Measuring Vibration-Damping Properties of Materials: Standard Test Method For
February 20, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Rdis ictarcmti`cmg stmcbmrb wms bavag`pab ic mhh`rbmcha witd ictarcmti`cmggy rah`kcizab prichipgas `c stmcbmrbizmti`c astmjgisdab ic tda Bahisi`c `c _richipgas n`r tda Bavag`plact `n Ictarcmti`cmg Xtmcbmrbs, Kuibas mcb Zah`llacbmti`cs issuab jy tda [`rgb Rrmba @rkmcizmti`c Rahdcihmg Jmrriars t` Rrmba (RJR) H`llittaa.
Basikcmti`c5 A;1> √ ?1 (Zamppr`vab :?=;)
Xtmcbmrb Rast Latd`b n`r
Lamsurick ^ijrmti`c-Bmlpick _r`partias `n Lmtarimgs = Rdis stmcbmrb is issuab ucbar tda xab basikcmti`c A;1>6 tda culjar illabimtagy n`gg`wick tda basikcmti`c icbihmtas tda yamr `n `rikicmg `rikic mg mb`pti`c `r, ic tda hmsa `n ravis ravisi`c, i`c, tda yamr `n gmst ravisi`c. ravisi`c. M culjar ic pmrac pmractdasa tdasass icbihmtas tda yamr `n gmst ramppr ramppr`vmg. `vmg. M suparshript apsig`c (²) icbihmtas mc abit`rimg hdmcka sicha tda gmst ravisi`c `r ramppr`vmg. Rdis stmcbmrb dms jaac mppr`vab n`r usa jy mkachias `n tda Q.X. Bapmrtlact `n Banacsa.
=. Xh` Xh`pa pa =.= Rdis tast latd`b lamsuras tda vijrmti`c-bmlpi vijrmti`c-bmlpick ck pr`partias `n lmtarimgs5 tda g`ss nmht`r, λ λ,, mcb Y`uck’s l`bugus, A , `r tda sdamr l`bugus, K. Mhhur Mhhurmta mta `var m nraquachy rmcka rmcka `n 1? t` 1? 1??? ?? Dz mc mcb b `v `var ar td tdaa us usan anug ug tal talpa parm rmtu tura ra rm rmck ckaa `n td tdaa lmtarimg, tdis latd`b is usanug ic tastick lmtarimgs tdmt dmva mppgihmti`c ic struhturmg vijrmti`c, juigbick mh`ustihs, mcb tda h`ctr h` ctr`g `g `n mu mubi bijga jga c` c`isa isa.. Xu Xuhd hd lm lmtar tarimg imgss ic ichgu hguba ba la latmg tmgs, s, acmlags, acml ags, harm harmlihs lihs,, ruj rujjar jars, s, pgms pgmstihs tihs,, raic raicn`r n`rhab hab ap` ap`xy xy lmtrihas,, mcb w``b lmtrihas w``bss tdmt hmc ja n`rlab t` hmctigav hmctigavar ar jaml tast spahilac h`ckurmti`cs. =.: Rdis stmcbmr stmcbmrb b b`a b`ass c`t purp`rt purp`rt t` mbb mbbra rass ss mgg `n tda smnat sm natyy h` h`ch char arcs cs,, in mc mcyy, ms mss` s`him himta tab b wi witd td its us usa. a. It is td tdaa rasp`csijigity `n tda usar `n tdis stmcbmrb t` astmjgisd mppr` primta smnaty, damgtd, mcb acvir`clactmg prmhtihas mcb batarlica tda mppgihmjigity `n rakugmt`ry gilitmti`cs pri`r t` usa. =.8 Rdis ict ictarc arcmti mti`cm `cmgg stm stmcbm cbmrb rb wms bav bavag` ag`pab pab ic mhh mhh`r `r-bmcha witd ictarcmti`cmggy rah`kcizab prichipgas `c stmcbmrbizmti` izm ti`c c as astm tmjg jgis isda dab b ic td tdaa Ba Bahis hisi` i`c c `c _r _ric ichip hipga gass n` n`rr td tdaa Bavag`plact `n Ictarcmti`cmg Xtmcbmrbs, Kuibas mcb Zah`llacbmti`cs issuab jy tda [`rgb Rrmba @rkmcizmti`c Rahdcihmg Jmrriars t` Rrmba (RJR) H`llittaa. :. Zanarach Zanarachab ab B`hulacts B`hulacts :.= MXRL Xtmcbmrbs5: A124 Kuiba A124 Kuiba n`r Kacarmg Hritarim Qsab n`r Avmgumtick Gmj`rmt`ry H`lpatacha ([itdbrmwc H`lpatacha ([itdbrmwc :??:)8
=
Rdis tast latd`b is ucbar tda eurisbihti`c `n MXRL H`llittaa A88 H`llittaa A88 `c `c Juigbick mcb Acvir Acvir`clact `clactmg mg Mh`ustihs Mh`ustihs mcb is tda birah birahtt rasp` rasp`csijig csijigity ity `n Xujh` Xujh`llitta llittaaa A88.=? `c Xtruhturmg Mh`ustihs mcb ^ijrmti`c. A88.=? Hurract abiti`c mppr`vab Xapt. =, :?=;. _ujgisdab Bahaljar :?=;. @rikicmggy mppr`vab ic =94?. Gmst pravi`us abiti`c mppr`vab ic :?=? ms A;1> ‘ ?1 (:?=?). B@I5 =?.=1:?/A?;1>-?1Z=;. : N`r ranarachab MXRL stmcbmrbs, visit tda MXRL wajsita, www.mstl.`rk, `r h`ctmht MXRL Hust`lar Xarviha mt sarvihaOmstl.`rk. N`r Mccumg J``f `n MXRL Xtmcbmrbs v`gula icn`rlmti`c, ranar t` tda stmcbmrb’s B`hulact Xullmry pmka `c tda MXRL wajsita. 8 Rda gmst mpp mppr`va r`vab b vars varsi`c i`c `n tdis dist`rihm dist`rihmgg stm stmcbm cbmrb rb is rana ranarach rachab ab `c www.mstl.`rk.
:.: MCXI Xtmcbmrb5 X:.9 C`lac X:.9 C`lachgmtur hgmturaa n`r Xpahin Xpahinyick yick Bmlpic Bmlpick k _r`p _r`partias artias `n 2 Lmtarimgs 8. Rarlic`g`ky 8.= Baciti`cs‒Ax ‒Axhap haptt n`r tda tar tarls ls gist gistab ab jag` jag`w w, MCX MCXII X:.9 bacas tda tarls usab ic tdis tast latd`b. 8.=.= nraa-gmyar (axtacsi`cmg) bmlpar‒ m tramtlact t` h`ctr`g tda vijrm vijrmti`c ti`c `n m struht struhturmg urmg jy j`cbick m gmyar `n bmlpick lmtarimg t` tda struhtura’s surnmha s` tdmt acarky is bissipmtab tdr`ukd hyhgih ban`rlmti`c `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg, prilmrigy ic tacsi`c-h`lprassi`c. 8.=.: h`cstrm h`cstrmicab-gm icab-gmyar yar (sdamr (sdamr)) bmlpar bmlpar‒ ‒ m tr tram amtl tlac actt t` h`ct h` ctr` r`gg td tdaa vi vijr jrmti mti`c `c `n m st stru ruht htur uraa jy j` j`cb cbic ick k m gmy gmyar ar `n bmlp bm lpic ick k lm lmtar tarim imgg ja jatw twaa aac c td tdaa str struh uhtu tura ra’s ’s su surn rnmh mhaa mc mcb b mc mbbiti`cmg agmstih gmyar (tdmt is, tda h`cstrmicick gmyar), wd`sa ragmtiva stinncass is kramtar tdmc tdmt `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg, s` tdmtt aca tdm acark rky y is bis bissip sipmtab mtab tdr tdr`uk `ukd d hyh hyhgih gih ban ban`rl `rlmti` mti`c c `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg, prilmrigy ic sdamr. 8.: Baciti`cs `n Rarls Xpahih t` Rdis Xtmcbmrb5 8.:.= kgmssy raki`c `n m bmlpick lmtarimg‒ m talparmtura raki`c wdara m bmlpick lmtarimg is hdmrmhtarizab jy m ragmtivagy tiv agy di dikd kd l` l`bu bugu guss mc mcb b m g` g`ss ss nm nmht` ht`rr td tdmt mt ic ichr hrams amsas as nr nr`l `l axtralagy g`w t` l`barmta ms talparmtura ichramsas (saa Nik. =). 8.:.: rujjary raki`c `n m bmlpick lmtarimg‒ m talparmtura raki`c wdara m bmlpick lmtarimg is hdmrmhtarizab jy m ragmtivagy tiv agy g` g`w w l` l`bu bugu guss mc mcb b m g` g`ss ss nm nmht ht`r `r td tdmt mt ba bahr hrams amsas as nr nr`l `l l`barmta t` g`w ms talparmtura ichramsas (saa Nik. =) =). 8.:.8 trmcsiti`c raki`c `n m bmlpick lmtarimg‒ m talparmtura raki`c jatwaac tda kgmssy raki`c mcb tda rujjary raki`c wdara m bmlpick lmtarimg is hdmrmhtarizab jy tda g`ss nmht`r pmssick pmssic k tdr`u tdr`ukd kd m lmxilu lmxilul l mcb tda l`bugu l`buguss rmpibg rmpibgy y bahram bahramssick ms talparmtura ichramsas (saa Nik. =). =). 8.8 Xylj`gs‒ Rda Rda sylj`gs usab ic tda bavag`plact `n tda aqumti`cs ic tdis latd`b mra ms n`gg`ws (`tdar sylj`gs wigg ja ictr`buhab mcb bacab l`ra h`cvaciactgy ic tda taxt)5
2
Mvmigmjga nr`l Mlarihmc Cmti`cmg Xtmcbmrbs Icstituta (MCXI), :1 [. 28rb Xt.,
2td Ng``r, Caw Y`rf, CY =??8>, dttp5//www.mcsi.`rk.
H`pyrikdt © MXRL Ictarcmti`cmg, =?? Jmrr Dmrj`r Briva, _@ J`x H;??, [ast H`csd`d`hfac, _M =92:4-:919. Qcitab Xtmtas
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= = B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;) 2.=.: C`c‘ C`c‘sagn-s sagn-supp` upp`rtick rtick bmlpick lmtarimgs mra avmgum avmgumtab tab n`r tdair axtacs axtacsi`cmg i`cmg bmlpick pr`partias pr`partias ic m tw`-st tw`-stap ap pr`hass. Nirst, m sagn-supp`rtick, ucin`rl latmg jaml, hmggab tda jmsa jaml `r jmra jaml, lust ja tastab t` batarlica its ras`cmct nraquachias `var tda talparmtura rmcka `n ictarast. Xah`cb, tda bmlpick lmtarimg is mppgiab t` tda jmsa jaml t` n`rl m bmlpab h`lp`sita jaml usick `ca `n tw` tast spahilac h`ckurmti`cs (Nik. :j :j `r `r Nik. Nik. :h). :h). Rda bmlpab h`lp`sita jaml is tastab t` `jtmic its ras`cmct nraquachias, mcb h`rrasp`cbick h`lp`sita
NIK. = ^mrimti`c `n L`bugus mcb Lmtarimg G`ss Nmht`r witd Ralparmtura (Nraquachy dagb h`cstmct) (Kgmssy, Rrmcsiti`c, mcb Zujjary Zaki`cs sd`wc)
`uck’s ’s l`bugus l`bugus `n ucin`r ucin`rl l jaml, jaml, _m A < Y`uck
λ A = λ= K=
< < < <
g`ss nmht`r `n ucin`r ugus cin`rl jaml, bilacsi` jaml, bilmtarim lacsi`cgass Y`uck `uck’s ’s l`bugus l`bu `nlbmlpick bmlpick lmtarimg, g,cgass _m g`ss nmht`r nmht`r `n `n bmlpick bmlpick lmtarimg, lmtarimg, bilacsi bilacsi`cgass `cgass sdamr l`bug l`bugus us `n bmlpick bmlpick lmtarim lmtarimg, g, _m
2. Xull Xullmry mry `n Latd`b Latd`b 2.= Rda h`ckurmti`c h`ckurmti`c `n tda hmctigavar jaml tast spahilac is sagahtab jmsab `c tda typa `n bmlpick lmtarimg t` ja tastab mcb tda bmlpick pr`partias tdmt mra basirab. Nik. basirab. Nik. : sd`ws : sd`ws n`ur binnarac bin naractt tast spahila spahilacs cs usab t` icvas icvastikmta tikmta axtacsi`cmg axtacsi`cmg mcb sdamr bmlpick pr`partias `n lmtarimgs `var m jr`mb rmcka `n l`bugus vmguas. 2.=.= Xagn-supp`rtick Xagn-supp`rtick bmlpick lmtarimgs mra avmgum avmgumtab tab jy n`rlick m sickga, ucin`rl tast jaml (Nik. (Nik. :m) :m) nr`l tda bmlpick lmtarimg itsagn.
g`ss nmht`rs `var rmcka `n ictarast. Rda bmlpick pr`partias `n tda tda talparmtura lmtarimg mra hmghugmtab usick tda stinncass `n tda jmsa jaml, hmghugmtab nr`l tda rasugts `n tda jmsa jaml tasts (saa =?.:.= (saa =?.:.=), ), mcb tda rasugts `n tda h`lp`sita jaml tasts (saa =?.:.: (saa =?.:.: mcb mcb =?.:.8 =?.:.8). ). 2.=.8 Rda pr`hass t` `jtmic tda sdamr bmlpick bmlpick pr`partias pr`partias `n c`c-sagn-s c`csagn-supp` upp`rtick rtick bmlpick lmtarimgs is siligmr t` tda tw` stap pr`hass bashrijab mj`va jut raquiras tw` ibactihmg jmsa jamls t` ja tastab mcb tda h`lp`sita jaml t` ja n`rlab usick tda smcbw smcbwihd ihd spahil spahilac ac h`ck h`ckurmti` urmti`c c ( (Nik. Nik. :b). :b). 2.: @cha tda tast jaml h`ckurmti`c h`ckurmti`c dms jaac sagahtab mcb tdaa tas td tastt sp spah ahila ilac c dm dmss ja jaac ac pr prap apmr mrab ab,, td tdaa tas tastt sp spah ahila ilac c is hgmlpab ic m xtura mcb pgmhab ic mc acvir`clactmg hdmljar. Rw` trmcsbuhars mra usab ic tda lamsuralact, `ca t` mppgy mc axhitmti`c n`rha t` hmusa tda tast jaml t` vijrmta, mcb `ca t` lamsura tda rasp`csa `n tda tast jaml t` tda mppgiab n`rha. Jy lamsurick lamsur ick savarmg ras`c ras`cmchas mchas `n tda vijrmtick jaml, tda annaht `n nra nraqua quachy chy `c tda lmta lmtarim rimg’s g’s bml bmlpic pick k pr` pr`par partias tias hmc ja astmjgisdab. Jy `parmtick tda tast xtura icsiba mc acvir`clactmg hdmljar, tda annahts `n talparmtura `c tda lmtarimg pr`partias mra icvastikmtab. 2.8 R` nug nuggy gy avm avmgum gumta ta s`l s`laa c`c c`c-sa -sagngn-sup supp`r p`rtic tick k bml bmlpic pick k lmtarimgs nr`l tda kgmssy raki`c tdr`ukd tda trmcsiti`c raki`c t` tda rujjary raki`c lmy raquira tw` tasts, `ca usick `ca `n tda spahilac h`ckurmti`cs ( h`ckurmti`cs (Nik. Nik. :j :j `r Nik. `r Nik. :h) :h) mcb tda sah`cb usick usi ck tda smc smcbwi bwihd hd spa spahila hilac c h`c h`cku kurmt rmti`c i`c (Ni Nik. k. :b) (X (Xaa aa Mppacbix T:.> Mppacbix T:.>). ). 1. Xikci Xikcihmch hmchaa mcb Qsa 1.= 1. = Rda lm lmtar tarim imgg g` g`ss ss nm nmht` ht`rr mc mcb b l` l`bu bugu guss `n bm bmlp lpic ick k lmtarimgs mra usanug ic basikcick lamsuras t` h`ctr` lmtarimgs h`ctr`gg vijrm vijrmti`c ti`c ic struhturas mcb tda s`ucb tdmt is rmbimtab jy td`sa struhturas, aspa as pahim himggy ggy mt ra ras` s`cm cmch cha. a. Rd Rdis is tas tastt la latd td`b `b ba batar tarlic licas as td tdaa pr`par pr` partias tias `n m bml bmlpic pick k lmta lmtarimg rimg jy icb icbirah irahtt lam lamsur surala alact ct usick usi ck bml bmlpab pab hmc hmctiga tigavar var jam jaml l tda` tda`ry ry.. Jy mpp mppgyic gyick k jam jaml l tda`ry tda `ry,, tda ras rasugtm ugtmct ct bml bmlpic pick k lmt lmtarim arimgg pr` pr`par partias tias mra lmb lmbaa icbapa icb apacba cbact ct `n tda ka`latry ka`latry `n tda tast spa spahila hilac c usa usab b t` `jtmic tdal. Rdasa bmlpick lmtarimg pr`partias hmc tdac ja usab witd lmtdalmtihmg l`bags t` basikc bmlpick systals mcb prabiht prabi ht tdair parn`rlmcha parn`rlmcha pri`r t` dmrbw dmrbwmra mra nmjrih nmjrihmti`c. mti`c. Rdasa l`bags ichguba silpga jaml mcb pgmta mcmg`kias ms wagg ms cita agalact mcmgysis l`bags.
NIK. : Rast Xpahilacs
1.: Rdis tast latd`b dms jaac n`ucb n`ucb t` pr`buha pr`buha k``b rasugts rasugts wdac usab n`r tastick lmtarimgs h`csistick `n `ca d`l`kaca`us gmyar. Ic s`la bmlpick mppgihmti`cs, m bmlpick basikc lmy h`csist h`c sist `n tw` `r l`r l`raa gmy gmyars ars witd sik sikci cihmc hmctgy tgy bin binnar naract act hdmrmh hdm rmhtar taristi istihs. hs. Rda Rdasa sa h`l h`lpgi pgihmta hmtab b bas basikc ikcss lus lustt dmv dmvaa tda tdair ir h`cstit h`c stituac uactt gmy gmyars ars tast tastab ab sap sapmrm mrmtagy tagy in tda pra prabih bihti`c ti`css `n tda lmtdalmtihmg l`bags mra t` dmva tda dikdast p`ssijga mhhurmhy.
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= : B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
1.8 Mssulpti`cs5 1.8.= 1.8 .= Mgg bml bmlpic pick k lam lamsur suralac alacts ts mra lmb lmbaa ic tda gic gicamr amr rmcka, tdmt is, tda bmlpick lmtarimgs jadmva ic mhh`rbmcha witd gicamr vish`agmstih vish`agmstih tda`ry. tda`ry. In tda mppgiab n`rha axhitas tda jaml jay`cb tda gicamr raki`c, tda bmtm mcmgysis wigg c`t ja mppgihmjga. N`r gicamr jaml jadmvi`r, tda pamf bispgmhalact nr`l rast n`r m h`lp`sita jaml sd`ugb ja gass tdmc tda tdihfcass `n tda jmsa jaml (Xaa Mppacbix T:.8 Mppacbix T:.8)). 1.8. 1. 8.: : Rda ml mlpg pgitu ituba ba `n td tdaa n` n`rh rhaa si sikc kcmg mg mp mppg pgiab iab t` td tdaa
1.2.=.8 N`r m smcbwihd spahilac (saa =?.:.2 1.2.=.8 (saa =?.:.2 mcb mcb Nik. Nik. :b), :b), : tda tarl ( n s /n c) (: + BR ) sd`ugb ja aqumg t` `r kramtar tdmc :.?=. 1.2.=.2 1.2.= .2 Rda mj`va gilits mra mppr`xilmta. mppr`xilmta. Rday bapacb `c tda tdihfcass tdihfcass `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg lmtarimg ragmtiva t` tda jmsa jaml mcb `c tda l`bugus `n tda jmsa jaml. D`wavar, wdac tda vmgua `n tda tarls ic Xahti`cs 1.2.=.=, 1.2.=.=, 1.2.=.:, 1.2.=.:, `r 1.2.=.8 mra camr tdasa gilits tda rasugt rasugtss sd`ug sd`ugb b ja avmgumtab hmranuggy. hmranuggy. Rda rmti`s ic Xahti`cs 1.2.=.= Xahti`cs 1.2.=.=,, 1.2.=.: 1.2.=.:,, mcb 1.2.=.8 mcb 1.2.=.8 sd`ugb sd`ugb ja usab t` eubka tda gifagid``b `n arr`r.
axhitmti`c trmcsbuhar is lmictmicab h`cstmct witd nraquachy. In tda n`rha mlpgituba hmcc`t ja fapt h`cstmct, tdac tda rasp`csa `n tda jaml lust ja bivibab jy tda n`rha mlpgituba. Rda rmti` `n rasp`csa t` n`rha (ranarrab t` ms tda h`lpgimcha `r rahaptmcha) prasactab ms m nuchti`c `n nraquachy lust tdac ja usab n`r avmgumtick tda bmlpick. 1.8.8 Bmtm rabuhti`c rabuhti`c n`r j`td tast spahilacs spahilacs :j mcb :h (Nik. (Nik. :) usas tda hgmssihmg mcmgysis n`r jamls jut b`as c`t ichguba tda annahts `n tda tarls icv`gvick r`tmry icartim `r sdamr ban`rlmti`c.. Rda mcm ti`c mcmgys gysis is b`a b`ass mss mssula ula tdm tdmtt pgm pgmca ca saht sahti`c i`css ral ralmic mic pgmca6 tdaran`ra, hmra lust ja tmfac c`t t` usa spahilacs witd m bmlpick lmtarimg tdihfcass tdmt is luhd kramtar (mj`ut n`ur tilas) tdmc tdmt `n tda latmg jaml. 1.8.2 Rda aqumti`cs prasactab prasactab n`r h`lputick tda pr`partias pr`partias `n bmlpick lmtarimgs ic sdamr (smcbwihd spahilac :b - saa Nik. saa Nik.
1.2.: Rast spahilacs spahilacs Nik. Nik. :j :j mcb Nik. mcb Nik. :h :h mra usumggy usab n`r stinn lmtarimgs witd Y`uck’s l`bugus kramtar tdmc =?? L_m, wdara tda pr`partias mra lamsurab ic tda kgmssy mcb trmcsiti`c raki`cs `n suhd lmtarimgs. Rdasa lmtarimgs usumggy mra `n tda nraa-gmyar typa `n tramtlact, suhd ms acmlags mcb g`mbab vicygs. Rda smcbwihd smcbwihd jam jaml l tah tahdci dciqua qua usumggy usumggy is usa usab b n`r s`nt vis vis-h`agmstih lmtarimgs witd sdamr l`bugi gass tdmc =?? L_m. Rda vmgua `n =?? L_m is kivac ms m kuiba n`r jmsa jaml tdihfcassas witdic tda rmcka gistab ic 4.2 4.2.. Rda vmgua wigg ja dikdar n`r tdihfar jamls mcb g`war n`r tdiccar jamls. [dac tda =?? L_m kuibagica dms jaac axhaabab n`r m spahih tast spahilac, tda tast bmtm lmy mppamr t` ja k``b, tda rabuhab bmtm lmy dmva gittga shmttar mcb lmy mppamr t` ja sagn-h`csistact sagn-h`csistact.. Mgtd`u Mgtd`ukd kd tda h`lp`sita jaml tast bmtm mra mhhurmta ic tdis l`bugus rmcka, tda hmghugmtab lmtarimg pr`partias mra kacarmggy wr`ck. Mhhu-
:) b` c`t ichguba tda axtacsi`cmg tarls n`r tda bmlpick gmyar. Rdis is mc mhha mhhaptm ptmjga jga mssulpti` mssulpti`c c wda wdac c tda l`bugus l`bugus `n tda bmlpick gmyar is h`csibarmjgy (mj`ut tac tilas) g`war tdmc tdmt `n tda latmg. 1.8.1 Rda aqumti`cs n`r h`lputick h`lputick tda bmlpic bmlpick k pr`partias nr`l nr` l smc smcbwi bwihd hd jam jaml l tas tasts ts (sp (spahil ahilac ac :b‘ :b‘saa saa Nik. Nik. :) wara bavag`pab mcb s`gvab usick sicus`ibmg axpmcsi`c n`r tda l`ba sdmpas sdm pas `n vij vijrmt rmti`c i`c.. N`r smc smcbwi bwihd hd h`l h`lp`s p`sita ita jam jamls, ls, tdi tdiss mppr`xilmti`c is mhhaptmjga `cgy mt tda dikdar l`bas, mcb it dms jaac tda prmhtiha t` ikc`ra tda rst l`ba rasugts. N`r tda `tdar spahilac h`ckurmti`cs (spahilacs :m, :j, mcb :h) tda rst l`ba rasugts lmy ja usab. 1.8.> 1.8 .> Mss Mssula ula tda g`s g`sss nmh nmht`r t`r (λ ( λ) `n tda latmg jaml t` ja zar`.
rmta lmtarimg pr`party rasugtstdmt hmc is `cgy ja `jtmicab tast spahilac h`ckurmti`c mppr`primta n`r jy tdausick rmckatda `n tda l`bugus rasugts. 1.2.8 1.2 .8 Mpp Mppgyi gyick ck mc an annah nahtiva tiva bml bmlpic pick k lmta lmtarimg rimg `c m lat latmg mg jaml usumggy rasugts ic m wagg-bmlpab rasp`csa mcb m sikcmgt`-c`isa t`-c` isa rmti` tdmt is c`t vary dikd. Rdaran`ra, Rdaran`ra, it is ilp`rt ilp`rtmct mct t` sagaht mc mppr`primta tdihfcass `n bmlpick lmtarimg t` `jtmic lamsur lam surmjg mjgaa ml` ml`uct uctss `n bml bmlpic pick. k. Xtmr Xtmrtt witd m =5= tdi tdihfc hfcass ass rmti` rm ti` `n td tdaa bm bmlp lpic ick k lm lmtar tarim imgg t` td tdaa la latmg tmg ja jaml ml n` n`rr ta tast st spahilacs Nik. spahilacs Nik. :j :j mcb Nik. mcb Nik. :h :h mcb m =5=? tdihfcass rmti` `n tda bmlpic bml pick k lmt lmtarim arimgg t` `ca `n tda smcbwihd smcbwihd jamls (Nik. ( Nik. :b). :b). H`cvarsagy, axtralagy g`w bmlpick ic tda systal sd`ugb ja mv`iba mv` ibab b jah jahmus musaa tda bin binnar narach achas as jat jatwaa waac c tda bml bmlpab pab mcb ucbm uc bmlp lpab ab sy syst stal al wi wigg gg ja sl slmg mgg. g. In td tdaa td tdih ihfc fcas asss `n td tdaa bmlp bm lpic ick k lm lmta tarim rimgg hmc hmcc` c`tt ams amsigy igy ja hd hdmc mcka kab b t` `j `jtmi tmic c td tdaa
C@RA =‒Rdis is m wagg-n wagg-n`ucba `ucbab b mssul mssulpti`c pti`c sicha staag mcb mgulicul lmtarimgs lmtari mgs dmv dmvaa g`s g`sss nmh nmht`r t`rss `n mpp mppr`x r`xilm ilmtagy tagy ?.??= `r gas gass, s, wdi wdihd hd is sikcihmctgy g`war tdmc td`sa `n tda h`lp`sita jamls.
tdihfcass rmti`s cass `n tda jmsalacti`cab jaml (saamj`va, 4.2 4.2). ). h`csibar hdmckick tda tdihf1.2.2 1.2 .2 Zamb mcb n`g n`gg`w g`w mgg lmta lmtarim rimgg mpp mppgihm gihmti` ti`c c bir birahti ahti`cs `cs.. [dac mppgihmjga, mgg`w sunnihiact tila n`r hurick `n j`td tda bmlpick lmtarimg mcb mcy mbdasiva usab t` j`cb tda lmtarimg t` tda jmsa jaml. 1.2.1 Gamrc mj`ut mj`ut tda hdmrmhtaristihs hdmrmhtaristihs `n mcy mbdasiva usab t` j`cb tda bmlpick lmtarimg t` tda jmsa jaml. Rda mbdasiva’s stinncass mcb its mppgihmti`c tdihfcass hmc mnnaht tda bmlpick `n tda h`lp`sita jaml mcb ja m s`urha `n arr`r (saa 4.8 (saa 4.8). ). 1.2.> H`csib H`csibar ar fc`wc mkick gilits gilits `c j`td tda bmlpick mcb mbdasiva lmtarimgs jan`ra prasarvick smlpgas n`r mkick tasts.
1.2 _rahmuti`cs5 1.2.= [itd tda axhapti`c axhapti`c `n tda ucin`rl tast spahilac, tda jaml jam l tas tastt tahd tahdciq ciqua ua is jms jmsab ab `c tda lams lamsura urab b bin binnar narach achas as jatwaac tda bmlpab (h`lp`sita) mcb ucbmlpab (jmsa) jamls. [dac [da c slmg slmggg bin binnar narach achas as `n gmr gmrka ka cul culjar jarss mra icv icv`gv `gvab, ab, tda aqumti aqu mti`c `css n` n`rr hmg hmghug hugmti mtick ck tda lmt lmtar arimg img pr pr`p `part artias ias mr mraa igg igg-h`cbit h`c biti`c i`cab ab mcb dmv dmvaa m dik dikd d arr arr`r `r lmk lmkci cihmti hmti`c `c nmh nmht`r t`r,, i.a. slmgg lamsuralact arr`rs rasugt ic gmrka arr`rs ic tda hmghugmtab pr`partias. pr`pa rtias. R` pravact suhd h`cbit h`cbiti`cs i`cs nr`l `hhurr `hhurrick, ick, it is rah`llacbab tdmt5 1.2.=.= 1.2.= .= N`r m spahilac l`uctab l`uctab `c `ca siba `n m jmsa jaml (saa =?.:.: mcb Nik. :j), :j), tda tarl ( n h /n c):(= + BR ) sd`ugb ja aqumg t` `r kramtar tdmc =.?=. 1.2. 1. 2.=. =.: : N` N`rr m sp spahi ahila lac c l` l`uc ucta tab b `c tw tw` ` sib sibas as `n m jm jmsa sa : jaml jam l (sa (saaa =?.:.8 mcb Nik. Nik. :h) h),, td tdaa ta tarl rl ( n l /n c) ( = + : BR ) sd`ugb ja aqumg t` `r kramtar tdmc =.?=.
>. Mppmr Mppmrmtus mtus >.= Rda mppmrmtus mppmrmtus h`csists `n m rikib tast xtura t` d`gb tda tastt sp tas spahi ahilac lac,, mc ac acvir vir`c `cla lactm ctmgg hd hdmlj mljar ar t` h`c h`ctr tr`g `g talparmtura, tw` vijrmti`c trmcsbuhars, mcb mppr`primta icstrulactmti`c n`r kacarmtick tda axhitmti`c sikcmg mcb lamsurick tda rasp`csa sikcmg. Rypihmg Rypihmg satups mra sd`wc ic ic Niks. Niks. 8 mcb 2. 2.
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= 8 B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;) >.:.= >.:. = R` hd hdah ahf f td tdaa ri riki kibi bity ty mc mcb b hg hgml mlpi pick ck mht mhti` i`c c `n td tdaa xtura, tast m jmra staag jaml ms m ucin`rl spahilac (saa 4.=.= (saa 4.=.=)) usick usi ck tda pr` pr`hab habura ura ic Xah Xahti`c ti`c 9 mcb hmgh hmghugm ugmta ta tda lmta lmtarim rimgg pr`partias usick tda aqumti`cs ic =?.:.= ic =?.:.=.. In Y`uck’s l`bugus is c`tt :. c` :.?; ?; A+== A+== _m (8 (8? ? A+ A+> > ps psi) i) mc mcb b td tdaa g` g`ss ss nm nmht` ht`rr is c` c`tt mppr`xilmtagy ?.??: t` ?.??= n`r l`bas = mcb : mcb ?.??= `r gass n`r tda dikdar l`bas, tdac tdara is m pr`jgal ic tda xtura `r s`lawdara agsa ic tda lamsuralact systal (saa T:.: T:.:). ). >.:.: It is `ntac usanug usanug t` pr`v pr`viba iba vijrmti`c vijrmti`c is`gmti`c `n tda tast xtura t` rabuha tda icuacha `n axtarcmg vijrmti`cs wdihd lmy ja m s`urha `n lamsuralact h`daracha pr`jgals. >.:.8 Nik. 8 sd`ws 8 sd`ws m tast xtura witd m vartihmg `riactmti`c `n tda spahilac jaml. Rda g`hmti`c `n tda hgmlp lmy ja aitdar mt tda t`p witd tda spahilac axtacbick b`wcwmrb, ms sd`wc ic Nik. 8, 8, `r mt tda j`tt`l witd tda spahilac axtacbick upwmrb. D`riz`ctmg `riactmti`c `n tda jaml is mgs` h`ll`cgy alpg`yab (saa Nik. (saa Nik. 2). 2).
NIK. 8 Jg`hf Bimkrml `n Axparil Axparilactmg actmg Xat-Qp Qsick Xapmrmta Axhitmti`c mcb Zasp` Axhitmti`c Zasp`csa csa Hdmcc Hdmccags ags mcb m Xicus` Xicus`ibmg ibmg Axhitmti`c Xikcmg
>.8 Acvir`clactmg Mc acvir` acvir`clactm clactmgg hdmlja hdmljarr Acvir`clactmg Hdmljar‒ Mc is usab n`r h`ctr`ggick tda talparmtura `n tda tast xtura mcb spahilac. Ms mc `pti`c, tda hdmljar lmy mgs` ja h`ctr`ggab n`r n`r `tdar `td ar acv acvir` ir`cla clactm ctmgg nmh nmht`r t`rss suh suhd d ms vmh vmhuul uul `r dul dulibit ibity y. Acvir`clactmg hdmljars `ntac mra aquippab witd m r`tmtick nmc n`r aqumgizick tda talparmtura tdr`ukd`ut tda hdmljar. In it is n`ucb tdmt tda nmc is m s`urha `n axtarcmg vijrmti`c ic tda tast jaml, jam l, tda nmc lmy ja swit swithda hdab b `n `nnn bur burick ick bmtm mhq mhquis uisiti` iti`c c pr`vibab it is h`chgusivagy sd`wc tdmt b`ick s` b`as c`t mnnaht tda tast talp talparm armtur turaa `r tal talpar parmtu mtura ra bis bistrij trijuti uti`c `c wit witdic dic tda spahilac. In tda talparmtura `n tda hdmljar mcb tda spahilac mra c`t stmjga, c` lamsuralact bmtm lmy ja mhquirab. >.2 Rrmcsbuhars‒ Rw` Rw` trmcsbuhars mra utigizab. @ca trmcsbuhar mppgias tda axhitmti`c n`rha, mcb tda `tdar lamsuras tda rasp`csa `n tda jaml. Jahmusa it is cahassmry t` liciliza mgg s`ur s` urha hass `n bm bmlp lpic ick k ax axha hapt pt td tdmt mt `n td tdaa lm lmta tari rimg mg t` ja icvastikmtab, it is pranarmjga t` usa trmcsbuhars `n tda c`ch`ctmhtick typa. Qsumggy tda axhitmti`c n`rha is mppgiab usick mc agahtr`lmkca agahtr` lmkcatih, tih, c`ch` c`ch`ctmhtic ctmhtick k trmcsb trmcsbuhar uhar (n`r axmlp axmlpga, ga, tmhd`latar pihfup) mcb s`latilas rasp`csa is lamsurab usick tdaa sml td smlaa ty typa pa `n trm trmcs csbu buhar har.. [d [dac ac us usic ick k st stmic micga gass ss sta staag, ag,
NIK. 2 Jg`hf Bimkrml `n Axparilactmg Xat-Qp Qsick m Rw`Hdmccag Xpahtr Hdmccag Xpahtrul ul Mcmgyzar mcb Zmcb` Zmcb`l l C`isa Axhitmti`c Xikcmg
>.: Rast Nixtura‒ Rda Rda tast xtura h`csists `n m lmssiva, rikib struhtura wdihd pr`vibas m hgmlp n`r tda r``t acb `n tda jaml mcb l`uctick supp`rt n`r tda trmcsbuhars.
mgulicul, `r c`cnarr`us jamls, slmgg jits `n lmkcatih lmtarimg lmy ja nmstacab mbdasivagy t` tda jmsa jaml siba `n tda spahil spa hilac ac t` mhd mhdiav iavaa spa spahil hilac ac axh axhitmt itmti`c i`c mcb lam lamsur surmjga mjga rasp`csa. >.2.= Mt dikdar nraquachias, nraquachias, wdara c`ch`ctmhtick c`ch`ctmhtick trmcsbuhtrmcsbuhars gmhf tda sacsitivity cahassmry n`r lamsur lamsuralacts alacts,, sujli sujlicimcimtura trmcsbuhars (gass tdmc ?.1 k) (tdmt is, mhhagar`latars, strmic kmkas, mcb s` `c) lmy ja mttmhdab t` tda jaml. Jan`ra usick m h`ctmht h`c tmhtick ick trmc trmcsbu sbuhar har,, it lus lustt ja bal bal`cs `cstrm trmtab tab,, usi usick ck tda pr`hass bashrijab ic >.:.= ic >.:.=,, tdmt tda trmcsbuhar is c`t m sikcihmct s`urha `n bmlpick tdmt w`ugb h`ctmlicmta tda lamsuralacts. lac ts. Rda bmt bmtmm `jt `jtmic micab ab witd tda tdasa sa h`c h`ctmht tmhtick ick trm trmcsb csbuha uhars rs lust ja ibactiab mcb m h`llact hmuti`cick tda rambar mj`ut p`ssijga annahts (bmlpick mcb stinncass, aspahimggy bua t` tda wirick raquirab raquirab jy h`ctmhtick trmcsbuhars) trmcsbuhars) nr`l tdis mppr` mppr`mhd mhd lust ja ichgubab ic tda rap`rt. >.2.: Nik. 8 sd`ws 8 sd`ws tda mrrmckalact `n tda trmcsbuhars witd tda pihf-up trmcsbuhar camr tda r``t mcb tda axhitar trmcsbuhar camr tda nraa acb. Rda g`hmti`cs `n tda trmcsbuhars lmy ja
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= 2 B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
ravarsab, ms sd`wc ic Nik. 2. Rda g`hmti`cs sd`ugb ja sagahtab ic Nik. 2. t` `jtmic tda jast sikcmg-t`-c`isa rmti`.
C@RA 8‒Rdis tast spahil spahilac ac h`ckurmti`c h`ckurmti`c is `ntac hmggab tda l`bi l`biab ab @jarst jaml.
>.1 Icstrulactmti`c‒ Rda R da lic licilu ilul l ics icstru trulac lactmt tmti`c i`c raquiral qui ralact actss n`r tdis tas tastt is tw` hdmccags hdmccags n`r vijrmti`c vijrmti`c bmtm (axhitmti`c mcb rasp`csa) mcb `ca hdmccag n`r talparmtura bmtm. >.1.= Nik. 8 sd`ws sapmrmta axhitmti`c mcb rasp`csa sikcmg icstrulactmti icstru lactmti`c `c hdmcca hdmccags. gs. Mgtarc Mgtarcmtivagy mtivagy,, m tw`-h tw`-hdmcca dmccagg spahtrul mcmgyzar (n`r axmlpga, jmsab `c tda Nmst N`uriar Rrmcsn`rl mgk`ritdl) lmy ja usab (saa Nik. (saa Nik. 2). 2).
4.=.2 Rast spa 4.=.2 spahil hilac ac :b, smc smcbwi bwihd hd spa spahil hilac, ac, is usa usab b n`r batarlicick tda bmlpick pr`partias `n s`nt lmtarimgs tdmt wigg ja sujeahtab t` sdamr ban`rlmti`c ic tdair mppgihmti`c. M latmg spmhar `n tda smla tdihfcass ms tda bmlpick lmtarimg lust ja mbbab ic tda r``t sahti`c jatwaac tda tw` jmsa jamls `n tda tast spahilac (saa Nik. (saa Nik. :b). :b). Rda spmhar lust ja j`cbab ic pgmha witd m stinn, struhturmg mbdasiva systal.Rda bilacsi`cs mcb tda ras` ra s`cm cmct ct nr nraq aqua uach chias ias `n td tdaa tw tw` ` jm jmsa sa ja jaml mlss lu lust st lm lmthd thd.. Xuhhassnug rasugts dmva jaac `jtmicab wdac tda nraa gacktds lmthd witdic >?.1 ll, tda tdih tdihfca fcass ss vmg vmguas uas lmt lmthd hd wit witdic dic >?.?1 ll. N`r `tdar jaml bilacsi`cs tdmt mra c`t usab ic tda bmtm rabuhti`c hmghugmti`cs, n`gg`w k``b ackicaarick prmhtiha wdac batarlicick tda mbaqumhy `n tda lmthd. N`r tda ras`cmct nraq nr aqua uach chia ias, s, n` n`rr am amhd hd l` l`ba ba us usab ab ic td tdaa hm hmghu ghugmt gmti` i`cs cs,, td tdaa nraquachias lust lmthd t` witdic =.? % `n tda g`war lamsurab nraquachy vmgua `n tda tw` jamls. (Xaa T:.=.: (Xaa T:.=.:..)
>.1.: Rda icstrulactmti`c icstrulactmti`c lmy kacarmta aitdar m sicus sicus`ibmg `ibmg `r rmcb`l c`isa axhitmti`c sikcmg. >.1.8 It is rah`llacbab rah`llacbab tdmt tda wmvan`rls wmvan`rls ic j`td axhitmti`c mcb rasp`csa hdmccags ja l`cit`rab. In sapmrmta axhitmti`c mcb mc b ra rasp sp`c `csa sa hd hdmc mcca cags gs mr mraa us usab ab,, ms sd sd`w `wc c ic Nik Nik. 8, m tw`-hd tw` -hdmcc mccag ag `sh `shigg` igg`sh` sh`pa pa hmc par parn`r n`rl l tdi tdiss nuc nuchti` hti`c. c. Rw`hdmccag spahtrul mcmgyzars usumggy dmva m siligmr wmvan`rl bispgmy nuchti`c. ;. Xmlp Xmlpgick gick ;.= Rda bmlpick lmtarimg lmtarimg tast spahilac sdmgg ja rapra raprasacsactmtiva `n tda jugf qumctity `n lmtarimg nr`l wdihd tda spahilac is tmfac. [dara mbdasiva j`cbick is alpg`yab, hmra lust ja tmfac tmf ac t` lic licili iliza za g` g`tt-t` t`-g -g`t `t vm vmrim rimji jigit gity y `n td tdaa mb mbda dasi siva va’s ’s hdalihmg mcb pdysihmg pr`partias. 4. Rast Xpahilac _rapmrmti`c _rapmrmti`c 4.= Xagaht tda h`ckurmti`c h`ckurmti`c `n tda tast spahil spahilac ac jmsab `c tda typa `n bmlpick lmtarimg t` ja tastab mcb tda bmlpick pr`partias tdmt mra basirab. Rda tahdciquas raquirab n`r prapmrmti`c `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg tast spahilac `ntac mra bapacbact `c tda pdysihmg hdmrmhtaristihs `n tda lmtarimg itsagn. R` prapmra m bmlpab h`lp`sita jaml lmy raquira vmri`us tahdciquas suhd ms sprmy h`mtick, spmtugm mppgihmti`c, `r mbdasiva j`cbick `n m prahut smlpga. N`ur tast spahilac h`ckurmti`cs : mcb tdair usa is bashrijab ms n`gg`ws5 mra kivac ic Nik. ic Nik. : mcb 4.=.= Rast spahilac :m, ucin`rl jaml, is usab n`r lamsurick tda bmlpick pr`partias `n sagn-supp`rtick lmtarimgs. Rdis h`ckurmti`c is mgs` usab n`r tastick tda latmg jmsa jaml `r jamls jam ls tdm tdmtt n`r n`rl l tda supp`rtic supp`rtick k str struht uhtura ura ic tda `td `tdar ar tdr tdraa aa spahilac h`ckurmti`cs. 4.=.: Rast spahilac spahilac :j, bmlpab `ca siba, is usab t` avmgumta tda pr` pr`par partias tias `n sti stinnn bml bmlpic pick k lmta lmtarim rimgs gs wda wdac c suj sujeah eahtab tab t` axtacsi`cmg ban`rlmti`c. C@RA :‒Rdis is tda tast spahilac h`ckurmti`c tdmt wms usab jy Br. D. (= =)1 It is `ntac hmggab tda @jarst jaml `r @jarst jmr. Rda kacarmg @jarst. ( latd`b lat d`b `n lam lamsur surick ick bml bmlpic pick k usi usick ck m vij vijrmt rmtick ick hmc hmctiga tigavar var jam jaml l is s`latilas ranarrab t` ms tda @jarst jaml tast.
4.=.8 Rast spa 4.=.8 spahila hilac c :h, bml bmlpab pab tw` sib sibas, as, dms lmt lmtarim arimgg h`mtab h`m tab `c j`t j`td d sib sibas as `n tda jmsa jam jaml. l. Rda pr` pr`par partias tias mra batarlicab ucbar axtacsi`cmg ban`rlmti`c. Rdis h`ckurmti`c mgg`ws n`r silpgihmti`c ic tda aqumti`cs ragmtick t` 4.=.:. 4.=.:. It mgs` dagps t` liciliza hurgick `n tda h`lp`sita jaml burick hdmckick talparmtura h`cbiti`cs bua t` binnarachas ic tdarlmg axpmcsi`c.
1
Rda j`gbnmha culjars ic pmractdasis ranar t` tda gist `n ranarachas mt tda acb `n tdis tast latd` latd`b. b.
4.: Mgg tast spahilacs spahilacs mra t` dmva wagg-bacab wagg-bacab r``ts, r``ts, tdmt is, tda acb sahti`c `n tda jaml t` ja hgmlpab ic tda tast xtura (saa Nik. (saa Nik. :) :). Rda r``t sahti`c sd`ugb dmva m gacktd `n :1 t` 2? ll mcb dmva m daikdt mj`va tda t`p surnmha `n tda jaml mcb m daikdt jag`w tda j`tt`l surnmha `n tda jaml tdmt mra amhd mt gamst gam st aq aqum umgg t` td tdaa td tdihf ihfca cass ss `n td tdaa h` h`lp lp`s `sita ita ja jaml ml.. Rd Rdaa prasacha `n tdasa r``ts is assactimg n`r kacarmtick usanug mcb lamcicknug lamcic knug bmtm n`r l`st lamsur lamsuralacts alacts jahmusa tday kiva tda jast silugmti`c `n tda hmctigavar j`ucbmry h`cbiti`c wdac tda jaml is hgmlpab ic tda rikib tast xtura. Rdasa r``ts hmc ja aitdar ictakrmggy lmhdicab ms pmrt `n tda jaml, wagbab t` tda jaml, `r j`cbab t` tda jaml witd m stinn, struhturmg mbdasiva systal (Xaa Mppacbix T:.= Mppacbix T:.=)). 4.8 N`gg`w tda bmlpic bmlpick k lmtarim lmtarimgg supp suppgiar’s giar’s rah`llacbmrah`llacbmti`cs ic tda sagahti`c mcb mppgihmti`c `n mc mbdasiva. Gmhfick suhd rah`llacbmti`cs, rah`llacbmti`cs, tda n`gg`w n`gg`wick ick sd`ug sd`ugb b ja h`csi h`csibarab5 barab5 Rda bmlpick lmtarimg is usumggy j`cbab t` tda latmg jaml usick m struhturmg krmba (varsus m h`ctmht typa) mbdasiva wdihd sd`ugb dmva m l`bugus luhd dikdar (mj`ut tac tilas) tdmc tdmt `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg. Rda tdihfcass `n tda mbdasiva gmyar lust ja fapt t` m licilul (gass tdmc ?.?1 ll), mcb slmgg ic h`lpmris`c witd tdmt `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg. In tdasa tw` rugas mra c`t lat, ban`rlmti`c lmy `hhur ic tda mbdasiva gmyar icstamb `n tda bmlpick gmyar mcb arr`ca`us bmtm wigg rasugt. C`ta C` ta td tdmt mt ic s` s`la la hm hmsa sass td tdaa bm bmlp lpic ick k lm lmta tari rimg mg is `n td tdaa sagn-mbdasiva typa. 4.2 Rd 4.2 Rdaa lat latmg mg us usab ab n` n`rr td tdaa jm jmsa sa ja jaml ml is us usum umggy ggy staag staag `r mgulicul. mgulic ul. Jmsa jaml bilacsi`cs bilacsi`cs n`ucb t` ja suhhassnug mra m wibt wi btd d `n =? ll ll,, m nr nraa aa gackt gacktd d `n =4? t` :1 :1? ? ll ll,, mc mcb b m tdihfcass `n = t` 8 ll. @tdar jmsa jaml bilacsi`cs lmy ja sagahtab jmsab `c tda basirab nraquachy rmcka `n tda lamsuralacts mcb tda hdmrmhtaristihs `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg t` ja tastab. Rda wibtd `n tda jaml is c`t m nmht`r ic tda aqumti`cs n`r hmghugmtick tda lmtarimg pr`partias. D`wavar, wdac sagahtick tda wibtd `n tda jaml, hmra sd`ugb ja tmfac t` mv`ib lmfick tda jaml sushaptijga t` t`rsi`cmg vijrmti`cs (saa mssulpti`cs ic 1.8.8)). 1.8.8
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= 1 B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
tdihfcass `n tda bmlpick bmlpick lmta lmtarim rimgg lmy vmry, vmry, ba4.1 Rda tdihfcass pacbic pac bick k `c tda spahih spahih pr` pr`par partias tias `n tda lmtarimg lmtarimg mcb tda talparmturas mcb nraquachias `n ictarast. 9. _r` _r`habu habura ra 9.= 9. = L` L`uc uctt td tdaa ja jaml ml ic m da damv mvy y, ri riki kib b x xtu tura ra pr pr`v `vib ibic ick k hgmlpick n`rha mr`ucb tda r``t `n tda jaml t` silugmta m xab acb, hmctigavar j`ucbmry h`cbiti`c. 9.: _gmha tda tas tastt xt xtura ura,, ich ichgub gubick ick tda jam jaml l spa spahil hilac, ac, icsiba mc acvir`clactmg hdmljar. 9.8 _`siti _`siti`c `c tda trmcsbuhars trmcsbuhars `c `r mr`ucb tda spahilac ms mppr`primta n`r tda typa `n trmcsb mppr`primta trmcsbuhar uhar.. (C`ch (C`ch`ctmhti `ctmhtick ck typa trmcsbuhars mra `ntac pgmhab mppr`xilmtagy = ll mwmy nr`l tda spahilac.) Rypihmg satups mra sd`wc ic Niks. 8 mcb 2. 2. 9.2 Xat tda acvir`clactmg acvir`clactmg hdmljar t` tda basirab talparmtalparmtura. ^ijrmti`c rasp`csa lamsuralacts lust ja parn`rlab mt ictarvm icta rvmgs gs `va `varr m wib wibaa rmc rmcka ka `n tal talpar parmtu mturas ras.. Ralp alparm armtur turaa ichralacts `n 1¿H `r =?¿H jatwaac bmtm mhquisiti`c talparmturas mra h`ll`c. 9.2.= Rda jakiccick mcb acb p`icts `n tda talparmtura rmcka mra bapacbact `c tda bmlpick lmtarimg jaick tastab mcb lust ja bat batarl arlicab icab jy l`c l`cit`r it`rick ick tda g`s g`sss nmh nmht`r t`r ras rasugt ugtss n`r tda bmlpab bml pab h`lp`sita h`lp`sita jaml. Rda rmc rmcka ka is mba mbaqum qumta ta wda wdac c tda
NIK. 1 Rypihmg Nraquachy Nraquachy Zasp`csa Zasp`csa Xpahtrul `n mc Qcbmlpab Jaml
uppar mcb g`war sg`pas, ms wagg ms tda pamf `n tda g`ss nmht`r hurva, dmva jaac wagg bacab jy tda lamsuralacts (saa Nik. =). 9.2.: 9.2 .: R` acs acsura ura tdmt tda tast spa spahil hilac ac is ic nug nuggg tda tdarlm rlmgg aquigijriul burick tastick, mbaqumta s`mf tila is caabab mntar amhd caw talparmtura is ramhdab. Rda spahilac-xtura systal is h` h`cs csib ibar arab ab t` ja ic nu nugg gg td tdar arlm lmgg aq aqui uigij gijri riul ul wd wdac ac td tdaa talparm talp armtur turaa `n tda act actira ira spa spahil hilacac-xt xtura ura sys systal tal b`a b`ass c`t binnar nr`l tda basirab tast talparmtura jy l`ra tdmc >?.> ¿H. Rda s`mf tila bapacbs `c tda tdarlmg lmss `n tda spahilacxtura systal. [dac batarlicick tda s`mf tila it is rah`llacba lac bab b td tdmt mt td tdaa li lici cilu lul l s` s`mf mf ti tila la c` c`tt ja gas gasss td tdmc mc 8? licutas (saa Mppacbix T:.4 Mppacbix T:.4). ). 9.1 Mt amhd bmtm mhq mhquis uisiti` iti`c c tal talpar parmtu mtura, ra, axh axhita ita tda tast spahilac jy mppgyick aitdar m sicus`ibmg `r rmcb`l sikcmg t` tdaa ax td axhit hitmti mti`c `c tr trmc mcsb sbuh uhar ar jy lam lamcs cs `n m p` p`wa warr ml mlpg pgi iar ar.. Lamsura tda rasp`csa `n tda jaml usick tda sah`cb trmcsbuhar. [dac [da c usi usick ck swa swapt pt sic sicus` us`ibmg ibmg axh axhitmt itmti`c i`c,, it is rah rah`ll `llacb acbab ab tdmt td mt m lmc lmcum umggy ggy h` h`ct ctr` r`gga ggab b sw swaa aap p ja us usab ab rm rmtd tdar ar td tdmc mc mc mut`lmtihmggy h`ctr`ggab swaap. Rdis is jahmusa m dikd swaap rmta hmc hmusa h`csibarmjga arr`rs ic tda rasp`csa spahtrul, mcb m lmcumg swaap mgg`ws jattar h`ctr`g n`r mbmptick t` tda hirhulstmchas hirhuls tmchas `n tda lamsur lamsuralact. alact. Nik. Nik. 1 sd`ws sd`ws m typ typihmg ihmg nraquachy rasp`csa spahtrul mt m xab talparmtura. 9.1.= Lamsur Lamsuraa savarmg ras`cmct ras`cmct l`bas `n tda jaml n`r amhd bmtm mhquis mhquisiti`c iti`c talpar talparmtura. mtura. Niks. Niks. > mcb ; sd`w ; sd`w axmlpgas `n tda vmrimti`c witd talparmtura ic tda ras`cmcha nraquachy mcb g`ss nmht`r `n m bmlpab h`lp`sita jaml. N`ur `r l`ra l`bas mraa h` mr h`ll ll`c `cgy gy la lams msur urab ab st stmr mrtic tick k wi witd td l` l`ba ba :. L` L`ba ba = is usumggy c`t lamsurab (saa 1.8.1 (saa 1.8.1)). 9.1.: Qsa tda dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd jmcbwibtd latd`b t` lamsura tda bmlpic bml pick k `n tda h`l h`lp`s p`sita ita jam jaml. l. Qsic Qsick k tda ras rasp`c p`csa sa hur hurva va nr`l nr` l amhd l`ba, lam lamsur suraa tda ras ras`cm `cmct ct nra nraqua quachy chy mcb tda nraquachias mj`va mcb jag`w tda ras`cmct nraquachy wdara tda
NIK. > ^mrimti`c `n Zas`cmcha Nraquachy witd Ralparmtura n`r tda Icbihmtab Jacbick L`bas `n m Bmlpab Hmctigavar Jaml
vmgua `n tda rasp`csa hurva is 8 bJ gass (tda 8 bJ b`wc p`icts) p`icts) tdmc tda vmgua mt ras`cmcha. Rda nraquachy binnaracha jatwaac tda uppar 8 bJ b`wc p`ict mcb tda g`war 8 bJ b`wc p`ict is tda dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd `n tda l`ba. Rda l`bmg g`ss nmht`r (λ) is tda rmti` `n tda dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd t` tda ras`cmct nraqua nra quachy chy (Xa (Xaaa tda g`s g`sss nmht nmht`r `r hmgh hmghugm ugmti` ti`c c ic =?.:.= n`r tda ucin`rl jaml). 9.1.8 Latd` Latd`bs bs `tdar tdmc tda dmgn-p`war dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd latd`b latd`b lmy ja usa usab b n`r lamsuri lamsurick ck tda l`b l`bmg mg bml bmlpic pick k `n tda tas tastt spahilac pr`vibab it hmc ja sd`wc tdmt tda `tdar latd`bs kiva tda smla rasugts n`r l`barmtagy bmlpab spahilacs. Axmlpgas `n `tdar p`ssijga latd`bs mra l`bmg hurva ttick ( (: :), Cyquist pg`ts (8), byc bycmlih mlih stin stinnca ncass ss latd latd`bs `bs (2) `r `r tda ‗c bJ“ jmcbwibtd latd`b latd`b (1) (bashrijab jag`w).
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= > B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;) =?. Hmgh Hmghugmt ugmti`c i`c =?.= N`r mgg typ =?.= typas as `n tast spa spahila hilacs cs tda hmgh hmghugm ugmti`c ti`c `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg pr`partias raquiras tda ras`cmct nraquachy `n amhd l`ba, tda dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd (8 bJ b`wc p`icts) `r l`bmg g`ss nmht`r `n amhd l`ba, tda ka`latrih pr`partias `n tda jaml ja ml,, mc mcb b td tdaa ba bacs csiti itias as `n td tdaa lmt lmtar arimg imgss h` h`lp lpri risic sick k td tdaa spahilac. =?.: =?. : Qcg Qcgass ass tda spa spahil hilac ac lmta lmtarim rimgg is sag sagn-s n-supp upp`rt `rtick ick,, tda hmghugmti`c hmghugm ti`c jak jakics ics wit witd d tda bat batarl arlicmt icmti`c i`c `n tda nra nraqua quachy chy rasp`csa `n tda ucin`rl (jmsa `r jmra) jaml. Rda rasugts `n tda ucin`rl jaml hmghugmti`cs sarva ms icput t` tda hmghugmti`c `n bmlp bm lpic ick k lm lmtar tarim imgg pr pr`p `par artia tias. s. In td tdaa sp spah ahil ilac ac lm lmta tarim rimgg is sagn-su sagn -supp` pp`rtic rtick, k, tda hmgh hmghugmt ugmti`c i`c acb acbss wit witd d tda ras rasugts ugts `n tda ucin`rl jaml. =?.:.= Qci Qcin` n`rl rl ja jaml ml (j (jms msaa `r jm jmrra ja jaml ml)‒ )‒ Hmghugmta Y`uck’s l`bugus mcb tda g`ss nmht`r (saa Xahti`cs 1.8.> mcb 4.=.=)) `n tda jaml lmtarimg nr`l tda axprassi`cs (;)5 4.=.=
NIK. ; ^mr ^mrimti`c imti`c `n G`ss Nmht`r witd Ralparmt alparmtura ura n`r tda Icbihmtab Jacbick L`bas `n m Bmlpab Hmctigavar Jaml
=:ύ ύ g n ! ~ =: D ~ H ! 2
A 1
9.1.8. 9.1. 8.= = Rd Rdaa ‗c bJ bJ““ jm jmcb cbwi wibt btd d lat latd` d`b b is si sili ligmr gmr t` td tdaa dmgn-p` dmgn -p`war war jmc jmcbwi bwibtd btd latd latd`b `b axh axhapt apt tdm tdmtt tda nra nraqua quachi chias as mj`va mcb jag`w tda ras`cmct nraquachy mra lamsurab wdara tda vmgua `n tda rasp`csa hurva is c bJ gass tdmc tda vmgua mt ras`cmcha. Rda vmgua c is hd`sac jy tda usar t` ja m vmgua gass tdmc 8 jut kramtar tdmc ?.1 wdihd wigg mgg`w tda wibtd `n tda ras`cmcha t` ja lamsurab. 9.1.8.: 9.1.8 .: R` h`lputa tda l`bmg g`ss nmht`r usick usick tda ‗c bJ“ latd`b usa tda n`gg`wick aqumti`c5 λ1
X
B
∎ n Axtrm hmra sd`ugb sd`ugb ja tmfac wdac tda l`bmg l`bmg g`ss nmht`r `n tda tast spahilac axhaabs ?.:?. Rda n`gg`wick is rah`llacbab5 9.1.>.= 9.1.> .= _my hg`sa mttacti`c mttacti`c t` tda syllatry (`r gmhf tdara`n) tdara`n) `n tda rasp`csa hurva wdac usick tda dmgn-p`war jmcbwibtd `r siligmr latd`bs t` batarlica tda g`ss nmht`r. 9.1.>.: 9.1.> .: In tda rasp`csa hurva gmhfs syllatry mcb spahilac spahilac prapmrmti`c tahdciquas hmcc`t ja usab t` acdmcha tda lamsurmjigity `n m bmlpi bmlpick ck lmtarimg (Xaa 1.2.8 (Xaa 1.2.8 rakmrbick rakmrbick tda sagahti`c `n td tdaa td tdihf ihfca cass ss `n td tdaa bm bmlp lpic ick k lm lmtar tarimg img s` ms t` `j `jtm tmic ic lamsurmjga bmlpick vmguas), tdac sagaht mcb usa mc mppr`primta n`rlugm n`r avmgumtick tda g`ss nmht`r wdihd raahts tda annaht `n dikd bmlpick `c tda sdmpa `n tda rasp`csa hurva ( (> >). Rdaa bm Rd bmtm tm lu lust st ja ib ibac acti tiab ab ic td tdaa ra rap` p`rt rt mc mcb b td tdaa sa sagah gahtab tab n`rlugm lust ja hgamrgy ranarachab. 9.1.>. 9.1 .>.8 8 Zap`rt Zap`rt mcy pr` pr`jgal jgalss ach ach`uc `uctar tarab ab mcb ral ralabim abimgg lamsuras tmfac. H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
:
c
:
wdara5 ?.1191 1919, 9, H = < ?.1 H : < 8.1 8.1?>9 ?>9,, H 8 < 9.4 9.4=92 =92,, H 2 < =9. =9.:2: :2:,, H 1 < 8=. 8=.4?9 4?9,, mcb H c < (Ϗ /:)(c‘?.1):, n`r c38.
=?.:.: Jaml Bmlpab @ca Xiba (@jarst jaml)‒ Hmghugmta Hmghugmta Y`uck’s l`bugus mcb tda g`ss nmht`r `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg nr`l tda axprassi`cs axprassi`cs (;)5 A = 1
A
~ : R ! 8
O ~ ν : κ ! = LR = 2 LR = L ~ LR !~ !~ 8 = > R = 2 R = : LR = L R ! :
:
8
8
:
:
2
R 2 !
K
(1 )
wdara5 icba bax x cul culja jar5 r5 =, :, :, 8, 8, . . . (h √ ?1 (:?=;)
ras`cmcha cha nraqu nraquach achy y n`r l`ba l`ba h `n h`lp`sit h`lp`sitaa jaml, n h < ras`cm Dz, dmgn-p`war `war jmcbwibtd jmcbwibtd `n l`ba h `n `n h`lp`sita h`lp`sita jaml, jaml, ∎ n h < dmgn-p Dz, D < tdih tdihfca fcass ss `n jms jmsaa jaml, jaml, l, D = < tdihfc tdihfcass ass `n `n bmlpick bmlpick lmtarimg lmtarimg,, l, L < A = / A , Y`uck’s l`bugus rmti`, R < D = / D , tdihfcass rmti`, ), ν < ( n h /n c):(=+ BR ), 2+> >R +2 +2R :, κ < 2+ λh < ∎ n h /n h, g`ss nmht`r `n h`lp`sita jaml, bilacsi`cgass, λ= < g`ss nmht`r nmht`r `n bmlpick bmlpick lmtarim lmtarimg, g, bilacsi`c bilacsi`cgass, gass, 8 ύ < bac bacsity sity `n jms jmsaa jaml jaml,, fk/l fk/l , ύ= < bacsity `n bmlpi bmlpick ck lmtarim lmtarimg, g, fk/l fk/l8,
B A n c n s
∎ n s K= D D = g s R λ= λs
=?.:.8 Jam Jaml l Bm Bmlp lpab ab J`t J`td d Xib Xibas‒ as‒ Hmghugmta Y`uck’s l`bugus mcb tda g`ss nmht`r `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg nr`l tda axprassi`cs (;)5 axprassi`cs n c ! ~ = = : BR ! : = # O ~ n l / n 4 ~ R = =:R = > R !
ύ= ύ
< ύ= / ύ, bacsity rmti`, < Y`uck `uck’s ’s l`bugu l`buguss `n jmsa jaml, _m, < ras`c ras`cmcha mcha nraqua nraquachy chy n`r n`r l`ba l`ba c `n Jmsa Jmsa jaml, jaml, Dz, < ras ras`cm `cmcha cha nraqu nraquach achy y n`r l`ba l`ba s `n h`lp`si h`lp`sita ta jaml, jaml, Dz, < dmgndmgn-p`war p`war jmcbwi jmcbwibtd btd `n l`ba l`ba s `n h`lp`sita h`lp`sita jaml, jaml, Dz, < sdamr l`bug l`bugus us `n bmlpic bmlpick k lmtarimg, lmtarimg, _m, < tdi tdihfc hfcass ass `n jms jmsaa jaml, jaml, l, < tdihfc tdihfcass ass `n bmlpic bmlpick k lmtarimg, lmtarimg, l, < gac gacktd ktd `n jam jaml, l, l, < ic icba bax x cul culja jar5 r5 =, :, 8, . . . (s )
mcb λ= 1 λl
=
N~
A λ l
A = $ 4 R
8
%!
:
= =:R = > R
K
(; )
wdara5 B < ύ= / ύ, bacsity rmti`, A < Y`uck `uck’s ’s l`bug l`bugus us `n jmsa jaml, _m, `uck’s ’s l`bugus l`bugus `n bmlpick bmlpick lmtarim lmtarimg, g, _m, A = < Y`uck ras`cmcha mcha nraqu nraquachy achy n`r l`ba c `n jmsa jaml, Dz, n c < ras`c ras`cmcha mcha nraqu nraquachy achy n`r l`ba l `n h`lp` h`lp`sita sita jaml, jaml, n l < ras`c Dz, ∎ n l < dmgndmgn-p`war p`war jmcb jmcbwibtd wibtd `n `n l`ba l `n h`lp`sit h`lp`sitaa jaml, Dz, tdihfc hfcass ass `n jms jmsaa jaml, jaml, l, D < tdi tdihfcass ass `n `n `ca `ca siba siba `n tda bmlpick bmlpick lmtarim lmtarimg, g, l, D = < t`tmg tdihfc (J`td sibas mra tda smla tdihfcass) l < ic icba bax x cul culja jar5 r5 =, :, :, 8, . . . (l9 8.1 ?>9,, 9.4=92 9.4 =92,, =9.:2: =9. :2:,, 8=.4?9 8=. 4?9,, mcb (Ϗ /:)(c‘?.1):, n`r c38.
=?.8 Rda bm =?.8 bmlp lpic ick k lm lmtar tarimg img’s ’s l` l`bu bugu guss (a (aitd itdar ar sd sdam amrr `r Y`uck’s) mcb g`ss nmht`r hmc ja lamsurab witd m sickga jaml spahilac vijrmtick ic its savarmg l`bas tdus batarlicick tda pr`partias ms m nuchti`c `n nraquachy. Jy h`cbuhtick tda tast mt savarmg talparmturas tda pr`partias mra batarlicab ms m nuchti`c `n talparmtura. (Xaa mgs` Xahti`cs Xahti`cs 2.8 2.8,, 1.2.8 1.2.8,, mcb Mppacbix T:.>) T:.>) Rypihmg bmtm sd`wick tda annahts `n nraquachy mcb talparmtura mra kivac ic Niks. ic Niks. 4 mcb 9 n`r 9 n`r tda Y`uck’s l`bugus mcb lmtarimg g`ss nmht`r `n m nraa-gmyar bmlpick lmtarimg. Ic
=?.:.2 Xmcbwihd Xmcbwihd Xpahil Xpahilac‒ ac‒ Hmghugm Hmghugmta ta tda sda sdamr mr l`b l`bugu uguss mcb g`ss nmht`r `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg nr`l tda axprassi`cs (;)5 K = 1 O M : J : : ~ M : J ! :
N
X
:
B
: ~ M λ s ! : #
: Ϗ H c ADD = g: $ ~ = : : M = : J ! : = 2 ~ M λ s ! :%
K
(4 )
mcb λ= 1
~ M λ ! s
O M : J : : ~ M : J ! :
:
: ~ M λ s ! : #
(9 )
wdara5 :
M < ( n s /n c) (:+: BR )( )( J /:), =/V> /V>(=+ (=+R ) \, J < = h`annnihiact ihiact n`r l`b l`baa c, `n hgml hgmlpab pab-nr -nraa aa (uc (ucin` in`rl) rl) H c < h`a jaml, H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
NIK. 4 Y`uck’s L`bugus ^arsus Nraquachy n`r ^mri`us Ralparmturas
4
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;) ==.=.8 Rda ibactihmti`c ==.=.8 ibactihmti`c mcb typa `n tda pmrtihugmr latmg `r jmsaa lmta jms lmtarimg rimg usab ic tda h`lp`sita h`lp`sita tast spa spahila hilac c mcb tda bacsity `n tda jmsa lmtarimg tdmt wms usab ic tda hmghugmti`cs. ==.=.2 == .=.2 Rda hdalihmg tramtlact tramtlact `n tda latmg surnmha surnmha pri`r t` prapmrmti`c `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg (h`lp`sita) spahilac (n`r axmlpga, Agahtr`pd`ratih _rilick @parmti`cs (AG_@)). ==.=.1 == .=.1 Mc iba ibacti ctihm hmti`c ti`c `n tda pmr pmrtihu tihugmr gmr mbd mbdasiv asivaa usa usab, b, wdara mppr`primta, mg`ck witd its tdihfcass. ==.=.> == .=.> Rda nraquachy, nraquachy, systal g`ss nmht`r nmht`r,, mcb talparmtura hdmrmhtaristihs tdanraquachias h`lp`sita n`r amhd lmtarimg tastab. ==.=.; == .=.; J`td `n tast nraquachia s jaml mcb talpar talparmturas mturas `n tda jmsa jaml(s). ==.=.4 Rda hmghugmtab Y`uck’s `r sdamr l`bugus mcb tda g`ss nmht`r n`r amhd bmlpick lmtarimg tastab. ==.: Krmpd ==.: Krmpdih ih prasactmti`c prasactmti`c `n tda bmtm usick tda [ihfat pg`t (saa T:.2) T:.2) mcb tda Zabuhab-Nraquachy C`l`krml (saa Mppacbix T8) T8) is rah`llacbab. =:. _ra _rahisi hisi`c `c mcb Jims>
NIK. 9 Bmlpick Lmtarimg G`ss Nmht`r ^arsus Nraquachy n`r ^mri`us Ralparmturas
=:.= _rahisi`c‒ Astilmt Astilmtas as `n pra prahisi hisi`c `c dmv dmvaa jaa jaac c bat batar ar-licab nr`l rasugts `n mc ictargmj`rmt`ry stuby. N`r icbivibumg talparmturatalpar mtura-nraqu nraquachy achy avmgum avmgumti`cs ti`cs `c axtacs axtacsi`cmg i`cmg bmlpic bmlpick k lmtarimgs, tda h`annihiact `n vmrimti`c sd`ugb c`t axhaab :1 % mcb mc b :? % n` n`rr g` g`ss ss nm nmht ht`r `r mc mcb b l` l`bu bugu guss ra rasp spah ahti tiva vagy gy..
tdas tdasaa tast tasts, s, lams lamsura uralac lacts ts war waraa lmb lmbaa usi usick ck tda jms jmsaa jam jaml l bmlpab `ca siba mcb bmlpab j`td sibas.
H`cstrmicab-gmyar lmtarimgs mppamr t` dmva kramtar ic sdamr l`bugus6 tdis h`annihiact `n vmrimti`c sd`ugb vmrimti`c c`t axhaab 21 %.
==.. Zap` == Zap`rt rt
=:.: Jims‒ Rdara Rdara is c` fc`wc jims6 tdaran`ra tda astilmta `n mhhurmhy is n`ucb ic tda prahisi`c stmtalact.
==.= Rda rap`rt sdmgg ichguba tda n`gg`wick5 ==.= n`gg`wick5 ==.=.= == .=.= M stmtalact, stmtalact, in trua ic avary raspaht, tdmt tda tast wms jy mc mhhr mhhrabit abitab ab gmj gmj`rm `rmt`r t`ry y (Xa (Xaaa Mcc Mccax) ax) mcb h`c h`cbuh buhtab tab ic mhh`rbmcha witd tdis tast latd`b. In c`t trua ic avary raspaht, tda axhapti`cs sdmgg ja c`tab. ==.=.: == .=.: Rda typa `n tast spahilac jy cmla6 (saa Nik. (saa Nik. :) :) mcb tda jmsih bilacsi`cs `n tda tast spahilac mcb tda bacsity `n tda spahilac lmtarimg tdmt wms usab ic tda hmghugmti`cs.
=8. Fayw Fayw`rbs `rbs =8.= h`cstrmica h`cstrmicab-gmya b-gmyar6 r6 bmlpic bmlpick6 k6 axtacs axtacsi`cmg i`cmg bmlpic bmlpick6 k6 nraa-gmyar6 g`ss nmht`r6 sdamr bmlpick6 sdamr l`bugus6 vijrmti`c6 vijrmti`c bmlpick6 Y`uck’s l`bugus >
Xupp`rtick bmtm dmva jaac gab mt MXRL Ictarcmti`cmg Dambqumrtars mcb lmy ja `jtmicab jy raquastick Zasamrhd Zap`rt ZZ5A88-=??=.
MCCAT (Lmcbmt`ry Icn`rlmti`c) M=. GMJ@ZMR@Z GMJ@ZMR@ZY Y MHHZABIRMRI@C MHHZABIRMRI@C
M=.= Xh`pa M=.=.= M=. =.= Gmj`rmt` Gmj`rmt`ry ry raq raquir uirala alacts cts n`r h`c h`cbuh buhtic tick k tdi tdiss tast sdmgg h`cn`rl t` mgg `n Kuiba A124 A124,, Kacarmg Hritarim Qsab n`r Avmgumtick Gmj`rmt`ry H`lpatacha.
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
9
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;) M__ACBITAX (C`clmcbmt`ry Icn`rlmti`c) T=. ZM ZMRI@CMGA RI@CMGA N@Z QXICK RDA ^IJZMRICK HMCRIGA^AZ HMCRIGA^AZ JAML RAXR LARD@B
T=.= @tdar Rast Rast Latd`bs T=.=.= Rdara T=.=.= Rdara mra cul cular` ar`us us latd latd`bs `bs n`r avm avmgum gumtic tick k tda parn`r par n`rlmc lmcha ha `n bml bmlpic pick k lmt lmtarim arimgs. gs. Rda Rdasa sa latd latd`bs `bs hmc ja r`ukdgy r`ukd gy bivibab ict` tw` hmtak`rias, hmtak`rias, td`sa wd`sa purp`sa is t` rmcf rm cf td tdaa pa parn rn`r `rlm lmch chaa `n bm bmlp lpic ick k lm lmtar tarimg imgss `c m ba bac cab ab stru st ruht htur uraa (n (n`r `r ax axml mlpg pgaa td tdaa E= E=>8 >8; ; ta tast st `n td tdaa X` X`hi hiat aty y `n Mut`l`tiva Ackicaars) mcb td`sa wd`sa purp`sa is t` lamsura tda pr`partias `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg mg`ca s` tdmt lmtdalmtihmg l`bags hmc ja usab t` prabiht its bmlpick parn`rlmcha wdac mppgiab t` lmcy binnaract typas `n struhturas. Rda gmttar hmtak`ry h`ctmics tda latd`b bashrijab jy tdis stmcbmrb ms wagg ms m vmr vmriaty iaty `n `td `tdar ar tast latd`bs. latd`bs. X`la `n tda tdasa sa latd latd`bs `bs ;,4 ichguba ichg uba tda Byc Bycmlih mlih Lah Lahdmc dmcihm ihmgg Mcm Mcmgyza gyzarr (BL (BLM) M) , tda Bycmlih Byc mlih Lah Lahdmc dmcihmg ihmg Rda Rdarlm rlmgg Mcm Mcmgyz gyzar ar (BL (BLR RM)9,4, td tdaa ^ish`mcmgyzar=?,4, tda ZXM II==,4, td tdaa Mu Mut` t`vij vijr` r`c c=:,4, td tdaa =8,4 L`bag 48= , mcb s` `c.
pr`priatmry aquiplact. pr`priatmry aquiplact. X`la raquira lmtarimg smlpgas witd hartmic pdysihmg hdmrmhtaristihs. hdmrmhtaristihs. X`la latd`bs yiagb rasugts witd ca talparmtura ras`guti`c jut `cgy n`r m sickga nraquachy `r m cmrr`w rmcka `n nraquachias. X`la latd`bs dmva binnihugty tastick lmtarimgs lmtarimgs wdac tda spahilac stinncass stinncass is vary dikd. It is p`ssijga t` h`lpmra tda rasugts nr`l mcy `n tdasa latd`bs jy bispgmyick tda bmtm usick tda Zabuhab-Nraquachy C`l`krml bashrijab ic Mppacbix T8. T8. H`llittaa A88 hd`sa t` usa tda vijrmti vij rmtick ck hmct hmctigav igavar ar jam jaml l tas tastt latd latd`b `b mnta mntarr h`c h`csib sibari arick ck tda mbvmctmkas mcb bismbvmctmkas gistab jag`w5 T=.: Mbvmct Mbvmctmka mkass `n tda ^ijr ijrmtic mtick k Hmc Hmctiga tigavar var Jam Jaml l Rast Latd`b 5 T=.:.= Rda systal is rams`cmjgy rams`cmjgy silpga t` usa. T=.:.: C` pr`priatmry pr`priatmry aquiplact is raqui raquirab. rab. T=.:.8 Arr`r Arr`rss hmc ja mssassab mcb fapt witdic gilits.
T=.=.: T=.=. : Amhd `n tdasa tast latd`bs, latd`bs, ms witd mgg latd`bs, latd`bs, dmva
T=.:.2 M sickga spahilac spahilac hmc ja ja usab t` h`var h`var m wiba rmcka rmcka
mbvmct mbv mctmka mkass mcb bis bismbv mbvmct mctmka mkas. s. X`l X`laa lat latd`b d`bss mra jms jmsab ab `c
`n nra nraqua quachia chiass mcb talp talparm armtur turas. as. In tda saga sagahtab htab spa spahila hilac c h`ckurmti`c hmcc`t pr`buha tda lmtarimg pr`partias icn`rlmti`c ic tda basirab raki`c, mgtarcmtiva h`ckurmti`cs mra mvmigmjga.
;
Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buht `n Bup`ct Icstrulacts, [iglickt`c, BA =9494. 4 In y`u mra mwmra `n mgtarcmtiva suppgiars, pgamsa pr`viba tdis icn`rlmti`c t` MXRL Dambqumrtars. Y`ur h`llacts wigg rahaiva hmranug h`csibarmti`c mt m laatick `n tda rasp`csijga tahdcihmg h`llittaa, wdihd y`u lmy mttacb. 9 Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buh pr`buhtt `n _`gyla _`gylarr Gmj`r Gmj`rmt`ria mt`rias, s, Mldarst, LM ?=??:. =? Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buht `n Latrmvij Icstrulacts, Hmljribka, LM ?:=84. == Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buht `n Zda`latrihs, _ishmtmwmy, CE. =: Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buht `n Ilms, Mhh`rb, LM. =8 Rda s`ga s`urha `n suppgy `n tda mppmrmtus fc`wc t` tda h`llittaa mt tdis tila is m pr`buht `n LRX Xystals H`rp., Abac _rmiria, LC.
T=.:.1 Rda bmlpick T=.:.1 bmlpick lmta lmtarim rimgg is j`c j`cbab bab t` tda spa spahila hilac c jaml jam l wdi wdihd hd `nt `ntac ac silu silugmta gmtass tda mhtumg usa `n tda bml bmlpic pick k lmtarimg. T=.:.> Rda latd`b gacbs itsagn t` bmtm mhquisiti`c mhquisiti`c mut`lmti`c. T=.8 Bismbvmctmkas `n tda ^ijrmtick Hmctigavar Jaml Rast Latd`b 5 T=.8.= T=. 8.= Rda ^ijr ijrmtic mtick k Hmc Hmctiga tigavar var Jaml tast hmc ja h`c h`c-buhtab `cgy mt g`w strmic gavags.
T:. _ZMHRIHM _ZMHRIHMG G MIBX MIBX N@Z RAXRICK
T:.= _rapmrmti`c `n Jmra `r Jmsa Jamls5 T:.=.= Amhd `n tdraa latd`bs T:.=.= latd`bs lacti`cab lacti`cab ic 4.: ic 4.: n`r n`rlick tda tast jaml r``t sahti`cs (ictakrmggy lmhdicab ms pmrt `n tda jaml, wagbab t` tda jaml, `r mbdasivagy j`cbab t` tda jaml) dmva pr`jgals mss`himtab witd tdair usa. Ictakrmggy lmhdicick tda r`` r``ts ts raq raquir uiras as axp axpacs acsiva iva lmh lmhdic dicary ary mcb dik dikdgy dgy sfi sfiggab ggab `parmt`rs. _r`pargy wagbab r``ts raquiras sfigg ic wagbick slmgg pmrts. Mbdasivagy Mbdasivagy j`cbab r``ts raquiras m k``b ucbarstmcbick ucbarstmcbick `n tda pr`partias `n mbdasivas. Mbdasivagy j`cbab r``ts aspahimggy lust ja dmcbgab witd hmra jahmusa, in tda j`cbab r``t jah`las batmhdab, tda jmra jaml tast lust ja rapamta jah`las rapamtab b sicha it is ilp`ssijga t` raj`cb tda r``t mt prahisagy tda smla g`hmti`c.
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= =? B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
_``r mbd _``r mbdasiv asivaa j`c j`cbs bs mcb p`` p``rr wag wagbs bs asp aspahim ahimggy ggy hmc hmu hmusa sa pr`jgals wdac usick tda smcbwihd jaml h`ckurmti`c. T:.=.: @jtmic @jtmicick ick lmthdab jamls n`r tda Xmcbwihd Xpahilac H`ckurmti`c. It kacarmggy is vary binnihugt t` ictacti`cmggy h`cstruht h`cstr uht icbiv icbivibumg ibumg jamls wd`sa bilacsi`cs bilacsi`cs mcb ras`c ras`cmct mct nraquachias lmthd. M wmy t` `jtmic tda lmthdab jamls caabab n`r tda Xmcbwihd Xpahilac H`ckurmti`c is t` h`cstruht mcb tast m jmthd `n jmsa jamls witd c`licmggy ibactihmg bilacsi`cs. Nr`l axpariacha it dms jaac n`ucb tdmt ic m jmthd `n :? t` 8? jamls tdara mra usumggy savarmg pmirs `n jamls tdmt laat tda hritarim bashrijab ic 4.=.2 ic 4.=.2.. T:.: Rast Nixtura Hgmlpick N`rha5
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
T:.:.= = _``r hgmlpick hgmlpick h`cbiti`cs h`cbiti`cs `c tda r``t sahti`c `n tda T:.:. jaml hmc h`ctrijuta t` tda t`tmg lamsurab bmlpick `n tda tast spahilac, pmrtihugmrgy wdac tastick ic tda kgmssy raki`c. R` liciliz lic ilizaa tdis h`c h`ctrij trijuti` uti`c, c, tda n`g n`gg`w g`wick ick pr` pr`hab habura ura is suk suk-kastab. _arn`rl savarmg tasts `c tda smla spahilac, faapick mgg `tdar h`cbiti`cs tda smla, wdiga ichralactmggy ichramsick tda hgmlpic hgml pick k n`r n`rha ha `c tda jam jaml l r`` r``tt saht sahti`c i`c.. Rda mpp mppr`p r`primt rimtaa hgmlpick n`rha is mttmicab wdac suhhassiva tasts kiva rasugts witdic tda prahisi`c `n tda lamsurick systal. T:.8 Gicamr Zmcka `n Axhitmti`c N`rha5 T:.8.= Rda hmghugmti`cs T:.8.= hmghugmti`cs n`r tda lmtarimg pr`partias pr`partias mssula tdmt tda lamsuralacts dmva jaac lmba ic tda gicamr rmcka (saa 1.8.=). 1.8.= ). M tast n`r batarlicick tda gicamr rmcka `n tda lamsuralacts is t` parn`rl savarmg lamsuralacts `n tda systal g`ss nmht`r `c tda smla h`lp`sita jaml spahilac, faapick mgg `tdar h`cbiti`cs h`cstmct, wdiga ichralactmggy ichramsick tda pamf bispgmhalact. Rda uppar gilit `n tda gicamr rmcka is ibactiab wdac suhhassiva lamsuralacts `n tda systal g`ss nmht`r binnar jy l`ra tdmc tda prahisi`c `n tda lamsurick systal. T:.2 Rast Rast n`r Xag Xagn-H n-H`cs `csist istach achyy `n Bmt Bmtm m Qsic Qsick k tda [ihfa ihfat t _g`t 5 (4) T:.2.= T:.2. = Rda [ihfat [ihfat _g`t is m shmttar krmpd `n tda g`k lmtarimg g`ss nmht`r vs. tda g`k l`bugus. Xaa Nik. T:.=. T:.=. T:.2 T: .2.: .: In tda pg pg`t `t is m uc uciq iqua ua hu hurv rva, a, ic td tdaa sd sdmp mpaa `n mc icvart icv artab ab ‗Q, ‗Q,““ wit witd`u d`utt axh axhass assiva iva shm shmttar ttar,, tda tdac c tda bmt bmtmm mra h`csibarab sagn h`csistact. T:.2.8 T:.2 .8 Dikd Dikd sh shmt mtta tarr ic td tdaa pg pg`t `t,, wd wdih ihd d wi wigg gg lm lmfa fa td tdaa icvartab icvart ab ‗Q“ sdmpa dmrbar t` bisharc, icbihmtas icbihmtas m caab t` rapamt tda tast mntar lmfick m hdmcka t` tda tast spahilac pmrmlatars. T:.2.2 Hmuti`c5 sagn-h`csistachy `n tda bmtm b`as c`t cahassmrigy ilpgy tdmt tda bmtm mra mhhurmta. T:.1 Lugtipg Lugtipgaa Xpa Xpahil hilac ac Rast astick ick t` Ilp Ilpr` r`va va H`c H`cba bacha cha5 H`cbacha ic lmtarimg pr`party rasugts hmc ja ilpr`vab jy tastick lugtipga spahilacs spahilacs `n m bmlpic bmlpick k lmtarimg witd vmryi vmryick ck ka`latrias. Ic talparmtura-nraquachy raki`cs wdara tda lugtipga spahilacs yiagb bissiligmr rasugts, tda lmtarimg pr`party
rasugts sd`ugb ja h`csibarab suspaht. T:.> H`ljicick Zasugts nr`l Xmcbwihd Xpahilac H`ckurmti`c rmt i`c (sd (sdamr amr l`b l`bugu ugus) s) mcb @td @tdar ar H`c H`cku kurmt rmti`c i`css (Y`uck’s (Y `uck’s l`bugus)5 T:.>.= R` m rst mppr`xilmti`c, mppr`xilmti`c, l`bugus rasugts `jtmicab usick tda smc usick smcbwi bwihd hd spa spahila hilac c h`c h`cku kurmti rmti`c `c mcb `ca `n tda `tdar `td ar h`l h`lp`s p`sita ita jam jaml l h`c h`cku kurmt rmti`c i`css hmc ja h`l h`ljic jicab ab jy bivibic biv ibick k amh amhd d Y`uc `uck’s k’s l`b l`bugu uguss ras rasugt ugt jy 8 mcb gist gistick ick tda h`ljicab tmjga `n rasugts nr`l j`td h`ckurmti`cs ms tda sdamr l`bugus. T:.; Astilmtick Rila `n Rast 5 T:.;.= Jahmus Jahmusaa tda jaml tast raquiras tdmt tda spahilac ja ic tdarlmg aquigijriul wdac lamsurick tda ras`cmct l`bas, ja suraa t` mgg` sur mgg`w w sun sunnnihia ihiact ct tila n`r mhq mhquir uirick ick mgg tda cah cahassm assmry ry bmtm. Ic astilmtick tda tila `n tast, tila lust ja mgg`wab n`r tda hdmljar t` ramhd tda tast talparmtura, m licilul `n 8? licutas is raquirab n`r talparmtura stmjigizmti`c, mcb tila is caabab n`r tda lamsuralact `n tda ras`cmct l`bas. N`r amhd talp ta lpar armt mtur uraa ic td tdaa rm rmck ckaa `n td tdaa la lams msur ural alac acts ts,, it is c` c`tt uch`ll`c tdmt `ca d`ur `n tast tila ja raquirab. T:.4 Batarlicick tda Licilul X`mf Rila5 T:.4.= R` batarlica tda licilul licilul s`mf tila it is sukkastab sukkastab tdmt m ta tdmt tast st ja jaml ml sp spahi ahila lac c (j (jaml aml wit witd d bm bmlp lpic ick k lmt lmtar arimg img ich`rp ich `rp`rm `rmtab) tab) mcb xt xtura ura ja ics icstru trulac lactab tab witd mc mrr mrrmy my `n tdarl`h`upgas tdmt mra spmhab mg`ck tda gacktd `n tda tast jaml spahilac mcb mt savarmg g`hmti`cs `c tda xtura. [dac prapmrick ic k td tdaa ta tast st ja jaml ml sp spahi ahila lac, c, us usaa bm bmlp lpic ick k lm lmtar tarim imgg td tdmt mt is raprasactmtiva `n tda lmtarimg typa mcb tdihfcass t` ja tastab. Rdis icstrulactab icstrulactab tast jaml spahil spahilac ac mcb xtur xturaa is t` ja usab n`r mhquirick tdarlmg bistrijuti`c bmtm, c`t n`r hdmrmhtarizick m bmlpick lmtarimg. T:.4.: T:.4 .: _g _gmh mhaa td tdaa ic icstr strul ulac acta tab b tas tastt ja jaml ml sp spah ahila ilac c mc mcb b xtura ic tda acvir`clactmg hdmljar mcb sat tda hdmljar t` m basirab basira b tast talpar talparmtura. mtura. T:.4.8 Zah`rb tda talparmtura talparmtura rambicks nr`l tda tdarl` tdarl`-h`upga mrrmy ms m nuchti`c `n tila jakiccick wdac tda hdmljar talpar tal parmtu mtura ra dms ram ramhda hdab b tda bas basira irab b tal talpar parmtu mtura ra wit witdic dic >?.>¿H. Rda `jsarvab s`mf tila n`r m kivac tast talparmtura is tdaa ti td tila la it tm tmfa fass n` n`rr mg mggg td tdaa ta talp lpar armt mtur uraa ra ramb mbic icks ks `n td tdaa tdarl` tda rl`h`u h`upga pga mrr mrrmy my t` ram ramhd hd tda bas basira irab b tal talpar parmtu mtura ra wit witdic dic >?.>¿H. T:.4.2 Batarl Batarlica ica tda `jsarvab s`mf tilas n`r tda talparmtalparmtura rmcka tdmt is p`ssijga witd tda mvmigmjga aquiplact usick talpa tal parm rmtu tura ra ic ichr hral alac acts ts td tdmt mt wi wigg gg ty typi pihm hmggy ggy ja us usab ab wd wdac ac hdmrmhtarizick bmlpick lmtarimgs. T:.4.1 T:.4 .1 It is ra rah` h`ll llac acb b td tdmt mt `j `jsa sarv rvab ab s` s`mf mf ti tila lass ja batarlicab `var tda talparmtura rmcka j`td ic mc ichramsick talparmtura talpar mtura saquacha mcb m bahram bahramsick sick talparmtura saquacha. T:.4.> It is rah`llacb tdmt tda g`ckast g`ckast `jsarvab s`mf tila ja h` h`cs csib ibar arab ab td tdaa li lici cilu lul l s` s`mf mf til tilaa t` ja us usab ab wd wdac ac hdmrmhtarizick bmlpick lmtarimgs.
NIK. T:.= [ihfat _g`t H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= == B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
T:.4.; Lmt T:.4.; Lmtari arimg mg nmh nmht`r t`rss tdm tdmtt hmc mn mnnah nahtt tda `js `jsarv arvab ab s`m s`mf f tila ichguba lmtarimg tdihfcass mcb tdarlmg h`cbuhtivity. In,
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
h`lpmrab ab t` lmtarimgs tdmt mra usumggy tastab, tastab, m caw lmtarimg t` h`lpmr ja ta tasta stab b is lu luhd hd td tdihf ihfar ar `r its td tdar arlm lmgg h` h`cb cbuh uhtiv tivity ity is sikcihmctgy binnaract, it is gifagy tdmt tda s`mf tila wigg caab t` ja mb mbeu eust stab ab.. It is ra rah` h`ll llac acba bab b td tdmt mt td tdaa tas tastt ja ra raru ruc c t` batarlica tda licilul s`mf tila n`r mcy lmtarimg fc`wc t` dmvaa `r sus dmv suspah pahtab tab `n dmv dmvick ick sik sikci cihmc hmctgy tgy bin binnar naract act tda tdarlm rlmgg hdmrmhtaristihs.
parn`rlmcha `ntac wigg mppamr mt tdasa axtralas, it is sukkastab tdmtt tda hdm tdm hdmlja ljar’ r’ss g`c g`ck-t k-tarl arl par parn`r n`rlmc lmcha ha ja l`c l`cit` it`rab rab jy pari`bihmggy batarlicick tda `jsarvab s`mf tilas mt tda talparmtura axtralas. Jahmusa hdmljars hmc `ntac bavag`p sg`w h``gmct gamfs, it is rah`llacbab tdmt mttacti`c ja pmib aspahimggy mt tda h`gb acb `n tda talparmtura rmcka.
T:.4.4 Rda g`ckast `jsarvab T:.4.4 `jsarvab s`mf tila typihm typihmggy ggy `hhurs mt tda talp talparm armtur turaa axt axtral ralas as `n tda acv acvir` ir`cla clactm ctmgg hdm hdmlja ljar’ r’ss `parmtick rmcka. Jahmusa sikcs `n bakrmbmti`c ic m hdmljar’s
T8. BM BMR RM _ZAXACRMRI@C _ZAXACRMRI@C QXICK ZABQHAB ZABQHAB-NZA]QACH -NZA]QACHY Y C@L@KZML
T8.= Rda Zabuhab-Nraquac Zabuhab-Nraquachy hy C`l`k C`l`krml rml (ZNC) (saa (saa Nik. T8.= mcb T8.= mcb Nik. Nik. T8.:) T8.:) is m bmtm prasactmti`c latd`b tdmt mgg`ws tda gacktdy tmjga `n g`ss nmht`r mcb l`bugus bmtm `jtmicab mt vmri`us nraquachias mcb talparmturas t` ja raprasactab ms tw` hurvas. Rdis parlits tda axtrmp`gmti`c `n bmtm t` nraquachy, `r talparmtura talparm tura rmckas wdara tast bmtm mra c`t mvmigmj mvmigmjga. ga. Rda jmsih n`rlmt usas m lugti-hyhga, g`k-g`k krmpd witd l`bihmti`cs t` pras pr asac actt td tdaa bm bmtm. tm. M bi bish shus ussi` si`c c `n td tdaa jm jmsi siss n` n`rr us usic ick k td tdaa rabuha rab uhab-n b-nraq raquac uachy hy c`l c`l`kr `krml ml is jay jay`cb `cb tda sh` sh`pa pa `n tdi tdiss mppacbix mcb wigg c`t ja prasactab dara. Rda bishussi`c tdmt n`gg` n` gg`ws ws is ic ictac tacba bab b t` ja m su sull llmr mry y `n d` d`w w m ra rabu buha habbnraquachy c`l`krml is kacarmtab mcb d`w lmtarimg pr`partias hmc ja ramb nr`l tda c`l`krml. T8.: Rda gant-dmc T8.: gant-dmcb b var vartihm tihmgg mxi mxiss is shm shmgab gab ic tar tarls ls `n j`t j`td d tda g`ss nmht`r (λ (λ), mcb tda l`bugus (sdamr `r Y`uck’s). T8.8 Rda T8.8 Rda g` g`wa warr d` d`ri riz` z`ct ctmg mg mx mxis is is sh shmg mgab ab ic ta tarl rlss `n rabuhab-nraquachy (tdmt is, nraquachy tilas m sdint nmht`r, νR , wdihd is m nuchti`c `n talparmtura, R ). ).
nmht`r aqumti`cs mra gistab dara. Rda sdint nuchti`c tdmt is usab lust ja rap`rtab wdac tda c`l`krml is prasactab. (Xaa T8.8.: (Xaa T8.8.: n`r tda baciti`c `n tda ranaracha talparmtura, R ?) T8.8.=.= Rda [GN aqumti`c5 g`kν t 1 g`kν
H = ~ R : R ? !
~ H
:
R ? !
= R :
(T8.=)
wdara H = mcb H : mra h`cstmcts (n`r axmlpga, H = < ‘=: mcb H :9 X MG < ?.: X MD < ?.?2
T8.8.: Rda [GN mcb Mrrdacius Mrrdacius sdint nmht`r aqumti`cs aqumti`cs mgg`w tda sagahti`c `n m ranara ranaracha cha talparmtura, talparmtura, R ?. [itd tda [GN aqumti`c, pr`par sagahti`c `n tdis talparmtura parlits tda bmtm `c tda c`l`krml t` n`rl rams`cmjgy sl``td hurvas witd m licilul `n shmttar. [itd tda Mrrdacius aqumti`c, tda ml`uct `n sh shmtt mttar ar ic td tdaa bm bmtm tm is mn mnna nahta htab b `c `cgy gy jy td tdaa mht mhtiv ivmti mti`c `c `n talparmtura, R M.
NIK. T8.= Iggustrmti`c `n tda Zabuhab-Nraquachy C`l`krml H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= =: B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
T8.2 Xullm Xullmry ry `n C`l`k C`l`krml rml _rapmrmti`c _rapmrmti`c (Qsick [GN `r Mrrdacius aqumti`cs).
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
NIK. T8.: Axmlpga `n Zabuhab-Nraquachy C`l`krml Kacarmtab Qsick Mhtumg Bmtm ^mguas.
T8.2.= R` pra T8.2.= prapmr pmraa tda c`l c`l`kr `krml, ml, hd` hd``sa `sa mc ici icitimg timg R ?. [dac usick tda Mrrdacius aqumti`c mgs` hd``sa mc icitimg R M. T8.2.: Qsa tda sdint nuchti`c t` hmghugmta tda ml`uct `n sdint n`r tda bmtm mt amhd talparmtura, R i. T8.2 T8 .2.8 .8 _g`t td tdaa mv mvmi migmj gmjga ga g` g`ss ss nm nmht` ht`rr mc mcb b l` l`bu bugu guss bm bmtm tm varsus rabuhab-nraquachy. T8.2.2 T8.2. 2 ^isumggy eubka eubka tda bakra bakraaa `n lmthdic lmthdick k n`r j`td tda g`ss nmht`r mcb l`bugus hurvas witd tda hd`sac bakraa `n sdint. T8.2.2.= T8.2. 2.= [dac R ? (R M wdac usick tda Mrrdacius aqumti`c) is pr`pargy hd`sac, tda vmgib lmtarimg pr`partias bmtm sd`ugb pr`buha tw` hurvas siligmr t` td`sa sd`wc ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=. T8.=. T8.2.2.: T8.2. 2.: In R ? (R M wdac usick tda Mrrdacius aqumti`c) is ilpr`pargy hd`sac, tda lmthdick wigg c`t ja smtisnmht`ry5 tda hurv hu rvas as lm lmy y c` c`tt ja sl sl`` ``td td66 td tdaa sh shmtt mttar ar lm lmy y ja t` t`` ` kr kramt amt.. Hd`` Hd ``sa sa m ca caw w vm vmgu guaa `n R ? (R M wdac usi usick ck tda Mrr Mrrdac dacius ius aqumti`c) mcb rapamt tda pr`hass nr`l T8.2.: nr`l T8.2.:.. T8.2.1 T8. 2.1 @ch @chaa tda pr`par pr`par R ? (R M wdac usick tda Mrrdacius aqumti`c) dms jaac n`ucb, tda sdint nmht`r icn`rlmti`c hmc ja mbbab t` tda c`l`krml t` lmfa it amsiar t` ramb tda bmtm. T8.2.1.= T8.2. 1.= Xtmrt jy ragmjagick tda rikdt-dmcb rikdt-dmcb vartihmg vartihmg shmga n`r nraquachy. T8.2.1.: T8.2. 1.: Mg`ck tda nraquachy nraquachy gica n < =, lmrf tda p`icts mt basirab talparmturas (n`r axmlpga, R ‘:, R ‘=, R ?, R =, R :, . . . ) ms ibactiab jy n νR < (=)ν (=)νR . H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= =8 B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
T8.2.1.8 Mg`ck tda nraquachy T8.2.1.8 nraquachy gica n < =?, lmrf tda p`icts mt basirab talparmturas (n`r axmlpga, R ‘:, R ‘=, R ?, R =, R :, . . . ) ms ibactiab ibacti ab jy n νR < (=?)ν (=?)νR . T8.2.1 T8. 2.1.2 .2 Xiligmrgy Xiligmrgy,, tda pr` pr`has hasss hmc ja rap rapamta amtab b n`r nra nra-quachy gicas aqumg t` =??, =???, mcb s` `c. Rda sat `n p`icts h`rrasp`cbick t` amhd basirab talparmtura yiagbs m bimk`cmg gica wdi gica wdihd hd hmc ja gmj gmjagab agab witd tda mpp mppr`p r`prim rimta ta tal talpar parmtu mtura ra wdara it ictarsahts tda uppar d`riz`ctmg mxis `n tda c`l`krml ms sd`wc ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=. T8.=. T8.2 T8 .2.1 .1.1 .1 @c @cha ha td tdaa c` c`l` l`kr krml ml dm dmss ja jaac ac h` h`lp lpga gatab tab,, it is p`ssijga t` hurva t tda g`ss nmht`r mcb l`bugus bmtm ic tda c`l`krml n`rlmt. Rda aqumti`cs nr`l tda hurva t lmfa it vary h`cvaciact h`cvaciact n`r bmlpick basikc l`bagick mcb prabih prabihti`cs ti`cs usick m h`lputar. T8.2.1.> [dac prasactick m h`lpgatab Zabuhab-Nraquachy Zabuhab-Nraquachy C`l`krml tda n`gg`wick icn`rlmti`c is raquirab5 tda cmla `n tda bmlpick lmtarimg, its bacsit bacsity y, tda sdint nmht`r aqumti`c, aqumti`c, mcb tda vmgua sagahtab n`r R ?. T8.1 Zambick Bmlpick Lmtarimg _r`partias nr`l tda C`l`krml5 T8.1.= T8.1. = Batarl Batarlica ica tda nraquachy mcb talparmtura talparmtura n`r wdihd tda bmlpick lmtarimg pr`partias mra basirab. T8.1.: T8.1. : G`hmta tda nraquachy `n ictarast `c tda rikdt rikdt-dmcb -dmcb mxis (n`r axmlpga, p`ict M ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=). T8.=).
Raxms M & L Qciv (Raxms M & L Qciv) pursumct t` Gihacsa Mkraalact. C` nurtdar rapr`buhti`cs mutd`rizab.
A;1> √ ?1 (:?=;)
T8. T8.1.8 1.8 Brm Brmw w m d`r d`riz` iz`ctmg ctmg gica mhr mhr`ss `ss tda c`l c`l`kr `krml ml nr` nr`l l tda nraquachy p`ict uctig it ictarsahts tda bimk`cmg gica `n tda talparmtura `n ictarast (n`r axmlpga, p`ict J ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=). T8.=).
gica t` tda gant uctig it ictarsahts tda gant-dmcb vartihmg mxis (n`r axmlpga, p`ict A ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=). T8.=). Zamb tda g`ss nmht`r vmgua usick tda mppr`primta shmga.
T8.1.2 T8. 1.2 Nr` Nr`l l tda p`ict `n icta ictarsa rsahti` hti`c c brm brmw w m var vartihm tihmgg gic gicaa uctig it ictarsahts tda g`ss nmht`r hurva mcb tda l`bugus hurva (n`r axmlpga, p`icts H mcb B raspahtivagy ic Nik. T8.=) T8.=).
T8.1.> T8.1. > Nr`l tda p`ict `n ictarsahti`c ictarsahti`c `c tda l`bugus l`bugus hurva (n`r axmlpga, p`ict B ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=) T8.=) .brmw m d`riz`ctmg gica t` tdaa ga td gant nt uc uctig tig it ic ictar tarsah sahts ts td tdaa gan gantt-dm dmcb cb va vart rtihm ihmgg mx mxis is (n (n`r `r axmlpga, p`ict N ic Nik. ic Nik. T8.=). T8.=). Zamb tda l`bugus vmgua usick tda mppr`primta shmga.
T8.1.1 Nr`l tda p`i T8.1.1 p`ict ct `n icta ictarsa rsahti` hti`c c `c tda g`ss nmh nmht`r t`r hurva (n`r axmlpga, p`ict H ic Nik. T8.=), T8.=), brmw m d`riz`ctmg
ZANAZACHAX (=) @jarst, D., mcb Nrmcfacnagb, F., ‗ Qjar bia Bmlnuck buccar Jgahda burhd bur hd nastd nastdmgtacb mgtacbaa Jagmka,“ Mhustihm, Mhustihm, =91:, ^`g ^`g :, Gam Gamat at 2, MJ =4=-=92 (_mrt =), mcb =912, ^`g 2, p. 288 (_mrt :). (:) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K, Dacbars`c, E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp. =>9-=;=. (8) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., B.I.K., Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp. =81-=84. (2) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., B.I.K., Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp =28-=21. (1) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., B.I.K., Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp =8=-=88.
(>) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., Dacbars`c, Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp =2:-=28. (;) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., Dacbars`c, Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp 8?>-8=?. (4) E`cas alparmtur mtura-Nr a-Nraquac aquachy hy Mcmgys Mcmgysis is `n _`gyla _`gylar r E`cas,, B.I B.I.K .K., ., ‗@c Ralpar Bycmlih Lahdmcihmg Jadmvi`r ,“ ,“ E. X`ucb ^ij., =2?(=), pp. 41 -=?:, =99?. (9) Cmsdin, M.B., E`cas, B.I.K., Dacbars`c, Dacbars`c, E._., E._., ^ijrmti`c Bmlpick, E`dc [igay mcb X`cs, Ich., Caw Y`rf, CY, =941, pp 94-=?=. (=?) IX@ =?==:5=99=(A), Bmlpick Lmtarimgs - Krmpdihmg _rasactmti`c `n tda H`lpgax L`bugus.
MXRL Ictarcmti`cmg Ictarcmti`cmg tmfas c` p`siti p`siti`c `c raspahtick tda vmgibi vmgibity ty `n mcy pmtact rikdts mssart mssartab ab ic h`ccah h`ccahti`c ti`c witd mcy ital lacti` lacti`cab cab ic tdis stmcbmrb. Qsars `n tdis stmcbmrb mra axprassgy mbvisab tdmt batarlicmti`c `n tda vmgibity `n mcy suhd pmtact rikdts, mcb tda risf `n icnrickalact `n suhd rikdts, mra actiragy tdair `wc rasp`csijigity. Rdis stmcbmrb is sujeaht t` ravisi`c mt mcy tila jy tda rasp`csijga tahdcihmg h`llittaa mcb lust ja raviawab avary va yamrs mcb in c`t ravisab, aitdar ramppr`vab `r witdbrmwc. Y`ur h`llacts mra icvitab aitdar n`r ravisi`c `n tdis stmcbmrb `r n`r mbbiti`cmg stmcbmrbs mcb sd`ugb ja mbbrassab t` MXRL Ictarcmti`cmg Dambqumrtars. Y`ur h`llacts wigg rahaiva hmranug h`csibarmti`c mt m laatick `n tda rasp`csijga rasp`c sijga tahdcihmg tahdcihmg h`llittaa, wdihd y`u lmy mttacb. In y`u naag tdmt y`ur h`llacts dmva c`t rahaiv rahaivab ab m nmir damrick y`u sd`ugb lmfa y`ur viaws fc`wc t` tda MXRL H`llittaa `c Xtmcbmrbs, mt tda mbbrass sd`wc jag`w. Rdis stmcbmrb is h`pyrikdtab jy MXRL Ictarcmti`cmg, =?? Jmrr Dmrj`r Briva, _@ J`x H;??, [ast H`csd`d`hfac, _M =92:4-:919, Qcitab Xtmtas. Icbivibumg rapricts (sickga `r lugtipga h`pias) `n tdis stmcbmrb lmy ja `jtmicab jy h`ctmhtick MXRL mt tda mj`va mbbrass mbbr ass `r mt >=?>=?-48:48:-9141 9141 (pd` (pd`ca), ca), >=?>=?-48:48:-9111 9111 (nmx (nmx), ), `r sarv sarvihaO ihaOmstl mstl.`rk .`rk (a-l (a-lmig) mig)66 `r tdr` tdr`ukd ukd tda MXRL wajs wajsita ita (www.mstl. (www .mstl.`rk). `rk). _arlissi`c _arlissi`c rikdts t` pd`t`h`py tda stmcbm stmcbmrb rb lmy mgs` ja sahura sahurab b nr`l tda H`pyri H`pyrikdt kdt Hgamrmcha Hactar, Hactar, ::: Z`saw``b Briva, Bmcvars, LM ?=9:8, Rag5 (9;4) >2>-:>??6 dttp5//www.h`pyrikdt.h`l/
H`pyrikdt jy MXRL Ict'g (mgg rikdts rasarvab)6 Rdu Lmy =8 =?58?5:9 ABR :?:= =2 B`wcg`mbab/prictab jy
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