspiration. Externally, Sage is used as a rinse and gargle for light injuries and skin inflammation, bleeding gums, stomatitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, and for firming the gums. Homeopathic Uses: The most common application in homeopathy is for excessive perspiration. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Sage preparations are contraindicated during pregnancy.
656 /SAGE PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Pregnancy: Sage preparations should not be taken during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
A sense of heat, tachycardia, feelings of vertigo and epileptiform convulsions can occur following extended intake of ethanolic extracts of the drug or volatile oil, or through overdosage (corresponding to more than 15 g of the sage leaves). , .
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Nervous exhaustion — A fortified wine is manufactured using an 8-day maceration of 100 g of the leaves with one liter of wine. Tumors — The drug is worked into an ointment base or pounded into a paste together with salt and vinegar to make an adhesive paste. Wounds — The drug is prepared as a cleanser or rinse to heal wounds using a wine made by heating 100 g of the leaves with 0.5 liter white wine for 1 minute. Daily Dosage: The average daily internal dose is 4 to 6 g of the drug; 0.1 to 0.3 g of the essentia] oil; 2.5 to 7.5 g of the tincture; 1.5 to 3 g of the liquid extract.
DOSAGE
Antihidrotic — 0.25 g of the powdered drug (spoonful or capsules) taken before meals for excessive perspiration and nervous complaints.
Mode of Administration: Cut herb for infusions, alcoholic extracts, and distillates for gargles, rinses, and other topical applications such as compresses or poultices. The pressed juice of fresh plants is also used. In folk medicine, Sage is used internally as an antihidrotic infusion and "medicinal cigarettes" are used for asthma.
Cardiac insufficiency — 1 glass of the tonic infusion can be taken 4 times daily. The decoction dosage (using No. 1 or No. 2) is 1 glass at hourly intervals.
How Supplied: Sage is available as an alcohol-free 1:1 liquid.
Diabetes — 1 glass of the wine preparation after meals.
Preparation: ' v Tincture — prepared 1:10 with 70% ethanol.
'Halitosis — The leaves may be chewed occasionally.
Liquid extract — 1:1 with 45% euianol.
Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membranes — 1 spoonful of the expectorant in the morning and at bedtime.
The formulas for several "generic" folk medicine decoctions and infusions follows.
Nervous complaints — 0.25 g of the powdered drug (spoonful or capsules) before meals.
Decoction No. 1 — One spoonful of powdered drug scalded with 1 cup of water, quickly strained, and sweetened.
Externally, the following dosages/applications are often used:
Decoction No. 2 — 15 g of the fresh leaves with 200 ml of water heated for 3 minutes.
Antihidrotic infusion — 200 ml of infusion 1 to three times daily.
Infusion No.l — Scald 20 g dried leaves with 1 liter water, steep for 15 minutes, strain, press, and sweeten if required.
Gargles and rinses — 2.5 g of the drug or 2 to 3 drops of essential oil in 100 ml of water as infusion or 5 g of the alcoholic extract in 1 glass of water.
Infusion No. 2 — Pour 1 liter boiling water over 50 g drug, strain after 15 minutes and sweeten with honey. Antihidrotic infusion — Scald 20 g of the dried leaves wiuh 1 liter water, steep 15 minutes, strain, compress and sweeten if required. Cardiac insufficiency — A tonic infusion is prepared by pouring 1 liter boiling water over 50 g of the drug, strain after 15 minutes, sweeten with sugar or honey. Diabetes — Prepare a fortified wine made by boiling 100 g of the leaves with one liter wine for 2 minutes. Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membranes — An expectorant honey is made by mixing 50 g of the powdered drug with 80 g of honey.
Inflamed mucous membranes — Undiluted alcohol extract is applied repeatedly. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1), Special doses must be prepared for children. Storage: Sage leaves are to be protected from light and humidity in sealed containers. Storage duration of coarsely cut drug is 18 months; powder, maximum 24 hours. The tincture is stored in tightly sealed containers away from light. The liquid extract may be kept for up to 2 years. LITERATURE
Brieskorn CH, Bichele W, (1971) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 111:141.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
SALEP
657
Brieskorn CH, Salbei - seine Inhaltstoffe und sein therapeutischer Wert. In: ZPT 12(2):91. 1991.
Salep
Ferguson G et al., (1973) J Chem Soc Chem Comm 281.
Orchis species
Linger R, Mechtler C, Tanzler HO, Jurenitsch J, Differences of the composition of the essential oil within an individium of Salva officinalis. In: PM 59(7)35. 1993.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the tubers of Orchis morio and other varieties.
Murko D et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:295. Paris A, Strukelj B. Renko M Turk V, Puki M, Umek A, Korant BD, Inhibitory effect of camosolic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell free assays. In: JNP 56(8): 1426-1430. 1993. Raic D, Novina R, Petricic J, Acta Pharm Jugosl 35:121. 1985. Tada M et al.. Antiviral diterpenes from Salvia officinalis. In: PH 35(2):539. 1994. Telekova D et al., PA 49:299. 1994. Further information in: Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., CRC Press 1975. Frohne D., Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers form erect spikes. The surrounding leaves are sometimes large and longer than the flowers; they are often colored. The pollen mass is enclosed in 1 to 2 sectioned anthers. The ovary is almost always twisted. The seed skins can be with or without a reticulate thickening. Leaves, Stem and Root: The species are perennial, mediumsized, glabrous plants with a round, ovate or variously palmate tuber. The leaves are green, sheath-like and tapering. Habitat: The plant comes from central and southern Europe. Production: Saiep tubers are the subterranean parts of Orchis morio and other varieties of Orchis. They are gathered during flowering season, dried and processed into Salep powder. Other Names: Cuckoo Flower, Levant Salep, Orchid. Sahlep. Saloop, Satyrion ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilage (Salep mannan, up to 50%): glucans, glucomannans (partially acetylized) Starch Proteins
(25%) (5-15%)
EFFECTS
The mucilage is rich in mucine and polysaccharides, which act as a demulcent and have protective and sequestering effects on mucous membranes. In animal tests, a lowering of the plasma cholesterol effect was proven. In addition, the drug is said to be analgesic, cholagogic and hypoglycemic. but no further details are available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for unspecified diarrhea. particularly in children, and for heartburn, flatulence and indigestion. Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine'include diabetes. hemiplegia, chronic diarrhea, neurasthenia and general debility. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated dierapeutic dosages.
658 /SALEP DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a powdered formulation in medicinal preparations. Daily Dosage: Dosage for commercial pharmaceutical preparations for heartburn, flatulence and indigestion is often 1 teaspoon of powder stirred into a glass of warm water and drunk before or after meals. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Salix Species See White Willow
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Samphire Crithmum
maritimum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The aerial parts of the plant are the medicinal parts. Flower and Fruit: The 10 to 20 radiating umbels are medium-sized, sturdy and domed. The barely 1 mm long petals are yellow or greenish-white. The style is very short and barely visible. The fruit is ovate-oblong. The fruit wall i.s thick and filled with a spongy, air-retaining tissue. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, glabrous shrub with woody base. The root is long, cylindrical, thick, hard, knotty, ringed, gray, branching upward and polycephalous. The stem is erect, 20 to 50 cm high, round, tender, grooved, hollowed, woody and with fewer branches higher up. The leaves are sea green, fleshy and glossy. Habitat: The plant grows on the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Baltic coasts. Production: Samphire herb is the above-ground part of Crithmum maritimum.
Salvia miltiorrhiza See Red-Rooted Sage (Dan-Shen)
Other Names: Sea Fennel, Sampier, Crest Marine, PierceStone, Peter's Cress. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil Polyynes: including falcarindiol
Salvia officinalis
Furanocoumarins
See Sage
Ascorbic acid (high
content)
EFFECTS
Samphire is a diuretic and also a source of vitamin C.
Salvia triloba
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Greek Sage
Unproven Uses: The herb is used for scurvy and states of general resistance. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Sambucus ebulus See
Dwarf Elder
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Samphire is used internally and is available as an extract and a food additive. LITERATURE
Sambucus nigra
Francke W, (1982) Econ Bot 36 (2): 163.
See European Alder
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
SANDALWOOD / 659
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Sandalwood
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Santalum album
• Infections of the urinary tract
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted from the trunk wood, the heartwood freed from the sapwood and the bark, and the dried wood.
Sandalwood is used for inflammatory conditions of the efferent urinary tract. It is generally used in combination with other diuretic or urinary disinfecting drugs.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in numerous, small, short pedicled, odorless and erect paniculate inflorescences. There is no calyx. The perianth is 4 to 5 mm long, campanulate and changes from yellow to deep red. There are 4 stamens at the mouth of the tube, which have simple hairs at their base. The semi-inferior ovary with 3 ovules is free in the bud and later enclosed in the disc. The fruit is a round, black, pea-sized drupe with a crown made up of the perianth remains.
Chinese Medicine: The Chinese use Sandalwood primarily for epigastric pain, chest pain and vomiting.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small evergreen tree up to 10 m high that flowers the whole year round. It has smooth bark and pendulous branches. The leaves are opposite, 4 to 6 cm long and 2 cm wide, lanceolate, entiremargined, and matte underneath. The petiole is approximately 1 cm long. v -
Characteristics: The wood has a characteristic odor. Habitat: The tree grows wild in India and also is cultivated there and on Timor and the Sunda Islands. Production: Sandalwood consists of the heartwood, the trunk and branches of Santalum album or Pterocarpus santalinius, which has been freed from the bark and sapwood. Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with other sandalwoods, i.e. the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus. The white sapwood, which contains almost no essential oil, is occasionally marketed as Lignum santali albi. The brownish-yellow to brown-red root wood is, in contrast, rich in essential oil, but is disallowed as a drug in EB6. Other Names: Sanderswood, White Saunders, Yellow Saunders ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (3-5%): chief components santalols (50% cisalpha-santalol, 20% cis-beta-santalol, 4% epi-beta-santalol), further including among others, alpha-bergamotol, alphabergamotal Tannins Resins EFFECTS
The essential oil of Sandalwood has disinfecting effect on the urinary tract. However, if used in high doses and for long periods, it can be toxic to the kidneys.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses of the drug in homeopathy include urethral inflammation. It is advisable to use Sandalwood in combination with other diuretic or urinary disinfecting drugs. Indian Medicine: Internal uses include heat stroke, sunstroke and resulting fever. It is used as an infusion mixed with honey (in Kerala); with water cooked in rice {in Nepal): in the treatment of gonorrhea and as an anti-aphrodisiac in ayurvedic medicine. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Sandalwood is contraindicated in diseases of the kidney. . PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction w ith the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Intake can occasionally lead to skin itching, queasiness, gastrointestinal complaints and hematuria. The drug possesses minimal potential for sensitization. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Sandalwood is used internally in preparations derived from comminuted drug. Preparation: Sandalwood oil should only be taken in an enteric-coated form. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 10 g of the drug; 1 to 1.5 g of the essential oil. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). LITERATURE
Adams DR et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1459. Brunke EJ, Dragoco Rep 35:102-109. 1980. Demote DR et al., (1976) Helv Chim Acta 59:737. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
6 6 0 /SANDALWOOD
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg 01ms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Patnikar SK. Naik CG, (1975) Tetrahedron Letters 15:1293. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aurl, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliehe Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
EFFECTS
The resin is said to be antibacterial and bacteriostatic in effect. Experimental data supporting these effects is not available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The plant's use as a fumigant for rheumatic and gouty complaints and edematous swellings has been known since the 19th century. Other folk medicine uses include fever and diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction.with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Sandarac Tetraclinis
articulata
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the naturally flowing resin and the bark. Flowers and Fruit: The inflorescences are apical on the lateral branches and conical. The male flowers are 4 to 5 mm wide. There are 4 stamens with very short filaments and scale-like anthers. The female flowers are very small, with 4 scales in 2 pairs arranged like whorls. The upper surface of the flower is fleshy, with a swelling at the base almost completely covering the ovules, which are on woody, darkbrown, approximately 12 mm long cone scales. The seeds are narrow ovoid with large, membranous wings on bo,th sides. Leaves, Stem and Root: Tetraclinis articulata grows as a monoclinous, monoecious evergreen shrub or tree, reaching a height of up to 12 m. The leaves are opposite, scaly, long and down-turned. They grow close together in groups of 2 pairs on young branches in whorls. The branches are jointed and somewhat pressed together.
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug is either inhaled or used in the form of compresses. LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, -Heidelberg 1998.
Sanguinaria canadensis See
Bloodroot
Sanguisorba officinalis See Great Burnet
Habitat: North Africa, particularly Morocco and Algeria Production: Sandarac gum is the resin that flows naturally from the branches and bark of Tetraclines articulata. Other Names: Gharghar
Arartree v Alerce,
Sandarac
Gum
Santalum album
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes (95%): diterpene acids: including pimaric acid, callitrolic acid, sandaracinic acid, sandaracinolic acid, sandaracolic acid, callitrisinic acid substances
Volatile oil (1.3%): including limonene, thymoquinone
See European Sanicle
Tree,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Bitter
Sanicula europaea
alpha-
and
beta-pinene,
See
Sandalwood
Santolina chamaecyparissias See Lavender Cotton
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Saponaria officinalis See
Soap wort
SARSAPARILLA / 6 6 1
Not to be Confused With: Adulterations and mistaken identity often occurs among the Smilax species. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Sarracenia purpurea See
Pitcher
Plant
Steroid saponins (0.5-3%): chief components are sarsaparilloside, along with parillin, as a breakdown product; also including among others desglucoparillin, desglucorhamnoparillin, aglycones sarsapogenin EFFECTS
Smilax species
The steroid saponins in the drug are responsible for its irritating effect on the skin and the strong diuretic and diaphoretic effect in high doses, as well as its effect as an emulsifier and foam stabilizer.
TRADE NAMES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Sarsaparilla (available from numerous manufacturers) Sarsaparilla Root DESCRIPTION
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Sarsaparilla root are used for skin diseases, psoriasis, rheumatic complaints, kidney diseases, and as a diuretic and diaphoretic.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried roots, the entire underground part and the tuberous swellings produced by the runners.
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy Smilax is used for itching skin rashes, rheumatism and inflammation of the urinary organs.
Sarsaparilla
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white vto pale green, yellow or brown. They are dioecious, usually in axillary cymes or racemes, and contain 6 petals in 2 circles. The ovate to lanceolate tepals are curved outward. The male flowers have 6 stamens with thick filaments and anthers, which are fused at the base of the petals. The female flowers have 6, sometimes only 3, staminoids. The ovate ovary ha's 3 carpels, each with 1 to 2 atropic ovules and with an almost sessile, bent-back, 3-lobed stigma. The fruit is a globular, red, blue or black berry with 1 to 6 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The species are evergreen shrubs or semishrubs with climbing branches and stipular tendrils. They have a short, gnarled, perennial, creeping or ascending rhizome with numerous long roots stretching over many meters. The branched, thorny, nodular stem has the thickness of an arm and is yellowish-green. The leaves are in 2 rows. They are alternate, simple and often hardy, with 3, occasionally 5, reticulately joined main ribs. The leaf sheaths are ovate and cordate, sagittate and petiolate, or often stipulelike. They turn into climbing tendrils above and break off at this point when they die. Habitat: The species is indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of America, eastern Asia and India. In Europe, only the variety S. aspera is found in the Mediterranean region. Production: Sarsaparilla consists of the dried root of Smilax species, such as Smilax aristolochiaefolii, Smilax regelii and Smilax febrifuga. The plant is collected in the wild from January to May. The roots are cut up and air-dried.
- PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Stomach complaints and queasiness may occur in rare cases, as could kidney irritation. DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: Powder — 0.3 to 1.5 g drug Tea — 3 cups daily with meals Cold water extract — 500 ml mornings and evenings Decoction — 1 to 5 g 3 times daily Tincture — 5 to 15 g per day Liquid extract — 8 to 15 ml Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34) LITERATURE
Elmunajied DT et al., (1965) Phytochemistry 4(4):587. Thurmon FM, (1942) New Eng. J Med 227(4):128. Tschesche R et al., (1969) Chem Ber 102:1253. Tschesche R et al., Chem Ber 102:53-61. 1969. Tschesche R et al., Liebigs Ann Chem 699:212. 1966. Tschesche R, In: Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Ed. H Wagner, L Horhammer, Pub. Springer-Verlag (1971).
6 6 2 /SARSAPARILLA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Further information in: Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs. Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olmserlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
autumn, then shredded, cut or sawn into cubes. The wood must not be moistened when being cut because moisture will cause a deterioration of smell and taste in the later drying process. Not to be Confused With: Sassafras root wood is sometimes confused with the wood of the tree's trunk, which has distinctive annual ring growth and marrow, or with the bark, which has calculus and primary fibers. Another difference is that the trunk wood and bark have little smell or taste. Other Names: Sassafrax
Ague Tree, Cinnamon
Wood,
Saxifrax,
Teuscher E. Biogene "Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
Volatile oil (6-9%): chief components safrole (up to 90%), 5methoxyeugenol (up to 30%), asarone (up to 18%), camphor (up to 5%)
' .7-
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: representatives of the aporphine and reticuline type (less than 0.1%)
Sassafras
EFFECTS
Sassafras albidum V
-
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil of the root wood, the peeled and dried root bark, and the root wood. Flower and Fruit: The flowers appear before the leaves. They are dioecious, small and yellowish, and form loose cymes. The perigone has 6 tepals. The male flower has 6 filaments and the female has 1 ovate ovary and 6 bent stamens. The fruit is a pea-sized, oval drupe that, when ripe, is dark blue and appears in the beaker-shaped receptacle. Leaves, Stem and Root: Sassafras albidum is a deciduous tree up to 30 m tall with numerous branches. The bark of the trunk and of the thicker branches is rough, deeply grooved and grayish. The bark of the outer branches is green. The alternate leaves are petiolate and 7 to 12 cm long. Some are simple ovate, others deeply 2- or 3-lobed. The root bark is a bright, rusty-brown and its irregular pieces are soft, brittle and corky. They grow in distinct layers and show numerous oil glands. The root itself is brownish-white with clear concentric rings traversed by narrow medullary rays.
The drug is said to have a mild diuretic effect, which is undocumented. The toxic characteristics are determined by the essential oil, which contains safrole (sassafras aetheroleum that is renal toxic and carcinogenic). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Sassafras is considered obsolete, but previously was used for disorders of the urinary tract. The drug, which was formerly an ingredient of "blood-cleaning tea," has also been used for skin disorders, inflammation of the mucous membranes, rheumatism and syphilis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Because of the carcinogenic effect of the safrole, neither the drug nor its volatile oil should be administered. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is a constituent of tea mixtures. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 50 g of the drug to 1 liter of water. To prepare a tea, add 1 teaspoonful (3 g) of the drug to boiling water and strain after 10 minufes. A tincture is prepared using 200 parts coarse powder mixed with 100 parts diluted wine spirit. Daily Dosage: A single dose of tincture consists of 5 g.
Characteristics: The taste is sweet and slightly astringent and the odor is pleasantly aromatic. Sassafras' carcinogenic effect, however, has made its use inadvisable.
Storage: Keep Sassafras in a tightly sealed tin container.
Habitat: The plant is common to eastern North America, Mexico, and Taiwan.
Albert K, Sassafrasol zum Abtanzen? In: PZ 142(11):878. 1997.
Production: Sassafras wood is the root wood of Sassafras albidium. The woody roots (up to 20 cm thick) are dug up in
Brophy JJ, Goldsack RJ, House APN, Lassak EV, J Ess Oil Res 5:117-122. 1993.
LITERATURE
Borchet P et a!., (1973) Cancer Res 33:575.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Chowdhury BK et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:1803.
SAVIN TOPS / 6 6 3
Savin Tops
Kamdem DP et al., Chemical composition of essential oil from the root bark of Sassafras albidum. In: PM 61(6):574-575. 1995.
Juniperus sabina
Kampen KR van, Sudan grass and sorghum poisoning of horse: a possible lathyrogenic disease. In: J Am Vet Medic Assoc 156. 629-630. 1970.
Medicinal Paris: The medicinal parts are the essential oil of the leaves and branch tips; the dried leafy branch tips; the fresh, youngest non-woody branch tips with leaves; and the branches and leaves.
Miller EC et al., (1983) Cancer Res 43:1124. Segelman AB et al., (1976) J Am Med Ass 236:477. Sethi ML et al.. (1976) Phytochemistry 15:1773. Further information in: Frohne D. Pfiinder HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.,. Nachdruck. Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Eeomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Sassafras albidum See Sassafras
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The male and female flowers are at the end of the twigs, which are covered in leaf-scales. The male flowers are up to 2 mm wide and oblong to ovate. The female flowering branch bears the flowers erect when in bloom, later curved inward. The flowers have 4 carpels, which develop into pea-sized berry-cones with 4 ovate seeds. The seeds are ovate and striped with numerous edges. Leaves, Stem and Root: It is generally a 4.5 m high, dioecious, evergreen shrub with either an erect trunk, an irregular crown or numerous low-lying branches with erect tips. The bark of the young branches are light brown, of more mature branches red-brown and peeling. The young plants up to 10 years have only needle-like 4 mm long, bluegreen leaves whose tips stand out. -Mature plants have triangular, scale-like, imbricate leaves. Habitat: Found in southern and central Europe, the Caucasus and the southern mountains of Asian Russia, as well as in the northern U.S. Production: Savin Tops is the young shoots and twig tips of Juniperus sabina. Other Names: Savin, Savine ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (3-5%): chief components sabinyl acetate, sabinene, further including among others beta-myrcene, terpin-4-ol, gamma-terpinene, alpha-pinene, limonene Lignans: including among others deoxypodorhizone, deoxypodophyllotoxin, junaphtoinsaure, deoxypicropodophyllotoxin, and dehydropodophyllotoxin Hydroxycoumarins: including among others cumarsabine, 8methoxycumarsabine, siderin, 4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin- propiophenone
Satureja hortensis See Summer Savory
Propiophenone derivatives: including among others 2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyl-propiophenone EFFECTS
Saussurea costus See Costus
The drug is hyperemic both internally and externally, and is a strong irritant to the skin and mucous membrane. Lignans are also said to have antineoplastic and antiviral properties: The main substance is 3 to 5% essential oil with
6 6 4 / S A V I N TOPS
thujon acting as the principal ingredient, along with containing podophyllotoxin and other lignans. A diuretic effect has been described for the essential oil and the drug is also said to be emmenagogic and hemostyptic.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
The use of the drug on viral warts seems justified because of the podophyllotoxin content. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: For external use only, in the treatment of fig warts. Homeopathic Uses: Juniperus sabina is used for metrorrhagia, gout, inflammation of the urogenital tract, rheumatism and warts. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely toxic. External administration, in particular of the volatile oil, can lead to severe skin irritation, blister formation, necroses and resorbent poisonings. OVERDOSAGE
One is cautioned against internal administration of the drug and of the volatile oil. Fatal poisonings have occurred repeatedly following administration of the drug in either powder form or infusion as an abortient. Symptoms include, among others, queasiness, cardiac rhythm disorders, spasm, kidney damage and hematuria. Death finds the patient in a state of central paralysis and deep unconsciousness. The internal administration of 6 drops of the volatile oil is lifethreatening for humans. Following gastrointestinal emptying, (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage, sodium sulfate) and instillation of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (I.V.), colic with atropine, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Monitoring of kidney function, blood coagulation and liver values is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. The level of danger depends upon the age of the drug of the volatile oil, as the toxicity probably develops chiefly through the formation of terpene peroxides during storage. The fresh tips of the branches contain presumably very little toxicity. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: For external use, as a powdered drug. Internal application is obsolete because of the danger of intoxication. Daily Dosage: maximum 1 gm externally. Savin Tops powder - Powder twice daily, put bandages into the folds of skin. Skin ointment - Average content: 50% drug.
Feliciano AS, Del Corral JMM, Gordaliza M, Castro A, Acid and phenolic lignans from Juniperus sabina. In: PH 30: 34833485. 1991. Fournier G et al., PM 57:392-393. 1991. Fournier G et al., Pharm Belg 45:293. 1990. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.j.. Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hartwell, JL et al., (1953) J Chem Soc 75: 235. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheirn 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens TRADE NAMES
Saw Palmetto (available from numerous manafacturers), Saw Palmetto Berries, Saw Palmetto Standardized, Centrum Saw Palmetto, Proactive Saw Palmetto, Standardized Saw Palmetto ExtractCap, Saw Palmetto Extract, Saw Palmetto Power, Premium Blend. Saw Palmetto, Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto, Quanterra Prostate, Super Saw Palmetto Plus DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the partially dried ripe fruit, the ripe fresh fruit and the ripe dried fruit. Flower and Fruit: The inconspicuous cream flowers are in short, densely pubescent, paniculately branched inflorescences. The fruit is deep purple to almost black. It is an ovate, 3 cm long, 1-seeded berry. It has a hard but fragile pericarp that covers a pale brown, spongy pulp. The endocarp is thin and papery. The fruit is slightly wrinkled,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
A
1.25 to 2.5 cm long and 1.25 cm in diameter. The hard seed is pale brown, oval or globular, and has a hilum near the base. The whole panicle can weigh up to 4 kg.
verio, 1992). There is also some evidence with inhibition of several steps involved in prolactin receptor signal transduction in ovary cells (Vacher, 1995).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a bushy palm with a maximum height of 6 m. The large, yellow-green leaves have up to 20 segments and form a crown.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Characteristics: The taste of the seeds is soapy and unpleasant. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the coastal regions of the southern states of the U.S., from South Carolina to Florida and southern California. Other Names: Sabal, Shrub Palmetto ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Steroids: Sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3O-glucosides, beta-sitosterol-3-O-diglucoside, beta-si tosterol-fatty acid esters and their glucosides, for example betasitosterol-3-O-myristate, beta-sitosterol-3-O-(6-0-myristylbeta-glucosides) ^
Flavonoids: including isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-gIucosides, rhoifolin Water-soluble polysaccharides (galactoarabane with uronic acid) Fatty oil: free fatty acids The lipophilic components (fatty oil with phytosterines) can be found in ethanolic and hexane-extracts. The anti-exudative components (polysaccharides) are found in aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts contain both component groups.
The hexane extracts of the herb have demonstrated antiinflammatory activity (Champault, 1984). Inhibition of the synthesis of arachidonic acid inflammatory metabolites, through a double blocking of cyclooxygenas and 5-lipoxygenase pathways results in anti-inflammatory properties. (Breu, 1992). The drug also contains anti-spasmodic properties by inhibiting calcium influx and activation of the sodium/calcium ion exchanger. Induction of-protein synthesis plays a role in the antispasmotic effect with cyclic AMP as a possible mediator. Extracts of the drug may also antagonize the contracting effect of acetylcholine on urinary bladders. (Gutierrez, 1996). CLINICAL TRIALS
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia The effect of Saw Palmetto on voiding symptoms and urodynamic parameters was determined in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) presumed secondary to " benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The study was conducted over a 6-month period with Saw Palmetto 160 mg given twice daily. Parameters evaluated included peak urinary flow rate, postvoid residual urine volume, pressure-flow study and serum prostate-specific antigen. The herb was well-tolerated and significantly improved urinary tract symptoms. There was no significant improvement in objective measures of bladder outlet obstruction (Gerber, 1998).
Anti-Estrogenic Effects
A 6-month, double-blind, randomized equivalence study was conducted to compare the effects of a Saw Palmetto extract (320 mg Permixon) with those of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor (5 mg finasteride). The study included 1098 men with moderate benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) as the primary end-point. The finasteride and Permixon treatment groups relieved the symptoms of BPH including a decrease in IPSS, improved quality of life and increased peak urinary flow rate. There was no statistical difference in improvement between the two treatment groups. Finasteride markedly decreased serum PSA levels and prostate volume while Permixon had little effect on androgen-dependent parameters. This conclusion suggests that other pathways might also be involved in the symptomatology of BPH (Carraro, 1996).
The herb lowers cytosol and nuclear receptor values for estrogen which result in an anti-estrogen effect since progesterone receptor content is linked to estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic agents inhibit stromatic prostate mass growth in patients with benign prostate hypertrophy (DiSil- I
Serenoa repens given 160 mg twice daily was compared to alfuzosin 2.5 mg three times daily to determine the effect on 63 benign prostatic hyperplasia. The double-blind, comparative, parallel-groups study determined efficacy by assessment of clinical symptoms (Boyarsky's nscale, visual
EFFECTS
Anti-Androgenic Effects
W*
SAW PALMETTO / 6 6 5
The lipophilic extract of the herb inhibits binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to the cytosolic androgenic receptor and alpha 1-adrenoceptor in the prostate, thus preventing accumulation of the steroid, which may lead to prostate hyperplasia (Carilla, 1984; Goepel, 1999). Antiandrogenic effects of the lipophilic extract also consist of 5alpha-reductase and 3- ketosteroid reductase inhibition. These enzymes are responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT and for conversion of DHT to an androgen compound, respectively (Sultan, 1984).
666/SAW PALMETTO
analogue scale, clinical global impression), urinary flow rates (uroflowmetry) and residual urinary volume (transabdominal ultrasound). The Serenoa repens treatment group had similar improvement to that of the alfuzosin treatment group, but significant effects were in favor of the alfuzosin treatment group with overall clinical impression and visual analogue scale (Grasso, 1995). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Prostate complaints • Irritable bladder Saw Palmetto is used for urination problems in benign prostate hyperplasia stages I and II. This medication relieves only the difficulties associated with an enlarged prostate without reducing the enlargement. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Saw Palmetto is used for inflammation of the urinary trnct, bladder, testicles and mammary glands. It has been used for nocturnal enuresis, persistant cough, eczema and improvement of libido. Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for micturation problems and inflammation of the urinary tract. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Stomach complaints following intake have been observed in rare cases. Patients with hormone-dependent cancers should observe caution and speak to a physician regarding the use of Saw Palmetto because of its antiestrogenic, estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects. The use of Saw Palmetto with pregnancy and breast feeding is not recommended due to its potential hormonal effects. Drug Interactions: Saw Palmetto is believed to exert estrogen, androgen and alpha-adrenergic blocking effects. Because of this, the use of hormones, hormone-like drugs or adrenergic drugs concomitantly may need to be adjusted. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and other galenic preparations for oral use. How
Supplied:
Capsule—80 mg, 125 mg, 160 mg, 227 mg, 250 mg, 320 mg 450 mg, 500 mg, 565 mg, 570 mg, 585 mg, 600 mg, 1000 mg Liquid—1:1 Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1 to 2 gm of the drug or 320 mg of the lipophilic extract (hexane or ethanol 90% v/v). Dosages used in studies demonstrated efficacy at
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
160 mg given twice daily or 320 mg given once daily (Carraro, 1996; Gerber, 1998; Grasso, 1995). LITERATURE
Anonym, Welche Bedeutung haben pflanzliche Prostatamittel. In: DAZ 133(9):720. 1993. Aso Y, Boccon-Gibob L, Brendler CB et al., (1993) Clinical research criteria. In: Cockett AT, Aso Y, Chatelain C, Denis L, Griffith K, Murphy G (eds.), Proceedings of the second international consultation on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Paris, SCI S. 345-355. Bach D, (1995) Medikamentose Langheitbehandlung der BPH Ergebnisse einer prospektiven 3-Jahres-Studie mit dem Sabalextrakt IDS 89. Urologe [B]35:178-183. ~ ~Bach D, Behandlung der benignen Prostatahypertrophie. In: ZPT 17(4):209-218. 1996. Bach D, Ebeling L, Long-term drug treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia - Results of a prospective 3-year multicenter study using Sabal extract IDS 89. In: Phytomedicine 3(2): 105-111. 1996. Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und "Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(I):23-24. 1993. Bazan NG, Authie D, Braquet P, Effect of Serenoa repens extract (Permixon (r)) on estradiol/testosteron-induced experimental prostate enlargement in the rat. In: Pharmacol Res 34(3/4): 171-179. 1996. Becker H, Ebeling L, (1988) Konservative Therapie der benignen Prostata-Hyperplasie (BPH) mit Cemilton (N) Ergebnisse einer placebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudie. Urologe [B]28:301. Becker H, Ebeling L, (1991) Phytotherapie der BPH mit Cemilton(N) - Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Verlaufsstudie. Urologe [B]31:113. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, Senge TH, (1995) Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of (3sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 345:1529-1532. Breu W, Hagenlocher M, Redl K et al., Antiphlogistische Wirkung eines mit hyperkritischem Kohlendioxid gewonnenen Sabalfrucht-Extraktes. In vitro Hemmung des Cyclooxygenaserund 5-Lipoxygenase-Metabolismus. Arzneiiriittelforschung 1992; 42:547. Breu W, Stadler F, Hagenlocher M et al., Der SabalfruchtExtrakt SG 291. Ein Phytotherapeutikum zur Behandlung der benignen Prostatahyperplasie. Z Phytother 1992; 13:107-115. Carraro JC et al., Comparision of phytotherapy (Permixon (R)) with finasteride in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized international study of 1,098 patients. In: Prostate 29(4):231-240. 1996. Carilla E, Briley M, Fauran F et al., Binding of Permixon(R), a new treatment for prostatic benign hyperplasia, to the cytosolic
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
SAW PALMETTO / 6 6 7
androgen receptor in rat prostate. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20:521-523.
Miersch WDE, Benigne Prostatahyperplasie. In: DAZ 133(29):2653. 1993.
Carraro J. Raynaud J, Koch G et al., Comparison of phytotherapy (Permixon) with finasteride in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized international study of 1.098 patients. Prostate 1996 Oct;29(4):231-40.
Nahrstedt A, (1993) Pflanzliche Urologica - eine kritische Ubersicht. Pharm Z 138:1439-1450.
Casarosa C. Cosci M, o di Coscio, Fratta M, (1988) Lack of effects of a lyposterolic extract of Serenoa repens on plasma levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone. Clin Ther 10:5. DiSilverio F, D'Eramo GD, Lubrano C et al., Evidence that Serenoa repens extract displays an anti-estrogenic activity in prostatic tissue of benign prostatic hypertrophy patients. Eur Urol 1992: 21:309. DiSilverio F, D'Eramo G. Flammia GP et ah, Pharmacological combinations in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol (Paris) 1993a; 99:316-320. Engelmann U. Phytopharmaka und Synthetika bei der Behandlung der benignen Prostatahypertrophie. In: ZPT 18(0:13-19. 1997. Gerber GS, Zagaja GP, Bales GT, et al., Saw Palmetto (Seronoa repens) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: effects oh urodynamic parameters and voiding symptoms. Urology 1998 Jun;51(6): 1003-7. Goepel M. Hecker U, Krege S et al.. Saw Palmetto extracts potently and noncompetitively inhibit human alpha 1adrenoceptors in vitro. Prostate 1999 Feb 15;38(3):208-I5. Gutierrez M, Garcia De Boto MJ, Cantabrana B et al., Mechanisms involved in the spasmolytic effect of extracts from Sabal serrulata fruit on smooth muscle. Gen Pharmacol 1996; 27:171-176. Grasso M. Montesano A, Buonaguidi A et al.. Comparative effects of alfuzosin versus Serenoa repens in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Arch Esp Urol 1995 Jan-Feb;48( 1):97-103. Gutierrez M, Hidalgo A & Cantabrana B, Spasmolytic activity of a lipidic extract from Sabal serrulata fruits further study of the mechanism underlying this activity. Planta Med 1996; 62:507-511. Hansel R et al., (1964) Planta Med 12:169. Hamischfeger G, Stolze H, (1989) Serenoa repens - Die Sagezahnpalme. Z Phytother 10:71-76. Koch E, (1995) Pharmakologie und Wirkmechanismen von Extrakten aus Sabalfriichten (Sabal fructus): Brennesselwurzeln (Urticae radix) und Kurbissamen (Cucurbitae peponis semen) bei der Behandlung der benignen Prostatahyperplasie. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S 57-79. Mattei FM, Capone M, Acconia A, Medikamentose Therapie der benignen Prostatahyperplasie mit einem Exktrakt der Sagepalme. In: Therapiewoche Urologie, Nephrologie 2:346-350. 1990.
Niederprum HJ, Schweikert HU, Zanker KS, (1994) Testosteron 5D-reductase inhibition by free fatty acids from Sabal serrulata fruits. Phytomedicine 1:127-133. Plosker GL, Brogden RN, Serenoa repens (Permixon (R)): A review of its pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy in benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Drugs & Aging 9(5):379-395. 1996. Ravenna L et al., Effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon (R)) on human prostatic cell lines. In: Prostate 29(4):219-230. 1996. ~~:.. Rhodes L, Primka RL, Berman CH, Vergult F. Gabriel M, Pierre-Malice M, Gibelin B, Comparision of Finasteride (Proscar(R)), a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5alpha reductase inhibition. In: Prostate. Schilcher H, (1987) Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Phytotherapie am Beispiel pflanzlicher Urologika. Urologe [B] 27:316-319. Schilcher H, (1987) Pflanzliche Diuretika. Urologe [B]27:215-222. Schilcher B, In: Schilcher H: Phytotherapie in der Urologie. Hippokrates Verlag Stuttgart. 1992. Shimada H et al., Biological active acylglycerides from the berries of Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens). In: JNP 60(4):417418. 1997. Sultan C, Terraza A, Devillier C et al.. Inhibition of androgen metabolism and binding by a liposterolic extract of 'Serenoa repens E" in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20:515-519. Vacher P, Prevarskaya N, Skryma R et al., The lipidosterolic extract from Serenoa repens interferes with prolactin receptor signal transduction. J Biomed Sci 1995; 2:357-365. Wagner H, Flachsbarth H, (1981) Planta Med 41:244. Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6> (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
668/SCABIOSA
SUCCFSA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Scabiosa succisa
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
See Premorse
Triterpene saponins: including anagalline, chief sapogenine 13, 28-epoxy-16- oxooleanan
COMPOUNDS
Cucurbitacins: including cucurbitacins E, B, D, I and L
Scarlet Pimpernel
Flavonoids
Anagallis
Caffeic acid derivatives
arvensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried flowering herb, usually with the roots removed. Flower and Fruit: The plant has 6 to 10 brick-red flowers in the leaf axils, which are up to 2.5 times as long as the bracts. The symmetrically radiating flower has a double perianth. It has 5 sepals that are 4 to 5 mm long, entire-margined. narrow-lanceolate and acute. The wheel-shaped corolla is usually vermilion, but occasionally blue-flesh colored, lilac or white. The tip of the corolla is obovate to oval, about 7 mm long by 6 mm wide, overlapping at the base, entiremargined or slightly crenate with 50 to 70 glandular hairs. Its 5 stamens have a distinct awn and are fused to a funnel at the tube. The anthers are short, ellipsoid and cordate at the base. The superior ovary is globose and one-valved with an oblong style and head-like stigma. The fruit is a globose pyxidum, 4 to 5 mm in diameter, that contains 20 to 22 rough wart-like, brown seeds 1.3 mm long by 1 mm wide. Leaves, Stem and Root: Anagallis arvensis is an annual herb with prostrate, creeping, square stems up to 30 cm long. Its thinner, branched, ascending stems grow to a length of 6 to 30 cm. The square shoots, like the leaves, are thickly covered with short hairs when young; they later become glabrous. The leaves are opposite, occasionally in whorls of 3, ovate to lanceolate, up to 20 mm long by 10 mm wide, sessile, entiremargined, acute and spotted black on the underside. Characteristics: The flowers, which are poisonous, close at night and open at about 9:00 each morning. They also close at the first sign of rain.
EFFECTS
In vitro and animal tests showed the drug (main constituents saponins and amaroids of the cucurbitacin group) to have fungitoxic, antiviral, taecidal, spermicidal, estrogenic, oxytocic and hemolytic effects. The aqueous extract of the dried leaves is fungitoxic. Triterpenglycoside, anagalloside and aglycon anagalligenones, when isolated from the drug, displayed inhibitory results against numerous micro-organisms. Aqueous extracts showed uterine contracting activity in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and on strips of human uterine material. The triterpene saponins isolated from the drug demonstrated action against human sperm. The methanol extract of the drug demonstrated estrogen activity in the Allen-Doisy test. The saponins isolated from the powder^ drug with ethanol demonstrated hemolytic activity in human blood. The methanol extract of the dried powdered drug is antiviral against Herpes simplex Type I, Adenovirus Type II and Polio Type II, among others. The saponins are the active constituents. The acetyl-saponin isolated from the drug acts as a teniacide. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used to treat depression, disorders of the mucous membranes, hemorrhoids, herpes, painful kidney and liver disorders (in particular, to increase urination), poorly healing wounds and pruritus. The herb is used as a supporting treatment in various carcinomas. It is used both internally and externally (as a poultice) to treat pains in the joints. Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for snake bites, dog bites, fish poisoning, joint ailments and edema.
Habitat: The plant is widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, the U.S. and non-tropical South America.
Indian Medicine: Employed as a treatment for menstruation disorders.
Production: Scarlet Pimpernel herb is the dried herb in flower of Anagallis arvensis, generally without the root but occasionally including the whole plant. It is collected in the wild and also cultivated.
Homeopathic Uses: Used in the treatment of skin rashes, warts and urinary tract infections.
Not to be Confused With: The blue flowering form of Scarlet Pimpernel is often confused with Anagallis foemina, and occasionally with Stellaria media. Other Names: Adder's Eyes, Poor Man's Weatherglass, Red Chickweed, Red Pimpernel, Shepherd's Barometer
Efficacy has not been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Large doses or long-term administration could lead to gastroenteritis and nephritis, due to the cucurbitacins content of the drug.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
SCHISANDRA
OVERDOSAGE
Higher dosages (no amounts specified) are said to have a strong diuretic, diarrheic and mildly narcotic effect.
(WU-WEI-ZI)/669
Schinus molle See
California
Peppertree
DOSAGE
A
Mode of Administration: Scarlet Pimpernel topically as a poultice and internally as an infusion. Preparation: For the treatment of liver and kidney disorders as well as dropsy, add one teaspoonful of the drug to a glass of hot water and let it steep for 10 minutes. Drink throughout the day.
Schinus terebinthifolius See Brazilian Pepper Tree
Schisandra chinensis
Daily Dosage: The usual dosage is 1.8 g of the powder 4 times a day.
See Schisandra (Wu-Wei-Zi)
Homeopathic Dosage: The oral dosage is 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules daily. The parenteral dosage is 1 ml twice a week sc. Topically, ointment can be applied 1 to 2 times daily.
Schisandra sphenanthera See
Lemon-Wood
LITERATURE
Alimbaeva PK, Mukhamedziev MM, Rast Resur 5:380-385. 1969. V
W
-
Schisandra chinensis
Amoros M and Girre RL, (1977) Phytochemistry 26(3):787.
DESCRIPTION
Amoros M et al.. (1979) PlantMed Phytother 13:122.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the fruit.
Amoros M, Fauconnier B, Girre RL, In vitro antiviral activity of a saponin from Anagallis arvensis, Primulaceae, against herpes simplex virus and poliovirus. In: Antiviral Res 8:13-25. 1987.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in clusters with a few blossoms in the axils of the bracts. There are 6 to 8 tepals. The perigone of the male flowers has 6 to 8 tepals that are 6 to 11 mm long and 5 mm wide, and 5 to 15 stamens. The female flowers have a similar perigone and 17 to 40 elongated, elliptical ovaries. The round, fleshy, berry-like fruit grows as a slim, hanging aggregate or as bloomed individual fruits. The fruit is deep red to black-brown and appears partly white-powdered. The fruit has a diameter of 5 to 8 mm and contains 1 to 2 reniform seeds.
Banerji R et al., (1981) Indian Drugs 19:121. Buechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996. Yamada Y et al., (1978) Phytochemistry 17:1798. Yamada Y et al., Chem Pharm Bull 26:3107-3112. 1978. Further information in:
&
Schisandra (Wu-Wei-Zi)
Aliotta G. De Napoli L. Giordano F. Piccialli G. Piccialli V, Santacroce C, An oleanen triterpene from Anagallis arvensis. In: PH 3I(3):929-933. 1992.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This liana plant can be monoecious or dioecious. The leaves are alternate. They are arranged like whorls on short shoots. The petiole is 1 to 4 cm long. The lamina is 5 to 11 cm long, 3 to 9 cm wide, elongate to ovateelliptical, serrate to dentate with up to 3 teeth per cm. The upper surface is green or brown. The lower surface is partly pubescent. The young branches are brown to purple. Characteristics: The crushed seeds taste hot and are aromatic. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeastern China and Korea.
670/SCHISANDRA
(WU-WEI-ZI)
Production: Northern schisandra fruit is the dried, ripe fruit of Schisandra chinensis. The fruit is harvested in autumn, then steamed before being dried in the sun. Other Names: Chinese Mock-Barberry, Lemonwood ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: containing among others, alpha- and betachamigrene, chamigrenal. sesquicarene, (+)-ylangene Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Lignans (in the seeds 5 to 20%): dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives, including schizandrine A to C, schizandrol A and B, schizantherine A and B, gomisins D to J, KI to K3, LI and L2, Ml and M2. N and O, P to T, the gomisins present to some extent as esters, among them those of angelic acid, benzoic acid and acetic acid; additional lignans with other parent substances, including pregomisin Fatty oil (in the seeds): chief fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid EFFECTS
The lignans isolated from the drug (schizandrin, schizandrol) are liver-protective in effect, acting as radical scavengers and promoting liver regeneration. Anti-inflammatory and tumorinhibiting characteristics have also been demonstrated. Schizandrol A is said to be neuroleptic, anticonvulsive and sedative in effect. Schisandra fruits and seeds are believed to bring about a non-specific increase in physical performance ability and to be antithelminthic in effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: The plant is used mainly for conditions of the digestive tract such as intestinal inflammation, and also for insomnia, enuresis, pollakisuria, nightly ejaculation, coughs, chronic diarrhea, dyspnea, insomnia, spontaneous outbreaks of sweating, hepatitis, neurasthenia and anxiety states. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Determination and study of lignan distribution in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.). Baill Farmatsiia, 78:34-7, 1972 May-Jun.
Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Determination of the active ingredients in Chinese drug wuweizi (Schisandra chinensis) by TLC-densitometry. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 78:4953, 1990. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Ecological investigation on Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. of the Changbai Mountain. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 78:2045, 255, 1992 Apr. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Effect of a lignanenriched extract of Schisandra chinensis on aflatoxin Bl and " cadmium chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol, 78:413-6, 1996 Jun.
|
Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Pharmacological studies on an oil emulsion of Schisandra chinensis. Chung Yao Tung Pao, 78:185-6, 1984 Jul. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Preliminary studies on the processing of Schisandra chinensis. Chung Yao Tung Pao, 78:26-7, 1986 Mar. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Schisandra chinensis-dependent myocardial protective action of sheng-maisan in rats. Am J Chin Med, 78:255-62, 1996. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, The occurrence of some important lignans in Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis) and its allied species. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 78:138-43, 1983 Feb. Ip SP, Poon MK, Che CT, Ng KH, Kong YC, Ko KM, Antioxidant activity of dibenzocyclooctene lignans isolated from Schisandraceae. Planta Med, 21:311-3, 1992 Aug.
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug and their preparations for internal use. Preparation: To prepare Cuwuweizi powder, the drug is evaporated in the ratio of 1:5 with vinegar in closed containers until the surface turns black. This substance is then ground to a powder.
Ko KM, Ip SP, Poon MK, Wu SS, Che CT, Ng KH, Kong YC, Effect of a lignan-enriched fructus schisandrae extract on hepatic glutathione status in rats: protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Planta Med, 21:134-7, 1995 Apr.
Daily Dosage: Powder/tincture/extract: 1.5 to 6 g daily
Liu CS, Fang SD, Huang MF, Kao YL, Hsu JS, Studies on the active principles of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. The structures of schisantherin A, B, C, D, E and the related compounds. Sci Sin, 21:483-502, 1978 Jul-Aug.
Storage: Store in dry area with good air circulation to avoid fungal formation.
l
Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM, Determination of lignans in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Trucz.) Baill. and S. Sphenanthern Rehd. et Wils. using HPLC and their chromatograms. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 78:611-4, 639-40, 1989 Oct.
Ip SP, Poon MK, Che CT, Ng KH, Kong YC, Ko KM, ' Schisandrin B protects against carbon tetrachloride toxicity by enhancing the mitochondrial glutathione redox status in mouse liver. Free Radic Biol Med, 21:709-12, 1996.
DOSAGE
(
4
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Nishiyama N, Wang YL. Saito H, Beneficial effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription, on learning impairment model in mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 21:1498-503, 1995 Nov. Tong Q, Deuteration of dimethyl 4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'dimethylenedioxybipheny 1-2,2' -dicarboxylate (BDD): a remedy for chronic hepatitis. Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao, 21:42-5, 1990 Feb. Yasukawa K, Ikeya Y, Mitsuhashi H, Iwasaki M, Aburada M, Nakagawa S, Takeuchi M. Takido M, Gomisin A inhibits tumor promotion by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology, 21:68-71, 1992.
Scolopendrium vulgare See
Hartstongue
Scopolia Scopolia carniolica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The nodding flowers are solitary and axillary on long bending pedicles. The calyx is campanulate with obtuse tips. The corolla is tubular-campanulate, glossy brown outside, and matte olive-green inside. The anthers are large and yellowish. The fruit is a 2-valved pixidium. The seeds are 3 to 4 mm long, brownish-yellow and bumpy. Leaves, Stem and Root: The erect perennial plant grows from 30 to 60 cm high. The rhizome is horizontal, slightly bent and almost cylindrical. The rhizome grows up to 12 cm long and 5 cm thick, and is covered in tough, loose-skinned fibers. The color varies between yellowish-brown to dark brownishgray. The stems bear scale-like stipules at the base that are bifurcated, fleshy and also glabrous or with scattered hairs. The 12 cm by 4 to 9 cm foliage leaves are petiolate, obovate, entire-margined or lightly sinuate and dull green. Characteristics: Scopolia is considered to be a narcotic. The taste is initially somewhat sweet, then bitter and biting. The plant is odorless. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Germany, Austria, Hungary, and southwest Russia. Production: Scopolia root consists of the dried rhizome of Scopolia carniolica. Other Names: Scopola, Japanese Belladonna, Belladonna Scopola, Russian Belladonna
SCOPOLIA / 6 7 1 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Tropane alkaloids (0.2-0.5%): chief alkaloid (-)-hyoscyamine, which changes (to some extent) under drying conditions into atropine; also including scopolamine Hydroxycoumarins: including among others, scopoletins, scopoline Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acids EFFECTS
The drug acts as a parasympatholytic/anticholinergic via competitive antagonism of the neuromuscular transmitter acetylcholine. Because of its parasympatholytic properties, Scopolia root relaxes the smooth muscle organs and eliminates spastic conditions, especially of the gastrointestinal tract and the bile ducts. Conditions of muscular tremors and muscular rigidity caused by central nervous impulses, are alleviateH. The action on the heart is positively chronotropic and positively dromotropic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Liver and gallbladder complaints The drug is used for spasms and colic-like pain of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, and urinary tract for adults and for children over 6 years of age. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in angle-closure glaucoma, prostatic adenoma with residual urine, tachycardia, mechanical stenosis in the area of the gastrointestinal tract, and megacolon. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. However, accommodation disorders, heat build-up due to a decline in sweat secretion, micturition disorders, and obstipation can occur as side effects, particularly with overdosages. Scopolia should be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified in its appropriate use. Drug Interactions: Scopolia increases the effectiveness of simultaneously administered tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine, and quinidine. OVERDOSAGE
The four early warning symptoms of atropine poisoning are skin reddening, dryness of the mouth, and tachycardiac arrhythmias and mydriasis. In addition, other side effects, particularly with overdosages, can include accommodation disorders, heat build-up through decline in sweat secretion, micturition disorders, and obstipation.
6 7 2 /SCOPOLIA
The intake of very high dosages leads to central excitation (restlessness, compulsive speech, hallucinations, delirium, manic episodes, followed by exhaustion and sleep). Potentially lethal dosages for adults start at 100 mg of atropine, depending upon alkaloid content, and may result from use of between 20 to 50 g of the drug: considerably less can prove lethal for children. The treatment for poisonings includes gastric lavage; temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipyretics!); oxygen respiration for respiratory distress; intubation; parenteral physostigmine salts as antidote; diazepam for spasms and chlorpromazine for severe excitation. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted root, powder and other galenic preparations for oral application. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is equivalent to 0.25 mg of total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. The maximum daily dose should not exceed the equivalent of 3.0 mg of total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. The maximum recommended single dose is equivalent to 1.0 mg of total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. LITERATURE
^Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Nicolic R et aL, Acta Pharm Jugosl 26:257. 1976. Roth L, Daunderer M„ Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Smart RG et al., J Forens Sci 32:303. 1987. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic. Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The bilabiate flowers are bright yellow, 20 to 25 mm long, large, solitary or in pairs. The flowers are on 2 or 3 obovate bracts on short stems, or singly in the leaf axils. They seem to form long racemes. The corolla is bright yellow, sometimes white. The standard is revolute, the wings obtuse. The ovary is short-stemmed and villous with a glabrous, strongly hooked style. The pod is oblong, compressed, glabrous on the surfaces, villous on the seams and is a matte black. There are numerous brown-black seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: Scotch Broom is a shrub that grows from 0.5 to 2 m high. The tap root is very sturdy and woody. The bark of the root is brown. The branches are thick, usually crooked, and the bark is also brown." Young shoots are glabrous, later pubescent. The branchlets are cane-like, erect and pentagular. The leaves are small, short-petioled, with 3 obovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 cm long and 1.5 to 9 mm wide, pointed leaflets. The leaflets, particularly on the undersurface, are silky pubescent. After flowering, sessile and entire leaves torm on the upper shoot. Habitat: The herb is found in Europe, northern Africa, Canary Islands, North America, Chile, South Africa and Japan. Production: Scotch Broom herb consists of the aerial parts of Cytisus scoparius. Broom flowers consist of the flowers of Cytisus scoparius. Not to be Confused With: The herb should not be confused with other Cytisus or Genista varieties. The flowers should not be confused with Spanish Broom. Other Names: Broom, Broomtops, Besom, Scoparium, Irish Tops, Basam, Bizzom, Browme, Brum, Breeam ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Quinolizidine alkaloids (0.5 to 1.6%): main alkaloid (-)sparteine, including among others 11, 12-dehydrosparteine, 17-oxosparteine, lupanine, alpha-isosparteine Biogenic amines: including tyramine, epinine, dopamine
Scopolia carniolica
Flavonoids: including spirasoside, isoquercitrin, scoparin
See Scopolia
Isoflavonoids: including genistein, sarothamnoside EFFECTS: SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Scotch Broom Cytisus
scoparius
No specific studies are available. Tyramine acts indirectly on the sympathetic nervous system as a vasoconstrictor and hypertensive. COMPOUNDS: SCOTCH BROOM FLOWERS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried and stripped broom flowers, the dried aerial parts (broom herb) and freshly picked flowers.
Quinolizidine alkaloids (0.004%) (very small quantities): main alkaloid (-)-sparteine Biogenic amines: including tyramine (0.13 to 2%)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flavonoids: including scoparin (C-glycosylflavone) EFFECTS: SCOTCH BROOM FLOWERS
The drug can contain over 2% tyramine. It contains small amounts of alkaloids. The main alkaloid is sparteine. Tyramine acts as an indirect sympathicomimetic, vasoconstrictoral and hypotensive. Sparteine acts negatively inotropic and negatively chronotropic; because of the very minimal amounts of sparteine no intense effect can be expected. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Approved by Commission E: • Circulatory disorders • Hypertension Unproven Uses: The herb is used for functional heart and circulatory disorders, as an adjunct in the stabilization of circulation and to raise blood pressure. Folk medicine uses include pathological edema, cardiac arrhythmia, nervous cardiac complaints, low blood pressure, heavy menstruation, hemorrhaging after birth, as a contraction stimulant, for bleeding gums, hemophilia, gout, rheumatism, sciatica, gall and kidney stones, enlarged spleen, "jaundice, bronchial conditions and snake bites. SCOTCH BROOM FLOWERS
Unproven Uses: The use of the pure drug cannot be recommended except as an inactive ingredient in teas. In folk medicine, the flowers are used for edema, rheumatism, gout, kidney stones, jaundice, liver disorders, enlarged spleen and as a blood purifier. CONTRAINDICATIONS
SCOTCH BROOM HERB AND FLOWERS
The drug is contraindicated in high blood pressure, A-V block, pregnancy and with MAO inhibitor drugs.
SCOTCH BROOM / 673
when the patient is being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (amine content). OVERDOSAGE
SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Doses corresponding to more than 300 mg sparteine (approximately 30 gm of the drug), lead to dizziness. headache, palpitations, prickling in the extremities, feeling of weakness in the legs, outbreaks of sweat, sleepiness, pupil dilation and ocular palsy. If no vomiting has occurred. poisonings are treated with gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal. Spasms are to be treated with chlorpromazine or diazepam. In cases of asphyxiation. intubation and oxygen respiration are to be carried out. No deaths through poisonings with this drug have been proven beyond a doubt (though they certainly have been with sparteine). DOSAGE SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Mode of Administration: The herb is available in aqueous essential oil extracts for internal administration. Preparation: Tea: Pour 150 ml boiling water over 1 to 2 gm .drug and strain after 10 minutes Decoction — from 1 to 2 gm drug. Liquid extract — 1:1 25% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83). Tincture — 1:5 45% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83). Daily Dosage: The daily dose of the infusion is 1 cup fresh infusion 3 times daily. The liquid extract dosage is 1 to 2 ml daily. The tincture internal use dosage is 0.5 to 2 ml. Aqueous-ethanol extracts corresponding to 1:1.5 drug are also used. Storage: Carefully protect from light and moisture. SCOTCH BROOM FLOWERS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
SCOTCH BROOM HERB
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Scotch Broom preparations should not be used in cases of high blood pressure or with atrioventricular block. Drug Interactions: Use of Scotch Broom herb with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (amine content) may cause a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy: The herb should not be used during pregnancy (abortive effect).
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed uses has not been documented, and considering the risks, a therapeutic application cannot be justified. To be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified in the appropriate use of this substance. Preparatfon: To prepare an infusion, Pour 200 ml boiling water over 1 teaspoon of flowers and strain after 10 minutes. Daily Dosage: Infusion dosage is 1 cup daily. For pathological edema, 1 liter infusion per day is administered in 4 portions during meals for 1 month. LITERATURE
SCOTCH BROOM FLOWERS
SCOTCH BROOM HERB
Healtii risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The drug should not be used in cases of high blood pressure or
Brum-Bousquet M, Delaveau P, (1981) Plant Med Phytoiher 15(4):201. Brum-Bousquet M et al., (1981) Planta Med 43(4):367.
674/SCOTCH B R O O M
Kurihara T, Kikuchi M, (1980) Yakugaku Zasshi 100(10): 1054. Murakoshi I et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):521.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Wink M, Heinen HJ, Vogt H, Schiebel HM, Plant Cell Rep 3:230-233. 1984.
Seeger R. Neumann HG, Spartein. In: DAZ 132(30): 1577. 1992.
Wink M et al., (1981) Planta Med 43(4):342-352.
Vixcardi P et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(11):781.
Further information in:
Wink M. Heinen HJ, Vogt H, Schiebel HM, Plant Cell Rep
Chan EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
3:230-233. 1984. Wink M et al., (1981) Planta Med 43(4):342. Young N et al., (1984) Biochem J 222(1 ):41. Further information in: Chan EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Gresser G, Der Besenginster - Cytisus scoparius (L.) LINK. Z Phytother 17 (1996), 320-330. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Konami Y, Yamamoto K, Osawa T, Irimura T, The primary structure of the Cytisus scoparius seed lectin and a carbohydrate-binding peptide. J Biochem (Tokyo), 112:366-75, 1992 Sep.. Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Young N et al., (1984) Biochem J 222(1):41.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer -Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg / Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Scotch Pine
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Pinus species
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. S C O T C H BROOM F L O W E R S
Brum-Bousquet M, Delaveau P, (1981) Plant Med Phytother
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the tar extracted from the trunks, branches and roots. The oil extracted from the fresh needles, branch tips or fresh twigs is also used medicinally, as are the pine tips from fresh and dried shoots. The purified oil from the resin balsam, the tar extracted from the wood, the young shoots and the flowering branches of male and female flowers with pollen are also used.
15(4):201. Brum-Bousquet M et al., (1981) Planta Med 43(4):367. Kurihara T, Kikuchi M, (1980) Yakugaku Zasshi 100(10):1054. Murakoshi I et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):521-524. Seeger R, Neumann HG, Spartein. In: DAZ 132(30):1577. 1992. Vixcardi P et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(11):781.
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are sulfur-yellow in the form of ovate catkins. The female flowers are purple and long-pedicled in erect, 5 to 6 mm long cones that hang down after flowering. The ripe cones are ovate-clavate, matte brown and have rhomboid scales. The hilum is small, smooth and light brown. The seeds are 3 to 4 mm long, oblong with wings, which are 3 times as long as the seed.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is 10 to 30 m high with a straight, slim, cylindrical trunk or a gnarled twisted one. It has a girth of 1.8 to 3.6 m. The crown is umbrella-shaped. The bark of the older trees is gray-brown on the outside and rust red on the inside. Bark of older trees is deeply fissured below and peeling. The bark of the young trees is fox-red and thinly peeling. The buds are reddish, 6 to 12 mm long, oblong-oval and somewhat resinous. The needles are in pairs and remain on the trees for 3 years. They are various lengths, rigid, twisted, bluish-green with interrupted rows on the outside and minimally dentate. Habitat: Pinus sylvestris is found in Europe, Siberia, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Iran. Production: Pine shoots (Pini turiones) consist of the fresh or dried, 3 to 5 cm long shoots of Pinus sylvestris. Pine shoots are collected at die beginning of spring. The essential oil (Pini aetheroleum) is obtained from fresh needles, tips of the branches or fresh branches with needles and tips of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo ssp. pumilio, Pinus nigra or Pinus pinaster. The oil is recovered form the fresh needles and branch tips using steam distillation with a successful yield of 0.15-0.6%. Purified turpentine oil (Terebindiniae aetheroleum rectificatum) is the essential oil obtained from the turpentine of Pinus species, especially Pinus palustries (syn. Pinus australis), and Pinus pinaster. Not to be Confused With: Pine shoots should not be confused with the shoots of Picea abies and Abies alba. Pine oil should not be confused with "pine oils" that are synthetically produced. Other Names: Dwarf-Pine, Pine Oils, Pix Liquida, Pumilio Pine, Scotch Fir, Stockholm Tar, Swiss Mountain Pine ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: PINE SHOOTS
Volatile oil (0.2-0.5%): including among others bornyl acetate, cadinene, Delta3 -carene, limonene, phellandrene, alpha-pinene Resins Bitter principles: pinicrin Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) EFFECTS: PINE SHOOTS
Pine shoots have secretolytic and mildly antiseptic effects and stimulate the peripheral circulation.
SCOTCH P I N E / 6 7 5
From Pinus nigra: chief components include alpha-pinene (48-65%), beta-pinene (up to 32%), germacren D (up to 19%) From Pinus palustris: chief components include alpha-and beta-pinene (95%) From Pinus silvestris: chief components include alphapinene (10-50%), Delta3-carene (up to 20%), camphene (up to 12%), beta-pinene (10-25%), limonene (up to 10%), additionally including among others myrcene, terpinolene, bornyl acetate EFFECTS: PINE NEEDLE OIL
The essential oil is secretolytic, hyperemic and weakly antiseptic. COMPOUNDS: TURPENTINE OIL, PURIFIED
Chief components of the raw turpentine oil yielded from turpentine from Pinus silvestris include: (-)-alpha-pinene (ca. 39-87%), Delta3-carene (ca. 14-33%), (-)-beta-pinene (share up to 27%), limonene (6%), camphene (ca. 5%), from out of which and from out of the volatile oils of other pine species purified turpentine oil. Therebinthinae aetheroleum recticifactum is realized through fractional 'distillation. It must contain at least 90% pinenes, but no more than 0.5 % Delta3carene. EFFECTS: TURPENTINE OIL. PURIFIED
The essential oil is hyperaemic, antiseptic and increases bronchial secretion in animal tests. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PINE SHOOTS
Approved by Commission E: • • • • • • •
Blood pressure problems Common cold Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Neuralgias Tendency to infection
Pine shoots are used internally for catarrhal conditions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Externally, it is used for mild muscular pain and neuralgia. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, preparations of pine shoot are used internally for uncomplicated coughs and acute bronchial diseases and topically for nasal congestion and hoarseness.
COMPOUNDS: PINE NEEDLE OIL
From Pinus mugo: chief components include Delta3-carene (up to 35%), alpha- and beta-pinene (20%), beta-phellandrene (15%)
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include weak ligaments of the upper ankle joint, inflammation of the . respiratory tract, chronie rheumatism, eczema and urticaria.
6 7 6 / S C O T C H PINE PINE N E E D L E OIL
Approved by Commission E: • • • • • • •
Common cold Cough/bronchitis Fevers and colds Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Neuralgias Rheumatism Tendency to infection
The essential oil is used internally and externally for congestive diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Externally, it is used for rheumatic and neuralgic ailments.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
injuries, severe feverish or infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia are present, entire-body baths with the volatile oil added should be carried out only following consultation with a physician. Kidney damage is conceivable with internal administration of therapeutic dosages. Inhalation should be avoided with acute inflammation of the breathing passages. Pediatric Use: Cases of death, in particular among children, following intake of the oil have been reported in the scientific literature. OVERDOSAGE T U R P E N T I N E OIL, P U R I F I E D
TURPENTINE OIL, PURIFIED
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx • Rheumatism Purified turpentine oil is used internally and externally for chronic diseases of the bronchi with profuse secretion. It is used externally for rheumatic and neuralgic ailments. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include bladder catarrh, gallstones and phosphorous poisoning. Externally, the oil is used for scabies, burns, frostbite and skin injuries. CONTRAINDICATIONS PINE S H O O T S A N D P I N E N E E D L E O I L
Contraindications include bronchial asthma and whooping cough. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS PINE S H O O T S
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Patients with extensive skin injuries, acute skin diseases, feverish or infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia should not use the drug as a bath additive. PINE N E E D L E OIL
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Signs of irritation could appear on skin and mucous membranes. Bronchial spasms could worsen. Patients with extensive skin injuries, acute skin diseases, feverish or infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia should not use the drug as a bath additive. TURPENTINE OIL, PURIFIED
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper external administration of designated therapeutic dosages. However, resorptive poisonings, such as kidney and central nervous system damage, are possible with large-area administration. Where large skin
Severe poisonings are possible with the intake of large dosages. Symptoms include albuminuria, diarrhea, dyspnea, dysuria, feelings of vertigo, hematuria, intestinal colic, queasiness, reddening of the face, salivation, skin efflorescences, sore throat, staggering walk, strangury, thirst, twitching and vomiting. Poisonings can also occur through inhalation of the vapors or through skin contact. Fifty grams is the approximate lethal dosage for an adult. Cases of death, in particular among children, following intake of the oil are known from the scientific literature. Gastric lavage with bicarbonate of soda solution, intestinal emptying through administration of sodium sulphate, the administration of paraffin oil, activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (suitable body position, quiet, warmth) should be instituted. Thereafter, therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution, and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE PINE SHOOTS
Mode of Administration: Pine shoot is available as a comminuted herb for internal use in teas, syrups and tinctures. Alcoholic solutions, oils or ointments are used externally. Daily Dosage: Internal — daily dose: 2 to 3 g drug several times a day. External — as a bath additive: 100 g alcoholic extract in a full bath. Semi-solid preparations — 20 to 50% ointment to be rubbed in several times a day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). The dose is different for children.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
SCOTCH PINE /677
PINE NEEDLE OIL
Mode of Administration: The essential oil is administered in alcoholic solutions, ointments, gels, emulsions, oils or as an inhalant. It is used externally as bubble baths and bath salts. Daily Dosage: For internal use. the daily dose is 5 gm drug. For inhalation therapy, add 2 g oil to 2 cups hot water and breathe in the vapors several times daily. When used externally, several drops of a liquid or semi-solid preparation containing 10 to 50% drug may be rubbed onto the affected area. To use as a bath additive, use 0.025 gm drug per liter water and bathe for 10 to 20 minutes at a temperature 35 to 38° C. Storage: Keep protected containers.
from
light
in
tightly
sealed
TURPENTINE OIL, PURIFIED
Mode of Administration: Purified turpentine oil is administered externally in the form of ointments, gels, emulsions, oils, as a plaster and as an inhalant. Daily Dosage: External Dose — Varies according to the type and severity of the condition as well as the instructions of manufacturer. As a bath additive and plaster — Use as directed by manufacturer. Ointment/gel — 20% ointment/gel to be applied to the affected area several times a day. Inhalation — 5 drops oil in hot water 3 times a day, inhale. LITERATURE
des Handels und Versuche zu ihrer Standardisierung. In: DAZ 120(2):64-67. 1980. Ikeda RM, (1962) J Food Sci 27:455. Roschin VI et al., (1985) Khim Prir Soedin 1:122. Zinkel DF, (1975) Chemtech 5(4):235. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995. TURPENTINE OIL. PURIFIED
Bauer L, (1973) Die Feinstruktur der menschlichen Bronchialschleimhaut nach Behandlung mit Ozothin. Klin Wochenschr 51:450-453. Glasl H, Wagner H, DAZ 120:64-67. 1980. Iconomou N et al., J Chromatogr 16:29. 1964. Ikeda RM, (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
PINE SHOOTS
Glasl H et al., Gaschromatographische Untersuchung von Arzneibuchdrogen 7. Mitt.: GC-Untersuchung von Pinaceen-Olen des Handels und Versuche zu ihrer Standardisierung. In: DAZ 120(2):64-67. 1980. Ikeda RM, (1962) J Food Sci 27455. Roschin VI et a]., (1985) Khim Prir Soedin 1:122. Zinkel DF, (1975) Chemtech 5(4):235. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der'Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Iravani J, (1972) Wirkung eines Broncholytikums auf die tracheobronchiale Reinigung. Arzneim Forsch (Drug Res) 22:1744-1746. Roschin VI et al., (1985) Khim Prir Soedin 1:122. Zanker KS, Blumel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical. experimental evidence for the action of terpens as modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304. Zinkel DF, (1975) Chemtech 5(4):235. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
PINE NEEDLE OIL
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytodierapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopadiika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
Glasl H et al., Gaschromatographische Untersuchung von Arzneibuchdrogen 7. Mitt.: GC-Untersuchung von Pinaceen-Olen
6 7 8 / S C O T C H THISTLE
Scotch Thistle Onopordwn
acanthium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb and the root. Flower and Fruit: The large, light-red composite flowers are terminal on the branches. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, thorny-tipped, splayed at the bottom and like cobwebs. The plant has only tubular androgynous flowers. The bristles of the hair calyx are reddish, short pinnate and almost twice as long as the fruit. The flower heads fall after the fruit ripens and the seeds fall out. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is biennial and grows from 30 to 150 cm. The stem is erect and branched. It appears to be winged because of the downward leaves, which are broader than the stem. The leaves are rough, irregularly thorny and dentate to pinnatisect. When young they appear almost white. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe, with the exception of the far north; k was introduced to North America. Production: Scotch Thistle is the aerial part of Onopordum acanthium.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Scotch Thistle is available in the form of drops, ampules and tablets. In anthroposophic medicine, a preparation of the fresh leaves is used internally. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Scrophularia nodosa See Figwort
Scullcap Scutellaria lateriflora TRADE NAMES
Scullcap (available from numerous manufacturers), Wild American Scullcap, Wild Countryside Scullcap DESCRIPTION
Other Names: Woolly Thistle
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the herb.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Flower and Fruit: The pink or blue flowers are in short, chiefly lateral false spikes. The calyx is fluffy, dorsiventral and flattened, with 2 rounded, entire-margined lips. The lower lip has a helmet-shaped, concave appendage. The 4 ascending stamens have pairs of ciliated anthers. The fruit is a globular to flattened-ovoid warty nutlet.
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactones (bitter principles): including, among others onopordopicrin Flavonoids: including luteolin-7-O-glucoside Hydroxycoumarins: esculin Caffeic acid derivatives Betaine: stachydrine Polyyne s EFFECTS
A cardiotonic effect is questionable. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is considered obsolete. In the religious system of anthroposophy, Scotch Thistle is used as a cardiac stimulant. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial herb grows to 60 cm in height and is thickly covered with simple and glandular hairs. The stem is erect and heavily branched. The foliage leaves are usually ovate to lanceolate or linear, petioled, entire-margined or crenate. Characteristics: The herb has a bitter, slightly astringent taste. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America and is cultivated in Europe. Production: Scullcap is the aerial part of 3- to 4-year-old Scutellaria lateriflora and related species, which is harvested in June and then pulverized. Other Names: Blue Pimpernel, Helmet Flower, Hoodwort, Mad-Dog Weed, Madweed, Quaker Bonnet
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
SCURVY GRASS / 6 7 9
COMPOUNDS
Scurvy Grass
Iridoids
Cochlearia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Flavonoids: including among others, scutellarin
officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the harvested and dried basal leaves of the first or second year; the aerial parts harvested shortly before or during flowering in the second year; or the fresh aerial parts of the plant collected at the onset of flowering.
Volatile oil Tannins EFFECTS
Scullcap has sedative, antispasmodic (little research), antiinflammatory, and also lipid peroxidation inhibitor effects. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug was formerly used for hysteria and nervous tension, epilepsy, chorea, and other nervous disorders. It has also been used as a bitter tonic and febrifuge. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
v
Mode of Administration: The herb is available as a powder and liquid extract for internal use. How Supplied: Capsules — 425 mg, 429 mg, 430 mg LITERATURE
Barberan FAT, (1986) Fitoterapia 57(2):67. Kimura Y et al., (1984) Planta Med 50:290. Kimura Y et a!., (1985) Planta Med 51:132. Kimura Y et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):48. Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Need. 21(4):417. Kubo M et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(7):2724. Nicollier GF et al., (1981) J Agric Food Chem 29:1179.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in racemes that are initially tight and somewhat hanging, which then grow longer. The flower is large, white and fragrant. The sepals are about 1.5 to 2 mm long, narrowly elliptoid, with a white membranous edge. The petals are about 4 to 5 mm long, oblong-obovate. The stamens are yellow. The fruit is a 4 to 7 mm long, globular or ovate pod. crowned by the short style. The 2 to 4 seeds in each loculus are roundish-elliptoid, a little compressed and 1 to ? mm long. The seed shell is usually red-brown and finely warty. Leaves, Stem and Root: The glabrous biennial or perennial plant is a 15 to 35 cm high evergreen. It has a fusiform, fibrous rhizome from which grows one or more stemmed shoots that are sterile and fertile. The leafy stems are ascending or almost erect, simple or branched, angular and grooved. The long-petioled basal leaves are in loose whorls. The fleshy, juicy cauline leaves are petiolate, ovate, angulardentate, and the upper ones are stem-clasping. Characteristics: The flowers have a strong taste and, when rubbed, a strong fragrance. Habitat: The plant is found in central and northern Europe, Asia and North America. Production: True Scurvy Grass consists of the dried basal leaves of Cochlearia officinalis harvested in the first year, or the aerial parts harvested during the flowering season in the second year. The cultivated plant is dried rapidly with artificial heat at temperatures below 35°C.
Takido M et al., (1979) Yakugaku Zasshi 99(4):443-444.
Not to be Confused With: Scurvy Grass is occasionally confused with Ranunculus ficaria.
Yagma, MS, Benson GG, (1979) J Nat Prod 42(2):229.
Other Names: Scrubby Grass, Spoonwort
Further information in: Chan, EH et al. (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates: chief components in the freshly harvested, unbruised plant include glucocochlearin; with the destruction of the cells, the plants yield secretions of butyl mustard oil, and among others, glucotropaeolin (yielding butyl mustard oil) and sinigrin (yielding allyl mustard oil). Flavonoids
6 8 0 /SCURVY GRASS
Tropane alkaloids: (cochlearin)
tropine,
m-hydroxybenzoyl-tropine
Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides
Vitamin C
DESCRIPTION
EFFECTS
The mustard oil glycosides in the drug, in ethereal oil and in an ethanol solution are strong external skin and mucous membrane irritants. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Scurvy Grass is used internally for vitamin C deficiency, and was used in folk medicine primarily as an agent for scurvy and scrofula. However, it was also valued for nose bleeds, rheumatism, gonorrhea, "blood-cleansing or purification" cures, gout, rheumatism, stomachache and as a diuretic. External applications include use as a mouthwash for gum disease and as a poultice for ulcers.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, yellow-red berries. Flower and Fruit: The plant is dioecious and has greenishyellow, insignificant flowers in numerous, sturdy clusters in the axils of scales. There are 2 bracts and a simple calyx. The male calyx is divided in 2 down to the base, with brownspotted ovate sepals; it has 4 stamens attached to the base. The female calyx is a tight tube clasping-the ovary with erect, inward-inclined tips. The fruit is a bright orange, globular, ellipsoid, false berry.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are eye inflammation and stomach disorders.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an angular, thorny 1.5 to 4.5 m high shrub with numerous thorn-tipped and thorny branches. The leaves are 5 to 8 cm long, linear-lanceolate, shoi t petioled, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. The plant spreads by underground runners.
Efficacy has not been proven.
Habitat: Hippophae rhamnoides is indigenous to Europe and some northern regions of Asia. V
-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The administration of higher dosages can lead to irritation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Alcoholic extracts of Scurvy Grass are used topically. Freshly pressed juice is for internal use.
Production: Sea Buckthorn berries are the false fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides. The fatty oil is extracted from both the seeds and the fruit flesh. The harvest is from August to December, until the first snow. As soon as the fruit has been picked, it is immediately processed. The juice is produced without any contact with metal substances. Other Names: Sallow Thorn ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day; or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly; as an jye drop: 1 drop 1 to 3 times daily (HAB1) LITERATURE
Cole RA, PH 15:759-762. 1976. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Scutellaria lateriflora See Scullcap
Fruit acids: chiefly malic acid, additionally acetic acid, quinic acid Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): 0.2-1.4% Flavonoids: in particular kaempferol, isorhamnetin-as well as quercetin tri- and tetra-glycosides Carotinoids: beta-carotine, gamma-carotine, lycopene Fatty oil (in the seeds 12%): chief fatty acids oleic acid, isolinol acid, linolenic acid, stearic acid Sugar alcohols: mannitol, quebrachit EFFECTS
The drug is used as a vitamin C supplement. The vitamin C constituent encourages the healing of wounds and epithelization. It strengthens sight and inhibits sclerosis and the aging process. The oil has a liver-protective, ulcer-protective, tumor-protective, anti-oxidative and wound-healing effect. The oil is said
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
to be anticoagulative. The flavones are said to improve the contractility and pumping ability of cardiac muscle, reduce peripheral resistance and promote vascular elasticity. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as an infection prophylaxis, in particular during the time just before spring and during periods of convalescence. It is used externally as a treatment for radiation damage, such as x-ray damage and sunburn, and as fatty oil for the treatment of wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
SELF-HEAL/681
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 10 to 30 cm high. The stems are usually ascendant, sometimes creeping. The leaves are petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, dentate or entire-margined and crossed opposite. Habitat: Prunella vulgaris is indigenous to Europe and Asia and practically all temperate regions of the world. Production: Self-Heal is the complete plant in flower of Prunella vulgaris. Other Names: Woundwort, Prunella, Hook-Heal, SloughHeal, Brunelia, Heart of the Earth, Blue Curls, Heal-All, Brown wort, Carpenter's Herb, Carpenter's Weed, Sickle wort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Buckthorn is an extract constituent in various vitamin C concentrates and juices. Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dose is 5 to 10 gm of one of the Buckthorn products. LITERATURE
Kem W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Sponger Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
Bitter principles Flavonoids: including rutin, hyperoside. Tannins Triterpene saponins Triterpenes, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid 'EFFECTS
There is no information available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Common Stonecrop
Unproven Uses: Self-Heal is used for inflammatory diseases and ulcers in the mouth and throat, gastrointestinal catarrh, as a remedy for diarrhea, hemorrhage and gynecological disorders.
Selenicereus grandiflorus
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. '
Sedum acre
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Night-Blooming Cereus
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Self-Heal is available as crude drug, as an extract and as a gargle solution.
Self-Heal Prunella vulgaris
Preparation: To prepare a tea, use 1 dessertspoon of the drug per cup of water. LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The blue-violet or brownish-blue labiate flowers are clustered in semi-whorls at the end of stems and lateral branches. The accompanying leaves are red-brown. The upper lip of the calyx has 3 tips and the lower lip has 2 tips. The corolla is about 1 cm longer than the domed upper lip. The lower lip has 3 lobes. There are 4 stamens, the longer ones have a straight awl-shaped tip. The style is divided into two. The small fruit is flung out of the calyx.
Kojima H. et al., (1987) Phytochemistry 26(4): 1107. Tabba HD, Chang RSh, Smith KM, Isolation, purification and partial characterization of prunellin, an anti-HIV component from aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgaris. In: Antiviral Res 11:263-274. 1989. Further information in: Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
682/SEMPERVIVUM
TECTORUM
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sempervivum tectorum See Houseleek
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Uses in folk medicine include poor digestion and loss of appetite.
japonica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the leaves and stems, which are used "as an amaroid and tonic. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in dense apical panicles. The flowers are radial and fused, and their structures are in fives. The 5 calyx tips are up to 5 mm long and linear to lanceolate. The petals are 12 to 17 mm long, fused to a tube, with 5 broadened, elongate elliptical tips. The petals are white with reddish veins at the margin. Pairs of villous glandular scales are ciliate and twisted in the bud. There are 5 stamens and a superior, single-chambered ovary. The style is very short and the stigma 2-lobed. The fruit is a capsule; the seeds are ovate to clavate. V
-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herbaceous plant grows to approximately 20 cm high. The leaves are opposite and simple. The lower leaves are small and lanceolate. The cauline leaves are 1.5 to 3.5 cm long and 1 to 3 mm wide, linear to elongate-lanceolate, and acuminate with an involute margin. The stem is square in cross-section, 2 mm thitk, dark green to dark red. The root is woody. Characteristics: All parts of the plant taste very bitter. Habitat: Swertia japonica is found in Korea, China and Japan. Production: Japanese chirata is the dried herb of Swertia japonica harvested during its flowering season. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoids (bitter substances): secoiridoid glycosides, including amarogentin (0.01 to 0.05%) and amaroswerin (0.05 to 0.3%), the representatives that are chiefly responsible for the bitter taste, as well as the less bitter representatives swertiamann (1.0 to 2.5%), gentiopicroside (0.5%) and sweroside (0.2%) Flavonoids: including swertisin, isoswertisin, swertiajaponin, isovitexin Xanthone derivatives (yellow): including swertianin, norswertianin, methyl swertianin, swertianol (bellidifolin) Monoterpene
alkaloids
The use of the drug as an amarum is traceable to the bitter substances it contains (secoiridoid glucoside). The allergenic effect connected with topical application should be taken into consideration.
4
Senburi Swertia
EFFECTS
Chinese Medicine: Insomnia and poor digestion are considered indications for use in Chinese medicine. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations: Drops. Daily Dosage: 30 to 50 mg of the powder. LITERATURE
Basnet P, Kadota S, Shimizu M, Takata Y, Kobayashi M, Namba T, Bellidifolin stimulates glucose uptake in rat 1 fibroblasts and ameliorates hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med, 61:402-5, 1995 Oct.
%
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G, (Eds) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgeba nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1998. el-Sedawy AI, Shu YZ, Hattori M, Kobashi K, Namba T, Metabolism of swertiamarin from Swertia japonica by human intestinal bacteria. Planta Med, 33:147-50, 1989 Apr. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Artificial bases from Swertia japonica. Makino Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:1202-4, 1966 Dec. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Biologically active principles of crude drugs: pharmacological actions of Swertia japonica extracts, swertiamarin and gentianine (author's transl.). Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:1446-51, 1978 Nov. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Biosynthesis of C-glucosylflavones in Swertia japonica (author's transl.). Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:165-71, 1979 JFeb.
Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Hepatoprotective principles of Swertia japonica Makino on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:1823-7, 1997 Nov. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. I. On
^
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
the structures of swertisin and isoswertisin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:263-9, 1967 Mar. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. II. Isolation and structure of new flavonoid, swertiajaponin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:1567-72, 1967 Oct. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S. Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. HI. On the flavonoid constituents of the plants of Swertia. Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:832-7, 1968 Jul. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. IV. Isolation and structure of xanthones. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 45:155-62. 1969 Jan. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P. Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. V. On the xanthone constituents of the plants of Swertia. Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:410-7, 1969 Mar. Hase K, Li J, Basnet P, Xiong Q, Takamura S, Namba T, Kadota S, Studies on the constituents of Swertia japonica. VI. On the flavonoid and xanthone constituents of Swertia randaiensis. Hayata and S. swertopsis Makino Yakugaku Zasshi, 45:1276-82. 1969 Sep. Yamahara J, Kobayashi M. Matsuda H. Aoki S, Anticholinergic action of Swertia japonica and an active constituent. J Ethnopharmacol, 33:31-5, 1991 May-Jun.
SENECA SNAKEROOT / 6 8 3
Not to be Confused With: The roots of other Polygala species. Other Names: Milkwort, Mountain Flax, Rattlesnake Root, Seneca, Senega Snake Root, Senega, Seneka, Snake Root ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: SNAKEROOT (SENEGA SPECIES)
Triterpene saponins (6-12%): chief components senegins II to IV, chief aglycone presenegin Oligosaccharide esters: senegosene A-I Xanthone derivatives Methyl salicylate (traces) and its glucoside COMPOUNDS: SNAKEROOT (TENUIFOLIA SPECIES)
Triterpene saponins (6-12%): chief components onjisaponine aglycone presenegenin Oligosaccharide esters: tenuifolosen A-P Polygalite (acerite, 1.5-anhydrosorbite) and its glycosides, for example polygalite-2-alpha-galactoside EFFECTS
The rhizome is secretolytic and works as an expectorant. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Cough/bronchitis
Seneca Snakeroot Polygala senega DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root. Flower and Fruit: The raceme is 8 cm long and is smaller than the bracts. The petals are pale red, the wings are yellowish-white with green veins. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb with up to 40 cm high stems, which sprout in the axils of the scalelike bracts of the previous year's growth. The leaves are 8 cm long and 3 cm wide, alternate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate and denticulate. The upper surface is rich green; the under surface somewhat paler. The root varies in color from pale yellowish-gray to brownish-gray. It is usually twisted or almost spiral and has a thick, irregular, gnarled crown. Habitat: Polygala senega is indigenous to the central and western U.S. Production: Seneca Snakeroot consists of the dried root with remains of aerial stems of Polygala senega and/or other closely related species or a mixture of Polygala species.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for congestion of the respiratory tract, as an expectorant in cases of bronchitis with minor sputum output and tracheitis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. With prolonged use, gastrointestinal irritation can occur. Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage leads to nausea, diarrhea, gastric complaints and queasiness. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted root for decoctions and other galenic preparations for internal use or as an extract. It is a component of various standardized antitussive preparations. Preparation: To make an infusion, place 0.5 gm comminuted drug in cold water, heat to a simmer and strain after 10 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 2.5 gm drug). Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 1.5 to 3.0 gm root or liquid extract (1:2) or 2.5 to 7.5 gm tincture (1:10). To use
684/SENECA
SNAKEROOT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
the infusion as an expectorant, drink 1 cup of tea 2 to 3 times daily. In serious cases, the tea can be taken every two hours if the patient is observed for side effects.
Senna
LITERATURE
TRADE NAMES
Corner JJ et al., (1962) Phytochemistry 1:73.
Cassia species Senna Extract, Senna Leaf, Ex-Lax Regular Strength, ExLax Maximum Strength, X-Prep Bowel Evacuant Liquid, SenokotXTRA, Senokot, Senokot Children's Syrup
Kako M et al., Hypoglycemic effect of the rhizomes of Polygala senega in normal and diabetic mice and its main component, the triterpenoid glycoside senegin-II. In: PM 62(5)440-443. 1996.
DESCRIPTION
Shibata S, In: Progress in Phytochemistry, Vol. 6, Ed. Reinhold et al., Pergamon Press 1980.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, fruit and flowers.
Shoji J et al.'. (1971) Yakugaku Zasshi 91:198.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow, occasionally white or pink. They are located in axillary or terminal positions on erect racemes. The calyx is deeply divided with a short tube and 5 regular, imbricate sepals. There are 5 layered petals. The 4 to 10 stamens are often irregular and partially sterile. The ovary is sessile or short-stemmed with a short or oblong style. The pod can be cylindrical or flat, angular or winged and often with horizontal walls between the seeds. The seeds are numerous and either horizontally or vertically compressed.
Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The genus Cassia comprises shrubs, subshrubs, and herbaceous perennials with paired-pinnate leaves. There are axes with stem glands either between the leaflets or on the petiole. The stipules have varying shapes.
Senecio aureus
Habitat: Cassia species is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents except Europe. Most varieties are indigenous to North, Central, and South America.
See Golden Ragwort
Senecio bicolor See Dusty Miller
*
i\ rauchen. In: DAZ 137(22): 1860. 1997. Anonym, Passivrauchen:Risiko fur vorzeitigen Herztod. In: DAZ 137(14): 1097. 1997. Anonym, Rauchen und Gesundheit. In: DAZ 13It25): 1313. 1991. Anonym, Rauchen wahrend der Schwangerschaft Lungenfunktion von Sauglingen gestort. In: DAZ 137(8):554. 1997. . Anonym, Raucherinnen schaden ihren Knochen. In: DAZ 137(26):2226. 1997. Anonym, Risiken des Rauchens in der Schwangerschaft. In: DAZ 131(20):1010. 1991. Anonym, Risikofaktoren: Primare Prevention des Schlaganfalls. In: DAZ 136(24): 1999-2003. 1996. Anonym, Zigaretten: Raucher haben ein doppeltes AlzheimerRisiko. In: DAZ 137(17):1423. 1997. Bakoula C et al., Obective passive smoking indicators and respiratory morbidity in young children. In: DAZ 135(46 »:43304331 et 4334. 1995. Bhide SV et al., Beitrag Tabakforsch Int 14:29. 1987. Borisjuk NV, Davidjuk YM, Kostishin SS, Miroshnichenco GP, Velasco R, Hemleben V, Volkov RA, Structural analysis of rDNA in the genus Nicotiana. Plant Mol Biol. 35:655-60. 1997 Nov. Devarenne TP, Shin DH, Back K, Yin S, Chappell J. Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. IV. Movement* protein and coat protein are both essential for cell-to-cell movement of cucumber mosaic virus. Virology. 349:237-48. 1997 Oct 27. Duncker S, Atemwegserkrankungen: Passivrauchen verschlimmert Bronchialasthma bei Kindern. In: DAZ 136(3): 184. 1996. Enzell CR, Wahlberg I, Aaasen Al, Fortschr Chem Org Naturstoffe 34:1. 1977. Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
764 /TOBACCO
Jungmayr P, Schlaganfall: Wie hoch ist das Risiko fur Exraucher? In: DAZ 136(2):28. 1996. Kammerer S, Nichtraucherschutz. Passivrauchen erhoht Lungenkrebsrisiko. In: DAZ 135(14): 1264-1266. 1995. Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1969. Klotz KL, Liu TT. Liu L. Lagrimini LM, Expression of the Tobacco anionic peroxidase gene is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. Plant Mol Biol. 36:509-20. 1998 Mar. Langheimer P. Rauchen und freie Radikale. In: DAZ 134(10):836. 1994. Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck. Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Lippiello. Buch. In: The Biology of Nicotine. Current Research Issue. Lippiello PM, Collins AC. Gray JA. Robinson JH (Eds.). Raven Press New York. 1992. Matsushima S. Ohsumi T. Sugawara S, Agric Biol Chem (Tokyo) 47:507. 1983. Miiller CE, Nicotin - GenuPmittel oder Arzneistoff. In: DAZ 135(36):3253-3268. 1995. Olbrich A, Das Lungenemphysem - Neuere Apsekte zu Pathogenese und Therapie. In: DAZ 135(47):4393-4405. 1995. Piotrowski M. Oecking C. Five new 14-3-3 isoforms from Nicotiana tabacum L.: implications for the phylogeny of plant 14-3-3 proteins. Planta. 204:127-30. 1998 Jan. Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The androgynous flowers grow on pedicles approximately 12 cm long on simple, richly blossomed racemes. The calyx is inferior, broadly tubular or oblong-campanulate, dark green with short, rough hairs. The 5 petals are white and stemmed. The standard is almost circular. The stamens are bright red and the 1-valve ovary is on a long stem. The fruit is a 1-seeded, indehiscent, winged pod. The seeds are distinctly curved, brow-red and reniform.
I
Leaves, Stem and Root: These balsam trees grow to 25 m tall with a round, spreading crown that only starts to branch at a height of 13 to 19 m. The bark is smooth, yellow-gray or brown with numerous lenticles. The leaves are usually oddpinnate and have 4 to 7 obovate, acuminate, coreacious, short-petioled leaflets. The upper surface is dark green and the lower surface pale green. Characteristics: Before drying, the resin smells strongly of vanilla or benzoin. Habitat: Myroxylon balsamum is indigenous to South and Central America, Sri Lanka and Jamaica. Production: Peruvian balsam consists of the balsam generated from scorched tree trunks of Myroxylon balsamum. The bark of 10-year-old trees is removed just above ground level and this area is scorched with a flame, after which the balsam is collected in cloths placed on the scorched area.
M
Tolu Balsam consists of the balsam generated from the incised tree trunks of Myroxylon balsamum. The balsam is purified by melting, straining and solidifying. A V-shaped incision is made in the tree trunk, and a vessel is secured under the incision to collect the resin, which is then cleaned.
Seigel R, Collings PR, Diaz JL, Econ Botany 32:16. 1977. Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Wasielewski S, NeuropharmakoIogie:MAO-B-Hernrnung: Psychoaktiver Zigarettenrauch. In: DAZ 136(30):2529-2530. 1996. Wasielewski S, Zigarettenrauch: Wie Passivrauchen Herz und Kreislauf schadigt. In: DAZ 135(28):2605-2606, siehe auch S. 2606 rechts. 1995. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, Lloydia 33(3A):1. 1970.
Other Names: Opobalsam
Balsam
Tree,
Myroxylon balsamum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the balsam from the sweltered trunks, the hardened resin balsam that has been extracted from damaged trunks, softened and purified through a process of melting and sweltering.
Balsam,
Tolu
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: PERUVIAN BALSAM
Ester mixture, so-called cinnamein (50-70%): made up of benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamoate Resins (20-30%): chief constituent cinnamic acid ester of the so-called peruresitannols (polymer) Volatile oils: including some with nerolidol EFFECTS: PERUVIAN BALSAM
Tolu Balsam
Peruvian
-
The drug has an antibacterial/antiseptic effect, promotes the granulation process and is antiparasitic (especially for scabies). The main active constituent is an ester mixture that mainly contains benzyl benzoate. COMPOUNDS: TOLU BALSAM
Ester mixture (10-20%): made up of benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamoate Free benzoic acid/free cinnamic acid (10 to 30%)
-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Resins (up to 80%) Volatile oil EFFECTS: TOLU BALSAM
The undiluted oil showed antibacterial and fungicidal effects in the diffusion test. The drug also acts as an expectorant. The effect on the respiratory tract appears to work in the field of aromatherapy. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PERUVIAN BALSUM
Approved by Commission E: • Wounds and burns • Hemorrhoids External Use: for infected and poorly healing wounds, for burns, decubitus ulcers, frostbite, leg ulcers, bruises caused by prostheses and hemorrhoids. Unproven Uses: Although no longer used internally, it was used previously for fevers, colds, coughs, bronchitis, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, and a tendency to infection. External folk medicine uses are the treatment of eczema and itching. Outdated uses include* treatment of scabies; as a liniment for headaches, toothache and rheumatic symptoms; and use of the resin for uterine and umbilical venous bleeding. Homeopathic Uses: Indications in homeopathy include chronic mucous membrane inflammation of the respiratory and urinary organs. TOLU BALSAM
Approved by Commission E: • Cough • Bronchitis Tolu Balsam is used to treat inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine externa] uses include the approved indications above, as well as the treatment of wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
PERUVIAN BALSAM
Peruvian balsam often causes contact allergies. Urticaria, recurring aphthoid oral ulcers, Quincke's disease and diffuse purpura can all occur, among other ailments (possibly also following internal administration, for example, of foods containing Peruvian Balsam). Photodermatoses and phototoxic reactions are possible without ingestion. Kidney damage has been observed following internal as well as external use of large dosages (such as albuminuria, pyelitis and necroses of the canaliculus epithelia).
TOLU BALSAM / 765 TOLU BALSAM
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. However, just as is the case with Peruvian Balsam, allergic reactions are possible. DOSAGE
PERUVIAN BALSAM
Mode of Administration: Galenic preparations for external use. How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations include ointments and suppositories. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops. 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). Daily Dosage: Galenic preparations containing 5 to 20% Peruvian Balsam, for extensive surface application not more than 10% Peruvian Balsam. Duration of application should not exceed 1 week. Storage: Store Peruvian Balsam in a container that seals "tightly and prevents exposure to light.* TOLU BALSAM
Mode of Administration: Various preparations of Tolu Balsam are used internally. Preparation: To prepare Tolu Balsam syrup, dissolve the drug in 96% alcohol in a water bath with reflux; add 85% glycerol and water, then warm the mixture. Let stand for a week before adding saccharose. Prepare a 1000 ml tincture with 200 g Tolu Balsam and 92.3% ethanol. Daily Dosage: Average daily dosage is, 0.6 g of drug, depending on the preparation. Storage: Store protected from light in tightly sealed containers with a suitable drying agent. Do not store Tolu Balsam in powder form. LITERATURE
PERUVIAN BALSAM
Friedel HD, Dissertation Marburg. 1986. Gharbo SA, Hussein FT, Nassra AA, UAR J Pharm Sci 11:170-173. 1970. Glasl H, Wagner H, DAZ 114:45-47. 1974. Lund K, Rimpler H, (1985) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 125(3): 105. Rudski E, Grzywaz Z, (1977) Dermatologia 155(2): 115. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
7 6 6 / T O L U BALSAM
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, Charles C. Thomas, USA 1981. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. TOLU BALSAM
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in lateral, cyme-like coils. The tips of the calyx are linear-lanceolate. The corolla is yellow, as long as the calyx and has a very short tube. It is divided into pointed, lanceolate lobes. The stamens are fused to the tube. The stigma is greenish and capitular. The fruit is a large, juicy, smooth, round to ovoid berry with a short, obtuse tip. It is scarlet, occasionally yellow or whitish with a diameter of 2 to 10 cm. The seeds are reniform, flattened, whitish-gfay-yellow and villous-tomentose.
i
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tomato plant is an annual with a fusiform, fibrous root. The stem grows to 120 cm, and is leafy, heavily branched and glandular-haired. The leaves are broad-petiolate, odd-pinnate, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, dentate and slightly involute leaflets. The leaves have a gray-green underside. Habitat: The plant probably originated in southern or Central America; today it is only cultivated. Production: Tomato tincture is the homeopathic motner tincture of the whole plant Lycopersicon esculentum.
Harkiss KJ, Linley PA, PM 35:61-65. 1979. Lund K, Rimpler H, (1985) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 125(3):105. Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America. Charles C. Thomas, USA 1981. Rudski E, Grzywaz Z, (1977) Dermatologia 155(2): 115. Wahlberg I, Enzell CR, Acta Chem Scand 25:352-354. 1971. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997:
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh leaves, the fresh herb collected during the flowering season or the whole plant.
Other Names: Love Apple . ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloid glycosides: chief alkaloid alpha-tomatine
*
EFFECTS
The tomatin content has been shown to be antibacterial. In animal experiments, a lowering of blood pressure was observed after IV administration of tomatin hydrochloride. Lectin isolated from the fruit is said to have an effect on cell division and DANN synthesis in human leukocyte cultures. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Tomato is used externally for sore eyes (extract) and inflammations of the mouth and throat (decoction). Indian Medicine: Tomato is used for 'flu' infections (tea), also for flatulence, atonic dyspepsia and anorexia. Homeopathic Uses: Lycopersicon esculentum is used to treat rheumatic conditions, colds, chills and digestive disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Signs of poisoning are not to be expected with less tiian 100 gm of the fresh leaves (or green tomatoes) and for that reason is unlikely. Symptoms would be severe mucous membrane irritation (vomiting, diarrhea, and colic). Following absorption, dizziness, stupor, headache, bradycardia,
i
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
respiratory disturbances, mild spasms and, in very severe cases, death through respiratory failure could occur. Case studies are not known. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is commonly used in homeopathic dilutions. Preparation: The mother tincture is produced by maceration or percolation of the fresh or dried drug, with an ethanol content of 45%. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Tomaten als Krebsschutz. In: DAZ 134(6):485. 1994.
TRAGACANTH / 7 6 7
lead to slight liver damage (elevated liver enzyme values in the blood) in a very small number of patients, that is, however, reversible following discontinuance of the drug. OVERDOSAGE
The intake of very high dosages (4 gm coumarin, equivalent to 150 gm of the drug) could bring about stupor, headache, nausea and vomiting. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Tonka Beans are obsolete as a drug. LITERATURE
Kalume DE, Sousa MV, Morhy L, Purification characterization sequence determination and mass spectrometric analysis of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of the Brazilian tree Dipteryx alata (Leguminosae). J Protein Chem, 14:685-93, Nov, 1995. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomcd Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Sullivan G, (1968) J Agric Food Chem 30(3):609.
# Tonka Beans
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Dipteryx odorata DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the seeds.
Tragacanth
Flower and Fruit: The beans are usually 2 to 5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter. They have a grayish or black color.
Astragalus
Characteristics: The bean has a characteristic odor, like new-mown hay of coumarin.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal product of the plant is the gum-like exudation from the trunk and branches.
Habitat: South America
Flower and Fruit: The axillary flowers are solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 and are sessile. The calyx is 6 to 7 mm long and densely pubescent. The corolla is yellowish to white and sometimes has bluish or reddish veins. The standard, wings and carina are each 9 to 10 mm long. The fruit is ovoid, 4 mm long with dense, silky hairs. The seed is oval, smooth and about 3 mm long.
gummifer
DESCRIPTION
Production: Tonka Beans are the seeds of Dipteryx odorata. Other Names: Tonquin Bean ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Coumarin (1-3% to 10%) Fatty oil 9
EFFECTS Tonka Beans have a tonic and aromatic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Whooping cough (no longer used). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The therapeutic administration of drugs containing coumarin can
Leaves, Stem and Root: Astralagus gummifer is a low shrub that grows up to 30 cm high and has gray branches that become glabrous. The older branches have scale-like remains of the stipules from the previous year, which disappear later, and a 1 to 4 cm long perennial, thorny leaf column. The 8 to 14 leaflets are folded, oblong-ovate, 2.5 to 6 mm long and 0.7 to 2.5 mm wide, blue-gray and glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath. Habitat: The plant grows in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, northwest Iraq and the border area between Iran and Iraq.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
768/TRAGACANTH
Production: Tragacanth is the latex that exudes primarily from immediately under the bark of Astralagus gummifer and other varieties. It is extracted by making an incision in the trunk and branches of shrubs growing in the wild. When dried, it forms flakes that swell in water to form a gelatinous mass. Other Names: Gum Dragon ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Polysaccharides (water-soluble part, approximately 40%): tragacanthine, which can decompose into tragacanthic acid (galacturonane with side chains consisting of D-xylose, Lfucose, D-galactose) Arabino-galactane-protein complex (non-water soluable part, approximately 60%): containing bassorin, a composition similar to that of tragacanthine EFFECTS
Tragacanth has a laxative effect, primarily due to stimulating stretching of the intestinal wall, which results in increased peristalis. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Tragacanth is used as a laxative. Folk medicine uses in Europe and the Arab world have included treatment for tumors of the eyes, liver and throat. Efficacy has not been proven. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Allergic reactions have been observed in rare cases. Insufficient fluid supply following intake of large quantities of tragacanth can lead to obstruction ileus, as well as to esophageal closure. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Tragacanth is used in various combinations and preparations. Daily Dosage: Recommended daily dosage is not specified. A typical single dose is 1 tsp. granulated drug (approximately 3g) added to 250 to 300 ml liquid for oral administration. Storage: Tragacanth cannot be stored for any significant length of time because of its instability.
Whistler RL et al., (1976) Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 32: 235. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs, Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss~; Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Trailing Arbutus Epigae repens DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in apical dense racemes. They are white with a reddish tinge and are very fragrant. They are divided at the tip into 5 segments which open in a star shape. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a fragrant evergreen branching shrub with rust-colored, pubescent, round stems. Roots develop at the stem nodes, which spread quickly. The leaves are petioled, broadly ovate, 2.5 to 4 cm long and about 2 cm wide, coriaceous, entire-margined, reticulate, witfi a cordate base and short pointed apex and short hairs on the undersurface. The branches, petioles and leaf nerves are very pubescent. Characteristics: The plant has a similar action to Buchu on the urinary system. Habitat: Indigenous to North America, established as an ornamental plant in.Europe. Production: Trailing Arbutus is the aerial part of Epigae repens.
LITERATURE
Anderson DMW, Bridgeman MME, PH 24:2301-2304. 1985. Aspinall GO, Baillie J, J Chem Soc: 1702-1714. 1963. Fang S et ah, (1982): You Ji Hua Xue 2: 26. Gralen N, Karrholm M, J Colloid Sci 5:21-36. 1950. Osswald H, (1968) Arzneim Forsch 18: 1495. Srimal RC, Dhawan CN, (1973) J Pharm Pharmacol 25: 447.
Other Names: Eleuthero, Gravel Plant, Ground Laurel, Mountain Pink, Water Pink, Winter Pink ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Arbutin (hydroquinone glucoside) Tannins
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
TRAVELLER'S
EFFECTS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Eleuthero has astringent and diuretic properties.
COMPOUNDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Trailing Arbutus is used for urinary tract conditions. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Nausea and vomiting can also occur with stomach sensitivity in children. Liver damage, cachexia, hemolytic anemia and depigmentation of the hair is possible with long-term use of the drug.
JOY/769
Protoanemonine-forming agents: In the freshly harvested plant, it is presumably the glycoside ranunculin that changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces, and probably also when it is dried. It then changes into the pungent, volatile protoanemonine that is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes but quickly dimerizes to anemonine; when dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine formation. Saponins EFFECTS
No information is available. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosages could lead to inflammatory reactions of the mucous membranes of the bladder and urinary passages, accompanied by strangury and possible blood in the urine. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Trailing Arbutus is available as an infusion or extract for internal use. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Traveller's Joy Clematis vitalba DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the fresh leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in leafy cymes. The blossoms are small and white with 4 downy, revolute or splayed bracts. The stamens and ovaries are numerous. The fruit is a red-brown, long-tailed nut. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to about 1.5 to 5 m high. The leaves are petiolate and 5-pinnate. The leaflets are ovate or slightly cordate, acute and lobed. The petioles are clinging and the stems climbing, grooved, at first leafy then woody. Characteristics: The flowers have a slight scent resembling white thorn. The plant is poisonous if ingested in large amounts. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug causes blistering and was formerly used to treat diseases of the male genitals, as well as for poorly healing wounds. Today, it is used in small doses, both internally and externally, for migraine. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to treatment-resistant blisters and cauterizations due to the release of protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic, diarrhea and irritation of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution followed by mucilage. OVERDOSAGE
Ingestion of the drug should be treated with gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonineforming plants has been observed in animal experiments. The toxicity of this plant is less than that of many other Ranunculaceae (Anemones nemorosae) due to the, relatively low levels of protoanemonine-forming agents. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and is also available in alcoholic extracts. LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987. Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
7 7 0 / T R A V E L L E R ' S JOY
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Habitat: The tree was originally indigenous to China. Today it grows in the wild and is cultivated in tropical and subtropical eastern Asia, northern Europe and North America.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Tree of Heaven bark is the trunk and branch bark of Ailanthus altissima. The bark is gathered year-round. The outer bark is removed and dried in the sun. After drying, there is a process of sorting and removing foreign bodies, washing, macerating and a second drying.
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Other Names: Ailanto, Chinese Sumach, Vernis de Japon
Southwell IA et al., Protoanemonin in australian Clematis. In: PH 33:1099. 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Quassinoids: including ailanthone, quassin
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids of the beta-carbolic type Tannins
Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried trunk and root bark. Flower and Fruit: The small, greenish-yellow flower is in branched, axillary or terminal panicles. Some of the flowers are male, some female and some androgynous. The calyx is short and has 5 glandular, fused sepals. The sepals are much longer than the corolla and have 5 hollow, splayed petals. There are 10 stamens, often only 5 in the androgynous and rudimentary remains in the female flowers. There are 5 obovate, compressed ovaries with 5 splayed stigmas. There is a narrow, oblong-lanceolate schizocarp, 4 to 5 cm by 1 cm. It is winged above and below, first green then brown-red and finally brown. The seed is orbicular and found in the middle of the fruit section. It is thin-skinned, without any recognizable endosperm and has an ovate, flat cotyledon. Leaves, Stem and Root: Ailanthus altissima is a beautiful, fast-growing tree, up to 30 m high. The bark is smooth, pale and vertically striated. The branches are initially fine-haired, yellow or red-brown. The leaves are up to 1 m long and oddpinnate. The upper surface of the leaves is dark green and the under-surface is light gray-green. Both sides of the leaf are glandular-haired. The leaflets are ovate to oblong-lanceolate. The shallow, cordate base of the leaflets has 1 to 3 small lobes at either side, each with 1 gland. The wood surface is satin-like and white. Characteristics: The flowers have a strong elder flower scent. The fresh bark and leaves give off an unpleasant, nauseating smell.
EFFECTS
An antimalarial action is being tested in an in-vitro trial. The active agents also have astringent, antipyretic, and antispasmodic properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In Africa, Tree of Heaven is used for cramps, asthma, fast heart rate, gonorrhea, epilepsy and tapeworm infestation. It is increasingly used in the treatment of malaria. Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for pathological leukorrhea, diarrhea, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery and dysmenorrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Large doses of the drug are said to lead to queasiness, dizziness, headache, tingling in the limbs and diarrhea. OVERDOSAGE
Fatal poisonings have been observed in animal experiments. Treatment of poisonings should be conducted symptomatically, following stomach and intestinal emptying. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Tree of Heaven is still being researched as a drug; up until now it has only been used in folk medicine. Daily Dosage: 6 to 9 gm of drug Storage: Keep in a dry, well-ventilated area away from moths. LITERATURE
Bray DH, et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):22. Casinovi CG, et al., (1964) Tetrahedron Lett: 3991. Casinovi CG, et al., (1965) Tetrahedron Lett: 2273.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Furuno T, et al., (1984) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 57:2484-2489. Geissmann T, (1964) Ann Rev Pharmacol 4:305. Ghosh P et al, (1977) Lloydia 40(4):636. Ishibashi M, et al., (1983) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 56:3683-3693. Ishibashi M, et al., (1984) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 57:2013-2014. Ishibashi M, et al., (1985) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 58:2723-2724. Ishibashi M, et al., (1983) Chem Pharm Bull 31:2179-2182. Ishibashi M, et al., (1985) Tetrahedron Lett: 1205-1206. Naora H, et al., (1983) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 56:3694-3698. Niimi Y, et al., (1987) Chem Pharm Bull 35:4302-4306. Ohmoto T, et al., (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29:390-395. Ohmoto T, et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32:170-173. Polonski J, (1985) Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 47:221. Polonsky J, (1973) Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 30:101. Riicker G, (1995) Malariawirksame Verbindungen aus Pflanzen, insbesondere Peroxide. In: PUZ 24(4): 189-195. Varga E, et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:337-339. Varga E, et al., (1981) Fitoterapia 52:183-186. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, (1992) Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg. Madaus G, (1979) Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, (1993) Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech.
TRITICUM / 7 7 1
Triticum Agropyron repens DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome collected in spring or autumn. Flower and Fruit: Five to 7 flowered spikelets in groups of 20 form a 10 cm-long ear. The ears are usually short, upright and usually dense green and inconspicuous grass with 5 veined, lanceolate, sharply keeled glume. The spike stem is glabrous. The glume is 8 to 11 mm long, acuminate or awned. The anthers are 5 to 6 mm. The fruit is 6 to 7 mm long, flat to the front with 1 groove. Leaves, Stem and Root: Triticum is a 0.2 to 1.5 m perennial plant with a hardy creeping rhizome. The rhizome has long white runners, is segmented and hollow. The leaves are thin, flat, grass-green or gray-green. The upper surface is rough and often covered in solitary, long hairs. Characteristics: The spikelets have their broad side turned toward the wave-like curved main axis. The plant is odorless; the taste sweetish. Habitat: Indigenous to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Introduced to Greenland, South America, Australia and New Zealand. Production: Triticum rhizome consists of the rhizome, roots and short stems of Agropyron repens, harvested in spring before the blade develops, as well as its preparations. The rhizomes are collected after the fields are harrowed. They are cleaned, washed and dried at approximately 35° C. Not to be Confused With: The rhizomes of Cynodon dactylon, Poaceae and Carex species (a frequent occurrence). Other Names: Couch Grass Quitch Grass, Witch Grass, Twitch-Grass, Scotch Quelch, Dog-Grass, Quickgrass, Cutch, Durfa Grass, Quack Grass, Elytrigia repens
Trifolium pratense See Red Clover
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages Triticin (polyfructosan)
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Sugar alcohols
See Fenugreek
Soluble silicic acid Volatile oil: including carvacrol and carvone-containing Phydroxyalkyl cinnamic acid alkyl ester
Trillium erectum
EFFECTS
See Beth Root
The essential oil has an antimicrobial effect.
772/TRITICUM INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Infections of the urinary tract • Kidney and bladder stones Unproven Uses: Triticum is used as a flushing-out therapy, for inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract and the prevention of kidney gravel. The drug is also used for cystitis, kidney stones, gout, rheumatic pain and chronic skin disorders. Due to the high mucilage content, the drug is used as a soothing cough remedy. The infusion is used for constipation. It is also used as fructose-containing additive for diabetics. Homeopathic Uses: Agropyron repens is used to treat urinary tract infections. CONTRAINDICATIONS
No flushing-out therapy if edema is present due to cardiac or renal insufficiency.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Koetter U, Kaloga M, Schilcher H, Isolierung und Strukturaufklarung von p-HydroxyzimtsaurealkylesterVerbindungen aus dem Rhizom von Agropyron repens; 1. Mitt. In: PM 59(3):279. 1993. Paslawska S, Piekos R, (1976) Planta Med 30:216. Racz-Kotilla E and Mozes E, (1971) Rev Med 17:82.
^
Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST, Segebrecht S, Neuere Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. For flushing-out therapy, ensure copious fluid intake.
Triticum aestivum See Wheat
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb decoctions and other galenic preparations for internal use. Preparation: Liquid extract: 1:1; Tincture: 1:5; Tea: Pour boiling water over the drug and strain after 10 minutes. Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 3 to 10 gm of drug in 1 cup of boiling water; average daily dose is 6 to 9 gm of drug. Tea: 12 to 24 gm drunk fresh several times a day; Liquid extract: 4 to 8 ml 3 times daily; Tincture: 5 to 15 ml 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; Chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: The drug must be kept in sealed containers, protected from light and moisture. LITERATURE
Bell EA, Jansen DH, (1971) Nature 229:136. Boesel R, Schilcher H, PM 55:399-400. 1989. Kiesewetter R, Muller M, (1958) Pharmazie 13:777. Koetter U, et al., Isolierung und Strukturaufklarung von pHydroxyzimtsaurealkylesterverbindungen aus dem Rhizom von Agropyron repens, 2. Mitt. In: PM 60(5):488. 1994.
Trollius europaeus See Globe Flower
Tropaeolum majus See Nasturtium
Tropical Almond Terminalia chebula DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the fruit. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in 5 to 7 cm long, axillary spikes. The flowers are small and fused. Their structures are arranged in fives. The sepals are almost glabrous and yellowish-white; the calyx tube is 5-tipped. There are no petals, but there are 10 stamens and a singlechambered, inferior ovary. The style is long and projects out of the bud. The fruit is a glabrous, ovoid drupe, yellow to orange-brown when ripe and 2 to 4 cm long.
|
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
T R O P I C A L ALMOND / 7 7 3
Leaves, Stem and Root: Tropical Almond is a tree that grows up to 25 m high. The leaves are alternate or opposite, 7 to 18 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide and coriaceous. The petiole is approximately 2.5 cm long, with 2 glands at the upper end. The lamina is ovate or elliptical, blunt and orbicular at the base. It is finely crenate and woolly pubescent beneath. The branches are rust colored, woolly or glabrous, and the trunk has a brown, longitudinally fissured bark. Habitat: India Production: Tropical Almond fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula. Not to be Confused With: Can be confused with emblica and Terminalia bellirica. Other Names: Myrobalan
Black
Myrobalan,
Chebulic
Myrobalan,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Tannins (20 to 45%): gallotannins, including terchebulin, terflavin A, punicalagin, corilagin, chebulic acid, and chebulinic acid Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides cose, D-fructose, saccharose
(9%):
including
D-glu-
Fruit acids: including quinic acid (1.5%), shikimic acid (2%) Fatty oil (in the seeds, to 40%) EFFECTS
OVERDOSAGE
The administration of extremely high doses (25% of the fodder) over a period of 4 weeks to rats led to kidney and liver damage; mice developed liver tumors in a related experiment (750 mg/kg body weight of the tannin fraction over a period of 12 weeks). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole internal and external use.
herb
preparations
for
Daily Dosage: 3 to 9 gm Storage: Should be stored in a dry and cool place. LITERATURE
el-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Kusumoto IT, Kadota S, Hattori M, Namba T, Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 20:641-8, 1995 Apr. Grover IS. Bala S, Antimutagenic activity of Terminalia chebula (myroblan) in Salmonella typhimurium. Indian J Exp Biol, 30:339-41. 1992 Apr. Hamada S. Kataoka T, Woo JT, Yamada A, Yoshida T, Nishimura T, Otake N. Nagai K, Immunosuppressive effects of gallic acid and chebulagic acid on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Biol Pharm Bull. 20:1017-9, 1997 Sep. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Jiang JY. Influence of processing methods on the quality of Terminalia chebula. Chung Yao Tung Pao, 20:24-6, 1986 Sep.
Its high tannin content explains the use of the drug as an astringent. A variety of experiments have demonstrated antibacterial, cardiotonic and antiarteriosclerotic (lowering of cholesterol levels) effects for the drug.
Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, Uyama S, Sato H, Kageyama T, Kadota S, Ohyama H, Hozumi T, Namba T, et al Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res, 45:19-37, 1995 May.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Miglani BD, Sen P, Sanyal RK, Purgative action of an oil obtained from Terminalia chebula. Indian J Med Res, 20:281-3, 1971 Feb.
Chinese Medicine: Tropical Almond is used for chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, rectal prolapse, loss of voice because of chronic coughs, blood in the stool, leucorrhea, night sweats and undesired discharges.
Phadke SA, Kulkami SD, Screening of in vitro antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula, Eclapta alba and Ocimum sanctum. Indian J Med Sci, 43:113-7, 1989 May.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, gingivitis, excitation, gastric complaints, anorexia, worm infestation, flatulence, hemorrhoids, jaundice, for liver and spleen disease, pharyngodynia, hiccups, coughs, epilepsy, eye disease, skin changes, leprosy, intermittent fever, cardiac dysfunction, gastritis and neuropathy.
Sato Y, Oketani H, Singyouchi K, Ohtsubo T, Kihara M, Shibata H, Higuti T, Extraction and purification of effective antimicrobial constituents of Terminalia chebula Retz. against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Pharm Bull, 20:401-4, 1997 Apr.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Shiraki K, Yukawa T, Kurokawa M, Kageyama S, Cytomegalovirus infection and its possible treatment with herbal medicines. Nippon Rinsho, 56:156-60, 1998 Jan.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages, although even therapeutic dosages could lead to constipation, due to the high tannin content (administration as an antidiarrheal).
Shiraki K, Yukawa T, Kurokawa M, Kageyama S, Influence of processing methods on the quality of Terminalia chebula. Chung Yao Tung Pao, 56:24-6, 1986 Sep.
774/TROPICAL A L M O N D
Sohni YR, Bhatt RM, Activity of a crude extract formulation in experimental hepatic amoebiasis and in immunomodulation studies. J Ethnopharmacol. 45:119-24. 1996 Nov. Sohni YR, Kaimal P, Bhatt RM, The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug formulation of herbal extracts against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol, 45:43-52. 1995 Jan. Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK. The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki. Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 21:167-75. 1988 Nov.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
to 3 m thick) of older trees have a brown, deeply grooved bark. Characteristics: The leaves are bright golden-yellow in autumn. Habitat: Indigenous to North America, Europe and China. Production: The Tulip Tree bark is the peeled and dried branch bark of Liriodendron tulipifera. Other Names: Yellow Poplar ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Yukawa TA, Kurokawa M. Sato H. Yoshida Y. Kageyama S. Hasegawa T, Namba T, Imakita M. Hozumi T. Shiraki K. Effect of tannins from Terminalia chebula Retz. on the infectivity of potato virus X. Acta Microbiol Pol B, 32:127-32. 1970. Yukawa TA, Kurokawa M. Sato H. Yoshida Y. Kageyama S. Hasegawa T, Namba T, Imakita M. Hozumi T. Shiraki K. Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs. Antiviral Res, 32:63-70, 1996 Oct.
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (0.1%), particularly of the aporphine type: including remerine, lysicamine, liriodenine, lanugosine Lignans (0.1%): including liriodendrin Volatile oil (0.1%): chief components cis-beta-ocimene, beta-pinene, bornyl acetate Hydroxycumarins: esculetin methyl and dimethyl esters EFFECTS
Tsuga canadensis See Pin us Bark
The alkaloids contained in the drug are antimicrobial in effect, and a positively inotropic effect has been described. Its usefulness as a tonic and a stimulant appears to be plausible, based upon its qualities as a bitter substance. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipifera
Unproven Uses: According to Hoppe's 1958 work on drugs, Linodendron tulipifera is used as a febrifuge and antiperiodic. Folk medicine indications have included fever, menstrual complaints, insomnia and malaria.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The bark is said to have medicinal properties.
The drug is considered toxic, due to its alkaloid content. Administration in animal experiments led to coma (exact details unavailable). No case of poisoning among humans has been recorded.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are apical, ringle with 3 revolute, greenish-white sepals. There are 6 petals, 4 to 5 cm long, greenish-yellow with orange bands near the base on the inside similar to the tepals of the tulip. The flower has numerous stamens and numerous apocarpic ovaries on a spindle-shaped column. The small, 1-seeded nut with pointed wings is in a 6 to 8 cm long, cone-like, aggregate fruit that is light green when ripe. Leaves, Stem and Root: Liriodendron tulipifera is a tree, up to 60 m high. The leaves are alternate with saddle-shaped middle lobes and 2 large lateral lobes, almost square in outline, 8 to 15 cm long and wide, and usually rounded at the base. The upper leaf surface is fresh green, the lower surface a weak blue. The petioles are 5 to 10 cm long. The young branches are yellow-green in summer and reddish-brown in winter and spotted with lenticles. The young trunks are dark green to gray and spotted white with lenticles. The trunks (up
DOSAGE
Preparation: There is no information in the literature. Daily dosage: Powder: 4 to 8 g daily; decoction (30:500) 60 g daily. LITERATURE
Doskotch RW, el-Feraly FS, Antitumor agents. II. Tulipinolide, a new germacranolide sesquiterpene, and constunolide. Two cytotoxic substances from Liriodendron tulipifera L. J Pharm v Sci, 28:877-80, 1969 Jul. Hufford CD, Funderburk MJ, Morgan JM, Robertson LW, Two antimicrobial alkaloids from heartwood of Liriodendron tulipifera L. J Pharm Sci, 64:789-92, 1975 May. Rzedowski M, Furmanowa M, Molak W, Liriodenine in tissue culture of Liriodendron tulipifera L. II. Quantitative analysis and antifungal effect. Acta Pol Pharm. 42:300-4, 1985.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Schulz HK, Hausen BM, White wood allergy (author's transl) Derm Beruf Umwelt, 28:158-60, 1980.
TURMERIC / 7 7 5 LITERATURE
Kanamori H, Sakamoto I, Mizuta M, Chem Pharm Bull 34:1826. 1986. Manske RHF, Canad J Res 7:265-269. 1932.
Turkey Corn Dicentra
cucullaria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried tuber. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is racemous. The 4 to 10 flowers are odorless, white and often tinged pink. The flowers are hanging, with yellow to yellow-orange tips and widely splayed spurs. The fruit is oval and 9 to 13 mm long. The seeds are reniform, 2 mm long, black and glossy. Leaves, Stem and Root: Turkey Corn is a delicate, glabrous, 15 to 40 cm high plant on a tawny yellow, tuberous rhizome. The rhizome has subglobular, pink, smaller tubers about 0.5 cm in diameter, with a scar on both depressed sides. All the leaves are basal and almost triangular in outline. They are 3pinnate and bluish-green on the underside. Characteristics: The taste of the tuber is bitter. Habitat: Canada and U.S. Production: Turkey Corn root is the root of Dicentra cucullaria. Other Names: Squirrel Corn, Staggerweed, Bleeding Heart, Corydalis, Dutchman's Breeches ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: including bicuculline, corlumine, protopine, cryptopine, cularine EFFECTS
Diuretic and tonic INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Turkey corn is used for digestive disorders, urinary tract diseases, menstrual disorders and skin rashes. Formerly it was used for syphilis. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Bicuculline is a centrally acting, spasmogenic antagonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Due to the bicuculline componant, poisonings are possible if higher dosages are consumed, but none have been reported to date. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a liquid extract.
Manske RHF, Canad J Res Sect B 16:81-90. 1938. Tusboi NS, J Labelled compd Radiopharm 13:353. 1977. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Turmeric Curcuma
domestica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stewed and dried rhizome. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is cone-like, 10 to 15 cm long, and is attached to a stem enclosed in a sheathing petiole. The flower has 2 pale green bracts, which are 5 to 6 cm long. The covering bracts are whitish, often red-tinged. The individual flowers are yellowish-white or yellow. The flowers have a tubular, 3-lobed calyx and funnel-shaped, 3tipped corolla. The fruit is a gobular capsule. Leaves, Stem and Root: Curcuma domestica is a perennial, erect and leafy plant with very large, lily-like leaves up to 1.2 m long. The leaf blade is ovate-lanceolate, thin, entiremargined and narrows to a long sheath-like petiole. The main rhizome is thickened to a tuber and has numerous roots. The roots in turn terminate in partially elliptical tubers. The secondary rhizomes are digit-shaped with no roots. All rhizomes are yellowish-brown with stipules and appear transversely ringed when they die. Habitat: Turmeric is probably indigenous to India; it is cultivated today in India and other tropical regions of southeast Asia. Production: Turmeric root consists of the fmger-like, often tuber-like, scalded and dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa. It
7 7 6 /TURMERIC
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
is harvested from February to April. The rhizomes are boiled in water for 5 to 10 minutes and then dried in the sun.
Pregnancy: Turmeric should not be used during pregnancy.
Adulterations: The synthetic color pigments azo and anilin are sometimes added to the herb.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Stomach complaints can occur following extended use or in the case of overdose.
Not to be Confused With: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma zedoaria
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (3-5%): alpha- and beta-tumerone (aroma source), artumerone, alpha- and gamma-atlantone, curlone, zingiberene, curcumol Curcuminoids (3-5%): including curcumin, demethoxy curcumin, bidemethoxy curcumin 1,5-diaryl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one Starch
derivatives
(30-40%)
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug available as capsules, solution, coated tablets and compound preparations. Preparation: To prepare a tea, scald 0.5 to 1 gm drug in boiling water, cover, draw for 5 minutes and then strain. The tincture strength is 1:10. Daily Dosage: The average dose is 1.5 to 3 gm of drug. The powder should be taken 2 to 3 times daily after meals; the tea (2 to 3 cups) should be taken between meals. The tincture dose is 10 to 15 drops 2 to 3 times daily.
EFFECTS
Turmeric has antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic and antiinflammatory effects. It is also antioxidative (inhibits lipid peroxide formation in the liver), antitumoral and antimicrobial (in particular, the sesquiterpene derivatives). It has insect repellent and antifertile effects. It also inhibits prostaglandin formation, in vitro. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Dyspeptic complaints • Loss of appetite Unproven Uses: Turmeric is used for dyspeptic disorders, particularly feelings of fullness after meals and regular abdominal distention due to gas. The drug is also used for diarrhea, intermittent fever, edema, bronchitis, colds, worms, leprosy, kidney inflammation and cystitis. Other uses include headaches, flatulence, upper abdominal pain, chest infections, colic, amenorrhea and blood rushes. It is used externally for bruising, leech bites, festering eye infections, inflammation of the oral mucosa, inflammatory skin conditions and infected wounds. Chinese Medicine: Turmeric is used for pains in the chest, ribs, abdomen, liver and stomach; nose bleeds; vomiting with bleeding; and heat stroke. Indian Medicine: Turmeric is used for inflammation, wounds and skin ulcers, itching, stomach complaints, flatulence, conjunctivitis, constipation, ringworm infestation and colic. CONTRAINDICATIONS
General: The drug should not be used by people with obstructed biliary ducts; those with gallstones should take it only under the supervision of a physician.
Storage: Turmeric should be protected from light. LITERATURE
Ammon HP, Wahl MA, Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med, 57:1-7, 1991. Ammon HPT, Anazodo MI, Safayhi H et al., Planta Med 58:226, 1992. Ammon HPT, Wahl MA, Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med 57:1-7, 1991. Anto RJ, George J, Babu KV, RaJasekharan KN, Kuttan R, Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of natural and synthetic curcuminoids. Mutat Res, 42:127-31, 1996. Apisariyakul A, Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D, Antifungal activity of Turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 30:163-9, 1995. Babu PS, Srinivasan K, Hypolipidemic action of curcumin the active principle of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem, 30:169-75, 1997. Basu AB, Ind J Pharm 33:131, 1971. Bonte F, Noel-Hudson MS, Wepierre J, Meybeck A, Protective effect of curcuminoids on epidermal skin cells under free oxygen radical stress. Planta Med, 8:265-6, 1997. Chan MM, Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor by curcumin a phytochemical. Biochem Pharmacol, 42:1551-6, 1995. Charles V, Charles SX, The use and efficacy of Azadirachta indica ADR ('Neem') and Curcuma longa ('Turmeric') in scabies. A pilot study. Trop Geogr Med, 30:178-81, 1992. Dhar ML, et al Indian J Exp Biol 6:232, 1968. Donatus IA, SardJoko, Vermeulen NP, Cytotoxic and cytoprotective activities of curcumin. Effects on paracetamolinduced cytotoxicity lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol, 39:1869-75, 1990.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Ferreira LA, Henriques OB, Andreoni AA, Vital GR, Campos MM, Habermehl GG. de Moraes VL. Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Toxicon, 30:1211-8. 1992. Ferreira LA, Henriques OB, Andreoni AA, Vital GR, Campos MM, Habermehl GG, de Moraes VL. Toxicity studies on Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 30:124-7. 1992. Garg SK, Planta Med 26:225. 1974. Hanif R, Qiao L, Shiff SJ, Rigas B. Curcumin a natural plant phenolic food additive inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle changes in colon adenocarcinoma cell lines by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. J Lab Clin Med, 42:576-84. 1997. Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
TURNERA DIFFUSA / 7 7 7
duodenal antiulcer activity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 47:25-34, 1990. Ravindranath V. Satyanarayana MN. Phytochemistry 19:2031, 1980. Ruby AJ. Kuttan G, Babu KD. RaJasekharan KN, Kuttan R, Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Lett. 42:79-83, 1995. Selvam R. Subramanian L, Gayathri R, Angayarkanni N. The anti-oxidant activity of Turmeric (Curcuma longa). J Ethnopharmacol. 47:59-67, 1995. Sikora E. Bielak-ZmiJewska A. Piwocka K, Skierski J. Radziszewska E. Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of human and rat T lymphocytes by curcumin a curry pigment. Biochem Pharmacol, 54:899-907. 1997. Soni KB. RaJan A, Kuttan R. Reversal of aflatoxin induced liver damage by Turmeric and curcumin. Cancer Lett. 66:11521. 1992.
Hasmeda M, Polya GM, Inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by curcumin. Phytochemistry. 42:599-605. 1996.
Srimal RC. Dhawan CN. J Pharm Pharmacol 25:447, 1973.
Huang HC, Jan TR, Yeh SF, Inhibitory effect of curcumin an anti-inflammatory agent on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol. 54:381-4, 1992.
Srinivas L. Shalini VK. ShylaJa M, Turmerin: a water soluble antioxidant peptide from Turmeric Curcuma longa. Arch Biochem Biophys, 30:617-23, 1992.
Inagawa H et al.. Homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. II. LPS of plant origin other than wheat flour and their concomitant bacteria. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 54:994-7. 1992.
Srivastava KC. Bordia A, Verma SK. Curcumin a major component of food spice Turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 52:223-7. 1995.
Kiso Y et al., Planta Med 49:185. 1983. Krishnamurthy N et al., Trop Sci 18:37, 1976. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 1980. Limtrakul P, Lipigorngoson S, Namwong O, Apisariyakul A, Dunn FW, Inhibitory effect of dietary curcumin on skin carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett, 8:197-203, 1997. Masuda T et al., Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory curcumin-related phenolics from rhizomes of Curcuma domestica. Phytochemistry 32:1557, 1986. Mehta K, Pantazis P, McQueen T, Aggarwal BB, Antiproliferative effect of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) against human breast tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs, 8:470-81, 1997. Nagarajan K, Arya VP, J Sci Ind Res 41:232, 1982. Nakayama R et al., Two curcuminoid pigments from Curcuma domestica. Phytochemistry 33:501, 1993. Polasa K, Sesikaran B, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K, Turmeric (Curcuma longa)-induced reduction in urinary mutagens. Food Chem Toxicol, 47:699-706, 1991. Priyadarsini KI, Free radical reactions of curcumin in membrane models. Free Radic Biol Med, 54:838-43, 1997. Rafatullah S, Tariq M, Al-Yahya MA, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for gastric and
Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Tang W. Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1997. ' Veit M, Beeinflussung der Leukotrien-Biosynthese durch Curcumin. Z Phytother 14:46, 1993. Verma SP, Salamone E, Goldin B, Curcumin and genistein plant natural products show synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells induced by estrogenic pesticides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 233:6926. 1997. Wagner H et al., 6th Int Conf. Prostaglandins and Related Compounds. Florence, Italy. Pub. Fondzione Giovanni Lorenzini. June 3-6, 1986. Wichtl M (Ed.). Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Turnera diffusa See Damiana
778/TISSILAGO
FARFARA
Tussilago farfara See Colt's Foot
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: Mycelia flourishes on a variety of trees (on the trunk, branches branchlets) as a whitish, reddish, or black lichen. Habitat: Usnea is found worldwide in cool, damp places.
Ulmus minor See Elm Bark
Production: Usnea consists of the dried thallus of Usnea species, primarily of Usnea barbata, Usnea florida, Usnea hirta and Usnea plicata. Other Names: Tree Moss, Old Man's Beard, Beard Moss ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ulmus rubra See Slippery Elm
Uncaria species See Gambir
COMPOUNDS
Lichen acids (polyketides): including among others (+)-usnic acid, thamnolic acid (hirtellic acid), usnaric acid (salazinic acid), lobaric acid, stictinic acid, protocetraric acid, everninic acid, barbatinic acid (rhizonic acid), diffractaic acid (dirhizonic acid), barbatolic acid. The lichen acid spectrums of the different species vary from one another, with usnic acid the chief constituent. Mucilage EFFECTS
Uncaria tomentosa
The drug is antimicrobial.
See Cat's Claw
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Urginea indica See Indian Squill
Unproven Uses: The species are used for mild inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Urginea maritima See Squill
No health hazards or side effects with the proper administration dosages. Following overdosage, appear. These signs have yet to
are known in conjunction of designated therapeutic signs of poisoning could be described.
DOSAGE
Urtica dioica See Stinging Nettle
Usnea Usnea species DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Research into this species is not yet complete, making it difficult to establish which lichens are used for the extraction of which drug, and which lichens have been described by earlier botanists.
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as lozenges and equivalent solid forms of medication. Daily Dose: The daily dose is 600 mg. For lozenge preparations, use the equivalent of 100 mg of herb; take 1 lozenge 3 to 6 times daily. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Okuyama E et al., Usnic acid and diffractic acid as analgesic and antipyretic components of Usnea diffracta. In: PM 61(2): 113-115. 1995. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Usnea species See Usnea
Utricularia vulgaris See Bladderwort
Uva-Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi TRADE NAMES
Uva-Ursi (available from numerous manufacturers). UvaUrsi Leaf, Uva Ursi Leaves, Standardized Uva-Ursi Extract
UVA-URSI / 7 7 9
Characteristics: The leaves have a bitter, astringent taste. They are distinguished from the cranberry by the reticulate vein structure and non-glandular spots beneath. Habitat: The plant has spread from the Iberian Peninsula across Central Europe north to Scandinavia and east to Siberia. The plant is also found in the Altai mountains, the Himalayas and North America. Production: Uva-Ursi (Bearberry) leaves consist of the fresh or dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, which are gathered in the wild. The arbutin content is highest in December and January and also when the leaves are dried rapidly. The main sources are Spain, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia and Bulgaria. Not to be Confused With: The leaves are sometimes confused with the leaves of other Ericaceae, such as Buxus sempervirens. Other Names: Arberry, Bearberry, Bear's Grape, Kinnikinnick, Mealberry, Mountain Box, Mountain Cranberry, RedBerried Trailing Arbutus, Redberry Leaves, Rockbeery, Sagackhomi, Sandberry, Upland Cranberry, Red-Beery, Upland Cranbeery, Common Bearberry, Arbutus Uva-Ursi, Red Bearberry, Kinnickinick
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the dried leaves and preparations of the fresh leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on 3 to 12 short, hanging stalks, where they are in clusters at equal length and distance on the terminal end of the stalks. The pedicle has 2 small. ciliate, oval-shaped leaves at the base with the subtending flower clusters. The calyx is 1 mm long, palmate and has 5 membranous tips. The corolla (fused petals of the inner whorl) is ovoid to jug-shaped, white or reddish with a red border, 5 to 6 mm long with 5 short tips rolled backward. The 10 stamens are half in length as the corolla tube. The filaments are heavily thickened at the base. The crimson anthers have porous openings and a long whip-like, curling appendage. The ovaries are 5- to 7-valved, and the style is longer than the stamens. The fruit is a globular, pea-sized. scarlet, floury drupe. The fruit has 5 to 7 stone seeds. 4 mm in length, which are kidney-shaped and also compressed at the sides. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a decumbent (reclining on the ground with ascending extremities), up to 1.5 m long, creeping espalier with elastic, red-brown branches. The leaves are alternate, coriaceous, short-petioled. spatulateobovate or wedge-shaped, entire-margined and slightly revolute. They are 12 to 30 mm long by 4 to 15 mm wide. glabrous, glossy and evergreen. The underside is distinctly reticulate, and the midrib and the margins are often downy.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (arbutoside, hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucoside, 5-16%), methyl arbutin (O-methyl hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glycoside, up to 4%), galloyl derivatives of arbutin (0.05%): O-galloyl hydroquinone-O-betaD-glucoside (p-galloyl oxyphenyl-O-beta-D-glucoside), 2'O- galloyl arbutin, 6'-0-galloyl arbutin, free hydroquinone (usually under 0.3%) as decomposition product of arbutin, emerging as the leaves age or during dehydration Piceoside: (4 - hydroxyacetophenone - O - beta - D - glucopyranoside) Phenol carboxylic acids: including gallic acid (free 180 mg/ 100 g), p-coumaric acid (18.0 mg/100 g), syringic acid (16.8 mg/100 g), salicylic acid (12.0 mg/100 g), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9.6 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (6.0 mg/100 g), caffeic acid (6.0 mg/100 g), lithospermic acid (dimeric caffeic acid) Tannins (15-20%): gallo tannins including penta-O-galloylbeta-D-Glucose and hexa-O-gailoyl-beta-D-glucose; ellagitannins, including corilagin (l-0-galloyl-3, 6-di-Ohexahydroxydophenol-beta-D-gulcoside); condensed tannins, chiefly proanthocyanidins and their monomerics, including cyanidin, delphinidin Iridoide: monotropein (0.025%) Flavonoids: flavonol glycosides, including hyperoside (0.81.5%) which is the chief flavonol glycoside, quercitrin-3-
780/UVA-URSI
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
beta-D-0-6'-galloyl galactoside, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, myricitrin, myricetin-3-O-beta-D-galactoside, 2 isomeric quercetin arabinosides, aglycones of these compounds
Approved by Commission E:
Enzymes: including a beta-glucosidase (arbutase), that is rendered inactive with dehydration and processing of the drug, due to the high tannin content
Uva-Ursi is used for inflammatory disorders of the efferent urinary tract.
Triterpenes: including among others ursolic acid (0.4-0.8%), alcohol uvaol, beta-amyrin EFFECTS
The tannins in Uva-Ursi act as an astringent, and the phenol glucocsides and their aglyca have an antibacterial effect. The antimicrobial effect is associated with the aglycon hydroquinone released from arbutin (transport form) or arbutin waste products in the alkaline urine. The drug has urine-sterilizing properties that are attributed to bacteriostatic hydroquinones, conjugates of glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid. The maximum antibacterial effect is expected 3 to 4 hours after administration. There are no clinical studies available that have been definitively evaluated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
• Infections of the urinary tract
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb is used for all forms of urogenital and biliary tract disease. Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for inflammations of the efferent urinary tract. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women, nursing mothers and children under 12 years of age. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Individuals with gastric sensitivity may experience nausea and vomiting following intake of preparations made from the drug due to its high tannin content. Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Neph rolith iasis The effects of Uva-Ursi with prevention and treatment of kidney stone formation was studied in rats. It concluded that beneficial effects from Uva-Ursi on urolithiasis can be attributed to some disinfectant action (Grases, 1994). Diuresis The aqueous extract of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi was studied in rats involoving diuresis. The pharmacological evaluation revealed an increase in urine flow without an increase in urinary sodium excretion (Beaux, 1999). Antibacterial Properties The effect of aqueous extracts of Uva-Ursi leaves to decrease surface hydrophobicity of 155 Escherichia coli strains was determined in cattle. The adhesion of microbes on host cells is important for development of Gram-negative microbeinduced infections and is influenced by the surface hydrophobicity of the microbial cell. Bactericidal action of UvaUrsi was low, but the decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity may influence the bacteria's virulent properties (Turi, 1997). The aqueous extract of Uva-Ursi leaves was also studied in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains to determine possible changes in cell surface hydrophobicity. The tannic acid in the Uva-Ursi was determined to have the highest activity of decreasing cell surface hydrophobicity as well as antibacterial activity against H. Pylori (Annuck, 1999)
Nursing Mothers: The drug is contraindicated in nursing mothers. Pediatric Use: Liver damage is conceivable in connection with administration of the drug over extended periods, particularly with children, due to the possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinones released. The drug is contraindicated in children under 12 years of age. Drug Interactions: Uva-Ursi preparations should not be administered with any substance that causes acidic urine since this reduces the antibacterial effect. Because the urinedisinfecting effect of the hydroquinones released in the urinary tract only occurs in an alkali environment, the simultaneous administration of medication or food that increase uric acid levels in the bladder is to be avoided. The sodium sparing effect of Uva-Ursi may offset the diuretic effect of thiazide and loop diuretics. Uva-Ursi may add to the gastrointestinal irritation that occurs with NSAID use. OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage can lead to inflammation and irritation of the bladder and urinary tract mucous membranes. Liver damage is conceivable in connection with administration of the drug over extended periods, particularly with children, due to the possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinones released. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Uva-Ursi is available as comminuted drug, drug powder or dried extract for infusions or cold
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
macerations, and also as extracts and solid forms for oral administration. It is also a component of urologic combination and single-component preparations. How
Supplied:
Capsules—150 mg, 455 mg, 505 mg Teas Solutions Preparation: To make a tea, pour boiling water over 2.5 gm finely cut or coarse powdered drug (l teaspoonful is equivalent to 2.5 g drug.), or place the drug in cold water that is rapidly brought to a boil. The tea should draw (to extract the essence) for 15 minutes and then be strained. Teas may contain up to 30% Uva-Ursi in combination with other drugs. For higher Uva-Ursi content, prepare cold macerate (over 6 to 12 hours) to lower the tannin content. Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of finely cut or powdered drug is 10 g (corresponding to arbutin content of 400 to 840 mg) or 0.4 g dry extract in a single dose. A single dose of liquid extract is 2 g. Daily dosages of an infusion or cold maceration are 3 g drug to 150 ml water as an infusion or cold maceration up to 4 times a day or 400 to 840 mg hydroquinone derivatives calculated as water-free arbutin. The urine should be alkaline. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice weekly sc (HAB1). Storage: Store in well-sealed containers protected from light. LITERATURE
Annuk H, Hirmo S, Turi E et al., Effect on cell surface hydrophobicity and susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to medicinal plant extracts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999 Mar l;172(l):41-5. Beaux D, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Effect of extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, in rats. Phytother Res 1999 May;13(3):222-5. Britton G, Haslam E, J Chem Soc (London): 7312. 1965. Denford KE, (1973) Experientia 29:939. Frohne D, (1970) Planta Med 18:1. Frohne D, (1986) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: Die Barentraube. Z Phytother 7:45-47. Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995. Ihring M, Blume H, Zur pharmazeutischen Qualitat von Phytopharmaka 2. Mitt.: Vergleichende Bewertung von Arbutin enthaltenden Urologika. In: PZW 135(6)267. 1990. Jahodar L et al., (1978) Pharmazie 33(8):536.
UVA-URSI/781
Jahodar L et al., (1981) Pharmazie 36(2):294. Jahodar L et al., (1985) Cesk Farm. 34(5): 174. Kraus L, DAZ 111:1225. 1974. Kubo M et al., Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: Combined effect of 50% methanolic extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and prednisolone on immuno-infl animation. Matsuda H et al., Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: Effect of 50% methanolic extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi on melanin synthesis. Yakugaku Zasshi, 112:276-82, 1992 Apr Matsuda H et al., Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: Effect of water extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi on the antiallergic and antiinflammatory activities of dexamethasone ointment. Yakugaku Zasshi, 112:673-7, 1992 Sep. Matsuda H, Nakata H, Tanaka T, Kubo M, Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L. Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie, 110:680-1, 1991 Sep. Matsuda H, Tanaka T, Kubo M, Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. III. Combined effect of arbutin and indomethacin on immuno-inflammation. Yakugaku Zasshi, 111:253-8, 1991 Apr-May. Matsuda H, Nakata H, Tanaka T, Kubo M, Pharmacological study on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. II. Combined effects of arbutin and prednisolone or dexamethazone on immuno-inflammation. Yakugaku Zasshi, 110:68-76, 1990 Jan. Matsuo K, Kobayashi M, Takuno Y, Kuwajima H, Ito H, Yoshida T, Anti-tyrosinase activity constituents of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Yakugaku Zasshi, 117:1028-32, 1997 Dec. Ng TB et al., Examination of coumarins, flavonoids and polysaccharopeptides for antibacterial activity. In: General Pharmacology 27(7):1237-1240. 1996. Paper DH, Koehler J, Franz G, Bioavailalibilty of drug preparations containing a leaf extract of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Uvae Ursi Folium). In: PM 59(7) Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika-nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT 9(49): 105. 1988. Thieme H, Winkler HJ, PA 26:235 et 419. 1971. Turi M, Turi E, Koljalg S et al., Influence of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants on surface hydrophobicity of Escherichia coli strains of different origin. APMIS 1997 Dec; 105(12):95662. Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A et al., Urolithiasis and phytotherapy. Int Urol Nephrol 1994;26(5):507-11. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
7 8 2 /UVA-URSI
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Ritch-Krc EM, Thomas S, Turner NJ, Towers GH, Carrier herbal medicine: traditional and contemporary plant use. J Ethnopharmacol, 117:85-94, 1996 Jun.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Diarrhea Unproven Uses: Uzara is used as a treatment for dysentery.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Uzara should not be administered concomitantly with other cardioactive glycosides.
Stammwitz U, Pflanzliche Harnwegsdesinfizienzien - heute noch aktuell? Z Phytother 19(1998), 90-95.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Uzara Xysmalobium undulatum
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Drug Interactions: Because Uzara contains cardioactive glycosides, there is a potential for interaction with digoxin and other cardiac glycosides. This interaction has not been reported in the literature for orally administered Uzara. The lack of reports may be due to the fact that the glycocides are not well absorbed from the gut. OVERDOSAGE
Because the glycosides are absorbed only with difficulty and because their cardiac effect is minimal, poisonings following oral intake are unlikely, although conceivable. There have been cases of fatalities following parenteral application of Uzara drugs.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: Different varieties are used for drug extraction depending on the area. The drug is therefore easier to categorize according to its definitive active substances (bitters) than to its particular varieties.
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as ethanolwater extracts in liquid form or as dry extracts for internal use. Pharmaceutical forms include coated tablets, drops and compound preparations.
Flower and Fruit: The root has a weak and unusual odor. The taste is bitter with a burning effect after it has been chewed for a long time.
Daily Dose: The daily dose should be equivalent to 45 to 90 mg of total glycosides, calculated as uzarin. Follow the manufacturer's dosing instructions.
Habitat: South Africa
LITERATURE
Production: Uzara root consists of the dried, underground parts of 2- to 3-year-old plants of Xysmalobium undulatum.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Gomphocarpus).
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides, mixture referred to as uzarone or xysmalobin): including among others uzarin (5.5%), xysmalorin (1.5%), allo-uzarine, allo-xysmalobin, urezin, uzaroside, ascleposide, glucoascleposide
Pauli G, Schiller H, Asymmetric key position in Uzara steroids. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 113. 1996.
Pregnane derivatives: delta5-pregnene-3beta-ol-20-one glucoside, 5alpha-pregnane-3beta-ol-20-one glucoside
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
EFFECTS
Uzara inhibits intestinal motility. In high dosages, it has digitalis-like effects on the heart.
Schmidt M, Uzarawurzel. In: PTA 8(6):498. 1994. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Vaccinium myrtillus See Bilberry
Vaccinium uliginosum
VALERIAN / 7 8 3
Habitat: The plant is found in Europe and in the temperate regions of Asia. It is cultivated mainly in central Europe, England, France, eastern Europe, Japan and the U.S. Production: Valerian root, consisting of fresh underground plant parts, or parts carefully dried below 40° C of the species Valeriana officinalis. Cultivation is possible in lowlying, sandy, humus soil that is well supplied with lime and situated in a damp area. The root is harvested in September. The fresh roots are washed, chopped, and carefully dried in circulating air under 40 3 C.
See Bog Bilberry
Not to be Confused With: Confusion with other species seldom occurs since the plant is primarily supplied via cultivation. The most dangerous adulteration of the plant occurs by the addition of the roots of Veratrum album.
Vaccinium vitis-ideae
Other Names: Ail-Heal, Amantilla. Setwall, Setewale. Capon's Tail, Heliotrope, Vandal Root
See Alpine Cranberry
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Valerian Valeriana officinalis TRADE NAMES
Valerian Root (available from numerous manufacturers,) Herbal Sure Valerian Root, NuVeg Valerian Root, Valerian Root Alcohol Free, Valerian Power Time Release, Valerian Root Power, Standardized Valerian, Natural Herbal Valerian Root, Nature's Root Nighttime, Quanterra Sleep DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the carefully dried underground parts and the dried roots. Flower and Fruit: The androgynous, bright, pink-to-white flowers are in panicled cymes. The calyx consists of 10 revolute tips. The corolla is funnel-shaped with a 5-sectioned margin. The tube has a bump at the base. There are 3 stamens. The ovary is inferior and has 3 chambers. The fruit is ovate-oblong, yellow, indehiscent and has a 10-rayed tuft of white hair. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 50 to 100 cm high and has a short, cylindrical rhizome with finger-length, bushy round roots. The stem is erect and unbranched. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 11 to 23 lanceolate, indented-dentate leaflets. The lower ones are petiolate and the upper ones sessile and clasping with a white sheath. Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and the rhizome smells strongly when dried. The odor is not present in the fresh plant. Hydrolysis of componants in the root form isovaleric acid which is responsible for the offensive smell.
Iridoids: valepotriates (valeriana-epoxy-triacylates, iridoide monoterpenes, 0.5-2.0%) chief components (50-80%). isovaltrate (up to 46%), isovaleroxyhydroxy didrovaltrate (IVDH-valtrate, 10-20%), including among others, didrovaltrate, acevaltrate Volatile oil (0.2-1.0%): chief components (-)-bornyl isovalerenate and isovalerenic acid (both aroma-carriers), including among others, (-)-bomyl acetate, isoeugenyl valerenate, isoeugenyl isovalerenate, also with some strains valerenal, valeranone, cryptofaurinol Sesquiterpenes: valerenic acid (0.1-0.9%), 2-hydroxyvalerenic acid, 2-acetoxy-valerenic acid Pyridine alkaloids (traces, cat pheromone): actinidine, valerianine, alpha-methylpyrrylketone Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid. The subspecies within the collective species differ in their constituent substances spectra. EFFECTS
In animal experiments, the interaction of the various constituents are centrally depressive, sedative, anxiolytic, spasmolytic, muscle relaxing and anti-ulcerogenic. The pharmacological efficacy is heavily dependent on the quality of the extract used.The main effect in humans is to reduce sleep induction time. In vitro the valerenic acid componants have been shown to decrease the degradation of gamma— aminobutyric acid (GABA.) Animal experiments have demonstrated an increase of GABA at the synaptic cleft via inhibition of re-uptake and an increase in secretion of the neurotransmitter. The increase of available GABA is one factor that may be responsible for the sedative properties of
7 8 4 /VALERIAN
Valerian root (Houghton, 1998; Santos et al, 1994.) One other mechanism that may contribute to the sedative properties of Valerian could be the high levels of glutamine present in the extract Unlike GABA, glutamine more effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier where it can be taken up by the nerve terminals and converted to GABA (Santos. Fero, 1994.) CLINICAL TRIALS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
potentiation of the CNS depressive effect when combined with alcohol, it is not recommended that Valerian be used in conjunction with alcohol. Because of the sedative effect of Valerian, operation of machinery or motor vehicles should be avoided for several hours after injesting Valerian products. Pregnancy: Use of Valerian during pregnancy or in nursing mothers is not recommended.
Improvements in sleep quality ratings were demonstrated in a well constructed, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study involving 121 patients. Subjects were given either 600 mg of a 70% ethanol extract (5:1, n = 61) of Valerian root that was standardized to 0.4 - 0.6% valerenic acid or placebo (n = 60) one hour before bedtime for 28 consecutive nights. Patients were given two standardized sleep questionaires; one that measured the depression/mood scale and another global clinical impression scale. Sixty-six percent of the Valerian treatment arm rated the therapeutic effect as either good or very good at the end of the 28 day trial. This compared to only a 29% equally positive rating by the placebo participants. (Vorbach, 1996).
Tablets — 160 mg. 550 mg
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tea Bags
Approved by Commission E: • Nervousness and insomnia Unproven Uses: Valerian is used for restlessness, sleeping disorders based on nervous conditions, mental strain, lack of concentration, excitability, stress, headache, neurasthenia, epilepsy, hysteria, nervous cardiopathy, menstrual states of agitation, pregnancy, menopause, neuralgia, fainting, nervous stomach cramps, colic, uterine spasticity and states of anxiety. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Gastrointestinal complaints can occur in rare cases, contact allergies in very rare ones. With long-term administration, the following can occasionally appear: headache, restless states, sleeplessness, mydriasis, disorders of cardiac function. When large skin injuries or acute skin illnesses, severe feverish or infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia are present, entire-body baths with the addition of the volatile oil or of extracts from the drug should be avoided. Drug Interactions: Valerian may potentiate the effect of other CNS depressants. Animal studies have shown that Valerian has an additive effect when used in combination with barbiturates and benzodiazepines (Leuschner, 1993; Hiller, 1996.) Though there has been no evidence of
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Valerian is used internally as expressed juice from fresh plants, tincture, extracts, and other galenic preparations. Externally, it is used as a bath additive, though efficacy is Unproven for this indication. How Supplied: Capsules — 100 mg. 250 mg, 380 mg, 400 mg, 445 mg, 450 g, 475 mg, 493 mg. 495 mg, 500 mg, 530 mg, 550 mg, 1000 mg. Liquid — 1:1
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 2 to 3 g of drug per cup. A tea is prepared by adding 1 teaspoonful (3 to 5 g) of drug to 150 ml of hot water and strain after 10 to 15 minutes. An extract is prepared by mixing 2 parts root powder to 6 parts spirit of wine and 9 parts water. For external use, 100 g of comminuted drug is mixed with 2 liters hot water; this is then added to the bath. Daily Dosage: The daily dose of Valerian extract is 100 mg to 3800 mg. Total internal daily dose is 15 g of root powder. Infusion — One cup one to several times per day Tea — One cup (150 ml) 2 to 3 times daily and before bedtime. Tincture — 1/2 to 1 teaspoonful (1 to 3 ml) one to several times per day. Tincture (1:5) — several times daily 15 to 20 drops in water. Extract — equivalent 2 to 3 g drug, one to several times per day. Plant juice — Adults take 1 tablespoonful 3 times daily. Children take 1 teaspoonful 3 times daily. External use — As a bath according to preparation instructions above. Sleep Aid — 400 mg to 900 mg of the extract 30 minutes before bedtime Restlessness — 220 mg extract three times daily
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
W
Storage: Must be kept from sources of light; tinctures and extracts should be stored at room temperature in tightly closed, non-plastic containers.
Hansel R, Schulz J, (1982) Valerensauren und Valerenal als Leitstoffe des offizinellen Baldrians. Dtsch Apoth Z 122:215219.
LITERATURE
Hansel R. Schulz J, (1985) Beitrag zur Qulaitatssicherung von Baldrianextrakten. Pharm Industrie 47:531-533.
Anonym. Phytotherapeutika: Nachgewiesene Wirkung, aber wirksame Stoffe meist nicht bekannt. In: DAZ 137(15): 12211222. 1997.
Hardy M, Kirk-Smith MD, Stretch DD (1995) Replacement of drug treatment for insomnia by ambient odour. Lancet 346:701.
Becker H et al.. (1983) Planta Med 49(1 ):64.
Hazelhoff B, (1984) Phytochemical, Pharmacological Aspects of Valeriana compounds. Dissertation, Universitat Groningen.
Bodesheim U. Holzl J, Isolation and receptor binding properties of alkaloids and lignans from Valeriana officinalis L. In: PA 52(5):386-391. 1997.
Hendricks H, Bruins AB, (1980) J Chromatogr 190:321.
Bos R et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22 (6): 1505.
Hendricks R et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1853.
Bos R et al.. Seasonal variation of the essential oil, valerenic acid derivatives, and valepotriates in Valeriana officinalis roots. In: PM 59(7)98. 1993.
Hendriks H et al., (1981) Planta Med 42(1 ):62. Hendriks H et al., (1985) Planta Med (3):28.
Bounthanh C et al., (1983) Planta Med 49:138. Bounthanh C. Bergmann C, Beck JP, Haag-Berrurier M, Anton R (1981) Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic, antitumor agents. Planta Med 41:21-28.
Hiller KO. Zetler G, (1996) Neuropharmacological Studies on Ethanol Extracts of Valeriana officinalis: Behavioural. Anticonvulsant Properties. Phytotherapy Res 10:145-151.
Braun R et al.. (1982) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 122:1109.
Hiller KO. Kato G, Anxiolytic activity of psychotropic plant extracts. I. Test of ethanolic Valeriana extract STEI Val. In: PM 62. Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 65. 1996.
Braun R et al.. (1984) Planta Med 1. Braun R, Dittmar W. Machut M. Weickmann S. (1982) Valepotriate mit Epoxidstruktur - beachtliche Alkylantien. Dtsch Apoth Z 122:1109-1113. Braun R, Dittmar W, von der Hude W. Scheutwinkel-Reich M, (1985) Bacterial mutagenicity of the tranquilizing constituents of Valerianaceae roots. Naunyn- Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol Suppl 329:R28. Donath F, Roots I, (1995) Untersuchung zur Erfassung der Wirkung von Baldrianextrakt (LI 156) auf das Pharmako-EEG bei 16 Probanden. Z Phytother Abstractband, S. 10. Eickstedt KW von, (1969) Arzneim Forsch 19:995. Eickstedt KW von, Rahmann R, (1969) Psychopharmakologische Wirkungen von Valepotriaten. Arzneim-Forsch 19:316-319. Funk ED, Friedrich H, (1975) Planta Med 28:215. Gross D et al., (1971) Arch Pharm 304:19.
£
Hazelhoff B et al., (1979) Pharm Weekbl Sci Ed. 1:71.
Hendriks H, Bos R, Woerdenbag HJ, Koster AS, (1985) Central Nervous Depressant Activity of Valerenic Acid in the Mouse. Planta Med 51:28-31.
Bounthanh C et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:21.
gj|
VALERIAN/785
Grusla D, (1987) Nachweis der Wirkung eines Baldrianextraktes im Rattenhim mit der 14C-2-Desoxyglucose-Technik. Dissertation, Phillipps-Universitat, Marburg. Hansel R, (1984) Bewertung von Baldrian-Praparaten: Differenzierung wesentlich: Dtsch Apoth Z 124:2085. Hansel R, Pflanzliche Beruhigungsmittel Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Selbstmedikation. In: DAZ 135(32):2935-2943. 1995. Hansel R, Pflanzliche Sedativa. In: ZPT 11(1):14. 1990. Hansel R, Schultz J, (1982) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 122(5):215.
Hiller KO. Rahlfs V, Therapeutische Aquivalenz eines hochdosierten Phytopharmakons mit Amytriptylin bei angstlichdepressiven Versimmungen - Reanalyse einer randomisierten Studie unter besonderer Beachtung biometrischer und klinischer Aspekte. In: Forsch. Holzl J, Baldrian ein Mittel gegen Schlafstorungen. In: DAZ 136(10):751-759. 1996. Jansen W, (1977) Doppelblindstudie mit Baldrisedon. Therapiewoche 27:2779-2786. Kamm-Kohl AV, Jansen W Brockmann P, (1984) Moderne Baldriantherapie gegen nervose Storungen im Senium. Med Welt 35:1450-1454. Krieglstein J, Grusla D, (1988) Zentraldampfende Inhaltsstoffe im Baldrian. Dtsch Apoth Z 128:2041-2046. Kubitschek J, Baldrian beeinfluPt die Melatoninwirkung. In: PZ 142(6):433 1997. Leathwood PD et al., (1982) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:65. Leathwood PD, Chauffard F (1983) J Psychiatr. Res 17(2): 115. Leathwood PD, Chauffard F, (1983) Quantifying the effects of mild sedatives. J Psychiat Res 17:115-122. Leathwood PD, Chauffard F, (1984) Aqueous extract of valerian reduces latency to fall asleep in man. Planta Med 50:144-148. Meier B, Linnenbrink N, Status und Vergleichbarkeit pflanzlicher Arzneimittel. In: DAZ 136(47):4205-4220. 1996. Miiller-Bohn T, Pflanzliche Sedativa und Antidepressiva. In: DAZ 136(24):2032-2033. 1996.
7 8 6 /VALERIAN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995.
Werner, Arzneipflanzen in der Volksmedizin. In: DAZ 130(45):2510. 1990.
Popov S et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:2815.
Wichtl M, Volksmedizinisch verwendete pflanzliche Arzneimittel. In: ZPT 11(3):71. 1990.
Reidel E et al., (1982) Planta Med 46:219. Riedel E, Hansel R, Ehrke G. (1982) Hemmung des GammaAminobuttersaureabbaus durch Valerensaurederivate. Planta Med 46:219-220. Riicker G, Tautges J, Sieek A. Wenzel H. Frag E, (1978) Untersuchungen zur Isolierung und pharmakodynamischen Aktivitat des Sesquiterpens Valeranon aus Nardostrachys jatamansi DC Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 28:7. Santos MS. Ferreira F, Cunha AP et al., (1994) An Aqueous Extract of Valerian Influences the Transport of GABA in Synaptosomes. Planta Med 60:278-279. Schilcher H. Pflanzliche Psychopharmaka. Eine neue Klassifizierung nach Indikationsgruppen. In: DAZ 135(20): 18111822. 1995. Schimmer O, Roder A, Valerensauren in Fertigarzneimitteln und selbst bereiteten Ausziigen aus der Wurzel von Valeriana officinalis L.s.l. In: PZW 137(1 >:31-36. 1992. Schulz H. Jobert M. (1995) Die Darstellung sedierender/ Tranquilisierender Wirkungen von Phytopharmaka im quantifizierten EEG Z Phytother Abstractband. S. 10. Schulz H. Stolz C. Muller J, (1994) The effect of a valerian extract on sleep polygraphy in poor sleepers. A pilot study. Pharmacopsychiat 27:147-151. Schulz V, Hiibner WD, Ploch M. Klinische Studien mit Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-i54. 1997. Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988. Sprecher E, Ober die Qualitat von Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 12(4): 105. 1991.
Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs. Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Thies PW, Funke S, (1966) Tetrahedron Letters 11:1155. Torii S, Fukuda H, Kanemoto H, Miyanchi R, Hamauzu Y, Kawasaki M, (1988) Contingent negative variation (CNV), the psychological effects of odour. In: Van Toller St, Dodd GH (eds) Perfumery. The psychology, biology of fragrance. Chapman, Hall, London New York. S 107-146. Trossell K, Wahlberg K, (1966) Tetrahedron Letters 4:445. Tyler VE, (1987) The new honest herbal. A sensible guide to herbs, related remedies. 2nd ed Stickley Co.. Philadelphia, S 125-126. Van Meer JH, Labadine RP, (1981) J Chromatogr. 205(1 ):206. Veith J et al., (1986) Planta Med (3): 179. Vorbach EU, Arnold KH, (1995) Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit von Baldrianextrakt (LI 156) versus Placebo bei behandlungsbediirftigen Insomnien. Z Phytother Abstractband, S 11. Vorbach EU, Gortelmeyer R & Bruning J: Therapie von Insomnien. Wirksamkeit und Vertraeglichkeit eine Baldrianpraeparats. Psychopharmakotherapie 1996; 3:109-115.
M
Valeriana officinalis See Valerian
Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Pans: The entire fresh plant is used medicinally. Flower and Fruit: The peduncles are leafless, up to 45 cm long with 3 to 10 radial flowers arranged in an umbelliferous raceme. The sepals are fused, and the 5 petals are free and white. There are 15 to 20 stamens and 5 superior carpels. The styles are fused to a column with 5 stigmas on the tip. The fruit is an ovoid capsule, which splits when ripe. The numerous seeds are ovoid, black and smooth.
I
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up to 45 cm high with leaves that are arranged in a basal rosette. The leaves are 6.5 to 13 cm long, have a cuneiform broadened petiole and an orbicular lamina with 2 sides forming a trap. The leaf sides have 15 to 20 stiff bristles on the edge and 3 sensitive bristles on the surface. The nectar glands are on the periphery and the digestive glands toward the center. When the sensitive bristles are stimulated, the lamina halves snap shut and the bristles on the edge lock together. Digestion of the trapped insect takes approximately 6 days after which the trap slowly opens again. There are only adventitious roots on the fully grown plant.
VERONICA BECCABUNGA / 7 8 7 DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the pressed juice have been administered orally, by inhalation and parenterally. How Supplied: Availability of the pressed juice of the fresh plant in two commercial preparations was halted in 1986. Daily Dosage: Juice from the fresh plant used orally and as an inhalant: 50 to 60 drops 5 times daily p.o.: 25 drops with 1 ml physiological NaCl in a cold atomizer. Injection solution: initial dose is 2 ml ampule daily for 14 days. Maintenance dose: 1 ampule every second to third day I.M.
Characteristics: The plant is carnivorous. LITERATURE
Habitat: Dionaea muscipula is native to North America. Production: Venus flytrap herb is the whole fresh, aerial plant of Dionaea muscipula, which is harvested shortly before the flowering season and processed immediately.
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J. Rimpler G. Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin. Heidelberg 1998.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Naphthalene derivatives: napthoquinones, including hydropIumbagin-4-O-beta-glucoside, (0.6%), plumbagin (0.2%) Flavonoids: including quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3O-glucoside Phenol carboxylic acids: glucosides of gallic acid, ellagic acid, 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid and 3,3-dimethyl ellagic acid Enzymes (in the secretions of the digestive glands): proteases, phosphatases, nucleases EFFECTS
Veratrum album See White Hellebore
Veratrum luteum See False Unicorn Root
Veratrum viride See American Hellebore
The pressed fresh plant (chief active ingredient plumbagin) is immunostimulating, antineoplastic and spasmogenic due to the lysophosphatidinic acid component. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug extracted from the plant is used chiefly in the treatment of malignant conditions such as tumors in advanced stages (mammary carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, prostate carcinoma and osteosarcoma) and also for hematological systemic conditions (such as Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) as well as solid tumors.
Verbascum densiflorum See Mullein
Verbena officinalis See Vervain
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Parenteral administration of medicinal preparations made from the fresh plant led to elevated body temperature, chills and circulatory damage. Circulatory collapse, possibly as a result of contamination with endotoxins is possible. Skin contact with the fresh plant may cause irritation.
Veronica beccabunga See Brooklime
7 8 8 / V E R O N I C A OFFICINALIS
Veronica officinalis See Speedwell
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flavonoids: including among others luteolin, scutellarin and 6-hydroxy-luteolin glycosides, artemitin, sorbifolin, pedalitin, nepetin (eupafolin) Caffeic acid derivatives: verbascoside 0.8%), eucovoside, martynoside
Vervain Verbena officinalis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial parts collected during the flowering season, the fresh, flowering herb, the flowers and the whole fresh plant. Flower and Fruit: The small flowers are pale lilac and arranged in thin paniculate spikes. The calyx is fused to a short, 5-tipped tube. The corolla has a 5-tipped, bent tube and a bilabiate margin. The mouth of the tube is closed by a cross of hairs. There are 4 stamens and 1 ovary, which breaks up into four, 1-seeded mericarps. These are oblongcylindrical, 1.5 to 2 mm long, warty on the inside, reticulately grooved and light brown on the outside. The seeds are grooved on the inside and have very little endosperm.
EFFECTS
The amaroid-Iike affect of the iridoid glycosides explains its use as an astringent. The drug is weakly anti-edemic, analgesic, cytotoxic and antitumoral. The verbenalin has antitussive, secretolytic, and lactation-promoting properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Vervain are used for diseases and ailments of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, such as sore throat, and for diseases of the respiratory tract, such as coughs, asthma and whooping cough. In addition, the drug is used internally for pain, cramps, fatigue, nervous disorders, digestive disorders, liver and gallbladder diseases, jaundice, kidney and urinary tract complaints, menopausal complaints and irregular menstruation. It is also used to promote lactation and to treat rheumatic diseases, gout, metabolic disorders, chlorosis and edema. The drug is used externally as a gargle for cold symptoms and for diseases of the oral and pharyngeal cavity.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The true variety is an annual or biennial to perennial with a fusiform, branched, whitish root. The stem is erect, rigid, quadrangular and branched above. The leaves are opposite, dull green, ovate-oblong and have a short broad petiole. They are deeply divided in 3 with notched, crenate tips. They are wrinkled and roughly bristled.
Vervain is also used for antipruritic treatment of skin diseases and minor topical burns (in France) and for arthritis, rheumatism, dislocations and contusions.
Habitat: The plant is probably indigenous to the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated worldwide, but mainly in eastern Europe.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for bruising and cerebral convulsions. ^
Production: Verbena herb consists of the above-ground parts of Verbena officinalis. The herb is predominantly cultivated in eastern Europe. It is collected in the wild and harvested in southeastern Europe. After being cut, the drug is hung in bunches to dry. Note: Improper drying leads to hydroiytic decomposition of verbenalin. Not to be Confused With: Lippiae triphyllae folium Other Names: Enchanter's Plant, Herb of the Cross, Juno's Tears, Pigeon's Grass, Pigeonweed, Simpler's Joy, Herb of Grace ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for edema, chronic malaria, dysmenorrhea and carbuncles.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Vervain should not be used during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
•
Mode of Administration: Vervain is available as whole, cut and powdered drug for internal and external use. Preparation: The ratio for the liquid extract is I.T in 25% ethanol; the tincture should be mixed with 40% ethanol. An infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 20 gm drug to 1 liter water.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes (0.2-0.5%): including among others verbenalin (cornin, 0.15%), hastatoside (0.08%), dihydroverbenalin (0.01%)
Daily Dosage: For the liquid extract, take 2 to 4 ml daily. For the tincture, take 5 to 10 ml up to 3 times per day. For the infusion, take 2 to 4 gm up to 3 times per day.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Chinese Medicine Dosage: The daily dose is 4.5 to 9 gm of the drug.
M
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily; parenterally: 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly (HAB34). Storage: Vervain must be stored in a dry environment to avoid hydrolytic decomposition of verbenalin. LITERATURE
Carnat A et aL, PM 61:490. 1995. Inouye H et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:285. Mcllroy RJ, In: The Plant Glycosides, Arnold. London 1951. Reynaud J et al., Pharm Acta Helv 67:216. 1992. Weber R, Dissertation Marburg. 1995. Yip L, Pei S, Hudson JB, Towers GHN. Screening of medicinal plants from Yunnan Province in southwest China for antiviral activity. In: ETH 34:1-6. 1991. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aurl, Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. 4F
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Viburnum prunifolium See Black Haw
VIROLA / 7 8 9
Viola tricolor See Heartsease
Virola Virola theiodora DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in panicles. The male inflorescence has numerous flowers and is brown, goldyellow and pubescent. The female flowers are either single or in clusters of 2 to 10 flowers. They are fused and have 3 to 5 stamens. The ovary develops from only 1 carpel with 1 ovule. The fruit is orbicular-oval, 10 to 20 mm long and 8 to 15'mm wide. Leaves, Stem and Root: Virola theiodora is a diclinous tree that grows up to 23 m high. The leaves are alternate, 9 to 35 cm long and 4 to 12 cm wide; the lamina is simple, elongate to wide oval, acute, entire and paper-like. The trunk is approximately 0.5 m thick and cylindrical with a smooth, brown-speckled bark with gray spots. Characteristics: The flowers have sharply fragrance.
astringent
Habitat: Amazon region Production: Virola bark is the dried bark of Virola theiodora. There are various methods of production. Either the bark is scraped off, dried over a fire and powdered, or the outer bark is peeled off before sunrise and the inner bark with the resin is scraped off and cooked to a syrup. The syrup is pulverized after drying in the sun. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Vicia faba
Tryptamine derivatives: particularly N,N-dimethyl tryptamine, 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyl tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)
See Broad Bean
EFFECTS
Vinca minor See
Periwinkle
Due to its psychotropic and narcotic-hallucinogenic characteristics (tryptamine alkaloids), the drug is chiefly used in the form of a snuff powder in connection with ritual and religious ceremonies. The resin is also administered topically to yeast infections of the skin and for the promotion of the healing of wounds. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Viola odorata See Sweet Violet
Unproven Uses: Virola is used for skin disease and fungal skin diseases, to speed the healing of wounds, and to clean infected wounds (South America).
7 9 0 /VIROLA PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is not used as a medication. The drug has a psychomimetic effect when administered through the nasal mucous membrane.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Vitex agnus-castus See Chaste Tree
OVERDOSAGE
Signs of poisoning include nausea, increased irritability, numbness in the limbs, coordination disorders and hallucinations, among others. The tryptamine derivatives are resorbed only to a very limited extent following oral administration. DOSAGE
Preparation: There is no information in the literature. LITERATURE
de Smet PA, A multidisciplinary overview of intoxicating snuff rituals in the Western Hemisphere. J Ethnopharmacol, 13:3-49, 1985 Mar. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. MacRae WD, Towers GH, Justicia pectoralis: a study of the basis for its use as a hallucinogenic snuff ingredient. J Ethnopharmacol, 12:93-111, 1984 Oct. MacRae WD, Towers GH, Phytochemical investigation of Virola peruviana, a new hallucinogenic plant. J Pharm Sci, 12:1561-3, 1973 Sep. McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott FS, Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest. Acta Chem Scand, 12:903-16, 1969. McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott FS, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants. Part 2: Constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. J Ethnopharmacol, 12:179-211, 1984 Nov. Plotkin MJ, Schultes RE, Virola: a promising genus for ethnopharmacological investigation. J Psychoactive Drugs, 22:357-61, 1990 Jul-Sep.
Virola theiodora See Virola
Vitis vinifera See Grape
Wafer Ash Ptelea trifoliata DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the young bark and the root bark. The plant is also used in homeopathic medicine. Flower and Fruit: The small, greenish-white flowers are in loose, terminal cymes and are dioecious. The 4- to 5-sepalled calyx and the 4 to 5 petals are downy on the outside. There are 4 to 5 stamens whose filaments are hairy at the base. The compressed ovary has a short style and stigma which is divided in two. The fruit is circular and winged with a broad, greenish-white, later ochre-colored margin. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a bush or small tree up to 4 m high with glabrous, smooth, dark or red-brown branches. The younger branches, leaves and petiols are downy. The leaves are large, 3-lobed, lanceolate narrowing to both ends, entire, dark green above, lighter beneath and covered with numerous fine glandular spots. Characteristics: The flowers are pleasantly perfumed and the fruit is bitter-tangy. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Eastern North America and is cultivated in Europe as an ornamental bush. Production: Wafer Ash is the root-bark of Ptelea trifoliata. Other Names: Pickaway Anise, Prairie Grub, Scubby Trefoil, and Stinking Prairie Bush, Swamp Dogwood, Hop Tree, Three-Leafed, Wingseed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Furoquinoline alkaloids: including kokusaginine, skimmianine (beta-fagarine), ptelein, dictamnine, and maculosidine
Viscum album See European Mistletoe
Furanocoumarins: including isopimpinellin, marmesin, and phellopterin
WAHOO/791
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EFFECTS
Wafer Ash is antimicrobial. The alkaloid content acts against microbes; pteleatinium chloride acts against mycobacteriwn tuberculosis and yeast fungus.
Other Names: Burning Bush, Fusanum, Fusoria, Gadrose, Gatten, Gatter, Indian Arrowroot, Pigwood, Prickwood, Skewerwood, and Spindle Tree ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COMPOUNDS: WAHOO ROOT BARK {EUONYMUS
Unproven Uses: Wafer Ash is used for stomach complaints, gallstones, and rheumatism. It's root bark is used as a tonic.
ATROPURPUREUS)
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The plant could trigger phototoxicosis through skin contact, possibly also through internal ingestion of larger quantities. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wafer Ash is available as an extract. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. I-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Cardioactive steroids (cardenolides) in the root: including euatroside, euatromonoside COMPOUNDS: WAHOOO FRUIT (EUONYMUS EUROPAEUS)
Cardioactive steroids (cardenolides) in the seeds: including evonoside, evobioside, evomonoside, evolonoside, glucoevonoloside, glucoevonogenin Alkaloids: polyester from a sesquiterpene polyol with pyrridine carbon acids (for example, evonine) Peptide alkaloids: including frangula amine, franganin, frangufolin /-benzyl-tetrahydro-isoquinoline alkaloids Purine alkaloids: caffeine, theobromine EFFECTS: WAHOO ROOT BARK AND FRUIT
The drug is reported to be a laxative and a choleretic. Larger doses have an effect on the heart.
Wahoo Euonymus species DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the trunk and root bark and the fruit. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellowish-green, small and flat in double cymes with few blossoms. There are 4 sepals, 4 petals, 4 stamens and 4 styles on a glandular disc, which surrounds the ovary. The fruit is a 4-lobed, obtuse, pink capsule which bursts open at the tip showing the seeds covered in an orange-yellow skin. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an unwieldy shrub up to 3 m high with green rectangular young branches. The older branches are light gray. The leaves are opposite, oblonglanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, finely serrate and glabrous. Characteristics: The seeds are poisonous. Habitat: The plant grows in the Eastern and Central U.S. and Canada. Production: Wahoo root bark is the bark of the root and young branches of Euonymus atropurpureus. Wahoo fruit is the fruit of Euonymus europaeus.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In the past, the drug was used as a cholagogue, laxative, diuretic and tonic, and for dyspepsia. Today, it is used in homeopathy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Poisonings caused by the berries have been recorded. Thirtysix berries of Euonymus europaeus are said to be enough to kill a person. After a latency period of several hours, intestinal colic, severe, sometimes bloody diarrhea, elevation of body temperature, shortness of breath and circulatory disorders with signs of collapse occur. Often there is elevation of cerebrospinal pressure with increasing stupor that may progress unconsciousness. The first measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric lavage, intestinal emptying, the instillation of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (which includes quiet, heat and the possible administration of a plasma volume expander). All other measures depend on the symptoms. For loss of potassium, careful replenishment of potassium should be undertaken. Lidocaine can be administered for ventricular extrasystole; atropine for partial atrioventricular block. For elimination of the glycosides hemoperfusion is possible, as is the administration of cholestyramine to interrupt enterohepatic circulation. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary in cases of asphyxiation.
792/WAHOO DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wahoo root bark and fruit are not recommended for use. as the drug is considered too dangerous.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
of plasma lipid. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 38:299-301 320, 1991 May
Bishay DW et al., PH 12:693. 1973.
Wallflower
Bliss CA, Ramstad E. J Am Pharm Assoc 46:423. 1957.
Cheiranthus cheiri
LITERATURE
Briining R, Wagner H. PH 17:1821. 1978.
DESCRIPTION
Kislichenko SG et al., Khim Prir Soedin 386. 1969.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowers, the dried ripe seeds and the fresh aerial parts of the erect plant before flowering.
Kislichenko SG et al.. Khim Prir Soedin 193 et 241. 1967. Tschesche R, Wirtz S. Snatzke G. Chem Ber 88:1619. 1955. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch ftir Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Gazzinelli RT, Romanha AJ. Fontes G. Chiari E. Gazzinelli G. Brenner Z, Distribution of carbohydrates recognized by the lectins Euonymus europaeus and concanavaiin A in monoxenic and heteroxenic trypanosomatids. J Protozool. 38:320-5, JulAug, 1991. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Nickrent DL, Franchina CR, Phylogenetic relationships of the Santalales and relatives. J Mol Evol, 26:294-301. Oct, 1990.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are golden yellow to orangeyellow in dense racemes on 10 to 14 cm long, pubescent, erect stems. The sepals are 9 to 11 mm long, linearlanceolate, with a membranous border. The stigma is curled back. The fruit is a pod, which has no beak but has distinct ribs*. The seeds are arranged in 1 row, are 3 mm long, oblong, narrowly winged and light brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from about 30 to 70 cm. The stems are woody below and semi-shrub-like with gray-appressed hairs and thick foliage above. The leaves are lanceolate with revolute tip, short-petioled, entire-margined and hairy. Characteristics: The plant has a pleasant fragrance. Habitat: The plant is probably only indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean region, but is cultivated today in Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, Japan and New Zealand.
Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Wallflower can be obtained from commercial growers (cultivated regions).
Roussel F, Dal ion J, Wissocq JC, Cytotoxic cardenolides from woods of Euonymus alata. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 26:6157. Mar, 1996.
Other Names: Gillyflower, Wallstock-Gillofer, Handflower, Keiri, Beeflower
Roussel F, Dalion J, Wissocq JC, Euonymus europaeus lectin as an endothelial and epithelial marker in canine tissues. Lab Anim, 26:114-21. Apr, 1992. Roussel F, Dalion J, Wissocq JC. Lectin binding defines and differentiates M-cells in mouse small intestine and caecum. Histochem Cell Biol, 26:161-8. Aug, 1995 Roussel F, Dalion J, Wissocq JC. Occupational wood-dust sensitivity from Euonymus europaeus (spindle tree) and investigation of cross reactivity between E.e. wood and Artemisia vulgaris pollen (mugwort). Allergy, 26:186-90. Apr, 1991. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wang W, Wang J, Zhao D, Liu H. Zhou W, Chen K, Comparison of Spatholobus suberectus Dum Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. and Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker on regulation
Giroflier,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids): in particularly high concentration in the seeds (0.5%), including cheirotoxin, erysimoside, glucoerysimoside, cheiroside A Glucosinolates: glucocheiroline, glucoiberin, which yield the isothiocyanates cheiroline and iberin Fatty oil (in the seeds) EFFECTS
The drug has cardiac effects similar to digitaloid drugs, due to the cardenolide glycosides. Its application for constipation is plausible because of the inhibition of Na + and H2O absorption and the stimulating effect on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wallflower is used for cardiac insufficiency, as a laxative and to encourage menstruation. Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for wisdom tooth pain. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of poisonings see Digitalis folium. Despite the strong efficacy of the drug's cardioactive steroid glycosides in parenteral application, serious poisoning is not expected due to the presumably low resorption rate following oral administration. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wallflower is used internally in drops and an infusion as well as in some combination preparations. Preparation: To make an infusion from the flowers, mix 2 to 3 gm of drug per 100 ml of water. Daily Dosage: Drink 3 to 4 cups of the infusion daily. LITERATURE
Belokon VF. Makarevich IF, Khim Prir Soedin 424. 1980. Makarevich IF, Belokon VF, Khim Prir Soedin 662. 1975. Moore IA, Tamm C, Reichstein T. Helv Chim Acta 37:755. 1954. Schwarz H. Katz A, Reichstein T, Pharm Acta Helv 21:250. 1946. Wagner P, Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 41:4467. 1908. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
WALNUT/793
Walnut Juglans regia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the feathery leaflets without the rachis and the green fruit shells. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are green and appear before the leaves. They are monoecious. The male flowers are 10 cm long, sessile, globular-cylindrical, limp, hanging catkins. The female flowers are in groups of 1 to 3 at the tip of annual growth. They are greenish with a glandular pubescent calyx and 2 large, curved, warty, reddish stigmas. The fruit is globular or oblong-globular with a smooth, green, whitespotted outer shell and a wooden, wrinkled inner shell. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to 25 m and has a broad, loose-branched crown. The bark is smooth and ash gray at first; later dark and fissured. The leaves are large, long petioled, odd-pinnate with 7 to 9 oblong or ovate, entire-margined leaflets. The leaflets are spotted with glands when young. The terminal leaflet is the largest and is petiolate. Characteristics: The leaves are aromatic when rubbed. The taste is bitter. Habitat: The walnut is indigenous to the Middle East and Iran. Today, it is cultivated in many regions. Production: Walnut leaf consists of die dried leaf of Juglans regia. Other Names: English Walnut, Caucasion Walnut, Circassian Walnut, Persian Walnut ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Tannins (galloylglucose, ellagitannins) Naphthalene derivatives: The fresh leaves and the fruit peels contain 1,4,5- trihydroxynaphthalene-4-beta-D-glucoside, which is transformed into juglone through bruising or drying. Juglone polymerizes readily into yellow or brown products (that stain the skin), so there can be hardly any juglone present in the drug itself. Flavonoids: including, among others, hyperoside, quercitrin EFFECTS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Fxomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie. Pharmakoloaie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Walnut is astringent and fungistatic. The juglone content in the walnut hulls has been linked to mutagenic action. The topical use of walnut hulls has been linked to cancer of the tongue and leukoplakia of the lips. The main active principles are the tannins and juglon. There is an astringent effect because of the tannins. The antifungal effect comes from the juglon content and the essential oil.
7 9 4 /WALNUT INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Water Avens Geum
• Inflammation of the skin H Excessive perspiration Unproven Uses: Externally, Walnut is used for mild, superficial inflammation of the skin and excessive perspiration. Internally, the drug is used for gastrointestinal catarrh and as an anthelmintic (so-called blood purifier). Chinese Medicine: In China, Walnut is used to treat asthma, lumbago, beriberi, impotence and constipation. Indian Medicine: In India, Walnut is used for alternating rheumatic complaints, and the oil of the seeds is used for tapeworms. The seeds are said to have an aphrodisiac effect and are also used for dysentery and colic. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions and other galenic preparations for external use. Preparation: To prepare a decoction, soak 2 teaspoonfuls of drug in 1 cup of water, boil and strain. An infusion is prepared by using 1.5 gm of finely cut drug, soaked in cold water, brought to simmer and strained after 3 to 5 minutes. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose for external use is 3 to 6 gm of drug.
rivale
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried, underground parts of the plant, the fresh, flowering plant and the roots. Flower and Fruit: The flowering peduncle usually sprouts singly from the axils of the rosette leaves, rarely from the ends of the stems. It is often tinged red-brown and is downy. The flowers and subinflorescences are on long, dense and glandular-haired pedicles. The 5 sepals are red-brown. The 5 petals are pale yellow and tinged dirty pink. The flower remains attached long after flowering. The carpel axis is stemmed and villous, and stretches when mature. The fruit is hooked at the tip. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 30 to 100 cm high semi-rosette shrub with the primary root replaced by adventitious roots. The rhizome is simple, thick, cylindrical and crooked with a terminal rosette. The rosette leaves are long-petioled, irregularly lyre-shaped and pinnate. The upper surface is glandular and hairy. The underside is heavily ciliated along the veins. Habitat: The plant is found in Europe, temperate Asia and North America. Production: Water Avens root is the root of Geum rivale. Other Names: Cure All, Water Flower, Indian Chocolate, Chocolate Root, Throat Root, Water Chisch ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRESHLY HARVESTED RHIZOME LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Gein (eugenol vicianoside): transformed into through drying or cutting into small pieces
eugenol
Tannins Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS: IN THE DRIED RHIZOME AND ROOT
Nahrstedt A et al., (1981) Planta Med 42(4):313.
Volatile oil (traces): chief component eugenol
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Tannins
(15-20%)
EFFECTS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
See Geum urbanum; overall, Water Avens has very weak action.
Thomson RH, Naturally Occuring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1971.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht.. In: DAZ 132(37): 1873. 1992.
No information is available.
Unproven Uses: Uses are the same as for Geum urbanum.
DOSAGE
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
WATER
DROPWORT/795
LITERATURE
OVERDOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Oxalate poisonings are conceivable, but only with the consumption of very large quantities of the leaves as salad.
Hegnauer R, Pharm Weekblad 87:641-646. 1952. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and externally as a liquid extract or as a powder. Use of the herb went out of favor during the 18th century. LITERATURE
Grznar K. Rada K. Farmaceut Obzor 47:195. 1978.
Water Dock Rumex
aquaticus
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969. Sharma M et al.. Indian J Chem Sect B 15B.544. 1977.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried roots. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a large, dense panicle. The pedicles are filiform and up to 2.5 times as long as the capsules. The capsules are 6 to 8 mm long, ovatetriangular, more or less acute, longer than wide and entiremargined.
Water Dropwort Oenanthe
crocata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome. Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb is perennial and has an erect 100 to 200 cm high stem. The leaves are 7.5 to 10 cm wide with curly margins. The basal leaves are triangular, acute, deeply cordate at the base and 1.5 to 2.5 times as long as they are wide. The petiole is at least as long as the leaf blade. The rhizome is dark brown to blackish on the outside and porous. Habitat: The plant is common in Europe. Production: The root material is sliced and then dried in the shade. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Oxalates: oxalic acid, calcium oxalate Tannins Anthracene derivatives: including anthranoids EFFECTS
The active agents are quercitrin, protein, fat, starch, essential oil and tannin. The herb acts as an aid to digestion. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Water Dock is used for blood purification and constipation. The powdered form is also useful for cleaning the teeth or for mouth ulcers. It is used externally for sores and scorbutic conditions.
Flower and Fnut: The flowers are in terminal umbels. The flowering shoots are longer than the 10 to 40 pedicled rays, which do not micken in the fruiting phase. The cylindrical fruit is 4 to 6 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a branched, stout perennial up to 150 cm high. The roots are fleshy and pale yellow. They have obovoid or ellipsoid tubers close to the point of attachment to the stem. The stems are hollow, striate and grooved. The basal leaves are 3- to 4-pinnate. The lobes of the basal leaves are ovate to suborbicular, cuneate at base. The lobed. crenate. cauline leaves are 2-s to 3-pinnate and almost sessile. The lobes of the cauline leaves are ovate to linear, and the segments are closer and sharper than the basal leaves. Characteristics: The plant is extremely poisonous. Habitat: The plant grows around ditches and ponds in the U.S., and parts of Europe, excluding Scandinavia, Holland, Germany. Russia. Turkey and Greece. Production: Water Dropwort is the root of Oenanthe crocata, which is collected in the wild. Other Names: Hemlock, Dead Men's Fingers, Horsebane, Dead Tongue, Five-Fingered Root, Water Lovage ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COMPOUNDS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Polyynes: including among others the highly toxic oenanthotoxin as well as oenanthetol, oenanthetone, dihydrooenanthotoxin
7 9 6 / W A T E R DROPWORT EFFECTS
The pharmacologically active substances of the root drug are the toxic oenanthotoxin and the less toxic polyacetylenes oenanthetol and oenantheton. Oenanthotoxin caused an irreversible inhibition of loading transfer and sodium inflow at the nerve fibers of frogs. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Water Dropwort was formerly used in the treatment of epilepsy, but this use can no longer be recommended. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include epilepsy and cerebral convulsions.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern VV, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
(
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Use of the drug can no longer be recommended because of its severe toxicity, due to the oenanthotoxin content.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning include a burning sensation in the mouth and nose, dizziness, weakness, chill, mild twitching and speech disorders. Higher dosages may produce toniccolonic spasms, temporarily slowed cardiac activity, unconsciousness, bloody foam at the mouth and death through respiratory failure. Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution and sodium sulfate), and the administration of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with thiobarbiturates (diazepam is said to be less effective); hemodialysis or hemperfusion have been applied successfully. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete except in homeopathy. .. Homeopathic Dosage: Adult dosages are 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); from D4 parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc i.v., i. m. acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day. Children up to 6 years old are given a maximum of half the adult dose; children up to 12 are given a maximum of two-thirds the adult dose (HAB34).
Water Fennel Oenanthe aquatica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe seeds.
j
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white and grow in manyrayed compound umbels opposite the leaves. They have no involucre but there is a small epicalyx. The calyx is distinct with an irregular corolla and petals that have a distinct border. The calyx narrows at the base and has an involute tip. The style is long. The fruit is 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, with 5 broad obtuse ribs. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 30 to 120 cm high. The stem is angularly branched, hollow and soft. The lower end of the 3 cm thick stem, which grows underwater, has long roots at the nodes. When the stem end reaches above water, is grows to only 6 mm thick. The leaves are double pinnate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect with splayed leaflets, which are often turned backward and have lanceolate, deeply indented-serrate tips. .The underwater leaves have a thread-like tip.
LITERATURE
Anet E, Lythgoe B, Silk MH, Tripett S, The chemistry of oenanthotoxin and cicutoxin. In: Chem Ind 31:757. 1952.
Habitat: Found near ponds and ditches in both the U.S. and Europe.
Bohlmann F, Rode KM, Polyacetylenic compounds: CXVlI. Polyynes of Oenanthe crocata. In: Chem Ber 101(4): 1163-1175. 1968.
Production: Water Fennel fruit are the ripe seeds Oenanthe aquatica, which are collected in the wild.
Grindy HF, Howarth F. Pharmacological studies on hemlock water dropwort. In: Brit J Pharmacol 11:225-30. 1956.
Not to be Confused With: Mistaken identity can occur with Cicuta virosa, Sium latifolium or Perculanum palustre.
Mitchell MJ, Routledge PA, Hemlock water dropwort poisoning - a review. In: Clin Toxicol 12(4):417-426. 1978.
Other Names: Water Dropwort, Horsebane
of
J
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1-2.5%): including among others (+)-betaphellandrene, dillapiol. myristicin, l-nonen-3-ol (androle), volatile polyynes, undecen-4-ole, camphene, isopropyl cyclohexene-2-olePolyynes: including among others all-trans-pentadeca2,8,10-trien-4,6-diin-12-on
WATER
GERMANDER/797
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Ram AS, Devi HM, (1983) Indian J Bot 6(1):21. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Fatty oil (20%) Lignans: including arctigenin. matairesinol, dimethyl matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol EFFECTS
The drug's expectorant and antitussive effects are probably due to the essential oil. The active agents are the essential and fatty oil, resin, wax. galacton, and mannan and rubber substances. There is no further information available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Water Fennel is used in folk medicine as an expectorant and for the relief of coughs due to inflammation of the bronchial mucus membranes or asthma and suppurating or festering inflammation of the lungs, as well as a diuretic and carminative. Homeopathic Uses: Inflammation of the respiratory tract and breast pain in nursing mothers are considered indications for use in homeopathy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground, as an extract and as a tea.
Water Germander Teucrium scordium DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal pans are the herb harvested during or shortly before the flowering season and the fresh flowering herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are light red, 8 to 10 mm long, with short pedicles. They are in inconspicuous clusters in 1 to 4 blossomed cymes between bracts, which are longer than the flowers. The calyx has 5 tips and is campanulatetubular with a touch violet. The tips of the deeply divided upper lip lie on the lower lip in such a way as to make it appear 5-lobed. After flowering, the head drops. There are 4 stamens. The nutlets are 1 mm long and punctate-reticulate. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, downy herb smelling of garlic. The rhizome creeps in mud and produces overground runners, which immediately turn into leaves and flower shoots. The stems are unbranched or branched, erect, round and villous with soft-hairs. The Jeaves are sessile, oblong-oval and crossed opposite.
Preparation: A tincture is prepared using the drug in a 1:5 ratio with 70% ethanol (m/m)
Characteristics: The plant has a garlic-like odor and a bitter taste.
Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dose is 4 to 5 g drug.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to most of Europe as far as northern Africa and central Asia.
Homeopathic Dosage: Adult dosage is 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); from D4 parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc i.v., i.m. acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day. Children up to 6 years are given half the dose, children up to 12 are given a maximum of two-thirds the adult dosage (HAB1).
Production: Water Germander is the aerial part of Teucrium scordium. It is picked during or shortly before flowering. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
Diterpenes: including among others, 6,20-bisdeacetylteupyreinidin, 6-deacetylteupyreinidin, 2beta, 6beta-dihydroxyteuscordin, 2beta,6beta-dihydroxyteuscordin, dihydroteugin, teuflidin, teucrin E, teugin, 2-keto-19-hydroxyteuscordin
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
See other Teucrium species.
LITERATURE
EFFECTS
798/WATER
GERMANDER
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used for the treatment of festering and inflamed wounds, bronchial ailments, diarrhea, fever, hemorrhoids, and intestinal parasites. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that grows from 25 to 90 cm and has creeping runners. The stem is angular, hollow, decumbent, rooting and branched. The somewhat fleshy leaves are alternate, usually odd-pinnate, lyrate and petiolate. They remain grass-green in winter. They have broad-elliptical, entire-margined or sweeping-crenate leaflets and roundish, broadly cordate terminal leaflets. Characteristics: The plant has a radish-like taste and smells tangy when rubbed.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Water Germander is used internally and externally.
Habitat: The plant is found almost all over the world and is cultivated in many regions.
Daily Dosage: Four teaspoonfuls of the herb (7.2 gm) is taken daily as an infusion. The same preparation can be used internally or externally.
Production: Watercress consists of the fresh or dried aboveground parts of Nasturtium officinale. The fresh herb is collected in the wild and dried in shady, well-aired conditions.
LITERATURE
Fikenscher LH. Hegnauer R. Plant Med Phytother 3(3): 183.
Not to be Confused With: Berula erecta or Cardamine amara
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Other Names: Indian Cress
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Papanov G, Malakov PY, (1981) Z Naturforsch (B)36:112.
Papanov GY et al., PH 24:297-299. 1985. Singh S et al., Fitoterapia 63:555. 1992.
Watercress Nasturtium officinale
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates in the fresh, unbruised plant (0.9% of fresh weight): chief components gluconasturtiin (80%), which releases in the course of cell destruction the mustard oil phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate, from which 3-phenyl propionitrile, among other substances, spontaneously arises; additionally glucotropaeolin (yielding benzyl isothiocyanate), as well as 7-methyl thioheptyl glucosinolate, 8-methyl thiooctyl glucosinolate Flavonoids Vitamin C (80 mg/100 gm) EFFECTS
TRADE NAMES
Watercress (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product) DESCRIPTION
Watercress has antibiotic, antitumoral and diuretic actions. The diuretic effect is probably due to the mustard oil content. As an amaroid drug, it stimulates appetite and digestion. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts collected during the flowering season and the entire flowering plant.
Approved by Commission E:
Flower and Fruit: On the leading and side shoots there are terminal, raceme-like inflorescences, which are slightly umbelliferous and consist of small, white, solitary flowers. The 4 white sepals are 2 to 3 mm long and glabrous. The 4 white petals are 2.5 to 5 mm long and turn lilac. There are 2 to 4 stamens with yellow anthers and filaments, which also turn lilac. The fruit is 13 to 18 mm long, with a glabrous pod on an 8 to 12 cm stem. The seeds are flat, ovate, 1 mm long, 0.8 to 0.9 mm wide and roughly reticulate. There are about 25 sections on each seed surface.
Unproven Uses: Internally, the plant is used for catarrh of the respiratory tract, as an appetite stimulant and for digestion complaints. Externally, a decoction of the leaves in poultices and compresses is used for arthritis.
• Cough/bronchitis
Homeopathic Uses: Watercress is used to treat irritation of the efferent urinary tract. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications include stomach or intestinal ulcers and inflammatory renal diseases.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The intake of large quantities of the freshly harvested plant (e.g., in salad) could lead to gastrointestinal complaints due to the mucous membraneirritating effect of the mustard oil. Pediatric Use: The drug should not be administered to children under 4 years old. Pregnancy: The drug should not be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The comminuted herb, freshly pressed juice, as well as other galenic preparations of the plant, are for internal use.
WHEAT/799
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a 4 to 18 cm long, more or less 4-sided and double-rowed awnless spike (occasionally with an awn up to 16 cm long). The spikelet has 2 to 6 flowers, 2 to 4 of which are sterile. Each spikelet has 2 glumes at the base, is approximately 10 mm long, blunt, keeled at the tip with a blunt or acute tooth. The flowers are surrounded by 2 bracts; the first is bulbous and coriaceous, the second smaller and membranous. There are 3 stamens and an ovary with 2 feather-like styles. The fruit is a yellowish, reddish or brownish orbicular to elongate oval caryopse. Leaves, Stein and Root: The herb grows up to 1.5 m high. The leaves are arranged in two rows, are parallel-veined and 5 to 15 mm wide. The leaf base clasps the stem, the ligule is short with a ciliate eyelet. The stem is thin-walled, hollow and glabrous at the nodes.
How Supplied: Habitat: Asia, North America and Europe Capsules — 500 mg Preparation: To make a tea. pour 150 ml boiling water over 2 gm drug (1 to 2 teaspoonfuls), cover for 10 to 15 minutes and strain. Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 2 to 3 cups of the tea before meals, 4 to 6 gm of the dried herb, 20 to 30 gm of the fresh herb or 60 to 150 gm of freshly pressed juice. Externally, the drug is applied as a poultice or a compress. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1).
Production: Wheat bran is the fruit wall, seed shell and outer layers of the endosperm of Triticum aestivum. Wheat germ oil is the fatty oil derived from cold-pressing the embryo of Triticum aestivum in a filter press. Not to be Confused With: Wheat bran is sometimes confused with rye bran; wheat germ oil with other oils such as sesame oil. Other Names: Wheat Bran, Wheat Germ Oil ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY C O M P O U N D S : WHEAT BRAN
Polysaccharides Glucans: starch (15 to 20%), cellulose (30 %)
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Heteroglycans (10%): complex arabinoxylans, to some extent water-soluble
MacLeod AJ, Islam R, J Sci Food Agric 26:1545-1550. 1975.
Phospolipids (1%)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Glycolipids (0.5%): particularly acyldigalactosyl glycerols
Spence RMM, Tucknott OG, PH 22:2521-2523. 1993. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Fatty oil (2%)
Steroids (0.3%): sterol esters Proteins (20%) Lignin Alkyl resorcinols (0.1 to 0.2%): chiefly with C21- or C17side chains
Wheat Triticum aestivum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit wall, seed shell and outer layers of the endosperm.
E F F E C T S : WHEAT BRAN
Wheat bran is laxative in effect through expanding polysaccharides, which, through an increased level of fullness pressure, stimulate intestinal peristalsis and markedly shorten the transition time. At the same time, a measurable bonding of bile acids and their elimination from the enterohepatic
800/WHEAT
circulation takes place. In addition, a significant reduction of postprandial lipid levels is exhibited. The topical application of the drug as a bath additive for injured or irritated skin (due to the carbohydrates and proteins it contains) leads to milieu changes in the epidermis and thus to a reconstitution of the callous layer. C O M P O U N D S : W H E A T GERM OIL
Fatty oil: triacylglycerols (60 to 75%), diacylglycerols (to 4%): chief fatty acids linoleic acid (50 to 65%), oleic acid (15 to 22%), palmitic acid (7 to 18%), linolenic acid (5 to 8%) Phospholipids (9 to 14%) Glycolipids (0 to 2%): particularly acyldigalaktosyl glycerols Free fatty acids (1 to 2%) Steroids: sterol esters (2.5 to 3%), particularly those of betasitosterol and campesterol Tocopherols (vitamin E, 0.2 to 0.3%): particularly alphatocopherol (share 60 to 70%), as well as beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol Carotinoids (0.15 to 0.25%) E F F E C T S : W H E A T G E R M OIL
Wheat germ oil protects and nurtures the skin, is a laxative and reduces lipids. It is a valuable dietetic because of the high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. INDICATIONS AND USAGE WHEAT BRAN
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine internal uses include constipation. Externally, bran has been used for itching and inflammatory dermatoses (as a bran bath). Chinese Medicine: Used to treat spontaneous night sweats. Indian Medicine: Flatulence, constipation, itching and menorrhagia are considered to be indications for use in Indian medicine. Efficacy for constipation and dermatoses seems plausible, but efficacy for the other indications has not been sufficiently proven. WHEAT G E R M OIL
Unproven Uses: Used as a dietary agent because of the high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS WHEAT B R A N A N D W H E A T G E R M O I L
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Daily Dosage: As a laxative, the dose is 15 to 40 g 1 to 2 times daily, taken with meals and plenty of liquid. For a full/ partial bath: minimum 0.34 g aqueous extract to 1 L water Chinese Medicine Daily Dosage: 9 to 15 g drug W H E A T GERM OIL
Mode of Administration: Soft gelcaps or oil for internal and external use. Storage: Store tightly sealed in a cool place. LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K. Reichling J, Rimpler G, Schneider G, (Eds) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg 1998. Goff DJ, Kull FJ, The inhibition of human salivary alphaamylase by type II alpha-amylase inhibitor from Triticum aestivum is competitive, slow and tight-binding. J Enzyme Inhi'b, 252:163-70, 1995.
White Bryony Bryonia
alba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. Flower and Fruit: The plant is monoecious, occasionally dioecious. The male flowers are in long-peduncled racemes, which are 10 to 12 mm wide and shed easily. The female flowers are in short-stemmed umbel-like clusters. The sepals are almost as long as the corolla. The 5-petaled corolla is yellowish-white and has green veins. The S^styles are almost completely free. The stigmas are glabrous. The 2 fused, inferior ovaries are 3-valved. The fruit is a 1- to 2-seeded, thin-skinned, 7 to 8 mm thick, globose black berry. Leaves, Stem and Root: White Bryony is an extremely fastgrowing perennial. It has a thick, tuberous root. The root is fleshy, wrinkled horizontally, yellowish-gray on the outside and white and slimy on the inside. The grooved, angular stems are climbing, branched and have long internodes and simple screw-like climbers. They grow up to 4 m long. The leaves are short-petioled, broadly cordate, pentagonal to 5lobed and covered with short bristles on both sides. Characteristics: The root is bitter and spicy. The plant is categorized as extremely poisonous. Habitat: Indigenous from northeastern and southeastern Europe and also Iran.
W H E A T BRAN
Mode of Administration: Whole drug preparations are for internal and external use.
Production: Bryonia root consists of the dried taproot of Bryonia alba, which is cultivated.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
WHITE BRYONY/801
Other Names: Devil's Turnip, English Mandrake, Ladies' Seal, Tamus, Tetterberry, Wild Hops, Wild Nep, Wild Vine, Wood Vine
Following gastric lavage, the treatment for poisonings should proceed symptomatically. Consumption of 40 berries is presumed fatal for an adult; 15 for a child.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy of Bryonia preparations for the claimed applications is not documented, and since the use of it as a drastic laxative and emetic is obsolete, a therapeutic administration cannot be justified because of the risks involved.
Cucurbitacins: including cucurbitacins B, D, E, I, J, K, L, 23,24-dihydro-cucurbitacins, 1.2,23,24-tetrahydrocucurbitacins, 22-deoxycucurbitacins and bryodulcigenin; cucurbitacin glycosides, including bryonin, elaterinide, bryonosid, bryodulcigenin, cucurbitacin glycosides Triterpenes with unusual structure: for example, bryonolic acid Steroids: including sterols like C-4- and/or C-24-methylated or ethylated cholest-7-en-3-beta-oles Polyhydroxy fatty acids: including tadeca-10 (E)-15(Z)-dienic acid.
9,12,13-trihydroxy-oc-
Lectins
Bryonia is found occasionally in some pharmaceutical preparations. Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 0.5 to 1 g drug to 1 cup water. Daily Dosage: Dosage of the powder is 0.3 to 0.5 g as an emetic and purgative. LITERATURE
Hylands PJ, Mansour ESS. PH 21(ll):2703-2707. 1982. Konopa J et al.. (1974) Arzneim Forsch 24(10), 1554.
EFFECTS
The mainly glycosidically bonded cucurbitanes contained in the drug have a strong toxic and cytotoxic effect; in topical application they are irritating to the skin and mucous membrane. Various aqueous extracts of the drug display an antitumoral effect in animal tests. The resin is a drastic purgative. The methanol extracts have a strong hypoglycemic affect. Use of the drug as an emetic and purgative has become obsolete because of the toxicity.
Oobayashi K, Yoshikawa K, Arihara S, Structural revision of Bryonoside and structure elucidation of minor saponins from Bryonia dioica. In: PH 31:943-946. 1992. Panossian AG et al., (1983) Planta Med 47(1), 17-25. Pohlmann J, The cucurbitacins in Bryonia alba and Bryonia dioica. In: PH 14(7):1587-1589. 1980. Suganda AG et al., (1983) J Nat Prod 46(5), 626. Vartanian GS et al., (1984) Byull Eksp Biol Med 97(3), 295.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Because of its strong purgative and emetic effect, use of the drug cannot be recommended. Bryonia root has been used as a laxative, emetic and diuretic in the treatment of various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract and for rheumatic disorders. It has also been used prophylactically and therapeutically for metabolic disorders, liver disease, and acute and chronic infectious disease. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is highly toxic when freshly harvested. The toxicity of the drug declines rapidly with dehydration and storage because of the instability of the cucurbitacins. Due to the cucurbitacin content, the drug has a severely irritating effect on skin and mucous membranes. Contact between skin and the juice of the plant can lead to rash, infection, blister formation and necroses. OVERDOSAGE
The intake of toxic dosages can lead to vomiting, bloody diarrhea, colic, kidney irritation, anuria, collapse, spasms, paralysis and, under certain conditions, to death.
Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
802/WHITE
BRYONY
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
White Fir
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES EFFECTS
The essential oil has secretolytic and mildly antiseptic effects on the bronchial mucous membrane area and hyperemic effects on the skin. The constituents' camphene, limonene and alpha-pinene are responsible for the strong expectorate effect connected with its inhalation. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Abies alba
Approved by Co mm is ion E:
DESCRIPTION
• Neuralgia • Rheumatism
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the trees is the timber of the Fir. Flower and Fruit: The ovules are in pairs on the upper surface of the seed scales, in axils of the spirally arranged covering scales, which are in turn fused into cones. The cones are 10 to 16 cm long and 3 to 5 cm thick, with protruding surface scales that are green and tinged brown-red before ripening. The stamens are arranged like catkins. The fruit is diclinous, monoecious. The seeds are long-winged on one side. Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree grows up to 50 m and occasionally up to 75 m tall. The needles are 1 to 3 cm long, 1.8 to 2.3 mm wide. The needles are dark green on the upper surface with two white stripes on the lower surface. They are divided with a blunt apex indented at the tip. The trunk is initially grayish, later scaly. Habitat: White Fir is found in the Balkan countries. It originated from former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and Albania. Production: The essential oil of White Fir is extracted from the needles and branch tips by aqueous steam distillation for 5 to 6 hours, Not to be Confused With: May occur with turpentine oils, cone oils, fir needle oils, camphors, bornyl acetate and various Pinaceae oils. Other Names: Common Silver Fir, Swiss Pine ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS .
Limonene (25 to 55%) Alpha-pinene (6 to 35%) Camphene (9 to 20%) Bornyl acetate (2 to 10%) Santene (2 to 3%) Tricyclene (1.0 to 2.5%): including among others betapinene, beta-phellandrene and delta3-carene
Unproven Uses: Internally, the drug is used for catarrh of the respiratory tract. Externally, it can be used for nervous unrest and neuralgic pain. It can also be used for sprains, strains, contusions, bruising and as a prophylactic treatment for bedsores. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The plant is contraindicated for conditions like bronchial asthma, other obstructive bronchial diseases and whooping cough. Whole-body baths involving the essential oil should only be undertaken in consultation with a physician in the presence of larger skin injuries, severe feverish or infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency or hypertonia. Inhalation is to be avoided when the patient suffers from acute infections of the respiratory passages. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Bronchial spasms could become worse following administration of the drug. OVERDOSAGE
Poisonings are possible in connection with overdose and large-area external administration, including injuries to the kidneys and the CNS. The use of outdated essential oils with unsaturated terpene carbohydrates could lead to severe irritation of the skin and mucous membranes. Severe poisonings are possible following the ingestion of very large doses, leading to nausea, vomiting, reddening of the face, salivation, throat soreness, thirst, diarrhea, intestinal colic, dyspnea, dizziness, staggering walk, twitching, stranguria, dysuria, hematuria, albuminuria and skin efflorescence. It should be followed with gastric lavage with sodium sulfate solutions, intestinal emptying through administration of sodium sulfate, instillation of paraffin oil and medicinal charcoal, and shock prophylaxis (suitable body position, quiet, warmth). The treatment for poisonings consists of the treatment of spasms with diazepam (I.V.), electrolyte substitution and the countering of any acidosis imbalance that may appear through sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the event of shock,
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is necessary. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations for internal and external use. Daily Dosage:
WHITE
HELLEBORE/803
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is roughly 60 to 120 cm high. The rhizome is short, cylindrical and stunted. It has numerous, long, thick and fleshy root fibers. The round, cane-like, glabrous stem is almost completely surrounded by the tight sheaths of the basal leaves. The basal leaves are whorled, broad, elliptical to linear-lanceolate and heavily ribbed.
Drops — 4 drops, 3 times daily in water or with sugar
Habitat: The plant is found from Lapland to Italy but not on the British Isles.
Inhalation — add a few drops to hot water; and inhale several times daily
Production: White Hellebore root-stock is the rhizome of Veratrum album.
Lotion — rub into the affected parts
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Storage: Keep sealed tightly and protected from light.
Steroid alkaloids (mixture is referred to as veratrine, 0.82.5%): C-nor-D-homo-sterane type-including protoverine, protoveratrines A and B, germerine, jervine. protoverine, veratroyl zygadenine
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Aronow WS, Starling L. Etienne F, D'Alba P, Edwards M. Lee NH, Pamngao RF, Sales FF, Risk factors for atherothrombotic brain infarction in persons over 62 years of age in a long-term healthcare facility. J Am Geriatr Soc, 35:1-3, 1987 Jan. Faure-Raynaud M, Determination of the chitinolytic activity of 'Abies alba Mill, litter microorganisms: bacteria and yeasts (author's transl) Ann Microbiol (Paris), 132B:267-79. 1981 SepOct. Faure-Raynaud M, Study of volatile oil from Abies alba Miller. I. Study of raw material Acta Pol Pharm, I32B:71-7. 1970. Faure-Raynaud M. Study of volatile oil from sprigs of Abies alba Miller. II. Study of monoterpene fractions of oil, Acta Pol Pharm, 132B: 155-62, 1970. Faure-Raynaud M, Study of volatile oil of fir branches Abies alba Miller. 3. Study of non-monoterpene fraction and gas chromatography of oil. Acta Pol Pharm, 132B:301-5, 1970. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. AufL, Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
White Hellebore Veratrum album
Solidane type-including isorubijervine, rubijerxine EFFECTS
Internally, the drug reduces blood pressure and heart rate, inhibits respiration in higher doses, and has an aconitine-like effect on the conductor system. Externally, the drug causes severe irritation to the skin, including numbing and poisoning through absorption. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, White Hellebore is used for the treatment of vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, cholera, bradycardia and Graves' disease. Externally, the drug is used for neuralgia, rheumatism, joint pain and gout pain. Homeopathic Uses: White Hellebore is used for neuralgia, infections, diarrhea, low blood pressure and as a stimulant. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely toxic and has numerous severe side effects, even at therapeutic dosages. It is no longer administered in allopathic medicine for that reason. The veratrum alkaloids severely irritate mucous membranes. By inhibiting inactivation of sodium ion channels, the resorption of alkaloids has a paralyzing effect on numerous excitable cells, particularly those governing cardiac activity.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and root. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in racemes forming a 30 to 60 cm long panicle. The pedicles are much shorter than the flowers. The yellowish-white flowers consist of 6 similar tepals, which are oblong-lanceolate, acute, denticulate and broadly splayed. There are 6 stamens, which are shorter than the perigone, and 3 styles. The fruit is capsule-like.
OVERDOSAGE
The first symptoms of poisoning are sneezing, lacrimation, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, a burning sensation in the mouth and pharyngeal cavity, and inability to swallow. Then, following resorption, paresthesia, vertigo, possible blindness, paralysis of the limbs, mild convulsions, lowering of cardiac frequency, cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension occur. Death occurs either through systolic cardiac arrest or through asphyxiation. The lethal dosage is between 10 and 20 mg of
8 0 4 /WHITE HELLEBORE
the alkaloid mixture, corresponding to 1 to 2 gm of the drug. The alkaloids can be absorbed through uninjured skin. Treatment of poisoning consists of gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundycolored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulphate), administration of activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (appropriate body position, quiet, warmth). Thereafter, spasms should be treated with diazepam or barbiturates (i.v.), bradycardia should be treated with atropine, hypotension should be treated with peripherally active circulatory medications, electrolyte substitution should be employed, and possible cases of acidosis should be treated with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used in powders, tinctures and homeopathic dilutions for internal use; preparations made with fatty oils are used externally. Preparation: Mix 5 gm drug with 10 gm lanolin and 20 gm fat for topical application. Daily Dosage: Internally, the drug is administered as 0.02 to 0.1 gm of powder or 20 to 60 drops of tincture. Externally, the drug is applied as a poultice or compress. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34). The globules are from D2; all others are from D4.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hruby K, Lenz K, Krausler J, Veratrum album poisoning (author's transl). Wien Klin Wochenschr, 93:517-9, 1981 Sep 4. Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Guirguis-Oeschger M, Gossweiler B, Meier-Abt PJ, Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 19661994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information Center. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 60:1085-98, 1996 Jun 22. Marinov A, Koev P, Mirchev N, Electrocardiographic studies of patients with acute hellebore (Veratrum album) poisoning. Vutr Boles, 26:36-9. 1987. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL, Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
LITERATURE
Atta-Ur-Rahman, Ali RA, Choudhary MI, New steroidal alkaloids from rhizomes of Veratrum album. In: JNP 55:565570. 1992. Atta-Ur-Rahmann, Ali RA, Gilani A, Choudhary MI, ASftab K, Sener B, Turkz S, Isolation of antihypertensive alkaloids from rhizomes of Veratrum album. In: PM 59(6):569. 1993. Atta-Ur-Rahman et al., Alkaloids from Veratrum album. In: PH 30(1):368. 1991. Brossi, Buch. In: Brossi A, Cordell GA (Eds), The Alkaloids. Vol. 41. Academic Press, 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, CA. 92101. 1992. Festa M, Andreetto B, Ballads MA, Panio A, Piervittori R, A case of Veratrum poisoning. Minerva Anestesiol, 62:195-6, 1996 May. Fogh A, Kulling P, Wickstrom E, Veratrum alkaloids in sneezing-powder a potential danger. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 20:175-9, 1983 Apr. Gamier R, Carlier P, Hoffelt J, Savidan A, Acute dietary poisoning by white hellebore (Veratrum album L.). Clinical and analytical data. A propos of 5 cases. Ann Med Interne (Paris), 136:125-8, 1985.
White Lily Lilium candidum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh and dried bulb. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence has 5 to 20 blossoms. The flowers are white, occasionally striped crimson or spotted and very fragrant. They are on erect pedicles, the lower ones nodding. The tepals are obtuse, the anthers yellow. The style is as long as the sepals. The fruit is obovate and is seldom developed. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial, 60 to 150 cm high. It has a broad, ovate, scaled and yellow bulb. The stem is rigid, erect and leafy. The leaves are oblong to linearlanceolate and glabrous. The leaves survive winter, as does the rest of the plant, which is hardy. The bulb consists of imbricate, fleshy, lanceolate and bent scales, which are 3.25 cm long and 2.5 cm wide at the broadest point.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Characteristics: The bulbs are odorless and have a mildly bitter and unpleasant flavor. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Mediterranean regions and is cultivated in many other regions.
WHITE M U S T A R D / 8 0 5
White Mustard Sinapis alba DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried seeds. Production: Baurenlilien (Farmer's Lily) root is the subterranean part (onion) of Lilium candidum. Other Names: Meadow Lily, Madonna Lily ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including isorhamnetin glycosides Gamma-methylene glutamic acid
Flower and Fruit: The flowers form an umbelliferousracemous inflorescence. The flowers are on 3 to 7 mm long, stiff-haired pedicles. When in bloom the 4 narrow, obtuse sepals lie horizontal. There are 3 green, ovate nectaries at the base of the stamens. The fruit is a 2 to 4 cm long bristly pod, divided into two chambers. Each chamber contains two to three 2.5 mm thick seeds. The chamber ends as a large curled lip. The seeds vary from brown to white and are arranged in opposite rows.
Soluble polysaccharides: glucomannans Starch Tuliposide The constituents of the drug have not been investigated extensively. EFFECTS
The plant has astringent, anti-inflammatory, pain reliever, diuretic and expectorant properties. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally for gynecological disorders and externally for ulcers, inflammation, furuncles, finger ulcers, reddened skin, burns and injuries. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Sinapis alba is an annual plant. The lower part of the plant is covered in stiff, single hairs. The thin root is yellow to white and branched. The root produces a 30 to 60 cm high, erect, grooved and branched stem. The leaves are 4 to 10 cm long, petiolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to pinnatesect and always have 2 to 3 indented-dentate lobed pinna. Habitat: The plant has been introduced and naturalized in all of Europe and in Siberia, east Asia and America. The areas of cultivation are western and northern Europe and the northern U.S. Production: White Mustard seed consists of the ripe, dried seed of Sinapis alba. Not to be Confused With: Otfier Sinapis or Brassica species. Artificial colorings such as butter yellow or turmeric may be added. Other Names: Mustard
DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mode of Administration: An infusion made from the ground drug is used internally. The drug is also used externally as a wet compress (paste).
COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates: chiefly sinalbin (p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolates, 2.5%), grinding the seeds into powder and then rubbing with warm water (not with hot water — enzymes would be destroyed), as well as chewing, releases the nonvolatile mustard oil p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate
Daily Dosage: Apply a thick paste, made from fresh or cooked onions, in the middle of a compress or poultice, to the affected area. This should be done several times during the day.
Fatty oil (20-35%)
LITERATURE
Proteins (40%)
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Masterova I et al., (1987) Phytochemistry 26(6): 1844. Nagy E et al., (1984) Z Naturforsch 39B(12):1813.
Phenyl propane derivatives: including among others sinapine (choline ester of sinapic acid, 1.5%) EFFECTS
The p-hydroxybenzyl mustard oil that results from fermentation of sinalbin is bacteriostatic, irritating to the skin and hyperemic (as an additive in 35° to 40° C baths).
8 0 6 / W H I T E MUSTARD INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Common cold • Cough/bronchitis • Rheumatism Unproven Uses: Externally, White Mustard is used in poultices for congestion of the respiratory tract, for topical hyperemization of the skin as well as for segment therapy of chronic degenerative diseases affecting the joints and soft tissue. Mustard baths are used in the treatment of paralytic symptoms. In folk medicine, Mustard is used to clear the voice. It is also used in Mustard plasters and poultices as a counter-irritant. Mustard is used in footbaths, and for the treatment of paralytic symptoms in the form of Mustard baths.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
stirred with honey and formed into balls. 1 to 2 are taken orally on an empty stomach. For external use, just prior to application, mix 50 to 70 gm of the powdered seeds with warm water to prepare a poultice. The poultice is applied for 10 to 15 minutes for adults and for 5 to 10 minutes for children, except for those with sensitive skin where the usage should be shortened. Treatment should not exceed 2 weeks.
i
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB34) Storage: The drug must be protected from moisture.
light and
LITERATURE
Chinese Medicine: In China, White Mustard is used to treat painfully swollen ribs and chest, coughs, vomiting, regurgitation, ulcerous swelling and rheumatic pains. Homeopathic Uses: Sinapis alba is used to treat inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. CONTRAINDICATIONS
White Mustard is contraindicated in gastrointestinal ulcers and inflammatory kidney diseases. The drug should not be given to children under 6 years of age. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The danger of nerve damage exists with long-term intake. Long-term external application carries the danger of skin injury. The drug possesses minimal potential for sensitization (possible cause of food allergies). Pediatric Use: White Mustard preparations should not be used in children under 6 years of age.
Jos,efsson E, J Sci Food Agric 21:94. 1970. Kerber E et al., Angew Bot 55:457. 1981. Kjaer A, Rubinstein K, Acta Chem Scand 4:1276. 1953. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
OVERDOSAGE
Gastrointestinal complaints could appear following the intake of large quantities, due to the mucous membraneirritating effect of the Mustard oil. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well as externally. Ground or powdered seeds are used for poultices. Preparation: To prepare an external foot bath, 20 to 30 gm of the Mustard flour in 1 liter of water is used. To prepare a Mustard bath, 150 gm of the Mustard flour in a pouch is used in the bathwater. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug is 60 to 240 gm. To brighten and clear the voice, Mustard flour is
White Nettle Lamium album DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers and leaves. Flower and Fruit: The white, fairly large bilabiate flowers are in axillary false whorls of 6 to 16 flowers. The campanulate calyx is green and has 5 tips. The tube of the corolla is bent like a knee and the upper lip is curved like a helmet with a ciliate margin. The lower lip is gordate. The tube has 1 large and 1 small tip at the edge. There are 2 long and 2 short stamens under the upper lip. The calyx remains
4
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
after flowering and protects the small nut. When the nut is ripe, slight pressure is sufficient to fling out the seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 30 to 50 cm high with an underground creeping stem from which the aerial stems grow. These are erect, quadrangular, grooved, hollow and noded. The leaves are crossed opposite, petiolate, ovate to cordate, acuminate and serrate. The plant has no nettie hairs. The plant is similar to the stinging nettle but has a different stem. Characteristics: The flowers have a weak honey-like fragrance and a slimy-sweet taste. Habitat: The plant is common in Europe and central and northern Asia. Production: White Nettle flower consists of the dried petal with attached stamens of Lamium album as well as its preparations. Other Names: Blind Nettle. Dumb Nettle, Dead Nettle, Deaf Nettle, Bee Nettle, Archangel. Stingless Nettle, White Archangel
WHITE W I L L O W / 8 0 7
Chinese Medicine: In Chinese medicine, White Nettle is used for fractures, carbuncles, lumbago and inflammation of wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and other galenic preparations for internal applications, rinses, baths and moist compresses; occasionally used as a constituent of sedative teas and bronchial teas. Preparation: Infusion — Pour one cup of water over 1 gm drug, leave to draw for 5 minutes and strain. Extract for poultices — Scald 50 gm of flowers with 500 ml of water, draw for 5 minutes and strain. Daily Dosage: For internal use, the average daily dose is 3 gm drug. For external use, 5 gm drug is added to a bath.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others lamalbide, caryoptoside. alboside A and B
Damtoft S. Iridoid glucosides from Lamium album. In: PH 31(1): 175. 1992.
Triterpene saponins
Gora J et al.. Chemical comparative studies of the herb and flowers of Lamium album L. In: Acta Pol Pharm 40(3):389393. 1983.
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others rosmaric acid, chlorogenic acid Flavonoids: including among others kaempferol glycosides
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Mucilages
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Neerl 21(4)417.
EFFECTS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Because of the mucins and saponins the drug is expectorant. It is astringent because of the tannins. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Inflammation of the skin • Cough/bronchitis • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Unproven Uses: Internally — catarrh of the upper respiratory passages, gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, sensation of bloating and flatulence. Externally — mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, non-specific fluor albus (Ieukorrhea) mild, superficial inflammation of the skin. In folk medicine used for climacteric complaints and complaints of the urogenital tract.
Skrypczak L et al., Phenylpropanoid esters and flavonoids in taxonomy of Lamium species. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):70. 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
White Willow Salix species TRADE NAMES
Alcohol Free White Willow Bark, Standardized White Willow Bark, Wild Countryside White Willow DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark. Salix nigra is American Willow.
808/WHITE
WILLOW
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are yellow and the female green. They are dioecious and appear at the same time as the leaves on leafy stems in erect catkins. The male catkins are densely blossomed and cylindrical, up to 6.5 cm by 1 cm and have 2 stamens. The female catkins are cylindrical, 4.5 cm by 7 mm. The seeds have a tuft of hair.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S CONTRAINDICATIONS
Willow Bark is contraindicated in patients that have a hypersensitivity to salicylates. Salicylates should not be used in children with flu-like symptoms due to the association of salicylates with Reyes Syndrome. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Silver Willow is a 6 to 18 m high tree or bush with fissured gray bark. The leaves are shortpetioled, lanceolate, acuminate and become cuneate at the base. They are finely serrate, silky-haired tomentose underneath and blue-green matte. Characteristics: The annual twigs are not easy to break off at the base. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and southern Europe. Production: White Willow bark consists of the bark of the young, 2 to 3 year old branches harvested during early spring of Salix alba, Salix purpurea, Salix fragilis and other comparable Salix species. Other Names: Willow, Salicin Willow, Withe Withy, Black Willow, Cartkins Willow, Pussywillow ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Glycosides and esters yielding salicylic acid (1.5-12%): salicin (0.1-2%), salicortin (0.01-11%) and salicin derivatives acylated to the glucose residue (up to 6%, including, among others, fragilin, populin) Tannins (8-20%) Flavonoids EFFECTS
The efficacy of the drug is due mainly to the proportion of salicin present. After splitting of the acyl residue, the salicin glycosides convert to salicin, the precursor of salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is antipyretic, antiphlogistic and analgesic. White Willow bark is the phytotherapeutic precursor to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). The salicin component is responsible for the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. The tannin content has astringent properties on mucous membranes. I N D I C A T I O N S AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Rheumatism • Pain Salicin is useful in diseases accompanied by fever, rheumatic ailments, headaches and pain caused by inflammation.
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Stomach complaints could occur as a side effect due to the tannin content. Drug Interactions: Due to the salicin component, caution should be exercised when used in combination with salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. There are reports that salicylate decreased serum naproxen concentrations markedly and increased serum naproxen clearance by as much as 56% (Furst, 1987). Though there are no reports of interactions with drugs that affect blood clotting times, and some studies suggest that thrombocyte inhibition is unlikely. Anti-platelet medications and any medication that prolongs the PT time should not be used with Willow Bark (Wichtl & Bisset, 1994). Alcohol and barbiturates may mask the symptoms of salicylate overdosage and may enhance the toxicity of salicylates. There have been reports of metabolic acidosis in children with normal renal and hepatic function that were treated with salicylates and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for joint pain and glaucoma. This combination should be avoided (Cowan, 1984). Disease Interactions: Patients with an ' active gastric or duodenal ulcer should avoid Willow Bark preparations. Hemophiliacs or anyone with a bleeding disorder should not use Willow Bark. Willow Bark should be avoided in asthmatics and diabetics. Pregnancy: Salicylates should be avoided during pregnancy. Nursing Mothers: Salicylates have been associated with rashes in breast-fed infants; use is not recommended. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid and solid preparations for internal use. Combinations with diaphoretic drugs 'could be considered. Drug extracts are contained in some standardized preparations of analgesics/antirheumatics, hypnotics/sedatives, and gastrointestinal remedies. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 2 to 3 gm of finely cut or coarsely powdered drug in cold water, boil, allow to steep for 5 minutes, then strain.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
WILD C A R R O T / 8 0 9
Daily Dosage: Average daily dose corresponding to 60-120 mg total salicin.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Infusion—1 cup 3 to 5 times daily. (1 teaspoonful = 1.5 gm drug)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
LITERATURE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT 12(1):9. 1991.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Liquid Extract—(1:1 in 2 5 % alcohol) 1 to 3 ml 3 times daily.
Anonym, PhytotherapierPflanzliche Antirheumatika - was bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996. Cowan, RA, Hartnell G, Lowdell C. Baird I, Leak A, Metabolic acidosis induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and salicylates in patients with normal renal function. In: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 289(6441):347-8, Aug 11, 1984. Furst DE, Sarkissian E, Blocka K et al., Serum concentrations of salicylate and naproxen during concurrent therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In: Arthritis Rheum 30(10): 1157-61, Oct, 1987. Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ 137(8):611-613. 1997. Meier B, Pflanzliche versus synthetische Arzneimittel. In: ZPT 10(6): 182. 1989. Meier B, Liebi M, Salicinhaltige Arzneimittel. Uberlegungen zu Wirksamkeit und Unbedenklichkeit. In: (2):50. 1990. Meier B et al., DAZ 125:341. 1985. Meier B et al., DAZ 127:2401. 1987. Meier B et al., ZPT 11:50. 1990. Meier R et al., A chemotaxonomic survey of phenolic compounds in swiss willow species. In: PM 58(7)98. 1992. Nichols-Orians CM et al., PH 31:2180. 1992. Schmid B, Heide L, The use of Salicis cortex in rheumatic disease: phytotherapie with known mode of action? In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):94. 1995.
Wild Carrot Daucus carota DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compact, terminal umbels or flattened, compound capitula. The peduncle divides in ray-like fashion from one particular point. Each ray divides and forms further umbels with white flowers. The outer flowers are irregular and larger than the others. The florets are small. When in bloom, the flower head is flattened or slightly convex. When they are ripe, the flowers draw together to form a cup-like structure. The double achaenes are formed in the fruit umbel. They are slightly flattened and have numerous bristles arranged in 5 rows. Leaves, Stem and Root: The Wild Carrot is a biennial, 30 cm to 1 m high cultivated plant with a fusiform, usually red root and numerous pinnate, segmented, hairy leaves. In the second year, the plant produces a branched, angular stem with alternate jointed leaves, which terminates in the flowering umbels. Habitat: Now found in its cultivated form all over the world.
Schmid B, Heide L, Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit von Weidenrinde bei Arthrose: Design und Durchfuhrung einer klinischen Studie. In: PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Production: Wild Carrots are the roots of Daucus carota. The ripe roots are harvested.
Shao Y et al., PM 55:617. 1989.
Other Names: Carrot, Bird's Neat, Birds' Nest, Bees' Nest, Queen Anne's Lace, Philtron
Thieme H, PM 13:431. 1965. Thieme H, PA 20:570. 1965.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Carotinoids: including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, zeta-carotene, lycopene Volatile oil (very little): including among others p-cymene, limonene, dipenten, geraniol, alpha- and beta- caryophyllene Polyynes: including falcarinol (carotatoxin) Mono and oligosaccharides: glucose,
saccharose
8 1 0 / W I L D CARROT EFFECTS
Wild Carrot has anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity. It is also a mild vermifuge. The essential oil has an initially stimulating, followed by a paralyzing, effect on worms. In controlled animal tests, a temporary reduction of arterial blood pressure was observed. The pectin content is probably responsible for the severe constipating effect of the Carrot. The essential oil has a mild bactericidal effect, especially on gram-positive bacteria. The drug has a positive effect on visual acuity and scotopic (twilight) vision, as well as being a mild diuretic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The Wild Carrot is an unreliable adjuvant in the treatment of oxyuriasis. It is a useful drug in pediatrics for tonsillitis, nutritional disorders and as a dietary agent for digestive disorders. It is also used in medicinal preparations for dermatological conditions such as photodermatosis and pigment anomalies. It is used in teas for intestinal parasites.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: The racemes are 6 to 15 cm long with about 30 flowers. The perianth remains when the fruit ripens. The 3 to 4 tepals are denticulate and creamy white. The fruit is 8 mm across, depressed-globose and purple-black. The endocarp is smooth. Leaves, Stem and Root: Wild Cherry is a deciduous tree up to 20 m high with aromatic bark. The leaves are obovate to elliptical-oblong, acute, finely serrate with flattened, with forwardly directed teeth. The leaves are dark, glossy green above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath. Habitat: Prunus serotina originates from North America but is cultivated in Europe. Production: Wild Cherry bark is the bark of Prunus serotina. Other Names: Wild Black Cherry, Virginian Prune, Black Choke, Choke Cherry, Rum Cherry
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The drug has a low potential for sensitization through skin contact.
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: prunasin yielding 0.05 to 0.15%. 5 to 15 mg HCN/100 g Tannins
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is taken in a ground form or consumed as a juice or vegetable. It is found in readymade medicinal preparations. Preparation: The Carrot is finely grated and made into a juice or syrup. LITERATURE
Gupta KR, Niranjan GS, (1982) Planta Med 46:240. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988. Harborne JB, In: The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae, Ed. VN Heywood, Academic Press, London, 1971. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,.New York 1980. Ram AS, Devi HM, (1983) Indian J Bot 6(1):21.
Wild Cherry Prunus
serotina
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the inner tree bark, which has an almond-like smell, which dissipates on drying.
EFFECTS
Wild Cherry bark is an astringent, antitussive, and sedative. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wild Cherry bark is used for coughs, bronchitis and whooping cough, also used in the treatment of nervous digestive disorders and diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Cyanide poisonings from the drug are unlikely, due to both its low cyanogenic glycoside content and the lack of incitement to ingest it. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wild Cherry bark is available as syrup or tincture for internal use and also available in commercial compounded preparations. LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wild Daisy Bellis perennis DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are usually found singly at the end of the sharply angular stem. The flower is smallto medium-sized and heterogamous. The epicalyx is semispherical to bell-shaped. The sepals of the epicalyx are more or less double-rowed. The receptacle is conical and glabrous when bearing fruit. The l- to 2-rowed female ray flowers are linguiform, white, pink, purple or bluish and distinctly longer than the epicalyx. The disc flowers are androgynous, tubular and 5-tipped. The achenes are obovate, very flattened, ribless, and have side veins. The flower has no pappus but may have short, brittle bristles. Leaves, Stem and Root: Wild Daisy is a 10- to 15-cm high perennial plant that has basal leaves in rosettes or alternate leaves at the lower part of the stem; its roots are short and cylindrical. The rosette leaves are circular to spatulate or heart-shaped, dentate and occasionally entire-margined with a single rib; they have vertical hairs on both sides. Habitat: The plant is distributed from Portugal to the Moscow region and Asia Minor. It is also found from Great Britain to Ireland and southern Scandinavia, and as far south as the Mediterranean, with the exception of the Balearic Islands and the islands of Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus. Production: The capitula and short stems of the plant are picked and dried in either the sun or shade. Other Names: Bruisewort ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins (2.7%): bisdemosides of the bayogeninic and polygalic acid (the latter acylated) Polyynes: including trans-lachnophyllum ester Flavonoids: including cosmosiin EFFECTS
The drug acts as an astringent, reduces mucous production, and also has anti-inflammatory and fever-reducing effects, possibly due to the triterpene saponin content.
WILD DAISY / 8 1 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wild Daisy is used as an expectorant and for easing diarrhea and gastrointestinal catarrh. It is also used for treating wounds, skin diseases, coughs and bronchitis, disorders of the liver and kidneys, and inflammation. Homeopathic Uses: Wild Daisy is used for bruises, bleeding, muscular pain (after injuries), purulent skin diseases and rheumatism. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically—as an extract, in teas and in poultices of pressed leaves—for the treatment of skin diseases. A decoction can be used for wound poultices. Preparation: An infusion or cold extract is prepared by adding 2 teaspoonfuls of drug to 2 cups of water, then allowing it to draw for 20 minutes. A decoction is made from the green leaves. Daily Dosage: The daily dose of the infusion is 2 to 4 cups per day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10 globules l to 3 times daily; parenterally: l ml sc injection solution twice weekly; ointments: l to 2 times daily ( H A B l ) . LITERATURE
Avato P, Vitali C, Tava A, New acetylenic compounds from Bellis perennis L. and their antimicrobial activity. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):49. 1995. Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schopke T, Wray V, Hiller K, Triterpenoid saponins of plants of the Asteraeae tribe (Asteraceae). In: PM 59(7) Schopke Th et al., Saponin composition of the Bellis genus and related species. In: PM 6l(Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):68. 1995. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Willigmann I et al., Antimycotic compounds from different Bellis perennis varieties. In: PM 58(Suppl.7)36. 1993.
8 1 2 / W 1 L D INDIGO
Wild Indigo Baptisia tinctoria TRADE NAMES:
Health From The Sun Wild Indigo Fresh Root Liquid. Nature's Answer Alcohol Free Wild Indigo Root Liquid DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are terminal and axillary in 7 to 10 cm long, lightly flowered racemes. The pedicles are 3 to 5 cm long. The calyx is 4 to 5 mm long and glabrous but has a slight fringe. The corolla is yellow. The standard is circular with convoluted sides and is slightly shorter than the oblong wings. The 10 stamens are freestanding. The ovary is stemmed, elliptoid, drawn together at the style and stigma. and is glabrous. The fruit is a blue-black, ovoid, slightly swollen pod, 7 to 15 mm long, with a sharp tip. The seeds are yellowish-brown, kidney-shaped and 2 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The shrug is many-branched and grows to 1 m high with woody rootstock and knotty branches. The stem is 1 to 3 mm thick, round, slightly grooved and glabrous. The alternating leaves are trifoliate and have a 1 to 3 mm long petiole. The stipules are small and arrow-shaped, and drop early. The leaflets are 1 to 4 cm long, and 0.6 to 1 cm wide, ovate, almost sessile and entiremargined. They are wedge-shaped at the base and rounded at the tip. The distinct midrib on the lower surface is pubescent. The leaves are brittle. The roots vary in diameter from 0.2 to 1.5 cm. The outer surface is brownish, vertically wrinkled and grooved. It is also warty due to root fibers sticking to the surface. The tissue is solid and fibrous. The transverse fracture shows a thick bark and whitish wood with concentric rings.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Glycoproteins Quinolizidine alkaloids: including cytisine, N-methyl cytisine, anagyrine, sparteine Isoflavonoids: formononetin baptigenin, pseudobaptigenin, (-)-maackiain, formononetin and their glycosides baptisin, pseudobaptisin, trifolirhizin Hydroxycumarins: including scopoletine EFFECTS
The ethanol extract has had a significantly positive effect on the phagocytosis of human erythrocytes. It has also been found to raise the leukocyte count and to improve the endogenous defense reaction. Wild Indigo has a mild estrogenic effect. In animal experimentation, the polysaccharide and glycoprotein fraction contained in the drug demonstrated an immune-stimulating effect. Changes in mice included an increase of phagocytosis activity of Kupffer's cells; a significant, dose-dependent stimulation of lymphocytes; and release of interleukin-1 macrophages. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Characteristics: The taste is bitter and acrid; the odor is faint. The leaves yield an indigo dye; the wood a red dye.
Unproven Uses: Wild Indigo root is used for septic and typhoid cases with prostration and fever, such as diphtheria, influenza, malaria, septic angina and typhus. It is used internally for infections of the uppe. respiratory tract, the common head cold, tonsillitis, stomatitis, throat and mouth inflammation of the mucous membranes (catarrh), fever, lymphadenitis and furunculosis. It is used externally as an ointment for painless ulcers, inflamed nipples, and as a douche for leucorrhea. The efficacy of the drug has not been proven. Native America Indians traditionally have used the root to make a tea to treat fever, scarlet fever, typhoid and pharyngitis and externally as an ointment for sores. Water in which the root has been soaked is used to clean open and inflamed wounds. Canadian Indians used the plant for treating gonorrhea and disease of the kidneys and as an expectorant.
Habitat: Wild Indigo is indigenous to southern Canada and the eastern and northeastern U.S.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include severe febrile infections, states of confusion and blood poisoning.
Production: Wild indigo root is the underground part of Baptisia tinctoria, which is collected and dried in autumn from plants growing in the wild.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Not to be Confused With: Wild Indigo can be confused or adulterated with the root of Baptisia australis (false blue indigo) and Baptisia alba. Other Names: Horse-Fly Weed, Indigo Broom, Rattlebush ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Water-soluble polysaccharide: in particular arabinogalactans
Use of the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Only very high dosages (for example, 30 g of the drug) lead to signs of poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal complaints, spasms), due to the quinolizidine alkaloid content.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS DOSAGE
WILD M I N T / 8 1 3
In: PM, Abstracts of the 37th Annual Congress on Medicinal Plant Research Braunschwe.
Mode of Administration: Wild Indigo is not common as a drug, but is found in combination preparations; taken internally as a tea and tincture; and used externally as an ointment.
Harnischfeger, Buch, Harnischfeger G, Stolze H, Bewahrte Pflanzendrogen in Wissenschaft und Medizin, Notabene-Verlag, Bad Homburg. 1983.
How
Vomel T, Arzneim-Forsch 35:1437-1439. 1985.
Supplied:
Drops Injection solutions Liquid — I:I and 1:2, with and without alcohol. Suppositories Tablets Preparation: To prepare an ointment, use 1 part liquid extract to 8 parts ointment base. A tincture may be prepared using the liquid extract in 60% alcohol 1:1. Daily Dosage: Dosage for a single dose is 0.5 g to 1 g of the dried drug as decoction, to be taken 3 times daily. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice weekly sc (HAB34). LITERATURE
Beuscher H, Kopanski L. Modulation of the immune response by polymeric substances from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea angustifolia. In: Pharm Weekblad Sci Ed. 9:229. 1987.
Vomel T, Der Einflup4 eines pflanzlichen Immunstimulans auf die Phagozytose von Erythrozyten durch das retikulohistiozytare System der isolierte perfundierten Rattenleber. In: Arzneim Forsch 35(11): 1437-1439. 1985. Wagner H, Proksch A, Riess-Mauer I, Vollmar A, Odenthal S, Stuppner H, Jurcic K. LeTurdu M. Fang JN, Arzneim-Forsch 35: 1069-10750. 1985. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. 4. Aufl., Ecorned Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993 Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Beuscher N. Beuscher HU, Bodinet C, Enhanced Release of Interleukin-1 from Mouse Macrophages by Glykoproteins and Polysaccharides from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea Species. In: PxM, Abstracts of the 37th Annual Congress on Medicinal Plant Research Braunschwe.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Beuscher N, Bodinet C, Willigmann I, Harnischfeger G. Biologiocal activity of Baptisia tinctoria extracts. In: Inst, fur Angew. Botanik der Univ. Hamburg, Angewandte Botanik, Berichte 6, 46-61. 1997.
Wild Mint
Beuscher N, Kopanski L, Erwein C, Modulation der Immunantwort durch polymere Substanzen aus Baptisia tinctoria und Echinacea purpurea. In: Adv in the Biosc 68:329. 1987. Beuscher N, Kopanski L, Stimulation der Immunantwort durch Inhaltsstoffe aus Baptisia tinctoria. In: PM 1985:381-384. 1985. Beuscher N, Scheit KH, Bodinet C, Egert D, Modulation der korpereigenen Immunabwehr durch polymere Substanzen aus Baptisia tinctoria und Echinacea purpurea. In: Immunotherapeutic prospects of infectious diseases, Hrsg. Masihi KN, Lange W. Springer, Heidel. Beuscher N, Scheit KH, Bodinet C. Kopanski L, Immunologisch aktive Glykoproteine aus Baptisia tinctoria. In: PM 55:358-363. 1989. Bodinet C, Beuscher N, Kopanski L. Purification of Immunologically Active Glycoproteins from Baptisia tinctoria Roots by Affinity Chromatography and Isoelectric Focussing.
Mentha aquatica DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried leaf. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2 to 3 dense false axillary whorls with inconspicuous bracts. The upper ones are fused into a terminal, globular or ovate capitulum. The calyx is tubular, with 13 ribs and glabrous inside. The tips are awl-shaped to triangular. The pedicles are pubescent. The corolla is violet with a ring of hair in the tube. The fruit is hard with an ovoid, light brown nutlet. Leaves, Stem and Root: Wild Mint is a perennial, 20 to 80 cm high plant with a branched underground rhizome and an erect stem with alternate sessile curly leaves. The stem is branched in the upper half and terminates in spikes of blue flowers. The leaves are ovate and serrated.
8 1 4 / W I L D MINT
Characteristics: The whole plant smells of caraway. The plant is a result of many cross-breedings in gardens and fields. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe, northern Africa and western Asia. In has been introduced to America, Australia and Madiera. Production: Wild Mint is the aerial part of Mentha aquatica. The drug is derived from the dried leaves. Other Names: Water Mint, Marsh Mint, Hairy Mint ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components - menthofurane, beta-caryophyllene, l,8-cineole. germacren D, limonene, viridiflorol, a chemotype contains isopinocamphone as chief constituent (according to older references, also linalool, linalyl acetate, cineole, menthone)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are bright yellow, sometimes white with violet veins. The form of the flower corresponds to that of the Cruciferae. The calyx is erect. The pods are cylindrical with vertical grooves between which the seeds are tied (like a string of pearls). The pods fall apart at these points. Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are petiolate and lyrate, the upper ones are lanceolate. The leaves and lower part of the stem are stiff-haired. Habitat: The plant has been cultivated for a very long time and is grown in all parts of the world, especially in temperate regions. Production: Wild Radish is the fresh plant of Raphanus raphanistrum before flowering. Other Names: Jointed-Podded Charlock ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Tannins EFFECTS
The drug is an astringent and a stimulant.
COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates in the freshly harvested, unbruised plant: chief component glucoputranjivine, which yields isopropyl mustard oil as the cells are destroyed.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Water Mint is used for diarrhea and dysmenorrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground drug is used as an infusion. Preparation: Add approximately 30 gm of the drug to 500 ml of water. Daily Dosage: As a daily dose, drink a wineglassful during the course of the day.
EFFECTS
No information is available. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wild Radish is used for skin conditions and stomach disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in with the proper administration of designated dosages. Administration of high dosages of harvested plant can lead to mucous membrane the gastrointestinal tract.
~~
conjunction therapeutic the freshly irritation of
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wild Radish is administered ground and as an alcoholic extract.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Wild Radish
Wild Service Tree
Raphanus raphanistrum
Sorbus torminalis
LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh plant before flowering.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe fruit. It is always the fruit that is used in the various preparations.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
0
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in erect, loose umbelliferous panicles on loosely tomentose, later glabrous pedicles. The petals are white and the anthers light yellow. The false fruit is orbicular-oblong and 1.5 cm long. The fruit is initially reddish-yellow, later brown and speckled. The 4 seeds are oblong, deltoid, 7 mm long and dark red-brown. Leaves, Stem and Root; The plant is at times a small tree, but may sometimes grow up to 22 m tall tree with a widely domed crown. The bark is dark brown or gray. It is cracked into scaly plates to fairly high up. The older branches are glabrous, gray-brown, glossy and angular with lighter lenticles. The younger branches are loosely tomentose, greenish, later reddish-brown. The buds are broad ovoid and glabrous with shiny green scales. The buds are brown at the edge and loosely pubescent or glabrous. The leaves have 5 cm long, thin, downy, loosely tomentose petioles, which are fresh green. The petioles turn blood-red in autumn.
Wild Thyme Thymus serpyllum DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the steamed distillation of the dried aerial parts, the aerial shoots collecting during the flowering season and dried, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the whole plant. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is globular to very elongated, often interrupted in false whorls, which are separate from each other. The calyx is tubular-campanualte with 10 distinct ribs. The 3 tips of the upper lip are short and ciliate. The 2 lower tips are awl-shaped, longer than the upper tips and ciliate. The corolla is 3 to 6 cm long with a short tube. It is light to dark purple, occasionally white.
Production: Wild Service Tree berries are the fruits of Sorbus torminalis.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a slightly woody subshrub that grows from 10 to 30 cm high. The flowering stems are erect. The non-flowering stems are decumbent, round, or mildly quadrangular, pubescent all around and rooting at all points. The leaves are small, linear or elliptical and obtuse. The leaves are also flat, narrowing to the petiole, ciliate at the base, glabrous or rough-haired with protruding nerves.
Other Names: Wild Sorvice, Ash
Characteristics: The odor is aromatic.
Habitat: The plant is common in northern temperate zones. It is cultivated in many regions.
*
WILD THYME/815
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Habitat: The plant is found in all temperate regions of Eurasia.
COMPOUNDS
Sugar alcohols: sorbitol
Production: Wild thyme consists of the dried, flowering, above-ground parts of Thymus serpyllum.
The fruits do not contain parasorboside, in contrast to those of Sorbus aucuparia.
Not to be Confused With: Herba Thymi (thymian)
The drug has not been fully researched.
Other Names: Mother of Thyme, Serpyllum, Shepherd's Thyme
EFFECTS
COMPOUNDS
No information is available.
Volatile oil (0.2-0.6%): as a collective species, Thymus serpyllum (over 20 subspecies) encompasses a large number of chemical strains with different volatile oil make-up; chief component is usually carvacrol, further containing, among others, borneol, isobutyl acetate, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, citral, citronellal, citronellol, p-cymene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, linalool, linalyl acetate, alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpineol, terpinyl acetate and thymol
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia). PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: See Mountain Ash Berry (Sorbus aucuparia).
Flavonoids: including among others scutellarenine-7-O-glucoside-4-O-rhamnoside Cajfeic acid derivatives: in particular rosmarinic acid (2.3%) EFFECTS
LITERATURE
There is no literature available.
In animal experiments, an antihormonal and thyroid hormone-like effect on the pituitary has been demonstrated. The
8 1 6 / W I L D THYME
herbs efficacy for treating conditions of the upper respiratory tract is due to the presence of the aromatic and spicy smelling essential oil. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: m Cough • Bronchitis Unproven Uses: The herb is used internally for catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, kidney and bladder disorders, and as a stomachic, carminative, and expectorant. It is also used internally for dysmenorrhea, colic-like pain, and whooping cough. The herb is used externally in herbal cures, baths (especially for respiratory tract conditions), and alcoholic extracts, as well as in embrocations for rheumatic disorders and sprains. Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, coughs, toothache, itching and general pain syndrome. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wild Thyme is administered as a comminuted drug for infusions, teas, and other preparations internally. The drug is a component of various standardized preparations of antitussives. Alcoholic extracts of the herb are contained in cough drops. Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 gm finely cut drug, steep for 10 minutes, then strain (1 teaspoonful = 1.4 gm drug). For a liquid extract, use a ratio of 1:1 with either 45% ethanol or 20% ethanol. For a tincture, use a ratio of 1:10 with 70% ethanol. To make a bath, add 1 gm drug (or equivalent of 0.004 gm Wild Thyme oil) to 1 liter water, filter, then add to bath water. Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 4 to 6 gm of herb. As a stomachic, drink one cup of tea before meals. Other daily dosages are as follows: powder: take 2 gm drug mixed with honey; infusion: single dose, 0.6 to 4 gm, 2 to 3 cups per day; liquid extract: single dose, 0.4 to 4 ml 3 times daily; liquid extract: daily dose, 5 to 15 gm (1 gm or 30 drops).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Langer R et al., Sci Pharm 63:325. 1995. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Wild Turnip Brassica rapa DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in racemes. There are 4 almost horizontally splayed sepals. The 4 petals are yellow, 11 to 14 mm long, approximately 1.5 times as long as the calyx, with an orbicular-elliptical plate. There are 2 short and 4 long stamens. The 4-carpeled ovary is superior and fused. The fruit is a 4.5 to 6.5 cm long, dehiscent pod opening on 2 sides, with a septum and 15 to 25 seeds. The seeds are globose and reticulate with a diameter of approximately 1.5 to 3 mm. Leaves, Stem and Root: Turnip is an annual or biennial herb, and grows up to 0.8 m high. The leaves are alternate, grassgreen, with a slight bluish bloom and always bristly pubescent. The lower ones are petiolate, pinnatisect with a not-very-large terminal lobe; the middle arid upper ones are sessile, simple, dentate or entire. The stem of the larger plants is branched. The root is thin and spindle-shaped. Habitat: Europe, North Africa, U.S. Production: The seeds are cold-pressed and then refined. Rapeseed oil is the cold-pressed and refined oil from the ripe seeds of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. Other Names: Field Mustard, Oilseed Turnip, Turnip Rape, Turnip Greens, Chinese Cabbage Not to be Confused With: Rapeseed oil may be adulterated with resins and mineral oil. Sinapis arvensis is a permitted substitute.
Storage: Protect from light. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS
Adzet T et al., PM, Suppl. 1980:52. 1980.
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids: oleic acid (45 to 65%), linoleic acid (18 to 32%), linolenic acid (10%), including as well palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, behenic acid;
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
WILD YAM / 8 1 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
varieties with high erucic acid content (40 to 50%) are no longer cultivated (reduction of the erucic acid content in the Common Market countries to below 5%) Sterols: beta-sitosterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, estered to some extent EFFECTS
Rapeseed oil, when ingested in high dosages over an extended period of time, is cardiotoxic. The drug is chiefly used as a substitute for olive oil and in the manufacture of salves and liniments. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
No medicinal indications
is glabrous and they are pubescent beneath. The fracture is short and hard. Characteristics: The taste is insipid at first, then acrid. The leaves are odorless. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Southern U.S. and Canada. It is now widely cultivated in many parts of the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Production: Wild Yam root is the root and rhizome of Dioscorea villosa. Other Names: China Root, Colic Root. Devil's Bones, Rheumatism Root, Yuma ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS:
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the oil, which is low on erucic acid. DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Saponins: including dioscin (aglycone diosgenin) Isoquimiclidine alkaloids: including dioscorin Pyrridinal alkaloids: including dioscorine
Storage: Store in the dark, in well-filled containers. EFFECTS LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Inamori Y, Muro C, Sajima E, Katagiri M, Okamoto Y, Tanaka H, Sakagami Y, Tsujibo H, Biological activity of purpurogallin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 61:890-2, 1997 May.
Wild Yam has an antispasmodic, and a mild diaphoretic effect. The root of the plant is used as a precursor for manufacturing progesterone and estrogen. Though the diosgenin componant has been promoted as a "natural progesterone," diosgenin does not have any progesteronelike effects. The body does not convert diosgenin into estrogen or any other steroid. Anti-Inflammatory Effect:
Wild Yam
In the rat model, diosgenin has been found to decrease the intestinal inflammation that accompanies indomethacin use (Yamada et al, 1997).
Dioscorea villosa
Biliary Cholesterol Elimination Effect:
TRADE NAMES
Wild Yam Extract, Mexican Wild Yam Power, Wild Yam, Wild Yam Root & Rhizome Extract, Wild Yam Root (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product)
Diosgenin has been shown to markedly increase the biliary output of cholesterol and lipid lamellar structures in the rat model. Diosgenin also has a cytoprotective effect on the rat liver that is subjected to obstructive cholestasis (Accatino et al, 1998).
DESCRIPTION
Estrogenic Effect:
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part 4s the dried rhizome with the roots. Flower and Fruit: The plant has small greenish-yellow flowers. The male flowers are in drooping panicles; the female ones in drooping spicate racemes.
Diosgenin has been found to have an estrogenic effect on mouse mammary epithelium. Ovariectomized mice that received diosgenin (sc) at dosage levels between 20 and 40 mg/kg for 15 days had significant increases in mammary development scores. When administered estrogen and diosgenin, an augmentation of the estrogenic effect was recorded (Aradhana et al, 1992).
Leaves, Stem and Root: Dioscorea villosa is a perennial vine. It has a pale brown, cylindrical, twisted, tuberous rhizome and a thin, woolly, reddish-brown stem that measures up to INDICATIONS AND USAGE 12 m long. The leaves are broadly ovate, usually alternating, Unproven Uses: Wild Yam is used for rheumatic conditions, cordate and 6 to 14 cm long. The upper surface of the leaves | gallbladder colic, dysmenorrhea and cramps.
8 1 8 / W I L D YAM
Wild Yam is used industrially as an active agent in the halfsynthesis of steroid hormones and for the manufacture of homeopathic preparations. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Drug Interactions: There is evidence that the diosgenin componant of Wild Yam may decrease the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin by increasing the elimination constant and reducing plasma levels of indomethacin (Yamada et al, 1997). Wild Yam may have an additive estrogenic effect when administered with estrogen containing drugs. OVERDOSAGE
Poisoning is conceivable with overdosages because of the picrotoxin-like effect of dioscorin (see Cocculi fructus). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract. How Supplied:
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The species includes perennial herbs and occasionally up to 2 m high sub-shrubs with underground creeping rhizomes. The stems are erect, glabrous or covered with simple hairs or glandular hairs. The leaves are entire-margined or dentate. They are alternate or opposite and in whorls of 3, which are flat or occasionally with a turned-back border. Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Production: Willow Herb is the aerial part of Epilobium parviflorum and other small-blossomed Willow Herbs. The herb is dried in the open air in the shade. Other Names: Blood Vine, Blooming Sally, Rose Bay Willow Herb, Willow-Herb ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS: ANGUSTIFOLIUM V A R I E T Y
Flavonoids: in particular myricitrin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, guaiaverin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide Palmitate
Capsules—200 mg, 400 mg, 505 mg, 535 mg
Steroids: in particular beta-sitosterol and its ester, including among others beta-sitosterol caproate
Liquid—1:1; 1:2; 250 mg/ml
Tannins
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
C O M P O U N D S : HIRSUTUM VARIETY
Flavonoids: in particular guaiaverin, hyperoside, myricitrin, quercetin-3-0-beta-D-glucuronide,quercetin-3-0-alpha-Larabinofuranoside Steroids: in particular beta-sitosterol Tannins C O M P O U N D S : PARVIFLORUM V A R I E T Y
Willow Herb Epilobium species DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb and the roots of the drug containing Epilobium varieties. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in long clusters of crimson flowers. The receptacle extends over the ovary. There are 4 sepals that are often colored and 8 stamens. The petals are purple to pink seldom white or yellow. The style is erect or curved downwards. The stigma is capitual or clublike and has 4 grooves or is divided into 4. The fruit is long, linear capsule-like, quadrangular, 4-valved and opens with 4 bending valves. The seeds are numerous and smooth or they may be covered in tiny warts with a white, often shortstemmed, tuft of hair.
'
Flavonoids: in particular guaiaverin, quercetin-3-O-beta-Dglucuronide, quercitrin Palmitate Steroids: in particular beta-sitosterol and its ester, including among others beta-sitosterol caproate Tannins EFFECTS
Willow Herb is reported to have antiphlogistic and antiexudative effects. A watery infusion revealed a significant inhibitory effect on edema in rat paws. The methanol infusion had a distinctly weaker effect. Antimicrobial effects have also been demonstrated. A suspension of the fresh drug in ethanol stunts the growth of the bacteria of Pseudomonas pyocyanea. Tincture and the liquid extract showed anti-microbial effect against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
The dried residue of a maceration, which is fixed on filter paper, shows a weak effect against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei and Staphylococcus aureus. An extra fraction of the drug (insufficiently chemically defined) showed a tumor-inhibiting effect on transplanted tumors in mice and rats. The drug was helpful in treating benign prostate hyperplasia and certain micturition disorders. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Willow Herb is used internally for micturition problems associated with prostatic hyperplasia (Stages I to II), and for gastrointestinal disorders and mucous membrane lesions of the mouth. Native Americans use the drug for rectal bleeding; the Chinese use it for menstrual disorders. The watery extract is used externally to improve the healing of wounds. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
WINTER C H E R R Y / 8 1 9
corolla is fused with a slightly 5-tipped margin. There are 5 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a cherry-sized, globular, scarlet berry, enclosed in the swollen, orange-red calyx. It contains numerous flat, reniform seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and grows from 30 to 60 cm. The stems are erect or ascending and angular with opposite, long-petioled, entire-margined leaves. Characteristics: Winter Cherry has a lantern-like, enlarged calyx when the fruit is ripe. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and southern Europe, China and Indochina and is naturalized in the U.S. Production: Winter Cherry fruits are the ripe fruits of Physalis alkekengi. Other Names: Tomato
Cape
Gooseberry,
Coqueret,
Strawberry
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Whitasteroids: among others physalines A-C, F, L - 0
Mode of Administration: The drug is not available as a ready made medicinal preparation; only as a tea, watery extract or as a vegetable.
Carotinoids: including zeaxanthine dipalmitic acid ester (red)
LITERATURE
No information is available.
Ducrey B et al., Inhibition of Salpha-Reduktase and aromatase by ellagitannins oenothein A and eonothein B from Epilobium species. In: PM 63(2): 111-114. 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EFFECTS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hiemann A, Mayr K, Sci Pharm 53:39. 1985. Hiermann A, Sci Pharm 63:135. 1995. Lesuisse D et al., Determination of Oenothein B as the active 5-alpha-reductase-inhibiting principles of the folk medicine Epilobium parvifloruam. In: JNP 59(5):490-492. 1996. Slacanin I et al., J Chromatogr 557:391. 1991. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Winter Cherry Physalis alkekengi
Unproven Uses: Winter Cherry is used as a diuretic in kidney and bladder conditions and in the treatment of gout and rheumatism. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The ripe fruit is edible, but unripe fruit can cause poisoning in animals. ; DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered in a ground form and as an extract. LITERATURE
Christen P, Pharm Acta Helv 61:242. 1986. Dornberger K, Untersuchungen uber potentiell antineoplastisch wirksame Inhaltsstoffe von Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchettii MAST. In: PA 41:265. 1986. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997. Jana M, Raynaud J, (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:301.
DESCRIPTION
Kawai M et al., PH 26:3313. 1987.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe fruit and the leaves.
Kawai M, Matsuura T, (1970) Tetrahedron 26:1743.
Flower and Fruit: The whitish, long-pedicled flowers are solitary and nodding. The calyx is fused and 5-tipped. The
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
820/WINTER
CHERRY
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Sesquiterpenes: including drimenol, drimenin, confertifoline, polygodial, isodrimenine, winterin, valdiviolide, fuegin, futranolide, cryptomeridiol, 1 beta-p-cumaroyloxypolygodial, a trimeric sesquiterpene lactone
Vessal M, Mehrani HA. Omrani GH, Effects of an aqueous extract of Physalis alkekengi fruit on estrus cycle, reproduction and uterine craetive kinase BB-isoenzyme in rats. In: ETH 34(l):69-78. 1991. Volksen W. Zur Kenntnis der Inhaltsstoffe und arzneilichen Verwendung einiger Physalisanen - Ph. alkekengi, Ph. tranchettii. Ph. peruviana. In: DAZ 117(30): 1199-1203. 1977.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components eugenol, caryophyllene, 1,8cineol, pinenes EFFECTS
The drug has carminative, stomachic, and tonic effects due to the sesquiterpenes (bitter effect) and tannins.
Yamaguchi H et al.. (1974) Yakugaku Zasshi 94:1115. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Winter's Bark Drimys
winteri
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark of the trunk and larger branches.
Unproven Uses: In South America, the drug is used for toothache, as a stomachic and for dermatitis. Other uses include digestive disorders, flatulence and colic. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As an infusion and domestic herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary or in umbels and often in clusters at the tips of the branches. They are fragrant and white. The sepals are membranous, broadly ovate to reniform. The 4 to 14 petals are also membranous, oblong to narrow-ovate. The 15 to 40 stamens are in 2 to 4 rows. The 2 to 10 carpels are free, ovate or elliptical. There are 9 to 18 ovules on a short seed stalk. The fruit is berry-like, black to violet, fleshy and usually contains 2 or 3 seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen tree or shrub, with brownish or gray wrinkled branches. The bark is a romatic and smooth. The leaf blade is coriaceous, oblongovate to elliptical, with a somewhat re volute margin. The undersurface is usually punctate. Characteristics: Winter's Bark has an astringent taste and mild smell.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, Charles C. Thomas USA 1981.
Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens DESCRIPTION
Habitat: The plant is found from central Chile to Cape Horn and in neighboring Argentina.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the leaves and the oil extracted from them, as well as the fruit.
Production: Genuine Winter's Bark is the bark of Drimys winteri. The bark is collected from the dried trunk or produced from the stronger branches. It is collected in uncultivated regions.
Flower and Fruit: The 7.5 mm long, solitary, hanging flowers grow from the base of the leaves. They are white or pale pink and campanulate. The fruit is the enlarged calyx. The scarlet berries are dull red and about 0.5 cm in diameter when dried. They are fleshy, globular, bilocular, and contain numerous whitish, ovoid, flattened seeds.
Not to be Confused With: The drug is often confused with Cortex Canellae albae and with the bark of Cinnamodendron corticosum. Other Names: Pepper Bark, Winter's Cinnamon, Wintera Aromatica, Wintera
Leaves, Stem and Root: Gaultheria procumbens is a bushy evergreen plant with procumbent stems and upright rigid branches up to 15 cm high. It grows best under trees and shrubs. The branches bear clusters of leaves at their tips. The
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
leaves are coriaceous, oval, 3 to 5 cm long, glabrous and glossy above, paler beneath, long and solitary. Characteristics: Wintergreen has an aromatic odor; the taste of the whole plant is astringent.
WITCH HAZEL/821 DOSAGE
The drug is seldom used today. The active ingredient, methyl salicylate, is produced synthetically at a lower cost. Methyl salicylate is a constituent of liniments and bath additives. LITERATURE
Habitat: Gaultheria procumbens is indigenous to the northern United States and Canada. Production: Wintergreen leaves are the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens. Other Names: Canada Tea, Checkerberry, Deerberry, Ground Berry, Hillberry, Mountain Tea, Partridge Berry, Spiceberry, Wax Cluster, Boxberry, Teaberry ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: FRESHLY HARVESTED PLANT
Monotropitoside (Gaultherin): changing into methyl salicylate when the plant is dried COMPOUNDS: DRIED PLANT
Volatile oil: chief component methyl salicylate (96-98%), in addition to oenanthic alcohol (n-heptan-1-ol) and its ester (which contributes to the odor of the volatile oil)
Friedrich H, Kriiger, N. (1974) Planta Med 26:327. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Kem W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
EFFECTS
The essential oil has a rubefacient effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wintergreen was previously used as a carminative, tonic, antiseptic and aromatic. The drug was also used for neuralgia (particularly sciatica), gastralgias, pleurisy, pleurodynia (especially for medium stage pain), ovarialgia, orchitis, epidydimitis, diaphragmitis, uratic arthritis and dysmenorrhea. Folk medicine indications also include asthma and use of wintergreen as an antiseptic. The drug is administered externally in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The drug and its volatile oil can, however, trigger contact allergies. OVERDOSAGE
Signs of poisoning such as severe stomach and kidney irritation appear with overdosages of the drug. Fatal poisonings can occur through oral and percutaneous administration of the pure volatile oil, often following are signs of central nervous system distress, lung edema and collapse. Poisonings with fatal results have been observed following the oral intake of as little as 4 to 6 g of the volatile oil.
Witch Hazel Hamamelis
virginiana
TRADE NAMES
Witch Hazel (available from numerous manufacturers), Witch Hazel Leaf DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the plant's hamamelis water, which is distilled from various plant parts; the bark; the fresh and dried leaves; the fresh bark of the roots and branches; and the dried bark of the trunk and branches. Flower and Fruit: The androgynous and unisexual flowers grow in light to golden yellow, short-stemmed clusters on the trees before the leaves come out. The inflorescence is a small, head-like spike in the axils of the dropping leaves, with 5 to 8 flowers. The 4 sepals are ovate or triangular, curved outward, yellow-brown to brown on the inside. The petals are bright yellow, long, narrow-linear, rolled to a spiral in the bud and crushed like tissue paper when open. The ovary is villous, bivalvular with 2 anatropic ovules. Fertilization takes place during the spring that follows 5 to 7 months after pollination. The fruit capsule is woody, ovate, sectioned and divided, hazelnut-like, 12 to 15 mm long and
822/WITCH HAZEL
thickly pubescent. It bursts so dramatically in autumn that the 2 dark seeds are projected up to 4 m away from the plant. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tree-like deciduous bush that typically grows 2 to 3 m high (but sometimes reaches heights up to 10 m) with a trunk diameter of 40 cm. The bark is thin, brown on the outside, reddish on the inside. The older branches are bushy, divided and silver-gray to gray-brown. The younger branches are yellowish-brown with hairs. The alternate leaves have stipules. The leaf margin is roughly crenate, bluntly indented to irregularly sweeping. Habitat: Witch Hazel originated in the deciduous forests of Atlantic North America. The tree is common in European gardens and parks, and is also cultivated in subtropical countries. Production: Witch Hazel leaf is obtained from the leaves of Hamamelis virginiana, which are collected in autumn and dried rapidly. Witch Hazel bark is the dried bark of the trunk and branches of Hamamelis virginiana. Not to be Confused With: Witch Hazel is sometimes confused with Hazelnut bark, to which it bears a resemblance. Confusion can arise between Witch Hazel leaves and the leaves of Corylus avellana (hazelnut leaves), which are sometimes substituted as an adulteration. Other Names: Hamamelis. Hazel Nut, Snapping Hazel, Spotted Alder, Striped Alder, Tobacco Wood, Winterbloom ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: WITCH HAZEL BARK
Tannins (up to 12%): including hamamelitannin, monogalloyl hamameloses Catechins: including (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate(III), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate(III) OUgomeric procyanidins EFFECTS: WITCH HAZEL BARK
Witch Hazel bark is astringent, anti-inflammatory and locally hemostatic. COMPOUNDS: WITCH HAZEL LEAF
Tannins ( 5%): including hamamelitannin Catechins: including (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate(III), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate(III) OUgomeric procyanidins Volatile oil (0.01 to 0.5%): steam distillate, consisting chiefly of aliphatic carbonyl compounds, for example hex-2en-l-ale, 6-methyl-hepta-3,5-dien-2-one aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic esters Flavonoids: including quercitrin, isoquercitrin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES EFFECTS: WITCH HAZEL LEAF
The tannins and tannin elements have an astringent, antiinflammatory and locally hemostatic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • • • • •
Hemorrhoids Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx (leaf only) Inflammation of the skin Venous conditions Wounds and bums
Unproven Uses: Witch Hazel leaf and bark arc used internally in folk medicine for non-specific diarrheic ailments (such as inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine and colon), hematemesis, hemoptysis and also for menstrual complaints. Efficacy in the treatment of diarrhea seems plausible because of the tannin content. Witch Hazel is used externally for minor injuries of the skin, localized inflamed swelling of the skin and mucous membranes, hemorrhoids and varicose veins. It is also used in folk medicine for inflammation of the mucosa of the colon, hematemesis and hemoptysis. Homeopathic Use: Applications for use of Witch Hazel bark in homeopathy include hemorrhoids, varicose veins, skin inflammation and bleeding of the mucous membranes. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. If taken internally, the tannin content of the drug can lead to digestive complaints. Liver damage is conceivable following longterm administration, but rare. DOSAGE
WITCH HAZEL BARK
Mode of Administration: Witch Hazel Bark is available as comminuted drug or extract for internal and external use as galenic preparations. A steam distillate of the fresh leaves and bark is used for internal and external application. How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include: cream; gel; ointment; suppositories. Preparation: Various formulations of Witch Hazel are prepared as follows: External—aqueous steam distillate (Witch Hazel water) undiluted, or diluted 1:3 with water. For poultices—20 to 30% in semi-solid preparations. Extract preparations—semi-solid and liquid preparations, corresponding to 5 to 10% drug. Compresses and rinses—decoctions of 5 to 10 g of herb per cup (250 ml) of water.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Ointment/gel—5 g Witch Hazel extract in 100 g ointment base. Suppositories—Use 0.1 to 1 g drug. Daily Dosage: Suppositories can be used 1 to 3 times a day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a day, suppositories 2 to 3 times per day and ointment 1 to 2 times daily (acute and chronic); for the external application, 1 dessertspoonful to be mixed with 250 ml water and then used as a wash or poultice (HAB1). Storage: Store Witch Hazel bark protected from exposure to light. WITCH HAZEL LEAF
Mode of Administration: Witch hazel leaf is available as comminuted drug or extract for internal and external use as galenic preparations. A steam distillate of the fresh leaves and bark is used for internal and external applications. How
Supplied:
Liquid —1:1 liquid Preparation: Liquid extract—1:1 with 45% ethanol (PF X). Stabilized liquid extract—100 g of leaf powder are moistened with 45 g 1:2 90% ethanol:water and subsequently percolated with 540 g 1:2 90% ethanol:water. Separation into 85 g forerun and the residue, which is evaporated until dry. The dried substance is dissolved with 15 g ethanol:water and is then mixed with the forerun. This solution is kept for 8 days at 2 to 8° C and then filtered at the same temperature. Tea: pour 150 ml boiling water over 2 to 3 g drug and strain after 10 minutes.
WITCH
HAZEL/823
Erdelmeier CAJ et al, Antiviral and antiphlogistic activities of Hamamelis virginiana bark. Planta Med 62: 241-245. 1996. Friedrich H, Kriiger N, Planta Med 25: 138. 1974. Haberland C, Kolodziej H, Novel galloylhamamelose from Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 5908. 1993. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994. Hartisch C et al., Dual inhibitory activities of tannins from Hamamelis virginiana and related polyphenols on 5lipoxygenase and Lyso-PAF: Acetyl-CoA-Acetyltransferase. Planta Med 63: 106-110. Hartisch C et al., Proanthocyanidin pattern in Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 62 (Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA) 119. 1996. Hartisch C et al., Study on the localisation and composition of the volatile fraction of Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 62 (Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA) 133. 1996. Knoch HG, Hamorrhoiden I. Grades. Wirksamkeit einer Salbe auf pflanzlicher Basis. Munch Med Wschr 31/32: 481-484. 1991 Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Hart H et al.. Antiinflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate applied topically to the skin. Influence of vehicle and dose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 44 315-318: 1993. Laux P. Oschmann R, Die Zaubernufi - Hamamelis virginiana L. Z Phytother 14: 155-166. 1993. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Mennet-von Eiff M, Meier B, Phytotherapie in der Dermatologie. Z Phytother 16: 201-210. 1995. Messerschmidt W, Arch Pharm 300: 550. 1967. Messerschmidt W, Arzneim Forsch 18: 1618. 1968,
Daily Dosage: Decoction—250 ml water with 5 to 10 g drug for washes or poultices; 2 to 3 g to 150 ml water as a gargle solution.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Suppositories—0.1 to 1 g drug/supp. 3 times daily.
Sorkin B, Hametum-Salbe, eine kortikoidfreie antiinflammatorische Salbe. Phys Med Rehab 21: 53-57. 1980.
Tea—1 cup 2 to 3 times daily between meals.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmako'gnosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Liquid extract—2 to 4 ml 3 times daily. Storage: Protect Witch Hazel leaf from light and moisture when stored. LITERATURE W I T C H HAZEL BARK
Bernard P et al. J Pharm Belg 26:661 Dorsch W., Neues iiber antientziindliche Drogen. Z Phytother 14: 26. 1993.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Ed), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. WITCH HAZEL LEAF
Bernard P et al., J Pharm Belg 26: 661.
8 2 4 / W I T C H HAZEL
Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientziindliche Drogen. Z Phytother 14: 26. 1993.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Wichtl M (Ed), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Erdelmeier CAJ et al., Antiviral and antiphlogistic activities of Hamamelis virginiana bark. Planta Med 62: 241-245. 1996. Friedrich H, Kriiger N, Planta Med 25: 138. 1974. Haberland C, Kolodziej H, Novel galloylhamamelose from Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 59: A608. 1993. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994. Hartisch C et al.. Dual inhibitory activities of tannins from Hamamelis virginiana and related polyphenols on 5lipoxygenase and Lyso-PAF: Acetyl-CoA-Acetyltransferase. Planta Med 63: 106-110. 1997. Hartisch C et al., Proanthocyanidin pattern in Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 62 (Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress ofGA) 119. 1996. Hartisch C et al.. Study on the localisation and composition ot the volatile fraction of Hamamelis virginiana. Planta Med 62 (Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA) 133.1996. Knoch HG, Hamorrhoiden I. Grades. Wirksamkeit einer Salbe auf pflanzlicher Basis. Munch Med Wschr 31/32: 481-484. 1991. Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M. Hart H et al.. Antiinflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate applied topically to the skin. Influence of vehicle and dose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 44: 315-318: 1993. Laux P, Oschmann R, Die ZaubernuP - Hamamelis virginiana L. Z Phytother 14: 155-166. 1993. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 1980. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Mennet-von Eiff M, Meier B, Phytotherapie in der Dermatologie. Z Phytother 16 (1995), 201-210 Messerschmidt W, Arch Pharm 300: 550. 1967. Messerschmidt W, Arzneim Forsch 18: 1618. 1968. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Wood Anemone Anemone nemorosa DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant gathered shortly before the flowers open and the dried aerial parts of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are solitary and located at the end of a long stem. The stem is erect when in flower, white to reddish-violet, and has a diameter of 1.5 to 4 cm. The usually 6 (but possibly 5 to 9) bracts are oblong-ovate, entire-margined and glabrous. The flowers have numerous yellow stamens. The 10 to 20 carpels are oblong with a short curved beak. They are downy and 4 to 5 mm long. The fruit is a drooping compound with a roughly haired fruitlet. Leaves, Stem and Root: Anemone nemorosa is a perennial plant, 6 to 30 cm high with a horizontally creeping, yellow to dark brown, roundish rhizome. The stems are usually solitary, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. There is usually a long-stemmed basal leaf. The leaf is tri-pinnate and pinnatifid-serrate. The first row of pinna are stemmed and have horizontal pinna sections, each with 1 pinna of the second level. There are cauline rosettes of 3 leaf-like bracts, which have a 2-cm long petiole. The bracts do not generally have axillary buds, and are palmate and pinnatifid-serrate.
Production: Wood Anemone is the aerial part of Anemone nemorosa, collected shortly before the flowers open. Other Names: Pasque Flower, Crowfoot, Wind Flower, Smell Fox ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
No information is available.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
4
Habitat: The plant is spread almost all over Europe as far as the Volga region except in the Mediterranean and northern Lapland.
Protoanemonine-forming agents (yielding approximately 300 meg protoanemonine per gram of fresh weight): presumably, the glycoside ranunculin, which changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces (and probably also when it is dried) into the pungent, volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to anemonine; when dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine formation
Sorkin B, Hametum-Salbe, eine kortikoidfreie antiinflammatorische Salbe. Phys Med Rehab 21: 53-57. 1980.
(
EFFECTS
"
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for stomach pains, delayed menstruation, gout, whooping cough and asthma. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Prolonged skin contact with the freshly harvested plant can lead to slow-healing blisters and cauterizations due to the formation of protoanemonine. which is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary drainage passages, as well as colic and diarrhea, are possible. Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution followed by mucilage. OVERDOSAGE
In case of internal contact, administer gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in animal experiments. The ingestion of 30 freshly harvested plants is considered the fatal level for humans. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug can be found in dilute homeopathic preparations of the mother tincture.
WOOD B E T O N Y / 8 2 5
Wood Betony Betonica officinalis TRADE NAMES
Wood Betony Herb Liquid DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb, including the basal leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are crimson and labiate in terminal, spike-like, irregular formation. The calyx, with 5 even, triangular tips, has long ciliate hairs and is shorter than the corolla tube. The corolla is curled downward, and the white tube has no ring of hair. The upper lip is erect, and the lower lip is 3-lobed .with a broad middle lobe. There are 4 stamens. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of about 30 to 100 cm. The stem is erect, unbranched, quadrangular, bristly-haired and usually only has 2 distal pairs of leaves. The basal leaves are rosette-like. The leaves are elongateovate with a cordate base and crenate. The lower ones are larger and long-petioled, and the upper ones are smaller and shorter. Habitat: The plant grows in Europe. Production: Wood Betony is the flowering plant of Betonica officinalis collected from June to August at flowering time. The herb, including the basal leaves, is collected and dried in the shade at a maximum temperature of 40° C. Not to be Confused With: Stachys alpina
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Other Names: Betony, Bishopswort
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
COMPOUNDS
Betaine: including betonicine [(-)-oxystachydrine), (-)- stachydrine), ((+)oxystachydrinej Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, rosemary acid iridoid glycosides Diterpene lactone Iridoids: iridoid glycosides, including harpagide Flavonoids EFFECTS
The drug is said to act as a tranquilizer, a disinfectant and an astringent. It contains glycosides with hypotensive characteristics. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wood Betony is an astringent. As an expectorant, it is used for coughs, bronchitis and asthma. It is
8 2 6 / W O O D BETONY
contained in combination preparations as a sedative and for the treatment of neuralgia and anxiety. In folk medicine, it is used as an antidiarrheal agent, a carmative, and a sedative, and for catarrh, lung catarrh, heartburn, gout, nervousness, bladder and kidney stones, and inflammation of the bladder. Homeopathic Uses: Betonica officinalis is used in homeopathy for asthma and general states of debility. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Characteristics: The plant smells faintly of leeks when being dried. Habitat: The plant is common to large parts of western and central Europe including the Mediterranean region. It is rarely found in eastern Europe and Scandinavia but it has naturalized there. Production: Wood Sage is the aerial part of Teucrium scorodonia. Other Names: Ambroise, Garlic Sage, Hind Heal, LargeLeaved Germander ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: The herb is used topically, as an extract and an infusion. The fresh leaves are also used.
Volatile oil (0.3%): containing among others, alloaromadendrene, aristolene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-caryophyllene (humulene), spathulenone, caryophyllene epoxide
Daily Dosage: The infusion can be taken daily. The total daily dosage of the powder is 1 to 2 gm, to be taken in 3 separate doses. The fresh leaves may be boiled and used for wounds and swelling. LITERATURE
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde. 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3. W. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
IriUoide monoterpenes: including among others, acetyl harpagide, reptoside Diterpenes: the spectrum varies greatly according to strain, including among others teuscorodal, teuscorodin, teuscorodol, teuscorodonin, teuflin, teuscorolide, teupolin I Flavonoids: including among others, cirsiliol, cirsimaritin, luteolin EFFECTS
The expectorant effect attributed to the drug may be due to the amaroids and the essential oil. See other Teucrium species for the toxic effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wood Sage Teucrium scorodonia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the whole flowering plant. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are approximately 1 cm long, pale yellow o.r greenish-yellow. They are solitary or in pairs on short pedicles in one-side-inclined, terminal racemes. The calyx of the labiate flower is tubular-campanulate and bilabiate with an undivided upper and a 4-tipped lower lip. The stamens are pubescent and the anthers are violet. The nutlet is round, about 2mm long, and almost smooth. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is erect, 30 to 60 cm high and has far-reaching runners. The stem is erect, paniculatebranched above, quadrangular and soft-pubescent. The leaves are petiolate, opposite, wrinkled, ovate or oblong, unevenly crenate and have a shallowly cordate base.
Unproven Uses: Wood Sage is used for the treatment of tuberculosis, chronic bronchial catarrh, inflammation of mucous membranes of the nose and throat, spasms, hypertension, wounds and liver disorders. Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic c dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wood Sage is obsolete as a drug in most countries, but it can be found as cut drug in capsules and drops. Preparation: To treat bronchitis, a tea is made using 2 teaspoons of herb per cup. LITERATURE
Bruno M et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(11):2597. Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R, Plant Med Phytother 3(3): 183.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Marco JL et al., Phytochemistry 21(10):2567.
WORMSEED/827
activity by acting as a diuretic. The fresh plant provides a substantial source of vitamin C. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Wood Sorrel is no longer used as a remedy, but previously was used for liver and digestive disorders. Also, in the past, the fresh leaves were used to treat scurvy, wounds and inflammation of the gums.
Marco JL et al., PH 21:2567. 1982. Marco JL et al., PH 22:727-731. 1983. Velasco-Negueruela A et al., PH 29:1165-1169. 1990. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Wood Sorrel
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. OVERDOSAGE
Oxalic acid poisonings could occur only through the ingestion of very large quantities of the leaves, for example as in salad. The poisonings mentioned in older scientific literature seem dubious.
Oxalis acetosella
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Ground and as an extract. Wood Sorrel is no longer used as a remedy.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh flowering plant with the root. Flower and Fruit: The solitary flower is white or reddishwhite and red-veined with yellow spots. The pedicle is longer than the leaves. There are 5 sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens and 1 ovary with 5 styles. The fruit is an ovate capsule. It is pentangular, tearing open in long slits when ripe, thus freeing the seeds.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of between 5 and 12 cm tall. The leaves are basal, tender, longpetioled and trifoliate. The leaflets are broad, obovatecordate, downy and often tinged red underneath. The stem is leafless apart from bracts above the middle, which are fused at the base.
Tosto DS, Hopp HE, Sequence analysis of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) from five species of the Oxalis tuberosa alliance. DNA Seq, 6:361-4, 1996.
Characteristics: The plant has a pleasant, rather sour odor.
Tschesche R, Struckmeyer K, (1976) Chem Ber. 109:2901.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Habitat: The plant is commonly found in woods and forests throughout Europe. Production: Wood Sorrel is the aerial part of Oxalis acetosella, which is harvested while the plant is in blossom. Other Names: Cuckoo Bread, Cuckowes Meat, Fairy Bells, Green Sauce, Hallelujah, Shamrock, Sour Trefoil, Stickwort, Stubwort, Surelle, Three-Leaved Grass, Wood Sour ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Oxalic acid (0.3-1.25%): especially present as potassium salt EFFECTS
The drug, including the green parts of the plant, contains clover acid that, in small amounts, affects gallbladder
Wormseed Artemisia cina DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are closed flowerbuds, that have not yet blossomed. Flower and Fruit: The numerous flower heads are about 2 mm long with a diameter of 1.5 mm. They are ovoid and greenish-yellow when fresh, later brownish-green. They contain tiiree to five minute, tubular, androgynous florets with a slim, cylindrical and glabrous receptacle. The epicalyces have numerous oblong-obtuse, imbricate scales.
8 2 8 /WORMSEED
Leaves, Stem and Root: Artemisia cina is an evergreen, perennial semi-shrub, 30 to 60 cm high with many slim sprouting stems. The gnarled rhizome produces numerous leaf and flower branches. The stems are smooth and woody and the leaves pinnatifid on the non-flowering branches. The leaves on the flowering branches are small and entiremargined. Characteristics: The odor is aromatic and the taste bitter. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Iran, Turkestan and the Kirghizin Steppes around Buchara. Production: Wormwood flowers are the inflorescent buds of Artemisia cina (occasionally incorrectly called Wormseed), which are cultivated and gathered in the wild. Not to be Confused With: Refined mustard flour
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S DOSAGE
Preparation: Wormwood is considered completely obsolete as a drug, occasionally available as a powder for use when more modern antithelmintic agents fail. Symptoms of poisoning are possible even in therapeutic dosages. Daily Dosage: The drug is always used in combination with a laxative. The average single dose is 0.025 g for adults. For children, take the child's age in years, and double this amount in milligrams of the drug. According to the Austrian pharmacopoeia, the single dose is 1 to 2 g. The powder is administered in the morning and followed later by castor oil or sodium sulfate. The remedy is repeated on the following day. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules, 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution twice weekly sc (HAB34).
Other Names: Levant, Santonica, Sea Wormwood
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactones: especially alpha-santonin, in addition to artemisin and beta-santonin EFFECTS
The anthelmintic and antipyretic effect of the drug can be attributed to its alpha-santonin content. The drug acts as a vermifuge action for ascarids, including intestinal parasitic worms, whose muscles are paralyzed by the santonin. The worms are then forced into the large intestine where they are removed by means of a laxative. In rats, the rectal temperature was lowered during fevers that had been induced by brewer's yeast injections. This leads to the speculation that santonin effects body temperature in a similar manner to dopamine. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for ascarid and oxyuris infestations. Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include fevers, tendency to convulsions and worms.
Wormseed Oil Chenopodium ambrosioides
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
Even with the therapeutic dose there is a danger of poisoning. Side effects may resemble those of the alphasantonins: kidney irritation, gastroenteritis, stupor, visual disorders (xanthopsia), muscle twitching and epileptiform spasms. Administration in allopathic dosages is to be avoided.
Medicinal Parts: The plant's medicinal parts are the seeds and the herb, including the flowers.
OVERDOSAGE
Deadly poisonings following the intake of less than 10 g of the drug are known.
Flower and Fruit: The numerous small flowers are yellowish-green and form small racemes or roundish spikes in the axils of the apical leaves. The calyx is divided into 5; the lobes are ovate and pointed. There are 5 stamens. The ovary has small, oblong, stemmed glands at the tip. The angular fruit is enclosed in the calyx. The small seeds are achaenes, smooth and black.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual that grows to about 1 m in height with a branched, reddish stem. The stem is covered in alternate-linear to lanceolate leaves. Characteristics: The whole plant gives off a pleasant fragrance. The oil is dangerously explosive. Habitat: Wormseed originated in Mexico and South America but has spread to the eastern U.S.
WORMWOOD/829
can be used in combination with a fast-acting and powerful purgative. Daily Dosage: Typical adult daily dosage is 20 drops taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Two hours later, a purgative is taken. Pediatric dosage is two single doses of drops taken one hour apart. Each dose has one drop per year of the child's age. LITERATURE
Production: Wormseed Oil is the seed oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides. Other Names- Mexican Tea, American Wormseed, Jesuit's Tea ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Ascaridiole (chief constituent - up to 80%): including, according to variety and breed, p-cymene, L-pinocarvone, alpha-pinenes and/or alpha-terpenes, limonene. The combination creates a volatile, explosive oil. EFFECTS
Wormseed Oil acts as an anthelmintic that causes flight and defensive reactions in worms. This is due to the main constituent of the terpene fraction, which is ascaridole, a monoterpene. This constituent is highly toxic. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Although considered obsolete as a drug, Wormseed Oil is used against roundworms and hookworms, if other, more modern anthelmintic drugs fail. The leaves and seeds have long been used in South American medicine as a vermifuge, stimulant, anti-asthmatic and abortifacient for cramps, paralysis and asthmatic complaints. Chinese Medicine: The Chinese have used Wormseed Oil for rheumatism of the joints, metrorrhagia, eczema and bites. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Even the administration of therapeutic dosages can lead to disorders of the central nervous system, including spasms, signs of paralysis, Pachymeningitis haemorrhagica. Damage to the Nervus cochlearis is frequent, leading to buzzing in the ears and hearing impairment (sometimes lasting for years). In addition, the oil is dangerously explosive. OVERDOSAGE
Cases of death have been observed following intake of 10 mg of the oil by adults, and much less for children. For that reason, an administration in allopathic dosages is to be avoided.
Bombardelli E et al., (1976) Fitoterapia 47:3. Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. Gupta OS, Behari M, (1972) J Ind Chem Soc 49:317. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wormwood Artemisia
absinthium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial shoots and leaves of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The numerous flower heads are shortstemmed and hang in a many-flowered panicle. The capitula are small, globular, inclined and nearly as long as their 3 to 4 mm width. The bracts are gray, silky-pubescent witii a rounded tip. The outer bracts are linear-oblong and pubescent, while the inner ones are ovate, obtuse, broad and have a transparent, membranous margin. The receptacle is roughhaired. The flowers are yellow and fertile. The disc florets are androgynous; the ray florets are female with an extending style stem. The fruit is about 1.5 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: This semi-shrub grows from 60 to 120 cm in height with a woody, hardy rosette and a highbranch bearing stem. The stem is usually erect and leafy. The alternate, long-petioled leaves are silky pubescent on both sides. The lower leaves are abrupt pinnate and the upper ones simple. The leaf tips are lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate and 2 to 3 mm wide.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Wormseed Oil is obsolete as a drug. In clinically described cases, which are exceptional, it
Characteristics: The plant has an aromatic odor and a very bitter taste.
8 3 0 /WORMWOOD
Habitat: Wormwood grows in Europe, northern Africa, parts of Asia, and North and South America. Production: Wormwood consists of the fresh or dried upper shoots and leaves, the fresh or dried basal leaves, or a mixture of the aerial plant parts from Artemisia absinthium, that is harvested during flowering season from cultivated or wild plants. Other Names: Green Ginger, Absinthe ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: with a high level (varies a great deal among different strains) of (+)-thujone, cis-epoxy ocimene. transsabinyl acetate or chrysanthenyl acetate Sesquiterpene bitter principles: including absinthine, anabsinthine, artabsine and matricine
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
of the central nervous system. Continuous use is not advisable. The use of volatile oils and spirituous extracts from the drug for the manufacture of alcoholic drinks is forbidden in many countries because of possible injuries to health. Drug Interactions: The thujone componant may lower the seizure threshold. Caution must be exercised when administering this herb to patients that have a predisposition to seizures. Drugs that are used to control seizures may have decreased effectiveness. Wormwood preparations should not be administered in conjunction with drugs that are known to lower the seizure threshold. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb is used for infusions and decoctions. Powdered herb, extracts and tinctures in liquid or solid forms are used for oral administration. Combination with other bitters or aromatics is common.
EFFECTS
The cholagogic, digestive, appetite-stimulating and woundhealing effects ascribed to the drug are attributed to the essential oils and amaroids. A significant increase of alphaamylase, liapse, bilirubin and cholesterol has been observed during the 70 to 100 minutes during which patients with liver disorders were given a suspension of 20 mg extract in 10 ml water via a duodenal probe. In rabbits, fever induced through yeast injection was reduced by using an esophageal probe to administer diverse fractions of the drug. In vitro, a watery extract of the whole drug is supposed to retard the growth of Plasmodium falciparum. The essential oil of the drug may possess an antimicrobial effect. The drug also stimulates the bitter receptors in the taste buds of the tongue. When bitter agents are introduced into the mouth, they trigger a reflexive increase of stomach secretion with higher acid concentration. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Dyspeptic complaints • Liver and gallbladder complaints Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, wormwood preparations are used internally for gastric insufficiency, intestinal atonia, gastritis, stomachache, liver disorders, bloating, anemia, irregular menstruation, intermittent fever, loss of appetite and worm infestation. Externally, the drug is applied for poorly healing wounds, ulcers, skin blotches and insect bites. Efficacy in the above-mentioned popular uses is insufficiently documented. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Due to the drug's thujone content, the internal administration of large doses can lead to vomiting, stomach and intestinal cramps, headache, dizziness and disturbances
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour 150 ml boiling water over 1/2 teaspoonful of the drug, strain after 10 minutes. A decoction is prepared by adding 1 handful of drug to 1 liter of boiling water for 5 minutes. To prepare a tea, use 1 g drug in 1 cup water. Daily Dose: The total daily dose is 3 to 5 g of the herb as an aqueous extract. Internal dose of the infusion is 1 cup freshly prepared tea taken 30 minutes before each meal. The tincture dosage is 10 to 30 drops in sufficient water taken 3 times daily. The liquid extract dosage is 1 to 2 ml taken 3 times daily. Externally, a decoction is used for healing of wounds and insect bites. Storage: Wormwood must be kept in sealed containers and protected from light. LITERATURE
Akhmedov IS et al., (1970) Khim Prir Soedin 6:691. Akhmedov IS et al., (Artabin, a new lactone from Artemisia absinthium). In: Khim Prid Soed 5:622. 1970. Baumann IC et al., (1975) Z Allg Med 51 (17):784. Beauhaire J et al, (1981) Tetrahedron Letters 22 (24):2269. Beauhaire J, Fourrey JL, (1982) J Chem Soc Perk Trans: 861. Del Castillo J et al., (1975) Nature 253:365. Dermanovic S et al., (1976): 87. Greger H, Hofer O, New unsymmetrically substituted tetrahydrofuran lignans from Artemisia absinthium. In: Tetrahedron 36(24):3551. 1980. Greger H, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:806. Hoffman B, Herrmann K, (1982) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 174 (3):2II.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Kasimov Ah Z et al., (Anabsin-a new diguaianolide from Artemisia absinthium). In: Khim Prid Soed 4:495. 1979.
W O R M W O O D GRASS / 8 3 1
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Kasymov SZ et al., (1979) Khim Prir Soed 5:658. Kennedy Al et al.. Volatile oils from normal and transformed roots of Artemisia absinthium. In: PH 32:1449. 1993. Kinloch JD, (1971) Practitioner 206:44. Lemberkovics E et al., Some phytochemical characteristics of essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. In: Herba hung 21(3): 197-215. 1982. Maries RJ. Kaminski J, Arnason JT. Pazos-Sanou L, Heptinstall S, Fischer NH. Crompton CW, Kindack DG, A bioassay for inhibition of serotonin release from bovine platelets. In: JNP 55:1044-1056. 1992. Rucker G, Manns D. Wilbert S. Peroxides as constituents of plants. 10. Homoditerpene peroxides from Artemisia-absinthium. In: PH:31(0:340. 1992. Schneider Von G. Mielke B. (1979) Deutsch Apoth Ztg 119 (25):977. Stahl E. Gerard D. (1983) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 176 (1):1. Swiatek L, Dombrowicz E. (1984) Farm Pol 40 (2):729. Vostrowski O et al., (1981) Z NaturForsch (C) 36 (5/6):369. Vostrowski O et al., Uber die Komponenten des atherischen Ols aus Artemisia absinthium L.. In: Z Naturforsch 36(5/6):369. 1981. Zafar MM, Hamdard ME. Hameed A, Screening of Artemisia absinthium for antimalarial effects on Plasmodium berghei in mice: Preliminary report. In: ETH 30(2):223. 1990. Zakirov SK et al.. (1976) Khim Prir Soedin 4:548. Further information in:
Wormwood Grass Spigelia anthelmia DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The whole fresh plant, the juice prepared from the fresh plant and the dried leaves are used medicinally. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, 5 to 12 cm long spikes turned to one side. They are often involute. The flowers in the axils of the bracts are sessile. The flowers are radial and their structures are in fives. The sepals are free, linear-lanceolate and 2 to 5 mm long. The 5 petals are fused with a 6.5 to 15 mm long, lilac, pink or white, funnel-shaped corolla. There are 5 stamens and a 2-chambered ovary. The fruit is a capsule approximately 5 mm long and 5 mm wide. The seeds are 2 to 3 mm long, elliptical or ovoid, dark brown and warty. Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb grows upright to a height of up to 60 cm. The leaves are opposite and, because of short internodes, appear to be in whorls. They are 4 to 18 cm long, 2 to 6 cm wide, very short petiolate, simple, entire, ovatelanceolate to elongate-ovate and long acuminate. The stipules are fused, membranous, broad and triangular. The stem and lateral branches are almost leafless, usually terminating in a 4-leafed whorl.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch .der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Habitat: Spigelia anthelmia is indigenous to North, Central and South America.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Production: Wormwood Grass herb is the dried aerial part of Spigelia anthelmia, wh'ch is collected in the wild and cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of America.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Annual Wormwood Grass, American Wormwood Grass, Pink Root, Demerara Pinkroot ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including hyperoside, quercetin-di-O-glucoside, quercetin-O-rhamnoglucoside
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Phenol carboxylic acids: vanillic acid, dihydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
Amines:
isoquinoline
Monoterpene
alkaloids:
actinidine
8 3 2 / W O R M W O O D GRASS EFFECTS
The choline esters contained in the drug are possibly hypertensive in effect. Depending upon the dosage level, isoquinoline is positively inotropic in effect on isolated gerbil hearts. The experimental results in this area require further testing. The vermifugal action mechanism credited to the drug has not yet been proven. The isoquinoline found in the drug is not present at levels required for protoplasmadestroying effect. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Traditional folk medicine has included use for worm infestation. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include angina pectoris, neuralgia and headache, acute carditis and worm infestation. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The drug is considered to be severely poisonous. Animal poisonings were described in older literature sources, as was deliberate use to poison humans. The toxin is said to be a non-volatile alkaloid. Human consumption of large quantities of the drug is said to lead to vomiting, myositis, dyspnea and spasms. Homeopathic Precautions: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated homeopathic dosages.
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: The closely sessile flowers have very small bracteoles. They are arranged in false whorls of 6 florets joined in groups of 10 to 20 into a spike. The calyx is tubular-campanulate, violet-tinged with awned tips. The corolla is dull violet and the style pink. The nutlet is globular, 2 mm long, lightly striped and glossy dark brown. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, with long runners and barrel-like white swellings between the nodes. The shoots are usually loose and have partly appressed, partly patent silky hairs. They are pubescent or almost glabrous and almost odorless. The stems are erect or ascendent from the ground, 30 to 60 cm high, simple or branched, tough, usually with pubescent edges. The internodes are 2 to 10 cm long. The leaves are sessile or very short-petioled, usually clasping, ribbed, matte green and loosely appressed pubescent on both surfaces. Habitat: The plant is common in Europe. Production: Woundwort is the aerial part of Stachys palustris or Stachys sylvatica. Not to be Confused With: S. palustris is Marsh Woundwort and S. sylvatica is Hedge Woundwort. Several other plants have the name Woundwort, among them, Prunella vulgaris and Achillea millefolium. Other Names: Marsh Stachys ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE COMPOUNDS
How Supplied: Whole and cut drug.
Iridoide monoterpenes
Daily Dosage: The literature has no information.
Betaines: (-)- and (+)stachydrine
LITERATURE
Flavonoids: including among others palu^trin
Achenbach H, H bner H, Vierling W, Brandt W, Reiter M, Spiganthine, the cardioactive principle of Spigelia anthelmia. J Nat Prod, 58:1092-6, 1995 Jul. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4 - 6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Wagner H, Seegert K, Gupta MP, Avella ME, Solis P, Cardiotonic active principles from Spigelia anthelmia. Planta Med, 378-81, 1986 Oct.
Woundwort Stachys
palustris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh and dried herb.
EFFECTS
Woundwort is said to be a disinfectant, an antispasmodic and a cure for wounds. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used externally for the treatment of wounds and internally for abdominal pain, cramps, dizziness, fever, gout and menstrual disorders. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As an extract or poultice for external application. LITERATURE
Barberan FAT, (1986) Fitoterapia 57(2):67.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Need. 21(4):417. Miller FM, Chow LM, (1954) J Am Chem Soc 76:1353
Xysmalobium undulatum See Uzara
Y A R R O W /833 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The plant contains psychoactive substances, which intensify dreams and experiences. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is not in medicinal use. Extracts of the drug (ayahuasca, 5 mg alkaloids/ml), ingested orally in low doses, have hallucinogenic and euphoric effects. These effects are primarily due to monoamine oxidase inhibition; later the effect becomes sedative. OVERDOSAGE
The intake of higher dosages (corresponding to levels starting at approximately 0.3 gm alkaloids) leads to vomiting, nausea, ringing of the ears and tendency to collapse. DOSAGE
Yage Banisteriopsis caapi DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is multi-flowered. The flowers are 10 to 15 mm wide with pale pink petals. Their structures are arranged in fives. The fruit, which resembles that of the maple, is up to 4 mm long and 0.4 mm wide. Each of the 3 schizocarps has an 18 to 42 mm long and 8 to 22 mm wide wing. Leaves and Stem: Banisteriopsis caapi is a hardy tree. The leaves are opposite, 8 to 18 cm long, 3.5 to 8 cm wide, ovate and entire. The stem is woody with a brown, smooth bark. Habitat: The plant is native to jungle areas of the Amazon basin. Production: Yage bark is the dried or fresh trunk bark of Banisteriopsis caapi. Other Names: Ayahuasca, Vine of the Souls
Mode of Administration: Fresh or dried herb powder and liquid preparations for internal use. Preparation: The fresh or dried cut bark is macerated for several hours resulting in a bitter syrup, which is then consumed in small amounts. In addition, some of the bark is pulverized, mixed with water and then consumed in larger amounts. The juice can be kept for up to 6 months in tightly sealed containers. LITERATURE
McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott F, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca. J Ethnopharmacol, 10:195-223, 1984 Apr. McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott F, Relationship between occurrence of tremor/convulsion and level of beta-carbolines in the brain after administration of beta-carbolines into mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 10:-SO-,-SI-. McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott F, Ritual and medicinal plants of the Ese'ejas of the Amazonian rainforest (Madre de Dios, Peru). J Ethnopharmacol, 10:45-51, 1996 May.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Yarrow
COMPOUNDS
Achillea millefolium
Indole alkaloids (beta-carboline type): particularly harmine (0.5 to 5.9%), harmaline (0.5 to 3.8%), tetrahydroharmine (0.3 to 3.3%), harmol (0.05 to 1.2%), harmalol (up to 0.4%)
TRADE NAMES
Yarrow Flowers, Yarrow Extract, Alcohol-Free Yarrow Flowers
Pyridine alkaloids: shinunine, dihydroshinunine
DESCRIPTION
EFFECTS
Medicinal Parts: The dried flower clusters and above-ground parts of the herb are used medicinally.
The alkaloid-containing drug is psychotropic and hallucinogenic in effect, due to the harmine and harmaline it contains (pronounced MAO-inhibition in vitro and in animal experiments). Lower dosages bring on euphoric states in humans, while higher dosages have hallucinogenic effects.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has white, pink or purple composite flowers in dense cymes with small capitula. The bracts are imbricate, long, thorn-tipped and taper to a point. There are 5 white female florets. The disc florets are tubular,
834/YARROW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
yellowish-white and androgynous. The fruit is 1.5 to 2 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: Achillea millefolium are 0.1 to 1.5 m high plants with hardy, horizontal rhizomes, which grow from underground runners. The stem is simple, erect and hairy. The leaves are lanceolate and multi-pinnate with short acute tips. Habitat: The numerous subspecies of the Achillea millefolium group are found in various regions. They mainly grow in regions of eastern, southeastern and central Europe, as well as on the southern edge of the Alps from Switzerland to the Balkans. Production: Yarrow herb consists of the fresh or dried, above-ground parts of Achillea millefolium, harvested at flowering season. Yarrow flower consists of the dried inflorescence of Achillea millefolium. Other Names: Band Man's Plaything, Bloodwort, Carpenter's Weed, Devil's Nettle, Devil's Playtning, Milfoil, Nose Bleed, Old Man's Pepper, Sanguinary, Soldier's Woundwort, Staunchweed, Thousand Weed, Yarroway, Thousand Seal, Noble Yarrow, Knight's Milfoil ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
proazulene fraction has an anti-edema and anti-inflammatory effect. The effect probably results from the interaction of various structured bonds with the chamazulene and flavonoids. The plant has similar effects to those observed in Chamomile flowers, since some of their components are identical. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Loss of appetite • Dyspeptic complaints • Liver and gallbladder complaints Unproven Uses: Externally, the herb is used as a sitz bath for painful, cramp-like conditions of psychosomatic origin in the lower part of the female pelvis. Yarrow is also used externally as a palliative treatment for liver disorders and for the healing of wounds. In folk medicine, it is used for bleeding hemorrhoids, menstrual complaints, and as a bath for the removal of perspiration. It is contained in other cholagogic preparations and biliary tract therapeutic agents. It is also used as an adjuvant in preparations for many other indications such as laxatives, cough treatments, gynecological agents, cardiac agents and preparations for varicose veins.
COMPOUNDS
Homeopathic Uses: Achillea millefolium is used in varicose veins, arterial bleeding, convulsions.
Volatile oil (0.2-1.0%): chief components (rendered through steam distillation) are chamazulene (blue, 6-19%, maximum 40%), camphor (up to 20%), beta-pinene (up to 23%), 1,8cineole (up to 10%), caryophyllene (up to 10%), alphapinene (up to 5%), isoartemisiaketon (up to 8%). The composition depends greatly on the variety, and the volatile oil of some strains is free of chamazulene.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Sesquiterpene lactones: Mainly guaianolides including, achillicin, 8-alpha-angeloyloxy-10-epi-artabsin, 2,3-dihydrodesacetoxy-matricin, alpha-peroxyachifolide. There are also germacranolides such as millefoild and 3-oxaguaianolides. Some sesquiterpenes are transformed through steam distillation into chamazulene (proazulenes).
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a weak to medium-severe potential for sensitization resulting in contact dermatitis. The main compound responsible for the sensitization is a sespuiterpene lactone, alpha-peroxyachfolid (Hausen, 1991; Rucker, 1991).
Polyynes: including pontica epoxide
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be used during pregnancy.
Alkamids: including isobutylamides
tetradeca-4,6-diin-10,12-dien acetyl
Flavonoids: including apigenine-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7O-glucoside, rutin Betaine: including (betonicine)
L-stachydrine,
L-hydrostachydrine
EFFECTS
The herb has a cholagogue (stimulates the flow of bile) effect due to the guaianolide and germacranolide content. The flavonoid content exerts a spasmolytic effect, while the
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications include allergy to Yarrow and other composites.
DOSAGE
How Supplied: Capsules — 340mg, 350 mg Liquid^— 1:1, 250 mg/ml Mode of Administration: As a comminuted drug for teas and other galenical preparations for internal use and for sitz baths. The pressed juice of fresh plants is used internally. The drug is contained in standardized preparations of cholagogic and gallbladder therapeutics and as an adjunct in many other preparations, such as laxatives, antitussives,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
gynecological products, cardiac remedies and preparations for varicose veins. Preparation: To make a tea, place 2 gm of finely cut drug in boiling water, cover, leave to steep for 10 to 15 minutes, and then strain. For sitz baths, use 100 gm Yarrow per 20 liters of water.
YELLOW D O C K / 8 3 5
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika. In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995. Smolenski SJ et al.. (1967) Lloydia 30: 144. Verzar-Petri G et al.. (1979) Herba Hung. 18 (2): 83. Further information in:
Infusion — 4.5 gm Yarrow herb or 3 gm Yarrow flowers.
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Tea — A cup of freshly made tea to be drunk 3 to 4 times daily between meals.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene. ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988.
Daily
Dosage:
External application — 100 gm Yarrow to be drawn in 1 to 2 liter of water for 20 minutes and added to the bath water. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops 1 to 3 times daily; 1 tablet or 5 to 10 globules: injection solution 1 ml 1/week sc (HAB1). Storage: The herb must be protected from light and moisture. The essential oil should not be stored in synthetic containers. LITERATURE
Chandler RF et al.. (1982) Econ Bot 36 (2): 203. Cuong BN et al.. (1979) Phytochemistry 18: 331. Czygan FC, Das atherische 01 der Schafgarbe. In: DAZ 134(3):228. 1994. Czygan FC, Schafgarbe: Alte Heilpflanze neu untersucht. In: PZ 139(6):439. 1994. Falk AJ et al.. (1974) Lloydia 37: 598. Falk AJ et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64: 1838. Kastner U et al., Anti-edematous activity of sesquiterepene lactones from different taxa of the Achillea millefolium group. In: PM 59(7)69. 1993. Kastner U, Glasl S, Jurenitsch J, Achillea millefolium - ein Gallentherapeuticum. In: ZPT 16(l):34-36. 1995. Kastner U, Glasl S, Jurentisch J, Kubelka W, Isolation and structure elucidation of the main proazulenes of the cultivar Achillea collina "Proa". In: PM 58(7)18. 1992. Kastner U„ Jurenitsch J, Le_hner S, Baumann A, Robien W, Kubelka W, The major proazulenes from Achillea collina BECKER: a revision of structure. In: Pharm Pharmacol Letters 1(1):27. 1991. Miiller-Jakic B et al., In Vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. In: PM 60:37. 1994. Ochir G, Budesinsky M, Mod O, 3-Oxa-guaianolides from Achillea-millefolium. In: PH 30(12):4163. 1991. Orth M, van den Berg T, Czygan FC, Die Schafgarbe Achillea millefolium L. In: ZPT 15(3): 176-182. 1994.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R. Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996. Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl.. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart. Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Yellow Dock Rumex crispus TRADE NAMES
Yellow Dock (available from a number of manufacturers), Yellowdock, Alcohol Free Yellow Dock, Yellow Dock Root, Wild Countryside Yellow Dock Root DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh and dried roots. Flower and Fruit: The green androgynous flowers are in panicles. The inner tips of the perigone are entire-margined, orbicular or ovate. When the fruit ripens they are slightly longer than wide. Otherwise die flower is the same as R. acetosa in that there is a 6-tepalled perigone. The inner tepals are longer than the outer ones and grow closer together. When the fruit ripens they are usually red-tinged, membranous, entire-margined and have a downward curved, scalelike welt at the base. The outer 3 tips are revolute. There are 6 stamens and 3 styles with paintbrush-like stigmas. The
8 3 6 / Y E L L O W DOCK
fruit is a triangular, brown-black nut, which is enclosed by the wing-like enlarged inner tepal. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 100 cm high and has a carrot-like rhizome. The roots are 20 to 30 cm long, about 1.25 cm thick, fleshy and are not usually branched. The roots are rusty brown on the outside, whitish on the inside and have a relatively thick bark. The stems are angular, grooved and usually branched from the base up. The lower leaves are large and have flat petioles. They are supported at the base or almost cordate, lanceolate acute, undate-curly at the margins and alternate. The upper leaves are smaller and narrow-lanceolate. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and Africa, but grows wild in many regions of the world. Production: Yellow Dock root is the fresh root harvested in spring from Rumex acetosa. Other Names: Curled Dock ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Oxalates: oxalic acid, calcium oxalate Tannins (3-6%) Flavonoids: including among others, quercitrin Anthracene derivatives (0.9-2.5%): anthranoids, aglycones physcion, chryosphanol, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, their glucosides Naphthalene derivatives: neopodin 8-glucoside, lapodin EFFECTS
No documentation is available, but laxative, alterative and mildly tonic characteristics have been attributed to Rumex crispus. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Yeliow Dock is used for acute and chronic inflammation of the nasal passages and respiratory tract. It is also used as an adjuvant in antibacterial therapy. The plant has traditionally been used like the Red Dock (R. aquatica) for its similar properties, in decoctions for scurvy and other skin_eruptions, and as a 'blood cleanser.' It is also used as an astringent for hemorrhoids and pulmonary bleeding. It has been used as a remedy for jaundice and a tonic for the stomach. Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, asthmatic conditions, tracheal cough and morning diarrhea. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
dosages. However, mucus membrane irritation, accompanied by vomiting is possible following intake of the fresh rhizome, due to its anthrone content. The anthrones are oxidized to anthraquinones after dehydration and storage. OVERDOSAGE
Oxalate poisonings are conceivable primarily with the consumption of numerous leaves eaten as salad. One case of death following consumption of a soup made from the leaves of the curled Yellow Dock has been described (see Frohne). DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations are available in ground form or as an extract. How Supplied: Capsules — 500 mg, 505 mg Liquid
I.T
LITERATURE
Fairbairn JW, El Muhtadi FJ, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:263. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Grznar K, Rada K, Farmaceut Obzor 47:195. 1978 Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Midiwo JO, Runkunga GM, (1985) Phytochemistry 24(6): 1390. Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, Charles C Thomas Pub. USA 1981. Sharma M et al., Indian J Chem Sect B 15B:544. 1977. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - ^iologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Koukol J, Dugger WM Jr, Anthocyanin formation as a response to ozone and smog treatment in Rumex crispus, L. Plant Physiol, 42:1023-4, Jul 1967.
Yellow Gentian Gentiana lutea DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the dried or fresh underground plant organs. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow, terminal, pedicled and axillary in cyme-like false whorls. The calyx is deeply divided in 2. The corolla is rotate and divided almost to the base into 5 or 6 lanceolate tips. There are 5 stamens with 8 mm long anthers and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is 6 cm long
^
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
and capsule shaped. The numerous seeds are flat, oblong or round, with a membranous edge. Leaves, Stem and Root: Yellow Gentian is a completely glabrous perennial plant that grows to 140 cm high. The rhizome has a number of heads, and the top of the rhizome can attain the thickness of an arm. The main root is a taproot, which grows up to 1 m long. The stem is round, unbranched, hollow and grooved in the upper region to finger thickness. The leaves are elliptical, bluish-green, have strongly curved ribs and grow up to 30 cm long and 15 cm wide. Characteristics: The drug has a weak, sweetish odor. It tastes metallic/sweet at first, then bitter. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the mountainous regions of central and southern European, and cultivated in many other regions. Production: The roots are collected from spring through October, cleaned and swiftly dried. Extended, slower drying causes the roots to ferment. The roots become brittle through drying, swollen and spongy through contact with moisture. Not to be Confused With: The roots of Rumex alpinus or Gentiana asclepiadea Other Names: Bitter Root. Bitterwort, Gentian Root, Pale Gentian ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes (bitter principles): amarogentin (determines the value), gentiopricroside, swertiamarine, sweroside Monosaccharides/Oligosaccharides: saccharose, gentianose (somewhat bitter), gentiobiose (bitter) Pyrridine alkaloids Xanthone derivatives (colored yellow): including gentisin, gentisein, isogentisin, l,3J-«"imefhoxyxanthone
YELLOW GENTIAN / 8 3 7
• Loss of appetite Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses of the drug include as a tonic and in teas to stimulate bile secretion and alleviate loss of appetite, fullness and flatulence. Homeopathic Uses: Yellow Gentian is used in homeopathy for digestive disorders. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug's stimulation of gastric juice secretion rules out its administration in the presence of stomach or duodenal ulcers. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and dried extracts for infusions and teas. Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include digestives, drops and coated tablets. Preparation: Tea is prepared by pouring boiling water over 1/2 teaspoon of the drug (1 to 2 g) and allowing it to steep for 5 to 10 minutes. The tea may be sweetened with honey to alleviate the bitter taste. Decoctions are made using 1 g of the drug to 1 cup boiled water. Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 1 g of the drug; daily dose is 2 to 4 g. The average daily dose of tincture is 1 to 4 ml 3 times daily. Liquid extract: 2 to 4 g; root: 2 to 4 g. A one-cup dose of cold or lukewarm tea is taken several times a day, including 1/2 hour before meals. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times, daily: chronic: once a day (HAB1) Storage: The drug must be stored away from light sources. LITERATURE
Volatile oil (traces)
Chialva F et al., Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 182:212. 1986.
EFFECTS
Hayashi T, Yamagishi T, PH 27:3696. 1988.
The essential active principles are the bitter substances contained in the herb. These bring about a reflex stimulation of the taste receptors, leading to increased secretion of saliva and the digestive juices. Gentian root is therefore considered to be not simply a pure bitter, but also a roborant and tonic. There is also a possible cholagogic effect, although it is not clear if the mode of action is sensory-reflexive. In addition, a fungistatic effect has been proven for the gentian extract. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: • Dyspeptic complaints
Schultze J, Dissertation T.U. Miinchen. 1980. Wagner H, Miinzing-Vasirian K, DAZ 115:1233. 1975. Further information in: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Schulz R. Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
838 /YELLOW GENTIAN
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttaart 1997.
Yellow Jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES EFFECTS
In animal tests, the following effects on the autonomic nervous system have been documented: inhibition of cholinesterase; cardiac-circulatory effects (vasodilatory, hypotensive); a bronchodilatory effect on respiration; an effect on the smooth muscle; and an analgesic effect, as well as mydriasis " on rabbits' eyes. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for neuralgia, headache, gastric disorders, nervous stomach, feelings of fullness and heartburn. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Particular dangers are associated with administration of the drug in the presence of cardiac weakness.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried rhizome with the roots. Flower and Fruit: Yellow, strongly perfumed, 2.5 to 4 cm, funnel-shaped, long flowers grow in axillary or terminal cymes of 2 to 5 blooms. The fruit consists of 2 separable, connected pods containing numerous flat-winged seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial evergreen vine on a tortuous, smooth root with a thin bark and woody center, showing broad medullary rays. The stem is slender, woody and up to 6 m high. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, short-stemmed, entire-margined, 2.5 to 10 cm long, dark green above and paler green beneath. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern North America, along the coast from Virginia to Florida and Mexico. Production: Gelsemium root consists of the rhizome and roots of Gelsemium sempervirens. Not to be Confused With: The plant should not be confused with yellow flowering Jasmine (Jasminum odoratissimum), which is also called True Yellow Jasmine or Gelsemium. Other Names: Gelsemin, Woodbine, Yellow Jasmine, False Jasmin
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The following side effects could appear: heaviness of the eyelids, inhibition of movement of the eyeball, double vision, hypocyclosis, dryness of the mouth and vomiting. Particular dangers lie with administration in the presence of cardiac weakness. OVERDOSAGE
Poisonings through overdosages, sometimes with fatal outcome, are possible. Extracts corresponding to approximately 0.5 g of the drug can kill a child, 2 to 3 g can be fatal for an adult. Initial side effects can include heaviness of the eyelids, inhibition of movement of the eyeball, double vision, hypocyclosis, dryness of the mouth, swallowing difficulties or vomiting. They may progress to symptoms of poisoning that can include headache, dizziness, loss of speech ability, vision weakness or double vision, pupil enlargement, trembling of the limbs, paralysis or stiffening of the muscles, cyanosis, shortness of breath and coma. The therapy for poisonings, following stomach emptying (gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution), consists of prophylaxis for shock, diazepam for spasms, electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any acidosis that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Indole alkaloids: main alkaloid gelsemin, including among others 21-oxygelsemine, gelsemicin, gelsidin, gelsevirin, sempervirin
Medicinal preparations are obsolete. Yellow Jessamine is currently used in homeopathic dilutions only.
Hydroxycoumarins: including scopoletine (gelseminic acid), fabiatrin
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen,
Anthracene derivatives: emodin monomethyl ether
4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Volatile oil
Jensen SR et al., (1987) Phytochemistry 26(6): 1725.
LITERATURE
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1980. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995.
YELLOW LUPIN/839 COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEEDS
Quinolizidine alkaloid (0.4-3.3%): lupinine (60%), sparteine (30%); in some cultivated strains, gramine; in cultivated strains (sweet lupins), alkaloid content is less than 0.1% Fatty oil (4-6%) Carbohydrates: including stachyose (6%) Proteins (36-48%) EFFECTS
There has been no research on the effects of the drug; however, an anthelmintic effect has been established for the constituents lupinin and benzolylupinin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Yellow Lupin is used externally for ulcers. It is used internally for urinary tract disorders and worm infestation.
Wenkert E et aL, (1971) Experientia 28:377. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Overdosage section.
Yellow Lupin Lupinus
luteus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds and the aerial parts of the plant. Flower and Fruit: The terminal flowers are almost sessile. They are arranged in numerous, distinct whorls. They have dropping, silky-haired bracts. The corolla is bright yellow with a blunted boat-shaped tip. The fruit is an oblonglanceolate, 5 to 7 cm by 1 cm, densely pubescent pod with nodes. It contains 4 to 7 yellowish, reddish-white, black or dark violet marbled seeds 5.5 to 6.5 mm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual with up to a 1 m long taproot, which contains numerous lateral roots. The stem is light green and pubescent with numerous side shoots. The 5 to 10 leaves are oblong-obovate to lanceolate, 4 to 8 cm long, acuminate and pubescent on both sides. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia, and North and South America. Production: Lupin herb and seeds are the aerial part and seeds of Lupinus luteus and other Lupinus species.
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning include salivation, swallowing difficulties, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, hypocyclosis, double vision, cardiac rhythm disorders and prickling sensation in the extremities. In cases of severe poisoning, symptoms include ascending paralysis and possible death through respiratory failure within a few hours. The intake of a single seed of a bitter lupin is said to be toxic for a child. In one case, a small child died following intake of several seeds. The intake of more than one pod of the plant or 10 seeds by an adult is said to trigger vomiting and should be treated with administration of activated charcoal. Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) and installation of activated charcoal, the therapy for severe poisonings consists of electrolyte substitution, treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions, and administering orciprenaline or lidocaine for cardiac rhythm disorders. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be administered. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. The lupinosis seen in animals is caused by mycotoxins.that are formed from the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis, which can live as an endophyte in lupins. DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as an infusion, and externally in poultices.
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FOLIAGE
LITERATURE
Quinolizidine alkaloids (0.6-1.6%): sparteine (55-70%), lupinine (20-30%), p-cumaroyllupinine (10%); in cultivated strains (sweet lupins), alkaloid content is 0.01-0.8%
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL, Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
8 4 0 / Y E L L O W LUPIN
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Plakhota VA, Berezyuk NK, Oleinik GV, Boiko VP, Poisoning of animals with lupins. In: Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR, No. 8, 79-81. 1966. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Schmeller Th et al.. Binding of quinolizidine alkaloids to nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In: JNP 57(9): 1316-1319. 1994. Seeger R, Lupanin und Anagyrin. In: DAZ 133(17):35. 1993. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Yellow Toadflax Linaria
vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh or dried herb. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal dense racemes. They are sulfur yellow and remain closed until a bee gains entry. The calyx is only fused at the base and is 5tipped. The corolla has a long sharp spur and is bilabiate with orange edges. There are 2 large and 2 small stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is an orbicular, dry capsule with some chambers, which open when ripe, flinging out the seeds. The seeds are flattened and are in the middle of a circular wing. Leaves, Stem and Root: A number of slim, glabrous, erect, simple stems 30 to 60 cm high grow from a perennial creeping root. The numerous leaves are alternate, sessile, very long and narrow. The leaves and stems are pale blue and completely glabrous. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the northern hemisphere and the southwest U.S. Production: True Toadflax is the flowering herb of Linaria vulgaris. Other Names: Fluellin, Pattens and Clogs, Flaxweed, Ramsted, Snapdragon, Churnstaff, Dragon-Bushes, Brideweed, Toadpipe, Yellow Rod, Larkspur Lion's Mouth, Devil's Ribbon, Eggs and Collops, Devil's Head, Pedlar's Basket, Gallwort, Rabbits, Doggies, Calves' Snout, Eggs and Bacon, Buttered Haycocks, Monkey Flower, Butter and Eggs, Pennywort
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: chief component - antirrhinoside Flavonoids: including among others linarin, pectolinarin, linariin (pectolinarigenin-7-rhamnoglucoside- acetate)
*
Aurones: including among others aureusin, bracteatin-6-Oglucoside Quinazoline alkaloids: peganine (vasicin) EFFECTS
The main active agents are the flavon glycosides linarin and pectolinarin, pectin, phytosterol, tannic acid and vitamin C. The drug is anti-inflammatory. Diaphoretic and diuretic effects have been documented. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Yellow Toadflax is used internally to aid digestion problems and urinary tract disorders. Externally, the herb is used for hemorrhoids, ablution of festering wounds, skin rashes and ulcus cruris.
i PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The powdered form and the extract are used as a diuretic and a mild laxative (tea). Externally the herb is used in poultices. Preparation: Tea infusion is prepared from 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls of the drug and 2 to 4 cups of boiling water left to draw for 18 minutes. Daily Dosage: Drink the tea during the course of the day. LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie" der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Ilieva E et al., 5-O-Allosylantirrinoside from Linaria species. In: PH 32:1068. 1993. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
YEW/841
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Yerba Santa
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Eriodictyon californicum
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
TRADE NAMES
DOSAGE
Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf (available from numerous manufacturers and as combination product)
Mode of Administration: As an additive to mask bitter flavors and for painting on as Tinctura Eriodictyonis.
DESCRIPTION
How Supplied:
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are tubular to funnel-shaped, lavender or white and clustered at the top of the plant. The calyx is ciliate. The fruit is a small, oval, grayish-brown seed capsule containing shriveled, almost black seeds. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 2.5 m high, sticky, evergreen shrub, with woody rhizomes. The trunk is smooth and usually branched near the ground. It is completely covered in sticky resin. The leaves are up to 15 cm long and about 2 cm broad. They are thick, coriaceous, glabrous, greenish white, lanceolate and irregularly dentate at the margins. The upper surface appears to be varnished with resin, the lower surface is reticulate and tomentose. Characteristics: The taste is balsamic and the odor, pleasant and aromatic. Habitat: The plant grows in California, Oregon and parts of Mexico. Production: Yerba Santa is the aerial part of Eriodictyon californicum. Other Names: Bear's Weed, Consumptive's Weed, Eriodictyon, Gum Bush, Holy Herb, Mountain Balm, Sacred Herb, Tarweed ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including eriodictyonin, eriodictyol, chrysoeriodictyol, xanthoeriodictyol Resinous substances: made up of flavonone and flavone aglycones Volatile oil (very little)
Liquid — 1:5 LITERATURE
Johnson ND, Biochem Syst Ecol 11:211. 1983. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969. Liu YL, Ho DK, Cassady JM, Isolation of potential cancer chemopreventive agents from Eriodictyon californicum. In: JNP 55(3):357-363. 1992.
Yew Taxus baccata DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh leaves, the branch twig tips, and the branches. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are inconspicuous and dioecious. The male florets appear in autumn in yellowish catkins in the axils of the annual needle. The female florets, with only 1 pistil, are on short pedicles, which have scalelike high leaves. The hard, pea-sized, dark-brown seed is surrounded by a crimson, pulpy, beaker-shaped, sweet and edible aril. Leaves, Stem and Root: The Yew may be a bush or small tree approximately 17 m high with a trunk diameter of over 1 m. The trunk has red-brown bark. The numerous branches are crowded and evergreen. The needles are 2 to 3 cm long, arranged in double rows, soft and acute. They are glossy dark green above, have a distinct midrib, and are lighter green beneath, matte, with no resin.
Tannins Characteristics: Yew is poisonous. EFFECTS
Yerba Santa is mildly diuretic and masks bitter tastes.
Habitat: The plant is common in large areas of Europe as far as Anatolia and Sicily.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a constituent of antiasthmatic treatments and application by brush (painted on) to counteract bitter tastes.
Production: Yew leaves are the needles of Taxus baccata. Other Names: Chinwood
842/YEW
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: Yew is used in dilutions of the mother tincture.
Diterpene esters of the taxane-type (mixture is known as taxine, 0.6-2.0%): including among others, taxine A, taxine B, taxol Flavonoids: including among others, sciadopytisin, ginkgetin, sequoia flavone (biflavonoids) EFFECTS
In animal experiments, the taxin, a mixture of different ester alkaloids, leads to an improvement in cardiac metabolism. The motility-inhibiting effect may be attributable to the biflavonoid fraction. In higher doses the drug is cardiotoxic and can cause tachycardiac arrhythmia leading to diastolic cardiac arrest. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The cooked Yew leaves are used to promote menstruation; to treat diphtheria, epilepsy, tapeworm, and tonsillitis; and as an abortifacient. The plants are highly toxic and their use is not recommended. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for poor digestion and skin pustules. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is considered an abortifacient and therefore should not be used during pregnancy. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The drug is severely toxic: 50-100 gm Yew needles (fresh weight) are fatal for an adult. The red seed coat of the berries—although not the green seed—is free of toxic taxane derivatives.
homeopathic
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules, every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); M parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a day (HAB1). Storage: The mother tincture should be protected from light. LITERATURE
Hoc S, Onkologie: Taxol, ein pflanzliches Zytostatikum. In: DAZ 133(26):2400. 1993. Hof-Mussler S, Eiben-Zytostatikum Taxol bei Ovarialkarzinom. In: DAZ 133(1):42. 1993. Jenniskens LHD, Identification of six taxine alkaloids from Taxus baccata needles. In: JNP 59(2): 117-123. 1996. Kelsey RG, Vance NC, Taxol and cephalomannine concentrations in the foliage and bark of shade-grown and sunexposed Taxus baccata trees. In: JNP 55:912-917. 1992. Kingston DGI, Sorties and surprises: unexpected reactions of taxol. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 5. 1996. Kongrepbericht, Taxol in der onkologischen Therapie. In: ZPT 15(2): 114. 1994. Kubitschek J, Eibenwirkstoff gegen Malaria. In: PZ I40(8):684. 1995. Ma W et al., New bioactive taxoids from cell cultures of Taxus baccata. In: JNP 57(1): 116. 1994. Mujumdar RB et al., (1972) Ind J Chem 10:677. Poupat Ch et al., Noveau taxoide basique isole des feuilles D'if, Taxus baccata: La 2-desacetyltaxine A. In: JNP 57(10): 1468-1469. 1994.
Use in Pregnancy: The drug is used as an abortifacient.
Schneider B, Taxol, ein Arzneistoff der Eibe. In: DAZ 134(36):3389. 1994.
OVERDOSAGE
Vanek T et al., Study of the influence of year season on taxanes content in Taxus baccata bark. In: PM 59(7)99. 1993.
Symptoms of poisoning include queasiness, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and feelings of vertigo, followed later by unconsciousness, mydriasis, reddening of the lips, tachycardia, and superficial breathing. Death results from asphyxiation and diastolic cardiac arrest. Following gastrointestinal emptying, (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulphate), and use of activated charcoal, treatment for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam or barbital (i.v.). In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. The administration of lidocaine has proven effective in cardiac rhythm disorders. Monitoring of kidney function, blood coagulation and liver values is necessary. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
Vidensek N, Lim P, Campbell A, Carlson C, Taxol content in bark, wood, root, leaf, twig and seedling from several Taxus species. In: JNP 53:1609-1610. 1994. Vohora Kumar, (1971) Planta Med 20:100. Wasielewski S, Taxol, ein Zytostatikum aus der pazifischen Eibe. In: UPTA 7(12):914. 1993. Further information in: Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Yohimbe Bark Pausinystalia yohimbe TRADE NAMES
Yohimbe, Yohimbe Super Potent, Yohimbized 1000, Yocon Tablets, Actibine, Aphrobine, Testomar, Yohimex, Super Yohimbe Plus, Yohimbe Power Max 1500, Yohimbe Power Max for Women, Yohimbe Power Max 2000. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence consists of racemes of yellow blooms. Leaves, Stem and Root: The evergreen tree grows up to 30 m in height. The bark is gray-brown, fissured and split, and is often spotted. The inner fracture is reddish brown and grooved. The leaves are oblong or elliptical. Characteristics: The taste is bitter, and the plant is odorless. Habitat: The plant grows in the jungles of west Africa, Cameroon, Congo and Gabon. Production: Yohimbe bark consists of the dried bark of the trunk and/or branches of Pausinystalia yohimbe. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
YOHIMBE BARK/843
(Murburg, 1991). Plasma concentrations of 3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the major central nervous system metabolite of NE, also increases with yohimbine (Piletz, 1998). Central noradrenergic stimulation of yohimbine results in the enhancement of recall and recognition of emotional material (O'Carroll, 1999). Analgesic Effects: Yohimbine significantly enhanced the overall analgesic effect of morphine with postoperative dental pain (Gear, 1995). Clonidine Antagonism: Traditionally, yohimbine was thought to reverse the therapeutic effects of clonidine. One study demonstrated yohimbine reversed sedation and shortened the duration of analgesia associated with clonidine administered postoperatively. There was no effect on hypotension and bradycardia related to clonidine administration with yohimbine (Liu, 1993). Epinephrine Effects: Yohimbine causes an increase in epinephrine release from the adrenals and results in a dosedependent increase in plasma epinephrine (Murburg, 1991). Improves Sexual Function: Because of the alpha-2 adrenergic blockade, the drug may be an effective treatment for sexual side effects, such as decrease libido and decreased sexual response, caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Jacobsen, 1992; Hollander, 1992). There was no therapeutic response to yohimbine in women with hypoactive sexual desire (Piletz, 1998). Cardiovascular/Pressor Effects: Yohimbine given in moderate doses increases systolic blood pressure in patients with orthostatic hypotension due to primary autonomic failure (Jordan, 1998). Yohimbine-induced enhancement of sympathetic tone in patients with neurally mediated syncope improves orthostatic tolerance (Mosqueda-Garcia, 1998). Salivary Effects: Yohimbine (18 mg daily) increases salivary flow in patients treated with psychotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants or neuroleptics) suffering from xerostomia (Bagheri, 1997).
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (2.7-5.9%): including among others yohimbine (quebrachine) and its stereoisomers alpha-yohimbine (rauwolscine), beta-yohimbine, and allo-yohimbine. Including also, ajamalicine, dihydroyohimbine, corynantheine, dihydrocorynantheine, corynanthine (rauhimbin) Tannins EFFECTS
Alpha 2-adrenergic Antagonist/Norepinephrine Release: Rauwolscine is a selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Yohimbine increases plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels by stimulating the rate of norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves (alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist)
Miscellaneous Effects: Through enhancing inhibitory sympathetic input, yohimbine attenuates increases in colonic tone (Bharucha, 1997). CLINICAL TRIALS
Non-organic Erectile Dysfunction A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. Eighty-three patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Yohimbine (10 mg three times daily) was administered orally for eight weeks. Subjective criteria included improvement in sexual desire, sexual satisfaction,
844/YOHIMBE
BARK
frequency of sexual contacts, and quality of erection (penile rigidity) during sexual contact or intercourse. Objective criteria were based on improvement in penile rigidity determined by use of polysomnography in the sleep laboratory. Yohimbine was overall significantly more effective than placebo for response rate and was well tolerated (Vogt, 1970. Mixed-type ErecTile Dysfunction The effect of yohimbine hydrochloride was evaluated in the treatment of mixed-type impotence. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial included 29 patients administered either yohimbine hydrochloride 36 mg daily or placebo. The two groups received therapy for 25 days, then a washout period of 14 days, and finally, a switch of treatment groups for an additional 25 days. Positive clinical results were seen in 44% and 48% of patients in the yohimbine and placebo groups, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups (Kunelius, 1997). Pressor Effects with Autonomic Failure In 35 patients with severe orthostatic hypotension due to multiple system atrophy or pure autonomic failure, the effect was determined on seated systolic blood pressure (SBP) of placebo, phenylpropanolamine (12.5 mg and 25 mg), yohimbine (5.4 mg), indomethacin (50 mg), ibuprofen (600 mg), caffeine (250 mg), and methylphenidate (5 mg). The pressor response was significant for phenylpropanolamine, yohimbine, and indomethacin compared with placebo. In a subgroup of patients, the pressor effect was confirmed of phenylpropanolamine, yohimbine, and indomethacin corresponding to a significant increase in standing SBP. The pressor responses to ibuprofen, caffeine, and methylphenidate were not significantly different from placebo, and phenylpropanolamine and midodrine exerted similar pressor responses (Jordan, 1998). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
FDA Approved Indications: Yohimbine Hydrochloride is indicated as a sympatholytic and mydriatic. Impotence has been successfully treated with Yohimbine in male patients with vascular or diabetic origins and psychogenic origins. Unproven Uses: Yohimbe bark is used as an aphrodisiac, and for debility and exhaustion.
PDR FOR H E R B A L MEDICINES
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Yohimbine was reported to exacerbate anxiety/panic and PTSD-specific symptoms after oral ingestion of the drug (Southwick, 1999). Patients with PTSD consists of 2 subgroups, one with a sensitized noradrenergic system, and the other with a A sensitized serotonergic system, and is why yohimbine-induced panic attacks occur in different patients (Southwick, 1997). Hypertension: Yohimbine induced a significant increase in diastolic pressure, but only in hypertensive patients due to an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor desensitization or an alteration in the balance of alpha-adrenoreceptors in human hypertension (Musso, 1995). Auditory Effects: The drug has been associated with a transient impairment in auditory sensory gating (Adler, 1994). 'Salivation: Yohimbine significantly increases salivary flow in patients treated with psychotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants or neuroleptics) suffering from xerostomia (Bagheri. 1997). Panic Disorder: Patients with agoraphobia with panic attacks had greater autonomic anxiety symptoms, increase in SBP and Cortisol responses to yohimbine than healthy * patients. Yohimbine also induced panic episodes in these patients (Gurguis, 1997). Parkinson's Disease: Patients with Parkinson's Disease have demonstrated a vulnerability to yohimbine-induced somatic symptoms such as panic attacks (Richard, 1999). Drug Interactions: Naltrexone — Clinically used naltrexone doses alter sensitivity to yohimbine, and potentiates the drug's side effects, such as nervousness (Rosen, 1999). Anti-hypertensive Medications — Because of the increase in diastolic pressure in hypertensive patients, caution should be taken with concomitant use of anti-hypertensive medications (Musso, 1995). Ethanol — Intoxicating and anxiogenic effects of acute ethanol administration may be associated with increase norepinephrine turnover when administered concomitantly with yohimbine (McDougle, 1995).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Yohimbe bark is contraindicated in liver and kidney diseases.
OTC stimulants — These may have alpha-1 adrenergic receptor activity to potentiate hypertension when yohimbine is given concomitantly.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Side effects that can appear include anxiety states, elevated blood pressure, exanthema, nausea, insomnia, tachycardia, tremor, and vomiting.
Morphine — The overall analgesic effect of morphine was significantly enhanced in the presence of yohimbine in one study (Gear, 1995).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage leads to salivation, mydriasis, evacuation, hypotension and disorders of the cardiac impulse-conducting system with negative-inotropic effect. Death occurs through cardiac failure. Treatment of overdosage includes gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundycolored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) and administration of activated charcoal. For cardiac rhythm disorders, treat with lidocaine; possibly using physostigmine for its anticholinergic effect and electrolyte substitution. For cases of acidosis, treat with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. DOSAGE
How Supplied: Capsule — 500 mg Liquid — lOOOmg/ml Tablet — 5.4 mg, 800 mg Daily
Dosage:
Erectile Dysfunction — Yohimbine hydrochloride was effective for nonorganic erectile dysfunction administered as 30 mg daily (10 mg three times daily). Given up to 30 mg daily and 36 mg daily, yohimbine, showed no effect for mixed-type impotence and erectile problems (Kunelius, 1997; Rowland, 1997). For erectile impotence, yohimbine 5.4 mg (1 tablet) three times daily is recommended, and if side effects of nausea, dizziness or nervousness are reported, reduce to one-half tablet three times daily. Gradually increase to 1 tablet three times daily and therapy should not exceed 10 weeks (Prod Info Yocon®, 1985). Xerostomia Treatment — Yohimbine 6 mg three times daily has been effective for increasing salivary flow in patients treated with psychotropic drugs suffering from xerostomia (Bagheri, 1997). LITERATURE
Adler LE; Hoffer L; Nagamoto HT et al. Yohimbine impairs P50 auditory sensory gating in normal subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994 Jul;10(4):249-57. Bagheri H; Schmitt L; Berlan M; Montastruc JL. A comparative study of the effects of yohimbine and anetholtrithione on salivary secretion in depressed patients treated with psychotropic drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52(5):339-42. Bharucha AE; Novak V; Camilleri M et al. Alpha 2-adrenergic modulation of colonic tone during hyperventilation. Am J Physiol 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 1):G1135-40. Buffum J, (1982) J Psychoactive Drugs 17:131. Clark JT et al.. Science 225:847.
YOHIMBE BARK / 8 4 5
Gear RW; Gordon NC; Heller PH; Levine JD. Enhancement of morphine analgesia by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine. Neuroscience 1995 May;66(l):5-8. Gurguis GN; Vitton BJ; Uhde TW. Behavioral, sympathetic and adrenocortical responses to yohimbine in panic disorder patients and normal controls. Psychiatry Res 1997 Jun 16;71(l):27-39. Hollander E; McCarley A. Yohimbine treatment of sexual side effects induced by serotonin reuptake blockers. J Clin Psychiatry 1992 Jun;53(6):207-9. Jordan J; Shannon JR; Biaggioni I et al. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998 Aug; 105(2): 116-24. Kunelius P; Hakkinen J; Lukkarinen O. Is high-dose yohimbine hydrochloride effective in the treatment of mixed-type impotence? A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blind crossover study. Urology 1997 Mar;49(3):441-4. Liu N; Bonnet F; Delaunay L et al. Partial reversal of the effects of extradural clonidine by oral yohimbine in postoperative patients. Br J Anaesth 1993 May;70(5):515-8. McDougle CJ; Krystal JH; Price LH et al. Noradrenergic response to acute ethanol administration in healthy subjects: comparison with intravenous yohimbine. Psychopharmacology (Bed) 1995 Mar; 118(2): 127-35. Mosqueda-Garcia R; Fernandez-Violante R; Tank J et al. Yohimbine in neurally mediated syncope. Pathophysiological implications. J Clin Invest 1998 Nov 15; 102(10): 1824-30. Murburg MM; Villacres EC; Ko GN; Veith RC. Effects of yohimbine on human sympathetic nervous system function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 Oct;73(4):861-5. Musso NR; Vergassola C; Pende A; Lotti G. Yohimbine effects on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in human hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995 Jun;8(6):565-71. Piletz JE; Segraves KB; Feng YZ et al. Plasma MHPG response to yohimbine treatment in women with hypoactive sexual desire. J Sex Marital Ther 1998 Jan-Mar;24( 1 ):43-54. Product Information Yocon® (yohimbine hydrochloride tablets). Glenwood, Tenafly, NJ, USA, 1985. Richard IH; Szegethy E; Lichter D et al. Parkinson's disease: a preliminary study of yohimbine challenge in patients with anxiety. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999 May-Jun;22(3): 172-5. Rosen MI; Kosten TR; Kreek MJ. The effects of naltrexone maintenance on the response to yohimbine in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 1999 Jun 15;45( 12): 1636-45. Rowland DL; Kalian K; Slob AK. Yohimbine, erectile capacity, and sexual response in men. Arch Sex Behav 1997 Feb;26(l):49-62. Southwick SM; Morgan CA 3rd; Charney DS; High JR. Yohimbine use in a natural setting: effects on posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999 Aug l;46(3):442-4. Southwick SM; Krystal JH; Bremner JD et al. Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Aug;54(8):749-58.
8 4 6 / Y O H I M B E BARK
Vogt HJ; Brandl P; Kockott G et al. Double-blind, placebocontrolled safety and efficacy trial with yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1997 Sep;9(3): 155-61. Further information in: Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Zedoary Curcuma zedoaria TRADE NAMES
Turmeric Power, Turmeric Whole Rhizome, Turmeric Extract (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product) DESCRIPTION
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. O'CarroN RE: Drysdale E: Cahill L et al. Stimulation of the noradrenergic system enhances and blockade reduces memory for emotional material in man. Psychol Med 1999 Sep:29(5): 1083-8. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Southwick SM. Morgan CA 3rd, Charney DS, High JR. Yohimbine use in a natural setting: effects on posttraumatic stress disorder. VA CT Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service 116A. West Haven 06516, USA. Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 1995.
Yucca filamentosa See Adam's Needle
Zanthoxylum americanum See
Northern
Prickly Ash
Zea mays See
Corn Silk
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried tuberous part of the rhizome, cut in transverse slices or in longitudinal quarters. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are on 5 to 15 cm long, obtuse and silky involucre bracts. The spike-like inflorescences are 7.5 to 12.5 cm long and 5 to 7.5 cm wide. The bracts bearing the flowers are ovate with revolute tips, pale •green with a reddish border, densely punctuated with glands. There are more or less stiff hairs on the surface, in particular at the tip. The bracts at the tip of the inflorescence are 5 cm long, initially white, then pink to crimson. The flowers are pale yellow. The calyx is 8 mm long, obtuse and 3-tipped. The tips of the corolla are broadly triangular and pale pink at the extreme tips. The labellum is light yellow, fluorescent yellow in the center with very slightly reddish tinged borders at the lower part. The ovary is 4 to 5 mm long and very weakly pubescent. The fruit is an ovate, thin, smooth and irregularly opening capsule. The elliptical seeds have a white aril. Leaves, Stem and Root: Curcuma zedoaria is a perennial, erect and leafy plant. The rhizome has a grayish outer surface and is ovate to pear-shaped, thick and palmately branched downwards. It is whitish-yellow, with numerous thin roots, and it has a strong smell of camphor. The roots are partially uhickened to ovate, white tubers. The leaves, in groups of 4 and 6 on the rhizome, are up to 1 m long. The 20 to 60 cm long and 8 to 10 cm wide leaf blade is oblongovate, glabrous, and has a purple mark in the middle of the leaf. Characteristics: The taste is bitter; The smell is like camphor and is reminiscent of cardamom and ginger. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeast India and is also found in the Moluccas, the Philippines and New Guinea. Production: Zedoary rhizome consists of the dried rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria and its preparations. After the root tubers have been harvested they are washed, cut and dried. Other Names: Turmeric
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ZYZYPHUS JUJUBE/847
How Supplied: Capsules: 300 mg, 450 mg; liquid: 1:4.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1.0-1.5%): chief components zingiberene, 1,8cineole, D-camphor, D-camphene, D-borneol, alpha-pinene, also including among others curcumol, zederone, curcumeneol, curculone, furanodienone, isofuranodienone Curcuminoids: curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, bisdesmethoxycurcumin Starch (50%)
Preparation: Extracts of the drug are contained in numerous combination preparations for gastrointestinal indications and as cholagogues. To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over 1 to 1.5 gm of comminuted or powdered drug, or put in cold water and strain after 3 to 5 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 3 gm of drug). Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup as an aromatic bitter at meals.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Main active principles: essential oil, tannins, mucilage, small-grained starch. In animal tests, the drug has a choleretic, mildly antacid and spasmolytic effect, as well as increasing intestinal transit time. The ethanol extract (main active principle p-methoxy cinnamic acid ethyl ester) is a strong fungicide. An anti-tumoral effect has also been proven.
Gupta SK et al., Lloydia 39:218-222. 1976. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Kuronayagi M, Natori S, Yakugaku Zasshi 90:1467-1470. 1970.
Unproven Uses: Zedoary is used as a stomachic for digestive debility, colic and spasms (stomachic, carminative). In folk medicine, it is also used as a remedy for nervous diseases.
Hikino H et al., (1970) Chem Pharm Bull 18:752.
Latif MA et al., Br J Nutr 41:57. 1979. Matthes HWD et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:2643.
Indian Medicine: In India, the drug is used for loss of appetite, tuberculosis, wounds, leukodermia, fever, bronchitis and asthma.
Shiobara Y et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(11):2629.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Zingiber officinale
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
See Ginger
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Zeodary is available as solid and liquid dosage forms for oral intake.
Zyzyphus jujube See Jujube
Glossary
AB-DDR Minister fur Gesundheitswesen der DDR (1987). Arzneibuch der DDR. 2nd Ed. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
Arg 66 6 Farmacopea Argentina 1966.
abortif a c i e n t A drug or chemical that induces abortion.
autumnalis In botany, referring to producing, gathering or harvesting in the autumn.
a c h e n e A small 1-seeded fruit which has a pericarp attached to the seed at only one point.
Belg IV Pharmacopee Beige IV (1930) + Suppl. to 1953, F. & N. Dantinne, Stree.
a c u m i n a t e Pointed or to taper to a slender point
Belg V Pharmacopee Beige V (1962-1968), Vols. 1-3 + Suppl.
a d a p t o g e n A preparation that acts to strengthen the body and increase resistance to disease.
Belg VI Pharmacopee Beige VI (1982), J. Duculot-Gembloux.
alterative Any drug used to favorably alter the course of an ailment and to restore health. To improve the excretion of wastes from the circulatory system. amarum Bitters. androgynous In botany, flowers with stamen and pistil in the same bunch. annual A plant that completes its growth cycle in one year. anthelmintic An agent or drug that is destructive to worms.
BfArM German Federal Health Agency. BHP 83 British Herbal Medicine Association (1983), British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Megaron Press. Bournemouth. BHP 90 British Herbal Medicine Association (1990), British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. bitter An alcoholic liquid prepared by maceration or distillation of a bitter herb or herb part that is often used to improve appetite or digestion.
anther The part of the stamen that contains pollen.
blood purification Removal of undesirable agents from the blood.
antiphlogistic An agent that prevents or counteracts inflammation and fever.
BP 68 British Pharmacopoeia XI (1968) + Suppl. 1971, The Pharmaceutical Press, London.
a n t i s i a l a g o g u e An agent that prevents or counteracts the formation or flow of saliva.
BP 88 British Pharmacopoeia XLI (1988), Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
8 5 0 / BPC 79
BPC 79 The Pharmaceutical Codex (1979), The Pharmaceutical Press. London. BPC XX British Pharmaceutical Codex X (1973) [IX (1986), VIII (1963), Vn (1959) VI (1954), V (1949), IV (1934)]. bracteole A small leaf arising from the floral axis. Brasil 1 Farmacopeia dos Estados Unidos do Brasil (1926).
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ChinPIX The Pharmacopoeia Commission of PRC (1988), Pharmacopeia of the People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing. c h o i a g o g u e An agent that stimulates the flow of bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. c h o l e r e t i c An agent that stimulates the production of bile by the liver.
Brasil 2 Farmacopeia dos Estados Unidos do Brasil (1959).
c l i m a c t e r i c The syndrome of physical and psychic changes that occur during the transition to menopause.
Brasil 3 Farmacopeia dos Estados Unidos do Brasil (1976).
c o m m i n u t e d To break or crush into small pieces.
brightening a g e n t A substance added to the active constituents.
C o m m i s s i o n E Indications relating to the Commission E monographed as published by the German Federal Health Agency (BfArM).
C1 10 parts mother tincture and 90 parts ethanol. c o r d a t e A heart-shaped leaf. C2 (C3, C4, ....) C2 is l part CI and 99 parts ethanol (the dilutions continue in a 1:99 fashion, each starting with the previous dilution as the 1 part fraction and adding 99 parts). c a l c u l o s i s The condition or formation of calculi. c a l y x The outer set of floral leaves consisting of fused or separate sepals. c a m p a n u l a t e Shaped like a bell.
c o r i a c e o u s Tough, strong, and leather-like. corolla The inner set of floral leaves that consist of separate or fused leaves. c o r t e x In botany, the bark of a tree or the rind of a fruit. c o t y l e d o n A seed leaf, or the first set of leaves from the embryo in seed plants.
capitulum A rounded or flattened cluster of sessile flowers.
c r e n a t e In reference to leaf structure, having a margin cut into rounded scallops.
c a p s u l e A closed container that contains seeds or spores.
CsL 2 Pharmacopoea Bohemoslovenica IT (1954) + Suppl.
carminative An aid to relieve gas from the alimentary canal. An agent that acts to relieve colic.
CsL 3 Pharmacopoea Bohemoslovenica HI (1970) + Suppl. (1976).
carpel A small pistil or seed vessel comprising the innermost whorl of a flower.
c y m e An inflorescence where the axes always end in a single flower.
c a t a p l a s m A poultice or soft external application.
D1 (2, 3, 4 ....) Mother tincture.
catarrh An inflammation of the air passages usually involving the nose, throat, or lungs. catkin An ament or cattail-like spicate inflorescence bearing scaly bracts.
D2 1 part mother tincture and 9 parts ethanol. D3 (D4, D5, ...) D3 is 1 part D2 and 9 parts ethanol (the dilutions continue in a 1:9 fashion, each starting with the previous dilution as the 1 part fraction and adding 9 parts). DAB Deutsches Arzneibuch (German Pharmacopoeia).
c a u l i n e Growing on the upper portion of a stem. CF 49 C o d e x Francais = Pharmacopoea Gallica = Pharmacopee Francaise VII (1949).
DAB 10 Deutsches Arzneibuch 10. Ed. (1991), Deutscher Apotheker, Verlag, Govi-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt/Main.
GLOSSARY
DAB 1 9 9 8 Deutsches Arzneibuch 1998. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Govi-Verlag GmbH. Frankfurt/Main. DAB 6 Deutsches Arzneibuch 6. Ed. (1926) + Suppl., R. V. Deckers Verlag, G. Schenck, Berlin.
GLOBULAR / 8 5 1
drupe A one-seeded fruit; as in olive or peach. EB 6 Erganzungsbuch zum Deutschen Arzneibuch, 6. Ausg. (1941), Dr. Hans Hosel, Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Berlin. Egypt 84 Egyptian Pharmacopoeia 1984.
DAB 7 Deutsches Arzneibuch 7. Ed. (1968) + Suppl., Deutscher Apotheker Verlag. Stuttgart, Govi-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt/Main. DAB 9 Deutsches Arzneibuch 9. Ed. (1986), Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart. Govi-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt/Main.
embrocation An external medication applied as a liniment or other liquid form. e m m e n a g o g u e A substance that renews or stimulates the menstrual flow. e n d o s p e r m The albumin of the seed.
DAC 79 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Berufsvertretungen Deutscher Apotheker (Eds.) (1979), Deutscher ArzneimittelCodex (und Ergiinzungslieferungen), Govi-Verlag, Pharmazeutischer Verlag. Frankfurt/Main, Deutscher ApothekerVerlag, Stuttgart. DAC 86 Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Apothekerverbande (1986), Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex 1986 mit Erganzungen. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag. Stuttgart, Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. Dan IX Pharmacopoea Danica IX (1948) + Suppl. d e c i d u o u s A tree that sheds its leaves at the end of the growing season. d e c o c t i o n A liquid substance prepared by boiling plant parts in water or some other liquid for a period of time. d e c u m b e n t A plant, stem, or shoot mat lays on the ground but terminates with an ascending apex. d e n t a t e Tooth-like projections on the margin of a leaf. dessertspoonful A unit of measure equal to about Th. fluidrams.
epicalyx An external accessory calyx located outside the true calyx of the flower. eructation The act of belching. ESCOP European Scientific Cooperation on Phytotherapy, Elburg, Holland. e x o c a r p The outer wall of a fruit covering. extraction The portion of a plant that is removed by solvents and used in drug preparations in solid or liquid form. febrifuge An agent that counteracts fever: an antipyretic. floret A little flower; one of the small individual flowers that form a cluster or head. flos Flower. fluidextract A hydroalcoholic preparation of a botanical drug where l ml of the preparation contains l gm of the standard botanical. folium The leaf of a plant.
diaphoretic An agent that causes sweating or excessive perspiration.
fructus Fruit.
d i o e c i o u s In botany, when a plant has either a stamen or a pistil on each flower.
furuncle A boil or sore caused by bacterial infection of the subcutaneous tissue.
d o w n y Covered with soft hairs.
g a l e n i c preparation Medications prepared from plants as opposed to refined chemicals.
dromotropic An effect on nerve fiber conduction. glabrous Having a smooth surface; without hair or down. dropsy An abnormal accumulation of fluid in body tissues or cavities usually related to an underlying disease.
globular Spherical.
8 5 2 / GLOBULE
globule A small round pill of compressed sucrose that has been saturated with an alcoholic tincture of a specified homeopathic dilution (commonly 1:100).
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
IndPC 53 Mukerji B (1953), The Indian Pharmaceutical Codex, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Dehli. induration The process of hardening.
HAB 1 Homoopathisches Arzneibuch, l.Ed. (1978), 1.-4. Suppl. (1985), Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart, Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. HAB 34 Homoopathisches Arzneibuch (1934), Verlag Dr. Willmar Schwabe, Berlin Helv V Pharmacopoea Helvetica V (1933) +Suppl. h a s t a t e Plant leaves with a triangular shape with the base coming together on each side into an acute lobe. Helv VI Pharmacopoea Helvetica VI (1971) + Suppl., Eidgenossische Drucksachen- und Materialzentrale, Bern. Helv VII Pharmacopoea Helvetica VII (1987), Eidgenossische Drucksachen- und Materialzentrale, Bern. hilum The scar on a seed which indicates its point of attachment. Hisp IX Farmacopea Oficial Espanola IX (1954). h o m e o p a t h i c Substances that are administered in minute amounts with the theory that substances that may cause or mimic a disease in larger amounts can be used to treat or prevent disease if given in small amounts. HPUS 78 Homoeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States Vin (1978) mit Supplement A (1982). HPUS 88 Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States/Revision Service (1988). Hung VII Lang B (Eds.) (1986) Pharmacopea Hungarica VII, Akademiai kiado, Budapest. imbricate Overlapping flower petals; as in the bud.
inflorescence The mode of disposition of flowers or the act of flowering. The spatial arrangement of flowers along the axis. infusion The process of steeping or soaking plant matter in a liquid to extract its medicinal properties without boiling. involucre A ring or rosette of bracts that surround the base of a flower cluster. Ital 6 Farmacopea Ufficiale del Regno dTtalia VI (1940), Istituto poligrafico dello stato, Rom. Ital 7 Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana VII (1965), Istituto poligrafico dello stato P.V., Rom. Ital 8 Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana VIII (1972), Vols. 1-3, Istituto poligrafico dello stato P.F., Rom. Ital 9 Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiane IX (1985), Instituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato, Rom. J a p XI The Pharmacopeia of Japan 11th Edition (1986), The Society of Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Jakuji Nippo, Ltd., Tokyo. J u g IV Pharmacopoea Jugoslavia IV (1984). KomE Kommission E Monogr. d. BfArM (ehem. Bundesgesundheitsamt - Fed. Health Agency) publ. in Bundesanzeiger (German Federal Gazette) Mar 28. labiate A lip-like part of a plant; like a calyx or corolla. l a n c e o l a t e Lance-like or spear shaped; often referring to a long, tapering leaf. lignum Woody tissue. maceration The softening of a solid preparation by soaking in a liquid.
i n d e h i s c e n t A fruit or grain that doesn't open spontaneously when ripe.
m e t e o r i s m The presence of gas in the intestine or stomach.
IndP 66 Ministry of Health (1966), Pharmacopoeia of India U, The manager of publications, Delhi.
m o n o e c i o u s Having stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on the same plant.
IndP 85 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (1985), Pharmacopoeia of India III, Publications & Information Directorate (CSER), New Dehli.
m u c i l a g e 1. A viscid substance in a plant consisting of a gum dissolved in the juice of the plant. 2. A soothing application made from plant gums.
GLOSSARY
RETICULATE / 8 5 3
muscarinic An effect characterized by contraction of smooth muscle, excessive salivation and perspiration, abdominal colic and excessive bronchial secretion.
petiolate The footstalk of a leaf.
N e d 5 Nederlande Pharmacopee V (1926).
PF VIII Pharmacopee Francaise = Codex Francaise VDI (1965).
N e d 6 Nederlandse Pharmacopee VI (1958), Staatsdrukkerij - en uitgeverijbedrijf, "s-Gravenhage.
PF X La Commission Nationale de Pharmacopee (1988), Pharmacopee Francaise X. L' Adrapharm, Paris, + Suppl.
Ned 9 Nederlandse Pharmacopee IX (1983-87), staatsuitgeverij,'s-Gravenhage.
PhEur Euroaisches Arzneibuch. 2. Ed.
NF XV National Formulary XV Nord 63 Pharmacopoea Nordica, Editio Danica III (1963). Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, Kopenhagen.
PF IX Pharmacopee Francaise IX (1973).
PI Ed 1/1 Pharmacopoea Intemationalis I (1955), Internationales Arzneibuch, Vol. I, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.
Norv V Pharmacopoea Novegica V (1939).
pinnate Compound leaves or leaflets that have a feather-like arrangement with leaves arranged on both sides of a common axis.
nutlet The stone in a drupe.
p i n n a t i s e c t Cleft pinnately or almost to the midrib.
NYHA New York Heart Association.
pistil The seed-bearing organ of flowering plants consisting of the ovary and the stigma; usually with a style.
OAB 81 Osterreichisches Arzneibuch (1981), Vols 1-2, Osterreichische Staatsdruckerei, Wien. OAB 9 Osterreichisches Arzneibuch 9. Ed. (I960), Vols. 1-2, Osterreichische Staatsdruckerei, Wien. OAB 90 Osterreichisches Arzneibuch (1990) und 1. Suppl., Verlag der Osterreichischen Staatsdruckerei, Wien.
plaster A viscous substance that is spread on linen or cloth and applied to a part of the body for healing purposes. Pol IV FarmakopeaPolskaIV(l965). Portug 35 Pharmacopeia Portuguesa(l 935).
obstipation Persistent or intractable constipation.
Portug 46 Farmacopeia Portuguesa VI (1946) + Suppl. 1961, 1967.
p a n i c l e A loose, multiple flower cluster usually formed from numerous branches.
p o u l t i c e A soft, moist mass of plant parts' that are wrapped in muslin or gauze and applied warm or hot to the skin.
p e d i c e l The stalk that supports a single flower in an inflorescence of flowers arranged upon a common peduncle.
p u b e s c e n t In botany, having a fuzzy surface; covered with soft fine short hairs.
p e d u n c l e A stalk that bears a flower or flower cluster. percolation A liquid containing the soluble portion of a drug that has been filtered or separated from the plant matter.
r a c e m e An inflorescence where flowers are borne on stalks at an almost equal distance apart along an elongated axis that continues to grow with flowers opening in succession from below.
perennial A plant that grows for three or more years.
radix The root of a plant.
perianth The external envelope of a flower which does not include the calyx and corolla if they are distinguishable.
reniform When describing a leaf, kidney or bean shaped.
pericarp The wall of the ripened ovary of a flower containing the germ of the fruit. petal One of the leaves of the corolla.
resin An amorphous, solid or semi-solid substance produced by plants usually as a result of terpene oxidation. reticulate Veins, fibers, or lines crossing like a network across the surface of a leaf.
8 5 4 / RHIZOME
rhizome An underground stem. roborant A tonic or substance that gives strength. Rom IX Farmacopeea Romana, Editia A, IX-A (1976), Editura medicala.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D 1 C I M
tendril The portion of a stem, leaf, or stipule that modified ini a slender, spiral-shaped, touch-sensitive specialized appendag which acts as an anchor to aid in the plants ability to climb. tepal Any of the modified leaves that combine to make up the tf perianth.
R o s s 10 Gosudarstvviennaja Farmakopoea X SSSR, National Pharmakopoea Nr. 10 der UdSSR.
t e s t a The hard outer coating of a seed: the exocarp.
R o s s 9 Gosudarstwiennaja Farmakopoea IX SSSR, National Pharmakopoea Nr. 9 der UdSSR.
tincture An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic mixture prepared from plant parts.
runners A plant that spreads or forms by means of runners.
t o m e n t o s e Covered with densely matted hairs.
s c a p e A flower stalk or peduncle arising from the surface or below the ground.
tonic A medication used to fortify and provide increased vigor
SChizocarp A dry fruit that splits at maturity into several one-seeded carpels.
turiones A shoot or sprout which develops from a bud on a subterranean rootstock.
scrofulous Having an ulcerous or diseased appearance on the surface.
umbel Numerous flower stalks arising from the same point at the apex of the main stalk and terminating at equal distance from the joining point.
s e c r e t a g o g u e An agent that promotes secretion. s e c r e t o l y t i c To inhibit or dry secretions.
undulate A wavy formation at the margin of a leaf, or bendin in a gradual curve.
s e m e n A seed or seed-like fruit. s e p a l One of the modified leaves comprising a calyx; usually positioned outside and surrounding the carpels.
USP 23-NF 18 United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1995), The United States Pharmacopeia USP 23-NF 18 + Suppl. 1-7.
s e r r a t e Having notched, teeth-like protrusions along the margin of a leaf that point toward the apex.
USP XIX United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1975), The United States Pharmacopeia USP XLX.
s e s s i l e Attached directly to the base of a main stem or branch without the aid of an intervening stalk. s t a m e n The organ of the flower that comprises the anther and filament and gives rise to the male gamete.
USP XX United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1980), The United States. USP XXI United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1985), The United States Pharmacopeia USP XXI-NF XVI.
stipule A stalk. s t o m a c h i c An agent that promotes digestion and improves appetite.
USPXXII United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1989), The United States Pharmacopeia USP XXH-NF XVII. villous Having long, soft hairs.
subshrub A perennial plant which has woody stems with the exception of the terminal portion of new growth, which drops off annually.
vulnery A preparation applied externally.
sudorific Causing or inducing sweat.
wineglassful A measure equal to four fluidounces.
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Poison Control Centers Many of the centers listed below are certified by the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Certified centers are marked by an asterisk after the name. Each has to meet certain criteria. It must, for example, serve a large geographic area; it must be open 24 hours a day and provide direct-dial or toll-free access; it must be supervised by a medical director; and it must have registered pharmacists or nurses available to answer questions from the public. The centers have a wide variety of toxicology resources, including a computerized database of some 750,000 substances maintained by MICROMEDEX, INC., an affiliate of ALABAMA BIRMINGHAM Regional Pois4m Control Center, The Children's Hospital of Alabama (*i 1600 7th Ave. South Birmingham. AL 35233- 1711 Business: 205-939-9720 Emergency: 205-933-4050 205-939-9201 800-292-66781 AL) Fax: 205-939-9245
TUSCALOOSA Alabama Poison Center, Tuscaloosa Fax: 205-759-7994
PDR. Staff members are trained to resolve toxic situations in the home of the caller, though hospital referrals are given in some instances. The centers also offer a range of educational services to both the public and healthcare professionals. In some states, these larger centers exist side by side with smaller centers offering a more limited range of services. Within each state, centers are listed alphabetically by city. Telephone numbers designated "TTY" are teletype lines for the hearing-impaired. "TDD" numbers reach a telecommunication device for the deaf.
TUCSON Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (*) Arizona Health Sciences Center 1501 North Campbell Ave. Room. 1156 Tucson. AZ 85724 Emergency: 520-626-6016 800-362-010KAZ) Fax: 520-626-2720
Anchorage Poison Control Center. Providence Hospital P.O. Box 196604 3200 Providence Dr. Anchorage. AK 99519-6604 907-562-2211 Business: ext. 3633 Emergency; 907-261-3193 800-478-3 !93(AK) 907-261-3645 Fax:
FAIRBANKS Fairbanks Poison Control Center !650CowlesSt. Fairbanks. AK 99701 Business: 907-456-7182 Emergency: 907-456-7182 Fax: " 907-458-5553
ARIZONA PHOENIX Samaritan Regional Poison Center (*) Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center Ancillary-1 11 11 East McDowell Rd. Phoenix. AZ 85006 Business: 602-4954884 Emcreencv: 602-253-3334 800-362-010UAZ) Fax: 602-256-7579
DENVER Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center (*) 8802 East 9th Ave. Denver. CO 80220-6800 Business: 303-739-1100 Emergency: 303-739-1123 800-332-307 3( CO) Fax: 303-739-1119
ARKANSAS LITTLE ROCK Arkansas Poison and Drug Information Center, College of Pharmacy - UAMS 4301 West Markham St. Slot 522 Little Rock. AR 72205 Business: 501-661-6161 Emergency: 800-376-4766
