Medcel - Cirurgia Pediatrica.pdf
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A C I R T A Á C I I G R D Ú R E I C A P C I N A Í L I C G R U R I C
C I S
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PRINCIPAIS TEMAS EM CIRURGIA VASCULAR E CIRURGIA PEDIÁTRICA Cirurgia Pediátrica André Ribeiro Morrone Morrone - Alexandre Alexandre Kazantzi Kazantzi Fonseca Ribeiro Ribeiro - Marco Aurélio Ciriaco Padilha Padilha Elaine Cristina Soares Martins-Mour Martins-Moura a - Antonio Paulo Durante
Produção Editorial: Fátima Rodrigues Morais Coordenação Editorial e de Arte: Martha Nazareth Fernandes Leite Projeto Gráfico: SONNE - Jorlandi Ribeiro Diagramação: Jorlandi Ribeiro - Diego Cunha Sachito - Jovani Ribeiro - Matheus Vinícius Criação de Capa: R2 Editorial Assistência Editorial: Tatiana Takiuti Smerine Del Fiore Preparação de Originais: Andreza Queiroz Tadeu Malfará de Souza Revisão Final: Henrique Tadeu
Revisão de Texto e de Provas: Marcela Zuchelli Marquisepe - Maria Adriana Taveira Mariana Rezende Goulart - Mônica d’Almeida Serviços Editoriais: Anna Clara Pirani Silva - Eliane Cordeiro Serviços Gráficos: Thaissa Câmara Rodrigues
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil) Principais temas em Cirurgia Vascular e Cirurgia Pediátrica / Luciana Ragazzo - Allison Roxo Fernandes - André Ribeiro Morrone - Alexandre Kazantzi Fonseca Ribeiro - Marco Aurélio Ciriaco Padilha - Elaine Cristina Soares Martins-Moura - Antonio Paulo Durante - 1. ed. -- São Paulo: Medcel, 2017. -(Principais temas em Cirurgia Vascular e Cirurgia Pediátrica) 1. Cirurgia Vascular e Cirurgia Pediátrica - Concursos - 2. Residentes (Medicina)
Texto adaptado ao Novo Acordo Ortográfco.
O conteúdo deste livro é específico para provas, visando, principalmente, informar o leitor sobre as tendências das avaliações e prepará-lo para elas. Além disso, não é recomendado para a prática médica ou para a formação acadêmica. Acrescente-se que há a probabilidade de discordâncias entre conceitos das diferentes instituições, e que as informações contidas neste material estão de acordo com o regime vigente no momento da publicação, a serem complementadas conforme surgirem novos conhecimentos.
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Autoria e colaboração CIRURGIA PEDIÁTRICA André Ribeiro Morrone
Graduado pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). Especialista em Cirurgia Geral pelo HCFMUSP e pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões e em Cirurgia Pediátrica pelo Instituto da Criança do HC-FMUSP e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Ex-preceptor do Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do HC-FMUSP. Bacharel em Direito pela Faculdade de Direito da USP.
Alexandre Kazantzi Fonseca Ribeiro
Graduado em Medicina pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Especialista em Cirurgia Geral e em Cirurgia Pediátrica pelo Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE) e em Cirurgia Torácica Torácica pela UNIFESP.
Marco Aurélio Ciriaco Padilha
Graduado pela Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA). Cirurgião Geral pelo Hospital Municipal Dr. Mário Gatti. Residente em Cirurgia Pediátrica e mestrando pelo programa de Mestrado Profissional Associado à Residência Médica pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP).
Elaine Cristina Soares Martins-Moura
Graduada pela Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC). Título de especialista em Cirurgia Pediátrica pela Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) e pela Associação Brasileira de Cirurgia Pediátrica (CIPE). Doutora em Ciências pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia e Experimentação da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Membro da CIPE e da Associação Paulista de Cirurgia Pediátrica (CIPESP), de cuja diretoria também faz parte. Médica da disciplina de Cirurgia Pediátrica da UNIFESP UNIFESP..
Antonio Paulo Durante
Graduado pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Santos (FCMS). Residência em Cirurgia Geral e em Cirurgia Pediátrica e mestre em Gastroenterologia Cirúrgica pelo Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo (HSPE-SP). Doutor em Experimentação Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Pediátrica pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Título de especialista em Cirurgia Pediátrica pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Pediátrica e em Videocirurgia pela Sociedade Brasileira de Videocirurgia (SOBRACIL). Assistente do Serviço de Cirurgia Pediátrica do HSPE-SP e do Hospital Municipal Infantil Menino Jesus.
Assessoria didática João Ricardo Tognini
Atualização Atualiz ação 2017 Antonio Paulo Durante
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Revisão técnica
Cinthia Ribeiro Franco Dan Yuta Nagaya Daniela Andrea Medina Macaya Edivando de Moura Barros João Guilherme Palma Urushima Luan Forti Lucas Kenzo Miyahara Mariana da Silva Vilas Boas Matheus Fischer Severo Cruz Homem Nadia Mie Taira Priscila Schuindt de Albuquerque Schil Ryo Chiba Viviane Aparecida Queiroz Wilian Martins Guarnieri William Vaz de Sousa Yuri Yamada
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Apresentação
Os desafios da Medicina a serem vencidos por quem se decide pela área são tantos e tão diversos que é impossível tanto determiná-los quanto mensurá-los. O período de aulas práticas e de horas em plantões de vários blocos é apenas um dos antecedentes do que o estudante virá a enfrentar em pouco tempo, como a maratona da escolha por uma especialização e do ingresso em um programa de Residência Médica reconhecido, reconhecido, o que exigirá dele um preparo intenso, minucioso e objetivo. Trata-se do contexto em que foi pensada e desenvolvida a Coleção SIC Principais Temas para Provas, cujo material didático, preparado por profissionais das mais diversas especialidades especialidades médicas, traz capítulos com interações como vídeos e dicas sobre quadros clínicos, diagnósticos, tratamentos, temas frequentes em provas e outros destaques. As questões ao final, todas comentadas, comentadas, proporcionam a interpretação mais segura possível de cada resposta e reforçam o ideal de oferecer ao candidato uma preparação completa. Um excelente estudo!
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METODOLOGIA MEDCEL Antes de iniciar a leitura deste livro, independente do capítulo por onde você quer iniciar, faça esta pergunta a si mesmo: “Eu sei estudar?”. A MEDCEL elaborou todos os livros teóricos para atender a dois propósitos: O primeiro é aprofundar o seu conhecimento teórico do que é mais frequente nas provas. Todo o conteúdo é estrategicamente montado para oferecer embasamento teórico, reforçando o conhecimento já adquirido e direcionando direcionand o o raciocínio para a resolução de questões.
1. Introdução O trauma torácico responde por 20 a 25% das mortes em politraumatizados. Entretanto, 85% das vítimas podem ser tratadas adequadamente com suporte respiratório, analgesia e drenagem pleural (Figura 1). Desta maneira, a toracotomia será necessária em cerca de 15% dos casos. As mortes precoces, ainda no local do trauma, acontecem, principalmente, por contusão miocárdica e ruptura de aorta.
O segundo propósito é o treinamento na resolução de questões com o direcionamento para os temas de maior incidência nas provas, por meio de comentários e dicas dos especialistas.
Cirurgia do Trauma
Atendimento inicial ao politraumatizado
Figura 1 - Drenagem pleural: deve ser realizada no 5º espaço intercostal, na linha axilar média, com incisão na borda superior da costela inferior, evitando, assim, a lesão do plexo intercostal. O dreno deve ser conectado a um “selo d’água”, que funciona como válvula Fonte:www.trauma.org.
2. Avaliação inicial A avaliação das vítimas de traumas torácicos segue as mesmas prioridades do Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS®), sendo a via aérea a 1ª etapa do tratamento, com a proteção da coluna cervical. Uma via aérea pérvia não garante boa ventilação, e, nesse contexto, as lesões torácicas devem ser diagnosticadas e tratadas no exame primário. Didaticamente, dividem-se as lesões torácicas naquelas com risco imediato de morte, que devem ser diagnosticadas e tratadas durante a avaliação primária; nas que apresentam risco à vida, mas que podem ser tratadas no exame secundário; e nas demais lesões sem risco de morte (Tabela 1).
s e õ t s e u Q
Questões
2015 - FMUSP-RP 1. Um homem de 22 anos, vítima de queda de moto em rodovia há 30 minutos, com trauma de crânio evidente, trazido pelo SAMU, chega à sala de trauma de um hospital terciário com intubação traqueal pelo rebaixamento do nível de consciência. A equipe de atendimento pré-hospitalar informou que o paciente apresentava sinais de choque hipovolêmico e infundiu 1L de solução cristaloide até a chegada ao hospital. Exame físico: SatO2 = 95%, FC = 140bpm, PA = 80x60mmHg e ECG = 3. Exames de imagem: raio x de tórax e bacia sem alterações. A ultrassonografia FAST revela grande quantidade de líquido abdominal. A melhor forma de tratar o choque desse paciente é: a) infundir mais 1L de cristaloide, realizar hipotensão permissiva, iniciar transfusão de papa de hemácias e encaminhar para laparotomia b) infundir mais 3L de cristaloide, aguardar exames laboratoriais para iniciar transfusão de papa de hemácias e encaminhar para laparotomia c) infundir mais 3L de cristaloide, realizar hipotensão permissiva, iniciar transfusão de papa de hemácias e plasma fresco congelado e encaminhar para laparotomia d) infundir mais 1L de cristaloide, iniciar transfusão de papa de hemácias e plasma fresco congelado e encaminhar o paciente para laparotomia Tenhodo nhodomí mí niodoass o doassunto R el el er er o c om om en en tá tá r io
Refazere zeressaqu ssaquestão E n co nt nt r ei d ifi ifi cu cu ld ad ad e pa pa r ar ar es es po po nd nd er er
2015 - SES-RJ 2. Para avaliar inicialmente um paciente com traumatismo cranioencefálico, um residente utilizou a escala de Glasgow, que leva em conta: a) resposta verbal, reflexo cutâneo-plantar e resposta motora b) reflexos pupilares, resposta verbal e reflexos profundos c) abertura ocular, reflexos pupilares e reflexos profundos d) abertura ocular, resposta verbal e resposta motora Tenhodo nhodomí mí niodoass o doassunto R el el er er o c om om en en tá tá r io
Refazere zeressaqu ssaquestão E n co nt nt r ei d ifi ifi cu cu ld ad ad e pa pa r ar ar es es po po nd nd er er
2015 - UFES 3. A 1ª conduta a ser tomada em um paciente politraumatizado inconsciente é:
a) verificar as pupilas b) verificar a pressão arterial c) puncionar veia calibrosa d) assegurar boa via aérea e) realizar traqueostomia Tenhodomí ni odoass unto unto R el el er er o c o me nt nt á ri o
Refazere zeressaqu ssaquest estão ão E n co n tr ei ei d ifi ifi c ul da da de de p ar ar a re re sp sp on on de de r
2015 - UFG 4. Um homem de 56 anos é internado no serviço de emergência após sofrer queda de uma escada. Ele está inconsciente, apresenta fluido sanguinolento não coagulado no canal auditivo direito, além de retração e movimentos inespecíficos aos estímulos dolorosos, está com os olhos fechados, abrindo-os em resposta à dor, e produz sons ininteligíveis. As pupilas estão isocóricas e fotorreagentes. Sua pontuação na escala de coma de Glasgow é: a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9 Tenhodomí ni odoass unto unto R el el er er o c o me nt nt á ri o
Refazere zeressaqu ssaquest estão ão E n co n tr ei ei d ifi ifi c ul da da de de p ar ar a re re sp sp on on de de r
2015 - UFCG 5. Um homem de 20 anos foi retirado do carro em chamas. Apresenta queimaduras de 3º grau no tórax e em toda a face. A 1ª medida a ser tomada pelo profissional de saúde que o atende deve ser: a) aplicar morfina b) promover uma boa hidratação c) perguntar o nome d) lavar a face e) colocar colar cervical Tenhodomí ni odoass unto unto R el el er er o c o me nt nt á ri o
Refazere zeressaqu ssaquest estão ão E n co n tr ei ei d ifi ifi c ul da da de de p ar ar a re re sp sp on on de de r
2014 - HSPE 6. Um pediatra está de plantão no SAMU e é acionado para o atendimento de um acidente automobilístico. Ao chegar ao local do acidente, encontra uma criança de 5 anos próxima a uma bicicleta, sem capacete, deitada no asfalto e com ferimento cortocontuso extenso no crânio, após choque frontal com um carro. A criança está com respiração irregular e ECG (Escala de Coma de Glasgow) de 7. O pediatra decide estabilizar a via aérea
Dicas: - Organize-se; - Programe seus estudos determinando uma quantidade de horas por dia para dedicar-se a eles; - Escolha os temas que vai estudar;
a m u a r T o d a i g r u r i C
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Além de tudo isso, à medida que avançar no conteúdo dos capítulos, você vai perceber que criamos ícones que destacam tópicos relevantes para memorização, como dicas, tratamento, quadro clínico etc. E mais: em cada capítulo, você terá terá acesso a questões de d e aplicação e absorção, aliando a teoria ao dia a dia prático do médico.
TRAUMA TORÁCICO
CIRURGIA DO TRAUMA
Tratamento O tratamento do hemotórax consiste na drenagem de tórax, que remove o sangue, monitoriza o sangramento e diminui o risco de formação de coágulo.Haveráindicação de toracotomia se houver drenageminicialacima de 1.500mL de sangue ou superior a 200mL de sangue por hora nas 2 a 4 horas subsequentes.
Ocorre por laceração pulmonar, ruptura de um vaso intercostal ou da artéria mamária interna, ou fratura-luxação da coluna torácica. A maioria dos sangramentos é autolimitada e não necessita de tratamento cirúrgico hemostático específico, apenas de drenagem pleural, em 85% dos casos. O hemotórax pode ser classificado em pequeno (300 a 500mL), médio (500 a 1.500mL) e grande ou maciço (acima de 1.500mL). Clinicamente, há diminuição do murmúrio vesicular do lado afetado, com discreta macicez à percussão. O raio x de tórax evidencia hemotórax a partir de 200mL de volume. O tratamento conservador não é recomendado, pois, se o hemotórax não for drenado precocemente, haverá risco de evoluir para um hemotórax coagulado e até empiema.
C - Contusão pulmonar Trata-se da lesão torácica potencialmente letal mais comum (F igura 10), especialmente perigosa nos idosos, cuja reserva funcional pulmonar é menor. A insuficiência respiratória desenvolve-se progressivamente e decorre de hemorragia e edema do parênquima pulmonar, levando a hipóxia.
carina no trauma contuso (por exemplo, a avulsão do brônquio-fonte direito). Acarreta alta mortalidade, geralmente no local do acidente. Os sinais e sintomas da lesão podem ser inespecíficos, como cianose, hemoptise, enfisema subcutâneo e dispneia. Pode haver associação a fraturas de costela e esterno, e o pneumotórax é um achado comum. O principal elemento clínico para diagnóstico é o grande vazamento de ar após drenagem torácica. Em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória, pode ser necessária a intubação seletiva do pulmão oposto ao lado da lesão. A intubação pode ser difícil, em razão de hematomas, lesões orofaríngeas associadas ou lesão traqueobrônquica. Nesses casos, indica-se a intervenção cirúrgica imediata. Aos pacientes estáveis, o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser postergado até a diminuição do processo inflamatório local e do edema. Em lesões menores do que 1/3 do diâmetro da traqueia e em lesões brônquicas, pode-se optar pelo tratamento conservador. Lesões maiores de traqueia, carina e brônquio-fonte direito deverão ser tratadas por toracotomia, sendo que lesões maiores do que 1/3 do diâmetro da traqueia geralmente são tratadas com reparo primário (Figura 11).
Figura 10 - (A) Raio x de tórax com contusão pulmonar e (B) destaque para a presença de fratura de costela, muitas vezes associada aos casos de contusão
O quadro clínico é de insuficiência respiratória. O raio x de tórax inicial pode ser normal e, após 24 a 48 horas, evidenciar área de contusão, sendo a Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) o exame indicado para melhor avaliação da área de contusão pulmonar. Uma complicação possível é a pneumonia, que é mais frequente em idosos e pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. O paciente deve ser monitorizado com oximetria, gasometria arterial e eletrocardiograma. Se a insuficiência respiratória for importante (paO 2 1.500UI/mL
Neuroenolase
Baixo
>100mg/mL
Ferritina
Baixo
>142ng/mL
Relação VMA/ VMA/HVA HVA
>1
500 sugere mau prognóstico.
E - Tratamento A cirurgia é indicada: - Para fins diagnóstic diagnósticos; os; - Para possível possível ressecção completa completa do tumor; Em casos de urgência abdominal (invaginação, perfuração, sangra-
Tratamento O tratamento do linfoma não Hodgkin de abdome é predo predominantemente minantemente não operatório, por meio
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O diagnóstico é sempre confirmado por biópsia. Os tipos histológicos são embrionário (60%), alveolar (20%), indiferenciado (10 a 20%) e pleomórfico (0,5 a 1%). O tratamento é feito inicialmente com QT seguido de cirurgia, o menos mutilante possível, dependendo principalmente do tipo histológico, do local e do estadiamento.
B - Sarcoma de partes moles
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- A conduta é o acompanhamento com ultrassonografia. Cirurgia e/ ou pulsoterapia nas complicações (como insuficiência cardíaca e síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt, que se caracteriza pela associação de tumor vascular com trombocitopenia grave e vários graus de coagulopatia de consumo).
b) Adenomas - Mais frequentes em adolescentes que começam a usar usar
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- Fetopr Fetoproteína oteína aumentada; aumentada; - Tratamento: orquiectomia com clampeamento alto das estruturas do cordão + linfadenectomia.
B - Teratoma - Média de idade: idade: 3 anos; anos; - 25% dos tumores testiculares testiculares da infância;
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Clinicamente, podem apresentar-se como dor abdominal aguda, massa abdominal palpável ou por manifestações endócrinas. O tratamento compreende salpingooforectomia unilateral e, em alguns casos, pan-histerectomia. Alguns casos podem requerer QT pós-operatória.
11. Teratoma sacrococcígeo
Dica O teratoma sacrococcígeo
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ONCOLOGIA PEDIÁTRICA
- Tipo IV: • 9%; • Inteiramente pré-sacro, sem componente externo.
C - Diagnóstico diferencial - Mening Meningocele ocele sacral anterior; anterior; - Mielome Mielomeningoc ningocele; ele;
73
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OUTRAS MALFORMAÇÕES
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
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