Medicina Forense

 

 

DBMIGIAK HLUBAWB _UIDBUK _UIDB UK RAIMKM  KW_BG]LW FBABUK@BW FBABUK @BW WLE UB DBMIGIAK HLUBAWB k. MBHIAIGI×A.

_krk gldprbambr `k akturk`bzk prlpik mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb iaigikrbdls bxplaibaml qub bs b` puatl mb iatbrsbggi÷a batrb `k gibagik démigk y `k gibagik  nurämigk: plr uak pkrtb `k gibagik démigk bs b` bstumil mb `k bstrugturk y huagilakdibatl mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal tkatl b su bstkml alrdk` gldl ba su bstkml pktl`÷figl (bahbrdl) y plr su pkrtb, `k gibagik nurämigk bs b` glanuatl mb priagipils y alrdks qub rbfu`ka `k kgtivimkm slgik` mb` clderb pkrk bvitkr qub `ls kgtls mb uals prlvlquba b` mbtridbatl mb `ls ltrls: si pbrgieidls qub bstks alrdks tutb`ka tutb`ka gldl eiba nurä nurämigl migl @K XIMK Y @K IA]BFUIMKM HIWIGK HIWIGK mb `k pbrslak, bstkdls baglatrkaml b` puatl gldþa batrb `ks gibagiks démigk y `k gibagiks nurämigks, `l guk` glastituyb b` glatbaiml mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb. B` clderb, quiba bs b` þaigl sunbtl mb` mbrbgcl, bs k su vbz b` lenbtl mb bstumil mb `ks gibagiks démigks> bs mbgir qub `k gibagik démigk bstumik k` lrfkaisdl cudkal y `k gibagik nurämigk trktk mb bvitkr qub bsb lrfkaisdl sbk `bsilakml l sbk bxtiafuiml plr ml`l l gu`pk mb ltrls clderbs. _krtibaml mb `ks bxplsigilabs katbrilrbs gldprbambdls plr qué `k gibagik démigk bs kuxi`ikr mb` mbrbgcl, pubs plsbb `ls détlmls y `ks tégaigks pkrk bstke`bgbr b` mikfa÷stigl mb `bsilabs ba b` lrfkaisdl cudkal, ksä gldl `k gkusk `k dkabrk mb `k dubrtb mb bsb lrfkaisdl, `l guk` bs huamkdbatk` pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb dugcks alrdks `bfk`bs. Glambaskaml tlml `l katbrilr plmbdls mbhiair `k dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl> @k uti`izkgi÷a mb `ls glalgidibatls mb `ks gibagiks dbmigks ba guk`quibrk mb sus bspbgik`imkmbs, pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb uak alrdk `bfk`. Gldþadbatb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb bstë glagbptukmk gldl uak pkrtb mb glalgidibatlss démigls qub sb kp`igka k` mbrbgcl. Gritigkdl glalgidibatl Gritigkdlss bstb glagbptl, pubs b` disdl glasimbrk brr÷abkdbatb qub mbatrl mb` vkstl glanuatl mb glalgidibatls démigls sl`l uak pkrtb sla kp`igkmls k` mbrbgcl.

 

 

_krk uak mbhiaigi÷a mb dbmigiak hlrbasb sbk glrrbgtl mbeb glasimbrkr bsbagik`dbatb qub tlml glalgidibatl démigl ba tlmks sus rkdks l bspbgik`imkmbs plmräk virtuk`dbatb sbrvir k `k tégaigk nurämigk pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb uak alrdk ba ua gksl glagrbtl: bs ba bsb kgtl mlamb guk`quibr glalgidibatl démigl sb glavibrtb ba dbmigiak hlrbasb. Ub`bfkr k `k dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl uak pkrtb mb `k gibagik démigk yk al bagknk gla `k kgtuk` bvl`ugi÷a mb migck gibagik, guyl kvkagb tbgal`÷figl ba gkmk uak mb sus rkdks pbrditb bxp`igkr gkmk vbz gla dkylr prbgisi÷a `ls hba÷dbals mb` huagilakdibatl lrfëaigl: tkdplgl bagknk gla `k bvl`ugi÷a mb `k gibagik nurämigk qub bxifb gkmk vbz dks `k bxp`igkgi÷a prbgisk mb `ls hba÷dbals mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal pkrk `k glrrbgtk kp`igkgi÷a mb mbtbrdiakmks alrdks `bfk`bs. Ckgibaml éahksis ba `l katbrilr, mirbdls qub `k dbmigiak hlrbasb al bs ua glanuatl mb mb`iditkml mb glalgidibatls mbatrl mb `ks gibagiks démigks gldl `l bs `k aburl`lfäk, `k mbrdktl`lfäk, `k fiabgl`lfäk, btg., pubs `k gktbflräk mb dbmigiak hlrbasb bstë mbtbrdiakmk plr `k uti`imkm numigik` qub sb `b mé k bsb glalgidibatl, bs mbgir qub su mikfa÷stigl l migtkdba sirvk pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb uak alrdk l misplsigi÷a `bfk`, sia idplrtkr `k bspbgik`imkm démigk k qub glrrbsplamk. @k dbmigiak hlrbasb glerk hlrdk mbatrl mb` prlgbsl `bfk` gukaml glastituyb `k prubek pbrigik` qub sbrvirë pkrk migtkr uak sbatbagik l hk``l ba ua prlgbsl glagrbtl, `l guk` sifaihigk kp`igkr uak alrdk nurämigk, sibaml éstk `k kgtivimkm mb `ls trieuak`b trieuak`bss nurismiggilak nurismiggilak`bs. `bs. @K DBMIG DBMIGIAK IAK HLUBAWB ¼B ¼BW W RAK BW_BGI BW_BGIK@ K@IMKM< IMKM<

@k gibagik démigk gldl tlmks `ks gibagiks ck iml kgrbgbatkaml sus glalgidibatls, bs mbgir, sus priagipils, sus tblräks, sus `bybs y su tbgal`lfäk: glasbgubatbdbatb sb cka hlrdkml bspbgik`imkmbs qub trktka sl`l mbtbrdiakml kspbgtl mb bsk gibagik, fukrmkaml sibdprb gibrtk rb`kgi÷a batrb sä, pubs b` lrfkaisdl cudkal cudkal huagilak pplr lr iatbrkggi÷a mb tlmls sus sistbdks. K` rbhbrirals prbvikdbatb k `k dbmigiak hlrbasb minidls qub k b``k glrrbsplamb guk`quibr glalgidibatl démigl l guk`quibrk mb sus bspbgik`imkmbs, b` guk` ba mbtbrdiakmk gkusk l prlgbsl sbrë uti`izkml gldl kuxi`ikr pkrk `k kmdiaistrkg kmdiaistrkgi÷a i÷a

 

 

mb nustigik ba ua ÷rfkal numigik` l kmdiaistrktivl. Gla eksb ba `l katbrilr, `k dbmigiak hlrbasb al bs ua glanuatl mb`iditkml mb glalgidibatls mbatrl mb `k gibagik démigk, pubs tlmk `k gibagik démigk bs susgbptie`b mb sbr huamkdbatl mb ua pbritknb démigl `bfk`. Katb `l yk sbûk`kml, b` cbgcl mb glagbptukr `k dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl uak bspbgik`imkm glastituyb uak glagbpgi÷a gkrbatb mb ua prlhuaml huamkdbatl  nurämigl. Mbatrl mb `k prkgtigk gldþa mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb bxistb uak fkdk mb glalgidibatls démigls prlvbaibatbs mb mivbrsks bspbgik`imkmbs, `ls guk`bs sb uti`izka dks hrbgubatbdbatb pkrk b`kelrkr migtëdbabs dbmigl `bfk`bs: k b``l sb mbeb qub qub bsb glanuatl mb glalgidibatl glalgidibatlss démigls dks hrbgubatbdbatb uti`izkmls sbk glasimbrkml glahuskdbatb gldl b` glatbaiml mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb. Ba ua gursl mb dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl b` qub bdpbzkdls k bstumikr kclrk, sb kak`izkrë `k dbmigiak mb dkylr kp`igkgi÷a ba `ls iahlrdbs dbmigl `bfk`bs, sia bdekrfl, mbebdls tbabr prbsbatb qub tlmk `k gibagik dbmigk plmräk sbr uti`izkmk ba b` kuxi`il mb` prlgbsl `bfk`. e. WIALAIDLW.

@k dbmigiak hlrbasb ck rbgieiml vkriks mbaldiakgilabs plr `ls mihbrbatbs kutlrbs y bstk mivbrsimkm mb alderbs pubmb glahuamir k` bstumikatb, slerb tlml k` qub sb iaigik ba bstk dktbrik k` grbbr qub sb trktk mb dktbriks mihbrbatbs. B` Miggilakril mb Gibagiks Gibagiks Nurämigks, _l`äti _l`ätigks gks y Wlgik`bs mb` gldpi`kml gldpi`kmlrr Dkaub` Lslril mbhiab b` tbrdial hlrbasb gldl> @l qub glagibrab k` hlrl> k `ls trieuak`bs y sus kumibagiks…— K` rbhbrirsb migcl kutlr k `k pk`kerk Hlrud, iamigk> ‐…gla b` tbrdial hlrud sb ckgb rbhbrbagik, batrb ltrks, k` trieuak` y k` `ufkr mb su  nurismiggi÷a…—  nurismigg i÷a…— 

Gla `ls vlgke`ls katbrilrbs qubmk g`krl qub b` tbrdial hlrbasb mbeb batbambrsb gla prlpibmkm gldl b` kspbgtl mb `ks gibagiks nurämigks rb`kgilakml gla `k kmdiaistrkgi÷a mb nustigik plr `l ÷rfkals nurismiggilak`bs, sia bdekrfl, plr bxtbasi÷a b` tbrdial hlrbasb sb ck uti`izkml k vbgbs pkrk rbhbrirsb k `l nurämigl ba fbabrk`, b``l ck mkml `ufkr k qub sb batibamka gldl sia÷aidls `ls térdials>

 

 

hlrbasb, `bfk`, nurämigl y numigik`, glasbgubatbdbatb sb ck tldkml gldl sia÷aidls `ls térdials> dbmigiak hlrbasb, dbmigiak `bfk`, dbmigiak nurämigk y dbmigiak  numigik`. Wi `k glrrbgtk mbhiaigi÷a mb dbmigiak hlrbasb bahktizk qub bstk sl`l bs uti`izkmk pkrk kp`igkr uak alrdk `bfk` plr uak kutlrimkm numigik` l plr uak kutlrimkm kmdiaistrktivk, batlagbs, mb batrb `ls sia÷aidls b` dës kprlpikml bs dbmigiak hlrbasb, k pbskr mb qub `k glstuderb ckyk kgbptkml b` usl iamihbrbatb mb `ks ltrks mbaldiakgilabs. g. ID_LU]KAGIK ID_LU]KAGIK M MB B @K DBMIGIAK DBMIGIAK @BFK@. @BFK @.

Ba `ks bxplsigilabs katbrilrbs cbdls bahktizkml `k idplrtkagik mb bstk dktbrik, bstk kpkrtkml sb rbhibrb tkdeiéa k `ls sunbtls qub iatbrvibaba ba ua prlgbsl `bfk` gldl `l bs b` nuzfkmlr, b` kfbatb hisgk` mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl, b` kelfkml `itifkatb y b` démigl hlrbasb: ksä tkdeiéa k` `bfis`kmlr gldl grbkmlr mb `bybs y k `k slgibmkm ba fbabrk` pubs b` priagipk` lenbtivl mb tlml bstumil gibatähigl bs baglatrkr `ls sktishkgtlrbs pkrk `ks abgbsimkmbs mb` clderb. NR^FKMLU..   _KUK B@ NR^FKMLU

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B` iahlrdb démigl `bfk` l migtkdba qub bditb ua démigl hlrbasb glastituyb uak prubek pbrigik` mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl `bfk`, sia bdekrfl al bxistb aiafuak prubek qub sb katbplafk k `k skak grätigk rkzlakmk mb` nuzfkmlr: bs mbgir qub tlmk prubek sb bagubatrk eknl `k misgrbgi÷a mb` nuzfkmlr. Bs plr `l kaltkml qub b` disdl mbeb glalgbr `ls `iabkdibatls fbabrk`bs mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb yk qub, ba `ls mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk: bstk misgip`iak bs ua vk`ilsl kuxi`ikr pkrk `k sbatbagik. HIWGK@ K@ MB@ DIAIW]BUIL DIAIW]BUIL _ÞE@IGL.   _KUK B@ KFBA]B HIWG

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B` Krtägu`l =8 mb` G÷mifl _rlgbsk` _bak`, Mbgrbtl 2;-95 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk mb Fuktbdk`k sbûk`k> ‐Diaistbril _þe`igl. B` Diaistbril _þe`igl, plr

dbmil mb `ls kfbatbs qub mbsifab, tbamrë `k hkgu`tkm mb prkgtigkr `k kvbrifukgi÷a plr `ls mb`itls qub bstb g÷mifl `b ksifab, gla iatbrvbagi÷a mb `ls nubgbs mb pridbrk

 

 

iastkagik gldl glatrk`lrbs nurismiggilak`bs. Ksidisdl, bnbrgbrë `k kggi÷a pbak` glahlrdb `ls térdials mb bstb g÷mifl—.  B` kfbatb hisgk` ba su gk`imkm mb iavbstifkmlr mb ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`igtivl tibab gldl kuxi`ikr, batrb ltrls, k` démigl hlrbasb, h lrbasb, quiba bstke`bg bstke`bgbrë brë si ssbb gldbti÷ ua kgtl glatrk `k vimk l glatrk `k iatbfrimkm häsigk mb uak pbrslak: bstke`bgiéamlsb `k iatbasimkm mb bsb kgtl y bs prbhbrie`b si b` démigl hlrbasb `lfrk mbtbrdiakrr `ks girguastkagiks y `ls lenbtls l krdks gla qub sb gldbti÷ bsb kgtl. mbtbrdiak ]lml `l katbrilr bs pkrtb mb `k iavbstifkgi÷a qub sb prbsbatkrk ba b` mbektb lrk` pþe`igl, ba gksl mb qub migcl Diaistbril p`katbb `k kguskgi÷a. Gldl pubmb pbrgieirsb, b` kfbatb hisgk` mbeb dkabnkr `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `ls glalgidibatls démigls mbatrl mb` prlgbsl pkrk plmbr vk`lrkr `ls migtëdbabs dbmigl `bfk`bs b iaglrplrkr`ls gldl prubek mb gkrfl l gldl prubek mb mbsgkrfl ba b` dldbatl prlgbsk` lplrtual. @I]IFKA]B. B.   _KUK B@ KELFKML @I]IFKA]

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B` kelfkml `itifkatb bs ua nuigil pbak`, tkatl b` kelfkml mbhbaslr gldl b` kelfkml mirbgtlr mb` qubrb``katb kmcbsivl, mbeba glalgbr kspbgtls mb dbmigiak hlrbasb, pubs `ls migtëdbabs pubmba glastituir prubek mb gkrfl l prubek mb mbsgkrfl k` mb`itl qub sb idputk, plamrbdls gldl bnbdp`l> k) pubmb mbdlstrkrsb qub b` cbgcl sb gldbti÷ l qub b` disdl al sb gldbti÷, e) si b` cbgcl sb gldbti÷, b` frkml mb iatbasimkm gla qub sb gldbti÷ b` disdl: g) [ub b` cbgcl sb gldbti÷ ba uak hbgck l ba uak clrk mistiatk k `k qub sb iamigk ba `k kguskgi÷a: m) [ub `ks glamigilabs dbatk`bs mb` idputkml glastituyba ua ktbaukatb l ua kfrkvkatb pkrk `k sbatbagik: btg. @ks glamigilabs prbviks `b pbrditba k` kelfkml `itifkatb bnbrgbr kmbgukmkdbatb su huagi÷a y ckgbr sus p`katbkdibatls k` trieuak` nuzfkmlr kyumkaml k `k skak grätigk rkzlakmk pkrk `k tipihigkgi÷a mb` mb`itl y k `k sbatbagik qub sb migtb. @BFIW@KMLU..   _KUK B@ @BFIW@KMLU

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Gukaml sb grbk uak `by glastitugilak`, uak `by lrmiakrik l ua rbf`kdbatl, rb`kgilakmks tlmks gla b` rbspbtl k `k vimk y k `k iatbfrimkm häsigk b` `bfis`kmlr mbeb glalgbr b` eiba nurämigl qub sb bstë tutb`kaml, ba bstb gksl sb trktk mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal k guyl bstumil sb mbmigk `k gibagik démigk: gla `l katbrilr

 

 

pubmba rbfu`krsb cbgcls gldl b` kelrtl, `k vil`kgi÷a, `k pktbraimkm, btg. Mb bstk dkabrk sb tbamrë k `k gibagik gldl rbgtlrk mb `ks misplsigilabs `bfk`bs.   _KUK B@ DBMIGL ]UK]KA]B.

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B` dbmigl gldl tlml prlhbsilak` bstk rbfiml plr alrdks `bfk`bs qub bstke`bgba sus mbrbgcls y sus le`ifkgilabs. Ba b` bnbrgigil prlhbsilak` b` dbmigl pubmb iagurrir ba kgtls qub ktbatba glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk mb `ls pkgibatbs, bstls cbgcls pubmba sbr b`bvkmls k ua prlgbsl `bfk` pkrk mbtbrdiakr `k rbsplaskei`imkm pbak` mb` idputkml, ba `k dkylräk mb vbgbs sb trktk mb mb`itls gu`plsls plr idpbrigik. Katb `l katbrilr, b` dbmigl trktkatb mbeb glalgbr `k dbmigiak hlrbasb, bs mbgir qub mbeb gldp`bdbatkr sus glalgidibatls démigls gla `ls glalgidibatls nurämigls y plmbr ksä bnbrgbr su prlhbsi÷a gla rbspbgtl k tlmks `ks alrdks qub `k rifba. Kmbdës mb `ls bxpubstl ba b` përrkhl katbrilr, guk`quibr dbmigl trktkatb pubmb sbr alderkml plr ua trieuak` gldpbtbatb l plr ua kfbatb mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl pkrk migtkdiakr rbspbgtl k ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`igtivl y qub sb bagubatrk mbatrl mb `k dktbrik mb su glalgidibatl, bstl ckgb qub b` kprbamizknb mb `ls huamkdbatls mb` bnbrgigil mb `k dbmigiak `bfk` sbk le`ifktlrik pkrk tlml démigl, tkatl kpkrk su prlhbsi÷a gurktivk gldl pkrk plmbr bnbrgbr kmbgukmkdbatb gldl pbritl ba prlgbsls qub nuzfka mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk. WLGIBMKM. KM.   _KUK @ K WLGIBM

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@k slgibmkm mb`bfk glastitugilak`dbatb ba b` Lrfkaisdl Numigik` `k kmdiaistrkgi÷a mb `k nustigik k trkvés mb `ls trieuak`bs: `ls nuzfkmlrbs k su vbz abgbsitka glalgbr `ls cbgcls qub sb

`bs p`katbka pkrk migtk uak sbatbagik, bs plr b``l qub

abgbsitka sb kuxi`ikmls plr pbritl glalgbmlrbs mb `k dktbrik qub nuzfka, mb ltrk dkabrk bstkräka migtkaml sbatbagiks brr÷abks qub plmräka pbrnumigkr al sl`l k` iamivimul idputkml l k` iamivimul kfrkvikml sial ba fbabrk` k `k slgibmkm. Kak`izkaml `l katbrilr, gldprbambdls qub `k dbmigiak hlrbasb bs idplrtkatb pkrk `k slgibmkm, pubs sia `k disdk al ckeräk uak kmbgukmk kmdiaistrkgi÷a mb nustigik ba `ls mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk, `ls guk`bs sla `ls eibabs  nurämigls dks tutb`kml tutb`kmlss plr tlml b` lrmbak lrmbakdibatl dibatl nurämigl. Bs plr bsl qub mbatrl mb` prlgbsl pbak` sb mbeb sbr duy gb`lsl k` glagbmbr`b vk`lr prlektlril k ua

 

 

iahlrdb dbmigl `bfk`, bxifibaml qub sbk kpbfkml k `k lenbtivimkm y k `k sbfurimkm mb` cbgcl qub migtkdiak. m. UKDKW L G@K G@KWIHIGKGI× WIHIGKGI×A A GLAXBAGILA GLAXBAGILAK@ K@ MB @ K DBMIGI DBMIGIAK AK HLUBAWB.

Gldl cbgcls migcl, `k dbmigiak hlrbasb pkrtigipk mb tlmks `ks bspbgik`imkmbs mb `k gibagik dbmigk: plr rkz÷a mb lrmbakr b` glatbamiml mb` gursl mb dbmigiak hlrbasb qub bstkdls bstumikaml, g`ksihigkdls migck misgip`iak ba mivbrsks rkdks qub glrrbsplamba k `ks mihbrbatbs bspbgik`imkmbs mb `k gibagik démigk y qub k `k vbz sla `ks dks hrbgubatbdbatb uti`izk uti`izkmks mks ba `k prëgtigk hlrbasb. ;. ]KAK]L@ ]KAK]L@LFIK LFIK HLUBAWB HLUBAWB..

Bs b` glanuatl mb glalgidibatls démigls qub bstumika `ks dlmihigkgilabs mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal k pkrtir mb` iaigil mb` prlgbsl mb `k dubrtb, `ls guk`bs sb uti`izka ba `k kp`igkgi kp`igkgi÷a ÷a mb uak alrdk `bfk`. Wu usl dës hrbgubatb ba b` mbrbgcl pbak` `l baglatrkdls ba `l rb`ktivl k` mb`itl mb cldigimil ba sus mihbrbatbs frkmls plr bnbdp`l, pkrk skebr si b` gubrpl bxkdiakml sb bagubatrk hk``bgiml y ksä tkdeiéa pkrk gk`gu`kr b` tibdpl trkasgurriml mbspués mb` hk``bgidibatl, btg.: ba b` lrmba kmdiaistrktivl kuxi`ik `k rbfu`kgi÷a mb trkasp`katbs mb ÷rfkals cudkals, `k iagiabrkgi÷a mb gkmëvbrbs, `ls ekagls mb ÷rfkals cudkals, btg., ba b` mbrbgcl givi` baglatrkdls su kp`igkgi÷a gukaml ua trieuak` miridb glah`igtls rb`kgilakmls gla> gladlrbagik, sugbsi÷a cbrbmitkrik, glatrktls mb sbfurls mb ebabhigil plst dlrtbd, bxtiagi÷a mb le`ifkgilabs plr gkusks mb dubrtb, btg. 5. _K]L@LFIK KAK]LDIGK HLUBAW HLUBAWB. B.

Bs `k bspbgik`imkm démigk qub bstke`bgbr `ls pkrëdbtrls pkrk rbk`izkr mikfa÷stigls ba gkmëvbrbs l ba ÷rfkals kdputkmls. Wb huamkdbatk ba `ks k`tbrkgilabs bstrugturk`bs qub ba `ls ÷rfkals prlvlgka `ks bahbrdbmkmbs l `ks prlmugimks plr `k abgrlsis (dubrtb) mb `ls ÷rfkals. Batrb bstks trkashlrdkgilabs plmbdls gitkr> mb hlrdk, mb tkdkûl, mb gl`lr, mb glasistbagik, mb kspbgtl, `k prbsbagik mb frkau`kgilabs, `k prbsbagik mb dktbrik` puru`batl, `k prbsbagik mb cbdlrrkfik, `k prbsbagik mb tudlrkgilabs, btg. B` bxkdba mb `ls ÷rfkals `l ckgb b` pkt÷`lfl kakt÷digl k sidp`b vistk u lesbrvkaml `ls tbnimls k trkvés mb digrlsglpil.

 

 

@k uti`izkgi÷a mb `k pktl`lfäk kakt÷digk ba `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `k `by bs `l qub glastituyb `k pktl`lfäk kakt÷digk hlrbasb, su usl dks hrbgubatb `l baglatrkdls ba `k tipihigkgi÷a mb` mb`itl mb cldigimil: ba bstb prlgbsl pbak` b` nubz l b` hisgk` mb` Diaistbril pþe`igl lrmbak k` pbritl qub prkgtiqub uak kutlpsik l abgrlpsik y qub iahlrdb mb` mikfa÷stigl y mb `k dkabrk mb `k dubrtb. 7. ]UKRDK]L@LFÄK HLUBAWB. HLUBAWB.

Bs `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `k gibagik démigk k` mbrbgcl gukaml sb rbk`izk b` mikfa÷stigl mb `ks `bsilabs prlmugimks ba b` lrfkaisdl plr uak hubrzk dbgëaigk bxtbrak k` gubrpl, sibaml bstl ua cbgcl qub sb mbskrrl``k mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl. Batrb bstks `bsilabs plmbdls gitkr> `ls fl`pbs l glatusilabs, `ks cbrimks prlmugimks plr krdks e`kagks l plr krdks mb hubfl, kshixiks dbgëaigks, `bsilabs prlmugimks plr kggimbatbs mb trëasitl, qubdkmur qubdkmurks, ks, btg. @k trkudktl`lfäk hlrbasb al sl`kdbatb sirvb pkrk mikfalstigkr `k gkusk mb `ks `bsilabs suhrimks sial qub tkdeiéa iavbstifk> k) B` tibdpl qub trkasgurrirë pkrk qub migck `bsi÷a sb rbstituyk: e) si sb prlmugirëa sbgub`ks qub iagkpkgitba k` sunbtl pkrk b` trkeknl: g) Wi qubmkrëa ba b` sunbtl mbhlrdimkmbs häsigks: m) Wi qubmkrëa gigktrigbs visie`bs: b) Wi bsks `bsilabs sla `k gkusk mb `k dubrtb 3ba gksl mb bxkdiakrsb gkmëvbrbs) gkmëvbrbs):: btg.

Bstls glalgidibatls glalgidibatl s mb trkudktl`lfäk

kp`igkmls plr b` démigl hlrbasb pkrk b` bxkdba mb ua pkgibatb kfrbmiml sla iamispbaske`bs pkrk qub ua nubz pubmk tipihigkr b` mb`itl mb `bsilabs ba sus mihbrbatbs hlrdks. =. DBM DBMIGI IGIAK AK @BFK@ @KELUK@.

Wla `ls glalgidibatls démigls qub mbatrl mb` prlgbsl `bfk` sirvba pkrk mikfalstigkr `ks bahbrdbmkmbs `kelrk`bs y `ls kggimbatbs mb trkeknl, gukaml k glasbgubagik mb `ls disdls bs abgbskril kp`igkr uak `by `kelrkr qub rbfu`b b` glerl mb prbstkgilabs plr b` trkeknkmlr l plr su hkdi`ik: bstl pubmb prlmugirsb ba vimk mb` trkeknkmlr l ba prlfrkdks mb supbrvivbagik. 2. WBSL@LFIK HLUBAWB.

]kdeiéa sb `b mbaldiak dbmigiak `bfk` dktbrak iahkati`. @k sbxl`lfäk bs `k bspbgik`imkm démigk qub bstumik `k bstrugturk y huagilakdibatl mb `ls ÷rfkals

 

 

sbxuk`bs y `k glamugtk sbxuk` mb `ls iamivimuls. Gukaml bstls glalgidibatls sla uti`izkmls gldl kuxi`ikrbs mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl `bfk` pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb uak alrdk: batlagbs sb glastituyba ba dbmigiak `bfk` sbxuk`. @k sbxl`lfäk gldprbamb glalgidibat glalgidibatls ls slerb

huagilabs hisil`÷fig hisil`÷figls ls gldl>

bdekrkzl, kelrtl, pkrtl, glitl, `ieiml, lrfksdl, hbguamkgi÷a, hbrti`imkm b iahbrti`imkm, idpltbagik sbxuk`, hrifimbz, gkstrkgi÷a, `k kaktldäk mb `ls ÷rfkals sbxuk`bs, `k dkmurkgi÷a y b` huagilakdibatl mb `ls ÷rfkals sbxuk`bs: `k `kgtkagik dktbrak y plr bxtbasi÷a `l rb`kgilakml k` guimkml y dk`trktl mb `ls aiûls. K` tbabr b` glalgidibatl gibatähigl rbhbriml, b` démigl hlrbasb pubmb b`kelrkr migtëdbabs tbamibatbs k gldprlekr supubstls nurämigls mb alrdks `bfk`bs kp`igke`bs ba prlgbsls pbak`bs mb vil`kgi÷a, kelrtl, bstuprl, iahkatigimil, iagbstl, glagueiaktl, glatkfil vbaérbl, keusls mbsclabstls, btg. Ksä tkdeiéa ba iastitugilabs mb` mbrbgcl givi` gldl b` dktridlail, mivlrgil, hi`ikgi÷a, pkrbatbsgl, mbtbrdiakgi÷a mb bmkm, vikei`imkm: mbeiml k qub tlmks bstks situkgilabs tibaba gldl eksb `k huagi÷a sbxuk` mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal. 8. _WI[RIK]UIK HLUBAWB.

@k psiquikträk bs `k bspbgik`imkm démigk qub bstumik `ks bahbrdbmkmbs dbatk`bs y tlmks `ks huagilabs lrfëaigks qub bxp`igka `k glamugtk mb` iamivimul ba su bstkml alrdk` y ba su bstkml pktl`÷figl. Batrb bstks huagilabs tbabdls> `k dbdlrik, `k glagibagik, `ks bdlgilabs, `k vl`uatkm, b` pbaskdibatl, b` rkgilgiail, `k idpu`sivimkm, b` mbskrrl``l dbatk`, `k kslgikgi÷a b iatbfrkgi÷a mb imbks, btg. Gukaml `k psiquikträk bs uti`izkmk mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl `bfk` gldl kuxi`ikr pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb uak alrdk, `k disdk sb glastituyb ba psiquikträk psiquikträk hlrbasb. @k psiquikträk hlrbasb sb uti`izk ba `k kp`igkgi÷a mb alrdks guyl supubstl nurämigl glasimbrk si bxistb k`tbrkgi÷a ba b` bstkml dbatk` mb` iamivimul, gldl lgurrb ba `k mbg`krkgi÷a mb iaidputkei`imkm, qub glastituyb uak bxidbatb mb` mb`itl: tk` situkgi÷a sb mkräk si b` sunbtl kgtivl mb` mb`itl suhrb uak k`tbrkgi÷a dbatk` ba b` dldbatl mb `k ldisi÷a mb` cbgcl mb`igtivl. @k psiquikträk hlrbasb sb kp`igk tkdeiéa ba `ks alrdks rb`ktivks k` trktkdibatl y privkgi÷a mb `iebrtkm mb` bahbrdl dbatk` y ba `ks alrdks rb`kgilakmks gla `k gk`ihigkgi÷a y `k gukatihigkgi÷a mb `k pb`ifrlsimkm pb`ifrlsi mkm slgik` mb` mb`iagubatb.

 

 

‐Ba mbrbgcl givi`, b` bstkml mb iatbrmiggi÷a mb uak pbrslak sl`l pubmb sbr

mbg`krkml plr ua nubz si ba b` iahlrdb démigl `bfk` mb ua psiquiktrk hlrbasb sb bstke`bgb `k iagkpkgimkm dbatk`—.  Rak idplrtkatäsidk kplrtkgi÷a mb `k psiquikträk hlrbasb k `k gridial`lfäk `l glastituyba `ks tblräks qub bxp`igka `k féabsis mb` cbgcl mb`igtivl ba `k dbatb mb` sunbtl kgtivl mb` mb`itl, `l guk` glrrbsplamb k `k pridbrk btkpk mb` itbr gridiais mb tlml mb`itl yk sbk éstb glasudkml l ba frkml mb tbatktivk. 6. ]LSIGL@LFIK HLUBAWB.

@k tlxigl`lfäk bs b` glanuatl mb glalgidibatls démigls y mb ltrks misgip`iaks qub bstumika `ks sustkagiks algivks k` lrfkaisdl cudkal, gukaml bstls glalgidibatls sla kuxi`ikrbs mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl `bfk` pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `kfuak alrdk: batlagbs bstk misgip`iak sb glastituyb ba tlxigl`lfäk hlrbasb. Batrb `ls kspbgtls bstumikmls mb bstks sustkagiks, sb bagubatr bagubatrka ka `ls sifuibatbs> - Wu bstrugturk quädigk. - Wu imbatihigkgi÷ imbatihigkgi÷aa y gukatihigkgi÷a ba b` lrfkaisdl cudkal. - Wi `k sustkagik prlgbmb mb ua prlmugtl akturk`, l si bs siatbtizkmk ba ua `kelrktlril quädigl. - Wus usls l kp`igkgilabs. - Wu mlsis t÷xigk y su mlsis `btk`. - @ks dkaihbstkgilabs g`äaigks qub prlmugb su iatlxigkgi÷a. - @ls gkdeils qub prlvlgka ba `k bstrugturk y huagilakdibatl mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal. - @ls pkrëdbtrls qub sb tldka pkrk ckgbr mikfa÷stigl mb iatlxigkgi÷a, tkatl ba pkgibatbs gldl ba gkmëvbrbs. - @ks väks mb pbabtrkgi÷a k` lrfkaisdl. Gla `k iadbask fkdk mb glalgidibatls katbrilrbs, `k tlxigl`lfäk glavbrtimk ba hlrbasb bs kp`igkmk pkrk tipihigkr b` mb`itl mb cldigimil y b` mb`itl mb `bsilabs prlvlgkmls plr uak iatlxigkgi÷a: ksä tkdeiéa bs kp`igkmk pkrk mikfalstigkr bahbrdbmkmbs `kelrk`bs lgurrimks ba gbatrls mb trkeknl qub uti`izka bstks sustkagiks mb dkabrk qub k `k skak gritigk rkzlakmk mb` nuzfkmlr sb mbeb kfrbfkr ua migtkdba pbrigik` lenbtivl y sunbtl k guk`quibr gldprlekgi÷a pkrk qub glastituyk prubek pbrigik` ba b` prlgbsl.

 

 

@k tlxigl`lfäk hlrbasb kmbdës mb ckgbr b` mikfalstigl mb iatlxigkgi÷a, bs ua kuxi`ikr pkrk mbtbrdiakr b` d÷vi` y `k dkabrk mb `k iatlxigkgi÷a, bs mbgir mbdlstrkr si sb trktk mb ua cldigimil, mb ua suigimil l mb ua kggimbatb. 3. DBMIGIAK @BFK@ GUIDIAK@IW]IGK (@@KDKMK ]KDEIBA DBMIGIAK @BFK@ _L@IGIK@)

Bdpbzkrbdls bxplaibaml qub `k gridiak`ästigk bs `k iavbstifkgi÷a mb `ls cbgcls häsigls qub sb prlmunbrla murkatb `k gldisi÷a mb ua mb`itl, bstk iavbstifkgi÷a sb ckgbr gla b` kaë`isis mb `ks bvimbagiks häsigks l iamigils baglatrkmls ba `k bsgbak mb` gridba. Gukaml bstks bvimbagiks häsigks prlvibaba mb ÷rfkals cudkals, sb ckgb abgbskrik `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb pkrk su bstumil b iatbrprbtkgi÷a.. Batrb `ks bvimbagiks häsigks mb lrifba cudkal baglatrkmks ba uak iatbrprbtkgi÷a bsgbak mb` gridba, plmbdls gitkr> gkmëvbrbs, ÷rfkals duti`kmls, hbtls, skafrb, lriak, cbgbs, v÷ditls, sbdba mibatbs pb`ls, uûks, btg. Gukaml `k bvimbagik häsigk glastituyb ua gkmëvbr l uak lskdbatk al imbatihigkmls, su bstumil pkrk su imbatihigkgi÷a tkdeiéa glrrbsplamb k `k gridiak`ästigk démigl hlrbasb. 9. NRUIW_URMB NRUIW_URMBAGIK AGIK DÉMIGK.

Ckstk kclrk cbdls vistl mihbrbatbs kp`igkgilabs mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb ba b` gudp`idibatl mb alrdks `bfk`bs: bstumikrbdls ba bstk sbggi÷a, k glatrkril sbasu `k kp`igkgi÷a mb `ks alrdks `bfk`bs ba b` bnbrgigil mb `k prlhbsi÷a démigk, `l guk` sb glalgb gldl Nurisprumbagik démigk, bstk pubmb mbhiairsb gldl> B` glanuatl mb alrdks `bfis`ktivks, priagipils y mlgtriaks qub rbfu`ka `ks le`ifkgilabs y mbrbgcls mb quibabs sb mbmigka k `k prlhbsi÷a mb gurkr. Baglatr Baglatrkdls kdls batrb bstls k `ls démigls, `ls lmlat÷`lfls, b` pbrslak` pkrkdémigl, `ls kabstbsistks, `ls hisiltbrkpistks, hisiltbrkpist ks, `ls `kelrktl `kelrktlristks, ristks, `ls autrigilaistks, autrigilaistks, btg. Batrb `ls kspbgtls dës idplrtkatbs rbfu`kmls plr `k nurisprumbagik démigk, tbabdls> k) @ls gbrtihigkmls démigls: e) @ls clalrkrils démigls: g) `k rbsplaskei`imkm pbak`, givi` y kmdiaistrktivk mb` démigl: m) B` bnbrgigil `bfk` y b` bnbrgigil i`bfk` mb `k dbmigiak: b) ]lml `l rb`kgilakml k `k mblatl`lfäk démigk qub iag`uyb b` sbgrbtl démigl y `k étigk démigk ba b` trktl mb `ls pkgibatbs y su rb`kgi÷a gla `ls démigls.

 

 

@K DBMIGIAK HLUBAWB MBA]UL MB@ LUMBAKDIBA]L NRUÄMIGL.

Ckeibaml gldprbamiml `k mbhiaigi÷a y akturk`bzk mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb, als prlplabdls kclrk mkr uak visi÷a fbabrk` mb `ks mihbrbatbs iastitugilabs `bfk`bs pkrk guyk kp`igkgi÷a b` kuxi`il mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb sirvb gldl huamkdbatl, bs mbgir qub sia `ls glalgidibatls mb bstk misgip`iak, tk`bs iastitugilabs mihägi`dbatb plmräka ckgbrsb plsitivks> ;. BA B@ MBU MBUBGCL BGCL _BAK@.

Kquä baglatrkdls tlmls `ls mb`itls qub ktbatka glatrk `k vimk, `k iatbfrimkm häsigk y `k iatbfrimkm dbatk` mb `ks pbrslaks, bnbdp`l> b` kelrtl, `k vil`kgi÷a, b` glatkfil vbaérbl, `k kfrbsi÷a, b` mispkrl plr krdk mb hubfl, b` kekamlal mb aiûls y pbrslaks mbsvk`imks, b` kekamlal plr bstkml khbgtivl, `k ldisi÷a mb kuxi`il, `k rbsplaskei`imkm mb glamugtlrbs, `ls keusls mbsclabstls, b` rkptl, b` iagbstl, `k suplsigi÷a mb pkrtl, tlmls `ls mb`itls glatrk `k sk`um, btg. 5. BA B@ MBUB MBUBGCL GCL _ULGB _ULGBWK@ WK@ _BAK@.

Ba aubstrl g÷mifl prlgbsk` pbak` (mbgrbtl 2;-95), baglatrkdls tlmks `ks alrdks qub rbfu`ka `k huagi÷a mb` démigl hlrbasb batrb `ks pbrslaks qub iatbrvibaba ba b` prlgbsl: migcl g÷mifl `b kutlrizk pkrk huagilakr gldl _britl y gldl Glasu`tlr ]égaigl, sibaml ksä ua kuxi`ikr iasustituie`b pkrk qub ua trieuak` pubmk tipihigkr mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk mb `k pbrslak. Ba b` G÷mifl gitkml baglatrkdls `k pkrtigipkgi÷a mb` pbritl y mb` glasu`tlr tégaigl ba `k hksb prbpkrktlrik, ba `k hksb iatbrdbmik y ba b` mbektb.

Ba `k hksb prbpkrktlrik

glastituyb ua kuxi`ikr k` kfbatb hisgk` iavbstifkmlr mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl y k` nubz mb pridbrk iastkagik glatrk`lr mb` prlgbsl> Ba `k hksb iatbrdbmik plmrë prkgtigkr guk`quibr pbritknb pbrtiabatb y þti` qub ckyk siml lhrbgiml l b` qub mb lhigil ckyk siml lrmbakml plr b` nubz glatrk`lr. Ba `k hksb mb` mbektb b` pbritl sbrë ``kdkml k mbg`krkr y k rbsplambr mirbgtkdbatb k `ks prbfuatks qub `bs hlrdu`ba `ks pkrtbs mb` prlgbsl. 7. BA B@ MBUBGCL GIXI@.

Ba bstk rkdk mb` mbrbgcl `k dbmigiak hlrbasb bs ua kuxi`ikr mb `ls ÷rfkals  nurismiggilak`bs  nurismiggilak `bs ba `k kp`igkgi÷a mb alrdks `bfk`bs rb`kgilakm rb`kgilakmks ks gla iastitugila iastitugilabs bs

 

 

gldl> dktridlail, mivlrgil, hi`ikgi÷a, gkpkgimkm givi` mb bnbrgigil, pkrbatbsgl, iatbrmiggi÷a, tutb`k, pktrik pltbstkm, mbtbrdiakgi÷a mb bmkm, rbfistrl givi` mb akgidibatls y mbhuagilabs, vikei`imkm, gldlrbagik, glaakgibagik, btg. =. BA B@ M MBUBGCL BUBGCL @K @KELUK@ ELUK@..

@k dbmigiak hlrbasb bs ua kuxi`ikr ba `k kp`igkgi÷a mb alrdks `bfk`bs qub glahibrba k `ls trkeknkmlrbs prbstkgilabs bspbgik`bs ba gksl mb bahbrdbmkmbs `kelrk`bs y ba gksl mb kggimbatbs mb trkeknl. 2. BA B@ MBUB MBUBGCL GCL IA]BU IA]BUAKGILAK@. AKGILAK@.

Batrb `ks alrdks `bfk`bs mb mbrbgcl iatbrakgilak` pkrk guyk kp`igkgi÷a bs abgbskril b` kuxi`il mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb, plmbdls gitkr `ls ]rktkmls Iatbrakgilak`bs tbamibatbs k bvitkr `k trkasdisi÷a mb bahbrdbmkmbs glatkfilsks: `k qub prlcäeba `k bxpbridbatkgi÷a ba cudkals, `ks qub prlcäeba `k bxpbridbatkgi÷a ba cudkals, `ks qub prlcäeba l qub rbstriafba b` usl mb mbtbrdiakmls dbmigkdbatls l mrlfk, btg. 8. BA B@ MBUBGCL KMDIAIW]UK KMDIAIW]UK]IXL. ]IXL.

@ks alrdks `bfk`bs dës idplrtkatbs mb bstk rkdk mb` mbrbgcl qub rbquibrb mb` kuxi`il mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb pkrk su kp`igkgi÷a `ks baglatrkdls ba b` G÷mifl mb sk`um. Bxistb uak kdp`ik fkak mb `bybs tkatl mb mbrbgcl iatbral gldl mb mbrbgcl iatbrakgilak` qub rbquibrba mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl dbmil mb gldprlekgi÷a, `ks guk`bs sbräk prl`inl baudbrkr ba uak erbvb bxplsigi÷a. b. CIW]LUIK MB @ K DBMIGIAK HLUBAWB.

@ls pridbrls glalgidibatls mb `k dbmigiak kp`igkmls k `k rbsl`ugi÷a mb `ls prle`bdks `bfk`bs, mktka mb dugcl tibdpl. ‐@ls pkpirls mb Bmwia Wditc y Bebrs, rb`ktka `ls glalgidibatls démigls mb `ls

bfipgils 7,??? kûls k. m G. y `k kp`igkgi÷a qub ckgäka mb bstls glalgidibatls ba `k prëgtigk hlrbasb, ksä Idcltbp ba `k éplgk mb` rby ^lsbr brk nbhb mb Nustigik,

 

 

Démigl, Krquitbgtl y ual mb `ls pridbrls qub kprlvbgcl `ls glalgidibatls démigls ba kuxi`il mb `k nustigik. @ls gcials mibrla alrdks qub qubmkrla bsgritks 7,??? kûls k. mb G. ba `ks guk`bs sb prbsgrieb b` rbglalgidibatl rbglalgidibatl pkrk mbtbrdiakr cbrimks, gkusk mb dubrtb, kshixiks, bavbabakdibatls y dugcls ltrls bxtrbdls—. Ba Ekei`laik sb mil b` g÷mifl mb Ckddurkei ba b` kûl 5??? k mb G: ‐Ciplgrktbs ba Frbgik, mil alrdks pkrk

mbtbrdiakr b` tibdpl mb bdekrkzl, bstke`bgbr si ua hbtl akgi÷ vivl l dubrtl, si brk vike`b l al, gldl mbeäk ckgbrsb b` rbglalgidibatl mb cbrimks, `bsilabs y ltrls. @ls rldkals, gldl ba tlml, kprlvbgckrla `ks basbûkazks mb `ls fribfls y `ks kp`igkrla, kdp`ikrla y dbnlrkrla. Nu`il Géskr ksbsiakml ba b` kûl == k. mb G. hub rbglalgiml plr ua démigl, quiba mbtbrdia÷ qub mb `ks vbiatitrés cbrimks qub `b iahiribrla: sl`kdbatb uak brk dlrtk` plr sbr pbabtrkatb ba b` t÷rkx—. Gukaml duri÷

Fbrdëaigl ba b` kûl ;9 m mb G. sb lrmba÷ bxkdba pkrk mbtbrdiakr si ckeäk siml bavbabakml. Ba b` idpbril Eizkatial sb mil b` g÷mifl Nustiaikal, mb 259 k 28= m mb G., b` guk` rbfu`kek `k prëgtigk mb `k dbmigiak y `k girufäk, bstke`bgibaml alrdks pkrk mbtbrdiakr `k gldpbtbagik, rbquisitl iamispbaske`b pkrk ltlrfkr b` pbrdisl pkrk bnbrgbr `k prlhbsi÷a, kmbdës mbtbrdiakek b` aþdbrl mb démigls qub mbeäka ckgbr ba gkmk `ufkr y bstke`bgäk gkstifl pkrk `k dk`k prëgtigk. Mbspués mb `k gkämk mb` idpbril rldkal mb lggimbatb ba b` kûl =68 k. mb G. cuel ua bstkagkdibatl fbabrk` ba tlmks `ks gibagiks y ba `k gu`turk, `l guk` rbpbrguti÷ ba b` mbskrrl``l mb `k dbmigiak y gldl glasbgubagik ba `k dbmigiak hlrbasb: mb kcä qub ckstk b` sif`l SXI kpkrbgba aubvls bstumils slerb `k dktbrik. Ba ;262 Kderlsil _kré ba ual mb `ls vl`þdbabs pue`igkmls plr, mil alrdks pkrk `k misgusi÷a mb `ls akgidibatls, pkrk `ls sidu`kmlrbs mb bahbrdbmkmbs y détlmls pkrk `k hlrdk mb ckgbr `ls rbplrtbs démigls `bfk`bs. ‐@k pridbrk lerk vbrmkmbrkdbatb idplrtkatb

slerb dbmigiak `bfk` hub cbgck plr ua démigl itk`ikal, Hlrtuaktl Mimb`i, qub glastkek mb guktrl `ierls mb frka tkdkûl. _rlatl kpkrbgi÷ ltrk lerk dlaudbatk` mb trbs frkambs vl`þdbabs pue`igkmk plr _ke`l Wkgcik, démigl mb` pkpk, gla b` alderb mb gubstilabs démigl `bfk`bs: sibaml `k disdk `k lerk dës gldp`btk ckstk bsb tibdpl y glatibab gksi tlmls `ls prle`bdks démigl `bfk`bs—. Ba Bspkûk sb bariqubgb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb gla Dktbl Nuka Eubakvbaturk Lrhi`k, (;663-;327), démigl bspkûl` qub sb mbmig÷ bspbgik`dbatb k` bstumil mb `k tlxigl`lfäk , plr `l guk` sb `b glasimbrk huamkmlr mb éstk, bsgriei÷ su gé`berb lerk ]rktkml

mb `ls vbabals l ]lxigl`l ]lxigl`lfäk fäk Fbabrk`, ]rktkml mb Bxcudkgi Bxcudkgilabs labs

Nurämigks, Iavbstifkgilabs slerb b` bavbabakdibatl plr Kgiml Krsbailsl,

 

 

Dbdlriks slerb b` Lpil, btg. Mifal mb dbagi÷a bs Katlail @bgck Dkrzl (;333;9;9), quiba bsgriei÷ vkriks lerks, sibaml `ks priagipk`bs Dkauk` mb mkgti`lsglpäk, trktkml mb kutlpsiks y bdek`skdkdibatls, quiba sb mbmig÷ tkdeiéa k` bstumil mb `k cbdktl`lfäk. Ba Hrkagik, @luis ba ;633 pue`igk sus dbdlriks gla gkpätu`ls slerb sifals mb dubrtb, sudbrsi÷a, suspbasi÷a suigimk u cldigimk y ltrls t÷pigls slerb `k dktbrik. Ba Fuktbdk`k ba b` kûl ;8?7 b` dbmigl Nlsbpc Kmk`im Elclrqubz lrmba÷ qub b` rbl Db`gclr @lrbazl pkskrk k su mldigi`il gla `k mbeimk gustlmik, pkrk gurkrsb mb ``kfks ba b` riû÷a. B` Mr. Mldiafl @÷pbz Uuiz hub b` démigl qub prkgtig÷ `k pridbrk kutlpsik démigl `bfk` ba bstb pkäs, ba b` kûl ;855 k` prbsl Wid÷a ^kgkräks quiba hk``bgi÷ sþeitkdbatb y sb pbas÷ ba ua suigimil, plr `l qub sb lrmba÷ `k kutlpsik, y `k disdk hub rbk`izkmk gla `k dbnlr tégaigk mb `k éplgk: ``bfkaml k `k glag`usi÷a mb qub ckeäk hk``bgiml plr iatlxigkgi÷a—.

Ra gksl duy bspbgik` `l glastituyb `l sugbmiml ba Fuktbdk`k b` ;5 mb lgtuerb mb ;83; k` bstumikatb Hrkagisgl mb Gckvkrräk, quiba dubrb sþeitkdbatb mbatrl mb `k uaivbrsimkm k` bstkr sidu`kaml uak gëtbmrk, `ls gldpkûbrls ksustkmls sk`ba ba eusgk mb démigls y girunkals, quibabs k` bxkdiakr b` gubrpl, glavbagimls mb qub al cky cbrimk visie`b, glag`uyba qub `k dubrtb vibab mb kmbatrl y sibaml rbpbatiak ifalrka `k gkusk, ¼al bs éstk dbmigiak `bfk` ba b` kspbgtl mb rbglalgidibatl mb gkmëvbrbs ‐Bs b` prlhbsilak` mb `k dbmigiak qub plr lrmba mb ua trieuak` gldpbtbatb l

mb ua kfbatb hisgk` mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl bxkdiak k ua pkgibatb l ua gkmëvbr, y guyl migtkdba glastituyb uak prubek pbrigik` mbatrl mb ua p rlgbsl—.  K` trktkr `l rb`kgilakml k ua démigl y girunkal trktkatb, sb skeb qub bs ua prlhbsilak` mb `k dbmigiak gla glalgidibatls tb÷rigls y tégaigls prlpils mb `k gibagik démigk qub `b pbrditb prbvbair, mikfalstigkr y mkr trktkdibatl k `ks mivbrsks bahbrdbmkmbs mb ua lrfkaisdl cudkal, si bs ua démigl bspbgik`istk sb batibamb qub ck prlhuamizkml ba b` glalgidibatl mb uak rkdk mb `k gibagik démigk. K` rbhbrirals k ua démigl y girunkal trktkatb skebdls qub bs uak prlhbsilak` mb `k dbmigiak gla tlml ua ekfknb mb glalgidibatls tb÷rigls y tégaigls prlpils mb `k gibagik démigk qub `b pbrditba mikfalstigkr `k sk`um y `ks mivbrsks bahbrdbmkmbs mb ua lrfkaisdl cudkal: gukaml sb trktk mb ua démigl bspbgik`istk sb batibamb qub ck prlhuamizkml ba b` glalgidibatl mb uak rkdk mb `k gibagik démigk. @k mbhiaigi÷a mb démigl hlrbasb k` ifuk` qub `k mbhiaigi÷a mb dbmigiak hlrbasb, fbabrk`dbatb gkb ba glahusi÷a, k` glasimbrkr qub démigl hlrbasb bs `b qub plsbb `ls glalgidibatls démigls qub dës hrbgubatbdbatb sb uti`izka pkrk `k kp`igkgi÷a mb alrdks `bfk`bs mbatrl mb` prlgbsl. Gla eksb k `k mbhiaigilabs katbrilrbs plmbdls glasimbrkr qub al sb bs démigl hlrbasb sl`l plr b` cbgcl mb trkeknkr ba uak iastitugi÷a gla bsb alderkdibatl, yk qub `l bsbagik` pkrk tbabr `k gktbflräk mb démigl hlrbasb glasistb ba qub b` migtkdba qub riamk sbrvirë gldl prubek pbrigik` pkrk mbdlstrkr qub sb mil l qub al sb mil b` supubstl nurämigl mb uak alrdk `bfk` y qub plr `l tkatl `k kutlrimkm glrrbsplamibatb mbeb idplabr `ks glasbgubagiks nurämigks nurämigks bstke`bgimks ba `ks `bybs glrrbsplamibat glrrbsplamibatbs. bs. Ra démigl trktkatb fbabrk` l ua démigl trktkatb bspbgik`istk ba su prëgtigk prlhbsilak` rbk`izkr ua bxkdba g`äaigl, bhbgtþk ua mikfa÷stigl y prbsgrieb ua trktkdibatl. K mihbrbagik mb b``l b` démigl, sl`kdbatb kgtþk ba gk`imkm mb démigl

 

 

hlrbasb si `l lrmbak ua trieuak` gldpbtbatb l b` Diaistbril _þe`igl, plr `l tkatl, b` lenbtivl mb su bnbrgigil prlhbsilak` bs mikfalstigkr b iahlrdkr k quiba sb `l lrmba÷: sia prbsgrieir trktkdibatl k` pkgibatb.   UB[RIWI]LW.

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B` huamkdbatl `bfk` pkrk mbtbrdiakr quiba pubmb sbr démigl hlrbasb sb bagubatrk rbfu`kml ba b` G÷mifl _rlgbsk` _bak` ba b` Krtägu`l 558 qub sbûk`k> ‐Gk`imkm. @ls

pbritls mbebrëa sbr titu`kmls ba `k dktbrik k qub pbrtbabzgk b` puatl slerb b` qub cka mb prlauagikrsb, sibdprb qub `k prlhbsi÷a, krtb l tégaigk bstéa rbf`kdbatkmls. Wi, plr lestëgu`l iasupbrke`b al sb pumibrk glatkr ba b` `ufkr mb` prlgbmidibatl gla ua pbritl ckei`itkml, sb mbsifakrë k uak pbrslak mb imlabimkm dkaihibstk—.  

Ba `k alrdk krriek gitkmk al sb bstke`bgb qub pkrk sbr pbritl sb mbebrë trkeknkr ba ua `ufkr mbtbrdiakml, sl`kdbatb bxifb qub sbka titu`kmls ba `k dktbrik. Ba `k prëgtigk démigl hlrbasb gldþa `ls prlhbsilak`bs mb `k dbmigiak qub trkeknka ba gk`imkm mb démigls hlrbasbs sla `ls sifuibatbs>

Ba `k kgtivimkm trieuak`igik gltimikak b` démigl hlrbasb qub dës gldþadbatb hlrdk pkrtb ba `ls prlgbsls `bfk`bs bs b` qub trkeknk Iastitutl Akgilak` mb Gibagiks Hlrbasbs y ba b` Diaistbril _þe`igl: bs plr b``l qub bquävlgkdbatb sb glasimbrk qub sla `ls þaigls qub pubmba tbabr `k gk`imkm mb démigls hlrbasbs. B` démigl hlrbasb gldl guk`quibr ltrl prlhbsilak` qub prbstk sus sbrvigils k `k slgibmkm, mbeb kgtukr gla k`tls vk`lrbs dlrk`bs. B` démigl hlrbasb mbeb b`kelrkr sus pbritknbs huamkml ba mktls lenbtivls y gla rbsplaskei`imkm ba sus mikfa÷stigls: pubs mbeb tbabr glagibagik qub mb su migtkdba pubmb mbpbambr `k `iebrtkm mb ua ialgbatb l `k kp`igkgi÷a mb nustigik pkrk ua gu`pke`b. _BUI]KN B MBA]UL MB MB@ @ _ULGBWL _ULGBWL _BAK@.   B@ _BUI]KNB

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K `l `krfl mb `l bxpubstl sb ck bahktizkml qub `k dbmigiak hlrbasb sl`kdbatb glerk hlrdk mbatrl mb` prlgbsl `bfk`. Bs ksä qub, mbatrl mb` prlgbsl pbak`, bs mlamb hrbgubatbdbatb sb uti`izk pkrk kuxi`ikr k` iavbstifkmlr y k` nuzfkmlr ba `k tipihigkgi÷a mb `ls mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk.

 

 

Ba `k hksb prbpkrktlrik mb` prlgbsl pbak` `k pkrtigipkgi÷a mb` pbritl `l rbfu`k, batrb ltrls, b` Krtägu`l 552 mb` G÷mifl _rlgbsk` _bak`, Mbgrbtl 2;-95 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk mb Fuktbdk`k> _rlgbmbagik. B` Diaistbril _þe`igl l b` trieuak` plmrëa lrmbakr pbritkgi÷a, k pbmiml mb pkrtb l mb lhigil, gukaml pkrk letbabr, vk`lrkr, l bxp`igkr ua b`bdbatl mb prubek, hubrb abgbskril l glavbaibatb plsbbr glalgidibatls bspbgik`bs ba k`fuak gibagik, krtb, tégaigk u lhigil—.  

Ba b` mbskrrl``l mb` mbektb, `k pkrtigipkgi÷a mb` démigl hlrbasb gldl pbritl sb bagubatrk rbfu`kmk, plr b` Krtägu`l 768 mb` G÷mifl _rlgbsk`, Mbgrbtl 2;-95 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk mb Fuktbdk`k> ‐_britls. B` prbsimbatb ckrë `bbr `ks

glag`usilabs mb `ls migtëdbabs prbsbatkmls plr `ls pbritls. Wi bstls cueibrba siml gitkmls, rbsplambrëa mirbgtkdbatb k `ks prbfuatks qub `bs hlrdu`ba `ks pkrtbs, sus kelfkmls l glasu`tlrbs tégaigls y `ls dibderls mb` trieuak`, ba bsb lrmba y gldbazkaml plr quibabs lhrbgibrla b` dbmil mb prubek. Wi rbsu`tkrk glavbaibatb, b` trieuak` plmrë misplabr qub `ls pbritls prbsbagiba `ls kgtls mb` mbektb. Bstks misplsigilabs sla kp`igke`bs ba `l pbrtiabatb k `ls iatérprbtbs—.  

Gla b` kaë`isis mb `ls krtägu`ls katbrilrbs sb rktihigk `k idplrtkagik mb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb k pbritls mbatrl mb` prlgbsl pbak`, sibaml plr `l tkatl ua vk`ilsl kuxi`ikr ba `k kmdiaistrkgi÷a mb `k nustigik pbak` mbatrl mb` mbeiml prlgbsl. f. B@ IAHLUDB IAHLUDB DB DBMIGL MIGL @BFK@ L MIG]KDBA DB DBMIGL MIGL @BFK@ @BFK@..

]kdeiéa sb `b mbaldiak iahlrdb démigl-`bfk`. Bs b` mlgudbatl qub b` démigl hlrbasb baväk k` trieuak` l k` kfbatb hisgk` qub sb `l lrmba÷, mbsgrieibaml `ls ck``kzfls baglatrkmls ba b` pkgibatb l ba b` gkmëvbr bxkdiakml y hlrdu`kaml `ls mikfa÷stiglss glrrbsplamibatbs: ksä gldl `ks rbspubstks glagrbtks k `l sl` mikfa÷stigl sl`igitkml. igitkml. B` huamkdbatl `bfk` mb` iahlrdb démigl hlrbasb sb bagubatrk ba b` Krtägu`l 57= mb` G÷mifl _rlgbsk` _bak`, Mbgrbtl 2;-95 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk mb Fuktbdk`k qub sbûk`k> ‐Migtkdba. B` migtkdba sbrë huamkml y glatbamrë uak

rb`kgi÷a mbtk``kmk mb `ks lpbrkgilabs prkgtigkmks y sus rbsu`tkmls, `ks lesbrvkgilabs mb `ks pkrtbs l mb sus glasu`tlrbs tégaigls y `ks glag`usilabs qub sb hlrdu`ba rbspbgtls gkmk tbdk pbrigik`, mb dkabrk g`krk y prbgisk. @ls pbritls plmrëa migtkdiakr plr sbpkrkml gukaml bxistk mivbrsimkm mb lpiailabs batrb b``ls. B` migtkdba sb prbsbatkrë plr bsgritl, hirdkml y hbgckml, y lrk`dbatb ba `ks kumibagiks, sbfþa `l misplafk b` trieuak` l `k kutlrimkm katb quiba sbrë rktihigkml—.  

 

 

B` Krtägu`l 572 mb` G÷mifl _rlgbsk` _bak` iamigk> ‐Au bvl migtkdba. Kdp`ikgi÷a.

Gukaml sb bstidkrb iasuhigibatb b` migtkdba, b` trieuak` l b` Diaistbril _þe`igl plmrë lrmbakr `k kdp`ikgi÷a l rbalvkgi÷a mb `k pbritkgi÷a, plr `ls disdls pbritls l plr ltrls mistiatls—. 

Mbsmb b` puatl mb vistk prlgbsk` pbak`, b` iahlrdb démigl `bfk` bs uak prubek pbrigik` qub sbrë prlpubstk ba b` mbektb gldl pkrtb mb` nuigil lrk` pþe`igl, slerb b` guk` b` trieuak` rbk`izkrë su vk`lrkgi÷a pkrk ``bfkr k bstke`bgbr si lgurri÷ b` cbgcl y `ks girguastkagiks ba qub sb prlmunl. B` iahlrdb démigl `bfk` l migtkdba tibab uak rbmkggi÷a kmdiaistrktivk y tégaigk, y gldl tlml mlgudbatl lhigik`: al tibab ua `bafuknb `itbrkril. @ks pkrtbs qub gldprbamb ua iahlrdb démigl `bfk` sla `ks sifuibatbs> k) Iatrlmuggi÷a> glatibab `k hbgck, aþdbrl mb` prlgbsl, b` nubz l b` kfbatb hisgk` k quiba sb mirifb, hbgck y clrk ba qub sb rbk`iz÷ b` bxpbrtknb, mktls fbabrk`bs mb` pkgibatb l mb` gkmëvbr bxkdiakml: y alderb mb` nubz l mb` kfbatb hisgk` qub lrmba÷ b` pbritknb. e) Katbgbmbatbs> Katbgbmbatbs > `ufkr mmlamb lamb sb bagubatrk b` pkgibatb kfrkvikml l ba su gksl b` `ufkr mlamb hub `lgk`izkml b` gkmëvbr, `k cistlrik mb `ls cbgcls lgurrimls y `ls bxtrbdls l b`bdbatls qub b` trieuak` l b` kfbatb hisgk` lrmba÷ qub sb iavbstifkrka. g) Bxplsigi÷a> mbsgripgi÷a mbsgripgi÷a mbtk`` mbtk``kmk kmk mb `ls ck`` ck``kzfls kzfls baglatrkm baglatrkmls. ls. m) Glag`usilabs> ba `ks disdks sb iamigk b` mikfa÷stigl hlrdu`kml y `k rbspubstk glagrbtk y prbgisk mb `ls bxtrbdls l b`bdbatls qub b` trieuak` l b` kfbatb hisgk` mb` Diaistbril _ue`igl sl`igit÷. @ks glag`usilabs sla `k pkrtb mb` iahlrdb démigl `bfk` qub glatibab uak glambaskgi÷a mb tlml `l bxpubstl. Gla `l katbrilrdbatb bxpubstl, sb batibamb qub ua migtkdba démigl `bfk` bs ua dbmil mb prubek qub glatibab `k lpiai÷a mb ua bxpbrtl, `k qub b` nuzfkmlr pubmb kgbptkr l pubmb mbsbstidkr sifuibaml su skak grätigk rkzlakmk: ksä tkdeiéa, mbeb kslgikr bstb migtkdba gla ltrks prubeks prbsbatkmks ba b` mbektb, gla `l qub sb pltbagik`izk b` vk`lr prlektlril mb tlmks `ks prubeks glaglrmkatbs l plmräka

 

 

mbsvirtukrsb: sbfþa b` gksl. Wi uak `by `b le`ifkrk k` trieuak` k kgbptkr ua migtkdba, bstkräk mëaml`b b` pbritl `k gk`imkm mb nubz. c. GBU]IHIGKML DBMIGL.

Bstb tipl mb glastkagik tibab mihbrbatbs uti`imkmbs y al bs pkrk usl bxg`usivl mb` prlgbsl `bfk` gldl sugbmb gla b` iahlrdb démigl `bfk`.   MBHIAIGI×A.

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B` gbrtihigkml démigl bs ua mlgudbatl qub bxtibamb ua démigl y girunkal k pbtigi÷a mb `k pkrtb iatbrbskmk, ba b` guk` sb pubmb ckgbr glastkr> b` akgidibatl, `k sk`um, `k bahbrdbmkm, ua bstkml hisil`÷figl l `k dubrtb mb uak pbrslak. B` gbrtihigkml démigl, k mihbrbagik mb` iahlrdb démigl `bfk`, pubmb sbr sl`igitkml plr ua pkrtigu`kr, pubs b` pridbrl sibdprb bs lrmbakml plr ua trieuak` l plr ua kfbatb hisgk`. B` hkgu`tktivl qub bxtibamb ua gbrtihigkml démigl sb bagubatrk ekskml ba ck``kzfls lenbtivls y mbdlstrke`bs, al plr sidp`bs prbsuagilabs l plr rbhbrbagik mb säatldks mkmks plr b` pkgibatb, yk qub mb sbr ksä sb bstkräk bxtbamibaml ua gbrtihigkml démigl plr gldp`kgbagik y al plr lenbtivimkm.   ]I_LW MB GBU]IHIGKMLW DBMIGLW.

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B` gbrtihigkml démigl bstke`bgb ua cbgcl rb`kgilakml gla `k bstrugturk y huagilakdibatl mb` lrfkaisdl cudkal, yk qub bsk bs `k dktbrik mb bstumil mb `k gibagik démigk: sibaml `ls disdls `ls sifuibatbs> k) Gbrtihigkml mb akgidibatl> `l bxtibamb ua démigl gukaml b` ck siml quiba ksisti÷ b` pkrtl. e) Gbrtihigkml mb eubak sk`um> `l bxtibamb b` démigl gukaml k` bxkdba g`äaigl al bagubatrk aiafuak k`tbrkgi÷a ba b` alrdk` huagilakdibatl mb` lrfkaisdl mb` pkgibatb. g) Gbrtihigkml mb bahbrdbmkm> ba bstb gbrtihigkml b` démigl ckgb glastkr b` mikfa÷stigl baglatrkml murkatb b` bxkdba g`äaigl mb` pkgibatb, pubmb iamigkr

 

 

tkdeiéa `ls détlmls gla qub sb rbk`iz÷ migcl mikfa÷stigl: b` trktkdibatl iastituiml y guk`quibr ltrl mktl qub sbk abgbskril pkrk b` iatbrbskml. m) Gbrtihigkml mb bdekrkzl> ba bstb gbrtihigkml b` démigl ckgb glastkr b` mikfa÷stigl mb bdekrkzl y `k bmkm fbstkgilak` mb` disdl. @l g`ksihigkdls sbpkrkmkdbatb mkml qub b` bdekrkzl bs ua bstkml hisil`÷figl y al ua bstkml pktl`÷figl l bahbrdbmkm gldl brr÷abkdbatb sb `b glasimbrk gla hrbgubagik. b) Gbrtihigkml mb mbhuagi÷a> ba bstb mlgudbatl b` démigl ckgb glastkr `k dubrtb mb uak pbrslak, mbeb iamigkr `k bahbrdbmkm l hk``l huagilak` qub prlmunl mirbgtkdbatb `k dubrtb y `ks ltrks bahbrdbmkmbs l glamigilabs qub mbsbagkmbakrla `k gkusk mb `k dubrtb. GBU]IHIGKML DBMIGL HK@WL.

Wi sb mbdlstrkrb qub ua gbrtihigkml démigl bs hk`sl, b` trieuak` mbatrl mb ua mbeiml prlgbsl pbak` kp`igkrë `ks glasbgubagiks nurämigks qub b` G÷mifl _bak`, Mbgrbtl ;6-67 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk mb Fuktbdk`k prbsgrieb ba su Krtägu`l 758> ‐Hk`sbmkm ba gbrtihigkml. B` hkgu`tktivl qub bxtbamibrb ua gbrtihigkml hk`sl glagbraibatb k `k bxistbagik l iabxistbagik, prbsbatb l pkskmk, mb uak bahbrdbmkm l `bsi÷a, gukaml mb b``l pubmk rbsu`tkr pbrnuigil, sbrë skagilakml gla du`tk mb trbsgibatls k trbs di` qubtzk`bs—. Kmbdës, sb kp`igkrë `k pbak kggbslrik qub iamigk b` disdl g÷mifl ba b` Krtägu`l 26> ‐Iackei`itkgi÷a bspbgik`. @k

iackei`itkgi÷a bspbgik` glasistirë, sbfþa b` gksl> ;¾. Ba `k idplsigi÷a mb k`fuak l k`fuaks mb `ks iackei`itkgilabs bstke`bgimks ba `ls mistiatls iagisls mb` Krtägu`l qub katbgbmb. 5¾. Ba `k prlcieigi÷a k bnbrgbr uak prlhbsi÷a l kgtivimkm guyl bnbrgigil mbpbamb mb uak kutlrizkgi÷a, `igbagik l ckei`itkgi÷a—.  

]kdeiéa b` Krtägu`l 23 mb` G÷mifl _bak`, Mbgrbtl ;6-67 mb` Glafrbsl mb `k Ubpþe`igk

mb

Fuktbdk`k

rbfu`k>

‐Kp`igkgi÷a

mb

iackei`itkgi÷a

bspbgik`.

Glanuatkdbatb gla `k pbak priagipk`, sb idplamrë `k iackei`itkgi÷a bspbgik`, gukaml b` cbgcl mb`igtulsl sb gldbtibrb gla keusl mb` bnbrgigil l gla iahrkggi÷a k mb `ls mbebrbs iacbrbatbs k uak prlhbsi÷a l kgtivimkm—.  Kmbdës mb `k kggi÷a pbak` sbûk`kmk, sb kp`igk `k kggi÷a givi` qub le`ifkrë k rbskrgir tlmls `ls mkûls y pbrnuigils pktridlaik`bs prlvlgkmls plr b` cbgcl mb`igtulsl.

 

 

WBFRAMK WBFRAM K RAIMKM DBMIGIAK @BFK@ ]UKRDK]L@LFIGK k. MBHIAIGI×A.

Bs `k uti`izkgi÷a mb `ls glalgidibatls démigls mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl `bfk` gukaml sb bstumika gksls mb `bsilabs prlvlgkmks plr uak hubrzk bxtbrak k` gubrpl. e. @BWILABW.

Ba ua bstumil mb dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl b` prbsbatb, bs idplrtkatb bxplabr `k mbhiaigi÷a mb `bsilabs, pubs glastituyb uak ‐hifurk tipl— mb mb`itl guyl

glalgidibatl bs idplrtkatb ba b` bnbrgigil prlhbsilak` mb` nuristk, batbambdls gldl `bsi÷a k> ]LML MKÛL L ]LMK K@]BUKGIÕA MB@ ALUDK@ HRAGILAKDIBA]L MB@ LUFKAIWDL CRDKAL. GKRWK L B]IDL@LFIK MB @KW @K W @BWILABW DBGKAIGKW.

@ks `bsilabs dbgëaigks sla `ks prlmugimks plr uak hubrzk bxtbrak qub gclgk glatrk b` gubrpl y qub mkûk dbgëaigkdbatb su bstrugturk y plr bamb su alrdk` huagilakdibatl.

@ks `bsilabs

dbgëaigks

tkdeiéa

sb glalgba

gldl

trkudktisdls  y prbsbatka frka idplrtkagik ba dbmigiak hlrbasb pubstl qub bs `l

dës hrbgubatbdbatb vistl ba `k prëgtigk gltimikak. HIWIGKW.

@ks `bsilabs häsigks sla `ks prlmugimks plr kfbatbs häsigls gldl> b` gk`lr, b` hri÷, `k b`bgtrigimkm iamustrik`, `k b`bgtrigimkm ktdlshérigk, `ks rkmikgilabs, btg. ]LSIGKW.

@ks `bsilabs t÷xigks l iatlxigkgilabs sla `ks prlmugimks plr sustkagiks qub pbabtrka k` lrfkaisdl y k`tbrka su alrdk` huagilakdibatl. Gldl kg`krkgi÷a mirbdls qub su hlrdk mb iafrbsl al bs vil`batk.

 

 

L]UKW GKRWKW.

@ks gkusks l kfbatbs btidl`÷figls mb `ks `bsilabs l bahbrdbmkmbs sla dþ`tip`bs y su bstumil bs pkrtb mb `k gibagik dbmigk> gldl bnbdp`ls mb btidl`lfäks plmbdls gitkr> virus, ekgtbriks, clafls, kfbatbs gkrgia÷fbals, gkrbagik mb b`bdbatls autritivls, k`tbrkgi÷a mb `ls fbabs, mbfbabrkgi÷a mb `ls ÷rfkals mbeiml mbeiml k `k vbnbz, btg. Ba b` prbsbatb mlgudbatl als rbhbridls sl`kdbatb k `ks `bsilabs qub gla dks hrbgubagik glastituyba cbgcls qub tipihigka mb`itls glatrk `k vimk b iatbfrimkm häsigk y bs plr b``l qub vbrbdls `ks `bsilabs mb btil`lfäk trkudëtigk y `ks `bsilabs mb btil`lfäk häsigk pubs kdeks sla prlvlgkmks plr uak hubrzk bxtbrak k` gubrpl y plr `l tkatl sla gkdpl mb bstumil mb `k trkudktl`lfäk hlrbasb. @ks iatlxigkgilabs `ks bstumikrbdls ba b` gkpitu`l mb tlxigl`lfäk hlrbasb, pubs al glastituyba trkudktisdls. g . GLA]RWILABW L ]UKRDK]IWDLW ]UKRDK ]IWDLW

  MBHIAIGIÕA

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Wla `bsilabs prlmugimks plr gubrpls rldls u letusls, bs mbgir qub al tibaba hi`l ai puatk, su dbgkaisdl mb kggi÷a bs `k hubrzk, b` pbsl l `k gldprbasi÷a. @ks glatusilabs l trkudktisdls sb mbhiaba tkdeiéa gldl @k gl`isi÷a batrb ua gubrpl rldl ``kdkml glatuambatb (`k pltbagik) y b` gubrpl cudkal (`k rbsistbagik). Wb ``kdk GLA]RWIÕA KG]IXK gukaml b` lenbtl `bsivl ``bfk k` gubrpl, bnbdp`l uak pbmrkmk, ua `bûkzl, uak cbrimk plr krdk mb hubfl,

btg.: sb ``kdk

GLA]RWIÕA _KWIXK GRKAML B@ GRBU_L CRDKAL @@BFK @K LENB]L @BWIXL, BNBD_@L RAK GKIMK, RAK _UBWI_I]KGIÕA: B]G. ]I_LW MB GLA]RWILABW BSGLUIKGILABW KGILABW L K KEUK EUKWILAB WILABW. W.   BSGLUI

•

Wb glalgba gldþadbatb gldl ‐Uksplabs—. Bs b` MBW_UBAMIDIBA]L MB@

BW]UK]L DKW WR_BUHIGIK@ MB @K _IB@, BW MBGIU @K B_IMBUDIW: bstk

 

 

`bsi÷a prlmugb uak `ifbrk cbdlrrkfik. @ks bxglrikgilabs l kerksilabs sla gkuskmks plr b` mbs`izkdibatl tkafbagik` y vil`batl slerb `k pib`.   B[RIDLWIW.

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@`kdkmks gldþadbatb gldl dlrbtbs l gkrmbak`bs. Wb glalgb gldl tk` k KUBKW XIL@KGBKW [RB GLUUBW_LAMBA K @K CBDLUUKFIK _ULMRGIMK _LU @K UR_]RUK MB XKWLW GK_I@KUBW. @k gkusk dks gldþa mb `ks bquidlsis sla `ls trkudktisdls. Wb lesbrvka gla dës hrbgubagik ba `k supbrhigib mb `k pib`, pbrl pubmba prbsbatkrsb ba guk`quibr ÷rfkal iatbral. Gukaml `k cbdlrrkfik prlmugimk plr `k rupturk mb vksls skafuäabls bs vl`udialsk y al tibab sk`imk k` bxtbrilr mb` gubrpl, sb glalgb gldl CBDK]LDK. @k bxtbasi÷a y sbvbrimkm mb uak bquidlsis mbpbamb mb `k hubrzk kp`igkmk murkatb `k glatusi÷a, pbrl tkdeiéa mb` ërbk kakt÷digk khbgtkmk, bspbgik`dbatb gukaml b` tbniml bs `kxl y mb`fkml gldl `ls përpkmls y `ls fbaitk`bs, ba `ls guk`bs `ks bquidlsis sb prbsbatka gla dës iatbasimkm. K vbgbs `ks bquidlsis als mka b` pktr÷a mb `k glahifurkgi÷a mb` lenbtl gla qub hub glatuamiml l fl`pbkml b` gubrpl, bnbdp`l: `ks gubrmks, `ls mbmls, `ks rbf`ks, b` rkmikmlr mb` gkrrl, btg., sia bdekrfl, bstl al bs `l dës hrbgubatb. Gukaml sb mka bstls pktrlabs k` mbsgrieir `ks bquidlsis mbatrl mb ua iahlrdb dbmigl `bfk`, bstb glastituyb uak bxgb`batb prubek pbrigik` pkrk b` nuzfkmlr. Fbabrk`dbatb b` ërbk mlamb sb prbsbatk `k bquidlsis glrrbsplamb k` ërbk mb `k glatusi÷a, sia bdekrfl pubmba prbsbatkrsb ba ltrks ërbks, pubs b` iahi`trkml cbdlrrëfigl pubmb mihuamirsb mbpbamibaml mb` tipl tbniml qub khbgtb. Ba `k prkgtigk dbmigl `bfk` bstb glalgidibatl bs idplrtkatb, pubs b` migtkdba plmräk iamigkr `k kusbagik mb bquidlsis mlamb b` kfrkvikml mbg`krk ckebr`ks rbgieiml, ksä gldl `k prbsbagik mb bquidlsis mlamb b` kfrkvikml mbg`krk al ckebr`ls rbgieiml, `l guk` glastituyb pkrk b` nuzfkmlr ua glah`igtl mb vk`lrkgi÷a batrb `k prubek pbrigik` y `k mbg`krkgi÷a mb` kfrkvikml.

 

 

Hrbgubatb dbatb `ks bquidlsis prlhuamks al sla vistks bxtbrakdbatb, plr bnbdp`l `ks mb` gubrl gkeb``uml qub si sb lesbrvka g`krkdbatb k` misbgkr b` tbniml gukaml sb prkgtigk `k abgrlsglpik. @ks bquidlsis prbsbatka gkdeils mb gl`lrkgi÷a mbeiml k `k mbsakturk`izkgi÷a mb `k cbdlf`leiak mb `k skafrb, bstls gkdeils tibab `k sifuibatb bvl`ugi÷a> pþrpurk, kzu` lsgurl, vil`btk, vbrmb, kdkri``l lsgurl y kdkri``l pë`iml, mbspués mb `l guk` mbskpkrbgba. B` tibdpl qub tkrmb uak bquidlsis mbsmb qub kpkrbgb ckstk qub sb mbsiatbfrk, ksä gldl b` tibdpl qub tkrmk pkrk pkskr mb uak gl`lrkgi÷a k ltrk, bs gldp`btkdbatb vkrike`b, yk qub pubmb sbr mb mäks l mb dbsbs, mbpbamibaml mb dugcls hkgtlrbs. Mbeiml k `l katbrilr, ua pbritl mbeb sbr duy guimkmlsl pkrk al iagurrir ba brrlr k` prbgiskr b` tibdpl mb bvl`ugi÷a mb uak glatusi÷a gukaml bstk sb eksk ba `k gl`lrkgi÷a mb `k bquidlsis. @k kusbagik mb bquidlsis al sifaihigk abgbskrikdbatb qub al ckyk ckeiml glatusi÷a ba bsk ërbk, plr bnbdp`l, ba `k pkrbm katbrilr k` kemldba, ba mlamb pubmba ck``krsb bxtbasks `bsilabs iatbraks prlvlgkmks plr `k glatusi÷a kemldiak` sia baglatrkrsb glatusilabs ba migck pkrbm. @k bxtbasi÷a y sbvbrimkm mb `k bquidlsis al sibdprb iamigk `k iatbasimkm mb `k hubrzk gla qub sb prlmunl `k glatusi÷a, pubs bxistba dugcls hkgtlrbs qub `l mbtbrdiaka, bnbdp`l> `k bmkm, b` sbxl, b` ërbk kakt÷digk khbgtkmk, `k glamigi÷a mb `k pbrslak, b` bstkml mb sk`um, `k lebsimkm, `k prbsbagik mb bahbrdbmkmbs skafuäabks, skafuäab ks, btg.   @KGBUKGILABW.

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@`kdkmk tkdeiéa ktrigi÷a. Wb glalgb gldl tk` k ua tipl mb glatusi÷a _ULMRGIMK _LU @K GKIMK MB RA LENB]L _BWKML WLEUB B@ GRBU_L L _KU]B MB@ DIWDL, prlvlgk uak bxtbask mbstruggi÷a mb `ls tbnimls qub vk mbsmb pib` ckstk cubsls u ÷rfkals iatbrals. Ba kggimbatbs mb trkeknl `ks ërbks kakt÷digks dks hrbgubatbdbatb khbgtkmks sla `ks bxtrbdimkmbs. Ba aubstrl dbmil `ls kp`kstkdibatls dës glduabs sla `ls prlmugimls plr `ls ktrlpb``ls mb vbcigu`l.

 

 

KW]KDIBA]L. DIBA]L.     K_@ KW]K

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@`kdkmk tkdeiéa ktrigi÷a. Wb glalgb gldl tk` k ua tipl mb glatusi÷a prlmugimk plr `k gkämk mb ua lenbtl pbskml slerb b` gubrpl l pkrtb mb` disdl, prlvlgk uak bxtbask mbstruggi÷a mb `ls tbnimls qub vk mbsmb pib` ckstk cubsls u ÷rfkals iatbrals. Ba kggimbatbs mb trkeknl `ks ërbks kakt÷digks dës hrbgubatbdbatb khbgtkmks sla `ks bxtrbdimkmbs. Ba aubstrl dbmil `ls kp`kstkdibatl kp`kstkdibatlss dës glduabs sla `ls prlmugimls plr b` ktrlpb``l mb vbcägu`ls.

  CBUIMKW GLA]RWKW.

•

@ks cbrimks glatusks sla uak hlrdk mb `kgbrkgi÷a, su glamigi÷a mb cbrimk bs mkmk plrqub glastituyb uak sl`ugi÷a mb glatiauimkm mb `k pib`, `k guk` bs prlmugimk plr uak glatusi÷a. Wu hlrdk bs irrbfu`kr, pubmb sbr bstrb``kmk l pubmb sbr `iabk` pbrl gla quiberbs ba su mirbggi÷a. @ls elrmbs mb bstks cbrimks bstëa sibdprb mbspbfkmls mb` tbniml sueykgbatb, slerb tlml si b` disdl `l glastituyb bstrugturk ÷sbk, bnbdp`l `k gkebzk. @ls elrmbs mb bstks cbrimks prbsbatka bxglrikgilabs y bquidlsis, pubs `ks disdks sla sbguamkrik sbguamkrikss k `k glatusi÷a. @ks cbrimks glatusks prbsbatka gkrkgtbrästigkdbatb _RBA]BW MBUDIGLW qub glasistba ba hierks mb tbniml qub uaba kdels elrmbs mb `k cbrimk. @k DLUMBMRUK bs ua tipl mb cbrimk glatusk prlmugimk plr `k pbabtrkgi÷a mb `ks pibzks mbatk`bs mbeiml k `k prbsi÷a: `k idprbsi÷a qub mbnk gkmk mibatb y `k krgkmk mbatkrik gldp`btk pubmb iamigkr si bs dlrmbmurk cudkak l dlrmbmurk kaidk`.   _UBGI_I]KGIÕA.

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Wb batibamb batibamb gldl tk` k` @KA^KD @KA^KDIBA]L IBA]L MB RAK _BUWLAK KMBWMB RAK K@]RUK MB DKW MB 2? DB]ULW. Wi b` sunbtl bstk mb pib, l k uak k`turk al sifaihigktivk,, sb glalgb sidp`bdbatb gldl GKIMK. sifaihigktivk Ba gkmëvbrbs mb sunbtls qub cka suhriml prbgipitkgilabs sb bagubatrk k vbgbs b` sifal mb EL@WK MB ARBGBW qub glasistb ba qub `k pib` sb bagubatr bagubatrk k iatbfrk, bs mbgir sia bquidlsis, `kgbrkgilabs y ai glatusilabs dibatrks qub ba b` bsqub`btl sb ckyka hrkgturks dþ`tip`bs y bxtbasks `kgbrkgilab `kgbrkgilabss ba `ks väsgbrks.

 

 

Wi ba `k prbgipitkgi÷a b` sunbtl gkb mb pib, `ks vértberks gbrvigbs pbabtrka ba `k gkvimkm grkabkak: si bs `k gkebzk `k qub pridbrl ckgb b` glatkgtl, bstk suhrb ua kp`kstkdibatl qub rbmugb glasimbrke`bdbatb b` vl`udba. m. CBUIMKW. MBHIAIGIÕA.

Wb ``kdka cbrimks k @K WL@RGIÕA MB GLA]IARIMKM LGKWILAKMK BA @KW _KU]BW E@KAMKW MB@ GRBU_L, _ULXLGKMK _LU RAK XIL@BAGIK BS]BUILU. CBUIMKW CBUIM KW _ULMRG _ULMRGIMKW IMKW _LU KUDK E@ KAGK.

Wla prlmugimks _LU IAW]URDBA]LW [RB _LWBBA @LAFI]RM, _UBWB]KA RAL L KDELW ELUMBW KHI@KMLW Y BS]UBDIMKM KFRMK L BS]UBDIMKM ULDK. K glatiaukgi÷a bxplamrbdls `ls tipls mb cbrimks qub prlmugba bstb tipl mb krdks.   CBUIMKW GLU]KA]BW.

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@`kdkmks tkdeiéa cbrimks IAGIWKW. B` dbgkaisdl plr b` qub ua krdk prlmugb uak cbrimk mb bstb tipl bs `k prbsi÷a y b` mbs`izkdibatl mb su elrmb glrtkatb slerb `k pib`. @ks cbrimks glrtkatbs prbsbatka

`ks sifuibatb sifuibatbss gkrkgtbrästi gkrkgtbrästigks> gks> k) prbsbatka

dkylr `lafitum qub prlhuamimkm: e) prbsbatka elrmbs aätimls, bs mbgir qub sus elrmbs sla `iabk`bs y sia iambatkgilabs ai sifals mb glatusi÷a: y g) b` bxtrbdl mlamb sb iaigil bs prlhuaml y b` bxtrbdl hiak` vk pbrmibaml su prlhuamimkm `batkdbatb ckstk mbskpkrbgbr, sb glalgb gldl GL@K MB UK]LA. Ba `k prkgtigk dbmigl `bfk` bs idplrtkatb rbglalgbr `ks cbrimks glrtkatbs gldpktie`bs gla gla suigimil, guyk `lgk`izkgi÷a ka kakt÷digk kt÷digk dks hrbgubatb bs `k gkrk katbrilr mb `ks duûbgks mb `ks dkals, `ls p`ibfubs mb `ls erkzls, b` gub``l y `k

 

 

rbfi÷a iafuialgrurk`: bstks cbrimks sla `iabk`bs y dþ`tip`bs, prbsbatkaml uaks dës prlhuamimkm qub ltrks.   CBUIMKW _RA^KA]BW.

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@`kdkmks tkdeiéa cbrimks _BUHLUKA]BW Wla prlmugimks plr iastrudbatls `lafitumiak`bs. _ubmba sbr gi`iamrigls l prbsbatkr kristks, `k puatk mb `ls disdls pubmba sbr kfumk l rldk, bnbdp`l: kfunk, g`kvl, `bzak, puaz÷a, pigkcib`l, mbstlrai``kmlr, h`bgck, btg. B` dbgkaisdl plr b` qu bsb prlmugb bstb tipl mb cbrimk bs `k rupturk mb `ls tbnimls qub prlmugb `k puatk mb` iastrudbatl mbeiml k `k prbsi÷a mb` disdl. @ks cbrimks puazkatbs prbsbatk ua lrihigil mb batrkmk, uak trkybgtlrik y k`fuaks vbgbs ua lrihigl mb sk`imk. B` lrihigil mb batrkmk pubmb sbr puatihlrdb, trikafu`kr, gukmrkafu`kr, mb dbmik`uak, btg., k vbgb sb rbprlmugb `k hlrdk mb `k puatk mb` iastrudbatl gla qub sb prlmunl. Gukaml b` iastrudbatl bs duy hial, mbeiml k `k glkfu`kgi÷a skafuäabk `k cbrimk sb gibrrk, bstl lgksilak qub k` bxkdba bxtbral mb` gkmëvbr `ks disdks pksba iakmvbrtimks, al ksä `ks `bsilabs iatbraks qub sla dës sbvbrks. Mbeiml k `k b`kstigimkm mb `ls tbnimls mb` gubrpl, `k prlhuamimkm mb `k cbrimk pubmb sbr dkylr qub `k `lafitum mb` krdk uti`izkmk.

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  CBUIMKW _RA^L GLU]KA]BW. Wla prlmugimks plr iastrudbatls qub prbsbatka uak clnk gla hi`l ba ual l kdels elrmbs y uak puatk kfumk. B` dbgkaisdl plr b` qub sb prlmugba bstks cbrimks glrrbsplamb k `ls mls dbgkaisdls mb `ks cbrimks katbrilrdbatb mbsgritks, pubs kggilak b` hi`l, `k puatk, `k prbsi÷a y b` glrtb. @ls elrmbs mb bstks cbrimks sla `iabk`bs y gurvls, plr bsl sla ``kdkmks ba lnk`. @ls bxtrbdls mb `k cbrimk als iamigka si b` krdk prbsbatkek hi`l ba ual l ba kdels elrmbs, pubs b` bxtrbdl mb `k cbrimk qub glrrbsplamb k` elrmb khi`ikml mb`

 

 

krdk prbsbatk uak hlrdk kfumk y b` bxtrbdl mb `k cbrimk qub glrrbsplamb k` elrmb sia hi`l mb` krdk prbsbatk hlrdk mb dubsgk. ]katl `k prlhuamimkm gldl `k `lafitum mb bstb tipl mb cbrimks pubmba sbr dkylrbs qub `k `lafitum y b` kagcl mb ` krdk uti`izkmk mbeiml k `k b`kstigimkm mb `ls tbnimls.   CBUIMKW GLU]LGLA]RAMBA]BW.

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Wla prlmugimks plr iastrudbatls qub prbsbatka ua kclnk gla ekstkatb l plgl hi`l y su dbgkaisdl mb kggi÷a bs b` pbsl mb` iastrudbatl l `k hubrzk qub sb `b idpridb, bs mbgir qub glrtk y glatuamb. @k prlhuamimkm mb `ks cbrimks glrtl glatuambatbs mbpbamb mb `k hubrzk qub ``bvk b` iastrudbatl, pubmb pbabtrkr ckstk dþsgu`ls, cubsls y ÷rfkals iatbrals: ksä tkdeiéa pubmb prlmugir gukmrls kpkrktlsls gldl `k mbgkpitkgi÷a, `k duti`kgi÷a l b` mbsgukrtizkd mbsgukrtizkdibatl. ibatl. @ls eelrmbs lrmbs mb bstks cbrimks sla `iabk`bs y prbsbatka bquidlsis. Bstb tipl mb cbrimks al prbsbatka `ls pubatbs mérdigls qub sb bagubatrka ba `ks cbrimks glatusks. @ks cbrimks glrtlglatumbatbs mb mbhbask sb `lgk`izka ba katberkzls y gkrk mlrsk` mb dkals, éstks sb prlvlgka gukaml b` kfrbmiml trktk mb bvitkr qub `b `bsilaba `k gkebzk. b. EK@IW]IGK.

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  MBHIAIGI×A.

@k ek`ästigk sb mbhiab gldl> B` bstumil mb `ks krdks mb hubfl y sus prlybgti`bs, b` k`gkagb, `k mirbggi÷a y `ls bhbgtls qub bstls prlmugba. Guk`quibr bstumil qub sb ckfk mb ek`ästigk y mbek sbr iahlrdkml ba ua migtkdba pkrk glastituir prubek pbrigik`, ckgb qub `k ek`ästigk sb glavibrtk ba ek`ästigk hlrbasb.

 

 

UKDKW MB @K EK@IW]IG EK @IW]IGK. K. EK@IW]IGK EK @IW]IGK IA]BUILU.

@k ek`ästigk iatbrilr sb lgupk mb` bstumil mb tlmls `ls hba÷dbals qub lgurrba ba b` krdk k pkrtir mb` dldbatl ba qub `k kfunk pbrguslrk fl`pbk b` hu`diakatb mb` gkrtugcl ckstk qub b` prlybgti` sk`b plr `k elgk mb hubfl mb` gkûla. ]kdeiéa sb lgupk mb tlml `l rb`ktivl k `k bstrugturk, dbgkaisdl y huagilakdibatl mb` krdk mb hubfl. Bstk rkdk mb `k ek`ästigk aall glrrbspl glrrbsplamb amb k `k dbmigiak dbmigiak hlrbasb. EK@IW]IGK EK @IW]IGK BS]BUILU.

@k ek`ästigk bxtbrilr bstumik `ls hba÷dbals qub lgurrba k` prlybgti` mbsmb b` dldbatl ba qub yk sk`b mb` krdk ckstk qub mk ba b` e`kagl. Bstk rkdk mb `k ek`ästigk tkdplgl glrrbsplamb k `k dbmigiak hlrbasb. EK@IWI]IGK EK @IWI]IGK MB BHBG]LW

@k ek`ästigk mb bhbgtls gldl su alderb `l iamigk, bstumik `l mkûls prlmugimls plr b` prlybgti` slerb b` lenbtl qub glastituyb su e`kagl. Ba ua bstumil mb dbmigiak hlrbasb gldl b` prbsbatb, bs bstk `k rkdk mb ek`ästigk qub dës iatbrbsk, pubs `ls bhbgtls mb `ls prlybgti`bs sla `ks `bsilabs qub prlvlgka y qub pubmba glastituir mb`itls glatrk `k vimk y `k iatbfrimkm häsigk. Ra bxpbrtknb l pbritknb mb ek`ästigk mb bhbgtls qub rbvistb idplrtkagik mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl pbak` bs b` qub imbatihigk ua krdk k trkvés mb `k lnivk mb` prlybgti` baglatrkml, bstl sb `lfrk kak`izkaml ba `k disdk `ks dkrgks qub `b mbnka `ks bsträks mb` gkû÷a mb` krdk, migcks dkrgks pkrtigu`krizka k gkmk krdk. Bstb bs ua bxpbrtknb duy mbgisivl ba `k iavbstifkgi÷a gridiak`ästigk l pl`igik`, sia bdekrfl tk` bxpbrtknb al bs dbmigl `bfk` pubs `k dktbrik mb bstumil al glrrbsplamb k `ks gibagiks démigks. @ls pbritknbs mb ek`ästigk hlrbasb qub glrrbsplamba k `k dbmigiak hlrbasb sla `ls rb`kgilakmls k `ks cbrimks qub prlmugba `ls prlybgti`bs prlybgti`bs,, mb bsk dkabrk sb bstke`bgb b` mikfa÷stigl mb `ks cbrimks plr krdk mb hubfl y `k dkabrk ba qub prlmunl b` mispkrl.

 

 

  LUIHIGIL MB BA]UKMK.

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B` miëdbtrl mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk mbpbamb mb `k vb`lgimkm mb` prlybgti`, mb sus dlvidibatls firktlrils, mb `k plsigi÷a mb` prlybgti` k su batrkmk, mb `ks gkrkgtbrästigks mb `k pib` ktrkvbskmk, mb `k prbsbagik mb tbniml frksl, mb `k prbsbagik mb tbniml ÷sbl, btg., Gla tlml bstl sb batibamb qub b` miëdbtrl mb` lrihigil mb batrkmks mb` prlybgti` al bstë mbtbrdiakml sl`kdbatb plr b` gk`ierb mb` disdl. @k hlrdk mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk fbabrk`dbatb bs rbmlaml, pbrl pubmb sbr k`krfkml, bstrb``kml, sbdi`uakr, irrbfu`kr, btg., tlml mbpbambrë mb `k plsigi÷a qub ``bvkek b` prlybgti` k su iafrbsl.

@k hlrdk mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk tkdeiéa

mbpbambrë mb ltrls hkgtlrbs qub kmb`katb bxplamrbdls. B` lrihigil mb batrkmk bs þaigl pkrk gkmk prlybgti`, pbrl pubmba sbr vkrils si k` sk`ir éstb vub`vb k pbabtrkr k` gubrpl, bnbdp`l> k` ktrkvbskr ua dibderl supbrilr, uak lrbnk, uak dkdk, btg. Bstls lrihigils pubmba `lgk`izkrs `lgk`izkrsbb ba guk`quibr pkrtb mmb` b` gubrpl l ba `ls lrihigils akturk`bs mb` disdl, bnbdp`l> `k elgk, `ls lrihigils aksk`bs, `ls glamugtls kumitivls, btg. ^LAK MB BANRFKDIBA]L. BAN RFKDIBA]L.

@`kdkmk tkdeiéa zlak mb `idpibzk. _rbsbatk uak hlrdk mb kai``l, hlrdkmk plr `ls b`bdbatls qub ``bvk b` prlybgti` idprbfakml ba su supbrhigib batrb b``ls plmbdls gitkr> b` `uerigkatb mb frksk l kgbitb qub tbafk b` krdk ba su iatbrilr, `k cbrruderb, pkrtägu`ks mb p`ldl, si sb trktk mb prlybgti` e`iamkml plmrëa prbsbatkrsb pkrtigu`krbs mb glerb l aäqub`. ^LAK MB GLA]RWI×A.

Katbrilrdbatb bxp`igkdls ba qub glasistb uak glatusi÷a, kclrk sb batbambrë pbrhbgtkdbatb qub b` prlybgti` k` gclgkr glatrk b` gubrpl prlvlgk ua trkudktisdl qub rldpb `k pib`, y gkuskrë `bsilabs gldl bxglrikgilabs, `kgbrkgilabs y bquidlsis.

 

 

@k zlak mb banufkdibatl gukaml sb prbsbatk bstë supbrpubstk k `k zlak mb glatusi÷a, pubs b` prlybgti` sb `idpik slerb uak zlak qub k` disdl tibdpl glatuamb. @k zlak mb glatusi÷a prbsbatk ua kagcl mb ; k 5 dd, k` prbsbatkrsb tkdeiéa `k zlak mb banufkdibatl éstk tibab b` disdl bspbslr. B` bstumil mb `k zlak mb banukdibatl als kyumk k bstke`bgbr `k mirbggi÷a qub ``bvkek b` prlybgti` gukaml iafrbs÷ k` gubrpl, yk qub si b` kagcl bs uaihlrdb sifaihigk qub pbabtr÷ pbrpbamigu`krdbatb: si b` kai``l prbsbatk uak rbfi÷a dës kagck, sifaihigk qub éstk hub `k mirbggi÷a qub ``bvkek. ^LAK MB [RBDKMRUK.

B` prlybgti` bs bxpu`skml mb` krdk plr `k bxp`lsi÷a mb fksbs qub kmbdës mb `k babrfäk fbabrka ua hlflakzl. Wi `k iatbasimkm mb` gk`lr k`gkazk k` gubrpl, sb prlmugb uak qubdkmurk mb pridbr frkml. Wi b` mispkrl sb prkgtigk slerb `k rlpk, `k qubdkmurk sb prlmugb slerb éstk y al k`gkazk `k pib`. ^LAK MB ]K]RKNB.

Wb `b ``kdk ksä k` glanuatl mb pbqubûks `bsilabs prlmugimks plr `k iagrustkgi÷a mb frkals mb p÷`vlrk al qubdkmk l sbdiqubdkmk. Bstks pkrtägu`ks mb p÷`vlrk sla `kazkmks gldl pbqubûls prlybgti`bs, pbabtrkaml sidu`tëabkdbatb gla b` prlybgti`. @ls frkals mb p÷`vlrk qub prlvlgka b` tktuknb sb vka sbpkrkaml k dbmils qub b` mispkrl sb vk bhbgtukaml dës `bnls. ]katl `k qubdkmurk gldl b` tktuknb sla `ks `bsilabs qub prbsbatk `k pib` mb `ls k`rbmbmlrbs mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk, `ks guk`bs al mbskpkrbgba gla b` `idpikml ai b` `kvkml mb bsk rbfi÷a.

 

 

^LAK MB KCRDKDIBA]L.

@`kdkmk tkdeiéa psbumltktuknb. Wb hlrdk plr `ls prlmugtls mb gldeusti÷a mb `ls frksbs qub fbabrka b` mispkrl, bs mbgir, b` cudl qub sb idprbfak ba `ls k`rbmbmlrbs mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk. Bstk zlak pubmb ckgbrsb mbskpkrbgbr gla b` `kvkml mb `k rbfi÷a.   ]UKYBG]LUIK.

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Bs `k `bsi÷a qub prlmugb b` rbglrriml iatrkglrplrk` mb` prlybgti`. Al sb prlmugb ba `äabk rbgtk, pubs suhrb mbsvikgilabs mbeiml k` gclqub mb` prlybgti` glatrk `ls tbnimls, bspbgik`dbatb `ls cubsls. Ba su pksl b` prlybgti` prlvlgk `kgbrkgilabs mb väsgbrks y cubsls. Wi b` prlybgt prlybgti`i` sb hrkfdb hrkfdbatk atk k` gclgk gclgkrr glatrk sup supbrhigibs brhigibs ÷sbks pubmba baglatrkrsb vkriks trkybgtlriks.

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LUIHIGIL GIL MB WK@IMK WK@IMK..   LUIHI

Bs `k cbrimk prlvlgkmk plr b` prlybgti` k` sk`ir mb` gubrpl. Wu hlrdk bs irrbfu`kr y pubmb prbsbatkr mbsfkrrls. Wu tkdkûl bs fbabrk`dbatb dës frkamb qub b` mb batrkmk. _ubmb prbsbatkr bxglrikgilabs plr b` bstirkdibatl qub `b ck prlmugiml k `k pib`, pbrl éstb al glastituyb uak zlak mb glatusi÷a gldl b` qub prbsbatk b` lrihigil mb batrkmk. Bstb lrihigil tkdplgl prbsbatk zlak mb banufkdibatl, zlak mb qubdkmurk, zlak mb tktuknb ai zlak mb kcudkdibatl.

 

 

]BUGBUK ]BUGB UK RAIMKM

  G@KWIHIGKGI×A MB @LW MIW_KULW WBFÞA WBFÞA @K MIW]KAGIK.

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E LGK MB N KUUL L MB GLA]KG]L.    K ELGK

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Bstb mispkrl bs b` qub sb prlmugb gukaml `k elgk mb hubfl mb` krdk bs gl`lgkmk mirbgtkdbatb slerb b` gubrpl. Wu hlrdk bs irrbfu`kr slerb tlml si cky cubsl sueykgbatb ba bsk rbfi÷a gldl b` gksl mb` grëabl ba mlamb bstb lrihigil bs bstrb``kml y mb frka frka tkdkûl. Ba bstb tipl mb mispkrls pubmb baglatrkrsb `k dkrgk qub mbnk `k elgk mb hubfl mb` krdk slerb `k pib` `l guk` sb mbeb k` gk`batkdibatl y k `k lamk bxpkasivk. Bstk dkrgk bs `l qub sb glalgb gldl sifal mb puppb. ]kdeiéa pubmb baglatrkrsb k`rbmbmlr mb` lrihigil mb batrkmk qub prbsbatk b` cubsl ktrkvbskml, ua kai``l mb cudl, glalgiml gldl sifal mb Ebakssi. Ba bstb tipl mb mispkrls `k zlak mb glatusi÷a bs duy dkrgkmk y al sb bagubatrk zlak mb tktuknb, zlak mb qubdkmurk ai zlak mb kcudkdibatl, pubs `ls b`bdbatls qub `ks prlmugba pbabtrka mirbgtkdbatb k` gubrpl nuatl gla b` prlybgti`.    K GLU]K MIW]KAGIK MIW]KAGIK..

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Ba b` lrihigil mb batrkmk mb ua mispkrl prlvlgkml k uak mistkagik batrb 2 y ;2 gbatädbtrls sb bagubatrk `k zlak mb qubdkmurk, bs plr b``l qub sb ``kdk mispkrl k qubdkrrlpk: `k mihbrbagik mb `k mistkagik mbpbamb mb` tipl mb krdk uti`izkmk. Batrb `ls mispkrls prlmugimls batrb ; gbatädbtrl gldl däaidl y 2? k 62 dëxidl, baglatrkdls `k zlak mb tktuknb y `k zlak mb kcudkdibatl.

Bstk mistkagik

tkdeiéa mbpbamb mb` tipl mb krdk uti`izkmk. MIW]KAGIK..    K @ KUFK MIW]KAGIK

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Ba b` lrihigil mb batrkmk mb bstls mispkrls sl`kdbatb baglatrkdls `k zlak mb glatusi÷a y `k zlak mb banufkdibatl, bstk þ`tidk plmräk al baglatrksb si b` prlybgti` sb ck `idpikml k` ktrkvbskr `ks rlpks. @ls mispkrls k `krfk mistkagik sla `ls prlvlgkmls k dës mb 2? l 62 gbatädbtrls, bstk mihbrbagik mbpbamb mb` tipl mb krdk uti`izkmk.

 

 

WRIGIMKW _LU K KUDK UDK MB HRBFL.   CBUIMKW WRIGIMKW

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Ba bstks cbrimks pubmba baglatrkrsb sifal prbsuativl, pbrl auagk glastituyba sifals glag`uybatbs glag`uybatb s mb suigimil. Mbatrl mb` prlgbsl pbak` b` nuzfkmlr tbamrë qub kslgikr b` migtkdba pbrigik` mb` démigl hlrbasb gla ltrls b`bdbatls prlektlrils qub sb `b prbsbatba pkrk plmbr bstke`bgbr `k dkabrk l d÷vi` mb` mispkrl. Ba rb`kgi÷a k `ls mispkrls suigimks plr krdk mb hubfl plmbdls bstke`bgbr> k) @ls mispkrls k elgk mb nkrrl sla prbsuativls mb suigimil, ba gkdeil `ls mispkrls k qubdkrrlpk sl`l pbrditba uak slspbgck: e) @k `lgk`izkgi÷a kakt÷digk ba lrmba mb dkylr k dbalr hrbgubagik bs `k sifuibatb> rbfi÷a tbdplrk` mbrbgck l izquibrmk sbfþa `k `ktbrk`imkm mb `k vägtidk, pk`kmkr murl, rbfi÷a prbglrmik`, rbfi÷a suedbatlabkak y rbfi÷a hrlatk`: g) Wi b` aþdbrl mb mispkrls bs mb ual, glastituyb uak prbsuagi÷a, si sb trktk mb mls, plmräk glastituir uak slspbgck, dës mb mls mispkrls mbsgkrtk tltk`dbatb ua suigimil: m) @k mirbggi÷a mb` mispkrl bs mb keknl ckgik krriek y mb kmb`katb ckgik ktrës. @k prubek mb pkrkhiak qub sb uti`izkek pkrk iavbstifkr aitritls ba `k dkal mb` slspbgclsl mb ckebr mispkrkml ck siml mbsgkrtkmk pubs prlmugb hk`sls plsitivls, mb dkabrk qub al glastituyb prubek mb gkrfl mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl pbak`. CBUIMKW _ULMRGIMKW _LU BWGL_B]K.

@ks bsglpbtks huagilaka gla duaigilabs qub glasistba ba ua gi`iamrl mb gkrt÷a l mb p`ëstigl glatbaibaml pbqubûks bshbrks mb p`ldl glalgimks gldl pbrmiflabs, `ks guk`bs glastituyba `ls prlybgti`bs qub sla mispkrkmls sidu`tëabkdbatb ba uak disdk mbtlakgi÷a. Ba b` hlaml mb` gi`iamrl sb bagubatrk ua misgl mb hib`trl l mb p`ëstigl ``kdkml tkgl y bs b` qub bdpunk `ls pbrmiflabs mbeiml k `k mbh`kfrkgi÷a mb `k p÷`vlrk. B` lrihigil mb batrkmk bs þaigl gukaml tlmls `ls pbrmiflabs batrka sidu`tëabkdbatb, fbabrk`dbatb bstl sb prlmugb k uak mistkagik mb gbrl k ua dbtrl. K pkrtir mb bsb dbtrl mb mistkagik `ls pbrmiflabs sb sbpkrka y prlvlgka su prlpil lrihigil mb batrkmk:

batrb dkylr sbk `k mistkagik, dkylr sbrë `k

sbpkrkgi÷a qub tbafka `ls lrihigils batrb sä.

 

 

Ba b` prbsbatb bstumil mb ek`ästigk hlrbasb cbdls cbgcl uak erbvb bxplsigi÷a mb `ks cbrimks prlmugimks plr pistl`ks y rbv÷`vbrbs mb usl gldþa, ksä gldl `l rb`kgilakml k `ks cbrimks prlmugimks plr bsglpbtk, pubs sla ``ks ks dës hrbgubatbs ba `k prëgtigk démigl `bfk` gltimikak. Bxistb uak mivbrsimkm mb krdks bspbgik`bs guyks cbrimks prbsbatk pktrlabs bspbgähigls, plr bnbdp`l> husi`bs mb ksk`tl l mb fubrrk, kdbtrk``kmlrks, gkrkeiaks, suehusi`bs l dbtrk``btks, btg., guyl bstumil glastituyb tlmk uak bspbgik`imkm. h. KGGIMBA]BW MB ]UËAWI]L.

  MBHIAGILABW.

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Wb mbhiab gldl kggimbatbs mb trëasitl k `ls prlvlgkmls plr vbcägu`ls, prlmugibaml `bsilabs y dubrtb k pbrslaks l k kaidk`bs y mkûls dktbrik`bs, `ls guk`bs sla lgksilakmls ba `k väk pþe`igk.

Wb mbhiab gldl ktrlpb``l k `ls trkudktisdls qub suhrb uak pbrslak prlvlgkmls plr ua vbcägu`l l ua kaidk` pbskml ba dlvidibatl.   HKWBW MB@ K]UL_B@@L.

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Bstumikrbdls `l rb`kgilakml k` ktrlpb``l prlvlgkml plr vbcägu`ls mb guktrl rubmks yk qub sla `ls dës hrbgubatbs ba aubstrl dbmil.   HKWB MB GCL[RB.

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@k glastituyb b` glatkgtl trkudëtigl batrb `k pbrslak ba plsigi÷a mb pib l gkdiakaml y b` vbcägu`l ba dkrgck. B` idpkgtl pridkril `l glastituyba `ls trkudktisdl qub suhrb b` pbkt÷a k` gclgkr glatrk b` vbcägu`l, éstls sla prlvlgkmls plr b` pkrkgclqubs, su `lgk`izkgi÷a kakt÷digk mbpbamb tkatl mb `k k`turk mb` vbcägu`l gldl mb `k bstkturk mb` pbkt÷a. Fbabrk`dbatb glasistba ba trkudktisdls mb dibderls iahbrilrbs. B` idpkgtl sbguamkril `ls glastituyb `ls trkudktisdls qub suhrb b` pbkt÷a k` gkbr slerb b` vbcägu`l.

 

 

  HKWB MB GKIMK.

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@k glastituyb b` `kazkdibatl mb `k pbrslak ktrlpb``kmk glatrk b` sub`l. @ls trkudktisdls prlvlgkmls ba bstk hksb sla prbmldiakatb ba `k pkrtb supbrilr mb` gubrpl.   HKWB MB K_@KW]KDIBA]L.

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@k glastituyb b` pksl mb` vbcägu`l slerb `k pbrslak ktrlpb``kmk. @ls trkudktisd trkudktisdls ls prlvlgkmls ba bstk hksb sla sbvbrks `kgbrkgilabs mb väsgbrks, hrkgturks mb bxtrbdimkmbs, hrkgturk du`tihrkfdbatkrik mb grëabl k vbgbs sla bxpu`si÷a mb bagéhk`l. Ba `k pib` sb lesbrvka `kgbrkgil `kgbrkgilabs abs prlvlgkmks plr b` pbsl pbsl y hriggi÷a mb `ks ``katks: ksä tkdeiéa sb baglatrkrka `ks dkrgks mb bstks ``katks yk sb plr bquidlsis l plr `k tibrrk qub tbaäka idprbfakmk ba `ks cbamimurks. Gukaml `ks ``katks al pkska mirbgtkdbatb slerb b` gubrpl sial qub `l rbgckzka, prlvlgka ua mbspbfkdibatl l kvu`si÷a mb `k pib` y tbniml gb`u`kr suegutëabl mbnkaml k` mbsgueibrtl b` dþsgu`l l `ks bstrugturks ÷sbks.   HKWB MB KUUKW]UB.

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Wb prlmugb gukaml b` gubrpl mb `k vägtidk qubmk bafkagckml ba b` vbcägu`l y bs krrkstrkml slerb `k väk.

@ls trkudktisdls trkudktisdl s prlvlgkmls ba bstk hksb sla

bxglrikgilabs `iabk`bs dþ`tip`bs qub sb prbsbatka dës hrbgubatbdbatb ba `k ërbks gla prldiabagiks ÷sbks gldl glmls, rlmi``ks, clderls, gkmbrk, rbfi÷a bsgkpu`kr, btg.  K]UL_B@@L @L IAGLD_@ IAGLD_@B]L. B]L.    K]UL_B@

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Wb ``kdk ktrlpb``l iagldp`btl gukaml b` disdl `b ckgb hk`tk uak l vkriks mb `ks hksbs katbrilrdbatb mbsgritks mbsgritks.. Bxplamrbdls k`fuals bnbdp`ls> k) Wi `k pbrslak sb baglatrkek kglstkmk slerb `k väk, pubmb prbsbatkr sl`l hksb mb kp`kstkdibatl y krrkstrb, l pubmb prbsbatkr sl`kdbatb hksb mb kp`kstkdibatl: kp`kstkdibatl : e) Wi `k pbrslak bs `kazkmk hubrk mb `k väk, pubmb prbsbatkr sl`kdbatb hksb mb gclqub y gkämk: g) Wi `k pbrslak bs sl`l bafkgckmk plr b` vbcägu`l, pubmb prbsbatkr sl`kdbatb hksb mb krrkstrb: m) Wi `k pbrslak bs `kazkmk slerb b` vbcägu`l sia gkbr slerb `k väk, pubmb prbsbatkr sl`kdbatb hksb mb gclqub.

 

 

f. KWHISIKW DBGKAIGKW.

  MBHIAIGILABW.

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Wb mbhiab gldl kshixik dbgëaigk k` bhbgtl mb lestkgu`izkr b` iafrbsl mb kirb k `ls pu`dlabs. Bs mbgir qub mbeiml k uak hubrzk dbgëaigk bxtbrak k` gubrpl sb lg`uyba `ks väks rbspirktlriks l sb idplsiei`itka idplsiei`itka `ls dlvidibatls rbspirktlrils. Bxistba ltrls tipls mb kshixiks gldl `ks tlxigks qub sla mbeimks k `k iack`kgi÷a mb fksbs qub idpimba `k pbabtrkgi÷a mb` lxäfbal: ksä tkdeiéa `ks pktl`÷figks qub sb mbeba k bahbrdbmkmbs qub k`tbrka `k mihusi÷a mb` lxäfbal ba `k skafrb.  KWHISIK K _LU KCLUG KCLUGKMRUK KMRUK..    KWHISI

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Wb `b ``kdk tkdeiéa kshixik plr suspbasi÷a. Bs `k prlvlgkmk plr `k glastriggi÷a mb` gub``l plr uak gubrmk qub ba su ltrl bxtrbdl sb bagubatrk sunbtk k ua puatl hinl. Wb glalgb gldl suspbasi÷a gldp`btk gukaml b` gubrpl batbrl glastituyb ua péamu`l, bs mbgir qub al bstë ba glatkgtl gla b` sub`l.

Wb glalgb gldl

suspbasi÷a iagldp`btk gukaml b` gubrpl sb bagubatrk kplykml ba b` sub`l. @k vägtidk plr kclrgkmurk prbsbatk ba b` gub``l ua surgl iagldp`btl, bs mbgir qub al `l rlmbk tltk`dbatb, pubs `k plrgi÷a mb `k gubrmk mlamb sb bagubatrk b` auml bstë sbpkrkmk mb` gub``l. Ba `k gkrk katbrilr mb` gub``l b` surgl sb `lgk`izk plr bagidk mb` gkrtä`kfl tirlimbs, ``kdkmk tkdeiéa dkazkak mb Kmëa. K`fuaks vbgbs ba b` surgl sb bagubatrka dkrgks qub imbatihigka `k gubrmk uti`izkmk.    KWIHISIK _LU BW]UKAFR@ KGI×A.

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Bs `k prlvlgkmk plr `k glastriggi÷a mb` gub``l plr guk`quibrk mb `ls sifuibatbs dbgkaisdls> k) _lr uak gubrmk guyls mls bxtrbdls sb bagubatrka ba `ks dkals mb` kfrbslr: e) _lr uak l kdeks dkals mb` kfrbslr: g) Erkzl y katberkzl: m) pib: b) Ulmi``k: h) Guk`quibr lenbtl murl y `krfl gldl trlzl mb dkmbrk, tuel, rkdk, btg. B` surgl qub mbnk `k gubrmk pubmb sbr þaigl dþ`tip`b y rlmbk tltk`dbatb b` gub``l, `lgk`izëamlsb plr mbeknl mb` gkrtä`kfl tirlimbs. Wi `k bstrkafu`kgi÷a hub gla `k dkal, sb bagubatrka `ks bquidlsis prlmugimks plr `ls mbmls y uûks bxglrikgilabs prlmugimks plr `ks uûks, bstks þ`tidks ``kdkmks bstifdks uafubk`bs.

 

 

 KWHISIK K _LU WRDBUWI×A.    KWHISI

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Wb prlmugb gukaml `ks väks rbspirktlriks sla lgupkmks plr `äquiml qub iafrbsk plr `ls lrihigils rbspirktlri rbspirktlrils. ls.

Wb glalgb gldl sudbrsi÷a gldp`btk gukaml tlml b` gubrpl sb bagubatrk sudbrfiml mbatrl mb` dbmil `äquiml. Wb glalgb gldl sudbrsi÷a iagldp`btk gukaml sl`kdbatb `k elgk y `k akriz sb bagubatrka mbatrl mb` dbmil `äquiml. B` gkmëvbr pubmb prbsbatkr bxglrikgilabs prlvlgkmks plr `k hriggi÷a glatrk b` hlaml mb` `ufkr mlamb sb baglatrkek: ksä tkdeiéa, ba `ks pk`dks mb `ks dkals y p`katks mb `ls pibs sb bagubatrk ua gl`lr e`kaqubgial y uak supbrhigib krrufkmk, `l guk` sb prlmugb plr dkgbrkgi÷a iamugimk plr b` dbmil `äquiml.  KWHISIK K _LU WLHLGKGI×A.    KWHISI

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Wb prlmugb plr `k lestruggi÷a mb `ls lrihigils rbspirktlrils, l mb `ks väks rbspirktlriks, plr `k gldprbsi÷a qub idpimb `ls dlvidibatls rbspirktlrils l plr lestkgu`izkr `k pbabtrkgi÷a mb lxäfbal ba b` kirb rbspirkml> ;. LEW]URGGI×A MB L LUIHIGILW UIHIGILW UBW_IUK]LUILW. Bs sbguamkrik k `k gldprbsi÷a bxtbrak mb `k elgk y `k akriz, Bs prlmugimk gla `ks dkals u lenbtls gldl k`dlckmks, sëekaks, tlk``ks, btg. Gla bstb dbgkaisdl sb gldbtba cldigimils gldl b` iahkatigimil. _ubmb tkdeiéa lgurrir ba hlrdk kggimbatk` ba `ls aiûls rbgiéa akgimls l ba pbrslaks iagkpkgitkmkss pkrk dlvi`izkrsb. iagkpkgitkmk 5. LEW]URGGI×A MB X XIKW IKW UBW UBW_IUK]LUIKW. _IUK]LUIKW. Wb prlmugb gukaml `ks väks rbspirktlriks sla lestruimks plr gubrpls bxtrkûls gldl k`idbatls, tke`btks dbmigiak`bs, dlabmks, gkaigks, btg. Fbabrk`dbatb Fbabrk`db atb sla kggimbatk`bs. 7. LEW]URGGILA MB ]LUKGLKEMLDIAK@. @k gldprbasi÷a ba bstk rbfi÷a kakt÷digk idpimb `k rbspirkgi÷a, k pbskr mb qub `ls lrihigils y `ks väks rbspirktlriks sb bagubatrba pbrdbke`bs. Bstk glamigi÷a sb pubmb prlmugir ba kggimbatbs mb trëasitl, ba du`titumbs, ba mbrrudebs, btg. _ubmb lgksilakrsb tkdeiéa ba sunbtls qub gla `ks dkals

 

 

ktkmks k `k bspk`mk sla kekamlakmls slerb b` pisl ba mbgþeiml vbatrk` (elgk keknl). =. WB_R@]KDIBA]L. Bstk sb prlmugb gukaml b` gubrpl sb bagubatrk sudbrfiml ba ua dbmil mb pkrtägu`ks s÷`imks gldl tibrrk, krbak, gkre÷a, k`flm÷a, gbrbk`bs, btg. 2. GLAHIAKDIBA]L. B` glahiakdibatl sb prlmugb gukaml b` sunbtl pbrdkabgb ba ua bspkgil cbrdétigkdbatb gbrrkml, mb dkabrk qub b` lxäfbal sb kfltk, bs mbgir qub b` sunbtl gkrbgb mb kirb rbspirke`b. Mbgidls batlagbs qub `k kshixik plr glahiakdibatl bs prlmugimk plr uak hubrzk dbgëaigk bxtbrak k` gubrpl, yk qub kuaqub bstk al `b lgksila÷ trkudktisdls mirbgtkdbatb, b` gibrrb mb` bspkgil girguamkatb prlvlg÷ `k gkrbagik mb` lxäfbal iamispbaske`b. [RBDKMRUKW _LU B@ B@ GK GK@LU. @LU. MBHIAIGILA.

Wb ``kdk ksä k `ls trkudktisdls lgksilakmls k` lrfkaisdl plr b` gk`lr, bstls pubmba sbr prlvlgkmls plr b` hubfl, `k bxplsigi÷a prl`lafkmk k` sl`, fksbs l vkplrbs k b`bvkmks tbdpbrkturks, `äquimls gk`ibatbs, glatkgtl gla s÷`imls gk`ibatbs, btg.

G@KWIHIGKGI×A MB_BAMIBAML MB_BAMIBAML MB @ K IA]BAWIMKM. ;. _UIDBU FUKML.

_rbsbatk ua barlnbgidibat barlnbgidibatl, l, bmbdk y ml`lr `lgk`. Al mbnka sbgub`ks. 5. WBFRAML FUKML. Kmbdës mb `ks `bsilabs qub prbsbatka `ks mb pridbr frkml, prlvlgk kdpl``ks l vbsägu`ks: bstks qubdkmu qubdkmurks rks tkdplgl mbnka sbgub`ks. 7. ]BUGBU FUKML. Bstb frkml mb qubdkmurk mbstruyb tlmk `k pib` y b` tbniml gb`u`kr suegutëabl. Wu gigktrizkgi÷a bamurbgb `k pib` y `k rbtrkb, b``l idpimb su b`kstigimkm, plr bsl mbnk gldl sbgub`ks b` idpbmidbatl pkrk `k bxtbasi÷a

 

 

mb krtigu`kgilabs gldl glmls, rlmi``ks, clderls, btg., ksä tkdeiéa idpimb b` gibrrb mb `ls përpkmls, sbguamkril k `l guk` sb prlmugb gbfubrk. =. GRKU]L FUKML. @`kdkmk tkdeiéa gkrelaizkgi÷a. @k mbstruggi÷a plr bstb frkml mb qubdkmurk pbabtrk k p`kals prlhuamls gldl dþsgu`ls, cubsls y väsgbrks. Ba gksl mb slerbvivir b` pkgibatb rbquibrb mb kdputkgilabs. B` gkmëvbr gla qubdkmurks mb gukrtl frkml prbsbatk `k mbaldiakmk kgtitum mb pufi`istk qub glasistb ba uak sbdih`bxi÷a mb `ks krtigu`kgilabs mb `ls dibderls: `k pib` sb tlrak abfrk y gkrelaizkmk y si b` frkml mb iatbasimkm bs dkylr sb lesbrvk kdputkgilabs plr gkrelaizkgi÷a ba bxtrbdimkmbs. GLAFB@KDIBA]L.

Wb ``kdk ksä k `ls trkudktisdls lgksilakmls k` lrfkaisdl plr b` hril. _ubmba sbr prlvlgkmls plr `k tbdpbrkturk ktdlshérigk, ba gëdkrks gbrrkmks l plr glatkgtl mb uak pkrtb mb` gubrpl gla uak supbrhigib cb`kmk. Ba éplgks gla lamks hräks sla vägtidks `ls vkfkeuamls y dbamifls qub mubrdba k `k iatbdpbrib. @k iafbstk mb k`glcl` prlvlgk qub b` sunbtl al sibatk `k iatbasimkm mb` hril. @ks `bsilabs `lgk`bs sb prlmugba ba `ks pkrtbs bxpubstks y ba glatkgtl mirbgtl gla b` hril gldl rlstrl, lrbnks, akriz y bxtrbdimkmbs, bstks `bsilabs prlvlgkmks plr b` hril rbgieba b` alderb mb cb`kmurks. B@BG]ULGRGI×A.

Wb `b ``kdk ksä k `ls trkudktisdls gkuskmls k` lrfkaisdl plr b` pksl mb `k glrribatb b`égtrigk iamustrik`. B` trkudktisdl qub sb prlmugb ba b` puatl mlamb iafrbsk `k glrribatb b`égtrigk k` gubrpl sb glalgb gldl dkrgk b`égtrigk, qub ba k`fuals gksls pubmb pkskr iakmvbrtimk. B` pksl mb `k glrribatb b`égtrigk prlvlgk tkdeiéa `ks qubdkmurks b`égtrigks qub sla `bsilabs mihbrbatbs k `ks qubdkmurks prlmugimks plr b` gk`lr.

 

 

HR@FRUKGI×A.

Wb ``kdk ksä k `ls trkudktisdls gkuskmls k` lrfkaisdl plr `k b`bgtrigimkm ktdlshérigk: b` dbgkaisdl qub `ks lgksilak bs `k mbsgkrfk b`égtrigk y `ls gkdeils mb prbsi÷a qub sb prlvlgka ba b` kirb mb` `ufkr mb migck mbsgkrfk. _ubmb prlvlgkr cbrimks glatusks, hrkgturks y kþa trkudktisdls sbvbrls gldl duti`kgilabs. Wb pubmba prbsbatkr qubdkmurks ba hlrdk krelrbsgbatb qub pkrbgba iamigkr b` trkybgtl qub sifui÷ `k mbsgkrfk b`égtrigk. Bs duy idplrtkatb qub b` pbritl y b` nuzfkmlr sbpka `ls kglatbgidibatls lgurrimls ba `k bsgbak mb` gridba mlamb hub baglatrkml b` gkmëvbr pkrk bvitkr glahuamir uak dubrtb prlvlgkmk plr ua cbgcl hlrtuitl gldl `k mbsgkrfk b`égtrigk ktdlshérigk gla uak dubrtb plr cldigimil.

GLAGKRWKW. MBHIAIGILA B IA]BU_UB]KGI×A @BFK@.

Wla girguastkagiks qub dlmihigka `k bvl`ugi÷a alrdk mb uak `bsi÷a, prlmugimks dkylr iatbasimkm mb `ks disdks y plr `l tkatl dës frkvbs glasbgubagiks, sia tbabr aiafuak rb`kgi÷a gla b``ks: bstks girguastkagiks sla mbsglalgimks plr b` sunbtl qub prlvlg÷ `k `bsi÷a pridkrik. B` Krtägu`l ;? mb` G÷mifl _bak` bstke`bgb> Ub`kgi÷a mb gkusk`imkm. @ls cbgcls prbvistls ba `ks hifurks mb`igtivks sbrëa ktrieuimls k` idputkml gukaml hubrba glasbgubagik mb uak kggi÷a u ldisi÷a alrdk`dbatb im÷abk pkrk prlmugir`ls, glahlrdb k `k akturk`bzk mb` rbspbgtivl mb`itl y k `ks girguastkagiks glagrbtks mb` gksl l gukaml `k `by bxprbskdbatb `ls bstke`bgb gldl glagibagik mb tbrdiakm glamugtk. K` iatbrprbtkr b` krtägu`l katbrilr bxplabdls qub uak glagkusk kfrkvk `ks glasbgubagiks mb` cbgcl, pbrl al pubmb kfrkvkr `k pbak mb` sunbtl kgtivl mb` mb`itl, pubs `k rbsplaskei`imkm pbak` lebmbgb k` mkûl mirbgtkdbatb prlmugiml. G@KWIHIGKGI×A.

Mbpbamibaml mb` dldbatl ba qub `ks glagkusks sb prbsbatka, bstks sb mivimb ba>

 

 

;. _UBBSIW]BA]BW. Wla `ks girguastkagiks qub prbsbatkek b` sunbtl katbs mb sbr `bsilakml y qub kfrkvka `ks glasbgubagiks mb `k `bsi÷a. @ks glagkusks prbbxistbatbs sla mb `ls sifuibatb tipls> k) Kakt÷digks> si b` sunbtl prbsbatk ua ÷rfkal ba ua `ufkr mistiatl k` alrdk`, tkdeiéa plmräk al prbsbatkr ua ÷rfkal. B` bnbdp`l qub plmräk i`ustrkrals sbräk qub ua sunbtl rbgiek uak cbrimk plr krdk mb hubfl ba `k rbfi÷a tlrëgigk mbrbgck y hk``bzgk mbeiml k qub kcä sb baglatrkek b` glrkz÷a, pubs gksl glatrkril `k `bsi÷a al cueibrk prlvlgkml `k dubrtb. Ltrl bnbdp`l sbräk qub ua iamivimul rbgik uak cbrimk ba ua riû÷a, sibaml bstb b` þaigl qub plsbäk, ksl glatrkril b` iamivimul cueibrk suesistiml sl`l gla ua riû÷a: e) Hisil`÷figks> bstkmls alrdk`bs qub prbmisplaba k `k frkvbmkm mb `ks `bsilabs, bnbdp`l ua bdekrkzl, k `k mistbasi÷a plr ``baurk mb `k vbnifk l b` bst÷dkfl qub `ls ckgb dës susgbptie`bs k su rupturk: g) _ktl`÷figks> @l glastituyba guk`quibr bahbrdbmkm qub prbsbatk b` iamivimul y qub kfrkvk `ks `bsilabs rbgieimks, bnbdp`l> mikebtbs, krtritis, iasuhigibagik gkrmäkgk, iasuhigibagik rbak`, cbdlhi`ik,btg. 5. WIDR@]ËABKW L GLAGLDI]KA]BW. Wla situkgilabs qub sb prbsbatka ba b` disdl dldbatl ba qub sb prlmunl `k `bsi÷a, bnbdp`l> ckebr gkäml ba ua `ufkr glatkdiakml. 7. WLEUBXIAIBA]BW. Wla girguastkagiks qub sb prbsbatka mbspués mb ckebr suhriml `k `bsi÷a b iatbrhibrba `k gurkgi÷a mb `k `bsi÷a: gldl bnbdp`l plmbdls gitkr: `k hk`tk mb ktbagi÷a démigk, uak iahbggi÷a slerbkfrbmk mb `k `bsi÷a, b` iasuhigibatb l iakmbgukml trktkdibatl démigl, btg. Kak`izkaml `l katbrilr mirbdls qub uak glagkusk slerbviaibatb bs ltrk `bsi÷a qub sb kfrbfk k `k yk bxistbatb y qub bs prlmugimk plr ltrl sunbtl mistiatl k` pridbrl. Gldl glag`usi÷a mirbdls qub mbdlstrkr `bfk`dbatb uak glagkusk slerbviaibatb `lfrk bvitkr qub ua sunbtl gkrfub gla `k rbsplaskei`imkm pbak` mb ltrl.

 

 

GRKU]K RAIMKM ]KAK]L@LFIK ]KAK]L@ LFIK HLUBAWB MBHIAGI×A. ‐@k tkaktl`lfäk bs `k misgip`iak qub bstumik `ks dlmihigkgilabs mb` lrfkaisdl

cudkal mbsmb b` iaigil mb` prlgbsl mb `k dubrtb ckstk su mbsiatbfrkgi÷a plr gldp`btl—. Gukaml bstls glalgidibatls sla kp`igkmls mbatrl mb mb ua pbritknb ba ua

prlgbsl `bfk`, `ls disdls glastituyba dktbrik mb tkaktl`lfäk tkaktl`lfäk hlrbasb. DRBU]B.

Mbsmb b` puatl mb vistk démigl `bfk`, `k dubrtb glasistb ba `k kel`igi÷a mbhiaitivk y pbrdkabatb pbrdkab atb mb `ks huagilabs vitk`bs mb` lrfkaisdl. @k dubrtb mb` lrfkaisdl ba su glanuatl al gliagimb gla `k dubrtb sidu`tëabk mb tlmks `ks gé`u`ks qub `l gldplaba, pubs k`fuaks huagilabs pbrsistba vkriks clrks mbspués mb `k gbskgi÷a mb `ks dës idplrtka idplrtkatbs tbs huagilabs mb` lrfkaisdl. @ks huagilabs rbspirktlriks y mb` glrkz÷a glastituyba `ks huagilabs vitk`bs, pubs mb b``ks mbpbamba mirbgtkdbatb tlmks `ks ltrks huagilabs mb` lrfkaisdl. G@KWBW MB DRBU]B BA DBMIGIAK DBMIGIAK @BFK @BFK@. @.

]ldkaml ba glasimbrkgi÷a `k dubrtb gldl ua cbgcl mb`igtivl, `k disdk sb g`ksihigk ba mls tipls> dubrtb gkuskmk plr bahbrdbmkm gldþa y dubrtb slspbgclsk mb gridiak`imkm. gridiak`imkm.   Dubrtb plr bahbrdbmkm gldþa > tkdeiéa sb mbaldiak dubrtb akturk`. @k

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gkusk l btil`lfäk mb bstks dubrtbs glrrbsplamb k bahbrdbmkmbs l k`tbrkgilabs mb` huagilakdibatl lrfëaigl ba `ks guk`bs al bxistb rbsplaskei`imkm pbak` mb aiafuak pbrslak, bnbdp`l> ua gëagbr, ua iahkrtl kfuml mb` dilgkrmil, uak abudlaäk, uak mikrrbk kfumk, mikebtbs, iasuhigibagik rbak`, btg. Ba tlmk dubrtb plr bahbrdbmkm gldþa mbeb sbr bxtbamiml ua gbrtihigkml démigl mb mbhuagi÷a, pubs gla b``l sb hlrdk`izk qub sb trktk mb ua cbgcl akturk`: mbsgkrtëamlsb ksä tlmk rbsplaskei`imkm pbak`.

 

 

Dubrtb rtb sls pbgclsk mb gridia k`imkm> tlmk dubrtb vil`batk y tlmk dubrtb   Dub

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mb gkusk mbsglalgimk gla``bvk `k slspbgck mb rbsplaskei`imkm pbak`, pubs kdeks sla cbgcls ba `ls guk`bs mbeb iaigikrsb ua prlgbsl pbak` pkrk iavbstifkr b` mb`itl mb cldigimil.

  Dubrtb vil`batk>   bs `k dubrtb qub sb prlmugb ba hlrdk rbpbatiak prlvlgkmk plr uak kfbatb bxtbrilr, fbabrk`dbatb k` bxkdba bxtbral mb`

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gkmëvbr bs duy dkaihibstk `k vil`bagik plr `ls trkudktisdls qub prbsbatk, gldl bnbdp`l sb pubmb gitkr `k dubrtb prlmugimk plr ua ktrlpb``l, plr krdk e`kagk, plr krdk mb hubfl, plr gkrelaizkgi÷a, plr prbgipitkgi÷a y plr mbsgukrtizkdibatl.   Dubrtb mb gkusk mbsglalgimk> ba bstls gksls k` bxkdba bxtbral mb mb``

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gkmëvbr al prbsbatk `bsilabs qub lribatba k glasimbrkr uak dubrtb vil`batk: sia bdekrfl, al bxistb aiafþa gbrtihigkml démigl mb mbhuagi÷a qub mbtbrdiab `k gkusk mb `k dubrtb: pubs b` sunbtl prbvikdbatb al ckeäk rbgieiml ktbagi÷a démigk.  Mbeiml k qub b` eiba nurämigl qub sb bstë tutb`kaml bs `k vimk, guk`quibr dubrtb qub al sb glalgb su gkusk k trkvés mb ua mlgudbatl bxtbamiml plr ua démigl y girunkal gldl `l bs b` gbrtihigkml démigl mb mbhuagi÷a, sb glavibrtb ba dubrtb slspbgclsk mb gridiak`imkm y plr `l tkatl sb iaigik b` prlgbsl pbak`: pkrk iavbstifkr bsb cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`itl mb cldigimil.  

WIFALW MB DRBU]B.

]kdeiéa sb `bs mbaldiak sifals kei÷tigls. @k dubrtb bs ua prlgbsl ba b` qub mbskpkrbgba k` priagipil `ks huagilabs gkrmilrrbspirktlriks, y b` disdl pubmb tbabr uak murkgi÷a mihbrbatb ba gkmk gksl, pbrl ba aiafual glastituyb ua iastkatb, sial qub bs ua prlgbsl ba b` qub `ks huagilabs gb`u`krbs mbskpkrbgba mbpbamibaml mb `k rbsistbagik qub tibab gkmk tbniml k `k suprbsi÷a mb` kplrtb mb lxäfbal. @ls sifals mb dubrtb l kei÷tigls sb mivimba ba> sifals g`äaigls l iadbmiktls y sifals rbk`bs l mb gbrtbzk.

 

 

  Wifals g`äaigls l iadbmiktls>   sb prbsbatka gukaml bstëa kel`imks `ks

•

huagilabs mb` glrkz÷a y rbspirktlriks: y sb bagubatrka bagubatrka `ls sifuibatbs sifuibatbs>> - Kusbagik mb dlvidibatls rbspirktlrils. - Kusbagik mb `ktimls gkrmikgls. - Kusbagik mb prbsi÷a skafuäabk. - Kusbagik mb rbh`bnls tbamialsls. tbamialsls. - Kusbagik mb rbspubstk k bstädu`ls ml`lrlsls. - _k`imbz fbabrk`iz fbabrk`izkmk kmk - Dusgu`kturk e`kamk y mbprégik`b, ``kdkmk tkdeiéa h`kggimbz dusgu`kr fbabrk`izkmk. - Mi`ktkgi÷a pupi`kr. Gla prbsbagik mb bstls sifals mb dubrtb l kei÷tigls, ua démigl pubmb mbg`krkr `k glamigi÷a mb dubrtb g`äaigk.

•

  Wifals rbk`bs l mb gbrtbzk>   bstls sifals iamigka qub `k dubrtb sb ck iastk`kml ba tlmls `ls ÷rfkals mb` gubrpl y qub bxistb `k gbrtbzk mb qub b` sunbtl sb bagubatrk hk``bgiml.

@ls sifals rbk`bs l mb gbrtbzk sb mbsgrieba k glatiaukgi÷a> ✗ 

Bahrikdibatl Bahrikdib atl gkmkvérigl> gkmkvérigl>  k` bxtiafuirsb `k vimk `k prlmuggi÷a mb gk`lr ba b`

gubrpl sb mbtibab y su tbdpbrkturk mbsgibamb frkmuk`dbatb ckstk kmquirir `k tbdpbrkturk mb` kdeibatb ba qub sb bagubatrk. B` bahrikdibatl kpkrbgb pridbrl ba `ks pkrtbs bxpubstks gldl gkrk, dkals y pibs, `ubfl ba `ks bxtrbdimkmbs, bxtrbdimkm bs, pbgcl y mlrsl: hiak`dbatb ba `ks väsgbrks. ‐@k pérmimk mb `k tbdpbrkturk sb prlmugb k ua ritdl mb ?.3 k ; frkml

gbatäfrkml plr clrk ba `ks pridbrks mlgb clrks, `ubfl mb ?.7 k ?.2 frkml gbatäfrkml plr clrk ba `ks sifuibatbs clrks: ckstk ``bfkr k `k tbdpbrkturk mb` kdeibatb ba qub sb bagubatrk—. 

‐Batrb `ls hkgtlrbs qub kgb`brka b` bahrikdibatl gkmkvérigl sb pubmba gitkr

`ks sifuibatbs> `k sbai`imkm, `k aiûbz, `k gkqubxik, `k kflaäk `krfk, `k cbdlrrkfik sbvbrk, `k mbsaumbz, `k iatbdpbrib y b` kdeibatb hri÷. Batrb `ls hkgtlrbs qub rbtkrmka b` bahrikdibatl gkmkvérigl bs huamkdbatk` gitkr> `k

 

 

eubak sk`um, bahbrdbmkm hberi`, kerifkdibatl plr rlpk, kdeibatb gk`urlsl, btg.—  ✗ 

Mbscimrktkgi÷a gkmkvérigk>  `k rbtbagi÷a mb `äquimls mb `ls tbnimls bs pkrtb

mb `ks huagilabs mb` lrfkaisdl, plr b``l, k` kel`irsb `ks huagilabs vitk`bs bstb `äquiml sb bvkplrk: k` ifuk` qub guk`quibr `äquiml ba b` kdeibatb. Batrb `ls sifals mb mbscimrktkgi÷a gkmkvérigk sb bagubatrka> b` cuamidibatl mb `ls f`lels lgu`krbs, ``kdkml bxlhtk`dls: `k pérmimk mb `k trkaspkrbagik mb `k g÷rabk, ``kdkmk lpkgimkm mb `k g÷rabk: `k kpkrigi÷a mb uak dkagck abfrk slerb `k bsg`br÷tigk, ``kdkmk dkagck mb tkekgl: b` kpbrfkdiakdibatl gutëabl: y `k mbsbgkgi÷a mb `ks duglsks lrk`bs y vu`vkrbs. ✗ 

@ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks>   `k glatrkggi÷a mb` glrkz÷a idpu`sk `k skafrb k

tlmls `ls tbnimls mb` lrfkaisdl pkrk prbhuamir`ls mb lxäfbal, ckgibaml girgu`kr `k skafrb ba glatrk mb `k `by mb frkvbmkm. Gukaml bs kel`imk `k huagi÷a qub ``bvk k gkel b` glrkz÷a: `k skafrb k` al sbr idpu`skmk sb kgudu`k ba `ks pkrtbs dës eknks mb` gkmëvbr. @ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks sla `ks dkagcks mb gl`lr rlnl vialsl qub sb lesbrvka ba `k pib` mb` gkmëvbr mbeiml k `k kgudu`kgi÷a skafuäabk, sifuibaml pkrk b``l `k `by mb frkvbmkm. @ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks kpkrbgba sbfþa vkrils kutlrbs batrb 7 y = clrks mbspués mb` hk``bgidibatl, k`gkazkaml su dkylr iatbasimkm batrb `ks ;5 y ;= clrks mbspués mb` hk``bgidibat hk``bgidibatl. l. Ba `ls sunbtls hk``bgimls plr cbdlrrkfik cbdlrrkfik sbvbrk y ba `ls kaédigls `k kpkrigi÷a bs dës tkrmäk y su iatbasimkm bs dbalr. @k `lgk`izkgi÷a mb `ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks glrrbsplamb k `k plsigi÷a mb` gkmëvbr, plr bnbdp`l, si sb bagubatrk ba mbgþeitl mlrsk` mb uak pbrslak kglstkml elgk krriek `ks `ivimbgbs sb `lgk`izka ba `k gkrk plstbrilr mb` gub``l, rbfi÷a mlrsl`udekr, rbfilabs f`þtbks, y gkrk plstbrilr mb `ks bxtrbdimkmbs, si sb bagubatrk ba mbgþeitl vbatrk`, l sbk kglstkml elgk keknl `ks `ivimbgbs sb `lgk`izka ba gkrk, pbgcl, kemldba y gkrk katbrilr mb

 

 

`ks bxtrbdimkmbs. Ba `ls gkmëvbrbs hk``bgimls plr kshixik plr suspbasi÷a `ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks sb `lgk`izka ba `ks dkals, pibs y pibraks. @ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks al sb prbsbatka ba `ks ërbks sldbtimks k gldprbasi÷a, yk sbk plr b` pbsl mb` disdl gubrpl l plr `ks prbamks mb vbstir y kggbslrils, plr bnbdp`l, ba plsigi÷a mb mbgþeitl mlrsk` sb prbsbatka ërbks g`krks ba `ks rbfilabs bsgkpu`krbs, f`þtbls y pkrtb mb `k gkrk plstbrilr mb `ks pibraks, `ks guk`bs sb bagubatrka rlmbkmks plr `ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks. Mbatrl mb `ks pridbrks mlgb clrks mb hk``bgiml, si sb gkdeik mb plsigi÷a k` gkmëvbr, `ks `ivimbgbs pk`imbgba y kpkrbgba ltrks ba `ks ërbks glrrbsplamibatbs, si mbatrl mb `ks sifuibatbs mlgb clrks sb gkdeik mb plsigi÷a k` gkmëvbr, kpkrbgba ltrks `ivimbgbs pbrl al pk`imbgba `ks yk hlrdkmks, mbspués mb `ks 5= clrks mb hk``bgiml: gla b` gkdeil mb plsigi÷a al sb hlrdkrëa aubvks `ivimbgbs. Gla `l katbrilrdbatb bxpubstl sb batibamb gldl `k tkaktl`lfäk prlplrgilak `ls mktls pkrk `k iatbrprbtkgi÷a mb `k plsigi÷a mb` gkmëvbr y `k dkaipu`kgi÷a qub bstb puml ckebr tbaiml. ✗ 

Uifimbz gkmkvérigk> k` kel`irsb `ks huagilabs gkrmilrrbspirktlriks b` tbniml dusgu`kr pibrmb su hirdbzk y sb vub`vb e`kaml y h`bxie`b. Bstb rb`knkdibatl dusgu`kr prbvk`bgb ckstk qub sb prbsbatk `k rifimbz gkmkvérigk.

@k rifimbz gkmkvérigk sb glastituyb plr ua bamurbgidibatl fbabrk` mb` gubrpl prlvlgkml plr `k glkfu`kgi÷a mb `ks dl`égu`ks qub glahlrdka b` tbniml dusgu`kr. @k rifimbz gkmkvérigk sb iaigik plr `ls dþsgu`ls mb `k gkebzk, `ubfl sb prbsbatk ba b` gub``l, `ls dibderls supbrilrbs, kemldba y hiak`dbatb dibderls iahbrilrbs. Wu mbskpkrigi÷a sifub b` disdl lrmba ba qub sb iastk`÷ y sb prbsbatk k` iatbasihigkr iatbasihigkrsb sb `k putrbhkggi÷a. @k rifimbz gkmkvérigk plmräk pbrgieirsb iaigik`dba iaigik`dbatb tb ba ua prldbmil mb 7 k 8 clrks mbspués mb` hk``bgidibatl, sb mbskrrl``krë ba tlml b` gubrpl ba ua prldbmil mb ;? clrks.

 

 

Bs bspksdl gkmkvérigl bs uak glamigi÷a qub pubmb prbsbatkrsb ba dubrtbs lgksilakmks plr ua trkudktisdl sbvbrl ba b` sistbdk abrvilsl gbatrk`, bstb glasistb ba ua bamurbgidibatl iadbmiktl mb erkzls y dkals murkatb b` cbgcl qub prlvlg÷ `k dubrtb. B` bspksdl gkmkvérigl pubmb prbsbatkrsb ba sunbtls suigimks qub glasbrvka b` krdk mb hubfl ba `k dkal sia ckebr prbsbatkml rb`knkgi÷a dusgu`kr ba bsls dþsgu`ls iadbmiktls mbspués mb `k dubrtb. @k iastk`kgi÷a mb `ls sifals mb dubrtb rbk`bs l mb gbrtbzk bs sidu`tëabk, mb dkabrk qub k` prbsbatkrsb guk`quibrk mb b``ls ua démigl pubmb mbg`krkr `k glamigi÷a mb dubrtb rbk`. HBA×DBALW ]UKAWHLUDK]IXLW.

Wla ``kdkmls tkdeiéa Hba÷dbals gkmkvérigls tkrmäls. @ls sifals mb dubrtb l kei÷tigls qub bxpusidls katbrilrdbatb sb prbsbatka fbabrk`dbatb ba tlml gkmëvbr. @ls hba÷dbals trkashlrdktivls tkrmäls mbpbambrëa mb `ks glamigilabs häsigks mb` dbmil ba qub sb bagubatrba y mb b``l mbpbambrë qub b` gkmëvbr sb mbsiatbfrb gldl lgurrb gla `k putrbhkggi÷a l qub b` disdl sb glasbrvb gldl lgurrb gla `k dldihigkgi÷a d ldihigkgi÷a y gla `k skplaihigk skplaihigkgi÷a. gi÷a. _R]UBHKGGI×A _R]UBHKGGI ×A GKMKXBUIGK>

Bs `k mbsgldplsigi÷a mb `k dktbrik lrfëaigk mb` gkmëvbr plr kggi÷a mb `ks ekgtbriks. @k rbfi÷a mb` gubrpl qub prbsbatk frka gkatimkm mb ekgtbriks bs b` trkgtl mifbstivl, bspbgik`dbatb b` iatbstial frubsl: tkdeiéa bstëa prbsbatbs ba `k pib`. Gukaml qubmka kel`imks `ks huagilabs vitk`bs, b` glatrl` mb` grbgidibatl ekgtbrikal sb mbtibab y plr b``l `ks ektbräks prl`ihbrka, glavirtiéamlsb ba ua gu`tivl ekgtbrikal. B` grbgidibatl ekgtbrikal `l mbtbrdiak b` gk`lr y `k cudbmkm mb` kdeibatb, gukatl dës gk`ibatb y cþdbml sbk b` kdeibatb, dës rëpimk sbrë `k putrbhkggi÷a. @k putrbhkggi÷a prbsbatk `ls sifuibatbs pbrälmls>

 

 

➥ 

_brälml _b rälml g rldëtigl>  Bstb pridbr pbrälml gldibazk k pbrgieirsb batrb `ks 5=

y 78 clrks mbspués mb` hk``bgidibatl, tlml mbpbambrë mb `ks glamigilabs mb` kdeibatb. Bs idplrtkatb kg`krkr qub `k putrbhkggi÷a sb iaigik gla b` prlgbsl mb `k dubrtb, b` tibdpl prldbmil iamigkml sb rbhibrb k` `kpsl ba qub `k putrbhkggi÷a sb pbrgieb ba b` gkmëvbr. Ba b` pbrälml grldëtigl b` gkmëvbr prbsbatk uak gl`lrkgi÷a vbrmlsk ba `k rbfi÷a iahbrilr mb` kemldba, ``kdkmk dkagck vbrmlsk, prbsbatkaml tkdeiéa bsk gl`lrkgi÷a ba `ls fbaitk`bs bxtbrals. Mbeiml k qub `k skafrb glastituyb ua bxgb`batb autribatb pkrk `ks ekgtbriks, bstks prl`ihbrka rëpimkdbatb ba b` iatbrilr mb `ls vksls skafuäabls, plr `l qub k` bxkdba bxtbral mb` gkmëvbr sb lesbrvk mb gl`lr vbrmb `k rbm vbalsk, glalgimk gldl girgu`kgi÷a p÷studk k dbmimk qub `k putrbhkggi÷a glatiauk `k pib` kmquibrb uak gl`lrkgi÷a lsgurk: `l guk` mihigu`tk imbatihigkr b` gl`lr qub b` sunbtl prbsbatkek ba vimk. ➥ 

_brälml bahisbdktlsl>   gldl prlmugtl mb mbsbgcl `ks ekgtbriks b`idiaka

fks, `l guk` prlmugb uak ciagckz÷a ba b` gkmëvbr y su b`idiakgi÷a prlvlgk ua l`lr mbskfrkmke`b. @k prbsi÷a iatbrak qub lgksilak b` fks ckgb qub b` gkmëvbr bxpu`sb `ks cbgbs, `l qub sb glalgb gldl mbhbgkgi÷a p÷studk, ksä tkdeiéa `b gkusk prltrusi÷a mb `ls lnls y `k `bafuk, k bstb kspbgtl mb` gkmëvbr sb `b glalgb gldl dlastrulsimkm kt`étigk. Wi sb trktk mb uak dunbr bdekrkzkmk sb prlmugb `k bxpu`si÷a mb` hbtl, `l qub sb glalgb gldl pkrtl plst dlrtbd.

Ba bstb pbrälml sb hlrdka vbsägu`ks ba `k pib`, glatbaibaml ua dktbrik` `äquiml, ksä tkdeiéa sb mbsprbamb `k bpimbrdis mb `ks dkals y pibs k` ifuk` qub b` pb`l y `ks uûks. ➥ 

_brilml gl`iguktivl> Ba bstb pbrilml `ls tbnimls e`kamls mb` gkmëvbr sb

rbe`kambgba ckstk glavbrtirsb ba `äquiml, mb dkabrk qub sl`kdbatb qubmk b` bsqub`btl. ➥ 

_brälml mb rbmuggi÷a bsqub`étigk> ba bstb pbrälml b` bsqub`btl qub ck

qubmkml mb` pbrälml katbrilr sb mbsiatbfrk, glavirtiéamlsb ba sk`bs diabrk`bs qub sb pu`vbrizka sia mbnkr bvimbagik mb` bsqub`btl.

 

 

WK_LAIHIGKGI×A.

Bs ``kdkmk tkdeiéa kmiplgirk. @l glastituyb `k trkashlrdkgi÷a mb `k frksk mb` gkmëvbr ba ua dktbrik` nkelalsl, b` guk` plr rbguerir tlml b` gkmëvbr prlmugb su glasbrvkgi÷a. _krk qub `k skplaihigkgi÷a sb iastk`b sb abgbsitk qub b` dbmil häsigl prbsbatb cudbmkm y al tbafk batrkmk mb kirb. B` gkmëvbr tibab ua kspbgtl mb gbrk y prbsbatk ua l`lr rkagil. ‐Ra gkmëvbr skplaihigkml pbrditb su imbatihigkgi÷a y k` disdl sb `b pubmb

prkgtigkr mikfa÷stigl mb trkudktisdls gldl glatusilabs y surgls mb kshixik plr kclrgkmurk l plr bstrkafu`kgi÷a—. 

B` tibdpl pkrk qub sb iastk`b `k skplaihigkgi÷a lsgi`k batrb 7 dbsbs y ua kûl. DLDIHIGKGI×A.

Bs `k mbsbgkgi÷a mb` gkmëvbr plr `k bvkplrkgi÷a mb` kfuk mb sus tbnimls. Wb prbsbatk ba ua dbmil gk`ibatb, sbgl y vbati`kml: bs mbgir qub al sb tibab ua kdeibatb prlpigil pkrk `k putrbhkggi÷a ai pkrk `k skplaihigkgi÷a. Ra gkmëvbr dldihigkml prbsbatk uak gl`lrkgi÷a lsgurk, kmbdës, mbeiml k `k mbscimrktkgi÷a `k pib` sb rbtrkb y sb kmlsk k` bsqub`btl. @k dldihigkgi÷a glasbrvk `ks gkrkgtbrästigks pkrk `k imbatihigkgi÷a y pkrk b` mikfa÷st mikfa÷stigl igl mb mivbrsks `bsilabs. GULAL]KAK]LMIKFA×W]IGL.

B` grlaltkaktlmikfa÷stigl bs b` gë`gu`l mb` tibdpl trkasgurriml mbspués mb `k dubrtb. Kgtuk`dbatb al bxistb aiafþa iamigkmlr þaigl y prbgisl pkrk bstke`bgbr `k clrk mb` hk``bgidibatl. Gukatl dës tibdpl ckyk trkasgurriml mbspués mb `k dubrtb, dës kdp`il sbrë b` dkrfba mb brrlr ba b` gë`gu`l. _krk prkgtigkr b` grlaltkaktlmikfa÷stigl, b` pridbr pkrëdbtrl qub mbeb tldkrsb bs `k dbmigi÷a mb `k tbdpbrkturk mb` gkmëvbr, si bsk tbdpbrkturk bs ifuk` k `k mb` kdeibatb, sifaihigk qub bsb pkrëdbtrl sl`kdbatb als iamigk ua däaidl mb clrks, bs mbgir, `l suhigibatb pkrk k`gkazkr `k tbdpbrkturk kdeibatk`. Wbfuimkdbatb sb tibab qub pkskr k` bxkdba mb `k rifimbz gkmkvérigk, si bstk yk sb bagubatrk tltk`dbatb iastk`kmk: y k` ifuk` qub `l katbrilr sl`kdbatb prlplrgilak ua däaidl mb clrks. @ubfl sb mbeba bxkdiakr `ks `ivimbgbs gkmkvérigks, si `ks disdks yk

 

 

bstëa iastk`kmks y gla tlmk iatbasimkm, k` ifuk` qub `ls katbrilrbs pkrëdbtrls: sl`kdbatb sb gk`gu`k ua däaidl mb clrks. Ba sbfuimk sb tibaba qub bxkdiakr `ls hba÷dbals trkshlrdktivls l hba÷dbals gkmkvérigls tkrmäls, si sb trktk mb putrbhkggi÷a, sb bxkdiak b` pbrälml ba qub sb bagubatrk b` gkmëvbr y `ks glamigilabs häsigks mb` kdeibatb: gla b``l sb pubmb prkgtigkr ua gë`gu`l bstidktivl. B` grlaltkaktlmikfa÷stigl bs duy idplrtkatb ba `k iavbstifkgi÷a mb` cbgcl mb`igtivl mb cldigimil, pubs tibab qub gldpkrkrsb gla ltrks prubeks qub sb prbsbatka ba b` prlgbsl, bspbgik`dbatb `ks mbg`krkgilabs tbstidlaik`bs mb quiéabs vibrla b` cldigimil l mb quibabs rbhibrba ckebr`l vistl `k þ`tidk vbz.  KA]UL_LHKFIK  KA]UL_LHK FIK GK GKMKXÉUIGK MKXÉUIGK..

Wb ``kdk ksä k `k mbstruggi÷a mb` gkmëvbr prlvlgkmk plr `ls kaidk`bs, k` glastituir `k disdk su k`idbatl: bstl sb prlmugb ba `ls gkmëvbrbs kekamlakmls k `k iatbdpbrib. Batrb `ls kaidk`bs katrlp÷hkfls dës glduabs ba b` dbmil sb bagubatrka> rktks, pbrrls, `lels, gubrvls, zlpi`ltbs, pbgbs, gugkrkgcks, dlsgks, clrdifks, btg. Ba `k prëgtigk mb uak kutlpsik l abgrlpsik démigl `bfk` bs abgbskril glalgbr `ls rksfls qub mbnka bstls kaidk`bs ba b` gkmëvbr, mihbrbagiëaml`ls mb trkudktisdls: pubs b``l k`tbrkräk `k vbrkgimkm mb` migtkdba démigl `bfk`. Bs idplrtkatb bxplabr `l rb`kgilakml k `k prbsbagik mb `krvks ba `ls gkmëvbrbs, yk qub gldl gritbril plpu`kr sb glasimbrk qub tlmls `ls gkmëvbrbs sla glasudimls plr fuskals. @ks `krvks sla uak hksb mb grbgidibatl mb `ls iasbgtls, mb dkabrk qub gukaml ua gkmëvbr prbsbatk `krvks sifaihigk qub `ls iasbgtls mbplsitkrla ba é` sus cubvls, slerb tlml gukaml yk sb bagubatrk b` disdl ba putrbhkggi÷a: pubs `k dktbrik pþtrimk bs bsglfimk plr `ls iasbgtls pkrk bstb hia. Gla `l katbrilrdbatb bxpubstl, sb batbambrë qub ua gkmëvbr prbsbatkrk `krvks sl`kdbatb si sb dkatuvl bxpubstl ba ua `ufkr mlamb `ls iasbgtls mbplsitkrla ba é` sus cubvls: mb `l glatrkril auagk prbsbatkrk tk`bs `krvks. DRBU]B DRBU] B K_KUBA]B.

Glasistb ba `k suspbasi÷a gkrmilrrbspirktlriks.

tbdplrk`

y

trkasitlrik

mb

`ks

huagilabs

 

 

Bstk glamigi÷a pubmb glrrbsplambr k uak kgtivimkm bxtrbdkmkdbatb `batk mb `ls dlvidibatls mb` glrkz÷a y rbspirktlrils, plr `l tkatl sla g`äaigkdbatb idpbrgbptie`bs. @k dubrtb kpkrbatb pubmb mkrsb ba situkgilabs gldl kshixiks dbgëaigks, b`bgtrlgutkmls, iatlxigkmls, slerbmlsis mb kabstésigls, krritdiks, k`fuals tipls mb bpi`bpsik: y dubrtb kpkrbatb mb` rbgiéa akgiml, btg. Ba bstls gksls sb prbsbatka sifals kei÷tigls g`äaigls l iadbmiktls, plr `l tkatl pubmb mbg`krkrsb þaigkdbatb `k glamigi÷a mb dubrtb g`äaigk. Wi sb prbsbatka `ls sifals kei÷tigls rbk`bs l mb gbrtbzk, batlagbs al plmräk trktkrsb mb ua bstkml mb dubrtb kpkrbatb, pubs `k prbsbagik mb bstls sifaihigk iamumke`bdbatb `k kel`igi÷a mbhiaitivk y pbrdkabatb mb `ks huagilabs vitk`bs. _krk al iagurrir ba sbaskgilak`isdls bs idplrtkatb iamigkr qub b` bstkml mb dubrtb kpkrbatb bs uak glamigi÷a bxgbpgilak`: kmbdës bs sbguamkril k ua gukmrl g`äaigl mb sbvbrk frkvbmkm qub suhrb b` pkgibatb. K`fl idplrtkatb bs sbûk`kr qub `k kusbagik tltk` l pkrgik` mb `ks huagilabs gkrmilrrbspirktlriks al pubmba sbr rbsistimks plr tlml b` lrfkaisdl murkatb dugcl tibdpl sia ``bfkr k mbsbagkmbakr b` hba÷dbal mb `k dubrtb. ‐Mbpbamibaml mb `k girguastkagik qub ``bvk k ua pkgibatb k` bstkml mb dubrtb

kpkrbatb, bstk bvl`ugilak k uak dubrtb rbk`, l plmräk rbglerkr sus huagilabs vitk`bs sia bdekrfl: pkrk b``l al plmrë trkasgurrir tlml b` tibdpl qub murka sus huabrk`bs—. 

Gla `l katbrilrdbatb bxpubstl sb pubmb mihbrbagikr batrb gksls eiba mlgudbatkmls mb dubrtb kpkrbatb y gksls prlmugtl mb cistlribtks gk``bnbrks y sbaskgilak`isdl pue`igitkril qub sb kprlvbgcka mb` bdpirisdl y `ks grbbagiks hkatksilsks mb `k ple`kgi÷a.  DRBU]B DRBU] B WÞEI]K

Wb glalgb tk` k `k dubrtb mb kpkrigi÷a erusgk b iabspbrkmk ba ua iamivimul ba kpkrbatb euba bstkml mb sk`um.

 

 

Ba bstls gksls b` sunbtl al ckeäk prbsbatkml säatldks mb k`fuak bahbrdbmkm qub pumibrk ``bvkr`b k ua mbsba`kgb hktk`. Bxistba mivbrsks bahbrdbmkmbs l k`tbrkgilabs lrfëaigks qub pubmba prlvlgkr uak dubrtb sþeitk, batrb b``ks bs idplrtkatb gitkr> iatlxigkgilabs, iahkrtl kfuml mb` dilgkrmil, rupturk mb frkambs vksls skafuäabls, trldelsis, pkagrbktitis kfumk, cbdlrrkfik gbrberk`, dubrtb plr iacieigi÷a, btg. @k dubrtb sþeitk ba aiûls pubmb sbr mbeiml k> akgidibatl prbdkturl, dk`hlrdkgilabs glaféaitks, bahbrdbmkmbs iahbggilsks hu`diakatbs, kshixiks plr slhlgkgi÷a mb `ks rlpks mb gkdk y bahbrdbmkmbs k`érfigks. B` mikfa÷stigl mb `k gkusk mb dubrtb sþeitk k vbgbs rbsu`tk duy mihägi` mb bhbgtukr, rbquiribaml, kmbdës, mb uak kutlpsik duy gldp`btk: y mb uak sbrib mb kaë`isis mb `kelrktlril gldp`bdbatkrils. Mbsmb b` puatl mb vistk démigl `bfk`, ua gksl mb dubrtb sþeitk glastituyb uak dubrtb slspbgclsk mb gridiak`imkm, pubstl qub si b` sunbtl al tbaäk katbgbmbatbs mb bahbrdbmkm frkvb, sifaihigk qub aiafþa hkgu`tktivl pubmb bxtbambr b` gbrtihigkml démigl mb mbhuagi÷a, plr `l qub sb iaigik b` prlgbsl pbak` pkrk iavbstifkr `k dubrtb mb bsb sunbtl gldl ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`igtivl. Wl`kdbatb gukaml sb glalzgk qub `k gkusk l btil`lfäk mb uak dubrtb sþeitk bs uak bahbrdbmkm gldþa: batlagbs sb krgcivk b` prlgbsl pbak`.  KR]L_WIK L ABGUL_WIK.

Bs ua détlml mb mikfa÷stigl mb `k gibagik démigk qub glasistb ba b` bxkdba mb `ls ÷rfkals mbspués mb hk``bgiml b` pkgibatb. @k pk`kerk kutlpsik sifaihigk ba fribfl kggi÷a mb vbr plr `ls prlpils lnls. Kutlpsik bs b` bxkdba mb ua gkmëvbr, mëaml`b gldl sia÷aidl b` térdial abgrlpsik. @k btidl`lfäk fribfk katbrilr sb rbhibrb k `ls lnls mb` démigl bxkdiakmlr y al k` gkmëvbr disdl gldl brr÷abkdbatb `l iatbrprbtka k`fuals. @k pk`kerk abgrlpsik sifaihigk sifaihigk ba fribfl kggi÷a mb vbr b` gkmëvbr. Bs b` bxkdba mb ua gkmëvbr, ksä gldl bxkdba plst dlrtbd: mëaml`b gldl sia÷aidl b` térdial kutlpsik.

 

 

@ls térdials kutlpsik y abgrlpsik sla sia÷aidls, kdels sla glrrbgtls y sla prlpils mb `k gibagik démigk, mb dkabrk qub pubmba sbr uti`izkmls iamistiatkdbatb. Mbsmb b` puatl mb vistk démigl `bfk` `ks kutlpsiks l abgrlpsiks sb mivimba ba> kutlpsiks g`äaigks u clspitk`kriks y kutlpsiks démigl `bfk`bs. K glatiaukgi÷a sb ckgb ua erbvb bstumil mb b``ks. k) Kutlpsik g`äaigk>   bs ``kdkmk tkdeiéa kutlpsik clspitk`krik. B` mikfa÷stigl

qub sb ``bvk k gkel k trkvés mb `k disdk sb prkgtigk ba ua clspitk` gukaml hk``bgb ua pkgibatb qub ck siml trktkml plr uak bahbrdbmkm gldþa. @ls lenbtivls mb uak kutlpsik g`äaigk sla> - Gldprlekr b` mikfa÷stigl yk letbaiml gla ltrls détlmls, `ls guk`bs Ukmil`÷figls, cbdktl`÷figls cbdktl`÷figls y ekgtbril`÷figls. ekgtbril`÷figls. - Ckgbr uak bvk`ukgi÷a mb` dkabnl y trktkdibatl qub sb `b mil k bsb pkgibatb. - Ubk`izkr iavbstifkgil iavbstifkgilabs abs gibatähigks. e) Kutlpsi k démigl `b `bfk`> fk`>  sb `b ``kdk ksä k `k kutlpsik lrmbakmk plr ua nubz

l plr ua kfbatb hisgk` mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl pkrk iavbstifkr mbatrl mb ua prlgbsl pbak` `k dubrtb mb ua sunbtl qub sb prbsudb slspbgclsl mb gridiak`imkm, bs mbgir qub prbsbatk dubstrks mb vil`bagik l qub sbka mb gkusk mbsglalgimk. @k kutlpsik démigl `bfk` prlplrgilak k` prlgbsl pbak` bxgb`batb iahlrdkgi÷a kgbrgk mb> - B` mikfa÷stigl l gkusk mb `k dubrtb. - Gritbrils eësigls pkrk rbglastruir `k dkabrk mb `k dubrtb. - Kyumk k `k imbatihigkgi÷a. Gla b` iahlrdb mb `k kutlpsik démigl `bfk` b` nuzfkmlr tbamrë ua kmbgukml kuxi`il ba ua prlgbsl. Wi b` migtkdba mb `k kutlpsik démigl `bfk` iamigk qub `k gkusk mb dubrtb bs uak bahbrdbmkm gldþa: sb krgcivkrë b` prlgbsl. g) Btkpks mb `k kutlps ik

@k kutlpsik l abgrlpsik gldl détlml mb mikfa÷stigl bs duy gldp`bnl y rbgurrb k mivbrsks bspbgik`imkmbs démigks gldl `k pktl`lfäk kakt÷digk, `k

 

 

tkaktl`lfäk, `k trkudktl`lfäk, y `k tlxigl`lfäk. Wi sb trktk mb uak kutlpsik démigl `bfk` sb mbeb rbgurrir k `k gridiak`ästigk: pubs `l qub sb bstë iavbstifkamll bs ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`igtiv iavbstifkam mb`igtivl. l. Bs mb idplrtkagik sbûk`kr `l rb`kgilakml k `ks kutlpsiks démigl `bfk`bs, iamigkaml `ks btkpks mb dkylr idplrtkagik. m) Cistlrik mb` gkmëvbr>  _krk qub uak kutlpsik démigl `bfk` `lfrb su lenbtivl

b` démigl hlrbasb mbeb glalgbr `ks girguastkagiks qub rlmbka `k dubrtb mb` sunbtl: bs mbgir `k bsgbak mb` gridba. Ra mlgudbatl idplrtkatb bs `k lrmba mb kutlpsik qub baväk b` nubz l b` kfbatb mb` Diaistbril _þe`igl ba mlamb glastka `ls mktls mb imbatihigkgi÷a si sb cka letbaiml, b` `ufkr y `k hbgck mb `k `lgk`izkgi÷a mb` gkmëvbr y `ks glamigilabs ba qub hub baglatrkml. Wi b` sunbtl hk``bgi÷ ba ua clspitk` y su dubrtb bs slspbgclsk mb gridiak`i mkm, yk sbk plr vil`bag gridiak`imkm, vil`bagik ik l plrqub k pbskr mb` dk dkabnl abnl démigl aall sb glalgb `k gkusk mb `k dubrtb, ba `k lrmba mb kutlpsik sb mbeb kmnuatkr b` bxpbmibatb g`äaigl l ua rbsudba gldp`btl mb` disdl, mb bstk hlrdk b` démigl hlrbasb tbamrë ua euba glalgidibatl mb `ks idprbsilabs g`äaigks y mb` dkabnl clspitk`kril: `l guk` `b sbrvirë pkrk lribatkr su bxkdba. ➥ 

Bxkdba mb `ks rlpks mb` gkmëvbr>   Ba bstk btkpk mb `k kutlpsik démigl

`bfk` `ks rlpks sb bxkdiaka mbtk``kmkdbatb pkrk lesbrvkr> gl`lr, dktbrik`, bsti`l, tkdkûl y `ks glamigilabs ba qub sb bagubatrka, k`fl duy idplrtkatb bs eusgkr b`bdbatls qub glastituyka iamigils gldl> skafrb, cbgcls, lriak, v÷ditls, p÷`vlrk, pbrhlrkgilabs, rupturks y guk`quibr ltrl vbstifil. B` kaë`isis mb tlmls bstls b`bdbatls kyumk k `k rbglastruggi÷a mb `ls cbgcls lgurrimls ba `ks dubrtbs mb` sunbtl. Ba bstk hksb sb bagubatrk uak iatbrsbggi÷a batrb `k dbmigiak hlrbasb y `k gridiak`ästigk, pubs sb bstë trktkaml mb rbglastruir ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb mb`igtivl. ➥ 

Bxkdba bxtbral mb` gkmëvbr>   Bs idplrtkatb b` bxkdba mb `ks `bsilabs,

bspbgik`dbatbb si sb bagubatrka trkudktisdls, bspbgik`dbat trkudktisdls, sb mbeb iavbstifkr su tipl, su `lgk`izkgi÷a kakt÷digk, su iatbasimkm y trktkr mb iatbrprbtkr b` krdk l `k dkabrk gla qub sb prlmunbrla, bnbdp`l> ktrlpb``ls, kshixiks dbgëaigk, cbrimks plr krdk e`kagk, cbrimks plr krdk mb hubfl, btg. @ls sifals kei÷tigls sb mbeba iavbstifkr gla `k dkylr prlatitum yk qub mb bsk dkabrk

 

 

sb tibab dbnlr kprlxidkgi÷a. Mbeba eusgkrsb iamigils dktbrik`bs tk` gldl sb iamig÷ ba b` bxkdba mb `ks rlpks.   ‐Gla `ls mktls letbaimls ba `k cistlrik y `ls ck``kzfls mb` bxkdba mb `ks

rlpks y mb` bxkdba bxtbral mb` gkmëvbr, b` démigl hlrbasb iavbstifkmlr tibab ua euba `iabkdibatl pkrk `ks sifuibatbs btkpks mb `k abgrlpsik—. ➥ 

Bxkdba iatbral mb` m b` gkmëvb gkmëvbr> r>  Ba bstk btkpk b` démigl hlrbasb bxkdiak `ks

gkvimkmbs grkabkak, mb` t÷rkx y kemldiak` eusgkaml k`fþa glatbaiml gldl cbdlrrkfik, dktbrik` puru`batl, lnivks mb ek`k, btg.: `ubfl bxkdiak gkmk ÷rfkal ba su sitil y plstbrilrdbatb bxkdiak gkmk ÷rfkal plr sbpkrkml. Wi sb ckgb abgbskril bxkdiakrk b` sistbdk dþsgu`l bsqub`étigl. Ba bstk btkpk b` démigl hlrbasb pubmb glrrlelrkr b` mikfa÷stigl prb`idiakr k` gldp`btkr`l gla aubvls ck``kzfls, tkdeiéa plmräk baglatrkr b`bdbatls mbtbrdiakatbs qub gkdeika b` mikfa÷stigl prb`idiakr. ➥ 

Bxëdbabs mb `kelrktlril>   Gldl tlml détlml mikfa÷stigl, b` bxkdba mb

`k kutlpsik mbeb sbr gldprlekml l gldp`btkml gla ltrl u ltrls détlmls mikfa÷stigls mb bspbgik`imkmbs gldl tlxigl`lfäk, rkmil`lfäk, digrleil`lfäk, cistlpktl`lfäk, sbxl`lfäk, cbdktl`÷figk, btg.: b``l sb mbeb k qub frka gkatimkm mb mikfa÷stigls btil`÷figls al pubmba rbk`izkrsb sl`kdbatb gla b` bstumil kaktldlpktl`÷figl mb `ls ÷rfkals. Wi `k cistlrik mb` gkmëvbr y `ls ck``kzfls mb `k kutlpsik l abgrlpsik lribatka k ua mikfa÷stigl mihbrbagik` mb iatlxigkgi÷a, b` démigl hlrbasb mbeb bavikr k` `kelrktlril mb tlxigl`lfäk dubstrks pkrk su kaë`isis: yk qub b` mikfa÷stigl mb iatlxigkgi÷a sl`l pubmb bditirsb si sb tibab b` iahlrdb plsitivl mb` `kelrktlril.  KR]L_WIK _LW] BSCRDKGI×A>

B` tbrdial bxcudkr sifaihigk bxtrkbr ua gkmëvbr sbpu`tkml ba `k tibrrk l ba guk`quibr ltrl tipl mb dkusl`bl. ]lmks `ks kutlpsiks plst bxcudkgi÷a sla démigl `bfk`bs, pubs sla pbritknbs qub iavbstifka ua cbgcl qub sb prbsudb cldigimil.

 

 

Batrb `ls prlgbsls pbak`bs qub prlvlgka mi`ifbagikr kutlpsiks démigl `bfk`bs plst bxcudkgi÷a sb pubmba gitkr `ls sifuibatbs> k) Imbatihigkr ua gkmëvbr qub hub iacudkal sia imbatihigkgi÷a. K bstls gkmëvbrbs yk sb `bs ck prkgtigkml kutlpsik démigl `bfk` katbs mb sbr iacudkmls, pubs k` sbr baglatrkmls sia imbatihigkgi÷a su dubrtb bs slspbgclsk mb gridiak`imkm: yk sbk plr vil`bagik l plr gkusk mbsglalgimk. e) Gukaml sb idpufaka kutlpsiks démigl `bfk`bs yk prkgtigkmks, glasimbrëamlsb qub ba `ks disdks al sb bhbgtu÷ ua bxkdba gldp`btl gldp`btl.. g) Gukaml sb idpufaka kutlpsiks démigl `bfk`bs yk prkgtigkmks, glasimbrëamlsb qub ba `ks disdks al sb bhbgtu÷ ua bxkdba gldp`btl. m) Gukaml sb idpufaka kutlpsiks g`äaigks, glasimbrëamlsb qub b` mikfa÷stigl mb dubrtb al hub `k bahbrdbmkm gldþa qub ba b` iahlrdb sb iamigk: sial qub `k dubrtb hub prlvlgkmk plr ltrk pbrslak. b) Ba gksls mb gkmëvbrbs qub sb iacudka sia prkgtigërsb`bs kutlpsik, gukaml sb idpufak b` gbrtihigkml démigl mb mbhuagi÷a, glasimbrëamlsb qub b` mikfa÷stigl mb dubrtb al hub `k bahbrdbmkm gldþa qub ba b` disdl sb iamigk, sial qub `k dubrtb hub prlvlgkmk plr ltrk pbrslak.  KR]L_WIK ABFK]IXK ABFK]IXK..

Glalgimk tkdeiéa gldl kutlpsik e`kagk. Wb ``kdk ksä k `k kutlpsik l abgrlpsik qub al `lfrk bstke`bgbr `k gkusk mb `k dubrtb, pkrk mbg`krkrsb gldl tk` mbeba ckebrsb prkgtigkml guimkmlskdbatb tlmks `ks btkpks mb `k kutlpsik y tlmls `ls bxëdbabs mb `kelrktlril gldp`bdbatkrils. @ls hkgtlrbs qub prlvlgka uak kutlpsik l abgrlpsik abfktivk sla dþ`tip`bs, pubmba sbr mbhigibagiks iastitugilak`bs l mb batrbakdibatl, slerb tlml k` trktkrsb mb mikfa÷stigls mihägi`bs mb prkgtigkr y qub rbquibrba détlmls duy bspbgik`izkmls qub sla bsgksls mb letbabr y mb k`tl glstl.

 

 

[RIA]K RAIMKM DBMIGIAK DBMIG IAK @BFK@ @BFK @ WBSRK@ Y DK]BUAL IAHKA]I@