Meals Medicinal 1000144488
Short Description
meals...
Description
^lEDIOINAL:
MEALS
WITH
'
SIMPLEST
HEEBAL EDIBLE
(OF
Foods
Curatice
PARTS)
in
;
place of
Chemist.
the
from
Drugs
Cook
the
from
BY
W. AiUlior
'^
booklet, with
published
Cookery
and
trusts
confidently little
yolume
hands
both
to
as
heartily, day
and
:
etc.,
" "
King,
with
and
concluding
readers thumb
to
that all its
many
pages,
will and
small
a
the
with
to-day.
.
his
was
Living; beginning
of Good
its exordium
borrow
"^We
School
the
tapes,"
green
be
found
to
carry
"
of
Union The to it
writer
kiss in
this
their
night."
BRISTOL LONDON
and
Cook,
Chymistry
tied
1610
Liege,
at
the
Cadmus
and
vellum,
in
"Bound
Physic,"
Kitchen
Simples,"
etc.
'//c/
^r^^
I
"Animal
Simples,"
"Herbal
of
M.D.,
FERNIE,
T.
SIMPKIN,
:
JOHN
WRIGHT HAinLTON,
MARSHALL,
190.5
"
CO. KENT
A:
CO.,
Ltd.
-Li^/'f3l.
CO., -VVRIOIIT
ANI"
JOHN
BRIS'l'Oi;. I'UBLISHERS, PRINTRR8
AND
TO
MARYS"
"LITTLE
on;
XAMED)
YinTLLY
(PLA
;
WITH
THK
HOMAGE
A
OF
IN
SPENT
THKIR
SERVICE.
LIFE-TIME
PREFACE.
It
is
told
medical
aid
doctor
is
a,ttired vera
'"
depend
they
replied John, and
I
be
in "
And
how
dies:
Little within
his
distinct into
;
methods
of
together times
an
Our
its
use
ample
:
Whiles wuU
pharmacopceia rude
of
been
all with
indeed
tagonistic) an-
now-a-days by "
and
varying
those
of
to
making
thus But
drugs.
physic,
has
elements,
simples
twa
dence." Provi-
analysed
(opium)
is understood
"
they
o'
become
then
properties, (some
these
;
comprehended
effects, determinable
of
variety
Scott
principles owning
laudamy
calamy
the
simples,"
quoth "
that,
twenty-one
chemical
comparatively
of
medical
and
than
"
"
?
And
just laudamy
it's the
since
The
less
no
whilst
wide
a
have
medicaments.
physical,
exercise
which
"
are
!
constituent
many
practice
My
twa
"
John
surmise
a
My
vengeance
"but
he,
simples, lay
comprise
a
doctor
activities, and
to
divers
said
"
tone,
patients,
answered
the
two
separate
iound
with
"
simples."
Walter.
confidential
your
no,"
did
Sir
Simples
about
whiles
asked
found
town,
said,
twa
upon
seek
to
sagacious-looking
grave,
hat, who
entirely
low
a
calamy."
"
?
occasion
country
a
shovel
a
having
small
a
Lundie,
black, with
:
may
Scott, in
John
one
in
sure
what
Walter
unexpectedly
there,
man,
Sir
that
were
rough-shod
treatment.
assumption,
adequate
sufficiency
embodied
within
is
to-day, of
component most
of
our
that
(in
lieu
of
drugs)
curative
parts stands
ordinary
dishes
and
an
larly simi-
drinks.
PREFACE.
if
judiciously applied. appointed and skilfully
the
enlightenedphysician,and make
to
themselves for cure,
be
can
likewise
we
sick and of
in
the
and
wit the
storative,sedative,
Culpeper reminds
as
Chrysippus his god, and it and
about
said, made
of
use
;
vegetablecongeners
it affords
also
of
abundance
an
and
volatile aromatic
for
subduing
the
Egg,
afforded
and
this is the
by
physicalcurative substances animal
structural an
wrote
the
kingdom, It the
a
In
iron illness,
to
for
support
oil of remarkable reanimate
volume
Cato,
as
men
with
common
its
tissue -buildingand
bodily of
combustion
;
specialvirtues
only complete full sustenance,
its
and
food and
body
maintenance
proteids
are
renovation, arsenic, phosphorus,easy
antibilious
whole
comprehends all the alimentary
within
contained
The
Similarlyconcerning
"the
aptly pronounced
benefits."
of rie-
virtues.
old
plenty,as
repellingdiseases. animal
are
(1650), "was, for
honest
for
oils in rich
required for
life ;
he
These
Egg.
and
salts for
fuel
as
respect
sulphur,a potentialantiseptic ;
mineral
repair; starches, too,
which
several
compendiums
physick."
other
no
the
his readers
whilst
the
for
In which
powers
therefore
its virtues
and
to-day,our
alterative
and
ciples prin-
simples,"representative
twa
Cabbage
of
calamy
these
practice of treatingthe
a
"
with
housewife,
beverages
management.
advocate
case
and
prescribed
ailing, chieflywith
laudamy
Cabbage,
and
under
our
leadingkinds, to
our
foods
possessedby
as
they come
as
well-informed
the
practically acquainted with
speciallyprepared
maladies
It rests
energy,
fats
the bloodless, and
present in the shells)to subserve
to
for
assimilate,
againstwasting
lime
salts
other
numerous
of
(largely
reparative
ends. But
far be and
it from
our
drinks, besides
meaning the
to
Cabbage,
imply the
that
of
tibles comes-
Egg (and perhaps
PREFA
Milk,
as
forms
of food
of
third
a
CE.
representative support), other lacking, up
are
to
number, from the cook, or
any
healingpotionsfrom liquidsources
Convincing evidence testimony of Tt
will be
provided sickness food
the
that
contrary is borne
herein, ready
hand
at
principlesobtained
thus,
under
in
Dr.
says
within
excess
the influence
of
the
body
toxin
which
the
Afterwards, when
the efEect goes
be
which
been
melancholy, Dr.
taken
almost
Blyth,
potent
so
several
day
to
produced amylene
;
about
somnambulist
does.
ofE,the said person
suicide.
is
coming
mental
resultingmorbidly
substances
be
becomes
of certain
table, causing therefrom
of
forms
the
the
as
will walk
person
in
in the blood.
form
to
as
of
Some
digestivechemistry
at
the
so
alike
sulphurcompound, mercaptan,
a
leading to
"
a
as
way
again
in the
produced
have
same
So
rightagain."
that
indeed
is
weapons
service
Wynter Blyth, "can
unconsciously in
adds
of
therefrom. are
copious
undertake.
now
poisonous if accumulating redundantly
starches
may
we
active
for
the
by
armament
convalescence
during
"Somnambulism,"
all
which
entire
an
the table.
suppliedfor
as
lengthy volume
found
and
become
by
the
to
therapeutic
"
when
food
doubt,"
no
it will be
derangement
from
intense
an
I have
foods
proved due
are
productsinside
to our
bodies."
own
As
long
Toffana played a secret
six
hundred
poison is
to
have
the
more Naples drinking-water)
whom
among
persons,
said
the
century
Aqua
part in serving to destroy (by its
notorious with
admixture
seventeenth
in the
as
ago
were
two
popes.
than This
jointing prepared by killinga hog, dis-
been
ing it (as it were) with arsenic, and then collectit,salting the
juicewhich
considered Combined
far
more
therewith
dropped
from
fatal than was
a
an
little
the meat
; which
ordinarysolution plant which
is most
juicewas of arsenic. familiar
PREFACE.
"
"mother
or
ivy-leavedtoad-flax, (linariacynibcdaria), old thousands," growing commonly on
the
ourselves,
to
of
"
garden walls, and and
astringent. Again, Fair, in
the
and, when
a
The
readers, whether
for
of the
leadingmotive
drinks, which
medical
of
are
a
requirement been
of
in
this
two
for the last three
repeatedlyurging portions of Meals
third
a
Herbal
Medicinal
belongings).
scarcelyany
their vital
stand
of the
of
our
same
few
Animal
discussed
at
public
a
speedy
Manual, insomuch of
and
be
tary Alimen-
the
proved by
;
petently com-
length
some
combined
and
that
the publishers print, therefore in
the
the
main
present
curative
edible
Simples,a,nd Kitchen Physic,
literarysubstance allusion,and of the
thus
prescribeddrugs.
out
edition
So
on
said
years
force,
dependence can
as (particularly regards their
But
some
plus
Simples .si,Te reproduced
here, except in brief furthermore
of the
been
which
direction, was
editions
hitherto
Simples fairlymet
Herbal
our
have
will
Vegetable,Animal,
That
Physic.
it has
"
have
elements
vegetablesources.
than
greater trust
we previouspublications
for
and
Medica
and
meats
energeticallyderived
because
animal
fresh
with
groundwork
demand
which,
and
instruct
to
remedial
drugs
agreeablyprovided,on
placed,even the
the
culinary "Materia and
In
:
advantage,
supreme
straightfrom that
about
suit,he foisted
choose
same
her
broke
is,then,
to
the precisely
medicinal
as
bring
to
on
lay, how
;
died.
and
ate
Tower
the
of
his shameful she
table disrepu-
Fitzwalt"r
solitude
nor
present work
or
afford
can
effectingcures
relied
hunger,
nor
of which
poisoned egg,
of
Maud
up
chilliest den
she stilldisdained
strength,while her
cold,
neither
shut
have
to
dingiestand
the
harmless, though bitter
as
English King John,
our
is recorded
memory,
on
esteemed
now
finds
placeagain
plainly stated
are pleasantries
as
such
;
repeated, for
PREFACE.
adding that
zest
of
the
to
twice-cooked
a
better
a
"Scepe stylum
curry.
like
savour,
vertas, iterum
.^' digna legisint scripturits
qucB
Having branches skilled and
done
assiduous
of medicinal
methods
and
qualityas
the
to the
advance.
to diet,applicable
diseases
and
ailments. that
plain,so
the
"
such
the
the book
reader intelligent As
reignin forth
every
like
forbids
book,
along with page
to
the
for
of it
;
One restore
falter.
advantage,not only of
the
"
are
reading;
take
well
take
might
as
would
winter
the writer, he
to
the
posed, inter-
Shandy,
soul of
so
in the
reader, but also of the sarcina
gravis uret
for the
be
to
as
steps
variety,and
dexterityis
of them,
fortemece
te
All
lucid
condiments
cold, eternal them
most
straightway
all hail, bringsin
management
Nevertheless, Si
attempting
is made
Tristram
instance, you
them.
appetiteto
good cooking,and
a
scientific
in
may
discursive
our
bridegroom,bids
a
now
finished
as
modern
medendi
modus
Digressions,"saith
of this
out
we
throughout of
treatment
the sunshine, the life, the incontestably them
of
regard,justifyus
Its
any
its directions.
pursue
to its needs
providesa complete dispensatoryof
menu
remedial
and
three
physicianchef;
a
nutriment
curative
in such
times
Our
these
the sorry,
office of
advanced
furnish
to
in
complete culinaryart, as
prolonged experience,and
of the
progress
service
for the benefit of the sick and
proceed
we
scullion
and thereby acquired a apprenticeship,
knowledge of
promote ourselves
to
present fare, with
author."
chartcB, "
! abjicito
ourselves
For
related made
a
forth all
by
Saint
Luke
great supper,
his servant
things are
to
in his and
say
ready."
to
adopt
to
venture
we
"
gospel:
bids them
Idle
the
many that
excuses,
instructive certain
A
thereto. are
let
He
parable man
sendeth
bidden, "Come, us
hope
has
that
for but
PREFACE.
few
will
begin to
in the streebs
Else
lanes
of the
and
shall have
we
commanded, Our
there
will yet be
forefathers did not
first course)of cootes
of armes,"
inscribed
with the Te Deum
was
again a
hyr
armes,
in every
syde."
oon
the
soteltie of
worthless Laus
melancholy, carking of
men.
forth
goe
;
pen
and
even
do
"All
we
intent of
Sed
"
hoc
my
brave
ye,
candidi
with
a
good
discreet
:
the
and
judgment, (be
and
Bestower
wit
Author
give
taking
us:
so
that,
pleases." "Take what's
mark
of
mean
we
it
as
your
I
give him
and,
out, went
had
or
far
as
a
;
thee
nor
:
so
the
as
be tliyselves
ingratitude."
"
Fare
less)which fit
! our
tenuity into
'tis
branded well ! "
the
a
it
great
originallyto just
pains not
ye
: "
wise, aye, and
thought
our
you
down,
along, to put
worships see, shall
to
masters
sat
we
the
with
up
please,my
more
of them
black
liber;
labours
my
a
be
may
nunc
therefore, gentle readers, in
projected for
their recompense
of
hold
only, as
care
/,
"
:
our
the minds
grief,from
is, when
book
labours
expecto.
may
matter
Bless
bodily ailments,
harte
you
''
with supplication
poor
quam
understanding would
our
our
lo,here lectores,
the
write
to
was
volo
what
of
child in
prosecute
to
make
out
and
course
we spirit,
same
treatise,child
him
know
these
cares,
magis
Vyaande
the third
"In
health
us
we
weede
to
"
a
Seynt George knelying
in the
and
:
case
instrumental
and
crowne,
given
far
Deo, if in any
found
a
hath thus
"
(at the in their
Lady syttynge, holdinghyr
our
Finallythen,
studies
armed
with
the
At
soteltie
a
opened
course
Laudamus.
hand
Trinity which
being done
their feasts.
Seynt Lewis,
and
the second
the
room.
forgetpietyin
Seynt Edward,
further
hither
city,for bringingin
Cloronation of Henry the Sixth, 1429, "After
on
seek
to
and the maimed, the halt,and the blind ; which
poor, as
make.
with
as
good
God
part
quite want the
base
CONTENTS.
I'AGK
Abernethy
PA4JK
102
Biscdtt
Arsenic
(in egg)
-
Absinthe
16-18
Acetones
in
the
Acids,
acetic
blood
Artichoke,
and
Preface
globe
63 -
Jerusalem
680
668,
250,
60-62
"
446
Asparagus
480
Asafoetida
-
lemons
of
citric,
and
milk
2, 63,
90
(lactic)
Ass,
and
milk -
67,
68,
.,
of
302
fruits -
.,
mineral
357
-
,,
23,
Acorn
633
Agar-agar Air,
470
-
524-526
treatment
open,
249,713
Albnmen -
Alcohol
353.
735
660,
fever
in
494
-
(not
with
498
mushrooms)
"
92
31,
Ale
Kop's
"
91,96
-
25,
Alkalies
Allspice
211,
-
Almonds,
38,
sweet,
39,
42,
32, 302 567-654 430-505 38
bitter
116
Alum
-
-
206,
Ambergris
630,
731 490
Annatto
-
284,
Anchovy
624
-
42,
Angelica
-
Animal
431,
cordial
Angostura
431
-
432
14, 42-47
extracts
474,
foods
634
"
49
48,
Anise
417
Ants
-
(see Contents). Antiseptics Apiol (parsley oil)
382 -
-
-
174,
305
cake
306,
307
shape
334,
50,
Apple
171,
173,
"
431
"
,
"
pie
-
-
556
53, 306
water "
41,449
Apricot Aqua
Preface
tofjana
-Vrrowroot
-
59
-Astringents
65,
66
295 -
(see Contents).
-
69,
343
CONTENTS.
Jews',
meats
202
fish cookery John's (Saint) Wort
281
"
oil
Maggi essence Magnetism
524
-
37ii, 737
-
Juniper
335, 330, 337 481,485
Junket
720
personal
,,
Julep
122 2(i2
Magpie
101
-
Maize
218, 401
Mallows
440-442
Malt -
Kegeeee
581
-
Kidney, King's
animal
48, 418, 419
touch
Kola
Koshir
meat
-
Koumiss
419,
Kiimmel
liquor
587
Maraschino
168
Mares'
478 489
Margerine Marjoram
430
Marmalade
-
Acid Lactucarium
90, 4S0
milk
265 -
Laevulose
302, 066
Lamb
Lamb,
-
Charles,
food
on
Lamprey Lanolin
(wool fat)
Mayonnaise
71
Lark
98, 99 369,, 370
Laver
628, ()29
Lead
363
-
-
"
Meal, Jfeats,
Monday
-
"
512
618 45
pie powdered
556
-
88
200, 474, 476
raw
447
420-424,
623
405, 406 225, 242, 452 461
extracts
5:^2
468
717 30
199, 202, 205, 207, 461-479, Meat
"
Lemon
711,
-
-
,,
-
710,
sauce
-
50
Leek
450-452,
Mead
249-253
apples
bone
551
212,448
-
Meals
"
of
-
-
vegetable Marsala
Lavender
"
red
Marrow,
247
-
-
quince
291 637
Lard
Lecithin
parsnip
,,
469
-
372
448, 449 536, 539
,,
425
-
23
102, 429 419,489
orange
Lactic
442
442-444
extract
,,
koshir
478
-
,,
Lentil Lettuce
8("
So,
-
425-427,
Mebos
612
Medlar
490 Leucocytes Levurine (yeast) 110,111,737,738
Mental
-
-
of meat
Liebig'sextract Light, coloured Lime
-
-
-
of
rays
475
-
18(1, 725
236, 250, 389, 480,
547
427, 428
Linseed
102, 428-430 371, 372
Liqueurs Liquorice Liver, animal
-
-
Lobster
415, 434,
433
-
-
influeucu
emotion,
308
of,
food
by
6
Menthol
375
Preface
Mei'captan (of sulphur) Jlercury, English Metheglin
394
-
Microbes
-
405
524, 525, 534, 535 in
meat
-
463
,,
Jlilk
-
4:i5
-
for adult
not ,,
414-416
Locust
59
(apricot)
butter
-
128, 479
growlli
480 482
-
,,
Lodestone
curdled, for old age
720 ,,
Lozenges animal Lung,
430-
-
(-sec Animal
,,
14, 47
"
438, 439
38, 30, 103, 438, 439
Mace
-
-
507
287, 439, 440
JIackercl Madeira
-
wine
29
sour
-
-
sterilized sugar
481
487, 490 470, 494
,,
,,
-
Macaroon
488
,,
extracts) Macaroni
63
skimmed
437
of
tuberculous
-
492
,,
Milking machine Millipedes Slince Mineral
meat,
and
substances
490-495 216
pies
-
555
34, 708 B
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Saloop
565
Salt
289, 348, 585, 616-620,
707
Cerebos
293
"
Samphire Sand
629
bath
(marine)
Sandwich
633 620
-
apricot
,,
621
(teeth
wool
cotton
"
-
swallowed)
622
-
Sardine Sauces
521
-
-
624
"
prolong
to "
"
old
age
15
-
"
622
Cassureep Mayonnaise
,,
j
647-652
Soups
84, 022, 624-626 bread
388, 389, 390, 427
Sorrel
283,
Bisque
"
bird's
623
436 644
nest
,,
622
Worcester Sauerkraut "
cockaleekie
533
cockchafer
416
cockroach
415
fruit
305
maigre
650
,,
133 ,,
Sausage
626
-
,,
Saveloy Savoy
627 "
108
-
,,
Scarlet
82
runner
492
milk "
Schalot
mock
533
649
turtle
,,
Scurvy Sea "
393
grass
ox ,,
kale
633
tang
632
-
,,
potato
650
sorrel
389
"
Seaweeds
627-633
Seltzer
652
tail
water
"
438 15
Serum age
603
-
(the beard)
Shaving Sheep
384 633
-
head
635
"
fleece
636
-
,,
Shepherd's
176, 177
purse
Shell-fish
-
Sherry
638
-
28, 29, 210
Shrimp
283
Skilly Sky blue, Sleep "
how
-
359
-
and
sinkers
"
80
-
266, 267, 426, 639-641 is needed
much
641
,,
makes
brain
dull
vin
au
Southernwood
393
Soy Spanish onion Sparrow Spearmint Spermaceti Spices Spider and web Spinach Spirits
84
sauce
-
266, 731 653-656
-
-
415
-
108, 656, 657 657, 658
silent
658
"
destructive
not "
284 93 -
-
55
-
238, 580, 659-661 "
640
721
to germs
Sprat Spruce beer Squab pie
,,
-
527
-
98, 652, 653 212; 376
Starches
if too
loner
647
-
648-650
"
Semolina for old
soupe turtle
"
35
amylene
"
''
Preface
"
Sloe
309, 572
gin Smallpox,
658
-
Starling Stilton
100
-
cheese
155
"
Snail
red
-
colour
for
186, 725
Stings, of of
641-647
shells
bee
and
380
wasn
nettle
645
Stomach
376
Stout
100
Strawberry
380
bread
472
-
"
Sneezing Snipe Snitz Snow "
Snuff
legend coffee
-
411
412, 413 191
661-665
woodland
306 cure
95, 443 -
664
"
Strippings (of milk) Succory Suet
.
487 .
-
167
209, 270
CONTENTS.
PACK
Whortleberry
312
224,
Willow-patteru
Wood
739-742
plate
Woodruff
242,
398
sorrel
390
-
Wines
736
22-26,
Wool
fat
637 -
natural
and
fortified
21
Wormwood
17,
399,
400
-
,,
of
Italy,
rosined
26,
601
-
"
unfermented
"
nektar
"
736
"
uranium
737 -
Yeast
110,111,737,738 -
-
,,
Winkle
286,
547,
.')49
100,
323
poultice
111
-
-
"
Woodcock
98,
Yourt
(curdled
milli)
486
MEALS
MEDICINAL WITH
''HERBAL
SIMPLES" (of
Edible
Parts.)
INTRODUCTION.
The
of this
purpose
of
constituents
;
though
in
palate. why
such
order
adequately diseases
these the
of
for
shall from
the
found
meals
medicaments
far
culinary preparations the
from
welcome
pills, for purging, and
led can
and
help
to
definite
her
which choice
indeed,
him
;
and
diseases, the
her
how
or
will
as
remember, his
lieu
are
place as
stews, able
object also
and
of
such
repulsive
gratefully accept
apprised and
or
Thus,
potions,
of for
of her to
or
purifying,
Furthermore,
becoming
confections,
in
will
the
ductions pro-
which certain
such,
readily
system.
roasts,
savoury
fulfil
how
she
tively effec-
nauseous
kitchen.
the
in
why
the
urged
always
by
to
equal good he,
be
Pursuing
Chemist,
from
suit
administer
comprehend
do
intelligent cook,
virtues
be
not
to
know)
can
against
to
can
vintner.
refreshing drinks,
strengthening
or
the
manner
purees,
curing
and
:
persons
the
always
Apothecary
meats,
shall
minded
by
through be
may
drinks,
whatever
the
and
Doctor
a
actually medicinal,
and
reason
sick
when
not
agreeably
eatables,
no
as
curative
prescribing
being
character
dispensed
does
diet
the
are
altogether supplanted
cook,
Doctor,
(for he
doses
be
not
hitherto
patient
of
a
what
when
drugs,
that
such
explain
table-waters,
of
treating
the
the
more
of
matters
be
employed
learn
instead
pleasant guise
curative
remedies
is to
dishes, and
same
will
It
methods
Handbook
after the
this
ties, proper-
vegetable if
convey, 1
MEALS
thoughtfullyadmixed,
MEDICINAL.
will
carefullyhandled,
and
gain
well-
promotion in the esteem, and approval of those who services,instead of employing profitby her important domestic the druggist. such an enlightenedpractice Nearly three centuries back some of cure Veuner foreshadowed was (1620), Doctor by Dr. Tobias of Physicke at Bathe, in the Spring and Fall." When dedicating Honourable his Via ad Yitam Recta the Right to longam In of England, Francis Lord Verulam, Lord High Chancellor regard,"wrote he, of the worthines, and utiUtie of the subject, for preservation this is the Dieteticall Part of Physicke,'which I suppose, of health as (but to none, appertaines to all men His than to more Honour, who, under Majestic, doth your chieflywield the State of our Reipublique"). Again (in 1685), German Liebnitz, the famous philosopher,said, in a letter to the Digester which Denis Papin (who invented bears his name) : this is a mere art As regards internal medicine, I hold that I have like that of playing nine-pins,or backgammon. often wished De curandis that a skilful physician should write a book of the diet." curing diseases by means far dietam morbis,' about writer of note There will come time," as a recent a predicts, merited
"
"
"
"
"
'
"
'
"
"
"
when
no
sudden
medicines
attacks.
will be
Disease
administered, except in acute, and
will
be
remedied
by
foods
;
the
is testing the value of this assertion house-mother intelligent in the dailyorderingof meals for her family,seeingthat a newlyacquired knowledge of dietetics has put her on the way to such tuted enlightenment." Celery,for instance, is found to be so constito be curativelyefl"cacious for persons as sufferingfrom form of rheumatism, also for nervous indigestion,and any contains kindred nervine troubles. Water-cress principleswhich remedial rich in fats, Pea-nuts, which are are against scurvy. for the and be speciallycommended of rescue proteids,may diabetics.
Onions
almost
the
best
no
useful
nervine in
strengtheners
of nervous being equally or so prostration, quick to restore, and tone up a jaded physical Asparagus, by its alkaloids, will induce salutary system. Carrots will relieve asthma. perspiration. Eggs, especially their yolks,will dispersejaundice,and can be given for clearing the voice. Instead of iron as a chalybeate,the pulp of raw beef, animal will blood in black efficient or an puddings, prove substitute ; whilst the bitter Seville will admirably orange
known,
medicine
are
cases
INTRODUCTION.
take
the
place of quinine as
a
princeamong
tonics for debilitated
persons.
Nevertheless, before
the
rustic
says
subject of cure, or prevention, of disease by a dietaryregimen, as skilfully adapted to the needs, and condition of patients under their several ailments, can be its alphabet of fundamental properly mastered, parts, and chemical be diligently ingredientsmust acquired, at all events in outline. Just after the same fashion with regard to our of speech ; in order to talk correctly, to convey so as dailymethods and true purport of what the full significance, is said, the speaker first learn the grammar of sentences, and must the etymology is of words. It true the colloquial discourse of untutored rustics will generally suffice to rudely express of what the sense they But this,after all,is only a hit-or-miss method, desire to convey. For example, altogether unreliable, and not worthy of imitation. the
Devonshire
"
I
:
be
that
fond
ov
cowcumbers
aight 'um to ivery meal, I could : bat I niver did zee nobody zo daainty az yu be : yu carn't aight nort like nobody else." ploughboy, sick with measles, exclaims : Again, a Devon 'twas brath ! Brath yisterday! whot, brath agin ! Why ! brath tu day ! an brath tha day avore mayhap 'tweel be brath ef I'll be keep'd 'pon brath ! I'll be darned ! agin tu-morrar Poor old Mrs. Fangdin be gettin' dotty,th'of er've a knaw'd Or, a theng or tu in 'er lifetime,za well's Dr. Budd, 'er ave." of sick, and of adapting cookery to the wants This same art Dr. Thudicum's learn from S-pirit delicate persons as we was, I could
"
"
"
for the first time treated by af Cookery (1895), systematically considerable Walter Ryfi, in 1669; and again in subsidy at
lengthby Scappi,the cook of Pope Paul the Fifth, who gave two hundred culinary receiptsfor the sick, and for the convalescent, these things they instructinghis pupils that if they omitted described how therefore in their duty. He would fail much be broths, soups, jelhes,barley-water, and such foods should of oysters, concocted advised lightsoups made. He particularly snails, frogs,tortoises, and turtles. We read (1699) : .lohn Evelyn likewise tells in his Acetaria "
divers
of
Popes, and
physiciansfor cook
was
their
reckon'd
Sydney Smith, advanced
a
Emperors,
master-cooks among
later on,
the in
a
propositionmuch
;
that
had
sometimes
and
that
of old
learned excellent
an
eruditi." letter to Arthur to
the
same
Kinglake (1837), efiect
"
:
I
am
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
"
is the great secret of life; and that convinced," said he, digestion character, talents,virtues, and qualitiesare powerfullyafEeoted and by beef, mutton, pie-crust, I could
feed, or
starve
afEect them
more
Timotheus
could persons
jointsand "
is
formerly
do
ill-cooked There
men
powerfullywith
that those
"
rich soups. I have often thought into many virtues, and vices, and
God
whom
of
instruments
my
cookery than
lyre. Frequently is it joinedtogetherin matrimony,
with
hath
his
badly -boiled potatoes
put asunder." a striking 1901)
have
"
(to quote the Lancet, December,
brought to the aid of the practicalphysician. If, for example, it were clearly shown that drugs such as are now used only in formally-prescribed into the more mixtures, or pills, are capable of being introduced welcome kitchen, how gratefulan productions of the domestic point
of view
assistance
from
which
should
we
the
obtain
cook
!
It
be
may
is
difficult,where
often
a
frequently,and over long periodsof that the patient does not careless, or time, to be sure grow instead of his forgetful. If, however, draught before, taking his after his daily meals, the said draught, or the requisite or pill (without alteringthe taste of the dish then served, pill,were and without combined with the patient's losingits own efficacy) dinner, instead of preceding it, or followingit, we can imagine medicine
a
far
has
be
to
certain
more
taken
acceptance
thereof
on
his
part
;
and
the
duties to the hands
consistentlycarried out by with the side of the cook than they are chemist. Such a relegationof the dispenser's of the chefcan only be achieved by famiUarity
in the
medical
physician'sorders connivance
the
on
co-operationof mind
the
of the
would
be
more
with
man
the
of both
work
his subordinates.
druggist,he is perhaps fairly cognizant ; with that of the cook it is to be stronglyrecommended that he shall become more intimately acquainted." should if historical And, indeed, only on grounds, medical men in foodstuffs, and their preparation. speciallyinterest themselves From early times, when the functions of priest,and physician, votive and united in the same and when were ofEerings, man, alike prescribed,and dispensed by his therapeutic agents were of the hands, the association cuUnary, and healing arts has of useful lore, and been There is a fund always a close one. of the various information, in the old accounts properties,and As
powers
different
with
to
which
that
of
the
writers
articles of diet.
from
Thus
the
Pliny
earliest tells it
as
times the
invested
opinion
of
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
of animal the
extracts
importance
of the
has
kitchen
be
prominent,should properly recognized." become
is
the
so
allegation both mind, body. Buckle view, when trying to show that
an
in
of truth
indisputablemeasure of the food afiect qualities
There that
in medicine
the
and
took this [Historyof CivUization) their diet. The the character of a people depends much on and is that the properties, virtues, or theory he has advanced
vices,of what
is eaten
of which of
pass
view
English gentleman his Taeping attack, met of
rebel
a
in order
eat
to
Professor "
at
likewise
ought
BerUn
at
be
at "
in the kitchen
used
home,
; the
fight,and
truth
to
say
only
not
which
Thus, too,
brave.
time
the
at
carrying
servant
fallen in
himself
make
to
Shanghai who,
a
matory confir-
public of the the
home he
meant
well-known
in his lectures, that
in his
of which
;
made
latelybeen
has
Chinese
had
of Medicine
doctor
a
to
who
of the eater
system
incident
an
an
heart
into the
laboratory, but ally is occasion-
dictum
diets for patients, in prescribing practitioners, embarrassed are by questions relative to the proper methods for cooking the same. are The men great majority of medical unable to givepreciseinstructions to a cook ; while, nevertheless, the other hand, many on impress the unqualifiedpractitioners pubUc mind by affordingcareful directions as to the preparation of foods for the therefore sick, who prefer to consult these dents irregular advisers. Recently two ladies in Berlin, superintenof Cookery Schools have for young arranged to women, The This oSer," says there for doctors. give specialcourses think that should be heartilywelcomed Lancet, by those who medical more training in such respects ought to be much practicalthan has hitherto been the case." when
apparent
"
"
At
International
the
Health
Exhibition,
London,
1884,
manual issued by the Blyth, in his authoritative of Council, concerning Health prophetically by Diet," wrote is now a time,which happily at hand after twenty years of steady medical His admirable publicationbegan with these progress. words When : by successive researches the Science of Diet Dr.
Andrew
"
"
has
become
better
understood,
without
doubt
a
School
of
Physicianswill arise,discardingall drugs, and treatingmaladies with others ; if, by cutting off certain foods, and by surfeiting in the indeed, there is not at the present time ready formed of this medicine the nucleus highest representatives of modern future
School
of Dietetics.
There
are
diets suited
for every
age,
INTRODUCTION.
for every there are
climate, for
speciesof work, physical,or mental ; diets by which diseases may be prevented, and cured ; there are diets fitted for some constitutions, injuriousto others ; diets which make the skin glossy,the frame vigorous,and the the face with wrinkles, speckle spiritsjoyous ; others which mar the body with the form lean, hollow, and eruptions,and make prematurely old." Two three classes of disease may be taken trating or as forciblyillusthe importance of treatingthem speciallyby foods such as are particularlyindicated during their pathologicalcourse. Hippocrates thought most highly of good judiciousfeeding in fevers, recommending wine, and the ptisan of barley (which we call gruel),so made that it be thin, but not too thin : now may Dr. R. Graves, 1848, again, has renthick, but not too thick." dered famous himself by maintaining not only in words, but also in deeds, that the feeding of fevers is the most essential feature in their cure. His plan was to restrict the patient only for the first three or four days to gruel,barley-water,and whey, proceeding quickly after this time to chicken broth, meat jelly, the of and strong soup art fever great duly nourishing patients ; almost he in a continuous, as consisting, taught, giving frequent, of nourishment supply liquid containing very soluble ahments, every
"
in
a
dilute form.
"
Let
it be the chief aim
to
restore
that
which
thoughtful observer can clearlysee is passing exhaustively Likewise with regard to hysterical nitrogenous tissue." away, affections, such as hypochondriasis,and others of a like nature, a nitrogenous diet is essential in their treatment, generous arises pecuHar form of this malady which particularlyin one from eating too sparingly of vegetables,and too abundantly of It is distinguishedby the high specificgravity of the meat. urine, mounting from 1025 to 1035, as dependent on the presence the
"
of
alone, in
urea
often
a
remarkable
and
sugar. lassitude, and even
excess,
no
is in these
There an
cases
apparent paralysis
occurring suddenly after exertion, and sometimes of which there is bodily wasting ; both usually lead symptoms state to his friends to attribute the morbid the patient and of the
limbs
insufiicient
nutrition, and
therefore
to
increase
more
and
more
in the food, in despite of the ailment proportion of meat of such a patient becoming aggravated thereby. A rapid cure of the meat meals to one will attend the diminution daily,and the supplying their place with porridge. plenty of well-made
the
MEALS
and
MEDICINAL.
of green
vegetables. Similarly,the advantage of treating commonly insane through an ill-fed brain, by many persons and an ample and nutritions diet is daily forcing itself more the convictions of lunatic asylums, of the proprietors on more though their business interests would, of course, prompt them to an of proceeding. oppositecourse Once of the heart, the dietary of to unsound states as more, having this organ imperfect of function, or structure, persons should be more nitrogenous than if they were healthy in such "
respect.
What
have
we
dread,"
to
the
wasting degeneration of until such -degenerationensues and altered
the
mechanism
is felt ; injured valves sort
in its
of the
do
seem
not
long
main
the
of
a
keep the blood red, and But endangered muscle.
the when
is
there the
them
fluid for
a
state
the
in
in the
or
of blood
contact
food. allow "
And
of the
It is remarkable
fail to
consult
a
ence experidoctor.
condition
reverse
of heart,
"
any
waste
it would
symptoms or
food.
Such
a
state
of
of
elasticity, perhaps by the products of nitrogenous be altogetherwrong to on
want
a
arteries, increased
surcharged with
strong meats,
greater part of
high arterial pressure, as proved tense circulatoryconditions, then
coats
for such
stop
valvular
have
of habitual
hard
tone
to
organ
wasting degeneration diet, easilydigested,so the continuous repair of
pulse, and the boiled fish once a day is the best animal high pressure will be probably depending by
aggravated, the
to
this
full,generous
to
for,
;
of any healthy, the
circumstances
enough to make hope of warding ofE
used
so
remains
structure
in easy
is not
is
inconvenience
no
bad
Hes in the maintenance as
become
capable of causing the
Persons
walls
originallesion
for years and years, perhaps through the life,and not only continue to live,but even
symptoms Now
the
heart, that
muscular
muscular
heart's
will often
if the
pulsations.
lesions a
constitution
the
"
Chambers,
Dr.
says
alcoholic
drinks."
{Medical Press, 1902)
"
that
physicians
face the realms devoted to hygienistsbut rarely venture The medical the to practitioneroften blames culinary art. the drains, or complains of the drinking-water,or grumbles when does he venture to enquire at the lack of fresh air ; but and
into
the
ways,
and
means
of
the
cook
?
"
"
There
would
difiicultyin showing that the selection, preservation, are preparation,and serving of the food of a household among vital factors in influencingits health. The main the most part be
no
INTRODUCTION.
of the
of food, whilst problem of life can be expressed in terms much of the indisposition, and of the minor ailments of many of a neglect of hygienic everyday life,are directlythe outcome If the illnesses met with in practicein the kitchen. high life to be efiectually dealt with, the ignorance,and neglectoften are '
made
manifest
the
author
'
in
low
life
'
must
be
not
of Kitchen
'
forgotten.We
hope
Physic (1901) see supplement with Kitchen by dealing Hygiene." such of a Accordingly, compendium explanatory dietetics is now of enUghtening undertaken, with the conjoint purposes the cook, of treatingdiseases by efiective medicinal constituents of helping the doctor with given at table, and points of reference ready at hand concerning the meals which he may his discourse
best
will
he
stock
for
thus
fit to
work
a
advise
will
each
case
become
it
as
before
comes
further
furnished
him.
with
a
Moreover, serviceable
of
culinary suggestions,suitably adapted for such patients as seek his help by correspondence: in which way, when of time for immediate research, study, and economy is an object (the attention being,moreover, of necessityotherwise occupied), important questions concerning appropriate forms of sustenance be expeditiouslysolved by a ready reference can to
Manual.
our
"
But
the
now
And
by
And
minister
Cook
through all degrees, tempers please,
must
pass
his art discordant to
health
and
to
disease.
if we search Homer, less modem, show that his Heroes all WiU us To
Patroclus
lov'd
How
quarter
out
an
such
as
advanced
stomach were
old age.
even
there
the
joins
spit the
loins."
and
ox,
upon
other
a
Cooks
were
Achilles
:
palledappetitesare recorded, of decays of nature by reason told of a hungry On the contrary, we are Nor deathbed, as with patriarchalIsaac.
ages of the world, proceeded from the
In the earher but
with
his books
sicknesses
but
no
the
and first,
the
last.
For
two
and no physiciansto upwards, there were years, prescribefor ailingpersons, nor any apothecariesto compound and the then one Food and physic were distasteful medicines. thousand
thing.
same
in
animals,
wild
through sun
of
state
a
as
a
the
Primeval
mankind,
nature, fed aU
without
transference
cooking
power,
of and
upon
gaunt, brown,
and
savage, roots, fruits, vegetables,and
cooking. By-and-by, in part to the the digestivework partly to fire in a like capacity culture,
or
"
"
10
MEALS
some
MEDTCINAL.
of his released
measure
physical energy, wrought in man,
increase of intellect,became
togetherwith and
this
an
lessening
efEect on his marked than digestivestrain had more one body, and physical aspect. The heavy, protrudingjaws, once so innutritions for masticatinghuge quantitiesof coarse necessary food, became smaller, and more receding; whilst along with this recession of the jaw there was or produced a progressive, the lower givingplace forward, and upward growth of the brain to the higher the animal to the man : whereby we see that the advancement of the human has been race largelythe result of evolution diet. of our depends own Manifestly,then, the course ourselves ; we conduct own on day by according to our may, day, be building up a better body, and a better mind, or else that shall be worse than the fair promise of the original one And, therefore, it is self-evident that the philosophy of germ. the body, preparingsuch materials as go to build up, and renew careful study ; and the brain, must be well worthy of the most which philosophyis the Chemistry of Cookery. Eight deservedly, ford then, by a parity of reasoning,does Dr. Rabagliatti,of Bradmake it to-day a leadingaphorism of modern medicine, ttiat Morbi a qui non victu fossunt, vix, vel maxima mederi cum medendi cannot be which those diseases aunt difflcultate, cured by victuals are scarcelycurable anyhow."
of the
"
"
"
"
"
"
Moreover,
this substitution
by foods, instead think with
our
their
of
"
cousins, (who
Vassar
"
Give
sodium
going going to his
give With
Now
if the
Just
make
soon
cellulose.
chunk
a
of casein, ma,
thermic
the at
it
oxygen the thermostat
on
to have as
fat ;
bottle,
electric oven's
turn
I want
a
and
the
pass look
And,
As
me
me
And
alkali, make
to
carbon,
shorten
And
For
me
hand
To
of oleo, ma,
a pie,mamma, pie : will be hungry and tired, my tissues will decompose ; some grains of phosphate,
John
And So
spoonful
a
I'm
Poor
date
to
"
the
I'm
up
:
me
And
are
John
half
an
supper comes
ma.
:
cold. ohm,
ready, ma, home.
for
cures
side ; at least so in such respects),
"
Pie
For
its humorous
by physio,has
American
constituents
of medicinal
ma.
INTRODUCTION.
ProTide But
a
His
of
the
John
sterilized
;
first.
water
oleo-margarine; phosphates, in the
mate
To
It
me
the
dope, mamma. mixing machine
the
to
the
With
neutral
turn
hand
And
So
the
me
Give
11
will need
frequentlybecomes
the
for
;
I think
now
quit, phosphate
more
his brain
help
too
office has
duty
food
bit."
a
of
doctor
a
to
see
the diet
that
his
weakly patients is enriched in specialdirections, most commonly perhaps in those of light meats, and fats. But of advise
to
course
would
purse
be
chicken, and useless
a
buy these luxuries. that cheaper sources to
be
found
sound
for
cream
he
proceeding ; It is therefore
with
man
could
simply
while
worth
slender
a
afford
not
remember
to
building material are to skim milk, in such oilyfish as herringsand sprats, cheese, and the more easilynegotiated pulses,as
in
new
lentils, haricot
beans,
of the
a
etc.
necessary
whilst
;
economical
very
forms
of
margarine, and the contrary, with regard to drugs, which is not in all the Pharmacopceias a single its virtues has in conjunction with not active article,which less the gastricdigestion. It is the vice of deranging more or digestiblefat as good dripping. On are costly, there "
Dr.
Hutchison
teaches
are
"
"
makes
this which
it
Concerning
diet
Merriman,
of
Dr.
a
as
medicine, and
not
contravening
the
Ohio,
of diseases, symptoms {Medical Record, 1902),
thus
wrote
food."
a
point I wish to make is this, that in my opinion the time of drugs. in the administration entire revolution is ripe for an The ingestion,and the proper digestionof food, constitute proper known to man. successful field of healing now the most Why, well-informed should not therefore, physician write every prescriptionsexclusively for foods, whilst prohibiting those "
The
which
articles of diet of the
malady for
moment
upon
every
which
whilst
manual
the
for
been
Government
patientstroubled
allied illnesses (due their bodies, and
cure
?
this the opportune
Is not to
labourer, and
health, have
scientific experts in
adjusted diets
to
mainly
which
must
to
be
causative
conditions
induce
furnish
construct a physician may Correct of patients1 group
each
good
to
chemist physiological
patient,or in
known
he is anxious
the
brain-worker,
are
the
reliable
suitable
diet
data for
dietaries for the average
citizen
by the accurately estimated employ ; but the properly with
harmful
gout, rheumatism,
products retained
neutraUzed, helpfully
and
within
whilst their
12
MEALS
future formation understood
cooks
who
money,
writes
thoroughly educated, all the dyspeptics may
of
and
without
infirmities
often
so
"
"
and
cooks, intelligent cure
of
"
bias
constitutional
a
the
then
guaranteed,without Again, those bodily
be
treatment."
medicinal
which
to
still but
prevented) are
medical average Dr. Kellog, of Michigan,
tbe
are
nine-tenths
imperfectly practitioner." Give us
is likewise
by
good Cooks,"
MEDICINAL.
is inherited
consumption, rheumatism, and gout, may be prevented from development, or held in complete check, by the discipline of diet pursued from childhood, and with a healthful and relish. Instead of having to learn painfully, laboriously to his life,how throughout the proverbial first forty years of become his own may physician (or to remain a fool),every man shall take practicalheed to the lessons which our plainly pages clear of peril throughout a prosperous steer teach, and may of life, of years from infancy to the said meridian physicalcourse and onwards to a robust old age." A good Coke," saith Dr. Andrew Boorde, 1536, in his Dyetary of Helthe, is half a Physycyon." from
birth, such
as
"
"
"
Fair 'Twixt And Could A And
could
woman,
The
food
soul
your
but
view
relation
intimate
fate, there'd
and
be
a
new,
higher dispensation. but
you
see
"
for
"
destiny
in dinners, synonym what the kitchen's alchemy
Can You'd
of mortal
make leave
odd
sinners,
fads, and "
A
learn
to bake
"
tater loaf, and cook a ; To roast a joint, or broil a steak. Than which art is greater ! no '
Man
live
cannot
'Tis well and But
make
that
by bread alone,' wisely spoken ;
bad, he'll die unknown.
world token no give high ambitious potencies. Or genius' slumbering fires, Inbred in him through galaxies Of grand illustrious sires ! And
the
Of
all ye dames, and maidens fair, Who burn with high ambition. share Who to nobly do your crave Then
To
You'd The '
Twixt And
better
man's
give us, intimate
food
condition,
could
your relation
soul but
and fate, ere long higher dispensation." "
"
view
a
new
li
MEALS
"
book,
Wash
MEDICINAL.
carefully, using a
hands
your
wipes his fingersfrequentlyupon of
checked,
strong material
a
two
pairs,the
the
holes
sound
in the
parts of
other."
one
But
nail-brush," but
pantaloons,which are blue made for jails, and probably in being arranged so as to underlie his
this is
touching our argument. in China, as Dr. MacGrowan, Again,
by
of
way
a
diversion,
as
main
distinction
is made
alimentaria"
; certain
articles which
(the human the
"
wines
;
a
presented embodied
fermented,
thesis to
the
there
preparations
for the
results
of
and
medica,"
"
little
"materia
curative
of disease.
thus
"materia
are
Some or
of
such
animal
mutton
liquors,and wine, dog wine, wine, and
the
degree of Doctor University of Paris, of
historical
a
animal
substances
distilled
wine, tiger-bonewine, snake
deer-horn
In
frame
in "
Shanghai, relates,
propertiesbeing ascribed to most used as food. Nearly all portions of animals included) are supposed to be efficacious in
are
treatment
macerated
between
of
of
Jean
M.
research
termed
are
deer
tortoise
Medicine
are
wine, wine."
recently
Barrier
has
the
therapeutic dieteticallyby the
as
to
origin employed ancients. Asclepeia of Greece bull's blood, and ass flesh were prescribed for consumptives. Preparations of serpent also largely in use. were Hippocrates, although he mostly used simples,occasionally prescribedox-gall,the dung of asses, and Celsus recommended fox's liver, or lung, in goats, etc. asthma, and the hot blood of a newly-killed gladiatorin epilepsy. Pliny's Natural History is an encyclopaediaof organo-therapy. him learn that the ancients From used certain glands of the we hare, the stag, the horse, the pig,and the hysena,as aphrodisiacs, and remedies for epilepsy,a disease for which the human as Renal brain was also employed. colic was treated with hare's in repute for dysuria,the hysena's kidneys, boar's bladder was the partridge'sstomach heart for cardiac palpitation, for cohc. Similar food-medication found favour with the Arabian sicians. phythat the human could Albucasis brain be taught nourished, and strengthened by eating cock's brains ; hen's excellent for the stomach in short, each ; gizzard was organ could be kept in order, or functionally tration improved by the adminisof the correspondingorgan of an animal, served at table. To sum subject vitallyimportant as it is the foremost up our advance of modern science now at length holds out a promise of prolonginghealthy life by a suitable broth, far beyond the present In
the
"
"
INTRODUCTION.
limit
of
labour
and
Old
their
habitual
for
lack
of
white
of
the
juice,
with
or
their
demands of
attendant,
old
and
million
at
seventy,
his
of
of
fifty
while
a
child
"
Go
thy
bread
Let
thy
ointment." broken
joy,
which
garments A
spirit
be
off
cut
to
until at
in
the
deprived
being
desire
man
him
Leave
depart,
as
a
sleep. shall drink
always heart the
will
one
expires
him.
owes
among
live
who
man
resents
still
be
only
accident,
an
he
season
to
merry drieth
of
nature
due
and
A
age.
unconsciously
he
then,"
way
of
years
score
should
We
learn
Honoured,
will
is that
death.
victim
desires
with
"
in
future
fact
!), lead
and
six.
at
En
drugs
infirmity.
faculties
natural
vitality
the
desires,
your
an
The
"
a
the
so,
and
thy
his
exhausting
abjure
approaching
years
and
or
bedtime
all
the
dies
;
years,
longer, at
To
days
be
mankind."
is
eighty
or
of
to
of
forty
and
flower the
of
(and
number
or
individual."
human
nature
cease
of
present
hundred
one
then
enviable
to
the
greybeard
the
most a
return
the
the
at
corpuscles
prolong
thus
organs
serum,
a
white
preventing
will
last,
at
that
discover these
thereby
lungs
possession
full
ten,
the
will
shall
supply
in
all
nobler
predict
we
our
devoured
the
upon
hope, of
being compelled
years,
and
in
because
having
and
will
organs,
and
friends,
age
in
useful,
bodily
blood
we
food,
life, diminish
simpler
that
which
brain,
my
few
a
results
batten
elsewhere,
or
necessary
and
the
to
In
gravy,
the
on
heart,
in
frame.
he,
in
nourishment,
"
(Professor
abounding
theory
new
with
years
Metctinikofi
M.
microbes,
the
Institute,
animal
a
other
a
"
fourscore
or
in
says
corpuscles
human
Pasteur
with
age,"
enemies
ten,
steps
Institute,)
courage.
protective
a
Here
"
and
and
years
sorrow."
Pasteur
the
at
threescore
15
be
our
wine
thy
white doeth
bones."
final
;
exhortation. with
and
let
good
like
a
thy a
merry
head medicine
"
Eat
heart. lack ;
no
but
16
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
ABSINTHE.
Absinthe
in liqueurused largelyin France, being concocted the main from tte herb Wormwood (artemisiaabsinthium)which This oil yields an essential oil consistingchieflyof absinthol. is the basis of the said liqueur,the efiects whereof, when taken to are frequent giddiness,and attacks of epileptiform excess, convulsions. Much diluted doses of the liqueur, if carefullyadminister will materially relieve ailments of this same acter charwhich determined within the are by physicalirregularities twice a body. One teaspoonful of the absinthe day with a wineglassfulof cold water for an adult patient. The harmless a medicament, prepared originalabsinthe was and used by a French Ordinaire, who was physiciannamed living at the close of the eighteenthcentury. as a refugeein Switzerland He was in his little a country doctor, and a druggist,cultivating alcohol. garden the herbs for making absinthe, then without But the French absinthe of to-day is a highly aromatic, liqueur,of an opahne green colour, and with a bitter intoxicating taste. It is prepared by steeping in alcohol, or strong spirit, is
a
"
certain and
"
bitter herbs, of which
artemisia
mutdlina,
with
the
chief
artemisia
mode
are
absinthium,
artemisia
sficata,each
a
wormwood.
generallypractisedof drinkingthis liqueuris by adding it to water, drop by drop, or by allowing it to trickle through a funnel having only a minute opening below ; thus prepared, it is styled la hussarde," and is commonly supplied in the cafes of France, Italy,and Switzerland. When indulged in as an appetizerby connoisseurs, absinthe, the with fairywith the green eyes," is modified by admixture anisette,and is of note as an agreeableand bronchitis-palliating Uqueur." If served sparinglyat table,and not taken habitually, it soothes spinalirritability, and givestone to persons of a highly The
"
"
"
ABSINTHE.
17
of those acting closelyafter the manner alkaline bromides which constitute drug remedies as prescribed almost for these Suitable specifically same bodily ailments. allowances of the diluted Hqueur will promote salutaryperspiration, and be for given, moreover, may successfullyexpeUing intestinal worms. The use of Absinthe as a stimulatingdram, with time at comforting effects,prevailed one amongst French soldiers at Algiers,but led to baneful results because taken too It is freely. therefore, forbidden now, throughout the French
temperament,
nervous
army.
Wormwood, "
name
from
"
wermuth,"
its
in
employed
as
or
kee-p mind
medicinal
supposed
this
making "
bears liqueur,
also the
(preserver of the as a nervine, and
virtues
mind), mental
restorative.
Inferior
Absinthe, such cheap cafes in Paris,and
is retailed
the
popular bars, and the French provinces,at three halfpence the glass,is generally adulterated with for producing copper the characteristic colour. To swallow repeated doses green of this pernicious stuff in the early morning is called killing the worm." Inveterate absintheurs found to are drop down dead in the streets in Paris, either from day that dawns every apoplexy, or because of heart failure ; yet merrily strangling the parrot (as the term goes) is continued, and jests about ! Unhappily, too. are as taking the blue lively as ever Absinthe be West End now bought at most of our London may as
at
"
"
"
"
"
and
publichouses, these To
places that
order
the
absinthe
an
the
even
absinthe is
a
liqueurwhich
is
The
Pepys tells Shipley,and I them in
two
France
exercises which
has
ofE
quarts
of
uses
under
resides
for
distinction.
of
stomach
in its
and
"
"
"
under will
an
a
I did
there
give
observation this
liqueur
painful sensation
hunger. The feeling given, though it is
excessive
cease
Creed, and
:
that
nerve
is then
absinthin."
Medical
shows
extreme
little alcohol whilst
English temperament, guidance of a skilled
"
wine."
that
the
House,
Simfles) (says Herbal the through pneumogastric taken
in
midst.
our
some
24:th, 1660
Wine
wormwood
to
the
"
been
in
growing of
notice
can
Gazette,August 7th, 1902, "Absinthe
Rhenish
the
to
observer
mark
a
intenselybitter taste in his Diary, November
quickly if a aggravated by cofiee : from day to day the goes
as
is
unsuited particularly
except for medicinal doctor."
habit
regarded
"Yet," said The St. James's is
casual
most
to
use
of absinthe
perform
its
duty.
18
MEALS
-
an
irritative reaction
of
blind
will
drunkenness
controversial
in
absinthe, who
come
of
brain, and the effects debauch." Nevertheless, a
in the
on
follow
statement
recentlymade
MEDICINAL.
each
France
M.
by
has
oppositecharacter
an quitfe
Cusenier,
been of
manufacturer
a
collection of his famous superiority of live stock to the use of this liquor. He says he has for them made a practice of liberallyfeeding his rabbits, poultry,and with oxygenated absinthe,and has produced the result guinea-pigs that his creatures thrive much better than those of his neighbours
using
attributes the
"
nutriments.
other
spirit-makingdepartments
and
favourite
the
that
a
which
centres
they
is
absinthe
where
France,
decided
cinnamon, effect
but
the
on
the
potently
more
of
circulation
chemical
a
of
essences
action
than
blood
in
nerve-
on
vessels in the brain-substance:
certain blood govern therefore be used
may
with
common
They severally exercise
brain.
and
very
in
Absinthe,
aniseed, lemon, mint, and the
of
wine
of the
beverage, are remarkably robust, and healthy." of experiments on has D'Ormea dogs. Professor
By means lately learnt these, has
"
people," says he,
The
remedially for
such
purpose.
a
ACIDS See
and
(Apple, Geapb,
Fruits
Lemon)
;
(Malt).
Vinegar
ALCOHOL.
toxin
spirituous (whereby are given intoxicating product of vinous fermentation wines, propertiesof varying relative strength to ardent spirits, the same and malt liquors, product being powerfullystimulating, different and are remarkably antiseptic).There grades of from which alcohol,according to the source they are respectively derived "grain alcohol,"prepared from maize, or other grain; ; as This
"
root
made in
is
chemically a
alcohol," from
Norway,
brandy
most
wines
two
2
beets, and
large quantitiesfrom
in
and
from
of the
to
and
Sweden, contain contain 10
per
from cent.
of carbon,
atoms
potatoes reindeer
40 to 7
or
8 to
Each six of
50
per 20
the
"
; and
moss,
Such
Russia.
from
yeast plant,as
and
Iceland
spiritsas
molecule
hydrogen,
cent
;
and
of alcohol and
moss,
whisky, gin,
of absolute
cent
per
alcohol,"
moss
malt
alcohol
liquors
consists
of
of oxygen ; it body alcohol burns one
into the taken nitrogen. When by the carbon being set free and then combining with the oxygen, preciselyas when paraffinis burnt in a motor car, being a source contains
no
ALCOHOL.
of energy
; alcohol
body
compensate
to
heat
in
alcohol
of not
made
for
the
be
can
burnt
than
more
intervals
the
an
of at
average
within
the
expenditure
the
and
ounce
least four of
man
again, alcohol
is
only
each
taken
hours.
of
animal
to
furnish
quantity
at
in doses Such
of half
harmful
as
an
ounce,
is all that
quantity
a
temperature
false
human
the rate body day, half of whisky, or brandy ; this
a
normal
it will be
beyond
excess
within
thus
wasteful
quantity being well diluted,and at
burn
to
fevers, when digestionis arrested, and fails Nevertheless, during health only a limited
caloric. of
be
can
19
utilise ;
can
positivepoison.
a
stimulant, its action
any
Then
being walls against the realitya protest of the heart's muscular noxious is invariably followed such stimulation irritant; and by a correspondingsubsequent depression. As a drug, alcohol a
such
as
in
the
vexes
within
heart, which
the
heat to
inside
sends
blood
blood-vessels
outermost
brieflyto feel enfeeblement
then
with
in
a
rush
stagnate
to
skin, causing this
the
though the internal body sufEers a cold of the Indeed, this loss of general circulation. the systetn is so devitalizing that it often predisposes warmer,
Thus
pneumonia.
it
about
comes
that
the
result
net
of
form is to lower the inner temperataking alcohol, in whatever ture of the body. It is true that by dilatingthe blood-vessels of the general skin-surface is induced of warmth a deceptive sense because of the increased heat given off, for a short time only, by radiation, though alcohol does not reallykeep out the cold, of the body to sensiblyescape but sufEers the heat through the skin. helpful During fevers, therefore, alcohol often renders thus setting service by unlockingthe surface blood-vessels,and If a person free the mischievous, superabundant heat. has been already exposed to chillingcold, and the blood has been repelled ,
into the
threatened to stagnate there, with so as organs of alcohol in a hot the timely administration
internal
congestion,then drink
of blood
throughout
alcohol
be
of
temperature Alcohol antitoxic of
to
has
effects of
consumptive
frost, and lowered
proved
been an
active
sufferers.
person
So
that
to
any
all
means
wet, and
proceeding
when
whilst
such
a
let
the
internal
dram.
of producing power disease against the tubercular
possess
sort
If
by
rain,
by
distribution
indoors
comes
carefullyavoided
be
become
body.
the
encounter
would
a by restoring proper
whole
when
it must
but
doors
the
taken
thus
shivering; out
situation
the
save
may
dock
the
labourers
who
indulge
20
MEALS
freely in
alcoholic
MEDICINAL.
affected
drinks, become
consumption, excess) the mortality from drink heavily than in the it is found
by
pulmonary
(in spiteof their harmful
that
this disease
is less among imbibers.
moderate
more
alcoholic those
The
who
alcohol
neutralization certain circumstances a a])pears to efEect under of tuberculous poison in the system ; it acts further by serving to
block
the
up
blood-vessels
around
diseased
the
parts of the that so (as
lungs, thereby isolating these infective parts ; certain modern physicians pronounce) in all probability a of alcohol plentiful(but not immoderate) use promises true benefit for cases of actual tubercular consumption. We conclude generally that alcohol is an unnecessary may article of diet for persons in complete health (though a moderate of natural, sound wine the agreeables to use seems augment of life). As regards the form in which alcohol may be best used, malted suitable for youth, wine for middle most hquor seems be said hfe, and spiritsto be reserved for the aged. It cannot that alcohol is favourable to the production of perfectlysound brain work. of 124 Out instances in literature, (leading men consulted this question, none science, and art) who were on ventured alcohol as a useful aid to the to seriouslyrecommend under conditions labour. It is rather performance of mental in overwork, fatigue,and feeble old age just short of health "
that
the
beneficial
chiefly by taken best with
with
"
effects of alcohol
aiding digestion; meals
borne
whom,
by
individual of
reason
senility,and
their
surface
body,
of the
therefore
it
patient.
their
circulation a
laborious
arteries otherwise
action
But
is
profitably
most
of such for
sort,
aged stiff
being impeded
of the
and
marked,
most
only, in such quantity,and the
by
become
heart
as
persons
through
about
occurs
are
the under
of its walls to become dilated, then liability this is certainlyquestionable, particularlyin the shape of ardent well-matured wine of subdued spirit; possibly some generous, alcoholic strength may be more safelyallowed. With at night as regard to the taking of alcohol with water this has become for inducing sleep, when difficult,or grog For natural disturbed, any such practiceis ordinarilya mistake. be sleep the brain should comparatively bloodless ; but a spirituousbeverage as a night-cap produces quite the opposite
alcohol, with
effect ; if the simulate may
a
grog
is strong,
sleep,but
the
a
measure
penalty
of narcotism, and will be
exacted
stupor
afterwards
22
MEALS
MEDICINAL
attendingthe periodical epoch. and hot water given at the outset
To
and
patient
comfort, and of
paroxysms tumblerful
future
pain ; but hot toddy
of
be
never
similar
who
are
may
be
or
Dr.
one.
also
not
will
Hutchison
gouty,
thinks
years ago our (then of excellent whilst
harmless),
even
famous for
hostelries. "
time
a
in very
silk handkerchief
his
provided "
up
at
back
after the to
when
"
less Great
lapse of
the
travellers
the
dinner
of
an
an
mizer econo-
at
of
one
the
liberally
tively comparathe former
taking up his abode comfortable
quarters,
of
(City London), had particularport, pulled his the
on
the
him
aroused
from
fender, and entrance
his
of
tranquil
fare the satisfactory,however, was White Horse," Ipswich (1828), where,
hour,
a
bit of fish,and
(Mr. Pickwick cleared
was
persons, alcohol
drink
therefore
Tavern
pint
and
would
quality,and
sojourning
Weller,
Sam Far
the
forefathers
his head, put his feet in an chair, when easy
over
man-servant,
meditations."
will
helping materially in
as
Vulture
wit, George finished his second dined, thrown
a
of energy,
source
good, old-fashioned,and and
himself
single
month
digestivepowers,
Thus, Mr. Pickwick, when
the
to
the
for diabetic
that
of feeble
or
digestionof fat. Fifty,or more wine
immediate
that
once
ease
not
very useful as a food, a of the proteids; further
of Port
confer
the
sure
in this way
taken
glass of gin
fail to
over
make
cannot
stiff
a.
will seldom
the
we
sure,
seductively lead to frequent is the an indulgences.Otherwise remedy
exceeded,
excellent
tide
to
be
and
away,
Mr.
drew
a
steak
Peter
were
served
Magnus), who,
their chairs
up
to
the
having ordered a bottle of port (of the worst possible kind, at the highest possibleprice)for the good of the house, drank for their own." at Mrs. brandy and water Again,
fire,and
"
Bardell's
house
with
treasures
of her
closet
also another
of
a
the
red
door, in Goswell
comprised sundry platesof
bottle of old crusted the
Street,the hidden
celebrated
East
port,
that
at
oranges
and
cuits, bis-
one-and-nine, with
India
sherry at fourteenpence, which of the were produced in honour lodger, and afEorded unlimited satisfaction to everybody." of this picture,by Dr. King We reminded, as the reverse are Chambers, when talkingabout the mighty hunters, and stalwart, of
wild, uncultivated
"
nations, that as soon as coming within the tide of civilization (and alcohol)the day goes childless under our against them : they fade away very eyes, robust
herdsmen
ALCOHOL.
like that
American
vast
remnants
are
tribe of which
It is remarkable
that
the
tree, has
effects
common
will
property which
a
antidote
to
serve
from spiritshould be made the as sfiritusglandium quercus,"which will materially acorns, help to control an abnormal craving for intoxicatingliquors; also,if taken in doses of from five to ten drops two or three times aid in subduing morbid a day, this spiritwill prove of immense resultingfrom abuse of alcoholic drinks. symptoms the
of alcohol.
it is said the
only extant and six gallonsof whisky." Acorn, as produced by our
chief,a tomahawk,
a
English Oak
23
distilled
A
"
With
forefathers
our
in vogue, known as King who made Israel to was
a
big
that
bottle
when
that
the
the
once
old-fashioned, capaciouswine-bottle
an
Jeroboam,
a
sin.
There
topers cork
again. A Jeroboam of Omar Khayyam, the translated by Edward good liquor:
closed
being was
after
the
in such
wine
thereby, seeing
drunk
coald
bottle
the
drawn
was
much
so
made
were
called
so
not
be
Rubaiyat, largestbottle known. Persian poet, so eloquentlyand faithfully about Fitzgerald,glows with fervour is the
"
Here,
"
A
with
Flask
Beside
Sir
ago.
years
beer
Elizabeth had
choice
Book
a
the
in
of
in
new
or
small
ale, or tea
the
when
it
family
beer, was
of
or
broth
at
enow."
brewed
was
found
Wesley
to
in
England, maturing
Egypt 2,000
Luxor,
at
but
on
the
time
in her
day
Before
their beer, and
a
of the very
"
-brewing Mad Merry-go"Dragons' milk," "
facetious who
were
appellations.Ladies accustomed
breakfast, did
first introduced John
thou
their best October
they named
"Angels' food," or cound," and other endearing,or during the eighteenth century,
dog,"
Bough,
and
"
Wilderness,
tankard.
a
particularas
in their ale ;
Verse,
Qiiilter has
drunk
was
become
of
by Herodotus,
Cuthbert
the
beneath
is Paradise
Wilderness
bas-relief
the
monolith, farmers
singing
mentioned
as
of Bread
Loaf
of Wine,
me
And
Beer,
a
as
drank
a
take
not
beverage.
small
beer
to
at
We
drink
kindly to read
every
that
meal.
bless'd their stars, and called it luxury." The addition They our of hops first (1524) converted Englishale into beer. redden be only acid enough to slightly Sound beer should Dr. Chambers As dipped therein. test-paper of litmus when the first thing to be guarded againstin malt liquor admonishes, All beer it is technicallytermed, hardness. is sourness, or, as "
"
^4
MEALS
will turn
into
MEDICINAL.
vinegarafter
degenerativechange muchjuore been into dirty vats. run breweries will be
the
brewers
undergo this quicklythan others, from having of the popular London most
time, but
a
In
calculate
brews
some
that
the
which
beer
is made
quickly that the presence of a little less vinegar does not or signify,and they brew daily in still reeking so vast vats strongly of acetic acid that these cannot when holding the face over your eyes open And
consumed
yet
of these
some
reckless brewers
position in society,go for
the
by
their
fertile the
church,
to
sickness, poverty, and wilful
of gout,
premature
death
the
on
and
turn,
ask
become
to
you vats.
respectable forgiveness
may
have
There
is
caused more
no
heart, dropsy, and than this beer, working man,
robust
ready
their
diseased
rheumatism, of the
most
a
occupy and never
misery they this regard.
negligence in
cause
just
more
so
vinegar
thick
in
the
stomach." The in
famous
of his noted
one
"I
:
says
with
was
"
hear
three
me
of your age for if while very one
have
you
four
this
young
unwholesome, when
"
But
is CofEee
What
He
a
that
Should
drinks As
of
to
the 25
per
thinks
its
be
berry
noxious
are
awake Port
and
?
Sherry, ache
dull heads
make
upon
wholesomer."
?
!) (though good with oysters "very take should : thing your reading man would shine, and petrify his tutor drink draught AUsop in its native pewter." itself
the
matter
"
pithily,
He
who
beer." of various
referred
to
the
vintages,the leading character alcohol
which
or stimulating, intoxicating powers
stronger cent
to
quaint saying puts
must
which
a
Londoners
what
Falerniau,
concerning wines wine
a
upon In
beer
keep used-up
Stout
Is not
a
but
I look
in them.
much
respect much
vile concoctions
Nay,
as
deal
what
is
But
Though,
not
be in every
to
therefore,
should
You
All
very
to
Born
grow
a
strong exercise,and in your diet malt liquors fatten, or at least
time, take
water
in
to
way, proper fat it would some, be trouble-
ungraceful.
and
pretty fat for
are
you
attend
should
you
that
ago,
should
you
fattening things. bloat, and I hope you do and
the
days
avoid
wine
to
Duval,
or
;
"
letters
from
Stanhope (Lord Chesterfield), his son PhilipStanhope (1874), jeweller,who has arrived, and
Dormer
Philip
ports, and
of alcohol
;
sherries
in hocks
there
and
is
clarets
it contains, and
chieflydepend. present from from
7 per
16 cent
ALCOHOL.
upwards.
The
principal modern Burgundy, Champagne, Marsala. Sherry and
Bordeaux,
Tokay,
25
and
Claret and
Hock
natural
are
digestion in the stomach of all proportion to the that the produced on
Port
are
On
the
exercise
Rhine,
Moselle,
fortified
wines
;
chemistry of food-
retarding eSect
a
of alcohol
amount
Sherry,
Port,
are
Madeira, "
wines. wines
wines
which
second
out
they contain
;
digestionby for by their acid (pancreas) qualities." wines m ost of are Dietetically equal value, provided they are the products of a favourable being pure, and free from season, defects. It nevertheless follows that fungous means by no because of hindering digestion in some are respects, wines to be prohibitedwith meals altogether ; seeingthat by increasing the appetite, and thus inducing a larger secretion of gastric if taken in moderate juice, they may, quantity, not only neutrahze of the arrest the in stomach, digestivechemistry any but are likelyto actuallyaccelerate that function on the whole, is to
and "
make
to
it
be
useful
actions
comfortable Dr.
says
of
of
considered
great
of wine
as
in
wine
a
it would
than "
Hutchison,
wine, both
stimulatingaction twice
stomachbread
accounted
more
This, indeed,"
the
as
of
in
with
the
be. most
disease."
alcohol
natural
a
of
one
health, and
fortified that
is
otherwise
wine.
is
The
The to
be
acids
chieflypresent in the form of bitartrate of potash (cream of tartar),which eventuallygoes to increase the alkalinity of the wine ; since the organic acids and their salts,which are combinations with in wine, become earthy bases, as contained within into alkaline converted the body compounds, and are outlets. It has been excreted such by the kidneys,and other as the the human stomach are brain, and the human truly said mistakes." make Hock, for instance, only analysts which never is a .rather acid wine, if freelyimbibed, tends to prevent which And the same of gouty uric acid in the urine. the precipitation result follows cider-drinking as a rule ; persons who use this beverage freelyare not troubled with gravel ; indeed, they are found to a specialimmunity from that grievance, for possess the cider not only makes the urine less acid, but also considerably of It has increases its volume. been proved that as a matter are
"
fact
the
most
acid
credited
with
presence
of both
which
makes
wines
are
not
producing gout. the
sugar
and
sweet
drink
acid
which
those
Possibly in the
harmful
to
are
it
wine the
is
most the
for the
generally combined time
sufierer from
being gouty
26
MEALS
indigestion ; and secondary reaches
there
MEDICINAL.
is
fermentation
the
stomach.
likelihood,as
a
being then Be
the
set
we
cannot
in the
up
deny,
of
after
it
wine it
explanation what
the
may,
subject does wisely to avoid the fortified wines, unless when the indigestion become they have dry ; otherwise very which set gout going viciouslyin the system. ensues may Mattieu Williams cookery of wines," explains,concerningthe market that he feels quite safe in stating that the average value of rich wine in its raw state speaking of it as produced in countries where the grapes luxuriantly,and where the grow qualityof the wine is consequentlysuperlative does not average exceed sixpence per gallon,or one per bottle ; in saying penny which richest quality of wines, he is speaking of the best, and (of course, without includingfancy vintages,or those specially producedin certain select vineyards of noted Chateaux), and he gouty
"
"
"
"
refers to 90 per cent So that, to tell the Port
good
another and
wine
of
that
come
into the market.
truth, the five shillings paid for
is made for the
penny
cost
of the rich wines
carriageto
of
up
of
cost
one
penny
a
bottle
of
for the
originalwine, sixpence for duty, twopence for bottling,
storage, about
this country, and
it follows that the of tenpence in all ; therefore making a sum and twopence are charged for remaining four shillings cookery," and wine merchants' profits." makes The wine, contains grape juice,which by fermentation chieflygrape sugar, together with one part of fruit sugar, also the albuminous acids (principallytartaric,and matters, and tannic). This juiceis obtained by crushing the grapes, usually by treading, so as to avoid squeezing the stalks, and stones is a Rhine too wine, originally produced thoroughly. Hock of the Maine, but now the right bank the at Hockheimer, on wine : it means is applied to any white German name literally and contain home." Hocks are scarcely high pale wines, In than claret. not acid more really ; they are any sugar Butler's Hudibras read of this wine as having restored the we high and mighty when faint : "
"
"
"
And
With
The an
when
rosined
admirable he
first
wine
made
'em
stoutly
baokrach,
which
overcome
hockamore,
is served
and
in the
hum."
South
of
Europe has pedestrian,
antisepticvirtue ; though a British farm, quenches his thirst at a Tuscan
or
rustic
ALCOHOL.
inn, is apt to exclaim a
varnish
pot, and
Vermuth." souls
to
But
in
that
is well
taste
for it cannot
be
"
in
Vino
acquiring by thirsty thropists, patronage of philan-
the
doubted
wine
the
this balsamic
worth
merits
and
drawn
has
accordinglyat
climates,
warm
landlord
the
sneer
the
27
that
wholesomeness
the
of
native drinks is due their being Greek, and ItaUan to from preserved decay and secondary fermentation, by their in rosin, place of fieryand fuseUy spirit. The large quantity of many
this wine
habituallyconsumed
without
its admirers
prejudiceby
is very remarkable. Six years ago there was and perhaps living, still lives, at Menidi, near Athens, a priest,over ninety years of
who
bottles of had drunk dozen a early manhood wine every The day, partly at meals, and partly at odd times. American Consul this venerable ascribes toper'stoughness to the specialquality of liis liquor. ethers The of wines are volatile,and fixed ; they confer much of the bouquet, particularly the oenanthine, or oenanthic ether. Port wine contains a large proportion of such ethers, especially age,
from
"fixed."
the
The red
colour
acids
by the
wines
pigment in juice,whilst the
is due
of the
to
grape
a
is caused
by the oxidation yeast plants adhering to
Different
wines, which
different
it is
mistake
a
of
are
think
to
of white
colour
the
skin
first
put into
in
cask.
the
tinguish dis-
of the
of ethers
wine
that
turned
the skins
acid
tannic
bottled, the formation
then
and
years
But
wine
of red
grapes cask for
still
will continue
some
going on. improve
to
by the magic
slow
length of time ; it is liable eventuallyto decay what Nevertheless process of complete oxidation.
there
is in
looks
as
for
wine
indefinite
an
!
"
it has
years
of
bottle
light shines
the For
old
an
through lain
wine
red
it !
An
old
bottle
darkness, and
in the
it
beautiful
How
!
rest
of red of the
ripening within it a slow, a magical,fine spiritthat will evoke for you This old bottle of an entrancing sort. dreams, and half-dreams will it a kindly genie which of wine holds imprisoned within
cellar.
there
For
years soft life-warmth ;
transport
you
back
bitterness
has
vanished.
the
that
comes
elixir !
!
from It cheers
the
An
old
been
balmy This
he will show
present ; and
of the future
to
has
bottle
past
"
a
past from
which
the
kindly genie will soften for you you the glimmer, and the wonder of red wine ! It is 4 preciousgift
divine
out
the
and
befriends, and
essence
of
soothes.
the
earth
It awakens
!
A in
fine man
28
MEALS
his
larger and
before
him
fine
the mind's
MEDICINAL.
potent self.
more
It
unravels, and
strange, curious
thoughts "
unweaves
It unlocks
thoughts.
It enriches,and mysterious recesses. becomes enripens the personality. Under its genial spella man wise with the profound wisdom of tolerance ; becomes gay ; a man he laughs ; his wit sparkles; a power and exalted is given new, him ; he feels the glow of fraternity unto ; he is brought within of yesterday the circle of a benignant kindly magic ; the cares are
marvellous, and
the
;
gone
of
cares
present is full of rare, and I beseech
beautiful
old bottle
an
colour
of choice
yet
not
!
red
Wine
and a
as
some
banquet
temperance
bid
We
"
to
you
Our
blood
is
was
found
who
had
failed to Gonscia
"The
liquor
purer
lympha water
at
least.
:
divine
Galilee, "
into
water
on
fire
alchemy
touch of
runs
the
accomplish
modest
durable
more
feast.
enough
subtle
miracle
written
line
me,
lyre.
vintage
miracle, as
Respecting which
wineless
noble
warm
Repeats with
"
a
our
the
Affection's
Turns
Give
the
"
string
The
!
;
:
And
Without
come
wine."
persistin supposing, far persons sentimentallyrefined is the bouquet of the
But, at
you,
have
to-morrow
wine
I
an
paper further
Deum saw
"
tradition,the
single a schoolboy (Tierney) verse-composition: Eton of
"
vidit, et erubuit." its Lord,
and
blushed." "
used dietetically as Sherry," accordingto Sir Wm. Roberts, frequentlyexercises an important retardingefiect on the digestion in the stomach. of food Half-a-pintof such wine is no unusual with many this being in proportion at dinner allowance persons, meal total of two to the whole (at an estimated pounds in its obstructive 25 cent a quantity by weight) about per very common practice of taking two, or proportion! In the more notice probably of sherry with dinner we three wineglassfuls may double action, both a stimulating efiect on the secretion of a contractions of the gastricjuice as well as on the muscular stomach, and a shght retarding efiect on the speed of the digestivechetnical processes, especiallyat their early stages. In still smaller quantity(a wineglassful, or so) sherry acts as a with any such to digestion; though in connection pure stimulant "
,
"
"
30
MEALS
the
thirtymiles, while Bob, dickey."
Champagne,
Of and
in
Epernay from
wine.
The
14
of
be
is
Champagne
as
this
in
sugar of the
from
natural
a
; but
varies
in
Rheims.
wine,
mostly
wine
duets
sang
of alcohol
cent
per
Weller
obtained
are
should
twelve
to
amount
varieties It
England
taining con-
what
is
brandied
a
from
nil up
in vogue, even Champagnes now 12 cent are high-priced, are fortified up to per are alcohol, and unworthy of choice, or salutary Most
cent.
per
those of
in
best
France.
nine
drunk
now
the
Sam
and
next
the
to
MEDICINAL.
which
absolute
drinking. Marsala
is
Sicilian
a
and
wine,
than
sweeter
Sherry, whilst
containingless of the volatile ethers which characterize the latter. from Claret, probably named clairet,a thin vin ordinaire, is produced in Medoc, of which district the seaport is Bordeaux. It is a pure, natural wine containing from 8 to 1.3 per cent of sembles alcohol, with a high proportion of volatile ethers. Burgundy reis richer extractive but in and is of claret, matters, higher the alcoholic and wines of Chambertin are strength. Beaune this kind
most
be commended.
to
For
natural
of the
four to five and
is
like
tea.
more
A
wine.
Claret
it should
be
will not
cost
Claret
true
appreciable
no
less than
fortified wine
Any
so.
stultifyits salutaryeffects.
would
of France,
asked
Richelieu
the
about
Louis
wines
respecting its various vintages, the Burgundy being finallysaid to be superlative: of this
much
as
sleep,and
answered that
the
there
growers is known diet. harvests
from
as
one
the
is all."
that
King
is
now
"
; too
then much
having abandoned to be giving common This were
was
done
"
"
will," said Richelieu "
taken
after
Fifteenth,
of Bordeaux,
told
was
to
a
have a raspberry flavour, a bottle shillings ; it should astringentthan Burgundy, but not with tannin, to the palate more acid than Though Claret seems
wine, it is really not
Port
invalid
contains
good wine as it cannot be genuine. The cheap Clarets to its choice, otherwise concocted of grape-spirit, are colouringmatters, sugared water, and, some brandy, making up all together a clever imitation of sugar.
amount
the
Claret
;
and
wine
of
Upper
One
can
drink
it
puts people "
people to sleep,does it ? It is supposed send for a pipe of it." Ordinaire in France, owing to Vin vin de luxe." One proprietor
likewise
Puts
"
wine in
speciallyabundant.
to
his horses
1874, and The
as
part of their
1875, when
horses
requireto
the
vine
become
ALE.
habituated and
the wine
to
putting this
untreated
;
increased
until the
led
then
drink
by having part
the
at
the
bottom
corn
steeped in it,
corn
below
manger with
like it.
to
come
almost
of their
of the
proportion of
horses
wine
31
wine
Some
other is
corn
gradually
horses
thus
are
enjoy it. They trot well on the strength imparted by the wine, although their very ration of corn is diminished has in proportion. M. Monclar given wine to draught horses, and finds that barley, or other Dr. Tobias grain,with such wine is about as stimulatingas corn. in his Via Recta ad longam Yitam, said at that time Venner, to
on
(1620) :
"
There
also
are
and
pure,
other
to
even
French
wines
(would
to
God
so common as they were Claret)which for pleasantnesseof taste, mediocrity of colour, substance, and strength, doe for most bodies with (for ordinary use meates) far excell other wines, such as are chieflyVin de Congry and d'Hai, which to the Kings, and Peeres of France in very familiar use. are They notably comfort the stomacke, help the concoction, and distribution of
the
meates,
are
regallwines
age, use
offend
the head
indeede, and very and constitution, so they might
fumes. They vaporous convenient for every season, be had." About a temperate
of wine
to
being
and
Androcides
about
wont
was
drink
to
with
the
same
"0
:
Alexander
unto
say
sis te terrw
memor
rex,
when
bibere."
sanguinem
Hungarian
wines from
almost
free
Italian
wines
moderate
not
are
fine, natural
very
and
sugar,
are
percentage
of
bodied, containing rather fermented juices, prepared in imitation The
or
moderate
of
natural, with
a
alcohol. more
wines, red and
rather
alcoholic
strength. high acidity,and a
Australian
alcohol
than
unfermented,
white,
wines most
of certain
are
full-
clarets. or fruits, plants,
produced from grapes, are of home manufacture sweet wines, being sparinglyalcoholic, if at all, as whilst they embody, sometimes curatively,the herbal virtues of the distinguishing fruit,or other vegetableproduct which is the basis of the brew, such as cowshp, currant, elder, gooseberry, raspberry, rhubarb, etc. of wine
ALE
{See Ale
from
is beer
of
malt
dried
a
a
1542, distinguishedale
and
Beer.)
strength,hght in colour, being brewed Andrew low degree of heat. Boorde, in of malt, water, and nothingelse) (as made
certain at
Alcohol
32
MEALS
from
beer
converted are
with
our
the
roasted
darker in the
made in
malt, hops, and
English ale into beer.
reallysynonymous
whilst are
brewed
as
MEDICINAL.
now
drinks same
as are
way
cylinders,much
as as
But
applied to
The
hop
ale,and
beer
water.
the
terms
the
palermalt
liquors,
These latter porter, and stout. ale, or beer, but the malt is first cofiee berries are treated, which
caramel (or partiallyproducing some burnt sugar); also by killingthe fermenting principlethis in the mashing. It is prevents further production of sugar of good, brisk ale may actuallyhelp probable that a tumblerful digestion by increasing the appetite,and calling out a more secretion of gastricjuice,with more active movements abundant But malt liquorsmust of the stomach. be regarded as frequent in fermentation predisposers to gout by provoking acetous process
persons
has
the
liable
effect of
thereto. ALKALIES
alkali.Soda
The
for the
proper
IN
(sodium), which
constitution
of
FOODS.
is most
in the
necessary
body
chieflyfrom
its fluids,is derived
form of chloride foods, this being taken in the chemical of sodium, or common salt ; whilst the alkali Potash (potassium), is essential for the renewed construction which of cells,perhaps
animal
also of the
red
blood
and of the muscles, is got more corpuscles, vegetablegroup of foods. Green vegetables, valuable of potash salts. source particularly
abundantly from the and ripe fruits are a A craving for table-salt as an addition If it prevailsamong vegetable feeders.
to
the
diet
specially
be
wished, by the use of uric acid sediments,
of alkalies,to prevent the gouty formation as gravel,and the like,or to gradually dissolve
such
concretions
formed in the bladder, it will certainly already become rational be more to prescribea diet of fresh fruits,potatoes, and other such vegetableproducts than to order alkaline mineral waters, or medicines, which, if taken constantly,are likelyto as
have
create
all kinds
of irritative disturbances
in the blood.
Speaking generally,it is not to the laboratory of the chemist should go for our we potash salts,but to the laboratoryof nature, and more especiallyto that of the vegetable kingdom. They exist in the green wastefuUy parts of all vegetables; but we considerable of salts when these extract boil the a we proportion throw their potage, which wiser and our vegetables,and away more thriftyFrench neighbours add to their everyday menu.
ALKALIES
When
FOODS.
IN
33
in
vegetables,as
salads,though,not converting their starch elements into soluble dextrin, especially if vinegar is added, yet we obtain all their potash constituents. Fruits, eat
we
raw
taken
generally,contain important quantitiesof potash salts; these vegetableproducts that the likely victims of formations should especiallyrely; lemons, and contain the same most abundantly. It should not be grapes forgotten that nearly all the chemical compounds of potash, as they exist in fruits,and vegetables,are acid. But these bustion, organic acids become disintegratedin the body by their comand
it is upon gouty acid
and
leave alkaline residual bases.
then
Far difierent is the
with
vinegar, and the mineral acids, which are of fixed chemical composition,and remain acid throughout. Mattieu Williams teaches, in his Chemistry of Cookery (1898), that the saline constituents of vegetables (which are usually in the cooking water) are boiled out for absolutelynecessary of health ; without the maintenance them become the subjects we of gout, rheumatism, lumbago, gravel,and all the ills which human is heir to. The potash flesh,with a lithic acid disposition, of these salts existingin the vegetables, combined with organic as acids,is separated from these acids by organiccombustion, and is straightway presented as an alkali to the baneful gouty acid it converts the stony particles of which of the blood, and tissues, case
potass, and thus enables them of the system by the urine,the skin, and other
into harmless, soluble to
be carried "
channels.
out
I know
lithate of
not
which
of the
Fathers
of the
Church
beheve almost can maigre, but he was a a profound alchemist, like Basil aurum Valentine, who, in his seekings for the fotabile"the ehxir of life,had learnt the beneficent action of organicpotash used therefore the authority of the salts on the blood, and their frequent use in vegetable foods among Church to enforce the faithful." The proper compounds to be produced are those in the natural juicesof vegewhich correspondto the salts existing tables, and in flesh,viz.,compounds of potash with organicacids, forms the potash salt of the grape ; tartaric acid, which such as in lemons such again,as citricacid, with which potash is combined invented
fast
I
days, and
sowpe scientific monk, and
"
and
oranges is combined the
other
;
in
apples,and
natural
acids of
lactic acid of milk.
As
which
acid, with
likewise malic
many
long
as
fruits ;
other
vegetablesin the
the
alkali
too, similarly,
general,as
human
same
well
body remains
the
as
alive 3
34
a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
continuous
of slow
state
gradually,and acids of these
for the
combustion
part gently
most
its economy, during which the organic
goes ,
within
on
slowly consumed, whilst giving off their excess of carbonic acid, and water through the outlets of lungs,skin, and kidneys, but leaving behind their alkaline potash
salts become
with the otherwise potash. This potash combines stony lithic it begins to be acid (gouty material) just when, and where harmfully formed, and neutralizes it into a soluble innocent
combination. with
But
free mineral
such
no
decomposition
happy
acids in the blood, and
possible wit, sulphuric,
tissues,to
which nitric,or hydrochloric(ifgiven medicinally),
poisonous to does
acid
are
therefore
gouty, lithic acid disposition. Neither
a
vinegar acetic, produced by fermentation become changed so as to yield an alkali against gouty deposits; but, as already stated, lemons, and grapes contain the fruit salts of potash most afford to buy abundantly. Persons who cannot these fruits as daily food may of tartar, which, when use cream genuine, is the natural salt of the grape. Again, we shamefully neglect the best of all food by failing If it must to partake more freelyof fruit when ripe and sound. be
the
of
persons
is
had
of
"
"
cooked, then
what
have
we
to
say
is,
"
for
Jam
the
milhon, jeUy for the
in some form for luxurious, but fruit-juice all." The desire among boys for fruit, which sometimes tempts them to rob the orchard, is due to the craving of nature at this time
of Ufe for
gratify,and The
chief
vegetable acids,
wrong
craving which
it is needful
to
deny.
to
mineral
a
substances
necessary
in
food
are
soda,
potash, lime, magnesia, and iron, together with phosphorus, as silica,fluorine, chlorine,sulphur,and traces of such matters and
iodine.
constituents
These
structure-builders,and
in milk
artichokes
in
dietetic
sulphur
articles the
Lime
renovators.
organicallycombined ;
of
are
all
richest
iron
in
vital and
importance phosphorus
of eggs,
meat, yolk foods. vegetable nitrogenous ;
in lime
is
milk, next
eggs,
then
as are
and Of the
cereal
grains,especiallyrice. Iron is present (as to order of richness)in spinach,yolk of egg, beef, apples,lentils,strawberries, white
beans, peas, potatoes, and wheat. Milk, and its derivatives, such in iron. Of vegetable foods, as cheese, are very poor oatmeal, and Egyptian lentils are amongst the richest in iron, but bread, rice, artichokes, potatoes, and spinach also contain a
good proportion.
"
ALKALIES
Certain
Natural are
of their
amount
salts.
Waters
in demand
present,
The
FOODS.
IN
from
volcanic
regions,former, or refreshingdrinks, because
pure and of carbonic acid gas, as
best, and
85
longest known
well
as
is the
their
as
mineral
of Seltzers
water
generally called Seltzer water, which state supplied commercially in just the same from this wonderful first used spring. It was
continues
artificial mineral
in
Nassau,
which
waters
are
with
impregnated
are
much
now
carbonic
more
acid
gas
in
because
they
which
waters
they
are
are
of the
source
from chalk
made
as
"
(^903),
this is
of the
one
"'tlietr^jgblingof the '
unmistakably of the
potency from
should
salts
which
from
water
"
be
in
these
excess
drinks
;
of
the
course,
manufactured
are
"
And
and
mineral
any
all of
vogue,
irreproachableas regards taint of impurity,or infection. Hutchinson the mineral to spring fad," says Dr. Woods
be
must
free from
without
But
whiting." preferred,not only organic impurities,but also because
distilled
are
rising
1798.
(carbonate of Hme) in its ground, pulverulent form, Those
be
to
whilst
as
in
effervescence its
from
'
waters
in the
water
survivals
was
in the
good rated
gases
in medicine
of Bethesda.
Pool
old
the
times
It
the
of heat,
therein, and, best
abominable
of
ated origin-
days, when
demon-theory accordingto the amount
contained
smell, and
from
taste, all of
of
all,
which
sulphurous clear and convincing proofs that such to the primitivemind were the infernal regions,being possessed issued directlyfrom water and hence peculiarlysuitable for the casting out of by spirits, either devils a Thus, sparkle, heat, or by Beelzebub." successful brimstone is still the taste popular requisitefor a little all three it inspiresa confidence mineral water ; if it has of Corsena, which short of that felt by Montaigne in the waters he declared powerful enough to break stones.' of the Royal from the wreck recovered A bottle of soda water sold March 10th, 1903, by pubhc auction in George (1780) was than of twenty-five guineas, it being more London for the sum in 1767, being first introduced Soda water 120 years old. was called Bewley, of Great Mephitic julep," by Mr. Eiohard A 1798. before Massingham, and it received its present name battlefield, bottle was dug up on the Crimean glasssoda-water alteration in the shape had taken place for thus showing that no time at one put into Ginger-beer was seventy-three years. soda-water bottles similar in shape to this same pattern, but "
'
"
made
of stone.
"
36
MEALS
Tte
MEDICINAL.
table
effervescent
of
waters
commerce,
and
potash-water, Seltzer-water,Apollinariswater, all
are
they that
charged more prevented
are
the
of such
use
conunendable. contain
further
bottle from
contains "
soda. hand
to
Bath,"
the
Pump
to
having mineral
ten to the
done
so."
"
Further
on
mineral
were
on
baths band
a
their
at
near
in which
plays
a
wards after-
fellow-visitors
concerning these
read
we "
day,
in Pickwick's
remainder
congratulatethe
potash, usually respective
or
grainsof their
themselves, and
wash
company
is
wines
acid gas. Seltzer-water phosphate, and sulphate of
with
there
Eoom,
sub-acid
to
carbonic
told,
are
we
"
salivary digestion,so
soda
fifteen
to
like,
the
carbonates, whereby
addition
an
waters,
magnesium,
At
part of the
as
mineral
bicarbonates,in addition
alkaline
arresting the
from waters
The
in each
less with
or
soda-water,
"
Bath
'
Have drunk the waters, (sulphatedhme) : you Mr. Weller ? inquired his companion, the tall footman, as they walked What towards Once,' replied Sam. High Street. did you think of 'em, Sir ? 'I thought they was particklerly Sam. said John Ah ! Mr. Smawker, unpleasant,' replied killibeate 'I don't disliked the know taste, perhaps ? you much that 'ere,'said Sam about I thought they'd a werry ; waters
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
of warm strong flavour Mr. Weller,' observed '
Well, if it is, it's
Sam so
flat-irons.' Mr.
John
'
That
Smawker
is the
killibeate,
contemptuously.
inexpressiveword, that's all,'said werry be so, but I aint much in the chemical line myself,
'
a
it may I can't say.'" ;
Nowadays much may be done for the relief of functional heart disorders by taking, as a pleasant beverage at meals. Barium water, a famous spring whereof exists at Llangammarch Wells, in Breconshire. This contains than six grains of barium more is hkewise water of especial service for curing per gallon. The enlarged tonsils in dehcate children,with contingent irritability of the heart ; also it is highly useful as a course for lessening arterial stiffness of the be had
in
bottles,or
vascular
coats.
The
Barium
water
can
syphons, for table use. S^^-J About the middle of the eighteenth century, when in stone and the bladder was was sought to be dissolved by common, The alkalies,soap was largelyadministered as such a solvent. of Horace this method in 1748, when he case Walpole marked of one of Alioant soap in ounce began to take a course consisting three pintsof Ume-water continued daily.'The same regimen was
38
MEALS
of the
be
legs can
dressingthem
MEDICINAL.
in many cases by simply of lint,or soft linen, steeped in a
healed successfully
with
compresses of bicarbonate of soda,
solution
containing from 2 The suppurativedischargeswill become healing will proceed apace.
of this salt.
lessened, and
4 per
to
cent
straightway
ALMONDS.
Two the "
almonds
of
sorts
sweet,
Jordan
or
jardyne,"
because
in any the bitter
and
not
way
available
are
almond, of
the
garden
"
the
river
sacred
from
seem,
(chieflyfrom
sort
with
connected
commercially
us
called, it would
so
"
with
of
Malaga Syria);
belonging to the same species,but possessingother volatile poisonouspropertieswhich are dangerous. The sweet almond fectionery (amygdala) is valuable as a food, and for conand rich in bland oil, a sustainingas a being purposes, of which The staying power conferred meal these nutriment. by a and
and
almonds, It has '
raisins, form
some
well
been
almonds
almond,
need
said,
starve
"
No
on
the who
man
digestthese products are of the intellect in magnetism, force ;
but,
if at
can
journey."
a
believed
part, is well known. fill his pockets with
chief
Persons
to derive
who
from
in keenness,
and
all rancid, almonds
readily ing quicken-
can
them
a or
tative argumen-
apt
are
to
upset
Bitter digestions, inducing nettlerash,and feverishness. in and whilst bland almonds oil, are smaller, yielding part the same further mixed when emulsion, contain as a powerful bitter principle identical with prussic known as amygdalin, which becomes is therefore a acid, and potent poison. The volatile,bitter oil which embodies this poison is obtained from the residual almond in oil has been first expressed. When cake after the bland eaten is stronglyharmful, and its distilled the bitter almond substance will cause water giddiness,headache, dimness of sight,vomiting, of epilepsy. An and occasionallyconvulsions, such as essence of bitter almonds (ratafia)is made by mixing two fluid drachms
delicate
the
volatile
almonds
roasted
of
biscuits,or
with
oil with to
the
bread
six colour
and
fluid
of amber
butter
54 vegetablenitrogen (proteid),
of
fat,
eat
with
24
per
cent
of
10
per
cent
of
ehgiblepiece of confectionerywhich
is
hght, sustaining.
per an
cent
contain
to
Sweet
of extractives,
and As
per
delicious
are
they
alcohol.
cent
material, cent
3
per
cent
of
;
of
salts,3 per
starch 6
drachms
of water.
39
ALMONDS.
and
somewhat
the
macaroon
sedative
to
irritable,or
an
qualmish stomach,
(" maccare," to reduce to pulp) is admirable, either at breakfast (insteadof the customary egg, includingthe yolk),or by way of an improvised luncheon, or as an occasional snack, about the easy digestionof which fear need be entertained. no The albuminous white of egg, the demulcent, reinvigoraalmond, the comforting sugar, and the tranquillising ting sweet modicum of bitter almond, its infinitesimal with quantity of the sedative make to prussic acid as a gastric nerves, for the altogether a most happy combination objects now particularized. In
the
dietetic for
employed
.
making
beinga
tolerable
because
of its
the
treatment
substitute
sweet
of bread
without
for wheaten
starch, convertible
almonds
sweet
kind
a
of diabetes
into
then
together so that a portion of their oil they are next treated with boilingwater acid has been dissolved for expellingthe are groiind into a powder, which can be for cakes, and puddings, when combined or Almond
drink
softeningand
is
soup
is
A
almonds,
are
of milk then
during the
the
warm
their
in
may
tartaric
some
they sugar ; and finally used for making bread, with
eggs, and cream. chest affections,
in
couple
a
pint of
of
of the
ounces
This
water.
diseases.
delicate
a
a
tureen.
be
that
name
and
hot
made
from
the
the
"
and
process,
mixture,
rice milk, also
It
for
expressed strongly be squeezed out ;
a
acute
prohibited
is
Again, Almond
stomach
disposed
to
almonds, and five bitter quarter of a pound of Jordan to be blanched, peeled,and pounded, with half-a-pint
added
enough,
other
nourishingdish
a
nausea.
fever, and
in
it,this
this purpose
in which
nutritive
being easilyprepared by rubbing up with compound powder of almonds serviceable
may
n
is
For
sugar.
be
may
starcn.
bread, which
first blanched,
are
almor
mix
;
it
pour
so-called
Jordan,"
both
Jordan
soda-water shape like a modern of by physicians. Most made use almonds that these (which arrive other
river
Jordan
dried in
derive
their
of that
title who
Palestine
distinctive
;
name
planted,and
old
here
from
fruits)come but
derived
have
almonds
English vessel (of clay), was bottle, which formerly unthinkingly, persons suppose,
an
in
with
pint of milk afterwards ; over a pint and a half of hot these together,when a
the
about
neighbourhood of
it is better
from reared
Christmas
known
that
time the
they
enterprisingEnglishman them first at Malaga. They an
40
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
embody much nitrogenousfood (vegetablemeat) in a compact form, together with a nice palatableoil,whilst free from starch, therefore or largely employed in making sugar ; they are diabetic foods. almonds these sweet From a milky drink can bronchial be prepared which will soothe, and pacifytroublesome in 100 parts, 28 of fixed contains coughs. The bitter almond oil,30 of albumin, 6 of sugar, and 19 of essential oil,including with its prussic acid. This rubbed water, almond, when up has the odour of fresh peach blossom, with the pleasant,bitter taste of peach kernels. Prepared from it sparinglyby the cook are
biscuits,smaller
macaroon
ratafia
biscuits,and
French
the
severallysupply prussicacid in a safely of modified and the sickness form, excellent against nausea, nervous indigestion. Let Far back in 1610 John Taylor, the water-poet, wrote : in the shape of fodder, or anything come eating stufEe, it is it be sawsedge, or cheese-cakes, or makroonewelcome, whether kichshaw, or tartaplin."For making macaroons, according to old Dutch Take an almonds, one recipe: pound of sweet blanched and pounded, togetherwith a tablespoonfulo" fresh sirof d'orgeat,which
"
"
and
rose-water, almonds the
the fire until
over
whites
when
of four
cold.
eggs
This it
in the
Three
tins.
old-fashioned each
on
before At
of
four
or
plan
to
was
bitter sweet
put
biscuit.
macaroon
a
macaroons
the
among
to
sugar .; melt the sugar, and tough jelly; then have ready
melting
prevents the
included
be
quite a
beaten
way
excellent,as may
pound of white
one
froth ; whip them together almonds is the sugar and from
running together almonds, according to taste, almonds
small
a
Dust
ordered.
now
piece of fine
some
The
candied
citron
cinnamon
over
baking." Miss
Barker's
(the ex-milliner)evening party given to the select ladies of "Cranford" "all sorts (Mrs. Gaskell)there were of
scalloped good things provided unexpectedly for supper, called littleCupids (which a dish oysters,potted lobsters,jelly, in great favour the with Cranford was ladies, although too expensive to be provided except on solemn, and state occasions ; called it if I macaroons sopped in brandy I should have "
'
had
known
not
short, sweetest
we
were
and
graciously,even
its
refined, and
more
evidently best ; at
and the
to we
cost
be
'
classical
feasted it
with
all
that
thought our gentility,which
of
better "
In
name). to
was
submit never
41
ALMONDS.
ate on
in
suppers
which
general,but
all
special Again, Charles
when
Lamb,
pairs of stairs in East tea, cofiee,and macaroons
"
Salted for
almonds
dessert.
Street,
fry them in an golden brown, dusted
with
at
(a kind
of
a
a
ounce
and
drain
them
red
Mary Lamb, Miss Benjay's, rejoiced cake),and much love."
nourishing side quarter of a pound
make
Blanch
lodgings with
in
two
up in
hungry particularly
was
occasions."
a
dish
and
paper,
fried
when
roll them
then
or
almonds,
of Jordan
half of butter, and on
luncheon,
at
a
nice
in salt
pepper.
Likewise, for serving to dispelnausea (except from obnoxious which is delicious to confection undigested food) an admirable the
which
palate,and
the
of
an
from
""
within
made,
are
had
which
biscuits
Katafia
of sweet
pound of
an
a
egg,
same
cakes
white
a
powdered
thin sugar
cakes.
composed mainly
are
in size than
smaller
are
the
over
sponge is put, with
paste
layer of apricotjam superimposed, whilst is dusted
the
round
Small, almond
some
pastrycooks under
most
promptly, being at
answers apricotine," acceptable sweetmeat.
name
time
is to be
take ingredients, pounded), with the
(blanched,and pound of bitter almonds,
almonds
quarter of
As
macaroons.
almonds, and
of bitter
a
of sifted sugar, a pound minutes. bake for ten of
the whites
and
half
a
white
three-quarters
of four eggs
(whisked) ;
a tenderly Shandy, vol. vii, occurs reference to the which bears of delicate humorous writing piece in (at Lyons) 'Twas a : macaroon poor ass who had just turned with a coupleof largepannierson his back to collect eleemosynary turnip-tops,and cabbage-leaves,and stood dubious with its two
Sterne's
In
Tristram
"
.
fore feet
the
on
feet towards as
I held
inside
the
with
discourse
thee. Jack a
many
!
'
bitter
said
now
had
times, and I ;
of
stem
'
thou
picked hast
a
hinder
artichoke
an
many
one
knew
the
had
cast
all this
it up
again.
a
bitter
truth
of
'
world
that
In
a
;
it, is
will
God
help
on't, and
blow,
stem), and
aside the
of his
it out
bitter breakfast
and
day's labour,
dropped
saying which I pulled out justpurchased,and gave him one
macaroon.^ I had
eating the
was
its two
with
him, and, in the little peevish contentions
thy mouth, if I daresay, as soot (for he friend perhaps in not a And
threshold,and
unsavouriness,
and
half-a-dozen
mouth
He
street.
hunger,
between
of the
as
I
bitter,
thou
give
fear.
hast
thee
of 'em which paper and at this moment
a
42
MEALS
that
I
MEDICINAL.
of telling
it my heart of pleasantry in the conceit of am
smites
that
me
seeinghow
there
more
would
ass
an
was
eat
a
giving him one, which presided in the act." The Well might Thackeray say of this passage, critic who refuses to see in it wit, humour, pathos, a kind nature of benevolence
than
macaroon
in
"
speaking,and
a
real
be hard
sentiment, must
indeed
to
and
move,
please."
to
nourishingdish
A
which
to
has in
pounded Baked
a
for added
been
two
Whether
of
ounces
taken
almonds
well
spinach if approved. excellent ground, make in a simpler form, they
and
thus,
ground
with
be served
lightlysalted,
almonds
invalid,is good bread-sauce
child, or
It may
mortar.
sandwiches.
a
or
should
skin is always be previously blanched, as their brown oil is used possessed of irritating properties The sweet almond in French Rowland's macassar." The making orgeat," is made almonds. from sweet or orgeade,' a syrup chiefly "
"
"
ANGELICA.
The
candied
by flatulence
our
Enghsh herb,
of this aromatic
stems
of excellent
confectioners, are
as
sold
monly com-
service to relieve the
weakly digestion. They smell pleasantlyof musk, Furthermore being a capital tonic, and carminative. they are (1643): antiseptic.It was said in the Sfecidum Mundi of
"Contagious Infects
Angelica,
ingendering pestilence.
aire
those, who
not
that
happy
their
mouths
have
taine
"
in our be cultivated London, and may resin, angehcin," is stimulatingalso to
popularly, Jack abundantly near grown gardens. Its peculiar the lungs,and the skin,
especiallyfor aged,
with
The
herb
is known
in
counterbane."
Jump-about,"
Masterwort,
as
also
as
more
or
It is
Lingwort.
"
Some
writers
and
have
feeble
said
persons
this
catarrh.
the
Archangelica was revealed in a dream 'by an angel to cure the plague ; others aver that the Archangel it blooms the day dedicated to Michael on (May 8th, old style),and is therefore a preservativeagainst evil and witchcraft. freely as a spirits, Angelica taken somewhat will cause sweetmeat distaste for alcoholic liquors. a
A
DISTINCTION
foods, which
is
to
latter do
plant
bronchial
"
ANIMAL
FOODS.
made
between
be not
include
animal
"
foods, and
milk, cheese, butter,
or
flesh eggs.
(each of which As
will be
animal
to
nature,
ANIMAL
FOODS.
considered
here
foods, when
it is to
noticed
of
consumed
that
under with
compared
be
43
its proper those of a
heading). vegetable
while
tained plants build up their connutriment stantly by increase of growth, and by materials conadded, animal flesh is always on the downward grade by ,
and
wear
happens
tear
that
the
flesh
food, still contains
Uable the
cause
Flesh
such
bodies, when
therein
by us as being perpetually
were
as
skin, kidneys, intestines,
animal's
outlets
taken
of
its of
some
Therefore
body.
these
brain, and
as
of fermentative
resultingfrom
products,
waste
noxious
elements.
we
contain
consume
force-expending processes, muscle activity, including
activity,and
nerve
it
they proper cooking, otherwise toxication of the blood, and to
foods," says Kellog, of the animals substances
it
Thus
etc.
"
poisonous that
the
emunctory
retention
muscle,
products such
happen that we eat though they become by to provoke poisonous
modified
"
through
other
animal
but
cannot
are
of
broken-down
excreted
lungs, and
tissue, and
of the heart, and
glands. In fact, every vital process carried in the animal's on body produces poisonous material, to be thrown off by this or that In the flesh of extricatorychannel. the healthiest animal there is always present a large,or small of broken-down amount products, which are on their way out of its body, to be removed by the liver, the kidneys,the skin, and other such organs." But the plant,as far as we know, has no waste products ; neither does milk comprehend them. The principalnutritive constituent of flesh meat is proteid," this being characterised become by the rapiditywith which it can disintegratedas to its cells,with the liberation of heat ; in other it is a quick fuel. words It is to such proteidthat meat its owes its use as heatingqualities, commonly ascribed ; for which reason should be restricted in summer-time." Again," says Clouston, "
"
"
"
the
presence of the animal
of much
passions,such
the
waste we same
are
fundamental
will therefore when
it
flesh
obtain
'
with
and in the
our
to act
seems
being the
Moreover,
principleof
product of the muscles constantly expending conditions
in the diet '
force."
uncontrollable that
meat
of meat,"
have
we
Dr.
Hutchison
of
pant, ram-
remember
to
daily urine is urea, a other bodily structures, which daily life,whilst exactly the our
animals
whose
flesh
anxiously asked. Is the uric acid to table ? Yes, certainly! These as
excitant
an
incarnation
be
comes
as
calls them,
"
eat.
we
It
stillin the meat waste
have
no
"
tives extrac-
nutritive
44
MEALS
value, but they effects
characteristic
of the
cause
taste
of
they exercise bad eSects, or the same in which the like poisons cause when becoming formed bodies, science does not say." Together with the Whether
meat.
chief
the
are
MEDICINAL.
not
or
"
our
own
uric
acid
that
so
from
are
found
diet
flesh
the
animals,
as
"
It
of
with
the
lives
who
person writes Dr. a
on
"
that Haig, greatest rapidityin beef-tea,
is admitted."
will grow
germs
excretions
the
are
fleshless diet." disease
poisons,e.g., creatin,creatinin,etc. ; twice as poisonous makes the excretions
other
fruit juices tissue ; whereas preparationsof animal will often actually destroy these germs." When animal is slaughtered for food, its tissues and cells an all completelydead still go on before consuming the they are which surround soluble food-elements them, and they yet produce various chemical combinations just as during life ; that is to say, for a time after they go on working, and givingofE waste matters death. these corrupt waste But no longer can the body remove as poisons productsthrough its several outlets ; they accumulate after the animals' and tend the to flesh, being no death, spoil of washed stream more by a circulating away pure blood ; and the efiect is when the we can worse readilyimagine how much of the animal has been kept for several days before reaching carcase the kitchen. Concerningthe eating of animals," says the Buddhist arts the journal, In the mechanical Ray, a Hindoo meat-eatingnations of the West surpass, as to skill and ingenuity,
and
other
"
"
the
vegetariannations healthier
them Western
ended^ the and The
diet
of
the
carnivorous Of
nations
animal
The
flesh
this Still,
they
extinction will
men'
does
vices, and
have, within
of the
means
animal
never
of in the
the
make
not
diseases
of
the
century recently
of whole
On
races.
realise
the
'
peace
Christian
spoken Scriptures. New Jerusalem on a a pearly-gated,peaceful. is of the chimera a fool, or a visionary." diet, delusory ioods, the most rapidly digested are those of soft
goodwill among dream
East.
happier.
or
carnivorous been
of the
of
consistence,such as sweetbread, and the like. The white meats, the dark more chicken, etc., are meats, for digestiblethan the red meats instance, the duck, or pigeon,or even ; but their method
of
cooking greatly influences
with
respect
to
result.
Cauliflower
rapidly digested than meat. speedilydigestedof all vegetables. more
It is remarkable
the
the
Fresh is
the
fish is most
infirmityof stammering
46
MEALS
The
who
person
MEDICINAL.
in
eats
especiallyof
excess,
animal
food, is
a single meal may produce easilyfatigued; even rich. Workmen it is unusually large,or are sooner tired on a Monday compared with any other day of the week, owing to their having more (animal)food, and less work on the ing, Sunday preceding. The said fatigueis then due to self-poisonfrom surfeited auto-intoxication a or by corrupt products this principleit happens that the staying on digestion. And of vegetarian eaters is so much greater than that of those power who consume meat, when competing, for instance, in walking matches over long distances.
always too fatigue,if
Nevertheless
a
diet
generous
respect of animal
the
food
hysteria, where the nervous system is always impoverished. As regards the efiects be can making, and repair of bodily tissues, these and matters, accomplished only by proteids, with mineral the Besides lean of flesh these proteids include white water. of egg, the of milk, the casein gluten of grains,and gelatin, alone with fibrin, as parts of meat. They as proteids are able fulfil both functions to as food, viz., tissue-making, a is given to the Hence and maintenance of bodily warmth. them without the pre-eminent name, proteids. "We go may die." unless have fats, but we Vegetable proproteids we of teid is not that flesh meat. so as readily assimilable due Many of the failures of haphazard vegetarianism are diet." lack of sufiicient to a Nitrogen proteids in the the product enters the body in proteid,and leaves it in urea, force. of expended muscular Carbon the body in fat, enters leaves it in carbonic and dioxide, the product of combustion within the body. Sir Thomas Browne, in his ReligioMedici, 1635, has discoursed after the following manner about Now our eating of meat. is
generally essential
in
towards
the
cure
of
"'
"
for these
before
walls
not
an
fabric
behold
we
them,
further, we devourers
a
that
must
fall to
seem
are
or
what
are
more we
but
the
elemental
position, com-
herbs
ashes.
of the
field,digested into
remotely
carnified
all abhor,
and cannibals, anthropophagi,
but of ourselves only of men, allegory,but a positivetruth, for all this not
an
to be immured
All flesh is grass literallytrue ; for all those
only metaphorically,but
creatures
flesh in
soul doth
the
Resurrection, it is nothing but
the
and is
of flesh wherein
in
; mass
ourselves.
and
that
Nay, not
in
of flesh which
FOODS.
ANIMAL
behold
we
been
upon
came
in at
our
trenchers
this frame
mouths,
out
; in brief
4Y
have
we
look
we
devoured
hath upon ourselves !
"
Within
times the medical come quite recent practice has due of curing diseased to states deservedly into vogue, faulty function of some particularorgan (glandularfor the most part) in the human food, as an or as subject,by giving extract, portions of the same in whilst sound health taken from a freshlyorgan the the animal. of and Thus throat, slaughtered goitre induced thereby, are depraved state of system corrected, the full and restored to health, by administering patient the neck of a gland (or its extract) "thyroid" healthy urinary digioulties of old men, sheep. Similarly for the because of the gland (prostate)at the of the bladder neck thickened with senile deposits,the chopped having become prostate gland of a newly-slaughtered bull is given from marked benefit. day to day in small quantitieswith the most other such Likewise are cures being effected by giving for their allied diseases the glands,or their prepared extracts, of kidney, is being got etc. Uver, breast, ovary, Again, an animal extract from the (bUnd) gland which caps the kidney of sheep or ox, and which body. This corresponds to the same gland in the human extract to stay bleedingby making the (adrenahn) has the power ,
"
blood-vessels up,
even
when
concerned cut
by
therein the
contract,
surgeon's knife. animal
and But
close
themselves
it is of difficult
gland of this nature (suprarenal) can only furnish a quarter of a grain. Also the gastric juice secreted by a healthy animal's stomach, as of the pig, or when dried, cleanse,and serve calf,will by its pepsin externally, and sores to heal wounds, complicated by sloughing,the pepsin, which acts only on dead tissues, faithfullyseeking out, and The breaking up the debris of disorganisedcellular structure. be washed must sores thoroughlv from time to time, and a fresh for chronic urethral solution of pepsin again applied. Similarly, with bladder complications,and disorganizedproducts soreness, given off within the urinary passages, the injectionof pepsin,or found been therefrom, and passed along, have bougies made eminently successful. exercise this Curative preparations of healthy animal organs remedial action within the human body under disease,in one of extrinsic ; the former when two or they replace intrinsic, ways, is wanting in the patient; the secretion which some necessary
production,seeingthat
each
"
i8
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
latter when
identical in
glandular,but
not
remarkable manner part at fault,so as in some part for good ; as for example by givinganimal for failure of power the ox for weakness
principleof this is sent fulness
to table
heart,
animal
heart
as
commended
than
at
for
therein
to increase
the
when
force,and Hutchison
Dr.
food,
economical
excellent,and
an
from
is the medicinal
is contained
food, being found
as
heart-substance
spine. Cardin
heart, and
such
spinal marrow
or
the
influence
to
pulse subsequentlyto eatingit.
of the
largeruse
human
of the human
bullock's
the
speaks of the be highly to
in the
with
structure
of which and a persons, well made. It resembles
healthy be
present may
chemical as closelyas composition is concerned, (whilstplus the cardin,)but differs from it in being
ordinary of
denser
a
when the
very
Likewise
structure.
in
disordered "
act
function,it
of
respect
is found
to
that
sheeps'brains, by
the human
nostrils of
the
said
attached when to the sheep's kidney (supra-renal), organ and powdered, will straightway relieve the distress of hay is
remarkable
blown on
into, and
the
brain
the human
their
within application
local
with
administered matter, when grey beneficially.Again, the discovery recently made
cerebrin
"
food a
meat
far
severe
and
to
up
the
nasal
the nose
trouble.
point. exercises Whether
This a
animal
not
the
that
animal dried
fever,
substance
positiveremedial or
as
same
if
effect animal
equally well,remains to be that if proof positivehas been obtained which dissolve the red corpusclesof the animal can an serum, human body blood, is injectedby small doses into the human of sound under the skin, it will positivelyincrease the number Likewise healthy red corpusclespossessed by the individual. other serums, or healthy animals (as of soups, prepared from the liver, kidney, or spermatic fluid)and employed in small quantities,will actuallystrengthen the specifictissue elements human weakened of this, or that same by illness, organ, when organ if given as food tried. Furthermore,
or
would
answer
disease. ANISETTE,
ANISEED.
liqueur,prepared from the condimentary seeds of the herb Anise, which are commonly kept among the pantry stores household. The said seeds (of the Pinvpindla of a well-ordered distilled with water, yield a valuable anisum) when fragrant cold into two oil,which separates when portions,a light syrupy This
is
a
cordial
OR
OR
ANISETTE.
volatile
oil, and
mixed
being
anisette
with
tubes
children.
is over,
For
aniseed
pouring half
to
an
anethol." the
or
essence,
The
expectoration,particularly
encourage
helpful.
is very
in
It
should
is to
be
stage
made
by
teaspoonfulsof the
two
on
and
mortar,
a
oil,
liqueur
infantile catarrh, after its first feverish
tea
seeds, first bruised
"
beneficial action specially
a
pint of boilingwater
a
49
called
camphor
spiritof wine as liqueurcase, has
the
bronchial
the
on
with
from
solid
a
ANISEED.
be
ciently (when suffi-
taken
sweetened)cold, in doses of one, two, or three teaspoonfuls according to the age of the child, with repetitionsas needed. teaches that Aniseed Gerarde helpeth the yeoxing, or hicket children to eat which (hiccough),and should be given to young the fallingsickness, or it by hke to have to such have as are patrimony, or succession." in hot Again, for spasmodic asthma, anisette is,if administered immediate have almost an water, an palliative.The Germans superstitiousbehef in the medicinal virtues of Aniseed, and all bread is plentifully their ordinary household besprinkledwith The mustacese, or spicedcakes of the Romans, the whole seeds. "
introduced
end
the
at
of meal
consisted
of
with
rich feast
a
anise,
and
so
prevent indigestion, aromatics, as used
to
as
such
other
within the intestines. stayingputrescence or sour fermentation Such a cake was formerlybrought in at the close of a marriage times has taken banquet ; and hence the bride cake of modern its rich, heavy composition is rather apt its origin, though now An old than to to produce indigestion prevent this trouble. solamen Latin intestinorum," epithet of the herb Anise was
for
"
"
of the
comforter
city of Naples,
In the
by the
active of
most
streets
bowels.
he shouts
he tramps
as
long
blowing
from
rousingthe sleepy people to their
doors
carries
He
day.
into
two
For
much
to
a
down
'
a
their
bottle of
and
'
garret of the loftyhouses,
work, which
and
settingdown
fortifies them
Aniseed, and
pours
at
for the a
drop
or
laggingdigestionat night, a cup of by pouring boilingwater on the bruised seeds bit of muslin) and sweeteningthe infusion,is
restlessness of made
tea
(tied in
small
unseen
cup."
every
the
Aniseed
a
whilst
and
dawn,
into the poorer shrill whistle. 0 CaSe !
up
cellar to
drink
comfortable
the
before
comes visitors,
fellow
tattered
a
"
small be
commended
volatile oil.Anise
at
bedtime.
Besides
yieldsphosphates, malates,
containingthe
gum,
and
a
resin. 4
50
MEALS
"
Let
tell you
me
MEDICINAL.
this," says
writer practical
a
a
it with
littlehot
a
will
you
go
and years, efficacious
I have
have
give a
hot
summer's
known
never
;
you
Furthermore, its gratefulwarmth, and aroma,
most
palliative ; for twenty
asthmatic
alleviative
an
of
dram
soothed, and
will be
bronchitic,and
been
a
immediate
an
anisette."
as
wiU
will find it
; you
barkinglike Cerberus
cease
sleep.
to
water
If
just send
sufferingfrom attacks of bronchial asthma, bottle of the liqueur called Anisette, and take
are
you for
"
to-day :
of
immediately exquisite flavour so
cold water
to
a
on
day.
virtues is plant for its fragrant aromatic cultivated the herb Dill (Anethum graveolens), commonly in our It is an kitchen gardens for condimentary, and medicinal uses. Similar
the
to
bearing fruit empyreumatic oil hke
umbelliferous volatile
a
This
Anise
which
herb,
pungent
essential
together with
oil consists
oxygenated
an
that of
oil.
"
furnishes of
anethol,"
Caraway.
Anise, and "
a
hydrocarbon, carvene," a gallantexpellerof "
It is
swollen that are Limbs wind, and provoker of the terms." with the oil o' dill are and much eased, if not cold, if rubbed "
the
The
thereby."
cured
dUla,
luU,
to
Dill is derived
name
because
of
its
soothing children to sleep. this stomach-comforting herb mother, and monthly nurse, as in
the
the
where has "
be
The
seeds
lemon-hke
a
Dill
Of
infant.
the
are
a
yeox,
baby,
verb
Saxon
tranquilhsingproperties,and The
cordial
is
well
distilled
water
known
to
its from
fond every for flatulence
sovereignremedy plant is grown extensively in India, various culinary purposes put to ; their oil
distilled water,
given to
a
a
Dill
odour, which
stayeth the
from
or
is much
hicquet,as
sweetened,
in diluted
one
esteemed.
Gerarde
Dioscorides or
two
says
:
taught." teaspoonfulsmay has
milk, or with the bottle food.
APPLE.
The sugar, water.
Apple gum,
in its
composition consists of vegetablefibre,albumin, chlorophyll,mahc acid, earthy lime salts,and much
German
food-chemists
teach
that
this
fruit
contains
other edible garden phosphates more abundantly than any lecithin,"a phosphorated comproduct. Apples also afford pound derived chemically from glyco-phosphoric acid. The juiceof Apples (when no cane sugar is taken with them) becomes converted within the body into alkaUne carbonates, and wiU "
51
APPLE.
acid
neutralize
of the
source
the
"
Latin
"
and
abound,
or products of indigestion, gout. The common term Apple in all its forms has been attributed to in Gampania, where Ahella" fruit trees town a which is therefore styled malifera," or apple-
bearing,by Virgil. The acids of Apples (maUc and tartaric) of signal use for are of sedentary habits whose livers are to men torpid ; they serve from the which eliminate matters would, if body noxious the brain retained, make produce heavy and dull, or would skin. such the Some an jaundice, or perhaps eruptions on experience has led to our takingApple-sauce with roast pork, Two or goose, and similar rich dishes. night,either baked, or raw, or taken with
roast at
three
Apples eaten useful
breakfast, are
"
speedily pass against constipation. They do easily and through the beUy ; therefore they do mollifythe belly." A dish wonders of stewed Apples eaten three times daily has worked in cases of confirmed drunkenness, givingthe person eventually absolute distaste for alcohol,in whatever form. A certain an its particular is possessedby the Apple on which aromatic principle anate valeriflavour depends, this being a fragrant essential oil,the of amy]," which in a small but appreciablequantity. occurs shows the presence The analysisof cider (fermented apple-juice) therein of salicyhcacid,formalin, malic acid, and other chemical "
constituents.
digestionof
The
minutes,
whilst
the
a
ripe,raw
maUc
Apple occupies only eighty-five of such
acid
in the stomach, digestmeat cheese. sound Bearing in mind our fruit as forbidden the beginning of
help
to
"
apple, according to to
be the Sour
cure
Apples
for
the
of
law
sin original
should
be
"
fruit,cooked, Ukewise
as
first Mother
all
or
the
casein
Eve, and
mortal
our
raw,
woes,
will of
the the
similars,ought homceopathically (Mark Guy Pearse).
chosen
for
cooking,and
not
be
they become of to-day have the dried apple-rings tough. In not a few cases of their fresh juices by immersion been deprived beforehand after paring, coring, and in water-bath a slicingthe fruit. These juices are made into independent Apple jelly; and the snitz," or pulp, into the evaporated apple rings." In Jane Austen's novel, Emma customary (1816),we learn that it was baked Apples during then, as a social Enghsh refection, to serve Dear calls by visitors in the country. afternoon Jane," said sliced
"
too
thin, else
the
juice
out, and
must
runs
"
"
52
MEALS
Miss middle so
the
as
I
took
when
and
hoped
opportunity brought out the
I
friends
our
good
so
Apples I ever Apples,'was than
their
said in
which
think
dessert.
In
promise
us
"
beef.
raw
Holly
desired
was
Norfolk
a
to
junior,was biffin
take
some,
baked to
more
them
have
Tree
Dickens, with
procure
would
rouse
from in
his
Inn," tells that
overcome
to
called
so
fatigue, a
was
Norfolk
her, Cobbs,"
This
France, be
it noted, these
biffins
are
called
femme."
bonne
Apples, when and
;
particularfruit was formerly dried cooked it until shrunk leathery. When up, and in syrup, until soft, and of its originalsize, being down a delicacyby the youngsters when they came
as
Pommes
the
at
Boots
Harry.
oven
esteemed
colour
in
Harry Walmers, I
made
them
have
Apples peculiar to Norfolk, being
stewed
was
"
"
do not
we
Woodhouse
Mr.
to
as
Perry
afternoon,
other
times."
Master
the
to
reply, only
obhging
so
Dr.
nothing in the way of fruit the finest-lookinghome-baked Indeed, they are very delightful
'
the
the restorative biffin.
the
about
is
'
life.'
in my
resemblance
Mrs.
be
are
little story, Boots
charming when
these
and
;
are
close
baked
would
ask
day to Apples the
other
Churchill, there saw
three
Biffins
the
'
twice, but
baked
shocking breakfast, but
a
day
Oh,' said Mr.
half
such
the
and
'
makes
she gets hungry, and there is nothing she likes these baked Apples,and they are extremely wholesome,
of
well
for
"
Bates,
MEDICINAL.
stored
give ofE carbonic
in
a
absorb
room,
acid gas,
oxygen
after
while
from
the
air,
the
atmosphere would of this room extinguisha lightedcandle brought into it, likewise the life of a small animal. But such an as atmosphere tends the fruit, because is arrested to preserve decay through should the deficiencyof oxygen therefore be an apple-room ; air-tight. The rotten apple," says a suggestive old proverb, in "injures its neighbours." Again, Shakespeare has told us choice in rotten Faith, as you Henry V : say, there's small it is related that the Johnson apples." In The Life of Samuel so
that
a
"
"
"
direction
of his untutored
seventeen, by a
on
a
shelf,where
juicesof Apples by keeping the fruit a The
of the
when
taken
determined
was
findingin his father's bookseller's
folio of Petrarch
those
studies
pear,
without
the any
he
was
become
matured
certain
time.
peach, the addition
at
sixteen
or
at Lichfield
shop lookingfor apples.
and
lose their
rawness
juices (as likewise plum, and other such fruits), of cane acidity sugar, diminish These
54
MEALS
artificial diabetes
MEDICINAL.
in animals
whom
to
is to be commended glucoside coming on from spontaneous
same
when A
given ; wherefore this diabetes remediallyin human it is
causes.
cooking Apples, as practisedat the Cape, is to wipe the apples,but do not peel them ; core, quarter, and cut into slices. Have (made in the proporready some tion syrup of one boiled of of to a water) quickly pound pint sugar for five minutes, using either moist, or crystalUzed sugar ; throw the apples into the boilingsyrup, and boil rapidlyfor one hour, frequently. The juiceshould then be clear,and jellied, stirring nice way
of
since stifi,
the
"
and
by
the
parts have
watery
rapid boiling. Allow
off in steam
driven
fair-sized
pound of sugar to six lemon-peel may be added
one
apples. Cloves, cinnamon,
been
or
ing accord-
taste."
to
The
in old England, as Apple pie is as strong in New folks being partialin the former combination of cheese to a therewith. S. T. Coleridgeis reported to have said that a man could not have a pure mind who refused to eat Apple dumplings. times to Thy breath," exclaims a swain of the Elizabethan his lady-love, is like the of apple pyes." Sydney steame Smith, when writing to Lady Holland, September, 1829, tells for a day, from whence came over concerning Mr. Lutrell : "He I know not, but I thought not from good pastures ; at least he
love of
"
"
had
his
not
smile
usual his
pattie look
and
soup
which
there
;
was
forced
a
indicate
plain roast, and boiled, and a sort of apple-pudding depression,as if he had been staying with a clergyman." For a meal to satisfy hunger when the suppliesare short, many of have been mess prescriptions given, from Franklin's famous gruel with bread crumbled into it,so as to amplify the food, and it filling make at the price,down to the cheap living recipe of an American first eat writer,who has advised his readers to upon
countenance
seemed
to
"
"
"
two
of water
of dried
worth
cents
swell them
to
out
Apples, and as
a
Apples which have wrote Lincolnshire pippins,
(1642) :
With
these
being concluded
most
them
not
they
thrive
and
particularlyabout
above
we
a
hundred
best, and
will cordial years prove
drink
a
quart
bellyful."
Pippins are "
afterwards
been
raised
Fuller
close the
from
pips.
cerning Con-
in his Book stomach
of Worthies of the reader,
conceive physicians. Some seniorityin England. However,
by
best
Kirton,
in
whence
this
county of Lincoln, they have acquired
A
the
addition
of
PPLE.
pippins,'a wholesome,
'Kirton
apple." A Codling is an Apple which or hghtly boiled, being yet sour, The
Squab pie,famous
allied with
55
needs
delicious
coddled," stewed,
eating whilst raw. Cornwall, contains Apples, and onions
in
and
"
be
to
and
unfit for
mutton. Of wheaten
"
Let
the
Next
walls
round
slice
erect
your
extend
mass
paste, its breast
:
apples picked so fresh ; Let the fat sheep supply its flesh ; Then, add an onion's pungent juice A sprinkling be not too profuse ! Well mixt these nice ingredients,sure, May gratify an epicure." your
"
"
thinlysix pounds of good baking apples ; dissolve four pounds of lump sugar in a pint of water ; with lemon-peel and cloves, and boil add the apples,flavoured hour. Put tor one into moulds, and keep in a cool, dry place. ornament Some cooks good for a long time. They will remain with splitbleached almonds, and call this apple hedgehog,"
Apple-cake,peel,and
For
slice
"
"
while, for ages
Long And
Apply Pye
was
unimproved still but
When
God-like
Edgar
Polite
of
and
of the
we
homely
stood, food,
Saxon
Line, refine, In the Dessert Perfumery Quinces cast, And perfected with Cream, the rich repast. Hence we proceed the outward parts to trim, adorn cranks crinkum the polished brim. With And each fresh Pye the pleased spectator greets Taste,
Studious
Virgin Fancies,
With
and
to
with
Conceits."
New
Art
and
apricot pudding
apple preparation
of
Russets,
Wellingtons
An
or
apples
that are
gives
is made, used.
the
of Cookery best
1709.
flavoured
when Grey particularly is This provided pudding
carefullyboiled. is a pie consistingof Apples, In America Apple slump This is molasses, and bread crumbs, baked in an earthen pan. Pan New known to dowdy," a very popular Englanders as in a deep there It is made dish in some parts of Canada. earthen baking dish which has been liberallybuttered all over with
a
suet
crust, and
is
"
"
"
the
inside,and
then
lined with
sUces
of
sprinkledwith nutmeg and cinnamon. are peeled,cored, and shred, with which
scones
Some the
well buttered, and
good-sizedapples dish
is to be
filled,
56
MEALS
adding
half
a
and
sugar,
or
sauce,
food
for
The
in
growing
botanical
:
in cold
children of
name
wont
to
an
make
brown
dish
The
is then
by
with
served
excellent
a
When sweet
form
of
weather.
apple tree is Pyrus malus, of which by playing on the ingenious uses
"
Malo,
rather
I had
Malo, in Malo,
Mea
mater
literal translation,
"
My
in
be,
apple-tree,
an
Malo, than
"
cupful of
of sliced scones, and covered over for one and a half hours. slow oven
a
"
Or, again,
molasses.
is turned out, and dowdy if appropriate. This is an
cream,
latter word
a
"
Pan
schoolboys are
also
crust
a
be baked
done, the
poured in,
of tablespoonfuls
two
"
of water
cup
finished ofi with
plate,to
MEDICINAL.
a
wicked
man,
adversity.
mala
est
mother
sus," which
bears
depraved signifies,Run,
intentional
is
a
reading of which is eating our apples." The term applied to the most prominent part
"
"
Adam's
in front
its most
as
old sow,"
but
mother
the
!
the sow
which
is apple," of a person'sneck,
piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's When throat, and caused this lump to remain. Sam Weller, in Pickwick, had to afiix his signatureto a couple of legal instruments Bank of England for proving his at the mother-in-law's from Mr. Weller's will, this undertaking, of so much labour and time that the habit of printing, was a work clerk peeled,and ate three Ribstone officiating pippins while it in Gerard's There concocted was was performing." day an ointment with the pulpe of apples,and swines' grease, and roseis based
on
that superstition
the
a
"
"
water, which the '
used
was
of the
roughnesse pomatum,' from
to
beautifie
sldn, and '
the
which '
face, and called
to
take
away
in the
shops was prepared." signifysomething which was
whereof
it
apples, poma apples of Sodom Figurativelythe disappoint one's hopes, or frustrate one's desires. They symbolize fruit which a was formerly reputed to grow on, or near It was, described the site of the BibHcal as by city,Sodom. but Josephus, and other writers, externallyof fair appearance, and ashes when plucked. turning to smoke of held sacred the old the Thebans to apple was Among Hercules. to offer a sheep annually long accustomed They were the altar of this deity,but upon of the occasion, because on one with river being swollen heavy rains, they could not convey the
"
"
57
APPLE.
the
sheep across
Greek
it for such
"
word
medon
they substituted under
surface
dedicated
the
to
She
York
side of
and
a
of
down
Withered
and
dry
clings in, year out, in
She
sits, of the
of
rich
Year
know
The
few
loud
mute
With
an
her
at
absent
by
sweeps stare
she
Of For
Father's
a
her
And
As
all descended
are
we
the
the
there
love, of
turned
was
from his
and
dust.
in its coaches.
mumbles and
her
crust,
reproaches the
pity
:
hope
:
skies shall ope'.
clouded
gates
gathers.
remains and
a
heavenly City."
remedy against pride,
a
"
who
heart
stall ;
humble
coppers rattle in thunder
carts
in her
buying.
she
Being past complaint, Yet
sell,
well.
her
of
the
are
Fashion
Gay
think
to
and
and
But
push,
out, in her dingy shawl. the rain she weathers.
wind
Patient
the
and
city'scurrent.
never
in, year
The
;
day,
torrent.
a
whirl
the
ragged newsboys
The
(1880) in
bush
leafless
a
bank
Apples and cakes, and candy Daily before her lying ; The
Cranch
burning fever : long Broadway
like
to the
That
in its pegs this fruit they
stream,
its endless paces the noisy up through of feet, and of faces.
river
apple,
ever, dream
with
and
Year
for
weary
a
the
in
an
Woman. turbulent
a
rolls
like
trance
It flows Down
and
down
the
Apple
Old the
by
of
verses
rushes
and In
A
wooden
Christopher City, touching
the
sits
That
Up
and
afterwards.
god always
The
Up
sheep
a
latter, having stuck
Very patheticare New Busy, Crowded
"
Therefore, knowing the
purpose. signifyboth a
represent the sheep'slegs; and
to
the
to
"
a
"
Bear
certain
out
of
Master's
tree
(scrab, or
in
said
mind,"
disreputableold
garden
for
Spurgeon, gardener,
stealing
His
apples." The in
our
wild
Apple
crab),armed
with
thorns, growa
hedgerows, furnishing verjuice in its fruit, with tannin, and is highly astringent,being of
fields,and
which
abounds
very
helpfuluse
againstsome
forms
of chronic
diarrhoea.
For
58
MEALS
crab-applejam,
MEDICINAL.
largestcrab apples ; peel, slice them pound of these add one and a score, and ; to each quarter pounds of lump sugar ; and boil gently for three-quarters of an hour consistence. to a Verjuice also contains proper citric acid, about If a piece of a cut ten grains in an ounce. first pared to the quick, it will crab apple be rubbed warts on Warts them. cure are efEectually brought about by the hacillus charmed Their disappearancewhen by this or porri. away choose
of the
some
"
whimsical
that
is
method, auto-immunization, such child
leaving the But
this would
from
whose
skin The
etc.
their
on
skin
verjuyce" as unripe she'll
not
as
occurs
immune
obtain
Dr.
due," says
in the
likewise for the
Plowright, to an with regard to worm, ring"
remainder
of adults,
case
or
of its life." old
persons, incantation,
similarlydispelledby greater probabilityis a physical effect produced by the mental suggestion. Verjuice formerly warts
may
be
"
be
may
expressed from
other
"
Having grapes, etc. the less verjuice with
a
crude
green
crabbed
face
fruits,such of
her
own, "
His Again, with satire are sermons plenteouslyverjuiced." Being rich in useful applicationfor old sprains. tannin, verjuice is a most Similarly,a vinegar poulticeput on cold is an effectual remedy for sprains and bruises ; it will also sometimes arrest the growth of scrofulous The enlargements of bones. poulticeshould be made with vinegar and crumb, oatmeal, or with the addition of breaddirected in the Pharmacoposia Chirurgensis(1794:). was as eat
APRICOT
her
mutton."
{See Marmalade).
The
of a richj Apricot, Armeniaca, is a beautiful stone fruit,; reddish, yellow colour, shining,"as Ruskin has said, in sweet Its name brightness of golden velvet." originated in the Roman of its ripening so soon epithet prcBcox,"early; because in the season. Shakespeare has told of it as apricock." At the Cape, Apricots,dried and salted, are commended remedial as of against sea sickness. Mebos," and They go by the name "
''
"
"
"
are
a
The
dehcious
confection. of
Apricots are imported because of their kernels, which into a Noyau freely. At Cairo the pulp is made luscious is slightlydried, and then rolled, incorporating paste, which the kernels. In Italy the fruit is cut in half,the stones being removed, and the pulp spread out for a while in a spent stones
contain
ARROWROOT.
These
oven.
Take
mat
a
the
quart bottle)for
a
dry
to
hands
dry, and but
weather in
or
in lime take
"
become
if the
rooms,
the
a
them
out,
of
be To
oven.
and
well
into
(about
or
shops.
two
ounces
spread them
press
them
between
Again
out.
come
the
the
the
Cape these generally four days in the sun ;
damp they may be dried in heated Mebos," lay them crystalhzethe till they feel nicelytender ; then "
with
ivipethem
crystallizedsugar
stones
At process. Mebos," after three
for five minutes
water
day
next
let the
of
hours; then
same
should
cool
few
The
to
Apricots
in salt water
a
sun.
flatten,and
to
day repeat
next
in the
"
Italian
soft,ripeApricots,lay them
of salt to on
"
dried
the
are
59
each
soft
a
fruit.
cloth,and
One
and
rub
coarse
half
pounds Next pack
a
the
will serve for one pound of Mebos. sugar closelyin jars,with plenty of sugar interposed,and cork well. A the best tart by many green Apricot tart is considered persons that
is made
; but
cherry dumpling
a
medicinal
the
is
virtues which
Gerarde, Master "
Apricot pudding is stillbetter, just as As the to superior to a cherry tart.
green
a
descend,
in
the stomacke
and
the virtues
attributed
been
Chirurgeries, 163o, styled after meat, thereo? being taken
fruit
putrifiein
have
;
oeing first eaten
other
cause
of the leaves
meats
to
not
are
do
down
old John
abreoock
the
before
passe
of this tree
what
to
tree,
corrupt, and
they easily
meat
the
sooner
yet found
but
;
out."
ARROWROOT.
This
is
starch
a
Maranta,
obtained
cJnieflythe
Brazilian
Arrowroot
from
the
roots
"
of
Arundinacea variety (tapiocameal) is got from
several
species of (West Indian).
"
the
of the
roots
Manihot
xttUissima, after first withdrawing their poisonous juice.
English
Arrowroot
Arrowroot
from
ladies
When
for
").
packing
become
the
dry.
into
a
diarrhoea.
growth,
But or
the
of the Arum
Arrowroot
starch lined
in it does
bodily warmth
;
Portland
and
(" lords
(eightyper cent)
with
paper, flavours.
and
is
put
else it would
simply prepared with this starch is altogethercomplete. Hence
of
muscular
potato
maculatum
by surrounding
food, is
speciallyvaluable
from
barrels
new
absorption as
made
corms
contaminated
The water
is
if
Arrowroot,
the not
of
treatment
furnish
any
development. arrowroot
or irritative,
continued
proteidnourishment
Furthermore,
(unlesscombined
for with
for buting contrimilk
60
and a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
sugar) is of but of
cupful
of
water-
starch.
It
hundredth
daily.
afEord
would
cheap kinds
The
which
of
of
the
to
us
that
only about thirty grains body less than a two invalid an even requires as are nourishing quite
contains
arrowroot
tells
Hutchison
Dr.
effect.
part in fuel value
those
as
feeble
what
arrowroot
expensive.
are
ARTICHOKE.
DiETETicALLY
used
are
the
tuberosus),of
the
{Cinara maxima
anglicana),which former, being dug
tubers
of the
within
;
and
order, and
Sunflower
they contain
is up,
a
the
Globe
magniined red
are
iron,albumin,
sugar,
{Hdianthus
Artichoke,
Jerusalem
Artichoke
thistle.
outside, and
The white
aromatic
an
baked
in
principle, pies,with beef
were Formerly sack. and dates, ginger, raisins, They do not afford marrow, allied element. starch, but yield 2 per cent of inuMn, an any first introduced into England, this Artichoke When was a of for have monarch but the tuberous roots ! none a dainty As the of the turnip nature. potato's properties,being more value their nutritive containing sugar in considerable quantities, chilled the better their is but slight; the more the tubers are Jerusalem is a term quality. The corruption of Oirasole, a the le soleil,"towards sun Sunflower, turning vers ; from which beneficent derived orb is mainly the oil-producing of the flower, pabulum vigorous,sturdy, large giving a practical
these
water.
tubers
"
"
"
"
lesson
the
to
invalid
as
the
to
marvellous
beneficial
effects
of
under the better, of course sunshine; the more precautions. In Bomhey " Son (Dickens),at Leamington proper Spa, the languid old would-be juvenile Mrs. Skewton, full of afiectations, and fashionable airs,having disposed herself in a studied attitude the sofa, gives her hand on condescendingly to he pays old Major Bagstocke, when her a visit on a broiling summer morning, and tells him with a simper, he actually smells of the sun ; is absolutelytropical." By a curious sion perverdirect
open
"
of turned To
Palestine
into bake
Jerusalem
soup,
has
been
soup.
tubers, peel and trim the required number, put covered baking dish, using plenty of butter ; season
into
with
salt and done
or
soup,
these
them
When
Artichoke
terms
a
pepper
;
they should
bake be
of
in a
a
brisk
oven
rich, brown
for
thirtyminutes.
colour.
Serve
them
62
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
are carbohydrates (warming constituents) which all these leading principles into sugar. Because
of other
cent
transformable
very soluble in water, the tubers should be stewed, and served with the juice,rather than boiled,and then taken out of their
are
Again they
water.
instead
capers
of cheese
between, adding the tubers
contain
served
with
rennet
acts.
Jerusalem
tender.
from
ounce
with
over
Brown
through thick
before
a
be
to
skin, and the
press
a
not
taste
of
the
the
way,
with
cream,
with
till
them
the
put back Uttle
a
cream.
add
surface,and
bake
through sufficient
each
upon in
and
Have
a
the
oven
a
Six
chokes Arti-
good-sized
vegetables
these
two
tablespoonfulsof liquifiedbutter ;
of cayenne. Scald, dozen fine sardines, and
dust
sieve, mix
it with
the
choke Arti-
to work it grated bread-crumbs ready some oyster shells,which first,and pile a small quantity
; then
quick
a
half
from
scrupulouslyscrubbed
mixture
them
boiled
hot
rub
wineglassfulof
one
stiff paste.
;
purpose
very
serve
of cold
utilized.
be
may
salt,pepper,
flesh hkewise
and
oven,
remnant
stir into
the bones
remove
too
be
must
Now
salt, and
in the
fire,or
sieve, and
paste, and to
the
previous meal required for the
wire
a
raw
season
scalloped
buttered
Or, by another
will
just as
it is and when saucepan, it up ; add a little white boil.
and
pepper,
stew
If
chokes scallopedoyster tins, lay the Artithem them, and as much Uquid as they will hold ; cover bread crumbs, upon which drop a little melted butter.
from ones
some
some
them
indeed.
into
enough to dry soup," and give one
bread
imitate
of butter
in flour
do.
this
curdles
Artichokes, and a
These
butter.
potatoes
be may of these
few
a
up one
ready in
than
scalloped,to
Artichokes, with Have
water
of
Artichokes
dredge
stock
more
bits
Artichoke
Put
"
cent
per
small
crumb
bread
with
milk, the Jerusalem
Cut
oysters. melted
4
and
capers,
whole
gratin,with
good if cooked av, ; layersof artichoke
are
strew
bread
crumbs
until
just dehcately browned,
over
the
cooking being needed ; serve very hot indeed, and garnish with fresh parsley. The fresh juice of these Artichokes being pressed out before the plant blossoms, was employed in former days for restoring seemed the hair of the head, even when the case hopeless,and the person As a fact not generallyknown, it was quite bald. individuals credited be stated casuallythat red-haired are may with dark Three an hairs, being of immunity from baldness. no
real
ASPARAGUS.
68
finer texture, occupy the space as a rule of one respect to the practice of shaving, Pepys tells in
amusingly ofi
cut
all my
that I
face, as
I find
I
do
now
contains
presents delicate writes
edible
pulp
parts
in
the
at
base "
Gerarde
to
do
stone
time
save
fit
ing bring-
great while
a
the
form
:
my
which
(1636), added, makes pepper
noble
a
thistle."
of
phosphoric acid, pulp, together with other
of each when
"
Artichoke
middle
a
sudden
a
gentle."
Globe
phosphorus
as
my
in
pumice
my chin, and
and
a
been
with
may
easy very way, has Evelyn styled the
It
I had
With
hair.
suggestively,and
did
"I
diary, May 31, 1662,
beard, which
only
:
up
whole
his
red
"
floret.
boiled
with
This
the
middle
broth
and soft
pulp,"
of fat flesh,
dainty dish, being pleasant to The the taste, and accounted good to procure bodily desire." with Heads oyl, a little being sht in quarters, first eaten raw recommend a glassof wine," vinegar,salt and pepper, do gratefully and
with
a
"
"
"
The same true says,) at the end of meals." (as Dr. Musset of curdlingmilk, and Artichoke," told Aristotle, has the power "
into
transformingit
with
therewith, but
clears the
which eat
and
:
An
eighteenthcentury,
the food.
It
on
was
his custom
sill,so
his window
this is the
advises
now
(fourteendays,) for
a
diet
to as
his
to
have to
stomachs curdled
stockinger,of a
ensure
great age fourteen one
be
eaten
why donkeys, who
reason
of
not
generate wind, and
not
better
ancient lived
it should
does
which
thistles, have
life.
human
age,
hver
MetchnikofE
Dr.
therefore
;
pepper,
such
largelyof
yourt
on
bowls
than milk
men." for
prolonging Nottingham, in this
particular
of milk
daily,of
the
ing stand-
requisite
consumption.
ASPARAGUS.
from Sparage, of Persian origin, Asparagus comes and its form corrupted by popular etymology Sparagus became called simply into Sparrowgrass, sometimes Sparagrass, and until in which of terms each was recently good ; grass for which is The part of the plant eating supplied literaryuse. scales in with small place is the turion,or young shoots, covered substance These of leaves. asparagin,a crystalline sprouts contain The
"
title
"
called asparticacid, being sometimes althein,"and found also in the juiceof beets, in the sprouts of in leguminous seeds during germination. The cereals, and which
"
is
an
amide
of
64
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
chemical
of potash,phosphate acetate are propertiesof asparagus of potash, and with and the green resinous mannite, wax, asparagin. The shrubby stalks of the plant bear red, coral-like berries,which yieldwhen ripe,grape-sugar, and spargancin. At Aix-les-Bains the eating of Asparagus forms part of the curative treatment for rheumatic gout. This vegetable was A syrup in England as formerly known paddock cheese thereof is employed medicinallyin Prance at the evening ; taken "
"
"
meal
conduces
asparagus "
Your
infant
Which
The
to
in which
water
against rheumatism, is Asparagin, which contained
likewise
to
sleep.
pease
the
t' asparagus
supper
you
prefer, best
may
defer."
to do good Asparagus is cooked will serve though somewhat disagreeableto drink. acid (being technicallyamido-succinamio
potato) is of no direct nutritive value, useful part, when within the taken dietetically,
it
in the
plays a intestines, by limiting putrescent changes, and so promoting fuller digestion. Nothing," writes John Evelyn in his Book of Salads, next to flesh is more nourishingthan Asparagus, but in this country overboil them, and dispeltheir volatile salts ; the water should we A salad of cold boiled Asparagus boil before they are put in." was an early Enghsh way of serving this vegetable. Gerarde advised that in flesh broth, Asparagus should be sodden but
"
"
"
and
eaten,
or
boiled
in
fair water,
seasoned
then
with
oil,
salad." This as a vinegar, being served up vegetable may fairlybe given in diabetes, with a hope of its in doing specificgood. Though not producing actual sucrose the urine when eaten freelyby a healthy person, yet it forms, and
pepper,
and
reactions as
therein
excretes
to
a
substance
which
answers
to
the
by physicians if testing for sugar (except fermentation pecuhar fixed principle test). The
observed
the
asparagin, whilst stimulating the kidneys, and imparting a particularstrong smell to the urine, after partaking of the shoots, exercises at the same time by the it is green resin with which combined, gentlesedative effects on the heart, becalming nervous This in crystals asparagin occurs palpitationof that organ. which to powder, one be reduced grain whereof, when given may useful for relievingdropsy from three times a day, proves culties diffiof the roots
of
heart.
and liquorice,
The
same
can
marsh-mallow.
be
got hkewise
Asparagus
from grows
the wild
ASPARAGUS.
on
65
parts of the Englishcoast.
some
lobster
on a large Satire xi.)to promises (in a
table
which
asparagus,
had
surrounded
been
the Asparagus Originally
high.
each
three
the in
pounds
attendant
slave
denounced
mention
of
; and asparagus plateof mountain
a
his farmer's
wife.
Moutani
legitTillioa,fuso."
shoot
from grew of this stems
Romans
weight,heavy enough
with.
Asparagus
with
gatheredby
Asparagi posito, quos
Under
makes
his friend Perseus
"
feet
Juvenal
But
the
twelve
plant
were
knock
to
former
to
twenty raised,
down
G-recian
an
doctors
injuriousto the sight. BngUsh cooks," says Sir Henry Thompson, rarely follow the proper method for boiling Asparagus, which should be as follows : The stalks of a stouter sort should be cut of exactly equal lengths,and boiled standing, tops upward, in a deep nearly two inches of the heads being out of the water ; saucepan, as
"
"
the
tender
suffice to
cook
part of the plant ;
these
the
form
heads, which time
the
the
tougher stalkyportionis rendered succulent by the longerboilingwhich this plan permits. Instead of the orthodox twenty minutes allowed to average Asparagus lyinghorizontally in the saucepan, after the usual Enghsh fashion, (which only half cooks the stalk, the head, diminishingits flavour, and consistence), and overcooks a mended, period of from thirty to fiftyminutes, on the plan recommost
.
will then
steam
will render which
is cooked
delicious the
by
at
fullya alone.
same
third One
of the head,
more
why it is not the best product of the fields of Argenteuil to hear uncommon depreciatedin this country, and our own Asparagus preferred, is that the former is insufficiently cooked at most English tables." Pliny mentions in glowingterms the alimentaryuse of Asparagus. Its sprouts contain of water, nearly 2 per cent 94 per cent of matter, nitrogenized 2
over
forms
per
one
substance.
other
part Formerly the
the Benedictine Mortimer
maintains form
percentage of sugar, and
was
whole were an
of
amount
also used
in ingredient
The
asparagin
non-nitrogenized and medicinally, what
was
known
electuary. Liebig, or
some
other
scientist,
alkaloid of asparagus, develops brain ; so that if you get hold of an artistic plenty of asparagus, he is likelyto grow into
asparagin,the
in the human
child, and
roots
Collins tells that that
reason
organic substances.
of the
juiceof the red berries
the as
seventh
fat, a minute
some
of
cent
steam
give him
5
66
MEALS
second
a
Rafiaelle.
Battersea, in '
what A
with
Evelyn presented
natural, sweet, and
a
each, of which
MEDICINAL.
weighed
raised
soil,sixteen, his wife, showing
to
ounces,
effect.' " be
reallygood soup, of specialnutritive virtues, can the tough ends of asparagus sprouts, cooked, and
in the rubbed
through flour, and
coarse
a
made
recooked
soft,then mashed, and they have become sieve, adding a pint of milk thickened
until
water
same
at
well-cultivated
industry will
ccelum, and
Solum,
four
about
"
shoots
some
pint
of the
water
in which
Pot
Pourri
") found
the
vegetable was with two boiled; also thickeningthis water tablespoonfulsof of fresh butter are flour into which two smoothly tablespoonfuls with
a
intermixed. Mrs.
Barle
(" third
poisonous in her case. might be explained. Asparagus her
again,telling is the
freelyin the that
the
"
He
is harmless. "
Asparagus
She
cause
Spring."
Xanthin
then
ask
repUed
three
But
he felt
what
to
wrote
Dr. that
as
far
afterwards
years
would
sure
Asparagus quite Haig how this fact
interest
knew
as
he
he
wrote
to
her, that the
of all your when troubles^ you In a leaflet of his it is stated
eat
it
so
positively
of certain
vegetable substances, peas, beans, lentils,mushrooms, etc., is as perniciousas that of asparagus, fish and is certainlyquestionable. flesh;" but this dictum it as his opinion that Asparagus seems Charles Lamb as gave a narrates, vegetable food to inspiregentle thoughts. Dickens in David Blimber's educational Copferfidd, concerning Dr. estabhshment at Brighton, where little Paul It was placed : in which there was was a a forcing apparatus great hot-house the work all blew at before their time. Mental incessantly boys ; produced at Christmas, and intellectual asparagus green peas were all the year round. Mathematical gooseberries(very sour ones, at and from these common too) were untimely seasons, mere "
sprouts of bushes, under
Dr.
BUmber's
Medicinally a fluid extract the manufacturing chemist,
is made
which
of obstructed
(whether because by augmenting the
flow
of
cultivation." from
proves
hver,
or
most
Asparagus tops by helpfulin dropsy
of defective
urine, and
thus
heart
carrying
action), off the
dropsicaleffusion. Teaspoonful doses of this fluid extract should be given twice a day with one two or tablespoonfulsof water. chemical constituent The which principles on Asparagus for its action a nd on chiefly urination, depends perspiration, are and sulphuretted, phosphuretted hydrogen.
MILK.
.-JSS'S
The
"
"
English name Sperage made usage of featherybrushes
old
ancient
be
plant, to Ravenna
the
for
employed
in
old
Koman
churches
sprouts have
There
been
milks
various
are
milk.
The
milks
essential
is in the
thereof all mammals holds
the
to
in virtual, or
for
human
dietetic
actual
the
gregations con-
At
pound.
between
casein,
card, and
or
do
clot.
not
give suck), consist
solution, salts,sugar,
the
are
mare's of these
first two
the
of
some
purposes, them among
milk, ass's milk, and
parts which
(creatures which
an
wild
Europe.
the
to
to
of the
sprays
Southern
of
Comprised
of the
other
reference
MILK.
difEerence
character
with
sold three
used
being likewise medicinal. of cud-chewing animals,
milk
bears
sprinkling(" asperging")
ASS'S
these
67
the The
tions propormilks of
of water
which
and
cream
other
minute clotting substances, with globules of fat uniformly suspended throughout the fluid,though tending towards the top will not of their lighterweight. Dilution with because water alter
the
fact
that
cow's
variety,when
human
is alkaUne.
Ass's
other
sorts, whilst
human
milk). It
milk
drawn milk
less
reaction, whilst
in
directlyfrom
contains
the
solids
mother's
than
either
the
breast, of the
the rest (except rich in sugar than in curd, and fat. being therefore hght, and
being
is poor
is acid
more
easy of
digestion.This milk has in every age of physio been valued as a prime antidote to wasting from consumption of the lungs. to Furthermore, as leading authorities unanimously pronounce But for rearing feeble infants. the superiority of ass's milk Dr. R. Hutchison disagreesfrom this generallyreceived notion. is so He complains that being especiallypoor in fat, which ment. important for infants, it is of itself ill suited for their nourishMoreover, it is slightlylaxative, containing relatively milk. human more cheesy substance, and less albumin, than low too The percentage of fat," says Ellenburger, is much it proper for habitual to make use by children." "
"
artificial milk
An
easilymade
the ass's
; cow
but
the
is the
of the
that
as
milk
ass
may
be
(thus reducing the
fat) to the quality of mother's digestingthe particularcurd from
curd, and
of difiiculty
still remains
milk
nature
same
(on paper) by dilutingcow's
percentage of sugar, milk
of the
to
nearest
be
On
overcome.
approach
to
good
the milk
whole, therefore, from
the human
68
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
mother.
It is not
foals
are
each
foal
allowed
to be with
having
their
smaller
a
beside
pen
This
of its mother.
that
the
donkeys' dairy,
in the
mothers
unless
animals
maternal
the
yielded by
article of nursery a quart, being requirement fetches six shillings The she-asses sold in speciallyprotected sealed bottles. are
milked at
twice
day, and milking. For
each
be hired
may
transport. The Ode
to
from
Roe
the
suggestivemoral
most
a
consumptive girlfor
a
of expenses but none
in his famous
Hood,
Thomas
drawn
(1843), has
story of
a
pint to a pint milch donkey
remembered,
be
may
that repetition,
Wilson
distance
a
a
guinea a week, plus
fact
amusing
less will bear
the
at
persons cost of one
the
at
half
severallyfrom
afford
a
milk
ass's
whom
was
prescribed:
"
"
Once
on
Was
time
a
seized
Cough,
hectic
That,^
as
"
The
of such deep decline, symptoms flushes, ev'ry evil sign,
their wont
doctors
Of
asinine
Robbing
When
get
lo,
it ! she
died
aggravate
the
There
were
And
most
The
other
Who
never
Of
milk,
or
poor
donkeys
grown
even
With
Mister
the
and
usual
hour
donkey
a
Gubbins
Simon
sarvint, Miss
the
to
"
a
werry
for hasses, tho' !
"
So
To
Saints what
a
ninny Jenny. "
in the
of
eight
wicket
gate,
his back.
on
spring-likeday ; good lack ! good lack I've brought 'ye Jack ; but he can bray ! "
'
!
"
;
would
the the
water.
self-glory
ailingsouls
Without
It is
story
in vain
Some But
the
runs
And,
nurse
sick
chalk
Jenny be dead. Miss ; but He does'nt give no milk, "
a
was
wet
!
'
case.
two
at
;
trots
time
prophet
the
was
!
can
for Eve's
Down
Bad
skinny : poor Mary Ann
place. daughter unluckily male. a was long-ear'dcreature in his life had given a pail but
matter
Your
bowl
and
'
never
each
prove
that
one
pass,
ass.
foal.
a
neighbours cried, over
to
"
The
'
the
can't
No
an
milk.
new
shaggy suckling of
a
Meanwhile
To
to
"
got proportionately spare,
Which She
over
grislyshade to bilk. patient quafE'd a frothy
the
morn
desperate
is at such
her
gave Accordingly, the Each
lass
English
certain
a
with
at
sneer
better
are
than
dry
milk
pious
for his blindness
;
saws
hee-haws
of human
fact bearing significant
Gubbins
their
on
kindness
this
?
"
subject,that
asses
are
70
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
finelypowdered, and inhaled pretty often, has proved very beneficial against consumption of the lungsin its earlystages. Working tanners to well" known are be particularly exempt from this disease,in all probabilitythrough their constantlyinhalingthe peculiararoma given ofi from the tanpits; and a similar remedial efiect may be produced by using to fresh oak bark, dried, and reduced constantlyas a snufE some fine powder, whilst also inhalingday after day the a sufficiently oak steam bark infused in boiUng water. given ofE from recent is most A strong decoction of oak bark useful for applying to relaxed reduce bowel, through a prolapse of the lower
internally ; and
the
bark
when
fundament.
Gospel services
Oaks
when
formerly restingstations beating the parish bounds. were
rehgious
for short
"
Dearest, bury me holy Oke, or Gospel tree. Where, though thou see'st not, thou may'st thou Me, when yearly goest procession." Under
that
"
think
upon
Berrick,
astringentdrink, as advised by Dr. Yeo, add to a of powdered alum, pint of boilingmilk a quarter of an ounce previouslymixed with three or four tablespoonfulsof hot water ; then strain. combine a teaspoonful of Again, for croup, and powdered alum (sulphate of alumina potash) with two almost teaspoonfulsof sugar, and give this promptly ; when For
useful
a
immediate
relief will follow.
BACON
side, and
The
in
cured into
a
ham.
dried,
If the
whole
known
as
it is
to
be
similar
way
saltpetreand meat
belly of
sugar
are
also
(See
pig
a
to
a
called Bacon,
are
which
that
side of
Pork).
a
pig
flitch
of
the
converts
has
been
bacon.
used, in addition
to
when
salted
leg
salted,and In
of
and
pork
smoke-
many
districts
salt, for
curing the
smoke-dried.
splendidlycured that it may further without be eaten cooking. But the pig is more any of its flesh than the ox, or liable to diseased sheep, because be food, though this risk may greediness for unwholesome in feeding the A animal. harmful guarded against by care is frequentlynoticed in Germany parasite,the Trichina sfiralis, ham, and as body, through eating smoked infestingthe human Abo
at
Germany
the
bacon
is
so
BACON.
sausages,
in
breeders
the
that
the
uncooked
an
best
71
of
black
The
state.
its kind
food.
for
considered
pig is
by
Hutchison
Dr.
tells
pork is shown by the fact that three and a half ounces hours oi it require three for their complete digestion,as for hours compared with two is fully accounted an equal quantity of beef. This difficulty loi by the large accumulation the fibres of the of fat between to be seems pork-flesh. On the other hand, the fat of bacon in a granular form, which is not difficult of digestion; so that this
often
can
be
for
For
patients,in whose the
occupied
earliest
times
foremost
a
of the
bones of
very
free
wild
place as boar
prehistorictimes
ancient
Scandinavian
the
pig was
must
have
the
and
;
as
afterwards
set
Sea
of
difficult to
Tiberias conceive
Towards
kept.
;
law
beast
by naught
at
which
since, unless
pork
for what
in correcting
measure
some
fed
foods, the
middens
for
"
in
whom
the Mosaic
law
"
in
our
Saviour's
on
the
hills
eaten
was
near
then, it
of swine
droves
these
purpose
the
important rdle
Hebrews
the
Even
have
to
seems
all kitchen
plays an
of swine
time, judging by the herds the
animal
this
pig
in almost
unclean
an
consumptive
or
diet, seeing that
article of
legends.
condemned
wild
the
found
are
aid
of fat is indicated.
use
an
of fat
invaluable
an
diabetic,
children, and
diet the
is
bacon
reason
kinds
other
whom
to
persons
whicli
nourishingdelicate
From
by
eaten
intolerable.
are
indigestibiUtyof
comparative
is
were
of his
the
grossness antiscorbutic roots, and
pig, by instinct, grubs up of cinder, is a knows that a piece of chalk, or a mouthful most sovereignremedy against his indigestion. The insalubrity of pork is generallyowing to the uncleanly, and unwholesome feeding of the animal ; and the qualityof its food has a marked influence the flavour of its flesh. Thus, pigs fed mainly on on potatoes have of
those
a
porcine
beech-nuts, has The
very
notion
an
that
white
and
tasteless food
whose
animals
oilytaste. eatingpork
tends
to
meat,
has
cause
whilst
flesh
largely of
consisted
is
cancer
the
disproved
number considerable are no a regards the .Tews (of whom and the Hebrew to dietary laws) ; longer strict adherents that have learnt doctors them cancer who practice among as
attacks in
diet
Careful
orthodox of
their
about
therefore,
Jews
as
race.
the
as
often
it assails the
seem,
cancer
most
heterodox
rigidly people are they eat, and quality of what is considerablyless prevalent
Nevertheless,
purity,and
it would
as
these
72
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
them
than
is the
fat of
among
general population
the
among
of
our
country. Lard tubs less
; the
lower
much
the
in France
"
vokes'
chillern be
bad." the
white
tell
lard
:
"
seam
this the
And
which
table
is well
as
that
The
Pig
in the
whole
as
seam,
and
poor be sa
by analogy
yellow
the
of Baucis
read
we
;
times
now
Ovid
how
tires
never
m,undus
this
to
relish wine."
toothsome
: by repetition
"
was "
Dissertation all the
Of
edibilis I will maintain
porkers things between
Pig, and more dainty called first exultingly
Roast
Crackling rhapsody, a
I
of Elia, has
all readers
to
and
obsoniorum.
delicate, j)rmceps
prepared :
had
subject of
to the
said immortal
"
Roast
known
luxurious
Crackling," showing
discovered.
mort
smoking lard, appetite they dine,
eager bit that served
delightful essay
especiallyto
butter
the
sent
with
savoury
Lamb, a
an'
Dryden's
boiling kettle
the
to
On
Charles
In
per cent mort."
"
it is named about
"
lard
"
By
A
99
distinguishedfrom
as
cup.
contain
nort
is known
"
is termed
Englishlard
our
Devon
ayte curd
tu
melting,and
word
French
The
me
it in
with
should
lard
speech of
wood-anemone,
Philemon
devoted
foced
Lincolnshire
In
buttercup, is the and
Good
In the peasant Missis ! dawntee
Lor,
is mixed
commingled. first place bacon, whilst
saindoux."
hog's fat. Aw,
"
at
is left
water
in signifies
"
the heat
granularit is. Usually water
often
of
down, and sold in bladders, or and which it is melted, the smoother
pork melted
speak
and
it to
be
of
not
these
upon delicacies the
your
most
grown
hobbledehoys,
pig pork, and tender suckling,under but a young a moon as old, guiltless immunditiae,the speck of the amor yet of the sty, with no original hereditaryfailingof the first parent, yet manifest ; his voice as childish treble and a a yet not broken, but something between of the mild He a forerunner, or frodudium, grumble, grunt. "
"
"
"
must
he roasted.
seethed, There
is
or
boiled
no
crisp,tawny,
I
not
am
; but
flavour
what
ignorantthat a
our
ancestors
sacrifice of the exterior
comparable,
well-watched, not
I will
contend,
over-roasted
ate
tegument that
to
them
cracMing, as
!
of the it is
well
called ; the very invited theii share of the to teeth are pleasureat this banquet, in overcoming the coy, brittle resistance, with the adhesive definabl oleaginous 0, call it not fat but an in"
"
sweetness
growing
up
to
"
it,the tender
blossoming of fat,
fat
cropped
the
cream,
the
lean
and
lean
other
in the and
(ifit
that
bud, taken
must
both
She
great.
is indeed
sinful,yet
not
from
do
running
of
Sapors
transcendent
too
pure food ! rather fat each
into
result, or
ambrosian
one
best
or
"
and
Pine-appleis
!
if
deUght,
a
;
tender-conscienced
sinningthat reallya
well to
ravishingfoi mortal taste, exooriateth the lipsthat approach her ; like biteth ; she is a pleasurebordering on pain, and insanityof her relish ; but she stoppeth
and
kisses,she
the
to
but
is the
almost
like
so
would person she woundeth, lovers'
He
manna
blended
thus),so together make !
yet child-pig's
of animal
kind
a
shoot, in the first innocence,
the
be
substance
common
in the
quintessence of
lean, but
no
"
73
CON.
BA
fierceness
pause
too
;
the
the with not palate ; she meddleth appetite,and the coarsest hunger might barter her complacently for a mutton-chop. Pig" let me speak his praise is no less provocativeof the appetite than he is satisfactory to the criticalness of the censorious palate. Behold him while he is doing ! it seemeth rather a refreshing warmth is than heat that he a so passive to. How scorching he is just done. the string! Now equably he twirleth round To see the extreme of that tender sensibility age, he hath wept his pretty eyes ; radiant see out jellies, shooting stars ! Then at
"
-
him
in
dish, his second
the
strong
man
fatten
may
his mild
juices.
is to
considered.
be
with
his Uver
dear
Mrs.
your
flower
the
!
classic
die than
not
you,
a
and
few
a
the whole
But
Onion
sauce
done
bread-crumbs
of mild
dash
poison them, he
sage. tribe !
or
make
them
(the childish porker) is
Hve
Fathers to
and
without
the called
Emperor
to
"
out,
pickledpork
repliedstraightway,
have
skinned, and Some cooks, when in diamonds, and consists
times
day,
one
when
pork
weakling refuseth sucking-pig; then his
he
up
banish,
Barbecue
in palate, if you will ; steep them your with plantationsof the rank, and guilty out
Roman
possibleto
venerable to
The
meek
how
stronger than
weakling
a
"
"
Senate
is it
to
consider
but
;
for the
brains, and
cannot
you
much
I beseech
hogs
him,
on
Decidedly
; stuff them
garlic; they are In
Cook,
whole
shalots
a
and
So
lieth !
cradle,
live without
"
salt
in
Claudius
Conscript slices ?
"
entered Fathers And
!
the
Oh, Sire, it is better pork." A leg of pork,
mock goose. roasted, is called by many persons skin the pork is about to be served, score The fat of squaie. entirelyof palmitic,and oleic glycerides.
take
almost
out
every
second
74
MEALS
Fried
bacon
MEDICINAL.
usefully to correct liquid part, serve constipation. And a curious old remedy to stay nose-bleeding take is vouched-for to a again recently by Dr. Atkinson piece of fat bacon, about 2 or 3 inches long,and of sufficient size ; it into a proper cut shape, and as largeas can be easilyforced into the nostril ; apply it by pressing into the bleeding nostril, rhage, and let it remain in place several hours. It controls the haemorfat, and
its
"
"
and
the
By
and
The
into
them
the
delicate
with
round
these
garlands being
Wicken-tree,
bacon "
to
made
from
"
Chowder
a
of
cut
in
other
or
stewpan,
ketchup,
and
fish,and
Truly
seasoned
then
simmered
Benjamin D'Israeli (1832) on High Wycombe Buckingham farmers, after sister,he said the
on
found
we
remarkable !
this
that
together. first went
a
week's to
;
of
a
raven
resembles
to
the
among
end, when
Marathon
down
man
young
political canvass
a
the
as
writing to
his
hved
have
we
for
of Pentelicus
Hymettus, and the Boar little village just killed" not so good as Bradenham
cry
of
onions, slices of
fried
and
"
was
without
consists
it
of
a
the
bacon, and
origin;
said
be
it
may
purchased It is
pork." "
words
the
;
Pork
!
"
"
From
The
A
at
Ash,
Mountain
potatoes, all placed alternately with spices and herbs. Claret, also
been
I have
Honey
one
half of it, but
Pork
:
American
no
slices,with
When
week
been
being
mashed
and
"
of the
branches
a
witches,
malicious
spell of
Wicken.
dish
pickled pork,
turbot, a
is
was
In game. fatten, has garlands
to
up
the
avert
Witchen
or
put
capons.
or
which
small
of
myriads
first
dish,
often
was
Troy, its inside
of
pork there would have accomplished cookery.
no
boiled
a
Horse
and
turtle-doves,
favourite
a
without
that
in
its neck
was
the
when
pig
hung or
of
asafoetida,
Lincolnshire, a
cooks, swine's flesh
fish, ducks,
Trojan Hog
imitation
gastronomic stufied
of their skilled
the hands
transformed With
patient."
salting,and smoking, the flesh of the hog digestible.Like all fat meats, it is deficient in Eomans discovered fiftydifEerent flavours in pork ;
more
under
the
to
of
processes
is made water.
uncomfortable
is not
the ravens
pork pie with
farmhouses
in the
mountains
begin raisins Midlands
liigh with
their
'
pork, perking
'
cry." "
Sylvester.
held its own for many years ; this is a raised pie,in which
has
at some
BA
stoned, and
halved
and
is to
raisins
75
CON.
interspersedwith the pork ; about is a quarter of a pound of the fruit to each pound of meat sufficient. So that the full flavour of the pie may be appreciated, is be to no and moderate included, only a seasoning of salt, sage pepper
St.
At
used.
Stephen's,Westminster,
genius over for his
be
are
the
kitchen
in former
arrangements
was
days, the presiding one Bellamy, famous
gained immortality, since the elder his last dying words of these expressed a wish for one Sam Bellamy dainties. Weller, expostulatingwith Mr. Winkle his for Come, Sir ! this : escapade from Mr. Pickwick, exclaimed is too rich, as the young with she remonstrated lady said when the pastrycook arter he'd sold her a pork pie as had got nothin' but fat inside." In 1666 Pepys bought some pork from a butcher, who token commended it as the best in England by the same Pitt
pork pies,which
have
in
"
"
for cloath
and
colour."
The
Due
de
Eichelieu's
cook
became
noted
stock for a singlesoup. forty hams to make by boilingdown in January, 1809, Sydney Smith, when writing to Lady Holland said them
:
"
in
Many
thanks
loine,I
am
not
for two as
fine Gallicia hams
yet high enough in
; but
the
for
as
Church
boiling
for that,
But the day of do the best they can in water." they must getting good old-fashioned country-cured ham, and bacon, is in our a large cities. practically thing of the past, particularly after the the meat Instead of its taking three months to cure the modern hog walks patient, old-time, wholesome way, into the packing-house yard in the morning, and within two or colour three days is shipped as cured hams. The beautiful brown that once the result of smoking with wood, is now procured was The in a few hours smoky flavour by logwood, or other dyes. is produced by pyrolignicacid ; and, instead of the old-fashioned sweet pickle, a composition is used of borax, boracic acid, with But acids. to paint a ham and benzoic sulphites, salicylic, stitute the acid (pyroligneous)of wood vinegar, is an ineffective subwood fires for smoking in a Hampshire chimney where therein treated hams are invariably are burnt, so that the alkaline, with their albumin coagulated by the continued heat, fumes, whereby and their flesh interpenetratedby creosote microbic engendure therein is prevented. At the Zaduska,
so
or
Russian
luncheon,
one
dish
which
is sometimes
seen
is
raw
good, which, though not sounding nice, is distinctly sucking-pig, being served in very small cubes, highly seasoned, and laid on
76
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Other
toast.
employed
condimentary substances chef pig-meat,by this, or that
"
Yet
no
Or
A
lards
man
garnishes
find
pig'swhisper yourself in bed
said
Sam
"
"
"
with
is
"
in
something
"
peel ; orange spitch-cook eel." Art of Coohery.
with
proverbialas
:
with
pork
his
his lamb
been
have
fanciful
of
"You'll
rapidutterance.
less than
pig'swhisper,"
a
Weller.
[seeHerbs.)
BALM
BANANA. so popular with us, and sapientum), now such common use as a highly nutritious vegetable product the plantaintree, especially for children (who eat it with gusto), cited in the probably an East Indian native fruit. It was
The of of was
Banana
(Musa
dating from Guinea, and everywhere throughout the tropics. Bananas sixteenth
noted
centnry
for
their
Europeans West of the
An
as
Three for
excellent
ripe fruit when
is esteemed
a
drink
plantains
instead
of
is made
have
there
; likewise
fermented
pectoralof much
dozen
week
cultivated
now
been
efficacy in correcting the fluxes often their first coming subject on
are
Indies.
is
as
are
worth,
a
sufficient
which
to
into
from
the
marmalade
and to
the
juice which
is very serve
long
ing. refresha
man
bread.
Unfortunately, however, we in a ripe condition. Like do not imported Bananas get our other tropicalfruits,these have the most to be plucked before has completed its beneficent work of converting their starch sun Such within the substance of the Bananas into sugar. a ripening can only be carried to perfectionwhilst the fruit is still process is termed a part of its parent organism, the livingplant. What ripening here of the Bananas, after importation,is actuallyonly reahse a softening,and a step towards decay. But few persons this fact with regard to our fruits in England of every kind. will meet Dealers the objection that a certain fruit under sale is not ripe,with the assurance, Oh, it will ripen in a few days, sunshine." particularlyif put in a greenhouse, or in the warm a
"
It is true seem
to
that
mellow become
fruit thus the
winter.
very ;
at
hard
fruit may
indeed, it may all
treated
even
be
made
need
palatable; but the will presently rot,
such
thus
to
soften, and
sun-bakings so as is not a ripening;
process and cannot
be
stored
for
78
MEALS
The
MEDICINAL.
easilydigest
who cannot for persons Stanley,the African traveller,found
Banana
is well suited
that a gruel starchy foods. the only thing he flour, and milk, was prepared with Banana In Thoughts on the Universe, could digestduring gastricattacks. Holmes' Guardian Angel), by Master Byles Gridley (0. Wendell stands the
recorded have
negroes
reflection,
the
A
!
"
What
smooth
sweet,
generationsfed
hundred
on
voices
Bananas
! "
apple-eatingwhite folks ! It won't do ! in of its fat-forming constituents being much of its muscle-feeding,and nerve-nourishingproteids,the excess Dr. R. Hutchison, is too bulky to be able to Banana," says the main constituent of a healthy diet ; about serve as eighty to be eaten would have daily so as to yield a proper supply of wonder then that in tropical vital energy for the body. No Bananas countries, where are largelyconsumed, the inhabitants abdominal undue are an development." But this apt to show made ? A barrel of sugar computation is surely overdrawn in New from Bananas York, the taste was recently exhibited flavour, full, and being pleasant, and palatable,the Banana in itself,conveying a sweet really tropical impression. But the great trouble is to make this sugar perfectlydry ; it can Compare them By reason
with
our
"
"
be
sold much
cheaper
other
than
BARBERRY
Barberry
wild
shrub
virtues.
They
Berberis,
{see Fruits).
as
in
found
Essex.
particularlyabout
on
grow
shops, have
the
supplied at
berries, as
medicinal
sugars.
a
small
These
excellent
cultivated
Enghsh
our
some
variety of the hedges, copses, and
scarlet
berries
are
containing malic and citric acids ; they also curative afford principles, berberin," and oxyacanthin," which exercise a stimulatingeffect on the liver,and are astringent. Barberry jam helps to obviate gravel,and to relieve irritation stoncless
when
old,
"
"
of the has
Tusser, in his Good
bladder.
com.m
ended "
:
"
Conserve With
Huswifelie Phijsiche (1573),
of Barbarie
Sirops that
;
easeth
Quinces the
as
such,
sickly so
much."
be made jellyhaving virtues of this kind may by boilingan equal weight of the berries (when ripe)and of sugar together,and strainingofi the sweet juice to jellywhen cool. The syrup of Barberries excellent forms, with water, an astringent gargle A
BARLEY.
for
relaxed
sore,
throat.
yellow bark, will colic from gravel. five
every
troubled
of
The
cordials, and for
herbs
tea,
relief in
prompt
the
until
kidney quantities
in small
the
restoratives, such
fumitory
ague,
for
water
and conserves of Quince, syrups the Barberry root, and from bark,
and
tea
Barberry." A being sweetened
store
a
treacle,
liver, cool
the
of
persons
and
rose-water
as
the
of
attack
an
be drunk
of it should
Some
from
concocted
Such a pain is subdued. Barberry twigs is used looaUy in Lincolnshire for with jaundice, or gall-stones. had always by her Elizabethan housewife good
infused
"
Barberry
afford
minutes
79
salads,
drink
made
with
syrup
Also proved remarkably curative of ague. jelly,prepared from the fruit,affords specifichelp
of Barberries, has
jam,
or
disease,
Bright's
albuminuria.
or
Provincially the
a
in
is
bush
"
Pipperidge ifiefin,a pip, and rouge, red) because of its fruit. To make small, scarlet, juiceless Barberry jam, according the Pick fruit from the stalks, and to a good old recipe: it through a sieve with it in an earthen bake ; then press pan wooden a Having mixed equal weights of the prepared spoon. fruit, and of powdered white sugar, put these together in pots, in a dry place, and the mixture and cover setting them up, the top of each pot." powdered sugar over having sifted some in and the called Barberries North, are Rapperdandies them from drink Rilts." ancient The a Egyptians made Elusius setteth it down in pestilential fevers. highly esteemed called
"
"
'"
"
"
as
a
wonderful
yellow bark and
be
of
Barberry
afterwards
unloading Barberry bushes the jelly.
thus
which
secret
be
drunk,
he
steeped in
the
are
a
white
wine
it will purge
oppressed
an
from
had
best
one
liver.
fruit for
if the
friend, that for three
marvellously,'
very
berries
The
hours,
old
upon
for
preserving,or
making
BARLEY.
Hordeum used
in
possesses fatten our less eaten
Great
Britain
dietetic, and swine
on
this cereal made
nourishingthan in bread.
Barley, affords a grain chiefly which but for brewing, and distilling, virtues of importance. We medicinal
Common
vulgare, or
The
into meal, which is apt
wheaten
flour, and
chemical
constituents
gluten,albumin, oil,and it has been employed to
hordeic prepare
of
to
is,however, purge
Barley
acid.
From
drinks
for the
the
are
when
starch,
earliest times
sick, whether
in
80
MEALS
feverish
disorders, or
MEDICINAL.
as
for
soothing decoction
a
Uning
sore
Barley is especially rich in iron, and phosphoric acid. Barley bread, always of close texture, was exclusivelyused in England as late as the time of Charles the First, though, because of its deficiencyin gluten, it cannot be made with wheaten flour lightof itself ; if mixed membranes
of the
its combination
chest, and
answers
the
bladder.
well, and
very
Cumberland
palatable. Throughout
bread
the
in the
becomes
seventeenth
century
indulgence only allowed about Christmas of the the The crust time, even principal famiUes. among the table of every everlastinggoosepie which adorned county of Barley meal, which is rich in invariablymade magnate, was bread
wheaten
mineral If
was
and
matter,
contains
Barley, this
decoction
of
irritation
of the
fat than
more
arabic
of gum
ounce
an
an
dissolved
be
makes
most
a
of the
bladder, and
wheat. in
a
pint
of
hot
a
allay Honey coughs.
soothing drink urinary passages.
to
added
to the decoction for bronchial beneficially in Barley bread (or porridge) is apt to purge ; but such was times the bread of the Egyptians, likewise of the Jews ancient in the days of our Saviour, as we learn from the miracle wrought with respect to the lad's five barley loaves, (and two fishes). For Barley soup, Barley, put a quarter of a cup of well-washed with a bayleaf,and a small blade of mace, into a pint and a half the and boil slowly for three hours. of cold water, Take out with two bayleaf, and mace fine), (sliced ; then add a small onion French carrots (cut in dice),and cook these until tender ; next add a pint of milk, a good tablespoonfulof butter, with salt and
be
may
the
taste
to
pepper
tablespoonfulsof
two
Sixty or seventy lads
on
farm
a
years
yolk
to
same
emptied into
was
boil for
a
minute
containingsops nothing being and
therefore
being
eaten
of
or
but
called
in
with
a
an
iron
"
one
it from
remove
egg,
perhaps
brisk
in the
two.
of Cornish
sky-blue and
While
Barley bread.
visible
of
the breakfast
ago
three-leggedcrock fixed over poured a quantity of water. mixed some Barley-flourwas the
boil, then
beaten
cream.
invariably
was
the
to
come
it the
stir into
fire,and
with
let it
;
a
fire of
this basin
Next
it
with
These
was
sops
the
sinkers."
furze, and
was
in the
water
apprentice
coming scalded
Into
turf,was to
sank
the
boil
milk, and
crock, and
poured
a
into
to the
allowed basins
bottom,
hquid mess, sky-blue in colour, its entirety sky-blue and sinkers," As the price of wheat in was spoon. "
BEAN.
those
days nearly double that the dehcacy which working themselves
of
81
Barley, wheaten
classes
could
their
bread
was
a
but
rarely afford made pasties,were
ordinary bread, and their of Barley-flour.These of a crust mixed pasties consisted without fat, or butter, and containingeither potatoes, or a few pieces of turnip ; a bit of rusty bacon a being considered luxury. made with Barley, By the ancients a thick, turbid drink was This and known became as Orgeat. adopted by the French, who extended the name to Ptisana," and subsequently to :
"
other
made for invalids. vegetable decoctions happened that the name Orgeat has sHpped away and
attached
become
to
Formerly likewise,the simply sugar boiled until boiled
in
decoction
a
preparationsof sweet confectioner's Barley
from
Barley,
almonds.
sugar (nowadays brittle,and candied) was
it becomes
of
it has
Thus
Barley, and
hence
'its
The
In
name. "
honest Complete Angler (1653) Piscator bids the Hostess of an alehouse of some give to his brother Peter, and to Venator, her best Barley wine, the good liquorthat our honest forefathers did use to drink of, the drink which preserved their health, and made live so long,and to do so many them good deeds." demulcent is a valuable drink, Barley-waterfor the sick room should but little nutriment it be from made though containing ; is better than Pearl the pure farina of fine Scotch Barley,which of Pearl Barley Or, take two ounces Barley for the purpose. washed clean with cold water ; put this into half a pint of boiling "
"
"
let it boil for five minutes
water, and then
add
to
the
Barley
quarts of
two
pints,and strain ; the same Figs (shced),raisins (stoned),and
two
added
;
pour
off the
boilingwater
water, and ;
boil it to
is
plain,simple Barley-water. times liquorice(cut up) are some-
further. BEAN.
The seeds
bearinga
gland,was of it to
White
common
as
a
cause
Bean
close resemblance
worshipped by food.
the
Furthermore,
the sleepiness,
of its
{Phaseolus vulgaris),because to
the
kidney, and
Egyptians,who by
Jewish
reason
High
to
would
not
of its marked Priest
was
a
sexual
partake tendency
forbidden
to
The black spot which day of Atonement. these products was seen on regarded as typical of death. 2nd, All Souls Day, folk eat sweetmeats Italy,on November eat
Beans
on
the
6
is In
MEALS
wMch
called
are
being
custom
Also,
dish
a
Favi
"
MEDICINAL.
dei mortei," of
survival
a
of them
this
;
bean-eating rite. pagan the table all that night for the ancient
an
is left
dead
of the
beans
or
on
The be abroad. then ghosts of the departed who may Bean plant,"says Dr. Thudicum, and instructive ; is interesting, its leaves droop at night,and expand again by day ; thus there is perhaps some of this the connection sensitiveness between for brain, and a nutriment plant,and the fact that it eUminates muscles." at liberty A pithy proverb teaches A Bean that is better than whereat comfit in prison; the prosaic Lord a North drilyremarked, he shouldn't care to eat a comfit, out of prison. The with its pod, is cooked Bean, when Kidney, or French "
"
"
"
"
haricot
fresh, or of
vert," and after
when
that
this
is
in
wasteful
a
pod
Faha if
makes
Turkish
vulgaris. Both
lemon-juiceis
becomes
converted
dissolve
the
Bean.
beans, and
added into
starches.
nutritious,and
Scarlet-runner
The
French
and
Bean,
when is
Bean
peas
readilydigested presently cooking, which are
in
Marrowfat
easilydigested.
digestion tedious,
its
broad
alkaline
an
amount
The
them
to
The
blancs."
makes
the
to
served, either
are
of food.
form
is allied {Phaseolus myltiftorus) stewed
haricots
are
the
alone
seeds "
drying,they
vegetable cellulose
so
the
Windsor
more
salt, and Beans
Pick
over
assists
thus
stewed
are
carefully,and
to
very wash
in water quart of these beans, and soak them overnight ; in the morning drain, add fresh cold water, and bring to the boil ; one
drain
again,and
them
into
four-quartstone jar ; put in a of butter, two large tablespoonfulsof Porto Rico generous cup molasses, two tablespoonfulsof salt, less than a teaspoonful of and fillthe jar with boiUng water. Put it in the oven, pepper, be cooked in a slow covering the jar with a tin cover ; it must for last until the The should water oven eight or nine hours. beans are perfectlystewed, and when done there will be a good left,about one-third of the depth of the beans in the jar ; gravy keep the beans covered for two or three hours whilst cooking ; if
serve,
Beans and
the
Uked, with and water
cooking them be
next
dish
for
turn
peas
Chih
should
then is to
sauce.
be
steeped in
thrown stew
mixed
with
baking
in the
bread
water
One
away.
for about
them
oven
a
crumbs, ;
the
and
Uquid
overnight,or longer,
of the four
best
hours
poured should
;
into
methods
of
they should a
buttered
be retained, and.
BEAN.
if
bread
identical
tissue ;
brain in
as
The
crumbs.
mannite,
"
there
properly managed,
milk,
sour
inosite," such
will be
of salt this
presence
which
meat
or
abounds
as
in the
which
a
retain
been
food
the
of
much,
with
exceeded medical
be
never
sufEered
many
loss in
a
a
bad
should
stewed,
which
case
a
who
for so
hour
an
had
through
troubled
had
greatly
been
sanatorium, for rheumatism, but
quarter of
be
principleschemicallyavailable.
Captain, elderlysteamboat tobacco, mainly in chewing, and in
questiona Un-
cooking ;
boiled, but
an
treatment
the
brain.
human
for the brain, and
Dr. Krost, of Cleveland, U.S., tells about him
moisten
to
develops lactic acid, hung. It is termed
by preventing its
should green beans all their immediate
reason
to
as
food
bean
has
regularlyin
therefore, this is conserved
just sufficient
in Haricot Beans is phasiosugar contained with found in flesh-meat, and in as sugar
the
in
83
heart
had
under
lately
distress.
Cushing, of Massachusetts, on being consulted, said, instantly, Phaseolus and if that doesn't I will givehim a graftof my nanus, returned When Dr. Krost help him I am very much mistaken." with the wonderful remedy, it had happened that meanwhile attacked with several been the old Captain had smothering Doctor hurried to for lost. The and once was given up spells, Dr. "
his side with
the
within
hours
a
few
nostrum, the
sick
comfortably, declaringthat (hke
an
and man
he
expert attorney). And
astonished
became
able
was
could what
to "
now was
lie
to
find that
get about on
either
this Phaseolus
again side nanus
"
?
experimenting as to the medicinal efEects it on In his trial with white of the common kidney Bean. himself, he had become nearly suffocated, and his heart gave the leading symptoms, of anxiety. These him all forms were the strength of which some pelletsprepared from the said upon thus administered Bean successfullyto the Captain. were A dish of dry Beans, soaked overnight,then boiled, and served meal of is the regular main them, with hot olive oil poured over English Cottager Italy. Our family in Southern a many poor whilst they be straight," Beans teaches to gather your runner the fact learnt on which is an old piece of rustic wisdom, founded large,and old, they grow by experience,that as the pods become bruised, and boiled curly in shape, and tough. Beans, when obstinate to cure coughs which with garlic,have been known In Aiam Bede, by George Eliot, remedies. defied other had and finding with his penknife, read of Alec eating broad Beans we Dr.
Cushing
"'
had
been
84
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
in
them
exchange for " Shropshire blanks and prizes
flavour
a
pineapple
that
would
he
not
the
finest
are
beans
"
About
and chopped up in union, being also together, contain beans and called sulphur blendings." Both peas (whilstricher in mineral salts of potash,and Ume than wheat, barley,or oats), and are therefore apt to provoke flatulent hydrogen gas which is engendered by the sulphuretted indigestion and
bacon
boiled
"
within
the
will
languid digestion,and
a
incidental
such
to
crying,
were
peas, all over in Pickmch,
enough, the
addressed as
"
has
covered
with
to
"
time
Weller,
in words
them
of three
into
of
Weller,
the
stage-
refractory
the
ostrich
an
long-suffering
varieties,black, green, mixed
with
boiled
afresh, and
and
further
tion fermenta-
thus
concocted
s",uce
cool, into
put, when
bottles,
point of view it is superiorto any all over in our markets. other sauce Soy is made Japan, and with is partaken of by the entire Japanese population,almost is extensivelyeaten, whilst meal. In China, Soy Cheese every various and pastes are prepared from the Beans. sauces, or
From
casks.
nutritive
a
"
An
Les
heureux
sont
ohez
sont
;
eux."
"
There
was
old
an
Whose
drink
Which
he took
In
book
Soissonais Haricots
Soy was^ made from certain beetles,and black beetles." improved this to
have "
Thus
Les
old fable said that
Londoners
;
until, through fermentation, they become
fungi ; then brine is added, for a couple of years. The
goes on is afterwards
kind
of endearment.
boiled, then
be
to
are
on
often
costers
very best that Sam
about
father, Tony
pass
Beans
wheat,
or
the
as
came
Blue
Prooshan
These
barley,
old
negotiated. (Glycinasoja) in
oe
Bean
white.
and
his
Dickens'
peas, as ordinarilysupplied,are of eaten, to strain the digestive powers
to
Soy
it
thus
flatulency
"
stomach
human
The
My
parched
when
intestines
and
London,
dusted on pepper tea, will stimulate
the In
Blues,"
Prooshan
a
as
correct
vegetablediet.
a
Fine
"
coachman,
Dried, or
"
Cayenne
in infusion
therewith
taken
foods, or
such
bowels.
and
stomach,
was
sight of the
from
a
City
Lear sings Edward so delightedRuskin
of
of
Troy brandy, and soy. spoon, by the lightof Troy."
person warm
in his Book with
its
"
of Nonsense
the
moon
(1862), which
corollarycarols, inimitable
86
MEDICINAL.
MEALS.
uaten
as
flavour
fine
a
gravy
starch, and
proteidfood
of 2
In
matters.
requiredto
richer
are
in
soda, and
Kichardson
whole
two
25
cent, with. 56 per
per
cent
respectivelyof fatty, and mineral the beef of the with peas, they are Peas richer in potash, and are magnesia ;
common
Benjamin
and
are
cent
per
vegetable kingdom. Lentils Sir
condiments
it.
Lentils contain of
No
soup.
said,
weeks
"
iron.
As
it took
two
get rid of."
to
for
pudding.
pease
days to cook, digestiveflours of
whole
But
manufactured, the latter skilfully being richer in phosphates. Concerning this leguminous pulse, writes Henry Eyecroft (1,90.3) bitter hatred I hate with : a and the names of lentils, haricots,those pretentious cheats of the tabulated appetite, those humbugs, those certificated of either human An food. ounce crudities,callingthemselves is equivalentto, we are told, how many pounds (?) of the best both
and
peas,
lentils
ale
now
"
steak.
rump
the
brain
There
of him
Preach, and the
that
?
gusto
I
Cambridge tripe,than
it, or
you
will, the
and
chemical
will get
lentils
out
aye,
yielded me
be
it.
English palate,which
is
of
state
be
makeshift.
that
What
who
man
really
equivalentfor natural
an
nourishment
more
believes
who
farinaceous
analysiscan
sausage, can
moral
in
commonsense
of him
proves as
of
ounces
many
judge, rejectsthis
intellectual
believes
best
who
tabulate
supreme
is the
not
are
out
of
an
inch
of
of couple of ounces by half a hundredweight
of
a
right
honest
of the
grown."
ever
BEEF.
Thk
flesh of the of
highest form
Its solid parts
has
ox
been
sustenance,
composed
are
in the
consists
nutriment
for both
of albumin,
albumin,
salts.
insoluble
excluded
from
solids of the
Raw
hot. cooked heat
Beef
meat,
; but
liquidextracts is
because
there
parasiteswhich
is can
more
of Beef, made
to
readily assimilated its albumin
has
sick.
Its
chief
fibrin, for building up
body. These elements become substance by heat, and have therefore
the
the
the
fat, creatin, creatinin,
various and
this country
sound, and
the
tissue, and
acid, muscular
inosinic
long reputedly in
not
coagulated into to be of necessity be kept, and taken when
become
eaten
hardened
than
by
always the risk of its then containingnoxious only be killed by cooking. If Beef, or other
BEEF.
87
of the
digestivepowers, so as to it will within the body unchanged by the gastricjuices, remain soon undergo putrescence, whereby corrupt products will pass Beef sandwiches Raw into the blood, entailingmischief. may in of be given watchfully cases great debility,prostration,or of ox tongue, gently boiled, bloodlessness. Likewise, sandwiches Animal tongues consist of soft meatare light,and nutritious. said Mr. Weller at the fibre permeated by fat. Tongue ? Well : tongue's a wery (in Pickwick) ; shooting luncheon woman's." Reindeer's it aint a tongues are good thing when largelyimported into this country from Russia ; they are snowsalt whatever cured, no being used, so that the mildness, and richness of flavour are preserved. and With regard to Beef extracts, which are legionin name, satisfactoryevidence for any number, it is well said that no and reallyrestorative properties, belief in their having nourishing, of Liebig'sExtract, for instance, is forthcoming. Two ounces food, is taken
animal
in
excess
"
"
"
taken
be
can
any
other
the
nervous
at
stimulants
brain
the
to
it has
allowed
be
to
of these
Bovril
fluid
(which
Again, in solid
a
the is a
of
sediment
useless
Beef-tea
food
rests
on
several
consists
merely
protestedthat
three
Essence, Brand's
Brand's
preparationshave
liquidwill only, and
; the
the presence of
as
depend.
to
fragments, as
it were,
of
concerning Beef-tea, unless this includes constituents, the coagulated albuminous
a
therein
solution "all
be
nil.
whole
"
the
A
of flocculent
caused
hquid Fothergill
the
of Dr.
by
as
particles
animal
fibrin ; the rest of the extractives."
bloodshed
clear Beef-tea of Beef-tea
claim
and
represent albumin,
which
one
the It is solelyon Extract, etc., etc. tissue of no as use cordials, but
of the
value
of
white
the
As
substance."
manner
nutrient
a
has
like
are
"
"
exertion.
teaspoonfuls wit, Liebig'sExtract,
matter
for Invahds,
these
animal
broken-down
capable of removing
are
Hutchison,
represent only the
extractives
Such
they
coffee do,
tea, and
that
preparations,to
advertised
constructors),that
that
nutritive
Beef, Bovril '
way
R.
Dr.
Bouillon, Armour's
extractives
same
fatigueafter tiringbodily
of fact," says much will contain as
egg of any
'
producing
without
man
of
in the
matter
Beef
healthy
a
And as respects shght diarrhcea. be must system, equally unsatisfactoryevidence act extractives as is no There proof that meat
the effects of muscular a
by
that
effect than
confessed.
though
time
one
the
warlike
88
MEALS
ambition persons
of
MEDICINAL.
Napoleon, is
who
have
confidence
in
adding to
the
the
notliingcompared
as
sunk
into
food-value
Beef-tea
the
being taken to reduce nutritive qualitiesof the
care
their of
graves Beef-tea ! "
exhausted these
to
a
myriads of from a misplaced Nevertheless, by to
the
fibrous
sohds
of the
state
of fine
meat,
division,the
materially increased ; so that what is termed whole Beef-tea is thus a beneficially however well made, is only a produced. Ordinary Beef-tea, It may cordial stimulant, and not a sustainingfood. be mixed with hold chicken-broth albuminous (which actually does tea
can
be
"
constituents
in
"
and will then represent useful solution),
sustenance.
Beef
juices,expressed from raw, lean meat, difier from meat obtained extracts by heat, in. still containing the proteids (or prime solids)of the meat, now uncoagulated ; but (says a high of these juicescan be taken in a sufficiently authority)none large to much to the quantity supply proteid body. Summing up the questionof the value which extractives of Beef, and of other red meats stand entitled to claim, Dr. Hutchison gives it as his dictum that the tissues, or supply the body renew they cannot with and therefore not foods. are They pass out of energy, the body through the kidneys in the same form in which they it ; they do not the entered restorative stimulants act to as heart, though they may possiblyhelp to remove fatigue; and yet they are powerful aids to digestionby calhng out a free flow of gastricjuice from within the stomach, whilst their pleasant flavour serves to arouse the appetite. The only means of getting the full value of Beef in small bulk is by the use of the dried meat with powders." A solution of the white of egg flavoured sound meat-extract forms efficient substitute for the a cheap and juicesof raw, lean Beef. In South there Africa, Beef is prepared to make what is known as biltong,"which, with bread and butter, is very appetizing for invaHds, and most cut out in nourishing. The Beef, when a long, tongue-shaped stripfrom the hind leg of an ox (from the thigh-bone to the knee-joint),is then rubbed with some brown and of salt, some an ounce saltpetre. This sugar, rubbing, and then turning, is continued dailyfor three days, after which time the meat is put under a press for a night ; it is dried in the wind, and then hung in the chimney until still next "
"
When drier, and pretty firm. thin slices,or rasped. Persons
eaten
it is to
sufieringfrom
be
cut
into
sea-sickness
very on
BEEF.
board
ship have
would as
them
tempt
fresh Prime
reUshed
"
this
to
89
"
when
biltong It is quite
eat.
meat, being Beef, when freshlyroasted,
other
no
readily
as
delicacy-
assimilated
uncooked.
generallytaken
broiled, may
or
almost
be
compared to alcohol in its stimulatingeffects at first ; indeed, De Quincey has told of a medical student in London, for whose feel to knowledge in his professionhe (Quincey) had reason great respect, who assured him that a patientin recoveringfrom illness had got drunk Beef-steak." And an on a quite recently the Lancet, borrowing this idea so to as apply it further, has declared : One can truly state that there are hundreds, and hundreds of men and women in our midst who are dailystupefying themselves with Beef, heavy, and in excess, thereby deadening their brains, paralysing their bodies, and ruining their health ; of such food than those who are fully people need more young "
"
but
grown,
None of the
it is the
adults
dish
invocation
of Charles
Beef-steak
"
are
we
"
Koast
national
gormandizing!
all the
do
in boastingtriumphantly justified Beef of Old England as pre-eminentlyour great and in repeating right loyally the spirited ;
the less,though, "
who
Old
"
Club "
"
(Laureate, in 1785), to the
Morris
."
beef
May
Where dared
Has
With Where
With Like
never
Jove,
coast.
buU
roast.
tyrant god,
a
purloin,
to
rode
the billows
madam
sea
to
stuffing!
for
fair maids
sirloin.
his
on
Island
Britain's ^A
"
buU
inside
white
a
brazen
a
men
loves
Who As
long bless our favoured despotic ruffian
no
lies
steak,
our
round
of gravy
it. "
Shalots, in fragrance scattered, make The
So
at
first Beef-steak the
live and
Club
of Dr.
instance
house
here
story
die in
Samuel
and
bold
;
glory."
Johnson,
Ivy
:
;
in re-organised
was
in
it
behold,
just graudsires,
Be, like your
The
emblem
ancient
Remember
surrounds
which
rock- work
Isle's best
Our
Lane.
the
and
This
met
Club
winter
of 1749,
weekly had
at
been
a
first
famous
Beef-steak
formed
to by Rich, the famous Harlequin; it continued behind the stage of the Lyceum Theatre, meetings in rooms
held its
in 1735
1867, when,
in London,
up
reduced
eighteen,its
to
to
doors
as
the roll of members
were
closed
for
ever.
had In
become 1869
its
90
MEALS
effects
sold at Christie's Auction
were
Lambert, tlie Scene beef-steak
Painter
broiled
sometimes
was
there
Theatre
burnt
and
panelled room, when
had
inscribed
In
Art
the
"
Good
and
then
for
up
quarters,
to the
back
Lyceum oak-
famous
steaks
great gridiron;
from
well it
men
the
to
its
in
'twere
beef
moved
the
read
we
it
over
done,
were
quickly."
: "
for
pudding
;
decorum
If
:
done
were
the
"
the
the Covent
1808, when
In
Saturday nights
of Cookery (1708) Come
Also
the Club.
Shakespeare's words
'tis done, then
and
painting room, convivialityfrom
fire in the
House,
on
his
Theatre, had
Garden
down, the Club
Coffee
it met
stage, where were
Covent
the
over
to form
was
first to the Bedford
this
of
OriginallyGeorge
rooms.
joined by visitors,whose
dish led them
savoury Garden
MEDICINAL.
of the
youth stage."
and
age,
:
"
"
A
cauldron
On
the
of Pat
Beef, and mob
huzzaing
shall
stoupe of ale
prevail
more
them, with the nicest art. Ragouts of peacock's brains, or filber'd tart."
Than
Beef of
rump-steak are intimatelyassociated with the history food trainer. Sir disciplineof pugilists.The famous Parkyas, of Bunny Park, greatlypreferredBeef-eaters he termed who On the other ate mutton. sheep-eaters, trained Humphries, the pugilist,was by Ripshaw at
the
what
hand,
Beef,
first upon was
made
but
roast,
or
boiled.
action
of air upon
Beef,
as
upon
cooked,
the
the
or
softens
the
fibrinous
died otherwise
than
be safelycooked, and
the time
shall not
eat
to
wise
within
that
as
say
of
which
has
not
it exercises
which
flesh
of
an
animal
by being slaughteredlor food, ; it
eaten
anything
(in
The
parts.
of the Levitical
patriarch), Thou thy gates that he
by Moses
shaft
to the
of itself "
spiritwhich give it unto
eat
it
:
or
thou
;
which never
may
sanitary ordinance
a
dieth
of
may
was
law
that
meanness
"
a
same
all meat
the Beef
is absorbed, and carbonic acid is livingbody, oxygen of lactic acid forms Concurrently, a certain amount meat, which, during the subsequent cooking, dissolves,
in
from
is the
frozen,
or
flesh that
"
exhaled.
an
much
so
for mutton,
been
has
thereupon
changed The
in
gave
and
Thomas to
if you
enjoined "
Israelites, Ye
though
he
ceeded pro-
for
strange the stranger that was
mayest
so
is
sell it unto
alien." Raw
Beef, by
some
specialvirtue
which
it possesses,
is
a
BEER.
highly Sir ?
"
useful
applicationto Jingle (at the
asked "
room).
Here, Waiter
Nothing
eye.
lamp-post odd
like
In
Manchester,
carved beautifully the
but
lower
the
Beef-steak
a
Eye damaged,
Hotel, travellers'
for the
Very good
!
is
from
in which
century) a
at
of
sideboard
a
the top of
eye
your
"
thirteenth
Room,
bedstead
with
! ha
Cold
Deuced
inconvenient.
! ha
(of the
gentleman's
bruise, Sir.
a
half-an-hour
street
it is made
part of
for
Wardens'
oak;
"
Cross
lamp-post
School
within
Golden
raw
the
Cheetham
"
"
bruise.
recent
a
Beef-steak
open ? eh lamp-post,
the
from
a
raw
good,
very
standing in
against a
:
91
bookcase, and
Pretender young with shows special
the
slept. The lad who takes a visitor round the cock that crows when it smdls delightthe carving of is a PeUcan Beef," opposite to which ; tempore, Charles "
roast
the
Second.
BEER.
{See which
also
Ale
and
Malt).
is
practicallyAle when brewed together with hops, is not of sedentary habits ; unless a good beverage for persons taken the liver with quite moderately by such, it burdens products of starch ferment, and causes dyspeptic sluggishness. If Beer in the stomach, this may gives rise to acidity perhaps in the liquoritself, be the result of an acid fermentation especially if it has not been German Beers are kept long in the cask. Beee,
fermented
country, and a
at
lower
a
contain
secondary
extent
more
temperature starch
fermentation
drunk, and
when
than
those
made
into dextrin
converted
takes
placein produces much
them
to
a
fore ; there-
able consideracid
carbonic
this
in
gas.
pitch in of the barrels. the wood Lager Beer (or Stock Beer) is a hght stocked for ripening before called because German Beer, so its soporific efEects in some It has been said to owe being used. which to the leeks used in its manufacture, vegetablemakes cases teaches who partake thereof sleepy. But the Lancet persons is rather of garlicin Lager Beer flavour that the well-known this beverage is brewed. due to the low temperature at which is Root-Beer In the New England States, unfermented similar and children, this being somewhat made for the women, The
peculiarflavour
of Bavarian
Beers
is attributed
to
"
in character
to
the
well-known
"
Kop's
Ale
"
of the British
"
Isles,
92
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
Sir Horace
Walpole, writingfrom Newmarket, October, 1743, to Sir Horace What a Mann, just after his return from Italy,says did Paradise (after the bare,wide barns of Italian inns) I think the were hostelryat Dover when I got back ; and what magnificence the twopenny prints,salt-cellars,and boxes to hold the knives ! "
but
the summum-honum
I bless'd my who assured
call'd it
stars, and
"
Small
the
was
Beer, and the newspaper
luxury
!
"
It
Swiveller
Dick
was
!
"
slavey,(when she told had a sip of Beer,") with much him confidentially that she once be tasted in a sip." In Pickwick Beer cannot solemnity,that read about we dog's nose (formerlya mixed drink of spiced Committee Brick Lane malt (of the liquor) which your Temperance Association)find to be compounded of warm porter, 'So from ! moist sugar, gin, and and it is : (a groan nutmeg an elderlyfemale)." the
small
Marchioness "
"
"
"
"
'
"
Again,
"
flip
Ale
is warmed
and
or rum, cognac, this is then beaten
whites
the
Ale, or
ginger,with
up left
with
some
which
Beer,to
nutmeg, stirred,or
have
been
sugar, added ;
eggs (half is The drink
frothed
out), and is well mixed. A yard of flannel." known in some Pepys {Diary, parts as Comes to dinner, our January 4th, 1666) says : company served so nobly in plate,and a neat dinner, indeed, though but
being
"
"
of
night to sup, and then to cards ; and, last of all,to have a flaggonof Ale, and apples,drunk of a wood out Christmas Mulled all merry." as a draught, which made eup, dishes.
seven
At
fettled Porter
Ale, and
of last century
for
were
favourite
nourishing the
drinks
exhausted
stuffinga catarrh in its second stage. The by warming the hquor, sweetening it, and In nutmeg. eggs, and spice,particularly left out,
were
eggs
and
lemon
was
up
Ale in
mixing
added.
middle
invaUd, and
mulled
"
the
to
"
fettled The
was
made
beaten-up Porter
fettler
utensil,hke an inverted cone, for putting on copper this is known hooter heat the drink ; elsewhere a as
for
the
was
the a
fire to
(heater?),a skillet Red Cup, and a spigot. The object a Mother (withlegs), to make the ingredientshot quickly,so that all the spirit of was read in recent the Beer should not be evaporated. We Enghsh that of centuries the a history couple country Squires ago brewed ale at home after a mid-day a which, speciallystrong "
"
"
dinner, stood and
was
modern
then hot
on
the table in decanters drunk
cordial
in heu
of wine."
preparation,made
marked "
with
the "
oat-plant,
Ale-posset is a more with milk (half-a-pint),
94
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Pinus wMcli
oleo-resin
essential
consists
If the
oil.
ohemicallyby distillation,
oil is extracted
fixed a sylvestris "
of
base, and
resinous
a
tears,"
or
resin
drops,
volatile
a
which
trickle
out
during the day, they will benefit chronic bronchitis, and will abate the cough of Also eight or ten drops of the pine oil given in consumption. tism. three or four times a day will relieve chronic rheumaa little milk on
the stems
Wool is made
into
of
it has
with
saturated
six of them
or
oil, and
of this
some
then
dried,
socks, for the
and
use
sufferers.
by
been
doctors
by
long employed
asthma,
extolled ; he
gave
rheumatism.
and
from
heat
{Pi'x liquida)is extracted
was internally. Tar-water {Siris)almost as a panacea
sores,
five
blankets, jackets,spencers,
of rheumatic Tar
pines be taken,
the Scotch
fir ;
both
in 1747
externally, and by Bishop Berkeley
it for scurvy, skin diseases, of the It promotes several
Tar yields pyrobodily secretions, particularly the urine. and also and oil of creosote. tar, guaiacol, pitch, ligneousacid,
Syrup
of
tar
is
officinal
an
in
medicine
U.S.
America,
for
ointment is cough. Tar skin eruptions; but in eczema highlyefficacious for curing some no preparationof tar should be applied as long as the skin weeps, with a singularpractice Dr. Cullen met and is activelyinflamed. carried out was regarding tar : A leg of mutton put to roast, being basted during the whole process with tar instead of butter ; whilst it roasted a sharp skewer was frequentlythrust into the of the meat to let the juices run substance out, and with the in the dripping-pan the body of tar and found mixture gravy for three or four consecutive anointed all over of the patientwas body-hnen being worn throughout all this time. nights,the same The plan proved quite successful in curing obstinate lepra. The chronic
Swedes
bronchitis,
call the fir
"
and
the
winter
scorbutick
"
tree
to this
day.
Tar-water
with half a gallonof water a pint of tar by stirring for fifteen minutes, and then decanting it ; from half a pint to a pint of this may be taken daily. Tar ointment is prepared with Said Mrs. Joe five parts of tar to two pounds of yellow wax. Gargery, in Great Expectations(C. Dickens), to her boy brother she had brought up by hand (and a hard one, too !), Pip, whom Some medical You beast had come along, and be dosed." is to
be
made
"
"
revived
tar-water
in those
days
as
a
fine medicine, and
Mrs. Joe
always kept a supply of it in the cupboard, having a belief in At the best of times its virtues correspondent to its nastiness.
BEER.
SO
mucli
of this elixir
life)as a smelling
like
of my
urgency
down
poured held
choice
Joe but
a
I
demanded
case
throat
was
mixture, which
greater comfort
as
a
boot
that
would
while
(much
to
was
Mrs.
be held
got ofE with
big husband)
swallow
me
the
pint of
a
arm,
(says Pip in after conscious of going about particularmorning the to
this
for my
her
(her meek, to
On
fence.
new
under
made
was
administeced
was
restorative, that
my
head
my
95
in
half
Joe jack. boot-
a
pint,
a
his disturbance
as
he
meditating before the fire)because he turn.' had had a Judging from myself, thought poor little if he had Pip, I should say he certainlyhad a turn afterwards before." Edward had none Fitzgerald,writing to John Allen I have two from just concocted Boulogne (July, 1840), said : the directions of Bishop Berkeley ; under gallons of tar-water off this very it is to be bottled day, after a careful skimming, drank and then by those who can, and will. It is to be tried it to begin, and old woman first on ; if she survives, I am my will then gradually spread into the parish, through England, peaceful lake." pebble stirs the Europe, etc., as the small Against the foot-rot of sheep, tar is most efficacious, as the trite of a ha'porth of tar." saying tells, Not to lose a sheep for want of a patient for disease of the kidneys the removal In chronic residence or near pine woods will often prove beneficial, a among, of the terebinthinate atmosphere constantlyrespired. by reason milk, butter milk, and whey, A diet consistingmainly of skim to this cure assistance will give material by saving the kidneys slowly munching,
sat
and
'
"
"
from
hard
Porter with
excretory so
was
London
the
for
substance
work. either
called
porters,
and
bodily bulk, Stout since
the
brew
was
Stout nervous
and
such is
as
is
an
that
of
Porter, when
Guinness'
to
Stout.
banish I
of
DubUn
as
soporific.
admirable
to
in
of
"
Stout,
sort;
hence,
strength the Bottled
etc.
desired
met
sugar,
large unwieldy brewers' men. dray-
extra
insomnia, shun
scarcely ever
and
example, bread
any
If it be
therein
solution
as, for
leads
Beer
or
Stout, such
and disquietude, drink
time,
commonly
seen
strength, and either partially,
its
by
.
drink
its
to
It is made
malt
this
favourite
a
fatteningdextrin,
same
Ale,
strong
introduction termed
of
excess
into
was
allusion
givingbodily support. high-driedmalt, which
An
cheese.
in
or
wholly of materiallyaids the conversion of starchy foods taken at the or
it
because
tea,
avoid
to or
with
cofiee, a
man
96
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
who
could
resist the
of
those
of bottled
efEects soporific
better
than
resin."
Temperance widely known
opium,
and
Stout
ascribed
been
have
largelypatronizethe
advocates
they
:
to
far
are
hop
the
which
drink
of which Kop's Ale, about the freedom alcohol doubts often expressed. But from are just lately this beverage has been carefully,and authoritativelytested, with of alcohol revealed itself, an the result that only -25 per cent in an than is contained inappreciable quantity, less indeed The ordinary loaf of bread. beverage is bright, clear, well the same as aerated, and of excellent flavour, tastingprecisely any siderable conlightbitter ale which contains alcohol,and keeping for some tation, time without its alcohol increasingby further fermenthe quality,and or potabilitydeteriorating.It may be ing, for all who desire a palatable,refreshthoroughly commended
is
now
as
"
and
safe
said
Thackeray small
thinks beer
drink.
summer
about of
beer
of ourselves, my
a
noble
friend !
BEET
Beet
The
derived
from
borne
by
letter
B.
The As
Sea
!
ROOT.
gardens
Beet, which
vessels,when
She
small
think
don't
we
"
Newcomes,
"
is of the
tribe, and
G-oosefoot
about plentifully
grows
originated through
name
its seed
swollen
a
fancied
with
English
resemblance
seed,
to
the
Greek
Therefore,
Greeks an
kitchen
our
the
Its
coasts.
"
of
Well
painters!
The
in
character
gave
its
teacher
Attic
name
would
to the
Beet
-write the
from same
their on
wax
alphabet's second letter' with a sharp stiletto.',
Mangel Wurzel, also a variety of Beet, means hterally, Scarcityroot." Occasionally the leaves of the Sea Beet (which is slenderfor the table. Beet root as rooted) are cooked greens of cane contains a large amount especially in the sugar, largewhite Sugar beet," from the roots of which plant Beet-root is extensively manufactured in France, Germany, and sugar other countries. The root some ordinary red garden Beet contains nearly as much sugar as the Sugar beet ; but in the of cooldng for table, a considerable quantity of this process soluble sugar is lost,so that the garden Beet when boiled does
The "
"
"
"
not
contain
more
sugar
than
three
per
cent
;
but
its
root
is
BEET
richer
in
cellulose sUces
vinegar to
its
increases
than,
of red
ROOT.
other
most
Beet
97
softens
root
digestibility ; but it does is abundantly present.
sugar which Beet root boiled
tubers.
An
the
addition
fibrous
when
the
is reduced
root
eat it, though in the person may of the sugar is sacrificed.
any
functions
is
increased
an
the
flow
white
of urine.
having
a
in the
character, and free from
sugar
contains
the
on
the
whole Beet
The
the
oxides
of soda
is
and
pleasant wine
be made
when
Bortch, which
is the
of it
as
is the
treasures
hidden
top, and
beneath
concealed,with chicken which
in its
; while contains
the
at
"
as sour
quite possibleto
make
a
is
sugar
cane
of
sugar, A
whole
and
Baked
beets
generallybegins
dinner
the
beef.
of roast
is
Russian
This
is of
a
as
deep
having a "stock onions, perhaps,are swimming
of
root, but
surface
to
juicethereof
the
excellent cosmetic.
an
soup,
Beet
bottom
cream,
gives
sugar.
; and
is
Russian
additional
an
its ash
of Betterave.
name
depths ; the
face
national
from
a
molasses
large percentage
a
the roots
Englishman
colour,being made
that
so
with
in coffee,
Next, Beet-root
Beet-root
of the
A
made
in
not
salts, especiallyof soda.
from
the
bears
root
table.
proud
the
the
skin
the
that
as
potash ;
alkaUne
capital for the
with
red
may
applied to
Sometimes
and
sweetened
carbonates, is
molasses, and
cane
these be dispelled
cannot
like efieot is found
drinks.
more
of
of tea, when
beverage
superiorarticle to characterized by
a
which
alkaUne
A
are),
never
difier in two
carbonates, many taste
cane
contains
sugar
infusion
than
mucilage, starch,
are
Beet
same
sweetened
extractives
more
of
more
other
sugar,
(which they
pure
the
this admixture.
in several
and
characteristic
flavour
the womb's
Beet-root
of alkaline
powerful,and
much
cooking
cuhnary flavour, they
; and therefore it is that an beet sugar containing such
with
and
form
of
process
almost
puree,
will stimulate
when
important respects. First, extractives
a
the
is laxative, and
Though
for
yet commercially, and
to
difficulty, gastric
a
derangements of
Beet
chemicallyidentical
are
sugar,
helpfulagainstsome
whilst
;
cane
persons of a certain age rather they do not digest or indigestible,
juice. Therefore,
root
the
To
is very it at all. It is not the sugar pulp which thus proves but the porous network which resists the action of
This
tissue,and
interfere with
not
of
tomatoes a
"
the
eaten
meal
not
succulent
chop,
zest
be
are
waiter with
improbably as
a
young
brings soup." a
the
of "bortch"
on
soup,
tureen
It is with 7
98
MEALS
and vegetables, first
Bortch stock
"
Bake
soup
four
boil for half
;
about
in it ; or this is therefore much liked on a Saint's day, after a rigorousfast.
meat
dinner
at
course
beets
Eub
hour.
an
down
a
wine, with
and
cayenne,
as
a
For
put into good
peel,slice,and
;
three
tablespoonfulof vinegar,and a sieve ; when add ready to serve
one
through
MEDICINAL.
beets
raw
little water
with all
; pass
glassof Madeira
one
salt to taste."
BILBESBY, {See Whortlbbeeey).
SMALL.
BIRDS, Such
of
small
our
fowl
Blackbird, Jjark, Robin, Snipe, whilst Woodcock, good for the table,
Sparrow, Thrush, and exercise severallycertain curative
for
medicinal
effects
Blackbird
The
uses.
the
as
which
(Menda
nigretta)is said
if its flesh be
increase
available
are
to
all
eaten at melancholy freely. Against depressionof the spiritsit was prescribedfor occasional use by the Salernitan school of physicians. Cardinal Fesch at Lyons
blackbirds
had them
like
was
of his blackbirds As
diocese.
from
sent
great devourer
a
for
in
melodious of
bird
larks
Europe
they have which that
to
they
in France
the
when
"
alnuette (a
be
first
such
are
killed
inflict
it is not
to
on
in
bird
so
is served
stuffed with on
a
Paris is concerned, these littlebirds,which
in
reduce
to
as
remains
lark
an
buyers.
alouette until
But it is
as
it
soutli
times
that
damage
have
"
foieqras, since the word French are
So
menu.
offered
by
markets, being almost always displayedfor sale skewers, and already plucked, are commonly called
vendors, and
so
alleged eating particularly
in the
by both
the
the
persons
for
is
eatingthis
certain
at
alone
possesses
Lark
of
eat
in his
trilled forth talk
to
agriculture. Some
appears
defunct
sacrilege. But
numbers,
or spits,
skylark)never
a
nuisance
a
skylark which on
that
to
smell
The
persons. song,
that
say the
snails, this
sweet
heavens,
at
seems
its
for
blue
the
of
consumptive
by English folk
high
soars
used
swallowing Paradise : also, that was enough to revivifyhalf the
propertiesbeneficial adored
Corsica, and
in the
far
as
thousands on
wooden
mauviettes
French
language the plucked, trussed, and ready
it becomes maurdette. a Moreover, in La spitted,when Cuisiniere Bourgeoise,or general French Cookery Book, recipes to
be
BIRDS,
given
are "
and
year, The "
stomack
would
men
much
imitate
relations
under
the
Mrs.
table
heads
and
in this with
with
rouge
supper
is
qui tient
gorge,
compassion de
en
Lousiana, Robin
likewise, after he
;
a
de
has
no
are
then
a
its sad
existence.
regard abroad
de
il rHa
him the
atteintes
nos
le monde
on
la classe
oiseau
for
a
de bees
"
grows the
ait
est figues,
la broche, In
eating the become
there
around
halfthe
"
galleries (as the broiled like a quail,or put the Rouge writes aboat hahitd les contries qu'elle ;
from
he is
a
mais
le rouge
que
bitter flavour.
delicate
which
:
manger
ne
manga
se
aucune
et sa gentilesse,
sa
part, il faut convenir
"
to
Car
que
Vahri
u
savoury
"
best
our
such
any
passage
Abbe pie. A French dans toutes Gorge as presque meprisde adds La Gadille its popular name even
into
do
to
of
toasted
on
we
and
beaten
pinch
a
about known scruples are and gorged on holly-berries,
called),and
of! their
with
them
cruel.
et
tout
tipsy on those of the China tree, dwelling-houses,he is easilyshot verandahs
lay
appreciation. cette.veritd; que le gourmand
Cet aimable
It is remarkable
salmi.
he said,
all your then were
with
harm,
distinguidans
rang
rati tris succulent.
un
et
un
she
if
over
serve
with
meet
inhumain,
Ure
et, commiseration
personne;
often
when
day
well-nighreligious.But
petitoiseau de devraient mettre familiarityeonfiante fallaitavoir
Johnson
Redbreast,
from
est la triste preuve
un far essence de le charmant "pitie
them
fire,and
protect him
to
est
s'il
conduce
larks, cut
them,
Eobin
the
to
dozen
a
about
clear
a
which
gorge
it would
they (the lapdog, who
"
clean
brave, homely little bird fails to La
musick.
killed in America,
firmly, rub
them
respect
esteem
an
with
little concern very these larks (which
time). pick, and
over
country
dead, then
ear
One
others.
in the
epilepsie."
you
bread-crumbs
salt ; broil them bread.
the
great Dr.
first cousin
a
thrice
the
larks,
strew
Again,
The
cholick, and
when
as
for Presto's
legs, truss
and
egg,
at
with
is wholesome
Thrale, and
loss of
roasted
broiled
For
the
give spitted hke
were
eating)and
finesherbes.
aux
formerly the earlyrisingof this bird meat
it would
Madam,
troubled "
healthfulness."
spoke roughly to was lamenting the "
much
with
their
unto
or
physicians, helps the fallingsickness ; larks breed
lark," tells old Fuller,
fiUingthe
salmis,
en
"
themselves
are
99
former
good againstthe
is
If
cHouettes,rdties,or
for
flesh," said
The
SMALL.
"
"
to
the ridicule attached
100
Who
""
"
I,"
killed the
said
bow
Who
Robin
Sparrow,
"
my
Fly,
die ?
"
"
him
saw
Who
little
my
"aveo
?
his blood
"
"
"
avec
mon
mourir."
vu
Qui a recueilli son 'Moi," dit le Poisson, "
little
my
mon
ma
Qui I'a vu mourir? Moi," dit la Mouche, petit oeil, Je I'ai
I," said the Fish, "with dish, J caught his blood."
It is
'
"
flfiche, Rouge-Gorge."
et
"
die."
caught
Rouge-Gorge?
Moi, dit le Moineau, J'ai tu6
"
with
"
tu6
a
arc,
eye, I
Qui
"
'
Robin."
him
the
?
with
"
arrow,
Cook
saw
I," said
Cook
and
I killed "
"
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
?
sang aveo
"
mon
petit plat, J'ai reoueilli
sang."
son
easilysnared, and has been eaten by scores, thouglia noted Englisbman declared in Italy tbat lie would as devour soon a baby as a Robin. Being a brave, fearless, and highly sociable little creature, it may possiblyconfer this same estimable character eaten when habitually,even though under a
bird
most
protest. The
and the Woodcock Snipe (Scolofaxgallinago), (Scolopax hve and therefore contain within rustica), chieflyby suction, themselves, when killed, nothing corruptible; so that they may be eaten, trail and all,their flavour being delicate, whilst rich. An old French thus : {See Game.") quatrain runs "
"
"
Le
becasseau
Duquel II est Et
The
Starlingis
for she best
will eat
birds
that
Starling,and houses). The
"
The
one
oyseau sou
de fort bon resueille
paasager,
et
manger,
I'appetet: petit,
goust fait des vins bien juger."
of the
worst
birds
to
be
bitter ; but, only keep them ahve, is to talk, or whistle." There are House
Starling(which
breeds
in
that
eaten
is,
of the
one
the
Field
churches, and
Thrush
(Turdus musicus) has a flesh excellent for the Nil melius Horace, the Latin Poet, formerly declared "
invahd. turdo
the
par
"
est
la chair
"
;
and, later
Thrush
is of
on,
in the
London
Pharmacoposia,it
is said
:
good nourishment, hotter in its flesh than the Roasted with Blackbird, and preferred by many. myrtle berries it helps the dysentery, and other fluxes of the belly." Thrushes best for eating towards the end of November, are because their meat is then aromatic through the juniper berries which these birds have been feeding. Moreover, the Missel on Thrush afiords anti-epileptic of livingchieflyon food, because mistletoe berries,which of singularvirtue against the falling are
102
MEALS
purgative). in
Two
MEDICINAL.
teaspoonfulsof
such,
baking powder
a
mixed
grainsof the Eochelle salt than contained in an are ordinarySeidlitz powder. Alum instead of cream of tartar is quite objectionable form : it would the phosphates of the flour sulphate of soda, and would make a
more quart of flour,represent forty-five
insoluble. In
the
Dr. early part of the nineteenth century, when for his successful of treatment Abernethy, a physician famous lived in Bloomsbury Square, London, a baker named indigestion, Hill carried
of that
out
runs
his business
on
be better
with
Doctor
some
them,
said,
and
I
will
baker
when
all
batch,
who
as
Hill, I think
so
again
far, but
right so as
break
them." received
lived at the
the
Such
sixty
is
years
put
ago
a
on
the
of William
corner
the
Doctor,
the wind
On
biscuits
Hill followed
came
to
the
street
Doctor
Captain'sBiscuit.
a
in them." he
are
"
which
for the
customary
was
said,
recommend Biscuit
Abernethy a
They
in the next
seeds
Southampton Eow,
call for
sugar
suggestion; and, "
It
Square. morning
a pay this baker of such visits the
in
one
would
Doctor's
tasting
on
few
caraway the stomach
history
from
and
to
S.
Munster
of
;
the
Haddon, Streets,
for Hill. Here Regent's Park, and who had previouslyworked used is the originalmixture Seven by Hill : pounds of winter wheat of granulated sugar, eight ounces of jSour, eight ounces butter, and a few Caraway seeds. Mix, or rub the butter well into the flour, making a bay in the centre the sugar, and ; add seeds, mixing all well together; then break until the dough is After having done clear, and smooth. this, about ten Biscuits be cut, moulded, and pinned on to the a pound may crimping "
board, then
baked
in
drying oven Abernethy
in the
but
the
and
somewhat
a
sound
for four, or Biscuits
now
and, when
oven,
hours."
more
which
Bible,to prepare
These
usuallysold
similar to the unleavened the children
taken
as
bread
out, put
genuine ; spurious,
were
such
are
told about
of Israel baked
in the
their broken
for grain after soaking it in water, not using any substance Mr. Solomon Pell, the making the bread light,or raised. confidential adviser of Tony Weller, and Sam, about family found at the Insolvent Court matters, was regaling himself, business was as an slack, on Abernethy Biscuit,and a saveloy. When took
Lord
with
him
Roberts
first went
good supply of against indigestion) ; and a
out
Bath he
sent
to
South
Oliver for
Africa
he
Biscuits
lent (excel-
another
supply
BLACKBERRY.
by
Lady
owed
its
friend
Roberts
Pope,
notabilities. his
for
fellow
sacks
of
started
in G-reen the
to
When
add
butter
stir
pinch
a
To
recipe for
doctor
Biscuits
they
manufacture
called
Biscuits,
such
sovereigns.The
there
into
over
the
the
and
;
(1749) the
hundred
a
shop, whereat
Street, Bath
of fresh
him
gave
flour,and
a
milk, and
of
and
present day.
ounces
his deathbed
on
coachman,
also ten
she
This Biscuit rejoined him. Dr. Ohver, a famous physician of Bath, the and other Warburton, eighteenth century
to
name
of
when
103
fortunate
made, and sold, still made, and sold
were
are
these
Biscuits
Put
:
two
with a quarter of a pint saucepan, gentle fire until the butter is melted ;
a
of salt, and
a
a
dessertspoonfulof yeast ; then pound of fine flour ;
in very smoothly three-quartersof a the mixture it in a warmed well, wrap
cloth, put it into
a
mixknead
bowl.
and
hearth for a quarter of an hour. Roll it place it on a warm out eight or nine times, leaving it at last a quarter-of-an-inch thick. Stamp it into Biscuits with an ordinary cutter ; prick them
well with until
oven
fork, and
a
the
Biscuits
bake
them
upon
tins in
lightlybrowned,
are
say,
moderate
a
for
about
half-an-hour. For
Macaroon
orders, then
beat
pound macaroons
to
Biscuits,
blanch, the
and
whites
of white
chop and
a
baking sheet,and
small
bake
a
Almonds."
fine half
of three
sugar,
from
"
see
eggs
next
spoon delicate
a
to
A
pound a
recipe
Bavarian
almonds
of sweet
stifi froth ;
add
half
; a
chopped nuts. Drop the to on a paraffinpaper, upon brown in a moderately hot oven. the
BLACKBERRY.
The
Bramble,
which (Ruhus fruticosus), Blackberry Shrub in almost English hedgerow, is familiar to us all. grows every Its popular fruit,ripe in the late summer, furnishes citric,and malic albumin. In 1696 doctors declared acids, pectin, and the ripe berries of the bramble to be a great cordial, and to contain restorative notable a spirit. With the ancient Greeks Blackberries were a common remedy for gout. Blackberry jam, and Blackberry wine are taken nowadays for sore throat in rustic English home, whilst Blackberry jellyis esteemed a many useful against a feeble circulation,and dropsy therefrom. This fruit goes, in some of Scotch bumbledistricts,by the name the cry of the bittern, and bumble," kites," from kyte," or
"
"
"
104
a
MEALS
Scotch
word
Dr.
says
for "
Prior,
from
from
the
scalp; the
who
eat
curative
rumbHng,
who
and
caused
bumbling
in
the
the fruit too
eat
fruit to
excess
;
is M'"res
sauvages,
berries
Milres
or
others
as
or,
suppose,
malady of the good produced by applying
efEects of the
again, from the remedial The externallyto scalds.
or,
leaves
comic
the
being applied,"
title bumble-kite
the
greedily." the Blackberryhas also acquired the name of Scaldberry, scald-head as producing,as some say, the eruption known
in children from
"
belly;
the bellies of children But
MEDICINAL.
in
this
French
for
name
de haie.
Tom
Hood,
berries Blackin
his
"
going a blackburying." The fruit,if gathered whilst nicelyripe (beforeOld Michaelmas Day, October the devil is supposed to 11th, when spit on them), and dried in a slow oven, being then reduced to powder, will prove efficacious by their tannin for curingdysentery, continued than or diarrhoea, more so astringentdrugs. This be kept dry in a well-corked bottle. powder must Where ? asks Laura Matildas Dirge, in the Rejected Addresses and Smith James of Horace (1812) ." has
way,
"
described
funeral
negro
a
as
"
"
"
is
Where
Cupid's crimson motion, ? Billowy ecstasy of woe Bear me straight,meandering ocean Where
"
mihi
Due
in
produces other
any
luscious
gathered, and which
is
bruise
them
a
the
motus
flow."
puer
alitis 1
surrepis,angor,
made
Blackberry world
:
then
?
recto
ruunt."
bush
luxuriantly nigh a pest
more
it is well
grows
is of the
thereon
about
Sydney it is largely jelly. For Blackberry wine,
jam, and astringentcordial, measure to every gallon of the into
0, qui
aquis tramite
indeed,
fruit which
Round
nature.
reliable ;
the
part of the
parts, though
some
most
turbineis
waters
mare labyrintheum, due me rapidi fontes, pigra, caterve
Quo
than
stagnant
Oh, nbi purpurei Me
Austraha
the
your
fruit add
berries, and
quart of for twenty-four hours, a
Let the mixture stand boiling water. being occasionallystirred ; next strain ofi the Hquid, adding to gallon a couple of pounds of refined sugar, and keep it in every it will caskj tightlycorked, until,the followingOctober, when a It's my of Lyonesse be ripeand rich. own wine," said Armorel it myself last year I made of ripe Blackberries." (Besant) ; Wine of Samson," answered Roland the gloriousvintage Lee, of the Blackberry ; in pies,and jam-pots I know him, but not "
"
"
"
BLACKBERRY.
yet in decanters.
as
the
glass to and
clings to drank
he
light,smelt
tasted
then
Thank
the
"
it.
palate :
it up. home-made
Other
105
thank
!
you
!"
you
He
it, rolled it gently round
Sweet,"
he
a
Wines
sweet
in the "
said
liqueurwine
held
critically,and
!
a
curious
wine
the
glass,
strong
!
"
:
Then
almost
equally delicious, little spirit, and each
are
singularlywholesome, containing but possessingthe herbal virtues of the fruit,or flowers, from which it is made. Perhaps you'd like to spend a couple of shillings, in a bottle of Currant wine bye-and-bye up in the bedroom," or so said Steerforth httle David to Copperfield,when newly come School ; House to Salem belong to my bedroom, I find." you So, respectingBritish Raisin wine (which is luscious,and slightly laxative),C. S. Calverleyrelates,touching the fair JuUa Goodchild, when he was a friskypupil at Dr. Crabb's Boarding School : and
"
"
"
"
With
she
me
When
danced
I brought
Drink
!
'
till drowsily her
her
Raisin
began
eyes
blink
to
;
'
wine, and
said, Drink, pretty creature
;
"
that the proper opinion of Charles Dickens place is not the for Champagne the dinner-table, but at at dance, where it takes its fittingrank, and feathers, position,among white satin and Bau de shoes, lace, embroidery, ribbons, gauze, Cologne ; for Champagne is simply one of the elegant extras of
It
the
was
"
hfe." fermented
A
Birch
liquor may [Beivla alba) in
tree
throughout
be
and
sap of the time, this being collected
also
Spring
the
mountains,
the
made
from
the
districts
wooded
of
Germany,
possessed of diuretic properties,and for modifying the is antiscorbutic, being especiallycommended Birch bark yieldsan oil which melhtus. of diabetes symptoms leather its peculiarpleasant odour. is used for giving to Russia Scandinavia.
and
In the and or
Birch-rod bore
oil of this tree
in
the
to
its tender
to "
I
There
There,
Chaucer's
of
time
kind
mercies
"
Gon
at
little Adam
a
the leaves, the sap, Indian Birch, West
gum-elemi,
of
traditional
of
use
youth upwards. Clapham Academy : I
was
is
which
a
Hood
our
birched, there a
The
The
gout.
all from
was
like
a
learning'swoeful
From
In
us
maladies
employed.
are
treatment
is known
witness
chronic
furnishes
gumbo-lumbo,"
beneficial
is
of various
treatment
the "
It
"
bred.
fed tree."
blackberyed
"
seems
to
have
been
106
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
"
"
Gone to expressionsignifying Gone to pot," or ruin." Though that her soul's gon' a blackeberyed {Pardners from the Brambleberry, and taken Tale). Jelly,or jam made bread in the place of butter, was on highly commended against rod gravel by Mr. Pott, a noted centuries ago. Dr. two surgeon, in the bladder, has suffered Franklin, who long from stone recorded his assurance that Blackberry jam, of which he consumed The large quantities,certainlyserved to relieve him. was Anglo-Saxon name Bramble-apple." Gipsies say that in cooking Blackberries cannot them stew too long. For you fresh the juice should be expressed from Blackberry Cordial ripefruit,putting half a pound of white sugar to each quart of this juice,togetherwith half an ounce of powdered nutmeg, and the same of cloves (bruised); boil these together for a short when cold. time, and add a httle good brandy to the mixture In Cruso's (1771) it is directed for Treasury of Easy Medicines old inveterate of Blackberry leaves ulcers, to take a decoction
a
humorous
"
"
"
"
"
made
with
each
night be
to
wine, and and
foment which
morning,
Animal
When
aromatic
however
them,
savour.
redolent
flavour
;
of musk." of which
animal mixed
with
intestines, this
Chemically the
so
as
Blood,"
to
is Thudicum, (to gravy), although
ox, and
But
among
civilized
Blood
has
is
of animals
a
a
distinct
considerable traces
the
empyreumatic oil. The serum, Blood, includes sulphur. Experimentally it
the
blood that
colour the
of the
ox,
of animal
presence
is colourless, contains
article of
in
black
some
of snails, which
and particular,
enclosed
into
contains
the
being remarkably the pig is the nations
famishes
made
its
not
cow
spices,whilst
pig's blood
several
"
Dr.
says
of the
the
of
the
in
its alkaline flatness,
iron, besides albumin, fibrin,hydrogen, some
acid,iand
as
hot,
difficult
example,
addition
overcome
that
fat, und
Blood
for
cooking : puddings, the
black
as
in
extract giving a savoury animal each speciesof eatable
distinctive
of
this whilst
ANIMALS.
of
of
;
is used
"
of
capable
food
will heal
OF
spicesis necessary
lack
blood
Blood
known
sausages
only
with
ulcers
cured. BLOOD
and
the
prepared puddings. quantity of prussic
thin
or
turns as
part of out
much
that iron
that the red calf, this fact going to prove Blood is not due, as is generallysupposed, to or
of iron
in that
fluid.
The
saline
constituents
of
BLOOD
Blood
OF
ANIMALS.
107
phosphates of lime, and magnesium, with chlorides, In sulphates,and phosphates of potash and soda. Pickwick, Mr. Roker, the coarse turnkey at the Fleet Prison for debt, when what to be his wretched were showing Mr. Pickwick round him whilst he was on quarters there, turned fiercely mildly uttered in an fashion excited certain expostulating,and unpleasant invocations limbs, and concerning his own eyes, circulating fluids." tells that the Blood of animals us Pliny (and, indeed, human are
"
Blood so
well)was
as
Ukewise
certain
the
administered
Blood
of the
parts of the
Western
in his time
for curative
purposes
;
is in medicinal
to-day in vogue This is because of
ox
Hemisphere. the well-ascertained fact that iron, particularly its organic salt (haemoglobin)as found in Blood, forms one of the most important It may constituents. be thus supphed from the pig in the from the ox, or cuhnary form of black puddings ; as Ukewise sheep, if so desired. Among the Boers in South Africa dog's Blood is an estabhshed remedy for convulsions, and fits. It is of modern liver has discovery that in health the human of iron, for carrying to receive a comparatively large allowance the vital processes of combustion and oxidation, as its special on functions.
through
This
any
form
iron of
beasts of prey,
is best
physic.
derive
obtained We
from
know
that
their needful
the many
food, and
not
animals, especially
exclusively
supply of iron
is rich containing a largeproportion of Blood, in organic iron. Towards overcoming the natural repugnance Blood for acquiring its iron of a patient to drinking animal have skilful foreign chemists produced this remedially,some essential product of late in a compact form, which they term red powder consisting (as is asserted) Sanguinal,"as a brownish stituents, of pure crystallizedhaemoglobin, with the mineral Blood conalbumin. and of muscle Hypothetically it is fair to the red corpusclesof a bloodless patient that in this way suppose be beneficially augmented. may Mr. Andrews about a Pepys (October 17th, 1667) observed What odd, strange fancy he hath who an was dining with him, to raw pleasure unless the Blood meat, that he eats it with no that it did now his chops," which about by a leg of mutton run from
which
meat
"
"
was
not
above
is dressed
Practical
so,
half -boiled ; but all." beef and
experiments
have
"
it
seems
shown
at
that
home
all his meat
metalhc
iron, in
108
MEALS
form
whatever
MEDICINAL.
it is administered
medicinally,can be recovered from the excretions,absolutelyundiminished in quantity,so that into the system. evidently no particlethereof is assimilated Nevertheless, the machinery of red Blood-making is undoubtedly started afresh by givingiron, whether in food, or in physic (much Professor more an problematically).In 1902 Bunge read in Medicine Iron before the German important paper on "
Congress.
Medical
"
He
advocated
foods
containing iron, as drug-form. Spinach,"
of egg, and
and,
substitute
a
"
increased
an
said
he,
"
attention
for its administration
is richer
in iron
than
to
in
yolk
beef ; milk is almost devoid of iron ; againstthis defect, the Blood of the infant
yolk of egg than
if to
provide mammal is more with the essential ingreplentifullyendowed dients than that of adults, thus showing that nature is always Goosefoot sell-provident."Garden spinach (one of the which better no order), than blood-purifiergrows amongst as
"
vegetables, contains hence
it is
both
a
iron
valuable
and salinity, of salts
amount
soil in
to
proportion of saUne chlorophyll,insomuch in its
cent,
per
afiord
not
so
Its
matters.
that
of
out
the
in the
which
may
which
as
insists
greens, its furnish to the
fruit
this vegetable,
having a a large
on
it extracts
full green
spinach
steam
iron
much
strawberry. Spinach grow,
fluids, and
own
2
does
the
which
persons ; the kitchen
leads
salts ; in moreover,
abundant
whereby it helps In (hsemoglobin)for the blood.
being
does
its most
for bloodless
it digestibility
colouring matter world the apple even
rich
of
one
food
red
neither
as
"
in juice abounds be cooked entirely
will
arise from
them.
This
brilliant green from the principleof colour, elaborated yellow and blue rays of the sunlight,is peculiarlysalubrious.
Evelyn (Acetaria)has said, and
without
excellent accompany therefore
Savoy,
other
condiment a
sick
"
than
water
for almost man's
profitablefor
diet. the
nutritious, and
Spinach being its
to
moisture, is
own
all sorts
boil'd
a a
of boil'd flesh,and
'Tis laxative
and
pulp, most
may
emollient, and
aged."
companion of spinach, contains the greatest amount of vegetable oil of all this class of kitchen plants; and spinach runs the luxuriant Savoy very close in its complement of bland oil-salts, which render the juices nourishing. Quite half a pint of spinach-oilmight be expressed from hundred a more pounds of the vegetable,and sometimes than this from the same quantity of Savoy. a
wholesome
110
MEALS
and, unless But of
supply mental
fact
the
"
Hutchison,
"
acted
Oliver
than
work
"
Holmes,
I
that
to
Dr.
says
far
greater
composition."
amount, and nature needed, in a different way the
does
"
be
Mark
going to
am
appreciably
not
should
which
fact
all, a
is of
chemical
regards the daily diet.
as
Wendell
food
a
work
Brain
at
waste
upon
its
thereby becomes
increased
an
whole,"
the
on
influences
labour.
bodily
this
to
that
especiallyfavourable
is
of digestibility
the
which
muscular
and
food
the
comes
mental
food
increase
in
able. is unthink-
seem,
shown
been
never
brain-worker
a
Furthermore, from
It
that
to
of the
has
phosphorus
efiort.
concern
brain, thought, it would
tlie
use
we
MEDICINAL.
reaUzed,
this,"
wrote
for it is
say,
as
working-man's professionaladvice, and costs you nothing : It is better to lose a pint of blood from your veins than have to nerves tapped. Nobody measures your your and brain nerve-force it marrow as runs nor bandages your away, after the operation." As to specialBrain nutriments, they do not food exist. Small, and rather frequent meals of easily-digested that brain make the ideal to aim at, it being remembered up in the diet is usually also sedentary work. The reduction work for mental work should probably affect the starches, sweets, good
as
a
and
fats,
and
milk.
than
more
foods, fish, fowl, meat,
animal
the
eggs,
{See Coedials.)
BRANDY
BREAD.
is such
Bkead
called
be
cihus
the
omnis
Our
Bread
was
first leavened
Greeks
to
brew, in allusion
carbonic The
evaporates. holds its J per Yeast,
"
common
cent
levain
Old
"
deest
panis
in vain
Eastern
well
tunc
est
feeds."
one
flat-cake, which
these
due
is named
course
from
working
probably taught the latter the Romans acquired they passed on to the the verbal
of the yeast
fermentation, with
alcohohc
alcohol, and
needs
it may
that
Egyptians, who
in
the
to
Qvando one
the
From
it.
make
knowledge, which It conquered Britons. settingup
from the
by
the
to
If Bread
"
evolved
was
how
"
"
:
"
of Life."
Stafi
inanis
in all countries
food
essential
an "
acid
gas,
the
household
the
as
"
hre
of
of
our
owan,"
leaven, thereby
production
former loaf
root
of
which
some
slowly
daily Bread
of alcohol. consists {Saccharomycescerevisice),
of
fungi
BREAD.
growing rapidly
in
Ill
setting up a similar fermentation in beers, bread, and other into starchy matters which Yeast consists of aggregations of they are introduced. minute each cell cells, constituting a distinct plant. It is in the employed for inducing fermentation making of malt liquors,and of distilled spirits, being also the agent in setting the fermentation of Bread, whereby the Breadpanary up is rendered substance light,porous, and spongy by its aeration be throughout. Beer yeast may employed as an antiseptic German stimulant. yeast is the ordinary yeast, collected, drained, and pressed until nearly dry, in which condition it can months. Patent be kept good for several yeast is gathered of malt and hops, and treated in a similar way wort from to a is called in Greek German Zymee, a yeast, or yeast. Leaven the hence term ferment to express, zymotic has come ; and and signifya class of diseases due to injurious ferments. There is made a now product, Levurine, as derived from the yeast of of destroying the microorganisms beer, possessing remarkable powers
fermenting wort,
and
"
"
underlie
which is
a
and or
brown
coarse,
is
given
milk,
or
in doses
powder, of from
in cachets.
a
spoonful
fresh
with one
characteristic
a
three
to
Likewise
a
yeast
is
abscesses.
odour,
yeasty
in teaspoonfuls,
yeast poulticeis
It
water,
antiseptic,
furungood remedy of boils. These are culosis," or an outbreak immediately due from without to penetrationof the skin by the sta'phylocoocus external that and allied micro-organisms ; so other fyogenes, posing germicidesare called for ; but, probably, also, there is a prediswhole of the condition (the urine system at the time medicinal remedies fresh such as being alkaline) ; therefore alterative. will be likewise helpfully lemon-juice,and orange-juice, There certain objectionsto be made are against using yeast of chemical for leavening Bread, because changes which follow, that some of the flour's nourishingconstituents are lost thereby. so exclusivelyof tartaric acid, English baking powders are made this acid is cheaper than the with carbonate of soda, because of tartar (an article very commonly adulterated), superiorcream which works more slowly in the baking, and leads to lighter with the baking powder for is mixed bread ; also arrowroot combination keeping it dry, otherwise a premature chemical if at the acid and the alkah takes place between (particularly the powder comes for into use all meeting with damp) before
and
of
boils, carbuncles, and
a
for
"
112
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
in the products of such, combination dough are carbonic acid gas (which lightens the Bread,) and of soda (which is slightly tartrate some laxative). Bread in England certainlyto the time of laws date back whose of Edward I. King John, from reign until that (1280) a seal had to be affixed to every loaf in order that none baker those of the prescribed size should be sold. Each save had his own called on to duly register, trade-mark, which he was that in any of dispute it was so case quite easy to trace a loaf its maker. There several to were qualitiesof loaves always made, the pure white, or Simnel Bread, being then, as now, that of the less luxurious Quality-folk ; a Bread somewhat Wastel was came PufEe," and Croquet ; then Trete ; next of rye called (or brown Bread) ; and finallythe black Bread all sorts." In olden days Bread sold on the baker's never was in premises : it had to be taken to the regular Bread market of obtaining it was paniers; and the usual way through the who for regatresses, purchased thirteen loaves at the market the price of twelve, and then hawked from door to door, them their profit baker s dozen." being the sale of the odd loaf in each
baking
The
purposes.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Brown
Bread
that
the
included.
"
"
only
"
trete The And A
farmer
widow
so
once
has
butter
Bread the
cold
has
wheat
as
dew
pye. merchants
Nurse
is hidden
in
climates
many
"
and
States
to
being this day
is
years
staple food
bis,
it
of the made
of
bran
is
Countree."
North brown
;
the
or
flour,so
five hundred
or
then
bolted
unbolten United
the
Pour
trete,
fragrant as
gen'rous
originof
"
from
In
was
as
"
in the
From
will grow in cereals are so
which
known
was
made
Bread.
of Bread,
which
The
Graham
classes, was
poorer
called
remains
called
this kind
meal
Bread
bran
commonly ago
is wheaten
ham,
as
fresh
as
day.
of
May. gives you or
cake.
sturgeon take."
obscurity;
wheat, and
no
none
other
cereal
of the
other
suitable for
Wheat making Bread. grain contains for everything necessary supporting Hfe. All the thirteen minerals, besides flesh-formers,body-warmers, and fatteners, tunately, are packed up in each little grain of the wheat ; but, unformost
of these
grainis ground by flour for making white the
out
;
nourishment
factors
are
abstracted
when
the miller ; he leaves only the fine wheaten Bread sifted are ; nearly all the minerals
and, in fact, little remains
for the
purpose
of
bread-making
BREAD.
besides
starch, which
muscle,
bone.
or
113
but
only fattens, "
When
"
milled
does
the
not
restore
outermost
coat
nerve,
of wheat
yieldshran, finepollards,sharps, and middlings,the white flour within being derived solelyfrom the endosperm. Ordinary Bread from mixture of is usually made households." a whites, and flour yields a Bread Seconds which is richer in proteid "
'
"
"
"
.
than "
"
the "
Hovis
whites," but the loaf is apt to be rather dark in colour. flour, prepared by using superheated steam, becomes
proteid,and fat, than ordinary flour. from wheaten The making of Bread flour is only possiblebecause this contains of proteids,which has glvten,a proteid,or mixture of becoming viscid when the peculiarproperty moistened with If the viscid mass spersed water. composed thus is blown out with interricher in
gas, it has
sufiicient coherence instead
honeycomb,
to
remain
in the
form
of
a
of
collapsingagain,and allowing the gas to escape. Most other cereals, such as barley,rice, and oatmeal, do not contain gluten,but possess other forms of proteid which fail to become viscid when wetted, and consequently Bread of these. When be made Bread is kept it cannot out stale by the becomes dry from loss of its water, also it becomes shrinking,and coming together of the wall fibres. In the cooking of Bread little caramel a (or burnt sugar) is produced. New Bread, unless thoroughly chewed, and separated by mastication, ofiers greater resistance to action upon it by the stomach juices than stale Bread, owing to the tendency of the new, moist dough cake out of the He that will have to clog in close masses. a wheat needs must {Troilusand Cressida). tarry the grinding in Wheat be used whole food, being soaked as a grain may or
sponge,
"
"
"
water
until
it swells
up,
bursts, and
and
then
boiled
in
milk,
thus making the old, and very ingredients, nourishingmess, formerly called frumenty, which is seldom seen A of yore. farmhouse table the as quaint nowadays on occult has an significance, quondam rhyme, which nursery with
sugar, and
other
.
runs
to
this
efiect "
:
"
Hark The Some And Some Some Some And
!
Hark
!
the
beggars are in jags, and in
one
a
dogs
bread.
them
take
long pole.
drive
them
brown out
;
gown.
white
give give a
bark, town
in rags.
some
velvet
them
do to
come
;
of the town."
114
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
This
refer disorderlyepisode must learnt Through the Looking-glass) :
time
the
to
(as Alice
when
"
"
The Were
Bread
Prown
mixed,
are
United
for afternoon with
whilst Rico
from
meal
Rico
milk, Porto
sour
mould,
covered
crust.
Brown
of the
thick
albuminoid
and
laxative.
added.
Boston
;
ployed, em-
Bread
brown
Graham
the
flour,
flour is
Graham
batter
is
flour,salt,soda, it is first boiled
in
form
a
uncovered
baked
In
milk, and white
morning
yellow corn,
then
slightlychopped)
gently
with
molasses, and
Bread
so
to
as
and
cherry pudding, is the English analogue cherry cake, eaten cold. The bran which
German
Bread
nourishment,
solids of milk.
the
molasses
in wholemeal
is included
is
is made
for
of
crown.''
the
(stoned, and
raisins
Bread
Porto
manufactured
a
a
use,
Unicorn
nice loaf which
Graham
States
the
fightingfor
in which
makes
and
Lion
as
a
considerable
amount
cerealin," this being allied
to
of the
nitrogenisedferment, which has a powerfulaction on starch, converting it rapidlyinto dextrin, and White other similar bodies, thereby actuallymalting the bread. does not wheaten Bread contain enough of this albuminoid it a complete human it has food ; therefore matter to make sometimes been proposed, and practised,to retain the bran, grinding its silica,and cellulose into a very fine dust ; but the realization of this method has proved a failure, and has properly with the of all scientific men. met unquahfied condemnation We it
leave "
the
from
calcuh
within
the
meal, when
magnesium
their in
used
white
flour
will irritate the
soluble
animals, which have hitherto consumed hke millers' horses, are without evil not
of them,
efiects
inner
a
to the
bran
Some
:
It is
contains "
intestines."
wheat,
lining
Moreover,
whilst of
coats
the the
bran-forming husk
of whole
is less
Bread,
making of
in
phosphate,
the
digestiblethan the the undigested particles intestines when passing "
"
white Bread Therefore," says Dr. King Chambers, along. in preference by shrewd is generallychosen working-men who wish
to
But
it must
from the than
make
was
be
are
the
throughout
spent in food
money
allowed
all the
which
hme,
their
husk
that
several
fine white
is excluded, and
less favourable Bread
our
for
go
as
far
Breads
which
do
as
of not
it can."
to-day, contain
building up the bony structures of rye and barley which was pretty general English counties early in the nineteenth
BREAD.
"
Triticumina
"
century.
115
is
bread
prepared
from
the
entire
wheat
grain, includingits cerealin ; but Dr. Hutchison, who is best modern authority on foods, and their nutrient values,
the
declares the "
his belief that
in
whole-meal
of
use
The
central
cereals contain essential
are
of cells in vitality)
prominent phosphorus-principleis from
the
For
am
believer," he
no
by says,
cereals, from
phosphorus, and nitrogen;
constituents
bodily
ingredientsin
are
I
be obtained
can
fallacy."
phosphatides of
compounds
their
"
Breads.
brown-bread
the
dietetic salvation
no
of aU
known
The
lecithin
as
eggs, apples, and conditions of the
:
nuclei
therefore
structures, and tissues.
nerve
the
(or they
chief restorative it is
other
procurable
food
sources.
skin, with tetter, or unhealthy ringworm (through a predispositionto develop its mycelium), sluggishsores, and other signs of defective nutrition, a diet meal, with fresh, ripe,sound consistingchieflyof whole-wheat fruit,and fresh, succulent vegetables,will prove curative ; and at the same time some of the fixed oil expressed from the wheat will heal the sores by its outward application. Bread, germs some
with
mixed forms
of
is
sea-water,
indigestion. The
used
now
in
finest wheat
Philadelphiafor meal, when
some
cooked
with
fruit,is famous meal
fine
against chronic constipation; but whole-wheat prepared as Bread by simple baking is less nutritious than flour similarlyprepared. The roller mill has of late diminished the
dietetic
value
flour the less nutriment result from
lack
of
of
our
it affords.
Bread,
because
the
finer
the
Furthermore, defective teeth
coarse grain sufficiently
require some masticatorygrinding.Savages usuallypossess magnificentmolars, of their Bread, which is composed of grain mainly because of the stones, and roughly pounded between retaining much coarser
a
to
parts.
than barley, and thus yields gluten even with of darkest colour ; leaven a heavy, close-grainedBread its bran, however absorbed. The latest well ground, is never Bread of North equivalentto the Pumpernickel, or black Germany, is the English York Night Bread," so called because it must be baked throughout a whole night. Rye grainscontain a substance, and make a sour-tasting,dark pecuhar odorous
Rye
contains
less
"
Bread, which
is apt to
cause
diarrhoea
with
some
persons
fungus,and to grainsare liable to the attack of a parasitic spurred," being then poisonous to the spinal cord. "
; these
become Bread
116
MEALS
made
of lye is
rye
flour
MEDICINAL.
which
with
included,is to
be
quantity of
small
a
prescribedfor
sometimes
the
spurred defective spinal
energy. "
Alum,
as
bakers
in
pounds
of
"
rocky," is mixed with general for making Bread (about two dough), because it certainlyimproves stufE," or
of the Bread, whitens
it,and
when
one
separatedfrom
by bakers, under peck to the sack the produce, but in their "
the
"
not
"
more
"
as
assist
to beneficially
is Bread
(Through
the
take
you
of flour
appearance
easily Potatoes, again,are employed one fruit," for bread-making adulteration for cheapening an
another. of
the
280
to
ounces
to break
the loaves
causes
name
dough by
fermentation
;
mashed
skins,and with yeast added, they supply a ferment.
How
"
the
the
made
"
asked "
Looking Glass). "
flour."
some
White
?
do
Alice
Alice, eagerly; flower
the
pick
you
of
Queen
cried
know,"
Where "
asked
I
Red
the
'
"
"
garden, or in the hedges ? Well : it isn't picked at all," AUce it's ground." explained ; How of ground ? said the White Queen. acres many The of Bread is shown contain crust to more proteid, or Crust coffee is a light, principalnutriment, than the crumb. Queen
in
;
a
"
"
"
"
useful
drink
oi coffee toasted take
for invalids, which
berries, and
as
is made in
of Bread
crusts
in colour
an
infusion
by steeping well-browned, or For making water. Brewis," fragments of dry Bread as will "
cold
crusts, and
many
resembles
other
be
sufficient them required; put them into a basin ; pour over them a boilingmilk to well cover plate on top of the ; stand soak until they have absorbed to the vessel, and leave them whole of the liquid,and are them perfectlytender ; then mash to a smooth paste, removing any hard bits ; stir in a small lump of fresh and
butter them
serve
One
in
proprietorof
a
humour
house to
ham,
excellence
of his ham
about and that
Book
noted
supply hot
while
for
hot
squeeze
of
lemon-juice,
buttered
toast,
toast, and
or
achieved
ago,
for his customers
buttered
and
a
a
jug of butter-milk,
a
Manchester,
Cumberland
were
salt, and
cold, with
hot^or
Tyson,
Tyson's
with
season
;
toast.
cream.
fame It
as was
only chops, steaks, and
"
insolence.
the badness
The
of his manners,
He walked Tyson's peculiar claims to remembrance. the place in his shirt sleeves, superintendingproceedings,
showing
rudeness
by these means of Nonsense,
his
to
he
customers.
acquired fame,
written
by
Edward
We and
regret wealth."
Lear,
London
to
In
find the
(1862),
118
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
and
in colour until darker and darker sugar grows " the outside caramel," on black, and becomes
presentlythe
it is charred which
bread disinfectingproperties. Similarly,when possesses is toasted, its starch is converted by the fire into dextrin, water driven
being "
into
off, and
dextrin
the
is
carbonized,
or
burnt
brown
The toast, nearly identical with that of sugar. and when soaked therefore, has likewise disinfecting properties, in water that its administration makes this toast-water so antiseptic, scientific in fever, and other septicdiseases is a practically Our forefathers and foremothers," says Mattieu proceeding. this discovery through empirical WilUams, probably made experience when livingin country places where stagnant water tried for was a common beverage, and various devices were When toast-water is prepared by toasting making it drinkable. a small pieceof bread to blackness, and lettingthis fioat on water in a glass vessel, an observer notice that little thread-like can of brown streams liquidare descending from the bread into the water. They denote a solution of the caramel substance, which It is in just the same ultimatelyproceeds to tinge all the water. is high before that meat, which or being cooked, way game, becomes, if roasted, or baked, similarlycarbonized, and browned
caramel,"
"
"
outside, and To with "
The
so
"
dishes
gratin
au
after
the
toast.
absence
an "
Ship
Moore's
for six
"
for
was
I
years,
glad
But
when
And
it
love
dear
a
it
parodied thus been_adroitly '
'
I
never
took
cooked
as
crusts
to
Dover
rice.
dated consoli-
sauces
of bread. in 1814,
first order
supply
Fire
he
of
gave
buttered
Worshippers,1839)"
gazelle.
to know
came
me,
the
or
its soft black
with
me
thereof.
gravy
parts of
unlimited
an
nursed
never
To
have
browned
the
is covered
"
pathetic lines, (inThe ' '
substance
signifysoups, objects,such spongy Wellington returned
abroad Inn
the
absorb
to
as
originallythe
were
by dry heat round of the great Duke
When
that
gratin means
au
"
French
sweet."
bread-crumb,
fine
Gratins
at
food
cook
made
thus
was
to
sure
eye,
well. die,"
me
"
piece of toast,
a
Particularlylong, and wide, But
fell upon
And
It is
aptly said,
"
An
always
the on
epicure can
sanded
floor,
its buttered
breakfast
side."
well with
fine bread
BREAD.
119
butter, and
Nine of ten, when out good cofiee." persons it as a sort of reproach., as one an epicure mean ttey call a man with whom who is not content everyday food, one plain fare de la Reyniere, the most fail to satisfy; but Grimod would of Almanach des Gourmands, famous gourmet of his day, author dine well from A true one epicure can (Paris,1812), said : is kind. Yes excellence it be excellent of its ! dish, provided but potatoes and salt, let at ; if it be the object to be aimed the salt ground fine." the potatoes be mealy, and Thackeray tires of brown who declared an epicureto be never one bread,
and
"
"
and
butter."
fresh
Bread
Fried of
is
Bread,
brown
(eitherof beef, "
mutton,
There A
fowl),and
or
was
"
dish.
good, homely, nutritious nice brown a fry them
a
with
with
of Lubberland, : high command
Prince
a
of
potentate
Ten
thousand
bakers
Ten
thousand
brewers
brought him Brought him small
did
attend him. befriend him
did
and
kissing crusts
These
beer
rose."*
he
before
;
those The
"
Likewise
givingher
when "
few
a
for her
tea
Jonas
to
Chuzzlewit's
Gamp, servant,
of tender
in consequence
first cuttin' off the crustes
of Cookery.
Art
toast," said Mrs.
of buttered
rounds
orders
dripping pepper."
some
warm,
serve
slices
Take
teeth, and
Gamp hisself being in liquor,struck took and two double, as wos two out four at one blow, single, by Mrs. Harris for a keepsake, and is carried in her pocket at this present hoar along wi' two cramp-bones, a bit of ginger, not
too
'em, which
on
many
,
"
and
grater hke
a
fields of dew." the first soUd
half
and
serve
In "
of
Mrs.
In
Tale
a
a
of
water
wind
is
of the in
half
stew
morning
lightbeer,
and
half
room sickacross
take. crumbs bread-
of brown a
a
heel
constitutes
beef-tea
pound
a
small
a
friend,
a
swimming convalescent patientmay
soup,
pint
and
the
as
in tin, with
shoe
pint
of water
;
pound of brown sugar, plums ; boil all together, a pound of stewed French will improve the soup, if suitable. hot. Whipped cream for which read of Bread-jelly, Gaskell's Cranfordwe
these
and
that
Bread
in half when
as
food
Brown
For
Toast
cooUng Again, toast
It is
ally.
"
in."
put the nutmeg
to
infant's
blessed
a
are
imitation
well
blended, add
half
a
"
of Horace's
Art
of
of a Tub, (W. King, 1709.)
Poetry "
{dearte Poeticd),by
Coquus
omnia
miscet
"
the
author
(Juvenal).
120
MEmCINAL.
MEALS
Mrs.
Forester
highest mark
the Miss
Pole
dear
of favour
had
asked
once
present of this Bread-jellywas
A
famous.
was
for
her
Forester
Mrs.
could
receipt,but
the
confer. had
met
not decided rebuff ; that lady told her she could very part with it to anyone during her life ; and that after her death it was would find, to Miss Matty. bequeathed, as her executors
with
a
What
Miss
when
it
into
came
hand
to
or
it down
she dictate. the
says
In
a
as
And
Bread-jellywas Who
Jenkyns might choose to her possession,whether
Matilda
Choice
heirloom, she did
a
"
"
triacle
it at the fire ; then and the other half
it,and so
a
so
bind
day
arid
have
them
Bread, and
they
know,
not
receipt pubHc, would
nor
digestible, unique poor sick conjuror.
our
Physichand Ghirurgery "
the
on
side loose
until the
in two
seen
it
againstthe pleurisie : (new baked), and spread it
halfes
the other that
make
remedie
of the halfes
night, or
a
sometimes
the
lay one on
?
middle
the
both
on
to
the
"
Secrets in
good
a
to
proud
Rare
or
:
(1653)is the followingas Open a white loaf in well with
Forester
by Mrs. aristocracyare sent
Manual
with
of this admirable,
mould
a
do
hours,
side, and
crown
heat
placeof the disease, of the body directlyagainst stirre,leavingthem not, nor imposthume break, which I
or
the
on
lesse ; then
take
away
the
the
patient will immediately begin to spit,and void the putrefactionof the imposthume ; and after he hath slept with the help of God hee Uttle, yee shall give him meat a ; and shall shortly heale." For ear-ache the country people in some districts pound up the crumb of a loaf hot from the oven, together with a small seeds ; then wetting the whole with handful of bruised caraway some spirit, they apply it for a while to the painful,and swollen part. In "
to
when a so
set
on
it boils put
a
and
so
it with
"make in
a
a
Panada"
posnet of fair
was
water
little bit of cinnamon,
a
much
bread
as
salt,sugar, and
think
you
rose-water
;
and
meet
; arid
; so
it."
Muffins
consist
German
being put with
in, and
mace
of currans, boil it, and season
with
to
FjngUsh days the way to the quantity you will make
handful
serve "
former
hot
of
a
dough
yeast, the white under
melted
negotiateit.
cover
before
made
milk, first mixed of egg being added, and the dough the
soft with
butter, the muffin Sam
Weller
rise.
fire to
needs
told to Mr.
a
When
saturated
vigorous digestion
Pickwick
a
story which
BROTHS.
is much
the
to
about
point
principle," givingthe
121
a
doctor
he had
to know "
night for
"
who
man
killed
"
fifteen years on principle : every " a night,"said the doctor, will do your business "
Are
of that
sure
you
'ere ?
professionalreputation on
my
at
crumpets
many asked
the
do it ?
"
would
be
Good
"
"I
think
it do
to
sure
Do
the
and
puts
end
?
"
slang
"
title
"
would
off ?
polishme
sudden
"
death
"
would
worth
"
How
Three
"
has
up,
fire
a
lit,orders
o' crumpets, toasts 'em all,eats 'em hisself." resembles The crumpet
inside of a muffin. It much spongy of a blanket soaked in butter, and the
I'll stake
shillings tainly," Certhe patient. says good," says the patient;
Wery morning he gets
to
"
the doctor.
half-a-crown's
"
doctor.
in six months."
said the doctor.
it, T suppose
in three
an
think
you
might,"
night." Next worth shillings'
so
think
you
on
crumpets crumpets
Four
enquiredthe patient. it," answered
do sitting
a
patient.
says "
"
four
eaten "
hisself
resembles
has
all, the
round
piece is nearly as indigestible ; been given to this risky a
comestible. "
"
Bread," said the Psalmist
for
sick person
in
eaten
is vain."
sorrow
and
with
a
be
most
Yet
capricious can readily appetite,simply-made bread-sauce, and wiU often nourishing,being, prepared, grateful, prove fowl. Take of a or pint of milk, suggestive moreover, game, a bread-crumb, a small onion, a blade of cupful of crumbled into the onion cut little pepper, and salt ; peel,and a mace, a
of feeble
digestivepowers, which
quarters, and them
out
simmer stir the
;
and
beat
and
batter, and
To
this
enrich
added.
them
the
Time
with
in the
bread-crumbs
fine a
milk
fork
the
into
smoothly
very
tender, then
until
;
add
take
boiling milk, seasoning,
the
boil. more give one be if desired, a spoonful of cream may sauce, of making will be altogetheronly half-an-hour. a
little white
pepper,
and
BROTHS.
It
was
time
Broth the year 1820 that the term given to an essential solution of meat, the about
being determined In
by
the
1740, accordingto Le
weights of Cuisinier
and
for the first
strengththereof
used. principalingredients
Moderne,
an
extract
of meat
which might be easilytransported, prepared in dry tablets cellent preserved during a year, or longer." These dissolved into exThe was gelatine. Broth, though half their solid matter "
was
the
was
122
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
French
Chemist, Chevreul, who
of meat
this extract
examined
in
"
creatin," and crystalhzedsubstance of flesh. thus originateda chemical knowledge of the principles Germans call such The an evaporated extract of the stock-pot bouillon sec." pocket-bouillon,"and the French style it 1835, discovered
therein the
"
"
Prout is
an
surmised
that
the
acid, probably the of
School
Cookery
has
Broth
is the foundation
sauces
;
active
of
element
sapid meat-extract
Liebig. The French unanimously adopted the principlethat "
inosinic
acid
"
of
it is the
of this art, because
since, according to the French
system, the
basis sauce
of all is the
prime element, if not the actual raison d'Ure of the entree which it supplements. For extemporizing^or strengthening Broths des Potages Le Saveur Maggi's (known in this country as Essence ") is of great value, and importance. It is a highly which be concentrated has to as sparingly liquid essence, a making up prescription ; it is employed as though one were little curved therefore have supplied in small bottles which pensed spouts fitted in the neck, and thus enable the Uquid to be disdrop by drop ; the effect of a few drops on a thin Broth, therewith a good cup of or Soup is almost magical. To make warmed Broth : Beat ; up the yolk of an egg in a basin previously and fill up the basin add an eggspoonful of the said essence, The with Maggi boiling water, stirringwell all the time. be had either plain, concentrated, or sUghtly fl.avoured may its French with fine herbs. owes cookery," said Dumas, that of other nations only to the excellence of superiorityover its bouillon." In Devonshire the peasantry make Tay-kittle cut slice of bread Brath (or sop "), its ingredientsbeing one in dice-shaped pieces, one spit (i.e.,very small piece) of butter, one pint of boiling water, tablespoonful of milk, one with pepper and salt to taste; sometimes chopped leeks being I allays likes," says it is called added, when licky Brath." butter 'pon the tap ov Devon tu put a vew ov a sj)its peasant, Devon rice pudden ; et kep'th'n vrom a burning." A West other two invited farmer to dinner, together with or was one noticed that Mr. Tibbs did not ^at tenants, by his landlord, who and forwards with but stirred it backwards his soup (vermiceUi), The the spoon, whilst a look of disgust overspread his face. host, addressinghim, said, I fear you do not care for your soup, take your plate away." Mr. Tibbs smiled Mr. Tibbs ; let John somewhat grimly, and replied, Well, zir ! I likes a dish of "
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
BROTHS.
licky-brath, or burnish
it awl
Beef and
tay-kittlebrath, !
I niver
givesthe
weakest
chicken
123
Broth
ov
ciide stomick Broth
strongest
maggity Broth
; mutton "
of all.
mornin'
vrasty
a
Broth
brath
Uke
is a httle be
can
but,
;
this es."
stronger; cold
made,
in
the applicationof heat, by digestinghalf a quality,without to which pound of finely-mincedbeef with a pint of cold water four drops of hydrochloricacid (the basis of table-salt) have been added. The product thus furnished is richer in soluble albumin than when heat is employed. of the same By using rather more be acid, but no salt, heat can applied up to 130" F., and by this method in be obtained can nearly 50 per cent of the meat the broth." the
Broth, and
Poached
egg
and
in
to
the
About
80 per cent chlorides, with
all the
is
Soup (Thudicum) desirable
very
a
sufferingfrom as
"
(Yeo)
form
irritable,or
an
of the meat-salts
soup nourishment of the
state
sore
phosphates." quickly procurable,
pure
of
into
of the
most
a
pass
for
persons
intestinal
canal,
standard Broth, typhoid, or enteric fever. Prepare some sion-moulds) flavoured delicately poach some ; then eggs (contained in immerin boiling water them, and transfer them ; trim
tureen,
and
added
if
be
may
Broth
the
pour
them.
over
Dice
of toast
approved.
To prepare an instantaneous Broth, or Bouillon a la minute, as for tion), of urgent illness (the cost being then a secondary consideracases cut
boned
one
up
chicken
;
heat
salt ; pour over the boil, while stirring ;
the
to
add
shredded
boil for twenty the
be
omitted,
are
children,
boiling in it with
or
"
be
can
it
some
Narbonne
of
half
a
stewpan, with
a
of its
" "
He
who
rendered
The the
boils his Chicken
smoke."
whilst juices,
marsh-mallow
adage
root, and
;
the time must
become
chips makes
for
Broth,
or
women, "
by barley, sweetening
Dr.
Thudicum,
boil, skim, and filter." from the cockroach, be made
honey
may
this
is much
saucepan
pot with
emollient," says
In
A
remarkable
blackbeetle, or Soup is to for proving beneficial againstalbuminuria, kitchen familiarity, what is known as Bright'sdisease of the kidneys. M. Dagin's
Broth, of
smell
Broth
beef, and
three
same
boiling is confined to twenty minutes. kept covered during this boiling,else
unpleasantlyverified his
and
gravy put into
pass it throua;h a cloth. fat is excluded, the meat
perfectlyexhausted
subdivided, and of
and
minutes,
bones
lean
pints of water, and the boilinghas commenced, soon as as carrots, turnips,onions, leeks, and celery;
grainsof
ten
way
pound of very pound these well,
or
124
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
recipe orders
"
thus
Pound
:
sieve, and
put them
in
a
beef-stock
;
this
pour constitutes
dehcious, and
a
till of a
boilingbutter lightgolden brown
them
drop
slices of stale loaves, cut
from
a
minute, take of the
mouth
them
brown
bread, and
the
Herrick
mentions
"
Remove
dice, and
will be
and
lay
dry. The boiling." to
be
must
persons fair :
then
gently,but thoroughly,
very
paper
plat,
{croutons) needing
crusts
into small
skimmer,
a
hot
or
nutritive
done, which
when
;
with
up on
oven
nearly cover entertained
; shake
into
mortar,
a
boilingwater,
them
over
preferableto bisque." be poured over Plain Broths, and Soups may which have been prepared as follows for weakly fat, and bodily warmth, whilst the digestionis the crusts
in
cockroaches
your
in about in the
them butter
must
formerly quaint belief which persons of is small that it crated dry conselucky to carry a piece in the pocket against terrors by day or night :
"
bread
a
"
"If
ye
fear
to
If ye are In your
be
affrighted. benighted.
chance
by pocket for a trust Carry nothing but a crust : For, that holy piece of bread the danger, and Charms the
dread."
BUN.
The
ordinary
fritter, a kind
sweet
of bread
"
Bun
originally Bugne,"
was
a
sugar in it,and baked first mention of Buns in occurs made
sort
in
with
of
cakes,
The a generallyround. comedy of 1676 ; and eighteenth-centuryliterature makes allusions many this new form of pastry. The to name signified bugne bunion." this a a !) Nowadays lump," and {absit omen makeshift form of food is spongy, and as a popular comestible is to be considered Bun at the price. A plain penny more filling wholesome than the spiced varieties of Bath, and Chelsea. Bun. In Speciallytaxing to digestionis the British Museum Devon, large, satisfyingBuns, made yellow with saffron, are known busters." Mr. Tom Ward, a baker as stodgers,"or "
"
"
"
at
"
Tiverton, used
some
big,which going into his shop, stodger ; or penny Buns,
very
"
Bath and
"
Buns
date
shape, the
back
latter
of these a batch years ago to manufacture he sold at one each ; children, on penny would others to
"
invariably say, would
Roman
being that
ask times
for as
Plaize
"
a
both
to
of the classic
penny
"
I
wants
a
buster."
composition, placenta."
126
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
of the grape in its earlystages of fermentation. This Bun is of excellent service againstatrophy, and the wasting eSects of consumptive
freshly-fermented During the wine-making season folk commonly used instead of yeast by the country-
disease.
grape-juiceis
etc, and
Hoek, Stellenbosch, French Or, if grapes prepared therewith. at
taken, and
are
having
had
washed
not
dried
in the
put
in
fermenting with sun,
water
and
a
jar
be
cannot
is
which
nice
very
had, then
to
kept closelycovered "
are
raisins
previously seasoned
by jar is be used, but generally from dust, being only
raisins,within
grapes, or when about
Buns
it ;
the
"
its moss therein, so as to ensure employed for making the fermenting in a given time when thus prepared in the seasoned the following jar, or calabash. Again, for these Grape Buns is another two old Dutch A Take : good batch recipe: pounds of raisins,sixteen pounds of flour,, three and a half pounds of sugar, eight eggs, one and a half pounds of butter, one tablespoonfulsof aniseed, two grated pound of fat, two one tablespoonful of finely-powdered cinnamon nutmegs, ; cut the raisins,or mince them, put them into a jar,or calabash, with twelve water, on the stove, or in the cupfuls of lukewarm kitchen warmest for twenty-four hours, till they part of your ferment ready the flour, in which, after it is well mixed ; have with the sugar, spices,etc., make a hole, and strain into it the fermented flour over the juice of the raisins ; sprinkle some hours in a warm place ; then melt top, and set to rise for some the eight eggs (yolks the butter and fat, warm the milk, whisk and whites mix the whole well together into a stiff separately), dough, and knead with the hand for quite three-quartersof an hour ; let it stand overnight to rise ; in the morning roll into Buns in a warm place ; let them rise for ; set in buttered pans with the yolk of an egg, and some half-an-hour milk, and ; brush "
sugar
;
bake
for half-an-hour
in
"
an
heated
oven
for bread.
as
BUTTER.
As The a
knows.
everyone
cow.
is
name
for
in the system. with
probably
Butter
capitalfood
Butter
is the
derived
contains
80
per
fatty portion
from cent
the of
Greek
of
word
fat, and
milk.
new "
Bous,"
therefore
supplyingbodily warmth through its combustion It can be taken in largequantitiesif well mixed
starchy food,
such
as
mashed
potato
;
though, when
made
is
BUTTER.
hot, Butter "with
many
small
a
develops butyric acid,
percentage
a a
httle lactic acid
Butter until
down
muslin,
so
as
corked
a
The
the of
a
98
the
remove
has
a
of it
cent
that
prove
with
of fact, Butter
matter
per
includes of
traces
and
melted,
the
boiled
ofE ; if then strained through flakes of casein, it will,when cool,
indefinitely.
is its characteristic of Butter-fat strikingchemical those fatty acids (butyric,caproic, capric, and
in
foods, and
this water
residual casein, and
the
soluble in water, are capiyUc) which approximates,by its olein, closelyto the As
water, and
some
milk-sugar),and
rancid, unless
bottle, keep almost
most
richness
; whilst
yet retains
is driven
water
to
behind,
curd, with
matters
reason
turns
soon
the
butter-milk
(derived from
By
provokes indigestion separation from the milk
casein, or
of mineral
amount
constituents.
water.
in
of the
wliich
after
leaving the
certain
other
Butter,
persons.
churning,and
by
127
a
is the
easilydigested of this score, the
body
of bread, fresh Butter, and
lettuce, young
addition, is about
the
watercress,
or
and
;
body. fatty
less than
no
thus
sound
such
some
wholesome,
most
Butter-fat
fat of the human
most
magnificent record on being assimilated by
meal
the
that
so
new
going to cheese,
light vegetable
nutritious
fare which
be taken Freshly-made dairy Butter can freely, whilst uncooked, against chronic constipation with marked especiallyby elderlypersons, or by thin persons success, of fairlyactive habits. Also appendicitis, against obstructive which fresh Butter has of late become so seriouslycommon, will assist capitally to lubricate (ifotherwise suitingthe digestion) the affected portion of intestine, and to pass on crude, offending or excrement, tough portions impediments, such as hardened the Hke. The human of meat, vegetable fibre, seeds, and intestine (larger bowels) contains an enormous quantity of bacteria (most numerous herein),this bacterial flora constituting third part of the human excrement. Now, so a long as the a
man
choose.
can
microbes
remain
within
the
general circulation these few the organism intestinal harmful
of
and
intestine
is able
to
microbes, and
absorbed
intestinal walls
the
circulation,and
give rise
to
are
;
become
pass
of
whilst
the
products of then
a
get into with
stagnation of
increases
they
symptoms
of them
humours, But
cope.
which
flora of bacterial
by
or
its walls
indol, which
few
very
blood,
the
within
excrement
phenol
the
on more
amount
the of
this intestinal
mischievously into the general or
less serious
128
MEALS
For
nature.
which
MEDICINAL.
salutary 6fEects wrought by good fats,in oilingthe intestinal machinery the
reason
Butter, and similar animal manifest. for its better, and easier working^is made Thomas olde, olde, very olde man," who Parr, the
hved
"
the
authenticated
Shropshire, and invited
stay with
to
of
age then
died
the
respectinghis
"
He
Earl
His
for
butter, which than sweet
And Of
Venice
above
bread
and
;
Milk, butter-milk, and sometimes entertained
The
air
have
become
has
been
hours, partly because
onion
an
candy
oU
;
daily swig whey, and whig by fortune happy of ale most ache
no
;
he
he
dwelt."
regard
to
:
nappy. felt ;
where
temperate
for
soured
this
purpose
friends
as
flavour
of the
those does
cream
which
cream
certain
a
number
butter
yields more
cream
the
:
rate
of which the presence is churned Butter from
good
chieflybecause
but
cream,
with
the
to stand
allowed
"
the soil
the
recentlylearnt
All
sour.
:
for his
cup
and
without
special microbes,
a
gout
no
good,
was
Butter-makers
not
sipped
He
cribed des-
Taylor, the
death
water,
metheglin,and
He
Parr's
been
mithridate.
best
treacle, or
*mesUn,
Sometimes
before
wholesome
is most
physio was
Coarse
John
by longevity^
month
a
good Salop yields,more garlick he esteemed
Of
(in 1635), has
Psrthagoras'opinion
cheese
green
a
of Arundel
methods
of old
waa
That
and
through
Poet, in lines written
Water
fifty-twoyears, in change of foods when
hundred
one
to
Butter
than is
of fresh
improved
It is now that believed in this way. better flavours can be produced bacteria of certain those and therefore these others, over by
bacteria are purposely put into cultivation. higher-class quality of Butter depends intimatelyon the breed of which and
the its
where
is
milk
degree
of
it is grown,
of the
food
saying, discover
"
Pahuli
been
other
Meslin
bread,
or
their
Mashlum,
the
in
cow's
by
preparation. writers
laote
"
fodder."
"" "
Of
food
the
;
place
This influence
of Rome,
By
the from
cows
of their
nature
determined
the rustic
the
in the
milk
we
the
prejudicial by containing plants of such vegetablesas generate sulphuretted essential oils, only small portions are
milk
the
imparted garlictribe,and hydrogen through
the
on
of its
apparet
sapor
has
as
becomes
expressedby
to
*
well
the mode
flavours
of flour.
as
excellence
and
was
what
got,
Also
food
was
made
wild
of
a
mixture
of
several
kinds
BUTTER.
retained
by the Butter. imputation,but
this
to
129
Cabbages, and turnipsare their unwelcome
odours
subject
more
be
can
made
to
volatilize. The
useful
most
varieties of Butter
next
Irish, Dutch,
Holstein,
Islands.
Channel
early Greeks
The
ointment.
laid in
carnations, with The his
Mad
"
blossoms
"
Alice in
meekly rephed Again, thus sang
the
fad
in
by Alice sighed
"
violets,and
them,
that
so
"
of the
the
"
Hatter
But
it
;
the
odours.
flower
day
the
wrapped
are
of roses,
what
or
of
out
it
month
I
told
you
the best Butter,"
was
Hare. "
aged, aged
in
man
of his
song
a
own-
:
"
"
dig for buttered rolls, .set limed twigs for crabs.
I sometimes
Or
the grassy knolls of hansom cabs.
I sometimes that's
And
very
Your
is called into
tables with
stomach, established
noble "
by the cook
wink)
a
gave
;
health."
clarified
"
Butter, which
yellow,clear, oilyhquid, such
a
flow rule
considerable
often
will, more
asparagus,
a
(he
way
wealth I get my gladly will I drink
honour's
especiallyif
stimulate
the
which
By
What
search
wheels
For
And
some
medicine,
a
various
the
the Hebrews.
Butter
over
the
"
invention
melted
as
are
from
Wonderland," took his watch
!
March the
of beds
with
by
recent
a
heaped
suit the works."
wouldn't
Batter
on
being asked days wrong
on
Two
was.
glassdishes
it
English
that
food
a
been Pats
impregnated
Hatter,
pocket
has
York.
other
becomes
Butter
New
as
employed
Butter
of
muslin, and
firstused
was
Eomans
Perfumed
refined ! homes in
and
and
Swiss, Norman,
Butter
the
to
'
of
animal
be
eaten
forbidding Butter
obtains
after
a
meal
of
merely
at
not, ferment therewith the
gastricjuice. Among
acid
time
food
is served
as
than
is
be
to
animal
in the so
as
Jews
to an
until
eaten
food.
some
theless, Never-
Fagin, the Jew, buttered toast Claypole at breakfast as part was greedilydemanded by Noah pricefor playingthe spy upon Nancy {OliverTwist, by Charles Ebenezer Elliott,the Corn-law Rhymer, Dickens, 1838). It was the deep said Carlyle "from of Sheffield (1831)" (" a voice" Cyclopean forges; ")" who in his early days had to rock the in the
grim kitchen
of old
"
cradle, and poetry
was
stir the
melted
spoilt,and
the
butter," with melted
butter
the
result that
"
burnt." 9
the
130
MHALS
Bread-and-Butter
MEDICINAL.
"
She's reputed food of adolescence. but a bread-and-butter Miss." Anthony TroUope, in Barckester Towers, talks of the wishy-washy bread and butter period of life." Crawling at your feet," said the Gnat to Alice IThrough the Looking Glass), you observe Bread and Butter a Fly ; may its wings are its is thin slices of bread and butter, crust, body and its head is a lump of sugar ; it lives on weak tea, with cream is the
"
"
"
in
it."" "
The
fav'rite child
And
Is very Unless
A
that
just beguis to prattle,
his silver bells,and rattle,i away and makes humoursome, great clutter !
throws
appeased with frequent
bread
and
butter."
piece of folk-lore finds credence in South Maryland. It is gravely stated there,that if the mother of twin children will spread with Butter a piece of bread for a boy, or girlsuffering from whooping cough, the little one, on eating this specially endowed of the State Two food, will be speedily cured. sons Governor's wife are twins, and recentlyvarious anxious mothers have been Mansion, appealing to the lady of the Executive both in season and of season, for her good offices in this out No direction. social function is too important for the applicants to forego their importunities. The doorkeeper is continually bringing in solicitations foi piecesof bread buttered by the said refuse ; so to the Governor's lady. She is too kind-hearted in Thackeray's version of wife, after the fashion of Charlotte the
curious
Sorrows
of "
Not
few
Werther Like
a
Goes
on
invahds
:
"
well-conducted
cutting bread
of sensitive
person and butter."
eat digestionfind they cannot ordinaryshop Butter without subsequent disturbance of the liver ; is that microbes and the probable reason have become developed toxins aie therein, or their mischievous engendered ; whereas the same delicate persons fair quantity of the day's eat a can dairy Butter, absohitely fresh, without incurring a disturbed hours afterwards. ten digestionsome eight or Professor Koch, of Berlin, has sagaciouslytold people, as a point worthy of thoughtful notice,that whilst being so nervous about bacilli (of fever, conmilk, they forget Butter, in which sumption, and other diseases) are equally likelyto be nurtured. Nevertheless,so commonly given to the consumption of bread and a
CABBAGE.
butter
the
children
131
of the
English working-man, that it has well said this refection been thousand ten on daily upon goes London doorsteps. A pithy old Enghsh proverb puts it : "
are
When
the
cook
of the
become about
Munden,
what
it touches
tub
butter the
the maid !
"
It
Actor
"
:
fall out,
shall
we
Lamb
know
what
was
Charles
His
gusto antiquates,and
who
has
pronounced ennobles
; his
pots and his ladles are as grand and primal A in old propheticvision. seethingpots and hooks, seen
the
as
and
of butter
idea. to a Platonic contemplated by him amounts understands He in its quiddity. He stands a leg of mutton amid the wondering commonplace materials of life,like primeval with
man
the
and
sun,
about
stars
him."
CABBAGE. "
The
time
has
come,"
as
said the Walrus
(Alice and
the
Looking
Cflass) :
"
"
talk of many things ; Of shoes, and ships,and sealingwax
To
Because
apt
ferment,
to
of
;
whole
the
Cabbages, and tribe
of
kings."
Cabbages,
"
Coleworts, is named
or
botanicallyBrassicaceoe, apo tou brassein." They all contain much nitrogen,or vegetable albumin, with a considerable quantity of sulphur,which latter constituent makes them nevertheless, they tend strongly admirably antiseptic ; to putrefaction,and when undergoing this process they give is ofE very ofEensive odours. The white Cabbage most putrescible, the red most emollient, and are pectoral. All the Coleworts called from Crambe," krambos, dry, because they dispel Dis crambee drunkenness. A Greek ihanatos," proverb said, the single signifyingthe phrase, Death by twice Cabbage ; portionis excellent, the double dish is death ;" or, as the Latin maxim Occidit miseros bis repetita." of Juvenal renders it, Most probably the real intention of these warnings was, as old "" twice sodden Fuller thought, Colewort Crambe bis cocta." the fact that Crambe stale news ") conveys (meaning likewise is a kind of Cabbage which, with vinegar,being raw, is good, the palate, and to boiled better, but twice boiled, noysome doctors prescribedcabbage to the stomach." Athenian nauseous wished their babes for young who to see nursing mothers grow old wrote and Honest Cato," (1650), Culpeper, strong. lusty, "
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
132
"
MEALS
used
Censor, with
probably
|)hysickthan
other
no
his
be
MEDICINAL.
strong
taken
as
of representative
the
Gate, the
hard-headedness,
his
and
sense,
"
Cabbage."
the
the
best
may
household
days of old. His was as simple as that of Sangrado, only system of therapeutics This homely vegetable was he used Cabbage instead of water. Cato to veritable a given internally,or apphed ; panacea It cured constipation, it was ad omnes salubris.' res externally, tinence and dysentery, headache, and lumbago ; retention, and inconof urine ; pains in the liver,and afEections of the heart, colic, toothache, gout, and deafness, insomnia, ophthalmia, efficacious in as abscesses, and nasal polypi. It was gangrene, Lacnanthes, as potent pulmonary consumption as the modern in cancer violet leaves ; in short, Cato might have as anticipated Nihil for the Cabbage a famous epitaph, transcribingit as of his Cabbage cure curavit.' But the secret tetigit quod non which he made of its administration, about no lay in the mode mediciner
known
to the
in their brave
Romans
'
'
"
mystery.
For
instance,
"
if
afflicted with
was
one
cohc, take
well in boiling water, Cabbage, and, after lettingit simmer strain thoroughly ; season with salt,cumin seed, oil,and wheatflour ; then put it on the fire again,and let it simmer for a time, it ofE to cool. after which Whilst take drinking this potion of treatment, let your principal morning, duringthe course every food be Cabbage.' In surgery, esteemed likewise. Cabbage was earth for bruises, ulcers, the sovran' st thing on by Cato as An and dislocations." abscesses,fistulae, injectionof Cabbagewater mixed with wine restored hearing to the deaf ; whilst a of Cabbage, if inhaled at intervals strong decoction throughout three days, made fall out of the and polypi destroyed the nose, a
"
"
of
roots
the
disease."
It should
be
said
that
other
writers
of
less favour. regarded this vegetable with much Bad Burton, (Anatomy of Melancholy),in the chapter entitled diet a cause of melancholy," disallows for eating,among other It causeth troublesome herbs, especially dreams, and Cabbage. have
repute
"
"
sends
up
black
condemns heaviness
Cabbage. to
to
vapours
the
soul."
'^
the
brain."
Animce
And,
"
gravitatem facit" "
as
Charles
writingon the Melancholy of Tailors this vegetable,Cabbage, has from the can race
discover of
constituted
people."
John
almost
Galen, too, of all herbs Lamb
"
"
:
slylyadds
It is well known
earliest
the sole food
"it
of
Evelyn (1695), long
brings when that
periods which we this extraordinary after
Cato, whilst
134
MEALS
stewed
next
fat, and done
with
butter,
standard
some
MEDICINAL.
or
broth,
wholesome, and palatable it is nearlystock, and when
other
some or
good wine is generallyadded. (says Dr. Thudicum), accompaniments roast pheasant, is roast partridge with juiceof red Cabbage, made with sugar into a a
"
little
"
all condiments,
"
is
of
excellent
The
not
acme
Saner-kraut." but
service
remedial
excepting
even
syrup,
of all
in
The
excluding bronchial
the juice coughs. Pliny commended and of a raw Cabbage, together with a little honey, for sore inflamed when moist and weeping, but not dry, and eyes, when dull. For the scrofulous, mattery eye-inflammation of infants, after the eyes have been cleansed thoroughly every half-hour with warm water, their sockets should then be packed repeatedly with fresh young Cabbage-leaves cleaned, and bruised to a soft pulp. The flow of mattery pus will be increased for the first few will effected. To become cure days, but presently a a poultice is employed in Hampshire, strengthen weak eyes and and applied cold, being made of bread-crusty garden snails without the shells. Cabbages in general,"as Evelyn supposed, are thought to allay fumes, and prevent intoxication ; but will have them noxious to the sight; whilst others impute some this harm to the Cauliflower, about which questjon the learned not when are Holmes, agreed." Oliver Wendell growing old : (in 1888), wrote My eyes are getting dreadfullydim : one of them in the has, I fear, though I don't quite know, a cataract kitten state of development." In 1772, on a Septuagesima Sunday, printed paper was in mourning to each handed by a footman grande dame on her leaving the Church of St. Sulpice,Paris, which paper contained a recipe for stewing red Cabbage, this proceeding being carried in accordance out with a provision of the will of the Duchesse had died on the previous day." It appeared d'Orleans, who that Louis the Fifteenth was so passionatelyfond of this dish that Madame de Pompadour, when she wished to specially please hands. him, prepared it with her own (1840), Sydney Smith
asthma, and
for
chronic
"
"
"
"
in
a
from
letter from Mrs.
Green
Grote, who
Street, London, is very
well, and
said
"
:
I
have
heard
amusing herself with Horticulture, and Democracy, the most approved methods of growing Cabbages, and destroyingKings." Thomas Carlyle, the of all comparing by parable Cabbage (which plants grows most to with the Oak quickly completion) majestic (which takes "
CAKES.
135
fullygrown), has conveyed the lesson that those years to become animate beings which are the slowest in their gradual progress found
maturity, are
to
become
have
the
when
at
length they
reach
to perfection,
richlyendowed. word the firm head," Cabbage means literally by the compact leaves turning closelyover most
"
The formed into
globularform
a
from
;
which
circumstance
"
ball,"
or
each
other
tailors, who
at the private houses of their customers, were formerly worked said to cabbage piecesof cloth rolled up tightlyinto a handy ball, instead of the list,and shreds which they might more fairly "
"
consider
this mineral,
making
which
Sea
"
Brassica
(not the
of
"
Cabbage
Sea
and
due.
their
or
Kale
or
is remarkable oleracea),
it unsuitable
for
Cabbages,
gouty
as
soda
being a the potash in
name
plant ;
in its ash,
Brussel
persons.
the
by
go
maritima,
""Cranibe
earth-salt, prevailingover
dwarf
are
"
Colewort,"
sprouts,
Northamptonshire
Bujfdgreens.
CAKES.
In
the
making
children, but and "
fresh
should
eggs
is often
Again,
with
best
oUve
Cakes
absolutely necessary a
matter
care
is needed
worker should
be
taken
of
be
rather
some
curious
that
were
thighs,and years.
the
growing
sweet
butter,
is known never
used,
bad
economy. ingredientsfor
baking-tin is
the
as
be
never
prohibited for invalids, and because
of the
on
are
less
dried often a
process them. on
by persons in fruits used
compact, close-
saintly man of eating At
than Cakes
Biddenden,
impressed with the print of distributed, togetherwith bread
Cakes
joined together,are
cheese, to the poor ladies
mix
to
Cakes, also because they making and not light. No grained,doughy, Columba learnt his alphabet by the which had the difEerent letters stamped
women
false,and
for
butter, or grease at all rancid : a very little sweet fruit dark-coloured The oil should be employed.
digestivepowers,
Kent,
;
done, this being
which
such
in
what
a
should
of weak
plainer for
capital food the sick, good
is
Cakes, and oiled
are
should little rancid,
dainty
a
be
are
cooking butter,"
as
which
Cakes,
of
Easter
actually born shoulders, and
The
Sunday.
there who
and two
joined together at the this double life for thirty
in 1100 lived
story goes that
two
136
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
that on hearing disparaginglyof Marie Antoinette the poor afford to buy bread, she people in Paris could not But Hall Caine heartlessly replied, Then let them buy Cake." has latelyshown Let them that what she reallysaid was, buy Cakes made of the honaches," which were really small round that Marie at all ; so cheapest, and coarsest meal, not wheaten knew Antoinette what she was talkingabout, and was positively article of sustebecause nance. attainable, suggestinga more cheaper, It
told
was
"
"
The "
Rots, On
Cake
or
the
Day Kings,"
the into
of
Epiphany
friends
and
is to say, to draw parts as the number
gets the
is the
in France
Kings," in
that
she, who
or
of Cakes
of the Three
many
as
renowned
most
which
families
assemble
piece of
a
is concealed.
bean
a
of persons present ; bean is deemed to be
concealed
"
to
draw
first divided
Cake
a
des
Gateau
and
he,
in
luck
In some throughout the ensuing year. places the Cake is cut into piecesnumerous of the number enough to leave one in excess of drawers ; this piece is called the fart du bon Dieu," and is given to the first poor mendicant, or wayfarer. Lecker kuchen Honey Cake, (licker =tasty, toothsome), is probably the oldest known Cake in the world, being described "
"
in the be and
of the
works
culture."
somewhat is of
to
relate, in
admirable some
neither
Germany, A
Brioche be
quaUty,
to
excellent
Cake
"Bavarian sift it into melted
a
in its
the
of
is
eaten
a
with
Wasps' Nests." a large pan, or (which
national
French hot
at
is
thin
much
as
Take bowl
must
not
;
add
be
six eggs,
hot),
half
pint
one
Another
a
of
name
ounce
and
a
sheet
it thicklywith
minced,
"
;
brush
it
over
well-pickedand powdered
with washed
cinnamon,
melted
pound of creain,or latter, it has
let it rise ; then out the dough into
butter, and
currants, almonds and
of
of flour,
half of yeast dissolved in the saltspponfulof salt ; work all this together until one
tioned. men-
superlative
breakfast.
Germany by the pound and a half
a
honey,
as
of
tea, goes in
a
remove
and
of
ingredients. constipation. Strange of England, and of
pretty firm, blisteringdough, and it to a floured baking board, and roll
become
flour
rich Cake
coffee
evolution
various
against chronic cookery books, both honey, nor honey Cake, use
It should
purity of perfection,
historical
with
flavoured
for coffee,or
butter
rich milk, and
and
"
made
Cake
a
"
rustic writers.
Roman
is
This
fermented,
It
and
ancient
preserved,"says Dr. Thudicum, eaten annually by all who love
human
a
"
sugar
;
then
sprinkle blanched cut
the
CAKES.
dough, into stripsof end
one
to
the
high-rimmed rise again ; of
This
is
a
bake
place
a
moderately
It takes
a
largeform
of
the
Divine
"
What Of
rich
so
[s
though
than
more
Wmild'st
Malade
Austen's
wedding
encrusted
Cake,
luscious
of
of
out
fail ?
hungry here. ? fasting disannul it V
with
Mr.
the
of
rich
the
surmounted
and
sugar,
Woodhouse,
because
out
put
it ?
have
at, and
paste, finding high favour
almond
be
was
(1816), old sadly
Imaginaire, was
will not
in cinnamon
who
was,
Emma
three-quarters the present quantity. lines of good George
Church
good cheer ? thy joy, yet hope to save thou both eat thy cake, and
out
for
full
thoii his laws
Enact
Jane
worlds
God
let it
cloth, and
fraught
a
and
nutmegs,
be in both
the
buttered,
a
"
have
some
and
:
oven
stripsfrom
up these end in
warm
bake
to
qualitythat
therewith
Would'st
Lay
a
a
hot
(1630), in The
cloves To
In
with
in
associated
as
it up
cover
;
Cake
Herbert,
fingerswidth, roll place the rolls on
other, and
form
hour.
an
three
137
with
after, the
He earnestlytried Taylor to Mr. Weston. them from to dissuade having any wedding Cake at all ; and when that proved vain, he as earnestlytried to prevent anyone's eating it. He had been at the pains of consultingMr. Perry, the Apothecary, on the subject; who, when applied to, could rather against the bias but acknowledge (though it seeraed not of his inclination) that wedding Cake might certainlydisagree with many, perhaps with most people,unless taken moderately." in Highbury that all There nevertheless, a strange rumour was, Weston's sHce of Mrs. with the little Perrys had been a seen
wedding
of Miss
wedding
Cake
believe
"
hands, but
in their
would
Woodhouse
Mr.
never
it.
Calverley,when playmate Tommy, Virgo):
the
at
school
Doctor
a
Crabb,
"
"
We
did We'd
.^U the And
as
never
heard
we
chose
do
to
to
that
Resulted
;
Grundy.
of Mrs.
theology we knew might'nt play we
all the
Were And
much
that
Was
with
following experience (Gemini
the
had
of
generaltruths, "
on
Sunday
'that cakes
be bought at four a penny. excruciating aches ate too many." if we
;
his el
138
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Concerning the
(1818), a lady told Hallam
Crabbe
Poet
that
such a thick very good Cake, only there was layer of sugar to be cut through before you could get at it." called His manner of the kind to women philandering," was "
Mr.
Crabbe
was
"
and
there
nothing a
is
hates
woman
more.
dough of a home-made Cake sometimes to the bakehouse sent (insteadof heating was the domestic oven), being wrapped in a blanket, and pricked the soft dough with the letters of the owner's name on ; and hence originatedthe familiar nursery rhyme : In
the
of
days
the
grandmothers
our
"
"
Pat
cake, pat
a
cake, baker's
a
So I do, master, as fast as I Pat it and prick it,and mark it will
Then "
for
serve
dulcem o puer, etiam rapida res
Imo
decenter
Punge
it with
tunde
mibi erit
acta
producing light,sweet, baking-powder is to be made
and
in
which
America,
farinam, manu.
and
magistri.
ilia meo."
serviet
For
manufactured
C, me."
and
tituloque inscribe
aou,
Sic mihi, sic Carolo
can.
Charley
Pistoris
!
man
from
Cakes
wholesome
capital
a
of tartar, as cream grape is said to surpass all others.
CAPER.
The
and
Caper [Cafparis),with used
countries
in
which
boiled
with
sauce
border
which
the
'are familiar,
we
mutton
at
Mediterranean
table, ;
is
a
as
pickled,
product
unopened
the
of
buds
instead of this Sometimes being used for condimentary purposes. (Capparis spinosa),those of the wild Caper {Euphorbia laihyris) or Caper Spurge, are substituted, being used while unripe. Canton has cut for its capers, but the English market used to be famous At scented them time out. one Capers figured largely in the and list of every Italian warehouseman, were item in every housekeeper's list of domestic are
not
now
nearly so
much
used
as
an
indispensable
stores.
formerly,when
But
brought
they from
or vinegar. They pickled for an curing diseases of the reputation spleen,whilst externallythe pickle of capers was applied against the linen cloths, or the left side of the belly below ribs, on In for reducing enlargements of the same sponges, organ. Germany, Capers are chopped up with anchovies, and spice.
Italy, or then
had
Toulon,
dried, and
established
in
salt
CARAWAY
and
then
are
sauces,
as
in Italian
"
and
which
spread
that
of
SEEDS.
as
paste
a
Capers,were
scdza, "
which
139
rusks,
on
first used
the
French
ultimately became
Our
toast.
or
in the
place
transformed
into
of
salt,
savlza,
sauce.
CAPSICUM. See
(Cayknnk, CARAWAY
The
well-known
Peppku.) SEEDS.
aromatic
of our household Caraway Seeds cakes, and of the confectioner's sugared comfits, depend for their cordial and comforting properties, (especiallywhen bruised)on essential oil which is fragrant,carminative, and spicy. Though an the herb Caria, a province of originally (Carum carui) inhabited Asia Minor, it is now cultivated for commerce in England, particularly about Kent and Essex. What known are as Caraway Seeds are in realitythe small dried fruit taken from the umbels. When in a mortar rubbed they give ofE an agreeable,strongsmelhng sort of scent. Chemically,their volatile oil consists of carvol," and a hydro-carbon^" carvene," which is a camphor." In Germany the peasants flavour their cheese, soups, and household bread with Caraway Seeds. Also in Germany, as well as in the is prepared from Russia, a favourite liqueur, Kummel, Caraway, whilst the seeds are given for hystericalaffections, being finelypowdered, and mixed with ginger and salt for being The powdered seed put into a spread with butter on bread. poulticetaketh away blacke and blew spots of blows, and bruises." The oil, or seeds of Caraway do sharpen vision, and promote and Therefore the secretion of breast-milk. dim-sighted men, This was rejoice in eating seed-cake. nursing mothers, may formerly a standing institution at the feasts given by farmers of wheat at the end to their labourers apples sowing. Roasted served at table in Trinity College,Cambridge, together with are "
"
"
a
small For
be
Caraway
of
the flatulent
made
hours
gripingsof
by infusing half
in half
a
seed.
pint
an
of cold
infants ounce
water,
a
good Caraway julep may
of the covered
bruised over
;
for six
seeds then
pour
it to liquor,strained through muslin, and sweeten be given to a baby for to three teaspoonfulsmay one
the from As
saucerful
a
draught for
flatulent
colic in the
adult, twenty
off
taste a
dose.
grainsof
the
;
140
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
powdered seeds may be taken, with a lump of sugar, in a winenarcotic known But effects have been glassfulof hot water. such two to follow the chewing of Caraway Seeds in excess, as three ounces In the north of England an at a time. oaten or cake made with treacle, and Caraway Seeds, is commonly eaten at breakfast. A poulticeof crushed Caraway Seeds steeped in hot water of a pulp, and applied within muslin to the consistence around a sprained joint,will afford speedy relief. The young roots of Caraway plants as cultivated in Kent, and Essex, may be sent to, table like parsnips ; they warm and stimulate, and strengthen a cold languid stomach.
CARROT.
Garden
The
Carrot
{Daucus carota),an
umbelliferous
plant, is descriptive
vegetable with us all as not to need any is contains essential root an oil, which preliminaries.The of the fragrant, aromatic, and stimulating. Upon this much virtues depend. Carrots are also rich in sugar, both cane, and of nearly 10 per cent. Their juice fruit,in kind, to the amount when carotin," in red crystals,with pectin, expressed affords chief The albumin, and the volatile oil already mentioned. virtues of the Carrot lie in the strong antiseptic qualitieswhich it possesses, as preventive of putrescent changes either within the body, or when appliedexternally. The sugar of Carrots can be collected from their inspissatedjuice, and used at table, At being excellent for the coughs of consumptive persons. Vichy, where,_ derangements of the liver, and of the biliary form another digestion,are speciallytreated, Carrots in one or so
common
a
"
are
served
at
every
meal, whether
vegetable dish, considerable to
in soup, or efficacyfor cures
with
meat,
being
or
as
a
attributed
them.
preparing Carrot juice,rub cleansed Carrots with a grater, and squeeze their juicethrough a clean cloth ; then boil it,with, without or When it no sugar, skimming carefullythe while. froths take it ofi the fire,and let it cool. Then strain it longer through a cloth, and pour it into glasses. A teaspoonfulthereof be taken several times in the day for subduing a troublesome may cordial. Confectioners often cough, or as a quieting nervine mix the pectin of Carrots, residingprincipally in their outer rind, with fruit jelly as a diluent. For
142
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
When
Carrots
their sohd
vegetable,remarkably little of into absorbed digested as to become
eaten
are
nutriment
is
as
so
a
system, but this passes ofE from the bowels as excrementitious waste, (to the extent of nearly 40 per cent of the vegetabletaken), though without causing diarrhoea,or other intestinal disturbance. the
Dishes
table which
at
"
contain
Carrots, particularlyin pur6e,
are
from the Carrot plant, Crecy." A tea made of which sliced root, and leafy top bruised, some tea is drunk position diswhen each a night and morning, proves of excellent use to are gouty acids, and to gravel prevails. If cows In one fed long on Carrots, they begin to pass bloody urine. thousand parts of the Carrot, there are ninety-fiveof sugar, and rabbits Recently M. Charrin kept some, only three of starch. said
to
fed
on
whilst
be
la
a
which
Carrots
rabbits
other
from
microbes
had
kept
were
soil.
the
contiQued
The
their
corrupt products within
sterilised
been
Carrots
on
former
of still
anima,ls
intestines
their
; but
microbes,
retaining their died
soon
the
latter
from
rabbits
thrive.
to
physician has told recently of an alleged cure for consumption by the simple remedy of eating raw Carrot ; which method to have certainlyseems proved itself well worth trial. In the British Flora Medica, 1830, it is stated, a Margraf A
Manchester
"
directs
that the recent into
beaten
and
through
a
honey, in which and
adapted againstworms."
For the
dehcate
day
then
A
sense
as
a
persons,
boiled
nervine
of mental
this estimable the To
the
it may be used at table instead for the consumptive coughs of young who
whole
so
spht into quarters,and
It acts
be cut, well washed,
juiceis to be expressed by heating to the consistence of
reduced
plain foods, an
on
sized Carrot
which
should
state
is well
also
of Carrot
pulp, from
sieve, and
a
roots
root
find it best
to
dine
in the
of sugar, children ; middle
of
excellent
vegetable is a fairsupper to retain its aromatic properties;
as
warmed
afresh
for
being
served
hot.
sedative,whilst being cordial and restorative.
invigorationwill follow, and the digestionof will be readilyperformed, without preventing
sleep. make
a
pur6e
Carrots, peeled and little salt,
of
Carrots
washed,
:
put
take them
one
pound into
cold
of cleansed water
with
to the strain and rinse boil, then bring them in the stewpan, with enough lightstock to them, and placethem Simmer the Carrots until adding a dust of castor sugar. cover, a
CA
tender, then
rub
them
UDLE.
into
little cream,
a
with
paste
a
potatoes, mashing this through
butter, or
143
three
plainly-boiled (adding a pat of with disposition to
hair sieve
a
except for
a
person
bihousness), stir tiU boihng, then serve. The small in the purple flower which grows umbel Carrot plant,has crowning a full grown benefit for mitigating epilepsy.
middle been
of
the
found
of
CAUDLE.
Caudle,
Practically
old French
the
or
called
so "
word
from
Chaudd,"
the is
Latin drink
a
Ccdidus
"
of
"
hot,
ale made
warm
groats, and
with
given to the sick as a restorative support. It is more wine with frequentlycomposed of warm (or ale),mixed bread, sugar, spices,and sometimes eggs ; being administered in childbed speciallyto a woman (though with doubtful wisdom), and to her congratulatoryvisitors. Hark HoUytop ! ye. Master wits comfort on are wool-gathering: yourselfwith a your gone Walter Scott's Caudle tea Abbot). For Caudle, make (Sir and it out into a skillet (a longa quart of strong green tea, pour "
"
"
metal
handled
pot), and
yolks of four eggs, grated nutmeg, and fire tiU
the
and
it
set
mix
with
to
sugar
the
over
them
taste
;
hot, then
it is very
fire ;
then
beat
up
the
pint of white wine, put all together; stir it over a
drink
it in
china
dishes."
a
"
Compleat Housewife, 1736. to set on
her cheek, and
of
physic
caudle
her
his aunt cup
stomach
she
and
:
the
m
in her
hand
a
tear
she knew
enough a morning with the blessing with ;
of
her
gave
downstairs
came
parlour with
abroad
prescribeagainst going
to
empty
an
he found
for London,
out
"
of Feeling,1771)
Harley (in the Man
When
draught." oatmeal a
into
blade
boil
pint
it for
Caudle.
much treasures
the
sought
the
after
Lilford
tablespoonfulsof
thin
brown
a
Caudle-pot quart, and having
mouth
by
rind
of
of the
small
a
drinker.
collectors)is
Hall, Northants.
of
was
to
be
a
lemon,
Let all sugar. pint of mild ale.
and add a liquid, grated ginger is often put
old-fashioned
into
at
add
tablespoonfulof
little
A
use.
The
went
a
and
stir two
:
strain the
then
holding about
which
of water,
and
of mace,
together :
Warm
ware,
a
Caudle
brown
old-fashioned
For
Such seen
into
glazed
this
Delft-
curved a
spout pot (now
among
the
144
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
CAVIARE.
far back in Shakespeare's as as Sturgeon, known Caviare,' but not appreciated day (who spoke of it as by the multitude),has been humorously styled salt blackberry this commodity deem delicious, whilst jam." Some persons Its parent Sturgeon others maintain it to be intolerablynasty. of Eussia, being taken abounds the southern for its coast on There are two kinds of the roe Caviare, chieflyat Astrachan. ; one called of a hght-grey colour, and semi-liquid, fresh," of which is httle known in England ; the Germans are very fond, but which the other kind is of a darker hue, containing the eggs of the roe of the crushed, and strongly pressed together, so that much moisture Out of Russia, Caviare is has been squeezed away. cold hot In toast. on a chaudfroid at table, being eaten at the end of dinner, England it is served quite as a mistake when the appetitesof the guests are already satisfied ; but in Russia and France it is more wisely regarded as a hors d'aeuvre, always appropriate at luncheon, and usually acceptable as a is correctlya prelude to a repast, whet before dinner. Caviare and stimulus to the a appetite. At the end of dinner it is It should mischievous. be moderately simply useless, and even seasoned with cayenne and lemon juice. The Russians pepper, slices of bread and butter. to eat their Caviare on are quitecontent It is served side-table as on a a prehminary rehsh to a meal. Taken of its abundant fish oil, medicinally,Caviare, by reason has been found to occasionally rescue a patient when in the last The
salted
of the
roe
'
"
"
"
"
stages of diabetes because
of
its
; for which
who
Yeo
has
need
some
the
is less salt than
Caviare
of condiment
sort
prevent
is the
and
flatulence.
of sugar as
a
with One
the others. acid
the
There odour
kinds
in the
should
of
is discerned
to
best
never
persons,
promote kinds
in
in
linen, and smell to Caviare,
packed
be
it
aged
food, the
anchor,
Uver.
for
their
is
sheet
a
because
savoury
Saxony variety,which
though frequently an neutral, but
formation
commended
digestion,and commerce
fat is indeed
large sustaining powers,
increases dietetically Dr.
disease
no
;
the
best
sort
is
usually give an acid reaction to litmus (test) paper, containing also traces of free ammonia, some hydrogen sulphide,and free fatty acids. Logan relates in the fresh Caviare It was that I revelled in, Joyful Russia, 1897, which was spread on bread or toast, at the Lakuska, or Russian poorer
"
CELERY.
lunclieon, and
snack
sprinkled
with
over
in
was
145
either
laid
case
and
onion,
chopped
thick, J"eing lemon." A,t St. on
Petersburg it is eaten fresh as a hors d'ceuvre, from glassplates, As to the Sturgeon (or royal fish)for food, with glassspoons. its flesh in firmness, and and
is almost the
cleareth mud
by
as
dark
Robert
savoury.
It is called
voice.
colour
red
by
is killed in the Mediterranean
veaj,
declared this fish
LoveU
beca.use it stirs up stirrer,
a
of the
bottom
at the fiounderiijig
resembles beef, or
blows
on
water.
the
^he
Sturgeon
The
head with heavy
into taken out, being then made clubs, and its spinalmarrow be boiled in shoes, or stuffed and roa,^ted. pates ; the flesh may be cooked better than by being roasted This flesh cannot is
thoroughly wine
;
or
before
the
fire,whilst
fish will make
the
a
basted
deUcious
hberally with
soup.
Queen
white
Ehzabe,th
Sturgeon in puddings, or pies. She ordered sturgeon-piewith rosemary-mead to be prepared for breakfast. to sjnugglea shce means Alexis Soyer taught persons -of Hmited the piece of of Sturgeon, with a few chopped shalots,beneath was
meat
very
fond
which
was
of
sent
to
the
bakehouse, under
of
cover
the
accompanied it. George the Second of England, who had a German everything very full chef as cook, Uked of his favourite flavoured. Sturgeon not too fresh being one
potatoes which
dishes.
CELERY.
garden Celery (Apium sativum) is a cultivated variety of which grows abundantly in the wild Celery {Afium graveolens) as a moist English ditches, and in water, being unwholesome of the food, and with a fetid smell. But like several other plants into the natural order (umbelUferous),when transplanted same fragrant,healthful, garden, dressed, and bleached, it becomes taking and excellent condimentary vegetable,besides now an instance of edible celeryis a striking Our high curative rank. genuity inof the poisonousplants can by human the fact that most become to altered in character eminently be so as is serviceable for food, or physic. Thus the wild Celery,which growing as a plant exposed to the certainlydangerous when well as beneficial, by having as dayUght, becomes most palatable, its young, crisp,leaf-stalks earthed up, and bleached during a Our
time
of
cultivation.
It
contains
some
sugar,
and
a
volatile, 10
146
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
which in the wild plant smells, and principle, strongly,and disagreeably.The characteristic odour, and
tastes
odorous
of the has
cultivated
freshlycut
mineral
due
are
to
Celery affords
our
Dr.
matters.
Pereira
this
same
essential oil, which
qualities ; also albumin, starch, mucilage,and
strength, and
modified
of
become
now
when
plant
showed
that
it contains
preventiveof rheumatism,
and a antiseptic, do the cruciferous as plants,mustard, and the Celery,"said Mr. Gibson Ward, President letters to The Times, Society, 1879, in some a
known
very blood.
fine dish, both I will not
as
attempt
and
nutriment,
a
to
Vegetarian
of the "
as
all the
enumerate
sulphur, as freely
cresses.
"
a
flavour
cooked
is when a
purifierof
marvellous
the
cures
should be worrying celery,lest medical men is imposLet me sible en me masse. fearlessly say that rheumatism allowed in 1876 this diet ; and on yet English doctors and forty human rheumatism to kill three thousand, six hundred as a dirty face." beings,every death being as unnecessary John This herb Sallery,"wrote Evelyn in his Acetaria, or Book placed in of Scdlets, is for its high and gratefultaste ever of the grand sallet at our the middle great men's tables, and our Chemically proctor'sfeasts, as the grace of the whole board." with Celery contains apiin,and a glucoside,or sugar, combined is aromatic principle)which apigenin (a yellowish sublimable I have
made
with
"
"
said
to
be
harmful
persons
causing severe
to
diabetic
the cultivated
oppression of
With
certain
ceptible sus-
garden Celery disagreesviolently, the
chest, and
constrictive
trouble
eating it ; also a swellingof the face and hands, with a generalitchingof the skin. in only its own If plainly stewed water. Celery retains all the useful propertiesof the stalks. Again, the sohd roots of the plant, nice brown, may if cut into dice, and baked be ground into a be used Hke ordinary cofiee, making a Celery coffee,which can refreshing beverage beneficial to the nervous system when needing recruital. The old Eomans employed the Celery plant around in garlands,to be bound the head for neutralizingthe of wine. It represented one of the Parsleys. fumes Celeriac is the turnip-rootedCelery,and is likewise cooked as wholesome a vegetable. Or wash the Celery, and again, for relievingrheumatism, cut it into small pieces,and stew them well in quite a little of the
water.
throat, within
sufferers.
Strain
two
this, and
or
three
hours
put it aside
to
after
be
taken
two
or
three
CHEESE.
147
Dr. Stacey Jones advises Celery-tea, tablespoonfulsat a time. and sugar, if desired), hot and strong (with,cream to be drunk by the teacupful three or four times in the day, so as to abate it sometimes will do very sciatica, which heuralgia,and even For ordinary stewed Celery speedily; likewise sick headaches. six sticks of five into cut or as a Celery vegetable dish, lengths, four inches, and these in some stew each about good brown the Celery, and stock until tender ; take out reduce the stock to half the quantity : thicken with a little butter and flour : the Celery,and serve and salt : then pour this over add pepper of toast, very hot. For making Celery water, allow on a square Cook this when washed, a large head for each quart of water. is reduced to a pint : then strain, and and cut up, until the water give a wineglassfultwo or three times in the day. It is best taken
on
an
stomach.
empty
CESEALS.
{See Barley,
Bread,
Pdlse,
Rye.)
of soda, particles of This salt when in the chemical form given as a obtained assimilated in the but as body ; by drug is not readily resolved into its Nature's method it is integral elements, so in the body, and to oxidize that the sodium base serves sugar for rendering for cell building,and thus to make it available Several
the
of the esculent
grainscontain a sulphate.
delicate
bile soluble.
CHAMPAGNE
(See
Wines.)
it
into it. a
second
it is which grapes from in the fermentation progresses acid gas Carbonic and a half.
As
the
first year which givesthe
when
exported brandy, put made not are fullyripe, bottled wine during the is thus largelyretained,
Champagne contains no appreciable sugar, has melted some usually sugar-candy,mixed
Dry
but
with
exhilaratingefEects of the wine more alcohol, this being in only a small percentage. sometimes manufactured, is much Champagne or rhubarb, and charged with carbonic acid
than A from
from
its
spurious berries goose-
gas.
CHEESE.
When
milk
is
separates into
coagulated by solid
curd, and
rennet,
or
liquidwhey
some
other
(or serum).
acid,
it
If the
148
MEALS
solid
parts to
serve
collected,and pressedtogether in
are
they
vat,
or
MEDICINAL.
unite
curdle
form
to
milk
in
a
like manner,
such
the
as
mould,
hoop, will
substances
Other
Cheese.
firm
a
"
"
Bedstraw
gala, milk), a hedgerow plant ; also the juice of the fig-tree.Parenthetically the curative virtues of the common hedgehedgerow Galium aparine (goose-grass,cleavers, or its allies, herifE)which are speciallypresent in this herb, and should tion reputacertainlybe told about. They are of undoubted of a kindred with reference to cancerous growths,and tumours
(Galium, from "
For
nature.
and
cancers
open
stems, with
which
dress
to
is made
ointment
an
the
from
the leaves,
parts, and
ulcerated
at
the
expressedjuiceof the fresh herb is given internally. three distinct acids "On analysisthis plant is found to contain ithe tannic acid (of galls), the citric acid (of lemons), and its own peculiarrubichloric acid. Considered generally,the Goose-grass exercises acid, astringent,and diuretic efiects,being remedial therefore against such diseases of the skin as lepra,psoriasis, and eczema, whilst remarkably helpfulin some of epilepsy. cases officinal juiceof the herb is dispensedby druggists, An authorized well as a thickened as extract; or, this Goose-grassmaybe readily fresh about of our rural fields,and waste most gathered places, in which it grows luxuriantly,climbing with boldness by its slender,hairy stems through the dense vegetation of our hedges into open daylight,whilst having sharp, serrated leaves, and producing small, white fiowers pearking on the tops of the armed with little hooked sprigs." The stalks and leaves are bristles with which to they attach themselves adjacent shrubs time
same
the
"
"
so "
aparine
of. or
ascend
to
as
Dr.
"
held
is derived
ladder-like from
a
fashion.
Greek
The
verb,
"
stalks is
into in the
thoroughly
grasped with
piecesof about right hand. in
mortar,
the
and
a
bundle
left hand, this bundle
half-an-inch The
botanical
long by
segments
apphed
are
in the
affix
to lay hold a'pairo,"
Quinlan, of Dublin, directs that whilst
twelve
be cut
in
a
then
pair of to
be
of ten, should scissors bruised
as a poultice has been bandage. The goose-grass employed thus with highly successful results to heal chronic ulcers on the legs. Cheese-rennet and Appellations of Cheese-running are its order of herbs. to make in particular given Highlanders use of the common Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum) for curdling their milk to get Cheese, and to colour it ; this abundantly grows the from on its near small banks, sea dry chiefly ; golden flowers
beneath
a
mass
a
"
"
"
"
150
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
milk, (perhaps adding a few grains of alkaline potash to assist the solution). Another reason why Cheese indigestible proves or
during the process of ripening,small produced, which are apt to disagree in the stomach when once reaching the intestines, Cheese ; but is absorbed To the person as readily,and as completely as meat. for meat who wishes to use Cheese as a substitute (because more and the Canadian, or Dutch economical, fully as nourishing), preferablythe former ; and new quaUty may be best commended, Cheese is much fermentation has begun to be advocated, before Cheese should But be eaten to any at not degree of progress. all freelyby persons who are leading inactive, indolent lives, certain
persons, is that quantitiesof fatty acids are
to
substantial
the
smce
would
to
such
casein, which difficult of
be
persons
is
furnish fat,heat, principles
component
chief
its
otherwise
digestion;
and
to
energy
constituent,
a
its
remarkable
degree. after palate has been taught to relish Cheese it has (which is, in undergone butyric acid fermentation first stage of when fact, the putridity). But years ago, the small dairymen made not plain Cheese for their own use, for the market, they began to eat it before it was a fortnight old, and took it as freely as they did bread, never dreaming it never of its proving difficult of digestion, which was. such before Nowadays, to simply compressed casein put The
average
lover
the
of modern-cured
insult ; and yet which Cheese can be
may
given to
from
lactic
products
are
the
The
altered
him
to
almost
an
standpoint of health, it is the only altogetherapproved ; though equal praise fresh curd, consistingof unaltei'ed albumin
be
acid.
be
the
of milk, in combination some
Cheese, would
with
fat,
some
or
little milk
varieties
numerous
more
a
less to
of
sugar,
and
Cheese
mature
degree proportionate with Cheeses ripen in a week or a
soft stage of ripeness. Some months two to mature. consistence,take many ; others, of firmer Parmesan in Northern at Cheese, made Parma, Italy, from skimmed milk of specialcows, and coloured greenishwith safEron, their
is
a
hard
Whilst
article which contained
substantial
basis
soluble, and
the
requires three
in fresh of insoluble
milk
Cheese, ;
in the completely dissolved made by art to coagulate
in
the
first
milk, whilst as
ripen.
casein, which
exists the
to
years
insoluble
in
two
of
these
in
the
forms
the
forms,
the
it
remains
latter
Cheese, but
it
is
carrying
CHEESE.
with
it the
fatty matter,
151
The
coagulation from becomes by rennet produced rather mysteriously. The milk sugar is probably changed into lactic acid, which then A to coagulate the milk-casein. serves similar coagulation takes place within the stomach by the acid when milk is had as food. The casein of fresh milk gastricjuice,
the
soluble
contains
the
to
be
ordinarilyto have is
eat
unknown
which
form
in the
than
any
other
that
the
mineral
except
whey
is
to
kitchens
our
except
indigestibledish
food
left behind.
are
substance digestiblethan the raw it in Cheese, junket, or curds; but
more
are
cream.
material
obtained,
dissolved
been
part
insoluble
nutritious
more
or
as
is
salts which Cooked
casein
for
most
we
its heated
Welsh
as
which
the
preparations (rare-bit),
Rabbit
generallymade. Here the assimilate, comes we practicalquestion. Can into food convert our or as bodily substance, the Cheese ? flesh food "I Mattieu can (says easily as we reply the I if Cheese is but cannot we Wilhams) certainly raw, have doubt do so if it be suitably cooked." The we no may of their plainest and Swiss commonest dishes, make, as one Cheese of and with httle milk, a new a fondu, eggs, grated Cheese, an
as
"
"
"
"
butter, and
or
in the
cooked
condition
of
paste
a
;
or
else with
of eggs and milk, and covered with grated Cheese, being then gently baked ; by some persons the bread-crumb is likewise grated. In such fashion is concocted shoes
the
of bread
"
Cheese
lackingin
soaked
in
pudding
their Cheese
substances
"
a
of the
by
rich
batter
Swiss, who
the
gain
mineral
salts
salads of fresh table vegeWilhams Mattieu adds
their
accompanying
: potash salts. The following is a simplified : Take a quarter of recipeof my own of grated Cheese, add to it a teacupful of milk, in which a pound will is dissolved of potash as much as powdered bicarbonate stand the svtrface of a threepenny piece ; also add mustard, on is and heat this carefullyuntil the Cheese to taste ; pepper completely dissolved ; then beat up three eggs (yolksand whites together),and add them to this solution of Cheese, stirringthe
in
"
whole. which
of
take
will bear
butter and
Now
until
bake,
or
potash
is
readers advocated
a
metal,
shallow
heating, put
it frizzles ; next fry it until it is an
averse
for
httle
a
pour
to two
medicinal reasons
butter the
which
agents, but :
it, and
on
mixture
nearly solidified.
novelty original
dish,
earthenware
or
may
into The
or
heat the
First, it effects
a
the
tray,
bicarbonate
possiblyalarm
its harmless
tray,
use
better
some
is to be solution
152
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
casein, by neutralizingthe free lactic a6id
6f the
Cheese
which
inevitablyexists
cUrd,
or
ffee a;cids which
other reason
mankind
in the
present
are
necessary in all kinds atbtmdantly
potash are
as
any
the seccyfid
essential for
his food
of
constituents
as
well
; and
Cheese
of
salts
grea;terweight :
is of
beforehand, a;s
milk
in the
they
;
exist
of wholesome
vegetables,and fruits,and in the juicesof fresh meats, but theyare wanting in Cheese, having, of their greater solubility, been left behind in the whey. because to ilie to be the one serious objection of potash seems This absence old diet exclusively." Cheese, says an of Cheese to a free use Caseus but est itself, : adage, digests everj^thifig nequam digefitomnia; sequarii." Quite latelycasein, the proteid.Or chieflynutritious part of milk, has been separatedin the powder forin,dry, as Plasmon, this being devoid of water, fat and sugar, but also of such potash dissolved in the liquid salts as remain portion of the milk (unless evaporated out, and added again). The tlasmon, or pure casein, "
"
foods,
skini milk, and
from
is obtained
iflcrease their
to
separated milk, except obvious
S.W.
ordinary foods, foods in which
these no
are
among that
la*ge amount to
"
the
on
add
to
being
or
added
be
well understood
which
they
of
specialindications
no
are
the
many
conditions
diet.
If
a
delivered
to
one
class of sUch
foods
Other
separated
"
one
say
may
of all artificial foods. the
kind
such
be
can
soups,
as
addition 80
that
or'
the
90
;
added
per
amount
that is
in very
milk, and
and
and, seeing
their
There
great benefit, and without
with
to
as
the
these
that
of pure of nutritive
cent
sick
proteid, material
supplying is considerable. I know necessitatingtheir Use, but there are of
means
of disease
patient is
with
Robert
has been
milk
concludes,
ordinary foods,
solid foods
on
enrich
to
useful
of such being aware preparationscertainlycontain can
encomiums
I think," he most
Dr.
Foods
Patent
on
proteid of
person it
other
Society, whilst passing a sweeping these as costly,and unequal to plain
preparations of to
some
address
the casein,
proteid.
doubt
even
went
utilizable
combinations.
many
of
most
for integrity,
of
sum
to
of
flesh-forming material,
or
Medical
London
oU ponideMnation
in its
stock
advantage for recently,in an
Hutchison
the
as
casein,
pure
for addition
proteid. It is the product of Cheese fine white a powder, being literally its inilk sugar, nothing reniainingpractically
its fat and
without
is intended
on
where
pure
one
milk, and
wants
you
to enrich desire
to
a
fluid
increase
CHEESE.
the nutritive value
of such
153
milk, then it is that such
preparations they can knowing very that they wiU be easilydigested,and ahnost completely absorbed, and that they can do the sick person harm. no Looking at the all the most round, these are among subject trustworthy of all the artificial foods, and have the further advantage that they can
be made
are
economical,
which
would
It must the
useful ; and
the
otherwise be
basic
because
be
uric
salts of
potash, is
elements
of its
substance
its
where are
Cheese
rare,
also eaten to
savour
is likewise
simply there.
the
because As
of
purpose combustion
the
in
Altenburg
Cheese, bladderbe
to
milk,
the
much found
are
skim
preparation loses
serve
consume
formation
bladder-stones
such
from
formed
peasantry
acid
in Switzerland,
But
should
whilst
during its use by certain parts of Saxony, in
About system. the district, where of
away." Cheese by
salts, which
the
stones
thrown that
neutrahzing uric acid, as
is extracted
casein
remembered
alkaline
be added,
frequent.
very
largelyconsumed, much
Cheese
fruit,rich in
ripensit
the
owes
of its casein, which
decomposition
originalstate is without flavour, or odour ; the of fat prevents decomposition from going too far. presence Nevertheless, a butyric fermentation proceeds in the Cheese, givingit presentlya strong odour, and advancing to putrescence, varieties of the ahment that many will then so produce in the in its
toxic
eater
symptoms
poisonous agent
decayed
old
thereof and a
in
such
Cheese
fungus,and
Cheese
not
made
as
three
as
two
the
bacterial, nor
from
pounds pounds
nutritious.
of beef, and of beef
nitrogen, carbon,
its
Toasted
all the
vigorous digestion.
with
perhaps
Cheese is
made
cream,
is about of
is
as
Cheese
to
If
butter
of
with
and but
leather. little
A
very
hydrogen, be
eaten
meal
be taken
should
a
of
are
valuable
a
it is new, added ;
as indigestible
fat
much
bread
and
sugar
exercise
if digestible
as
butter-fat
the
its elements,
constituents
melted
principal
protein (animal substance)
much
as
outdoor
or
contains
milk
new
casein, and
; the
The
chemically tyrotoxicon,and causes through the presence the heart, vision, pain about of Cheese is of vegetable nature, bacillary. One pound of sound
sulphur.
and
then
Cheese
as
consists
secured, but ensure
gallon of
a
Casein
Cheese,
mould
pronounced.
is
Cheese
sometimes
But
less
or
coUc, diarrhoea, double
collapse.
with
more
so
are as
to
lightlycooked, tough
toasted
Welsh
Eabbit
ale,
and
then
154
MEALS
poured also
slices of
over
mustard,
hot
toast
Worcester
or
it proves of delirium tremens,
"Toasted
Tavern,
Cheese." in Fleet
to
and
satisfytheir cravings. In fixed the baker, having no
sometimes
;
If
sauce.
help
cayenne,
with
MEDICINAL.
hard
Lewis
instead
threatened
when of
with
more
drink
to
Hunting of ike Snark called by his companions
Carroll's was
name,
The
added,
freely peppered
drinkers
serves
is
cream
"
famous is
Street, London,
Olde
Cheshire
Cheese"
associated historically
with
the Doctor's Here Johnson, and Goldsmith. yet see you may Cheese Isaac In The he, and Goldy sat. chair, and sit where Bickersteth the oft-quoted contains ma^e an epigram which hues
:
"
"
Perhaps why
But
The
fare of the
sort, is world but
the
"
it
celebrated
;
kick
you
me
love
your
downstairs
?
:
"
Cheese," whilst of the good old English
Cheshire
famous
dissemble
right to
was
did
its steaks
pudding,
made
and for
its ham two
are
centuries
traditions from
;
the
recipe,and served every Wednesday and Saturday to an is the crowning glory of the appreciativeand hungry gathering, Old Tavern. This pudding ranges from to sixty,seventy, fifty, or eighty pounds in weight ; and gossip has it that in the dim constructed of a hundredweight proportion. past the rare dish was It is composed of a fine lightcrust, in a huge basin, and there are therein beefsteaks, kidneys, oysters, larks,mushrooms, entombed with wondrous spices,and gravies the secret of which is known takes from boiling process only to the compounder. The sixteen to twenty hours, and the scent of it on a windy day has far as the Stock Exchange. The process to reach been known as the cuttingthe mistletoe of carving it is as solemn a as ceremony Old William, for many with the golden sickle of the Druids. in his real glory on waiter, could only be seen years the head pudding days. He used to consider it his duty to go round the tables insisting that the guests should have second, and third, wonder fourth helpings! be it spoken ! and Any aye, with ? Pudden his constant this was gentleman say ; and query habit not broken when was a crusty customer growled, No Pudden.' of his customers, William, hke most gentleman says remains has passed away, but a room consecrated to his memory same
"
"
"
'
'
"
"
'
and
is still called
Cheddar
by his Cheese, made
"
name.
chiefly at
Pennard,
contains
from
CHEESE.
155
23 to 29 per cent of casein (proteid), from 30 to 40 per cent of fat, and from 3 to 5 per cent of mineral salts ; its residuum savoury is very small. Cheshire Cheese is very similar, but contains more
by
of milk.
sugar OUT
is
grocers,
milk,
and
The
common
small, hard, round
a
coloured
outside
with
Dutch
Cheese,
Cheese
made
madder.
supphed
as
from
skimmed
It contains
from
19
24
of casein, and only from of fat, 16 to 24 per cent per cent with from 5 to 6 per cent of sugar of milk. the But in Holland " Dutch, or Cottage" Cheese, is a preparation of pressed curds, to
with
prepared
with
salt,or
muriatic
In the Dutch
instead
Factory Cheeses, highlyimportant and
is left behind
value
of these
with
an
dissolved
Cheeses
of rennet, and
this is
cream;
and
of rennet, the of hme,
and
sugar,
acid
"
served
with
smeer-kaas," pot-cheese.
curdled
with
thus
acid instead
essential earth-salt,phosphate
in the
whey,
and
thus
the
food
seriouslylowered. Phosphates of the earth-salts are concerned in bone-making for the growing subject, also to some in building up the brain, and stance subextent nervous in the body, though not so vitallyin the latter respect is commonly as supposed. Bone contains about 11 per cent of The less than cent. 1 per phosphorus, but brain substance phosphate of hme which is suppliedby Cheese made with rennet, be is probably in a condition of such fine division, that it can For a readily dissolved by the gastricjuice in the stomach. and is dish in which of Cheese there true a by solution, cooking admirable is the
(Parmesan
is
six
result, grate
best), put it into
of
ounces
enamelled
an
Cheese
rich
with
saucepan,
teaspoonfulof flour of mustard, a saltspoonfulof white pepper, a grating of Cayenne, the sixth part of a nutmeg (grated),two of butter, two ounces tablespoonfulsof baked flour, and a gill a
of
milk
new
smooth
;
stir it
(but
cream
over
a
it must
slow
not
fire till it becomes add
boil);
the
like thick,
well-beaten
yolks
of six eggs ; beat for ten minutes, then add the whites of the into a tin, stiff froth ; put the mixture to a eggs also beaten or
into
cardboard
a
minutes
bake
in
quick
a
for twenty
oven
immediately.
serve
;
and
mould,
lately almost always in English production, Leicestershire, being a solid, rich, white of one the cream day being added to the entire milk of the next ; Stilton
then no
Cheese
the curd pressure
Cheddar,
are
is
has
made
been
put into moulds,
whatever
until
and
allowed
being applied.
subjected to
a
pressure
of
Other as
much
to
sink
of itself,
kinds, such as
one
ton,
as or
156
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
first,lactic requires,
twenty-five hundredweight. Stilton Cheese bacteria
to
specialbacteria the curd and
the' milk
convert
from
act
the
on
digestible,whilst
coating;
the
blue
glaucum. This using rich milk, cultures
fine Cheese and
Gocgonzola is
the and
made,
are
mould
inner
into
substance
oidium,
the
goes
can
or
lactic
by
the
famous
all
mould,
the
over
gives
the
of Penicillium
name
B.
Bacterium
employed
other
is soluble
what
imitated
be
now
acid ; then
peptonize it, cha.nging
casein, and
hard, insoluble
a
lactic
into
sugar
anywhere by
41, of which
pure
world.
from the (North Italy),made native strongly resembling Stilton. After pasture milk, and of milk the curd has been thoroughly squeezed, a tumblerful is added. This Cheese is coloured by putrescent to mouldiness said imitation its mould is be to and an Sage leaves, green effected by transfixingthe Cheese there with here and copper Cheese which left in for while. this skewers are a Originally made of so rich a quality as to fetch half-a-crown a was pound mode its manufacture then strict local of a (the being kept secret), into the but now of the Gorgonzola Cheese which most comes is fabricated, and market sells for about tenpence a pound. Italian Cheeses is colour of certain other Again, the green attributed to the milk having stood for a time in copper vessels, during which time of repose the milk would absorb an appreciable In quantity of copper. twenty-five samples of Parmesan found to be present to every two pounds of the Cheese, there was
Cheese, from
0-8
Italian
an
3-3
to
Cheese
cent,
per
Italian hard, dry, highly-flavoured It
is made
cows'
milk
hearers no
among
the
at
finer food
pasturage
of
the
Po
with
in
world
the
proper
for nutritive soups,
such
a
saffron.
meadows,
from his
told there
is
than Cheese purposes of lentil, and the like,
as
invariably sprinkle
Parmesan
over
their
Minestra." Camembert
action drain
; these
flavours in the
Cheese
of rennet,
Caves,
in
coloured
Cheese
is
Parmesan
copper.
Professor partly skimmed. Macfadyean the Royal Institute, February, 1903, that
grated,and put into just as the Italians "
rich
of
or
cold
being then
are
then
from ladled
salted, and
cellars, for six
of the various local soil where
making,
is made
which
sorts
of
each
is
give more
or
new
milk
into
moulds, and
turned
coagulated by allowed
the to
daily,whilst kept in weeks until ripe. The different Cheese due, not to something are produced, but simply to methods less play to the several kinds of
158
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
shallow
moulds, then
still in
the
for
heavily salted
month,
a
while
more,
or
air-bubbles, by abundant and whilst flavoured by the dried herb Melilot, open passages, sweet or yellow Clover (admirable against nose-bleeding). Sage Cheese is coloured with bruised Sage leaves, or in Scotland with lovage leaves, also with marigold leaves, and parsley. "
moulds.
Marbled
is traversed
It
with
sage
hardening
the
she
cheese
pressed." Gay.
writing
when
Smith,
Sydney understand
your
book, but
"
said
geologist(December, 1841),
Murchison,
Eobert
to
send
Heaven
:
knowledge of the knowledge which
my
I
science
the may is too
just enables advantage, a the cretaceous and the to caseous me distinguishbetween chalk from formations the vulgar have know it, to ; or, as cheese"; (the real meaning of which is to have ready possession of one's wits ; to know a spurious article from a good, or (j poor, genuine one). Groaning Cheese, as we read in Bourne's Popular v" takes entertainment, a or Antiquities, part in the bhthement, provided after the birth, or at the christening,of an infant.
slender
for
that
"
"
"
It is customary Cheese
at
Oxford
to
cut
what
when
in the
we
the
in the babe
north
call the
is born, and
to middle, Groaning so proceed with the cuttingas by degrees to form with it a large the child is passed on kind of ring,through which the christening As thin as favourite simile a was day." Banbury Cheese with lands and ancestors Our : our glebes are clipped and thin as Banbury Cheese." as pared to become A Welsh Cheese-toast, is popularly Rabbit, which is practically named after a jocularfashion, much the same Norfolk so as a Glasgow magistrate." Similarly capon," or red herring, or duck is a baked Essex Hon is a calf,a Field Lane an sheep'shead, and Irish plums, or Irish apricots. Hosted potatoes are Dr. Venner Tobias Cheese," wrote (Via Recta ad vitam longam, "
"
"
"
"
"
1620), to
be
"
is
more
received
from
entise
to
a
mouse
into the bodie, for it
breedeth
stomacke, up
meete
the stomacke
adust
rat
into
corrupteth the
cholericke
putrid vapours,
or
humours, and
a
trap than
meats
and
sendeth
fumes
noysome
in the
which
"
To conclude, greatlyoffend the head, and corrupt the breath." much of Cheese is for eating onely convenient (he adds), the and rustiok people, such as have very strong stomackes, and that "
also
use
great exercise."
So much
for the old author
!
Per
contra
CHEESE.
read
we
subject : had
in "
Pickwick
Ctarles
what
A
couple of Mrs. just stepped in at
159
Bardell's her
house
Dickens
thought on the particularacquaintance
most
in Groswell
Street
to
have
of a couple of quiet cup of tea, and a little warm supper of pettitoes,and sets toasted Cheese. The said Cheese some in a little most was simmering, and browning away delightfully Dutch before the iire,and the pettitoeswere oven getting on in little tin the hob." on deliciously a saucepan Welsh Rabbit be well called, yet no one knoweth so Though be said Mrs. Glasse. The Welsh added," Rabbit, why ye name if it has ever been a local dish (the name possiblybe Gaelic), may has never of present certainlywithin the knowledge, or memory It was been a Welsh dish. attribute of the London man a special a
"
Club
House,
or
Tavern,
of the
old school.
Three
or
four
Welsh
Rabbits
fair allowance for a man of a as apiece were supper appetite; and our great-grandfathers ate them, and average the worse, went nor carried)to bed, and slept none (or were dreamed of gout, or dyspepsia. In those days every of Tavern London had its Welsh-Rabbit maker, whilst the price of this dish was eighteenpence. The cook brought Cheese-grater,hard bits of stale Cheese, thick shoes of stale bread three or four days old,,a pat of fresh butter, a mustard pot, and a gillof old ale. Into a clean saucepan the ale, and it was went quickly brought in next, to a boiUng point ; the Cheese, first grated fine, went followed For some by the butter, and the mustard. persons the bread warmed in the oven toasted, for others merely was ; and on this the seethingmass was poured, and then immediately is the only genuine formula for Such placed before the eater. A modern cookery book will order to making a Welsh Rabbit. melt shoes of rich Cheese,' evidently without knowing that Cheese, to be mixed thoroughly with the other ingredients,and be grated. to be rendered digestibleby thorough cooking, must with would Shoes of melted will mix Cheese nothing, and rapidlycool into a capitalimitation of shoe-leather." New Cheese has some acid reaction,but by degrees,as the Cheese ripens,this disappears.Some of the casein begins to decompose, '
and
evolves
likewise Qeutral.
the
ammonia,
fatty acids
which
combine
If the fermentative
the
neutraUzes with
the
acid
of the
Cheese
and
become
ammonia,
ripeningof Cheese
goes
on
to
actual
developed,and putrefaction,then poisonous products become But into the blood. certain be mischievously taken up may
;
160
A LS
ME
kinds
of Cheese, when
will
the
cause
I CINA
L .
decayed, only partially
digestivefermentation full Kieal,just as
MED
in
the
leaven
sour
whole
into sweet
introduced
when
ferment
a
dough, it is that
therefore
and
;
useiul
a
stomach, after
of the
contents
to
mass
will start
takiriga small portion of Cheese, partly decayed (but not putrid),at the end of an ample dinner, will promote the better meal. Old can Cheese scarcely be digestionof the whole
the
discerned
the
be
to
same
when
as
it
was
of opinion that only then (L570),was pe;capns, being also applied outwardly to feel their great pains ; some have persons by the use thereof have been recovered.
has, I bejieve,found
ojie
xanthin,
any
Matthiolus
new.
it
is the
for
good
gouty
parts where instanced
been Dr.
they who "
Jfo says : uric acid, in milk, or
or
Haig
Cheese." the matter,
summarize
To
Cheese
be eaten
may
for two
distinct
either for the : purposes food aburidant in animal
of the body as a general sustenance and nourishment (casein), warming with milk sort of fat, digestivecondiment, taken, sugar ; or as a it in morsel form the end of the usual fare, as is as just at were, dinner at old-fashioned tables, with a ripe Cheese customary in a tasty stage of decay, and mould. The vegetable moulds of Cheese are Aspergillusglaucus,blue and green ; Sporindonema
casei, jed
and
;
the
of Cheese, principle all foodstuffs "
Mice," of is
said age to
an
are
Fuller, have
Welsh."
rat
the penance,
Acarus.
an
oxide
"
termed
"
given
in
their
Smith
this
respect
in
young
heavily upon
short
the
are
Horace
his
to
pressing so
dedicate and
old
appropriate old
is
The
savoury
of
leucine," has
highest sapidity.
wrote
the
mite
chemical
a
Cheese, and
tenderest
which
the
Cheese
remainder a
narrow
best verdict tells "
family, that
me
'
:
of and
my
'
the
for
My
dear
ness good-
story children,'
infirmities
have
days lonely
the
little
a
the
I
of
tasters
of
determined to
hole
tion mortificawhich
I
interfere with not lately discovered ; but let me your for pleasure: be happy juvenileenjoyments : youth is the season last injunction,never to come therefore, and obey my near me retreat ! God in my all ! bless you Deeply affected, whilst snivellingaudibly, and wiping his paternal eye with his tail, the old rat withdrew, and ior several days, seen was more ,no when rather his youngest daughter, moved by filial affection than of curiositywhich is attributed to her sex. by that sense have
'
CHERRY.
161
stole to his cell of mortification, which, made
his
by
teeth
own
in the
turned
choice
"
an
cavity
a
enormous
farmer's
daughter hath soft brown hair, and (Butter eggs, and a pound of cheese.) And I met with this ballad I can't say where. Which wholly consisted of lines like these :
The
(Butter, and
and
eggs,
pound
a
mortal
I be most
in his
peasant speech ; cheese, wan za big'smy remarked
that
I
ayte
can
without
dinner
giidehulch
a
Leaves.
Cheese
is Uke
an' has
gourmet with
woman
a
burd
ov
famous
Some
vistes."
tu
"
the rustic cottager of Devon
'ungry," says "
"
cheese.) Calverley. Fly of
C. S.
one
of
substance
be
to
Cheese."
Cheshire
"
out
only
eye.
pastry cake filled in its middle with a custard of soft curds, sugar, egg, butter, and spice. This sort of cake Cheese cake is
A
a
is first mentioned
Cato, the which
elder, of
is the
Latin
Utica.
or
of
made
casein.
In
cakes
have
like
small, flat
a
a
it simply terms cake in general,and
Eome
such
in
are
of flake
surgeons
used
Cheese
and
cakes
dough,
or
wine
"
:
In
for
their
to
Placenta," for any cake does
not a
freshly-pressed sometimes
were
puff paste, shaped mixed
custard.
Humphrey
Mildmay
the
Master
"
the present time.
at
contains
Sydney Smith, when writing to (April,1837), from London, said
such but
Germany
which
saucer,
with
ordinary sense,
ancient
basis
Rusticd, ascribed
re
connection
the
largesize, as they
Cheese a
in
De
work
He
for
word
Cheese particularcake. not mean ripe Cheese in
curds,
Latin
in the
the
Greek
ointments
the
war
;
and
in
the Henry the Eighth'stime cobbler's wax, and rust of iron were advantage to be livingin ingredients see, it's of some ; so, you 1837." Berkeley Square, Anno Domini current there A few years back a was cockney slang expression in India, Cheese." It Quite the actually originated word chiz Hindustan where the (thing,)is thus applied; the true as phrase there. quite the thing runs "
"
"
"
"
CHERKT.
Our the "
Cherries
on
see
Cherry (Cerasus)dates
cultivated
Eighth.
(And
A
London
the
street
ryse," (or on
cry
Fruit.) from
in the
twigs),but
the
time
fifteenth these
of
Henry
century
were
was
probably 11
162
MEALS
"
the
of the
produce
varieties
of
the
MEDICINAL.
Wild
Cherry.
From
fruit
the
of
different
highly-esteemedcordials
Cherry,several
are
Italy,the Ratafia of France, the Kirschwasser of Germany, and our Cherry Cherry Brandy. is also called a Bounce," again, popular Uqueur Cherry Cordial, in which Cherries have been steeped, of burnt consisting brandy Yea, of Cherry Bounce some being added. quantum sugar of that's old Oporto a couple and physic; sujf., my magnums, {SecretsWorth Knowing). The kernels of Cherry stones contain of the tree exudes basis of prussic acid. From the bark a a which is equal in value arable. to gum Cherry-water, as gum concocted from Cherry-juicefermented, is excellent for dispelhng of a disturbed stomach the nausea through tardy digestion,or Kirschwasser of heavy food. because Large quantitiesof this Forest of Germany, and made in the Black Switzerland, are small, black fruit being used, together with the stones, which Both this furnish the said minimum quantity of prussic acid. cordial,and our Cherry Brandy (when the crushed stones have been sickness, and included) are very useful against stomach the
prepared :
of
Maraschino
"
"
"
"
"
distress.
flatulent
appendicitis (which is now such and serious ailment, requiringsurgical a common the aid to remove obstruction)impacted Cherry-stones have of much the brunt to bear obloquy ; but the truth is that in rural districts,where country folk often take no pains to separate the stones when stones eating Cherries, preciselythere (many Cherrybeing swallowed, and occupying the intestines)appendicitis Most is rare. bacillus coli a {B. commonly communis) is encountered within the appendix as giving the obstructive colon must be The trouble, and causing septic inflammation. well washed the out, and cold vinegar compresses apphed over whole abdomen, renewing them every half-hour ; also soft bland laxatives be given, such as pulp of stewed prunes, bread may made with baking powder, liquoricelozenges, and antiseptic other fruits, tend to peppermints. Cherries, as well as some lessen the formation of uric acid in gouty subjectsby the reason of their quinic acid. French distil from Cherries The a hqueur other
Among
"
known a
as
Eau
supposed
de
Cherry
called Marasca
In
days, about Cherry beer" were
former
pies and
"
Cerises
;
the
of
causes
whilst
the
liqueurnoted
Kent much
on
Italians as
Easter in
prepare
"
vogue;
from
Marasquin." Monday, pudding travellers by the "
CHERRY.
stage coach
down
Canterbury Road partake of this fare. the
stopping-placeto of the
one
was
given
the
to
of
that
fine
as
that
The
late
Cherries of these
some
possible. Cherry
be
to
a
to
that and
Frogmore,
often
as
highly esteemed Royal luncheon,
so
"
name
care
luncheon
at
every
similar
took
at
grown be served
used
sauce
Victoria
be
should
is
of its scent
Queen
should
"
Pie
at
Cherries
Duke
May Cherry
"
cries ; and
invited
were "
Heliotrope because
fruit.
remarkably ordered
old London
Garden
the
168
that
and supplied at every what the sweets dinner, no matter might be. It was made thus : Put three parts of a bottle of Claret in a high copper pan, with white sugar, and a stick of cinnamon some ; bring it to the boil, Cherries not over-ripe, throw in some and simmer for ten minutes, thicken lift out the cinnamon, and removing the scum ; then for many
years
the
with
sauce
should
sauce
and
it
the
season
Uttle
a
thick, but
for
ready
should
When
use.
cold
with
mixed
arrowroot
be too
not
it is then
was
water
the
freelycoat
fresh
Cherries
the
;
spoon, of out
are
of the employed, taking some mixing it with an equal quantity of
bottled
fcuit must
be
juice from the bottle, and Claret. Freshly-gathered Cherries (to be made into ice for dinner) were always approved of at Queen Victoria's table, and many of them were constantly preserved in large jars by the Royal confectioners dessert into use to at come during the winter for the and months. Morellas were chiefly chosen purpose, likewise much esteemed in brandy. were Cherry soup {Potageaux Cerises)is popular in North Germany. is
It
made
there
Weichsel, and when
stewed
three
parts
with
soup ; the bound with a
heat
"
roux
with
strain
through
which
may
be
to
sugar two
or
"
'
He
that
spurted out
There
is
eateth with
much
a
an
Vistula,
Cherries.
or
These,
divided
into
put whole
into
are
stoned, and
Pound
add
stones
red the
Cherry stones, and wine just to boiling; extract
the
to
Cherries
common
flavour
than
proverb,"
saith
better
with '
the
soup,
cakes.
outlandish
Cherries
the
be
of glassfuls
sponge jam the
making Cherry preferred,as they give Cherries.
taste.
with
eaten
rind,
lemon
cloth, and
For
"
to
three
hnen
a
as
Pie
water parts are first boiled with some then of flour, and passed through the
two
"
Kentish
and
is reserved
other
adding
them
England
cinnamon
One
:
Cherries, called
acid
the
in
known
the
tammy,
with
; but
noblemen it fixeth
shall no
to
are
the old
have
be
sweet
Fuller, his
fault in the
eyes
fruit,
164
MEALS
the
expressionbeing metaphorical." Quoth
in his the
wisdom,
best
"It
heads
MEDICINAL.
Colossus
is the
Cherry
upon
when
who,
stones
Dr. Samuel
well
as
he
tries,can
cut
statues
out
hew
as
Johnson
"
of the rock."
when Pepys has told (November 2nd, 1667) that observable how at the King's Playhouse it was a gentleman of Cherries in the good habit, sittingjust before us, eating some midst of the play, did drop down dead, being choked as ; but, with much Moll did thrust her down his ado, Orange finger throat, and brought him to life again."
CHESTNUT.
Op
Nuts
all known
Nut) is the it
that
more
contain
Chestnut
flour, when
children.
The
and
like
a
stew
almost
the
with
good
bake
with
make
also
a
pat of
a
and
them, with
the
put of
a
consists
in
Likewise
a
into
rub
;
them
simmer
for
flavour,
creamy
diet of
The
during the roasted, or prepared
as
the the
Chestnut
puree,
occupies
potato
take
has
pounds
two
and. put the nuts to tops off,then the shells, and remove
a
tillthe
through (and
little cream
;
and
stewpan, with enough light stock shade ; add salt,and some castor sugar,
palelemon butter
the
minutes
twenty nuts
Chestnut
out
matter,
Chestnuts
Corea
food
Italian
capital food
are
fine
eaten
are
oily,so
other.
aromatic.
chiefly of
Meat
or
least
nutritious
a
almost
these
make
To
for about
skins ;
becomes
Chestnuts,
sound
possesses
popular place for
same
of
cent
per
Chestnut
gravy.
the
or
properly prepared,
winter, when
Irish.
the
40
Nut
people
poor and
autumn
to
this
if roasted
Italian
of
ripe
(Stover Nut,
starchy, and digestion than any
of
easy
Cakes
Chestnut
Spanish
farinaceous,
most
is
Chestnut
the
a
nuts
fine
anisette, if
are
wire
tender, then
pound
sieve, mixing them
liked); work
into
a
smooth
forcing-bagwith a largerose pipe,and use. after a protractedillness, the French For convalescents make is highly restorative. which of sweet Chestnuts chocolate In a Chestnuts rations olden times were common supplied to our it seemed soldiers ; and when probable that a castle would be besieged,out went the soldiers and laid violent hands on all the of Chestnuts within stores ready reach. Nowadays in Italy, the Continent, meat and elsewhere on a having become luxury, Chestnuts the staple food of the people. are Hodge-Podge," paste, put it into
a
"
"
or
Hotch-Potch,"
is
a
ragout
made
with
Chestnuts.
For
166
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Chestnuts them
is to
in
cried
Dutch
a
for twenty
them
for
oven
five
and
minutes,
then "
minutes.
more
place
Zounds,"
{TristramShandy, Cap. xxvii., Sterne),"when
Phutatorius
roasted
a
boil
from
the
table
clothes,
for
which
chestnut, piping hot, rolled
particular aperture
of
his
small
into that the
to
"
spoke, ^there is no chaste word throughout all Johnson's aperture Dictionary; that particular which do strictly the laws of decorum requirelike the Temple of Janus (inpeace, at least)to be universallyshut up." Americans of
shame
consider
for
Continental
staying
the
confectioners
converting them
sugar,
contain hberal
50 use
castaneus
"
likewise
Chestnuts, and
sweet
excellent
it
be
language
our
leaves
of paroxysms dip the cooked
thus
into
of starch. per cent for food purposes from which cbscuLus),
of
the
nuts
Chestnut
clay so
is baked the
cure
in loaves.
Horse
medicine of
that
Chestnut,
by
"
fiowers
Turnsole,"
juice which
a
extract
the
it is mixed
or
its nut,
supplies a most constipationof the bowels,
(white,
Sunfiower.
blue), and
or
Its fresh
is somewhat
serviceable and
for the
(See Coffee.)
Chicory,or Succory (Cichorium),is
plant, with
;
to
{Hifpoporridge
oil may be absorbed, and afterwards it In New England, as well as in this country,
against chronic sluggishpiles.
"Wild
as
very
a
the
CHICORY.
The
both
they produce
bread, the flour being first well washed so tannin from it, and then boiled like oatmeal red
make
Indians
Horse
clarified Chestnuts
The
and
with
into
tree,
cough.
whooping nuts
sweetmeats.
Californian
the
from
root
an
which
Enghsh
roadside
is also
is bitter, with
a
called
milky
aperient,and
slightlysedative ; whilst on good plant pronounced useful against as pulmonary consumption. In Germany it is known Wegwort, the waiting on way,", being by repute a metamorphosed Princess watching for her faithless lover. When cultivated,the to.be large, and constitutes Chicory,as used abundantly root grows for blending with the coffee berry. This plant when in France wild was known in the days of Horace, being then to the Romans eaten as a vegetable,or in salads : authoritythe
has
been
"
" "
Me
Virgilalso
Me
ciohorea,
tells of the
pasount
olivae.
levesque
Amaris
malvae."
iniuba
fbris.
And
in modern
CHOCOLA
days
(1573), who
Tusser
and
of
uses "
Suckerie
thus
:
Cold
"
of
blue
not
Succory
plate,"it and
days
Succory
entered
Charles
both
plant."
by
Theobroma
vaniUa, it
is
"
Violet
The
is
varieties
name
which
is the
Cocoa-nuts
kernels
of the
Cocoa-nut
theobroma
Palm. for
(food
Mexico
from of
each
which
beans, which
become,
groimd
into
Its
fat
has
by
is
genus
Its
Peru.
to
contains
when
mistake
from
pulp. divested
with
the
of
twenty-five to seeds
These
are
and
spelt Cacao
native
of
egg-shaped a
hundred
the
of their husks. Cocoa
paste, sweetened,
tree
Palm,
the
a
in
occurs
bears
be
Cocoa
really that tree being fruit
The
beans.
should
Cocoa, which
been
not
flavourings.
unfermented
from
gods), the
the
a
the
starch, and
sugar,
got.
are
in sweetish
imbedded
which
although its product foreignaltogetherto the Cocoa-nut
associated
Cacao, is commonly
when
of the
tree, and
Cacao
of Cocoa, it is
and
cleansing,jovial
in France.
from
made
are
the
seeds
fine
potage." The physicianto
{See Cocoa.)
white
with
mixed
tree
pods,
was
a
heart, and
the
(who
Violet
with combined fruit, ground up, and sugar, substances other and : cloves, cinnamon, flavouring
inferior
America,
"
pleasant
is most
in
cake, composed
or
Chocolate
or
"
don
to
"
be
to
heavenly
the
composition.
writer,
good
Second,
the
cacao
removed,
from
and
favourite
a
also
Parkinson
is, in fact, ground Cocoa
The
were
especiallyit comforteth
paste,
a
Endive
turn."
may
violets, but into their
CHOCOLATE.
Chocolate
virtues
bume,
Charles
tap-root is cultivated
Its
the
"
monarch
contemporary
a
pronounced by and James),
was
good temper
merry
flowers
and
parts."
of the
of sweet
wholesome,
inward
that
for agues
to
simply said
was
garden
plates,"(or tablets), which
in the
made
were
in the
strong heate
ouer
Violet
confection
acquaintedwith
"
herbes
That
The
well
so
167
homely herbs, rhymes concerning
our
"
was
TE.
Cocoa nibs ;
flavoured, they
the from The already stated. does become not seeds when expressed,yields a fat, which used in Cocoa butter, being much as rancid, and is known at soHd ordinary temperatures. The dry pharmacy, because powder of the seeds, after a thorough expression of the oil, make
Chocolate,
is broma.
The
oil obtained
as
crude
paste
is
sometimes
dried
into
Cocoa
168
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
flakes.
Cocoa
shells
husks
tlie
are
alone,
which
from
a
,
decoction above
is
occasionallymade
substances
use
as
is the
for tea, Cocoa
Each
beverage.
or
alkaloid
substitute
a
Chocolate still
the
a
seeds, the theobromine,
(the beans
shells)contains of
as
of
kernels, and and
is
the the
therefore
coffee.
or
powder
mixed
as
described, whilst
together with the sugar and flavourings (thoroughly incorporated) in a mill, and pressed A fanciful devices. into cakes, slabs, and beverage concocted therefrom the customary breakfast drink in the early part was of the eighteenth century. By the Tatler of that date we are told that the fops of the period took their Chocolate in their bedrooms, clad in their dressing-gowns, (" and green tea two hours after "). Chocolate first used as a beverage in England was about 1657, and was popular in the time of Charles the very Second. But Cacao (the Chocolate fruit) had been employed for ages for making a beverage therefrom by the Mexicans before their country was conquered by the Spaniards. four There are widely-separated vegetable products which the Cacao, Cocoa, are names variously comprehended under Coca, and Coco. Concerning the first of these. Cacao, a full The second, or Cocoa-nut, explanation has been given above. is produced by the Cocoa-nut in any Palm, and is not connected with the beverages Chocolate, and Cocoa (properlyCacao). way This is a large tree bunches of Cocoa-nuts with bearing (filled a milk) from ten to twenty in number, within rough, fibrous, The third. Coca, or Cuca, is produced from woody outer coats. a
containingthe oil, ground
shrub, native
create, when
in the
with
brilliant green leaves, which of warmth in the mouth, whilst
Andes,
chewed,
a
up
sense
servingremarkably to stave off hunger, and to confer a wonderful of enduring bodily fatigue. About the fourth, Coco, power suitablycooked, ; it yieldsa root which, when very littleis known is not
unlike
Again, of
Western
to
a
powers
the
the
Kola,
together.
potato. Java
{StercuUaacuminata), is a tree Africa, producing leaves which are now employed
large extent of
sweet
as
or
a
nut
nervine
enablingfatigue to But
during
the
stimulant, and be
stage
sometimes vital powers become much Kola contains action disturbed. a of caffeine than
is found
sustained
with for
a
marvellous
long
time
of
subsequent reaction the depressed,and the heart's considerablylarger amount
in the finest Mocha
coffee.
This
caffeine
CHOCOLATE.
is
undoubtedly
suitable in
or
useful
drug when employed judiciously in in appropriatedoses ; but if taken habitually, quantities,it is calculated to stimulate the
a
and
cases,
considerable in
centres
nerve
Cocoa
169
harmful
excess.
of itself,without
restorative, suflftciently
the
addition
of Kola,
Cuca, is
or
a
and
sustaining food, which, Uke good needs bush." wine, no Johnny Cope," says the British Baker when (1902), carried with him a supply of Chocolate his disastrous he went ended Preston at on campaign which Pans. The Highlanders at SherifEmuir, on putting the EngUsh the carriageof the Commander-in-chief, wherein to rout, looted "
"
"
found
were use
as
several
rolls of brown
ointment
for
actuallysold as a Cope's salve.' A soldier to his utter dismay, put of
was
that,
of the
not
it to church
carry the censure
with
of the
fast, and
clergy,but they
extending thus to adage, Liquidum
was
Johnny
friend, who,
a
and
it.
ate
had
Chocolate
it several
made
of
'
The
made
the
then."
This
them.
find
the
name
mouth,
love
to take
Chocolate
declaring that
the
experience, and
world
content
his
before
new
and
;
put into
was
of it to
some
it into
Chocolate
Spanish ladies so
showed
travelled
more
of
acquaintance much
which
dressing wounds for wounds under specific
an
friend
material
times
practicehas have
with
d'straction, so
to a
day, they
finished
by winking
does
water
even
often called forth at
it,
break
not
a
the
penitents the sanction of the ancient non frangir.jejunium." Brillat Savarin declares that if, after a copious lunch, a large cupful of good Chocolate is taken, everything will have been digested and the appetitewill be again in good three hours subsequently, order for dinner. who drink Chocolate Persons enjoy an almost constantlygood state of health, and are but Uttle subject to the crowd of small troubles which spoil the happiness of life. To "
make
Chocolate
should
be sufficient for the
over
for immediate
to
give it consistence, should with
by "
a
the
be
and
dissolved
small
spoon,
Mexicans, is, as
in
a we
boil
gentlyfor
and
this must
cups,
and
rather
than
in
served
Chocolate
spoon,
cup,
an
except that
a
be be
and
ounce
slowly in
fire,constantly stirringthis with
be allowed
must
a
about
use,
quarter of taken
drunk.
they
It took
red cup and saucer, have tested, aesthetical to
was
used
it with be
eaten
so
as
to
Chocolate
The
thick sufficiently
It
spoon.
hour
an
hot.
heated
water
wooden
a
half
a
to
be
in
this way
golden with
eaten
spoons.
a
perfection,both
golden taste
170
MEALS
and "
Chocolate
with, gratified
much,
sight being
MEDICINAL.
"
House
in
was
combination."
the
Mid-EngHsh
days
The
estabUshed
an
"
Lisander As told in The Tatler, place of public entertainment. has been twice a day at the Chocolate House." half a For Cocoa Cordial," take teaspoonful of Dutch Cocoa, with boiUng water, and two lumps of loaf sugar, also two tablespoonfulsof old Port wine ; put the Cocoa and sugar into a china cup, them and some boiling directly upon pour the wine, making in all an water, then add ordinary cupful ; "
it at
serve or
exhausted, The
This
once.
Cacao
take
to
or
tree,
is
excellent
an
after
Cacaw
or
for anyone
drink
chilled,
bath.
a
tree, bears
of which
nuts
the
ness bitter-
oily grossness of the kernels when converted into Chocolate, carrying this off by strengthening the bowels." So great a value do the people of Mexico, Cuba, and Jamaica attach the kernels to these that they do use nuts makes
amends
for the
"
"
instead
of money
Natural as
known
restorative
Chocolate
for Jacob. it he
would
The
Palm
to
a
around
kernel
digested. and
albumin,
some
(from albumin, gluten,
Cocoa-nut
from
with
dessert the
fresh
but is
The
which
matter
useful
the
until it becomes
The
be
martial
tropics. While milky Uquor, but
pleasant to drink, older.
not
it
as
inside
ripens the
of the
hard.
The
milk
and
does a
whilst
mineral
salts.
oil is to
sugar,
Cocoa-nut
be
mineral
The
in
is very cooling when
young
contains
kernel
settles
increases
sharper,and more sweet, and very nourishing,but of the
contains
kernel
shell, and
not
sugar,
consists
obtained); also it water. salts, and
easy gum,
of
fatty comprises Grated
fine sugar sifted over it makes admirable and an dish. An excellent vegetable butter is to be- had
Cocoa-nut, which
take
can
the
to fatty matters as digestivepowers margarine, or lard ; this vegetable butter
one
taste
ever
growing it
is
nut
becomes
milk
an
the
of poor
melted
mandrakes
should
Turk
use
Rachel
are {Cocos nucifera), which produces what known almost as Cocoa-nuts, is common where every-
cream
substance
Had
explicitly. have purchas'd
on
and
amorous
its wonderful "
the
but
like soft
would
1682)
tree
within
nothing
(London,
the
In
rewards."
despise his opium."
commonly
most
traffic,and
is dwelt
she
If the
their
in
Chocolate
History of
sexual
a
both
not
forjn any
quarter pounds
sediment.
contains
a
place with of butter,
"
persons
dripping,
is tasteless,and A
Cocoa-nut
quarter
of
a
when
weighing pound of fat,
CIDER.
so
that
a
pound." For
half
them
of
a
small
off the
in sugar,
Cocoa-nut
sugar
Cocoa-nut
for
"
and
fifteen
the
mixed
to
paper, in a
of
water
the
grated Cocoa-nut ; stir all the time quite clear from the sides, then remove dishes
the back "
very
which
on
of
a
you
knife, and
pour
let it get
slow
mark
cold, when
and boil
when
from
over
Again, pound
a
the
nice and
till you
it
see
add stiff ;
oven.
and
;
Cocoa-nut
sugar thick
coming
the
fire ; grease in squares with
it out
it will be
pronounced
good." CIDER.
Cider
it ;
and
nut,
eightpence
at
egg beaten sift sugar
one
Cocoa-nut,
the
cupful of
a
of
fresh
a
grated
a
white
minutes
interior
with
the
buttered
a
butter
equivalentto
drops,"
toffee," take
grate
;
with its milk add
"
pieces on
bake
; "
of fat it is
soiirce
making its weight
drop for
as
171
(or
"
Cyder,"
(See Apple.)
early form
of the
word) is the juice of apples which has been fermented advisedly. It contains about the lowest percentage of alcohol of all popular fermented drinks. Unhke beer, or any other malt Hquor, it acts as an antidote to gout, and to uric acid rheumatism. Vintage apples, as used for making Cider, contain tannin than the table more fruit, and this imparts tonic propertiesto the liquor apart from its general astringent principle. Moreover, Cider districts enjoy remarkable a immunity from disorders of a choleraic nature, and it is within the repeated experience of Cider drinkers that fly before this hquor. Chemically the gout and rheumatism sub-acid converted juices of the apples become by combustion within the body into alkahne neutralize all the salts, which A wherewith gouty elements they meet. good Cider contains considerable that from a quantity of potash, and soda, so drinking it there is almost no acid resultant within the body. It will beggar a physitian," wrote live where to Austen, Cider In making sweet and Cider Perry are of general use." the fermentation of is artificially arrested, so that the amount an
"
alcohol remains
"
which
still in
wholesome
for
fermentation
created
solution rheumatic
finished,
;
is very
persons and no in
small, and this
therefore
that goes to show Cider is the common
testimony natural
becomes
as
the
sugar countries
some
Cider
sweet
rough Cider remaining.
beverage; stone
and
free sugar is not so with
Medical
districts
in the
its
where
bladder
is
172
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
the doctors A series of enquiries among quite unknown. Normandy (which is a great apple country, where Cider is
of
.
chief,if
the
not
singlecase
of the
habitual
held
in
in
nature
throughout forty years the
established
sole, drink) has
so
;
of natural
use
solution
materials
the
question ha4;j3^n it may unsweetened
that
which
fact that
be fairly Cider otherwise
are
not
with
met
to
liable
a
there
credited
serves
the
that
keep to
be
separated,and depositedin a sedimentary form by the kidneys. Again, Cider drinkers during epidemics of cholera havfe been found the to singularlyescape disease. Cider being powerfully antisepticbecause of its methyl-aldehyde. Nowhere is the subtle, time-honoured, fragrant perfume of the apple more noticeable than when its expressedjuiceis,being wooed into Cider. is something peculiarlynational in There the sweet, rich, fascinatingscent, the very inhaled same as was ancestors far rernote, and "under the influence of which by our the misty forms of Bard and Druid we can see as they gave their blessingto the sacred apple tree. Again we get a romantic the vision of fightingkings, and dauntless chieftains ; beneath shade of hoar apple trees Harold of England stands, and falls ; in the calm of orchard lawns by Avalon, the Island of Apples, Rex was sleeps Arthur futurus." It quondam, et Rex customary of old for apples to be blest by priestson July 25th ; and in the Manual of the Church of Sarum vice a specialform of serfor this purpose it is now stated is preserved. Furthermore incontrovertible fact that cancer is almost a thing unknown as an In Normandy fermented regular Cider drinkers. appleamong is the the of it is juice generalbeverage people ;. locallyknown as piquette,"being quite pure, and unsweetened, as the simple But the doctors there denounce this juiceof the fruit diluted. In Devonshire particular liquorfor rheumatic, or gouty persons. the countryfolk distil a coarse kind of spiritfrom Cider-dregs, as rare callingthis Still-liquors," locallyreputed to be giide and bullicks ; 't'ath abin knawed tii cure tha asses physic vur boneshave in man stiifE tii zettee (sciatica) ; 'tiz cabbical up cold a 'pon night." But," writes Evelyn (1729), to giveCider its true estimation, "
"
"
"
"
"
"
besides but cure or
once
that a
it costs year,
no
it is
fuel to
good
of
brew a
it, and
thousand
that
the
kinds, proper
labour
is
for the
of many diseases,a kind vehicle for any sanative vegetable, other medical ingredients; that of Pippins a specificfor the
174
MEALS
of the
bottle.
of Cider
bin
A
MEDICINAL.
old
forty years
over
has
been
found
sound for drinking. perfectly "^When applesare late in the season, or dry, for making them into a good apple-tart the addition of a little Cider to the fruit before cooking is a capital thingto do. It is stated in Kitchen Physic that old Martin Johnson, the Puritan Vicar of Dilwyn, "
(1651-1608),bore impartialtestimony as follows : This parish,wherein hath, and doth afiorde, Syder is plentifuU, people that have and do enjoy this blessingof long life. many Neither the aged here bedridden, or decrepit,as elsewhere, are and vigorous. Next but for the most to God wee parte lively, orchards do ascribe it to our yield us plenty flourishing ; they which hath of rich and winy liquors, long experience taught do conduce to the constant health, and long lives of our very much Cider drink for inhabitants, the cottagers.' A wholesome is summer use Skimmery (St. Mary by persons disposedto gout Cup) : One bottle of soda-water, one quart of Cider (not sweet), of Old Tom, or of good gin highlyimpregnated one liqueur-glass with juniper,lemon-peel,borage, or cucumber, but no sugar, add ice cool and no other ingredient to enough thoroughly. ; In WiokUfEe's version of the New Testament his rendering of Luke the angel says to i. 15 as to what Zacharias, alluding thus : He shall not drink wine to his promised offspring, runs nor (the latter being a variation from Cyder strong drink "). Wickhfie, as representingthe Engl'sh feelingof the thirteenth and fourteenth in the same centuries, clearlyviewed Cider much The Eoman lightas the fermented juice of the grape. poets Herefordshire '
"
"
"
"
make
reference
no
French
records
Cider
to
with
meet
we
as
a
the
drink
of their time.
earliest
vestigeof
It is in the
Cider-
making industry. Our Eoger Bacon (1260) talked of Cider and Perry as notable beverages in sea-voyages ; he explained that the Cider of his day did not turn in crossingthe Une, and sour But was wonderfully good against sea-sickness. Tennyson, ing maddenhas the the in powerfullydepicted Voyage of Maddune, efEects which follow a riotous indulgence in liquors may fermented from apples,and other saccharine fruits : "
"
And
Purple
or
amber
And
the
warm
And
the
figran
And
the mountain
Glowing
with
Isle of Fruits
to the
came
we
;
hundred
dangled a lay like
melon up
from
the
aU-ooloured
And
the crimson,
But
in every
and
berry and
sun
fathoms on
beach, and
the
from
the cliffs, and
of grapes tawny sand
rioted
over
the capes.
; ;
the laud.
jewelledthrone thro' the fragrant air. of pear. plums, and with golden masses
like
arose
a
all round
a
scarlet of berries that flamed fruit
was
the poisonous
upon
bine
pleasureof
and
wine.
vine
;
CINNAMON.
And
the
peak of the mountain they prest, as they grew,
175
apples, the hugest that ever were seen. other, with hardly a leaflet between all of them redder than rosiest health, or than utterest shame. descended, the very sunset aflame. setting,when even we stayed three days, and we gorged, and we maddened, tilleveryone
And And And And
was
on
each
;
drew sword
His
his fellow
on
And
myself
I had
Then
I bade
them
slay him ; and ever they struck, and they slew ; the fray ; sparely,and fought till I sundered remember father's and sailed death, we away." my to
but
eaten
CINNAMON.
What
employ
we
Cinnamon
as
from
the
spice-box consists,
when
genuine, of the inner bark of shoots from the stocks of a This bark contains cinnamic acid, tannin, a Ceylon tree. The particular resin, a volatile fragrant oil, and sugar. aromatic, and
cordial
restorative
effects of Cinnamon
have
been
in this country. It was freely given in England long known during the epidemic scourges of the early and middle centuries, for nearly every Monastery keeping a store of the medicament The monks administered it in fever, dysentery, ready use. Of late it has in the and been shown contagious diseases. Pasteur Laboratory at Paris that Cinnamon actually possesses bacterial of destroying of diseases. M. a specialpower germs Chamberland No disease declares, can long resist the germ of Cinnamon, is as of essence which effective antisepticpower corrosive sublimate." to of the One as destroy microbes "
assistants
the
at
experiments with
many
other
unsuccessful, found
at
essential
Cinnamon
oil of true
in Paris
Institute
Pasteur
probable
last that
the
ago, after germicides which proved some
years
the
moment
of the
aroma
in contact
(not cassia) came
with
glasstube, they fell down in shoals to the bottom of the tube, either stupefied,or killed. (He observed the same exposed simply thing happen, but more slowly,if the tube was microbes
to
the
those from hit
in
a
of brilHant
rays
sunshine.)
inhabit who persons malarious diseases.
upon
infused
a
valuable
Cinnamon And
our
It is
an
established fact that
districts have
ancestors,
preservativeagainst spices)in
as
an
microbes their
immunity
it would when
mulled
appear,
they drinks.
(with other By its warming astringencyit exercises cordial propertieswhich useful in arrestingpassive diarrhoea, and in relieving most are ten to flatulent, cold indigestion; from twenty grains of the be given for a dose in such cases. Against powdered bark may Cinnamon
176
MEALS
ill odours
from
smellingmouth,
MEDICINAL.
decayed stumps this should
of carious
be rinsed
teeth, within
a
foul-
each
night and morning with Cinnamonwater, freshlyprepared by adding half a teato half a toilet-tumblerful essence spoonful of genuine Cinnamon of water effective mouth- wash, and helping ; thereby making an materially to prevent absorption into the blood of injurious would which septic matters engender rheumatism, and kindred Another for effecting toxic maladies. the same method salutary end may what be copied from used to be, and perhaps still is, that of smoking pieces practisedby school-boyshere and there of Cinnamon bark instead of cigars,which would betray the offender nicotian odour ; but these fragrant by their forbidden out
"
substitutes The
are
hard
"
to
draw."
volatile oil of Cinnamon
and
makes
The
herb
has
to be
procured
from
the bark,
with
tincture ; being or spirita convenient essence, useful further for preparing an aromatic of Cinnamon. water is an For either form of Cinnamon sick, qualmish stomach a excellent bark remedy. Cinnamon by its astringency will also from the bowels, likewise nose-bleeding, to stay bleeding serve and uterine fluxes. and powdered A teaspoonful of the bruised should bark be infused in half a pint of boilingwater, and a tablespoonfulof the same, when cool, is to be taken frequently. Parentheticallyit may be told here that, though not esculent, with made into a tea by infusion boiling water, except when of our one common English wayside weeds, the small very Shepherd's Purse [Bursa GafsellaPastoris),is likewise singularly useful for arrestingbleedings, and floodings; it is eminent reliable remedies for staying fluxes of blood. most our among contains
medicinal
a
tannate,
principles. Its
bursinic
should
tea
is to
be
be
acid,
made
taken
its active
as
from
the
fresh
teacupful at a time four three, or hours, as required. two, Shepherd's every whether the in of Purse the body, stayeth bleeding part any it be used poultice-like, or juice thereof be drunk, or whether plant, first bruised,
and
and
a
"
in bath,
or
any
else."
way
It further
bears
"
Man's
Permacetty, the sovereignstremedy in some parts of England the Shepherd's Clapper Pouch," alluding to the licensed "
at
our
They with
crossways
would the
in
call the
clapper,and
olden
times, with
attention would
of
a
the
for bruises." Purse
from
begging
bell, and them
And
is known
passers-by with
receive
of Poor
name
a
of
lepers clapper. bell,
the
alms
as
in
a
or
cup,
CINNAMON.
basin, at the end
or
made rattled
of two
has
so
extended
become
incite
this
clapper was which
notice.
of Eattle
name
The
little boards
to
as
the
long pole.
a
three
or
together
lepersobtained
of
177
an
ment instru-
be
noisily-
could
Thus
the
which
Pouches,
wretched
appellation
small
plant,bearing a reference which it hangs out along the pathway. to the purses Mattaei, Lady Paget, when interviewingat Bologna Count of the marvellous seven medicines," gathered the knowledge this Shepherd's Purse that furnishes so-called the blue of surpassing virtue for controllinghaemorrhages. electricity," The juicesexpressed from the fresh herb can be simmered down to
diminutive
"
"
with
until thickened
sugar
to
liquidextract, and taken thus, English druggistsnow prepare,
a
teaspoonfulfor the dose. of this and dispense,a fluid extract "Case Weed," are "Pickpocket," Toy-wort." one
herb.
Its
popular
"Mother's
names
Heart,"
and
"
The
Cinnamon
term
Dr.
cane.
is connected
Venner
Tobias
with
"
quineh," a reed,
or
(1620) in his Recta via ad vitam
wrote
"
From one pound of Cinnamon (grossly beaten), longam : a pound of white sugar, a gallonof sack, and a quart of rosewatei, be drawne steeped together for twenty-four hours, may by of singular efficacie againstsowning (swooning) distillation a water Wherefor debiUtie of the spirit,and the princepall parte. and I wish that is respectiveof his health life, man every such as are of vieake nature, never to be without it, especially when and to take now and then a spoonfullor two, especially of it; then take shall instant the occasion use powder of For fragrance Synamome, and temper it with red wyne." Cinnamon excelleth all other of smell, and of taste jucunditie spices; it strengtheneththe stomacke, preventethand correcteth resisteth the exceedingly putrefaction of humors, poysons, the comforteth the principall heart, and hver, parts, especially for all bodies, and reuiueth the spirits.It is convenient that of cold and are moyst temperature, especiallyfor them "
"
and
that
weake
have
said, in his Devout "
to
It refreshes those
Fehx For
who
to
them
a
dozen
employed
as
and
engaged
who
a
more
are
the in
laden years
St.
Francis
of
respect to the labour
Life, with revives
are
or
stomackes."
heart
it, as
by
the
the
of
sweetness
Cinnamon
does
Sales
has
teaching, it brings in Arabia
therewith."
past Cinnamon
specificabortive
of the
has been influenza
successfully poison, only 1^
178
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
provided its free use is commenced limit of twenty-four hours after otherwise
the the
beyond of the
toxication of this
power
invading
"
the
the
five
For
first
whole for
remedy "
disease.
Ross, of Manchester, with
of
medicinally within
this
drops
of
access
has
system
a
attack
an
true
;
advanced
scotching the parent purpose," says Dr.
of the
time-
virus C.
J.
oil of Cinnamon
tablespoonfulof water, every hour or two, for six or eight exterminate the enemy." doses, will promptly and effectually Again, Dr. Ross has found that when treatingscarlet fever by of complications which he escaped the incidence Cinnamon, so He of the bark, frequently occur. gives a strong decoction at
a
first every falls to
decoction
hour, and normal,
then every whilst
two
making
hours, until the temperature
patient also proving remedial
the
the
use
for gargle. Likewise against Cinnamon in has credit with Dr. accordance Ross, gained cancer. with a reputationrevived from former days. He reports success from a steady use of the strong decoction, hall a pint being taken daily. He orders of this decoction (two pints of boilingwater boiled slowly down to twenty-five on a pound of stick Cinnamon, and ofi without or one poured straining)half an ounce, ounces, as
with
ounce,
Cinnamon
a
water.
is
also
of
undoubted
consumptive and patients by aborting the bacillarygerms, by preventing of fresh lung portions. The the infection therewith cough and the expectoration improve, the temperature becomes normal, and the weight begins to increase, whilst the number of diseasefound microscopically in the expectorated matters germs In this way the disease may be limited gradually diminishes. and presently cut ofi from the general system by to small areas, the fibrous tissue of cicatrization. Similarlythe malady known as (a specific painfulswellingof the glands parotid mumps the below and which is short be cut infectious)can ears, by it if be administered Cinnamon, ment speedily from the commenceof the attack. It should be given in frequently-repeated doses of strong Cinnamon or tea, freshlymade, by sucking concentrated Cinnamon lozengesif swallowing is difficult. The hard to be name means mumping with a mouth mumps opened, because of the painfullyswollen glands at the sides. For as a generations Cinnamon flavouring spice has many been used exclusivelywith sweet dishes, and has been almost from entirely excluded by the cook compositions. savoury benefit
for
"
"
"
"
"
"
CINNAMON.
Nowadays walnut
it is not
shells,or
179
by adding ground substituted for the genuine
adulterated
uncommonly
frequentlyCassia
is
article.
Seeing that the pneumonia, or lung inflammation, which prevails of late, particularlyafter influenza, is proved to be of a septic afiords promise of great remedial value a as type, Cinnamon in virulent in this is often serious malady, which sure germicide its character. In most it is due to toxic poisons generated cases three by two or specialmicrobes, which underlie the whole attack ; and therefore is essentially nourishment germicidal,or antiseptic indicated. During the first feverish stage an easy bed, absolute rest, and good nursing are indispensable,and no good purpose be fulfilled by giving substantial, or very can stimulatingfood. for reducing the fever should Measures be put into eSect, such cool sponging of the body, or perhaps even as making use of iced water externallyfor a robust subject. As a drink, equal parts of whey and egg- water will be very suitable ; for the latter, whip up the whites of from two to four eggs to a froth, stirring them presently into a pint of cold water, and finallystraining. This albuminate to replace the casein of the milk, which serves has been separated as curd in making the whey. Milk-whey is to be made to two by adding one part of fresh butter-milk If a slight milk in a saucepan slow fire. over a parts of warm stimulant should be given, or needful, wine-whey may prove is a good compound for the purpose, being a food as well as egg-flip cordial. a Whip up the yolk of a fresh egg, sprinkhng a little powdered white sugar on it, and then adding from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonfulof whisky, or brandy, and finallypumping The "oda-watet from a syphon upon the mixture in a tumbler." natural that unless septiccomplications history of pneumonia shows end about to an comes arise,the inflammatory process of profuse the sixth or seventh day, with the salutaryoccurrence ofi efforts to throw diarrhoea, which are sweating, or of some But the morbid material of the out pneumonia is system. to elderlypersons, especiallyafter influenza ; always hazardous this seizure is also to intemperate subjects. In the drunkard almost of a certainty deadly. Double pneumonia in a drunkard is absolutelyfatal : there is no But in a young chance for him. or previously healthy^simple pneumonia man, woman, young is usually recovered The from. microbe. particularcausative "
Micrococcus
lanceolatus, whilst
often
present in the mouth,
even
180
of
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
capable
becomes
healthy person,
a
certain
under
conditions
Unfortunately a sudden to be doing things seem subside well ; but as a rule the active symptoms as quickly as themselves. Frequently in aged persons, as they manifested obstructed the attack progresses, the lungs become by exudations For failure of into the air-cells,and a heart-power ensues. of oxygen is allmeeting this grave condition the inhalation important, so as to sustain the strength, and the Ufe ; also, of Musk is of splendid administration furthermore, the medicinal of
developingthis dangerous disease. when even collapseis not uncommon
in
service
such
character, and Some
years
emergency.
Pneumonia
require alkaline
antidotes.
an
Blackwood's
ago
Magazine
thieves, includinga soldier and discovered
(to the
roasting a
stolen
Cinnamon For
Cinnarhon
a
piece the
a
a
gouty
a
gang
Gibraltar, who
his wife, at
savoury
a
cake, take size of
teaspoonfulof
flour, one
of soda
of bicarbonate J
over
about
of
of
were
epicurean officer) of purloined
an
fire kindled
bark.
of butter
soda
pig
told
delight of
astonished
be
may
and
the
;
one
of
granulated
of milk, two
cup egg, one of tartar, and
an
cream
mix, in the
of tartar,
cream
cupful
usual
half
way,
togetherwith
a
but
sugar, of cups
teaspoonful siftingthe
the
flour ; put in a Cinnamon, and bake for
sprinklewith sugar and In the Arcana fifteen minutes in a moderately hot oven. about of Apothecaries'Lore, Fairfaxiana Manuscrifta (a MS. volume and Housewifery, three centuries old, as used and partly written for the hiccough by the Fairfax family,) it is commended on a to lump of drop a singledrop of the Oil of Cinnamon then double refin'd sugar ; let it dissolve in the mouth leisurely, is a most it. This swallow pleasant and agreeable stomachshallow
pan
;
"
"
"
"
med'cine, which
seldom
fails."
GLARET.
{See Wines.) CLOVES.
Cultivated
at
Penang, and
elsewhere, the
Clove
(Caryoplants, produces tree
Myrtle family of flower-buds, which whilst yet unexpanded, constitute our Cloves, these having been dried, and imported. They contain a fragrant volatile oil which has the property of lowering nervous irritabihty, This oil whilst yet acting as a pleasantlystimulatingcordial. belonging -phyllus),
to
the
182
MEALS
bag, (which,should be
taken
MEDICINAL.
brew
for
few
a
out) will sometimes
Cloves
hob, and
the
on
good night to
a
secure
if taken
dyspeptic person,
minutes
an
uaeasy lying down.
immediately before
deposition of of the glands, in the lungs, and in scrofulous tubercle in any of Cloves bruised in brandy may be prepared, joints. An essence and kept for steady use with this intention,giving a teaspoonful of the essence a once day, with a spoonfulor two of water^ after for soothing a Clove is excellent tea some principal meal. read In that Pickwick we qualmish stomach, and nausea. Sam Weller and Job Trotter, at the Tap of the Angel Inn," were soon occupied in discussing an Bury St. Edmunds, exhilaratingcompound formed by mixing together in a pewter vessel certain quantitiesof British Hollands, and the fragrant reputed
are
in
then
aid
to
preventing
the
"
"
of the
essence
with
stuck
Clove."
Cloves
"
is told
Miss refreshingodour apple full of Cloves so the
sick
chamber
put in each
she
about
be
to
as
Brown,
uttered
a
Labour
with
"
Lost
Lemon
a
Again,
relish.
for
its
(in Cranford, 1863) stuck an heated, and smell pleasantlyin
Jenkyns
of Miss
Clove
in Love's
Also
a
sad
sufferer ;
Johnsonian
"
and
as
she
sentence."
COCHINEAL.
A
is
dye
crimson
RICH
frequently used
being altogether harmless, insect, dried, powdered, and This
essence.
seed, is The
so
found
are
Grand
Canary,
sweep
the
The
infused,
from made
or
the
purposes, Cochineal
into
silvery-lookingkermes,
a or
liquid insect,
origin,often supposed by mistake to be a small in reahty the parched, gUstening carcase of the Coccus its habitat. called because Cactus making the Nobal
insects
feather
obtained
Indian
of West
Cacti,
diminutive,
as
kitchen
for
three
the
diminutive
the
where
same
from
thus
broad
bugs
in
Mexico,
New
peasants who
times
in the
lobes
of this
elaborate
carmine
Grenada, and
manage
year
with
cactus, within
or
the
the
nobaleries
the
edge of a' "prickly pear." themselves
; but
only the females are of service for this duty, chiefly whilst remaining unpaired. They are swept into bags of muslin, and dried in the sun, plunged into boilingwater, being afterwards examined and packed in convenient in this state parcels; when seeds the striped which our they closely resemble hang on ladygrass of the fields. The colouring principle of th^ "
"
COCKLES.
Cochineal
insect
pressed,the
is carminic
tiny superb sweepings of
bodies
perfect and third
Cochineal," and fillthemselves the
Nobal
colourless
the
with
Cactus, and
;
the
When
dye
worth
is
in
was
mistaken,
represents his lack
Hquid
the
purest ruby tint, from the second, and the
one-fifth
trade
"black
of the
maiden
statinglatelythat
red
Kew
in water, and
the
styled in than
ruby
at
taken
more
Arnold,
infused
liquidof
a
Cactus
is not
Sir Edward
product.
acid.
exude
but
;
183
from
the
seeing
director
lobes, and
that
of
the
its
the
insects fruit of
juices
Cactus
are
House
of
acquaintance with any Cactus Nobal, other which coloured or yields a juice. the Cochineal has long been a popular remedy for Curatively and it would that is this confidence whooping cough, seem that justifiedby facts. Austrian experimentahsts have found large doses of the Cochineal dye will provoke a violent cough, occurring with spasmodic seizures,and with the characteristic of the breath ; whilst much smaller doses in-drawing whoop afford singularrehef to this distressing trouble when it attacks as epidemic whooping cough. The Cochineal insect also contains, besides fat, and carminii, a principleknov/n as tyrosin" which affects the kidneys ; whereby the medicament in specifically much-reduced doses has of Bright's effectuallyrelieved cases is found disease, and kidney-coUc, or congestion. The carmine in combination with phosphate, and carbonate of lime, muriate, and phosphate of potash, and stearine (the basis of wax candles). Rouge powder, used both on, and off the stage for givinga roseate complexion to the cheeks, is made by mixing half a pound of of freshly-prepared carmine. prepared chalk with two ounces "
"
"
"
"
COCKLES.
The
Cockle
known,
{Cardium), common,
a
the
sand
of
the
Norfolk
"
or
poor
oyster," is, as
man's
httle, bi-valvular
shell-fish found
is well
buried
in
sea-shores, particularlyat Teignmouth, and on end on," with the Coast. If the shell is viewed
our
"
curving beaks uppermost, it represents the shape of a heart the nearly all over (Greek, Cardia). The Cockle is discovered world. Its flesh is good, whether pickled,boiled,or roasted, raw, in quantity, a pound of meat to a though very inconsiderable marine bushel This contains of sheUs. salts, gelatin,and food virtues like those constituents of a salutary sort, with medicinal two
"
184
of
MEALS
lobster.
the
MEDICINAL.
London
Pharmacopoeia (1696) Cockles said to were strengthen the stomach, increase appetite,excite lust,provoke urine, help the cholic,and restore in consumptions." Cockles Formerly to signifiedhanging, as simulating cry the gurglingnoise made in the throat thus by the wretch strangled. Hot Cockles was a sport, or game, played at In
the
"
"
"
"
Christmas
"
in
his head,
who "
As
Cookies
at Hot
is derived
name
and
rose,
from
of
seeds
described) contain from
20
30
to
remainder
being
"
reduced
and
to
powdered
then
eye."
Hautes
coquilles."
(a Mexican
already quantity of nitrogen,but only animal nourishment the (proteids),
cacao
of
cent
amides."
pressure in a machine rollers these nibs hot become
in her
Chocolate.)
see
"
two
tree,
as
have
their
oil, or
"
soluble
as
fat, melted, and
Cocoa."
to
coming out under ground between
When
fluid condition, which
a
first allowed
are
halves
nibs."
Cocoa
as
seeds
The
roasted, their
then
ferment, and
;
considerable
a
per
"
clown
I
soft mischief
{and
Theobroma
a
and
the French,
COCOA
The
read
down
me
of many
weighty gave a gentler tap,
Buxoma
Quick
I laid
once
hand
I felt the
The
laid knelt, and person another person's lap, then
one
;
his eyes covered, in struck him.
with
guessing
times
Elizabethan
is
they
gradually dried,
Dutch
manufacturers
"
"
is a saponify the fat. Navy Cocoa Cocoa contains preparation free altogether from husk. pure further some tannin, and is said (by Dr. Haig) to furnish when dry 59 per cent of uric acid, or xanthins, being therefore unsuitable But the ash of Cocoa is strongly alkaline, for gouty persons. consisting chieflyof potash,and phosphoric acid ; and the general add
alkah
an
conclusion no
as
so
to
is that, whereas three
less than
and
a
half
salts, mainly phosphates, of as are
of each
out
hundred
pounds consist of pure vegetable high nutritious value, particidarly
alkalies,this article of diet is excellent
given to
whole
bean
albumin, effects
of
of uric acid
the formation
pounds of Cocoa
as
a
for those
who
gouty
The
persons element.
highly sustaining,with its fat, gum, besides the theobromin, having all the is
tea
without
nearly one-fifth
any
harmful
of its full bulk
as
reaction. pure
albumin,
starch, and
stimulating
Cocoa and
contains in
a
state
COD.
of fine division lor the or or
coffee, owing cafEein,which
when
Queen
known
being digested. is much
system
nervous
the
the
to
less
the
In
Tree."
action than
pronounced
reigned,there
Cocoa
But
comparatively
it contains.
Aime "
185
small
a
that
famous
on
of tea,
of
amount
St. James's
was
of Cocoa
thein,
Street, London, Chocolate
house
Its
Tories of the frequenterswere strictest school. In the course of time it developed into a more Dr. Garth whilst sittingthere had his snufE-box, general club. which with was highly ornamented diamonds, so repeatedly borrowed the Rowe in order to gain notice, that at last by poet he took out his penciland wrote the fid the Greek characters on "1"
as
(phi.):P (rho.) "Fie, =
COD.
The
Cod
is found
to be
one
fat.
Its fibre is
the
oven
of the
are
by
Rowe
!
Fish (.S'ee
those
who
"
and
have
Oil.) made
competent
research
least
fish,though containingbut little digestible in and woolly, but Cods' heads baked coarse,
excellent.
The
ancient
Greeks
held
the
Codfish
(Morrhua) in high estimation, preparing it with grated cheese, vinegar,salt,and oil. Its stomach (which it is said to have the facultyof turning inside out) is mostly found quite empty, and clean, as the result of its enormous digestivepower, which habit without doubt, a great influence on the flesh,helping to keep has, it healthy, and well scoured. Cods' sounds, or the swimming bladder, do not dissolve as gelatineon boihng ; they are but an sparingly nutritious, and more object of fancy than useful food. From the fresh livers of Codfish as (subjectedto a steam oil, considered bath) is procured the highly curative Cod-Hver elsewhere in these pages (see Oils "). Par excellence it is of "
the
most
essential
service
as
a
food, and
as
a
medicine,
in
pulmonary consumption. which has hitherto Underlying this scourge, proved so found be to and there are now fatal, widespread, special under the modern die out which open-air micro-organisms of food abundance with even an treatment, together generous of will to excess. completely destroy Similarlyan intensity light external skin disease to the body ; the micro-organisms of erosive such diseased surfaces but the light for safe concentration upon which burn has to be deprived of those (red, green, and rays action solelyby the yellow), whilst it exercises its beneficent
186
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
ohemicaljrays(blue, violet,
and
ultra-violet).This grand desideratum has been made feasible by the ingeniousmethod of Dr. Finsen, consistingof a plain glasslens, with a second lens of curved glass,between which glassesis interposeda bright blue solution of sulphate of copper, by which the heat rays are means got rid of, Then the beam of intense cool lightis concentrated the diseased the nurse skin through a lens of quartz, which on skin under treatthe patch of morbid ment. continuallyover presses In this way the ofEendingmicrobes be constantly can ,
killed off without still under
the process
well tried, and back
John
had
under
with
giving the
pane,
granates
practicehas been results of cure. Long years physician of his time, gained
curingJohn,
could
then
sick
man
of Edward
son
be contrived.
and
the with
He
had
blankets, and
a
light
the Prince
red counterr
ruddy juice of gargle his throat
him
making
Second, red
of the
sonie
lie
This
day.
a
red curtains, red
suck,
to
hour
only to
has
sufierer,who
small-pox, by treating him
as
means
the
famous
a
for
renown
bed
a
an
to
marvellous
produces
contracted
such
laid in
for
of Gaddesden,
considerable who
discomfort
pome
with
This doctor, who died in 1561, mulberry wine of a like colour. wrote a quaint book which he called Rosa Medicince, containing curious old receiptsfor treatingvarious maladies after the same fashion.
COFFEE
Coffee
The
CHICORY.
AND
Berry^which
roast, and
grind,for infusing as a stimulating,fragrant,refreshingdrink, is got fiom the Cojfea Arahica tree, which produces a fruit resembUng a cherry, while This bean the Coffee bean consists corresponds to the stone. of two in
halves
enclosed
Arabia, is reputed
Guatemala Most
Coffee
"
as
Mysore is used
both "
we
in
be
to
the
Coffee
a
"
husk. the
Mocha
Yemen,
best, being chieflyproduced in
long berry from
comes
Coffee, from
"
and
Java,
for
the and
"
short
berry."
Ceylon. Brazil the By roasting,
mixing with other varieties. is developed,to which caffeol aromatic, highly fragrant oil the gratefulodour of freshly-groundCoffee is due, and which is so powerful that a singledrop of it will suffice to give fragrance to a whole One cause of the superiority of French room. Coffee, is its admixture with caramel for the specially prepared ; purpose another the of in less water cause use being making the beverage. "
"
COFFEE
Coffee berries
When
AND
CHICORY.
187
portion of the caffein is volatiHzed, there being a partialchange of the sugar (from the berries)into caramel, with a generalbreaking-up of the aromatic volatile oil, and the albumin cells,causing extrication of gas, and steam, and the development of a very potentialand volatile aromatic substance, methylamine. "
roasted,
are
J'aime
le cafe
Chaud Noir
some
I'enfer,
oomme
le diable,
oomme
.
doux
Et
With of
the
some
persons
un
ange."
strong Coffee will provoke
an
itchingstate
skin.
Caffein, the
active
nervine
being practicallysynonymous its arousing effect more on the
oomme
heart,
as
tea
does.
It
revivifier in Coffee,
stimulant, and with the removes
thein
central the
(that of tea), exercises
nervous sense
induce
system, than of
fatigue,but
on
is
of an sleeplessness.Per contra, for the insomnia agitated mind, or body, with a perpetual forcingof ideas on the lor alcoholic sleeplessness, former, as hkewise a strong infusion of the Coffee berry whilst raw, and unroasted, will prove very with be freshlymade Mocha berries, and taken helpful; it must in doses of one tablespoonful at a time every half-hour, until sleep made is induced. are By Caffein the respiratorymovements lated deeper, and more frequent,whilst the heart is indirectlystimuto beat more forcibly. AU experiments go to prove that'' ' as Coffee-drinkingleads to waste of tissue ; this berry (the same Whilst the volatile oils of ^ tea) is not a muscle-making substance. vessels of the skin, and to render tea tend to dilate the superficial it moist (coolingit by rapid evaporation in hot weather), Coffee has an opposite action. Tea-tasters are apt to become jumpy, hable the sudden to tremulous, noise, starting on slightest palpitation,sleeplessness, giddiness,and depression of spirits. will always be the Nevertheless, Tea," said De Quincey, It was the wakeful, exciting beverage of the intellectual." effect of Coffee berries, as observed by the Prior of a convent first suggestedtheir use as Hkely to keep the on goats, which This influence of monks from falling asleep at their devotions. stimulation,is a point strong Coffee in producingexcessive nervous weU deserving the consideration of total abstainers nowadays. and to prevent sleep, After a while it tends to check the appetite, thereby doing harm to persons liable to neuralgicaffections,who
apt
to
"
"
188
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
need
"
sleep. They should shun Coffee as poison," says a leading medical authority. But much,
does
much
less harm
climates, than of
America.
country,
are
does
then
not
in
infusion
the
climates, also in very
cold
very
would
they
hot
England, or in the temperate parts in this Persons cold, even exposed to severe the better for taking CofEee in moderation, and it Cures have been wrought over-stimulate them. it works
in
"
of malarious severe cases (Republic of Columbia) in the most fever, by using the husk of the Coffee bean, which will at times succeed made of where quinine fails. At first an infusion was the Coffee berry within the husk crushed together,and this was used with the infusion made was good results. Afterwards from
the
Coffee
treated,
were
alone, with
husk
a
cure
which
hundreds
some "
resultingin
every
of
cases
{Lancet, October,
case
1902). Coffee better dinner
from
also
can
in the
than
be form
taken
"
in
other "
of
A
jelly. good as the
is every whit as the drawbacks of the
none
jelly after
clear Coffee
free
infusion, whilst
hot
latter ;
in
and
ways^
the
astringent thus neutralized by the gelatin, principlesof the Coffee are which is at the same time an admirable proteid sparer." Dr. it is preferable in making an Thudicum advises that infusion of Coffee to unite the processes of boihng, and infusing: "
Place
the
one-tenth
about
into the
keep
fire,and and
it thus add
to
stir well
stand
for
a
the
it is intended
quantity
boilingis to be
quantity of cold water for the
in, but
f"W
which
of its bulk, which
vessel in which
this the measured and
of Coffee
amount
moreover,
;
is to
to
be
done, and heat
now
(less
use
reserved) over
pour
it to
boihng,
minutes
some
hquid
the
without
take the vessel off the ; then reserved tenth part of the Coffee,
again ;
let it
the pour the Coffee on it to be quite hot) the
filter
boihng
minutes, and
the
mixture
then
spiritlamp, if wishing liquid the grounds last." first,and Cold Coffee infusion made overnight,though a comfortless drink at breakfast, will serve, if needed, as an energizingdouche will stimulate evacuation of the to sluggishintestines, and an Persons in Germany lower bowel promptly after the meal. suffer from who drink strong, hot Coffee to excess migraine on waking in the morning, with loathingof food, intense headache, (over
and
a
continual
darkness, whilst
"
sickness the
at
hands
the and
stomach. feet
are
The cold ;
desire the
pain
is
for
seldom
190
MEALS
forbidden.
MEDICINAL.
Life) teaches (Chemistry of Common that when taken in moderate quantitiesthe ingredients of Chicory are probably not injuriousto health, but by prolonged in the stomach, and frequentuse they produce heartburn, cramp intermittent loss of appetite, acidity, constipation, with of the limbs, tremblings,sleeplessness, and diarrhoea, weakness be
Johnson
"
a
drunken
cloudiness
of accusations
to,
occasions
stopped
when
for
brought him mein
said
a
"
the
on
borders
Are
sure
you
?
make
now
The "
"
in mind
troubled
Black
Forest, landlord
astonished
This
is all I have
asked
me
in the "
Bismarck.
CofEee."
some
(in English History) Queen
Rebellion
of the
Yes,
Very well," said the Prince, throwing the stuif
"
;
"
addition
an
only be used on infrequent object. The late Prince Bismarck
of
cup
he.
herr."
away
Inn
an
as
list
should
Chicory. presentlyabout a gill.
called
house,"
at
formidable
most
"a
;
best, therefore. Chicory
the
priceis an
the
day
one
senses
for, CofEee
substitute
or
and
At
!
"
of the
;
her ; she frowned her ; she touched
Elizabeth
from the message ladies, and kept a sword
her
the
Essex
was
much
city disturbed always beside
new
every
on
After
nothing for two days but a cake, and then (a roll),and disregardedevery dehcacy of food for a manchet plain Succory, or Chicory, pottage. and A well-made infusion of freshly-roasted ground Cofiee is often better as a restorative in fever than alcohol. Again, strong successful for allayingparoxysms Cofiee will frequentlyprove of asthma.
Some
special reason therewith
forbid
doctors
except
though prejudiceagainsteach ;
berries contain
70
Cofiee
in
the
gout, but
without
and
any
regards sugar has a Haig (who evidently personal theobromic declares that Cofiee beverage) as
cream
served
Dr.
of
cent
per
uric
acid,
or
xanthins.
In
is told of Life (1856) the case Chemistry of Common attacked a by gout at twenty-fiveyears of gentleman who was it severelyat times till he was upwards of fifty, age, and had and with chalk-stones in the jointsof his hands feet ; then the advised of Cofiee was him, and completely prevented any use
Johnson's
further their
attacks. freedom
gravel,and determined or
from
to
which
action
by
the
attribute
French the
of
the Cofiee
of the is
due
gout
derangement
curative
confirmed
The
due,
fact that
in
but a
to
to
uric
free acid
kidneys.
It
constituents the
behef
Cofiee-drinldng deposits,with has this
in
its
not
been
preventive, efiicacyis
great Cofiee-consuming country
COFFEE
Turkey,
like
such
CHICORY.
AND
disorders
gouty
of
191
digestion
and
excretion
unknown. practically
are
Coffee
than
tea, because
CofEee
wrote
:
bowels
of the
more
that The
Cofiee
to "
regular action containing so much
astringent tannin. formerly held in Great Britain a positionsomewhat of the Club Houses of the present day. Macaulay
Houses
similar
favour
(and Cocoa)
mention."
not
House
must
be dismissed
not
with
a
cursory
It
properly might, indeed, in his time have been not imcalled The a important politicalinstitution. very CofEee Houses the chief organs were public through which of the upper opinion in the metropolisvented itself. Every man and middle classes went daily to his CofEee House, to learn the and it. to discuss had one or more Every CofEee House news, whose to the crowd listened with admiration, orators, eloquence and who became time have soon (what the journahstsof our own often called)a been fourth Estate of the Realm ; this was in the early years of the eighteenth century. In Pickwick we read about taken that at Cofiee-snufE, as amusingly period in substitution for the stronger weed. do anything in Do you this way. Sir 1 enquired the tall footman (at Bath, of Sam fox's head the with on a Weller),producing a small snufE-box Not without sneezing," said Sam. Why, it is top of it. "
"
"
"
"
difficult I
"
confess, Sir," said
the
"
tall footman.
It
be
may
by degrees. Sir ; CofEee is the best practice; I carried CofEee, Sir, for a long time : it looks very like rappee." Again, in another chapter we read concerning Mr. Jackson, the astute clerk of Messrs. Dodson and Fogg, as showing his vulgarsagacity when about a questioned by Mr. Pickwick subpcena which had Mr. Jackson Here smiled just been served on that gentleman : to the tip of the company, and, applying his left thumb upon his nose, worked a visionary CofEee-mill with his right hand, thereby performing a very gracefulpiece of pantomime which was familiarlydenominated taking a grinder.' of Turkish CofEee the making Trelawney has described fire was A bright charcoal thus (July,1900) : burning correctly, done
"
"
'
"
in
a
small stove.
KamaUa
pale Mocha carefullypicked, and
of the small, had iron
they but
been
vessel, where, were
the
for four persons berries, little bigger than
roasted moisture
with until not
four handf
first took
cleaned
exhaled
colour ;
she
barley ; these
put them
quick'nessand
admirable their
;
the
was
uls
somewhat
over-roasted
into
an
dexterity, darkened, ones
were
192
MEALS
picked out,
and
MEDICINAL.
while
remainder,
the
hot, put into
very
a
large
instantlypounded by another This done, Kamalia woman. passed the powder through a camel-hair cloth, and then re-passed it through a finer cloth. Meantime a Coffee-potcontainingexactly four cupfuls of water taken off, and one was cupful poured out ; boiling; this was its ascertained and three cupfuls of the powder (aftershe had stirred in her finger and thumb) were impalpabiUty between When with a stick of cinnamon. replaced on the fire,the pot, taken if on the point of over-boihng,was ofi, and struck by its heel againstthe hob, and again put on the fire ; this was repeated added she I forgot to mention, five or six times. a very make its flavour to minute of not able, distinguishenough piece mace, be of tin, and and that the Coffee-potmust uncovered, wooden
mortar,
decoction
or
the
it
ought
to
where
they
were
cannot
form
a
After
do.
fire,the cupful of returned. without
The
it
water
Coffee
thick
was
taken
which
had
then
was
and
being disturbed,
cream
for the been
delicious For
to
the
sea-sickness
a
last time
from
the
poured out was carried into the drinking room was instantly poured into the
it retained its rich cream cups, where its exquisitefragrance filled the room, more
its surface, which
on
at
on
first
the and
top.
Thus
nothing
made
could
be
palate." of pure
cup
Coffee, hot, without
(Dr. Mackern, who has sugar, is often successful. six voyages round the world, speaks in high terms
milk,
or
five
or
made
.
likewise
of
teaspoonfulsdaily for a couple of days before startingon any long voyage ; then drinkingplenty of hot and afterwards the first day of the voyage, water on resuming the Coffee charcoal" one teaspoonfultwice a day as before.) For for of gelatinein half a pint of water jelly,"soak half an ounce add until it is dissolved ; then hour a an breakfast-cupfulof to taste, and put ; sweeten strong, clear Coffee freshly made little if the mixture into a mould desired); (adding a brandy, Coffee choose firm. For when serve syrup," good Mocha colour ; Coffee, and roast it antil it acquires a dark cinnamon grind it in a marble mortar, and pass it through a sieve ; put the it, stirringit over powder into a jug, and pour boihng water the jug, with a spoon put two layers of parchment over ; then until the next and place it in a cool oven day ; pour the infusion earthenware dish, an through a white piece of linen rag over well so that all the strength of the Coffee may the hnen squeeze charcoal, by taking
two
"
"
COFFEE
secured, and
be
double
the
pass
bulk
the
CHICORY.
AND
liquor through a filter. Then take and boiled till smooth), boil (clarified,
of sugar this to crack, and add the infusion it off the
then
take
This
CofEee syrup
fire,and is
193
; allow
the mixture
to
lukewarm
put it when
simmer,
into bottles.
convenient
beverage for travellers. If two teaspoonfulsare put into a cup, and boilingwater is poured on, Sugar mixed with good CofEee can be thus quickly made. forth all its aroma CofEee draws with Cafi au lait ; and if mixed it gives a light,agreeable,easily-made food which admirably at suits those persons who work the desk must immediately to after breakfast. The all others in Turks, who are superior CofEee-making,do not use a mill for grindingthe berries : they with wooden mortars break the CofEee up in wooden and pestles, when these have been for a long time in family use they become saturated with fine aromas, being therefore valuable, and opinion of experts commanding high prices. The undoubted with the pounded berry is better than that is that Cofiee made made with a ground berries. With respect whereto singular be of the influence which this that or manner example may given ! food-substance Sir to of manipulating can make said : a how is it that a glass day to Senator Laplace, Napoleon one I melt of water in which a piece of loaf sugar appears to me to that in which I put the same taste better than quantityof ground a
"
"
"
"
"
sugar ? of which that
Sire,"
say,
sugar,
certain
conditions, the
to
and
us
the
;
of gum, which you
observations Brillat methods
or
Savarin
making
starch
are
three
"
;
has
not
been
possiblethe force portionsof the sugar to occasions
substances
exactly the same they difEer only by
it is
This
revealed
exercised
by
into
the
pass
the difference
of flavours
fairlywell established,later the opinion of Laplace. having tried all the customary
fact is
confirmed
says
are
of which
starch, and
having
for
and
nature
refer."
there
constituents
gum,
certain
pestlecauses
"
savant,
that
I beheve
states to
the
elementary
the
is to
said
that
infusion
"
of Cofiee, he
to
came
the conclusion
"
is the best. This Duhdloy the ground Cofiee, put into consists in pouring boiHng water on a pierced with very small holes. The porcelain,or silver vase first decoction is taken, heated again to boiUng, and passed through the Cofiee anew, when a beverage as clear, and as good that
as
the
process
possibleis Persons
who
known
as
"A
la
obtained. can
take
Cofiee
in
the
evening,
or
at
night, 13
19i
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
seem being prevented thereby from sleeping, awake, during the day for keeping them
without it
also
pretty Coffee
after
during
dinner.
A
sleepy all the day when the morning. Coffee is a A man is usually believed. a long time, and drink two could
man
same
take
not
need
and
are
evening if they fail to take of p^sons still larger number are they have not had their Coffee in much more energeticbeverage than hve with a good constitution can bottles of wine every day ; but the an equal allowance of Coffee for thfe
doze
to
sure
to
the
length of time : he would become' imbecile, or would die consumption. It is a duty for all the papas and mammas the world to severelyinterdict Coffee to their children, if they
same
of of do
wish
not
them
offered specially
old
be
to
at
twenty "
the Parisians
to
years ;
this advice
is
(BrillatSavarin).
of the liver,and of the biliary persons liable to sluggishness Coffee is prepared, and kept in stock by functions. Dandelion For
leadinggrocers. It is made from the dried root of the Dandelion plant {Taraxacum) of our fields and hedgerows, being is This root used as a capitalsubstitute for ordinary Coffee.
all the
at
and
stimulate in
inuHn
taraxacerin, with
potash, and the
Uver.
eaten
and
bread
is
commonly
Again,
butter.
young
indolent of persons with an made use the principle taraxacin, and the resinoid bodies Potassium
formerlythought derived its old Enghsh "
are
the Dandehon
make
to
salts
calcium
and
title "
coarse,
Willie was When Not more than
a
but
Yet
mother
not
For
a
what
Unless, The
as
he annoy his tricks. groat oared I
'Tis many Soaked Whereat And
wet
times
the that
of
in the were was
Piss-a-bed significant"
said.
happened frequently,
rascal
to
tender
also present, which diuretic,and hence
with
or
and
contained
little boy five or six,
pin, or he did,
supposed
hver, because
Right constantly did His
taraxacin,
in salads, or, when wine is Dandehon a
for the
iierb.
are
sugar), gluten, gum,
Continent
the
on
of
sort
leaves, when
Dandehon
springtime,are
blanched, with
(a
resin which
odorous
an
constituents
Its active
its best in November.
bed. Willie has
all the bedclothes through, I'd rise,and lightthe gas, what to do. wonder
Yet there he lay, so peaceful-like : God bless his curly head ! I quite forgave the little tyke For wetting of the bed.
CONFECTIONERY.
Ah
! those
me
My
boy's
And
what
And
I
dreams
When
Macaulay, when lived at Campden Hill, dandelions and singularly,
"
I have
and I
had
his
and
got up
he
near
villains ! out
disliked
exterminated
all the
yesterday." Again,
httle
execrable the
AUce," books
my
tells her
:
flowers
;
my I
thought yesterday when !
before
I could
window,
he
and
dandeUons
day
(1856),
He
since
but
but
Parliament
"
he
Dear
of my
be
gardening.
to
up
me
to
from
relates how
"
me :
bed."
took
those
looked
the
retired
and
:
left for
it used
wet
m'ece,
but
rid of the
what
!
own
do
pleasure fled
sprung
friends
no
enemies
no
was
I
had
writing to
of
WiUie
Lord
when
of his to
flown
;
all that's
!
life's not
My
too
he used
ah
"
Are
which
happy clayshave father
a
little Willies
Do
dandelions
195
five
see
six of
or
their '
at me. great, impudent, yellow, flaringfaces turned up wait till I I I said. them How come down,' Only you pulled
How
!
up
hate
I
dandelion
a
intractable
! iA
of chronic had
broth
a
about
in
the bitterness
but
after
The
whitened
in their
the
frost
through
a
of
the
in
out
take
bitterness
Frost
its
tender, and
young, bread and
tender butter
dandelion
leaves, blanched,
spring for
in the
some
time
and
free
writes
"
of
been
developed
if
than
place ;
it has
Parkinson ordinarily grown. Whoso is drawing towards a consumption, (1640) : to fall into a cachexy, shall find a wonderful help from from
and
is intensified.
to become
and
sweet,
more
some
stewed
acrid.
when
root
lengthby having
mole-hill, is much
to
and
recurs,
many
yolk of an yieldingjuice
and
sweetness
dandelion
seen
thick, sweet,
is
sap
to
the
for
it is bitter
bitterness a
sliced,and
roots
condition
diminish, and
growth
blanched, and drawn
best
time
this
it Christian-like
Is
of sorrel, and
winter
summer
to
!
Bergins says he has congestion cured, after patientstaking daily for
leaves
During
aljbuminous, but
the
"
dandelion
some
are
November.
uses
from
with
roots
hver
failed, by
made
boilingwater, These
destruction
savagely ?
so
cases
o|;herremedies mlonths
their
enjoyed
ready
or
the
eaten
use
with
together."
CONFECTIONERY.
Formerly
there
spicy aromatic
was
made
Carnation
by
the
flower
cook
a
contained
rich
syrup
with
therein, the
the same
196
MEALS
being used
as
tasty
a
MEDICINAL.
This
puddings.
for
sauce
flower
is the
of
Jove
Its second title, (Di-anthus),and it is redolent of cloves. infused in Sops in Wine," was given because the petalswere wine to give this a spicy flavour, especially in the cup presented to brides The immediately after the marriage ceremony. "
blossoms
highlycordial,whilst
are
dried
the
petals,if powdered
stoppered bottle, are of service against heartburn, and flatulence,being given in a dose of from twenty "A made of the to conserve sixty grains. Gerarde says : Carnation flowers with sugar is exceeding cordiall, and wonderfully above doth the heart, being eaten comfort measure now and then." flower Turner By a mistake designated the same coarsely,and
"
Incarnation."
of wine
in
kept
a
These
give
flowers
of
thrown
were
old
into
casks
gallant colour. At the famous Mulberry Gardens planted in London by James the First stands where Street now (1609) Arlington made the famous restorative Mulberry tarts which were Dryden loved. But in Germany mothers of Mulberries disapprove for their children, and declare the devil wants the dark juicy berries for blacking his boots. An excellent Mulberry wine is to
pleasant taste,
a
and
a
"
sometimes
brewed
"
fruit
On
:
each
boilingwater, all through a and
which
"
retains
all the
remedial
gallon of ripe Mulberries let them
and
hair
sieve,
or
stand
for two
bag.
Wash
the
out
liquor to it ; put in the sugar three pounds to each gallon of liquor; stir dissolved ; then put the liquor into a cask ; bung four
little
a
side until
one
If the
months.
Into
; and
The The
on
it down.
of sugar
the
wine
each
bottle
be used
can
fermentation
liquor be clear, it put
bottles should
juice of Mulberries
employed
; then
days
in
be a
kept
year
is curative
let this
be
at
from of
a
putrid
time sore
of
quite
cask
and
be
then
bottled
after
small
lump
a
moderate
the
rate
until
up
jar,
or
the
at
clove, and
one
squeeze
tub,
ceases,
may
of this
gallon of
one
pour
the
return
raised
virtues
ture. temperaof
bottling.
throat
when
laxative. gargle,and the ripe fruit is somewhat Here the we played by children game go round bore reference Mulberry bush originallyto the Bramble, or berries. Blackberry bush, with its similar juicy dark-red The Mulberry is not a bush. Violet cakes of recent revival, (already noticed)are Take being both nice, and with a reputation against cancer. the juiceof one lemon, and put it into a silver porringer,and The
as
a
familiar
"
"
"
"
"
198
MEALS
had
curative
a
leaves, and a
handful
conduit
shift
lady
all these
cut
and
with
thicken
it sure, and day." It has
a
for grateful
of title is of Violet
leaves
that
the
lay
mallows
seeth
them
half well in
being finely
meal,
in
was
swelled
the
throat, and
her
hopeless,there
seemed
case
and
Violet
place,and recently reported that a cancer through the application
it to
been
disease
so
barlie
from
cure
the
;
chickweed
it with
of
good handful
a
knife,and
a
roule
so
it twice
advanced
Take
groundsel,of
much
water,
sifted, and
"
reputation.
as
;
MEDICINAL.
so
being complete
A cold infusion of the green leaves inabilityto swallow food. was kept constantly applied outside her throat on a compress, this being frequentlychanged afresh. At least a hundred years
ago Violet disease.
leaves
confectioners Violet
as
jelly,and
fourteenth
Sweet
the
Reverting to
Violet
for
to
Venus, A
Mary.
noted
of
Athens
attractive
are
Violets
;
made were
hare.
roast
amulets,
as
in modern
but
and
fritters
stuffinga
formerly worn symbolic flower of
curative
Violet,its petals are
Sweet
were
be
to
pleasant
a
century
commended
held
were
or
in old
folk-lore
among These
;
In
cook.
by also the
the
ingredients perfumed flowers
The
Pagan days
Violet it
it is devoted
of rattle-snakes
candied
kept the
dire
same
sweetmeat
by
charms.
the
was
to
was
the
dedicated the
Virgin
died
recentlyin America, to having been accustomed supply the zoologicalcollections, and with rattlers museums He had throughout the world. been bitten scores of times, whilst his infalliblecure was a poultice I never of Violet leaves. saw anybody that looked stupider than do," said a Violet (to Alice, Through the Loolcing-glass), you so suddenly that Alice quite jumped, for it hadn't spoken before. Hold if you as ever saw your tongue," cried the Tiger Ijily ; head under the and : anybody you keep your leaves, snore away there till you know what's in no more the world than going on if you bud ! The were a manufacture leading chemists now of fresh wild Violets from a the flowers, and the liquidextract tamer
"
"
"
"
"
"
leaves COOKKRY.
Thb
French
understand he as
ideal the
employs, nature
so
of
a
nature
that
presents in
he a
perfect cook is that he shall exactly and which propertiesof the substances correct, or improve, such aliments may raw
state.
He
must
have
a
sound
head,
COOKERY.
a "
taste,
sure
seasoning is
the
This
tact, and
Paris
all
Cookery. good
all your
talent,
of
art est
on
In
The
literature,her arts, and
tables.
our
to
they in
return
said
planet." But possessed
new
time
of
jewels. had
Queen
big
kitchens
swung
at
Local
its white
Elizabeth
his
dishes
pot, and
his
;
was
founded
Boulanger,
over
whose
Latin
the
et ego
side, and
in France
"
vos
and
shop
Venite
inscription,
restauraho
of
"
Come
"
you
sick persons other easily than many
on
its fibres connective
to
than
race
the
the
take
forms
which
it down
its amount
of
a rolling-pin, his spices were
renowned In
1750
Paris
herring,
for
its
the
first
by
all you
me
shire Devon-
its
honey
cook
a
was dining rooms omnes qui stomacho
to
animal
who
into holds
; the
is to soft
most
;
public named
displayed laboratis,
hungry,
are
forms
of
cooking
foods, and
it is found
The lessen
meats
general the
gelatinthe
increase
doctors
by
underdone
nutriment.
of meat
of
that
much
or
raw,
of
structure
tissue
a
Cornwall
;
at
Moreover,
by converting
by melting diminish
can
was
ruled
cook
comfort."
to
vegetablefoods.
cooking
invents
retained. strictly
cream
be said Broadly speaking, it may of actually lessen the digestibility that
upon
aptitude for ; pent devenir fruitier
chests
then
were
clouted
"
I will restore
and
them
to
who
red-nosed
sceptre
pilchard pies ; Hampshire was for its lampreys.
Restaurant
fat
the
Gloucestershire
and
be
to
natural
On
"
our
in
of knives
and
human a
"
be
must
the
to
"
Savarin,
and
honour
heap
may
Brillat
devote
and
her
you,
Continue, then,
sauces,
your
in
France
:
Cookery, plebeians like
man,"
a
"
scullions
chefs,and
greater benefactor
a
Show
Culinary
rotisseur."
omnipotent crown
well
never
the
at
for her
at
that
so
cooking
ne
the
case
heads
discovers
who
the
"
assembled
French
must
itself,in over-elaboration, and
Loubet,
world
to
attend
;
yourselves." a new flat is man
the
over
crowned
cooks
defeats
the
to
Thanks
receive
me
better
are
President
(1902),said
in
that
sometimes
excess.
forget that indifferent cooks make wreck." shipthe sublime culinaryart, sense, than the learningwhich only
which
on
say,
experience
is famous
palate, and
rock
is to
exhibits, and
costly
delicate
a
199
consistence hitherto
together, also to chief result of cooking on That
meat
more
efiect
them
water.
that
of firm
remove
is
meat
is rendered
in proportionto the degree of cooking which digestible is shown by the ascertained fact that three and a
of
less
it receives, half
ounces
200
of in
MEALS
beef, when
eaten
MEDICINAL.
raw,
hours, whereas
two
disappeareduntil wholly boiled it takes
hours
"
the
and
a
taste
Raw
the
to
with
certainlyas
the
when
nor
and
stomach,
Brillat
flesh," says a
not
half-roasted
when
teeth, is
seasoned
;
is
"
meat
half hours,
have
hours.
sticks
readilydigested,and
of two
the
expired ; undergo digestionin
four
wholly roasted Savarin, though it to
has
hours
to
when
half-boiled
end
until three
three
the stomach
when
the
at
disappear completely from
not
all
at
little salt in
nourishingas
any
pleasant un-
is
it
other
form.' The is to
efiect of heat
on
coagulate them,
of 170"
Fahr*-'
this
effected
being
in any mineral
excess
at
about
a
temperature
salts become
nutritive
value
their
digestibility may
bulk
dissolved is
If the
the
of water, their
their
food
below
of foods parts (proteids)
boilingpoint. degree of heat employed in cooking goes beyond this,the value of the food is lessened by the hardening, and shrinking of the albuminous materials ; the importance of which fact in its practical application to cookinghas long been recognized, though commonly neglected, in In the the moist efiect. or disregarded cooking of vegetables heat of the water, raised to nearly,or quite boilingpoint,swells up the starch grains,and ruptures their surrounding envelopes, that the invading water makes so a paste with the escaping starch, or a form of starch jelly. If green vegetablesare cooked or
42"
albuminous
the
is reduced, and so
;
away
that
their valuable in this
manner
considerably lessened, though perhaps
be
enhanced
lies in their undiminished
;
but
bulk, and
their
chief
worth
in their mineral
as
salts.
cabbage, or carrot, or potato, is boiled, a largeproportion of the soluble potash salts pass from the vegetable tissue into is generally poured away, the water, which with it the and preciouselixir which is the true preventive of gout, rheumatism, French housewife's neuralgia. The lumbago, and rheumatic method of cooking vegetablesis far more sensible, and excellent : used is so nicely measured not as by her the quantity of water of to require any abstraction, but it forms a sort of emulsion she always adds at the right the juiceswith the oil,or fat, which be time, and in proper proportion. Vegetables should never salted until they are nearly cooked, else they will be hardened that the advantages to know It is interesting by this addition. well recognized by some tribes ; and of slow cooking are savage in this respect the civilized cook has something to learn from When
a
COOKERY.
them.
For
instance, the
201
followingis
the
method
of
cooking practisedby the Kanakas, of the Friendly Islands : A hole is scooped in the earth, and a fire is made therein with wood, and kept burning until a fair-sized heap of glowing charcoal remains. "
Pebbles
then
are
is to be
cooked
pebbles, and thrown
almost
upon
cavity,and
stamped
needed
subtle
so
for
is the
the
mode
it.
to
that
overdo
be
'
full of flavour
as
how
matter
suasion
largethe
will
civilized
render
cookery
illustration of "
found "
We
that
the
can
bear
dug up jelly, yet
tasty
and
;
this
the
it will withal
be.
to
No
gentle
form
no
is
of
in the
least compare with it. No better advantages of slow cooking could well be
(Hutchison, Cruise must
from
pass
possiblefor cooked meat jointis,or how tough the meat,
it succulent, and
cooked
it is as
long
anything
it is
as
A
become
may
'
the
is next
down.
viands
an
of
earth
well
to
ever What-
placed upon
The
impossibility.A couple of days the joint,yet when putting down all its juices, tender smoking hot; retaining
time
"
the
course,
through,but
enveloped heaped
is covered.
in leaves, then
leaves
into
is, of
in until the charcoal
is
more
back
time
thrown
of the Cachalot).
in mind,"
civilized
Sir Wm.
as
Eoberts
the
has
taught,
food
for
the preparation table to a high degree of practicaleffect. The cereal grains,for example, which are employed for making bread, are first finelyground, and sifted from the bran by the miller ; the flour is subjected,with the aid of moisture, and artificial heat, to fish we a and eat are cooking process ; the meats boiled, roasted ; the vegetableswe or use are carefullydeprived of their All this preliminarypreparacoarser parts, and are then boiled. tion and cooking,serve the food more to make capable of being of its nutritive it is, as thoroughly exhausted qualities.Even waste and the faeces always retain considerable some occurs, among is carried
elements
of
rendered
too
wiU
through body
the
But it is obvious that undigestedfood. of digestion, there arises a risk that easy
for
Moreover,
a
the sudden
completion of the irruptioninto the
newly-digested aliment
balance
if food the
be
ment nutri-
pass unduly quick,and wastef uUy, into the blood, and on the tissues into the excretory organs ; so hkewise of out before this food has been made fullyand economically
available
of
races
of
of that
fluid,and
of its functions.
would thus A
too
tend
nutritive
slow blood to
interfere
of
large quantities
disturb with
processes.
the
the
chemical
tranquil performance
rapid digestionand
absorption
202
MEALS
of food
MEDICINAL.
compared to feedinga fire with straw, instead of with slower burning coal. is it also with human Thus digestion, and highly-cookedfood requiresin those perourhighly-prepared sons who fires shall and that the are healthy, vigorous, digestive be damped down in order to ensure of food ; the economical use slow digestionbeing quite a different thing from a an imperfect Irish his underboil The of the to digestion. practice peasant potato and
so
leave
his brose
these
'
to
peasant
underboil
for
enable
designed to
are
of it,'
said, in the middle
by simply pouring boilingwater
processes
stomach
it is
stone,' as
a
practice of the Scotch
making the
'
to
as
the
both
be
may
his oatmeal, on
the
meal
the
meal to
"
stay
sufficiently long period." Admirers of the Jewish mode of cooking claim for this a great wholesomeness, and adaptabilityto a weak digestion; and it is certainlyworthy of note not Christian children do that a
favourably with
compare and the
resist disease.
to
power
Jewish
the
minutely inspectedto its slaughterermust be
in
Their
healthiness, longevity,
its cleanliness, and
ensure
is most
(Jewish) meat
healthiness
;
of
use only practisedhand, and make or as laceratingof the wound any bruising, weapons, renders the meat unfit for consumption. When inflicted, forming of their food they never combinations mix milk, or its products, with meat breach would be regarded by them as a ; to do which of the precept, Thou kid in its mother's shalt not seethe a milk ; shall the principlebeing that food killed by violence not be mixed with that which is rendered up peaceably ; such
the
a
keenest
"
"
a
mixture
is
abomination
an
faulty digestion, having suits so
them
that
much
animal
the view
its condition
is not
by
sheep
which than
not
with these
blood
is
made, and
slaughteredfor
the laws, and
"
of
laid down
means
a
6,000 kosher
respect
to
were "
rejected animals
are
whole a
disallowed
vital
;
is
system
strict examination
in
the
by
?
it the
killed ; and many are Kabbis to this end, which
was
formality. Thus, the
second
asked
half
of the
year
wholly sound, and strict precautions are
"
a
But
what
21,000
of 1900,
not
same
animals. "
is made
before
rejectedas
; and
other
Jews
the
food
mere
slain
were
the
foods
straightway after its amiss anything was discovering-'whether
of health
tests
any
mixed
better, because
healthier
death, with
fewer
the
(A. Blyth, 1884). Also, by
purer of the
with
tried
sufier from who persons Jewish system, affirm that it
Some
!
becomes
representativeof
no
fore theretaken of
all
COOKERY.
"
Journal.
Oh,"
Gentiles, and That
by
by them
eaten
bought
are
human that
life has
!
found
been
fingerswere
up
by
the
"
a essentially cooking animal, is knowledge that cooking utensils have
wherever
believe
reply, they
is
man
the
"
the
was
203
fact
been
borne"5^ut discovered
existed.
have
to
before
made
a
We
all
forks ; but it is not first place constructed
that forks were in the generallyknown to imitate with two fingers originally by the Romans prongs, the fingerand thumb, then three as and later on as as fingers, the whole hand. The indebted Tom to one English people are for fork the because of which Coryat introducing amongst them, he the was given sobriquet Furcifer : Furca, being really ~^oon pitchfork. {" Expdlas naturam furcd : tamen usque recurret.") Not until some time after the Restoration forks in general were About English use. Pepys' time each guest at table was expected and fork to a meal, and to use to bring his own it throughout spoon without of change. During the sixteenth century, at a man position'stable plates could not be provided for all who sat down to the meal the originaltrencher thick slice was a ; and of bread which the meat on was placed,and which after being And used to the poor. so was even as given latelyas at the the of last bowl of coloured beginning century (1810) a glass each before the end of at water was containing placed guest, well as the men dinner, and the women as stooped over it,sucked "
"
"
a
up
extreme
persons
water,
again into
back
water
the
of the
some
less
rinsed the
refinement
than
hundred
This
would
show
to
seem
behaviour
amongst
authority for tellinghow men, the dishes (2 Kings xxi. 13) : as a man wipeth a dish, wiping
and
mouth,
Such
bowl.
of table a
the
out
most
our
There
swilled
the
represented cultivated is
Biblical
years
ago.
in
days, used to wipe I will wipe Jerusalem turning it upside down."
"
ancient And
it and of
that
old
kitchen
the
was
not
exclusivelywoman's kingdom. English and American Lately a spiritedcomparison between in some of our leading journals. In Cookery has been made husband over Brooklyn Life,thus recentlysang an unfortunate the
water
:" '
She's Oh She
joined !
woe
gets it
And
a
!
class, and oh
out
a
her
woe
to !
terrible book.
her biscuits eat like Like
And
of
leam't
deepest
!
dough,
dough.
biscuits
eat
like
dough
!
cook,
204
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
I have
smile, and
to
Oh
would
!
And
I can't
And
I can't little
In
the
St.
Belgian
wife
of
our
To
our
bread,
her
bread
me
happy
a
does
She
!
love
man
best
her
:
and
me,
!
leave
the rest
(June, 1902) Marie
Gazette
"
asks
Englishman,
an
surprise.
her
good old Mary Ann, 'ry Ann, good old Mary Ann."
To
James'
sad
a
pies : !
bread.
she'd
I wish
are
describe
woman
make
To But
her dead
were
describe
Her
Poor
I
boiled
puddings
Her
swallow
that
Will
:
the
Louise,
England
ever
Cooking is an Art (with a capitalA), and a most interestingand pleasurable Art if if things practised? Alas ! I doubt properly taught and will ever alter in such respect, for English girlsare not built
get its daughters
that
they
not
are
Americans
and
weaker
Street
comely
a
with
appearance, study, and as
it is not
only
lets
Pickwick's
Mr.
:
that
landlady
the
children that
dire
in
his
in
Go swell
day
and agreeable bustlingmanners, genius for cooking, improved by an Nowadays, exquisitetalent."
of
woman,
natural
a
know
us
"
long practice,into quoth the Art of Cookery (1708) :
"
"
no
seems
their cooks, tho' never to these than up, and
tryed
'
more
;
ride.'
"
his cook by the giftof Eighth of England rewarded for having composed a pudding of special merit. contrast do the followinglines,pathetically true, present
the
Henry manor
What
gentry take
The It
a
"
different
was
lower
or
England's own generationthrough
every
malady, indigestion." Dickens
things were
middle,
upper, therefore "
the sufEerers here, but
are
weaker
class
learn, and
to
eager
who
become
of which
matter
no
;
way
that
understand
to
a
to-day :" "
A
there
woman
(As She
or
you,
told how
And
how she
But
(Which Oh
!
the
And At
the
(And And "
never
press,
a
know
savoury
mess
;
the flour
!
spent,
we
woman
she
could
never
did understand
!
)
;^ ''
like sand, who had never
wasted
we
sugar
we
for the
it herself, I guess readers knew !)
spent, and
we
'hest of
now
done
of her
hours
wrote
fit a dress. a
many
had
none
the
out, and
stew
to
she
might do).
to
never
and
was,
I
cooked, cook, "
206
MEALS
Mother's The
slow
MEDICINAL.
figures,so
at
breakfast's
our
proteids,and
We
get
never
And
a
the hydrates make luncheon, since she
finds we've
it, and
overdone
In
olden
doctor's
times
the
and
fardingalewas
and
cordial
for weak
for the there
head
and
brain
Cinnamon
was
flowers, and of
stomachs
the that
water.
excrement
last mentioned
Brillat
Savarin
of
swoon
;
;
and
and
Eue
and
the
Sweet
the
Poppy
waters
spiritsof water
was
efficacious
were
cordial.
yielded a of
essence
rufi
surfeit waters,
of roses,
fevers.
the
was
with
lady
coolingwaters,
Walnuts
water,
Lemon
Ambergris (an
Mint
even
;
the
preparing conserves ;
;
the street.
housewife
still-room
julepsfor calentures,
herbs, and
good
in
or
her eat
cook-shop down
Elizabethan
busy with
ever
waters,
her
great
till noon.
RESTORATIVES.
good
great ally. In
figureson
the
;
for her too
nearly makes pennyweight we
always tabulating every Except the meals we smuggle from
AND
the task
that
Mother's
CORDIALS
late
always
Then
Cloves, Gilliand
of the
Marjoram water, Spermaceti Whale).
these
restoratives,it should
Spirit ing Respectbe told
quite recently given to the public a remarkable recipe-: Take six large onions, three carrots, and handful of pa,rsley a put into a stewpan ; ; chop them up, and heat them with a little,good, fresh butter until they change colour ; when this is done, put in six ounces of sugar candy, of toast, and twenty grains of ground Ambergris, with a crust has
"
bottles
three
adding While
of water
water
this is
anew on
the
; to
boil up for three make for the up
fire,kill,pluck, and
pound it up (fleshand bone) in Also chop up two pounds of good fowl and beef together,and season the
whole
into
a
quarters of loss
draw
lean beef. with
hour,
by evaporation. old cock, and
an
with
mortar
an
This
salt and
an
iron
pestle.
done, mix pepper.
the Put
quick fire,and add from time to time a to keep it from as sticking When to the pan. it is heated through, pour in the broth from the first stewpan little by little, and when all is in give it a strong boil for three-quartersof an hour, always adding enough hot water volume of liquid. At the end of to keep it to the same this time the Restorative is ready, and it exercises a sure effect on the invalid if his stomach has but sufficiently retained its digestive Cordial three To the hours use give a cupfulevery powers. until it is time for the invalid to go to sleep. On the following day give a good cupful the first thing in the morning, and the another
stewpan on little fresh butter, so
a
CORDIALSJ
l/.sJ.-li' AND RESTORATIVES.
207
Qime
night,continuingtke said plan until the three bottlefuls finished. re Keep the invalid on a light,but nourishingdiet, such as the thighsof poultry,fish, sweet fruits,preserves, etc. It wiU scarcelyever that second dose of the Restorative a happen will be needed that time. at On about the fourth day the invalid will be able to resume his ordinary occupation. If the Restorative thus prescribed is made of at a banquet, the use ancient rooster be replacedby four old partridges, and the may beef by a pieceof leg of mutton (whilstthe Ambergris and sugar candy are at option). It is well that everybody should know that though Ambergris, considered as a perfume, is distasteful with too sensitive nerves, it is nevertheless to persons admirably when taken Our and ancestors tonic, exhilarating internally. at
made
great
of it in
use
is said
Richelieu
cookery, and
for it.
better
habituallysucked
flavoured pastilles feelingthe persons, when bodily energy, by mixing
have
to
all the
were
Ambergris ; and other well-known weight of age, or oppressed by lack of a piece of Ambergris (ground with sugar) the size of a bean, found with a largecupful of chocolate, and drinking this, have with
beneficial becomes
efEects.
of such
means
thinking is
easy,
which
By
Cordials
our
Kitchen
four
The
Thyme.
Cordial
flowers
the Rose, the Violet, the Alkanet, and
Simplers were Egg silky,"as
"
Cordial
for
juice of
three
the
eggs dissolved
skins, which
"
:
then are
breakfast."
three
entire
;
so
take
away unwholesome
specks; next add of old rum wineglassful it corked
Cape, is another
Put
again
and
any
keep
at the
fresh lemons, into
now
;
it is termed
cold
a
may
then
Again
"
a
of the
such
be
Cloves,
to
Garden
the
Others
Whey.
wit. Allspice,Caraway, Cinnamon, in Mead, Wine, Raisins, Rosemary
usefullyadded, Grapes, Honey and
Win"
and
Caudle,
Tea
Soup, Coffee,
Extract, the Mints, Quinces, Ratafia,
Egg Cordial, Liebig'sMeat Punch,
infallible
concerningnumerous
Alcohol, Beer
as
ness), (sleepless-
the
me
of life
obviated."
be found
Physic,such
action
the
insomnia
with
drinking coffee, becomes
of
detail,particulars may
Rum
"
Savarin,
consequence Given in in
tonic
and difficulty,
no
B.
is," says
a
Saffron,
English Borage. excellent
with the eggs, covered basin for three days, turning
that
all
from
the
the
shells shall
mixture
the
become
inner
thin
up the eggs, whilst removing of sifted sugar, and a dessertspoonful
a
;
take Punch
; beat
put the a a
mixture
into
wineglassful every la Romaine,"
as
a
bottle, and
morning
it is
before
called,which
208
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
is served
at
found
exercise
to
such
at
time
of the white
dinner, usually after the
play, being of egg, Indian
West
ring about
sugar,
interlude
an
of white
sort
a
and
Punch
it
effect of
the
it forms
;
is (of the solids), considerably assistingdigestion between
the
ice made
Jamaica
has
rum
principalacts
with
quaint old
The
rum.
with
remove
an
lemon-juice, recipefor brewing almost
cabalistic
:
"
"
of sour, three of sweet, four of weak." of strong, and
One Four
is to
But, after all. Brandy
be
pronounced
excdlence
far
the
"
This (Brant wein, burnt wine ") prince of cordial restoratives. is a spirituousliquor obtained It by the distillation of wine. contains an proportion of alcohol from 48 to 54 per cent. average In a peculiarlyrich Brandy made from the ferment and stalks left from called
manufacture,
wine
from
red, and
in the Charente
grapes
oil is found,
Genuine
its flavour.
white
wine
a
of
Cognac
vineyardsabout
department. not possibly supply But
the
Cognac oil, so
is distilled from
Cognac,
a
small
the
city
fact is manifest, that this
half the Brandy which is Cognac could of the costly brands not some are represented as such ; even expressed from grapes which grow in picturesque old Cognac. Beet-root not important part in Brandy distilling, plays an fine old Cognac dozen. at sixty shillingsthe excepting Another frequent variety of Brandy is whisky distilled very from with genuine Cognac, as well as with and flavoured corn, But with cheap wines, oenanthic ether. Spain, which abounds "
furnishes burnt
is
a
"
fearsome
some
brands
sugar, and contaminated wholesome Cognac pure,
of vile Brandies, with
coloured
fusel oil,ether, etc.
which
is
immensely
with There
valuable
for
the from of La Folle, being made grapes and in or are carefullycultivated, guarded, the These are juicy,large,and very vineyards of Charente. grapes The wine expressed therefrom sweet, as well as rich in flavour.
medicinal
purposes, St. Pierre, such as
is stored
in oaken
casks
it is rich in colour, and the
virtues
six
or
After
seven
from
considerable which
some
which
confer
for four years,
at
the
end
of which
time
astringentin quality,these being very its value as a medicine. In a good year
yield one bottle of Brandy. contain to a Brandy comes twenty to forty years proportion of volatile ethers, and aldehydes, to of the most valuable propertiesof this Cordial spirit bottles
of wine
should
be
to
are
from
CORDIALS
AND
attributed.
British.
and liquors,
has
malt
RESTORATIVES.
is distilled in
Brandy
the
209
flavour, and
Brandy imparted to it artificially. For Orange Brandy, which is an excellent to one gallon of best pale Brandy put
colour, of French tonic
"
oranges
sugar, shake
and
bottle
it." is
distilled
drink
the
thin
very
pounds
two
Punch hot
in winter, hot
and
is made cold.
or
Punch
added
20
to
powdered loaf day or two, then of
afterwards
;
juiceis introduced, either of the principal
to
Rum,
As
immediate
It shoidd
at
doubt
the
most
least in part.
It
restorative, and be
never
stronger
than
it ; this is about The Punch will
will make
per cent
and
segments,
Without
an
Seville
lemon-
sugar. with
is best.
of alcohol
the presence the average
in which
peel,as
spirits,water, drunk
be
add
next
alcoholic
an
characteristic may
juice;
of flavouring
a
into
oranges
restorative,
dozen
one
stir until dissolved ; let it stand a months well, and leave it for a few
up
Punch with
the
out
squeeze
these
tear
;
England
strength of Sherry, or Port wine. wholesome if containingless spirit be more (down to 10 per cent of alcohol). If milk be added, this will give to the Punch a body which its The taste. develops,and accentuates beverage always little when remains turbid, except a kept a long time ; very Hot Punch of curd httle precipitation (casein)takes place. (the Bagman's Story,in Pickwick) is a pleasantthing,gentlemen, an extremely pleasant thing under any circumstances, but in cold winter's the snug old parlour,before the roaring fire,on a night, with the wind blowing outside till every timber in the old house creaked again,Tom Smart found it perfectlydelightful. "
"
"
He
ordered
quite certain Also,
"
broken and
when
whether
Pickwick
Mr.
ice,and
was
struggling,he
extricated off at
ran
shawls, until he reached until
he
was
in
Manor bed.
of Punch
bowl
A
honour
in, and
when
a
symptom
Mr.
Pickwick
of rheumatism
Sawyer justlyobserved, cases
;
and
that
if ever
awoke about
there hot
not
am
again after that." the skating party fell through the and cracking, with much splashing, in the top of his speed, muffled Farm, then paused not an instant
dinner, and a of his safety; a second, and
promptly
'
snug after some
at
I
;
order another
did not
he
another
then
tumblerful, and
another
is
Punch
grand a
next
him
was
carouse
third
carried
was
bowl
morning
were
there
; which
nothing
proves, as like hot Punch
did fail to act
as
a
up
held
in
ordered not
was
Mr.
Bob
in such
preventive, 14
210
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
of merely because the patient fell into the vulgar error the after not leg-oftaking enough of it." Furthermore, Sam Weller mutton played the host to swarry" at Bath, when in red, laid the departing guests, Mr. Tuckle, the coachman aside his cocked hat, and stick, which he had just taken up, and sake ; and, said he would have one glass for goodfellowship's he was home the same the gentleman in blue went as way,
it
was
"
"
prevailedupon
to
stop,
ordered in some gone, Sam and the effect of both was
Tuckle, dressed
with
out
of
take
be
to
"
the
said
Rum," which
name
paper." distillation
the
manufacture direct
procured by
are
Oliver
the
gentleman ingenious musical
an upon and a curl
in the
of
mented of fer-
raw
sugar, of fermentation
Wendell
Holmes,
"
apply
alike
moralists
unwashed
the
stick, danced
hat, and
the table, while
on
hair-comb
obtained
as
juice.
sugar-cane
a
varieties
best
the
cocked
spiritusually produced by
a
molasses, but
greengrocer'sshop ; extremely exhilaratingthat Mr.
so
the
half
about
was
the
accompaniment
formed
is
Rum
Punch
the
oysters from
the shells
frog hornpipeamong in blue played an instrument
When
too.
I
product distilled from molasses, and the noblest juices ! of the vineyard. Burgundy in all its sunset glow is Rum I As Champagne, the foaming wine of Eastern Prance, is Rum its dark colour to burnt A considerable a spiritit owes sugar. silent sold in this country is made from quantity of the Rum spirit,"being flavoured chemically with ethyl-butyrate." the
to
"
"
"
The
Rum, a
esteemed
most
from
comes
Antigua, Grenada,
generationago
which
Rum
fond
were
Santa
or
of Rum
Indies,as Jamaica
the West Crux
Rum.
Shrub
Our
forefathers
(from Shariba, drink),
concocted
by boiling fresh currant juice for about minutes with an ten equal weight of sugar, and adding a little Rum. There never Thackeray wrote Adventures) : {Phillip's ! Rum the and was Shrub, never liquorso good as any sausages flavour had a of Elysium." Oh ! my friend," said the young Mr. Stiggins, the shepherd,to Sam red-nosed Weller (inPickwick), was
"
"
"
all
than
taps is vanities it is the
another
friend, with remarkable
wholesome
three
if there
lumps
for its freedom
Again, summer
is any liquorcalled Rum,
:
a
Sherry
drink, in
to
hot
of
Cobbler
be
sucked
weather.
warm,
"
the
to
sugar from fusel
of them
one
oil,or
It
is made
a
dear
my
tumbler."
amylic
Cobbler's (originally
through
less odious
straw, is
young is
Rum
alcohol.
Punch)
as
a
reviving,and by mixing up together
CORDIALS
in
a
AND
prepared with
211
from
from
name
the
peach
or
and
Tafia,"
liqueur
a
of
essences
cherry kernels.
"
It would
:
a
smile
man
Lady
a
behold
to
her
twinklingeyes, by her afternoon of Ratifee, and cold tea, sparklemore Drams than her pendants." Allspice(Pimento) is likewise popular as a warming cordial, The name having a sweet odour, and a gratefularomatic taste. is given because the berries afiord in smell and taste a combination of cloves, juniper berries, cinnamon, and The special pepper. a
front Box, where
make
black
Ashton
of Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, telling
Play, says
Figure in
slices of
cordial flavoured
cane
currants, bitter almonds, in his Social
"
Malay
is a sweet sugar syrup, fruits, generally those yielding the
the
with
sugar,
pineapple.
or
Ratafia, deriving its
at
ice, wine, and
large glass pounded
orange,
RESTORATIVES.
of qualities is the
Pimento
her
reside in the of Brazil.
Eugenia Pimento
powder, and are added to and againstflatulent indigestion, curry
Sack at
posset,
old
an
made
weddings),was "
From
famed
rind of its berries, and Pimento mulled as
on
they
;
put into
are
are
useful
stimulant.
cordial
according to
Barbadoes,
wines
carminative
a
American
berries
the tree
a
the
(especiallyfavoured familiar rhyme : "
Main
Western
Fetch
from Spain, sugar, half a pound : fetch pint : and from the East Indian Coast coast. Nutmeg, the glory of our northern O'er flaming coals together let them heat. Till the all-conqueringsack dissolves the sweet. sack
A
O'er such
another
fixe set eggs,
twice
ten,
crowing cock and speckled hen ; Stir them with steady hand, and conscience pricking To see the untimely fate of twenty chicken. skillet ; From brazen shining shelf take down your A quart of milk from will fillit. gentle cow Xew
born
from
When
boiled, and
Unite
them
Then,
covered
Till Miss
Each And
twice
on
has
been
sack
tripleleague ; dwell close, together let them kiss and must not You sings '
lass snatch
fiercelylike
Concerning Blackberry mention
and
to
egg,
firmly like the
lad and fall
cooked, put milk
a
Cordial
already
tell.'
up their murdering spoon starved dragoon."
made
as
here
excellent
an
in
high
restorative,
commendation
thereof.
Grapes, again, besides being of capital service for material by their ready-made combustion as supplying warmth of the fruit, whilst cordial by the essential flavours sugar, are Sweet
212
a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
surplus of
glucose(Grape sugar)
the
to. form
serves
fat
for
storage.
Peppermint (Mentha piferita),or Brandy Mint, which in moist not England, and places about uncommonly grows is cultivated largely at Mitcham, yieldsby its fragrant, powerfully which diffuse aromatic, and comforting essential oil,preparations warmth in the stomach, and mouth, acting as a carminative The
with
stimulant,
of
amount
some
pain of colic,flatulence, spasm, the the potential oil, of which
or
against the power indigestion.This is through sedative
The yields 1 per cent. and exhale leaves stems a strong, refreshing,characteristic which, whilst delicate at first,is quickly followed by a aroma, of numbness, and coldness, increased sense by drawing in the of Peppermint Oil, or breath. Essence, are Lozenges made in colic, flatulence, and admirable for affording ease nausea. They will also help to prevent sea-sickness, besides proving antisepticif food has been- taken of a putrescent tendency, or Tom Hood hard to digest. When lay a-dying, he turned his the window on hearing it rattle in the night ; eyes feeblytowards watching him, said softly, It's whereupon his wife, who was only the wind, dear ! to which he repliedwith a ready sense herb
"
"
of humour,
indomitable
lozenge
the
such
on
the
as
cook
cordial
likewise is
sill."
grateful to
Lady's Swan, must "
This
Mint in
and
(or Money).
Speculum
therefore
be
Marmalade
Mundi
good
of
Then
the
The
Mint
(1643),
"
possesses
sauce,
oil, which
essential ;
it stimulates
septic changes smell
Peppermint
a
(Mentha viridis),
Mint
stomach
also Mackerel "
put
its aromatic
prevents
is called
"
Spear making
for
propertiesby
digestive system,
last,
allied
The
employs
fragrant, and
intestines.
the
to
Mint, and of Mint,"
stirreth
up
the
the
within in
the
Germany
quoth mind,
John and
for students."
Quinces,"
says
Austin,
on
Fruits
(1665),
good cordial,strengtheningthe stomach, and This fruit, Cydonia, from heart, both of the sick, and sound." Cydon (now Candia), had a former English title, Melicotone." banish the In ancient Rome it was we regarded as sacred ; now of the of its strong penetratingodour, to a corner tree, because Bacon commended garden. Lord quiddemy," a preserve of Quinces, for strengtheningthe stomach old Fuller said ; and of this fruit, Being not more pleasant to the palate than restorative to the health, they are accounted a great cordiall." "
is known
to
be
a
"
"
"
214
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
given
for
wineglassfulof energizethe organs
dose, with
a
a
This
to syrup will serve of both females males and
and
enjoyed
reputationof
the
thus
going spirits,
far
melancholy through districts
measles, notion
a
likewise
drinkingwater Bacon
Lord
liberal noted
use
:
of Safiron
the
relief of
those
burdens."
In
mental
grave
to
over
pour
R I
you
when
it has
flowers The
Chamomile
them
true
red
mussels,
pepper,
eat
is
tea
;
Ferre's
excellent
an
before
more
dace
tavern, of bouillabaisse."
dish
one
or
at
saffron.
and
,
revivifyingdrink Francatelli
dinner.
flowers into thirtydried Chamomile a pint of boiling water, coveringup for
another
Chamomile with
growth, and its
hour
stood
into
rural
our
"
In that
an
are
:
All these
persons, put about
who
of
Soles, onions, garlic,roach
"
heart,
SafEron has long Eay tells that comforting the heart, and raisingthe
towards
''^Greenherbs,
aged
feeble
a
giving SafEron tea for colour analogy ; to which be referred the practiceof adding Safiron birds when of canary they are moulting. The English are rendered sprightlyby a in sweetmeats, and broth. "^ And Thackeray
in Paris
Likewise
cold).
ahdomen
"
said
when
recruit
to
the
.
popular custom doctrine, probably, of
the
on
may
the
to
is
there
likewise
within
"
brain.
exhausted
an
;
(hot,"or
water
a
a
quarter of
jug, is
an
and
an
sweeten
aromatic
singleflower
on
hour, pour with
garden
each
a
for
directs
jug, and
to
the infusion
it ofi from
sugar, or of herb
;
the
honey."
prostrate by signifying
stem, whilst
yellow Earth-apple. Its flowers grow with a convex and bitter disc,exhaling a powerful odour, taste, having a clean, with the possessionof an essential oil in only a small quantity. This medicament theless can scarcelybe considered a food, but neverit is a valuable kitchen adjunct ; a teacupful of the with a dessertspoonfulof moist infusion, sweetened sugar, and with little grated ginger added, serves a admirably as an appetizingtonic before a principalmeal. (which, with its gallantblue flower, is freelygrown Borage in the kitchen doth garden for Claret cup, and the bees) name
"
"
"
exhilarate," says maketh
an
"
herbalist, when
old
taken
in sallets,and
the mind
as a glad almost as beneficially bracing sojourn the seaside autumn an by during holiday." Borago ego or gaudia semper ago," Borage give always courage," tells a truthful Latin from adage, so cordial is this popular herb even "
"
CORDIALS
classic times that
was
Helen
!
famous
AND
RESTORATIVES.
215
and According to Dioscorides Pliny,the Borage of Homer, which nepenthe Polydamas sent to "
for
of such rare virtue that when drunk token, d steep' in wine, if wife, and children, father and mother, brother and and all dearest sister, friends should die before thy face, thy thou
couldst
named of
a
"
Borage
wine
grieve,or
not
shed
Ewphrosynon,"
it made
drinkers
potatum in quo auferre periti
because
thereof
sit macercUa
for them."
tear
a
The
when
put
and
merry
into
glad.
buglossa moerorem
Romans
"
cerebri
a
cup
Vinum dicunt
"
"
To
fresh
the
them
wine
herb
has
with a
"
delicious
as
a
and
"
enliven
Give
The
:
sad
lemon,
and
cent, and
The
potash. which, when
sugar, which
the
and
stems
of
joke
a
in it to soak."
fragrance,and in wine, with
when
water,
pounded com-
it makes
is
and restorative, refreshing, Chemically the plant contains potassium, with mineral acids. fresh juice The
drink.
per
joy
borage put
cucumber-like
a
calcium, combined 30
the
some
cool tankard,"
summer
afiords
with
with
dried
leaves
boiled, and
herb
3
supply
cent, of nitrate
per
much
saline
of
mucilage,
cooled, likewise
deposits nitre, and It these saline qualitiesthe wholesome, to common iavigoratingeffects,and the speciallyrecruitingpropertiesof the Borage are supposed to be mainly due. Botanically the term Borage is a corruption of Cor-ago,because this herb gives The Quia cordis affectibusmedetur." strength to the heart ; the Bugloss of the older herbalists, and was named plant was so from the shape, and bristlysurface of its leaves, which resemble Bous-glossa," the tongue of an ox. Sprigs of Borage," John wrote of known virtue to revive the hypoare Evelyn, chondriac salt.
is
"
"
"
"
and "
cheer
Borage helpeth its leaves
purpose
promote is used
the to
nurses are
activityof
hard
have
student." more
conducing." kidneys, and for
most
the
Parkinson
:
of milk, for which
store
saline constituents
The the
adds
same
reason
Borage
"
It is a herb," carry ofE feverish catarrhs. saith G-erarde, and of force and virtue to drive away sorrow, the pensiveness of the mind, and to comfort the heart." (After in France
to
"
which
method
Sir Thomas "
Browne
in his
Rdigio Medici, they remain by physick when the obeying his pillswhen reasons
vices cure claiming to incurable by Divinity, the same precepts of the preachers are contemned.") when
John
Swan,
in his
216
MEALS
Sfectdum
MEDICINAL.
(1643), "advised
Mundi
his
gentle readers gather to themselves
discreet in their of
armsful
generation,and to Borage (so called never-dying
to
be
great
of its fair blew
because
it at once), on flowers,ripeseeds, and buds, which may all be seen and Swan, bravely plunge it into wine, where," saith Master it cannot but be good, and comfortable, and pleasant for the brain, and heart ; it increaseth wit, and memoire, engendereth a man merrie, and joyfull,and putteth good blood, maketh "
all melancholie,
away
Our which
and
madness."
garden herb. Thyme (the Thyme of Candy, is used by the cook as a flavouring,or
purposes,
is
an
cordial.
excellent
Its
Musk
Thyme), seasoning
for
Thymus
name.
proper
"
"
ihumos serpyUum, denotes a procumbent creepingplant,whilst it inspires. It is anti-spasmodic, signifiesthe courage which or good against nervous, hystericalheadaches, for flatulence, is and the headache follows inebriation. which tea Thyme aromatic, fragrant,and refreshing.The plant depends for its virtues on essential oil consistingof two an hydrocarbons, with thymol as the fatty base, this thymol being a famous antiseptic. The Romans Thyme as a sovereignremedy to melancholy gave A little of the herb added to wine imparts thereto a persons. mixed with of food it helps dimness most grateful savour ; it grows sphere, atmowild, denotes a sight. The herb, wherever pure and is thought to enliven the spiritsby the fragrance which
it diffuses into the
"
air around.
I know
a
bank
whereon
Thyme blows," says Oberon, King of the Fairies, in A Midsummer Another is Night's Dream. variety of the same Lemon Thyme (Thymus citriodorus), distinguishedby its particoloured and its lilac flowers. Small of beds this leaves, Thyme cultivated in which at to are Penzance, rear millepedes, or administration for scrofulous disease in several hog-Uce, against said millepede was of its forms. The the primitive medicinal pill. It is found commonly in dry gardens, under stones, or touched, having a rubbish, and rolls itself up in a ball when in plates,around its diminutive brown, horny armour, body, which with a nitrous salt, this having long given body abounds for curing inveterate the creatures a reputation struma, as well as the
Wild
some
kinds
of bladder-
From
stone.
of old
hundred
daily throughout overcoming cancerous
disease.
which
Sow,
it bears
are
Old
a
three
to
days, Other
Grammar
twelve
were
in Rhenish
popular Sow,
Saint
ordered
wine, for
designations Anthony's
CORDIALS
Hog, Chiselbob,
AND
and
217
RESTORATIVES.
Cudworm
the
;
Latin
is Porcdlus
name
scaber. After
all
Dr.
as
consideringof Cordials,
Hutchison
of
profound spiritwhich
restorative
puts it,
"
is old, and
cordial
and
;
in any and
that
prostration of
nerves
well
"there
only
heart, should
alcoholic
some
the
given as
be
condition
in such
when
doubt,"
no
presenting signs
case
matured,
it is
be
can
that
Of Whisky, Rum, spiritsbecome reallyrich in ethereal bodies. and genuine Brandy, the last is by far the best ; the finest how liqueur Brandy should then be alone employed, no matter much
free and In the the
has
one
wholesome
There
and
domestic
elsewhere
its shelves
on
its
that
life."
a
hundred
ago,
years
great ladies,
among
cordial waters, personallydistilling other salutary preparations,to be kept in store read in Armord (Besant), requirements. Thus we "
or
doubt
no
of
Lee : concerning herself, and Roland of the eighteenth century, into a room
there,
be
can
obtained
custom
prudent housewives,
essences,
for
for it.
pay
has saved many timely administration middle ages of England, and until a
aforesaid
and
to
save
the
stood
in
It
name.
And
which
him
took
exists
longer
no
StUl-room, and
the
was
cordials
elixirs,and
she
then
of
time
ancient
:
on raw a morning before Currant-gin to fortifythe stomach crossingthe Roads ; the Cherry Brandy for a cold and stormy spiced at night ; the Elderberry wine, good, mulled, and Distilled Christmas-time ; the Blackberry wine ; the home-made waters, Lavender water, Hungary water, Cyprus water, and Cordial itself, which to complete, the Divine takes three seasons and Autumn." and requires all the flowers of Spring, Summer, Sir Edwin Arnold at recently discoursed length concerning
the
a
cordial
marvellous
root
Ginseng,this being thought restoratives.
and
"
It
to
will
bodily powers beyond all energizersof vitality. The to
be
it is
absolute
an
packed
and
panacea
transcend
get from the Korea, all other cordials,tonics,
renovate,
and
which
Korean
with
pains, in small parcels of of the recipient having to be sacred envelopes of embroidered The
is in the
habitat
glens and
white
the
silk, the
covered
when
or
physical;
scrupulous and
mouth
root
(in form
Kang-ge Mountains,
like and
care nose
unfolding
silk,or of crimson, and
of this wonderful
slopes of
most
said root
the
ills, mental,
the
and
stomachics,
people believe
for all mortal
transmitted
reinvigoratefailing
stimulants,
other
and
skin.
Chinese
the
these
goldfist a
man) it
can
218
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
be found
only by
of blameless life,and purity of heart ; persons musical the earth it is thought to utter a low
when
taken
cry.
It is to be cooked
from
interior,as the
to
dried
root
whilst
infusion,
an
order
specialsilver kettle,having
a
with
or
of Araliacem. are
a
of human
dose adds
use
Maize, of the of
a
Hominy,
Corn, which
substantial It
Maize
of
double
The
plant belongs ninety grains of the with heart hilarity, the to ordinary years
INDIAN.
Oswego,
Samp,
globe, though
Life."
decade
a
a
life."
Indian
or
sixty to
; it fills the
CORN,
{See Maize,
rice wine.
Prom
proper
its occasional
span
in
kind
also
Corn,
Pop
and
Cbebaline.)
immense produced over regions in England, affords nutriment grown StafE of largelythan wheat, our
not
is
"
more
contains
starch,
fat, salts, and
sugar,
water.
advantage of being easilydigested in the human body, so that altogetherit makes a speciallyvaluable food. With diet of Indian Corn, bread, and pork," says an a American of this country the workmen writer, are capable of enduring the greatest fatigue,and of performing the heaviest But of physical labour." Maize is deficient in mineral amount salts,though richer in fat than any other cereal, except the oat. has
the additional
"
"
In as
Ireland, Maize
is cooked
the
call it, mush.
Americans
as
a
porridge,or
Hominy, Samp, and Cerealine nutritive splitmaize, being of much for making puddings. Corn bread than
wheaten
from
disease
bread, and of the
.
well to advocate
a
more
hver,
is or
are
of the
extensive
use
stir-about,"
or,
starchy preparations of
value
as
such, and
contains
better
a
"
more
diet
nourishment
for persons kidneys. Doctors of Corn
bread
admirable
sufiering
; it is
will do
cheaper
requiresbut little knowledge to make it. The starch of Maize (soldas corn-flour) is a manufactured article,and represents only the fat-forming, heat-producingconstituents of the grain ; but because containing than
wheaten
little,or
no
bread, is readilyprepared, and
mineral
matter
it cannot
sustain
the
solids
of the
body. Infants fed on this corn-flour grow up rickety; it contains to the pound. only about eighteen grains of proteid substance The flour of Maize does not make good bread in the ordinary it has a harsh flavour, and the meal is heavy. A couple : way of teaspoonfuls of corn-flour mixed with two tablespoonfulsof
cow.
water, and
then
added
half
to
219
pint of boilingmilk,
a
for
eight minutes, being sweetened about the consistency of cream. has been in the habit of taking a bedtime,
spoonful would
of
brandy, or properly added,
be
old
liquidof
a
of
doctor
boiled
note
some
of this every night at For feeble benefit. some a persons of sound a wineglassful good sherry,
decided
with
taste, form
to
An
and
and
basin
would
better
"
conduce
its
to
digestion. COW
In
(iS'eeButteb,
Flintshire, and
smell
of the Cow
of the human who
was
taking cattle Jack
milk
only "
but
one
when
fretful
of
new
"
it in
was
"
that "
The
House
tossed
the
Dr.
crumpled."
grew
Pvlmonaire,
Deus
Savage
"
live in the
this in the
milk, and
Dot
kirkyard. Latin proverb a
the So
de la Phthisie
consumptive patientswho
"
in
creature
which
of
againstconsumption
a blacksmith's apprentice far advanced in a decline, by
horns."
horn,"
breath, and
sweet
tells of
bovi," says
the
in his Traitement
be of benefit
to
pastured
short
built, where
had
Cows
of curta
cornua
have
health
to
Milk.)
counties, the
Henderson
lungs.
the
iminiti
thought
are
restored
other
some
and
Cream,
makes
a
that
dog
"
Jacond,
great point
country drinking plenty
Cows'
stables ; not only that they thus get the milk perfectlyfresh, but also that they may may breathe the atmosphere of the byre for a while two three or times
day. He feels confident that this atmosphere serves to irritation,and allay bronchial cough. In the Life of Charlotte Mary Yonge, by Miss Coleridge,1903, it is related that Edmond of her ancestors, was Yonge, a sailor,one nounced proin life in and therefore to be sent decline, a was early a
be
to
under
man
live
took
several
the
in
of
care
subsequent
nearly seventy
was
Under
boil it in
having made
nutmeg,
removed
(white) and
the of add
confortable gout,
a
de
Wrap with
wrapping,
cream,
with
parsley, also
est tres
made
mUk."
the
young
Edmond his
"kept
Yonge till he
cough
Bceuf Poulette, Vieullemont
very "
water,
some
and
"
who
old."
the title of Le Pied
noteworthy recipe of delicacyfor the invalid :
drink
voyages,
years
a
and
and
cow-house,
a
doctor
Swiss
a
nutritious a
and
vegetables,and the
cover,
yolk
of
butter."
easily-digested
in washed
Cow-heel
heel
egg, "
gives selvage,
spices. Then, with
a
sauce
lemon-juice, and Ce flat far son
rechercM," says this experiencedcook.
220
MEALS
diddle, diddle,
Hey,
"
The
scraped the fiddle. the moon cow jump'd over little dog bayed such see sport played ; cat
The The To And '
dish
the
H6
'
MEDICINAL.
I
ran
gripon, gripon
Chat
grattait le
La
vache
the
spoon,"
! !
cremone
la lune
sur
with
away
;
cabriole
;
L'6pagneul grimace
Cow-heel
broth
stomach.
In
from
the
seen,
the
from
a
then
set
in
la ohaton
time
;
grace
sa
le
vole."
cuiller
strengtheningand remedial of Izaak
Walton
there
to
a
weakly
made
was
direct
seldom or ever pleasantcordial which is now or spiced wine, on which milk was pumped sillabub, it into and bowl rich a large yielding good ; it was a
aside
for haH-an-hour
glasseswith
the
voyant
Et
is both
the
cow
cow
Bn
a
ladle.
or
Clotted
and
more,
cream
was,
afterwards and
served
still is, put
on
syllabub in Devonshire.
top of the "
Joan
takes
She
tripsto
Where Joan
for
her neat milk some
strokes
a
rnb'd
paU,
the sand-red
and
now
cow,
sturdy football swain syllabub, or twain."
Comjieat Aiigler. COWSLIP.
affordingan excellent sweet wine with decided curative virtues, the Cowslip merits a passing culinary notice. Pliny In aqua potum omnibus this homely flower, morbis about wrote it seem mederi veritable tradunt" thus a making panacea. writers called it the because medical of Former Palsywort," its supposed efiicacyin relievingparalysis.Pope has praised the plant for its soporific : powers Because
"
"
"
"
Lettuce
For and
want
of rest
cowslip wine
:
probatum
est."
Cowslip salad made from the golden petals,with white sugar, Also and other adjuncts, is an excellent, and refreshingdish. be made from the petals. of rich yellow colour a may syrup blossoms should One be infused pound of the freshly-gathered in a pint and down half of boilingwater, and then simmered a with
loaf sugar
to
a
proper
consistence.
This
syrup,
taken
with
"222
MEALS
CRAB
From
MEDICINAL.
{See Verjuice.)
APPLE.
the wild Crab, and fruits,particularly
unripe grapes, can or verjuyce, which is liquor,verjuice, expressed an highly astringent,being used as such for both culinary, and medicinal in his Anatomy Many," says old Burton purposes. of Melancholy, leave roses, and gather thistles ; loathe honey, Walton's and have verjuice." In Izaak Angler (1653) the milkwoman when he next comes a promises Piscator fishing in months new-made two hence, a syllabub of new a verjuice "This book" Observer, {National haycock." 1893), "is as full of delightsas meadow of cowslips. Good, kind old soul was a have could trusted him with Walton, but a baby, for you had told him that a bit of baby was instance, if some one a ? bait for barbel capital of St. Paul's Cathedral Dr. for thirty years, Nowel, Dean green
be
acid
"
"
"
"
teUs that
Izaak
("laughter")Walton
ninety-five, angling and his length of life. "
temperance
The
first
Did
choose
Pood
was
Whom
were
that
He
strive
us
He
to
upon ;
on
follow
to
follow
Him
The
To
make
Crab-applejelly: and
the
stalks,
into
halves, and
water
to
cover
the
"
put the
bottom. and
in
the
last
did
taste
hath
parts,
chose
!
Song
the and
;
the
"
"
Piscator.
apples by removing wipe dry ; cut
preserving pan, When
of
those
Prepare a
causes
of
here
Angler's
unsound them
earth
great age
dear
Him fish
and
the
thei chief
being
Saviour
our
wait
to
fishers
let
that
men
Blest
So
reached
fruit
allow
with is
sufficient
quite soft,
a pint pound of preserving into with a some preserving pan sugar ; put slices of lemon-peel, and let boil slowly for half-an-hour or so, it rises. Have as removing the scum ready dissolved in a little of gelatineto every water one ounce quart of liquor,and just before removing it from the fire stir the gelatinein rapidly. Fill mould, or glasses, with the jelly,and place them in a cojd Procure set." coloured some position to finelyAgain : Siberian Crab-apples; allow half a pint of cold water to each to cook until they become on pound of fruit ; put them pulpy ; strain and then the when all through a jelly -bag ; juice is extracted, measure it,and allow one pound of the best loaf sugar
pour
off
the
water,
to
every
this
"
CRANBERRY.
pint of
to
each
to
four
the
juice;
223
also the
rind
juice of
and
one
lemon
quarts of juice; stir until the sugar is dissolved ; and beginningto boil, time it,as it will take from twenty to
when
twenty-fiveminutes
jars,and store when cold." old-fashioned Geranium flowering plants,the Rose Among Our has always occupied a prominent place in popular favour. of their grandmothers before grandmothers, and perhaps some the known to been strew them, have fragrant leaves of this aromatic their household linen, and their persona plant among the culinaryvalue of the same lingerie; but few persons know jelly homely plant. The next time you are making Crab-applethe Geranium Have try the followingrecipewith a few glasses: leaves washed from to free them so as possible insects, or any and dry them parasites, gently ; then just before pouring the hot throw small young Geranium a leaf,slightly jellyinto the glasses, of each glass; it may be allowed to crushed, into the bottom remain until the jellyis used, and will not spoil this in any way. The result is a speciallyscented, and cordial flavour, which improves the jelly (whether of Crab-apple, or of Cranberry) Sometimes also when amazingly." baking a cake it will earthen similar gratefulpurpose to line an serve a plate with into
; pour
"
"
Geranium
fresh
leaves, and until
quite leaves, giving the suggests nothing so nearly as it there
leaving fragrancefrom which rose." has
cold.
the
Moreover,
as
is made
a
from
the
whole
cake
plant
a
upon
absorbs
steam
cake the
out
dainty flavour
most
odour
of
them, volatile
'
a
La
'
France
remedy the Geranium reputation, and an
for curative
purposes
of
nature.
causingthem
CRANBERRY.
to
wither
and
is
as
for
Cranberry England about
order
of
ami
plants, found
heaths,
and
flowers, on
Fruits.)
growing abundantly
these
the
in
districts,afiords
possess
some
medicinal
Cranberry, or Fenberry, is to in peat bogs, bearing solitary, terminal, bright of which the segments straggUng, wiry stems,
Among
discovered
capital external drying up warts,
Bilberry
mountainous
berried shrubs, the fruits of which
virtues.
a
away.
{See Whortleberey,
The
several
The
considerable
some
with tannin, Verjuice abounds applicationfor old sprains,as well and
hot
anti-cancerous
an
recently acquired
Essence such
the
turn
be red are
224
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
bent the
back fruit
subacid This
in stalk
resembles
in barrels
head
the
and
the
blossom
neck
of
expands
crane
a
;
the
is
antiscorbutic. signally also imported are Oxycoccos folustris. Cranberries
fruit makes
is the
Before
singularmanner.
a
from
excellent
Russia
and
Norway,
tarts, and
;
likewise
a
largerkind
from
America, Oxycoccosmacrocar-pus. The
Berberry, or Barberry, has already been told about ; it is intensely, acid. but agreeably, The whorts Whortleberry, popularly called as to its fruit Feast, July. 25th), (which ripen about the time of St. James' is in its etymology corrupted from Myrtleberry by the initial M. In the middle the having sufEered a change into W. ages used in medicine, and cookery. Myrtleberry was The Bilberry(Yaccinium myrtUlus) {and see "Fruits") is an admirable astringent,and is treated of here explicitly Fruits. Its fresh juice is antidotal to the bacillus of among other kindred bacilU, generally typhoid fever, as well as to some within these within twelve hours after reaching them killing the intestines. the Neither acid gastricjuice of the stomach, "
"
"
"
nor
the
alkaline
of the
contents
bowels, will interfere with
such
germicidalaction, which extends down to the lowest part of the Likewise this fruit confers benefit" sure alimentary canal. In bacilli. on against dysentery by its destructive power Germany the berries are a favourite popular remedy for diarrhoea, being used either dry, or in fruit wine, syrup, or vegetable extract. Bilberry jam is excellent against diarrhoea, with fermentation. This bacterial putridity,and flatulence, from at the commencefruit,when stewed, is eaten cold by the Germans ment of dinner in the place of soup. "
Our
last
Ate
at
Had The
Granny's house, just
"
dinner
Thanksgmn' as
bestest
she
pies
and
alius does as
ever
we
she "
wus.
pie, an' luscious blaolibxu'y of juice; full Burry, squashin' An' rosburry, an' likewise plum, ! ! yum Yes, an' cherry pie ; yum an' bet Peach, pumpkin too, you ; Lawky, I can taste 'em yet. Yes, an' custard pie, an' mince ! Canned
I aint ate
These terminal
various
berries
no
have
sich nice
piessince
induced
appellationstogether
in
an
some
odd
!
goose-
"
wag
fashion
stringtheir
to
"
:
Equidem
CUE
omnibus
tamen
exstitisse
fragariiribes, taxi
unius
fendo
non
chiococcum,
vaocinium
:
225
AM.
Te
te rubum.
senior
autem,
simile
baccce
die
idaeum
rubum "
"
fermittam
:
;
prorsus
don't
I
care
a
straw-berry for a goose-berrylike yew-berry, but I'll let folkwhort'lland s(k)now-berry that you're a regular-ass-berry, berry-seniorsay ? Eecently Dagonet," making a pilgrimage to a famous to Haworth, rendered by the Bronte family,came inscribed the invitinglegend, pastrycook'sshop, over which was Funeral teas provided." He entered the shop, and found who therein a delightful Yorkshire housewife was busy presiding making parkins. He asked her for a Funeral Tea, whereat she a dream), smiled, and gave him some Bilberrytarts (which were him and gossipedto him pleasantlyof the Brontes, and showed "
"
"
chair,and told him
Branwell's
"
all about
teas."
Funeral
,
CREAM.
The
fat of
milk, which
new
It contains
is Cream.
afiord
41
cent
per
the
proteid,and
milk
high proportionas
rises to
itself.
of
A
in (lactose),
sugar
good sample
Clotted
fat.
standing, fullyas
after
surface
should
of Cream
Cream,
Devonshire
or
specially prepared by scaldingthe milk in deep pans, thus causing a rapid and very complete separationof the fat ; this Cream half as much sugar as ordinary possesses only about diabetic Cream, therefore it is peculiarlysuitable for patients. Cream,
"
is
Cream,"
Good
as
says
cod-liver
most
Dr.
oil emulsions
by comparison it broniine, etc.)." Nowadays
of
the
course,
Cream
almost
by
to
rise to
the
of
in
lacks
fish constituents, iodine,
milk
new
method
machines. centrifugal
fat
much
as
quantity (though, allowing is in large dairies separatingthe milk
old-fashioned
the
a
contains
similar
a
the
top of
entirelysupersededby
means
"
Hutchison,
for
way
If Clotted
of
Cream
is taken
abundantly it proves aperient. By mixing it with an equal (and perhaps adding to each teaoupful quantity of hot water for a more a digestible teaspoonfulof brandy) it can be made Florence said Cream," consumptive, or weakly invalid. in Nightingale(in Notes on Nursing), is quite irreplaceable chronic diseases by any other article of food whatever. many
too
"
"
It
seems
to
act
in the
same
manner
as
is much beef-tea, and milk ; in fact, it seldom
with most digestible persons than disagrees."In the Art of Cookery (1708) we more
"
Or you can make Will that be to
a
whipt
Cream
sailor
who
;
wants
nevertheless
read
but
what
Beef
relief ?
"
15
: "
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
226
About
Cornwall, Clotted
and
Devon,
thing, from
of sweet
practicalform
lovers,
Fusohia-covered is to
cottages "
smother
thick
of the
some
letters formed beloved
"
the
to
mystic practice Sally Lunn) with
surface, in casual
its
on
tea, in
and
of small
trace
their
tricklingfrom syrup its initial letters.
golden or
name,
it with
order
sort
every
Christmas
"
the correct
(a
and
Cream,
by
one's
then
;
splitcake
a
day,
fruit to
approved combination. and lightning and ;
an
thunder
as
the
for
out
"
with
is eaten
stewed
being
pudding, treacle and Cream This is colloquially known orthodox
Cream
a
the
spoon,
CRESSES.
Comprised
for the
Cresses
among
withal
vegetable condiments, yet containing sulphur, and mineral some
that
other
Cresses.
these
herbs,
volatile if
we
April,or
an
at
wine,
All
Cresses
much as "
to
the
a
of
May,
a
pungent, oil.
order
whole
Cresses, and
do
it will not
A
beneficial for the brain. Eat
tincture
or
sulphurettedessential value
for "
:
Water
at
other
the
at
red
of the
seasons
the
favourite
maxim
:
that
end
or
of
attached
they with
of
year."
because
Greeks
of Cresses, which
with
like Chio,
stimulatingtaste, Formerly
as
specialoccasions An evident proof
thereof,
'twill look
as
Cress,
enriched are against scurvy, especiallyin the spring time, is this
essence,
have
to
or
health
the
the
are
said
has
in salads,
useful
which
"
salts,
Paulli
beginning
the
Malvatic
their
so
salts, more
prepare
the
Simon
salutary
Cress, and
Winter
Cress, the
Garden
the
table, either
esteemed
them
was,
get wit."
(Nasturtium olficmaie)is of superlative remedial This worth, and is therefore highly popular at table. Cress contains a sulpho-nitrogenousoil,iodine, iron, phosphates, potash, with certain other mineral salts, a bitter extract, and Water
The
Its volatile
water. some
Cress
sulphur,is
the
is rich in
nitrogencombined
of allyl. Thus sulpho-cyanide
with
this familiar
curative of scrofulous particularly writes Dr. afiections. and (Diet in Health King Chambers I feel sure that the infertility, Disease) : pallor,fetid breath, characterize of our town and bad teeth which some populations, their extent due to scorbutic to a great are inabilityto get fresh antivegetables as articles of diet ; therefore I regard the Water Cress seller as of the saviours of her one country."
plant is
so
constituted
oil,which
"
as
to
be
227
CRESSES.
musical
faithful
the
Tennyson,
of
poet
of his famous
metre
"
tells in
nature,
Brook
:
rippling
the
"
shingly bars,
I
linger by my I loiter round
Cresses."
my
of its chemical constituents, this herb is account Again, on disease, as deservedly extolled specific against tubercular We have seen of the lungs. Haller says : particularly patients in deep decline cured by livingalmost entirelyon this plant." Its active principles the herb is in flower. at their best when are "
leaves
The of
remain
purple-brown (because
a
abundant
sunshine.
oil and
by
steak.
The
meal, with contains
In
2 per
and
cent
butter,
of sugar,
Cambrian
Our
First
and
was
salt
salladingwas
issued
from
nose,
Nasturtium
writhes,
or
chicken,
with his
dinner
morning, in
or
salad.
a
with
or
a
evening The plant
little starch.
the native
has
twists, the
rock
been
given to and
:
;
far to seek. and sav'ry leek."
never
poinant watercress,
name
a
accompanied
Cress,
sparing in their food, goats on bars of wood their seasoning ; or, they took
Such
as
at
or
when of its pungency bruised and tortus, turned away ; it
because
that
Water
their hunted
Their The
a
the
Fathers,
broird
Sharp hunger
Latin
France
vinegar, is eaten at table, Englishman takes it at bread
"
The
in the shade, but become grown of their iron) when exposed to
when
green
Art
"
Cress
this Water
at, from
smelt
being, so
of Cookery.
to
nasus,
"
a
say,
herb
nose."
(Tropasolum majus), or Indian Cress, is with brilliant cultivated in our gardens as an ornamental creeper, cheeses," nuts," or orange-red flowers, and producing familiar also as a substitute resemblingthose of the mallow ; which serve in pickle. This plant partakes of the sensible and for capers The
Nasturtium
true
"
useful
qualitiesof
pretty, palatable,and leaves
emit
a
pungent
the
other
wholesome smell
;
Cresses.
(resembling golden helmets) give delicious For
the
for
to
the out
salads
flowers a
make
flowers
bruised
; the
by
a
themselves
quite distinct, and
scent.
cleansingand healing of
cataplasm, appUed cold, in salt
The
addition whilst
"
a
scrofulous
sores
singlelayer,and
a
with
Water a
Cress
pinch
of
also useful poultice most a sprinkledthereon, makes ; as resolvingglandular swellings.Water Cresses squeezed and
228
laid
against warts
certain of
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
cure
dull
these
on
herbs.
subject of
quaint
a "
loved
dearly before
grace
meat
Lord, I confess, too, when The And
pulse is all those
Thine
other
the
Water
to
work
a
joyous poet its
Cress, and
pleasantlymade
piously and
He
leeches
Saxon
Herrick, the
excrescences.
Devonshire,"
kindred
the
reputed by
were
them
the
: "
I dine.
;
bits that
placed by Thee : wurts, the perslane,and
be
There The Of
Persons Cress
drink
who
the
mess
watercress."
freelyovernight,appreciate the Water of the liquornext dissipatingthe fumes
too
for its power
of
morning. The
Garden
Cress
pasture) is the in
Mustard in
grown other or
sort
Town
enclosures.
volatile those
of
rheumatism,
since
is "
The
white and
commonly
Mustard
early in
Cress,refers
medicinal our
which
familiar
our
England
name.
(called Lepidium sativum, from
Its
Garden
gout.
with
the
herb
It
has
been
the
sixteenth
"
to
small
sulphur,and leaves, in
Mustard, This
Cress."
a
century, and its its being cultivated in tonnes,"
plant contains oil.
and
coupled
satum,
Cress
are
a
specialardent
combination
with
relieving a preventive of Being green," said
excellent
for
is further "
of its mineral salts. scurvy, by reason Wm. Coles, in his Paradise of Plants (1650),
"
and
therefore
of its humidity, the Garden Cress is qualifiedby reason eaten by country people,either alone with butter, or with lettice, and It was known of old purslane, in sallets,or otherwise." as Passerage (from passer, to drive away, and rage, madness) because of its reputed power to expel hydrophobia. Thus the twin and Cress for are happily consorted plants Mustard invalid curative two playing a common part like the use, of George Colman the younger. singlegentlemen rolled into one As already stated, they are especiallyrich in curative volatile salts during April and May. By a fortunate correspondence and afEections it is in the spring time that scrofulous scorbutic of the bodily humours most become active, because being then in a ferment. How to know ye King's Evill," as stated in the Arcana alive, Fairfaxiana (1610), is to take a grounde worme and and him with a cover lay him upon sore, ye swelling,or leafe. into will change, and turn Yf it be ye disease ye worme earth ; yf it be not, he will remain whole, and sounde." more
''
"
"
"
"
"
230
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"Poor
Man's
is held in Weather-glass," its decoction folk for checking pulmonary consumption
by country early stages. of this said
Hill
formidable
herb. Our
there
says
disease
Both
it and
are
having
authenticated many been absolutelycured "
Soapwort (Miss Mitford's
the
virtues
esteem
in
its
cases
the
by
Spicer,"
inveterate
special against includes plants {Cucurbitacece) is a powerful purgative,and the Bryony, the Colocynth, which which is highly poisonous. A certain acrid principlepervades this is greatly diffused, as in our the whole order ; when the cultivated Water the Cucumber, Melon, and Pumpkin, in
Village),exercise
the of
fruits
edible, and
are
is
Cucumber
the
with proves wife of the
some
his
delicious.
even
But
generallybitter, and
erudite
threw
the
whole
vegetable When
the
something
"
remained
end
stem
teapot, or
a
head, he
the
laxative.
somewhat
persons Socrates
great
less refined, at "
tribe of
Cucumber
syphilis.The
cool
as
as
a
ointment, of Law). Cucumber from the juiceof the green pulp, mixed modern manufacture, with lard, suet, and rose water, is remarkably emollient, cooling, of smell. The Germans and healing,whilst gratefulto the sense in salt until they undergo a vinous fermentation put Cucumbers ; Cucumber
the
Dutch
(Colman's Heir
treat
with
them
at
hot
pepper.
CURRANTS.
(Foe The
Currants
dried
puddings
small
are
hence
and
Corinth,
and
Corantes, Currants
Currants
Garden
which
Bed
put
are
White
and
mince
into
See
"
Currants.
eventually in
the
Presently
Epirus
to
Fruits.)
pies, cakes,
originallyat grown then Corinthians ;
grapes named
transferred
was
Black,
"
certain
Zante,
they the
and near
became name
small
of
fruits
the closely resembled grapes identical the fruit Currants but of Zante, were rather,with kitchen in our bushes gardens. The grocers' growing on from the Morea, being small of to-day come Currants grapesdried in the sun, and put in heaps to cake together; then they tion. are dug out with a crowbar, and trodden into casks for exportabe cannot national Our properly made plum pudding Former without includinga good proportion of these Currants.
of
gooseberry
the
cooks,
as
we "
learn from Buttered And
rumps
which
order
a
poet of the middle
currants of beef
on
:
bestowed. virgin honey strewed."
fat veal
with
ages
231
CURRY.
In
Manchester
sandwiches
with
made
and
Currants,
these
Alice (in popular. When down Wonderland) had dwindled alarmingly to a diminutive little glassbox a lying under the table of stature, she found the Rabbits' hole Hall, and containing a very small cake, on in Currants. which marked the words Eat me were beautifully She ate a little bit, and then said anxiouslyto herself, Which
known
Eccles
as
Cakes,
are
"
very
"
"
which
?
way "
I'm
now
opening "
known
"
"
Raisins,
or
"
Minores
Passulse
as
largesttelescopethat "
Currants,"
they have
;
Alice ; was."
curioser," cried
Curioser, and
like the
out
Corinthian
small
The
?
way
formerly
were
odour, and
vinous
a
ever
pulp is demulcent, but the skin is hard, wrinkled, and seldom completely digested. In a certain large lunatic asylum, where the patients partook commonly of Currant buns, the tough fruit skins, almost unchanged by any of found by the bushel at the bottom digestiveprocess, were been put to soak. the dirty linen had the washing-tub in which a
"
sweet,
acidulous
milHon
Eleven
taste
the
;
bacteria,"
scientist,
German
a
says
the half
a day over Similarly,too, by a
surface
be
will at
least be
the
much
time
dead
be
Tomatoes
seeded
left, to
are
avoid
to
be
the
sure
From
healthful."
is made
of wine
than
saucerful
bacteria,and won't
there
kind
of science, but
latest recommendation
;
these
be
It would
half pound of Currants. the skins of every Currant each the skin from job to remove
"
inhabit small
no
with
in accordance better
much the
rest
work
to
life !
of one's
peeled to get rid of the danger of appendicitis, but
then
Currants
what a
remains
sweet,
oily
in Greece.
CURRY.
of made condimentary compound such spices(powdered) as Capsicum, Coriander, Ginger,Caraway, Cardamom seeds. Cassia, Chillies,Cloves, Cubebs, Cumin-fruit
By
Curry
we
understand
a
lobes. Fennel, Garlic, Mace,
Fenugreek, of immemorial "
Turmeric
and use
resin
in India.
Pepper, Nutmeg, Allspice, powder. Curry as a dish is
Mustard, in
The
word
is derived
from
a
native
by the natives to denote the leaf of a plant belonging to the Orange tribe,Murraya exotica. This leaf always forms Other authorities an integralpart of the Tamil Curries. Kari signifies declare that the word the a relish,or or even sauce, bazaar where spicesare bought. In India there are at least term
"
Kari," used
"
232
three
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
separate classes of Curry
Bengal, the Madras,
the
"
and
Oi these the first is the purest, and best, the Bombay. in high old superlativeCurry. The Bengal chef excels most fish and Bombay boasts of its specialgifts vegetable Curries. in bombelon fish, and its popedones. Sir George Birdwood insists on always including in a Curry the leaf, or its essence, advocate the grated pulp of of the Murraya kcenigii. Others The a Curry powder must cocoanut, with a little of its milk. with the dish, and not be thoroughly cooked merely added Rice forms thereto the invariable at the last moment. adjunct dish of Curry, this being first washed in several waters to every Curried rice is very before it is cooked. useful for serving with eggs, or for adding to mulligatawny. It is prepared by putting with a dessertspoonfulof good half a pint of rice in a saucepan with of finely-choppedonion ; season Curry powder, and one it one Let it cook salt, and pour over pint of boiling water. About ten minutes, or till nearly done (itshould soak up all the the saucepan, water) ; stir it up well. Lay a clean cloth over and put it to stand in a warm place until required. It is always hour to dry, and finish cooking. Some better for standing an rice will require a little more water. The several condiments which are employed in mixing Curry powder, as already signified, the
exercise
each
specialvirtue
some
which
medicament,
a
particularheading here will explain, will indicate its specialuse. and In the early English Forms of Cury (1390), two Cury," or Curry powders are supplied,"forte," and "douce," which gave a designation accordingly to certain highly-spicedindigenous reference
under
as
thereto
its
"
dishes
of that
alleges)native
date. also to
importation from
Curries
England,
Hindustan.
therefore
are
and Sir
by J.
no
C.
(as
Dr.
means
Tennent,
an
Thudicum exclusive
Ceylon, Singhalese
of
praisedthe unrivalled excellence of the in the preparation of their innumerable Curries, each of which is tempered by the delicate creamy juice expressed from the flesh of the cocoanut. For domestic be Curry, butter, if it can afforded, should be used instead of dripping ; and half a teacupful of shredded cocoanut, with a sour apple, chopped fine, should be added before stewing. A plain Curry is made in India even For of toasted bread, cut in dice, and fried brown. a vegetable in a pan four and four them onions, Curry, chop apples ; put with a quarter of a pound of butter, and let them fry a light has, however,
CURRY.
233
tablespoonful of Curry powder, a little stock salt. This is a digestible, milk, and some or warming dish. do Those of the ingredients in Curry powder which contained be shortlysummarized not find detailed notice in these pages, may seeds are from to remarkable a as properties. Cardamom any plant allied to ginger,being brought from Bombay, and Madras ; is and aromatic volatile which of oil, a they are fragrant, by reason is found Cassia is to contain a cheaper and coarser manganese. kind of Cinnamon, excellent substitute. for which it makes a fairly brown
add
;
Coriander,
being
a
umbelliferous
an
now
for
grown
the
in
purpose
aromatic
furnishes
herb,
Essex
;
seeds,
seeds
these
are
freely; the green herb (seeds and all) stinks intolerablyof bugs ; nevertheless the fruits are the with generally blended Curry powder. By the Chinese Coriander seeds are believed able to confer immortality. The Manna of the Israelites is likened (in the Book of Numbers) to with Coriander seed ; and nowadays this seed is often mixed in Egypt as bread in the north Cumin is common of Europe. fruit of which the seeds, in odour and a properties,closely
cordial, but
resemble bread
riarcotic if used
but
caraways,
in
Germany,
are
too
stronger. These
into
and
cheese
oil of the
fruit contains
cymol, and
of lemon,
and
odours
caraway when reflex excitability
;
it
in
seeds
Holland.
cuminol, which
put into
are
volatile
The
redolent
are
signallydiminishes two to six drops on
nervous
small a given grmcum) is an Indian lump of sugar. Fenugreek (or Faenum fodder plant, its seeds having a strong smell, and a bitter oily taste, these being mucilaginous and emollient, like linseed, or the marsh mallow. Turmeric, which givesthe yellow gamboge which tubers colour to Curry when served at table, possesses The Cubeb yielda deep yellow powder of a resinous character. is
a
pepper
from
from
Java, possessingan
resin, contained
berries of
in the dried
principleswill stimulate
the
odorous
intestines
volatile
oil, and
a
climbing shrub ; these againstconstipation,and a
irritable to soothe they will serve All such urinary passages. Spices, and tropical condiments of valuable against Cholera, Fever, and antisepticuse prove of these diseases. Curry Dysentery, by destroyingthe microbes is if undoubtedly a powder, therefore, as a whole, genuine, diffuse
warmth
combination
salutary
;
furthermore,
which sort
when
exercises taken
at
Chutney,again,or Chutnee,
divers
medicinal
effects
of
table. is in the
East
Indies
well
known
a
234
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
composed of sweet and acid spices, tte usual ingredientsbeing ripe fruit (mangoes, tamarinds, with sour herbs, also Cayenne, and limecocoanut, and raisins), are juice. These powdered, and boiled together, being either ased straightway,as in making stews, and Curries, or bottled Likewise for future occasions. Mulligatawny is a spiced,or and
esteemed
curried Indian "
condiment,
a
of
soup,
hashed the
Tamil
and
rice.
It
has
derived
its
"
words
"
water.
rice.
accompany
chicken
and moUegoo," pepper, This said fefperwater" is useful as a sauce Englishcooks employ broth as a foundation.
from
name
tumnee,"
to
as
CYGNET.
By
the Romans
for the was
the
the Swan,
table.
In
evidently in men
of
Canterbury
that
(1385)
Now He A
Pepys
day.
Tales "
Chaucer's
favour
tells in his
was
fat
sight,was fattened time the of a plump Swan meat giving a good ruddy complexion to
first deprived of its
for We
in the
respectingthe Monk,
read
:"
a fayre prelat ; certainlyhe was not pale, as a forpined gost ; swan
loved
he best
of any
rost."
Diary (January 19th, 1662)
"
:
To
Mr.
Povy's,
most excellent, and large dinner, he a really I made had a mind, and he to call for what we bidding us, in a frolique, would undertake to give it us ; and did, for prawns, Swan, we venison, after I had thought the dinner was quite done, and he did immediately produce it, which I thought great plenty." When In more modern days a different experienceis recorded : he thought I was a a wild as girlmy father shot a Swan one, Alas ! it belonged to our passing over villagebefore a storm. his dearest friend, and was nobleman, a only taking a frisk its own it lived. round account from the lonely lake where on skinned That bird was for its plumage, and throughout many with I winters the envy of the whole boa, mufi, a was village and cufEs of Swansdown feathering.The slaughtered bird was straightwayspittedfor roasting,and basting. Oh ! the smel) 1 ! have been Whitby alter a great catch of herrings wouldn't aunts The in it ! maids turned sick, my grandmother and called followed suit,also my grandfather; furthermore, a groom in for the job turned sick in like fashion ; and then, with the At Swan ! confidence of youth, I volunteered baste that to
where
"
"
"
last, amid and
solemn
I
found
taste
big enough
tried, that
ever
Swan
to
the
was
ready, with
was
processionof the family he in to have neighbours came was enough ! Of all the
of the a
great excitement, he
dish
a
235
TE.
DA
him
hold
and
;
served
was
taste
a
;
made, gravy with then a
the
in state.
but, sad
Several
relate,
to
tough, stringy,fishy meats Our
!
worst
efEorts ended
with
hacking just a few slices from the breast ; but what the legsand this that like was mistake left unproved. The was wings were old Swan had long passed the Cygnet stage." There is,or was, a Swan pit at Norwich, where Cygnets had their abode for table being speciallyfed with this purposes, view
and
;
it has
declared
been
that
wild
a
if killed when
Swan,
The Cygnet equals in appetizingflavour a wild duck. be prepared and trussed like a goose, receivinga stufllng essential three of which steak are an pounds of minced rump ingredient; it is then wrapped in oiled paper, next in wateragain oiled paper, and roasted like venison ; the paste, and package requiresroastingfor at least four hours before a large with butter fire on the be frequently basted spit. It must made be far preferable(says liquid by melting. Or, it would The popular the Cygnet in a good oven. Dr. Thudicum) to bake
young, should
notion, derived
from
Chaucer's
in fact, that
"
appreciative guests
at
has
of Fowls,
Parliament
no
jealousSwan agens hire deth that dish, the syngeth." In Germany giblet pie is a well-known gibletsbeing stewed with pork chops, and pears, whilst flavoured The with sugar, and cloves. gibletsof a Cygnet are esteemed ambrosial morsel, and form a an lordly dish. In England, on of two the Thames-side, a supper Cygnets is served annually foundation
for
The
"
the
Coach
and
Inn," Barnes.
Horses
DATE.
The
fruit of the Date
is the
Phoenix
Date term
the
its
of
reason
shoot
nourishingot
most
has
abundant,
been
bestowed
springsalways tree, "
from
taking the "
dactylifera
fruit
clusters
appreciatedates,
all and on
the
our
to
and
the
and
benefit
imported
luscious the
the
human
by
dead
The
Palm, because
Date
stump
parent
fancied
of ;
an
name
a
old
and
the
young
decayed
specific between
resemblance
fingers. Children their
Life,
products, by
tree
sweetness.
withered
place of the refers
of
Tree or {PhcBnix dactylifera),
Palm
especially
plentifulsugar
(about
236
an
doctors moreover,
by
chest, and
to
costive
advise
their
readily digested,and
and
bodily warmth,
likewise
now
is
pound), which
the
to
ounce
freely furnishes
a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Dates
of the bowels.
The
Paradise, took
with
state
Dates
fragments in
the
which
Arabs
will
active
the
qualityare of stalk, and of as
yellow
colour
withia
a
In
food
a
branch
outside, and
white
between
membrane
Inscribed With Whilst What
on
"
flesh
before were
come
Dorian
and
States
in his
palms, which Palms, namely,
in
common
having
the
stone. "
Chinee,
examination
be
reddish-
a
is detected
the Furies
of the
and
Heathen
Universities
map
they found are
the
Harte's
his cuffs
delicate
a
with
should
wrinkled, whilst
much
not
Bret parody on of the undergraduate at one surreptitiously primed himself "
Dates
inferior sorts
the
are
or
clever
a
Morocco.
Tunis, intermixed
whilst
;
for seed.
Wheat
generalexcellence, from
from
brought
Date
paste, being pressed into baskets. prevent exhaustion, and will help to keep
cake,
a
in
when
the
"
of
ear
an
obviate
to
energies of mind, and body. The fruit when large and soft, being moist, and of
selected
irritable
an
things
three
Tafilat, inland
at
care
view
a
Adam,
that
say
him
all others
surpass
much
form
Dates
soothe
to
serve
the Myrtle, and (chief of all fruits), with grown of a second
such
; again,they tend promote expectoration
expelledfrom Those
With
consumptive patients;
for
these
mucilage
fat.
which
in
thus
:
an
having
"
Fates, ;
hollow.
were
dates."
Egyptians from unripe Dates, soft stones, being then edible, are whole, with sugar ; the included ; and this jam, though comparatively tasteless,is very nourishing. Oriental writers have attributed to the Date Palm A
certain
a
is
conserve
Half
solelysugar.
carbohydrate
The
consciousness.
semi-human
is almost
Dates
the
prepared by
of
pound of the fruit, and ample satisfyingrepast for
a
an milk, will make pint of new An of Dates ounce a engaged in sedentary work. person contains twenty-seven grainsof proteid(primary food-elements). fed with unripe Dates and donkeys, are milch cows, In Arabia For with the ground stones, and with fish-bones. boiled down Break Date-bread, which is nutritious,and gently laxative :
half
a
"
the
Dates
them
apart, wash,
well, and
brown
them
in
drain a
warm
them
in
a
colander
;
shake
place to dry. Stone,
and
cupful,and knead into a loaf of white, bread, just before settingit to rise for the last time."
chop enough or
set
and
to
make
a
238
MEALS
soluble
by
the
cellulose,the
saliva, being then
into
up
known
as
dextrine
;
also
Starch, and the vegetablestructures. completely digestedby a healthy person, and the blood nearly to the last particle ; it being
basis
almost
sugars, are sucked are
MEDICINAL.
of
that a relatively important circumstance food-constituents is excreted of amount larger primary by the bowels diet. on a Why these vegetable than on an animal less be so much of vegetable foods should primary constituents is difficult to say." completely absorbed than the other ingredients Human saliva is peculiarlyrich in the ferment (diastase)which changes insoluble starches of foods into soluble dextrine, being the other richer apparently than saliva of any animal. The human stomach and brain are the human justly said to be the make mistakes. only analysts which never It is on material food, comprisingthe particularconstituents be placed for supplying vital energy, discussed, reliance must now and bodily health ; nitrogenas primary nourishment, and carbon the body as fuel, being the chief elements. Nitrogen enters the body enters as such, and leaves it as waste urea ; carbon dioxide. Gain fat, starch, and as sugar, leaving it in carbon loss of nitrogen signifies or gain or loss of flesh-tissues,whilst gain or loss of carbon signifies gain or loss of fatty deposits,and of bodily warmth. In dealing with weak or impaired digestions the cook render aid by carrying out as regards the valuable can at
the
time
same
an
"
food to
one
or
other
of three
distinct processes; each of these serves digestionof food by culinary skill before it
the
commence
is
are given to the invalid, so that the digestivepowers thus : First, by malting, or considerably economized prewith starches the the meat digesting secondly, by mixing ; foods and albuminoids some pepsin,or such ferment as converts these foods into soluble peptones ; and, thirdly,by making an emulsion with sweetbreadjuice of the fatty food which has to be digested after leaving the stomach, whilst within the first
bowels. "
We
may
live without
We
may
live
We
may
live without
But
Witty
civilized
Mr.
clean, clever
"!lumsykitchen
without
man
poetry, music, conscience, and friends, we
cannot
art. live without
or
live without may cooks." live without
heart, books
;
of lately anticipatedthe substitution for cooking, in place of black, smutty, electricity
Punch
has
coal, with
its dust, and
its difficulties of transport.
DIET.
instead
Then,
hot, fierytask, disastrous to the of the cook, it will be a recreative amusement
comfort to
the
prepare "
Press And
daily dinner.
diet of lean
nothing else will be
body reduced
his bulk
drink
into
Again,
build
fat
advice
the
by
without have
we
stored
up
the
person
that
so
of
loss of energy, any what depend upon
to
the or
m
any
fullyalive in
a
be sure,
that
letter to
difierent
"
this fact.
to
Stella
eat
we
not
said that a
any
but
;
poem
best work, the noblest
the
ill-nourished
way
any
"
originalideas,will
most
or
and intellectual capabilities. So power, the Century Invalid enter Cookery Book,
be make-up of a thought, that it cannot particularkind of food will ultimately produce may
will
"
for mental
we
in the
physician,
his
the
of this
tissues, but
the
up
already
consumed,
in this way
factors," says
many
and
upon,
the
Bismarck,
of illness.
the soup
the
taken, then
fed
thinner.
and
and
exclusivelywill
meat
be
become
sense
for ladies
is boiling hot, hospitable pot. in its mayonnaise lies fair ; another, and the salmon with the currant button, and the mutton, a there; jelly's will at once in sight. again, and sweets, and entrees appear you'llfall to, on them all too, with a first-class appetite."
Press
A
and
temper,
a
need only turn a handle, Appetising odours rising from
You
Turn
if
of
239
from
come
a
individual." I wish
Swift, a
you
thoughts, dyspeptic,underfed,
(March 5th, 1711).
writer,
a
was
Lent," quoth he,
merry "
as
I hate
Lent
!
I hate
diets,and
furmity, and butter, and herb porridge,and devout faces of people who for seven sour only put on religion weeks." diet is essential for vigour Not that a highly elaborate of brain. Hominis utUissimus cibus simplex," said Phny authoritatively. "
"
Ut
Nam
variae
oredas,
homini
noceaut
res
illius
memor
escae
QusB simplex tibi sederit." "
For, divers When
Horace
to
one
matter
did
be
proof
dish
do
hurt
confined
Walpole, writing from
Chute, put the not
meats
to
use
that
you
it
before
my
eyes
of the
have
Indeed, my
such
was't
(1743) dear
to
such
lamentable
than
now."
his friend
Sir,you
give me believe
milk, bringing about
impossible. I
how
healthier
Norfolk "
:
remember
thou
stupid; and till you I shall not are so,
temperate diet, and I hold
thus
;
more
it.
John
certainly
substantial As
for
your
metamorphosis, proofs every day
a
of ale, beer, stupefjring qualities
and
wine,
240
MEALS
that
I
have
contracted
nouriture. spiritual are
roughly
hewn
rock
Pratelino
at
knives
to
another.
one
Alderman
of roast
I shudder
!
and
carve,
the
stare
at
all
of the
In Moxon's that
character
boiled
Wallis
Lady
senses
and
some
As
birds to make
said
Dr.
found
to
under
Chambers,
be
taught by
our
begins to to
cease
herein
a
for
care
to
tables
(in
a
short
Gulliver
marrow
"
nature
him.
exhaust
This
consumers,
Swift's
well
as
There
is the
often
have
the
of percentages, and
of
all divine
neighbour as
your
than
rather we
tale;
mended com-
will,
truths,"
yourself is
by revelation. philanthropy, directlya man
as
and
may "
for
rather
seems
his
cares
to
be
sieges,and remained sleek, and plump, perhaps also why military
rations better than
sense)
;
body properly
the
Like
the
men."
take whom
are
sure
any a
As
to
regulating
constitution, according
like, which of
in
why
reason
quantity,or precisechemical
in
'
James
the
as
practicalbenevolence, and is highly convincing that in preferenceto himself alone,
neighbours pined;
double
individual
men
for
Cabbage, Turnip, and Pepper senses, to keep life in her,
maintain
to
love
to
sustainingforce.
their
food
others
and
wear
officers bear the
fact
the
race,
five
"
he,
intellectuals,
her
to
suit the
(1603),
hath
are
told
light." how
material
efEect of
famine, medical while
"
who
her
conditions,
adverse
K.
Respecting the upon
of
country
etc."
Tancred,
soul.
are
and
for Measure
Measure
the
have
must
her
question
to. the
to
Dates
She
cook
to
said
Digby
bacon
are
memory
sense.
nourished
'
"
their
are
we
his dish
Kenelm
beef, and
Artichoke, Potatoes, and common
Sir
a
actor,
Broth,"
:
Spanish
a
mutton,
;
understanding, and the
assume
with
contemporary to
and
to
for tyrants ; steaks with for lovers ; pudding for
mutton
Howell,
about
was
famous
"
great
brandish
first
same
the
just
laughs, or the of gravy." streams
the
pork
; roast
tone
Kean,
see
seem
like the
between
stage celebrity,chose
another
he
difference
just the
day
slice of brown
brave
a
your
savages that devour I do if than your to stick his fork into
as
was
whenever
Life of Edmund
Mossop,
cut
no
out
run
only
them
more
table
and
every
who
form,
see
them
neighbour'sjollycheek, fat ! Why, I swear I see sirloin ; a gentleman and is cut, there
I
on
his
second
when
for
here
of human
I look
end
lower
I
and
beef,
outlines
into the
I shouldn't
at
that
Only imagine
out
in act
religiousveneration
most
a
mountains
who
men
MEDICINAL.
lesson a
dry calculations for practicaluse the Captain from
coat,
waistcoat, and
241
DIET.
were
tailor at
Laputa,
these
suit
clothes
ever
of
by the pragmatic principles garments turningout therefore the worst had in the Captain's life." It will
constructed
breeches
certainlyprove
abstract
on
similar
a
failure
overlook
to
numberless
the
in the personal daily life, and the numberless contingencies their diet, and who of those seek advice about peculiarities York City, preached daily regimen. Dr. Talmage, of New of he has opportunities that a man's the doctrine food, when his
selectingit, suggests tries to do by prayer by correcting his meat To
sum
Many
:
wrought except
be
cannot
Christian
a
drink."
and
question of
diet,
man's
a
"
surely the
of the this, that the fortifying of the individual against illness,and disease,
teaching of pathologyamounts
generalresistance
to
of all to be fulfilled.
indication
important
is the most
"
nature
which
that
whole
the
up
moral
Real
true
always tend fundamental the truest and to therapeutic simplification ; fresh air, stinshine,excellent plain food in ample remedies are This, quantities,and regulatedexercises mainly out of doors. is now called the of what certainly,is the innermost purpose advances
"
Wilson,
Andrew
boundaries
is
certainlykill latter would
to
Southerner
the
food
the
be often
of
the
a
by
nation," writes its
geographical of geography.
matter
a
assimilate
and
conversely the
and
;
nourish
fail to
"
enjoy,
eat,
can
of diseases
cure,
largelydetermined
dyspepsiaseems
;
Northman
The
Also,
treatment."
Sanatorium Dr.
prevention,and
in the
When
former.
one
would
what food
of the
is in Rome,
to adapt Finland, it is best as far as possible one's feedingarrangements to the environments, unless of a very or
South
temporary than
Africa,
or
This
nature.
adherence
the
to
therefore possible
plan
will be
customary
found
to
rules.
home-diet
out
better
It is
quite
perforcepursue home, getting along
who
imagine persons a strictlycareful* dietary regimen at famously well on biltongand coffee when to
work
must
down settling
in South
Africa." "
A
pye ; Nurse ham, gen'rousmerchants
widow
From
has
cold
brown
The
farmer
has
And
butter
fragrant as
bread, the
gives you
as
Art
A "
well-known
The
physicianof
meaning which
doctors
Bradford intend
says
when
;
sturgeon take.
or
dew
cake
as day. May." of Cookery (1708).
fresh of
{MedicalAfhorisms)
enjoiningcare
about 16
:
242
MEALS
diet siould
If you are excessivelycareful will eat only once of mixed a day, say about eight ounces you diet ; if you are very careful you will eat twice daily, eightounces at one and four the of at meal, other, ounces ordinary mixed diet ;
be
MEDICINAL.
if you other
if you three
two
five times
with
diet.
oftener
eat
who
persons
I know
than
7
at
what
five times
each
8 p.m.
or
from
day,
a
day,
a
at
two
; to
if you reckless you are of four or five pounds
;
not
eighttimes
ate
thrice ounces
and
times
ordinary food daily,to the amount
six
to
1 p.m.,
in all of
pounds
who
four
8 a.m., at will eat four
you
will eat
you
from
at
; say
ordinary mixed
those
and
meal,
one
careless
are
will eat of
at
:
careful
moderately
are
eight ounces of the
interpretedthus
epithetto day, and yet
a
daily,and
one
bestow
on
I have
met
who
person
ate
times."
ten
DRINKS.
(See Alb, Beee,
Mineral
Coffee,
Spring beverage which May-drink in England, and with the garden herb Sweet of the coumarin by reason
A
Vernal most
of
Grass
aromatic
in former several
the
brain.
flowers
of
Sweet
the ;
Withering Sweet
Wines). of
name
flavoured
was
{Asperula odorata); this,
it contains, is scented
freshly dried
the
by
went
parts of Europe,
and
and
Tea, Water,
days
Woodruff
meadows,
our
fragrant when
stimulates
Waters,
WoodruS
Sweet
Clover, each
coumarin
such tells
like the
"
that
will
being powerfully the strongly
make
infusion
an
the choice teas of China.'' The exceeding in spicy flavour even powdered leaves are also mixed with fancy snuffs because of their herb is the species of the same enduring fragrance. Another a Quinsy Woodruff {Asperula cynanchioa), so called because useful from this be made infusion in most gargle can plant by boiling water, against quinsy (cynanche), or other such sore "
throat.
Ahem
!
"
Dick
as
teaching to bear sponge, trifles. This fuss about on pastures, especially
and
very blossoms around
leaves.
narrow
set
on
it in
a
lassitude
troubles herb
chalky The
when
he
swallowed
bravely, and
is to
found
be
not
to
growing
the
make in
a
dry
soil ; it has tufts of lilac flowers, has small white Sweet Woodruff
slender stalk, with
successive
or G-oose-grass,
The
a
said
Smith
narrow
whorls, like the
leaves
growing
well-known
common
Cleavers. felt in hot
weather
on
its first
access
in
early
DUCK.
summer,
be well met
may
stalks, as
and
Hop-tea, to
in the
infusion
an
be
taken
day
;
whilst
Hop leaves,strobiles,
of the
by
two wineglassful
or
vigorous action of the biliaryorgans is also stimulated thereby. The popular nostrum Hop-bitters is thus made : Of Hops (dried),half a pound ;
three
times
by
243
a
more
"
"
of Buchu in
an
leaves,
iron
two
;
boil these
;
when
ounces
vessel for
hour
an
in iive
quarts of
it is lukewarm,
add
water
thereto
pint of spirit(Brandy, Whisky, or Gin). Take one tablespoonfulthree ably. times a day before eating ; it will improve the appetiteconsiderHorehound Beer is much drunk by the natives in Norfolk. Borage has a cucumberAgain, Balm tea is highly restorative. like flavour, and when compounded with lemon, and sugar, added Essence
to
of
Wintergreen [Pyrola],two
Claret, and drink.
summer
it makes
water, A
brewed
tea
Juniper berries,is famous relievingdropsy. Black as
a
substitute
from
Currant or
Broom
leaves Indian
"
flow
as
a
bruised
tops, with
make tea.
one
cool tankard
increasingthe
for
China,
for
"
delicious
a
and
ounces,
of urine, and
fragrantinfusion scented Orange-
a
A
largelyprepared in France from the flowers, which is ciently often taken by ladies as a gentle sedative at night,when suffidiluted with Eau Sucrie (sugared water) ; thousands There's drunk in this fashion of gallons are every year. nothin so as sleep.Sir ! (quoth Sam Weller to his refreshing the servant as Master) gal said afore she drank the eggcupful serious of laudanum." For, in the more language of Dr. has so arranged the chronometry of our God spirits Martineau, is
water
"
"
"
"
that
there
shall
thousands
be
of
silent
moments
between
the
Primrose effects, tea exercises similar curative strikinghours." it is excellent though in a lesser degree,to those of the Cowslip; disorders of an hystericalnature. Sage leaves against nervous of with add and benefit to the refreshingcontents pleasantly, the
afternoon
teapot
;
and
a
Tamarind
drink
obviates
putrid
fevers. DUCK.
included has become our {Anas), which among domesticated poultry for the table, is scarcelysuited for persons of delicate stomach, because of its fat contained in largeamount The
Duck
otherwise
it makes
a
great anodyne, and "
nerves
;
anoynted
savoury, of good it
nutritious service
helps the
food.
This
is
;
a grease of the distempers
against and pleurisie,
gout." Rouen,
244
MEALS
France, is famous
m
a
skewer
flesh of the
bird.
on
the
Northern
to
bed
with
have in
in this
as
brain,
the
through
of superiority
the
for
bled to death
not
are
MEDICINAL.
country, but
so
Smith
Sydney
Circuit, about
the
taste
"
certain
he
man,
was
an
Wild
his
Jerrold
Duck
waking it of
recorded would
he
that
to
as
so
palate when has
tender-hearted
so
was
arch-epicure reported he took
of
"
it
on
in the
is retained
told
lozenges of
constantly renewed night." Again, Douglas
the
by thrusting
killed
are
blood
has
whom
concentrated
him
the
that
ducklings,which
its
hold
a an
Though tasty, succulent somewhat foul feeders ; they will swallow birds. Ducks are any snails if allowed their is for and garbage, yet preference slugs, ;, in the early morning, and late evening for themselves to search fatten on of the gardener. By the these enemies they will soon sacrificed the Duck, was early Romans being a good swimmer, umbrella
over
his whole a
season
fatted
Ducks
smoked
for
fond As
Duck
dried,
commands
Dr.
of made
In
Kitchener
"
with
health
during Brittany wellpickled, and Duck
esteem
white-
Aylesbury
but
market,
the
richer, than
of white-
that
(1820) bids the cook
delicatelycrisp,as which nicelyyou must
do
bouche
Our
highest price in
the
feet
to
;
dainties.
as
is harder, and
the Ducks'
bonne
a
roast
salted ; also the breasts are Chinese then and storedi The week, dried,
a
of them "
preservedin
Cato
are
poultry.
have
that
us
through dietingthem on rife. plague and disease were
fibre of its meat
fleshed to
assures
tongues, when
plumaged the
rain."
the
household when
Ducks'
in
Plutarch
Neptune.
to
Duck
a
"
contrive
people are very have a sharp fire." bird, mix a teaspoonful some
"
the roasted
saltspoonfulof salt, and a few grains of Cayenne in a large wineglassfulof Claret, or Port wine ; pour "itinto the Duck by a slit in the apron just before servingit up." is particubird-fat,the Duck By its brown meat, and abundant larly well suited for diabetic patients. This fat is in the mustard,
domesticated
oily,and such
asked
of
A
why
the dead
man
repliedthe and not
bird
smelle
lard-like,but iodine
more
material
death.
a
food
white a
is
Duck
Boxer, flowers
explained,are
left
come
back
alle !
"
npt
same
related
Chinese
The
the
on
in the
Water-fowl,
regarded
as
a
friends
in
grave.
Did
for
meat
some
by
reason
the
notion
Roman
"
that
after
even
funeral
they
deadeeman
it is
bird
Chinese
a
to eat it ? spirit
le white
as
wild
have
their
interested
was
was
"
the
acceptable!to who
man
would
value.
in
suppose
Yeppe," come
which
out
is
Catholic
246
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
the name of Conger douce. opened and flattened out, under If ground down into powder they help to enrich by soups mock-turtle therewith, especially being admixed soup, according in a pie. to Frank Buckland. Also the Conger Eel is cooked Because of sometimes containinga specialtoxin, this Eel will induce a choleraic attack. occasionally Though the fresh-water be excellent Eel, when dressed," writes Izaak Walton, good, meat." it is that it certain account dangerous physicians yet Paulus Jovius abhorreth in all he Eels," says (Burton), places,and at all times ; every physiciandetests them, especially about the solstice." The Eel's blood contains a highly poisonous principlewhich asserts its dangerous propertiesif injectedinto "
"
"
"
the of
human
when digestion old
an once
a
The
week
skin
of
rheumatism. of the and
hair
Eels
becomes
taken
are
Eel
inert
food.
as
under
the
Alice
For
{in
process land) Wonder-
"
drawling master, who came to teach drawling,stretching, and faintingin coils." Eel is employed by negroes an as a remedy against sailors, when Formerly our pigtails they wore Conger
behind
neatness, in Eel
which
blood, but
the
head,
Eel
an
skin
the
was
the "
skin. for
encased
for
same
salt Eel
Again, as a whip. a
protection,
"
formerly
was
prepared Pepys with and 24, Diary (April 166-3): Up betimes, in the parlor,and there got my went down boy,
relates
him
until I
times."
skin
of
an
use
"
fat
an
faine to take
was
Eel
is
hard, tough, and
just underneath
first
breath
it
;
circular
be
can
two
dark
pulled
having
And
ofi like
incision
befallen "
curious
a
"
the croodlin' doo O, whaur
My 0
I've
0
been my
what
My
0
wee
at
whaur
wee
bonnie my
ye
Eel's Eels
: "
grandmither's :
doo
croodlin wee
fishie
bed, mammie,
did she catch
!
grandmither's,
at your
?
: noo
!
the fishie.
croodlin doo ? little wee catched it in the gutter hole
My She
Mak'
my
bed, mammie,
noo
1
:
oily
Kobert
fill the but
summer,
tells the
noo
beat The
an
neck. "
been a' the day, croodlin doo ?
my
Eele
stockingafter
a
"
bed, mammie,
gat ye little
1 got a Mak' "
ha'e
little
Mak' "
old ballad
Salt my and did
of colour, with
round the cutting a Lovell (1661) protested that mud-begotten with diseases ; they are worst in many
wholesome."
three
or
in his
same
body never
story
as
247
EEL.
"
And
what
She
boiled
Mak' "
And
And
little
my
did
stretched
!
doggie do, doo
?
his head, and
out
bed, mammie,
my
:
noo
croodlin
o't,
?
dog
little
your
wee
banes
doo
feet, and !
noo
dee'd
dotted
instead
sacs
gills seven
head.
and
in Scotch
dried, and
be
to
good,
and
burnt
as
easilycauses Lampreys, and Lamperns,
is that
truth of fish
oil,and
The
made
of it,
flesh is sweet,
lust, and
if much
contain
near
Thames,
by The
eaten.
abundance
an
of vivacious hectic persons caloric, and who betray consumptive
for profitable
most
are
body
was
it increases
:
surfeits
of its richness
reason
candle.
a
nourishment
of much
little use
but
Formerly
with
also
;
Severn, the
principallyin the
waters.
appearance of a funnel,
side of the
each
on
"
It is found
the
except
of
:
"
{Petromyzon, stone-sucker) is in like the largeend Eel, having a mouth all over with small hook-shaped teeth
small
a
and
wi' the
croodlin
to
!
noo
Lamprey
The
tiny
do
ye
:
pan
bed, mammie,
my
Mak'
brass
a
wee
little
My He
and
did
what
wi' the fishie, doo ?
bed, mammie,
my
Mak'
like
it in
what
do
croodlin
wee
My little gi'ed them
I
"
did she
little
My
temperament needing much of its rapid expenditurein their bodies. tendencies, because the
King Henry They should
be
First lost his life by in their
stewed
eatingLampreys moisture, with
own
to
excess.
spices,and
Lamprey is first a Lampron, then a Lampret, then a Lamprell, and finallya It has The Lampern is the river sort (fluviatilis). Lamprey. fed Lampreys on the dead bodies been related that the Romans Vedius ordered a livingslave who had of slaves, and that PoUio thrown to the Lampreys maliciouslybroken a glassvessel to be wild beasts). Platina reproved the Popes and (as if they were for their luxury in Lampreys, which they great folks of Rome
beef
and
added,
gravy
a
wine.
little Port
A
"
"
drowned clove
in each
smaller "
than
with
Lampern
the
of
Lamprey
wife
of Drusus,
; hung jewels,or ear-rings
tender-hearted
they
have
kept,
as
and
to
shed
loved."
in the
nutmeg
a
gill-hole.The
Antonia, the
she so
Cyprus wine,
in
the had
and
tears
of the Severn.
that at
Pliny
other
the
at
and
a
is much
Thames
Lamprey
a
mouth,
tells
whose have
that
gills been
persons of fishes which death
248
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
EGGS.
The the
only complete food egg
required
for
For
plentifulstore
their
it
containing,as
:
by
of varied
Treasure
houses
wkerein
in the
hands
veritable
as
lie.
by angels'alchemy.
Locked Milk
Eggs,
sustenance
life.
animal
of
maintenance
be well described
the doctor, may "
kingdom is alimentary substances animal
the
does, all the
support, and
the
of the cook, and
afforded
and
hair, and
blood, and
bone."
early Christians took the egg as a symbol of their hope as Broadly speaking, the domestic the body's resurrection. to fowl's egg consists of yolk and white as edible parts, within the When of lime. of carbonate compared hard shell made up chiefly much two-thirds contains the as meat with moderately lean egg twice as much fatty substance, twice as primary food (proteid), The proteid much ash, and about an equal quantityof water. which afiords chemists call nuclein, includes what phosphorus, thereof being as a nerve renovator, in organiccombinations, some of uric acid, united to iron ; but this is not in the Egg a source Nevertheless, would be improper for gouty persons. else eggs in several Dr. Haig (whose personal experiences are respects increased maintains that Eggs do actuallycause an exceptional), from 1 gradually eliminated He excretion of uric acid. says The
"
my
diet all articles which
contained
distinct of egg, having obtained very taken day, decidedly increased every uric acid."
Dr.
Hutchison
the
even
evidence with "
supposes,
these, when
that
excretion
the
me
the
quantity
smallest
white
of
of
Eggs to be yolk, though
boys, but the unobjectionablefood for grow'ng nearly a complete form of food (except for starches, which may be readilysuperaddedby bread and butter),comprises something If it should be suspected that at akin to the uric acid in meat. any
time
the
urine
contains
such
albumen,
hot
a
water,
of
white
reliable is sufficiently
which test simple bedside five drops or be easily employed. Four be first rising,should put into passed on then
as
when,
if
any
albumen
is
of a
the
it
may
urine,
glass
present,
egg,
of will
as
clear be
opalescence. If the glass is held against by an dark background, this opalescencewill be very visible,and will a like a cloud of smoke. be seen to spread through the water ; but Phosphates in the urine will produce a similar appearance indicated
adding
on
littlewhite
a
EGGS.
249
vinegar,or
acetic acid, the cloud will then
immediately disappear;
not
if albumen
however,
so,
An
fowl's egg contains about average of proteid food : as much of this,together with
cause.
of
new
to
be
milk, but the
equivalent of
The
meat.
raw
substitute enclosed
the sugar
minus
egg
for
rather
raw
matter
Some
to
whole
quantity
obtained
be
much All
that little
be
three
proteid as then
strained
then
of
ounces
be
as
cold
vital force.
solution
is to
in
and
water,
the will
there
containing as beef-juice."
stir into
the
same
teaspoonful,or
a
if
and
white;
of commercial
done
dissolved
Liebig's extract
is present regardsnutritive
through muslin,
specimen
average remains to an
albumin
of
of
clear
a
proteid food-
the
ounce
an
white
this egg
when
lacking its
as
capital proteid
a
so,
of
water.
warm
Animal
is thus
albumin
also be obtained
may or
save
is
of dissolved
ruptured, and
meat,
ounces
half of fat
a
white
Egg
of cells ;
than yieldsrather more egg this be added twice its volume
One
and
twelve
in the egg white, value the to proteids of
five
fat, as
ounce
per cent of egg this being in no way inferior
escapes.
grains
hundred
one
its
It is also reckoned
It consists
juice.
thousands many the cell walls are
up
an
laxative.
within
is beaten
a
under
is somewhat meat
of milk.
be
from
juices of
the
produce
from
from
one
to
got from the white of eggs ; it serum (or thin liquid)of the blood,
be
to
the
uncooked two
meat.
Eighty-four dozen
gallonsof
this
the
white, and
of commercial albumin, while the per cent will supply about two pounds. The albumin
fourteen oxen
for commercial that
during
than
usual
hard
purposes work
of albuminoid
disease, with for the
on
of passage majority of cases
blood
eggs
yields of live
is
prepared in a dry state. Dr. Carpenter showed the part of a labourer, a largersupply In chronic food is necessary. Bright's albumin from the kidneys in the urine, the
best
food
is that
advised
for gout,
that chiefly only moderately rich in proteid,and derived from vegetable sources, and from which diet soups, and excluded. of meat all preparationscontaining the extractives are natural phosThe lecithin,which embodies phorus egg yolk contains
diet
i.e.,a
in its most recruit centres
when
assimilable
exhausted
contain
similar
A energy. chemists for the
lecithin, as
a
will
serve
through
structures
lacking vital
principleis prepared by likewise
nerve
form, and which
confection
to
their
ably admir-
leading
of this lecithin
of children.
Apples phosphorated compound. use
250
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
such
exists
as
tissues,also in the blood, in fish
nerve
When
maize.
and
wheat
in certain of the cereals, as
and
sperm,
naturallyin
suppliedin the yolk of eggs it stimulates the appetite,and leads quicklyto an increase of bodilyweight. The Medical Record tells passim that from the University of Chicagothere has been issued a recipefor bringingabout bodilybigness; and that the age of the there will of giantsis about to begin again. Henceforward race be
pigmies, because
no
makes
animals
and
men
is lecithin.
Dr.
Hatai
by feedingthem
per
faster than
under
even
which a
they
atmospheric
and
Scientists say
the
Furthermore
chemist
the
to
be
distinct
a
traces
and of
a
friend of
arsenic
will have
named and
body,
of
above
embraces
well
as
found
are
(should be)
"eggs
that
day, wine thirty."
of
sixty
as
by
eggs.
teaches
hour, fish of ten, bread
fifteen,and
in
present
sagacious maxim
A
beings.
grow
lecithin
that
is normal,
human
rats,
same
growth induced thereby parts, includingbignessof heart,
that
on
white
being done general surroundings
the ordinarily,
grow conditions
food
new
them
Professor
efEect
of head.
of
made
nutriment
The
finds all
fast, and
such
unfavourable.
were
similar
large. This experimented with it on
has
which
food-substance
wonderful
a
grow
with
and
cent
of
of
a
year,
of
an
woman
a
milky, which sometimes leads to such egg being erroneously considered stale. When an egg has been newly laid it is always shows that the longer it remains wet, or damp, and observation fore, is kept thus, by so much fresh ; obviously, theredoes it remain The fats of should be packed wet. eggs for preservation ordinary fats, they also contain egg yolk difEer chemically from is easy of assimilation. of phosphorus, which a large measure But the absence of other carbohydrates (starch,sugar, etc.) It from in sense a being complete food. prevents eggs any would moreover require twenty of them daily to supply even the The amount of proteid necessary for a healthy man. egg shell is mainly carbonate ostrich's of lime ; that of the egg is so if a man thick, and hard, that it may seriouslywound the egg becomes rotten and of its compressed explodes by reason gases produced by decomposition. In
egg laid circumstance
an
"
only
Dumptius in Humptius, Non
a
muro
heu
few
before,
hours
sedet
the
white
teres, atque rotundus,
! ceoidit ; magna
ruina
fuit.
homines, non regisequi miserabile dictu Te possunt sociis reddere, Dumpti, tuis." "
!
is
251
EGGS.
In
boiled egg
a
until the
Eggs
air
no
is broken
same
stomach.
The
which eating,
in
ovo-lecithin
into contact
come
lor
speciallyrich
are
can
fat, and
most
readilyassimilable form,
calculated from
to
recruit
as
fag. Concentrated reliablyby the manufacturing nerve
is
they satisfythe
chemicallythe
in nature
nerve
its nutriment
security. antiseptic
embodies
found
exhausted
an
therefore
constituent
glycero-phosphateof choline, and
is
with
phosphorus in its ; it is admirably
centres, and
tablets
distearo-
thereof
to
are
renovate
now
made
yolk fats differ chemically from ordinary fats, being in realityphosphatides; A they exist as palmitin, stearin,and olein,just as in butter. subcutaneous of egg administration yolk has recently been of defective nutrition in infants, and practised for cases as a substitute for lecithin. The injection,prepared by mixing the yolk of an egg with one-third of its weight of a saline solution, is made into one of the buttocks, and gentlemassage is employed afterwards. The general nutrition,and the quality of the blood, stated to improve more than are rapidly under this treatment under
lecithin
taken
as
chemist.
The
food.
For
sherry as a cordial of prompt use, with ready supegg and port, beat up an in with fork till it add froths, a a a lump cup egg of white sugar first dissolved in two of tablespoonfuls water, mix well, then
before it wineglassfulof dry sherry,and serve becomes half the quantityof pale brandy may be used in or place of the sherry. The proper cooking degree of heat for boilinga fowl's egg is only hundred and sixty degrees Fahrenheit, or fifty-twodegrees one below boilingpoint. If two eggs are taken, one of which is kept in water hundred and at a seventy-five temperature of one degrees for ten or fifteen minutes, and the other for an equal length of time in boilingwater, it will be found at the end of the solid throughout, of each egg are experiment that the contents but that in the case of the former they consist of a tender jelly, in the boiled egg they are dense, and almost leathery. whereas delicate persons of all ages, the following preparation, For which
pour flat ;
wiU
in
a
contain
useful. singularly of castor their
sugar, and shells inside
egg Take
lemons, over
a
shells in
solution, has
found
most
eggs, six lemons, half a pound Put the eggs in half a pint of white rum. injuring the shells, peel the jar, without six fresh
and, after removing their pith,squeeze
the eggs, then
been
lay
above
them
the rind and
the the
fresh
pulp.
juice Cover
252
and jar lightly,
the
it well
throughmuslin,
strain
dissolved
has
put it in
shake
to forgetting
bottle
and
before to
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
it
and
thirds
end
that
sugar,
and
time
of that
juice
the lemon the
then
;
rum
not
morning
each
be desirable at first it may of certain Again, for the cure
full dose, but
this
quantity. egg
America.
in
the
days,
seven
wineglassfultaken
A
when
The
shells
finelypowdered finelypowdered sugar consecutive
in
first broken
are
of
up
together with
mortar
a
milk.
treated
cases
properly prepared
shells
then
of
seventy
it will be found
tightly.
women,
lauded
highly vacuo,
half
in
weaknesses
each
on
when
is the
breakfast
give only
place for day. At the
eggshells. Add
the
cork
cool
a
Dr.
in
two-
tells of
Edson
without
thereby
are
single
a
failure. "
" which be quickly prepared,as in can egg foam is particularly suitable for the passingneeds of invalids :
An
America,
Separate
in half the shell,whilst beating one egg, keeping the yolk unbroken all the white to a stifi froth. Heap this latter in a dainty little
bowl,
the
drop a
or
little
egg
make
in the
Serve
grains of
salt.
froth
It then
and
yolk. Then boiling water,
minute.
This
cup,
The
stand cover
as
the
small the
Germans and
the
in
a
and
tiny bit
a
scalded
in a
cook
for
of butter, and
white
milk,
containing
saucepan
saucepan,
call frothed
solid part of
centre, into which
well in the
whole
bowl, with
is sweetened
serves
a
so
refection
a
one
few
"
snow." of egg set. to become as
whereat
liquid
the
part is milk
(perhaps with egg yolk). Such a dish, to be eaten with is very a refreshingat any time of the year, but spoon, if it be well cooled. It is also a very particularlyin summer, excellent form of nourishment for persons who are sufieringfrom another throat have afEection, or who one or undergone some or throat, and who cannot chew, or pulp operation in the mouth with
the
is not boiled.
so
tongue, but
easilyassimilated The
lecithin,and in the
can
natural nuclein.
yet drink after
soft custard.
the
swallowed
being principlesthereof
The
are
as
A
is
one
albumin,
raw
egg
lightly vitellin,
differs from that contained egg albumin blood as to certain physicalproperties,
of our liquidserum though closelyallied to this. If the white of a newly laid egg be applied to a sore burn, or scald, it will keep out the air, and will do much to relieve the pain. Powdered egg shells will subdue acid indigestionfrom food in the stomach. On fermenting sour the assumption that ten milligrammes of iron are required daily human and a half eggs would by the average body, then seven
254
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
general weakness, phosphatic urine, and similar debility, conditions of exhausted bodily,or mental. energies, Also Condensed made by a process of removing Egg is now of moisture, from the shell,and evaporatingall excess the contents senile
"
then
"
is added sugar says the Lancet,
pure
as
preservative.
a
"
is
There
no
this preparation. It consists
"
about mystery," Condensed simply of fresh eggs and refined sugar." Such are Eggs put up in jarshermeticallysealed, and being perfectly No coagusterilized, they will keep good for any length of time. "
"
1 ation
is caused "
For
in the
through eggs and add a taste,
sweeten
to
deemed
advisable.
bottle
white
the
of half
of
For an
lemon, and
a
The
of
a
pint
had
long truthfully, her
and
diarrhoea, difEuse the
and
a
a
tumblerful
called
Alice
of cold
half
little cognac,
teaspoonful of
"
very
fever
shake
of cold white
liqueur,if together in a water, the juice
sugar.
{in Wonderland)
a
serpent,
neck.
When
questioned further
I have
tasted
eggs,
Alice
certainly,but
as serpents do, you eggs, quite as much if but I^don'tbelieve it," said the Wood-pigeon,
little
water,
other
or
Egg-lemonade,
egg, a
Wood-pigeon
because
"
in
of two
whites
said
process.
Egg-white water,"
girlseat
"
then
know."
they do,
they're a kind of serpent ! that's all I can say." I should like to buy an Again, egg, please," said Alice {Through the Looking Glass)timidly to the old Sheep, in the little dark How do you sell them ? shop. Fivepence farthing for one, Then two are twopence for two," the sheep rephed. cheaper than one," said Alice in a surprisedtone. Only you both if you buy two," said the Sheep. eat them must tenance Eggs, are, accordingto Dr. King Chambers, highlynutritious susin fevers, and acute when taken raw, exhausting illnesses, and diluted with water (or milk ?),being thus rapidly absorbed ; but if delayed within the digestivecanal so as to become putrid, the products of their decomposition are peculiarlyinjurious ; the evolved sulphurettedhydrogen and the ammonia are posionous then
"
"
"
"
"
"
to
the
so
to
intestines.
which
to
time
Again, whole
good
coddled,
say,
allowed
A
stand
n
egg
should
be
boiled, but, positively
into
boilingwater, covered over, and put (near the hob) for five minutes ; at the end of or
it will be well and
for another
"
evenly cooked all through. Egg Silky,"whisk the yolk only, or
thoroughly, and grate teaspoonful of sugar, and egg
not
a
little
the
it ; take a nutmeg over stir well together; pour in
255
EGGS.
gradually
about
add
one
from for
half two
to
catarrhal
a
boilingwater, and lastly lent tablespoonfulsof whisky. This is excel-
a
tumblerful
of
chill.
The
of those birds whose eggs young feathers, for example, plovers,exhibit when albuminous
white, which similar
under
is not
boiled
like that
opaque
conditions.
hatched
are
without
translucent
a
fowl's
of the
proportion of yellow yolk in the eggs of wild birds is considerablylargerthan in those of domesticated adding thereby to the ratio of ones, nutritive elements. But what are usually sold by poulterersas plover'seggs are those of the common lapwing (Vandlus cristatus)The Plover derived its name (Charadius) is thought to have from the Latin fluvia,rain, because of its fondness for being on that Not Plover's the wing in rainy weather. that every egg egg
comes
into the
now
if allowed
course
gold," and a
be
of London,
West-end dwellers
round
have
hatched
is sold
the
has not Norfolk
for
the
become "
out.
dark nice-looking,
every
basket, and
mossy
would
market
to
Moreover,
All
ninepence,or a
Plover
could,
Broads
in due
glittersis
that
reposes in in the shilling,
a
for its mother. and
not
that
speckled egg
owned
Plover
a
The tell
they would, "
Furriers," said something about these so-called Plover's eggs. in the habit of passing off tabby cats' Dr. King Chambers, are of the best Plover's skins as Japanese lynx, and hundreds Sir Lewis Watson, laid by gulls on the East coast." are eggs of Baron of Rockingham, when at his newly purchased manor Wilsford, Lincolnshire (164:1),received the followingdelightful Sir Lewis his wife To letter from loueing husband my "
'
'
"
'
"
Watson,
Wilsford,' "Sweetheart,
at
which
Plouar, the the
sweet
wiU
procure
at more
and
eating
the to
which
sauce us
say
are
doctar of them.
now,
your November
remayne,
but ever
very
thanke
great daynties
is your diet, and
Writing that
I
I
kindnes doctar to
will
you pray
us
for
indeede
your "
for
in
sending them, and meoriman (merryman) so lately I have no for your good helth,
loueing wife, Eleanor
Watson.
ingham, Rock-
given bearer only Is." established fact that It is an patients have been cured of obstinate obstructive one or jaundice by taking a raw egg on more mornings while fasting. Dr. Paris tells us that a specially extracted from the ardent oil may be yolks alone of hardboiled roasted piecemeal in a frying pan until this eggs when then pressed hard. Old eggs furnish oil begins to exude, and 23.
I
to
you
have
256
the oil most
part of
and
itself,whilst
in
bright yellow oil, which forms weight of the yolk in its perfectlydry fish,is,shown
to
consist
a
very
consists
in
coagulates when less degree. But
does, though in a yolk is crushed, and digested in
colourless
like flesh, and
as
yolk
therefore
a
the
acts
The
white
the
as
becomes
undoubtedly liver.
indolent
for
hard
dry
then
it
variety of albumin,
a
heated, just if the
and
abundantly,
medicament
useful
out
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
alcohol, it
spirit dissolves
the
two-thirds
about
Thus
state.
the
of fat intermixed
of
yolk,
with
a
the gluten of plants. closelyresembles delicious as is termed as What a Bombay oyster is almost is easilymade Into two the real bivalve, and : teaspoonfulsof vinegar,with a pinch of pepper, and salt added thereto, break third teaspoonful whole a an keeping its contents ; add egg, of vinegar,and the oyster is complete. Egg shells (particularly been when the eggs have subjected to glasswaterfor preservation), in in of the if cataract found, are given powder, helpful whether lenticular, or capsular; this is partly because eyes, is present ; likewise any of garlicis of the sulphur which sort in such for the to be equally commended cases same reason. sensible thing (Epicure,January, 1902), Though it may not be a one's grandmother how suck to to teach eggs, yet it is quite old lady how to successfully possibleto instruct that omniscient method the surest on them; being to wet-pack them preserve the day they are laid,thus keeping them damp and fresh. Custard powders, so called, are sold as a substitute for eggs, but consist as to the majoiity chieflyof starch, to which a yellow with colour is imparted by admixture some vegetable dye, for which
substance
,
Their
instance, turmeric. that
equal England to
a
genuine
it is customary
considered broken
of
open
general,and Sir Morell
bad at
nutritive
form
to
custard serve
extract
to
table ;
in
but
is not
value
with
made
in
yolk
any
of egg.
way In
eggs in their shells, and it is the contents from the shells America
this
latter
method
is
,
certainlymore
convenient
Mackenzie
recorded
to
the
an
invalid.
strikingcircumstances which in the family of a distinguishedliteraryman, occurred of the said family throughout four generations being members made small portionof a seriouslyill by eating an egg, or even knowingly, or inadvertently;the fresher the egg, the one, whether the consequences At all times eggs laid by fowls fed on ! worse garbage, decaying meat, .and" other such noxious food, are not has
EGGS.
fit to be that
The
eaten.
albuminous,
hen's
is
egg
good illustration
a
of the
fact
proteidfood, is earlier in use for life development than starch foods. The body of the chick is formed (by from the yellow yolk ; the white of the egg is alone)
warmth almost
or
albumin
pure
and
bones.
Albumin
degreesless
than
dishes
therewith,
made
otherwise
fried
Eggs within
trable impene-
within
from
to form
parts will harden
until
on
leatheryand
of egg yolk is vitelin, which coagulates temperature than the white, being supposed casein.
some
in
all is the
albumin
fat
the stomach,
in the
has to be dissolved
the albuminous
also to contain
around
coagulates at a temperature of fifty-two of boilingwater, so that eggs and food should be cooked according to this rule ;
that
indigestible.The firmly at a lower
; whilst
water
shell,part of which the
257
inaccessible
become and
omelette, and
therefore
are
the
to
tardy of
gastricjuice digestion; to wit,
the
made without flour, pancake when but lemon either of these is juice sprinkled over helpful. An omelette difiers from a pancake in not being thin, or browned, and in not sides. both It does not on being baked readily assimilate with sweet when fine fruit are principles, except jellies used instead of jams, or stewed fruit. Omelettes with coarse jams,simulatingfine confitures,and savoury omelettes with all the whites of the eggs put into them, are inferior products of cuHncookery books up to 1840 preferthe omission ary skill. Former of half of the egg whites, because the preponderance of the yolks makes
omelette
an
tender.
more
tasty,
more
loose in its
more
Indeed, Dr. Kitchener
(Cook's Orade) deems
suppressionof
half the
omelette
kept from proving hard. of spoiledomelette. Mary
eggs
be
can
are
kind
a
whites
omelette
Housekeeper (1772) givesan "
Eobert,
as
Rain." gave
Roe-boat
Thackeray them
beefsteak, and
eggs,
water-glass(a "
mineral
dissolved
a
an
or
in her
schoolboysto apricot omelette ;
see
it
no
stirred
Complete
"
Soupe a la dinner always generallyas a
as
pantomime. by dipping in, or brushing over to
this
JHamlet," also Sauce
he invited
when
if coated
Smith "
as
without
Scrambled
Queen's Soup
Sauce," and
preludebefore taking them Fresh
that
important
so
substance, and
a
silicate of soda
in hot
with
water, called also
be preserved almost indefinitely "), can by the hard impenetrableprotective glazewhich is thus made to surround is also a powerful them. This water-glass," says the Lancet, antiseptic."Eggs treated thus will preserve their fresh milky "
lime
"
17
258
MEALS
for
taste
six months,
taken
MEDICINAL.
and
straight powdered, are remedial
of
entails
nutritive
the
from undistinguishable
eggs when shells,,
Ordinary egg againstgoitre,or enlarged throat gland, general deterioration of the whole bodily system, out
which
remain
a
and
nest.
this
structural, {myxcedema, as
called). Mix
is
three parts of powdered white sugar-candy,one together, part of dried in the oven), and two (first finelypowdered egg-shells parts of burnt Then let six or eight grains of the mixed sponge. spoonful bottle) be taken in a dessertpowder (iept dry in a well-corked of water, or milk, at bedtime for a week together,and alternate week throughout three months. every .
ELDERBERRY.
the well-known
berries of the Elder [Samhucus purplish-black its to as Elderberry wine, which when combined nigra) is made well pass for composition with raisins, sugar, and spices,may Frontignac ; or, if well brewed, and three years old, for English From
wine
This
Port.
particularlyas
has
curative
of powers domestic remedy
pleasant
a
repute,
promoting
for
spiration per-
of shivering,soreness which throat, aching limbs, and general depression: under conditions a jorum of hot steaming cordial Elderberry wine taken A cup at bedtime famously preventive of further ills. proves of mulled Elder Wine, served with nutmeg, and sippetsof toast, just before going to bed on a cold wintry night, is a thing,"as the
on
of
established
access
a
catarrh, with
"
said,
Cobbett
"
to be
for."
run
"
Again, the inspissatedjuice,or Elderberries, and and
diuretic.
simmered
One
white
sugar,
is
tablespoonfulsare
to
with
two
or
of very hot water. To berries should be used, with
tumblerful fresh
should
juice Chemically, the
the
oil, combined tea
be
with
is also excellent
Rob
evaporated
berries
Elder, if
of the
"eaten
before
which
they
bellies
are
other use
furnish
malates for
rob," extracted
make one
to
cordial, laxative, be taken
this, five
viburnic
of
with
pounds
a
of the
acid, with and
an
odorous
lime.
Elder-flower potash, free inducing perspiration. The recent thick slice of bread, and a spread upon "
dishes, is
likewise
familiar
crushed
pound of loaf sugar, and the thickness of honey.
on
wives'
our
their
infants
stopt longer than, ordinary :
pleasant,and
from
to
children
:
or,
domestick and
medicine,
children, whose
for, this juice is drink
a
draught
most
of the
ELDERBERRY.
wine
at
Elder
the
breakfast
your
loosen
to
tree is regarded with
fever-drink
is made
;
from
cakes."
flowers
Our
at
once "
which
it ends
should
be
the
is not
when
well-known
a
whilst
old,
but
a
in
used
until the
of
small
baking Elder
a
is
fully
ripe. Douglas Jerrold,
are
ordered
tavern,
its leaves
sour
are
here
the berries
From
"
and preserve, moon-shaped clusters a
narcotic, and
are
(1760). In Germany
great respect.
Englishsummer
in flower, and
"
belly
the
its berries
wonder-working electuary; its aromatic
259
a
bottle
of
Wine,
Port
Elder."
not
"
recipe for making Elderberry Wine : Strip the berries be quiteripe)into a dry jar,and pour two (which must gallons and leave of boilingwater three gallonsof the berries,cover, over in a warm place for twenty -four hours ; then strain, pressingthe Measure it,and allow three pounds of sugar, half juicewell out. of ginger,and a quarter of an of cloves to each an ounce ounce gallon. Boil slowly for twenty minutes : then strain it into a As
a
ferment
cask, and
it whilst
Let
lukewarm.
until
it remain
it
If bunging, and bottle it in six months. to the above wine is preferred, four gallonsof water use a weaker quantity of berries, and leave for two days before straining. instead of a cask. the purpose Or, in Some stone jarswill serve allow one three another to every peck of gallons of water way, Elderberries ; to every gallonof juiceallow three pounds of sugar, of ground ginger,six cloves, one half an ounce pound of good Turkey raisins ; and a quarter of a pint of brandy to every gallon three or four tableof wine. Then for working the wine, add spoonfulsof fresh yeast from the brewery to every nine gallonsof the wine." proportion Elderberry juicecontains a considerable for a vigorous fermentation, but it is of the principlenecessary
has
still before
become
deficient
in sweetness. writers
German entire
an
declare
magazine
of
medicaments.
Likewise
concerning the
Elder
bark, and
berries
from "
the
the small
by
hedge,
buds
boiled in buds
ale in which
many
so
"If
either
salubrious
the medicinal
which
I
he
of properties
or
flowers
have
this
is to
fetch
not
be
wonders in
in
our
remedy again,
a
pottage
infused had
a
And
wounds."
been
its leaves,
tell what
cannot
might
for sickness,
that
itself
complete chest of homely Evelyn {Sylva,1664), has written
water-gruelhave effected are excellentlywholesome Elder
within
a
fully known,
ail for
every
spring
John
contains
Elder
the
physic,and
were
could
countrymen
:
that
fever ;
and
is esteemed
in most
of the
;
260
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
town"
(1680). The great Boerhaave (1720) always took off his hat through respect when passing an Elder this exhales smell bush. Nevertheless an unpleasant soporific is said to impair the health of persons which sleepingunder its shade. make of tooth-pickers,and spoons They do much in preservation Elder-wood, to which they attribute from the pain of toothache." Curiouslyenough an old English Laurel for a garland, Elder for a to this effect : proverb ran
about eating-houses
"
"
disgrace." told
his
Vvlgar Errors (1646), that Elderberries are poisonous(as we are taught by tradition) us." At the Christmas experience will unteach Party, Dingley Dell, graphicallydescribed in Pickwick : Long after the ladies retired to bed did the hot Elder had wine, well qualifiedwith brandy and spice,go round, and round, and round again : and and pleasantwere that followed." sound was the sleep, the dreams Elder blossoms beaten up in the batter were Formerly the creamy of flannel cakes, and muffins, to which delicate they gave a more also boiled in gruel as a fever-drink, and texture. They were Sir Thomas
Browne
has
among
"
"
added
were
the
to
feast. posset of the Christening
(1655), it is stated
of the Elder
"
the
:
In Anatomic
people keep
common
as
a
the leaves of the Elder (which they curing wounds have gathered the last day of April). Likewise make powder of the flowers of Elder gathered on a Midsummer day, being first well dryed, and use a spoonful thereof in a good draught of Borage water, morning and evening,first and last for the space of
a
in
secret
great
and
month,
From
it will make
Elder
flowers
prepared with lard, for such
ointment
and
lard, has
from
little linseed
this
be
such
one
of
can
an
oil added
cloth, and
cloth after another
patient put dressingto likewise
red
by
Thus
"
then cure
it must
in the to
the
upon
end
bed
some
disease, but
needs
profitablefor the
cure
when the
to
not
if the
camphor College of
they
boiled
laid upon
a
the
part, by the space the
place, and
yet failed
patient be
if the if
another
pilesas hot as cold, and replaced by
diseased
bound
them
scabby
London
be
may
the leaves of Elder
applied to
this hath
;
the
with
thereto, if then
sufiered, being removed
hour, and
therewith
green
formerly piles.
soft, with
scarlet, or
great while."
Elderberries
ordered
Surgeons
a
a
gently stimulatingointment dressingburns and scalds ; also
for the relief of
piece of
young
a
concocted been
seem
you
dressed
first fail." made
a
the
at
"
It
the first twice were
sallet of those
262
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
candy may still be had from our leading confectioners, but of the Elecampane it is to be supposed, any more scarcelycontaining, their barley sugar does than now-a-days of barley. Chemically the roots, from which this candy is made, include a inulin," as helenin,and a starch known camphoraceous principle, most sparinglysoluble, togetherwith a volatile oil,another resin, inulin is a powerful antiseptic The albumin, and acetic acid. The
"
to
putrefaction ;
arrest
and of
inside
soreness
Elecampane
the
with
times
poet Horace
in
sauce
stomach
how
the
by
an
was
of
the
the bacillus
to
In
lungs.
boiled, and of rich
appetisingEnulas
principle
this latter
Fundanius
excess
bronchitis,
delicate
made
a
how
the
Roman
pined
viands
acidas
classic
from
for
frugal
:
"
the
to
the root Britain.
copses,
gardens as
Quum Atque
rapula plenus aoidas
mavult
inulas."
a
Norman
and
meadows,
yet it is cultivated
culinary,and medicinal
ELECTRIC "
chronic
Conquest, and during the Middle Ages, of Elecampane was much employed medicinallyin Great found but infrequentlyas of local growth Though now
Prior
our
told
surfeited
"
in
Moreover,
disease
bitter inula
plain turnips, and
Campania
nostrils.
consumptive
whicjithe when
relieves
helenin
is said to be peculiarlydestructive
connected the
the
saith John
PHYSICAL
in
privateherb
plant.
EFFECTS. "
1643), that the (Speculum Mundi horn of a Unicome hath many sovereignevirtues, and with an admirable dexteritie expellethpoyson, insomuch that being put with many a table furnished junkets,and banqueting dishes, upon it will quickly decrie whether there be any amongst poyson Know,"
Swan,
them."
(Night side of Nature, Catherine Crowe, as far back as is every the subjects, in 1848), and so we are thing around us of aU manner of subtle, and inexplicableinfluences ; and if our attached ancestors too much importance to these ill understood have little. of the night side of nature, we attached too arcana each other, of the young The sympathetic effects of multitudes on sleepingwith the old, of magnetism on plants,and animals, are other asserted phenonow acknowledged facts. May not many mena facts also that we be ? though probably too yet laugh at, "
In short "
FA
in capricious on
laws
their asserted
beyond
I take
it,
as
our
there
certaintyif we knew To paraphrase a
TS.
263
by which I mean depending ? available to be For, comprehension, very is no such thing as chance, all would be the
nature,
whole
of the
conditions."
letter written
by Sydney Smith, December, Dear 1821, Foston, Lady Mary Bennett : Lady, all fortune in ! electric lightingapparatus Better an spend your to eat dry bread than to dine by the splendour of electric light, wild beef with wax candles ; and on so, grouse by gas, or on good-bye ! dear lady.'' To silken clothing next the skin, will serve to retain wear electrical state of the a healthful body, thereby promoting cheerfulness of mind under atmospheric surroundings which would otherwise depress. from
"
for
ENDIYE
(See Salads). FATS.
Solid
neutral
fats, such
as
suet, lard,
and
spermaceti, also
oil, are oils,such as olive oil, and sperm liquid non-volatile classed together as chemical fats. They are composed of carbon, and hydrogen, but do not contain nitrogen. When oxygen, any fat is treated with alkali, the fatty acid unites with the a an alkaline base, making a soap, and glycerineis set free. Fats are distinct from which increase the weight, and other food elements the sugars, starches, and warmth of the body, such as cellulose, afEected by heat than these being carbohydrates,which are more the fats ; but the latter when cooked, at a high temperature, which is kept up, undergo some and a free fatty disintegration, acid is liberated ; this is apt to disagreewith delicate stomachs. of Meat be plunged suddenly into a deep pan to be fried should The nearly boiling fat, pure olive oil, or dripping, or butter. heat intense produces an instant coagulation of the proteids (resemblingwhite of egg) on the surface, and forms a protective of cold fats It is supposed that the greater digestibility crust. unites again with hot fats is because the fatty acid then over fat free from acid on cooUng. Carbon to form a neutral glycerine the body for fuel in fat, starch, and sugar, and quitsit as enters carbonic eat
but
white in
warm
dioxide. little lean
bread,
and
Lean
meat,
wish to who gain fat should persons whilst taking freelyof butter, potatoes,
plainpastry, if easilydigested; they
well-ventilated
rooms,
and
refrain
from
should
much
live
active
264
MEALS
out-door
exercise. "
maxim,
Furthermore
littleand
to eat
contributingfat
For
MEDICINAL.
there
is
will make
often lean
to
much
a
the
fat."
man
the
persons consists of
in
truth
Banana
is
cure
now
eating scarcely anything besides baked Bananas, which not only add weight, but at the But time recruit the nervous same energiesof body and mind. tthose who advocate cooked Bananas are emphatic in condemning Banana flour is them as raw dangerous and unwholesome. in cases iound valuable of stomach inflammation, and in typhoid be retained, if suitably prepared, when other lever, as it can forms of the appropriatefoods are rejected. Sir Henry Stanley, the famous flour, if explorer,wrote concerning this Banana doubt that it only its virtues were publiclyknown, I cannot would be largelyconsumed in Europe. For infants,persons of feeble digestion,and dyspeptics,the flour, properly prepared, popular
in America.
This
"
would
in
be
universal
a gastritis, light gruel
only
of
cent
The
is
skin
flour mixed
such
digested.""It
be
proteids,and
Banana
outer
could
that
matter
of
sixtyeight and
always
pure, the fruit
protects
that
turned
has
should
Bananas black
not
of
cent
per
British
can
Medical
to table
come
their
per
contamination.
from
Medlar,
the
twenty
carbohydrates. by grubs : its
tainted
never
places,whilst
in
contains
entirely
Experts say that the Banana, hke too ripe a stage for eating. The teaches
attacks of two my with the mUk, was
During
demand.
scarcelybe in Journal (1904),
before
pulp
their
is at
the
skin same
slightlydiscoloured. Fish-oils, notably that from the cod's hver, are more easily digested than ordinary fats, but are not so highly organized. The is bacon next most fat, readily borne, and assimilated
time
either a
hot,
much
Then
as
treacle.
Butter
stomach;
young
lean,
or
enrichingthe
cold
boiled
building
is
wasted diet is
bacon, the
up
emulsion
likewise
;
capitalcombination
another
invert," which
"
For
new
for
tofiee, this being made the
of
purpose natural a cream,
comes
portionof to
or
better
children
by
rashers,
as
of
fat
may
which
serves
bodily
tissues.
butter. be
For
supplied
of sugar, butter, and sometimes a in such a shape is especially agreeable and
most
of
particularly easy patients one
of
the of
occurs tofEee-sugar
digestion.
the
simplestmeans
of
by adding to it a certain quantity of rich ments milk, two, or three pintsa day, besides the ordinary nourishalso afiord fat in croutes an coulis,"or gravy fingers, ; "
FA
a
useful
and
not
into neat
crumb basin
of cold and
egg,
milk,
them
until
in the two
them
All but crave
the
a
brush
them
thickly
with
flour.
children
brown.
heated
need
of them
most
for sugar cry of nature be
other
Dr.
as
obeyed
of
or
for what
skin troubles
she
wants
of
lecture
a
teaspoonfulor
pyramid
sauce."
much that
this voice
good
are
had
"
good
a
before
word
Butter
starch, and therefore
too
to say
which
"
and
small
heat-producingfood,
and
;
physiologically equal ; than there is no food stufi of higher value ! diet
cook
a
brown
fatty foods
recent
a
to
is too
it
over
pour
bring
of nature
for
prurigo,
of children.
as
there
as
up
flavoured
a
nevertheless
Hutchison, in Societyof London,
is that
table-
three
dislike of fat ; therefore they naturally substitute. Thus their desire for sweets is
a
;
them
of
a
E.
Health
Build
dish, and
have
Melt
of a'
white
small
a
liberal allowance
a
with
over
the
out
and saucepan, fingersseparatelyinto this, and
strong beef gravy,
shoidd and
of
rapidlyin, and
them,
the
crisp,and
ofi the crusts, cut
chop
up,
in beef-dripping
boil, lower
centre
of
drain
slices of stale bread,
several
fingerlengths, dip them
dredge
the
265
Take
dried
mucb
too
spoonfulsof clarified it to
"
palatableform.
cboosingthem
TS.
His
the
National
for
Margerine
latter substance
emphatic opinion
little fat in the
stunted
national
of the
working to the growing up. Dripping given liberally children of the poor ; bread and drippingwas the staplearticle of their food ; but this has now given place to cheap jams, which do not nutritive value as the said fatty substance, possess the same (whereto the homely bloater likewise may be profitably compared), these things being supplemented with lentils,oatmeal, haricot of animal be beans, and a certain amount food ; for it cannot doubted that together with the carbohydrates,such as starches, of nitrogenousnutriment sweets, cream, etc., an adequate allowance in the form of fresh meat, eggs, casein of cheese, gluten of cereals, and helps materiallyto lay on vegetablenitrogens, system,
classes is
a
used
race
to be
fat ; indeed, is essential for the purpose. time At the same considerable of bodily exercise, chiefly of doors, must out amount
indispensably accompany a
previous wasting
with Dr. food
as
dietary,unless muscles during
the
it is
prohibitedby acute
some
disease,
yet insufficient convalescence.
Hutchison more
of
this
a
further
fatteningthan
food, this contains
no
says, sugar,
water,
the
there
is
no
sort
because, unlike
of
carbohydrate
any
other
nourishing value whereof
such is nil.
266
MEALS
Such
preparationstherefore
the
to
diet
obtained
from
of
making
It
was
of
thin
a
of three-quarters
20 per
equal in Butter
food
has
Dr.
stews, is
Sleep
taken
thus
absorb.
says,
itself
There
in them
the
followed
be
can
be
can
taken as
daily,being about
doubt
no
eating of
in considerable
mashed
to irritating
hot, proves
of the
sugar,
than tablespoonfulsof it are more tablespoonfulof cod-liver oil emulsion.
one
be
with
three
"
and
as
purpose of use. out
contains
Cream
starchy food, such
likelyto of
be
could
with
catarrh
acute
mixed
of fat, and
;
persons
powder,
cent
fat, especiallywhen some
a
per
Hutchison
an
Spermaceti,
largelygiven now dropped
to
mixed
as
for the
value
80
quantity if As
fat, and
of
cent
of
difficult to
not
support
sugar.
cane
add
never
can
it has
form
ounce
an
extracts
warming
to be
fat, but
person in the administered
well borne, and
malt
ordinary
whale, used
the
the
as
fatteningand
much
as
equivalentin weight
and
MEDICINAL.
the
mutton
potato. that
mutton-
stomachs
pies,or
or by botheringindigestion,
of Irish even
stomach." lessen
the
of
bodily fat. A that an hour's sleep extra goes so far as to assert is night equivalent to the saving of two and a half pounds fat in the A of fatty food at good homely form year.
German at
of
waste
writer
breakfast nice brown
is fried bread. with
chicken),serve Mr.
to
seems
Weller
his
slices of brown
bread, fry them a dripping(eitherof mutton, beef, or roast
some
with
warm
to
Take
"
pepper.
Sam,
that
You'll
find," said
the
elder
gets vider
you'llget Sammy, always goes together." when it is wished to increase the bodily weight and Practically, nutrition by laying on fat only, then the food increment must be made as regards giving fats,and carbohydrates (starches, and sweet things); but where one desires rather to enrich the body its muscular to as tissue, and complement of blood, thereby adding weight as well as vital force, or, in other words, to confer more proteids,then the proportion thereof in the daily food viser.
must
Vidth
be
and
son
as
you
visdom,
augmented
economisers,
"
;
also
whilst
what
are
termed
proteid-sparers,
and the like. This given,such as gelatin, disorders. plan to pursued in strengthless,nervous Lean fresh meat is to be regarded as the type of a natural proteid food. It contains about one-fifth of its weight of that stituent, conthe rest being made of water ; the proteids up chiefl.y not are only rapidly consumed, but they cause a sympathetic increase in the consumption of and fats therefore an ; sugars or
is the
are
be
267
FATS.
animal
diet makes
is desired who
for leanness.
reduce
to
the
number
of fat- and
increase
the
output of energy
exercise,
more
thereby, heat-producers in doing
or
of these
as
daily food
suppliedin
methods.
richer
The
also
;
to
food, by taking
the
daily active work,
more
persons reduce the
to
proper
the
it
hand,
in obese
bodily fat, as
of
amount
other
the
on
it will be
encumbered
are
Where,
by
or
should
meats
a
bination com-
used
be
pork, and goose ; likewise the fatty fish, salmon, mackerel, eels, herrings,sardines in oil,and sprats ; such sparingly,
very as
the
of bread
sorts
coarser
unassimilable
bran.
and
allowed
be
may
as
best, such
will be
Potatoes
not
are
fruits.
Thick
useful, but
not
pastry
fat-producing, likewise starchy be taken liberally.Rest may of fat. But waste sleep is useful
Lean
are
meat
lessen
the
only
so
in the
it may meanwhile. then
injurious,because
first,for those
At
pounded meat then passing on such
newly
should the
to
more
and chicken, fish^
as
superiormeat
to
are
convalescent
added
be
to
and
soups
as
sleep
very
persons,
to
seem
aid to
an
tion diges-
and
even
depressed circulation
from
wasting disease,
a
of purees ; "of animal food,
in the
form
easilydigestedforms Jellies properly made eggs.
commended,
be
of the
bread,
and soups, sauces, foods. farinaceous
aged
of invalids, and
case
be
sweet
white
fruits will be
Fresh
in moderation.
the dried
fatteningas
so
much
contain
as
likewise
from
custard, and
lean
light
of proteid-sparers.The be wisely deferred until the diet in fat for such patients may of later, being then accomplished, if desirable, by the free use
puddings, which
milk
are
butter, bacon, and
cream,
Warner,
in his
enrichment
suet.
LiteraryRecollections,tells
of
an
eccentric
lady,
Jefierys,the sister of Wilkes, who lived at Bath, and who dined day at a boarding-house,with a bottle of Madeira every abundant at her side,eatinglargelyof some big jointparticularly with in fat. She served was frequent slices of this fat meat, which she swallowed alternatelywith piecesof chalk, neutralizing, she supposed, the acids of the fat with the alkaline basis of the as Mrs.
chalk.
Furthermore
delicious
the
amalgamated, diluted, and assimilated half dozen with a glasses of her
she
compound
Madeira. Charles obese no
Lamb,
greedy
proper
beforeMeat, inveighsagainstoverfed, are Gluttony and surfeiting," says he,
in Grace
eaters.
occasions
"
"
for
We thanksgiving.
read
that
when
268'
Jesliurun at
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
waxed
feast in his bib
a
surplice."
"
fat lie kicked."
The
and
shrewd
tucker
worldly
I
Whenever
a
fat citizen
imagine this
I cannot
to
Chesterfield, in
Lord
old
see
one
be
a
of
his son, then at Paris, 1752, for the recovery of his health, gave the advice, I pray you leave off entirelyyour and dumplings ; heavy greasy pastry, fat creams, indigestible and then you need confine yourselfto white meats, which not the
noted
letters
to
"
I do
take
not
to
be
than
jot wholesomer
one
beef, mutton,
and
partridge." it is
sought to
baked
leave
at
about
be
had
sweet
correct
of the
any 11.0
pastries,sweet
or
eggs
and
to
dinner, potage, meat, and fish,may these musb be added rice,macaroni, charlottes,
etc.
At
dessert, savoy contain starch,
preparations which is to be the beverage by preference,
other
Beer sugar. Claret. Acids or
Burgundy,
thoroughly, and not partake of eggs for luncheon it
at
cream,
and
that
masticate also to
;
Then
desired,but
as
(1889),
to
care
crumb
a.m.
biscuits,babas, with
directs
bread, taking
to
"
lean persons for whom this disposition should eat plenty of newly-
Brillat Savarin
M.
are
to
be
avoided, except with
plenty of grapes in the Go to bed at about eleven p.m. season. on ordinary days, and later than one not o'clock in the morning on holiday occasions." Such is the French method for gettingfat ! and lessening Sydney Smith, who had been tryinganti-fat dieting, his sleep,wrote in 1819 from Saville Eow, London, to Lady I shall be so thin when that you may see me Mary Bennett, you trundle about like a mop." It should be remembered that me the dietetic requirements of old age are of those just the reverse of childhood. The assimilative of the bodily cells is now power the wane, and the physical activities are on restricted, so that less food is required. Leanness and longevity,"it has been will only roll all the faster remarked, a man go together,and the down hill of life if his figure be rotund." Djscerne," of the coming on of yeares, and thinke not to taught Bacon, doe the same things still,for age will not be defied." Charles Dickens, when humorously describing a foot-race between the Boston and the Man of Eoss Bantam, (very fat), said of this Eoscius, to the of some according epigram mous anonythe
salad, which
rejoicesthe
Eat
heart.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
cove
:
"
'
"
And
when
God
bless you,
ho
walks
the
sir,'and
streets
lay
the
their
paviours cry by."
rammers
270
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
largerquantitiesof the suet Chopped suet is neither heavy,
if tte nor
stomach
does
if indigestible,
not
the
rebel.
pudding,
dumpling, or other dish in which it is used be boiled, or steamed, a sufficiently long time, so as to render it light,and easy of digestion.For a plain suet pudding : take one pound of flour, half a pound of chopped suet, and a pinch of salt. Mix all together,with about a quarter of a pint of cold water ; then flour cloth, and put the pudding into it, tie up, and drop it into a a saucepanful of boiUng water, and boil for two or three hours. The late Lord of the Leighton, President Royal Academy, who him to be beautiful in form, colour, loved everything about have and texture, and who would wished, it might be naturally he was and nectar, when supposed, to live almost on ambrosia asked what he would speciallylike for his birthday dinner, could think (as Miss Cockran tells)of no greater delicacy than roast inutton with suet pudding. Tennyson, again, loved beer, and whose chops. So it does not appear that these giftedmen, pen and pencil seem to have been manifested special inspired, any for of natural choice dishes. nicety palate,or craving culinary or
FENNEL. The
herb
known for
sauce
to
Fennel cooks to
as
kitchen {Fceniculum) of our gardens is best supplying a tasty, fragrant,spicy material with
be eaten "
Above The
the
in
Was
in the
But
furthermore
:
"
lowly plants it towers. its yellow flowers,
earlier age than ours gifted with the wondrous
Lost
carminative
mackerel.
fennel, with
And
A
boiled
an
vision
to
powers
restore."
oil is distilled from
the
Fennel, which
employed
Shakespeare, in his play of Henry the Fourth, tells of and Fennel eating conger (two highly The stimulating things together) as the act of a Ubertine. Garden Fennel is admirably corrective of flatulence. If from two to four drops of its essential oil are taken small lump on a if a tea be made of sugar, or, similarly, of the bruised green herb, and drunk, a small teacupfulat a time, any gripingof the bowels, with flatulent distension,will be promptly relieved ; as likewise tlie bellyache of infants by reduced tea. quantitiesof the same some Chemically Fennel yieldsalso a fixed fatty principle, sugar. making
of cordials.
is
"'
"
FENNEL.
and
starch, witli
some
taught
"
that
women's
the
brestes
its essential
bitter
a
271
resinous
leaves of green with milk." The
oil will
the
cause
Gerarde
extract.
the
Fennel
doe
eaten
camphoraceous
tears, and
the
has fill of
vapour
saliva
flow.
to
A
prepared from the expressedjuiceof the herb, was formerly in olden times eaten given for chronic coughs. The plant was Its herb. leaves are as served nowadays with salmon a savoury to correct the oilyindigestibility Roman thereof. bakers put the
syrup
under
herb
their loaves A
flavour. monk
in the
for
oven
physicianto
givingthe
first Emperor
bread
able agree-
an
of
Germany saw a cataract, simply by
the
cured
by his tutor in nine days of a applying frequently to the eyes a strong decoction of the whole Fennel plant (bruised whilst fresh),in boilingwater, and then allowed cool. It was to become formerly the practiceto boil with Fennel all fish ; and French epicureskeep their fresh fish in Fennel-leaves is
so
make
to
as
flesh firm.
the
thought to confer longevity,strength,and old proverb has said, ominously enough,
an
is to
Keats, 1817, who
sorrow."
sow
and
medicine,
then
poet, has sung and balm, and green,
high, with Fennel Evelyn has taught of the
cultivated
exercise
that
pleasant
a
blanched
To
though
;
Fennel
sow
student
a
Fill your
dressed
conducive
herb
of
baskets
golden pines.'' John
when
Fennel,
action
"
peeled stalks, soft,
the
Garden
"
:
whole
courage
first
was
a
The
"
sleep.
to
white,
and
like
salery,"
The
Italians
"
stalks,which
they call Cartucci," as a salad. Fennel macerated in spiritof wine seeds, when (togetherwith the seeds of Juniper,and Caraway), make which is noted a cordial for promoting a copious flow of urine in dropsy. If the herb is dried, and be prepared powdered, a valuable eye-wash can of therefrom, half a teaspoonfulbeing infused in a wineglassful cold water, and presentlystrained ofi clear. A similar application will speedilyrelieve earache, and toothache, being then first these
eat
made
hot, if desired.
Wm. the in
Coles, in his Nature's
seeds, leaves, and
drinks, and
from a
ancient the
similar
water
on
verb
Greek
cause
bruised
Hot
(1650),taught that
that to
are
grow
Marathron, to
grow Fennel
seeds, and
Fennel
Garden
our
them
name,
maraino,
meaning. the
of
roots
broths, for those
unwieldinesse, and The
Paradise
thin,
grown
are
much
fat,to abate
"
both used their
gaunt, and lank." of the herb, as derived more
tea, made
flowers, is
have
conveyed by pouring boiling to
seems
an
efiicient
promoter
272
of female
bruised in
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
seeds.)
small
a
(half a pint of
functions
muslin
bag
the person
about
one
Catherine a
hot
of
Pear.
wall, and
"
salt ; or digested,and
of the
to
fresh fruit It should when
eaten
corrective
seeds
the
if carried
will be effective.
(Ficus).
comes
:
ripenesswith the
great
blue
in
England, Fig, as large as
us
said
Gerarde, grown," with bread, newly gathered,
it is excellent
and
it formed
Fig
suppliedas
to be
as
kind
teaspoonfulof
a
on
againstfleas, some
Also
FIG
Only
water
be
in tarts."
of strumous
a
under
pepper, is fruit soft, easily-
This
disease.
part of the ordinary Spartan fare
"
so
Among ;
and
the
Greeks
the Athenians
who exportation of the best Figs. Informers betrayed offenders called against this restriction were Suho-fhantai," was or fig-discoverers, thought to (now sycophants). Bacchus derived his vigour, and his corpulency,from have eating Figs in abundance, such as the Romans to wrestlers, professional gave dried Figs and champions, for conferringbodily strength. The of the shops afford no idea of the fresh fruit as enjoyed in Italy which at breakfast, and quantity of suppliesa considerable In its green this fruit secretes state a milky, acrid sugar. grape if applied to will serve them to juice,which destroy warts afterwards saccharine, and oily. externally; such juicebecomes In England the Fig tree flourishes best on our sea-coasts, because of the salt-laden atmosphere. Near Gosport, and at Worthing, orchards of Fig trees. The famous there are Fig gardens at said to West have Tarring, Worthing, are originated with is still pointed out as Thomas tree Becket, and one a particular hand. In the local Churchyard having been planted by his own is an there the bodie of John Parson, buried epitaph on forbade
"
"
March,
1736
"
:"
"
hys age, Virginitiehys state, Learning hys love. Consumption hys fate."
You
the
was
Saturday preceding Palm Sunday, the is abundantly supplied with Figs, and is purchased at this time than throughout the Even charity children are regaled with Figs on On
the
market more
ampton at Northof the
rest
of the
the
said
fruit year.
Sunday
FIG.
in
parts of the
some
of dried
made
and
sugar,
to
us
treacle,are
dried
as
in Lancashire
whilst
country ;
Figs,with
ForeignFigs come
273
in the
eaten
Fig pies
in Lent.
(the larvae within
oven
of the
them
cynips insect being thus destroyed),and compressed in small boxes. They consist in this state mainly of mucilage, As imported from Turkey they contain sugar, and small seeds. glucose (a sugar), starch, fat, pectose, gum, albumin, mineral water. matter, cellulose, and They exercise a gentle laxative effect when eaten and appliedhot against ; also, if splitopen they will gum-boils,or other similar suppurative gatherings, afford
and
ease,
maturation
promote
of the
abscess.
first
The
employed by King Hezekiah 260 years before Christ, as ordered by the Prophet Isaiah, to the King the boil ; and take a lump of Figs,and lay it on Likewise for recovered." glandular enlargements this fruit of old renowned resolvent remedy : was as a Fig-poulticeon
record
that
was
"
"
"
Swine's
evil, swellings,kernels. a (1665). plaster cure."
Figs by When
eaten
inside
soreness
mouth.
the
"
known
as
of
pulp
produce
to
apt
from
prepare
be, with is wholesome, and
breakfast
at
Figs is
Turkey
Grocers
which
Fignine,"
if eaten
costiveness
Figs are
Figs (mixed,
foreigndried
these
dried
the
raw,
"
it may
with
brown
and mucilaginous,
passing pulp of honey) a jam will
bread.
acts
as
a
a
the
prevent
Again, the pectoral
useful
emolhent for hard, dry coughs ; it may therefore be well added catarrhal troubles of the air passages. to ptisansfor such Figs in milk make cooked a good useful drink for costive invalids. boiled
Barley water and
root,
Barley
"
raisins
Dr.
"
is
and
a
good Figs
"
pint of meal."
are
doctors
called
popular at "
Hutchison,
dried
milk "
dried
Oh,
with
splitopen), liquorice Figs (first decoction the of Compound "
raisins,forms
stoned
prescribedby
Cornwall
puddin'
with
up
as
Figs, and "
Christmas.
Figs six
excellent
admirable
an
of
ounces
!
I
In
thoompin' Figgy Weight for weight," says
more
are
demulcent.
"
love
a
nourishingthan dried Figs will long
bread, make
life better
a
than
Cleopatra). Fifty years ago at the Hall served Herodotus table of Brasenose College, Oxford, was pudding," a rich confection of Figs,and their accompaniments ; of a and probably the same is still preparedthere at the hands For Herodotus classical cook. pudding, take half a pound
(Antony
and
"
"
18
274
of
bread-crumbs, half
six
nutmeg
add
the
to
mixture
the
for
them
and
simmer
stalks,
soak
them
hard
or
overnight
in
slowly
very
for
about
be stewed
or
prunes, may if liked. The
same
small
to
stewpan, French
adding
way,
fruit,
water
minutes.
twenty
in the
a
stew
the
enough
a
boil the To
piecesfrom
put them, and the water, into
; then
put it into
wine-sauce."
with
serve
;
any
and
prick the skins, cover
hours
well
are
eggs
cloth, and
floured
a
the
that
minutes,
few
a
with
mould, tie it down
pudding for five Turkey Figs, remove
little
a
juicesof Figs and Prunes have peptonizing will materiallyaid the digestionof milk, and cheese.
sugar
which powers Certain small
this
of suet,
ounces
of three eggs, sugar, half a saltspoonful salt, the suet, and taste Figs, very finely; ; mince
beat
;
buttered
are
good Figs,six
of
taking care remaining ingredients,
whisked
plums,
pound
a
of moist
ounces
and
be
birds
known
Savarin
"
roasted
;
and
carcase
Canon
fill and
to
digestivepowers." chewed
"
the has
Charcot,
"
This
to as
be
ficas," or
Continent,
the
and
and
Fig-eaters, at
times
in
said
by
being beautify (when cooked)
bird
autumn,
be
cannot
of
consomme
becca
as
found
plentifullyon country during the summer
to
Brillat
the
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
sucked
quoted by
eaten, it
choice
flavours
out."
Such
a
renowned
only
be
in
its
advice
of
can
stored
is the
all the
For
physician.
of bread-crumbs in a Fig pudding, put three ounces basin ; add Figs cut in small log pieces,with a little sugar, or milk rind mix with and little lemon a maple sugar,' grated ; little into buttered a basin, and water) ; pour (and perhaps a for three hours." steam Fig tart is likewise a good old-fashioned Stew some dish, and useful as a gentle laxative : good Figs in when little syrup a sharpened with lemon- juice,and use them cold, coveringwith a plain paste, as for an apple, or other fruit tart ; or let the tender, syrup boil until thick after the Figs are in little pieces,and use them and are removed from it ; cut them baked with some of the syrup for piesin patty pans, so that when they resemble mince-pies; they will suit the elders better than A small amount of grated richer compounds containing suet. little spice, and be added, with lemon, or some a apple may rind (candied), also perhaps chopped apple (about orange one-fourth the weight of the Figs)." An excellent gargle for of split throat be concocted ounces sore by boilingtwo may Turkey Figs for thirty minutes in half a pint of water, straining
making
"
a
'
"
this when
cool.
FISH
Towards or
275
FOODS.
action
laxative
assistingthe
stewed
ol
Prunes, against constipation,it is important to
Figs, a
manage
positionof the body as regards the bowels during sleep night. Anatomical arrangements are to be borne in mind this end, as to lying on time. side at the proper the proper
proper at
for
Thus, for so
that
of
the
until
the
food
after
slide
may
abdomen
tactics
the
the
of the
without
ascending colon,
the
be
as
anti-costive,are
to
cover
and
them,
will
Fig
colon
or
this
At
that
across
which
runs
stage
which
to
the faecal the
turn mass
top of the
down
left
the
bowel, for evacuation
lowest
When a straining,or hindrance. of bowels prevails,then just the opposite pursued. If Figs, instead of being stewed, steeped overnightin cold, soft water, enough perhaps adding a few drops of fresh lemon-
condition should
rectum,
presently out
graduallyonwards,
abdomen.
transverse
is correct,
rightside pass
bowels, and
descending colon,
into the
morning
purpose. The fresh
the
on
left side will be of service, so
on
juice,they
first
it reaches
rightside
along
so
the
hours
into
side, and relaxed
into
the
to
on
lie
to
undergoing digestionmay
some
the
up
in the
after the meal
stomach
passes over
while
a
be
any
found
does
essential
not
for
nicer, and
more
fructifyin
this
efficacious
country,
function
such
for
because
available
the
no
here.
a are specialwasps is the or artificially Caprification, practised fertilizing process, A of wild in South for Figs. Fig, Italy ensuring a good crop is which is the of the tree or inedible, suspended upon Caprifig, edible a particular kind of variety. This Caprifig contains wherein which in search of other Oaprifigs eats its way out wasp, it may lay its eggs ; but not findingany such wild Figs,it enters the flower of an edible Fig, taking in with itself some fertilizing essential to the is therefore pollen. A supply of these wasps Do men Fig grower. gather grapes of thorns, or Figs of thistles ? is an instructive questionpropounded in Scripture, "
"
which
would
bear
to application
FISH
As
to
the
animal
generally,and
Caprifig.
FOODS.
characteristics
a particularly,
the wild
and
reference
endowments may
be
of Fish, both made
to
former
whilst we have now to consider speciallythe therapeutic writings, and of Fish foods regarded as medicinal. principles capabilities
276
MEALS
Speaking broadly,the
MEDICINAL.
substance
oi Fish
served
is
at table
thought
nourishing,than the flesh which eat lamb, veal, and pork. It is we as beef, mutton, credited with the faculty of imparting phosphorus to the brain, and to the nervous organization; it is further believed to be a sexual stimulant, and restorative, but its exclusive protracted Some of skin disease. is thought to engender outbreaks use to
be
lighterof digestion,but
also find Fish,
persons
calmative, and fish, such
as
to
as
exercise
a
less
instead
food
of meat,
soporificeffects.
to
be
a
Moreover,
mackerel, cod's-Hver, herrings,and
salmon,
nervine the
oily
sprats,
adequately digested, promote fatty development, and of Fish is reputed to be a rich source roe bodily warmth. organic phosphorus ; and bone materials, such as phosphates of lime, potash, and soda, are contributed by various fish. concluded Count Eomford that of all foods a red herring has of the highest specificsapidity;that is, the greatest amount mixed. it is interflavour in a given weight of insipidfood with which in the State Agricultural Professor Again, a Connecticut when investigatingthe comparative values as College found of daily sustenance, that the food, of meat, and other matters in the eminently popular Red climax of nutrition is reached Herring. Alphonse Karr tells amusingly in his Tour round my of a midnight mass old women Garden at Lille,where were some from reveillon praying, and preparing a supper called a ; time time from under their petticoatsa small to they drew cooking two or three herrings; chafing dish, upon which were they turned the herrings,put the chafing dish back in its place, resumed is so called because and their prayers." The bloater to (bloat,an obsolete term smoke) after partiallysmoke-dried The fat under the skin of some salting,and is not splitopen. is never of good taste, and is best extracted a herring by broiling. Kippered, or smoked, herrings are frequently dipped instead flavour. into pyroligneous acid, which the smoky gives them of Dr. Haig, than 6 per cent But they furnish," says more the year 1600 Eobert About Greene, the Playwright, gouty uric acid." Rhenish victim surfeit of and fell a to a pickledherrings, when
"
wine,
at
Capon" Irish Prout
"
"
"
save
"
what
some
(or fowl),is have
herringsare was
loud
gatheringof
merry
more
a
his associates.
"
Yarmouth
"
bloater, and fins than
A
Few Capons says old Fuller, feathers are bred in Yarmouth."
frequentlysmoked in their praise:^
with
juniper wood.
Father
278
MEALS
except those reserved had
lor
for
thanks
down
"winter ; and the meat-eating population months in the year Now, only salted meat.
several the
to
cabbages,
allotments, and
the
to
and
in
turnips, grown
winter
terrible scorbutic
such
salted
killed,and
breeding,were
beginning of
the
at
MEDICINAL.
cottage of these vegetableson farms,
use
diseases
most
no formerly prevailed are With reference to the theory that longer with us. leprosy is to badly-cured,and due in the main badly-cooked salt fish,a modern authorityholds as an oppositeopinion that the leprosy is owing, not to the imperfect curing of the fish, but to the
inherent
uncleanness are
itself.
creature
"
deponent, of carrion
of the
as
"
Fish," says and
garbage-mongers,
scavengers,
this
devourers
and
although, thanks to a taste for cabbage, we nowadays avoid leprosy,we still contract lupus from the turbot, epilepsyfrom the festive whitebait, with tuberculosis from the mackerel, and the filleted sole." It has been supposed that the mackerel under
the
;
was
of the
one "
law
fish forbidden
Whatsoever
hath
to
the
Israelites of old
scales,ye
fins and
not
may
eat."
not
The
fat of fish
of solid
comprises a
acids
fatty mainly composed The
fish-liver oils
than
smaller
does
the
proportionof fat
of land
the
compounds
animals.
It is
of the
acids. glyceridesof various unsaturated commonly contain certain bile products (which
give rise to characteristic reactions in colour with acids, and alkalies).A considerable proportion of unsaponifiablematter, Iodine chieflycholesterin,is also a usual constituent thereof. is sparingly present in the fish, but significanceof its is Salt fish is but slowly dissolved in occurrence yet obscure. the stomach, because its fibres have become hardened by the salt. Fish oil for medicinal is obtained principally purposes from the Cod, but also from the Pollock, Turbot, Ling, and Dorse. The milt, or soft roe, is the spermatic organ and its secretion
(a sexual
stimulant
ovarian
hard
and
found
or spawn, others, have
roe,
the
?) of the
fish ; whilst the is that of the female fish. Hufeland, soft
roe
of
male
herringsuseful against
tubercular
consumption affectingthe windpipe. Considered widely, a diet comprisingfrequent fish, always fresh,and of proper quality,plainlycooked, is certainlycalmative for excitable of vivaciously nervous temperament. persons Nevertheless, Shakespeare has told of others who : "
"
Making Fall
into
fish meals. many kind of male a green
sickness."
FOODS.
FISH
Proteid, and
fat, are
fish, of which
value
of contained
amount
of
quantity better
are
the
the as
Fish
in
skin, bones,
Boiled
meat.
Haddock
Port
Lethen,
the
on
fire in
a
of the
one
fish-curinghouses fire partly burnt a pile lying on beds of dry
Sea, which
North
of
lightly-salted, freshly-caughtHaddock kelp. After the flames were extinguishedthese found
were
no
be
to
Port
at
one
delicious
so
the
or
cured
ever
a
fish
to
respect
until
then
largerfishingvillagea mile Haddock except by smoking
speciallystimulating
as
functions, this opinion is open
occasions lord's
the
stewards
of
guests; beef, and "
known
visitors. dinner
Beating
bell.
only by
In
that
in
middle
flesh this Lent." rule fish should
a
to
by
radiated
dissolved
away,
and
heat,
lost.
course
is cooked.
roasted
Here
is
way
complained
that
so
fish,
humbler
served
as
a
obtainable
luxury
have
never
disastrous
a
"
other has or
none
victuals,I did advised
that
American
dressing a
eat as
a
of its
be juicesmay commends equally
range, or directs that
served
on
oven), that
kitchen He
effects
Notwithstanding
:
Williams
Matthieu
of
salted
coast, it could
Fast), and
fish shall be a
their
condition, the consequence subsist on fish imperfectlysalted,
for this purpose the side oven of these being practically roasters. the
a
Henry Thompson roasted (in a Dutch,
is,cooked
for
pies,for the
was
great
on
dinner
dresser
Sir be
Elizabeth,
the
of fish, and
want
has
fresh
Lenten
Pepys
resolution, yet for
apple
the
near
Pereira
rich, but
the
fish
ages
folk had
followed.
for
sexual
populationsare
provided
also
Uke
anything
smaller
of
rolling-pinon
(particularly during the skin
venison
John,"
the
the
time
the
Dr.
maritime
that
noblemen
rich,and, except
the
served
being
Poor
as
question,and
to
fact pointed out the significant not especiallyprolific.In the
of
fish
seaweed.
over
With
my
smoked
from
taste, that
the
to
Lethen,
(Findhorn),has
away
the
is very
an
originatedthrough
been
fi.sh
small bones. invalid,but containinginnumerable Haddies, cured and dried at Findhorn, near Aberdeen,
were
then
Lean
etc.
and are than the fat ones, by the stomach the same as a rule, than easilydigested, quantity In hot weather, and for sedentary persons, white
meat.
Finnan
it
in
tolerated
suitable for
now
found
of energy depends upon the further considerable includes a
fish,plainlycooked, is better than
at
constituents
source
a
fat.
nutritive
substance
waste
apparently more of lean
chief
279
in the fish to
a
as
dish make
gas a
oven, matter
wherein
it
it taste
280
MEALS
excellent,if you
MEDICINAL.
camping
are
far afield
out
"
Take
:
nice
some
clean
clay,and work it up a little ; then, without either scaling, with or dressing, plasteryour fish (fresh from the water) all over the clay, about inch thick, and an put him rightinto the hot ashes. When 'tis done, the clay, and scales will all peel ofi, and you'llhave dish that woiild bring to life any starved man a if he hadn't way,
but
stick
in
dead
been
if you
want
piece of
than
more
week
touch,
extra
an
a
cut
for
cooking, in
fish,and
eating a
are
of
meat
or
water-
suddenly immersed,
agitationby boiling,which
under
water
beech-nuts, you if
ordinary
the
in the
hole
a
salt
pork, and a few walnuts, or butternuts, and you'llthink angel." Many sorts of fish will break a
That's
!
fortune mis-
be
to actually prevented by not allowing the water boil at all from beginning to end of the cooking. Otherwise, not the fish,but it further opens only does the breakingdisfigure outlets the juices escape, and by which thereby depreciates
may
the
flavour, besides
Izaak the
"
Walton
blood
their
in the blood, and
labour, and
your
French
him
esteem
so
diseases, or
and
be
to
many
The
mankind." convalescent after This
a
severe
fish has
invahd. a
very
white cover
To fresh
tape them
;
to
ways
as
mean
hearts, and
several
quickly,to disabuse
Eespectingthe Pike, and
water,
albumin.
and
washing
of any fish after they be gutted, abates much of You will find, for example, the Chub being
out
sweetness.
dressed
nutritious
of the some sacrificing advised that. lying long in
be such
opinion
your to
call him
it is observed
gallsof
meat
'
that
"
pense recom-
yet the
;
JJn villain.'
"
the
medicinable
very
are
will
of him
by Gesner
Pikes
as
bones, jawfor
stop blood, to abate fevers, to cure agues, medicinable, and useful for the good of
obtains generallywith practice
doctors
to
advise
animal diet patients that they should first resume illness by taking a Sole, lightlyand plainlycooked. delicate flavour, and is easilydigested by an a very the same in milk, carefullylift the fillets from stew Sole, then roll each piece of fish, and fasten with lay the fillets in a perfectlyclean stewpan, and
with
new
milk
;
season
with
a
little
salt,and
simmer
The salts of potash, and phosphate of gently until tender. lime thus constituents, supplied,are highly nutritious mineral whilst the comparatively small quantity of proteids is an the freshness of such fish is to test advantage. An easy way the flesh,when, if fresh, it will be firm, and to press a fingeron elastic, but if it be stale,then an indented impression is made very
FISH
in
the
flesh.
baked
when an
soft
in milk.
with
salt to
taste.
over
it the
milk
about
it is done flour
the
fish
of
fried
fish !
alas, over." thus and
and
Israel
is among the sang
so
heathendom
!
"
With
fried fish is
brown,
and
thereof
are
the
always
fuU
of
entwined
sinner
hoary the
with
the
into
Jewish
a fisck,"
delicious
bones
but
;
Its
Ttie
Christians
Believe
Izaak
Walton
are
they
me, "
fish." does
Concerning indeed
locomotion,
with very
seem
countenance
admirer
of Walton
be whom the
of
ninnies
audacity
is
Even
cuUnary genius
of true
Judsea is
savour
by
of
early known
mayhap there
Moreover,
the
back
fried fish
on
is
"
gefiillite
fish stufied
cookery, or
youth,
recollections,
associations, draws It is
all the
than
more
thousand
a
piety.
:
tell
can't
has
sung
:
they
can't
fry
a
without
heard
of the
a
A
struck, just as
plaice;
Dace."
patient,and finny tribe, and wrote
(1830) :
dreaming.
contradictions, void.
Dutch
be
Leigh Hunt next thing to
null, and
"
from
Carp
anglersto
reconciles
was
"
is,
all in cold unquestioned reigns above people possesses the recipe. As a poet
advised
swearing,lest they
praises
fried fish of Christendom,
the
to
sacred
paths
fish
fish !
Fried
Haller.
great Jehuda
sovereignty; no other of the century's commencement "
"
:
poetry age of Hebrew nations the heart other as
fat. grows thing in Jewish
fried
representative
their
Jews,
fish binds
most
the
matron
the
endeared
flavour
divine
serve
;
boil for
and
saucepan, hot.
a
cold ; the skin is of a beautiful firm, and succulent ; the very bones and charged with memories yea,
marrow,
happy past. Fried lip professionsof unity. the
into
served
of the
and
readily
bones
golden
the
substance
the
for
oven
great poet might sing the
a
fried fish of Judaea
is the
Jewish
Only
dish !
limbs,"
the
the
pour
the butter dish ; knead the milk in which to them
add
of
slow
a
fiction, I. Zangwill, writes
author
"
fish
and pie-dish, in
bake
of flour,
ounce
hot
a
;
fried
the
national
among
cooked
an
flesh leaves
the
when
;
a
of
small
a
closely,and
cover
;
fish in
pour all the time stirring
Concerning
of the
the
been
five minutes,
such
Place
half
quarter
one
then
has
modern
butter,
and
similarly allowed pint of milk, half
be
may
Whiting,
a
place the fish in together in a basin, and ;
and
Take
minutes
twenty
but
Again, Whiting
of fresh
ounce
281
FOODS.
friend we
were,
and of
ours
with
It
to
forbear
catch
no
"
AngUng dispenses the
renders who
is
an
the likeness
282
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
oi the
It is
old
angler'sface to a fish. been to have expression; it seems worked One
in,'
have
might
fishified !
have
to
"
'
said to
He
native
become
'
Walton, like
looked
a
'
thing
a
of
hard, angular,and subdued
the
to
what
to
dressed
is
familiar
it
element.
watery
Oh, flesh,flesh, how
Pike
no
thou
art
instead
in broadcloth
of butter." "
A
pretty kettle
muddled,
any
"
of fish
mismanaged
or
being actually a sort of and sauce, generallymade the Looking Glass):
a
phrase the
concern,
well
stew
from
"
kettle
in
known
of
Scotland
fish
"
fish
as
Alice
Said
Haddocks.
applied to
as
{Through
"
"
I took
kettle, large and
a
Fit for the heart
My
deed
hop,
went
I fiUed
the
I had
kettle
my
new, to do
;
heart
went
thump,
the
at
pump. and said, Then to me someone came The little fishes are in bed.' '
I said '
him, I said
to
Then
It is of essential
must
you
it
plain,
wake
requirement
"
them
again.'
up
should to
be raised in temperature somehow (by degree at which all germs of an animal, or
a
which rule
pork, in
veal, and
that forms
by
process
of
the
above
reason,
it will be
fish is
the
preferredto known kitchen
into the
eat
for similar
reasons
rigorouslyas
as
for it has
;
of fish harbour
in their
as
cb
sea
open
;
fish unless
being taken,
so
certain
most
is available
PHoUandaise."
purposes
of the
form
been
flesh
the
death within
and parasite,
in efiect. for
salted, this artificially
water "
adult
to
cause
of health. long-continued disturbance for be cooked shell-fish)must (except some it palatable,in some well as to make as way eatable ; and of all modes of cooking, to boil
Fish
the Dutch
the present day, as Seneca, in past times not
fish
This
a
easiest,and
from
water
case
varieties
illness,with
fish therefore
the
to
regard
killed.
parasites,which, if they escape cooking,and are eaten by man, develop
tract
All
before
fish, shall be
the
upon
cooking,for choice) a vegetable nature,
of certain
his intestinal serious
or
with
each
several
young the
enforced
be
must
proved
within,
be
may
being eaten
all fish before
that
it
were
that, as
are
Romans the
most
cooked
as were
sea-
boilingfish it should mode
of
nice about
fresh
too
this
point at
formerly. According the
they expressed it,
"
day there
as
that
should
for the to
would
them
among
same
be
cooking being
be
cannot
fastidious on
Whenever
of its
be
still
FISH
a
of the sea."
taste
made
was
that
states
basis the
of
various mullet
certain
"
the
flesh
of
Garum
was
sea-creatures
the
"
with
other
Eomans,
Pliny-
fish.
for shrimps originally for shrimp, and garus
its
name
in
truth
a
combination
"
from
anchovy, red soft, and hard). roe, {Cancer astacus), is
shrimp, scomberfish,
from
made
with
"
(with its intestines, and soup, in Paris
of the ancient
sauce
eaten
Greek
name).
283
be
being the
Bisque credited
the fish
fish, to
had
garum
(" garos Latin
Garum,
FOODS.
with
the
the
Crawfish
wonderful
propertiesas a sexual restorative. The Crayfish,or Crawfish, has been long held in medicinal repute also in England, but used be to chieflyas providing what Crabs' employed as eyes," consisting mainly of lime, as phosphate, and carbonate. They were given powdered for acid "
and indigestion, of
heartburn.
rivers, in holes,
and
larvae.
In
The
under
or
Crawfish
is found
feeding
stones,
on
about
small
banks
molluscs, "
"
capital le Bouillon d'Ecrevisses is esteemed dans la recommende as analeptique, anciennement du systeme phthisiefulmonaire, dans le lepre,et dans les affections made citiane." A was by spirited allusion to this bouillon Meslin de Saint Gelais, Chaplain to Francis the First,of France, in a poeticalletter addressed to a lady : the
French
"
"
"
Quand
est
on
Madame
on
Et
un
pour
se
febrioitant
assez
De
ne
Et
de
mal
De
ne
point
jouer
a
risque, longtemps, brisque.
trouve
la
diner, partant de
manger
Si rude, et si faoheux
Que
en
je bisque
Shrimps, again (or Gravesend their shelly coverings, are very
en
y
bisque
risque
songeant."
sweetmeats), delicious
the
when
chitin,
fried
in
horny of the outer crispness; though coat, is thus for this effect the Shrimps must from be fried just as they come the sea, not as they are usually sold by the fishmonger after Shrimps," as Eobert having been boiled in salted water. Lovell held to be good for sick people, supposed (1661), were and of few excrements, seabeing of the best juyce." These flies near are caught in great abundance Margate ; the red, beaked. Shrimp is superiorto the brown, or flat-nosed species. or In the South Sea Islands live Shrimps, pure, and transparent, dashed scattered salad, have are over a quickly over vinegar of them them, and, being caught up in a leaf, half-a-dozen are material
;
cooked
or
to
"
"
"
"
284
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
tossed
into the mouth.
Shrimps
feeders, being of
carnivorous
are
in
highly restorative
repute againstconsumption, and
chicken
broth. The
Sole
does
keep long, and should its flesh is insipid.
not
possible; when in roe not at reallya different species, well-flavoured The
Red in
taken
Sole
is the
"
Lemon
The
inferior
all events
fresh
as
as
is,if
Sole in kind.
A
Sea-partridge." on
all Mediterranean
English Channel,
particularlyat
Mullet, abundant the
be eaten
coasts, and is
Plymouth,
of the Sea," as its trail is eaten the Woodcock by some if properly cooked. be When dressed the fish should only lightlyscraped, or not scraped at all ; the gillsshould then be with them pulledaway, and such part of the trail as is connected ; other evisceration is required. The of this fish,Mullus no name "
termed
surmulletus, is said or
shoe,
ofi the are
scales
skin
free
its size, and
insipid. The prevent
their
the
boasts
Cockle, and
an
thumb-nails
from
fat.
small
fish of
hue
The
usually scrape immediately the mullets invariablyfades ; then the
The
Arundel
Romans
of
the
Mullet,
a
the
liver
by
enormous
when
Chichester
fish are
for
at
and
improves
more
rollingin
observed
placed weight in gold
is white,
fiesh
The
flavour
been
scarlet sandal,
Fishermen
deprived of cooking them,
skin, has
Mullet, paying its
Sussex
Consuls.
the
mvMus,
brilliantlyred.
method
years.
from
rich crimson
injuring the
thousand the
with
becomes
remarkably with
be derived
by the Eoman
worn
caught, else
bared
to
or
less
to paper least two
value
upon
unusually large. Lobster, a Shelsey
Amerly Trout. of oily fat, disagreeable in Sprats contain a large amount all culinarypreparations flavour, and quiteuneatable ; this causes of the Sprat,except when broiled,to be unattractive, or repulsive; of the oil. The Sprat broihng dissipates,or volatilizes,most should be (Encrasicholus, or bitter-headed) decapitated, and deprived of its gall; pickled like the Anchovy it strengthens the before loosens the beUy. stomach the flesh taken meat ; The of old as esteemed true Anchovy was giving tone to the stomach, restoringappetite,looseningthe belly,and good against When these fish are salted, and placed in barrels, a little agues. reddish ochrous earth is added to give them colour, which mineral is dangerous unless well washed ofi at the time of servingthe Anchovies. Sprats are often supplied as sardines ; naturalists do not recognize This term a fish called a sardine-. merely signifies an
286
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
increasingthe flow of breast milk with nursing mothers, but Dr. Routh the preference to Conger Eel soup gives very much Do in this respect. know why it is called a Whiting ? you "
"
asked
{Alice in Wonderland). about it," said Alice. Why, it does the What the Gryphon repliedvery solemnly. Gryphon
the
"
"
I
thought
never
boots
and
shoes,"
"
done
with
looked I
I
?
down
at "
believe."
what
mean
them,
and and
Boots
makes
said, shoes
"
them
They're
under
the
are
your
shiny ?
so
done
with
"
shoes Alice
blacking,
sea," the
Gryphon
"
deep voice, are done with Whiting ; now know." And what of ? asked Alice in are they made you of great curiosity. tone Soles, and Eels," the Gryphon a Merlans repUed. Any Shrimp could have told you that." restent non ne flus dans I'estomac,que pendus d la ceinture." manges Winkles, are Cockles, and popular shell-fish in the poorer in a squalid parts of London, and other cities. As a street scene district on winter's London dismal South a Saturday night, at itinerant stalls for cheap articles of food, we the various read is poking a Cockle into her how woman a pale-facedyoung with her she tells the forefinger,as year-old baby's mouth little un merchant that the tykes to 'em as kindly as 'er dad stall hard by are tiny flat fish which does.' On another suggest minimum of nutriment, lying at a respectfuldistance from a less fresh, and worn-looking haddocks, the vendor more or claiming proin no modest the merits of his wares terms. (Venator, the in The Complete Angler, has told of those that venture upon there and are shipwrecked, drowned, and left to feed sea, we haddocks.) "As presently moralize on the pathetic scene, with the infant, who mother the devoted can scarcelyhave yet digested its Cockle, comes again in sight,stops at a small fruit stall, purchases a very half, apple, and, biting ofE one green the other administer instalments the to to babe, begins by easy antidote the the fish No wonder to course. perhaps as an does chemist's the way a roaring trade ; and the shop over doctor, standing on his doorstep, tall-hatted, frock-coated young looks cheerfullyup and down the street awaitingdevelopments." Turning down a side-street on our homeward journey, we pass of flaring and with many a provisionshop lit up by rows gas-jets, The pious proprietor, not cheap dainties exposed outside. went
on
to
say
in
a
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
content
three
with
large
extollinghis butter, announcement
bacon eggs, cheese, and boards, devotes fourth, and a
on
still
FOODS.
FISH
larger one, betimes
for
proximity
to
festoon
a
sundry
state, this board
future
a
tenpenny rabbits." Mackerel, when its way for the
all and
warning
to
287
big
haul
abundantly
into
the
themselves
prepare
standing
in
suggestive of
highly questionablecarcases
of the
a
to
been
has
made
markets
cheap
coast, finds
the
on
hucksters'
on
stalls
In former of its perishable nature, times, because poor. Ev'n allowed be sold on to a Sunday. Gay notes, "
it
was
Sundays nearly 3
"
of
cent
per
But
xanthin,
voice, and
every
last the
At
law
And
ordered
And
that
Except Hence
it
drest
have
rest, sell
noisy food should milk, or mackerel.
delightfulto the eyes, gooseberries."
seem
with
supprest,
should
Sunday
try'd.
were
the
new
were
mack'rel
Tho'
din
cry'd,
were
sound
every
the
nymph
no
cucumbers
this hideous
that
incoherent
Art
is from
Mackerel
The
of their
because The
spotted, of
Maculellus,
brilliant
of Cookery.
Scombridae,
the
prismatic coats.
(Psellamaxima)
Turbot
fish furnishes
uric acid.
or
flounders, sprats and
And
This
cries."
Mackrell
prophaned by
are
"
is called after
a
top," being
also
Water-pheasant (with a flavour of its flesh,like that of the Latins and fluke." The Greeks Cannock bird),and the game named it Romhus, the lozenge,which beareth justlythat figure." It is the largestflat fish of European waters except the halibut.
the
"
"
For
invalids
thereof
fond be
may
of Lobster, but well
imitated
who
eat
not
may
this, a
by cutting stripsof cold
salad boiled
with beetroot outside juice,or by colouring them If you substitutingcold Turbot, with pepper, and vinegar. "avoid trite adage live long" would controversy, a says lobster salad, and quarrelsome folk." The Salmon (Salmo, king of fish)is red-fleshed, and contains muscular the fibres, is interspersedamongst much fat, which This fish is at its best just the skin. and is accumulated under and
Turbot,
"
"
"
before and
spawning
wasted. "
Fuller,
and
feeding,no thereof that
"
;
some
fish is not
a man
on
;
returning afterwards riddle
double alive
having
secondly, for will named
have a
in nature found
ever
its strange
them
Salmon
is the
wholesome
Daintie, and
termed before
the
to
sea
it is thin,
Salmon,"
wrote
First, for its invisible
:
meat
any
it attains
maw
flyingrather,
leaping, or Salmons,
in the
a
the
saliendo." age
so
The
of six years
;
288
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
in its first year it is called smolt, in the second sprod,in the third and in the fifth half-fish.When mort, in the fourth fork-tail, Salmon
is
its flesh remains
but
when
from
the water
solid,and retains the curd, or the coagulable
more
which
albumin,
after its removal
crimped immediately becomes
milky
a
curd
after
fish is boiled
the
;
its flesh
the fish is
kept a few days undergoes a change becomes then more whereby the curd disappears; the meat enthusiasts tender, and is improved in taste, or, as some declare, render the oily and balsamic properties are developed which flesh nutritious,and invigorating, ative. diuretic, pectoral,and restorBy the fishmonger," says The Art of Cookery, "
"
Crabs, salmon, That
Tinned the
is
has
not
left, however
with
are
the
herb
Fennel
spread
till they
dead."
were
questionableform of food, because remained the or completely air-tight,
Salmon
can
lobsters
touched
never
at
a
short
a
time, within
the
after
can
fish
times
being
it has
been
opened, acts on the tin, and poisonous products are formed. the prevailingnotion that in his day Salmon B3rron has recorded of some was thought to need serving with a corrective sauce kind
:
"
"
From To
their
accustomed
Salmon
formerly commended,
was
at
the
from
a
least
with
{Tinea vulgaris), being of
Tench
The
travellers eat
the
on
a
boy Soy."
golden yellow colour, of signatures,for
doctrine
It was jaundice,and liver obstructions. further supposed to have some healing virtue in its touch. is in his Compleat Angler : Izaak Walton The Tench says it is affirmed that observed to be a physicianto other fish ; and hurt him, because Pike will neither devour, nor the Pike being a sick, or hurt by any accident, is cured by touching the Tench."
giving to
persons
with
"
FOODS.
With
respect
virtues
whilst
desultory
to
foods
served
matters
at
of divers table
will not
be
by
sorts, which way
out
of
curative
embody
of customary
meals,
place here.
The
certain
only
cure
bodily derangements, such as gout, rheumatism, biliousness, and kidney troubles, is a stern attention to the diet, much food that too prematurely wears always being mindful their parent organs, the digestiveenergies,and out through for
a
host
of
2S9
FOODS.
imposing occasional
excess
is a most powers, made up of both was
truthful "'
in
Or
As
soon
I so
as
"
O
"
began
fortunatos
Agricolas! and
to
feed
"
to
beheld
pass from
nimium
sua,
Miss
Chase, "
a
face.
a
si bona
vegetableto
an
animal
diet
norint,
Virgil'sOeorgic. ii. 4.'58.
to
render
such
fish, then foods
condiments
became
palatable,and also to preserve from intestinal corruption those and savoury, not were immediately used up. Probably salt parts which such for the first seasoning discovered was a ; purpose this in of Leviticus ii. of the Book read 13, we Every salt." Certain with shalt thou season tics," dyspepmeat-oSering into bad habit Dr. Chambers of teaches, a as King get everythingthat strikingout from their bill of fare henceforward seemed the result of which has once to disagree, policy is an of wrongly-chosen victuals, and unwholesome a monotony Let them, on despairingresignationto a needless abstinence. of adding to their the other hand, take the more hopeful course found to agree, and they dietaryeverythingthat they have once will acquire a choice nearly as extensive as their robust brethren article digestible, make could wish. If one cook cannot a coveted It is noteworthy that several of the large let them try another." think it worth while now leading West End Hotels in London to make a specialfeature of invalid diet. The truth is, most other ailment, gout suffer nowadays from some one or persons necessary,
both
such
with
chine."
flesh, fowl, and
on
the
nature is,moreover, thing. Human Hood Thomas that sentiment, and hunger, so he said : his epicurean reminiscences when
thought I had never noble a turkey, and
man
rest, an individual a
excellent
T'vvas at Christmas, I think, when I met Yes ! for Morris had asked me to dine ; And
of
of work
By way upon them. fast, of varying duration according to
an
more
"
"
"
it may
be,
or
rheumatism,
bloodlessness, skin trouble, influenza,
not, for which neuralgia,diabetes, kidney disorder, or what the quite unsuitable. Perhaps regulationmeals are persons milk plain bread, boiled only is desired, or prepared cocoa, chicken, fish free from grease, and delicate, simple, sugarless, butterless, or acidless puddings. At present everythingof such is happily provided at these invalid may want which sort an several
Hotels. 19
290
MEALS
Hippocratessaid, in being is,the easier is
MEDICINAL.
"
aphorism,that
an
starved, until
it
the younger
we
the powers of life are considered age, when Celsus to the number, give way among
by
who
than
more
found
are
to
suffer from with
membranes,
outer
inflammation ulceration
some
of the
eyes
thereof.
To
the diet,would medicinallywhilst restricting
cases
nutritious
of
those
old
physiologists, quickly under
some
Again, a middle-aged men." diet, and a plentifulincrease of good constructive indispensablefor children, hitherto badly fed, among
famine
human
extreme
to
come
a
be
food, the to
as
are
poor,
their such
treat
lamentable
a
certain
physicaltroubles, with cold feet, such as corns, and enlargements of the toe-joints, from diminished each a gouty condition, will improve under lessened, and the food, the enlargements of the toes become skin, by removing the hardened peeling of the outermost hypersounder tissue whilst beneath, forming a trophied growth, enables smaller than before, shoes, or boots, even well-fitting mistake.
be
to
It is also
with
worn
indurations of the
comfort.
about
excess
we
may
the
of certain conclude
accordingly.
age,
who
which
endeavour
this code
under
in the these
But
just
as
pressure
indirect
through Book
the
overgrowths fundamentally from ; consideringwhich should
we
restrict the
forty-eightyears of order to mitigate,or with
rheumatism,
(hard, and
corns
(in much
which
soft)from
he
altogether disappeared likewise Of course, corns are indirectly shoes. outside by tight,or ill-fitting
years,
many
of treatment.
tends
cancerous
actual
to
of itself make out
wear
a
the
boot-sole
skin
;
thinner,
whereas
the
effect of pressure on livingtissues is to thicken them Dr. excessive nutrition ; so Eabagliati in his says
of Aphorisms. of Wellington looked great Duke upon and food, as things equally objectionable,
The much All I
evils
certain
became altogethersuccessful),
was
from effect of pressure direct pressure would any
the
blood
combined
asthma,
he
for
they both cure
are
arise
example, a man, his daily food in
find that
suffered
had
my
life," he
could
possible." at
For
lessened
had
surprisedto
as
to
likewise
elsewhere,
materials
bronchitis, and
cure,
""
lips,or
that
diet
fact that
Corns, and
skin, and
outermost
an
assured
an
the
;
and
Saint
sumptuous
declared, I
have
Francis table
"
I have
taken
always eaten, and of Assisi of
a
rich
as
physic, to
be
and
avoided.
little medicine
drunk,
as
little
as
obliged to dine gourmand, instead of eating once,
when
291
FOODS.
"
rare
is essential for invalids whose
food
taxation
prolonged
some
did it,
he
meats, sprinkledashes thereupon, saying as Brother ash is good." Nevertheless, nourishing and
the
abundant
system has failed under
nervous
of its endurance,
impairment
that
so
painful neuralgia,or sleeplessness work. of literary supervened, especially through excess
of
brain's
the
has
functions,
"
Tales
or
quale
facio
versus
viuum
bibo.
cibo, possum valet penitus quod jejunus scribe, Nasonem prceibo." post calices carmine Confession of Golias
Nihil
soribexe
nisi sumpto
Nihil
Hazlitt
Wm. "
There
Lamb
was
most
best
pun, meal.
the
witty, and
most
sensible
and
the
often did
of
haunch
the
he one
got into the
we
we
we
as
he.
discussed
skimmed
the
! of astronomy occasion On one
heart
we
Pilate, Sir Thomas
Pontius
With
what
Donne, and
that
Sir
would
Philip Sidney,
his observations
had
finish
this
To
fine-cut
her
smack
a
her
green
like
Anchovy
own
(ifI
do
features, and
sandwiches not
palate as
mistake
nine-pins." quite possiblethat
;
Lamb's
the
favourite
epicurestaste
pages
olives,
like
I like to sit in the she
authors,
crabbed
roughness on the Montagu's conversation
in them
subject, Mrs.
face ; what is like Hunt's
tea.
his
Faustus.
Doctor
callingtheir most
of coronet
sort
game It is
as
describe
his
on
and
Browne,
he
tried them
He
!
tongue. as
gusto
a
and
delicious
a
How
sentences
How
fine,
such
out
! of authors picked out the marrow in historywhom famous for making out a list of persons was would wish to see again in the flesh, at the head of whom
were
is
!
of the
course
of letters while
table !
the
on
in the
half-a-dozen
always
He
men.
stammered
into the haunch
mutton
of criticism
cream
How
cut
we
of
remark
best
No ever one evening at a piquant, deep, eloquent things in How
(1801) : of Authors most delightful, the
Conversation
himself, the
provoking, the made
his
tells in
(12th century).
says
leaves
a
with
room
flavour
like
Champagne, and Northcote's like Snap-dragon ; and my
matter) is
not
very
much
unlike
at
food-supply will future be furnished on some day, not far ofi, by electricity. Already we know that when powerful electrical dischargesoccur combined in air, nitric acid is produced, which, when presently with soda, potash, or lime in the soil,produces the nitrates so indispensablefor plant life. And it is asserted that by simply much
of the
world's
292
MEALS
passing a a
acid
of
products
is first formed,
grape The up
of definite
current
series
sugar
sugars ; oxalic citric acid, until
culminatingin
is formed then
through soda-water,
potentialenergy tartaric
acid,
next
appears.
importance
paramount vital
the
MEDICINAL.
of
structures
of
phosphatic
foods
centres,
nervous
for
and
food is unquestionable that so bodily organs, ; phosphorus as present in alkaline phosphates are consideration. elements
are
brains,
and
Those
yolk
of
which
foods egg,
fish roe,
thymus
the
gland.
most
are
the
germ
rich
in
building of
sources
well
worth
phosphoric
of wheat,
Furthermore,
main
the
calves'
phosphates
potash, soda, and other mineral salts are furnished inter alia milk. Phosphoric by the cabbage, potatoes, lentils, and new acid occurs with animals, and vegetables,in varying degrees. the importance, cannot over-rate The we phosphorus, whereof with alkalies, is present inorganically, well as in combination as earths. Dr. King Chambers, or however, explains as to certain popular notions with respect to taking phosphorus as of power elucidates this matter for speciallyfeeding the brain. He by Biichner's No the telling that dogmatic expression of has gained an unhappy thinking without phosphorus that the amount of phosphorus notoriety. If it be held to mean passing through the nervous system bears a proportionto the A of facts. intensityof thought, it is simply a mis-statement captive lion,tiger,or leopard,or hare, who can have wonderfully of
'
"
"
'
"
little to
think
about,
assimilates, and
parts with
a
greater
professorof chemistry working to be hard in his laboratory ; while a beaver, who always seems little phosphorus, at least in so contrivingsomething, excretes detect it. All that the his urine, that chemical analysiscannot to energize in statingis that for the mind physiologistis justified be kept livingup to a certain in a livingbody, that body must renewal of life a supply standard, and that for this continuous of phosphatic salts is required. The phosphates, indeed, are whilst be pouring water must wanted, but wanted by pinches, without in by pailfuls. One might go on thinking for weeks water only a few days ; and without phosphates, but without quantity
oxygen
a
of
few
phosphorus
minutes
than
would
a
terminate
ness. the train of self-conscious-
practicalpoints taught us by physiology are, that of the nervous for the integrityof thought, the integrity system of the nervous is requisite, and for the integrity system, a due The
294
MEDICINAL
MEALS
fat
poultry
should
particularlyapt
of the dish in which
rancid
solid food.
Some
the
fat is
stomach. laid at the bottom
bread
partridge,is served, makes a invalid is well enough to be
the
cooks
members
these
broth, but
in
boiled fowl, or
such
dyspeptic,as
sippetsof
on
therewith, when
capitalsauce
the
by
become
to
broth, if poured
Chicken
allowed
avoided
be
add
the
contribute
making
feet when
and peculiar,
a
not
the
always
is an cost Again, those persons to whom acceptable flavour. make a good broth of fowls' heads, ends of object,may very pinions,and feet alone, these being obtained cheap from any at ") was poulterer. Fowls' liver soup (" Pofage a la Camerani time prepared according to a secret method known one only to Grimod de la Reyniere, and his compeers. Thus the fable arose that
its concoction
who
partook
is done,
of it at
macaroni, enthusiasts
fowls'
the
and
To
palate in Elysium
and
standard
should
while
for
each
According of this
the
"
said boastful "
He
And
seemed
by airs
the
cordon
one
finely ready-boiled
person,
some
to
certain
will soup thereof remains
liver
drop each other continues sense eclipsedby tongue, nerves." of the lingual Verily it might thrilling ;
person it
broth, just before
contain
cheese.
singlespoonful
a
louis d'or for each
livers,one
tureen
Parmesan
"
three
cost
dinner.
added
are
whilst
minced,
in 1806
bleu,''in the words
of
French
lap
the
on
the
voluptuous quoted of Ingoldsby : a
be
"
his talk.
he
assumed,
to
'
be
cock
of the
walk.'
"
rightwing of a fowl, having the liver tucked into it,is preferred (Dickens, in Great Expectations) by epicures. Mr. Pumblechook the and to the to best slice of liver-wing, helped me that declared the Tennyson only advantage tongue." Lord that he invariably had he got from being Poet Laureate, was Venetia luncheon. at given him the liver-wingof a chicken remarkable Anastasia, the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby (1650),was for her extraordinarybeauty ; and he was so proud of her that he kept her supplied with the flesh of her health to preserve fed on vipers. In order to retain her lovelycomplexion capons cosmetics for her use; and it is he was continuallyinventingnew of her the cause suspected that this too great love for her was found dead in her bed, at the death, for one morning she was early age of thirty-three. An English officer in India not long ago set before his guests The
"
"
"
295
FOWL.
dinner
at.
stuffed
with with
great
satisfaction
and
success,
all
round,
turkey
a
strong-flavoured gum-asafoetida,known
the
to
of taste druggistsas having a powerful odour, and a persistent garlic(with anti-spasmodicmedicinal effects). It is the concrete juicefrom the roots of several largeumbelliferous plantsbelonging to the genus Ferula, having a bitter,acrid taste, whilst consisting contains phosphorus, and of resin,gum, and an essential oil which sulphur. In Persia, and Afghanistan,this sap is collected also to be as a culinary condiment employed by the Indian cook, but in such infinitesimal quantitiesas to suggest rather than to actual
the
convey
With
flavour.
and
curry,
rice, it is found
to
Eoyal Academician noted his friends for making an exquisitesalad, who was among the bowl. John Evelyn makes always passed asafoetida over foetid asa reference to this as highly prized at classic Delphi : skilful cooks of our modern Nor are some ignorant of how to of the condite are unaware it,with the applause of those who delicious
be
skilfullycombined.
when
"
A
"
"
Pureira
secret." "
relish which
finest
the
to
all
it
on
the
spirits,and
body
the
the
at
gourmet,
beefsteak
a
who
can
that
may
be
municated com-
which
improving the vision ; it particularly invigoratesthe digestion, time
same
quickens the appetite,and of a cold, languid temperament. in persons asked, once late The Archbishop Magee was the two the reply, that volunteered things which in '
hymn,
tired
In of
of
cases
in
coffee, and
blood chickens
from
more
vein
should
chicken
beef, which
ounce,
flesh
the
and
immediately, or
its
before
promptly,it to
be
vein.
is
given thus
and
said, than fresh
The in
coagulationensues,
weakness
It relieves extreme highly useful. proves the bodily warmth, restores of flooding),
better, and
an
the
were
great prostration such fowls, blood of animals, as fresh lemonade, or wine, or milk, punch, warm
warm
taken
lean
him
eighty grains.
wasting, bloodlessness,
strength, the with
contains
fowl
common
mixed
with
compared
As
cold
and
Foundation,'
One
afterwards."
consecrations,
eighty-six grainsof proteidfood
contains of the
Church's
The
lunch
for
clerical administrative
his
rather
or
"
most
is
steak
the
quantity stimulant, enUvening
gum wholesome
a
him
in moderate
The
as
assured
possess
gridironon
the
asafoetida."
parts of
acts
noted
a
by rubbing
with
cooked
be
to
tells of
(as in
case
circulation, acting
transfusion
blood
a
of
two
of human or
three
twenty-four hours, according
296
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
his
not
in every of itself the food
the
body,
man,
"
follows
protest as
of the
intestines
Two
to
a
month.
of view, is not
so
much
needed
of which
the
to
well
places
expect
food
from
found
than
to
sustain
a
the that
in
ment nourish-
where
it is be
to
spoon
plate to fresh
the
blood
liberal allowance
of two
life of the
animals
the
Blood, in fact, from thicker
It is
it is circulated
means
maintain
plenty of proteid(primary
constituents
as
it conveys
suffice to
not
than
by
animals, and
of water.
82
to
enters
now
fluid in
which
experimenters in the dogs, even
French
pounds daily,did
is
might
because
administered
there
One
body.
78 to
the
value
more
tissues
from
of nutritive
for
parts from
100
text-book.
Hutchison
dilute
vehicle
the
R.
a
the
required in
when
is
merely
is carried
mouth."
Blood
:
having
but
leading medical
a
of this advice, Dr.
in refutation
But
of
advice
authoritative
the
to
a
chemical
point
after all ; in its solids food),but the other nutritive water
fat, and
life, as
starch,
sugar,
more, Furtheronly in quite an inappreciableamount. the red colouring matter (haemoglobin)which makes up which is far the largerpart of the proteid,is a substance very Thus it happens that though from being completely absorbed. without blood much be used dietetically harm, yet at the may time it will be without much benefit, as given in black same puddings, and similar culinary preparations; this being true and
glucose,are
also
of
the
use
of
animal
blood
for
the
sick
as
of
source
a
iron.
Importance
feeding of afiected
should
fowls
be
which
are
care
fodder
which
exercised is
to
served
otherwise,
or healthfully,
by the
attached
the
for as
to
and proper the invalid. their
feeding them, and the supplied to them. Recently
wholesome
They
are
quality of flesh,
in
character a
of the
experimentalist exclusively on
French
domestic in cages, fowls kept some hashed meat (previouslystripped of sinew, and fat), with as At first this diet seemed to much water as they liked to drink. salt well enough ; but after some time (in from three to five months) the fowls began to show positivesigns of gout ; their weak, and their gait uncertain ; their jointswere legs became to be manifestlyswollen, whilst on some mained seen days the birds reAttacks of lying down, and would not take any food. this nature and more became more frequent,and finallythe fowls the found around thin, and died. Deposits of urates were grew joints,as well as in the sheaths of the tendons ; likewise some
FOWL.
in the
kidneys. to
in Paris
ascertained
that
the
tration adminis-
hen
of any medicament results in a similarly doctored recommends the faculty of physicians to make
a
and
egg,
doctor
A
297
he
practicaluse
of this
humorous
discovery. It
comment
"
In
naturally elicited
has
a
fully scorn-
:
"
dealing with
the modem egg e'er pause you begin it. Inspect it carefully,I beg. Please
There's Be
wary, Lest nasty
There's Or
is
It
something scrutinize
drugs
things still that
well.
be
oil within
castor
in it.
nauseous
it
present. the shell,
unpleasant."
more
giblets of poultry exercise certain solvent properties on other foods, particularlyby the gizzard, which in fowls their gastric juice, whilst its lining secretes will coagulate milk, just as rennet membrane does from the calf. Giblets as a combination include the gizzard,head, neck, heart, joints,and pinions of poultry, principallyof geese, turkeys, and ducks. From the dried, and powdered liningof the fowl's gizzard,is prepared ingluvin,"a pepsin of specificuse against the sickness of pregnant women, shortly especiallyif taken noteworthy
the
"
food.
before
of preparing poultry for the sick culinary methods detailed in Kitchen be tedious to are Physic, which it would dish for the convalescent As a specially suitable repeat. before proceeding to red meat, boiled fowl, and chicken mould, Various
are
to
boil
for
to
be
and
one
it ;
cover
For
commended.
the
former,
quarter hours
a
with
season
with
salt, and
put
chicken
the
just enough
four
or
five
cold
sliced
to
water
onions
(unlessforbidden),a bunch of herbs, and about a dozen peppercorns make of the until tender then simmer use liquor, gently ; ; with onions in it the to the requiredquantity, boilingit down chicken for flavouring. For mould, take a large chicken, one it into take the
it out, and
bones,
reduced
with
saucepan
a
to
of chicken let it stand
cut
etc., into a
cut
pint ;
salt ; skin the chicken, and put water, and boil it the usual time ;
and
quart of cold water, pepper, the
piecesfrom the
saucepan,
strain
it, and
ofE, minced
until cold, and
breast, and
the
and add
finely,and then jellied,
to
boil till the the
pepper turn
legs; put
back
water
is
liquor the pieces and
it out.
salt to
taste
;
298
MEALS
The
Poule
"
MEDICINAL.
India, cock, or hen, is our Turkey {Mdeagris),the bubbly jock of Scotland, which, originally from
came
Turkey
fowl
or
America,
having Turkeys do not
else.
nowhere
this
d'lnde,"
which
corn,
fowl
has
also
become
of
been
hail from
wild
Turkey
first from
came
known
first found
any
there, and
America.
dindon,
than
more
In
Paris
"
poulet d'lnde," though quite on an equal misconception of its origin. When Lovell it reoovereth (1661), young," said Robert strength, nourisheth k indleth and with lust, plentifully, agreeth every and and troubled with too hot, complexion, except temper, The Dr. Salmon rheumes, and gouts." flesh," wrote (1695), as
a
or
"
"
"
"
is most
food, and
excellent
broth, ale,
concoct
of great nourishment ; you may jelly of it against consumptions, for it
or
restoreth
and agrees with all dispositions." strength plentifully, to Young Turkeys will not fatten unless they have free access of which found in their gizzards. This lordly are pebbles,many fowl began to appear dish about 1585. as a Christmas Turkeys, and introduced the into were hops, England during reign carp of Henry the the After middle Eighth. Turkeys were ages e xtinct in practically Europe ; they were imported again in 1432 trader who of the master Mint, and was by a French director of Artilleryin the service of Charles of the Seventh France. The story is told of a gourmand who, when recovering from allowed an illness, was as a simple by his doctor, in writing, cuisse de "poulet." Une But dinner, scarcely had the doctor his departure when taken the patient caught up the prescribed menu-card, and, cleverlyimitating the physician'shand, added d'lnde after fouLet. This order being duly carried out by the cook, the patientregaled himself on a big meal, and a laugh at the doctor's The Turkey Cock expense. goes by the popular "
"
"
"
names
when vun
farmer
"
Gobble
getting said
flesh
he
of the
of
which
from
Meleager, Macedonia.
the after
trouble,
the
as
wery
afeer'd
wos
Alexis
Crimean which
Gobbler.
some
market."
producing each
into
consolation,
London time
Cock, and
a
hundred
furnished
whom
old
called the
invented
Sam
I'm
have noted a
Weller
{Pickwick)
tough
pretty
Turkey
should
Soyer, the
War,
hips,
he
Said "
remarked to
kill him
that's
J ven
the
for the
London
hundred-
Turkeys had to dark only the two
chef, at the guinea dish, for be
slaughtered, pieces of solid le sot I'y laisse." by the French was a king of Turkey is named, "
299
FROG.
FROG.
As
is well
known,
for the table in France, Frogs are esteemed their thighs being chieflyeaten the there, though in Germany other muscular Even parts are similarly used. amongst edible Frog is found ourselves, an about Cambridgeshire,and is of admirable flesh is The Norfolk, which nourishing use. that of delicate white mainly gelatinous,and closelyresembles chicken.
Fried
English Frogs
with
simply
are
(1902). It is to Volta, The
we
the
owe
yielda
creatures
tomatoes,
and
mushrooms,
or
delicious
so
;
says
the
bacon, these
Frogs served important discovery of voltaic
an
historical dish of
bland
rich in mucin, and
broth
book Hand-
Tramps'
Madame
to
electricity. cooked,
when
together with edible snails, they afiord a mucilaginous and denuded gelatinous potage, which greatly comforts sore, raw, liningsurfaces of the mouth, and throat, serving to restore the lost protective covering of which become these parts have morbidly deprived. For such broth, hay saSron is the orthodox edible Frog is oliveThe condiment, and colouring addition. with yellow stripeson its back ; there is green in appearance, valid reason should no why we regard it with aversion, as it lives on insects,and slugs,varied with vegetable matters, just in the
same
as
way
birds, animals, and
many
fishes
which
we
is made quite wilHng to consume. Frog-farming in Canada quite a profitablebusiness ; no fewer than 5,000 pounds in weight of Frogs' legsprepared for table use, was the output of and stillthe demand farm Ontarian alone during last season, one exceeds the supply. mtroduced into England from Italyby Thomas Frog pies were I did Coryate, (Furcifer) (see Coryate's Crudities, 1602). in used is a dish much fried Frogges in this citie,which eate in London cities of Italy." They were highly esteemed many are
"
"
from
James
the
If fricasseed delicate
in white
than "
Muse, Oh
Their
or
sing the might
he !
how
till the
wine, the
chicken, and
That
Dr.
First's time
would
Frog
has
been
the
Second.
long found
more
easily digested dish.
an
that
man
of Charles
death
taste
did
their
Homer
fetid cheese, and
to
soups,
Paris and
go, mushrooms
know.
praise their dancing dogs, fricassee of frogs."
esculenta, to-day that the Rana pronounces The edible Frog, is readilydigested,and of a delicate flavour. Hutchison
300
MEALS
tind
taken, skinned, and
legs are
in which
MEDICINAL.
form
the
twisted
claws
appetizinglittle lamb
they resemble
together, "
cutlets.
It
"
is
to absolutely impossible,"says a French bring goarmet, what on an quantityyou eat." by Frogs, no matter indigestion into plenty of fresh The edible portions should first be thrown cold water to blanch they should be drained, and dried ; ; next then put to soak awhile in white of eggs (well beaten up) ; now with flour, and finallyfry them in plenty of over powder them
fine
olive
oil until
Minister, that become melt and say
the
butter, if
"
a
to
and
how
they
make
may
stew
and
delicious still with
a
a
speciesof Tom.
poor
"
You
to
small
deer
cooked, they are tender entree, more
"
or
by
they fry white
very
than
up
bones
brown "
no
bread,
wine, fine.
youngest
than to
means
too, if you
well
they
illusion,and
with But
be
like,
in batter,
or
parsley, no
pretty eating,and the
have
easier to eat
devil them,
can
of the
strange, that
much
by, chopped
be
and
the
pepper, and fishes
be not
in butter, and swear
until
red
loaves "
tip-top curry,
them
garlicenough they
the
rich
lemon, "
fricaseede grenouiUes
pronounce, abandoned to
you
complete
a
so
Whitebait
the
sea," and
something Add
mouth.
to
and
into
"
crispas
are
of the
treasure
changed in
they
matter
make
a
chicken, and
all their own. The velvety texture Frog which is eaten lives chieflyon insects, so that reallyfor the the table it is considerably cleaner is a than pig. There painfulFrench proverb, II n'y a fas de grenouille qui ne trouve son crapaud," and it has a dreadful double-edged explanation. It means there is no find a more girlso ugly that she cannot We have repulsivehusband." rhymed this saying in a much a lily-white prettierway, as Froggy would a wooing go," when duck came and gobbled him up ; etc." But ugly, or not. Froggy all eats shall well, as we day. In probably acknowledge some with toads, seeking for Frogs the French peasants often meet which they do not reject,but prepare them in a similar manner. As for the rest of the Frog's body (besides the legs), and the skin, so sticky,and slimy,what is done therewith ? Why, they make mock turtle over ! Yes, the savoury turtle-soupof the same which the gourmands Hck their lips,has for its chief foundation and fields of Luxembourg, amphibians which haunt the marshes in Kitchen Physic we have explicitly told how the flesh of Frogs made is good against coughs, and such hectick. Broths as are therefrom are restorative, and anti-scorbutic, being prescribed a
flavour, and
a
"
"
"
"
302
MEALS
fruit
he
as
excellent
can
is to have
"Health
is
wholesome
little on
but
and
meats,
it
have
to
way
trees."
many
Fruit-trees, 1653)
drinks, all the dishes, and
These
the
trees, whereas
preserved" {Treatise on
of fruit trees. both
few
a
upon
MEDICINAL.
drinks
yeare from
from
"by
garden
the
fruits
orchard
are
disease, and preserve physicall; they cure Now the garden of fruit trees is profitable health. to the body for long life, first by the bodily organs, secondly by the affections of the minde sweet perfumes of fruits work immediately ; the the spiritsfor their refreshing; such healthfull ayres are upon to be speciallpreservativesto health, and are therefore much prized." The flavour fruits are chieflyeaten for the sake of their of the agreeable tastes, but they are also of service by reason The food fruits vegetable salts of potash which they furnish. contain a large proportionof specialsugar which gives them a This sugar is Isevulose,and better suited to high nutritive value. dextrose delicate, or gouty digestions than (or cane-sugar).
alimentall, and
It may
utilized
be
being given and
in such
"
laevulose
grocers, being be safely,and of
fruits
fruits
as
a
the
"
be
can
sugar obtained
is
without
fullymatured
as
a
does
not
lie in
in their mineral
much
which
of essential benefit to the
as
their
nutritious
therein.
from
sugar
of which two article, crystalline profitablyused with the daily food.
food
detriment,
cherries, gooseberries,
white
nearly so are
invalids
apples,green
as
currants, before
green
Or, this
by diabetic
even
certain
ounces
The
may
value
constituents
in their fruit acids,
salts,and health, and
the blood.
These
acids, as
already shown, exist in union with alkalies,and render uric acid (gouty, if in excess) soluble. The organic acids of fruits (citric, with tartaric,malic, etc.)exist mainly in combination that no alkalies,but in such a manner chemistry can form their citrate of give to a patient for scurvy counterpart ; we may potash as a drug (justsuch a chemical salt as exists in lemons, and oranges) somewhat but with nothing of results successfully, as compared with those obtained by givingthe said fresh fruits, rich in natural it is the same with the citrate of potash. And other
and
acids found
combined
tartaric, in grapes,
with
an
alkahne
apples,pears,
base, such
peaches,
and
as
maUc,
apricots.
fruits. the least are peaches, and prunes among in fruits The with their basic earths organic acids combined improve the qualityof the blood, whilst acting as anti-scorbutics, of the bowels, laxatives, and diuretics,increasingthe movements
Bananas,
acid
FRUITS.
and
the
oi urine.
flow
impunity.
For
could
take
not
eating
instance,
a
without
eruptionslikewise
of
fruit with
eat
patient who
a
incurringgreat
the lady in whom fruit would Skin provoke asthma. after any such indulgence. ensue
ripe, uncooked
of
all persons cannot of is on record case
single strawberry legs; and another
a
in both
numbness
But
303
sometimes
a
"
incident about Mr. Mills, our Pepys tells a humorous parson, mistake on Lord's-day, April 17th, 1664, making a remarkable when reading the morning service ; instead of saying We '
beseech
thee
to
to preserve
our
the
use
prayed, Preserve to Oranges, again, prove
he
functions troubled fruits is The the of
use
our
disturbing
persons ; and eruptiveoutbreak
of
some
by an indulged
various
body
our
have
laxatives
with if
liver, and
others or
one
"
Katherine.'
Queen
the
to
of the earth,"
the
skin
another
biliary becomes
of certain
sort
in. in
uses
of fruits
been
summarised
relievingdiseased as
place
may
we
kindlyfruits
Gracious
'
follows
conditions
Under
:
the
category
figs,tamarinds,
oranges,
apples,mulberries, dates, nectarines, and
plums
;
of
prunes,
pomegranates,
cranberries, blackberries, jewberries,raspberries, barberries, quinces, pears, wild cherries,and medlars are astringentfruits ; peaches, strawberries, whortleberries, prickly pears, grapes, black
red gooseberries, are
cooling fruits
sedatives
to
dysentery be
provocative of urine ; white melons and currants, pumpkins, and apples,again, are ; whilst lemons, limes, and
and
currants,
the stomach. value
the
specifiedapples, seed
are
seeds
For
of certain medical
recognized in
which
melon
the modern kinds
as
of chronic
treatment
of fresh
practice. Of
strawberries, fresh
fruits
are
fruit has
these
figs,and
from distinguished
fruits
come
may
tomatoes, stone
fruits ; in and
to
be all of it is
good they shall be absolutely sound, Dr. Lacy, of Guernsey, has condition. practised successfully into use for many this treatment years, and recentlyit has come by other physiciansfor chronic dysentery, and diarrhoea, with has Sheridan lately reported most happy results. Professor from experiments to the Linnaean Society his conclusions to essential
that
of various fruits,such as the digestivequalities fig,pineapple,melon, banana, apple,orange, also the vegetable
ascertain
marrow,
the
the
cucumber,
enzyme,
or
will exercise the
lettuce, dandelion,
ferment,
contained
He
etc.
in the
has
juicesof
property of peptonizingthe
found these
that
plants higherproteids,and
304
is also is
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
proteolytic. With fruits which
do
we
certainlybe thoroughly what dirty places they what
unclean
diseases
hands
peel before they
not
may
have
may
have
flavours,and
they
afford.
Of
dates, figs,grapes,
impossibleto
say
since
fruit. for
more
for the
various
the
should
eaten
are
gathered, or passedthrough ; and sundry
fruits
than
sweetness,
in
been
contaminated
conveyed by eat Speaking broadly, we be
can
it is
first,as
washed
they
orange, their peel the pulp is less so.
the
respect,whilst
in this
sensitive particularly
Those
apple, and
the
sorts,
actual
the
sake
of their
nourishment
which
apples, apricots,bananas,
raisins, strawberries, and prunes, best suppliedwith substantial proteid; whilst the
plums,
are raspberries are fattening,and warming principles chieflyfound in the dried fruits containing laevulose, and sweet berries vegetable gums ; cranThe fruit. mineral constituents the acid most being are malic, chieflysalts of potash, united with the acids (citric, and w hich but do not cause tartaric), give a pleasant flavour, of converted the blood into sour digestion. When by the heat
foods, the remain
to
acids
ofi into carbon, and
burnt
are
circulate.
Moreover,
fruits
as
the alkaline
ripen the
fruit
acids
bases
diminish
digestible,by tinous softeningthe cellulose,and by converting the gums into a gelais form; but a great loss is sustained unless the fruit-juice with the fruit (stewed for preference), and then it proves of eaten service againstconstipation, of the hver. Uncooked or inactivity fruits should for easier digestionby weakly persons. be warmed As with to taking cane fruit,if gouty acids, as urates, sugar are already in the blood of those who live freely,or indulge in if these acids are fermentation alcohol, and ready to cause within fruits will start the such this fermentation digestiveorgans, to
some
extent.
anew,
renders
Cooking
and
more
gouty salts will
further
accrue
;
but
if
is set free from the blood urates, and by judicious abstinence be taken cane they be not provoked again, then may sugar with addition fresh fruits (though to impunity as a welcome their more exquisite flavours will be masked thereby). fruits stewed with First fresh are Compotes sugar. make
a
half cups
syrup
of three
of water,
and
half cups of sugar, from boil for five minutes
and
beginning to boil ; when few pieces at a time, a tender, but firm enough
a
it is so
to
boilingdrop
that
it shall
keep
their
two
the
time
and
break
shape
;
remove
; cook
a
of its
fruit in caref
the
not
and
ally, until
with
a
FRUITS.
skimmer,
and
305
serving. Apples,
dish ; theii boil down the the fruit ; let this cool before oyer pour peaches, apricots,and oranges pears, may
all be
this
daintilyon
arrange until thick, and
syrup
cooked
in
a
it
wholesome
Charles
way.
in
Lamb,
his
early story (a sweet, homely, patheticpastoral),of Rosamund Shall the good housewife take such Gray, draws the moral : in a nd pains pickling, preservingher garden fruits,her walnuts, her apricots,and quinces : and is there not much spiritual in mind's fruits best heart's housetvifery treasuringup our our "
"
meditations
in
strawberries
produces
its
season,"
of
out
favoured
most
?
moments
said
"
"
Washineton
"
Eating invariably
mental
depression. I do not believe there would be so (more frequent in the spring than at any other many time of the year) if people would until they not eat strawberries The of fruit will materiallyhelp to are use ripe at home." diminish Lord of his a Chesterfield, in one craving for alcohol. celebrated his letters to in Italy son Philip Stanhope, when Fruit when full ripe is very wholesome, but (1749), wrote : then it must be within certain bounds to quantity,for I have as known die of bloody fluxes by indulging of my countrymen many in too great a quantity of fruit in those countries where from the goodness, and the ripeness of it, they thought it could do suicides
"
them and
no some
in gouty
harm." other
Scientists
now
fruits tend
to
subjectsby
action
the
find that lessen
the
of their
cherries, strawberries,
quantity of quinic acid, or
uric "
acid
China
saure." Fruit
commended
be
to
are soups be made
as
agreeable,and
useful ;
by boilingfresh, or dried fruits in water (with and then freeing without the addition of sugar, lemon-peel, or etc.), ofi. These from the solid residue by pressing, and straining them drinks, being sustaining, as are pleasant to some persons soups of albuminates, because they wiU contain quite a small amount the certain of rather more organic acids. carbohydrates, and excellent dish for overcoming an Apples stewed with raisins make constipation: Pare, core, and cut into quarters a dozen, or more, raisins of of medium-sized apples ; clean thoroughly as many good qualityas equal in weight one-fourth of the applesemployed, these raisins one and over ; then quart of boiUng water pour they can
let them
steep until
apples,proceeding sweeten
may
be
to
swollen
well cook
added
them
;
stone
until
if desired,
them,
tender.
although
and
add
Some
the
sugar to scarcely needed 20
306
unless
applesare
the
stewed
be may minutes.
juices
with
been
have
snitz.
rings,or
in
the
same
An For
These
"
snitz
right mazarine to
put
;
dish them
sugar.''To "
fever-drink,
a
the
remove
with
and
a
apple-water muslin
into "
jelly,
their
Uttle
very
of Bolton's
chef ordered good pippins, cut each
cores
skins
a
take
quart of
in
the
on,
cut
and
water,
placethem
then
;
it should
to
on
them
skins
with saucepan slices of apple are
burnt
are
through
every
pound
of fruit ;
soft ; the piece of clean
a
them them
when
quart of
a
be left until cold.
jug, where some cooking apples, and cut paring, or coring them ; put
water
wards down-
scrape
:
on
sides
clean
a
Uttle sugar, until the then be strained must
without
but
applesulphur to
plates,strewed make a simple apple-water,as an excellent thinlythree or four good apples,without
slice up ; boil these
peeling them water,
dependen in-
dried
as
till the in a hot oven loaf sugar ; put them them on black, and your apples tender.; serve with
the
used
then
some
over
which
from
with
bleached
are
forty
about
from
into halves, and
of them
way
artificially evaporated, and sometimes sold in the shops "
overnight
for
(page 51), apples
turning brown. old recipe of 1754 by the Duke making blackcaps,take a dozen
prevent them
a
raisins
apples soaked
Dried
tart.
very
already noted
As
are
"
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
For in
quarters, boil, one
to
they
apple-
boiled
are
pulp, strain through a sieve, or bag ; then to every pint of stirringall juiceput one pound of sugar, and boil till it jellies,
to
a
time."
the
Her
Baden, a
Victoria, when leaving Baden Majesty Queen her after in a 1876, brought with sojourn there Apple-cake, and the recipe for making it, Mffd
late
noted
"
kucJien mit Rohm
Giiss."
cook
named
Marie, and
cake
for
late Queen.
our
great majority, but
her
The it
kitchen
was
Marie
she has
excellent
there who
boasted
first made
since then
Apple-cake
gone hves
an
excellent
this over
capital to "
on.
the
Line
has been buttered, with a paste baking-sheet which too thick) composed with one (not made pound of sifted flour, half a pound of fresh butter, six hard-boiled yolks of eggs (having yolksof eggs, passed the same through a fine wire sieve),six raw half a pound of castor ground cinnamon, a little sugar, some of cream 'ground cloves, and a few tablespoonfuls ; mix thoroughly and roll out thinly; the paste should be of the colour of cocoa. the In liningthe baking-sheet,bring the pastry slightly above a
round
FRUITS.
307
edge. Wash, and pick equal quantitiesof currants, and sultanas ; peel some Wellington apples,and cut them into quarters, which, to be cut are again into the thinnest possibleslices,so as to well the base of the paste with these slices of apples,and with cover the and sultanas. Now currants, place three-quarters of a pound of castor sugar in a basin, and work well into this nine Mb: in lightly half a pound yolks of eggs, and whip the whites. of finely-sifted flour, adding a little ground cinnamon, putting in the whipped whites last. Fill up the paste containing the apples, currants, and sultanas with this mixture, and bake in a moderate well
being
oven,
cooked.
When
the
cinnamon-sugar, cut Pears
are
quality,with cellular
tissue
fruit in
the
their
owe
fruit
contains
minute
specialtaste
to
acid, pectose, gum, When cellulose, and water. on
"
stomach
those
;
that
binding than
the
fermented
drink
a
of
a
from
and
sour
the
"
to
stop
harsh a
also
do
Pears
contain
mineral
appetite,and
an
Their make
crisp.
Lemery
fine
napkin." astringent
matter,
constipate,but
laxative.
others, and fitter brewed
an
a
which
short, and
peeled they
with
composition.
albumin,
sugar,
create
be
in
amylacetate ; they
somewhat
they are (1675) : They
Pears
bite
paste is
over
concretions
stony
an
maUc
their skins
bottom
sprinkleit
in their
of its varieties
most
the
cold pieces,and serve than Apples, having
substance
earthy
an
in
that
is done,
cake
it out
colder
a
careful
very
told
with about
fortifythe
taste
looseness."
juiceof Pears ; it is the juice of Pears,
are
more
Perry
is
described
wine of made called in as a by Gerarde English,Perry, which purgeth those that are not accustomed it is new. take to thereof, especiallywhen Notwithstanding, it is a wholesome drink (beingtaken in small quantities) wine ; as it comforteth, and the warmeth caiiseth good stomacke, and Pear, which was chiefly cultivated digestion."The Barland in the seventeenth century, stUl retains its health, and vigour; then the identical trees in Herefordshire which suppliedexcellent liquor, continuing to do so in this, the twentieth century. "Warden" Pear the ("wearden," During Henry Eighth's reign a in orchards. because long-keeping) was commonly grown Pears are especially nourishing, Evelyn, in his Pomona, says : "
the
baked
Wardens,
restorative cordial." in
the
The
in
edulcorated
consumptions ; gout of Pears
chemical
laboratory,and
with
an
essence
made
ingly exceedare sugar, and the Perry being a great
can
imitated arti6cially is used for flavouring
be
thus
308
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
and
Pear-drops,
other
being got
essence
Perry
about
owns
sweetmeats
1
of
cent
per
so
vegetable
in
what some-
produce
to
a
the
body. Pears were antidote deemed to an poisonous fungi; and by the Eomans for this reason (which subsequent experiencehas confirmed) after partaking the best thing to be taken Perry is still reckoned time-worn maxim directs that A after freely of mushrooms. eating Pears wine must be drunk as a corrective, or else mischief ensue : Afres le "poire ou le vin, ou le fretre." When may Jersey Pears, or other such superior fruit, are gathered in the autumn, being fullygrown, they are then woody, and acid, and unfit for food; but by being stored for one, two, or three months lusciouslytender, and sweet ; the woody fibre is they become converted into sugar (as happens with ensilage), by fermentation and the harsh acids are neutralized, the air having been excluded by the thick rind, whilst the fibre is closelypacked. A crop of small Pears in Switzerland, which ripen in September, grown is made into the wholesome Birnen-bonig,"as found on every fashioned in hotel breakfast table. Pear were puddings Shakespeare'sday, but not containingany Pears ; they consisted of cold chicken chopped up with sugar, currants,, and spices, The mto statesman Hume, shapes like Pears. being moulded when St. from the at Stephens, never purchased food kitchen there, but took thither with him a pocketful of Pears healthful
acids
it is
that
calculated
better
potato oil. cider, and
over
acid,
amyl
acetate-
vinegar, and alcohol
malic
slightlylarger proportion of and more stimulating, effects of
from
ether
an
as
said
the
;
the
"
"
"
refreshment.
as
sweet
some
where The
The
"
Pear
old-fashioned
loves
tree
a
mansion
country
house-front,
sunny
with
ancient
the fruit may be reached through the lattice. remedial constituent of other fruits principles
for curative
purposes
may
be
(citric,and
malic)
which
is
stated
in brief thus
:
gables, available acid
Much
astringent,and helpful against of the liver,as in the Cranberry, belonging to the sluggishness red in colour Bilberry tribe. This is a small fruit, brilliantly when ripe ; it makes a delightfuljam, with a keen flavour, bitter, and
somewhat
aromatic
the
in the
as
a
tonic.
There
is likewise
an
(Mesfilus germanica) whilst passing first gathered into the early stages of decay ; but this fruit when is hard, harsh, and uneatable. In Shakespeare's As you like it occurs
acid
useful Medlar
"
passage,
You'll
be
rotten
ere
you
be
half
ripe;
310
MEALS
varied
being most coohng,
bottled
Plums
From
the
will
France
middle
of
a
the
Moiiastery of La eighteenth century
Grande
and
women
father
the
of Tristram
London
to
for
provoking towards
better,
some
"
her
time
the
end
of
Gages especially, (inwhich for pulling! Had he been of the
month
it."
about
whole
There
than
September, he
Walter
Mr.
was
should
It
have
just ready
in any said three
have
not
Green
London
to
up
Gage,
stated
been
are
Shandy,
curious),were
very
whistled
and
words
Transparent preventive of presentlyin the Eed
that
above
other
the
Gage, each of these being sweet, luscious, and alkaline gout by their fruit acids, which become blood.
its
and
Venus,
his wall-fruit, and
when
year, he should also the Golden
are
derived
was
having to take his wife sadly vexed, more by the by everything else, this being
was lying-in,
year
John
when
(Sterne), "
of the
Reverend
under
worse."
some
about
hence
are
brought
been
Chartreuse
the
by
"
like
fruit,which
French
Gage, having
Green
Hengrave Hall, Suffolk, AU Plumbs Culpeper said :
name.
are
diarrhoea.
severe
the
come
the
ripethey
The
of
Gage,
When
garden fruit contains less largequantity of gelatinizing pectose.
provoke
has
from
England
to
character.
for dessert.
cherries, but
than
Unripe
and
in form,
the laxative, especially slightly
and
is dried, and sugar
MEDICINAL.
Currant
will, if applied externallyimmediately jelly,being antiseptic, the after a burn, ease pain, and prevent inflammation, or the of bhsters.
formation
Again,
contains Gooseberry (RiAes grossularia)
the
pectose, sugar,
making to
a
"
and
mineral
capitaljellyof
"
are
green,
The
pectose imder said
juice was
; it is sub-acid
is corrective
and
the
;
this fruit.
all inflammations
cure
matters
citric acid,
when
of putrescent
the
heat of old berries Goose-
foods, such
as
is Gooseberry sauce From h Maquereux." the Red li I'Anglaise aux groseilles ; excellent be prepared an lightjelly,which is Gooseberry may bilious subjects. The and of service to sedentary, plethoric, vinous of taste, suiting Yellow Gooseberry is richer, and more consists Gooseberry fool admirably for Gooseberry wine. beaten fruit fovli (crushed, or of the unripe green up), with
mackerel,
The
goose.
or
French
for
name
"
"
cream, "
"
or
milk.
Deberries,"
and
In in
Devon Sussex
Goosegogs." The Scotch name In -Ramsay's Scottish blobs."
the
they this
"
rustics
call
Gooseberries
as familiarly known fruit when ripe Honey-
are
Life and
"
Character,
we
read
:
FRUITS.
"
He
out
saw
Yellow
of the
coach
Gooseberries, and
he
311
window '
cried,
a
woman
Gie
me
the selling a
haporth
o'
sweet
Honey-
"
blobs.' Wild
Sloes which This
is
Blackthorn,
into Sloe-gin,certain soluble phosyield,if made phates of specific benefit for bloodlessness,and brainfag. are celebrated Devonshire a liqueurprepared from the
Juniper fruits,and
and
of Value
for its restorative,
sustainingprinciples. Some
reference
by
purposes
Prune,
reason
Peach,
be made
must
other
to
of their medicinal
fruits useful for curative
constituents
"
the
Mulberry,
Quince,
Raspberry, and Tamarind. Mulberries (Morus nigra)are grown commonly in the orchard, this well-known, or rich, syrupy paddock, or gardens, where fruit ripens in September. The juice, boiled with sugar, is admirable for curing sore throats, especiallyof the putrid sort, when used in gargles; also for thrush in the mouth the ; and Mulberries some wholeare ripe fruit is gently laxative. particularly for gouty, or rheumatic because their sweet juice persons, does fermentation in the stomach. This not acetous undergo juice contains malic, and citric acids, with glucose,pectin,and gum. meal.
In
is used
in Devonshire
The
France
Mulberries
fruit,with
are
its abundant
served
at
luscious
the
beginning of
a
juice,of regal hue,
for
mixing with cider during fermentation, giving to the drink a pleasant taste, and a deep red colour. for their largequantity of fruit sugar, Mulberries remarkable are being excelled in this respect only by the fig,the grape, and the fruit-sellers cherry. In the City of Naples, during the summer, red in betimes in the The come morning from the suburbs. Mulberries are brought first,very early,with a layer of snow carried in them to keep them fresh, and cool ; they are upon and eaten at the beginning of breakfast are (snow by women, Mulberries fruit together). Later in the day white and are struck in The bargains are by gestures, in brought by boys. that wonderfully expressivelanguage of signs which can replace which invariably accompanies it, in speech altogether, and rapid pantomime, hands, head, eyes, and every part of the body emphasizing the spoken words ; thus has it been from early relax Roman days. When perfectlyripe,Mulberries somewhat if dried)they will bind the belly,but when unripe(particularly exceedingly,and are therefore given to such as have lasks, and wine be brewed from fluxes." A pleasant home-made can ripe "
312
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
Mulberries, herself
Alice
the
Looking Glass) children as they dance
(in Through
old
siagingthe
hand-in-hand, in
"
of
catch '
circle, Here
a
we
go
round
the
"
found
round,
Mulberry bush,'
which
funny." certainlywas The Bilberry,Whortleberry, Trackleberry, Blackheart, or Whinberry, grows abundantly in our heathy, and mountainous shrub districts,as a small, branched bearingglobular wax-like covered when are flowers, and black berries, which quite fresh with bloom. The a Bilberry {Vaccinium myrtiUus) is a grey useful domestic be made a capitalastringent,and from it can cordial such. If some two as good brandy be poured over handfuls
of the bruised wiU
which diarrhoea of
may
whilst
two
hours
The
berries
with
over
is
bottle,this will form
an
extract
wineglassfulof for
even
severe
chemically much
brushed
sijch diseased
on
skin
water,
warm
tannin.
surfaces
every
dysenteric diarrhoea. An
afiected
extract
by
conditions, being afterwards
cotton-wool, will signallyrelieve.
of
eczema,
covered
Bilberry pudding consumptive, or
for things to be commended scrofulous of the patients. Together with the Bilberries,some to be also swallowed moorlgiud air from whence seems they come ; arise of the sweet and fresh breeze, and perhaps reminiscences the it's short, pleasant grass of the Bilberry hills,and then would o'er the downs free ? Oh, who so sumptive, Why, the conand deHcate Make crust a as people, to be sure ! and line it with the half crust as can a basin, light you ; grease ; fiU it -vyithwell- picked Bilberries ; strew two tablespoonfulsof one
of
a
needed,
contain
Bilberries,when other
a
continually improve by being kept. Obstinate be remedied by giving doses of a tablespoonful
extract, with
such
and
fruit in
the
"
"
"
is to fill in fruit until the basin them, and continue sugar over well filled up, and heaped ; next put on the crust, flour a cloth, tie it over, and boil for hours." Irish call them two The "
Frawms."
part of what
Lowell, in Fireside is
Travels, tells that
the
greater
time at one Cambridge Port, U.S.A., was a Huckleberry pasture." As already notified, against the intestinal baciUi of typhoid fever the fruit of the Bilberry shrub affords a specific the small, sweet, blackish, remedy, because purple berries are highly antifermentative,freeingthe stools from It has shown been putridity,and the bowels from flatulence. the typhoid bacillus becomes experimentally that destroyed and from recurrent by Bilberry juice, prevented growth. "
now
FRUITS.
of
which
there
is otherwise
313
relapse. This colic,besides being admirable
risk, leadingto
a
juicegives relief againstintestinal when applied to a sore tongue, as
well
fruit
acid,
malic acid, limonic sugar, pectins. The typhoid bacillus
a
for burns.
as
It contains and
pigment, tannin,
a
killed
becomes
within
twelve
hours. Certain abound
fruits
fruits, excellent if
However, be
than plentifully
more
tinned
largelyimported
are
a
opened, seeingthat
then, unless
the
earthenware
plate,or
action
with
ourselves,
where
they
canned,
as
or
quality when preserved air-tight. apricots,cherries,peaches, or other fruit
of
can
countries
from
in
of these
each
contents
are
into
a
several
immediately dish
fruits is acidulous,
turned
out
of earthenware,
made
an
upon
glass,
or
combining with the surrounding air will begin to engender a deadly metallic poison. If the fruit is allowed for some time in the opened tin, or metal to stand can, fruits in hermeticallythen the work of poison goes on. Fresh sealed if properly prepared, and do not kept air-tight, cans, lemonade, or other generate any poison. For a similar reason extemporized sustainingdrinks which are acidulous, should never the
be
of the
made
in
Jams,
and
acid
tin bucket,
a
of sugar. The employed in the course "
as
another."
good
old-fashioned
times
of sickness.
and specific,
a
drink
In short, with
remedies the
White
take
you
have
jam
which
with
days
is termed
Isevulose, "
for
to
be Alice
herb
to
produced
was
the
almost
was
her
a
store
used
bronchial the
of
I don't
'it if you
varietyof dainty infinite.
almost
Said "
(in Through the Looking Glass), I'll
pleasure as my lady's-maid: twopence other day." Alice rephed, I don't You want to-day, at any rate." any "
did
want
for
troubles.
week,
a
"
every
or
formerly in
kept by flowers, again, were garden
form
many
for instance,
colds, and
Almost
one
housewife
every
invaluable weU-stocked
in
recourse
jam,
Elder
could
strong
a
the
into what sugar of dextrin, and
had
of illness.
Queen
in
high temperature by about the conversion bring preparation,
of
were preserves Black Currant
the
of tin.
vessel
a
with acids.
in those
for needs
making
:
in
by boihng cane sugar weight of any jam is made up of sugar reahze Few now-a-days how persons
half the
jam
fruit acids, aided
be made
may
thereof
stand
of fruits conserved
part of the cane form, i.e.,a mixture
"
invert
such
and
to
considerable
a
the
a
allowed
Preserves, consist
solution
of
nor
it," said the
Queen
"
;
the
care
for
couldn't
rule
is
jam
314
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
"
It jam to-day." jam yesterday, but never to must No, it can't," come jam to-day," Alice objected. other said the Queen ; it's jam every day ; to-day isn't any other day, you know." and
to-morrow,
"
"
GAME. "
Speaking
taken in signifiescreatures it includes Venison the chase ; with us (of the Deer), Grouse, Woodcock. The flesh Hare, Partridge, Pheasant, Snipe, and
collectively,
and is
"
"
of such
not
so
of time
course
the
for
are
some
creation becomes after
some
the
When
putrid.
conditions
that
than
as
a
a
wild
closer texture,
of butcher's domestic
animal
its flesh in the
one
and
meat,
other
istics character-
mutton. by the instance ef Welsh Mountain of the shortly after being killed these creatures tough, and insipid; but when game is allowed to hang time in a whole condition there takes place the gradual of a chemical in the flesh, which acid by fermentation stronglyacid ; also the muscular tissues grow tender, and time traces of hydrogen sulphidesare liberated. The
characteristic the
same
assumes
of game, as If sent to table chase
become
soon
placed under
"
is finer in texture
game
does
Game
seen
flavours
of the
game
are
in direct
proportionto
sulphides,or mercaptans, thus set free, but Such birds not to as putrefactive compounds. Partridge, and the like are Plover, Snipe, Pheasant, Woodcock, particularly more appropriate food for the sick, partly as dainties, but of the nutrient especiallyby reason they properties which contain. rich in mineral are salts, They remarkably especially the phosphates, which much needed when the so are system has become exhausted Birds which feed by disease. mainly on grains,such as the Partridge,and the Pheasant, will keep a long while in cold weather dark flesh, livingchiefly ; but birds with animal meat of white food, quickly undergo decay. Game on should be done well in cooking ; that with dark flesh should The which be rare. at first associated are dangerous microbes with decomposition of game, are presently succeeded by other amount
microbes
of these
which
are
preliminarystage
of
harmless.
Therefore
if game
be
eaten
at
its
putrefactionit may produce serious iH effects ; whilst these do not ensue after partaking of game kept longeruntil the tender, and succulent. According to Julius Csesar (Scaliger), from Mount originally Olympus, and has always Partridgecame
GAME.
preserved
the
315
proud consciousness of grey English Partridgeis red-legged variety which
his
divine
origin. Par excellence the the best for eating,there has culinary excellence. being also a The birds that are taken as even they be readie to fly, young and are afterwards fattened, prove the best, for they make a pure, and excellent nourishment only hurtful to countrymen, ; they are because they breed in them the asthmatick passion,which is a whereof these short, and painful fetching of breath : by reason will not be able to undergoe their usuall labours. Wherefore when they shaU chance to meet with a covie of young partridges, "
they
much
were
better
them
for whom
such
upon
they
(notwithstandingtheir strong stomackes) the eating of them, seeing that there is in their flesh such a hidden their bodies." and perilousantipathicunto Says Mr. George Saintsbury, in Fur and Feather Series, my private do conviction is that the best thing you with can a Partridge, British he be of honest nationality an provided Partridge grey admit would to his ever (and the only one which a true gourmand
are
convenient, than
bestow
to
adventure
to
"
table), is
to
furthermore
him
roast to
breakfast, with
what
eat
other
no
For a pepper. and plump, has
in front
of him
is left cold condiment
plain roast
but
him
serve
a
;
for
morning
next
salt, and
hot
little cayenne
English grey Partridge,young,
the
rival, and
no
fire,and
of the
be
can
put
to
better
no
than
use
plain,being served with such accompaniments as you pleaseof bread sauce, brown bread crumbs, or fried potatoes." may is helpful in cookery for invalids ; Partridgewith celery sauce again.Partridge pudding is a capitaldish, thoroughly English; it is thought to have been invented by the South Saxons, having Forest. Phick, draw, and its originin the region of Ashdown singea brace of well-hung partridges.Cut them into neat joints,
roasted
"
and
if
are
pudding
quart and
they
in
very young basin with a
trimming
it off leave
off the
take
not
good
suet
inch
an
skin
first."
crust, half
above
an
inch
edge. Lay pudding, then put the
Line
a
thick, a
thin
in the of the slice of rump steak at the bottom and salt ; and pour over with pepper pieces of partridge: season EoU out the cover, them a quarter of a pintof good brown gravy.
lay it on that
the
was
left round
the
hot water, flour it well and
plunge
this into
it is
the fire. As
on
rim.
edge, and press over it the inch Wring a pudding-clothout of
tie it
securely over
pudding, moisten
boilingwater soon
as
the
and
keep
it is taken
the
it fast
off,cut
a
pudding,then
boilingall the small round
time
out
of
316
MEALS
tte
top
much
to let the steam
better
dish
in the
in
which
puddings it is
meat
it has
been
will
high
"
luminous
fact an phosphorescence, acting on which scientist has constructed a lamp consistingof luminous or
cooked.
(as some think) improve the pudding. (also fish),will emit if in a dark cellar
A few fresh mushrooms
G-ame, when
Like all other
escape.
if served
"
MEDICINAL.
Austrian
bacilli,
microbes, in gelatine. "
they tell me, food decays. quite dazzling rays.
When,
It emits And
"
lobster
a
If it's
of mutton
Legs Shine
has
Microbe
had
Esquimaux putrid (so it
it is
keep it sweet according to
Dr.
be
reduced
would
one
tolerable A
few
to
the
Colenso,
Dr.
K. the
but it is not
words
shall
day. to
come see
each
potted
would
stay. street
meat."
"
rather
worth well
be
suit.
a
Hezekiah's sauce
to
while to do this in civilised said
with
Of
army,
make
it
society."
the food regard cases preservativesof the present day, which are used (in some much to the detriment of the consumer's health),for preventing fish,meat, milk, and other perishablefoods from betraying game, staleness, or putridity,when kept too long on hand, because still unsold whilst yet wholesome, and proper for eating. It should be generallyknown that most of these preservatives are poisonous if employed on And provisionsfor the kitchen to any extent. certainlyit is high time that some supervisionof our meats, and the to drinks, in this respect should be adequately entrusted cook, or the doctor, for the public safety and procompetent tection because of their a on fully enlightened knowledge parts of ; the risks incurred, and the injuriesinflicted by such mischievous the mal-practices,concerning the dangerous results of which is at length becoming activelycognisant. In former legislature may
here
"
die of starvation,
than
invent
is,
for heaven follow
by King
habit, and
until
deodorise, and
synonym
Maggot's meat,"
straits Buffered a
killed for food
the earth
not
Zulus, whose "
Chambers,
acquire such :
it seems, its beams.
lamp,
its little
of
high. sky.
in the
the flesh of animals
is said, but
?) ; and
course," adds or
bury
a.
sheds
light has
Shortly we Lit by tins The
somewhat
than
Gorgonzola Gas
room
like diamonds
Further
"
in your
ripe,dispelsthe gloom.
to
318
it
when
begins
result of
an
oil which
bird should
the
time
be
not
carefullywith
develops, and is the needs a little fermentation to bring out its oil of cofiee is obtained only by roasting. tillsuch and then larded a moment, plucked
decompose,
to
perfume, just as The
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
the
freshest
arrived
for this has
the
aroma
firmest
and
it will be
bacon.
indicated
When
by
a
the
proper
slightodour,
It is a bird. colour breast change of importance not to pluck the pheasant too soon. perience Exmatter has shown that birds kept in the feather are much more highly flavoured than those which have been plucked, and then and
by
of
a
hung for
time
some
the
air neutralises
the
juiceswhich When
flesh. stufied.
in
; whether
nourish
cut
pheasant, and
toast
aroma,
or
that
part of
feathers
been
duly prepared it must be four inches longer than bread
Next
take
up
two
in truffles,
becomes
the
absorbed
a
the
slice of it.
the
of the flesh with
contact
liver and
by the properly the
entrails, grind
little chopped a big anchovy, bacon, and a suitably-sized piece of good fresh butter. Spread this equally on in middle. the toast, and place the pheasant the it on When it is sufiiciently cooked the toast, surrounding serve be tranquil as to the result. it there with bitter oranges ; and These highly-flavoured dishes should be accompanied preferably with a flrst-class Burgundy." A pheasant prepared after the fashion is worthy of being set before above angels,if they are still travellingabout For the earth as in the time of Lot." and sweetnesse pleasantnesse of taste the pheasant excelleth fowle : verilyfor goodness, and pleasantnesseof flesh all other it may of all sylvestriall fowle well challenge the first place at tables, for it giveth a most perfect and temperate nourishment that be healthy. And to the weak, to them sickly,or that be unto health, there is not so profitablea flesh, a recovery upon for it is very delightsome to a weak stomache quickly by ; and restorative nourishment it giveth of the and which reason pure it repaireth weake, feeble declared and strengths." Thus Tobias Venner (1620),doctor of physicke,at Bathe in the Spring and Fall ; and at other times in the Burrough of North Petherton, hauen of Bridgwater in Somerset." to the ancient towne neare If there is a pure and elevated Sydney Smith (1836) wrote : pleasure in this world, it is that of roast pheasant, and bread sauce Mangi trop frais (writes M. Sausanne), sa chair ; but, ddicat que celle du fovlet." There was "est fMe, et mains a certain
them
with
a
of the
it be that
portion of
some
the bird has
Then
the
with
"
"
"
"
"
319
GAME.
Duke to
of Rutland,
be
dressed
who
would
for his table,
worth
nothing in
much
more
a
and
the
since,
grass
about
buckwheat,
a
the
But
pheasants : birds
these
Leicester
partridge partridges are
"
said,
he
as
district."
emphatically
maggots,
allow
never
be
same
may
bred
between
the
bulk, but
to
run
may
told
Per contra," of flesh. they lose in flavour, and wholesomeness succulent woods, and their natural pheasants from the Welsh shrubberies, are unimpeachable. The merits of a well roasted and bread crumbs, pheasant with browned potato chips, or with bitter oranges, are to be enthusiastically surrounded extolled. hen pheasant boiled with unbroken skin, Again, a plump, young ing and bedded on celery,whilst served with celery sauce, contain"
faintest
the
of lemon,
dash
is
"dish
a
for the
"
gods."
But
pheasant, cock, or hen," exclaims the shepherd, in of the Winter's Tale. According to Lemery (1674), the use the bird) prevails against pheasant (which is a wholesome of cooks make the bodies French epilepsiesand convulsions." pheasants into pies,whilst the plumage is profitablysold. in cooking,the oily, Game should not be too fat,because yellow, than other tissues less become rank being digestible fatty ; time after animal fats, they leave a reproachfulflavour for some the meal through retarded digestion. An old fowl, likewise,"
I'll have
no
"
"
nature
lubricate
to
asked
it
that
to
be
give
their
of the
adventures
a
its flesh of the
close hen
house,
oil furnished
killed
great
a
hair
in November,
for his
cooked
make
to
of
as
by
feathers."
the
might
said
are
cosmetic the
taste,
guest, the Kaiser
favoured
Chinese
rank
a
shooting at Sandringham
Whilst
King's
has
absorption into
of the
because
"
Chambers,
Dr.
says
lustre
use
a
own
of
and
our
as
golden pheasant, and specialeating. The
pheasants'eggs
brilliancy.
"
as
a
Describe Battle
the
after
of Monmouth
Duke
1902,
of
amination question propounded to a class under exbrilliant youngster replied, He changed a ; when found dead in the gutter." his clothes with a pheasant, and was de EnglishIn October that man runs A French saying (translated) he do shoot himself." do shoot de pheasant ; in November
Sedgemoor,"
was
a
"
"
Pheasants
brains
Vitellius named Grouse of
a
grey
requireto
the
the
among
were "
Shield
of Minerva
(Lagofus Scoticus),from colour, with
an
be drawn
soon
as
of ingredients
excellent as
the
"
dish
the
in old Roman
Scotch
aromatic
days. have
moors,
flavour
killed,or they would
which
; soon
but
flesh
they
become
320
MEALS
tainted then
they should always roasted.
well
with
"
them,
Grouse
time.
be
dinner."
liver
of
minutes
thirty
about
fire
the
bird
the
should but
:
grouse
young
with
when
of
the
time be
bread.
Watercress
birds.
allowed
From for
nothing red,
twenty
roastinga or
soignant
carved after
promptly
separately,pounded is,if spread upon toast, to eat absolutelyby grouse
roasted
most
should
there
and
crust
a
be
tender, and
cooked
pepper, liked to
but
them
gracioushostess accompaniment nothing can suppliespreciselyat the right wise
a
when
nothing
adjunct, as
an
nature
Soyer
with
themselves,
an
cayenne
commended.
suits for
As
grouse
butter, salt,and
much
to
think," said
I
make
to
(the pickled cabbage) goes butter, and a little wine, in
with
beans, which
The
with
"
a
French
equal
Sauerkraut
if stewed
broth. is
hung long
be
;
standard
MEDICINAL.
be taken from ; if possibleit should the last likelihood of such has trace a
disappeared. commendable
As
likewise
;
served and
without
after
remains a
few
"
lever a
considered up
man
the
influence
Siirgitamari The are
on
"
spiritlamp,
from
the
breast, the
nickel-silvered
a
forth
press, when quantityof hot, rich,
"
a
to
its medicinal
fully in
bad
generallyon
Kitchen a
parts,
or
Physic.
consensus
Here
of evidence
disposed to hypochondria, Egpytians expressed a melancholy
form.
Lucretius
amid
even
Medio
in whole,
for persons
The her
uses
de
fonte
aliquid quod
in
nature's
attributed
sadness
ings. brightestsurround-
leporum ipsisfloribus angat."
lamentable fits of depression poet Cowper (1780) whose literaryrecord, chose pet hares. Puss, Tiny, and Bess,
wherewith "
a
over
exquisitesauce."
its character
"
carved
been
somewhat
of hares
served
was
brought
most
{Lefus),as
told
put into
were
of orange and thereto in sufficient tity. quanof a wild duck roasted and
added
bird
slices had
melancholy meat," and sluggishliver. by a hare sittingin
as
to
make
sum
may
bird
of the
Hare
been
we
The
long
of the turns
The has
sauce
sauce.
some
juiceto
red
a
all game, a prune of service to the
juice,are equal parts
orange made with
juice,with brown sugar Sir Henry Thoinpson has
lemon
digestionof
the
to
freshlyexpressed
salad, and invalid
aids
Never
resist it
to
try and
divert his mind.
to melancholy," taught Sydney give wav I once steadily,for the habit will encroach.
Smith, gave
a
GAME.
lady
fire ; briglit to her
;
piece,and
a
and
at trifling
it is that than
recipesagainst melancholy : One was a remember all another to the pleasantthingssaid of another to keep a box of sugar-plums on the chimney I thought this mere kettle simmering on the hob.
and
two
321
twenty
but
the moment, these
higher and
in after life discovered
little
pleasuresoften
more
exalted
banish
how
true
better
melancholy
objects."
is such
dry food that cooks have a saying, is worth only a shilling." A hare with twelve pennyworth of sauce to powder, Matthiolus prescribedhare's liver dried, and reduced as a specificfor biliaryderangements ; this was anticipating scientific treatment of such disorders the advanced now recognized healthy organ (of by an animal extract from the same in at that fault the human calf, as etc.), subject. The sheep, iodine value, and drying property of hares' fat are remarkable, therein acid. the of unsaturated The an as showing presence bade not eaten hare was by the ancient Britons. Hippocrates forness. its use because thickeningthe blood, and causing wakefulNone the less hare soup is a favourite English dish having first catch of the blood included. The proverbialphrase some to attributed hare (beforeproceeding to cook it),was your Mrs. Grlasse in Dr. Johnson's time, this having actuallybeen a misprintin her Cookery book, for first case (or,skin)your hare." should The aphorism signifies that before disposingof a thing one first make of possessingit. In Shakespeare's time there sure several superstitions about the hare ; its shape, and aspect were were thought to be assumed frequentlyby witches ; the blood was reputed to cure ringworm, a bone of the hind leg prevented the skin burnt to powder stanched blood, and the animal cramp, virtues of the believed to have the medicinal was taught men plant. succory the hare was Under the Levitical law propounded by Moses the he cheweth prohibitedas food for the Israelites because The
flesh of
have
hare
a
"
"
"
"
"
cud, but
divideth
not
the
he
hoof, therefore
is unclean
unto
you." Charles food.
"'
in
devoutly
Pheasants," said
feathers melted
Lamb
! but
butter
hare
a
!
"
Perhaps
that
was
he,
I roasted
Old
Warwickshire, used
favoured
Mr. to
roasted
are
hard
poor
and
Chambers,
allow
overdoing
a
pound
it !
But
hare
delicious
as
fowls dressed
"
brown, the of in
with
sensible
Epping
to
spite of
in fine and
gravy
clergyman every
the
hare.
note 21
of
322
MEALS
Philomel
that
pronounces
hare
a
to
cuckoo
be
so
"
for that Cold
doth
Cuckoo,
ancients
The
but lefores, of the
in
;
Spring song
for
have
it eats
way
Nash
tells in his
do
sing.
hares, else why adopt the word
loved
subtle
and
our
must
"
not
must
Jug-
:
sting,the pretty birds to-witta-woo." jug-jug, pu-we,
some
creature
season
of
cry
truly palated
her, whilst juggingsophisticates crips,"as Mrs. Minikin, the cook, says.
roasted "
"
Spring her
reiterates every
who
jug-jug, Elia be
MEDICINAL.
between
analogy
the
their finer relishes of wit
delicate
in what
we
flavour
poorly
light of digestionwe feel after after a hare ! How tender its processes swallowing ! What etherial,as if its livingcelerity chyle it promotes ! How were a type of its nimble coursingthrough the animal juices! that bullock's heart is a substitute Incidentallyelsewhere Lamb says Certain States are for hare. large hares in the United described Jackass rabbits." Sam Weller in Pickwick a fidgety the invalid "A and sort who of as tidy genlem'n precise puts fleasantries.In fact,
translate
how
"
"
their feet in little India-rubber and
has
never
in Izaak
year
;
and
there
be
them dissecting
that
belief."
wild
bosom
but
hare-skins." "
teaches Scholar Compleat Angler.^ people that believe hares change
their
The
friends
it's vet
wen
Walton's
country
many
other
no
fire-buckets
very
learned
many
they
find many
think
men
to
reasons
vether, Piscator,
there
sexes so
are
every
too, for in
incline them
to
well in its so Lcpus Cuniculus, which we know little animal, and of much state as a most prolific popularity thrives best," says Fuller, food for the working classes, barren ground, and grows fattest in the hardest frosts : their
Rabbit,
"
as
a
"
on
flesh is fine and
wholesome."
Both
this
animal
and
the
hare
partake of either, with nettlerash, or without hole in the Rabbit a pie made spasmodic asthma. as generated by the top crust to let ptomainic vapours escape, flesh whilst being baked, has proved actuallypoisonous in several with former taken recorded was cases. a sauce Talbotays of the blood, with pepper, rabbits and hares, being concocted there is a familiar nursery salt,and ale. In Yorkshire rhyme : afiect
some
persons
who
"
"
"
"
Rabbit, rabbit, rabbit Come ladies, come my Else
your
babies
they
pie, and will
buy, cry."
GAME.
ribs of
bad
taste, and
should
be exercised
the
same
approve discoloured
or
thin
it is
reason
the
of
only to
nodules,
from
For
stuffinginside
with
fill a rabbit
The
sides about
flabby belly flanks are always of a removed in the trimming of the animal,
be
used.
to be
not
as
a
fowl.
the
rabbit, and
the
so
resembles
flesh somewhat
Rabbit
323
Likewise
belly.
sound
a
liver for
In
spots.
never
Lear's
advisable
should
care
cooking, as
Book
to
free
of Nonsense
"
The Book pronounced, of Nonsense, by Edward Lear, with its corollarycarols, inimitable and refreshing, innocent and beneficial and perfectrhythm, is surely the most the quaint jingle:" of all such books ") occurs
Ruskin
(about which
There
"
was
him
Woodcock
The
suction, and
gizzard,after as
winter
the
asthmatic
eaten
which
he
but
being
;
white
fat.
MontreuU
are
they reappear well
seasoned
upon
;
turned
relinquishedthose
the
has
with
kept
the
a
when
off and
the end
be
may
be
and
rump
taken at
It
cannot
English clubs
their heads
habits
rabbits
eighteen, he
advances.
persons,
In
whose
person
feed
perfectlygreen,
habits."
(Scolopax Rusticola),gets its food mainly by is clean for cooking in its entirety, except the The flesh is better being plucked of the feathers.
killed
fotis.
to
he'd
When
Upon
old
an
Induced
benefit
fit for the table
loins
furnished
are
long with
by
after firm
high reputation for its woodcock woodcocks and snipes are served,
returned
of dinner
salt and
with
eaten
to the
smothered
kitchen, from
whence
in mutton
fat, and
prepared they are presented on a plate to each guest, accompanied by a lighted candle. The guest then grills, rather burns, the head in the or flame of the .candle,and proceeds to crunch it whilst still spluttering with the heat, having first well smothered it with cayenne So
pepper.
crumbs an
are
orange
dainties red each
can
M.
says
pepper
Suzanne.
;
thus
Neither
bread-sauce,
nor
fried
Some usuallyserved with woodcock. persons choose or jelly. Few cranberry jelly,or red currant sauce, rival a woodcock simply roasted : dress it (likewise
mullet) with
little butter
:
the
gravy
which
comes
from
Open fire roasting is the only bird ; the inequality of doing culinary justice to this noble means it clear that such of roastingbecause of the legs makes delicate operationcannot be anyhow efiected in a baking oven. a
The
of them
a
time
for
is its best
cooking may
sauce.
be estimated
at
from
fifteen to twenty
324
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Serve
savour.
Retrievers
do
woodcock
like
not
frequentlydecline the
the
la Saint
A
doctrine
curious
Greeks, and
from, and
of such
Plutarch
asks,
and
November
du
Totenism
American
"
December
creature, "
do
Why
Latins
the
are
held
?
"
(Picus).
of
family association, from eatinghis, or
in his Roman
abstain
speciallytook hear
his mother
Thus
plant.
or
which we
or
abstain religiously
would
Woodpecker's flesh
the
It
taking parthe Roman
was
woodpecker
medicine-man
a
Orations,
strictlyfrom
"
And
was
his
Each
the
Figures Of
the
Each That
Venison.
"
The
because
a
they painted
Each
dan
individual snakes
of
Hiawatha
the grave posts totem. of his household. on
ancestral
own
symbol
of the
bear, and
turtle, crane, inverted the
for its
whose
kangaroo, but whose which the tiger-snake, account was on (secret)totem him. hurt not that Longfellow in specieswould refers to this particular custom. through
invalids
will
of old among Indians, this signifyingthe was
"
Australia
In
totem
and
ciel."
particular totem,"
gens,"the Piceni,
totem.
"
North
persons
of the "
the
kindred
own
woodcock,
Michel
tombe
termed
of the
because
her,
the
who asserted their several claims to descent of persons fore kinshipwith certain birds,beasts, or vegetables. Where-
existence
each
in.
watercress.
months.
Beoasse
the
of
scent
bring it
to
"
A
garnishwith
toast, and
on
tough, and without
the bird becomes
minutes, but if over-cooked
as
owner
a
reindeer. beaver.
and token
was
departed."
flesh of the
deer, is particularlydigestible by of its looseness of fibre, and texture, which mits per-
of the gastricjuices. But it must not specialready access be hung long enough to become at all corrupt, so as to engender within the stomach, Robert bowels. or ptomaines afterwards Lovell (1661) said the flesh of the buck is dry, and causeth piles, a
used
except which
is
nutritive nine
with
pepper,
cinnamon,
highly
and
consists
food, savoury niaeteen solids, parts, fat two a
parts.
It
was
formerly
served
mustard. of
albuminates,
parts, and in
Egypt,
Venison,
water as
or
seventy-
by Joseph
to
326
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
which
is foul
be
to
is also, nasty to
smelled
be
eaten
(except
that at the cheese)." Shakespeare knew is dangerous, if thou be hurt the hart's horn ruttingseason under But to it brings thee with hart ordinary thy bier." circumstances the burnt horn of a stag was given againstworms, The for the hart's grease and fat, or was a remedy gout. venison of (the stag) applied outwardly, suet, and the marrow and for dissolvingtumours, are very good againstrheumatism, dinner is A venison for sciatica,and to fortifythe nerves." which the over Bishop of annually at Farnham, customary Winchester presides. This is a survival of the grand old days Castle were when the lords of Farnham princesas well as Bishops. Samuel measured In 1892, the stair carpets there were by miles. Thomas took his wife to their cosen Pepys, January 6th, 1659, Pepys, and found them just sat down to dinner, which was very which venison the was palpable mutton, good, only pasty was
venison, onions, and
"
"
"
handsome."
not
Quails {coturnix), though for the country, yet find their way
part imported into this
most
into
game-sellersshops, and afford for the invahd delicate, succulent, easilydigested as well be desired, though lacking a true gamey as can a little dish thousand hundred two flavour. As many are as brought in a Such Leadenhall Market to month great during the season. have been captured in the Isle of Capri, near Naples, quantities and afiord the Bishop the chief to as part of his revenue, approved distinguishhim as the Bishop of Quail. The most thin slice of of cooking a quail is to envelop it in a very way bacon, tie it up in a large vine leaf, and then roast it ; or again, Also a cold quail pie is a capital en papUlote,in a paper case. in good health. dish for persons "
And in
Or
and
quail is It
seeds.
have
never
a
a
abounds
is and
brought
into
is lost.
fattened
en
of
contact
on
than
his nails, to gnaw diet take delight."
lust
there a
in
quailis with
a
baking pot, very
or
volatile,and
liquid the
quails, sent hemp seed, and
Sicilian
route
thin
meat
worse
plump bird, feeding at night on insects and November, at the Cape in October
clean,
flavour
The
great
coarse,
being generally cooked curry.
quails. dainty pJeaaeth appetite, on
never
choice
with
Will
The
feeds
that
He
commonly
alive
made
into
whenever
a
it
perfume evaporates, to
ground
this corn
country, soaked
are
in oil.
GARLIC.
Romans
The
diverted
327
themselves
with
pittedone against another speciesthe Israelites were
birds same
and
became
forth and
let them
the
face
and
of
all that
quails,and about
the
teeth,
ere
it
; and
fed
with
was
of
old
in
the
male
quailsof
the
the
wilderness,
"
their
plague-strickenfor
wind
a
fightsbetween
And there went greed. from the Lord, and brought quails from the sea, fall by the camp, it were two cubits high upon as the earth. And the people stood all that day, up night, and all the next day, and they gathered the all abroad for themselves round they spread them
it
while
And
camp.
the
chewed,
was
the
flesh
wrath
of the
their
between
yet
was
Lord
kindled
was
the people with a very against the people, and the Lord smote of that place Kibrothgreat plague ; and he called the name hattaavah (the graves of the greedy),because there they buried lusted." the people that The ancient Romans feared quails but birds because fits these to cause are epileptic supposed ; said to have cured Hercules of epilepsy.
GARLIC.
sativum,
Allium
pungent
garlic,a
or
consists
taste,
in
bulb fact
of of
strong oniony odour,
known
bulblets
numerous
and
"
cloves," and one grouped together within technically as whitish which it holds them as were integument, or capsule, obtained distillation in a sac. An essential oil of garlic, as by which radical of to with water, is a sulphide of the most allyl, This oil contains due. much the specialproperties of garlicare onion and sulphur, but no oxygen ; all the volatile oils of the has described the very cabbage tribe are sulphurised.Dumas air of Southern France, particularlyof Provence, as perfumed with the refined essence of this mystically attractive bulb ; but article Another writes, the other hand Dr. King Chambers on "
of cuisine
that
(in France,
ofiends
Italy, Spain, and
uncommonly in Southern only procurable animal and
looseness
accompaniments safest
resource,
the
are
of and
not
an
sauce, an
the
garlic in
unpleasant
that
so
shell it.
abroad
water one
Flatulence its
is the
melon, after
not
is the
on
Bouilli, with
results. and
when
garlic;
with
egg
without
frequent
mustard
is
Germany)
climes food
Britons
of unused
the bowels
a
little
Sydney Smith, writing to Lady Holland, his I have been Mrs. Sydney and daughter, January, 1836, said, education."
"
328
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
reading Beauvilliers' book on cookery, from which I find, as I In November, 1810, he suspected,that garlic is power." had said to Lady Grey, I am performingmiracles in my parish with garlicfor whooping cough." Likewise from York, in 1818, We conquered here the whooping cough with a pennyworth "
"
of salt of tartar Alford's
; after
What
expensive poisons.
simple specificshould from
filled the sufEerers in vain
having not
Heslington,1813,
spending som;e by
eatingthe
weeks
be
more
odd
an
known
that
!
such
in London, dissipation a
and beau.
formed trans-
was
I
am
the
fabled
onion
their
owe
peculiarodour
; and
the rank
aroma
garlic of
plants is caused by the constant of such oil in minute quantitiesexhaled from the lungs presence likewise through the pores of the garlicinto the air ; it exudes characterises the perspiration. The is odour eater's skin, and difiusible that it is given ofi from the lungs even when so garlic is appliedto the soles of the feet only. If sniffed into the nostrils it will revive an hystericalsufierer. The smell thereof is the of all the tribe. onion acrimonious most Many marvellous ascribed have been to effects, and healing powers garlic,the onions, their juices and leek, and preparations. Amongst the results it is reported that garUc makes physiological eye retina more sensitive, and less able to bear strong light. Dr. able Pearse, of Plymouth, 1902, has reported concerning the remarklongingsof the Irish peasantry for garlic,and their faith his for curing coughs. During twenty-five years in its value with the same craving in consumptively experiencehas met that there must inclined patientsat Plymouth ; he concludes breath
the
be
after
now
allium moly, garlic, to given by Hermes
as moly of Homer Odysseus for counteractingthe spellsof Circe. It is to the intensely-smelling sulphuret of allylthat
and
a
"
"
Circe's cup, not into a brute, but herb moly in the country." Wild
represents the
Dr.
Again, writing JefEreys, I have been
he tells his friend of
thing
with
furnish
to
serves
adds,
he and
"
such
I do
not
burnt
by
in the leek, and
onions, which
consumptive person with the for Such," maintaining healthy growth. onions craving for by consumptive patients, the
agreement
doubt
Swiss, who eat
is the
the
energy body of a
"
correlative
true
to
of molecular
state
some
eating these
that some
sponge
of these
this is
an
instance evolved
bulbs
therewith, that
parallelwith
that
of the
have learnt experience, or dispersionof their throat goitre,
instinct, or for the
odorous
GARLIC.
with
passion lime-juice. the
For
of
the
poorly
329
fed
Hindu
for
tamarinds, and
chronic bronchitis
garlicis of particularvirtue ; therefore such garlicis largelyused by country people throughout Ireland, them a enjoying among reputation for curing coughs when it is made into a tea, or with mixed whisky. It is also pounded and and further, employed as a poultice for scrofulous sores; it is said to prevent anthrax, or in cattle, being blackleg used for of such old-fashioned The a largely purpose. syrup is garlic made by first pouring a quart of boilingwater upon a in a close pound of the fresh bulbs cut in slices,putting the same "
earthen
vessel to
stand
for twelve
of this infusion
slowly cooked garlicought never
indeed
But
by
this
treatment
of
the
garlicdepends
be taken with
upsets
apt
to
Dr.
of
the
of
allium
with
the be
to
essential
oil
becomes
on
the
a
who
a
hot
is made
quantity of sugar. actuallyboiled, because which
exhaled,
of
are
syrup
proper
whole
the
virtue
dissipated. To agrees capitally
and
garlicis stimulating,and cold, passive temperament,
others
but
it ofEends
and disposition,
feverish
dyspeptic.
become
Minchin, medical successful
lupus (an
hours, then
medicine
a
persons
and
on
as
the
"
of
treatment
erosive
sativum
officer at
skin
exercises
Kells, published (1902) articles
consumption,
tubercular
disease) by garlic. He a
finds that
destructive specifically
action
and the on
subject. in confirmed Cases of very consumption are encouraging cure given by him in detail. The freshlyexpressed juice from the without removing the chlorophyl, is used by him, being garlic, diluted with When an most equal reliablyprepared at home. the
bacillus
of
quantity of water septicallyon a
tubercle,
at
all events
in
the
human
of wine), this is inhaled (or dilute spirit small
extemporised
inhaler
made
of
anti-
pliable
of the by Dr. Yeo) ; some perforated zinc plate,(as introduced liquidbeing put afresh on the sponge of this inhaler three times constantly (except during the day, and the inhaler being worn and nose. the mouth at mealtimes) over Respecting this mode the only objectionthereto of treatment. Dr. Berdoe writes, the sulphides, due to is the offensive smell of the remedy as this has militated doubt oxides of allyl. No against the and employment of the onion tribe in regular medicine, since its virtues in bronchial troubles, and as affordingtopicalremedies for abscesses, sores, etc. have always been recognizedby country "
330
MEALS
folk.
I look
perfectlysafe treatment, efficient in most of incipient tubercular disease of the lungs,in nearlycases all cases advanced cases. moderately advanced, and in many very Its action is fairlyrapid, and the treatment is scarcelyopen to it being readilyapplicable to all cases of consumpany objection, tion, upon
in the
whether
home, much of
in the
or
it
MEDICINAL.
a
well-to-do,or
general wards
with
success
as
it that
of
I have
the
poorer
classes,either I have
hospital.
a
to
come
look
upon
at
had few
so
cases
hopeless." If intestinal troubles are further gives the garlicjuice also by the mouth, present, Dr. Minchin in doses of twenty drops diluted with water, and repeated several times is and a day. Garlic in syrup promotes expectoration, therefore beneficial in the chronic bronchial afiections of aged, weakly subjects. It has been related in Kitchen Physio how Cavazanni Venice at than two used throughout more years for tubercular success garlic with remarkable consumption, than treated which two all of more hundred cases, were having shown of the be doubtedly unby a bacteriological inspection sputa to consumptive. For imparting a mUd flavour of garlicto a salad of endive, or chicory,a crust of stale bread which has been rubbed with garlic is sometimes inside the bowl, this being placed at the bottom called in France a originatedby the (chapon). It was capon consumption
Gascons, who them
to
as
poor, but this flavoured
were
name
vain, crust
that
so a
it occurred
to
in order capon, dined superbly on
one
that
of he
a capon, might truthfullytell his friends he had and salad. A clove of garlicinserted in the knuckle of a shoulder, will impart a slight, but distinct flavour to the or leg of mutton whole joint; and a rump steak is improved in taste if served on with a clove of garliccut in two. For a plate first rubbed over of bronchial adult taking garlicremediallyon account trouble, an at time. Raw cloves may be eaten a or more one garlicapplied
to
the
makes thus
skin a
very
the
over
it ; when bruised useful counter-irritant
reddens
chest
in front, and
and
mixed
opodeldoc.
between
the
with If
lard, it
employed
shoulder
blades
whooping cough, it proves eminently indeed a largebook has been written helpful. Old Fuller says, which de esu allii, about the culinaryvirtues of garlic, book, if it would wonder that any hold proportion with man truth, one Garlic growing in his garden. hath should be sick and dye who Sure I am our palate-people are much pleasedtherewith as giving behind,
of
a
child
with
"
GELA
a
in
delicious their
haut
goitito thougt
sauce,
their fastidious
most
331
tlieyeat,
meats
not
refinement
TIN.
therein."
seen
as
tasted, and old
The
smelt
Greeks, in
detested
garlic. It is true the Attic husbandmen it from ate remote times, probably in part to drive from them creatures by its odour venomous assailing ; but away who allowed the temples not to enter partook of it were persons of Cybele. Horace, among made ill by eating the Eomans, was garlicat the table of Maecenas, and he afterwards (Bpode the Cicutis allium nocentius," garlic third) reviled the plant as than hemlock. more poisonous "
"
If his old father's Has
Give Ye
cut
him
with
throat
unnatural
garlic
Gods
!
what
impious
hand noxious
more
"
any
to
than
strong stomachs Translation
sinner
the
bone, hemlock
the
by
reapers
Sib
"
at
dinner.
must
'EaEODORE
own." Mabtin.
When
leprosy formerly prevailedin this country, garlic(most acrimonious of odour) was a prime specificfor its relief,and as the victims had to garlic, they got the pil (or peel)their own of Pilgarlics it came that any about nickname too one ; hence shunned like a leper had this epithetapplied to him, or her. the free use advised of garlicto Durand, the gallstonespecialist, introduced into the lower his patients. A garlicclove, when and. if eaten, will abolish bowel, will destroy thread worms, "
round
"
worms.
GELATIN.
Jellies which
for the
convalescent
is their basis.
It is
a
give benefit chieflyby the gelatin leading constituent of young animal
flesh, veal, calf's foot, trotter, etc., in its connective
tissue.
from the swimming bladder purely in isinglass Gelatin is soluble in boiling of fish, especiallythe sturgeon. and has the advantage of fixingthe acids water, easilydigested, with an excess during digestion,being thus of service in cases of value the main an of gastricjuice. But gelatin is as Likewise
it
economiser a
food
occurs
of
(proteid).Whilst
primitive food-substance
of itself,it
materiallyenhances
the
nutritiveness
not
of other
Jellies are thereby occurs. products with which its combination of notion fundamentally improved, so that the old-fashioned useful fact, as regards calf's foot jellyis founded a substantially on its sustaining properties.Such jelly also suppliessustenance
332
MEALS
its sugar.
by fed
Bones
MEDICINAL.
are
common
a
on ground exclusively
bones
thus
proved that gelatinalone not of themselves are plainjellies
lightanimal Several
are jellies
varieties,such
of
source
have
failed to
but dog's gelatin, survive ; it being
maintain
cannot
substantial
food.
of distinct service for the as
and jelly(Francatelli's),
hartshorn
life,and
that
Nevertheless, delicate
invalid.
ivory jelly,sick jelly,
room
in jelly,are Kitchen Physic. Likewise, milk jelly,vaseline jelly,apple jelly, and under meat to be commended varying bodily jelly,are requirements. Isinglassis the purest form of commercial gelatin,the best being prepared from the sounds, or air bladders of fish, whilst that of a second rate quality is made from clean scraps of hide, from skins, hoofs and horns ; also in Bengal from some seaweeds. There book are bined comlyre," leaf," and isinglass.When with m akes excellent cement for an brandy, isinglass china. mending broken Isinglass of good quality contains salts of potash, soda, and lime. gelatin,and some osmazome, "
bread
brown
"
"
"
It is emollient, and
demulcent,
nutriment
invalid, whether
made in
into
for a
the
jelly. of water
formulated
Boil
ounce
of
serves
added
as
a
to
and isinglass,
useful
subsidiary
milk, broth, a
dozen
or
cloves,
pint,strain hot through a flannel of sugar candy, and flavour with a little bag on to two ounces angelica,or with two or three teaspoonfuls of some approved liqueur. For an isinglassjelly,to be given in dysentery, or chronic diarrhoea : dissolve one of isinglass in a pint of ounce water the fire,add an of white sugar, and a pint of over ounce good port wine, strain through muslin, and allow it to set. The old name Icthyocollais derived from icthus, a fish, and holla, glue. Strange as it may seem, a clear day is usuallymuch better for than a making fruit jellies cloudy one, because the atmosphere affects the boilingof the sugar. Blanc prepared now-amange starch such as of corn flour,so as when days with milk and some boiled, and having become cold, to form an jelly,was opaque with of lean meat, originallya soup, composed of consomme milk of almonds, and spiced with cinnamon, or cloves, or made from roast fowl, minced, and pounded, or veal treated in like If it should modern manner. properly supplied in our way, be a jellyprepared from calf's foot, or gelatin,with milk of The almonds. word jelly was formerly gelly, as signifying a
quart
down
an
and
to
a
334
MEALS
gelatin(Nelson's)in
MEDICINAL.
half
a
pint of water for an hour, so as to a breakfastcupfulof strong, clear,
quite dissolve it ; then add to fragrant tea, just made ; sweeten taste, and put into the mould for setting,adding perhaps a little cognac, if expedient. be prepared in like manner, whilst substituting Cofiee jellymay strongly-made fresh cofiee instead of the tea infusion. Whipped if served with these w ill make them more jellies, cream, nourishing. take one For apple shape jellied, pound of (rennet) apples, of gelatin, and one pound of sugar, three quarters of an ounce little seasoning of lemon a peel,or clove. Add a teacupful of and boil for five minutes. to the Cut the apples water sugar, into the syrup until them, and stew neatly into quarters, core quite clear. Take out the apples and put them nicely into a mould. Soak the gelatinand add it to the syrup, then buttered let it boil a little,and when slightlycooled pour into the mould. when with whipped cream Turn if allowed. out cold, and serve An apple jellyhas little or no perfume of its own, and therefore it may be pleasantly,as well as usefully, flavoured with orange water. flowers, orange, quince, cherries, or rose is delicate confection for a capricious stomach a Cherry jelly liable to the
stones,
these
stones
the
Crush
nausea.
except from should
be
of almonds
about
succulent
cherries, and
one-eighthpart
bruised, and
left,so
as
take
out
of the fruit used to
impart
a
;
sufii-
the
jelly; they should be strained out before cooling. But Cherries possess pectin,or solidifying juice, small extent therefore of to the a a same only weight of quarter ; should be added. Put the whole into a preserving red currants with rather less sugar than fruit,but using an equal weight pan of each if the Cherries are acid watery, or very ; bring up to the boil, and keep it at this for a quarter of an hour ; then pour the of the preservingpan sieve over contents earthenware on a an cient taste
dish, and
allow
them
to
to
drain.
When
the
mass
in
the
sieve
is
remaining juice out by wringing in a cloth ; next put the juice into the preserving pan again, bringing it up to the boil, and keep it at this until the jellyhas reached the proper degree of consistence ; then take it off the cooled, sufficiently
fire,let it cool For
a
squeeze
and little,
the
fillthe pots.
Blackberry jelly,take two pounds of Blackberries, a of gelatin; quarter of a pound of white sugar, and half an ounce extract the juicefrom the fruit by putting it in the oven in a jar
335
GIN.
for
few
a
Soak
colander.
a
this to
add
strain
hours, then the
hall
sugar, and mould, and turn
the
out
to
be
fruits, may
(see
The
day.
jelly,whilst
"
of
use
wet
a
recipe will
same
of
pound
a
it into
Put
making
Ginater ")
as
by adding
serve
fruit
this
of
of Gelatin
ounce
an
adjunct of
extract
to taste, and
sweetened
to water
stomachic
a
readily made
boiling a quarter
when
a
hour.
over
little water, and
quarter of
a
an
is excellent
Ginger jelly,which root
bag placed
in
of Blackberries.
instead
stewed
half
next
preparing Mulberry
for
juice,with
all for
boil
muslin
a
of Gelatin
ounce
an
Blackberry
white
through
to
the
into which
is stirred
so
as
dissolved.
become
GIN. See
(and
Spirits).
of by fermenting a mash spiritGin is obtained this product being distilled, and and malt re-distilled, rye, whilst some juniper berries, with a little salt (and sometimes The two in the final distillation. important hops) are added varieties of Gin are Dutch Hollands," or Schiedam, and English
As
an
ardent
"
Gin, known last
and
sweetened,
when
appellationwas
got
from
diluted,
the
fact
"
as
Old
Tom."
This
of Gin
having been sold to supply less than A leaden pipe was
by the twopennyworth, when surreptitiously forbidden two by law. gallonsat a time was the paw passed cunningly through the vendor's wall beneath animal of a cat, which being put into figuredoutside, the money then dispensed as the cat's mouth by illicitpurchasersof the spirit, of a funnel through the pipe. The tavern inside by means from in Blue Anchor ") was bearing this sign of a cat (" Old Tom free from sweetness, Hollands Gin is almost Alley,Saint Luke's. than and is generally more English Gin, which is of all pure spiritsthe poorest in alcoholic strength. Juniper berries, as Gin, contain used in making the best juniperin,sugar, resins, acetic acids, also malates they ; fat, with formic, and wax, the kidneys, and acts oil which on afford a yellow, aromatic
gives a sense and Italy,the to
stimulate
1682), On Houses,
we
a
the are
of
cordial
berries flow use
told
are
warmth eaten
of Juniper, that
the
and
the
stomach.
fifteen
raw,
Likewise
of urine.
"
to
by
Elder
or an
at
twenty old Tract
berries
simple decoction
In
in
our
of these
France,
time, (London a
Publick berries.
336
sweetened
with
a
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
little sugar
candy, will palate,and
the eye, so grateful to the that the wonder is they have to
into
our
and
virtues
Publick
Houses,
of these
berries."
liquorsso pleasant beneficial to the body,
so
been
not
great
so
afford
courted, and
the
are
ushered
extraordinarybeauty,
Purple, aromatic
Juniper berries
Conifer shrub, commonly in England on a low, stiff evergreen to make a heathy ground. They serve capitalliqueur, half a pound of the crushed berries being infused for a fortnight in two of loaf sugar, closely quarts of brandy, with six ounces stopped down, then strained off, filtered,bottled, and corked rude wanderers securely. The prophet Job has told about grow about
driven
forth
from
taunted
him
with
bushes,
and
Juniper
meat."
In much
(1750),
"
When
together it
which,
I
is
is
live coals
which
on
redolent
plump being then to
breast
besides
a
a
wood,
Husbandman
for
a
from
not
all four."
upon
for table
In
because
use
this
with
brisk
When
its sweet
France
of the
others
on
fire of vine
being fragrant of smell,
flavour, which
becomes
of the
shrub
bitter
bird
long while Juniper lecture,' from the long the
smell ; Thrush
Juniper berries
its crop, to Juniper, is left untouched ; whilst of sliced fat bacon is fitted,the bird apron
an
threaded
before
roast
not
husbands
the
their
The
they give them a comparison taken
of that
it grows fat. of the woodland
each
their
by
fodder) for
saith
as
rocks, who
mallows
up
'
said
informed,
lastingof the but comparisons run is specially esteemed
times,
chide
commonly
am
:
modern
women
and
caves
They cut (bitter,and harsh
roots
more
in
"
derision
cruel
dwell
to
men
among
thin
spit,and set twirling trimmings. Juniper berries, a
have
a
sweet,
warm
further
on
is cooked
pungent
mastication.
Sprays
are over Juniper when their to out so as give trodden-upon agreeableodour, which is thought to promote The sleep. Prophet Elijah was sheltered from the persecutionsof King Ahab by a Juniper tree ; since which time the shrub has been always regarded as a place of refuge,and berries are The said to as a symbol of succour. in curing the stone. have performed wonders Evelyn has named
them
the
remedies
painful bruised
Foresters' in the
world
sometimes
Panacea, to
our
crazy
floors of apartments
strewn
"
one
of
the
Forester."
universal
most
In
a
case
of any of the
swelling,rheumatic, or neuralgic,some berries, if applied topically,will afford prompt,
local
lasting relief. Formerly by
the
use
of
Juniper berries
one
Sir
and
Theodore
GIN.
337
patientsdeplorablyafflicted with epilepsy, dictum tried remedy had failed. His other was every the patientcarry a bag of these berries about with him,
Mayerne (1645) cured when "
let
and or
from
eat
before
more,
and
is
and of
every morning^fora month, berries should be well masticated,
of them
twenty
The
either
(Anglice is made
Gin,"
Gin
to
breakfast.
husks
the
Genievre "
ten
rejected,or Geneva "), from
"
from
giving the oil of
berries in
Again,
taste.
In
But
much
Gin
altogether,
out
with
resembles
so-called
word
our
present English
at
by it by distilling
somewhat
the
France
derive
we
leavingthem
spirittheir flavour
turpentine,which
which
berries.
these
cheaply manufactured
more
swallowed.
portion
a
the
Juniper
is fabricated
out
of silent
spirittinctured with Jumper, salt and turpentine. The Gin fizz of Philadelphiais a drink composed of Gin, lemonGin juice, and effervescingwater, with, or without sugar. to applied externally is destructive parasites. Carlyle was Charles he attributed on Lamb, cruelly severe against whom old Lamb's talk Poor an insuperableproclivityto Gin." is contemptibly small, and to a usually ill-mannered degree, make-believe A the of wit marrow." ! to a ghastly Cockney The famous Dr. Samuel Johnson, though often rough, and surly bear, had in realitya tender as heart, and his charity was a rich. fillhis pockets He would unbounded, though he was never with small he distributed to cash, which beggars, in defiance of politicaleconomy. When told that the recipientsof his Gin and tobacco, he repliedthat only laid it out upon money it was the few coarse to deny them pleasureswhich the savage "
"
"
"
richer
folk
disdained.
free flow
Because
of
its diuretic
of urine, whether
action
in
moting proof its admixture
by Juniper, containing turpentine. Gin is of through forms of dropsy ; which signaluse for helping to relieve some afiection is not of itself a disease, but symptomatic of obstructed circulation in the liver,the heart, or the kidneys. This being a
with
the
any
remedial
the
particularorgan already named, or
peritoneum. kind itself with heart
its
or
case,
of
Certain
dropsy which by swellingat
reason
treatment
of
must
fault in every the brain, the at
signs serve
in
case,
whether
pleura, or a
measure
directed
be
course
one
of those
abdominal
the to
to
indicate
the
is present ; that of the kidneys declares first in the face, and the upper extremities,
pufiinessof the loose
tissues
begins with swellingof
about
the feet,and
the
eyelids;
ankles, which
that
of the
gradually
338
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
upwards ; that of the liver is chieflydenoted by abdominal enlargement. In dropsy from congested kidneys it is always diuretics not are likely to do harm by questionable whether mischievously stimulatingthese organs already overfull of blood. moves
AND
GINGER
Except known
for its
popular
the
cook, and
to
GINGERBREAD.
essence
as
a
stomachic, Ginger is better
confectioner, than
as
a
medicament.
in condimentary root-stock, crushed, or in various most admirably as a stimulant powder, will serve effect is immediate, and bodily emergencies. Its restorative than that of alcohol ; furthermore, its pain-relieving more telling be Oferandi cannot qualitiesare positive,though the modus reduction of the there is a sudden easilyexplained. Whenever
Nevertheless,
temperature,
this
with
coldness
of
the
skin
and
extremities, and
severe depressing chill,all accompanying some pain. Ginger in a quickly operating form will afEord prompt, in of a plant which relief. It is the rhizome and specific grows the East, and West Indies, and is scraped before importation.
with
a
is due
Its odour to
in
a a
of
sense
resin.
For
mortar,
infused
in
and
to
an
oil, and
its
indigestionthe root heaped teaspoonful of
gouty a
essential
pungent, may
be
it should
hot
taste
powdered then
be
at at or boiling milk, to be taken warm supper, breakfast. Ginger is best suited for persons of relaxed habits, when from the palepeeled root. For making an essence especially of of Ginger, take three freshlygrated, and an ounce ounces, lemon peel,cut thin ; put these into a quart of French brandy, ul and let it stand for ten days,shaking it daily. Half a wineglassf be taken for a dose, with (or without) hot water. of 'the same may In cases of It will speedily subdue colic,or flatulent spasms. the intestinal energies want inert constipation, because rousing excellent into activity,Ginger is an spice,particularlyin the treacle. also with honey, and brown form of Gingerbread, made Kecipes for Ginger cake, and a Gingerbread loaf, as well as for Yorkshire given explicitlyin Kitchen Physio. parkin," are is is which Preserved a capital sweetmeat, Ginger (imported) laxative. It is prepared by scaldingthe cordial,and somewhat Ginger roots when they are green, and full of sap, then peeling into round in coldWater, and putting them them jars with a "
GINGER
rick
This
syrup.
Ginger
GINGERBREAD.
when
wholesome
delicious, and Dr. Tobias
AND
thin
into
cut
fillingfor
(1620) advised
Venner
339
strips makes sandwiches.
sweet
Universities
the
a
"
that
green of whilst for the a conserve Rosemary, Ginger good ; memory and Sage, if often used by students, particularly in the morning is
when
serviceable
Ginger, very crushing
half
putting the
into
same
Gin
to
time
to
and
will thus
mixed
relieve
saliva with
as
some
it
Ginger
in
into
to a
a
be
made
by and
mortar,
a
with
half
a
pint
shaking it from bottle, allowingit
another
clear.
considerable
If
piece of
a
flow
of
saliva,
patient swallowing
by
the
be
secreted.
paste, and
and tingling,
of
extract
month,
become a
causes
it continues
skin, will produce much
it has
heartburn
water
may
bottle
for
it off into
until
is chewed
root
alkaline
let it stand
An
uses,
wide-mouthed
drain
then
;
of fine whole a
undisturbed
remain
Ginger
;
domestic
for
pound
a
of unsweetened time
greatly delight the brain."
fasting,doth
heat
the
Ginger
Powdered
applied againstthe of surface
;
to
which
"end it may be the temples, or
and put as a plasteron spread on brown paper, for against the back of the neck, as a means of passive fulness. Queen Elizabeth relievingthe headache Fairfaxiana, 1640) had a famous (so say the Arcana pother anietime be used before to att after, or (powder) meate, to comforte and expel winde, help digestion. It was ye stomack, white composed chieflyof Ginger, powdered with Cinnamon, Fennel searced Anise, Caraway, and Seed, pounded, and "sifted)." For making Brandy Snaps of Ginger,which carminative, are and gently relaxingto the bowels, take one pound of flour,half a brown pound of coarse sugar, a quarter of a pound of butter, one dessertspoonfulof aUspice,two dessertspoonfulsof ground ginger,the grated peel of half a lemon, and the juiceof a whole, lemon all together,adding half a pound of dark brown ; mix treacle (not golden syrup), and beat well. Butter sheet some tins, and spread the paste thinlyover them, and bake in a rather "
"
"
slow round
oven.
the
When
done, cut it into squares, it is raised
from
the
and
tin.
roll each the
square
Keep fingeras Snaps of that out tin, a dry, closely-covered damp, so they shall any remain crisp. thus : Of plain syrup, one Now-a-days Ginger Ale is made of Cayenne of Ginger, four ounces essence gallon ; essence ; wine burnt one ounce vinegar, four ounces ; white ; pepper, in
340
sugar, for used from
water,
colouring,half an
per
proceedingto and
an
an
and
ounce
of
the
alcohol
vinous
Dietetics
(1902)
a
half to
fermented as
the
of
bottleful
ordinary
use,
be of as
with
Eobt.
that
sold, may
each
to
yeast, contains result of its fermentation
stage. Dr. avers
together,and
Gringerbeer
bottles, and
cent
; mixed
ounce
The
water.
in stone
least 2
Food
to
ounce
mineral
or
provided at
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
the
Hutchison, in his
article named
Ginger
nothing to do with degree of sharpness is usually Ginger at all,because the requisite obtained by aid of tincture of capsicum (Cayenne pepper). difierent Genuine fermented Ginger-beer is a very product ; its ingredientsare : water, seven gallons; loaf sugar, seven pounds ; bruised ginger,half a pound ; tartaric acid, two ounces ; oil fluid one-third of of drachm a one lemon, arable, pound ; ; gum one-sixth We of warned that a are pint. yeast (brewer's), certain in of the making Ginger essence latterly unscrupulous in and manufacturers, Germany, have particularly America, of wood taken to the use alcohol, a poisonous agent, which has Mothers in the centres. are a deadly effect upon the nervous for griping Essence of Jamaica habit of giving this Ginger pains in the belly to their children after eating unripe fruit, harm than if they more thereby doing the poor sufferers much had been left alone to fightthe battle of passing colic. Grantham Gingerbread, a white form of Gingerbiscuit, is
beer,
as
commonly
now
have
"
"
Lincolnshire, and especiallyat Grantham, at Fair times. Forty or fiftyyears ago particularly Gingerbread displayed on stalls at village Feasts, made
shaped into the figuresof animals, which (sometimes coarsely significant),
and
was
sold the
brown
and
whimsical
there
Fairs, devices
with gilded over Brown's School In Tom Dutch metal. Days Gingerbread of retailed at the stall of such sort was Angel Heavens," sole booth whose vendor thereof, groaned with kings, and queens, and elephants,and prancing steeds, all glaringwith gold ; there more was gold on Angel's cakes than there is ginger in those of this degenerate age." Gingerbread ("Pain d'Efice") has were
"
"
been
in
use
at
Paris
Nuts," which
since the fourteenth
century.
For
"
bread Ginger-
handy, comforting,and slightlylaxative, and a half pounds of flour, rub half a pound of butter into one with half a pound of brown of an ounce sugar, and three-quarters well with of fine ginger, powdered ; mix of dark ten ounces treacle ; make
into
are
a
stiff paste, and
cut
into circular
nuts
with
342
MEALS
dinners
when
man,
was
when a bellyfuUwas a blessing, then in the shouts, providence, special
like
a
of sharp abstinence which, after a season lucky booty of goat'sflesh (or deer's flesh)would naturally
aad a
full meal
a
common
a
looked
windfall,and
precarious things,and
were
than
something more
MEDICINAL.
with
triumphalsongs
be ushered
existed
home,
meat."
before
associated
yields a
This
perhaps the the
animal,
medicine, and
with "
milk
accounted
Goat
named
a
"
of the modern
germ
{Oapra hircus), long
carfendo,from
cropping,
cordiall
its very stench is used for a milk is richer in solids than
against consumption perfume in Araby the Happy." that
Grace
of the
the
woman,
cow,
:
yea,
The or
the
substance containing the largest proportion of cheese and the most (casein), fatty constituents, as well as salts,though it is comparatively poor in sugar of milk. It possesses hircin, hircic has and which Goats' taste. r a acid, peculiar smell, milk will often serve check obstinate to diarrhoea, whilst whey made therefrom This whey helps to obviate scrofulous disease. is the chief means carried out speciallyin well-known of a cure establishments of Germany, and the Tyrol. The whey is sweetish, balsamic, and agreeable, with a greenish tint, and ass,
of consisting extractive salts
is
influences
essential
that
constipationof benefits
At the
to "
"
Naples
"
la on
are
vacca
!
can't
milk
is said
milk
and
they, too,
must
can
it be
sure
that
if need
be
Nanny,
the
cow) is
as
at
customer
to-day ; more "
the door."
of Goats
of children
in
quantity required. blank on a day,
which
than
sightof
brought "
"
Close
is
cow
has
that,
behind the
"
come
the
become wolf
a
(as
the Goats,
purchasers,or how this milk is not watered." Upstairs climbs to the topmost storey, her owner professing be
milked
the
spot to the
the
by
homely proverb expressing far well
affections
carts, but
the
on
afiord
milk
the
wonderful. no
milked
door, and
Passa Pass
there
scrofulous
in the
simply
from
digestiveorgans, with whey-cure by Goats' milk effects
the bowels, this
are
made
torpor of the
results,whilst
admirable
of lime.
high mountains, particularlyof
on
habitual
In
carbonate
atmospheric, and It is brought locally to bear.
are
browse
and
range,
animal
restorative
the
shall be
whey
with
the like ; also mineral chlorides of potassium, and
phosphate, and
by
which
the
Switzerland.
the
being the and
lactic acid, and and
osmazome,
sulphate of soda, given in the cure
climatic
which
as
present, these
sodium,
Help
such
matters,
are
with
in solution
sugar
GOAT.
loudly has
his innocence
skin of water,
a
kind
Italy a
of
streets,
vendors
palatable.
The
sellers,and
retail it at
"
it is
(London, March, which
I
to
nurse
my between
I
satyr of
growing upon
the
oftener
lungs, then a day, and
twice the
the
records
his
for
asses' milk
should
I
better
;
and
know
not
in
I was, a
cow,
;
order, that
whey
in his
as
endangering
another
Italian
the
that
Goats'
whilst
son
apprehensionsthat it may find that obscene disposition
of
out
his
is to graze, and what come may
it in time, for fear of
fact
not
are
than
ass,
an
character, by rapes." Again,
Italy, he
ordered
but
;
I will check
me
life,and
from
me
to
better
is my milch goat, which
without
in
and somely wholeplentifully, at night the cow nurse,
very
ass a
Goats
letters to
rather
am
I do
not
am
I
them,
Blackheath.
at
of this latter, and
my
:
but physicians,
to
me,
me
a
"
morning the bought just now
I have
make
muffin
Mrs, Barle
that
me
of his famous
one
in the
;
and
our
Consumptive Sanatoriums."
the
to
1759), wrote
not
owe,
nourish
who
milk,
sweet, and
like
wherefore, adds
;
surpriseto
milk
Chesterfield, in
Lord
"
continual
a
supplyingtheir
for
Old
their heads
on
In
centime.
a
this disease
suffer from
Pourri,
kept
much
Goats'
from
appreciatedas
much
it
his sleeve.
writingabout the prevention of pulmonary it is interesting that asses, and Goats, to note
"
tuberculosis, says Pot
ragged jacket he
Broadbent,
Sir Wm.
do not
his
extendingdown
being
carry so
under
but
is made (ricotta)
cheese
cream
is sold in the
and
of tricks ; with a tube
343
as
diet
common
had
doctors
he
often
letter,
must
drink
he
pleases,
they
mended recom-
pectorals,such as sago, barley,turnips, Witches and Night Fears, Elia says : In the Essay on Nor, etc. the wicked when are expressly symbolised in Scripture by a ancestors at that by our it so much to be wondered Goat, was in the gross as fools)the (whom we are too hasty to set down sometimes in the body of this animal, devil was thought to come It is a fact worthy of notice that his metaphor." and assert where a dwelling-placerats wiU not come. a goat is kept about an
attention
to
"
Dr.
Robert
stronger One
Whey
even
hundred
Hutchison than
tells
milk, is unsuitable
cows'
parts contain
procured
from
this
by organic Kruger, when among
Paul
and
four milk
medicines, being of high value debilitated
Goats'
that
us
disease
a
ranks in of
the Boers
the the
for the half
of
between
milk, because use
proteid solids. aliments, and of
treatment
stomach,
of infants.
or
patients
intestines.
(as recentlytold in his Life,)
344
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
his left thumb
had
firingat he
rhinoceros
a
had
then
ofE
blown
oS.
it would
that I took
snatched and
still be
knife
my
the
;
necessary
to
necessary
ball of the
bleedingwas
worst
his
but
over,
surgicaloperationbelonged healed slowly. The women very
this
performing The
wound
powdered the
dead
for
the
killed
goat, took
a
into
hand
my
marks
black
of
were
rose
the
out
I
six
over
in
resource
Medicine,
"
diet.
treated
are
"
milk
to
remove
in after
wound
The
quite
was
to
far less
be
nutritive
Antient
says
doctors
closed
invalids,
infants, and
native
they
goat my
wonderful
Indians,"
their
second
is found
it has
;
useless,
Then
less.
it
before
rescue
The
by
I had
of the
milk
was
it open ; and I put This Boer remedy
cut
turn
I
.somebody sprinkled finely-
shoulder.
warm.
heal, and
to
which
else.
to
danger much
the
cows' than germs sometimes wUl and properties, last
the
to
subject to a
still
was
hunting again." Goats'
out
was
months
and
was
operation deadening the
but
the
as
stomach,
it
it while
far
as
was
the
upon
time
to
it
as
set gangrene applied,but all seemed
it came succeeded, for when hand was already easier, and took
time
from
pocket-knife;
my
remedies
Different
all.
it, and
sugar on flesh with
bone.
knife,
much
as
The
appeared
got hold of another
I had
a
it
piece of operation,but
the
soon
come "
a
no means by me very painful one. the hand that tried and to persuademyself pain,
was
to
hand.
but
removing
thumb,
roughly
have
gone,
remove
little later I
A
mis.
the
across
had
thumb
my
intending to perform
from
away
cut
once
lose
to
animal
his hand
doctored
flatlyrefused
Kruger, however, jointsof what was
two
He
insisted it would
but everybody turpentine,
with
which
him, from
charging upon
ride for his life.
to
his rifle when
burstingof
the
by
for
as
Cymric in
asthma
prepared with Goats' milk is given is brought into the sick Goat and a to the patient internally, times three a day. The patient is directed to person'sroom of the animal make as a pillow,and to hug it during his use of difficult breathing,then inhaling the strong scent paroxysms a
remarkable
of the beast of
cured has
on
the
;
his
and
is evil.
into
with
will within
man
the
From
a
virtue
certain
on
the
the
atonement
the
head
wilderness.
of
a
sins
while
short
a
days
according to Originally,
great day of out
sick
complaint."
symbolicallylaid turned
the
accredited
been
of what
Ghee
way.
Moses
of
the
Jewish
old
of the
Goat, which
Goat
the
carrier
the
as
become
was
away
ritual,
people
were
afterwards
GOOSE.
345
GOOSE. "
The
flesh
of
Goose "
(1696),
{Anser)"
is
declared
exceedingly hard
The
of
London
copoeia Pharma-
digestion,but
being
digested nourishes
well ; the liver is of great nutriment ; the is exceedinghot, and of thin parts, piercing,and ing." dissolv-
grease
Goose-grease {Adeps anseris)got from a roasted Goose is highly emollient, and useful in clysters; this readily very emetic. It is chiefly,however, the liver of Geese to proves fattened for its adipose enlargement (this Hver being artificially mixed ments) condiand various by foreignconfectioners with truffles, regard may be had for helpingpatientswho are atrophied, and
wasted.
Constant
heat, and
deprivationfrom
size of the
exercise, develop enormously the fatness, and
liver, it being
curious
that
water,
or
Goose
charcoal
powder helps materiallytowards producing this excessive growth of the said liver in size. At Alsace a trough of water, in which pieces of wood remain charcoal to steep, is placed in front of the Geese under treatment. Liebig taught that charcoal powder will so finallythe death of hypertrophize the Goose's liver as to cause the liver becomes the bird ; by this fattydegeneration surcharged a
with
a
phosphoric oil.
with
truffles,are
birds
are
considered the livers
killed,and the
now
oiie
shillingapiece
The
next
step is
in
weight),and
to
a
remain
perfume of
of Uver
pound
must
on
may
each
week
a
to
a
thin
two
fat, both
savour
hours,
afterwards or
take lard
tin.
marble
with
fire to
make
(from it to
convey
slab
for
a
pound
a
is cut
of the
of truffles it
icehouse, where that
so
truffle-
the
the
At
size
into the
end
required
into that pot between finest veal, and
liver itself ; and spreadover the whole the
pounds
three
its structure.
introduced
made
to
an
week
of them.
soup
two
truffles,half
for about
one so
depth
inch that
bacon
none
of
of the
five about takes baking, which process being carefully regulated. Nothing remains pack the dainty, either in earthenware, wood,
escape
With
to
mincemeat
traffled
but
it with
sold
knowledge, are
liver
each
then
;
over
peasants, who
and it is to fill,
layers of
may the
of all
out
the
whitest lard is then
the
all
thoroughly permeate liver,being removed,
for the pot which
in terrines,
pates, and
the Europe. When ripe enough of liver enlargement, they are Meantime house. taken to the truffling are
to
to
in
livers
Geese consumed
shrivelled
carcases,
fact
the
in
livers
of
Ferrara
Geese
fattened
to
excess,
346
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
has
said
rank
in
his
high among Strasburg pies among as
Gourmands. to
But
diseases
the
"
dishes described
the the
as
regale his hounds." Horace Walpole :
delicacies of intellectual
the
of the
PatA
animal
His
Almanack
des
its excellence
owes
which
Macaulay
writings epicuresas the
in the
foie gras
de
wretched
Smollett
Heliogabalus (as
"
about
essay
"
did
exquisite as the food was, relates, in Peregrine PicMe)
furnishes
it, and
not made of livers prsetergood for nothing if it were but an naturally swollen, so none unhealthy, and disorganized luxuries mind could have the works as produced such literary of Walpole." The Truffle (Tuber cibarium)is an edible tuber, of subterranean beech trees, and growth, found in the earth, especiallybeneath the tubers have a uprooted by dogs trained for the purpose ; covered heavy, rank, hercline smell,are of a chestnut colour, and are disin England." famous field for the The most not seldom productionof Truffles is the old Province of Perigord in France, these having a dark skin, and smellingof violets. Piedmontese little resinous ; Truffles suggest garlic; those of Burgundy are a redolent of sulphur ; and in the the Neapolitan specimens are When of musk. G-ard department (France) they have odour an lose their perfume, and aroma once dug up Truffles soon ; which therefore in the very earth they are imported bedded the hearing At the sight of Truffles, or even produced them. their name, French a gastronomer is expected to go into proper
would
be
"
ecstasies of sacrum
by
admiration
delight,and
epicures,the diamonds According hyperbolicalnames.
sacrorum
other
Eat me, and adore God." says, of Taste ascribes to these tubers
amatory
loving,and
more
more
the
Truffle
Physiology
that
as
"they
being positively
certain
conditions
amiable."
Besides
will under
men
without
the
of the
efEects
as
kitchen, and
Dumas,
to
author
such
recollections, and,
excitants,they
sexual
The
them
of the
of
"
awaken
knows
he
;
make
women
the
fragrant
kinds, the Truffle contains
its several principleswhich distinguish cellulose,glucose,pectose, gum, and water ; in its ash phosphoric acid, and potash prevail,whilst a very little sulphuricacid may also
detected.
be
Italian himself.
"
The
"
name
Truffle
Tartufolo," signifying he Truffles
are
in
They are found under oak limited growth being strictly
season
from
trees, the to the
area
"
who
is derived
hides, November
from
the
disguises
or
to
March.
for of their area range covered by the branches.
GOOSE.
Two
Bil
French
epicures, not being satisfied with the flavour given to the turkey by its stuffing of Truffles for the table, determined to try whether this Truffle flavour might not be imparted to the bird by a suitable system of diet. They selected a fat young months with the most turkey, and fed it for two exquisite Truffles that seemed
South
enjoy
to
the bird
the
of France
the
could At
experiment.
killed,roasted
with
; and
produce the
delicate
end
turkey
the
of two
months
and
brought upon the table. Each of the experimenters eagerly took a wing, and found to his disappointmentthat the turkey had absolutelyno Truffle flavour whatever. It was thus proved that a diet of volatile fragrancedoes not impart its specialflavours to an animal kept hving on such diet for a length of time. Evelyn, in his about dish of Trufles, Diary (September 30th, 1644), wrote a is a certaine earth-nut which found out by an hogg train'd to it, and for which these animals sold at a greate price." Samuel are the Deity is quoted with high praiseby on Boyse (whose poem of money. an Feilding)was improvident writer always in want Dr. Johnson generously exerted himself to collect by sixpences sufficient sum for getting Boyse's clothes out of pawn. But a selftwo in some days afterwards Boyse had spent this money found in bed, covered indulgence,and was only with a blanket, he passed his arms blanket so as through two holes in which that write. It appears when thus to impoverished he would lay out his last half-guinea to buy Truffles, and mushrooms, for eating with his scrap-end of beef. of lard, find in and Jews who Mahometans, abjure the use was
care,
"
countries
where
made
clarified,and a
butter
throat.
by Alice, to
of
"
'
You
are
Pray, "
'
In
version
how
did
the goose, you
manage
and
suet
Has
To
Old
do
to
youth,' said his father, argued each case with my the muscular strength which
'
lasted
the
rest
of my
prevent indigestionfrom
thus
jaws
your
croup,
Father
runs
been or
a
WiUiam," :
"
weak
too
are
long
;
the
with
my And
And
of
"
in Wonderland, Caterpillar, "
oil has
externally for
sovereign use
old,' said the youth,
for it in Goose-fat,
G-oose
of taste.
whimsical
finished
you
substitute
a
anything tougher than
For Yet
The
the
scarce
excellent
popidar remedy
swollen
is
bones, and it ?
I took wife
the
beak
;
'
to
the law.
;
it gave
to
my
jaw.
life.'"
the
richness
of
a
Goose, after
348
MEALS
cleaning,and and
inside
its bottom
at
the
three
days
from
the
the
water,
delicate
bird's
the
that
of
Geese
months
these
crab-apple sauce. certain
recounts
to
be
go
Wiggin,
at
streets
being
carried
off to
"
An
is good partridge is of
But
these
At
Paris, A
yet,
dangerous
more
la main hand
vaut
is worth
are
goose
saith
as
did
ay !
!
than
these
as
a
young about
raisin, or
Goose-girl,
a
"As
bird.
small
as
going to
to
intelligence prompts accord, have
own
the
roam
boy detest,
or
resist and
dullards, young
ofE to theirs." eat,
use
scarce,
;
whereas
in every
you
meet
street,
"
old
an
to
with
Diary of
;
until
believe, they would
his
ortolan A
And
I
is known
eaten
of their
hour
nursery resist being borne
old, detest,and
her
of the
virtuous
a
practicallyassisted, or, until morning. Never
to
in
tender, and
Geese
green
formerly
as
blockhead)
a
Geese, unlike hens, whose
bed
to
means
called
characteristics
roost, ducks, and them
"
were
Kate
prove male Goose
The
a.
old ;
like this for
let it remain
will
flesh
turkey. (and a Goosey Gander are are Goslings, which as
salt
"
Gander
four
whilst
loosely
the Goose cooking wash thoroughly material in comes fatty coarse, away
all the
salt, and
bird's
drop through into a pan bird thus prepared in a cool place
before
then
;
let the
up the the salt, and
catch
to
pan
(inside
over
salt ; then put into the of salt ; get a basket woven
to
hang
;
it all
roasting,rub
kitchen
coarse
put underneath over
for
large handfuls
two
enough
trussingit
with
out)
MEDICINAL.
a
mieux
que
more
than
proverb, lion's
claw
Foie
qui
goose
a
"
A
Goosequill (pen) may le moineau though
"
"
;
vole." on
the
A
"
sparrow
be en
in the
wing."
eaten was England, pickled days with cloves, and fowl is rich This The in fat. fat," ginger. those the piles; and as Lemery taught (1674), eases parts rubbed of the body which rheumatism troubled should be are by therewith." onions the As is commonly and known, are sage usual condiments the use for stuffinga Goose. That of applesauce is an with old custom Goose be roast can proved by a reference and Juliet Romeo to Shakespeare's : Thy wit is a bitter sweeting it is a most sweet a sharp {i.e., apple) very
During
the
Goose
of middle
"
"
"
"
sauce,
and
fourteenth
is it not
century
"
well a
served
Goose
was
with often
a
sweet
stufied
Goose
by
?
"
Italian
In
the
cooks
350
the
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
bodilysystem, with speedy combustion
as
food.
a
The
amount
of this grape sugar varies accordingto the greater or less warmth of the climate in which the difEerent grapes are Tokay grown. Southern France the those of sweetest next are are ; ; grapes then
of Moselle, Bohemia,
vine
in
curative skin. with cane
and
Spain, Italy,and The
purposes.
Within
Heidelberg,whilst
Madeira, is
grape
not
well
adapted for pulp, stones, and sugar, together
so
fruit consists
the fruit of the
of
the
the grape pulp is contained certain quantity of fruit sugar, which is identical with a The warms (and fattens) speedily, sugar. grape sugar
being taken up straightwayinto the circulation without waiting this grape sugar to be changed slowly by the saliva ; therefore of burning fever quickly,and to recruit to repairthe waste serves the strengthpromptly when thereby consumed, grapes being at times such most grateful to the sufferer. But for the same reason they do not suit inflammatory, or gouty persons under with cane ordinary circumstances, as well as foods sweetened which has to undergo slower chemical conversion into heat" sugar and sustenance. The chief ingredientsof grape fruit are tannin, bitartrate of potash, sulphate of potash, tartrate of lime, gum, chlorides of potassium, and sodium, magnesia, alum, iron, tartaric, citric, racemic, azotized
with
matters,
nutritious
and
malic
acids,
Grapes
water.
can
albumin, and
some
supply
but
little
of the body. buildingup the solid structures Sweet grapes act as gentlelaxatives, though the stones, if crushed taken in any are astringent. When quantity grapes act freely the kidneys, and promote flow of urine. The acids of the on a fruit and
are
for
matter
burnt
help
to
ofi from neutralise
But
encounter.
for
a
their alkaline such
other
person
in
bases
which
gouty acids
remain as
behind,
they
may
good health, and with sound furnish bodily warmth by their
digestion,grapes are excellent to ready-made sugar, whilst the essential flavours of the aromatic fruit are cordial and refreshing. Besides being useful against gout by its alkaline base, the bitartrate remedial of ,
of Potash use
for
salt
other
(cream of tartar) in grapes It is
of proves have been
reputed to againstsmall-pox. Mr. Eose,
afEections.
signalcurative service in, or Dorking, first gave it in 1826, and with remarkable in over case a thousand, and that one losingonly one with the Mr. whooping cough. Likewise son, Eose, later on gave the remedy against small-pox with
of
success,
cated compliCharles
equally
GRA
effects. In 1863 it was satisfactory Highgate Small-pox Hospital,with "
not
mixture
usual
to
seem
was
the
tried
by
the authorities
of the
they reported during the same
the result that
good." Yet it was time being given at Dorking with a result that unvaccinated patients was only 11 mortality there among cent as against47 in the Highgate Small-pox Hospital. it does
do
351
PES.
least
quarter of
a
an
of the
ounce
the
per The
bitartrate
of
of this at frequent pint of water, taking a wineglassful Later on the same intervals. remedy was suppliedin the form of of tartar of cream whey ; half, or three-quartersof an ounce in half a pint of hot, almost boilingmilk. being administered
potashto
a
Mr.
came
Rose
to
the conclusion
that
this
essential in
was
some
potash salt taken with Turkey I Edward am Rhubarb, failed to benefit. willing,"wrote to forfeit my Hume to the LiverfoolMercury, 1875, reputation be cured if the worst of cannot man cases as a public small-pox of an of tartar of cream in three days simply by the use ounce at intervals, when dissolved in a pint of water, and drunk cold, certain never-failing as a remedy. It has cured thousands, which
cases,
the other
form
of the "
"
leaves
never
a
mark,
never
blindness, and
causes
avoids
tedious
Ulness." lingering limited
A
sometimes
work
rendered
almost exclusivelywill grapes taken of persons for the feeble digestive powers
of sweet
wonders and
weak
each
grape
diet
minute
bloodless
for
an
day, while taking very What
is known
Bavaria,
on
the
as
hour
at
the
banks
work, time, three
overa
little else in such
highly beneficial
prove
by
or
; to
worry
four times
beyond dry bread,
eat
a
in the
will often
cases.
Grape
of the
or
is
Cure
and
Rhine,
pursued
in the
Tyrol,
elsewhere, with
two
respectivecldss of patients. who are labouringunder wasting disease,as in chronic catarrh of the lungs,requiringquick supplies and of animal warmth, adipose repair,gain specialhelp from sweet ripegrapes, being ordered to take these almost exclusively, from three to six pounds a day. On the other hand, sufferers from torpid biliaryfunctions, sluggish liver, or passive local congestions,benefit rather by taking the grapes not fullyripe, objects in view according to Those weakly bloodless persons
and a
not
sweet, in moderate
diuretic,and
times
a
somewhat
the
latter grapes have four or five laxative effect,being eaten allowance
day during the promenade
as
aforesaid,therefore
or
acid gout.
suitable
;
;
these
their reaction
for persons
troubled
is alkaline,
with gravel,
352
MEALS
For
MEDICINAL.
the
ripe, luscious, sweet grapes, besides afiordingan exceptionallylarge quantity of warming, stimulate the lung sugar),specifically fatteningglucose{i.e. grape substance healthier off efEete to action, and help it to throw tissue. During matters by thus encouragingthe formation of new the as
consumptive
grape a
breakfast.
A
within
include
the fruit if taken
cure
laxative
persons
:
that
so
hundred their
on
an
stomach
empty
would
act
eatingthem does not begin until after pounds weight of ripe, sweet grapes
pulp as
much
as
thirteen
pounds, full weight,
of this abundance the said purest glucose; and because obtained, the comprehensive glucose has received, wherever of the
sweet "
acid the tartaric which Furthermore, grape sugar. is the basis of several so-called plentifully grapes contain of
name
"
Neuralgia and the sleeplessness of debility be materiallyimproved by the sweet may grape cure, nutrition is thereby stimulated, and the needful quality because of good blood restored. blood-purifying
"
Some
attained
of the must
be
medicines.
credit," says
put down
to
Dr. the
Hutchison. circumstances
"
of the under
results which
seeingthat the patientis expected for himself, the doing which entails a certain to gatherthe grapes of exercise in the open fresh air. Consumptive patients amount of breathing-inthe vapour for the purpose sent to the Gironde are the wine vats whilst the grape from juice is fermenting,this proving to be highly beneficial as a restorative for weakly and The delicate wine-vapour in this district is young persons. curative than in Burgundy. more stimulating,and more Young suffer first made remain at to who from for some girls atrophy are in whilst the is hours daily the sheds wine-pressing going forward. directed to jump less weak, they are After a time, aS they become into the wine press, where they skip about and inhale the fumes cated intoxibecome of the fermenting juice,until they sometimes But this effect subsides after senseless. thereby, and even to their homes, three trials,and presentlythe girlsreturn two or and work, with renewed colour, hopeful, strengthand heightened joyous, and robust." A stranger on his first visit to the Bodegas, of wine vaults of Southern or Spain experiencesa decided sense exhilaration,with quickening of the pulse, this being followed of languor and presently by a narcotic effect, with a fefeling examination headache. (Lancet) According to an authoritative air it that less than made of the distillery no an ounce appeared the grape
cure
is carried
out
;
GRAPES.
alcohol
of absolute
present in five cubic feet of the air.
be
may
353
result it is obvious
that
appreciableamount of alcohol would during a stay, say of eight hours, of the lungs in such air ; and since the alcohol by the medium but be would rapidly get into the generalcirculation, it cannot air would in the long run concluded that such produce in persons perniciouseffects of habituallyrespiringit the well known alcoholic excesses. Nevertheless, short systematizeddosingswith in degree,and properlyregulated, such alcoholized air, modified The vats of the be curativelyprescribedwith safe benefit. may effected the most have wonderful Chateau famous D'Yquem considered in cases this principle, to be past human even cures on of the inhalingprocess just aid. Perhaps a modified pursuance at our described might be carried out for suitable cases leading breweries ? The fresh sap of the vine {lacryma,a tear) is home excellent applicationto weak of its tannin in an eyes, because also for corneal specks. the juices, The largefamily of Muscat grapes get their distinctive title, which
From
be
not
of any flavour of musk attached to them, but because attractive to flies {muscce). luscious berries are particularly
attrape plus de mouches
On a
says grapes
pithyFrench
of
soreness
cause
The
manner.
persons because
sweet
threatened of the
the
fruit.
But
children
qu 'avec le when eaten
Sometimes
tongue, and
of thrush,
and
within
honey
vin-aigre," to
the
excess
mouth,
will act
in like
is
for highly to be commended consumptive mischief in the lungs, sugar and the potash salts supplied in cure
grape with
abundant
le mid
avec
proverb.
resembling the symptoms
the
very
because
the "
a
inhaled
as
a
rule do
not
bear
the
cure
grape "
Other been fruits, it has satisfactorily. aptly said, May please the palate equally well, but it is the proud prerogative of the kingly grape to minister also to the mind." ing be used with benefit for sweetenGrape sugar as such may the drinks of patientsin fevers, or to mix with their light farinaceous foods. juice in bottle, for Kecipes for grape jelly,grape sauce, and grape jam (" raisine ") are given grape to make fully in Kitchen Physic. The best grapes wherewith For juicefor keeping in bottles are of the purple kind. grape another jam," as made at the Cape, South Africa, take grape four pounds of the fresh fruit,and one Carefully pound of sugar. pick the grapes from the bunches, and prick them with a steel, or gold pin. Boil a syrup of the sugar, and put the grapes into "
23
354
the
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
whilst
syrup
added
sliced
boiling. Some
apple, or
quince,may
be
the grapes ; for every again of sugar ; also some orange
pound of the same, one pound peel cut up may be introduced. Boil rather quicklyat first. Take of the jam, and put out some if it will jellyproperly. it in a shallow saucer to cool, so as to see with respect to grape juice,that It is well worthy of remark whilst it exercises when an freshly obtained inhibitingeffect, less, in typhoid fever on the growth and vitalityof the more or to
typhoid bacillus,as
likewise
forms
of acute
of many
cause
juice found in experimental results. between
end
Moreover vital
of
the
the
of this bottled
brands
have
quantity of
to
grape disturb the
not
been
the
found
instantaneous.
juicerequired for securing this lemon as juice (also digestion,
bacilli)might do.
the
are
perimenta juice. Exgrape to kill the bacilli
minute, such effect being almost
a
object does
destructive
bacilli which
intestinal ailments, yet the bottled
certain brands
by the
colon
stores conclusive gives the most grocery It should be observed, there is a marked
grape
difference
the
on
It
found
was
that
the
juice,prepared in the laboratory,had effect on the bacilli, in the proportion as even no high as 100 American physiciansdeclare that unfermented per cent. grape salicylicacid, juice, not artificially preserved by mischievous etc., is a grand food for the sick, particularlyin fever cases. Dr. Foster, of Chicago,reported in the Medical Era, 1886, grape this inestimable has has done service it me : one juice given me little ones when a food, the onlyfood,which endangered by wasting recentlyexpressed grape
"
and
febrile
remains
high, and
of which
daily, and other be
diseases,
a
boy four ask
food, I had
maintained
fever, and
the
that
can,
or
will take, whilst
pulse quick." years
for more,
old would while
he
"
When drink
the
I had one
temperature found
and
a
a
half
food
pints
would
absolutelyrefuse all discovered a means whereby his strength could throughout ten days during a raging scarlet
food
saved
my
little patient's life."
Still
more
important has this advice become to-day. Grape juice (easily sterilized by a simple,harmless process) is highly beneficial in all forms of low wasting disease. of Grapes are sometimes employed systematicallyas a means for continued diarrhoea : the grape sugar is partly absorbed cure into the system unchanged, and whilst rich in silicates,phosphates, skins and The aromatic afford some tartrates, pectin. ethereal oils,and the stones a good deal of tannin ; the grape
GRAPES.
355
into lactic acid. In the Song becomes partly converted sugar " the pleasant passage, the fig tree putteth of Solomon occurs
figs,and
vines
the
with
the
tender
give a away." good smell : Arise, my love, my fair one, and come for the table to With (Epicure,1898), a respect scraps poor little ingenuitymay often render these tempting, and appetising. and a couple of spoonfulsof jelly(lemon, of grapes, Half a bunch look particularly or wine) left from dinner, do not by themselves has to admit attractive, one just melt the jelly,and set ; but the grapes therein,using a small pudding basin, or brawn basin, and see how sick child will be of the morsel, as a mould, glad some would probably disdain to touch it. Verily though your servants which rich the poor may fall from easilybe fed with the crumbs men's tables, did the rich only know how to utilize such crumbs.
forth
her
green
grapes
"
There
stalls at
are
portions of
laid
foods
Paris
of the
some
relics of
the
out,
markets
where
be
may
dainty
dinners
seen
from
and
morsel of fish, a simple : a large households cutlet, a spoonful of bavaroise, all disposedneatlytogether as one of such portions,to be sold for a few sous, under the name of an arlequin.' These scraps in England go to help fill the hog-tub,
restaurants,
'
into
or
teach
dust-hole, because
the
the
English tidily."
'
restes
countries
oook
how
she
taken
should
the
trouble '
her
put away
to
beaux-
successfullydried certain kinds into raisins, always specially of grapes converted are associated To with Christmas time. quote again the Song of the Bride feelingfaint cries out, Solomon, when Stay me with with of ashishah,' comfort me apples," the genuine sense In
where
fruit
has
one
no
the
can
be
"
'
this Hebrew and
word
comfort
with
me
Muscatels the
tree
be
can
revised
the
now
to
are
version
pats it,
"
Stay
ye
scholars
to
with
me
;
raisins,
apples." "
as
in the
sunshine
cured
and
raisins of the sun," because before
left upon
being gathered. Grapes of local
dried, because
conditions, in
elsewhere, especiallynear Malaga. likewise imported from pudding raisins, are
or
Spain. Sultanas, which received from Smyrna. nutritive
value
which
includes
be
the
of
long familiar
raisin-cakes," as
parts of Spain than
Valentia,
The
"
known
dry
better
certain
is
same
destitute
are "
Surpassing
(Dr. Hutchison ) is the the raisin,and the date."
proteid
of
value
as
stones,
even
group
or
the of
Raisin-tea
milk, and
much
seeds, banana dried
in fruits
is found more
are
to
easily
356
MEALS
digested,therefore
of
disease
MEDICINAL.
in
superioruse
of
cases
many
gastric
allowed. be dis(vegetableor animal) must Take half a pound of good raisins,and wash, them well in cold water. Cut them roughly to free the pulp in up cooking,and put them into a stewingjar with one quart of cold the liquidwill Cook for from three to four hours, when water. be reduced to one pint. Press all but the insoluble skins, and the tea either hot, stones, through a fine scalded sieve, and use cold ; if too sweet little lemon But the or a juicemay be added." tea is scarcelyto be advised for meat eaters, as its sweetness might where
milk
or
soups
"
induce
biliousness.
hands, it is
feet, and
one
raisins
very
sufier from
who
persons
of the
cherishing.Also
and
warming
coldness
stewed
fatigue of body and mind time mildly laxative. and pick Wash felt,being at the same pound of sultanas, soak them all night in cold water ; next
sultana are
For
morning
drain
restorative
are
off the
when
and
water,
put the raisins into
a
pan,
or
with them water, add a little grated barely cover in the oven lemon them the top, and stew peel,put a plate over till quite tender, and soft. Some of these, hot or cold, with a
basin, and
slice of whole-meal
bread,
sustainingrepast.
Dried
or
bread, will make
brown
raisins contain
2J
per
cent
of
a
very
proteid
4 of salts, substance, 74 J of heat-forming parts (carbohydrates),
and
19 of water.
whilst
under
the
The
German
grape suitable
cure
doctors almost
used
to
keep
entirelywithout
their
patients
other
food,
is also allowed, at light nourishment wine. moderate a quantity of Bordeaux regulartimes, and even The sap of the vine is used commonly in Italy for strengthening, and improving the hair, increasingand renewing its growth when it has taken to fall out even considerably. In the Spring the vines are when pruned, a fluid percolatesout from the cut boughs, which the peasants are careful to collect in little tin it oozes out time being needed to gather the juiceas pots, some it is strained through sufficient has been obtained by drops. When be also kept of the fibrous substance must muslin, though some in hand, as it helps to do good. Practicallythe same process who be adopted in this country by persons possess vineries. may The liquidwill keep sweet, and useful for six or eightmonths, and some. unwholeis not then it only acquires a sharp odour which even One sort of grape, the Bourdelas, or Vergus, being when allowed to ripen,but its large gceenis never intenselysour of instead berries are made to yield their acid liquor for use but
now
some
858
MEALS
disabled
digestion,or
MEDICINAL.
obviate
to
cold, and
recent
a
promote free
by boilingmeal, If nicely or substance, in water. groats, or other farinaceous sweetened with treacle, and taken immediately before going to action
of the
bed, Gruel a
is
It is made
little repast for anyone troubled with head. be seasoned Or, it may
with
admirable
an
in the
cold
for infants.
skin, or
chest,
or
salt,
spices,herbs, celery seed, shalots, or onions. A good with Gruel for bowel a complaints is to be made spoonful of cinnamon ground rice mixed with a pint of milk, and boiled,some Plain Gruel," being added, and perhaps Port wine, or Brandy. is the most comforting soother of an quoth Dr. Kitchener, of." is the king of irritable stomach know Water Gruel we nature beyond all spoon-meats, the queen of soups, and gratifies pepper,
"
"
"
This
others.
meal."
Water-gruel
skimmed
then
part which of oats
remaineth
freed
Groats," and
as
Gruel
should
mixed
with
his
Closet
opened
should
be
boiled
till it
used
good
be
"
forms
grain
Embden
barley,arrowroot, Any preparing this food.
for
"
has
mix
this with
;
the
Century Invalid just a little sugar It should
into
little cold which
water
"
sweet
a
Gruel
juice,and
noted
dear
that
is not old
Mr.
the
as
be
served
much
sugar is mentioned
sugar
abomination,"
starch
a
Gruel than
one
without
grain
of such
the
says
containing
readilydigestedunless Woodhouse,
till
hour
is
an
then stick
Gruel
And Cookery Book. yet has a pleasanter flavour
be
;
bruised
a
put ; let it boil for half an is to the Gruel strain, and when
preparing Gruel When
a
been
hesitation, for
his
will
Likewise
teaspoonfulof lemon, or orange But liked." in the making of
cooked.
that
drunk
bran, and
thick sufficiently
in
the
is the
Groats
crushed
when
even
than
become slowly, so that the starch may thus saliva, and partiallydigested before being take small cupful of For a a pleasant Gruel,"
of cinnamon
any.
better Yet
servants."
making gruel. serve
much
oatmeal.
quarts of boilingwater
stir in two
is
of the
for the
biscuit,will
wheaten
a
for
found
"
swallowed.
by
below
its husk, and
from
flour, or
used
;
arating exhil-
in
wrote
This
it will be
off, and
good Water-gruel
make
with
"
noble, and
in
upper
as
Digby "
a
the great ebullition,in great gallopingwaters ; when in it,this should be surface hath no gross visible oatmeal
rises
add
makes
oatmeal
Sir Kenelm "
about
(1645)
of
essence
it be
kindly
was paterfamilias,in .Jane Austen's Emma, he bade married and her husband, daughter,
as
is
well
tudinarian vale-
visited her
"
go
'
HEDGEHOG.
to
bed
a
nice
you
"
she
"
suppose Gruel," writes
Thin
"
moved
once
Austin
noble
a
workhouses under
passes
from
From
the ;
hence
of Nonsense, odd
"
also
sculhon,
a
There
was
meal
it
wards
the
of
able-bodied
paupers first derived
perhaps dish, or plate),which
with
that
be
may
flavour end
Lear's
can
and be
with
:^
he
inserted
old person
made
Book
gruel.
on
mice,
some
of Ewell."
by boilingfrom
pintsof
three
strainingthe decoction, Its
In
dish-washer.
of Ewell
nice
more
refreshed
Gruel
a
notice
old person
an
make
to
Which
Oatmeal
under
chieflysubsisted
But
towards
Preface,
by children, they gain acquaintance
beloved
so
Who
cool.
given to Skilly,"a word
"
"
contemporary
a
casual
Gruel
of
dish of the food
of the
the
of
certain
a
for
poetry
some
the
name
to
in
together !
(Latin,ScuteUa, a small the fire. over formerly used in heating a drink word ScuteUa our dishery, is same scullery,or
was
obtained
an
Dobson
Earl in
little Gruel
a
skillet
the
vessel
the
all have
we
keepsake." Derisively London
be
must
"
basin
daughter),
"
tired ; and," said he, I recommend and I will have little Gruel before you a go ; you of Gruel (the elder together. My dear Emma
early,as to
359
water,
down
pouring ofE
the
improved by
to
one
to
two
thinner
two
ounces
pints,then
liquidwhen
adding split raisins (grated). To nutmeg
boiling,or sugar, and for being severely punished, get one's gruel is a slang term his He shall have disabled, or slain, perhaps deservedly. or gruel,said one." (Guy Mannering, Cap. xxvii). the
"
of "
"
HARE
A
of
PROVERB
would
have
a
our
Hare
(See Game.;
sagacious sires for
breakfast
has
must
taught hunt
that
"
He
who
overnight."
HEDGEHOG.
Familiar
in
country
districts
throughout England
is
the
armed with Hedgehog, Hedgepig, or Urchin, a small animal pricklyspines,being of nocturnal habits, feeding by night on insects, and such prey, and sleepingby day under dead leaves, similar captured, and domesticated, the or herbage. When Hedgehog will clear the kitchen of beetles, cockroaches, mice,
360
MEALS
and
even
rats.
In
The
flesh
"
stated
:
water."
little
is
deafness
in
ball of
a
defends
is
clay, which
the
slow
a
ductor con-
creature's body
small
from
charring,whilst the fat, and the gravy assist, the cooking within the clay. Hedgehog
out
dish
a
bed-wetting,or not holding the excellent way of roastingthe delicate
an
fire,and
products
unsavoury which ooze
Pharmacopoeia (1696) it was makes pleasant meat ; its ashes
the
as
"
Hotchi-witchi
"
London
roasted
Gypsies have of the
pie
the
well
as dropsies,
cure
MEDICINAL.
which
in the
of
is much
relished
head, several old medical
continent.
the
on
advise
authors
For to
take
the
to the drippings from a roast Hedgehog, and put the same Quite patient'sears so grieved,and stop them with black wool. from recently the Tramp's Handbook (1903) instructs that nice for Hedgehogs, when September to January is the season and fat, especially at Michaelmas when they have been eating the crab-appleswhich fall from the hedges. Some have yellow fat, "
and
have
some
Hedgehogs
white and
fat, so
that
calls 'em
we
and
mutton,
beef
the fat good eatingthey be, sir, when is on A second 'em." recipefor cooking these small creatures of the hedgerow, or plantation,is thus explained : You cut the bristles ofE 'em (after they have been fust killed)with a sharp ;
very
"
knife
then
;
pig),and
sweals
you
makes
the
back, and
spits'em
then
roasts
you
should roasted will of
off
tells how
the
delicious
stew
brown
with
;
In
flavour.
foresters made
of the
the
Greeks
estate
be
to
little animal
Hedgehog, and gathered in the
and
head,
given the
then
skin, full
juicy, and
Marquis
are
the
ends, and
bristles,and
the
the
bacon
a
down
both
The
the
on
is found
France
his
on
pointed at
it is done he
'em
cuts
you
blow
a
when
bloc, and
en
then
like
straw
strong flare."
a
a choice mushroom rnervleus),
times
;
with
them
bit of stick
a
caught
delicate
most
on
(burn
despatched by
just as
come
rind
'em
first be
'em
Cherville
de
concoct
to
Morille
woods.
In
a
{Fungus ancient
Hedgehogs' flesh {Erinaoeus EuropcBus).
ate
HERB3.
Besides
those
seriatim, there
collectively,with These whilst
edible
several
are a
more
others
under
come
which
may
be
notice
here
considered
brief, though sufficient,description.
commonly used, likewise embodying
are
which
Herbs
or
of
cultivation
curative
for
the
principlesfor
kitchen,
culinary
HERBS.
development (1643),swore cold
:
"
by
herbs "
foods.
as
of
John
herbs, hot, and
oft defends
But
ev'n
For
some
Century),bore Herbis,
"By
due
herbs
or
Mundi
moist, and
properties."
from
us
their savour, diseases, is
verbis
non
methodo,
bane.
a
neighbourhood. exceeding good." their
his Liber
to
herbs
euro
sincerus
;
Simplicium (Sixteenth
I
cure
administered
in omni
praxis habet."
mea
quem
words,
not
worts,
certain
many
so
yea,
like witness.
Curandi
to
Specidum
Lord, how many gaping souls have soap't of th' aid the grave have gap't. herbs, for whom By 'Tis not alone their liquor inbe ta'ne.
Valentine, in the Dedication
As
his
drie,
ordinairie
than
more
in
Swann,
Good
That
"
361
honest
"
for the
in all my
relief, or
ways." cure
of ailments
deficiencyof energies,or physical atoms, on the hypothesis of such herbs possessingcorrelative energies, and atoms, it be remembered must that a plant to be in perfect usefulness find its elective essential elements in the soil producing it ; must the amount thereof may be exceedingly small, but that amount is all-essential to its health, life, and virtues. The very slightest secular of the greatest the occasion, or causes changes are the human operations in nature body is equally subject ; and laws. to parallel The growth of herbs, and plants,is influenced well as as by the moon, by the sun. Shakespeare recognized this when writing (in Troilus and Cressida) As true as steel, as flantageto the moon, as sun to day ; which allusion is explained in the Discourse The husbandman of Witchcraft: poor maketh perceiveththat the increase of the moon plantsfruitful." to
a
"
"
"
Nor
need
the outdoor
be green
ments medicawayfarer in search of health-giving
dependent altogetheron any fruits. The stuff, and hedgerow, ever
kitchen and
garden
woodland,
for the
and heath, will furnish cUffside, and riverside, the meadow, whortleberries, blackberries, hips, barberries, dewberries, leaves, nettles, samphire, seakail, wild chicory,sorrel, dandehon
and,
watercress, "other edible "
course,
funginow Poscas Esse
"
of
neglectedthrough
tandem cibus
mushrooms,
seger
nequeunt
:
si
:
health, if sallet herbs Sick, you'lldesire them, In
as
sheer
medicamenta you or
as
the
many
ignorance.
negligisherbas.
sanus
at
well
won't for
erunt."
endure.
food,
or
cure." Evelyn
(Acetaria).
362
MEALS
Saith John
MEDICINAL.
"
again in Speculum Mundi
Swann
First,concerning
:
with seeds, being mixed Herbs, I begin with Basil, whose We in England, though shoemakers' warts. black, do take away seldom it because it smelleth eat we it, yet greatlydo esteem and
sweet,
comforteth hindered
rather
are
and
therefore
hath
than
much
brain.
the
But
holpen by into
smelled
know
that
it ; for the
brains
weak is
savour
strong,
headach
procureth the
;
and
strong propertiebeyond all these, for a certain Italian, by often smellingthe Basil, had a scorpionbred in his brain, and after vehement, and long pain he died thereof. I pray thee, gentle reader, bear in mind this tragictale, and have a care lest a
thou, through over-indulgencein brain
thy
into
smell, should
sweet
one
turn
the
unwillinghostelry of a too livelyscorpion! Be discreet in thy generation,and, settingon side the pot one of treacherous Basil, gather to thyself great armsful of neverCucumber herb ')." The herb dying Borage (called also the Basil (Octjmum hasilicum) is often used in cookery, especially by the French commonly with us in the kitchen garden, but ; it grows dies down annually. every year, so that the seeds have to be sown The when exhale leaves, a slightlybruised, delightfulodour ; they gave the distinctive flavour to the originalFetter Lane The herb furnishes a volatile,aromatic, oamphoraoeous. sausages. this account it is much for oil, and on employed in France Dr. turtle, and sauces. flavouring soups, especially mock '
Kitchener
tells,as
spoonful "
of Basil
this the
Evelyn,
says
herb
has
poem
of Isabella
and was
man's
and
she
herb
the
to
a'
asked
which
:
ofiensive
"He
had
by
eyes."
the
Keats
in
his
of Basil, founded in
Middlemarch,
once an
to
called
her
;
soup
Basil," not
This
too sweet
tender, pathetic on
story from
a
about
wrote
his
he said explanation^
flourished
"
sallets,if
to
table-
a
turtle
teaching."
for
grateful taste
the Pot
for
us
adding
of
of mock
tureen
will thank
George Eliot,
characters
when a
imparts
value
secret, the
immortalized
been
Boccaccio. her
thereof
is somewhat
strong, but
of
useful
vinegar
makers "
a
wonderfullyon
Basil that a
one
plant, Basil
the
murdered
brains."
Balm
of called because its honied (Melissa officinalis), so kitchen sweetness, occurs gardens, and was plentifullyin our Primum MelisscB so highly esteemed by Paracelsus as the ens he that it would believed The completely revivify a man. London of Balm An essence given Dispensatoryof 1696 said : "
"
"
"
HERBS.
in
Canary wine
36*
will
morning
every
the
brain, relieve languishingnature,
Or,
a
wine
Balm
restorative herb
containingall
may
pounds skimming thoroughly;
put a
and
pound
with
a
moist
of
ten
little new
Balm.
boil for
;
of
the
fragrant, gallonsof water
four
Into
:
baldness."
prevent
virtues
than
more
hour,
an
into
crock to cool ; a (bruised)into a small
pour of Balm tops
yeast, and
Stir them
thus
sugar
and
the
then
quarter
a
made
be
youth, strengthen
renew
when
the
liquoris cool
it
pour
place cask the
on
together,and let the mixture stand for twenty-four hours, stirringit frequently; then close it up,, has quitelightlyat first,and more securely after fermentation ceased. it has stood for six or eight weeks, bottle it off, When puttinga lump of sugar into each bottle. Cork the bottle well, and keep it for at least a year before puttingit into use. Double the
well
above
quantitymay be requirements. Balm," "
the
for the
A
and
boilingwater, free but
with
cold
"
is
for
sovereign
powerfullychasing
and
from
suitable
more
Evelyn,
memory,
Garden
the
Balm
hot, is admirably cordial, and
perspirationon an excess against hysterical,or nervous
made
if
time
a
John
made
tea
drunk
at
adds
brain, strengtheningthe
melancholy."
away
made
of catarrhal
cold,
troubles
the
with
promotesinfluenza
or
should
tea
;
be
dispelthe volatile aromatic virtues of the herb. with Formerly a spiritof Balm, combined lemon-peel,nutmeg, and angelicaroot, enjoyed a great restorative of Carmelite reputationunder the name water, being highly useful It is fabled headache, and neuralgicafiections. against nervous that
the
Saviour
Jew
Staffordshire
disease
and
repeated as
a
to
man
draught
thy
cup
to
refused
should
draught"of He to
put them
of the refilUng
then
a
lungs.
sick
the
of Balm,
for
not
Golgotha,
cottager, who
of the
advised
"
to
as
(who
athirst until Christ
evening begged
the
so
Ahasuerus
his way
on
wander
water,
into
a
fourth be
beer
his
out
garden
of beer.
mug
to
door
disease shall be cured, and
as
thy body
as
of
a
consumptive of
gratitude
three
This
often
to
Whitsuntide
was
day throughout twelve
continued
our
doomed
the
in
drink, and from
a
at
far advanced
got the
gather
again) on
small
water
therefore
was
come
then
was
every to
and
of
cup
a
leaves to
be
days,
desired, and
shall be altered."
there again. seen never departed, and was the end of But at the cottager fulfilled his injunctions,and is an word Balm twelve sound The a man. days had become of abbreviation Balsam," the chief of sweet-smelling oils. So
saying,the
Jew
"
364
MEALS
Oerarde
has
juiceof Balm glueth together greene the leaves,"say Pliny,and Dioscorides, being wounds without of inflammation." perill any up
told that
and
applied do
close
understood
now
of aromatic
scientific fact that
a
with
of
disease
parts of these seal it up, wound,
starved
are
balsamic
or
and
essential
fixed
the
resinous
the
oils
surgical dressings ; they give
excellent
dressed
germs
Thus
balsamic
the
thus exercise anti- putrescent effects ; moreover, little oxygen so hydrocarbons, they contain
in wounds
atomic
as
plants make
off ozone, and being chemical that
the
"
"
wounds;" It is
"
MEDICINAL.
oils
balsamic
oils the
herbal
Furthermore, the they dry upon out.
as
effectuallyexclude all noxious Balm, Peppermint, Lavender,
oils of
the sore,
air. and
similar
herbs, as well as Pine Oil, the resin of Turpentine,and Benzoin (Friar's Balsam), should serve admirably for ready sores. application,on lint,or soft fine rag, to cuts, and superficial couple of hundred
A
using the butter.
Hark
the
then
be made
remaining
before
advent
times
morning
the "
Penitential
Church
every
It is When
Is fritter-filled And
all the
To
In
our
day the in
concocted
with
flavoured
Coltsfoot, termed
thoracic."
pancake
which
sticks,of grows
the
sides of
best
up with
fall upon
confectioner
essential
some
nature's
the
do
pancakes doth
herb
a
poore
hold
beast
as
brown
dish no
can
our
wish;
their turn. for fear they burn,
laughter sound the ground."
provides Coltsfoot colour,
as
Rock,
sweetmeat,
a
Dill.
or
The
herb
throughout
railwaybanks,
for the
;
more
take
oil,as of Anise,
abundantly
festivities,
for bell rang England in Catholic
selfsame
can
maid
kitchen
modern
fluted
along especially "
see
till it
and
their
tosse
rich and the
on
well
as
youth
every
And And
both
day whereon chieflyfeasted every paunch
a
Are
the
The
Fast.
throughout Tuesday.
of Shrove
originally drippingand
were
Christmas
prolonged
Sage
poor Richard, It is said that
(1684).
disposeof
whilst
fried with
Tuesday
to
as
the
of the
in
made
were
bell," said
Shrove
so
from
over
Confessional on
Pancake
particular to
appointed to fat
the
in his Almanack
thereto
Pancakes
pancakes
ago
[Tussilagofarfara),and
! I hear
allusion
making the
Coltsfoot
herb "
years
lungs,and
has
her
England, been justly
most
eminent
Its very name suggests this virtue, tussis,a cold, I dispel. All parts of the plant contain tannin, with a ago, and free mucilage. Coltsfoot tea can specialbitter principle, "
366
MEALS
medicines
King,
had
when
failed
Prince
to
MEDICINAL.
givehim sleep;
of Wales,
at
the
as
time
likewise for of his
severe
our
present attack
of
typhoid conjunction being a which ale most of had been gratefuldraught previouslywithheld. The young of the if Hop plant, gathered in the spring,and tops be eaten boiled, may as formerly brought asparagus ; they were tied up in small to market The bundles for table use. Hop is the acts tonic, and on kidneys, besides having antiseptic (says VArt properties. Les jets de hovhlon Cidinaire)are the springvegetablejjar excellence in Belgium ; the young sprouts boiled in salted water, with of a are lemon-juice,and squeeze served la cre,me.^' A poached egg is the ieurre," or au a realize the one without unfailingaccompaniment : you cannot the other. the Orestes and Hops, and poached eggs, are If boiled in water, with a little Pylades of the Belgian cuisine. and "salt,pepper, a vinegar,Hop sprigs, tips,or points,make when the salad cold. For nice, wholesome severe morning of sickness to drink freelyof Hop tea (an ounce pregnant women, of the Hops to a pint of boilingwater) will afford great relief ; a or glassof bitter ale will ward off the attacks. be found without In Norfolk scarcely a cottage garden can its Horehound and Horehound beer is commonly drunk corner, is a sweetmeat there by the natives. Again, Candied Horehound from made confectioners the fresh plant, by boilingit by our down until the juice is extracted, and then adding sugar before thick enough of consistence boilingthis again till it has become fever
(1871),it
then
"
be
poured into
in
with
"
"
to
used
"
a
and to be cut into squares when paper case, Horehound The (Marrubium) plant White
cool. sufficiently is found growing in waste garden, being of popular
places,or is cultivated in the herb It has a for coughs, and colds. use chemically a fragrant taste, affording
odour, and a bitter volatile oil, a bitter extractive,
musky
"
marrubin,"
and
gallicacid.
preparations are speciallyuseful for coughs accompanied bronchial asthma. with copious thick phlegm ; also for chronic from the greene, fresh leaves, Gerarde has said : Syrup made is a most with sugar, singularremedy against the cough, and wheezing of the lungs. It doth wonderfully,and above credit, such have been "ease as long sicke of any consumption of the lungs, as hath been often proved by the learned physiciansof London "our College." recent times," according to Albert Broadbent, Just within Its
"
"
HERBS.
"
367
garden plant, familiar
particularlyto all lovers of the Eoast National Beef, ^Horse Radish (Cochleariaarmoracia) has desei-ve speciallywell from to come the British public." Grated Horse Radish, if eaten at frequent intervals during the day, and likewise at meals, is found remarkably efficacious for getting rid of the persistentdistressingcough which lingers after influenza. The of Horse Radish contains root sulphur, our
"
a
bitter
volatile oil, a
Chemically
acetates.
"
resin, sugar, starch, gum, its volatile oil is identical
being highly diffusible,and myrosin." One drop of this most
mustard, "
odorize
the
atmosphere
of
whole
a
anti-scorbutic, and, if taken a
The
room.
that
of
of
the
oil will suffice to is expectorant,
root
That it contains freely,emetic. by the black large proportion of sulphur is shown
somewhat
colour
volatile
with
because
pungent,
and
albumin,
given
silver, and
to
Because
too
other
metals
it
which
in
comes
plant proves serviceable in chronic and for remedying scurvy. rheumatism, Bergius that the into small without root alleges by cutting pieces, very then and of it, bruising swallowinga tablespoonful these segments morning without chewing them, throughout three or four every
contact.
weeks, had
a
of this constituent
with
has
cure
been
sulphuretted oil is and or
Radish, laid to
the
hard
help them
and
The
botanical
the
leaves
to
to
outward
an
the
tried.
was
"
root
:
The of
use
If bruised,
exhales
a
the
air it
the
the
it
impliesa
Cochlearia and
plant
styled in France,) or nose-provoking odour, and with
certain
a
Radish,
Moxmtain
named
was
quicklychanges colour, and
blance resem-
old-fashioned
an
now
hot, biting taste, combined exposure
which
about
name
of
Formerly
Raifort, (as
it
said
part grieved with
cochleare.
scraped
has
which
rheumatism
sciatica, gout, joynt-ache, swellingsof the spleen,and liver,it doth wonderfully a
all."
Great
chronic
by all else crystallizable.As
Gerarde
between spoon,
of
intractable
proved
Horse
effected
the
When
Cran.
possesses
sweetness
;
a on
loses its volatile
(but not being by itself,or in a plain sauce strength. Taken boiled)with oilyfish,or ricn, fatty viands, scraped Horse Radish time acts as a spur to complete digestionthereof ; at the same it can ing. benefit a relaxed sore throat by contact during the swallowsliced
When
drops
of
rheumatic,
a
sweet or
across
with
juice which
palsied limbs.
sliced,or bruised, in cold
water
a
knife
may An
makes
the
root
infusion an
some
into beneficially
rubbed
be
will exude
of
Horse
excellent
Radish,
gargle,which
3G8
MEALS
glycerine. Also an infusion of sliced Horse Radish in milk, forms, by virtue of its contained excellent cosmetic an sulphur, and by its stimulatingpungency, should
for A
sweetened
be
skin
the
mixture
with
MEDICINAL.
when
of
honey,
lacking clearness, Horse
recent
Radish
will, if applied externally, do indolent
When
or
pimples with
a
and
freshness
of
colour.
much
juice, with white vinegar, towards removing freckles.
white
head
(acne) affect the skin,
and again at puberty, if each of these is touched now particularly from with some the chemist, compound spiritof Horse Radish then the several pimples will be aborted, and will be dispersed
givingfurther
without of
voice,
strong syrup
a
of which
some
should
For
trouble. of
Radish
Horse
be mixed
relaxed
a
with
throat, with
may
be
loss
concocted,
(a teaspoonfulthereof used freely as a gargle.
water
wineglassfulof cold water), and in vinegar it will form Again, if the scraped root is macerated diluted with mixture which, when a sufficiently water, and relief in whoopingsweetened, with glycerine,will give marked cough of children, the dose being from one to two dessertspoonfuls Care should be had not to mistake poisonous according to age. to
a
aconite
root
Radish
for Horse
root
diggingit
when
up
; the
two
shape, and colour ; furthermore, aconite for those of any be easily mistaken leaves, if present, cannot roots
really differ
in
plant, being completely divided to their base into five into three. are again subdivided wedge-shaped lobes, which Scraped Horse Radish, if appUed to recent chilblains,and secured For facial with them. a light bandage, will help to cure of the fresh scrapings,if held in the hand of the neuralgiasome afiected side, will give rehef, the hand cases becoming in some other
within
a
short
in
infused
bloodlessly white, and
time
wine, Horse
Radish
root
will
benumbed. stimulate
When the
whole
whilst acting further perspiration, If applied topicallyfor pleuritic to excite a free flow of urine. pain in the side, the bruised root will mitigate such pain. is popular in rural districts against For making Gill tea, which and familiar little a cough of long standing,the common very notice from a herb. Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma) deserves It is endowed also with singular culinary point of view. curative virtues headaches, and for the relief of againstnervous
system, and
nervous
chronic si
res
bronchitis. ex
usu
promote
"
Medicamentum
OBStimarentur, aura
Ivy-like aromatic
leaves, and
hoc
non
satis
potest laudari
cequiparandum est." the strikingwhorls of
The dark
small blue
:
HERBS.
which
blossoms in
characterize
early springtimeabout
this
the
360
fragrantplant are
bottom
conspicuous every hedgerow
of almost
throughout our country. It is giftedwith a balsamic odour due to volatile oil, and its specialresin. For making a tea its particular of the bruised fresh herb should of this Ground Ivy : one ounce be infused in a pint of boiUng water, and a wineglassful thereof, should four times in the when be taken cool, three, or day. The whole plant was employed by our Saxon progenitorsfor clarifying introduced for this their so-called beer, before hops had been The
purpose. and
hoof,"
"
bears
are "
Ground "
Tun-hoof."
Gill go
by
up the is sweetened
Other
the
ground,"
hedge."
which
names "
allied titles it
Gill tea,
Ale-
commonly
"
Haymaids,"
"
Catsfoot,"
brewed
by country honey, sugar, liquorice.The persons, expressedjuiceof the herb is usefullyastringentagainstbleedings. it helpeth weak, and Boiled in mutton broth," says Gerarde. Dr. Pitcairn extolled this plant before all other aching backs." vegetablemedicines for curingconsumptive diseases of the lungs. In the Organic Materia Medica, of Detroit, U.S.A., 1890, it is the Ground Painters stated use Ivy as a preventive of, and remedy for lead colic. A wineglassfulof the freshly made infusion, or tea, is to be given repeatedly." Said Dr. Oliver and
Lizzy run
acquiredits
Ivy thus
as
with
or
"
"
"
Wendell
Holmes,
in his farewell
address
to
the
medical
students
"
College, there is no form of lead poisoning which more rapidly,and more thoroughly pervades the blood, bones, reaches the young author through and marrow than that which mental with type-metal. contact Qui a bu hoirra,^ He wh" drunk will drink again,' tells a French has once proverb. So, at
Boston
'
the man, seductive
or
the
woman
who
has
tasted
'
type is
sure
to
the
resume
In my later. or early collegedays, indulgence,sooner conducted students' a by some periodical, undergraduate friends first attack of into print. Such of mine, tempted me was my author's lead-poisoning, and I have never quitegot rid of it from the dried leaves of the A snuff made from that day to this." relief against a dull congestive Ground Ivy will render marked Succus headache of the passive kind. kujus flanlm naribus non et inveteratam attr actus cephalalginm etiam vehementissimam herb remaineth lev/it tariium, sed et penitus aufert. The green, times in all of the in but also at winter, not only year. summer, Lavender used, and In earlier English days the herb was of cordial virtues, and welcome deservedly,as a rare condiment 24
370
MEALS
service is solely for
present its domestic
at
comfortingthe
and
flavouringdishes,
for
aroma
MEDICINAL.
stomach
;
fragrance,and
but for
linen. water Nevertheless, Lavender scenting the household into handy appliancefor a restorative against as a spiritcomes It proves or faintness,palpitations, refreshingto the spasms. flatulence of smell,and, if taken as a speedy stimulant,dispels sense "whilst revivingthe spirits. The is grown shrub sweet-smelling in Surrey, Hertfordshire, and largely for market purposes its essential oil from the floweringtops. These Lincoln, affording contain tannin, and a resinous camphor. spikes of Lavender of commerce is a misleading water Ordinarily the Lavender compound of various scents. During the twelfth century a known in the north as a Lavenderess, washerwoman was ordinarily I'll now lead whence Laundress. comes our name you," Corn-pleat Angler (1653), to an honest says Piscator, in Walton's "
"
"
"
ale-house, where and
window, "
white, and sheets
that
Inn,"
near
ballads
twenty
match, good
a
shall find
we
smells smell
stuck
of Lavender so."
This
Hoddesdon,
and
:
in the
wall."
the
about
! let's go to that
master
Lavender
cleanly room.
a
Again,
house, for the linen looks
long to be in a pair of Angler's probably the then the Rye House."
I
"
tavern
was
"
Herts, called "
man's a pronounced, It might sweeten temper the at any time to read Comfleal Angler." Conserves of Lavender served at table in Gerarde's were day. This fragrantherb is hostile by its powerful aromatic odour to pestilent flies,fleas, Charles
and
Lamb
other
such
insects
troublesome
which
assail
the
"
Even, say the Reliquice Antiques, Flys populum Domini " "
Fleas
afflict the
people of
the
Lord
"
!
It is told
person.
coedunt on
"
good
authority that the lions, and tigers,in our ZoologicalGardens are strangely afiected by the smell of Lavender, and become docile under its influence. A tea brewed of moderate strength from Lavender is headache from excellent for relieving tops fatigue,or exhaustion ; also to mop the temples with Lavender of Lavender water. Again, for palsiedlimbs, friction with a spirit will powerfully stimulate towards thereof. restoring the use It profiteth them that have the palsy much," says Gerarde, washed if they be with the distilled water from the Lavender "
"
flowers, or are anointed olive oil,in such manner "
with as
In each 'Tis from From
oil made
the
from
the oil of Roses
bright drop
there
the soil
love
we
English gardens
is so
won."
the flowers, and
is used."
spell,
a
well,
HERBS.
of Lavender
Fifty-sixpounds
371
will
yield exactly
pound
one
of
the
liquidperfume. Liquorice,or Licorice, as
familiar
to
all, whether
us
well-known
formerly called, is a plant-product hardened into the by the succus
Spanish juice,or as made into lozenges, Pontefract or tablets, or as the pipe Liquoriceof the sweet-stufE shops. The Liquorice plant is grown abundantly at Mitcham, near London, for supplying our markets, the roots being dug after cultivation. But the search of a three-years' Diogenes up for
honest
an
stick of
black
man
scarcely
was
difficult than
more
would
be
for genuine prepared Liquorice ; this person is because the juice is adulterated to any extent, and there is of purity for the article now definite standard no so commonly
that
of
used. kind
an
average
starch, millers'
Potato of such
make
much
regard
rubbish
employed
are
with
sweepingsmixed as
sugar, and any The Chinese
adulterants.
Liquoriceroot, and its juice,which they In their drug rejuvenating,and very nutritious. of
use
the
"
as
stores," says
Kew
the
Bulletin
(1899),
"
one
generallyobtain
can
of its bodily ills,this varying in the number ingredientsaccording to the price paid, twenty-five, thirty-five, Such or a fiftycents. prescriptionusually contains a few slices of Liquoriceroot [GlycyrrMza),with the dried flowers of some composite plant, dried cockroaches, dried cockchafers, and the a
for all
panacea
skin, with An
five
extra
about
decoction dimness
drunk of
lizard
procure dried fish of
a
inches
four
a
will
cents
five cents
another
tail, of
head, and
All these
long. as
a
sight,and
remedy almost
for any
a
stretched dried
thin
on
sea-horse
;
sticks.
and
yet and
peculiarlynarrow shape, boiled are together,and the heartburn, toothache, cough, The other ailment. vegetable
examined Kew. has been at one portion the fruit-heads of a Among the medicaments recognizedwere speciesof Eriocaulon, which has a reputationin China for curing various and some diseases, such as ophthalmia, nose-bleeding, affections Other of the kidneys. vegetable ingredients were identified. likewise Liquorice is botanically recognized, and commonly employed as a pectoral in coughs, and hoarseness. Chemically the root from which it is obtained affords a special of
sort
of
sugar, phosphate,,and
albumin, that
and
described
of these
mixtures
glycynhizine,a malate
woody as
of
lime, and
fibre.
Solazzi
The
starch,
demulcent
magnesia, a
extract
juice being
most
is
asparagin,
resinous
oil,
largely imported,
highly esteemed,
372:
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
rolls enveloped flattened or cylindrical, in bay leaves. be safely taken of Liquorice may The sugar best the Liquorice by diabetic patients. By far and away and agaimt constipation), lozenges(for inducing quiet sleep,
which
to
conies
those
are
in
us
still
fashion
old
of
obtained
be
to
the
as
the not Borough, London ; This wrote respecting Nottingham : pilules.Old Fuller county afEordeth the first,and best Liquoricein England ; great is commonly is the use thereof in physick. A stick of the same If (as the spoon prescribedto patientsto use in any loaches. "
of
manufacture
in
Smith,"
the
"
the
of iEneas
men
chance
forced
were
to
their spoons, their danger is none at all." Liquorice used in various articles of confectionery,in other
brewing, and "
to
be
But To
mixed
first he smellen
with
tobacco
cheweth
favourite
Another
Joy of the
"
"
their
meate."
writes
"
:
good
to
Tumores
Chaucer.
"
in the
cordial,
is very
Externally
against
employed
is
stayeththe
and
be used
It may
sea.
grown
Tale.
kitchen
garden is Origanum signifies
generic title This plant furnishes
mountains."
stomacke,
lycorys
the
fragrant, volatile oil which Organ," says Gerarde, of the
"
and
greyn,
pot herb
of which
Marjoram,
:
sweete." Miller's
"
trenchers) these
own
eat
to
is likewise
Sweet
their
eat
scirrhous mammarum
essential,
an
warming,
and
good against the desire
to
tonic.
wambling
at vomit, especially
for such as cannot brooke purpose has the herb been successfully of
tumours
dolentes
the
breast.
scirrhosos
herba
Murray recens.
applicata,fdiciterdissipavit." The essential solid form, and time at one a oil,when was long kept, assumes into stifi joints. A tea brewed much esteemed for being rubbed from the fresh herb will relieve headache of a nervous hysterical
viridis,per
tempus
nature.
kinds
of the
Mints
have
been
medicinally from the earliest times, such as Pennyroyal, Peppermint, and Spearmint in each of wild and wet which, though growing marshy ; is cultivated in herb kitchen for our wastes, gardens purposes. Their floweringtops are all found contain certain to a portion of cainphor. The Mint -eaten plant was gaily of old, with a joke,because said to have been originallya pretty girl many The metamorphosed by Persephone. Pennyroyal {Mentha as pulegium) was formerly known Pudding grass, from being Several
used
374
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
mischief
up
therein. be
can
vapour
for inhaling the simple respirator
A
with
made
and
perforatedzinc plate, bent, widely'c"pea
at
without
free side
any
which
funnel
secured
be
may
adapted
apertures ; and a
within
little funnel,
and
nostrils,but
the
or sponge, from twenty
with
of Peppermint essence thirtydrops of a spirituous the oil, and spirit. This quantity of the essence each night, and morning, dropped on the sponge is to
at
its sides to
oil,and
the
tie
worn
head) all day, except of an agreeable odour
are
Peppermint have
into
come
cavities
and
approved in
the
lungs,
weight "
be
whilst
the
in
The and
room,
a
inhalations with
oil of
tar)
when
even
success,
of
with
copious expectoration cough, the night-sweats,
arrested, whilst "
nutrition, (Dr. Peppermint the
"
largelyemployed than it is in coughs, in a dry cough, however it seems to caused, when especially the It will reUeve in this way act as a cure. even specifically persistenthectic cough of a consumptive patient." Unhealthy external be cleansed, and their healing promoted sores may oil to by being dressed with stripsof soft rag dipped in sweet three drops of oil of Peppermint have two each ounce of which or The oil,or the essence of Peppermint can be used been added. of any strength,and in any quantity,without the least harm to when a patient. It checks the discharge of unhealthy matter appUed to a sore, or wound, whilst exercisinga salutaryantiseptic efEect. Braddon (as Dr. Altogether writes) the oil of Peppermint forms the best, safest,and most agreeableof known Hughes)
be
combined much
should
meals.
at
continuous
steadilyincreased.
have
should
The
been
heavy phlegm have
the
with
use
microbes.
consumption
and. the
France
(eitherby itself,or
present
are
the
oil
In
with
made
nostrils,(by tapes
and
mouth,
the
over
essence
the
over
absolutely harmless.
are
of
be
of
of
to
apparatus
end
narrow
pledget
cotton-wool, for frequent saturation
absorbent
a
as
mouth,
small
thin, ductile,
of
square
of the
shape
the
to
top
small
a
oil
more
"
"
"
antiseptics." For obviating mosquito
bites, the
ablutionary
use
of
all over the body, or, in default thereof, soap employing soft soap with which a few drops of oil of Peppermint
Peppermint
have
been
mixed, will prove
efficacious. "
says then
an
experiencedtraveller,
wash
hands,
and
therewith let it
the
dry- on
into the
face, the every
"
Take
hands
a
with
little of this," some
water,
body throughout, and the part likelyto be exposed to
375
HERBS.
oil of mosquito bites." Continental pathologistshave found for correcting Peppermint highlyuseful as an internal antiseptic are poisonous intestinal products given off when fsecal matters within the bowels detained so factive long as to undergo corrupt putreVarious of because persistent constipation. changes, skin
troubles
result
may
from
this
such
cause,
nettle-rash,
as
erysipelatous redness, whilst pimples, itching, and until eventually ensue general neurotic rheumatism may into a solid form is obviated. When crystallized difficulty
mattery severe
the "
as
menthol,"
oil, if rubbed
the
painful neuralgic part,
and
give speedy,
Distilled Peppermint grievous troubles. always preferredmedicinally,from half to one
such
a
time.
stronger, and
The
chemists
by
intestines
of
relief,
marked
other
excellent
of
are
detention
causes
use
within
of the
them
be
at wineglassful
torpid food
of noxious
givingoff
the
should
water
a
Peppermint lozenges supplied when sluggishnessof the
smaller
putrescent changes,and
with
surface
headache, tic doloureux, facial toothache, and
for frontal
as
will
skin
the
over
mass,
for
gases should
be of these lozenges absorption into the body. Two substantial then sucked slowly a couple of hours after each more in this manner as act to of the meals day. They will serve For from similar cause. making a preventive of appendicitis Peppermint drops," take two cupfuls of granulated sugar, of half a cupful of cold a tiny pinch of cream water, and stirring, Boil these together for ten minutes, without tartar. "
melt sugar the stronger
let the
and
eight (for Peppermint removed in
while
from
the
the
in the
head,
with
mix
combination
with
learn
this
1835) he
wrote
cocaine
fact !
of
to
the
hay-fever,
?) is found
famous
to
Smith
be
of
oil
When
fire.
the
paper. first the
on
victimized
When
follows
as
oiled
glad Sydney
How
on
of
egg-beater until
an
againstattacks
some
preventivelyuseful.
still
is
mixture
Add
burn.
not
Peppermints twelve) drops
stove
or
it may
that
so
long drops, then drop quickly on As an antiseptic snuff for use
cold
to
slowly
it falls
access
menthol
of
a
(in
promptly, and
would
have
been
hay-fever (in June, Sir Henry Holland, from by
old complaint, the I am sufferingfrom my Florey : hay-fever (as it is called); my fear is perishingby dehquescence. in nasal, and lachrymal profluvia.My remedies are, I melt away of a watery warm pediluvium,cathartics, and topicalapplication solution of opium to eyes, ears, and the interior of the nostrils. Combe
"
376
MEALS
The
membrane
absurd
an
wind
light,dust, contradiction, the sight of a dissenter, anything sets me begin sneezingat twelve I don't leave off
if I
and
irritable that
so
remark,
sneezing; till two
is
o'clock, and that
sets
MEDICINAL.
heard
am
distance
a
way,
of six miles.
Turn
the mind
your
this little curse."
to
Spear Mint herb
which
with
roast
and
a
in
and antiseptic,
But,
is well
as
Mint
sheep."
Cobbett.
Dr.
bitter
was
Hayman
has
herbs
of
is slower
than
"
milk
will
Poet
makes
in
milk
and
for
of
mentha."
Laureate,
"
that
indicates
This
is
steadies
the
the
with
use
children
Spear Mint
Spear Mint,"
giddiness." The form
by
fresh
some
milk
of
feeble
is
made
hiccough, and flatulence, as well as called the Martial indigestion,wherefore "
an
blest
reflect historically
for
young
water
of
out
curdling thereof therefore Spear Mint,
commended
be
lamb
the
by itself ;
clots
albuminous
crude
When
Passover.
distilled
A
by
added
sugar
Tusset, and
it to
oil
digestion
relieve
giddiness of Ructatrix
often
Mint
supposed
is much its essence, to foods by delicate persons,
which
of
odour, Mackerel
better
and
vinegar
described
or
the
eaten
volatile
Its
solution
macerated
are
digestivepowers.
to
Jewish
the
if the
conducive
the
said,
sauce
of this herb
leaves
forward
"
also of
Mint."
the
be
fragrantaromatic name
allied
an
to
sauce,
Lady's
whilst
meat,
hdp
sauce,
jfibre.
"
of
Mint
making
possesses a bearing the
;
Germany
immature
"of young in Mint
the
It likewise
spicy taste
and
for
popular use
lamb.
this herb
makes
old
is of
Mint, is
Garden
or viridis),
{Mentha
warm,
Mint,"
"
when
distinctlyin Taunton,
writes
the herb our
Spear,
name
its floral
Spire, spiry blossoming. in of New Knickerbocker, Washington Irving, speaks Englanders much who revel hoeto were on given great roysterers, cakes, and bacon, Mint julep, and apple-toddy." Julep is for ancient Arabian an name a calming drink (originally with and connected with containing opium, mucilage), possibly the Persian from bulbs of an orchis. salep made Culpeper bad for wounded The Mints extreme wrote are : people ; and or
of
"
"
"
"
they be
say
wounded
a
but
cured,
experience terebinthine
that
teaches
that
man
is
a
that
"
the
very
Mints
long day." the
Mints
are
his wound
will
never
Nevertheless, modern to
be
credited
with
antiseptic healing virtues, notably peppermint, and thyme. As for the Garden Mint," wrote Pliny, smell of it alone recovers, and refreshes the spirits, "
rosemary,
eats
377
HERBS.
much
the
as
that
reason
it is
accustomed Our
wild
rich
appetitefor acid
our
which
viands, is made
wherein
sauces
English
flanks
are
we
from
of
seeds
the
beef, and
roast
herb
a
places in this country, but now It is the black black, and white.
Sinapis,both
is the
which
meat,
meat."
our
Mustard,
waste
on
the
general in
so
dip
to
table
other
stirs up
taste
originally
cultivated, the which
Mustard
of the mustard yieldsthe condiment pot, and the pungent yellow flour which we employ for the familiar stimulating poultice, or sinapism. The virtues of this black Mustard depend on an with is combined acrid volatile oil comprised in the seeds, which active an principlecontaining sulphur abundantly; as shown
by
discoloration
the
Mustard
made
acid.
for the
The
formed. The
combined
of
table,
chemical
"
is
fixed oil of
being myronic by being
silver
sinnigrin,"with in the
bland
a
seeds which
nature
with
contact
sulphuret of
oil is modified
the
another
if left in
spoon
black
a
basis
acridityof with
silver
a
be
can
readilyseparated by pressure, and which will promote the growth of hair if employed as a mild pomade ; it may nally be used also exterwith friction for relievingrheumatic stifEness of muscles. Mustard flour is a capital antiseptic, and sterilizing agent. Admixture with vinegar will check the development of pungency in Mustard made for the table, so that this practice is now discontinued. who were great eaters Probably the Romans, wine of Mustard seed, pounded, and steeped in new (mustum), first with them to our shores, and taught brought the condiment it. For obstinate how the ancient Britons to prepare hiccough a teacupfulof boilingwater should be poured on a teaspoonful of Mustard and
the
emetic
flour, and
is
flour has
poured
taken
The
volatile A
oil around feet
also
in
at
a
it
Messrs. had
their
promptly as
be, half
may
a
Mustard
the person are
age, Keen
will operate
flour contains
oil of Mustard
hot
of lukewarm
to
"
Mustard
be
briskly, and erucic, and
below.
preserving one's is better
than
Co., the oldest London
place of
to
an
mixed,
surely.
sinapoleic
serves
prove beneficiallystimulated
nothing
first,
by the diffusion of by inhalation, whilst soporific
foot-bath
for
water,
at
When
if still needed.
minutes,
pint draught, this on
long prevailed that advanced
ten
as
of requiredfor speedy effect,if a tablespoonful
and
acids.
half
other
taken
business
as
long
ago
The
the has
notion even
memory
this
to
an
Mustard. firm of the Mustard as
1742
at
Garlick
trade, Hill,
378
MEALS
Hythe, the
or
harbour
were
brought.
often
represented
to
Hard
by
as
adoption of
this
which
L.
and garlic, the
was
the
above
device
was
capacity,
in that,
Hence
porch.
church
of the
trade-mark
as a scallop-shell
who
St. James,
of
whose
seasonings
such
other
church
Pilgrim,and
a
scallop-shell, appears
a
MEDICINA
the
Keen
firm.
Actual
imitations of metallic them, were or scallop-shells, formerly used as scoops by retail dealers in Mustard and spices; it is even said that some specimens of these articles are still to be found in old-fashioned shops kept in out-of-the-wayplaces. Mustard flour is an infallible antiseptic, and sterilizing agent, besides being a capitaldeodorizer. Black Mustard seed, when
bruised, develops
active
a
very penetrating odour
which makes powerful principlecontains sulphur abundantly. with a a ready deodorizer, if moistened has
the
remarkable
camphor,
and
asafetida, and
dangerous
(1643)
would
sing clear
which
must
"
is
marvellous
be^
She
and
Flamingoes,and
in
together." "
it's a mineral, I "
Duchess moral
;
yours.' roast
and
'
the
Although beef
of
sinew, yet
credited
playmate
with as
of
she
who
good propertie
isn't
:
Duchess
of
Of
flock
remarked
;
it is," said the
course
mine
(Alice
feather
a
bird," Ahce "
which a
merrie
keep, her weep."
Birds
here, and
near
mine, the
table
at
oppositeeffects
would
a
is of
"
she
"
large Mustard Mustard
but
will make
is,
there
burie.
to
sad
bite," said the
moral
England according to
less there
invariably
the is of
flanks
the
gives national
familiar
nursery
by children, who
strength, rhyme it is
taunt
a
craven
:
"
Cowardy, oowardy custard. Who
white
seed
both
old
"
The
mustard
more
voice
the
had
no
manners
Mustard
a
paste
of musk,
odours
another
husband
a
think," said Alice.
there's
of it is "
"
Only,
a
"
good
the
into
turpentine, creosote, roguish Mustard, has taught in Specidum
for
good
this
;
the
"
Swan
in heart
Mustard
Wonderland), and "
hap
if in shew
Onypns "
hath
is therefore
Yet
"
a
being such
flour
little water
it hath, moreover,
forgotten:
that
And
Mustard
John
as
"
; but
not "
nose
"
Mundi
"
water
eyes
Mustard
resins
gum
like.
such the
to
foetid
the
the dispelling
of
property
the
principle,with
pungent
Mustard
ate
his mother's
is best known
to
mustard."
us
as
produced
for its young
ME/iBS.
leaves with
a
when
does
be
to
in
eaten
the
379
combination
of
Mustard
Cress
and
This plant,which salad, or with bread and butter. grows, uncultivated, on waste ground with largeyellow flowers,
afford under
not
"
Mustard.
When
conditions
any
oil like the
pungent
a
black
in the leaf," John
Evelyn tells in his Acetaria, Mustard in young seedlingplants is of incomparable effect to quicken, and revive the spirits,strengthening the memory, expelling heaviness, preventing the vertiginous palsy, and a laudable cephalic,besides being an approved anti-scorbutic." The active principle of this white is sinapin, and the Mustard seed germinatesso rapidly that it has been said a salad of the herb may be grown whilst the joint of meat therefrom is being "
roasted three
for dinner.
effect, being voided
from
little softened, and
a
throat
teaspoonfuldoses
will exercise the
lower
perceptiblechange except
any
become
day
a
in
whole
seeds
undergoing has
swallowed the
laxative
a
times
four
or
When
that
mechanically without
bowel their
skin
outer
mucilaginous. For
relaxed
a
serviceable. tea proves gargleof bruised Mustard-seed Chemically the Nettle (Urtica dioica, and urens), of familiar acquaintance all over the country, is so constituted as to provide food available for helping to obviate a several bodily ailments, sore
and
a
infirmities.
It
salts, ammonia, of the the
fresh
dried
contains
carbonic
leaves
is
formic
acid, and
soothing,and
leaves, when
burnt
inhaled, will relieve bronchial, and or
being
more,
year at
1400
thus
employed
entry was St. Michael's, Bath,
In
1890
the
a
West
wholesome,
when
cooked
supply these
of the
for
vegetable in salutary,and
vegetable
the
same
the
fro
Nettle
tops
spring, and
succulent
dish
ad
venditis
are
taken
as
a
square
by
an
bloom, stem.
must
The
acrid secretion
stingingeffect contained
recognized Nettle
for
tops
regular
a
not
of the
in niinute
fresh
a
is
which
be secured, and
in the
as
they make
greens, but hurtful. autumn are during they ; Nettle, with a round, hairy stalk, and which colourless
grains,
Laurencium."
young
early summer, of
to
ready sale existed
a
a
The
for
young a
very
tive slightlylaxatrue Stinging
bears labiate
true
;
be
account
London
in
arranged
he
finding that
on
far back
As
dealer
and
their fumes
troubles, ten
propertiesof
table,
lotion for burns
churchwarden's
the
urlicis
"
nutritious
and
If
wares.
End
time.
a
in
made
an
asthmatic
at
strong infusion
A
water.
healing as a to give off
as
so
mucilage, mineral
acid,
only
Nettle
Nettle
vesicles
a
at
dull, with
is caused the
base
380
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
of each is
old
an
chronic from such has
brewed
decoction, when
produced
a
redness
of the
skin, and
became
swollen, and
of
sense
a
minute
cure
the
over
vesicles
made
A tea power. for nettlerash.
strong, and
too
burning
severe
long practisedfor
been
Devonshire
topsisa
Nettle
has
loss of muscular
and
rheumatism,
a
which
remedy
external
young
with Nettles, urtication,or flogging
stiff hairs ; and
of the
whole
freely, body, with general drunk
being stung
too
the
;
out, which
broke
But
features
presently
Again, Nettle tea wUl promote the extrication from the body of gouty gravel through the kidneys ; and fresh Nettle-juice, given in doses of from one two serviceable remedy for losses to tablespoonfuls,is a most other internal of blood, whether from the nose, the lungs,or some the tongue, and pressed If a leaf of the herb be put upon organ. against the roof of the mouth, it will stop a bleedingfrom the burst, and
fluid.
limpid
discharged a
nose.
For
rubbed-in
acid
is
which
of each
of
acid
a
the
their
the
found
in the muscles
Nettle-beer, and not
of
know
to
her
formic
the
one
much
for
antidote
an
that
it is
;
be
to
stung
patients.
the
serve
cottage
for the
cure
Nettle, with it such
constitute
drive
(which
been
in the
planted
to
a
The
wife
makes
old folk
gouty
:
she
why, but only makes use of the knowledge handed by past experience from her predecessors. It is
centigramme) has If
moisture. it
alkaloid crystallized
Nettle. will
well
considers
acid in the
iron, which A
insomuch
be
for uric acid rheumatic
answer
leaf added
lettuce
"down
to
blood
is,
external
(of the
does
is believed
acid
same on principle, equally Nettles by application,or by eating young stingingspecies)cooked in their own juices,or with only
whether
a
our
of rheumatism,
bees is commended
purposely by Nettle-stingingwill
formic
Such
well-beingof
of all flesh,and
uric acid
againstthe
the
to
of the
ejectsa tiny drop
inflicted.
wound
nevertheless, necessary
which
sac
formic
same
being stung swellingfrom leaves having at the base
lance-like
diminutive
into
and
leaf
antidotal
as
is the
It
venom.
Dock
a
popular remedy,
bee
smarting,
with
lance
formic
acid causes
by Nettles,
applicationof
familiar, and
a
formic
the
to
immediate
bee-sting the
a
away
in favour, the
the a
phosphates, and
isolated
from
"herb
In
knodel"
frogs in
to
the
neighbourhood of frogs.
food.
medicinal
valuable
is fatal
the trace
common
beehives
Italy, where of Nettles
herb made
dose
a
of
Stinging the
Nettle
are soups into round
382
MEALS
"
babies
aromatic,
has
and "
principle oil.
brought by
are
stork."
the
sweetish
a
apiin,"with
Likewise
MEDICINAL.
contains
starch, and
sugar,
fruit furnishes
the
It
taste.
the
is
Parsleyroot
The
a
aromatic
an
volatile
same
faintly
chemical
volatile
oil in "
larger apiol "
comprising parsley-camphor, and apiol is dispensed '{thetrue essential oil of Parsley). Such for correcting female by our druggists,and is of singular use of irregularities Country folk in many periodicalfunction. its roots ; Parsley, or to move places think it unlucky to sow Fried Parsley bringsa man and rustic adage puts it that to a this
abundance,
oil
"
"
"
his
saddle, and
her
to
woman
a
appliedexternally, will
when
hard
earlylactation, and
in
to
grave." soften
to
serve
resolve
bruised
The
them
tojbecancerous, quite certain and
that
tumours,
or healingof dispersion,
the
followed
have
maUgnant
character
Comfrey,
Cinnamon,
work
more
medicaments,
herbal
in
such
remedies
such
:
and
Violets.
it is
cases,
and
administration
in advanced
even
principleunderlies,
remedies
orthodox
runs
to
wit
If
cause
as
the
suspected failed.
It is
growths,
cancerous
this, and
of
cases
Likewise
had
of
are
nursing when
whilst
abscess. painful, with threatened leaves have successfullydispelledtumours when
which
breasts
knotty, and bruised
leaves
other
undeniably
an
Celandine, Clover, and
effect
occult possible that some all, which through them
at
are
common
has
yet
at table, yet Though used so commonly Parsley is proved by indisputablefacts to have induced epilepsy whilst in certain bodily systems when eaten to excess, particularly uncooked. Alston I have observed, after raw Parsley says :
to
discovered.
be
"
lias been
head, and face,
an
if the
as
freely,a fulness
eaten
inflamed
state
criivat
"
of the too
were
of the eyes,
blood-vessels with
about
congestion of
tight." The name adjective title
was
the
the
formerly
"
"
Percely," spelt petroselinum rock. In Prance rustic to on a a growing signifies application scrofulous swellingsis successfullyused, which consists of green to the thickness Parsley, and snails,pounded together in a mortar is spread on of which of an ointment, some linen, and applied action liberallyevery day. Parsley tea exercises a decided of the urinary passages, be the and on liningmembrane may this is sore, inflamed. essential The or given helpfullywhen oil of Parsley-has proved beneficial against epilepsyin certain subjects. The
and
excellence
of
the
Parsley-sauce "
useful
as
a
medicament
"
HERBS.
always depends Take
with
boil them then
into
put them
for ten
minutes
boat, with
sauce
a
small.
very
in
only a little water ; tough woody pieces; the liquor in which
the of
some
well-made
pour
leaves
green
it,bruise the stalks, and
small, first pickingout
boiled, and
were
fresh
the
Parsley,wash
the leaves
them
chop
they
of fresh
handful
a
chopping
on
3S3
white
(not rich
sauce
"
"
them. When Aux butter) over fines herbes is directed in cookery. Parsley is practicallyintended, though of tarragon. Parsley,chervil, shalots, chives, basil,and mixture a well. mushrooms, chopped, and sweated in fat,may be signified as melted
with
"
One
morning
The
onion the
Unto '
in the
and
bed
garden
the
said
carrot
parsley group
:
shall we three meet Oh, when again. In thunder, lightning,hail, or rain ? Alas
'
!
replied,in parsley, in '
The
of
pain soup.'
tones
the
'
"
themselves Botanically,all the Parsleys show singularlywise in their generation; having many diminutive, insignificantsingle, lookingflowers (which furnish the nectar), they agree to unite in one these Nevertheless, none important-seeming umbel. but small fry, such effect as gnats, thrips,ants, and flies can themselves of the honey in the tiny to possess entrance so as florets ; and
simply tints
for
warranted
instead
it is that the whole
thus
such to
until
thread-bare,
well, and
at a
the a
same
shrub
It
in
times
our
chambers
leaves, and
in the
flowers. sea,
herb, and
of
tops. The
name
which
golden
gay
allure
to
serve
a
to
burn
gardens of the
was
Rosemary as
sweet-
a
sick, because
carried
smellingat
morbid
has
was
the
in the
of
effluvia from
pleasant scent,
hand
sprigafforded the
and
corpse. a
bitter,
essential volatile oil chiefly present
an
Other
fragrant active principlesreside
is derived
from
ros,
dew,
appearance grey, glistening with odour the an localitynear sea,
in allusion to its natural
the
disorders. against pestilential
that
againstany
(Rosmarinus)
in the
reds, and
kitchen
sprigof Rosemary believed
was
taste, because
pungent
of the
a
reason
funeral.
wash
lepidopterouslordlings. of former
is still cultivated
potent defence
The
warm
supposed preservativepowers
For
to
richly-decoratedcoroUse
scented, fragrantherb) in the its
of attractiveness
way
work-a-day
wear
painted butterflies,and A good old custom (which
by
insects,displays only neutral
of the brilliant blues, the
yellows,of those
umbel
the
marinus, of the
thereof.
384
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
It
is
ever
and
green,
of
Rosemary," says (lozenges,or tablets),with
flowers
it merry,
make
and
and
sugar,
will
tea
language of flowers this Rosemary re-kindlinglost energy.
French
acts
quietingcordial
a
as
to
; palpitating
irregular,and
up
into
eaten, comfort
the
relieve
soon
breakfast
it for
drink
persons
"
old author,
an
as
herb
made
In
it will further
of
quantities
the
action
is
dispel any
to
serve
the
power
in small
which
of
be
to
depression;
represents the
heart
heart,
restorative.
taken
The
plates
them
cause
nervous a
wine
a
"
pale-blue blossoms.
and quicken the spirits,
lively." Rosemary some
small
bears
accompanying dropsy by stimulating the kidneys. This wine be made by chopping up sprigsof green Rosemary, and may sound white wine, which after three or pouring on them some days
four
relish.
writer
A
beef."
influence
"
Where
spiritmade
and
from
the
to
as
that
the
an
dress
to
retain, it
may
to
close be
History
may
be
deprivation of
will
in with
of the
ounce
pint
the as
of
one
with
dried
hair-
honey-water
being
beard,
juvenile look),
in
his
profitably quoted : raasfruline vigour puts appendages which are beardless
the
adopted
whiskers, and a
(as
of
present fashion
Selborne
and
best
the
"
(as the
leaves
the
supposed,
have
brisk
boiling water,
of
to
help
similar
specialcamphor
same sand), promoting growth
for
shaving
wine
if rubbed
mixed
be
respect
growiih of those hirsute its insignia; thus eunuchs as and But squeaking voices. the
spiritof
cool, makes
excellent
of
a
suggestive letter (xxxii) of
Natural
were
excellent
ruled."
incorporated with
honey
men
young
An
with
should
Incidentallywith
hair.
(so
until
itself
of
a
myrtle.
treated
It
known.
likewise
shrub
-preserve
woman
oil with
oil includes
the
stand
to
distilled
by
volatile
flowers, when
washes
the
vitalityof paralysed limbs
The
allowed
essential
the
possessedby
that
flourished
Rosemary
from
the
friction.
Rosemary
are
house-mistress.
of the
renew
(1707)
"
tells of
greenalso
medicinally; there
Sprigs of the being roasted, as
whilst
beef
The
use.
freely cultivated early times the Rosemary was to gardens, and it came represent the dominant
C
to
be used
to
into
put
In
kitchen
to
kind
into
stuck
formerly
A
off, and
golden-leavedsorts.
silver, and
in
strained
variety is the
leaved
your
be
may
well-known It
is
a
ingenious Mr.
stop
looked
chins, smooth Lisle
plain to
upon
limbs,
testifies)
HERBS.
insigniaof
the loss of such
abilities ; thus that
to
he had
broken
No
ofi.
his powers before he
was
given
were
beast
the
fierce and
so
venereous,
for his tusks this
suffered
him."
recent
substantiated "
famous
This
was
Hungary
completely cured
of
use
became
for
and
a
fences
no
of Darwin's
more
for
outward
application,
Hungary, who by its continued prepared by paralysis ; it was
fresh tops of Rosemary gallonof spiritof wine, which had to
a
half
pounds
in full flower
into
a
puttingone
"
water
of
first invented
forecast
whom
to
facts.
Queen
was
a
be
to
injury than
him, and he neglectedthose females attached, and from whom passionately
was
its
the masculine
on
forsook
restrain
when
orders
the facial hair, and
as
strange effect
a
which
had
sooner
woald
The
boar
a
mischief
prevent
manliness
sometimes
accompaniments,has
385
of the
then distilled. Hoyes tells that days, and was the formula for composing this noted water," as written by own hand, is still preserved in the Imperial Queen EHzabeth's for doing much It was further esteemed Library at Vienna. occurringin the hands, and feet, by good against gout when brisk friction. being rubbed into the affected limbs with some In the French hospitalsit is customary to burn Rosemary the air,and preventing berries,for purifying togetherwith juniper infection. This plant contains also some tannin, togetherwith said to resin, and a bitter principle.By old writers it was a increase the flow of breast-milk ; the herb is used in preparing Eau de Cologne. In olden were days sprigs of the shrub stand
for
four
"
put
with
into
a
into
corpse "
the
grave
instinctive
for
knowledge
virtues anti-putrescent powers Lovers, has told burial to
the
:
had
then
even
of this herb,
against infection.
aromatic
"
coffin, and remembrance." the
of the
custom
same
sign of mourning
Some
the little child in its mother's
pieceof Rosemary "
end "
arms
be thrown
probably
Most
been well
as
thrown
were
an
acquired of the of its protective
Gaskell, in Sylvia's
Mrs. when shown
describinga
rustic
by
down
everyone,
innocentlyclutched
that into the
'
grave
for
brance.' remem-
practicewhen poet Gay also alludes to the same had to an burial of a country lass who come
The
the describing
untimely
to
was
as
others
: "
their love the neighboursfar and near Followed, with wistful looks, the damsel's bier SpriggedRosemary the lads and lasses bore, To
show
While
Upon The
dismally the
parson
walked
before
:
Rosemary they threw. blue." Daisy, Butterflower, and Endive her
grave
:
the
25
3S6
It
MEALS
dear
was
and to
blind
"
had
to
well-known
which
song "
immortalized,
picturesquelytold
"
Cellarer
the
it
"
sits in her
Margery a
quaintly,and
She
sage oft at curfew '
it is
says there's
a
:
is wafted '
Rosemarie
says that she grows take a something to
must
ho
! ho
Where
fume
:
cupboard behind the back Margery say they often see
Margery
And
a
!
small
the maids
And
still room.
own
is she
matron
thence
From
But
is
"
And
Now
(I suppose
:
Dame
But
leaves
the
lady's favourite receipts)." In a spiritedrendering of Santley has
the
Simon
"
"
old
of the
some
cottage
dry sprigs of Rosemary,
between
there
first story
half-dozen
her
few
a
Lamb's
Charles
among
with
Lavender, stuck here and
point
in
Margaret
Gray, 1798) who a cookery book,
{Rosamund volumes
old
MEDICINAL.
! ho
!
old Simon flask
a
many
doth
of his
old.
very
keep
stair. there. cold
the
out
:
know
doth
best
go."
stuffingducks, and geese, to be roasted, the conventional of which blend is of Sage, and onions ; as regards the former this garden herb Sage contains active principlewhich resists an animal Furthermore, the said principle, salviol," putrescence. of the together with the bitterness, and condimentary pungency to better Sage leaves, enables the stomach digest rich, luscious is plentiful meats, and Sage, which gravies. Our well-known in every kitchen garden, is aromatic, and fragrant,by reason of its volatile,camphoraceous essential oil. The botanical name For
"
Salvia "
Cur
is derived
from homo
moriatur
monkish in his
line
"
garden
stomachic
?
cui
"
There
Salvia
is
salvere,to be sound
verb
should
Why
"
Latin
a
in
crescit
die
man
a
better
no
way
horto as
?
"
in health.
saith
an
old
long as Sage grows of taking Sage as a
by eating it with bread and This herb," says Gerarde, butter. is singulargood for the and brain : it quickeneth the head, and senses, ; memory hath the restoreth health those that to sinews, strengtheneth the palsy, and takes away shaky trembling of the members." John Swan, in Speculum Mundi (1643),writes : Sage also take, wholesome
herb, than
"
"
"
for
it hath
many
virtues, and
a
great desire
to
make
a
man
immortall." "
"
A
little
Sage
makes
And
by
its
the
sinews
help no
ague
vinegar sprinkled upon
strong, the palsie cures
long
;
endures."
its leaves
lying
upon
coals,
387
HERBS.
and
in
wrapped
so
of those
that
with
troubled
are
holden
linnen, and
a
hot
very
the
unto
grievouspain,taketh
a
side the
away
pain presently,and also greatly helpeth the extremitie of a pleurisie." In pulmonary consumption, and for hectic feverish wasting diseases,"an infusion of the garden herb Sage is much to well as for excessive be commended, as perspirationof the feet, from skin." with fetid odours the sodden Steep a teaspoonful for twenty-four hours of dried Sage leaves in half a pint of water let the patienttake a teacupful in the mornand strain : then ing, and another at the one day, night : or a spiritof during the fresh bruised leaves may be given,a teaspoonfulwith water has of the herb three times a day. A strong infusion two or used with to been ing success dry up the breast- milk for weaninfant : and an a as gargle,sage-leaftea, with some honey, answers admirably. Rue should be planted with the Sage : "
The
Chinese
teas
;
with
Salvia as
are
and
fond
of
Dutch
the
faciunt
RutS.
cum
Sage
tibi
as
we
carried
once
poeula
of their
fragrant profitable trade
are on
tuta."
a
for each exchanging a pound of Sage leaves Dr. Hart (1633), exclaimingagainst three-poundparcel of tea. the use of tobacco by weakly persons, and invalids,has said : Why may not garden Sage as safely,and without any seeming show of danger, be used instead ? It is by all our physicians accorded, and agreed-uponthat this doth apparently corroborate, and and strengthen the nerves, by consequent all the animal
by
them
"
beside
powers,
whereof
the
virtues
excellent
ascribed
thereof
recorded, the
like
Sage bread is dough with mixed a strong infusion of the Sage plant (firstbruised) in milk. I have known Boyle has reported (1668) : Sage bread do in humours." much For to good drying up making take of fresh leaves of green Sage, plucked from Sage tea," were
never
to
tobacco."
"
"
"
stalks,and
the
sugar, one from the of
washed
ounce
;
strain."
a
will
serve
drink
dried
directed
to
prevent
much
tea,
in cold
an
or
water, of
ounce.
stand
Sage
for the
a
rind
outer
let them
(as likewise
tea
too
and
When
quantity than Such
of the
white, a quarter of
boilingwater,
then
clean
near
leaves
fresh
half
an
the fire for half are
leaves
an
used, rather
of
good
hour, less in
employed. Southern-wood)
should
be
Rosemary, Balm, or thirsty,fevered patient from not
;
lemon-peel finelypared Put these into two pints
of
cofEee when
ounce
desiringto
for him
;
it also
388
MEALS
acts
as
MEDICINAL.
Gerarde
Moreover, antiseptic.
an
of floures of Clove Gillofloure
and (Carnation),
and doth wonderfully above cordial,
beingeaten now and Closelyallied to brilliantred
declares
:
"A
comfort
measure
conserve
Sage,is exceeding the heart,
then with the meate."
(a dock),from
garden Khubarb
the
of which
leaf-stems
make
we
favourite
the
puddings,
also a dock, {Rumex aoetosus), French chief constituent of Sowpe aux such as a herbes,
and
pies,is
and
the
lady will
the
order
the Sorrel
garden
for herself after
in preferred
succulent, and
Sorrel
less
is Rumex
France than
sour
long,and tiring journey.But
a
scutatus, because garden herb. For the
our
more
said
"
three pieceof butter (egg size), cut up),a pintof Sorrel leaves (minced), (finely and three an onion, sprigsof parsley(likewise ininced).Cover and let all these stew the saucepan, gentlyfor ten minutes ; of in sift then two tablespoonfulsflour,mixing well ; pour in whilst stirring all the time, three quarts of boiling gradually, Put a cupfulof mashed of water. potato into three-quarters add of rich and to the with milk, a cupful soup ; season pepper, of the beaten four and Mix of a salt, pinch nutmeg. yolks eggs in the tureen, and with a littlemilk (usinga cupful altogether)
put into soup, leaves of lettuce
a
saucepan
a
of the boiling dice of toast, and soup ; put in some pour in some and stand it in a warm : cover, pour the rest of the soup over If this soup may preferred, placefor five minutes ; serve hot.
pouringit over the eggs. In either rubbing a tiny clove of garlic, soups the Latins use c rust inside the kettle." the croutons or dice), (toasted
passedthrough a
be
such it on
The
Sorrel Dock
sieve before
with
us
bears also the
Sour Sabs, Sour Sorrow, and Green Sauce. names
Garbs, Sour Suds, Sour Sauce, Cuckoo Countrypeoplebeat the herb to a mash, and take it mixed
vinegar,and
sugar,
as
a
green
sauce
with
cold meat.
with When
it serves excellent as an juice) of instead pork, apple sauce. goose, corrective of scrofulous deposits, Sorrel is specially Because of scurvy. beneficial towards the cure Says John Evelyn, in Sorrel sharpensthe appetite, Acetaria (1699): assuages heat, and strengthens the heart ; it is an anti-scorbutic, cools the liver,
boiled without
water
accompaniment to
(inits own
roast
or
"
putrefaction resisting ; and in the making of to the rest as supplying the quickness grateful and
lemons.
Togetherwith
from the relishto sallets,
the
salt it
sallets want
givesboth the which renders sapidity,
impartsa
of oranges, and name, not
plants
iiM
390
MEALS
pint of
water
for about
When a
hour
an
soup
and
Ingredientsfor small
one
size of with
serve
flour, half
an
the ounce
and
a
to
taste.
return
it to
nutmeg
sieve, and
;
of
bread-crusts
the :
Sorrel,one
butter, three bread
a
put
pound
pint ;
one
small
one
;
gillof
milk,
;
onion,
cream,
pepper, French chefs
directed.
as
the soup into a in at the last.
pour
ounces
yolks,half
egg
crusts
shilling piece;
a
above
carrot, two
nutmeg,
through
fine
simmer
with yolks of egg, and add cream your it boils ; stir long enough to bind the as soon as its boilingfurther. thin crusts Stamp out some
eggs, but avoid of bread the about
tureen,
salt, and
pepper,
it to
allow
then
Mix
stewpan.
this to the
add
;
the whole
done, rub
clean
it boils,and
stir until
;
half
MEDICINAL.
"
Potage a la bonne femme," perhaps because Soup flavour. Sweet slightlyacidulated things grow tiresome Sorrel
a
while
for which
:
and
women,
of its after
should
soup,
call
have
in their composition. spice of let us not say acid of its gratefulacidity,a conserve of account Formerly, on Alleluia ordered herb. Wood Sorrel, was luluja,"or the from the leaves, and by the London College to be made petals, with peel. An anti-putrescent gargle is to sugar, and orange be concocted against quinsy with the same parts of this plant. its bright red colouringto varying The owes garden Rhubarb in combination of its natural with states pigment, chlorophyll, For cuUnary purposes the petiole, stalk of the broad or oxygen. Its chief nutrient is leaf, is used. property is glucose,which a
little
both
reason
salt,
"
"
identical makes for
with
these
the
quantity
of
some
is likewise
a
in
Dock
grown is anything but
Rhubarb
lime
oxalic
acid
mineral and with small a matters, gum, volatile essence. The of Turkey Rhubarb
vegetable diet, even
with
of
presence
as
albumin,
Garden
the
objectionablefor gouty persons as is Sorrel, also already explained. The garden Rhubarb
stalks
reason
medicine
But
grape-sugar.
possesses
of
"
"
"
their
for
system.
in Western an
some
Thibet.
China, and
article
invariablyharmless
persons Its free use
who at
are
table
not
gouty,
will
now
or
and
in
susceptiblesubjects,whether children,or adults, congestionof the kidneys, passage of bloody urine, nettle-rash, colic of the bowels, feverishness,and a general aching of the Hmbs. it is chieflyRhubarb of the rougher sort as grown But again provoke
wholesale
variety of
for the
markets, which
cultivated
troubles, whether
of
thus
whilst disagrees,
garden produce does the kidneys, or of the
not
the forced
give rise
skin.
This
to
such
Rhubarb
HERBS.
contains
391
vegetable albumin, and 2 per cent of sugar into a shape by passingit through (glucose). It may be moulded cooked with sieve, when a raspberry jam, of which sugar, and latter a gillwill suffice for a quart mould, colouringit a pretty pink, and using only just enough gelatineto set it. Rhubarb has the accommodating faculty of absorbing the flavour of other of the raspberry. Ginger was fruits,particularly long since held in repute as connected with Rhubarb. tableBy adding two spoonfuls of preserved ginger (chopped very fine) with about the same of ginger syrup, and of a measure dessertspoonful brandy, to a quart of Rhubarb pulp for moulding, a revelation will be in store. For stalks of Rhubarb wine," chop some garden Rhubarb coarsely,and to every quart add three quarts of water, then strain let it stand for two three days ; next or through a cloth, and to every quart add one pound of sugar, either brown, white. this remain in jars to ferment, Let or bottle ceases skimming every day until the fermentation ; then Rhubarb tightly. For preserve,"take twelve pounds of nice rich-coloured wash Rhubarb, skin very sparingly, well, and leave it in a little cold water pounds of sugar for quite ; boil twelve 1 per
of
cent
"
"
half add
hour,
an
of
plenty
potting. This
then
nice
a
nursery
in
piecesabout
into
one
which syrup, occasionally,with care
down
be
it will
;
Rhubarb,
degree green service
put into if
keep
an
should not
can
;
before
boil the sugar. "
for and
Rhubarb a
as
half
break
excellent
and
be said the roots
a
of
Turkey
from
matters
have
used
Rhubarb
when
done
the
it
securely fastened of English The root
and
answer
in
Rhubarb.
stalks, will
a
The come
milder fresh into
vegetable,if dressed like The butter being added. some the vegetable fibre in this to other herbal product of which no for physic,and the leaves in pies.
wholesome
without
are
skin ;
the
bottles,
purposes removed
the
boiling,turning
long time. powdered, will
dried, and
spinach, either with, or proportion of nutritive We plant is very small. it
one by boiling
be to
for
thus
leaves, when as
Again,
to
out
pounds a pint of water, and a good teaspoonful it is transparent. Cut two pounds of syrup
wide-necked
laxative
the
be allowed
taken
while
the green Rhubarb answers best) purpose and a half, or two inches long,and put them
the
should
be
can
preserve.
a
of loaf sugar, with half of ground ginger, until
(for which
should
all the
skimming
Rhubarb,
lemon-parings,which
preservedginger,"make
Rhubarb
the
pints of water
Two
makes
put in
392
MEALS
The
herb
MEDICINAL.
which (Ruta graveolens),
Eue
gardens,deserves though it scarcely comes
passingmention
kitchen
This
shrub
has
leaves
with
are green, and inflame the skin.
they
refreshingaromatic palpitation will chemical
be
with
if
much
of Rue
two
or
be
they
will
our
food.
hot, bitter,
a
which
bluish-greencolour
a
that
leaf
a
flavour
headache,
nervous
If
in
medicament,
useful
a
odour, and
of
acrid
so
ever
as
culinary service
our
aromatic
pungent
a
penetratingtaste, are
into
is cultivated
be
handled
chewed,
the
a
and
mouth, pervade any cardiac or giddiness, hysterical spasm, The most speedily relieved. important
constituents
contains also
caprinic,pelargonic,caprylic,and oxygenated caprinicaldehyde. Gerarde
oil, which OBnanthylic acids,
says
Rue
venometh
the
the
hands
therefore it is
face ;
of
herb
that
not
to
be
its volatile
are
"
admitted
to
Wild
The
will also infect the
it,and
touch
:
meat,
medicine."
or
made into a tea (from the Nevertheless, it is not infrequently garden herb) in country districts. Pliny," says Evelyn, Rue of be such efEect for of to the preservation sight reports "
"
that
the
of it ;
paintersof
and
the
herb
his time
is still eaten
their
mingled amongst
used
devour
to
the
by
great quantity
a
Italians
frequently
as
salads."
relates that Again, Gerarde most profitablyunder a figtree. Country people grows boil its leaves with thereof. treacle, thus making a conserve These leaves are curative of croup in poultry. During the early part of last century it was customary for our Judges, when sitting at Assize, to have sprigsof Rue placed before them on the bench of the Dock defensive againstthe pestilential infection brought as into Court from tion) gaol (then altogetherneglected as to its sanitaby the wretched prisoners. A quaint old rhyme says of this herb
the
plant
:
"
"
Nobilis
Quia "
Noble
ia Rue
With
This
IS
:
it makes
help of Rue,
over-exertion
and
"
the
oh
especiallythe
through Rue
that
est
lumina
the
!
Ruta
reddit
acuta."
the sight of blear-eyed man
case
of vision
when
the
eyes.
of Adam
both
eyes
thou
!
the
sharp shalt
vision It
was
and
see
has
with
in Paradise
was
clear
far and
become "
:
near."
dim
Euphrasy, purged by
Other for Angel, according to Milton. popular names the plant are Herbe Herbigrass, and Horby grass. In grass, Lincolnshire be given only in the countryfolk say it must the afternoon it becomes as morning, because supervenes
393
HERBS.
"
poisonous.
You
know
is
Herby grass in the morning, but Rue in the Thornbury records the fact that in the England of Shakespeare's day the tops were with bread and butter of a morning to purifythe blood." eaten Closely allied to the Water-cress (alreadynoticed, p. 226), is Herby
grass afternoon."
"
another
which, if
herb
efiectual
most
of all
in its fresh
eaten
antiscorbutic
our
as
a
salad, is the
its leaves,
plants ;
over, more-
and curing swollen spongy gums. This is the Scurvy Grass, or Spoon-wort (cochleare), the famous Herba Britannica of the ancients. It may be readily cultivated in the garden for medicinal uses by the cook. Naturally it the sea, but even when found by a preferencenear grows many miles inland, its taste is stillsalt. Along the banks of the Avon, in Cumberland, in Wales, and on Scotch mountains, the Scurvy
being
Grass
admirable
state,
wild
grows
in
and
purifying when
The
whole
herb
for
abundance.
The
in the
eaten
leaves
spring with
are
bread
wholesome, and
butter.
principle,which is butyl-mustard oil, whereon the medicinal propertiesdepend. and This oil is of great volatility, penetratingpower drop ; one of it instilled on communicate dissolved in w ill or spirit, sugar, to a quart of wine the specialtaste and smell of the Scurvy Grass. mixed with that Formerly, the fresh juice of this herb, when of Seville oranges, of Also went Spring drink." by the name the juicewas taken in beer, or boiled' with milk, being flavoured tannin, and
contains
a
bitter
"
with
pepper,
The
aniseed,
beneficial
uses
etc.
of the
plant
in
are
scurvy
mainly
due
to
its
plentifulsalts of potash. This green herb bruised, if applied For making a as a poultice,will cleanse and heal foul sores. decoction of the herb, put two of the whole ounces plant,bruised, with its roots, into a quart jug, and fill up with boilingwater, When it is to taking care keep the infusion closelycovered. cold, take a wineglassfulthree or four times during the day. Likewise the Southern- wood, {Southern Wormwood,) another aromatic fallen into herb of the kitchen garden, though now into a conserve time made to at as one culinary disuse, was their weight of sugar, and its young three times tops, with This, the was given beneficiallyagainst hystericaldisorders. in the Artemisia abrotanum, is popularly known garden as "
Old
too
dye
Man,"
"
or
Lads'
Love."
strong, famously promotes wool
a
deep yellow.
The
A
tea
infused
perspiration.The plant
has
a
from
it, not
branches
lemon-like
will
odour.
394
MEALS
and
bitter, fragrant
a
having "
Man
delicate
fibres
signalizesits
Macer
by
MEDICINAL.
taste
its
;
abros, delicate
"
use,
advised
signifies
abrotanum
name
tonos,
;
by Pliny,
a
and
"
fibre.
Old
explained
as
:
"
"
Hseo
etiam
pulvino
venerem
subdita
tantum
Inoitat."
Pliny
further
says
Its lemon-like
odour
that
this herb the
depends on appellationof
is
potent against syphilis. "
Lad's plant of an ointment been given because being made with use promoting their growth by youngsters towards Cinis abrotani harbam segnius tardiusqueenascentem, thol."
The
other
Southern-wood
oleorum, elicit. The
dictorum
the
"
oil
essential volatile
absin-
love," has its ashes of
a
for
beard.
aliquo
cum
(in Lincolnshire,
by its presence, and hence is derived of its French one garde robe. names, Akin to Spinach {p. 108), is the pot-herb. Good King Henry, another also as an cury Goosefoot, known English Marquery, or Merof allgood,"from a rustic ; furthermore, it bears the name Mother-wood
"), is hostile
to
moths
"
conceit
that it will
"
all hurts.
cure
Wherefore
the leaves
are
now
countryfolk for every green wound." plasteramong in Lincolnshire, for This plant is grown by cottagers, particularly eaten Its young as a shoots, peeled,and boiled, are pot herb. The young leaves are often put being gently laxative. asparagus, of into broth, being also cooked as a vegetableafter the manner Each of these affords soda spinach,and without its earthy taste. The in abundance. Good waste on King Henry grows plentifully villages, being a dark green plant, about a foot high, ground near a
constant
with thickish, arrow-shaped, succulent
leaves, the
taste
of which,
"
of its excellent Evelyn, is insipid enough." Because remedial qualitiesagainst biliarydisorders, this herb bears its title English Mercury, carrying into effect the pertinentproverb, says
"
Be
thou
sick, or
made
from
sores,
which,
The
the
epithet
associated
as "
with
whole, put mercury
leaves Gerarde
"
thy koole."
Poultices
applied to cleanse, and heal chronic teaches, they do scour, and mundify."
are
"
Henricus," Harry
in
the
which
some
Eighth, and
be to suppose his varicose legs,is more persons
heinrich," an elf, or goblin,as indicating likelyderived from certain reputed magical virtues in the plant. This has a somewhat and seeds useful for mealy appearance, expelling produces round
worms.
HERBS.
Familiar the
brilliant
yellow
our
flowers.
Its
leaves
bitter, aromatic
a
possess
used
in
our gardens, and about hedgerows, is Tansy (tanacetiim vidgare),conspicuous by heads of fiat
herb
and
both
395
have
taste
smell
a
whilst
;
of
camphor, they
young
were
in times
commonly
past, and they are still employed, when This shredded, for flavouring cakes, puddings, and omelettes. herb contains resin, with mucilage, sugar, a fixed oil,tannin, a a Meat water. acid, and colouring matter, malic, or tanacetic rubbed
with
carrion
by
gout This
day has
plant
bitter
flies.
from
:
in the
the
half to ;
or
teaspoonfulfor
one
inveterate
is made at
gout
protected from
dried
Scotland, the
infusion
an
kept
has
In
will be
Tansy
a
flowers dose
two to
bay for
years.
given for
are
times
three
or
therefrom
visitation
be drunk With
as
tea.
us
the
rural
of the reputation for correctingirregularities female functional health. The name Tansy is probably derived from the Greek word aihanasia, which signifies immortality ; either cito flosinflorescit,'" it lasts so long in because quia non vd oleum extractum cadavera a futredine flower, or quia ejus succus it is of such service for preservingdead bodies conservat," because from at Easter corruption. It was formerly an English custom for Archbishops even, for bishops,and the clergyof some charches, with of their congregations,when to play at hand-ball a men the cake reward this to victors, was Tansy being a given as a a
"
"
confection such
lived
made "
which
corrective
a
having was
with
was
much
on
Some mixed. Tansy was thought to be of opportune benefit,after fish throughout Lent. The Tansy cake bitter herb
the
with eggs. leaves of the herb mixed young will supply the balsamic plant," said Boerhaave, from
"
This
is another Allied thereto place of nutmegs, and cinnamon." almost old English herb, now obsolete, except in Lincolnshire, mace." It is the there to wit locally as Costmary," known "
"
"
"
"
Tanacetum
put made
the
into with
"
halsamita," ale
to
leaves
braine, and
or "
steepe ").
sugar doth stoppings of the
of costmaria
openeth
all catarrhes, rheumes,
the
and
alecoast," (so named The conserve," says and
distillations,taken
because
Gerarde, and
warme, same
;
in the
dry
stoppeth quantitie
boyled in wine and drunken, the gripingpaine of the belly,the guts, and bowels, and cure cureth The whole the bloudy flix." plant is of a pleasant smell, the city of Lincoln, Some of the villagesnear taste. or savour, for example Burton, and its neighbouring hamlets, are singular of
a
beane.
The
leaves
of costmarie
396
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
in
retainingfor kitchen use, or for curative purposes, certain old English,herbs, wellnigh forgotten elsewhere in the land, such as this excellent Costmary, Bergamot, and the Goosefoot Spinach, Good King Henry. Continental In cookery the use of a fragrantkitchen-herb, the in England, is advised to temper Tarragon, not so common "
the
coldness
Neither
do
of other we
know
herbs what
in
salads, like other
use
as
this
the herb
Rocket hath."
doth. But
Tarragon {Artemisia dracunculus)is gainingfavour with ourselves, more, Furtherespeciallyfor making an aromatic vinegar therewith. fresh Tarragon possesses essential volatile oil,which an becomes lost in the dried herb. John Evelyn has said of the plant, 'Tis highly cordial, and friendlyto the head, heart, and liver." with the vinegar French cooks usually mix their table mustard of this herb, which is sexually stimulating leaves make ; the excellent an pickle. The volatile essential oil of Tarragon is chemically identical with that of Anise, and it is found to be stimulating to the generative functions, probably by virtue of its finelyelaborated camphor. For making Tarragon vinegar : Fill a wide-mouthed bottle with Tarragon-leavesfresh gathered, and Midsummer Michaelmas, i.e.,between (plucking these on a dry day, just before the herb flowers). Pick the leaves ofE the with them little before the fire ; cover stalks, and dry them a the best vinegar ; let them steep for fourteen days, then strain through a flannel jelly-bagtillfine ; put it into half -pintbottles, and cork. Various other delicate vinegars for the table are much appreciated abroad, such as printemps, syringa, menthe, etc., fastidious as to the vinegar which the foreign cook being most he (or she) uses. The best white wine, or red wine vinegar,alone gives satisfaction, and this the cook personally flavours by herbs, or infusing in it various plants, either separately,or is made in combination. A from us good vinegar with the fruit acids of apples, or ordinarily it is grapes ; malt advised test sour beer, as vinegar. The got from the by College of Physicians for insuring the integrity of British vinegar,is a solution of one part of chloride of barium to to Ten eight parts of water. drops of this should serve of ounce precipitateall the sulphuric acid permissible in an lawful has settled down, the vinegar. If, after this precipitate solution still continues form test to cloud, such sample of a in the preparationof food. be used to vinegar ought not "
398
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Thyme boiled in wine, and drunk, of the belly." That is good againstthe wamblings, and gripings in classic times, we learn the herb was to be antiseptic esteemed from Dryden's Virgil,in the G-eorgics: with
the
"
sickness." falling
"
"
if
And
would'st
a
foresee.
thy famished family. the city fumigate."
preserve
fragrant thyme
With
thou
winter
pinching
But
of
emblem
bravery, With and similar notion, the England's a energy. which the scarves on they presented to chivalry embroidered their doughty knights,the device of a bee hovering about a sprig with the of Thyme, as teaching the union of the courageous ancient
the
Among
Greeks, Thyme
an
was
of
ladies
amiable. A
tea fragrantand exhilarating
the leaves
from
be made
may
proving useful This for correcting sluggishnessof the liver. (the Asperida odorata) is a favourite little plant which grows commonly in our woods, and gardens, possessing a pleasant odour, which, like the good deeds of the worthiest delightsby its fragrance persons, and
blossoms
most
after
of the
death.
its botanical
derives
in allusion be
the
to
leaves
thus
WoodderowfEe,
of
an
order, and
by
word its
flowers the
around
set
stems
been
has
asf"r,
species.
rough, It
may
slender
on
in successive
whimsically spelt
:
"
0, Double
Double
Double
U,
E, 0,
Double
U,
Double
D, E,
F,
E.
diminutive a syllablero/e signifies
Its terminal like that
growing
WoodrufEe
name
Latin
the
small, white
the
same
Rubiaceous
the
owned
rough leaves
narrow
The
whorls.
from
adjunct
easilyrecognized by
stalks, with
is of
herb
The
the
Woodruff,
Sweet
ancient
spur
;
and
therefore
wheel,
the
plant
or
rowel,
is known
freshlygathered it has but little smell, but on being dried it exhales a charming, and enduring of meadow like the sweet scent aroma, grass, or of peach blossoms. chemical to This a principle, agreeable fragrance is due also
"
as
When
Wood-rowel.
coumarin,"
whilst
the
herb
further
rubichlorio
acids, together with
verticillate
leaves
Queen she used
Bess, and to
wear,
of this Woodruff the as
contains tannic
some serve
to
citric,malic, and acid. remind
high, starched, old-fashioned in her portraits. shown
small
The us
of
good
rufi which
HERBS.
Wormwood been of
399
-also
{Artemisia absinthium) -s"e
in the herb garden for many grown its benefit, when judiciously used,
nervine
a
has
"
past because
years as
16
page
tonic,
for particularly helpful against the falling sickness, and flatulent indigestion.The extremely bitter taste of this herb has a given it a name negative, fsinthos, delight, because of its to a being nauseous distressing degree. "
"
"
Wormwood
will
tea
will
help
The
characteristic
consists resides
dispel the
to
in
"
its
nitrate
of
and
The
the
plant
other
from
salts.
the
intensely bitter contains
also
In
skin.
volatile oil which
a
acetic
succinic, malic, and
potash, and
to
and
melancholia,
jaundice
is due
of the herb
absinthin."
bilious
of
hue
"absinthol;
resin, starch, with with
yellow
odour
of
mainly
relieve
to
serve
taste
tannin,
acids, together districts it is
some
"
Green as Ginger." The leaves of Wormwood popularly known and resist putrefaction, therefore help to make capitalantiseptic the fomentations. Gerarde The plant voideth away says : not only taken inwardly, but applied outwardly ; it worms, is good against the stinking withstandeth all putrefactionsand of the plant breath." For ounce tea, an making Wormwood for ten, or twelve minutes in a pint of boiling be infused should and then a water, wineglassfulbe given at a time for a dose. is used Absinthe, a liqueurconcocted mainly from Wormwood, results through infatuated largelyin France, but with mischievous its judiciousadministration. virtues attend excess ; yet curative "
"
The
In
words
the
and
speedy
A
bitter
of
a
These
for
sovereign remedy
"
be
:
marigold." Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess.
wormwood,
Bergius,
frenzy
sage,
and
Wormwood
is
antiputredinosa,
antacida, anthelmintica, resolvens, tonica, stomachica." in his
simple,homely rhyme, What
infected
affirmed an
ahsinthiatum and
tops
were
that
"
has
is
Wormwood
a
long
infused
:
"
in
been
a
ale, and
favourite then
?
preventiveof
againstits ill-efiects ; indeed,
antidote
thus
is
savour
For
and
expressed this notion
better, if physic be true, and Rue than Wormwood places for heart, and for brain. It is as a comfort therefore to have And it, this is not in vain.''
"
Dioscorides
has
Tusser,
the
beverage.
formed
a
"
tion, intoxicaPocidum
The
favourite
leaves
liquor
400
MEALS
known
This
purl.
as
connected
with
MEDICINAL.
Wormwood
term
to
seems
be
also
of
The smell expelling worms. of common is very its reviving Wormwood refreshing,and almost are qualitiesin heated courts equal to a change of air. As result of his a animals, Dr. Maignan experiments on concludes Absinthe that mines deter(concocted from Wormwood) of thought, and vulsions, tremblings, dulness epileptiform conif it be taken bo and habitually,or excess ; any these will be alone. not produced by alcohol symptoms it is to contains Hence be inferred that Absinthe really a narcotic which should its poison, being employed prevent with freedom. dietetic as a liqueur, or as an indulgence, any The French Amers for many have been drinking their years,
property
a
"
"
and
infernal
an
"
acquired by
was
during the people."
Laborde
was
This
the
wars
the
attributes
various
the
to
habit," said Daudet, soldiers in Algeria, and Tunis, back them to their by brought
French
which
before
;
Dr.
Absinthe
the
"
it is.
there, and
wars
country
own
concoction
French
a
specialdangers
which
essences
were
added
are
to
very
of the
sober
drinking alcohol
the
of absinthe, of china strength),such as essence distinct poisons enteringinto of benjamin; fourteen composition of the superiorAbsinthe liqueurwhich is retailed
at
bhe
(of 70 per anise, and
with
cent
best
the
people evil
growing Absinthe
"
cafes. in
be
into
Absinthe
this
for Tea
therefore
afforded
a
burnt
the
when
_brew.
The
stufied
is scentless).The
stopped
before
such
a
hedgerows, Mugwort of our (but closelyallied to Wormwood, the
cost
seven
only for
use
increase as
a
a shillings pound, and was on specialoccasions, very in the family. Sometimes
substitute
Vicarage,or
a
for tea, either from
be
this ; or a charred had, sufficed for a day
of geese
Mugwort Mermaid
and
farmhouse,
from
flesh
with
the
oil
got
was
the
or
it could
ago is
an
was
brewed
was
bread, when the
there
Squire'sHall,
called tea
them
by
of cake
crust
long if the importation of
thereof), had its dried leaves of foreigngrowth by the working classes in
itself then
being when
one
be
far
before
so
;
so
common
late."
essential
tea
Cornwall.
should
country
volatile
substituted
checked
promptly
not
become
not
it will do
England, but
too prohibitionbecomes Sixty or seventy years and waste grounds, which
lacking the
has
is declared
to
contains
(which of the Clyde
crust or
be "
two more
an
infusion
of wheaten to
concoct
savoury
absinthin," and
is said to have
exclaimed
HOMINY.
beheld
she
when
and
consumption,
from
"
funeral
the
they
If
And Sae
wad
drink
a
maiden
young
died
"
Nettles
in March, in
May,
maidens
young
be gang
na'
had
who
:
Muggins (Mugwort) braw
mony
Wad
of
decline
eat
401
to
clay."
{See Fish).
HERRING
the Herring by (in his Duke of Guise)has immortalized of neutral trimmers, belonging or a couplet descriptive persons without decision of to no sect, in particular,and party, or Dryden
character
: "
Damned
in their
neuters
neither
As
fish,nor
middle
of steering. way red herring." good
flesh,nor
"
Pepys (Diary,April2nd, 1669) tells how did make drink
him
his friend, Mr.
pickledHerring,the largestI almost varietyof wines till I was merry." eat
a
ever
Fowkes, and
saw,
HOMINT.
various
preparationsof maize, or Indian corn. Hominy It is the maize takes a useful place as a medicinal nutriment. broken ing or splitinto a preparationof high nutritive value, containof eight per cent of proteid,and seventy-eightper cent carbohydrates. Maize, though not used largelyin this country, Amongst
is
the literally
"
stafi of life "
nourishingas wheat in whilst richer ingredients, The johnny (journey)cakes as
meal
unleavened.
This
and
Natal.
It is
fully
all its parts, except as to its mineral in fat than cereal besides oats. any of North
cereal
flour is body, but its corn proteid and fat have been Per
in Mexico,
is
little washed
America
are
made
readilydigestedin than
more
away
of maizethe
human
starch, because
the
by alkaline solutions. highly supporting for
Hominy is brain demand whose workers, for persons a daily avocations for sufferers from of physicalexertion,and considerable amount generaldyspepsia. To dress this as a vegetable,soak the grains contra, the
for several
maize
hours
itself
in cold
as
water
sufficient to
strain off the
plenty of of
one
liquid. Empty the meal water, to which fast-boiling
and
a
half
to dessertspoonfuls
into some
each
cover
a
saucepan salt (inthe half
them,
then
containing proportion
gallon)has
been 26
402
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
added, and
three
and
Drain pan, and gettingburnt. piece of fresh butter about the size of send
to
table
very
porridgemay
be made
above,
eaten
be
to
in
hot
also with
"with
walnut
a
;
sugar,
of
small
a
pepper
slightly,
dish.
Hominy
the meal, first soaked
milk, and
bottom
stir in
well-heated
a
with
hours,
the
stickingto and carefully,
the
and
half to four
a
stir,to prevent it from
occasional
an
it for from
cook
golden
as
directed
syrup,
salt.
or
HONEY.
The
Honey
name
has
derived
been
from
Hebrew
the
word
"
ghoneg, which
literally delight." In the Book of Genesis it stands stated that the pleasantLand of Canaan, where Abraham dwelt, was Pollio, flowingwith milk and honey." Eumilius who in ancient health, and vitality, Rome, enjoyed marvellous the hundred old when to was a over presented Emperor years who the of such wondious secret Augustus, enquired what was Pollio Interus oleo," the mdle, exterus answered, longevity. Such eating of honey within, and anointing by oil without. is of their the nectar of flowers, partaking closely flavours Honey and odours, whilst varying in taste, colour and scent, as well in medicinal attributes, according to the species of plant as from which it is gathered. Pure Honey consists, when collected from the comb of beehives, partly of crystallised glucose,which sinks to the bottom of the jar,and partly of a liquidportion means
"
"
above, which the
is fruit sugar, of the sugar syrup
brown
identical
laevulose, almost
or
less
but
cane,
easy
of
digestion.
glucose is analogous to grape sugar, all ready for cane absorption into the blood, after being eaten, whereas The
be
must
become
first masticated converted
in
somewhat
similarlyutilized for immediately nutritive
be
can
the
the
with
mouth
the
with
direct sugar
saliva, and
honey-sugar before it the wants of the body. In this way properties of Honey beyond those slowly
into
made manifest it can be understood are ; and sugar with equal readiness why grapes, identical with honey in the of their sugar, have a speedy effect to meet the outgoings matter of
cane
of waste
straightwaywith reparativeelements by fever, or fatigue, conversion, as with ready made, instead of by a roundabout cane
with
by
sugar. a
the
The
odour
of
honey is due
yellow colouringmatter, floral nectaries, and
to
a
volatile oil,associated
melichroin, which
becomes
bleached
on
is
separated
exposure
to
y.
HONE
contains
Honey
perfect food make
to
of it in the
use
a
cane occasionally some flows spontaneously from
from
hive.
the
state,
when
or "
wisdom,
Wild not
surfeit ; for it is not
lest thou
is the
is
King Eat
good
of bees
product
man.
it ?
found
thou
hast
volatile
eat
oils,and which
uncapped
are
in their said is
than
much
appear
that
Solomon
more
no
to
cells
the
when
comb
the
wise
Essentiallyit
table.
Virgin honey
sugar.
honey kept by
it should
and
nursery,
Isevulose, with
of dextrose, and
solution
Pure
honey.
to
certainlybe
would
general breakfast
the
lends
hundred, twenty parts in one be considered in iron, it cannot
in lime, and
constantly on
more
nature antiseptic
an
acid
animal
an
nevertheless, mothers
;
free
a
of
glucose about
being deficient
but
is
of
of
quantity
value
curative
additional
a
minute
sunlight. A
the
403
honey
"
wild
in
his
sufficient, (Proverbs
16).
XXV.
It
Aristoeus,
was
pupil of Chiron,
a
who
first
gatheredHoney
seasoning of Apicius ; whilst Pythagoras, who lived to be ninety,took latterly progenitors only bread and honey. Tacitus tells that our German and their their credit for great strength,to the long lives, gave which mead, or they regaled themselves. Honey-beer, on
from
"
wishes," said
Whoever
should
health
his
onions
this
and
comb;
the
with
eat
There Who He
had
honey as
both way
and
to
preserve
breakfast
young
of
and
honey,
Kilkenny."
taken
the
food
bodily caloric,and
of time-honoured
memory
milk
which
heat-formingsugar, up
into the
blood,
easilyabsorbed be upset by digestionmay
of other
otherwise
of
:
and
less
some
is
is
so
bination com-
generally speedy
too
and the bread Thus energy. of support, form is a sound and
honey of the Old
Testament
prepared by taking a bowl of milk, and breaking into it some lightwhea.ten bread, together will be found mixture The fresh white honeycomb. some pleasant,and Ught of digestion. As a heat producer by of food, one pound of honey is equal to two pounds of butter; for cod-liver substituted it may sometimes be beneficially
Canaan.
with
"
Kilkenny
a, penny in onions
man
contains
likewise the traditional
new
before
than
money
old
knowing
of
man
more
spent all that
therewith
a
old
an
was
Seeing that good honey quickly assimilated very ;
morning
every
never
That
surfeit
classic maxim,
old, and
an
the
of
honey." "
desirable
basis
the
was
Such
a
food
may
be
401
MEALS
oil,when
this
MEDICINAL.
be
tolerated
by the patient..In coughs useful adjunct to other expectorants, Honey makes a whilst being at the same time helpfully laxative. Samuel Pepys tells in his diary (1660), Rode and here I lay ; to Huntsmore, took a spoonful of honey, and a nutmeg, scraped, for my cold, it is old, honey by Mr. Bowyer's direction." Nevertheless, when will at times cause through an excessive production indigestion of lactic acid in the stomach, and some within soreness superficial the mouth will ensue; it being at the same time familiarly known that honey (particularly if mixed with some borax), will quickly in the mouth state of thrush cure a rangemen ensuing through other deof the health. In a Song of Sixpence,as asked for by Sir Toby Belch, {TwelfthNight), and
cannot
colds
"
"
The
Queen
Eating "
plebeia non
regina oulina,
morans
comedenda
nuru."
jellyin teaspoonfuldoses
currant
sufEeringfrom a
parlour Honey."
and
mandit, panemque,
Mel
Dulcia
(Black
in her
was
Bread
thrush
and
a
is useful
mouth.
sore
its aromatic
flavour
child when
a
fruit
The
possesses this oil skins, giving
bitter oil,residingchieflyin the
volatile
for
the
berries.) A plain cake of currants, with Honey in place of sugar, is a pleasant addition seed, made or useful preventive of constipation.Among to the tea-table, and a the ancient Germans, the first Honey from the sacred ash was the of food put to babe. Likewise in the Scotch lips a new-born
Highlands,at stick of ash, it is from
burning the
birth of
the
end
one
Another the
sort
of which
end
other
in
is the
Such
is the
where We'll
And To
honey
sweet
sap
bees
that
the
their' s is
ancestors
concocted
fire,and
from
green while out
oozes
the
infant
by plants. plant-lice (especially from
the
or
trees, and
honey
rore.
fall
gall.
greaves." Deayton
Our
a
secreted
honey dew,
hops and honey syruped leaves.
these
this upon
of
hoppers, or
into
lick the
tell the
kind
the
extract
themselves
Yet
into the
thrusts
a
leaf
product of
it within "
she
will take
the sap which spoon stick,and will give this to
of the
Pulvinaris)which
elaborate
child, the mother
a
will receive
she
its first food.
as
to
honey
(Boughs boiled
with
and
Branches).
water
and
406
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
As
He
hath
found
He
hath
bound
it with
Full
of mild
And
he'll trap them
"
to
old bottle, I cannot say where. skill to the back of a chair.
an
ale
"
Mum
balmy,
so
"
also
and
water,
"
there
divers
is
crown."
Harrison
(1600) in swish
of
kind
a
a
you
places,with
other
swash
honeycomb
homely country wives putting some mead." little other Very spice,call
which
"
and
among, mine
and
in Essex,
made
brown.
so
sugar
writes
Hum,"
or
History of England,
his
and
by dozens, I'll bet
a
opinion for
such
as
love
be
to
loose-bodied
at
pepper in
good
large,or
a
from cough ; otherwise it difEereth as much the true Truly it is nothing metheglin as chalk from cheese. the honey is wrung when else but the washings of the combs out, that thereto is of the best things that I know and one belonging little labour and less in making of the same, but cost they spend
little eased
and
therefore
was or
of the
named,
so
Lord,
what
What
a
never
from
its
stomach;
would
the
water
thirteenth
used
was
washed
over
my
century
for
applying is
with, that
causing
a
Hum
buzzing,
I ail !
I have
honey
certain
a
to
and
I had
Hum
some
!
"
{The Wildgoose Chase).
Flbtchee
In
occupied."
head.
should
cold
were
probably,
most
in the
humming, "
great loss if it
no
mixture
of
Honey
and
stynkynge wounde, to be sodden water together with
"a
mirre." When brewed business
England from
pure
owing
to
was new
was superior mead honey, beekeeping being then a profitable
Roman
the demand
Catholic,
for the
a
wherewith
beeswax
candles
therefore religionists ; honey was be readily had for making the best liquor. Then the Reformation, came bringing discouragement and in vogue, depression to the apiary; and beer from barley was is to-day the mead being superseded. But the cottage mead the son when Wamba of Witless had it for his just what it was To every For making superior white mead : gallon supper. of water put a pint of the best Honey, and half a pound of loaf of eggs three or four to the gallon, sugar, stir in the whites beat to a froth, and boil it as long as any arises ; when scum it is cold, work it with yeast, and to each gallon put the juice it has done working, and peel of a largelemon ; stop it up when
might be manufactured and could plentiful,
for the
"
"
"
"
HONEY.
and
bottle
it after ten
hydromel.
was
"
When
the
They fondly Where
think
many
With
that
"
world's
variance and
soft'ningmead,
their
acid.
cheese-cake
ends
Earle
for which "
you
puts
on
hole
said
the
obtained
bit of swealed
a
local
a
after
out
bear
to
and
rag,
notoriety in the Isle
;
you've and
a
"
covers
set
soaked
of
beeswax,
'un ; then yo' for fower days ;
your
foot in water
ee's out
when
It may be observed simplicityof diet will do much
that
takes
you
'un
lets
on
this wonderful
doctor
you'llsee a big that Dr. Haig has
'ee was."
where
shown
to
old wife when
An
beeswax.
For
you
hot
had
she
pulls'un enough for ye
then
strife."
of Cookery, 1708.
curing karns," said she, drops it hot righton the karn, and
Wight. and
with
corns
communicated
deathbed
cure,
the
chemically of myrosin, cerolein, and cerotic quotes Dr. Dabbs, of Shanklin, concerning the
of troublesome
her
:
consists
Mrs.
cure
own
his wife
with Art
Beeswax
for mead
name
Islington
to
all the
at
man
a
read
we
players get
young
musical
old and
days. An recentlyas
More
407
prevent, and
to
cure
corns.
To brown
:
Take
half
breakfastcupful
one
sugar,
Cake
Honey
a
prepare
of
a
breakfastcupfulof
rich
sour
cream,
two
breakfastcupfulsof flour, and half a teaspoonful of carbonate the sugar Mix and of soda in powder, adding honey to taste. honey as will cream together,dredge in the flour with as much flavour the mixture agreeably ; stir well, that all the ingredients of soda, and beat the carbonate be thoroughly mixed ; add may the and
cake bake
well for five for from
put it into a buttered tin, be quarters of an hour"; it may
minutes
more
half to
three
;
making Honey Cakes at the Cape : One and half pounds of flour, half a pound of sugar, three quarters of a a pint of honey. Boil the sugar and honey together; add one pounded; teaspoonfulof cloves, and two teaspoonfulsof cinnamon of potash, then these from the fire ; add half an ounce remove and one tablespoonful of brandy ; mix the flour with half a and flour well teaspoonful of soda ; then mix the hot syrup together,working the dough thoroughly with the hands, and in a slow bake into a buttered roll out thinly. Put pan, and eaten
oven
For
warm.
for from
citron flavour.
cut
half to
into These
one
hour, and
and strips, cakes
will
mixed
keep
cut
with for
some
Preserved into squares. the dough, improves the time.
408
MEALS
Honey, than
malt To
cheaper. produced
Dr.
explained by
as
any
MEDICINAL.
is
extract, and be
in the linden
forests
HOPS
is richer
preferablethereto, "
medicinal
for
used
Hutchison,
of
purposes
in
besides "
kowno
Lithuania, is the
sugar
being honey,
famous.
most
(See Herbs).
HORSE-FLESH.
At
of Horseflesh
given,with
was
thereof, and
roasted
jointat palate,as does
on
instead
of beef-tea
French
surgeon
his
for the
campaigns.
he
During
fed for six months
were
resulted, though loud thousand
horses
1901, and
there
killed
now
in that
proposed eminent
the
and
soldiers in all
wounded
the
of horses, and
flesh
made
complaints were
were
are
the
Larry,
a
pungency
was
Revolution,
French
on
a
on
great faith in bouillon made
this to the
gave the
verdict
the horse-tea, which
hospitals.Baron
banquet culinary
a
testingthe
This flesh leaves
:
Napoleon I, had
to
of
capabilities.The
was
likewise
horse-beef,and
from
time
that
horse-
February, 1868,
view
the
its nutritive
merits
the
in
Hotel, London,
Langham
the
populace no
harm
against it.
Thirty in Paris alone during hundred and fifty horse-
eaten
citytwo
and is coarse, ill-flavoured,yet the shops. The meat for it steadilygrows, is taste mainly perhaps because this meat cheaper than beef ; but, unless the people approved of it, they it so widely,on the score would not of cheapness alone. consume Its colour is darker than that of beef, and it has a distinctively less acceptable odour. After standing for some time, it develops a peculiarsbapy feelingto the touch, with a sicklysmell ; and
butchers'
its surface
One
diet, which,
interfere
with
iridescent appearance.
with
the
besides
use
quantity of the of horse-flesh
as
The
fatty acids. article of
an
considerations, is likely to
other
its
general adoption, finds proof through the Indians, who habituallylive on mare's flesh, and who smell You peculiarlydisagreeable, sickeningstench.
Pampas
"
exhale
a
an
Indian," has
lady'sreason It
a
characteristic
abundant specially
fact connected
human
had
a
fat contains
horse
like
assumes
been
for not
dining off
is said
Horse-flesh
been
overheard
dancing mare's
"with
human
food
a
a
ball-room,
as
a
young
General distinguished
who
flesh.
authoritativelythat as
in
cannot
the be
common
to
repugnance
defended, logically
if
one
ICE.
considers
the
Jews.
the as
food
for
the
fact
but
us,
cleanlyhabits of this quadruped, and with those of the pig, which disgustsnobody, flesh To conclude that the root of objectionto Horseof is new is of a religious to most character man
them
compares save
careful
409
and
has
much
it.
commend
to
Our
Scandinavian
appreciatedHorse-flesh highly; they sacrificed white and people feastingroyally annually to Odin, the priests
forefathers horses the
on a
flesh afterwards
which religious significance,
interdicted
with
it is
Christianity. Thus, time
has
has
been
order
not
conclusion
true
that
nutritive
fit food
of late Professor
But
decision
properties. His
other
Pfliiger
Horse-flesh, in
experiments with
extensive
and properties;
he
Horse-fiesh
is not
for man,
that,
avows
desirable
certain
poisonoussubstance,
the
far from
so
sustenance
it
(dogs, for instance),containingas
animals a
prejudicewhich
a
declares is very clear. He emphaticallyhis it. who eats is injuriousto everyone Horse-flesh that it is almost, if not altogether,deficient in
is convinced
He
created
subject
the
on
the
by
alleged,was
nutritive,and
its
test
their
to
yet eradicated.
even
making
to
led
aversion
stern
banquets acquired being subsequently early preachers of
Horse-flesh
that
so
;
for
even
does
undoubtedly
is not
of which
nature
exact
being
yet determined. Alice
In
(made of wood) is said Snap-dragon fly (made leaves, and
frumenty,
for
its
mince
and
live
to
on
records
Pargiter,and ale, which been
he
would
and
a
drinking of,
successfullycut
Eocking-horse fly
sawdust
;
whilst
the
pudding, with wings of holly raisin burning in brandy,) lives on head a box. pie,making its nest in a Christmas
in his he
and
sap,
of
plum
{See Herbs).
HORSE-RADISH
Pepys
the
Looking Glass,
the
ihrough
diary,on
have
needs friend
which
for the
September 16th, 1664, me
drink
of his, troubled did."
we
Mr.
met
of Horse-radish
cup
the
with
Pepys
six years
stone
a
"
himself
before,
on
stone, have had
March
been
26th,
1658. ICE.
quantitiesof
Enormous this
country
chamber
on
from board
frozen
America,
ship
is
meat
New
are
Zealand,
speciallykept
brought
now
and
cool
over
to
Australia.
A
throughout
the
410
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
of Ice. by means voyage put into the said chamber,
therein
up
Owing
until the
which
meat
the
has
other
tissue,bacteria the thawed
flesh,and
Considerable
is
care
suddenly, the
too
more
can
Putrefactive
proteids of acquiresa mouldy the
found
to
when
moist.
swarm
into
Frozen
meat
will be
country. acid,
be
On
interior
of
if this be done
wanting in
which
are
storage chambers from
known
flavour.
decompose frequently
bacteria
lined
cement-
may
shut
rapiddecomposition.
more
of certain
walls of the
the
the
do not temperatures meat Nevertheless, stored because
are
inter-muscular
thawing, since
cooked
this
low
at
flavour
of
readily penetrate the
kept
are
sarcolactic
the
when
flesh.
on
the
looseningof
the
requiredin
bacteria
of
beef
exceptionallytender.
bring about
thus
meat
action
is often
frozen
through
hand,
and
newly killed,and discharges its cargo in
continuous
been
of mutton,
carcases
when
vessel
slow
the
to
The
fresh
meat
redness. juice,and being of diminished is put into The when a piece of frozen meat in a test tube, becomes coloured much water more rapidly and when is used. fresh intensely than meat Again, the blood frozen to ten degrees below found are corpusclesin meat zero, the microscope to have under become ruptured.
having liquid,moreover,
because
There
less
various
are
machines
by
artiflcial ice
which
(American) machine. of the Ice used in commerce Most now-a-days comes As to its purity for taking internally, from to us we Norway. derive comfort from knowing that bacilli,as of typhoid may of 90 per cent disease, become destroyed to the extent by a in Ice temperature rather above the freezingpoint of water ; and produced,
itself die
some
out
even
at the
90
per during the
of 99-9 purification may the
of
therefore
uppermost
rate
of any
cent
first per
conclude
layer
of six tons
or typhoid-poisoning,
bacilli
as
twenty-four hours.
cent, that
is
such
daily from
be
can
a
successful
most
natural
Ice
comparatively
may
This
be
included
amounts
to
a
filtration ; and we out to avoid so as
harmless
as
regards
risk
piecesof such ice, when to arrest slowly sucked, will serve bleeding from the stomach, time pounded ice is kept externally or lungs,whilst at the same applied in a bladder, or a waterproof bag. said introduced have been to Confectionery Ices are by Catherine de Medici in the sixteenth They are made century. water as ices, and cream ices,(though these latter frequently consist of corn flour and milk, being entirely innocent of cream) ; the like.
Small
cut
each
ICE.
flavouringessences,
or
be
food, because
with
eaten
neither
immediately
when
or
other
hot.
very
of
after
a
with
Nix
ceresina, dentes
quodum
first sweet
The
Louis
XIV
by
bread, Ices
which
not
digestion,
taken
violent
Oxford
Menu.
exercise,
as
American
many
to
their
citizens
taking
of
custom
are
iced
biscuit,likewise iced cakes in abundance.
or
in Paris
placed before keeper in the Rue
the
were
cofiee-house
a
has
to retard
imbutum, sapore tentatura."
dyspepsia to
hot
tend
ices should
Glacies,
miio
subject is mainly attributable water
Such
they
person
Lac
the
added.
are
for instance,
Such, "
Much
fruits
411
subjects of
de
I'Ancienne
Comedie. The
remedial
of
uses
ice
medicinally need
capitulated, scarcely be reto help arrest
they are so well known ; whether internal bleedingby sucking small piecesof the Ice, or to relieve persistentvomiting, or to allay feverishness, and quench thirst rather than by copious drinking. Also the external applications of Ice for subduing local congestions,for coolinginflamed parts, and for neutralizing pain by a judiciousemployment thereof, as
are
familiar
Likewise
has
snow
from
all whose
to
been
ofiice
long
it is to
made
for
care
available
for
sick
persons.
cooling drinks, Custard ices are
and Seneca. days of Hippocrates, valuable and containinglightnourishment, to digest, as being easy whilst cooling the tongue, stomach, and body in general. The even
Germans
the
call white
time,
when
made
with
"
frothed
when
egg
Snow."
In
winter
of this ground, some be advantageously employed for making pancakes instead may of using four dessertspoonfulsof Take eggs for the purpose. of snow, mix well together,then add cold water flour, and two Fry quicklyin boiling enough to make it into a very stiff batter. and lemon friture, and serve hot, with juice. spiced sugar certain has Swiss been nervous treating Recently a physician in disorders successfully a systematic way tea by administering
now
an
and
of
by the
actual
of
melted
pure
Snow.
establishment
Near
where
Snow
cure."
about, barefooted, in the
At
Munich,
patientsof
languid functions,are "
the
covers
snow
managed and
to
Worishofen,
inactive with
regular times
snow,
at
rub
is
blood-circulaton,
considerable
they
there
are
themselves
set
success
to
walk
vigorously
412
all as as
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
with
over a
abound
with
medicine
coarse
sacks
as
ice-cold
it, while
with
"
They
wear
nitrogenousproteids,such
Time
meat,
as
certain
reigneda
King,
has outlived playful wisdom ruling seldom with Guided his people gladsomely to
whose
For
his
A
the rod. God.
King, who,
Close
garments foods
eat
to
name
fame
;
Candlemas,
one happy Spring, subjects gathered round the King, He proclamation made, by royal command, Which stirred an impulse throughout all the land :
upon
When
'
'
'
and
Court
'
by these presents spake the sovereign will shall best fulfil Whoso, by Christmas-tide he shall guerdon bear Our goodly purpose, Of golden treasure, and our favour share. Know
"
with
Whoso What
most
shall
success
brightestis,and
kindly
"
rear
within
the year. What we judge the purest, whitest thing. may He shall be named the victor by the King. best
'
Such
the edict
was
Began Each
to
occupy
striving,in
To
cherish
So
the
As
months
For Of
him
A
bleakest
And
now,
choicest
With A
had
at noon,
after
on
week,
a
to
the
seek
Palace
He
green,
time.
King's yard
award :
his little
laid
now
a
gains lilysweet.
his monarch's
gentle youth, whose soul was earthly scholarship,had reverent
was
seen,
who, with loving pains. flower
Mere
stainless
were
sparkling rime.
its hardest
in the
pearly petals,at
Which,
still
the great Noel day, from the large array
on
claimants
thronged proudly eager
Week
and
sun,
winter
lavished
yet the land
of verdure
simple workman,
Had
ways.
highest praise. "
whilst
came,
all who
Of
Stood
him
win
"
bracing spellof
The
A
might
lingeringtints
Ere
of men,
prospered, homestead, field,and fold passed on, through hope of promised gold who finallythe prize should bring spotlessnessto please the King.
Christmas
And
then
ambition
rank, by healthful
his
what
realm
truest
Then
and
:
the minds
and
placed
unsullied within
the
feet
:
above
set
fed
a
from
dove. the
monarch's
which
cheese, milk,
lentils.
when
was
judiciously
cotton
have
skin, and
the
next
beans, and
fish,peas,
meal.
each
is administered
water
nest. breast.
414
MEALS
'
But Of
bid
we
all
our
Failed So
each
take
notice,
with
"
faithful
that
subjects, brightestthings our kingdom
And
'
MEDICINAL.
God's
when
let
That
land
our
for '
Our
sins
snow
the
sources
:
of scarlet
where, made
are
the
rest
best.
could
down
came
golden lesson purest pleasures we
our
heavenly
To
"
the
supply
with
them
vie
to
:
learn must
turn
know
humbly
we
white
as
"
snow.'
INSECTS.
Several
which
Insects
whilst
edible
are
certain exercising here.
devoted
more
in
them
to
said Moses
A
the
wise
after his kind, and
kind, and
after his
curative
virtues, may
detailed
attention "
Animal
products),
sidered brieflycon-
been
has
already eat,"
may
ye "
after his kind, and
grasshopper
the
be
Israelites of old,
the
locust
bald
their
These
Siwi'ples.
lawgiver to the
(themselves,or
the
locust
the
beetle
his kind."
alter
Honey Bee, besides afEording the mel which its name confers supplies,by its sting-venom, (Apis mellifica), in the Hum, of cottagers,a medicament of potential bee-beer or excellence Likewise well-known our {see Honey). Wasp [Vesfd) Holt Vincent furnish, as can graphically tells, an equally The
common
delicious savoury fluid
with
which of
composed flowers.
that
to
of
the
feed
wasps
their
vegetable juices
Let
baked
welcome
then
us
drawn
some
of
these
he
has
is
entirely
ripe fruits, and
choice
dishes
wasp
entomologist,who has experiments with regard to
French
having personallyeaten
hundreds
some
broiled, boiled, fried, roasted, and
species,raw, most
"
our
saccharine
comb."
in the
insects,
from
among
grubs Caterpillars," says M. Dagin, a recently been making exhaustive esculent
"
bee ; the infant grubs
Honey
pleasant
to
taste,
light,and
of
hashed, I find
digestible."From
concocted "
A
capital stew,
Like
the
Boniface
with
spices and Mayor
of St.
sherry, Bdmonsbury." "
in
Praed's
Poem.
despised Cockroach, or Black Beetle, of our kitchens is what enthusiastic most M. Dagin waxes "Pounded in over. a mortar, put through a sieve, and poured into beef stock, these make creatures a preferableto bisque." Nevertheless, a soup Chinese If your stomach is delicate, to the effect, proverb runs But
the
"
INSECTS.
abstain
from
the
valid
more
415
Cockroach." to
reason
And
all there
after
against eating
urge
is not
any
cockroaches
than
against taking shrimps with tea, after the popular practice of Margate. These latter, if fried in their' shells, just as the have they leave proved delicious, like white-bait, sea, and
richer, whilst
by boiling. For
the
curative
off
insect
The
country.
disagreeable,fetid
a
for
has
as
long
leadingchemists similar therapeuticuses our
is nocturnal
odour
hardened
been
doctors, likewise for Bright's of
one
become
not
the Cockroach
purposes by Russian
employed againstdropsy disease of the kidneys ; and powdered Cockroaches prepares this
do
shells
in its habits, and
through
fluid
a
poured
now
in
gives from
out
its mouth.
Another food
facts.
avails to
Kirby
Messrs could
one
"
rise above
spidersa delicious Maria
taken a? Spiders,though never healing virtues against ague, whilst
form, exercise
in any
appliedweb
the
if
of insects, the
class
Schurman
bleedings;
arrest
do
Spence
morsel used
dainty food.
as
eat
to
would
declare
to
probably
resemble
in taste.
skeleton, hairs, and
external
scales, insects
chitin
also
find
which,
nuts,
affirmed, they much
that some
celebrated
The
spiders like
established
are
hesitate
not
prejudices,he
these
she
as
speaks of a German in the habit of spreading spiders like butter who was his bread. But such practices on are open to questionas regards that their wholesomeness, seeing spidersare carnivorous feeders. As the basis of all their bodily structures, spiral tubes, intestines, forms
(which
animal
food
difficult of
follows
probably is
bitter the
a
Othdto,
In now
as
food
as
which, with
luscious
in
close
the
stituted con-
of difficulty
chitin
read 1, Sc. 3, we locusts, shall be as
Locust-tree
was
thereon, is
attendance
Coloquintida,"(lago to Roderigo). of
honey,
Baptist. But such chitin is more the corresponding gelatin of beef, so that the nightmare which ally proverbi-
supper to this Act
wild
the
poultry ; lobster
attributable
stomach. him
of John
digestionthan
fish,and
mutton,
with
endowed
are
the
in locusts
substance
the
also
and skeleton bodily framework, shrimps, with other crustacese). It was
of crabs, lobsters, and this
Rosel
Anna
referred
"
solution food
The
him
to
And
that
to
shortly
here
to, of
in the
as
probably which
the
-
seed-pod contains a rich honey. So, with respect Baptist supported himself
luscious to
the
in the
juice closelyresembling fresh Locusts
upon
which
wilderness, certain
John
the
critics have
416
MEALS
chosen
But
pods. told
believe
to
how
they
this is not the
MEDICINAL.
vegetable nature,
Almost
so.
Locust
of
were
insects
traveller
every
in
food
enjoyed as
are
cassia
as
of note the
has East.
describes the mode Pliny records this fact, and Herodotus into for baking them cakes. adopted of powdering Locusts Sometimes they are merely fried,their legs and wings plucked
ofE, and
bodies
the
other
persons powder and bake turning red after the fashion In
India, like every
insects
Tonquin these delicacy. Mattieu
Locusts
them of
Williams
fried, and
again,they are lobsters, during the of
sold
are
and
pepper
salt ;
boiled,
or
;
article
other
At
with
flavoured
eaten,
food, they
in
advises
that
curried.
are
market
the
process.
as
great
a
introduction
the
of
epicurean delicacy,would be a boon to suffering humanity, by supplyingindustrial employment invasions of districts subject to periodical to the inhabitants by of locusts, amounting to a plague by their devastations. swarms of eatingthem notion The repulsiveat first,but chitin appears tinned, as
chitin, whether
is
elaborated
vegetarian Locust,
The
an
land,
on
in the
sea.
(grasshopper) are free from the pungent essential oils of the reallyunpleasant cockchafer. vulgaris,(the Though, concerning this latter insect,Mdolontha fat chafer) as Holt food, Vincent quotes the jaunty rooks as excellent found that judges. Lalande, the French astronomer, tasted of almonds, and that caterpillars spiders had a nutty flavour. By the Congress of Entomologists held at Paris, in 1887, it was solemnly proclaimed that cockchafers, at least "
when
are young, rightly understood. "
of
them a
and
add
calculated
to
Anyhow, we
and
all
owe
it
were
ran
sieve.
a
ditto
thick
recipe which
"
follows
as
cockchafers, pound
through
be
fat.
much
For
a
In
most
outward
our us
if
we
if their
" "
cases
drawn
Take
:
in
preparation be
then
was
a
the
curative welfare
might minister abundantly as
uses
to
; for
gourmets." what
the
to
strain
is delicious,
result
fastidious of
sufficient
water
use
soup
for
up
then
mortar,
a
light clear
culinary and
of
well for
them
both
pleasethe
their
cicada
the
perfectfood,"
The
Soup
Cockchafer
number
a
and
secreted
or
the
they may, insect world;
happiness of
insects subserve our neighbours at largeas around The insect is the prince of us. enjoyment of nature gardeners. His buttercup, his dandelion, and his meadowsweet grow thick in every English field ; his thyme clothes the hillside ; his heather purples the bleak, grey moorland ; high up among our
KIDNEYS.
417
Alpine heightshis gentianspreadsits lakes of the snows Himalayas his rhododendrons
the the
light. The
crimson
into
the Earth animosities of the
boundless
a
arise between
obnoxious
of Devonian
giant red
the
Guiana
and
her
ways,
be
the whole
surface
of
garden. Not but that certain visitors, plants, and their fertilizing "
Our
tez
vur
wi' veathervaw cabbical
keep
tii
the
gearden,"says
rinned
awver
The
acidulous. slightly
with
gleam
intii
stuff tii rub tha
away
peasant
(feather-
vleys."
The
avidityby the natives of Hindustan, and as by the eagerly devoured people of
is
and
amid
;
flower
much,
with
Brazil.
turned
thus
nighttimes
ant
and
be
mind
is eaten
ant
"
speech,
tha chillern's necks white
has
insect sort.
I dawn't
few), but
Insect
of blue
"
of these
flavour Go
to
is
ants
saccharine,
sluggard; consider
the ant, thou
wise."
example of vigilant foresight,and provident care, giving timely precepts to the sluggard,this insect actuallylays up no store at all of food for often quoted as a model of industrious the winter, though so of the sleepiest creatures It is not only one (in cold economy. with
But
respect to the
weather), but
furnishes
even
chloroform, which
of
The
ancient
of ants,
and
were
they
availed
without
steep the
sentimental
constituent
a
in
the
basis
forgetfulness.
drowsy properties as
hypnotics.
(See Fruit).
jams
are
as
thereof
JELLIES
uses
an
senses
with
themselves
AND
as
acid,
acquainted
JAMS
Not
formic to
serves
Greeks
ant
common
and
jellies.When
Mr.
widower, at the snug a (in Pickwick) became his private property, Marquis of Grarihy,Dorking, which was the said he to his sympathisingson, Sammy, boy ! my breath was body ven scarcelyout of your poor mother-in-law's of and another old 'ooman sends a me a pot jam, vun pot o' jelly, blessed largejug o' camomile brews and another a tea, vich she hands.," Jelly in Scotland brings in vith her own goes by the Weller, senior
"
"
"
of Frummelin
name
Tarn.
JUNIPER
(See Gin).
BERRIES
KIDNEYS. "
firm
As
food," writes
texture,
and
Dr.
when
Yeo, much
"
animal
cooked
kidneys become
are
very
of
close,
hard, and 27
418
MEALS
diificult of
albuminates, and
grilled,fried
Ox
kidney,
flavour
its
of
the
a
own.
sheep's kidney
uric acid. instinct
of fat.
cent
per
thoroughly cooked, having strong digestion, The calf's kidneys may
braised, going well with to
two
requires
when
mastication, and
as
of the
Some
seventeen
They may beforehand. egg-and-bread-crumbed
plain, or
even
about
contain
digestion."Steep'skidneys
of
cent
per be
MEDICINAL.
a
brown
food
be
Dr.
sauce.
three
moreover
and
good
a
strong minced, and a
Haig
attributes
quarter per cent of earliest mediciners, with an empirical a
donkey's kidneys for curing diseases of the same in their human medical science patients; and recent organs such a proceeding, justifies accordingto the expounded principles sick persons of curative animal extracts. Lately, in thirty-five labouringunder various diseased states of the kidneys,an internal administration of fresh, healthy animal kidney in small quantities, of an extract or prepared carefullytherefrom, has proved of undoubted curative value, as faithfullyrecorded by attendant physicians. Urea, and uric acid as eliminated by the kidneys, facts to serve are now proved by many protectivepurposes within the human are chieflyproducts from system. These animal
gave
foods, and
are
tubercular
the
to antagonistic
disposition
able consumptive disease of the lungs. But they are favourdiseases being the development of gout, the said two to opposed to each other ; for the former, it is proper to give a liberal allowance of nitrogenous proteids,sweets, fats, butter, only a beer, and the like ; but for the latter just the reverse, little meat, and that principallyof the white sort, plain fish, It is a fact that known fruits,vegetables,and milk foods. tissues are always vegetarians,and sedentary persons whose which laden with carbonates, are examples of the structures most readilyfoster consumptive germs, and that these persons become materially benefited by increasingtheir nitrogenous towards
the
augment
to
exercise, his
made
Whereas that the
the
combustion
Abernethy taught gouty patients dance
as
it has
been
sole function
system, doctors
in
of
now
important duty
matters
into
our
materies
hot
on
the
kidneys
understand of
pouring
morbi
practicalmanner
a
until within
another
the
the
of
it is desirable
conditions
Furthermore, in gouty
nourishment.
when
he
plates. last few
is to
that from
blood, lackingwhich
active
by
the
years
excrete
supposed urine
from
perform organs themselves important these
general body
has
its
KOUMISS.
welfare that
if
419
seriouslyimpaired ; and the vital fact has been be given under healthy animal kidney substance
supply animal kidney a dry powder, or in tabloid form. healthy animal kidney as furnished
likingfor sheep'skidneys
A
For
gourmet.
instance,
Edinburgh (1860), in
confined
told
by Dr. "
Dogs, that
Our
hand
to
is the the
opportunely by
is not
are
we
still better
But
the
to
John
as
fresh cook.
human of
Brown,
of the
Jock,
to
ing manufactur-
ready
substance
these
is restored
conditions,then the disturbed balance of soundness the patient. Therefore, for meeting this object our chemists
learnt
Orkneys,
extracting though beloved by his master, took to evil courses, of the flock, and driving the kidneys from the best young rams whole hirsels down steep places into the sea, till at last all the pointed at him, and blew him into space guns of Westray were he stood at bay under a as Curiously huge rock on the shore." time word for a cant at a one kidney was enough, the term in waiting. Thus custom The Tatler has told, "it is our servant ofiiciates to order a youth who the first coming of the news upon the kidney of the cofiee house to get into the pulpit,and read as every
with
paper
loud
a
and
distinct voice."
(and
KOUMISS, The
of the
Kumys
inhabit
who
Kergese,
Milk).
!See
mare's
Asiatic
the
milk,
steppes "
described
by the father of history,Herodotus, and remains a typicalKergese the milk was drawn, it was poured product to this day. When into deep wooden vessels, and continuallyagitatedfor long hours The the Scythians kept blind for this purpose. by slaves whom a
fermented
part of
upper whilst a
drink
the
nutriment
for next
mUk
the
lower
from
made
part remained
than
what
fat
can
oily, lard-like substance present day the nomads any
From
the
butter, but above
artificialKoumiss the
it contains
true
Koumiss
of
disagreeabletaste. Eussian
our
Asiatic
(JieeBikds,
its
solution,
is not
of
more
suitable
little fat, and
butter, but
got from
it may modern
of the LARK
it is not
but
Even
steppes do
not
a
in
half the
facture manu-
of Kumys. large quantities be readilygathered that the from dairies difEers essentially Kergese.
they prepare
account
of
milk
be
of the
in
casein, being
Mares'
making butter, first,because because
curdled
as
intoxicant.
an
alcoholic
became
then
was
"
and
Cheese).
MEALS
420
MEDICINAL.
{See Seaweeds).
LAYER
(See Onion).
LEEK
LEHON.
specialdietetic
The
of
value
Lemons
consists
{Citruslimonum)
are potash salts, citrate, malate, and tartrate, which of service in promoting biliary severally antiscorbutic, and about of the fresh juice contains digestion.Each fluid ounce forty-fourgrainsof citric acid, with gum, sugar, and a residuum which incinerated, potash, lime, and phosphoric yields when
in
their
acid.
exterior
The
with
of the
gratefularomatic
a
bitter,
juice exercises fragrant oil. Lemon efEects,whereby it can palpitation allaynervous
sedative
certain
furnishes
volatile
essential
an
rind
heart, and
alleviate
can
pain of
the
ulceration
cancerous
Dr. Brandini, of Florence, discovered invading the tongue. this remarkable anodyne property of fresh lemon juice in cancer when of a of the tongue, by the case suffering patient who when
from grievously
a
substitute
dissolved
for the
cold
in
times,
pledgetsof in the
cold
three
or
"
Into
an
Beneath From
these
Which, Cole's
Adam
being like the
to
form
thick
a
the
coats
citrons
their
the
may
be
eight
fluid
with
the
;
employed, ounces
of
likewise,at other
juice,or
lotion.
For
a
rolled
juicy pulp unfold;
feels
a palate pungent smart, the though they sting tongue, yet heal
in Eden
the
thirst.
ripe lemon be squeezed into strongly sniffed into the nostrils two will generallybe set going. cure
hand, and
oval
acid
brush
relief to
his feverish
slake
to
camel-hair
lint saturated
separate times,
to
drachm
head, if the juice of
of the
palm
a
marvellous
found
juice,citric
one
applied with
be
to
the
affection
lemon
water,
water,
a
dire
part by casuallysuckinga lemon
the As
that
heart
says in
the
form, is
fruit a
of
very
the
the
heart."
pome-citron sovereign cordial
tree
for
same.
to lemons, whilst harmful rabbits, cats, and other small animals, by lowering the heart's the blood's the blood, does not diminish action, and liquefying
It is remarkable
that
the
acid
of
in man, but will specially the thin impovercorrect coagulability ished liquidityof that circulatingfluid which constitutes scurvy. is extolled as a Throughout Italy,a decoction of fresh Lemons Also Lemon-juice is decidedly specific againstintermittent fever.
422
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
execution
his
Castle, 1759, for the
York
at
of
murder
Daniel
thirteen years before, at his Clarke, (a shoemaker,) committed with Sally, his favourite daughter, bade her make last interview of fresh lemop-juice for her freckles. wash Sydney Smith, a in writing about Foston, his remote country cure, in Yorkshire,
said, "it stands medicine his old serious
of
matter
in
embrocations
breakfastcupful of
a
throat
which
troubles In
is
some
rheumatic
mixed
in
become The
in
ofE
neutrahze
sour,
is
a
of
an
in
the
rheumatic
nutritive lemonade,
inner
white
rinds.
together with
the
minutes, and
then
a
village of
stop,
"Rub-a-dub,"
which
settles the
mixed
with
honey,
for quite a specific
is
which
teasing cough
the
sore
weather. is
system
fermentative
excellent
it;"
lemon
for
the
products,
saturated
be
to
and
taken
with
lemon-juice,
fresh
boilingwater,
antidote,
allowed
to
pretty often.
with potash,becomes beingcombined body, leaving its alkaline base to
acids, and combined
lemons, using their yellow rinds the
dead a
kept
"
with
water,
proportionswith
quickly the
juice
damp
citric acid of the lemons
burnt
; and
hot
"
up "
fever, when
equal
cool,
gentlejog ;
He
the comfort delight," the bull-dog"for more
heart's
catarrhal, also
persons
mischievous,
As
The
once."
at
the
lemon."
a
"
Peterspuke, and
cases;
best
the
"
; also "
from
contained
which
chest women
miles
twelve
Slice the
thus
with
subduing
the
white
of egg, for flavouring,whilst
lemon,
yellow rinds,
and
disease. take
two
rejecting
them, over pour of boilingwater ;
pint stir until cooled to the temperature of ordinary tea, and then strain. whites of two The be slowly added, next to eggs are whilst brisklystirring the liquid. Whip the mixture for several lemonade
cold.
outer
strain ; add The pips should
sugar
a
to
always
taste, and
be first taken
drink
the
out.
fevers, fresh lemon- juice is helpful and During intermittent with refreshing,being-mixed strong, hot, black tea, or cofiee, without decoction a Throughout Italy, and at Rome, sugar. of fresh lemons is extolled as a specific antidote mittent interto such fevers ; for which is cut fresh, unpeeled lemon a purpose and into thin slices, put in an earthenware jar with three breakto one fast-cupfulsof cold water, and boiled down cupful ; this is to be strained, the lemon being squeezed, and the decoction is to be given shortly before the access of fever is periodically lemon juice has expected. The quinine-likeproperties in bringing down the temperature of a fever -stricken patient.
423
LEMON.
For
making
it would
be
because
then
lemonade mistake
a
the
of three
lemons
been
first boiled, and
of
McLeerie,
Wee
beef
Macgregor
which
Leftwich,
than
"
"
:
is
children
Lemonade's
lemons
mair
has
to
Mrs.
puff
than
formulated
disorders, beingmore
peeled twice,
are
into
by eminently palatable,
been
has
nutritious, and
in feverish
Two
tea.
Peter
brither
ma
says
squeezed
be
cold ; a few crushed and the cut-up rind
added,
be
may
it would
quart of water, which
become
to
sliced lemons,
upon
should
a
capital lemonade
A
for especially
to
in feverish states,
infused, and
also
juice
allowed
But
"
in
pleasure." Dr.
then
(ifin season)
lemon.
one
become
lemon-
water,
that
boilingwater
pour
Fresh
cold
strawberries
to
thirst
the
assuage
peel would
medicinally.
act
to
supporting
the
white
inner
peel being rejected,and the outer yellow peel, with the sliced Pour fruit,placed in a quart jug with, say, two lumps of sugar. cooled to on them, and stir occasionally. When boUing water the temperature of ordinary tea, insert an egg whisk, and slowly add two
whites
the
cold.
when
serve
be used
may
For
for each
nutritious.
more
tea,
The
lemon
gouty
acids
unless
carried
for
treatment
to
latter
show
an
a
gaining
now
juice of from would undoubtedly
four
the
working girlsoften do lemons to give a white delicious
be
themselves
no
the
leave
pulp ; weigh
overnight,then the
in which
water
of fruit with strain off all clear.
juiceof and
drunk
the
water
pips,and
add
the
journal has lately lemons
fourteen
For
making
Lemon
nice finely twelve pulp with three pints of
sort, slice very
the
skins
skins
skins have a
favour,
pound
boil for
one
in the
and
hours
before
water
after
pulp together ; boiled, and
been and and
a
into
jars, and
a
tie
quarter
half hours
to
adding boiling
strain a
oS
pound
of loaf sugar ; until perfectly
cold. The down when glass lemon squeezed into a tumblerful of very hot water, on gettinginto bed, will usually throw a patient with
Turn one
beef-
against
alkaline
well-merited
to
all out, and the cover scoop clear cold water ; boil the skins well for two to
to
injurious. It is said little harm by sucking
complexion.
lemons, them
aversion
blood
the
leadingmedical
A
that
of
making is
system,
excess.
taking
Marmalade,
often
eggs made
this lemonade.
in the
daily,which
patients who are not feverish, two pint of the liquid,and thus it will be
Children, who
readilytake
advocated
Continue whisking for eggs. strain,whilst stillhot, through muslin ;
newlaid
two
minutes, and
three
or
of
424
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
well the and he wakes almost profuseperspiration, next morning. For Lemon Whey : boil a pint of milk with a teaspoonful or two of fresh lemon-juice,and then strain through If this curd the curd. muslin, squeezing all the liquidfrom be well broken after coagulation, and all the liquid be up of the of the fat, and some thoroughly drained out, much into
catarrh
a
divided
casein
thereby
much
As
milk
pass into the its nutritive properties.
the
increase
will
safeguard against accidental
a
in hot
of
efficient
countries,an
means
diarrhoea may
travelling
when
found
be
will
and
whey,
in fresh
lemon
patient should he down, and keep sippinga mixture of half lemon-juice,and half water boiled, and cooled),or (first have until the symptoms ceased ; there simply sucking lemons An excellent cocktail is no risk of taking the juiceto excess. with one fresh be made to be given when tired, and thirsty,may one tablespoonful of pounded sugar, four or five squeezes egg, of fresh lemon-juice, and four or five small lumps of ice. Fill up Mash with cold water. well, and strain into a largeglass, grating little nutmeg Pie (a southern on a recipe): top. For Lemon with a cupful of to a cream, take the yolk of four eggs, beaten Peel the granulated sugar, and the grated rind of a lemon. lemon, removing every particleof white rind, and cut it into thin slices. Have a pie plate lined with pufE paste, arrange the slices of lemon thereupon. Add enough milk to the eggs, and this in, and bake until set. Beat to fillup the plate,pour sugar in stiff two the whites of the eggs to a froth, and stir largeheaped on tablespoonfulsof sugar, putting the same top of the pie ; then bake a Ught brown. Charles Dickens, in a letter to Mark the lattej was editor of Punch, and overwrought when Lemon, juice.
The
"
"
with
"
0
bright,and
my
Think
of
obtains
Eden,
wandered seemed her
in
grow
carried about
so
fruit.
there
like
your
him
fat
you're work, and come
at
Eve, when
that
with them
Paradise
her until
that
she
:
"
!
right,and
tight 'un to
Brighton." Mentoni
at
banished two
she
!
:
special abundance
away
with
and
little what
a
Leave
Lemons
round
Lemon,
my
0
legend
admonished
literarystrain, thus
the
or
came
settled
from
three to
;
the
and
garden
Lemons,
Mentoni,
there, and
a
and
which
planted
425
LETTUCE.
LETTUCE.
Our
is
garden Lettuce
scented
Lettuce
banks
on
and
This
for
grown which
grows districts
waysides in chalky
plant
the
varietyof
(Lactuca virosa)which
and
Wales.
of
cultivated
a
wild
more
kitchen
Lettuce
contains
the
actively than does uses. Chemically,
the wild, or
strongly with pricklyleaves throughout England medicinal properties
the
garden Lettuce,
the
cultivated
as
Lettuce
modified
degree in the wild plant are which narcotic, and dangerous. principles and asfaragin,with But these principles, lactucin,lactucopicrin, to
comes
oxalic, malic have as
child-like
by be
to
Chinee.
the
after
the
Roman,
put
into
Lettuce bleached and
The
a
as
served
the
as
to
its inner leaves, the
regardsthe hard stalk. nutriment, though supplying some nitre.
They
prepared this
last
up lettuce
as
ourselves,
to
boil, stew, of the
sorts
compactly, remains
and
or
Cos thus
tender, crisp,
by dyspeptic persons,
lettuce
The
"
their
at
course
With
different
succulent, being easilydigested,even
except
for
best
tied
When
raw.
of Bret
plant, was inducing sleep,
appetiteafresh.
the
harmless,
milk
or
the
resin,
and
pensive smile
sedative
"
eaten
and
the
it with
Cabbage Lettuce, is hodge-podge ; then come be
gum, rendered
of wine.
or
to
a
albumin,
Lettuce,
debauch
a
eggs, and to stimulate
as
and
early Romans
eaten
so
quite
down,
manners,
vegetable with meals,
in
citric acids, mannite,
Heathen
esteemed
contains
completelytoned
as
the
were
Harte's
and
and
become
tables
our
mineral
contains
but
little
salts, particularly of the
sleepthe plant is inducing principle,lactucerin, especiallywhen is slightly flowering.The Cabbage Lettuce, lactuca sativa vericefs, bitter,because of its milky juicecontainingthe soothingprinciple wise man's lactucin. Galen termed the plant or philosopher's, herb." in France, and Its condensed thridax juice is named lactucarium in England, when drying into a kind of gum, brown like the opium-gum of Poppies, but much Two milder of efiects. be safely from the garden lettuce may grainsof this lactucarium child for soothing it to sleep. Mr. Roker, the given to a young chose rough turnkey of the Fleet Prison in which Mr. Pickwick In
the stem
there
still lingers a small
amount
"
to was
be
incarcerated the
rusty one
bedstead in the
for debt, allotted
corner
on
to
of the
being asked that
gentleman, "
room.
to
It would
which
point out denoted make
a one
very go
to
426
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
sleep,that not."
to, or
"
whether would," said Roker, they wanted I should think," said Sam Weller, (Mr.Pickwick's
bedstead "
piece of furniture in question, with a nothing disgust, I should think poppies was
manservant), eying the look
"
of excessive
it."
to
essential towards
good of the theologians who sleep, beware," have no of mirth ; they are not altogetherhuman. sense Keep with chin don't troubles bed to take hang you, your up, your into them chair with them a on a glass your trowsers, or drop with your lettuce teeth." has : garden Pope sung concerning our With
regard
to
"
of mind as peace Dr. Kennedy, says
If you
"
need
rest.
Lettuce, and
cowslip
if the lettuce is taken
But
sleep,it
should
neutralize
its
be
"
had
wine,
with the view
at supper
without
est."
probatum
"
any
of
promoting
vinegar, which
would
of Sallets John soporificeffects. In his Book So harmless the Lettuce, about Evelyn writes enthusiastically is it that it may be safelyeaten raw ; in fevers it allaysheat, bridles choler, extinguishes thirst, excites appetite,kindly conciliates sleep, nourishes, and, above all, represses vapours, and mitigatespain, besides the efiect it has upon the morals, charity." Evelyn, By reason," concludes temperance and still of its soporiferousquality, the and Lettuce ever was, continues tribe to be the principalfoundation of the universal "
"
"
of
sallets, because
properties,and ancients their
the
as
therefore
divers
that
with
name
it cools
held
was
of the
Valerian
that of Lactucinii.
Lactuca
sativa, from
refreshes, besides
and
the
its other
in such
by the high esteem and ennobled family dignified It is botanically distinguished
plenty
of milk
that
it hath, and
causeth." "
"
"
was
With
time
the
mylk
old
than
needed "
"
With
derivyed is perchaunce, hath, or yeveth abundauuce." "
(vegetable feeders)adds Evelyn, in those (and less sleep golden days their spirits brisk, and lively : were "
men,
now),
TJbi dicto Membra
it
Romans
before
was
of lac
Lettuce For
"
citius
"
curata
sopori
dedit; vegetus prsescriptaad shorter, but much
Vigorous,
and
fresh
about
sweeter
munera
sleep content
their business
went."
surgit."
427
LINSEED.
"
could
They
without
then
much
so
"
See
as
Nor That
grain
a
it
a
sallet,
a
upon
spice."
exotic
wine,
swims
Horace,
says
in
soured
the
:
That did
dine
"
"
he
of
meal, and
pale they look, how wretchedly yesterday'ssurcharge disturbed they be ; but the mind. body only suff'ring, nobler part, and dull, depress'd we find."
after
Lettuce,
honest
an
how
now
With
stomach
make
excellent "
summum
Nam
lactuca
Post
vinum
innatat
acri
stomacho."
Emperor, Tacitus,
used
to
he mercari," when feast, with a sallet,and
ate
se
sumptuous
a
of Lettuce
say
of them,
and
singlepullet;
that call'd which
prince ate of ; whilst Maximinus to (a professedenemy salad),is reported to have been scarce satisfy'dwith sixty pounds of flesh, and drink water proportionable." Boiled Lettuce only) has (in its own dehcate flavour, being considered a very by some persons superior to asparagus. Take a large, even well-grown Lettuce, and wash it thoroughly in strong salt and water to insects, then remove rinse it well out in fresh water, and gently stew it for ten or fifteen minutes. Serve on buttered toast, with a lightsprinkling of pepper and salt. Sorrel soup {bonne femme) is to be made bruised also with Lettuces. Leaves of Cabbage Lettuces are usually all
was
the
flesh-meat
that
sober
"
with
the
sorrel in butter, treated
egg-yolk, butter, sorrel
and
less than
and
sugar,
lettuce
must
with
bouillon, and
browned
present in
be
this of sorrel would
a
liaison of
The gelatinous gravy. about equal quantities ;
be useless.
LINSEED.
A
drink
DEMULCENT
made
Linseed, the
from
seeds
of flax, is
ting of the chest, with irritahelpfulagainst catarrhal soreness hard cough. These seeds are very rich in oil, containing in every nearly four ounces pound of the seed, together with of potash. A acetic acid, acetate of potash, and muriate gum, most
Linseed
water,
poured allowed
tea one
off to
may ounce
be to
concocted the
from
the
This
seed
with
tumblerful, steeped all night, and
(after being stirred)in the settle.
ground
cold
tea
is
morning,
and
sustainingfor
cold then
presently consumptive
428
MEALS
patients. skins
outer
and
with
and
in
simmer
over
to
the each
very
a
cool
iire for half
with one
in
from
;
Linseed
The
furthermore,
of
ounces
the
oil has mixed
when
Linseed
rind
hour
an
of tea
to
of egg,
each
tea
may
linseed,puttingit into
through it, then
water
of half
and
lemon
a
a
of the
the
tea.
to
away
teaspoonfulof
juice,in
pint
;
allow
half ; strain
a
add
fresh lemon
lemon
white
hot.
quart of cold water, and
a
pint
some
obtained
elaborate
more
two
rind add
sugar candy, the juice of
a
A
pouring cold possiblethe yellow
sugar-candy with in Germany. To in
Wash
:
lemon
seeds, and of
scalds.
macerated
admirably protectivecoveringfor
an
strainer, and
thinly as
as
very medicine
it makes
water,
concocted
small
linseed
or
applied a
and
prepared therefrom, emollient,
poulticeas
a
burns, and
thus
ofi
to
makes
properties as
lime
recent
a
the
is
soothing when
laxative
be
ground into meal, abundant mucilage to be
If Linseed
boilingwater,
MEDICINAL.
pare the
them the sugar,
proportion Powdered
emulsion, is used
remedially sugar-candy stringsare suspended solution which is then left standing of strong sugar, place until the candy forms as crystalsabout the strings
(also on
the
After
the
an
make
sides of the linseed
as
thin
vessel.)
oil has
expressed from the seeds, then their refuse is oil cake, a well known fatteningfood for cattle. Linseed in cookery by the taken {linum usitatissimum) was ancient Greeks and Romans, but it is difficult of digestion,and some affords but little proteid nourishment, whilst provoking troubleflatulence. In the sixteenth century, during a scarcityof of Middleburgh had to linseed wheat, the inhabitants recourse caused for making cakes, but the death of many citizens was thereby, bringingabout in those who partook of the cakes dreadful of (flax) swellingson the body and face. In Dundee, a hank is worn round the loins as a cure for lumbago, and girls yarn with head the be thread of round this as a seen single may yarn infallible specific for tic doloureux. Linseed oil is substituted an for lard on fast days by Italian peasants and labourers. been
LIQUEURS. During
the
middle
supposed to be medicinal ages Hqueurs were remedies for universal but their modern employment is use, almost wholly for pleasing the palate. As such they follow substantial
meals
of meat
and
drink, four
la bonne
bouche,
so
430
MEALS
oils combined
with
anisette, and
cura9oa
creams,
MEDICINAL.
saccharine
more
water, and
Rosa
others.
spirituousmatters,
(just mentioned).
as superfineliqueurs,
or
and
solis
are
the
solis,maraschino, Dantzic
rosa
at
was
third
The
as
time
one
much
esteemed
with spirits, various and to cordial, being made essences, In the Fortunes wit, orangeflower,and cinnamon, etc. of Nigel, has Walter Scott told of Dame Ursula Sir xxi. chapter "repeating, as
a
the
rich
cordial trickled
forth
in
'
smooth
oilystream, Right solis as ever washed of out rosa a mulligrubs moody brain.' was Originallythe Grande Chartreuse prepared from a secret than six hundred recipewhich has been preserved for more years, associated with mediaeval elixir and was This has become religion. the Carthusians into three varieties, the green, developed by familiar to diners out, the yellow to doctors, and the white to valetudinarian the fragrance dyspeptics. Chartreuse possesses of garden herbs, the aromas of several spices,flowers, and nuts, of young savour together with the balsamic green tassels from When made pine trees. directlyfroin bitter almonds, or with pounded kernels of apricots,or peaches, or with cherry laurel leaves, the liqueur is called Noyau. Danzig gold and silver first produced at Danzig, its peculiarityconsisting wasser was in small particles of gold leaf, or silver leaf, swimming therein, dictine Benewithout but imparting any particularflavour thereto. is distilled at F6camp, in Normandy, by the originally Benedictine It resembles monks, but now by a secular company. Chartreuse in flavour, as derived from the oils of angelica, hyssop, nutmeg and peppermint,whilst containing a largeproportion of as
a
"
water,
as
but
potatoes.
or
is
Vodka
sugar.
a
a
Russian
liqueur,transparent,
fierybeverage
It
has
been
for all that,
defined
"
as
and
prepared
distilled
colourless from
rye,
damnation,"
draught, since to sip it is considered a proof of a future sojourn in the place of eternal torment. is made Maraschino Italian, or sour by macerating a small Dalmatian cherry,with the crushed stones thereof, and with ten of honey added, the whole being fermented ; it takes per cent is brandy flavoured months to mature. Kimmel, or Kummel, and
must
with
be
cumin,
taken
caraway,
at
a
and
coriander.
particularmedicinal properties(available for curative uses) of these several liqueurs reside in their flavouring herbs, with which and respectivelyimpregnated, they are essences, told their difierent headings. which about here under and are The
LIQUEURS.
431
has ConcerningChartreuse, Dr. Thudicum particulars. The religiousbrotherhood
related
"
which
interesting
some
called
Chartists,
order
Carthusians, (one compulsory rule of was a abstinence from an flesh) devised elaborately constructed which
"
named
was
Chartreuse,"
a
"
entrees," quoth Careme.
soit,que de legumes
on
comme
La
Grande
"
the
queen Chartreuse ne
et des racines."
Such
of
or
total dish
modern
doit contenir, a
Chartreuse
accomplished of hot vegetable combinations) could be between May and August, inasmuch perfectonly in the months for its production are the vegetables necessary as only then in of tenderness. the desired state Eventually, growth and (the most
however,
parts of fish and
shellfish
were
allowed
to
be introduced
by Careme, leaving only the casing to consist of the legitimate At last, together with the Chartists went vegetables and roots. its name became the Chartreuse, and misapplied to a simple incongruously of flesh and vegetables, whilst pudding made Next la Parisienne. the cooks as a distinguishedby French of predilections
Carthusians
the
extended
from
concretes
to
liqueurs,this advance being efEected by a process of evolution which passed through an of apples began with appleapple pudding. The Chartreuse by French and German cooks); jam, (calledin mistake marmalade the then Angelica entered as an ornamenting incrustation over together by the jam, yellow, red, and white apples cemented out the whole on a being boiled in a water-bath, and turned the apple Chartreuse, the apples assuming plate. Here ended the ancient therein their Angelica rights,and shapes. But and Chartreuse wandered to the brandy bottle, developed into of a becoming at length manufacturers spirit,the Carthusians Modern Sic transit gloria Carthusianorum." liqueurs. is now Chartreuse compounded at Tarragona, in Spain, having its herbal ingredients (mostly secret) carnations, and among buds of pine. Orange liqueur is made, the young according to old Dutch an recipe,by peelingvery thinly ten oranges and ten lemons; then puttingthe peelinto four bottles (inquantity)of good Let it stand Cape brandy, adding four pounds of white sugar. each day morning and evening ; thus for eight,or ten days, stirring abstracts, and
from
piesthey
ascended
to
"
strain, and
bottle.
Concerning Wormwood Angostura
cordial
is
liqueur,see chieflyflavoured
Absinthe. with
bark
bearing
that
432
MEALS
from
name,
being
the
added.
MEDICINAL.
Angostura, This
Cusparia febrifuga,other
or
bark
has
tonic
a
particularservice in in tropical dysentery. especially
astringency,being fevers, and
of
operation without the typhoid state of It contains
cusparin,tannin
salts, and
oil,resins, gum,
spices
not
a
volatile
being present.
the Orinoko abundantly on near river. manufactured Trinidad. at Angostura liqueur is now excellent culinarymagazine, is astonished The Table, an to as of liqueurshas latelygrown in this country. how the use Time used only by a few ; but now when suburban was they were every The
tree
is found
the
mountains
"
householder
liqueurs make
party the supper of course. Even their
coffee
and
and
ladies
are
cognac
however,
seems
Kiimmel,
are
belief that
very
the
of
used
be
to
their
first favourite
popular, but
there
of these
is
former
at every
luncheon as
appearance
and
matter
a
lunphing, or dining alone, regard as quite a necessity. Nor is it the they patronize; indeed, absinthe, the sweet as liqueurs. Benedictine,
which
much
as
; and
when
petitverre
variety only
sweet
after dinner
offers them
two
the
;
on
also
Chartreuse, and
general Noyau is formerly by preeminence
to be appears the decrease.
this
a
was running, though the ladies' liqueur; but Curajoa, and creme de menthe at least." have wholly taken its place,with them The Katafias since, are liqueurswhich have not been distilled, and colour of for obtaining the perfume, aroma, fruit, its a expressed juicemay be best put into brandy, so as to fabricate the different ratafias ; and because the majority of these juicesare full be used. For a qualmish stomach of water strong, brandy must and sickness, a ratafia pudding is usefully disposed to nausea, Butter its bottom inside with remedial. a pie dish, and cover with ratafia biscuits in a singlelayer ; proceed in the same way all strew the sides of the dish, then over some sponge-cake crumbs of cake crumbs, thickly. Beat an egg, mix it with two ounces of crushed ratafias of mange blancand about an ounce a pint ; make (using Bird's powder, of noyau flavour); while it is hot after it into the dish, and beat it with the egg, presently pour the it in a steady oven. When has stood for a short time, bake pudding is turned out, garnish it on the top with small lumps of If jelly,either raspberry, or red currant. brightly coloured wishing to use a shallow dish, then reduce the quantitiesof cake
quite
out
crumbs, Cook
and
of ratafias mixed
only long enough
to
in the
set, and
blanc
mange, lightlybrown
to
one
the
fourth.
pudding.
LIVER.
For
Grenoble
and
crush
them
rind
cut
without
of half
"
three
removing and
lemon,
a
cinnamon
and
pulp, and
the
Take
Deceived His
wicked
Then
who
adding
stones,
them
This
Pass
be
through
a
flavoured
the
thinly month will
at
sieve, press
herself
stoited
in country
out
quarters, in her
morning
one
lost his stomach
he
him, drinking Ratafie, and thought upon
to
the
steep for
to
may
dwelt
who
hanged
conscience
took
Similarlya
Halifax,
at
maid,
a
the
cherries,
through paper."
filter
captain bold
A
cloves.
of Morella
pounds
allow
quarts of strong brandy.
in two with
"
ratafia,
433
ratafia
Muscat
be
can
made
Miss
from
garters ;
daily, Bailey."
stoned
Muscat
in strong brandy for eight days ; crushed, and soaked grapes, then and filter,and add put through a sieve without pressure, sugar to this ratafia.
LIVER.
The
advanced
liver in the human
procured
from
such
other
headings. from
it has
as
It "
the
Pdte de
Sydney Smith eating foie gras to the liver of the
The "
under
with who
is
geese, reference to those
gave sound of
us
his
notion
one), when has many
been
with
lemon, pepper,
first removed.
invalids assist
when
a
case
they
This cannot
ox,
of
and
several
purposes in point,
domestic
birds.
heaven,
Hare," told Cogan, in his Haven
when
eaten
extracts
as
:
trumpets."
dryed, and made in powder, be liver-sick." Again, the liver of an Turtle, is a specialdelicacy (the taste for (1589),
diseased
their
for nutritive
speciallyfattened
was
"
elsewhere
foie gras, compounded
of
described
been
disordered, and
fresh animal subject,by administering prepared healthy livers of sheep, the
animals, is discussed livers
the
of
'scientific treatment
and
good
for those
edible it
that
Tortoise,
being
an
or
acquired
salt,after the gallbag
delicacy is take
is
of Health
other
much kinds
appreciated by of food, and
it
biliarydigestion. in being another liver, and one kidneys, resemble nective structurallycompact solid organs, which contain but little conThis renders them tissue. somewhat physical property minced been before difficult to be digested unless they have when eaten. Chemically cooking,or are thoroughly masticated they both consist chieflyof proteid,togetherwith a small amount of fat ; but this proteid is quite difierent from that of ordinary serves
to
Animal
434
MEALS
meat,
as consisting
which
yieldsnuclein
proved therefore
it does
it must
to
during is
nuclein
that
MEDICINAL.
be the
prudent
more
dietetic
disposedto avoid the sheep's liver "
it has
digestion.Now
furnishes
6 per
over
acid ;
over, More-
of xanthio
cent
and
goutily
for persons articles of food.
course
of these
use
recently
been
of uric
important source
an
nucleo-proteid,
of
large extent
a
acid, a
gouty element;" thus teaches Dr. Haig. As long ago as Prior bade his readers 1710, in Solomon, Matthew try if life be
uric, or
"
the liver's
worth
"
; and
care
Punch
Mr.
has
latelyborrowed asks, and replies
more "
"
he play of words : Is life worth living? humorously, that depends on the liver." The from the bilenot good city of Liverpoolgets its name making organ, but from the Ibis {Fcdcindlus igneus ), a bird which when adult has its plumage mainly liver-coloured, or for making them, hepatic. Curative preparations,and methods from liver of the calf, sheep, and domestic fowl are described at against active length in Kitchen Physic. The help afiorded bleeding from the lungs in consumptive disease by giving fresh, three or healthy animal liver daily as a food, in small quantities, four ounces, lightlycooked, and because of its ferment as coagulating the blood, has been liver definitely explained. The same dried and powdered, if administered as a medicament, is similarly of efficient service,though in a less degree. the
"
LOBSTER, In
AND
GRAB.
generalphysicalcomposition the
and
the
shore
sea
Crab
Lobster
(Cancer fogurus), are
with
skeleton a being crustacean, a peculiargelatinsparinglysoluble shell the
lobster
boiled,and and
much
soluble
taste
for
a
a
resinous
turning to
then
odour
creature
owns
to
had
sun
Thetis
From
Gryphon story
:
to
when
repeat
a
in its
Also
The
This
flesh of
in his Hudibras
givesa particular a
lobster
makes
use
contains of this
"
And, like
Nevertheless
stomach.
:
The Of
in the
bright red.
a
gelatin. Butler "
"
formed
substance, brownish-greenuntil
lobster broth.
simile
(Homaris vulgaris), identical, practically of chitin," mainly
long
taken a
lobster
black
to red
Alice nursery
in
since
out
in the
his nap, boiled, the
began
to
morn
turn."
Wonderland
rhyme,
lap
she told
stood a
up
somewhat
before
the
different
LOBSTER
"
'Tis the voice You As
baked
duck
with
a
The
its
Lobster
has
eyelids,so
him
declare
I must
:
he with
his buttons, and
teeth
two
brown
too
me
his belt, and
Trims
lobster, I heard
of the
have
435
CRAB.
AND
sugar
his turns
in its mouth,
hair !
my
nose
his toes.''
out
and
three
in its
more
and
formerly made, when powdered, into lozenges for use against acidity. The scarlet is its ovary, full of eggs ; in its general comcoral of a Lobster position the flesh is nutritious, though indigestible for gouty Tinned lobster is apt to develop poisonous ptomaines persons. when almost eaten, and should be avoided invariably. Likewise stomach,
the
all of
of
stomach
popularly as As
part. that
"
"
the old
said
the
indifferent
in the
Lovell
its teeth, and
contains
chair," is
arm
(1661), the
for strong stomachs
are
moon
they give
:
sum
unwholesome
an
of the
they
:
is known
are
in the
best
strong nourishment,
a
is
matter
and
an
stomach."
requireabout and
lady
Eobert
According to For
nature,
lobster, which
a
Lobsters
full of
calcareous
a
Dr.
and
two
cookinga fill it with
"
Hutchison, a
three
half hours
lobster the ancient
for way
of
ounces
in digestion was
to
potted
lobster
the stomach."
open it coriander
lengthways,
seeds, and compounded with then put on the gridiron, It was and slowlycooked, being pepper. basted with the same kind of gravy as already used. A Lobster with great speed, and can most, can run spring,tail forewith the swiftness of a flying to a considerable distance, even bird. One of the large claws is always knobbed, or numb," and the other is like a saw, for holding and cuttingup the lobster's Its body food. consists chieflyof liver,with fat not readily fibres the flesh dense and are digestible coarse, becoming softer ; if eaten with vinegar, which also neutralises such ammoniacal salts as are hkely to be present. Lobsters are carnivorous, and Marine a predatory. Jules Janin jocularlycalled the creature Cardinal, because Pope, in assuming a red dress when cooked. his Farewdl Ode to London, has told of exchanging a
gravy
"
"
Luxurious For
sober
lobster studious
oil
days." "
Pepys (1660), May 27th, says in his diary, cabin, where Mr. Drun brought me a lobster, and a dinner ; instead of vinegar,whereby I spoiledmy
Samuel my
nights
Dined
in
bottle
of
late to
a
sermon."
Concerningthe
marine
Crab, it
was
long ago (1656), declared
436
"
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
against consumption, hecticks, phthisicks,and all acidities, breaks asthmas (calcareous)take away ; the eyes the stone, dissolves the tartareous coagulations,and congealed creasing blood." Crabs also were prescribed of old as of value for inexcellent
of maternal
flow
a
It is the
breast-milk.
black-clawed
tables. to our specieswhich comes Again, the Crayfish,or Crawfish {Cancer atacus),affords a very divers in consumption. nourishingaliment that hath recovered is Bisque, which The soup concocted therefrom used to be known in this country as cuUis, because for its completion. Herbs, anchovies
Bisque
intermixed
are
has
soup
and
powers,
been
as
with
long
sexual
a
it needed
spices,some
the standard
credited
with
restorative.
fish was
In much
was
esteemed
collected
be
to
sixteenth
the
house, and
to
was
as
when
broth
of the
Crayfish.
strengtheningcurative "
bouUlon fait un analeptique,anciennement fhthisiefulmonaire,dans la lepre,et dans outani."
coulis,or veal broth white wine, and
a
Le
bouillon
d'ecrevisses
recommandi
dans
la
les
du systeme affections centuries and seventeenth the Ci^ayantidote to hydrophobia ; the fish an the sun in a certain was astrologically
be cooked
whilst
alive.
LOZENGES.
Originally
a Lozenge was square, flat slab of gravestone, on which inscribed ; but this grim and losangc or flatterywas deceitful recorder has given place to our modern little oval tablet of hard paste, servingas a vehicle for this or that spice,medica^ ment, fruit,or what not, to be sucked in the mouth, and provoke
the
"
a
flow
"
of
saliva.
Such
saliva
is
alkaline, and
if swallowed
of a hard lozenge,it will repeatedly during the slow mastication correct This will specially dyspeptic acidity in the stomach. if the occur lozenges contain some stimulating ingredient,as if with the herb etc., or ginger,cayenne they be made pepper, Pellitory,which is an active excitant of the salivaryglands in the mouth. A very sensible relief is thereby afforded when the fire and this accounts for the habit : digestiveprocesses hang which dames of in acquire country carrying about with them their capacious pockets Peppermint drops, or a piece of ginger for comfortinga stomach-ache root, to be put into use ; thereby "
besides
Roberts,
the
cordial
"
or
essence,
carminative the
advent
condiment," of
a
bland
says
gummy
Sir
W,
solution,
438
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
MACARONI.
There
is
in Italy)a kind of paste from the prepared (originally glutinous granularflour of hard varieties of wheat, this being pressed into the shape of long tubes, or pipes,through the perforated bottom in the
sun,
of
by
or
manufactured derived
times
vessel
a
low
from
and
into
degree
Semolina
the Latin
from
Macaroni,
a
and
afterwards
of heat.
The
best
in such
a
"maccare,"
verb
Vermicelli
mandrels,
beat,
to
being
name
batter.
or
is
Macaroni
its
manner,
dried
(a similar product),absorb
Both three
about
weight of water in the process of cooking, so that the food thereby provided, though sufficiently nutritious, is about eight times poorer in nitrogenthan a similar weight of lean beef. But
their
these
made
substances, in
from
is indicated
behind
bodily
of
Macaroni
nearly 77
per
cent
deficiencies
the
eggs,
conditions
little residue
as
ounce
gluten,and they are entirety: so that their
in their in
with
are
sugar,
of egg, which is not that from Genoa ;
within
contains
take thus
the
nourishment
as
it is desirable
for food
leave
to
possible. One grains of proteid, as
is combined
present in Macaroni. either white, as made wheat
fire must
the Macaroni
use
about
safiron, coriander, and
properly,a good
absorbed into
intestines
the
furnished
as
yellow,as prepared from with
where
pastes"^are
-five fifty of starch, and only a decimal fraction of fat ; generally made by adding cheese, and up or safiron, or meat, together perhaps with
Semolina
tomatoes.
Italian
other
rich in
flour
almost
system
with
common
be
from
the
The
best
from
flour ; or, if deep To yolk of egg.
ready
with
yolk
Semolina
is
rice flour ; or yellow,coloured boil
beforehand.
Macaroni
Cooks
who
will
coals, and who put on more stop its boiling,will spoil any Macaroni, however good its
quality. gallon to
Macaroni a
pound
fire to
requiresplenty is not
too
of water
much.
The
to
cook
water
well ; one be salted
must
first,accordingto taste, and when this is in full boil the Macaroni be put in, and frequentlystirred so as to prevent it from must
gettinginto water
should
a
mass.
When
into the
be thrown
stop the boil ; and then a colander as quickly as hot, and to
eat
it
it is sufiiciently cooked,
saucepan all the water is to
possible.
Macaroni
The
after it has
been
cooked,
should
never
be cut
immediately in perfection. It
knife, but either with
glassof cold immediately, so as to be strained off through
a
fish
knife, or
eaten
by
a
should or
with means
be served
dressed, so an
of
as
ordinary a
plated
MACKEREL
fork, because if with
round
taste,
Macaroni
is
it therefore
bears
(as some
For
round
advice
the fork, the
mixture
a
is after the
same
French
of smaller of such
cereal
Sausage, or a
food
Macaroni
as
with
cheese
a
naming a popular dish of
a
Hanswiirst,
Jean
Farine, Jack Flour. size is called Vermicelli (little worms).
Jack
it
cut
butter; and
fashion
as typical of his country, by English Jack Pudding, German
as
to
Macrhetone,
name
taken
therein, such
not
of flour,cheese, and
say) the Italian
This
blockhead.
clown, when
particularly
needful. especially
Dressed
fool, or
bad
439
unaccustomed to persons after the clever fashion of the Neapolitans,,
and
steel knife is
a
impartsa
tomatoes.
long Macaroni
by twistingit
FISH.
SEA
of steel
the contact
seasoningof
a
eat their
with
AND
The
or
Macaroni admixture
An
makes
latter
the
digested. Both Macaroni, and Vermicelli, are prepared in the greatest perfectionat Naples, where they form a principalitem in the food of the population. Spaghetti is an Italian Macaroni, made into cords smaller than that of Naples, and largerthan Vermicelli. To make and marmalade Macaroni a pudding, take a quarter of a pound of Macaroni, three eggs, three ounces of sugar, a very little spiceof cinnamon, or or apricot nutmeg, with some orange easy
more
be
to
"
Boil the
marmalade.
it a little milk, and pour over into it the eggs, sugar, and a of the mixture then
or
boiled for contain
a
of the
hour.
Macaroni
9
; but
resources
would
an
"
"
the water,
When
cold, mix
and
bake
Put
and
marmalade, in the
should sorts
layer
a
for
oven
be
gently
of Italian
paste,
nitrogenous substances ; if a to live exclusivelyon Macaroni, he having to subsidize proteidsfrom his of
addition
to
the Macaroni
of eggs,
meat,
or
prevent this deficiency.
AND
?izes of
commercial
tinkers," and
two,
layer
of the
other
away
spice.
Macaroni
and
cent
per
MACKEREL
The
cool.
of the
:
The
were healthy, well-fed man would lose weight, because own
a
Macaroni,
only about
it to
tiny dust
minutes.
twenty one
allow
pie dish, then
remainder
the
fifteen
in
till tender, drain
Macaroni
and
Mackerel
one, are
epilepsy: they
"
of
not
growth. for
naught are
"
Mackerel
are
blinks," according
years
to
those
be used
FISH.
SEA
as
they
Robert that
large,"
are
are
seconds,"
of four, three,
Lovell
told
troubled
except by young
"
(1661)
with
the
strong men."
440
MEALS
This
fish is said
Balaam's
twenty-three and as
Somersetshire
in
in
speaks
ass
church
; but
will swallow
now,
incurring the
a
young half a dozen
is, when
Book
lady
chapters read
are
per cent of Its fat is difficult of digestion
of the
65
Sandwich
mackerel
raw
the
contains
when
season
of Numbers
Mackerel
day.
into
come
that
:
of nutrients.
24 per cent
for ourselves
to
twenty-four of the
the first lessons for the
water, and
MEDICINAL.
Islands,even without
for breakfast
The fish, smoked personal inconvenience. is whilst fresh, Its charred a popular preparationin New York. bones when powdered, furnish alkaline phosphates, useful against acidityof stomach. least
M"LLOWS.
Mallows
of a thousand, (Malvacece),to the number in containing demulcent mucilage abundantly. French agree from the English sweetmeat-makers, druggists, and prepare Marsh Mallow {Alihcea hibiscus)a famous confectionerypaste, Pate de gimauve, which is emollient, and soothing to a sore chest. this esteemed their dainties, The Romans plant in ddiciis, among and they placed it of old as a first dish at their tables. The as gently laxative propertiesof the Mallow regardsits leaves, its root, were and told about by Cicero, and Horace. Virgil, in one of his Eclogues, has taught how to coax goats with the All
the
Marsh
Mallow "
:"
Haedorumque
wild
It grows marshes
freelyin the
near
mucilaginous when of saccharine to
compellere
The
coast.
than containingmore mucilage. It is therefore
in
hot, and
inflamed
"
fomentations, and stone, and away
root,
manner
any
adding
five
then
through
of the
bladder of
be
leaves
;
also
pain."
weight
calculated
well
parts, being much
decoction and
as
medicine
a
painful
diarrhoea.
to
boilingslowly
down
Likewise
with
in
a
Marsh
a
bath
they
decoction
The
pints of water
calico.
half its
very
good efiect mixed poultices,against pain of the sides,
The
:
and
sweet,
chewed,
viscous
says
is
root
employed in domestic poultices,also in for pulmonary catarrhs, hoarseness, Gerarde
hibisco."
about parts of England, especially
many
sea
irritation
subdue
viridi
gregem
quarter of to
three
Mallow
a
is to
be
made
of the
is
of the
to
serve
pound pints, and
ointment
with
a
take
by dried
straining popular
MALLOWS.
441
for mollifying heat ; remedy, particularly deemed invaluable formerly by those persons the of
ordeal their
of
iron
holdingred-hot
hence
who
had
in their hands
integrity. The Common plant, with large downy leaves, moral
roadside
and
was
undergo rapid test
to
as
a
is
Mallow
it
a
familiar
streaked, purple,
and
furnish round seeds later on trumpet-shaped flowers, which rustics as to being known resemblingsmall buttons, the same of fond of eating these because cheeses." Schoolboys are Clare bread and cheese." their nutty flavour, callingthem "
"
recalls the
time "
Pliny said of the come
he
sat
in ancient
but
;
serving to
is also made
syrup added
from
to a
In
Mallow
the
stimulate
sport called
plesise, cheese."
the
Common the
for
which
roots, with
cold
spoonful that do
Mallow
eaten
are
a
all diseases
France
kidneys ;
take
shall
of the
roots
Marsh
of the
leaves
"
be free from
day
the
:
Whosoever
yield equallyefficacious parts. tender
lad
a
"
times,
shall that "
him
as
Picking from Mallows, The crumpled seed we
MaUows to
when
may not
tops, and uncooked, because young
a purpose water, and sugar same
contain
oil, sugar,
starch, mucilage,pectin, asparagin,phosphate of lime, glutinous matter, and
cellulose.
An
These
thereto.
roots
thereof
infusion
mucilage,sugar, laxative quality of Martial
the
cold
asparagin, without
and
the
with
made
Mallow
Common
water
the
starch.
told
was
takes
up The
about
by
:
"
"
Exoneraturas
Attubt,
mihi
ventrem varias
et
villica Malvas
habet
quas
opes."
hortus
originallya Mallow. his shirt while on a journey, hung it Maliomet, having washed therefore the plant became to dry, and promoted Mallow on a Geranium. to become Again, the Hollyhock of our gardens a {Alcea rosea) is a Mallow, possessingnearly all the virtues of Mallow. Marsh Evelyn, in his Booh of Sallets,tells that Nonius The
has
Geranium
"
commended
for the
best, and
have
been
tall Holihock
that
is said
the
to
laxative
very
"
NuUa Omnia
magis tam
EmoUitque
suavi
Nulla
bears
the broad
:
"
est
humanior
commoditate
bona
herba, est
:
placideregerat, blandeque relaxat, rudes." sinit esse vias, nee
flower
"
442
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Writing
its "
He
Malva
the
mends com-
"
If that
Use
G-erarde
crispa (curled Mallow) salutarypropertiesthus :
about
of health
French
reminds
the
Mallow, which they
speoialecare, any to the body holsome
that
"The
that
us
sallets,intermix
have
you
Mallowes,
French, with
are."
their
early spring
tops, and tender leaves of the Marsh young call Gimauve, for a most admirable nephritick."
MALT.
Starch,
such
contained
that
as
wit, if subjectedto moist is
presentlyconverted fermentation
being
that
foods
malting. are
Then
if
of it in
maltose
"
"
by dry heat,
an
which
at
ther stage fur-
the whole
process
is obtained
extract
from
the
syrupy form is giventogetherwith starchy,this will materiallyaid their digestion,
some
a
in by stimulaingtheir saccharine fermentation instance, a speciallydigestible pudding may thus : Stir an into a pint of hot, of ground malt ounce boilingmilk ; strain through a sieve, and add the milk
person, For stomach.
the
made
but to
sugar be arrested
grain of cereals.Barley to undergo fermentation, and
weakly
a
be
which
beginsto
into
may
grain,and
malted
in
of
heat
in the
not two
minutes noted
of well-soaked
ounces
in
place ;
warm
then
to
as
in the the the
the diastase, or
bake
Mix for
well, and an
hour.
stand But
for ten
it is to be
principleof malt, is killed by a For preparing a Malt temperature higher than 1 47" Fahrenheit. which extract the patient of feeble digestivepowers take may with farinaceous starchy foods, three piled tablespoonfulsof crushed in half a pint of cold water Malt are to be soaked over the and strained muslin until next clear, on night, through This be in a tightfy-corked morning. liquid may preserved with addition of the bottle, a teaspoonfulof good brandy; though it is better to make it fresh every day. Add one tablespoonful thereof to a basin of milk, or gruel,for malting the same. From the convenient Malt-extracts manufacturing chemist be now can procured,which are prepared by evaporating down infusion of malted an barley at low temperatures, or in vacuo, so
that
a
rice.
preserve
in
an
active
active
form
the
diastatic
being given with the ; these extracts supply of carbohydrates in the diet, and
Malt
starchy foods
which
are
taken
ferment view
present of enriching
helping to
additionally.Dr.
malt
Hutchison
MALT.
that
however,
says,
starchy foods
is
for
443
with
persons
difficult, a Malt
whom is not
extract
the the best
digestion of preparation cheaper, as
certain plan, and employ. It will be a far more well as pleasanter,to make infusion of Malt at home, and to an it as a beverage at meals, or preferablyto stir some either use of it into the starchy foods, such as puddings, gruel,etc., before they are eaten. Dr. Kinger directs that the Malt extracts, if given for the reasons have we stated, should be sipped during the progress of a meal whereat Do is as not," says he, starchy food is eaten. any at the end frequentlyadvised, give the Maltine, or Malt-extract of a meal, when with the acid gastric admixture of the food mass well juice secreted by the stomach during first digestionis now advanced." Though Professor Foster tells,as a physiological fact that the acidityof the stomach's contents promptly after a meal is at first quite feeble ; indeed, with man, in some at cases time after the beginning of a meal no free acid is least, for some present in the stomach, and during this period the conversion with of starch into sugar may continue therein uninterruptedly, neutral surroundings. The making of malted bread consists in adding to its substance Malt extract, obtained some by evaporating an infusion of malted to
"
barley
to
contains
consistence
syrupy
a
soluble
substances
Malt
extract
is mixed
this latter is
with
into
ultimatelyconverted
its
Malt
starch
convert
to
dextrin). When
dough
This
temperature.
is able
(maltose, and in the
low
a
ferment, diastase, which
the
into
In other
at
"
therefore
part of the starch, sugar,
words, part of the starch is digested. But
and
dextrin.
it is
important remember that this ferment diastase,is readilykilled if exposed its activity inevitably ceases a high temperature : hence
to to
whenever
the
part of the extract
Malt
bread
starch
extract
the
If then
oven.
dough is early in very
is of two-fold starches in health
into the
be
to
the
value, "
sugar, relative
any
considerable
converted, the process.
(Dr.
R.
Maltchison). Hut-
drug, and as a food. thereby afEordingwarmth as
a
effect of
meal
of bread
and
fat ;
and
cheese, taken
and
well recognized by our working folk long before hops, was introduced. became specialpreparation of Malt extracts it is that good London porter, and nourishing stout, are
any
Thus
so
that
the
of the
be added
must
It converts
enters
with
or
without
some
wholesome
a
beer
of
malt
444
MEALS
well understood
MEDICINAL.
possess a nutrient value independentof their for thin and weak percentage of alcohol, particularly
moderate
to
invalids. A
Malt
of established
extract
repute
as
the
parent of all those
suppliedfor helping the invalid,(and declared by the Lancet to introduced supersede them) was by HofE, of Hamburg, in It is a 1862, and still holds a supreme place in medical esteem. soluble carbohydrate,being thus an ideal fat-former whilst ; and almost entirely free from alcohol, it will serve excellent substitute as an now
for
alcoholic
fermentation
drinks, since
the
next
step
to
saccharine
in
starchy foods is that of the vinous change, (a of which most measure as probably occurs digestiongoes on to its completion.) Thus it happens, moreover, that the Hofi's Malt extract helps to soothe nervous disquietude,or wakefulness small wineglassfulis given, either warm, at night. A cold, or twice daily. This or together with a principalmeal, either once extract is not of Malt fermented after the manner liquors in with general, which always provoke further acid fermentation and give trouble to their kidneys. Dr. Hutchison gouty persons, instructs his readers, that as to augmenting the supply of carbohydrates, converted or starch-products,by giving Malt extract, the fact is that treacle and golden syrup contain a considerably higher percentage of sugar, and are much cheaper, though Malt taken up be directly sugar is less apt to disagree,since it cannot into the system. On mixing about one part of Malt, ground into flour, with from four to eight parts of oatmeal, an excellent and easilydigestedmaterial for porridgeis obtained, which is strongly be of feeble to commended for persons digestion. Mattieu Williams teaches that by adding the ferment principle(diastase) the of vegetables to materials which are starchy,we transform tissues thereof into dextrin and sugar ; on which he once principle converted old pocket handkerchief, and part of an old shirt, an into sugar, (but not profitablyas a commercial transaction). is glucose,like that Such of grapes. It is of honey and sugar less sweet When
the
Sydney "
Rector's
pigs,which God
than
Save
Under
barley can
cane
sugar,
Smith
"
Head
afterwards the stress
be
at
was
a
better
Foston, in Yorkshire, where
Tavern, "
of beet, but
that
or
went
he
gave
fuddled
fermented
about
their
food.
he built
grains to his sty, grunting
King." of circumstances used
for
brewing
other an
vegetable matters acceptable kind of beer
than as
a
446
time
same
action
this
who powers, of weak are of such
it
digestiveresources other
sour
and
the
tough
From
"
is
into
"
how
centuries
three
quench thirst when the palm of the hand,
wash
with
mouth
the
swallowing any) ; 'tis inconceivable how will allay thirst." By a strange misprint,in an edition
heading of chapter xx,
"
the
Parable
is made of its
Because
body. Vinegar
Clarendon
the
to
of the
read,
'
serve
in
Press, Oxford,
Vineyard,"
Parable
being a product
will sometimes
or
starchy pudding
a
(though not
Bible, publishedat
use
bread
to
vinegar into
nostrils,and
the
their
dishes, when
Fairfaxiana, of
learn
already quoted, we Pour improper."
as
who
Vinegar on the fibre of vegetables,is its softeningaction
Arcana
the
others
sparing in
when
cellulose of
but
:
be
salivary
any
difficulty may strong digestive
with
person
must digestivecapabilities,
snifE it up
and
a
or same, accompany result of One compensating
thereupon. drink
The
salad.
the
follows.
back,
to
vinegar in salads, and
potatoes meat,
the
moment
abundant
has
altogetherprevent
with
taken
of much
matter
a
would
vinegar
bread
the
on
be
not
same
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
much of the
1717, the
in St. Luke's
gospel,
Vinegar."
of the
outside
of acid fermentation to
the
the
correct
the
tion fermenta-
sour
foods, imperfect digestionof swallowed such as sugars, starches, and melted fats, by giving a teaspoonful of the pure Malt product, by itself,or with an equal quantity be said to be adopted on This proceeding may of cold water. of the principle settinga thief to catch a thief." Acetic acid, for the vinegar of fermentation, is substituted sometimes as obtained by the oxidization of alcohol, and the distillation of vessels. This acid is in hermetically-sealed organic matters is needed when adding it inflammable, so that great caution to boilingsugar ; it is to be used only in small quantities. Before proceeding to the Legacy Duty Office about proving which
from
occurs
"
"
the
will of his late wife, Mr.
Weller, senior, and
his fellow coachmen,
of having a drop of witnesses, bethought themselves beer, and a little bit of cold beef, or a oyster. These viands were as
promptly produced, to.
If
was
the
one
and
individual
coachman
with
the
evinced
luncheon
was
done
greater powers the hoarse voice, who
ample justice another
than took
an
it
imperial
vinegar with his oysters, and did not betray the least emotion (Pickwick). Although the acetic acid which vinegar in the body, with a production contains is ultimately oxidized to believe, that of alkaline compounds, yet still there is reason pint
of
"
MARMALADE.
through
its
influence
in
being an
acid
gout, and
447
of fermentation induce
even
may
it has
unfavourable
an
attack,
an
otherwise
not
imminent. The or sour
best
used
vinegar now
is
from grapes ; it is also made beer as Malt vinegar.
fruit acid, either
a
the red and
from
apples,
white
wines,
the
Spanish
or
from
MARMALADE. "
Originally
mdas,"
Marmelada,"
Quince,
or
appellationhas made
There fruit
with is of
though
Marmalade
a
which
and
my
was
disliked
one
occasion
making personallyby
Marmalade. "
I shall taste
"
sent
Tell
dona
ferentes."In
"
little Sorrow's
of
maker."
"
But
Orange,
the the
Hardy's
which
yields a Pepys, in his
Marmalade. after
Marmelett
a
of
good dinner I quinces." Dr.
left Mrs. Johnson
Mrs.
Boswell, and
as
offeringa jar of conciliatory
a
Boswell,"
Marmalade
her
of the
{Lucana mammosa),
a
him Mrs.
those
fruit.
Mar-
of pulpy consistence, preserves these ought rather to be termed jams.
tree
wife
that
"
"
1663, tells that
she
to
of
"
juice resembles
the
diary,November, Hunt
extended
fruits, as
sugar,
from
confection
a
become
aiid other
Lemon,
was
named
so
wrote
he
he
it,but
knew
to
her
cautiouslyat first : timeo
on
her
husband, Danaos,
et
Tess of the TurbervUles, the embellisher
" favours the Marmalade grave The respective sorts of Marmalade
"
of form
one
ticular par-
capital vehicles for fruit virtues as of curative use, each accordingto the constituent are juices and salts which thereby represented. of the bitter Seville Orange, is certainlya That gentle and is of such widespread Orange Marmalade pleasant laxative. directions need be given for its manufacture, always that no use provided the materials are genuine. A widespread, and wellfirm (Frank Cooper) at merited preferenceis given to the noted Beersheba. from Dan unto even Oxford, favoured by its Colleges, with honey, is excellent against constipation. Again, Orange Marmalade scorbutic Lemon For Marmalade, capital against troubles : boil one pound of fresh lemons in one pint of water for two hours. Change the water, and replaceit with the same into small thin Then cut the lemons quantityof boilingwater. slices,taking out all the pips. To each pound of fruit thus Put the sugar in a stewprepared add two pounds of loaf sugar. this to each pound of sugar ; when with half a pint of water pan
MEALS
448
is
quitedissolved
all the time.
add
MEDICINAL.
fruit,and
the
Or, take
boil for half
nice lemons, and
some
an
hour, stirring
them
cut
very
thin,
pound of fruit allow three pints of cold water day, then boil all ; let it stand till next togetheruntil tender ; next pour into a largebowl, and againlet to every it stand until the morrow pound of fruit ; weigh it,and add one and a half pounds of good loaf sugar : boil all together till it jellies, and the chips are quitetransparent, which will take thoroughly to the boil. three-quartersof an hour after it has come will obviate a dietetic use of Lemons, and of lemon-juice, The as dispositionto gall-stones, frequent experience has shown. with the Lemon, A pretty table device is to be made by holding then it lengthwise upright,and towards the upper end cut out of the peel from each side a small quarter, leaving a handle between. Scoop out the juicy pulp from within the handle, but in this way made leave it entire in the body of the basket ; then cut horizontallya small slice from the bottom, and so that the lemon be able to stand upright. It will be an elegant may serving accompaniment with smelts, or pancakes, putting for of a plate,with a garnish the former this littlebasket in the centre bread and butter around. of parsley,and with rolls of brown is famously cordial, strengthening both Quince Marmalade stomach,
the the
pips carefully,and
all the
remove
claimant
true
of the
the
and
to
heart,
the
reproduced
as
stay diarrhoea
cenanthic ; and
when
odour
a
meat,
and
This
hard
raw,
and
taste
may
and
(which
ether). It is then
syrup
medicine.
as
Marmalade.
name
Pyrus cydonia, is
strong characteristic
as
"
each
to
an
be concocted
iiuit
It is
(coignasse)
austere,
with
a
be
chemically astringentfruit to
can
from
its uncooked
edible by boiling, The quince is made or juicefor such a purpose. baking,being used frequentlyfor preserves, pieswith apple,and for aforesaid. For making this last confection, to every Marmalade of a pound of loaf pound of quince-substanceallow three-quarters cient Slice the quinces into a preserving pan, adding suffisugar. till the fire to stew for them to float : place them water on stirred occasionally from the reduced to a pulp, keeping them to prevent their burning : then bottom pass the pulp through a hair sieve to keep back the skin and seeds. Weigh the pulp, and to each pound add lump sugar as directed above, breaking this the fire,and keep it well stirred small. Place the whole on very from to
a
the
of the
bottom
Marmalade
;
which
pan may
with be
a
wooden
known
spoon,
until reduced
by dropping
a
little
on
MARMALADE.
cold
a
if it
plate,when,
hot, let it cool, and
449
it is done. jellies, with
cover
Put
it into
piecesof oiled
jarswhilst cut
paper
the
to
size of the the
boil made
jar tops. Three hours should bo the time for boiling of an hour to quinces without the sugar, and three-quarters the pulp with the sugar. In olden times a famous pie was mainly from this fruit. The Art of Cookery (1709),relates
how
one "
Trotter, from A
pyc,
Though And
Ye
In
the Arcana
in
leaves,
quince into
ye
20,
is done."
each
ye
cure
mucilage
which
when
This
after-taste
suggestive of or by Quince
the
stone
;
of water,
sieve to drain
it with stirring
straine 2
or
putt
droppes of tell to
can
you
and
develop a
lime.
of
Quince
cent demulis
wine
an
syrup.
a
that
you
can
a
few
of the
wooden
Gerarde
to
of their
freely.
fruit,with plentiful told that
pan
with
a
sufficient it into
When
when
the
of the
At
which "
them
perfumed Cairo
a
almond
pulp,
the broken
the mass
mixture
boils in such take
pan,
the
reached
has a
manner
marmalade
ofE
thoroughly ripeApricots
If
cook
the
are
grant in any water. They are fralaxative skin, and somewhat
luscious kernels
the Marmalad,
a
the whole, whils.i) constantly
Cook
spoon.
bottom
the
necessary
because
a
(blanched) from
kernels
put it into pots.
used, it is not eaten
put it into
boil it up a few times : throw pulp it in the colander, and throw
preservingpan.
see
fire and
of
and
consistencyof jelly,or
when
knife, and
a
before
in water,
fruit, and
it,then
the sugar, and stones, into a
the
two
Quince (some sixtywithin
a
salts
has
is
Marmalade,
quantity
that
and
Take
Apricots,is useful for subduing the of a stomach qualmish through nervous indigestion.Take pounds of sound ripeApricots,with two and a half pounds
of sugar
the
with
"
:
astringent effect in chronic almost entirelyfree from acid. An garlic,is left on the palate by the
which fruit
read
may
of
seeds
contains
diarrhoea.
four
strewed.
reputation for curing heate," as a certain remedy."
eare,
soaked
made,
nausea
;
linningecloathe, and
sometimes
Another
frame
former
smalle
them
cut
The
out
first did
"
partie'scontrary
fruit)swell
Marmalade,
a
Fairjaxiana (1695),we
little piece of
a
had
if it proceedsfrom
Plantain
them
Quince
the
Apples
his proper name with white yet
grown, sugar well, its goodness is allowed."
butter'd
toothache,
three
still retains
common
Furthermore, "
and
Quince
which
or
paste is made are
from
the
incorporated.
Cotiniat, made
of
quinces, 29
450
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
and
to strengthenthe stomach, that sugar is good, and profitable it may therein until it be perfectly retain and keep the meat
and
of other
in
this
Take
manner.
cooleth
put thereto
is the
by their skins.
malic
Within
the
put into
a
every
And
in
pound
of
then
through set
it
a
over
so
box
it up,
a
few
grains oi musk,
water, and a
them
cut
rubbed
rather
or
belly,
is made
of sugar a pint of still fire till they
pound
stiff ; and
give
goodly taste
and
as
it
the Cotiniat.
to
Marmalad."
acid, and
ancients
The
happiness, and
of
make
contain
Quinces
will
them,
is better.
little rose
a
to
way
every
of the
Cotiniat
together over
hairy sieve, which boil again until it be
mingled together,which This
to
a
fire to
then
;
let it be strained,
soft ; next
strainer, or the
core
of sugar, and be boiled must
These
be very
the
both
Which
quinces, pare
four
away
of fluxes
also of blood.
parts, and
pieces,and cast quinces a pound water.
stayeth all kinds
It also
digested.
love ; it
exhale
regarded
MARROW
FROM
interior
of bones
to
ANIMAL
from
strong volatile odour
this fruit
dedicated
was
a
as
the
emblem
Venus.
BONES.
newly-slaughteredanimal, there is found soft tissue possessingsalutary virtues, whether a hollow of long bone this is obtained from the cylindrical shafts, from the cancellated interior of flat bones. or Ordinary marrow is a soft yellow solid, consisting of about from the former source from ninety-fiveper cent of fat ; whilst the red bone marrow the fiat bones of the skull, breast, ribs, and spine,is softer, and
contains
fat cells,but
few
very
a
cells,and
marrow
corpuscles of the unborn is a tissue of an infant. The entirelydifferent spinalmarrow the marrow of the bones, whether character from long, or flat. It is found' in the perpendicularcavity running throughout the of the backbone. Said chain of the spinal column, or divisions others
the
resembling
Browning
of Sordello "
He
much
Marrow," more
"
joint, whom new-marrowed, as mortal, to their rescue."
bone
Though "
:
quoth laudable
Dr.
Tobias
than
pleasanter,of
a
temperature
it maketh
;
red
fresh -sinewed, every
was
Each
nucleated
numerous
firmer
the
Venner,"in Via braine, for
substance, much
Gods
and
good,
of and
anoint.
Recta
(1620), "is
it is sweeter, an
pure
hot
and
and moist
nourishment
;
MARROW
it
increasetli
the
stomacke,
the
geniture, and
throat, and
the
ANIMAL
BONES.
451
excellently sustaineth,
and
the vitall moisture.
restoreth of
FROM
so
Moreover, it mollifieth the passages lenifieth the asperitieof it, and delighteth it be
that
taken
moderately
immoderately used, it mollifieth and taketh the appetite,and induceth away
relaxeth
if it be
but
;
the
stomacke,
dispositionto vomit." Within the last few years modern our physicians have likewise animal learnt that marrow specialreparative powers possesses who lack spinalstrength,and red for ailingand weakly persons teach that the red marrow within the blood. Physiologistsnow of the red blood corpuscles flat bones is undeniably the birth-place of such red marrow use as regards ourselves, and they make from sound animals, freshlykilled,for administeringto bloodless The patients,so as to stimulate their fresh blood formation. animal
further
marrow
contains
a
iron
some
in
a
natural
state,
form. easily assimilated Rapid improvement in obtained for children bone has been red marrow by giving rickets, spinal"curvature, and diseases of the bones. Sheep's than less solid and fat that includes marrow fat, more liquid
and
fat
of the
in
The
ox.
among
They deer,
on
the
round
American bones
coals, then
sometimes
wedge is scooped out instant by the
marrow on
North
the
the
a
Indians
of the
splitthese is driven with
a
members
as
hold
buffalo, elk, bones
with
in between
rough of
the
wooden the
a
luxury
a
it in
even
high respect. and
moose,
hatchet,
stone
condyles.
spoon,
the
and
party seated
The
eaten
around
marrow during the hunting season, is collected by them in quantity for storing,and is packed in the from bladders, together with other marrow spinal bones. the Laplanders, and the Greenlanders, marrow, Likewise, among still warm from the natural heat of a freshly-slaughtered animal, to be is considered a delicacy,and the dish of honour supreme set before distinguishedstrangers. in Physick and Chirurgery (1653) by the Right Secrets Among Honourable Countesse of Kent, there is given as a strengthening bake roast take them, then pill them, or meat : potato roots, into a dish ; put to it lumps of raw them, and slice them marrow,
the
camp
fire.
is esteemed
of bones
marrow
savages. roast
and
an
Moreover,
"
and
a
few
currants, also
sugar to your In the Arcana
old, is ordered
taste, and
little whole
a so
eat
mace,
it instead
and
it with
sweeten
of buttered
parsnips."
three
Fairfaxiana Manuscripta, nearly caudle to strengthen ye backe." a "
centuries "
Take
ye
452
MEALS
pith of it ;
oxe-back,
an
take
skinne
ye
MEDICINAL.
Wash
it,clean, and dry strain it with wine, or
good quantity.
a
ofE, and
beat
it, and
and juiceof ale ; take two spoonfuls of oatmeal searced (sifted), cornier (comfrey), and clary, knottgrass and plantain ; take half
pinte of
a
form
of
sugar." of
Cooks
more
Beef
sauce.
temperature than
fresh
extract,
lemon-juice.
In
of the
Royalty after
the
thick
of French
of
fluid at
fats, so
nutritive
by red
the
lower
a
that
it is
food.
manufacturing
bone
marrow,
shells for their lime
malt
salts,and
seventeenth
end
of the
century the Restoration Commonwealth, brought with
guidance of Giles Rose, chief cook to Charles II. He restored marrow pies,and bacon tarts, but only for a short time, since when they have disappeared. is to take a The modern for obtaining marrow dietetically way the marrow, and put this into a bone, remove splitbeef marrow it ; add a little salt, to cover stewpan with enough cold water and just scald it ; next take it up, and cut it through into nice a
revival
the
as
introduced
including the
eggs,
fresh
it
system
combination
excellent
an
ordinary animal
into the been
remains
marrow
of the
any
readilyabsorbed Recently there has
chemists
two
to-day find that the distinguishingvirtues are emphasized by adding a few drops of
of
anchovy
it in ye egges ; make cinnamon, and nutmeg, and
it with
Season
toast
on
best
juice,ye yolkes of
caudle.
a
marrow
the
their
slices about
prepared may
cookery, under
quarter of
a
then
be used
an
the
inch
thick
;
the
thus
marrow
Quite cooking, or other service. lately a claim for bone marrow (as chemically myocene) is advanced by certain doctors, to be employed towards curing middle-ear and deafness, such marrow an being antiseptic, internal secretion of vital importance to the economy." It is said to be powerfully remedial against the injuriousaction of various bacteria which become invade, and morbidly active within the body, and mischief set up such the deafness in as The question,if a deficiencyof this internal secretion occurs. bone-marrow oil is likewise to be employed topicallywithin the the use of gentle massage. ear, together with for
"
MARROW,
Cucurhita
VEGETABLE,
ovifera, {See Vbgictables).
MEALS.
That course
diseases from
can
first to
be last
treated
by
food
medicinally throughout constituents
taken
at
their
meals.
454
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
its smile
With Its
of welcome, voice of prayer.
holy
forgethheavenly
It
the
Against
armour
hosts
of care."
stantial subits "country Sunday," and and the after morning drink meat at mid-day meal Jefferies has service, especiallywith the Chapel-goers,Richard told in his eloquent Saxon speech {Field and Hedgerow, one is There feasted as the Chapel of his last essays) : no man so body, and his broad, red face might pastor. His tall, round for the outward of a sturdy farmer, and he likes be taken man his pipe, and glass. He dines every Sunday, and at least once As
the
to
English
"
a
week
besides,
is said
It
that
such
his
to
hastened
offer
to
much
was
way
and
mouth,
look
we
their
but
spoon,
best
back, the
ancient
The
a
for
supporters.
Sussex
a
black
currant
juiceleft,lifted it all round
yeoman's pudding, the plate
the
;
hostess his
declined, thinking that
he
the
gatheringup he
staunch
(in
still some
was
his manners,
fingersin
dinner
a
carefullylicked
the
simple were
So
of his
one
plateful of
large
a
pastor, findingthere
the
of
house
at
once
after
homestead),
if
the
at
needed
no
of the
essence
without
apostlesmanaged
and, indeed,
;
spoon
fruit.
forks, and
put
dish."
the
Greeks
had
their
as
meals
acratisma
(breakfast),
deipnon, or aristin (as early dinner),and dwpee (supper, or late dinner) ; their hesferisma corresponded to our five o'clock tea. The Romans had pentacvlum (breakfast), frandium (luncheon), and
(dinner). The
cana
meal
merenda,
was
before
it
(1604)
it stands
wrought The or
the
in Friar
So
declared
till he
under-meat,
that
sweated
dinner,
when
to
be
Bacon's
poem,
A
Prophesie,
the
old
good unworthy the
was
oui'
breakfast, but
and
the
Thus
called from
of life in the luncheon
I would
the
fresh
within
Elizabeth
pronounces green
and fields,
fain try to
"
:
days he
that
of his meat."
archaic which
frandium, then
came
is
distasteful,and
(in the Solitary Summer) the intellectual
enjoyment family
air, to the heavy, substantial
country
doors
earned
evening supper. Nowadays daily life,and sunshin*, and
fond of outdoor persons, beauties of nature, a mid-day solid meal
repugnant.
noonday
of food
nuncheon,
or
for the
term
notion
held
was
displacedby
noontide
"in
some
the
and
as
luncheon,
modern
between to
not
Latin
suggestingthe
enjoyed.
was
Low
old
Luncheon
sail
by
it like
is
a
snare
of the
Ulysses (tiedto
tempter, the
mast)
i^
MEALS.
if I be
only
had
biscuit
a
fed, and
the
in which and
those
and
her
to
life,to
ridden take
to
the
with
as
I
noted
same
and
at
was
too."
and
soup,
forks
modern
writer
be
whereof
"
and Izaak
always
lunch of bread
and
period
dinner
is there beef
''
should
the mass
glass of
one
TJie
ale
so
Viator, in the
taken
cheese
that
is
lump,
a
between with
began
never
in
an
be read, of course, but just to make a Dinner
the
inclination
trivial
really any woman
we
of association
music a
but
finest poem such as
that we
than beer
was
has ever
been
written
brain-sauce
make
made came
!
mystery little ! "
the into out
a
"
"
mystery Even
our
will
(ifyou
and '
very
angels') by which process beauty ? Every
substitute
to
brains, and see
a
the flowers
than
more
any
is
greater mystery
into
without
eaten
yellow-leavededition, being
old
to
!
be
never
greatest chef knows
the
is turned
handsome
in
Walton
was
thoughts
our
resist
a
dreary luncheonsight,and sense, revengeful sweet
light my pipe,for is literally (Welsh)
I will
word
an
of
out
nearly
ecstasy of love
those
digestionis governed by angels,"said Blake, but
by them,
very
till dinner."
more
no
lump
a
diet is
My
Century Poet, eaten,
softly to
"
:
declares,
the table, not to
shallows
"
dinners
are
a
usually served together with the meats. dined wearing his hat, as the draughts in the man fork, were knife, and one ghastly. Only one each diner, even at the Eoyal table, whilst at most unknown Dinner," as a an quantity. were
Nearly every dwellings were placed before
on
is crushed
soul
The
fish
the
Seventeenth
joyous live through
Restoration
the
in
asparagus, with collaborated
first simply
At
meals.
a
exclaims,
book,
breakfast
my
to
can
meridian
poet, and
a
animal
dressed, and
am
how
So I stand
cutlets, and
things." Cotton, who Compleat Angler, said soon
almost
back, and
when
up
and
:
sticking?
are
babies
are
day by that two-o'clock-in-the-afternoon avoid. It is much object,and yet cannot sunshiny morning hours at my pond, when
come
hours
there
every
feelingto which I so mortifying after the I feel as though I were philosopher,and wholly with
but
;
husband my sail past any
mother
dearest
punished
am
me
of wrath,
man
respectable wife
comfort
to
bad
of beef-steaks, and out
of
a
grey,
pulpy
of."
Guards, wrote formerly of the Grenadier in his Reminiscences (1862) concerning "Diet, and Cookery in them, in the early part of the England," as he remembered
Captain Gronow,
eighteenth century
"
:
Even
in the
best
houses, when
I
was
a
56 "i
MEALS
the
man
young
lating. The MulUgatawny
dinners
a
turtle
and
wonderfully solid,hot, and stimuthus composed : grand dinner was the first dishes were placed soups
the eye met with the familiar salmon you ; a little lower end of the table, and the turbot, surrounded by smelts,
before at
one
at
the
other.
first
The
of mutton,
saddle
boiled
by
followed
be
to
sure
was
piece of
a
your oath that darkness succeed as
popular
course
a
beef ; and then you could would fowls, tongue, and ham as assuredly after day. The universally adored, and
or
take
ever
were
of
menu
MEDICINAL.
roast
potato, produced
dinner,
the
soon
as
tasted
their
was
they had
everybody
with
the
earliest
very
period
everything up to the moment when the sweets appeared. Our vegetables,the best in the and honoured world, were never by an accompanying sauce, A prime difficulty to overcome to the table cold. generallycame the placing on fork, and finallyin your mouth, some was your half-dozen different eatables which occupied your plate at the tirae ; for example, your same plate would contain, say, a slice of turkey, a piece of stufiing, a pickles,a slice of tongue, sausage, A perpetual cauliflower, potatoes, and perhaps something more. and thirst seemed to come as over people, both men women, of
eaten
at
taking
was
it was
wine
;
soup
and
from
that
moment
everj^body else until the
with
close
produced that kind of cordiality the bazaaf which frequently passes into stupefaction. From and of all these a custom, good things, according to habit careful selection had be to made, with the judicious,and in your mouth endeavour to place a portion of each at the same that we used to do all our In fact, it appeared to me moment. all this eating and our jaws. How compound cookery between obvious, from the prevalence of gout, and drinking ended was the necessity(foreveryone) of making the pill-boxtheir constant bedroom companion." of dinner, and
"
an
where Horace
occasion
Vaffetitvient Often
will
is, than
if she
dull ; the house was ox." n^t even an
*'
as
the
wisest
"
of men,
is
a
dinner
of
therewith." stalled ox, and hatred on Smith, of Rejected Addresses parentage, went at Brighton, and to the theatre being asked after love
returninghome
"
wine
Better," said Solomon,
herbs Miss
such
a
had
"
enjoyed herself,replied, It
nearly empty As
to
relish for "
en
the
rKangeant relish
:
there a
embodies
increase
as
was
meal, an
the
no
one
the
all
was
in the
stalls,
French
proverb indisputabletruth "
meal
"
progresses
;
MEALS.
the
sightof others eating is appetizingof itself. Major Thackeray's Vanity Fair, is credited with a remark
moreover,
Loder,
457
in
which
the
goes to prove into the supper room,
Mrs.
"
of this assertion
truth
R.," he says
Come
:
away
the
guileless Becky ; me grubbing away peckish,too." In. or about the year it was 1600 dyne at XI customary to For of the clocke." instance, My Lady Cholmeley, having ordered her household during one morning, and instructed her daughters in their various duties, went rou.nd her domaine many from hop garthe to hen yard, from linen closet to larder, prying, call'd together tasting,and admonishing, until her family was to dyne at noon." During the time of Louis XIII of France the dinner announced was by blowing a horn, and thence came Cornez le diner," leading to the order naming the viands in my had We Corned beef," etc. pudding before meat bachelor-yeoman day," says Mr. Holbrook, the old-fashioned When I was in Cranford (Mrs. G-askell, 1863). a man young No ball father's used to keep strictly to my : rule, broth, no we dinner with broth then ball, no beef,' and we no always began ; the beef ; and the suet puddings boiled in the broth with came "
seeing these
nobs
has
to
made
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
then
the
itself.
meat
ball, which
liked
we
a
If
did
we
deal better
not
and
;
broth
our
sup
beef
the
we
had
no
last of all.
came
things,and turn their dinners topsy rhyme of Froggy would turvy." In the familiar nursery practiceis clearlyalluded to with regard a-wooing go^ the same is given in the song's refrain, menu to the little dinner, of which a (of pork), (pudding), followed by Eoly, poly gammon and spinach ; quite a satisfyingrepast, though probably the didn't first course of jam roll digest comfortably, because Heigho ! said Eoly." immediately afterwards, of Wellington, when The journeying through great Duke with Alava in 1814, invariably on France being asked at what next of the coming day they should time start, replied, At Now
begin with
folks
sweet
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
daybreak
"
;
and "
dinner, answered,
fin,"Alava Thackeray,
Cold
"
ces
;
of the
one
meat."
"
declared as
question what
the
to
deux
last
"
Je
they should les ai
eu
en
dined generation,
plain leg of mutton, my Lucy, prithee get ready at three ! it smoking, and tender, and Have
"
I
what
better
meat
can
there
cold meat."
early :
A
And
juicy, be
?
for
horreur, It,la
la-daybreak,et
mots
have
458
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
To
dine with
Duke
embalmed
concerning the "
plague
A
Like
and
sturgeon,
or
Bound
in
I
"
A
them,
upon
Sir, and You
be
can
stop adwice, Sir, as
Take
the
vere
you
!
!
"
reached "
the
at
said
Sam
Towcester,
Saracen's
Head,"
Weller, in attendance
half-an-hour,
pair of fowls.
"
beans, taturs, tart, and tidiness. ! are. Sir, if I might recommend said."
Again,
and
Benjamin Allen were having a roused by the mere whispering of the talismanic in their ears to dinner they went, with ; and waiting on appetite,and health on both, and Sawyer
:
shall die,
Sawyer
in
I
happy
more
doctor
the
wine, trade
coach,
got ready
better
had
Duke
Bob
cutlet, French
weal
a
Bordeaux
little dinner,"
"
:
?
Egyptian
and
outside
good
werry
mummy
from
drippingwet
clay !
shall I
taste
alive old Quin ready made
Pickwick
Mr.
:
this flesh of mine
Humphrey's
Embalmed A
arts, I say senseless
like brawn
spoil the
Than
"
spices waste
and
turtle-fat
And
:
on
neTer
can
embalm
me
With
!
soliloquizedthus
have
precious pickle lie
a
Which Let
dead
wines
Rich
below
Egypt's
on
the
Embalm
When
;
epigram by G-arrick)to
supposed (in an
Alban's, 1446) whereupon Quin is St.
(buried at
his tomb
about
dinnerless
wander
to
was
"
Humphrey
Duke
they
nap,
"
word "
Bob
when
were "
dinner
good digestion waiter
a
on
all
three." At
Supper given in
the
Theatre
her
Miss
lodgingsby (see Nicholas
Royal, Portsmouth
Snevellicci,of the
Nichleby, 1838),
to
which Mr. to performance, and Johnson (Nicholas), the leading actor, was speciallyinvited, the jointsuperintendence of all the the cloth was laid, under tables put together,the two ladies, upon one being high and her
after
parents
benefit
a
"
and
narrow,
at
the
centre, to "
the
baked
put them."
gained
this done,
sallet,and matter
bottom,
potatoes
wherever
Samuel .
admission we
two
of ten
went or
of us,
broad.
the
at
top,- sausage^ and
low, and
other
late to
a
it
which
bones was
at
the taken
of mutton very
the
(in 1660),
Hague
Prince to
were
strange."
sup
in the
convenient
most
was
'
oysters
were
of snuffers
pair
a
Pepys, when one evening to place we had
three
There
of
Orange
in, where
provided
for
'
; a a
MEALS.
The
famous
Johnson
Dr.
459
according to Leslie Stephen, like a wolf, to have eaten and with undissavagely, silently, not criminatingfury." He was a pleasant object during the in the business of performance ; he became totally absorbed the moment strong perspirationbroke out, and the veins ; a of his forehead swelled. He liked coarse, satisfyingdishes, boiled pork, and veal pie,stuffed with plums, and sugar ; whilst in regard to wine he seems to have accepted the doctrines of the critic of a certain fluid (professedly Port ") who What asked, seems,
"
"
"
"
"
more
can
you
drunk."
Moreover
it makes
It is black, it is thick, and
?
want
he
would
oyster
pour
you
his
plumG-eorgePhillips
sauce
over
Sydney Smith, remonstrating with Sir caution And Sir George, let me : by letter (1829), wrote now, against indulgence in that enormous appetite of yours ; you in holy orders, and yourself eat every you day as much as four men a layman ! pudding.
"
"
There the
to
seems
increased of
occurrence
be
where
an
relation between
evident
the
small
intestines
in
terminate
the
has recently large bowels), which Plain and to fasts, have meals, prevail so commonly. in almost from us completely banished amongst ; and where this appendicitishas grown more frequent of late, "
taken become towns
Dr.
doubt
as food, and the frequent consumption of meat appendicitis(or obstruction of the little worm-like
attached process first pouch caecum
flesh
without
food
Keen,
is "
now
when
the
chief
the
lately
a
number
had
subjects,who
young
of the
"
nourishment
been
ought
nutriment. of
cases
reared to
on
have
"
of
I
seen,"
have
says
appendicitisamong
animal
period exclusivelyin
food,
consisted
at
a
States of Among the large cities of the United .\merica, appendicitis obtains so widely that it is estimated In the one-third of the population is attacked by this trouble. of the it would that the small tube majority of cases appear appendix is invaded by a particularmicrobe, the Bacillus coli Modern communis. teaching says that this appendix is more than obsolete by an rudimentary structure, and has its uses the bowel. for into the secretion tion digespromoting pouring a large a
milk
of caecum,
diet."
food but
therein.
among when
Carnivorous
herbivorous
animals
animals
the
do organ
not
a possess is very large.
obstructive a Generally appendicitis is threatened, the oSending thorough washing-out of the breeding bed of of and microbe in the caecum, appendi.x,by a copious injection
460
MEALS
water, will
warm
right pretty Hospital, now
MEDICINAL.
trouble, and will put the matter Sir William of the Charing Cross MacEwen, the
overcome
soon.
teaches
that
the
human
troglodyte microbe againstimdigested food."
home
of
Old
youths who
are
ill-nourished
speciallyfavourable feeding, and such is well
that
a
bear a persons tolerate it less
diet
spare
appendix wages
best, then
the
the
soil ; diseases
established, while
tubercle that
so as an
the
"
fiercest
adults
easily,particularlychildren. bacillus
is also
;
association
war
whereas .
In
persons
to
seems
the
between
find
a
bad
lung consumption, and scrofula, improvement in nutrition is not This is the probable reason cure. kept too often in a chronic state
infrequentlyfollowed by their why diabetic patients(who are liable to tubercular disease of of partialstarvation) become so the lungs,or of some other organ ; and why tall men who take only as rauch food as their fellows of lower stature, fall short of full health, and developa tendency to consumption. Again, that is an has grown to be a recognized a man hungry man angry On truth. the other hand, the theory has been mooted, with and small show of reason, that persons with large appetites, no of highly organized foods than good digestions,who eat more use they require,or can particularlyprone to cancer. up, are is a natural There beyond middle tendency for healthy persons Dr. than food to more consume they actually need. age his Aphorisms that Eabagliati, of Bradford, puts it among often depends on wrong taking a cold,'as it is called,far more feeding than on exposure to a chill,or than on climatic changes ; such for avoiding any whereby it follows that the best way catarrhal attacks (often contracted more severelyin hot weather in than winter, and yet no one taking heat,' speaks of them as their chillyshiver being then rather the first stage of feverishness) is not merely to wrap more a important point, up well, but, as to eat often than at three daily properly; certainlynot more meals, indeed only at two by preference,and then not taking than from twelve to twenty-four ounces of ordinary food, more If in six months, according to age, and occupation followed. still finds himself or catching cold too readily,or so, the person too often, he should eat only in the morning and evening,taking moderate meals ; and if again after another time of six months he should the same trouble persists, reduce the quantityof food Still to eight ounces at one at the other. meal, and four ounces "
"
"
'
'
462
MEALS
first
concoction."
after
sleep
to
dinner,
Chambers
Dr.
and allows the distended digestion, "It the circulation of the brain. on injuriously
act
only for
aged
very
Concerning a the Free
dinner," writes
Ian
invented
; and
we'll
A
certain
number
of tea
dinners
Brother
has
merely
if food
that
shown
it's
!
stomach is proper for them."
Maclaren, "it
ever
Plymouth
a
Bouchard
always
not
meal
Manse.
into
invalids, and
or
persons,
"tea
loathsome
most
man
As
it retards
declares to
MEDICINAL.
have
never
would
it at
make
a
of time."
question
a
is retained
is the
in the
stomach
for five hours, the
changes which then take place therein are fermentative and rather than digestive. putrefactive, Flatulent discomfort occurs chieflyduring the latter part of a over-burdened has the food slow, and mass digestion,when reached the it sluggishly ferments. large intestines,wherein longer than
When
it enters
the small intestines at first, certain residual
it from
preserve
bowels
fermenting there ; but further on in the larger the liquidsare absorbed, and the production of that so putrefactivegases are generated ceases,
of
most
antisepticacids therein, giving rise table.
at
the
by
Olim Et
"
liver exercises
kidneys
the
anxia
erat
Potando
distension, and
to
The
bile, and "
tantum,
Ipsa
erat
There
was
lived
to
poison-destroyingpower
a
will eliminate
valde anus, si tantum
gence for over-indul-
remorse
intestinal
anxia; quid tibi visum edendo
microbes. est
?
pavit plurima, et esu fulmen, lis,jurgia,clamor." !
potu vivebat
quanquam
She
bacteria
seternum
old woman,
an
and
nothing
upon
And
though
victuals
Yet
this restless old
but
and
drink
you
and
think
drink
?
:
the chief of her diet,
were
could
woman
do
what
victuals
keep quiet."
never
IKIEAXS.
food
Animal
in the
form
of meat,
the flesh of ox, calf, sheep, consists mainly of muscular or
pig, and other animals, iuices, and substance, proteid,meat lamb,
sustaining nutriment
of
under
raw,
always
sent
baked,
or
and
the
for
to
stewed.
methods
in
Kitchen
to
the
as
well for persons
It may of deficient
table, either
Full
Physic. quality,and
Great
soundness
in
good
should
csre
of meats
robust
sometimes
taken
health, but is almost roasted, boiled, broiled,
particularsas preparing them, are
of
be
man.
specialconditions cooked
fat, being the highest kind
to to
found
be
always which
health, as
constituents,
meat
be
are
for the
explained
exercised to
be
as
serv.ed,
weakly,
and
ME
convalescent.
the which
shows
It
the
A rs.
be
must
463
remembered
slightestsign
that
flesh
meat
of
incipientdecomposition is suf"cient to life never dangerous. Heat destroy bacterial reaches the middle of large piecesof meat during their cooking ; it penetrates only slowly into the interior of the flesh,and never reaches therein to the degree of 100" C. ; so that, if present within the meat, of such bacteria most would probably survive the ordinary process of cooking, and in any case their spores would be certain retain a dangerous vitality. If the juice which to be expressed from cooked is a turbid liquid,then it is meat can 56" C. ; likelythat the temperature in cooking has not exceeded if it is of a clear red, then the temperature has probably risen 50" and 60" C, but not exceeding 65" C. ; if up to to between 70" C. the colour of the meat red ; juice changes to brownish and
between it must
meat,
75" be
cold, it remains
dust, flies,or
80"
and noted
C.
that
exposed noxious
generate microbic
to
respect to cold if, after being cooked, and become injurious influence, such as any
smells,
With
yellow.
to
within
even
a
few
it will
hours
large numbers, which are prejudicial Cold to health. meat-jellyis used as a prolificgerminator in experimental laboratory ; so that re-cooked, hot meat every
is
always
more
bacilli in
and
wholesome,
a
cold
food, than
safer
cooked
quite recent, and absolutelyfresh. is less likelyto contain Broiled meat microbes, or bacilli still in joints, because in these latter the roasted living,than meat heat about the middle of the roasted joint does not reach a within the thinner degree destructive to the microbes ; whereas broiled meats it attains a considerablyhigher degree, such as animal will put an end the micro-organisms. No to parasite unless
meat,
in meat
can
withstand
ordinary cooking, which elements
of infection
pathogenic bacteria
temperature
a
;
of
therefore but
renders
this is not
typhoid,
of 70"
C.
attained
as
it free from
the
case
as
any
putrescence.
such
regards the "
or
in
Planked
"
well as very as antiseptic, suitable plank in the oven done food on a palatable. Baked is essentially wholesome, and dainty. On Easter Sunday (1512), found cooking in the Bay of the Cross, U.S.A., the natives were Of the course fish upon plank logs with a fire upon the beach. for the purpose be of a proper sort, recent oak being capital must ; rises by the heat of baking. it contains pyroligneous acid, which Also animal oil flows out of the meat, or fish, into the plank, meat
(and fish)are
in this
way
made
MEALS
464
and
pyroligneousacid,
the
meets
chemically unite, meat,
and
it
fish, as
or
MEDICINAL.
a
were
each
being hot, they
is
produced which permeates the curing the substance, and imbuing
gas "
that
so
"
appetizingtaste, and relish. The food cooked in this within the stomach and becomes immediately converted way is readily digested. By which intestines into chyle, and plan otherwise difficult which would be of fish digestion,and oily would distress,also roast pork, and the like,become cause readily in the of fish be ing, cookplanked only oilysorts can digestible ; but whilst nearly all kinds of meat are improved by the process. furnishes nearly 50 per cent of uric Ordinary meat-gravy genous acid. fever there is a rapid waste of nitroDuring continued of the bodily structures, such as would in health elements But be best restored by lean meat, and proteidsof a like sort. it with
an
"
conditions
such
under
it is better,"
of illness these Hutchison
admissible, and
not
are
give then the proteidas gelatin,the carbohydrates, and fats, than to sparers, such tire the digestiveenergies with encumber the body, and any Milk should free supply of proteidsthemselves. always form will the basis of fever diet ; about four pintsin the day generally alkaline be sufficient,either given plain, or diluted with some If two or effervescing water. seeming to be needed, one Dr.
as
teaches,
to
"
of milk teaspoonfuis added
be
broths,
to
should beef
each
also be
may
diarrhoea
is
make
allowed, about No
present." use
extracts.
of salts
sugar, dissolved of the tumblerful
food
as
the identically
itself,in addition
to
milk.
as
albumin
some
the
or
go
whereby
to
so-called solutions
concentrated form
the urine
kidneys are surcharged with the
the blood is already overworked, toxic products. A milk diet will be the proper these course skim milk adopt, diluted or being preferred,wherein undiminished, and proportion of helpful proteid remains
seeing that
is in
Stewing :
tissues. for
it
respects the
many
coagulatesthe
As
the
the
ideal
proteidswithout
method
for
cooking
hardening the
fibrous
concerning these restoring nervous power,
substance) lean beef as
to
fat is retained.
harmless
meat
may
simple
a
bouillon,
which ;
or
day, except when chronic kidney disease
are
those
water,
Beef -tea,
pint
a
of beef-tea, or
same
little hot
a
patient with
substances
These
in
wheat
flour ;
but
proteids (superlativesustenance and loss of repairing muscular contains, roughly speaking, twice as much beef
is about
four
times
as
dear
as
flour ;
MEA
TS.
465
proteidsfrom the animal source are quite twice as costly as proteidsfrom the vegetablesource, and cordial principles in the only there are additional stimulating, the proteid of former, which are lacking in the latter. When
therefore
one
estimate
may
is swallowed,
meat
food
is converted
stage of
and
by
reaches
the
digestion.Now
stomach,
then
this animal the
as
early digestiveprocess
same
beforehand,
outside
the
that
in such
it is contended
efforts which
is saved
the
Juiceinto peptones, gastric the
artificially brought about to eating the meat ; and stomach
that
can
be then
first be
can
body, prior
the way utilized for the later a
fairlyask. Are the artificial the proteidmeat at first as peptones of as much ? hand Are they equally well assimilated, and as capable of recruitingthe invaKd ? We may confidentlysay that they can fullyplay the part in nutrition,which is ordinarilytaken by proteidsgiven unaltered, and swallowed as food in the customary stages of digestion. But
one
m"y dietetic value
have a
it may
But
manner. a
tendency
to
flow
considerable
not
denied
that
these
outside
produce diarrhcea, since they of water
bowels, leading to
and
be
from
looseness.
the When
blood
into
seem
the
peptones to
cause
stomach
treatingfevers,
and
that it is found milk albumin (or wishing to give proteids, the bodily temperature Plasmon) wUl nourish, without raising as
flesh meat
does.
Plasmon
contains
about
90
per
of
cent
milk-albumin.
good judge of meat, compared thereto his contributor The to a own literaryproductions; and when wink ally occasionChampion (1814) begged the editor,Mr. Scott, to at briskets, and veiny pieces." As a rule the flesh of a Charles
Lamb,
a
"
female
animal
is
more
tender, but
with
less flavour, than
that
who Jeremy Taylor'shen-pecked husband better eatingthan roast meat at home." found dry bread abroad is the flesh of sheep (Mvlto, originally ram a Mutton deprived is of and The Moton of its horns). complexion nature, boyled Grace is for holsome whiche the to my jugement your sanguyne, be hung until for roastingmay (Babee'sBook). A leg of Mutton the outside, little high-smellingon a tender, and perhaps even it,making because the action of the fire will brown, or carbonize is caramel which it sweet produced all by the antisepticbrown to a the outside of the roasted joint. But leg of Mutton over be perfectly fresh, seeing that no carbonizing be boiled must efiected, with antisepticanti-putrescent is then of its outside of the
male.
It
was
"
"
"
30
466
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
results.
Dr.
Mutton
is
Sheep
thrive
dietetic
King Chambers the promised
"
land
This
pronounced to
is such
Mutton
leg
a
of
patient." a
constant'
Scotch alWays means naturally accompanied therein
Scotch
Mutton
that
convalescent
a
Scotland, and
there, that
resource
Mutton-broth. with
in
best
has
is
broth
with
barley,and
turnips,upon which the sheep have mainly to hve, and from which they partly derive the flavour of their flesh. be added in broken Bread may pieces,or in fried of toast, pouring the hot the prepared croutons liquid over in the soup bread tureen (Sowpe au fain of the French). The Gigoth sept heures, or Gigotla cuilUre,is in France a leg of Mutton Scotch
which with
been
has a
cooked
for several
Charles
spoon.
Dickens
'
hours, when
it may be carved little supper, and a
"
loved
a
something hot," his favourite dish at that meal being and oysters. leg of Mutton boned, and stuffed with veal.stuffing,
glass of a
For
the
accompanying punch
invention.
There
is
dish in the
Fairfax
roastingof
a
and
herbs
sweet
famous
mixed
author
notable
a
MSS.
shoulder
he had
recipe for
of three
with
with
wine
white Cook's
"
hundred
of Mutton
of The
specialrecipeof his own a similarlyseasoned
a
a
to the as ago stuffingof oysters, eggs,
years
vinegar."
Dr.
Kitchener,
Oracle, invited
Pope, the wellknown actor, to dinner, thus raisingthe highest expectations of this gourmet ; but the Doctor only gave him a roast leg of with boiled potatoes ; and Pope to the end of his days Mutton denounced him infernal impostor." A as stock dish of an honour at a Boer of it), in the table, (beingplaced in the centre A leg of Mutton which Transvaal, is boiled salt Mutton. has as
"
first been
salted, then
paste made short
of mealie
time
harden
soaked
in water,
and
meal, is afterwards
next
coated
put into the
with oven
a
for
covering ; it is then taken out, and boiled, apd proves appetizing. At the commencement very of the eighteenth century Mutton in popular much pies were All hot ! all hot ! esteem, being sold commonly in the streets as Dr. Professor of Poetry at the Oxford Wharton, University, advertisement wrote for promoting the sale of these coman modities a
to
the
"
:
"
"
All ye who
love what's nice, and rarish Oxford, in Saint Martin's Parish, Ben Tyrrell, cook of high renown At
To
please'the palates of the gown, mutton threepence each makes Which he hopes to advertise. now
At
pies,
"
MEATS.
467
welcomes
He
all his friends at seven Saturday, and Wednesday even
Each
relicks stale with
No
;
unjust
art
disguise beneath his crust : His pies,to give you all fair play. Smoke only when 'tis market day : If rumps and kidneys can allure you, Lurk
in
Ben
takes
No
him upon shall better
cook
to
assure
you, taste
hit the
giving life and soul to paste : cheap and good have weight with men. Come all ye youths, and sup with Ben."
In
If
In
for the
Norttern
of the
some
excellence
flavour of the
of their is due
meat
regale themselves One
Islands, vsrhich are to
the fact that
the
seaweed.
upon
of
it is said
Mutton,
noted particularly that the peculiar sheep occasionally
Mutton
flesh
contains
eighty-six grains of chop contains proteid; a thin Mutton forty-one grains. At Red the Queen's dinner (in Alice ihrougJiike Looking Glass) Put her the on Majesty ordered, joint! and the waiters before looked it rather at set Alice, who a leg of Mutton been made to never carve a anxiously, as she had joint You before. look a little shy," said the Red let Queen ; introduce Alice ! Mutton to that ! me leg of Mutton. you Mutton ! Alice ! The in the dish, leg of Mutton got up ounce
"
"
"
"
"
"
and
made
a
knowing
little bow whether
Alice, and
to
Alice
returned
the
bow,
"
,to be
frightened,or amused. May I she said, taking up the knife and fork, and give you a slice ? looking from one Queen to the other. Certainlynot," said the Red it isn't etiquetteto cut Queen very decidedly; anyone introduced to ! Remove the joint! And you've been the waiters carried it ofi,and brought a large plum-pudding in Secrets in Physic and Chirurgery(1653) it is its place. Among restorative ordered as specially to take a young leg of Mutton ; cut off the skin, and the fat ; take the flesh,being cut into small not
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
and put pieces,
it into
of raisins of the
sugar-candy, and
in
a
and
keep
three
it in
or, if he will,he may warm being made
late
deceased). ^
stop the
houres clean
a
stone
bottle ; then
put
(stoned),a large mace,
sun
of
chafer
a
and
so
some
at
very
it two
serve
close, and
three
(Right Honourable
for three
a
half
let it boil the
meat,
breakfastes,
in the
afternoon,
Countesse
of Keift,
a'clock the
ounces
and
ounce
put the juice from
glasse; it will take
"
;
bottle
an
to
468
MEDICINAL.
ME/11.S
"
At the
Boiled
footmen
in
Bath
orange,
(who
was
wished
to
"
held by the fashionable Swarry leg of Mutton Mr. Whiffets, the gentleman in (Pickiuick), givingup his situation in service) could have the company then before him the painful and "
spare disgustingdetails alternative
no
to
Queen from
to
other
than
he to
meat."""
cold
eat
which
on
was
about
state
that
enter, but
to
he
had
subtraction
sum," Try a the {Through Looking Glass);
Alice
"
he
had
been
required
says
the
take
Red bone
a
"
? remains Charles Lamb has told (in dog : what A man Grace beforeMeat), feel thankful, heartilythankful, may with dish of plain Mutton and have leisure to over a turnips, institution of eating,when he reflect upon the ordinance, and with shall confess the a perturbation of mind, inconsistent a
"
purposes turtle. who
of
a
Grace
I have
go
about
calmness
than
always their
chopped hay, ;
Mutton
business
sensual
wine-bibbers
as
with
a
a
at
the of
the presence of venison, or silent Grace of the Quakers,
descriptionwith
every
applicationsto than
They
ours.
people ; they
eat
meat
and
are
neither
as
a
indifference,calmness, and
they neither fat has
Meat,
admired
with
we,
passionate and nor
before
grease,
nor
more
drink
horse
less
gluttons, bolts
his
stances cleanly circum-
slop themselves."
strong characteristic
odour, and
turns
rancid
Africa the tail of the readily than beef fat. In South native Cape sheep, (which tail is composed entirelyof fat, and often weighs five or six pounds), when minced, and melted out, with a supplies the Cape housewife good substitute for very lard ; this is excellent for frying fish, or fritters in, is more more
delicate and
lard, and
than
salt, is
a
good
when
imitation
eaten
of beef
on
hot marrow.
toast, with Our
pepper forefathers
thought the person served to begin with from a leg of Mutton The cut that is worst of a leg is the first," said they. badly off. George A. Sala, tellingin his Thorough Good Cook (1895) about one so Mutton-chops, commends judiciouslybroiled as to be thoroughly done through, but not to exhaust its gravy, as an incomparably good lunch for a busy person up to the age of fifty; with the addition of a mite of minced shallot,for gentlemen sauce only, Worcester being too potent an accompaniment, and of flavour ; whilst a interferingwith the hot chop's balminess large,well-boiled, mealy potato goes well together with a chop having a curlytail." Sydney Smith, in a letter from Green Street, I will give you very good Mutton London, W. (1839),says : "
"
"
470
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Pork, the flesh of the hog, has already received consideration
here
"
Corned
keeping.
British forefathers be
can
employed yield an
starch,
as
disastrous
By
contains
chemically
as
the
on
those
were
and
of
acorns,
cattle in oak young produce, through outbreaks of acorn
occurred
oak
"
a
notice
of
for abundance
remarkable
years
among
disease ; the symptoms poisoning, or the acorn loss of appetite,diarrhoea, discharge from nose, As within the mouth. sores regards cookery, ages
ground,
distillation
for cofiee. Acorn
first
our
uncrystallizablesugar, serious quercit. It is worth
losges have
if fed
forests,or
which
roasted, and
Acorns, when
were
as
oil, citric acid,
fixed
a
acorned
such
acorns, upon of swine on
spirit. The
ardent
of
abbreviation
an
fair substitute
a
special sugar known medically, that ,in very
was
subsisted.
will
they
Pork
animal
chief
the
"
for
cured
is this flesh when
having been fed support of the large herds
the
Pork,
which
Bacon,
as
particular
some
innocence,
and
eyes,
the
primitive
"
acorns."
and
wasting,
were
Thef
and
weren "
of Okes with acornes lyghtlyto slaken hir hunger at euene {Chaucer). In Jane Austen's capitaldomestic novel, Emma, the home-fed when a fidgetymalade imaginaire,old Mr. Woodhouse, little porker had just been slaughtered for his household, his daughter to the effect that certainlythe instructed pork wont
of surethey could "make the smallest the loin being made into steaks, nicelyfried,without roasted bear roast can Pork), (for no stomach grease, and not had better,"said he to his daughter, send the leg away to our we
small, and
was
delicate; but
unless
"
neighbour,Mrs. Bates ; of old, prescribedPork
don't
think
you
so,
my
dear
?
"
Galen,
good food for persons who worked that it is the hard ; and not a few modern physiciansmaintain most Certainlyit is more readily easilydigestedof all meats. the than that Epicure (January, 1904), digested,'' able respectsays so impostor, the boiled chicken, which cruelly defies the as
a
"
"
feeble Veal
is the
is made
into
salts, than tissue.
of
powers
flesh of vellum.
beef, but
This
invalid."
an
a
(ViteUus)iof
calf young It contains
is, on
flesh affords
the 19
much
the
iron, and
skin alkali
hand, richer in connective
other cent
per
less
which
of
proteids,that
of the
"
Weal pie," per cent, and that of the sheep 17 per cent. said Sam the in Weller, soliloquizing (at Pickwick), shootingparty ox
"
is
20
is
a
wery
quite
sure
good thing when
you
it ain't kittens."
know "
I
the
lady
as
in
the
lodged
made
it, and
same
house
A TS.
ME
with
471
he were pieman once, Sir, and a wery nice man : regular clever chap, too ! make What pies out of anything,he could ! number of cats I got a keep, Mr. Brooks,' says I, when you intimate with him. Ah,' says he, I do, a good many,' says he. You be wery fond of cats,'says I. Other must people aint in at is,'says he, winking me. They though, till season, a
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Not winter,'says he. fruits is in, cats is out.'
the
'
I.
Mean
hand 'ere
1
'
again,but
of them
'cordingto on
'em
and
the
weal
a a
and
;
I
at
mutton,
and,
pointin'to
a
;
difficult to
made
nice
wery
a
kidney,
a
this
they're all
that,' says
than
little
kidney,
or
'
he, or
I
can one
any
notice, justas the market
Veal, though
appetitesvary.'
mention
for beefsteak, weal,
beefsteak
a
don't
it ;
does
more
minute's
a "
is nevertheless
'
ear,
my as
'em
beefsteak, or
a
No,' says he
do you ? mean Why, what says Mr. Weller,' says he, a squeezingmy
seasons
;
'
I.
says
'
seasonin'
demand
'
'
animals,' says he, '
?
season
visperingin
it's the
noble
tabby kitten make
he.
says
hard, and
very
'
in
of
not
changes, excitingnature,
an
be
and digested by most persons, should be permitted in complaints of the stomach. not At the time it is the most delicate in flavour of all meats, though same sometimes the skin. on provoking nettlerash, or other outbreaks Newcomes In The Veal read of the famous (Thackeray) we cutlets which Miss Martha used with to Honeyman prepare "
her
hands,
own
when
he
posted
Again,'Lear "
There He
purser,
and
she
old
an
mind
sat
on
London
a
a
:
raw
:
slut that
we
flyingvisit."
a
"
Bridges, by midges :
wheel, eating underdone that
her
pay
Newcome
of Three
man
old
supped where
could
I do
not
veal.
of Three
man
"
is such
of Colonel
of Nonsense
1st, 1661, Pepys his wife, and mine, was
to
distracted
was
relieved
carboned, but it But
from
shrine
the
on
in his Booh
was
Which
January
offered
down
relates
Whose
On
be
to
Bridges."
with we
Pierce, the
Mr. had
a
calf's head
it ; and a her victuals."
not
eat
love
good
hen.
Lemon"
Good juice,and a stuffingof herbs, aid the digestionof Veal. Veal stuffing! reflect ! is in itself a triumph of culinary is it, and the gastric instinct ; so bland yet so powerful upon juices' Did I call Veal insipid? But it is only so in comparison When I think of the brown with English beef, and mutton. the edge of a cut of reallyfine Veal ! (Henry Ryecroft). on Veal broth maigre Ignotus, the physician, has commended "
"
'
"
'
472
ME
for
who
persons
spiceddishes, so "
rest.
which and
Stew
a
two
put
boiled, and
the
table, with,
or
METDICINA
L.
habitually indulge in rich soups, and highlyto give their digestiveorgans occasional as an of Veal in about knuckle a gallon of water, to of rice,
ounces
of
blade
a
A LS
mace
;
when
the
liquid reduced without
vermicelli, with
or
to
become
half, it
one
meat."
the
has
meat
little salt,
a
Voltaire
thoroughly be
may
advised
to
St.
"
head
your
feet cool, your Smith, writing from
Sydney
"
told her
he had
the
to
"
"
been
and
London
livingfor
your
Mrs.
to
fore
hundred
a
"
warm,
to
his friend
Cirey, where Veal gravy broth was We in everything. to live are going," said he, Blond de veau had years." The recipe for this Tronchin, whose by the famous system of hygiene was Lambert
sent
given
been to
bowels
"
keep open."
Maynell (1841),
days on waiters, and Veal cutlets." Mr. Ben Allen and Mr. Bob Sawyer (in Pickwick) in the little behind the shop sat together discussing surgery minced and future A delicious, and Veal, prospects." very be Veal is to of which small made, cream a quantity nourishing be delicate in alternation eaten invalids, occasionallyby may with other light foods. Bruise half a pound of lean fillet of when Veal in a mortar, and it is reduced to a pulp, pass it and a half of pearl through a fine sieve, together with an ounce barley which has been previouslysoaked in cold water for several of Russian in two hours ; dissolve half an ounce isinglass gills and bring the whole of thick cream, to the boil, adding salt to the taste, and flavouringwith an infusion of mixed herbs' ; pour into a wetted mould turn to set, and out into a glass dish, or plate,and garnish with sprays of parsley. three
"
The
Sweetbread
true
defective
growth described
salts,as to
growth
augment
calf, from
its throat-front,
by
of its constituent
reason
; whilst
butchers
by supply of
nervous
the
The adipose structures. organicphosphorus, which
system
when
feeble, and
stomach-bread,
in lieu of the
natural
of the
contributes the
elsewhere
the
a
children
substituted
(often serves
in
of
earthor
creas pan-
sweetbread),
fats,for warmth, true
renews
and
for
(throat) sweetbread
repairand impoverished.. A goes to;
recruit lamb's
throat-gland,is likewise beneficial as a general restorative in suitable cases. in its imcooked state even Similarly, the calf 's stomach-bread (pancreas)exercisesbyits juicespowerful digestiveefiects on flesh, milk, starch, and kindred substances. But this property becomes destroyed by boiling; so that the
sweetbread,
or
MEATS.
so-called not
sweetbread, when
its invariable
sweetbread, whether "
word
the
tendre
"
ris
be
to
from
"dined
Tripes of
my
heretofore
seen
"
them
done
of the
at
for
sent
stomach
a
each
France
veau,"
Ris de
Boef
olde
is
Tde). on
with
October
mustard,
24th, dish
excellent
most
a
of
I have
as
Crewe's, of which
Lord
my
"
than
it that
wife
my
In
Betr
of its
account
on
is called
ox,
upon covered directing,
own
paunch
or
Diary, records
^ith
great meal, and
very
is the
rather
(Chaucer, Merchant's
in his famous
1662, he
calf,cow,
the invalid,
by
eaten
tenderness.
signifyinglaughter. "
Veal
Pepys,
a
cooked, is
producing any digestiveeffect, but
as
delicate flavour, and the
473
I made
glassof wine for. myself." Tripe of cud-chewing animals, the ox,
its
albumin, and fibrin, are principalconstituents with fat ; it is the most easilydigestedof all viands, possessing of connective is readily changed a tissue, which large amount into gelatineon boiling,so that the fibres are easilyacted on fat in a It also contains by the gastricjuice of the stomach. considerable but diffused not amount, through the muscular causes Tripe to part. Unfortunately, the lack of extractives be somewhat deficient in flavour, but otherwise it is to be regarded About food. as valuable, easily-assimilated a forty grains of Kitchener of Tripe. Dr. ounce proteid are present in each rank solids that thought that Tripe holds the same amongst tasteless It is without doubt water-gruel does among soups. if the non-stripedmuscular fibres comprising its of itself ; and of the ox) did substance first stomach or (such being the rumen, etc.
cow,
own
it at
material, this
little savoury
any
process
;
of its preparation,and
be
must
boiling.
The
Tripe remains, to be boiled
chieflya body of connective tissue,and has is almost ready to dissolve into gelatine. It the Tripe-shop in the boiled state, and next
in mUk
Our
a
food
an
; and
hour
of onions.
dishes
presented to
fit for heroes.
EngUsh
strippen. honeycomb
word
the
guests
from
at
be
at
home
tasty by
made
the
feast of Achilles
Trjpe is Gras double. Trippa," entrails, belly,
"
this latter is the best part.
(1709) suggests keeping the
re-boiled
bought
for
name
plain Tripe, and Tripe, including the whole of ;
be
until
frequently flavoured According to Homer, Tripe was
French
is derived
should
fore, there-
most
is the
There
of the stomach
A
then
must
therefore
abundance
of the
one as
an
least
garidshes,being
or
sauces,
with
for at
difficult
lost in the
the
the The
reticulum, cardiac Art
or
division
of Cookery
culinary preparationof Tripe
out
474
MEALS
of observation and
sent
to "
table
if it cost
they
it.
it, and
Great then
to a
it when
partake of
your poultry, clean your eels the slimy substance
your offices be noisome
Tripe eat
draw
like
who
done
the
dressed,
his
care
must
a
pound, be
abhor
the
sight."
mended constantly recomwith the remark patients,
surgeon,
convalescent
guinea
tripe, wipe.)
by night,
meat
Tait, the late eminent
Lawson
that
to
are
:
private (And from For
who
"
In
Let
Mr.
those
by
MEDICINAL.
taken
to
would
be
wanting to always thoroughly clean
everyone
boil it
steadilyuntil quite tender ; if fried it is not of cooking it are so as minced, digestible.Other ways fricasseed ; but for invalids it is best or stewed, curried, grilled, boiled, and served with onion sauce, simply and smoothly made. Further particularsabout Tripe, its cooking, and its literary associations, are given in Kitchen Physic. Five days before Charles Lamb overtaken was by erysipelasensuing after a slight accident, and soon becoming unexpectedly fatal, he enquired anxiously from Mrs. Dyer about. a book left at her house, which he had while the Tripe was out to fetch It frying." gone Mr. Gary's book, and I would not lose it for the world," was said Lamb if it be lost I shall never like Tripe again." The ; to
"
"
"
book of
was
afterwards
found, with
Sir
a
leaf folded
down
at the account
Phihp Sydney's end. As regards animal foods in general,raw meat juiceis deemed doctors to be the most by some highly restorative, and the most valuable readily digested of all such foods, being particularly for supplying proteid to children. When mixed with milk, it is usefullyantiscorbutic, though needing to be prepared fresh day, as it does not keep well. This contains 5 per cent every of albuminates, 3 per of and cent nitrogenous extractives, togetherwith mineral salts. Add to finely-mincedrump steak, cold water in the proportion of one to four parts pint of water of the meat allow to stand for half an ; stir well together,and hour ; then forciblyexpress the juiceby squeezingit out through muslin. But Dr. Hutchison is of a difEerent opinion as regards beef -juice, which cannot be considered raw an important aid to nutrition from the fact that of a even ; this being evident preparation which contains 5 per cent of proteid,about three be needed to pints would supply the proteid requiredby an invalid ; so that these raw meat juices can only be of some "
475
MEATS.
slightservice of milk
of
is for
some
egg-white
substitute which
the
with
be
than
materiallyincreased of the
full nutritive
value
;
and
of meat
in
meat
But
question.
nutritive
more
administration
the
an
value
of
2 per
Beef-tea,
it the
for
is
bulk
small
efficient
of nutritive
cent
by adding to the only means a
solution
a
makes
meat-extract
contains
never
fibre
powdered
of the
out
beef-juices.The
for
can
crisis in which
a
reason
flavoured
of itself
matters,
tidingover
in
by
the
finelygetting use
of
of Extract whole beef-tea.' powders, thereby making and is prepared by simply mincing lean meat fresh meat, evaporating exposing it to the action of cold water, afterwards "
'
meat
down
solution
the
its
without
secured,
to
consistence
the
of
thick
a
like,"vispto
flavouring constituents (which are the in Liebig's Extract), and
as
food
nutritive
other
is tasteless, and
almost
of
worthless.
the extractives,"writes Dr. Hutchison, It is upon must of Liebig'smeat-extract chiefly value, and uses
that
the
flesh, animal
be
attributes
"
the
But
extract.
"
the efiect on depend ; these have unquestionablya marked digestiveorgans ; they are the most powerful exciters of gastric digestionthat we possess, and are thus eminently calculated to the appetite,and aid the digestionof any food with which rouse be taken. This, indeed, is their true role, both in they may health, and in disease : they are flavouringagents, and their But as place is in the kitchen, not by the bedside. proper represent only regards nourishing an invalid, these substances broken-down of the fragments, as it were, proteid,and are of no
tissue-builders."
as
use
useful proteidswith some bread, together with carbohydrates is meal-bread, or wheaten has which a quantity of freshly-cooked,and minced, lean meat admirable
An
been in
after incorporated,
the
dough
of animal
combination
such
a
assimilate
amount
an
pounds of pound within two to dissolve one considerably more, up pound of flour, but then dough of one to
so
one
good.
This
bread
loaf, though having
highly nutritious.
darker is,, a
white
of the
meat
a
an
can
be
of
pound the
bread
than
excellent
assimilated
difficulties of the
a
be
seen
Fresh
corresponding It will really
flour.
the
It constitutes, indeed, with
perfectfood, and by persons labouring under of fat,
the
in. colour
crust,
crumb.
in
loaf, being completely dissolved will thus
it cannot
that
manner
meat
would white
to not
the be
wheaten
taste, and being certain amount a with
ready
ease
digestiveorgans.
476
MEALS
It is to be leavened
by
the
MEDICINAL.
under
of flour.
half
also fat, in
that
in
a
of
best
patients
way with
than' most
preparing raw
from
the'
the
left behind. with in
a
of
sandwich
fibres
fresh.
become
Thus
form
thin
its flavour,
direction
a
thereby separated including them, the same being be seasoned a pulp, which may being then served either pepper,
little
a
between
acids
instrument, in
blunt
a
are
tissue
connective The
which
can
of the fibres,which
course
and celery-salt,
Certain
when
essentials
of food
(a form
meat
stomachs
of
sorts
'
improve
the
digest more easily nourishment) is to'scrape a piece
weak
veiy
other
parallelto out
small
afEord
combination
tender, juicy steak with
of
"
very
a
and proteid, quantity; so
diet.
healthy The
bread
and
meat
Ordinary
compressed yeast
contains
bread
pound Carbohydrate matters, to
of
ounce
an
slices of bread,
rendering it flesh
of
stirred into broth.
in meat
developed
the
or.
less
by hanging, which insipid of taste than
hunted
animals
(wherein the
of the immediately created by reason inuscular exertion undergone straightway before death) extreme is of superiorflavour. method Another for produciiigthe same in vinegar and effect artificially is by soaking the meat water for a short time before cooking it, thereby giving to fresh meat tender. better taste, and making it more a Nevertheless, the flesh of an animal which has been slaughtetedfor food dies only by degrees as to its tissues and cells,which continue for a while same
afcids
become
'
the food
to consume
in contact now
;
and
whilst
extent comes,
effete this into
matters must
the
to
animal
of be market
how
resultant, which
are
the
skin, lungs, and
its retained
condition for
do
still remaining
are
tions, carry ofE these poisonous excrecontains no aerated, or purified
broken-down the
they
substances
fluid with
venous
which
longer
no
operate dead
the
with
toxic
since
bowels
blood, only the such
various
accumulate,
kidneys, or
elements
animal
urea,
To
structures.
of
all
food.
the We
and a
meat
other
varying which
imiagine has been kept tribes poison can
aggravated is the evil when the carcase for several Certain days, or weeks. savage their into the the flesh of such arrows by sticking points It must be admitted," says Dr. Haig, decomposing animals. as improbable that the existence within a person's by no means to the consumption of animal food, of semibody, accustomed of what is requiredfor maintenance, organized material in excess "
"
478
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
With the
the
regard to knife
used
to its
for
Kosher
of the
meat
these slaughtering
edge (so as
minimize
the
Jews,
animals
being without
felt
of
sure
flaw
beast)it is examined four or five times a week, sometimes even daily; and of the most curious spectaclesof the slaughter-houseis that one reverend of the grave and Signers (who are named Dayanim, the a or over knives, and oyer Judges) passing searching eye the general arrangements, to that see they are perfect. If ofiicials may everything is not rehgiously correct, the butcher expect to be suspended. The beast is cast to the ground, and its throat being then cut it bleeds io death. Finally the leaden Kosher seal, with the word imprinted on it,is affixed to the be eaten signifyingthat the meat by orthodox carcase, may Jewry. The whole process takes about foUr and a half minutes as
to
"
to
pain
to" make
the
by
"
execute.
Englishmen from the time of the middle ages, have always held the reputationof being the fiercest fighters, because of eatingso But a penalty is paid by thus brutalizing much the man meat. of his higher intellectual faculties. Robert Louis at the expense has exemplified this danger in his wonderful Stevenson story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, twin characters strangelyopposite, in the same but combined individual, with adverse displaysat in detail (see fage 45). difierent times ; as already told about their was utility for alimentation Respecting Bones, discovered by the dog," said Cadet Devaux (1803),who imitated that animal by breaking up, comminuting, and moistening the He of edible animals. bones proved to his satisfaction that bones nutritive, by allowing to dogs the choice between are "
and
soup,
the the "
M.
soup. "
bpnes, when
Solution said
But,"
would
taste
With
the
of the Gordian Chevreul
respect
to
(1870), to
the
drink much
"
no
the
in
which
idea
would
that be
food
the
called
"
Egg
left
his method
of Columbus." sense
and
d'os."
highly compressed ofEered to the public,so form, now without the delay of sittingdown that extra suppliesmay be carried
extolled
tablets
"
of food be
may
equivalentof
forms
limits
"
the
bones, and
of sound
person
bouUlon
"
and
the
and
knot," and the
lozenge,or tabloid eat that they who run may to a time-wasting meal, or so distinct in the pocket, there are beyond which the concentration meals
chose
pulverizedbones,
Devaux
consent
animals
an
of
(says Dr. cannot
prepared one ordinary meal,
Hutchison) be or
carried ; of two
is found
to
MILK.
be
impossibledream
an
drive
ofE the
then
which
water
of it must
most
eaten."
at the
;
the
be
(See Lozenges,
479
all that
most
food
contains
returned
the
to
be
done
in excess, food before
and
can
it
is to even
be
can
437).
p.
MEDLAR,
(*"e Fruits).
MILK.
There
ruminant, human,
are
Milk, all available for essential
difierence
animals
(cow, goat,
between
milks
minute
consist
solution,salts,sugar,
globules of
that
and
of all mammals
actual
or
milk, and
sheep) lies in the its proportionsto those of
casein,or curd, and The
human
curative
and
sustenance,
our
equine varieties
asinine, and
casein, and
of ruminant
of
their
albuinins.
the other
holding,in
other
The
uses.
character
of water,
of
virtual
albumins, with
fat
uniformly suspended in the liquid,but the top by reason of their lower to tending to come specific Milk the shares with of gravity. containing advantage oysters within itself representatives divisions of all three nutritive main of food, the proteids,the carbohydrates, and the fats. But milk is the pattern natural because food of the human species, of mammals, the whole and of their most during period rapid it be model diet therefore taken must not as a growth, young "
This
for adults. food Human
contains
added
carbonic
converted
(1820) The
gas lactic acid,
dry ditto,two
two
often
being either alkaline
animals
is acid.
of
sodium, and
so
that
if
Cow's
milk
then
the
for
small
aunts,
two
milk
Sydney
does
not
Smith
of her infant
go
writing son,
said,
baby is two wet two apothecaries, physicians,
eldest
an
a
landed
in life ; family, unmarried, advanced one clergyman, six flatterers,and a nursery decent." this would be than not During of the of youth, nitrogenous preponderance
friends of the in
growing
matters
milk
quantity (for instance lemon juice or vinegar), is given ofE, the sugar of milk being
establishment
grandpapa. the
that
chemically lactose. sugar Mrs. Meynell about the nurture
to
is the lative superthe calf. of
grass
milk
is
female
three and
acid
into
usual
nurses,
fact that
the
of carnivorous
thereto
Milk
sour.
"
that
little carbonate
a
of acid be some
from
for the cow, by instinct,and milk is always alkaline,cows'
acid, whilst
or
is evident
the Less time
present in milk
makes
it
a
most
useful
food
;
but
in
480
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
adult
life this is not
more (Bailey),
but
than
desirable.
little substantial of
great age meat-eater
The
casein,
and
got beyond or
curd
of
is told
thirty-eight years, hundred
one
these
does.
And
the casein
This
is the
of
one
and
on
the
as
animal
no
hearty
years.
albumin,
an
but
becoming coagulated
by
action
whilst
three
milks, is
albumins
other distinguished from when swallowed, through the but not by heat when cooked,
Methusdahs,
about, who by eating only drinking milk, reached the
food, and
hundred
one
has
centenarian
one
Modern
Yet, among
it of the
albumin
gastricjuice, (or white) of egg
differs from
that
of another.
chief
of milk, proteid, or nitrogenous constituent not coagulating spontaneously,as the fibrin,or albumin, of blood The casein of does, but by the action of acids, and of rennet. milk yieldsno uric acid, and does not contain any nuclein,which it speciallyof service for goutilydisposed persons fact renders as food; and it yieldsno carbohydrate when a splitup, which value in those severe of diabetes render it of particular cases may is formed in which of proteid foods. out Curdling of milk sugar depends on the production of lactic acid in the milk, which turns of its partnership with the- lime salts ; the curd, or casein, out the flocculent then casein, not being soluble, falls down as a in sour milk, this precipitate,or clot. Lactic acid is formed concentrated being, when by the chemist, a syrupy, intensely salts. sour (It is produced liquid, comprising well-defined in the fermentation likewise of several vegetable juices,and animal matters). Nevertheless, during the putrescence of some milk is the most powerful preventive of acidity, or neutralizer all foods, chieflyby its citrate of lime, the basis of acid, among is identical with that of lemon- juice; for a good cow of which citric acid in a day, as would be contained yieldspracticallyas much This in two three lemons. citrate of lime, as occurring or is unboiled in new taste. milk, altogetherdevoid of any sour with in Condensed The solid met particles sometimes The Milk consist chieflyof this citrate of lime. great majority milks are sweetened of condensed by the addition of cane sugar infant) in considerable by an (indigestible quantity, so as to have been them opened. unchanged after the cans preserve Children
to
on
condensed
milk
get their
teeth
late, and
are
rickety; they become plump, but paddy ; large, of endurance, and of resistance not strong, lackingthe power The condensed for emergencies; disease. used milk, when
likelyto but
fed be
MILK.
in
or
should travelling,
its bulk in the
of water.
In
child's food,
481
be diluted with
always
rickets,any
animal
else of the
aught
or
is to be avoided
of milk
excess
sort
stinkingstools. The added cane-sugar prevents from the milk. standard of human approaching When the
to
whilst
milk enters action
it,not
on
alkaline
the
partly neutralize the
rennin
to
the
cook.
body than
raw
milk
is not
the
mistake, because the boiled
act,
in
milk
does, and the
into
for
serve
clots a
stomach,
milk
of rennin
short
a
time
junket
a
giving
with
calf's
clot ; but
less dense as
to
slowly outside
more
is
often the
;
the
this
supposed by lime
salts of
quite as firmlyas does unboiled milk within the stomach. The change which takes place when milk turns sour by keeping, or in thundery weather, is caused by the growth in it of micro-organisms,which can be killed by active heat (short of boiling). These micro-organismsare most in milk at blood-heat, but scarcelyat all in milk at 60" Fahr., and quiteinactive at the freezingpoint. After being boiled, milk is free for a time from micro-organisms,but it will not remain the unless straightway sealed hermeticallyfrom air, so as so of fresh germs, which would to shortly prevent the entrance become
milk, which
condensed
gastricjuice,thus
making
with
causes
solid clot, owing
a
gastricjuice redissolves
the
which
gastricjuice,but
milk
just as
Boiled
within
case
first of
at
strong acid of the
the
time
it sets
stomach,
salts of the
by
rennet
the
times
least ten
at
place,the wise. or
clot
membrane
of
of
to
remain
bonny clobber,"
Some
surface and
is allowed
milk "
clots
active therein.
very
When
then
the
is sometimes
or
cream
delicate
or
exposed sour
collects
on
fungi, also
the air in
to
a
cool
milk, is produced in this the
top, and
forms
on
mycelium,
a
the
uppermost
now milk, which acquires an acidulous taste, little efEervescent, whilst curdlingin the same a
though this present curdlingis caused by lactic acid, developed from the sugar of milk by termed the bacillus of a living low fungus and ferment milk is an milk." sour Although generallyrejected,yet sour agreeable,nutritious fluid, easily digested. It should be well added stirred before use, and cream perhaps have some ; the be heightenedby white sugar and powdered cinnamon, taste can with dice of bread, or bread crumb, to give it body. Lactic way
it would
as
by
rennet
;
"
acid, when makes
a
neutralized with useful
hypnotic
an
for
alkali,such
as
carbonate
sleeplesspatientswith
of soda, nervous
31
482
MEALS
indigestion.To spoonful of acid.
the
if liked.
of
tumblerful
a
of soda
carbonate Sweeten
This
MEDICINAL.
is best
powder,
taste, and
the
to
in
taken
when
whey, add a teaenough to neutralize a grating of nutmeg,
curds, and
hot
or
add
It is likewise
bedtime.
at
of Blight'sdisease (ofthe kidneys), helpfulagainstthe sleeplessness of new milk with' a tablealbuminuria. or Again, a tumblerful mixed in it,and sweetening ihe draught spoonful of sound old ram if
wished, will often
oil
as
the
answer
whilst
early morning dose,
an
Still nicer
stomachic.
is the
food
far
delicate
"
junket," (beingactuallya because brought in or served
called name,
curds
mixed
with
the little people. "
Milton
Thus With
Mab
faery
which
which bears
is this
and
spiced,exquisitefood for his beautiful U Allegro: "
feat
a
junkets
eat."
especially if sugar is added, the inevitably curdles if heated to a high temperature, when is whey, and not merely water. This clear liquidwhich escapes be given as a nutritious and safe drink in typhoid liquidmay fever, as well as milk diluted with barley water, or butter milk, A
or
the
eau
of
milk
sweetmeat
rushes, giunca,a rush),as
on
of many the
palatable and
more
cheese
cream
relates in
stories told
How
mixture
sweetened,
cream,
of cod-liver
sustainingpurpose
and
albumineuse
During
eggs,
(unboiled white
mixed
with
cold
beverage is toast-water. In new milk, by churning, the oil globuleswhich have already risen to the surface through,standing (and which consist mainly with some of fat, mixed curd, and retainingsome whey) unite Butter the liquidresidue is butter-milk, which to form ; whilst the mineral is essentially solution of milk a salts, sugar, with principallyphosphates, retained therein, also some wandering Koch Professor butter elements. Those persons," says lest the milk they drink should admonitorily, who are nervous contain elements of typhoid fever, or other mischief, should that remember these bacilh may just as probably lurk in the be boiled as butter, (which cannot a preventive)." Freshly made dairy butter, uncooked, may be eaten freelyagainstchronic constipation, especiallyby persons in years, and by thin persons chief point in which differs of active habits. The butter-milk water).
convalescence
of egg
the best
"
"
from
new
otherwise some
milk
is thus
shown
it is nutritious,
patients the
taste
to
be
its poverty
of fat, whilst
and digestible, refreshing,though to is disagreeable. Butter-milk is used
483
MILK.
largely in
Holland
invalids.
It
for
differs
the
well
healthy, as
totally from
for
weakly milk, yet frequently
human
as
curative this latter fails. As obtained when to infants proves from the dairy,it should be a sour fluid full of finelysuspended flocculent
It
curd.
wholesale
boiled
be
must
level
curdling,a should thirty-five ounces, The -boilingshould be done over whilst constantly stirringit pot, times
three
added
be
also
;
be
ground rice, or flour,
until
fire,in
it has
litre
it.
with
emamelled
an
boiled
three
or
prevent
to
previously mixed slow
a
but
;
tablespoonfulsof (thirty-five ounces), using
two
each
to
once
tablespoonfulof
each
to
at
two
up
or
should
sugar
beet
or
cane,
milk but not Metal are spoons purpose, sugar. else the lactic acid will act to be employed in the process, them the chemically. When prepared after this manner, for
sugar not on
the
food, for infants, has
butter-mUk sourish
In
boiled.
homogeneous lactic
produces is
ammonia
is
For
incurred.
four hours
before to
as
generated by curative objectsa
it is churned, it.
turn
under
Infants addition
to
four
Lactic
bowels.
use.
of butter-milk,
of the
bacteria, which
are
hostile to
the
make
use
suspended
need
milk food
to
any
will
age Soured
changes
acid
numbers,
quantity,
definite
being previously
answer
contain
not
of
the butter-milk.
fermentative
noxious
alkaline.
reliable butter-milk
milk
it will not
does
weeks
little sour
a
But
butter-milk, which
sweet
and
the necessary small outlay for a hand-churn New milk must be left to ripen for twenty-
home,
at
is of
such
being
consistent,
bacillus
the
a
change thereby
amount,
action, which
anti-fermentive
being then so
in
motions
and
before
was
being sour, their reaction becomes acid, though present only in quite small
helpful.
added,
less
become
it
than
from
;
be made
can
curdled
more
slightdiarrhoea, the
they
;
an
Moreover, and
of
cases
immediately The
it is not
taste, and
yellowish colour,
a
some
curd. in
cream
will prevent
of
arrest
or
reachingthe large
when
become
in
present of the
growth
siderable con-
putrefactive
bacteria.
making
For with into
a
it ;
water, soup
small thin
milk
sour
:
soup
dessertspoonfulof with
cold
water,
boilingthe while, and
becomes
too
thick, add
dishing
up, boil a small squares
little
Add
of
half
a
pint of
fine flour,which and
add
half
stirringwell
hot water
powdered toast neatly
to
a
the
pint
of
time.
to thin
bruised
is mixed
be
must
all the
in order or
milk
sour
it.
whipped scalding If the Before
seeds. caraway and the soup, pour
484
MEALS
decoction should
be
Dr.
it.
over
milk
ofi
wakeful
ounce
ounces
of
our
milk, to
of
as
the
of
us
peculiar quickly
a
this the
warrant
the
taking
to
as
though
soothe
to
also
conclusion
sensitive
and
assisting digestion." Again,
a
diet
tell
senses
new
of
means
must
be
not
supplementing the forgotten. If half
a
this
of this milk
steady daily use
will
constipation,and
prevent
milk
a
milk
of milk be dissolved in five or six sugar of milk, the nutritive value thereof is materiallyincreased.
Likewise, On
such
milk-sugar
carbohydrates an
effects,
system,
of
that,
us
"
by
nervous
value
reminded
seem appearances contributes aroma
said
the
the
has
for sedative
exhales, whilst that
disorder is present, the
stomach
Chambers
given
aroma
When
skimmed.
King
new
MEDICINAL.
diet the
obviate
risk of intestinal
animal
decomposition
within
the
prolonged in its transit, is reduced to been minimum. It has a proved experimentally that milk food putrefiesonly with considerable when taken as difficulty, whereas meat decomposes very rapidly. Whilst standing also as milk, this product is stable, because of its microbes, which new with the formation it to presentlyturn of lactic acid, sour cause body,
from
sugar will frequently chronic rheumatism.
as
which
is hostile to
added
to
takes
food
putrefaction.But in
milk, then
place rapidly. will
acid bowels
spite of
diarrhoea
stop the
said
the
facts
These
due
if soda,
as
microbes, putrefaction
corrupt
lactic
it is that
explain how to
alkali, be
an
within
matters
the
value of the medicinal intelligible they make fermented milk. Italian Govighi, an physician, drank daily the litre of milk lactic and half to and alcoholic a a acid, subjected that within few fermentations (kephir), a finding days the products of intestinal putrefactiondisappeared altogetherfrom his urine. For
;
such
think
of went
a
there
in few
were
lived much this
upon
island
were
naked, and
in chambers no
soured
reason
Browne,
Thomas
men
likewise
such in
Greece
milk
;
less
troubled
feather as
in
is to
be
Rdigio Medici consumptions
slept in
and
disease
milk
his
caves
beds.
catarrh
and
that
much
Plato
in Homer's
"
(1635), remarks, in
Old
the
the with
and
Sir
commended.
World,
Some when
ancient
inhabitants
coughs
when
woods, will tell
than us
time, and
that that
now
men
there it
they
was
was
but
Polydore Virgil delivereth that lived but in the days of in England, who were rare pleurisies Henry the Eighth." Now-a-days, animals treated by electricity new
age.
486
MEALS
lettingit
globe articlioke,and twelve curd
hours
the milk
of excellent
stand
will be found
if it has
in
milk
into
the
disturbed, then
been
a
remarkable
good, no
was
After
place.
warm
a
transformed
taste, and, if the
but
separated ;
MEDICINAL.
whey is whey will
if a little of this curd be placed in warm, apart. Now it be kept awhile in a warm milk, and if the same corner,
come new
will transform and
thus
Yourt
to
can
to the ancient
notice
a
is
There
be
again into Yourt, or curd, as before, This kept going throughout the season'.
by
the
milk
new
of curd
production known
the
flowers
in the works
essential
difierence
between
is the
reverse
with
case
(says Dr.
internal
A
all
Quite
changed. the
the
casein, or becomes
substance, with
new
new
placed on rushes through them, is
consisting of (juncos),so as to let all the whey drain by again a junket. Syllabubs are made
addition
(or
milk
to
so-called
milk, when
sour
alterations, and
Hutchison) practicallya
characteristics.
clottingof milk,
milk, in which
clotted
undergoes profound
curd,
given is according
the
junket, and the curdlingof milk as in casein is simply precipitated without being at the
was
of Aristotle.
in
as
artichoke
of the
Greeks, and the recipenow
contained an
inner
cheese
cream
the
Colostrum,
to
first milk
which
a
curd ofE the cow
gives again after calving)of wine, as Sherry, Madeira, or Port, perhaps Brandy, or, it may be. Cider, with nutmeg, or cinnamon, A and sugar. syllabub, more correctlysillabub, signifies really less than swell-bouk, (Icelandic). or nothing more swell-belly, It would that in the fourteenth [Reliquim antiquce), appear of used known century whey was generallyas a drink ; it was milke old as Down the to Cerum, quidam liquor,whey. house," wrote Pepys, in his Diary, and drunk three glassesof tells of whey." HaUiwell Wheywhig, a pleasant and sharp beverage made by infusingmint, or sage, in butter-milk whey." add of tartar, To extemporise whey, a teaspoonful of cream milk. dissolved in a little hot water, to a pint of warm fresh new After The straining,and cooling,it will be ready for use. with is sometimes combined whey cure taking baths in this strained from curds same liquid. Whey produced by rennet "
"
"
"
with
new
milk, is
stimulating action because reason
the of the
wholesome,
a
the
on
albuminous sugar
Separated milk,
of from
nutritive
kidneys,
constituents
milk, which
as
the
well cream
drink, with
and
is
are
in
as
the
some
readily digested solution, and by mineral
has been
salts.
abstracted, is
MILK.
487
milk, which, if left to itself in not too cold a practicallyskimmed place,develops,through the action of a certain bacterium, lactic acid, with separationof the remainingcasein. Such separatedmilk is now sold as a summer the oldthan drink, being less sour fashioned skim milk. The popular notion that by taking away the beforehand all the goodness is lost, is quite a misapprecream hension for considerable
milk-sugar; and taken with the
curd
if bread
is still held
solution,
well
as
as
piece of chocolate, be separated milk, then the full value of the original milk is obtained, this drink being meanwhile new cheaper than For sterilizing beer, and preferablethereto. milk, a temperature of 190" Fahrenheit is under safe and easily a ordinary conditions the milk thus is all that to heat once practicablecourse ; and is npcessary. Being treated in this way, the milk will remain sterilized in a room at an ordinary temperature for twenty, or in warm weather. But Professor Koch thirty hours, even that
pronounces
of
to
and
in
boil
milk
tuberculosis, whilst
quality.
The
state, the
more
new by sterilizing
quart
one
and
much
as
natural
any
potatoes)
as
fresh
it to
a
exterminate
not
in
food
is altered
produce
a
(such
as
the its
impairs scurvy
This, when
milk.
citric acid occurs
does
or
milk sterilizing
likelyis
more
butter,
from ;
for
bacilli
nutritive
its natural
example,
unboiled, contains
that
large lemon.
of lemons, But
when
as
in
oranges,
milk
is
of continuing to hold this acid subjected to boiling,its power diminished, the same (as citrate of lime) unchanged, is much by heat into the comparatively insoluble becoming converted crystalhzableform : the chemical reaction produced being that into a less soluble bicitrate of calcium of converting the is most Infantile scurvy tricitrate of calcium. prevalentamong child's diet is carefullyrestricted to boiled the classes where a milk.
patient'sdigestionis very weak, if livingin the country, or strippings," keeping a cow, he should make a dietetic trial of after it the that is, the milk obtained cow soon remilking by The has been supplementary milk will flow already milked. in quite a thin stream, at the end of the first milking,being rich in cream as fatteningfood, but containing very little casein, or heavy proteids,and being thus less difficult of digestion more In acute disease of the kidneys, a milkthan the first milk. When
a
"
diet is found and
of
other
to
increase
the
solids, whilst
output of
urea
if retained) (poisonous,
diminishing the
amount
of morbid
488
MEALS
in the
albumen then
urine.
butter-milk
milk"
from
action
If the
will make
which
which, if left
MEDICINAL.
the
a
has
cream
itself and
to
patient grows welcome change
not
lactic acid, with
too
been
of
the
; or
swarms
occupy
the
nevertheless,
commonly
alkaloids, toxins, and mischief
casein
of the
effect will follow of chronic
skin
the
noxious
the
normal
diet, are a
becomes
the
favourable, of two
or
of
infest the
a
of
white
platefulof
small be
eaten
once
consists, in
sugar, which imitation of the
sugar, of the
the
of
passage
;
is often
the
tongue sweetish
a
a
its
may
stewed
becomes be
too
added
nounced, pro-
to
the
fruit,apples,figs,
day.
integrity,of food
milk,
mares'
them
a
for
certain
Russian at
success
from
time
Tartar
Koumiss
is
made
now
with
Russian ;
a
our
immemorial
drink, after
throughout Germans
of
as
principaldairies,with cows' milk, used by the Bashkirs The original Koumiss and yeast. was steppes of Orenburg, and Ssamura, having been prepared
alcoholic
the
as
hardships
rigorous winter. physicians in 1830,
but
mares'
milk
restorative- food, and
a
would
It
and
attracted
and be
the
thirty years too
a
mild
deprivations endured
laxative
substitute for Kephir is the modern white, foaming, slightly sweet, acidulous, and drink, the alcohol increasinguntil the whole use.
milk
degree of constipation is being passed at intervals
caramel
or
Amongst
purely
a
drowsiness, and there
cases
weakly, or consumptive products generated from the of digestion. materiallyhelp a defective power
considerable
the
patient on
fur, and
curative
skin.
afEected
a
moderate
A
patients,because
by
by
doing
by destroying
pale greenish colour
a
value fermented, is of particular
An
persistenteczema,
as
little coffee
which
Koumiss,
case,
milk, or whey, in
orange-coloured stools three days. But if this symptom a
which
similar
A
whey.
of butter-
of
of urine
morning's milk, or a French or plums, may
milk
the
use
amount
mouth.
then
mineral
which
exhibited
with
coated in
taste
acid
which
symptoms
largequantity
the
putrefactive microbes, large intestine, producing poisonous
disease, such
certain
butter-milk.
of
the external
microbes
a
into curds,
fatty acids, will be prevented from
lactic
the
by
skimmed
separated, and in terial cold, is developed through bac-
leavinga liquidwhey, suitable as a change from the This whey will contain of sugar of milk, and some salts, though with a tendency to constipate; in the
milk,
new "
first
formation
a
tired
attention
later, of the for
Koumiss. alcoholic of the
of
ordinary It
is
a
refreshing
sugar
is used
489
MILK.
and
up,
small
a
of lactic
amount
being produced
Kefyr grains,or fungi,are the Caucasus as acting on
little fat, little casein, and which
constituents
ferment
a
milk.
much
known
milk
Mares'
lactose
to
the
little oil,the middle
Before
these
the vinous
solution,and
hill folk
the
contains
(or sugar
proportions are just the In the production of genuine Koumiss, milk. the lactic acid fermentations side by side ; run produced in the bottles containingthis Koumiss a
the
at
time.
same
of
acid
milk), of
of
in cows'
reverse
the
vinous, and
three ;
the
below
but
layers are uppermost casein.
some
by agitation. Home-made Koumiss be prepared by mixing half a pint of water, half a may of loaf milk, and one ounce pint of butter-milk, four pints of new in a warm sionally place,and shaking it occasugar, leavingthe mixture of for tliirty-six hours. This will make a palatableform from nourishment, especiallysuitable for albuminuria Bright's albuminuria of disease; likewise for the comparatively harmless is independent of adolescence, which kidney trouble, any defective but rather arising from digestion during growth ; such latter illness yields readily to strict milk a diet, with bed. in The rest same beverage will generally overcome is imperfect digestion. Its lactic acid sleeplessness from admirable for supplementing the gastricjuice;and the state of Koumiss vitalityof the fermented greatly assists the digestive use
be
to
are
mixed
processes. unaltered
capable of being taken up readilyinto the system by easy digestion,and such as cannot extract to in any meat be had confess), (as Liebig felt bound of exists in what is known to-day as Plasmon, the albumin with the original salts, phosphates, etc., all fresh milk, and It occurs retained. as a dry granular powder, available for furnishes of preparation. Fresh meat various cuHnary modes essential salts ; but in making an extract and such albumen,
Again, an
of
the
a
that
complete
of salt, and
Moreover, "
as
meat
is the
Plasmon so
it is
salt
residue, which
article of
the
to
albumen,
common
is left in the
dried,
when
much
meat
albumen into
pure
albumen
of
extract
regards
the
that
one
be
added, and
cannot
the
be fashioned
even
remaining unchanged, alleged
to
by adding this residue, But it may be fairlyclaimed milk, not spoiltby any addition
food, not extract.
has
in
its nutritive
integrity.
teaspoonfulof Plasmon
proteidsand
nutritive
organic
represents salts a "
490
MEALS
quarter of free from All
ol best
pound
sugar
noxious
any
fillet of beef,
being at
the
time
same
fat.
and
Milk, whilst
new
regards
a
MEDICINAL.
yet in the
bacterial
animal's
life ;
its newest
microscopicallyat
but
udder, is sterile
when
and
drawn,
state, it
as amined ex-
always, contains
if these
multiply to twenty or thirtyin the field of a one-sixth objective,the Milk is to be suspected. Happily invention is alreadycoming to the rescue, and a vacuum device for the milking of cows is obtaining a wide The use. leucocytes;
some
air within
sterilized
the
fiexible tube
is then
of its ends, and end
other
can,
connected
with
the
is
with
the
of the
teats
withdraws
suction
without
the
least
portion of each watch the working
the
is
cup
to
of this device.
Milk
should
be
white
top of the
for
Milk
glass,which in
first to
colour, yet the
knowing as
a
that
canary,
a
and
few
uses
drops
without
annatto,
or
of either will make
affectingits
taste.
the
Milk
But
the
one
the
apparatus), into
last.
The
operator has
customer
turmeric,
a
This
effect
dating accommo-
saffron,
or as
yellow
latest and
colouringis a coal-tar product (employed also for in modern giving the lovely pink, orange, and violet hues seen and confectionery). This is called by the chemist sweetmeats, sodium di-methyl-amido-azo-benzene-sulphonate,and is of a What well be asked, colour. might happen, may bright orange this if one swallow to were fearfullylong and difficult name, ? well as the sophisticatedproduct it signifies The colour of as is naturally yellow ; likewise by Milk yielded by Jersey cows cows newly turned out to grass ; but the best and richest Milk is of a chalky white colour. Annatto (as employed sometimes for imparting a yellow appearance to the milk) is a dye procured from the seeds of the Arnatto of tropicalAmerica tree ; it is, the In the Southern States there grows fortunately,harmless. milkRue Goat's which is a remarkable (Galega officinalis), producer ; as such the plant is gathered, and cured for making of those elixir. This increases the weight of lean persons, or an lost flesh (apart from who have wasting progressivedisease) than cod-liver oil, being a powerful more effectuallyeven most
favourite
He
the
the
richness. generallya notion that yellowness means be produced easily,and without can by the expense, milkman.
at
udder
the
permits
by
caps
working from
whilst
can
by four
cow
of air from
access
lower
Pure
first exhausted,
(stop-cocksbeing provided
when the
milk-can
MILK.
of nutrition.
promoter from
A
thereof
liquidextract chemists.
manufacturing
our
491
It
be
procured capitally in
can
assists
for mothers. augmenting the flow of breast-milk becomes into curds and Pure, good Milk, naturally converted then it is salutary,and whey, by standing until sour, but even is wholesome. But if boracic acid is used, the souring process arrested injuriously, the milk becoming converted into a tasteless, is apparently mischievous, and quickly-putrefying fluid, which all right as long as kept cold, but when subjected to any degree of heat offensive odour. The gives ofE a very preservatives in for preventing sourness employed by unscrupulous vendors stale Milk acid, borax, boracic acid, and formalin, are salicylic these times Somebeing potential drugs, and destroyers of germs. starch, and gelatine,are used for thickening milk which is to be sold as cream. At one time," says a grimly humorous moral of to-day, the man the^ ate the cream : now they cremate It is to be borne ! man thoughtfullyin mind that cows' Milk, "
"
"
in
whatever
the
form
udder, is
condition
or
other
than
that
"
of
"
from
new
As to incomplete and defective kind of food. borax, if comparaallowing any preservative therewith, even tively safe when in a very limited there is a quantity, danger of getting this to excess, because of its use in several repetitions the then first the at farm, middleman, by altogether; and retailer of butter the next milk, finally, too, in the by kitchen with the bacon, or fish ; and though ; so again likewise in each be amount the small, yet in the case employed may aggregate the total will be harmful, resultingin kidney mischief, whitlow "
of
or fingers,
natural
repeatedly shown induce
to
a
experimented cats
borax
in
preservatives). Of the
end
more
or
the
use
state
for
less.
Of
these
in this way
clearingup
six whilst
of six weeks,
But
one
cats
the
six cats
the
received
no
who
took
others
they
retain
it has
been
is calculated
preservative; received
borax,
survived
five showed
draw with-
has
question. Twelve
four
and
not
Harrington
Dr.
kidneys.
varying amount, the
they do
furthermore,
of borax
of the
selected, of which
were
received
the
cats
on
afiection.
food-substances."
the
that
diseased
whilst,
does,
of
colour
morbid
preferred because
are
salt
as
other
some
chemicals
These
water, the
an
one
to
mischief
six
other died
133
at
days,
done
to
infection
by
kidneys.
Professor
Koch,
of
Berlin, when
speaking about
492
MEALS
bovine
tuberculosis
infection
MEDICINAL.
through Milk,
by poisoned
this
meat
unmistakable, yet tuberculous is consumed
daily,causes
if the
and
tuberculous
so
then
that
course
of
from
milk
have
persons
no
tuberculous
infection
who
for
is
be
in
as
is
Koch
several
doubt
no
widespread
not
received years
had
In
the
south
but garlic,
of
aromatic
is sometimes
Milk
France,
how
is it In
?
the
notices
lous drinking tubercu-
been
harmlessly,and who only discovered it on which had inspection of the cow supplied the morbidly affected. yet they did not become
and
most
of
number
a
milk
and
of
cases
that
bacilli ;
tuberculous
therefrom
Professor
1901
infection
can
eaten
way
that
widespread, and a meat, whereof large amount such widespread infection thereby ; is so harmless, why not equally
There
?
in this
persons
meat
reasoned
the
death
said
milk
flavoured
;
with
likingof the English stomach. A certain Danish is preferred in Holland to soup animal broths in hot weather, this being a thick milk mess. Rinse which to some a plates,or bowls, with hot water soup teaspoonful of vinegar has been added ; pour fresh Milk in at and once, place ; in eight hours this should be put in a warm thick ; serve cold, with brown bread-crumbs, some powdered occurred a cinnamon, and sugar." In the quaint Bdbee^s Booh curious passage Milk, and wine, concerning the relation between then as regarded : herbs
are
to
more
the
"
"
"
Milk
before
Milk
I would
wine
after is
taken
'twere
mine
!
poison'sdaughter."
pretty story (related by Muffet in Health's Improvement, 1655) about Dr. Caius, who built Caius That Collegeat Cambridge : being very old, and livingat that time woman's the milk milk, he, while he fed upon only upon
Pepys
also
(1667)
records
a
"
of
fretful woman,
an
angry, beingadvised did
to
become
so,
Pepys' Diary wine, and,
beverage
take
it of
common
it is told he called out
above
himself
same
;
and
then,
good-natured, patient woman,
a
the
beyond
the
was
all, Bristol
of his
temper
In
"
plenty of brave latter being a rich
stoutlyfor
Milk," this
age."
he
"
famous over Spanish wine, and the whole is drink concocted a kingdom." Again, Milk-punch of new Milk, spirit(brandy, rum, or whisky), sugar, and nutmeg. I don't know," replied Mr. Pickwick (when asked to decide made
of
the
character
of
best
"
as
to
the
a
drink
contained
in
a
small
case-bottle.
494
MEALS
into
thin
a
when
very
gruel.
An
little food "
is troublesome.
MEDICINAL.
egg-white be taken
can
Imperial drink
mixture at
"
will sometimes
time,
a
will
circulation
serve
digestivepowers
take
food, by dry tongue, and
as
other,
any
relaxed
are
will be
necessary
relaxed
bowels, the temperature
if the patient was being persistently high ; particularly in a feeble bodily state when attacked, as in elderly,or subjects. Sound malt whisky, with water, is as good alcohol
certain
a
pulse being small, quick, and if nervous exhaustion is declared by sleeplessness low wanderings of the mind ; or, again, be shown to a s failing, by inability appear
and
tremors,
to
vomiting
supply
bowels
help
falters, the
or perhaps irregular,
if the
or
to
quantity of sugar when allowable ; but if the Alcohol barley-water should be substituted. if the
where
if the
or,
prostrationis
already alcoholic a
of
form
brandy chosen by
extreme,
be preferred. If wine is {genuine Cognac) must preference,or necessity,then old sherry is best because of restorative ethers ; or good, dry, efiervescing champagne,
sickness is present. is found
stout
rheumatic extent
some
long
same
time
is from
exert
the a
delirium
of
drinker
hard
a
particularlysedative
if
bottled
effect.
(sugar of milk) is credited with the dispersionof deposits,and chronic enlargements about joints,to almost marvellous, if steadilytaken day for every
Lactose
an
to
For
its
continuance a
half
suitable
of three diet
months,
is adhered
more,
or
The
to.
whilst dose
the
at
of lactose
teaspoonful twice a day, in water, or milk. rheumatic When gout, with depositsabout the enlarged joints of feet, hands, knees, etc., prevailed as the result of freely or more indulging in alcoholic liquors,a hundred years ago, that the nether limbs of such drinkers so were no longershapely, owed introduced. be said their trousers to have were They may originto old-world royalty,which in those days ate, and especially drank, heavily, and consequently became disfiguredby gout in the their
lower
to
one
limbs.
Then
noted
character, and
to so as personages, of form, adopted the
vindicate
device of symmetry close-fitting pantaloons; to wit, George the Fourth, as Prince land, Regent ; with his brothers the Dukes of York, Clarence, Cumberand well as the French Sussex, as Princes, afterwards
regnant
as
Louis
the
Eighteenth, Charles
Philippe. King Frederick other
William
illustrious personages also .at the time of endless a source
the
the
Third
adopted ridicule
Tenth, and
Louis
of Prussia, and
many
pantaloons,which
were
and
entertainment,
to
MOSS.
Gilray, few
and
other
a
marked
years
in this
country
495
caricaturists return
to
has
garments
of
the
been
Within
age.
the
last
made
of all classes by men shaped closelyfittingto the leg,
gaiters,and particularlyknickerbockers, with hose ; which fact has perhaps a bearing on improvement in the size, and of their legs,by reason of more symmetry eating temperate and in these modern drinking days. as
ICEL"ND,
MOSS, Lichen
The
AND
IRISH,
(CARRAGEEN).
{Cetraria islandica) or
Iceland
is
Moss,
,
of
now
British
growth, being found especiallyin Wales, and Scotland, the first to learn its though most probably the Icelanders were kinds of pulmonary helpful properties. In two consumption this Moss will assist to promote a cure, that with active bleeding from the lungs, and that with profuse purulent expectoration. The Icelanders boil the Moss in broth, or dry it in cakes, which used bread ; they likewise make as are a gruel of it, but the in boilingwater first decoction being purgative,is thrown away. "
An
of the
ounce
Moss
boiled
for
quarter of
a
hour
an
in
will
of thick mucilage, ounces yieldseven which is found also of much use against dysentery. Contained and in the Moss cetrarin, uncrystallizable are sugar, gum, green with phosphate of lime, and potash. The Moss, again, wax, afEords benefit in diabetes, and for generalatrophy. Francatelli Moss Boil four ounces directs for making Iceland of Jelly." of water add in one the juice of two the Moss ounce ; then
a
pint of milk,
Iceland
water,
or
"
lemons, and
perhaps a
half
surface
the
basin, and when
"
bit of the
or gill,
from
scum
into
a
a
set
"
"
making
a
of Iceland of water,
Brawn
an
and
hour
quantity, and decoction,
This
and
Moss
of
Iceland times
let it boil for and
until the
add
Moss in
is
a
soluble
"
Stew
:
some
minutes
fresh water
decoction
has
;
(a been
the
bag cious effica-
more
chemically of starch.
sort
value
"
(and
muslin
a
includes
scaldingwater
cooling becomes boil it again with
on
also
its nutritive
that
several
Moss
of sugar, and remove
ounces
cold, but it is
iso-lichenin,"which
water, bitter-tasting for half
it aside to become
concludes
Hutchison
four
pint of sherry); boil up, ; strain the jellythrough
warm."
eaten
lichenin," and
Dr.
rind, with
is nU.
handfuls
two ;
then
add
reduced
one
pint
off this
pour
pint),and
For
let it boil to
half the
strain jelly; next white sugar-candy until a
the all
496
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
is dissolved ; clear it like brawn strain it
place
it
that
heartburn
Irish
some
of
for
leave
the
Ireland, also Its
dissolves
hour
an
or
water,
six
put it in
egg ; cold
a
out."
chiefly on
the
western north-
English rocky
our
constituent
is
coasts, of
sort
a
boilingwater, this sulphur. The Moss needs water, before being boiled
much in cold
milk.
an
stiff paste in
a
more
or
about
nourishment,
to
on
of
teaspoonful frequently.
a
chief
iodine, and
some
in
use
Take
Hamburg.
which
mucilage containing soaking for
set.
white
dish, and
a
sugar is collected {Carrageen)
Moss
in
may occurs
shores and
half the
again through a napkin into
so
Where
with
It
contains
parts thereof
starchy, heat-giving of
flesh-forming jelly is found to be speciallysustainingto from pulmonary consumption, with an excessive persons suffering hectic waste of bodily heat. The botanical of this Moss name is Chondrus in size,and colour. At crisfus,and it varies much time its cost was half-a-orown for a pound. Whilst growing one in small pools it is shallow, pale,and stunted found ; but when of at the bottom of a big rock, a deep pool, or under the shadow it occurs in dense of rich ruddy purple, with reddishmasses The Moss always needs to remain well washed green thick fronds. for gouty persons, and for by the tide. It is very wholesome those who are prohibitedfrom eatingstarchy foods, as it contains neither sugar, nor of gelatinous, and starch, but a large amount with
It
matter.
milk
as
be
may
cooked
pudding, being
a
with
flavoured
"That Where
for chronic
in what
is
or
so
the
now
sweetened
at
gave
devoted
a
Westminster. the
with The
etc.
baked
or
and
sugar,
iodine
in
its
throat, whilst the Moss
sore
so vex'd by cackle, and by cup; descends, and endless words come Much injur'd Organ !"
wine
is
ago,
stood
there
Fulham
piece of The
Eoad,
ground trees
up:
(See Fruits). a
grove
these
silkworms. produce leaves for cultivating had
blancmange,
throat
MULBERRY.
years
as
lemon-rind, ratafia,
composition is of use medicinally demulcent.
Sixty
one
its
food, whereby
mineral
to
to such
a
of
Mulberry
having been James
custody of them, with
a
house
plantedto
the First
purpose, near flourished, and Charles
trees
(1609)
his Palace the
attached, to Lord
First Aston.
MUSHROOMS.
The
place
time
of
then
was
the
and
John
Mulberry Dryden was
Book
of
red
hke
the
as
Commonwealth
entertainment, for this
known
497
Mulberry Garden.
it became folk
fashionable
for
resort
a
In
pleasant
Spring
forsook
the
Gardens
"
Garden.
Pepys called it a very sillyplace." fond of going there to eat tarts. From the Maccabees learn that the juiceof Mulberries,being we blood, was employed for exciting the elephants of
Antiochus
to
battle.
MUSHROOMS.
The
kinds
numerous
spring up sorts
around be
to
are
of Mushroom
(and
us,
found), do
{Agarics,Boleti, etc.) which
of which
not
possess
hundred
edible
specialmedicinal
virtues
than
more
any
a
three ; nor do those which to come table boast other ordinary fresh greater food value than any vegetable products. Indeed, in some respects they are inferior,
except
and
regards two,
as
their
or
saprophytes, or products of rotting them as vegetation, and decaying organic matter, stamps somewhat food. The behef that Mushrooms ignoble popular kind being described as the vegetable are one highly nutritious beef-steak As less a delusion. or [Hefatica fistidina)is more compared with meat, their supply of proteids,or flesh-formers, is very We have to tell the vegetarianhe must small. consume in order to gain the equivalent at least ten pounds of Mushrooms of a Httle over one pound of prime beef. These fungi,however, fact is furnish an unusual of potassium salts, which amount nature
verj'
as
"
"
much
their
to
Mushrooms, soUds
credit.
As
This
is
be
to
and
strew
Catsup, or thus
concocted them
over
a
spices,and
herbs, the juice which
Mushrooms
thus
treated
with
dined a
week
only For
"
:
of
the
superior (Agaricus
Ketchup (from Lightly bruise
the the
little salt ; then boil with be expressed after the may
salt have
stood
for from
twenty-
Smith, when
a hard-working Sydney of Salisbury Plain, said he often (1798) in the midst with a little Catsup. Once of potatoes sprinkled on a mess from Salisbury,and it was the butcher's cart came over
hours." four to forty-eight curate
constituents
differ very materiallyin kind from With the juiceof the Horse Mushroom
arvensis)Catsup is made. Mushrooms,
dry, solid
they
of meat.
Japanese),
the
to
then
he could
making
obtain
Mushroom
any
meat. "
sauce
:
Wash,
peel,and
stalk
enough 32
498
MEALS
'
button
'
gillsof
two
to
Mushrooms
thickened and
with
stirred
simmer
slowly
stir in four
best
from
one
serve
half
beef
gravy,
to
in the
of teaspoonfuls
very
Mushroom with
season
hot."
Catsup, and
half
a
to
then
;
teaspoon-
if necessary,
salt,and
pepper, for cooking
field Mushroom
The
minutes
twelve
or
Mushrooms
the
Allow
for ten,
sauce
them
previously teaspoonfulsof flour,
half
a
add
has been
which
and
one
and
-pint measure,
fill a
fire tUl it boils.
the
lemon-juice;
ful of and
to
the
over
MEDICINAL.
be
can
harmful readily distinguishedfrom fungus by the fresh any the top disc, by the solidity pink colour of its gUls underneath of its stem, the fragrant anise-like odour which it emits, and the constituents separabilityof its outer skin. The chief chemical of wholesome Mushrooms albuminoids, carbohydrates, and are
mineral
fat, with
matters,
and"
the
From
water.
Spindlespike{Clavaria fusiformis),when
stewed,
a
Golden
sweet
dish
furnishes Our English Agaric,or field Mushroom, ma)y be made. phosphate of potassium, a cell salt especiallyreparative of exhausted tissue, and its energies. Mr. A. Broadbent, nerve of Manchester, be made
teaches
the
from
that
excellent
an
tea
ordinary edible Mushroom
for
invalids
may
{Agaricus campestris)
fat. with much The highly nitrogenous,and endowed in its darkbeef-steak fungus grows on oak trees, and resembles its sapid taste, its animal its brown odour, and appearance, named. after it is which soft, pulpy touch, the commodity Fried in butter," says Dr. Cooke Society), (Royal Horticultural The killed "it is delicious." Roman was Emperor Claudius the Emperor repairedin hope Hither by eating Mushrooms. his health to recover through the temperature of the air, but, with the Mushroomesthat here met contrarily, poysoned him."
which
is
"
"
If
a
onion carefully-peeled
is boiled be
clean-looking,they
out turns
blue,
Strong
black,
or
alcoholic
may they should
drinks
ought
with
with
eaten
be
never
Mushrooms,
thrown to
immediately after eaters (mycophagists) have severe pains,and troublesome water
at
a
meal
comes
;
if it
away.
together with, Experienced fungus
sufferingfrom swellings, through drinkingwhisky
found
themselves
preciselysimilar meal, minus with the whisky, could be eaten impunity by the very Edible if kept uncooked, same Mushrooms, experimentalists. become be sent to table too soon after dangerous : they cannot our ordinary Mushroom (there known being gathered. In Rome and
Mushroom
confidence
be taken
eating Mushrooms.
or
and
; whereas
a
MUSHROOMS.
the
as
wish of
Pratella)is Italian
an
The
Mushroom
funus ago,"
exalted
title
noble
I
the
to
small
esteem
and
;
the
worst
against his foe is that he may die If this specieswere exposed for sale in a Eoman be certainlycondemned by the inspectorof fungi. is styled in general a fungus, from the Latin
can
market, it would "
in very
"
Prateola."
a
held
499
express
cause
death.
a
second
course "
Bromotheon,
a
Nevertheless, Mushrooms the
on
dainty
Caesarean
were
tables, with
fit for the
the
whom
gods," (to
the
since into Emperor Claudius, as they have many the other world.) So true it is, He who eats Mushrooms several times nil amplius edit,' eats no of anything." In every more Mushrooms should be cooked case slowly. Place them very in a pie-dishwith plenty of salt, and butter, adding in some little water other cases a or ; also, if liked, parsley,onion, garlic, The Mushrooms common condimentary herbs. {Agaricus and will take hour and half an a arvensis) campestris, Agaricus after be properly cooked this fashion. Of all animal to and vegetable matters, there are three only which possess the principle of sapidityin the highest cuHnary and viz., gustatory sense, and mushrooms. This is cheese, an meat, sapid principle alkaloid, or a series of alkaloids, which is practicallydesignated usual field Mushroom The as osmazome. {Agaricus campestris) of its at two is ordinarilyeaten growth, one when it has stages just risen from the mycelium, and is small, with its hymen still it is just closed, and then styled a button ; and the other when the expanded, its hymen forming a ring round the stalk, and the expanded spore-bearingridges making a rosy lining to To umbrella. be valuable. Mushrooms should plump at appear
they
sent
"
'
"
"
both
these
stages.
If the
spores
have
turned
black, then
the
over-ripe. Flabby, leathery, fissured, blackMushrooms be avoided. The lined to are poisonous kinds which do not touch the stem, permanently white gills, possess distance whilst a thin ring,or frill, is borne by the stem at some the bottom of the stem is surrounded from the top, and by a For poisoningby noxious loose sheath, or vulva. Mushrooms, Mushrooms
are
antidotes of
the
borders and
downs, habit
injectedunder
the
skin, whilst very
small
given in coffee. PufE-ball (Lycoperdon giganteum hovista)grows
strychniaare The
on
be
can
of
to
doses
be
of
usually on dry
also fields,in orchards, or meadows, occasionallyin gardens. It is so called from
puffingout,
or
suddenly discharginga
cloud
of
the
dusty
500
MEALS
when
shaken,
MEDICINAL.
squeezed,and
spores which
the
is the
Fist hall,foist,fuzz
spores
or
developed
are
has
being
thus
burst
etc.
whilst
; it is edible
in
chamber
yellowish white.
globose, and
smooth,
the
open. ball, EarthpufE,Bovista, Blind
Blindman's-bufi, Devil's snufi-box, then
been
when
This
Harry, young,
When
ripe
a stopping powder makes and wounds. This also a bleeding slight cuts, capital drying powder for dusting on weeping eruptive sores between approximate parts, as the toes, fingers,and arm-pits. When the fungus is burnt its fumes exercise a narcotic effect, with and will stupefy bees, so that their honey may be removed shall take impunity. It has been suggested that these fumes the place of chloroform for performing minor operations surgical with its aid. When and purely white, the Pufi-ball may young,
its fine brown-black
is
capitalapplicationfor
from
be
cut
quarter of an inch thick, and fried in fresh salt, and pounded herbs, each slice being pepper,
into
slices
butter, with first
a
in
stance, egg-yolk. Pieces of its dried inner woolly subwith a profusion of minute snufE-coloured spores, have been for use to staunch Jong an article kept by villagedames cuts, a ready appliance being a piece of Pufi-ball to be bound the wound, left there until healing has taken and over place.
dipped
Sometimes stewed
when in
narcotic
a
full meal
milk, has
efiects have
of the
been shown
Pufi-ball, fried in butter, undoubted
eaten,
evidence
of
or
the
themselves.
discerningthe Beef-steak fungus already mentioned, its pecuUar mode of growth is a sufficient guide. It sticks out from the roots, in a largehorizontal, the trunks of trees, usually near flat,oyster-like shape, one layer above another like a section of For
oyster grotto.
an
very
much
resembles
When the
cooked, ear
of
a
and
laid
out
on
a
dish, it
colossal negro ; if gathered near Coast, this fungus seems already
Bast on our particularly seasoned through its briny flavour. sufficiently By too much stewing these edible fungi lose their appetizing moisture, and of an become leathery; whilst too little cooking leaves them the sea,
consistency,and Truffles(Tuber cibarium)
india-rubber
not
more
attractive
to
the taste.
fungi, but subterranean in the earth, especiallybeneath tubers of an edible sort found beech they are trees, and uprooted by dogs trained for the In Italy these tubers are fried in oil,and dusted with purpose. For epicures they are mixed with the livers of fattened pepper. PdU de foiegras. and heating, They are stimulating, geese in our are
not
502
MEALS
MEDICINAL
indigenoustree throughout England. Filberts are superiornuts for dessert,being free from oil,and therefore seldom disagreeing. In 1897 a number in various parts of Europe made of physicians for
experiments
deciding
of all kinds of Nuts, properties thereof in favouring the use conditions. kind
muscular
asserted
diet ; but
intestinal as
proteid,and in
their
butters
arteries.
elderly persons
finelypounded,
in almost
of
coats
that
liberal Nut
the
that
was
that
so
canal.
every
they
must
be
The
by prepared,which
been
benefited
by
a
more
thoroughlymasticated, pieces may
practicallydevoid
are
composition, and have
be
of diabetes.
case
these
of
special lubricating physicians a
of such
reach hydrates carbo-
sugar, except cellulose, whilst rich in therefore be given with advantage may
starch, and fat ;
Some
hard, insoluble
no
Nuts
and softening,
would
Nut-meats
contain
Nuts
certain
under
capacities
both
of salt, particularly adapted for
the
or
publishedtheir conclusions,
and
fact advanced
One
medicinal
nutritive, and
the
to
as
fatty matter of this
reason
are
fat
'predominates various
Nut-
nutritive
actuallyquiteas
economical ; nevertheless, they ordinary butter, and more not are readily digestedin the stomach, partly because their fat is often rancid, and partly because their structural cellulose is so firm, and close, and compact. as
"
The
sweetest
Such
For a
persons
small
whose
nut-mill,
excellent
a
addition
nut
teeth
made
as
to
are
rind
sourest
As
"
yon
defective, Nuts
for the
stewed
with
hath
nut
is Rosalind."
purpose.
;
like it.
may
be
Grated
ground
nuts
are
in an
fruits ; they are in favour much Hazel Nuts (firstremoving the skin
vegetarians. Roasted thereof by rubbing them when hot) are excellent with bread and The Hazel Nut {Coryllus butter. avdlana) contains an abundant supply of vegetable oil, and is therefore of service (to persons who in cold can digest it) for keeping up the bodily warmth sandwiches weather. Nut are popular in New York, made with brown
bread, buttered, and
cut
in very
thin slices,which
are
then
chopped Nuts. The Chesnut, as already described, is probably of the ehiefest dietetic value Nuts. Evelyn says of them they are among masculine food rustics and for at all of a times, and lusty sprinkledwith
"
better yea,
nourishment or
beans
to
for husbandmen boot."
One
than of
the
cole and witches
rusty bacon, in
'
Macbeth
'
NUTS.
tells
"
of
sailor's wife
503
with
chesnuts
her
lap," who Brazil Nuts munoh'd, and munch'd, and munch'd." (Juvia, or Castanha)are of true use against chronic constipation,and of the piles. One pound of these Nuts will yield eight ounces furnish five ounces of vegetable oil,the residue kernels, which a
in
"
being proteids, and and
taken
even
as
disagree. The of these for
Nuts.
of
fruit
dish
contains
If well
masticated,
meal, they will not four, five, or even eight at
a
When may
of other
ounces
constituents.
principal
a
entire
suet, and
instead
mineral
fat
flour ;
grated they are an excellent substitute for making cakes, and be used puddings, four ounces of the grated kernels to twelve : thus
teaches
Mr.
Albert
of
Broadbent,
Manchester.
Similarly, thirtylargeWalnuts, as
much
fat
lean
beef.
Nut
of
nut
(Walnut).
The
Jupiter
"
Walnut "
; it is also named
Whilst
destroyingvirtues by
three-quarter pounds of moderately is botanicallyJuglans regia, the Royal
and
two
as
;
the shells,will contain
without
Ban
nut, Ball nut, and
unripe this Nat
if
pickled when
Welsh
medicinally
has
it
green,
worm-
make
to
serves
the
vinegar, diluted with water, a capital gargle for sore if slightlyulcerated. The kernel, or inside edible throats, even oil which is not congealed part (minus its skin), affords an and which find useful this account on by cold, painters ; very it proves, further, of service when for some troubleapplied externally of the leprous type. skin diseases Indeed, the Walnut has been justlytermed vegetablearsenic,because of its curative virtues
in
unripe fruit the
and
eczema,
leaves
is laxative, also of beneficial found
are
antidote
to
skin
obstinate
other
diseases.
in thrush
use
whilst
;
likewise
syphilis,as
The
do
the
be cured Obstinate ulcers may green husk, and the unripe shell. with of Walnut with well saturated a strong decoction sugar well kept, and of some leaves. Kiln-dried Walnuts, age, are in old fruit ; to contrast better gherkins, digested than newer which
about
Q-cumbers
:
it
has
been
The
bark,
notable
or
up."
they will W
subsist peasants literally
on
thin, yellow
remedy
humorously In
many
said, parts
Walnuts
for several
skin, which
clothes
for colic, being first dried, and
"
of
Avoid
Germany
months
the
inner
then
stale the
together. nut, is
rubbed
a
into
powder, its dose ranging from thirty to forty grains, with a eat Walnuts To of peppermint water. tablespoonful or two After expressing coughingin some produces troublesome persons.
504
MEALS
the
out
the
oil from is
pulp, which
MEDICINAL.
food
good
for
mineral
mucilage,albumin,
cake
kernels,a
cattle.
whole
Walnut
principleof
emit
aromatic
rich
a
odour of
those (particularly aSected
The
parts should of
strong decoction
a
of the leaves
;
be
for
twelve
to
healing chronic several
leaves, and
the
of
ounces
But, "
Shall
quinces ; and treasuring up
is
much
not
mind's
our
A
green excellent
heart's
fruits,our
best
of more closelyone pulses,reallyresembles being hke these, rich in proteids,and fat, (so that diabetic
a
of Nutrose,
nutriment).
is in the
market
as
same
A
patent
from
prepared
gives residual
linseed
as
way
from years ago, bread made introduced as part of the rations
or
more
army this
after
but
;
bread
It the
Pea-nut
candy candy
strong
it upset the
thought
was
favourable
some
too
was
regime,since
that
better
with
meal
and
Pea
of
reports,
same
nuts, which
it
the
German
decided
was
for
the
who of many be attained by
An
cattle
for
Half-a-dozen, in
concentrated
after the
nuts,
experimentally
was
soldiers
cereal foods.
true
sustenance
Pea-nuts for
the
oilcake.
digestiveorgans success might
other
is to be manufactured "
meditations,
it may be well food, under the name
also, after expression of their oil,furnish in the
in
"
?
moments
spiritualhousewifery
(Arachis hypogcBo),although botanicallyone
Pea-nut
as
Walnut
apricotsand
her
the
used
ounce
black
walnuts,
fruits, her
there
favoured
in its most
in
worthless
"
(one
homely by boiling. his simple story of Rosamund Gray, take such pains in pickling and
housewife
good
the
preservingher
The
Lamb,
Charles
says
with
therefrom
time
teacuplulat a boilingwater).
sores.
day
a
made
a
preserved therein, is an syrup, and preventive of constipation; the nuts become in
boiled
indolent
times
tea
a
tree) for
Walnut
black
washed
half internally,
be drunk
should
of the
nuts, and
bruised by rubbing, slightly of the highest value they are
American
the
diseases, and
curing scrofulous
Niacin,
water.
the
oil,
contain
kernels
leaves, when
The
tree.
These
residual
of the
made
cellulose,and
matter,
juglon,is the active chemical
or
be
can
excellent
manner
as
that
general ate
it.
mixing Pea-nut
cocoa-nut
of Pea-nuts (chopped), and equal measure of white loaf sugar, three-quartersof a pound of each, having them first shelled-,skinned, and chopped the nuts, and warmed Put the sugar in the frying-pan,and stir with the in the oven. until free from back of an iron spoon lumps, and a clear, brown ; stir well, and syrup ; then add the Pea-nuts pour the candy :
Take
an
NUTS.
on
inverted
an
The
baking
For
baking tin, marking it to be greased."
in
into
whilst
squares
liot.
tin is not
brain-workers
Pound
505
Nut
is much
cream
be
to
commended.
mince
almonds, finely,three blanched two of walnuts, and two ounces pine kernels ; steep these overnightin orange, or lemon juice,so as to make a cream ; it should be prepared fresh every and be used with day, may bread instead of butter. when eaten Almonds, by themselves, with
or
two
or
raisins,should
follow
Almonds
mixing
these
first divested
hot
of essential
be taken
should
An
at
a
not
more
meal
by
be
Almonds
oil,and
made
persons of sweet
emulsion
troubles, hoarseness,
than
irritable,
and
grating the blanched the addition of orange-juice, or lemon-juice, well together. The Almonds should always of their skins (which are in quite indigestible)
Bitter
water.
masticated, and
should
is useful in bronchial
tickling cough ; Almonds with finely, be
well
sedentary occupation.
a
it
and
be
of the Almonds
ounces
who
mortar,
a
by
contain
in
a
hundred
parts nineteen
prussicacid present minutely,but
some
still
poisonous. A
while
back
on-Thames,
the "
known
as
service
young, Church
this
English places, notably at Kingstonwithin
Sunday
Crack-nut
Divine
Pine
in many
by being
Sunday," of
many
done
the when
the
without
Michaelmas nuts
were
octave
cracked
was
during old
congregation, both objection on the part
and
of the
authorities.
(Pignolia), gathered from huge trees in Italy,(and each in hard of which two kernels, enclosed petal contains shells respectively, these being very oily,with a distinct Pine flavour,)have their kernels commended by doctors as easy of digestion,and as containing a higher percentage of proteids In than other food of the same nature. England these any kernels are much used in place of Almonds, tons being employed in cooking, and for confectionery. for dessert. Cashew from nuts India, are greatly esteemed acrid oil Their kernels are hard to extract, mainly because an burned the (ardent like vitriol)exists in the shells. When Cashew gives off an odour resembling that of Cayenne pepper. The at
Cones
cleaned a
kernels
are
salted, and
put up in bottles, which
sell
good figure.
From
size,and
South
America
appearance
comes
;
the Butter-nut, which
it is full of
oil,and
is much
is of
imposing
appreciated
506
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
it into make delicious discriminatingconnoisseurs, who from is derived butter sandwiches. Ceylon, Again, Cocoa-nut like and the made from oil, Cocoa-nut, tasting entirely being
by
rancid.
going
never
As
for
substitute
a
butter
many
persons
Nutmeg
comes,
product quite satisfactory.
find this Cocoa-nut
NUTMEG.
The
tree
(Myristicafragrans)from
in the
occurs
Molucca
constitutes
this
as
to
a
name
because
Islands, and
our
part of the
the "
Nux spice is the kernel. the Nutmeg (or Mugget, a
of its aromatic
covering of
which
odour.
"
Moschata diminutive
is the
Mace
dried
which
nut
is of
aril,or
given musk) seed-
the
Nutmeg, being when fresh of a beautiful crimson colour as a fleshy,net-like envelope, and fragrant; it is very used in cookery, and in pickles. There three varieties of are the Nutmeg the male, or the queen barren, the royal, and ; this last, a small, round considered the best. Nutmeg, being A volatile sweet-smellingoil is afforded by these nuts, in the proportionof 6 per cent, which oil is of a warming, cordial nature, comforting for cold, languid indigestion,with flatulence very and giddiness,but when given at all largely it is essentially narcotic. The oil distilled in Britain from Nutmegs is superior Four to foreignoil. to completely Nutmegs have been known sensibilities, paralyse the nervous producing a sort of wakeful "
unconsciousness
for
three
afterwards, and
with
more
after or
a
some
eightdays.
When
entire
less lack
or
taken
to
medicine, the Nutmeg, and
giddiness,oppression
delirium.
A
moderate
dose
days, with any
its
of
of the
for
of
loss
memory until power
nervous
excess,
whether
preparations,
are
the
of
as
a
apt
to
chesty stupor, and
oil is from with
two
to
four
spice, cause
even
drops
relievingdyspepsia ; this is of the made or, spirit Nutmeg, by mixing of the oil with of one and thoroughly some part fortyparts spirit, them half shaking a together; teaspoonful of this Nutmeg is with half a wineglassfulof hot spirit a proper dose, together and sweetened the to taste. water, Against diarrhoea. Nutmeg into hot is very water grated an helpful,proving in mild cases efficient substitute for opium. Old Gerarde Nutmegs says : on
sugar, better
intestinal
distension
than
"
cause
a
sweet
breath, and
amend
those
good against freckles, they quicken
that
the
do
stink ;
they are sight,strengthen the
OATMEAL.
belly,break
the
507
(looseness)."A drink which concocted was ments by our grandmothers for domestic requirewas a Nutmeg tea ; one Nutmeg (crushed)would make pint of this tea, a small cupful of which would produce a sleep of several
wind, and
hours'
stay the laske
The
if needful.
duration, repeatingthe dose
used to carry silver grater, and Nutmeg box, sagacious dames a The nut contains suspended from the waist, on their chatelaines. starch, protein,and woody fibre, in addition to its stimulating Rare Secrets in Pkysick and Chirurgerie, soporificoil. Among
(1653), it is advised
Nutmeg and
into
cut
another
four
in the
stomack."
the
intestines
before oil is
eat
;
of all aromatic
towards
the nut
this
has
breakfast,
a
head, and
the
preserved
they
be
must
prepared
harden.
to
oil of
Nutmeg butter, or An of Mace infusion made with boiling water Nutmegs. good warming drink againstchronic bronchial cough, and
bronchial
asthma
from
in
megs Nut-
for the
carminative
best
the
chemically identical
for
conserves,
purpose
begun
good
preserved
a
at
quarter
a
this is
;
delicious, and
most
but
;
quarters
take
cordial, to
another
afternoon
Perhaps
are
young, Mace
"
as
with
old person. grains,taken two an
is moist
Mace, in doses
Powdered
a
of
three times a day, proves or eight to ten beneficial againstlong-continuedlooseness of the bowels. Lately, the after an Bishop, on Episcopal function in Chester Cathedral, being asked by the Beadle if his Lordship requiredthe Mace any No ; to that functionary'sastonishment, longer,replied,much The concrete take it away, and put it in the rice pudding." oil, able, of a comfortof Nutmegs, is used in making plasters butter or pains, or old stimulating sort, for the relief of rheumatic for sprains; likewise the spiritof Nutmeg is to be commended rubbing in to recover paralysed limbs, as well as for chronic "
"
"
rheumatism.
OATUEAL.
culinary
Foe as
useful
its most
sativa
forms
needs
less
wheat a
medicine
the
products.
But
among
solar the
good reputation. Pliny
vitium
avena
est.
In
furnishes
porridge,and
its cultivated
warmth
to
Nevertheless, Oats
"
Primum are
the
gruel,
this Avena
Europe.
It
grain,than it did not enjoy omnis frumenti
ripen
of old
Romans
averred,
state
of Northern
principalgrain food
sunshine, and
does.
Oat
the
its
most
nutritious
508
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
of all cereals ; they are rich in proteidfood, and in mineral salts, with fat ; the unfortunate also they particularly abound drawback to to
their easy which the
digestionis partly because "
avenin
name
with
many to firmly adherent
"
has
of
been
a
specialconstituent
given, (and
is
so
be
grain separated from the kernel except with much that by the ordinary difficulty ; so methods of grinding too great a proportion of cellulose is left in the meal, this occurring as small, sharp, irritating particles. If the person happens to have sluggish,insensible intestines, then
the
Oatmeal
;
husk
cracked-wheat will then
purpose,
chaff of the
stimulate
to
serves
otherwise
constipation; sore
the
it cannot
agrees dis-
fhe husk
persons), partly,too, because that
which
it teases, and
porridge,or suit better.
makes
other
Whereas
and
them, the
liningmembrane of wheat
forms
the
obviate
to
straw,
for
the
leaves, and
Oat
plant contain alkaline sulphates,these are absent in the grain, where phosphates of high nutritive value abound instead. Crushed Oatmeal is employed for making grud, which has been former Scotchmen here on a fully considered page. boiled, or sufficiently say that in England the porridge is never Stale Oatmeal than properly cooked. porridgeis more digestible acid-formingbacteria are developed any recently made, because which help to soften the cellulose. Rolling the Oats is a modern method of crushingthe grain,and by great pressure rupturing the
cell-walls
so
to
as
break
down
the
cellulose,and
flatten
out
more grains ; they then become readilysoftened by cooking ; indeed, if heat accompanies this rollingprocess, then the grains
the
will be
only for
found
has
the
the
at
the
same
advantage
table, but
time of
it further
This plan not partiallycooked. the subsequent cooking facilitating alters the fat (which is so plentiful
in
Oats) in such a way that it is less liable to turn rancid, or of the grain. By mixing fine Oatmeal to impair the flavour with an flour, a fairlygood loaf can equal quantity of wheaten be made. But little saccharine is contained matter ready very formed in the Oat this make and cannot grain ; light bread, therefore when baked into cakes its more being preferred ; or popular form for eating is that of porridge,where the ground meal is thoroughly softened by boiling,and is improved in taste The halesome by adding salt, or sugar, with a little milk. parritch,chief of Scotia's food," sang Burns with fervid eloquence. Scotch We people revel in their parritch,and bannocks. defy "
"
your
wheaten
bread," says
one
of their favourite
writers
"
;
your
510
MEALS
and
boil for
and
return
MEDICINAL.
quarter
one
into
of
Strain
hour.
an
through
sieve,
a
with little lemon-peel,half a a saucepan, few shredded almonds, and sugar to taste.
the
and vanilla-pod,
a
Add
of fine sago
which
togetherover
the fire until the sago is dissolved. with cream." glassdish, and serve
eight ounces
water, and Pour into
stir all
twice
great
fuel
a
butter
of wheaten
value.
But
for the
bread, and
the
well soaked
it) contains
in
buildingmaterial
much
as
equal quantity
an
or
(cooked without
Oat-cake than
mould,
wetted
a
been
has
Oatmeal
rather
more
bodily repairas
has
for
in cold
almost
twice
as
cooking requiresto
soften the cellulose. thoroughly boiled, so as to sufficiently is prepared by merely stirring into Oatmeal Brose," which The boilingwater, is not a proper food for delicate stomachs.
be very "
"
"
Stir-about
dripping,or frying-pan. and
which
former
times
together,and
With
ourselves
Oatmeal
skin
seldom
not
stirred
is
eruptions by
Oatmeal,
was
fat, mixed
found
is
English
bacon
provoke
to
apt
of
"
its
about
in
a
frequently heating, avenin principle, "
similarly afEect horses
to
and
when
Whereas liberally suppliedwith Oats. though carefully porridge, with the digestionpretty often, yet it can prepared,disagrees Make in to prevent this : be modified a porridge of Oatmeal but the usual particularlythick, indeed, a pudding manner, it is still hot than rather a (at 150" porridge; then, while add some Fahrenheit, or thereabout) in the saucepan, dry maltflour (equalto from an eighth part to a quarter of the Oatmeal "
used) will
occur
then a
;
the
result
often
flour
water,
husk
goes
into it,when
dry flour, instead
the
porridge,much
When
been
dry
like added
acts
thin
the
stir this
;
by
to
the
the
been
has
and
name
the
cook's astonishment."
entirely removed of
"
will
As
sometimes
an
counteract
this energy
or,
if the
urination urine
on
grain has
Oatmeal
will
frequent,with cooling; acid
disquietingfermentation tea, given in small quantities, troubles when occurring
with
these doctors
;
Oats, then
from
"
obtained.
in the
offset,Oatmeal
spontaneously.American Oats
groats
thus groats are bladder irritable,and
copiousdepositof phosphates is further provoked, indigestion food.
transformation
thickening the mixture, the pudding-mess into
converts
a
of the
of
crushed, Emden make
curious
a
prescribea
spiritof wine, as a remarkable a being particularlyhelpfulwhere with
is the result of exhaustion, and
tincture nervine
made
restorative,
deficiencyof
is denoted
from
nervous
by restlessness,
OATMEAL.
511
lack of vigour all round. and A yeast poultice, sleeplessness, made O atmeal into the grounds of strong beer, is a by stirring capital cleansingand healing application,to languid,sloughing sores.
A
useful
"
food
is Oatmeal preparation for costive persons Parkin Take : one pound of Oatmeal, a quarter of a pound of butter, one pound of treacle (the old-fashioned sort),a quarter of an of pepper, the same of crushed of ginger,the same ounce of soda, and seeds, half a teaspoonful of carbonate a caraway Eub the butter into the Oatmeal quarter of a teacupfulof milk. ; the treacle, and add it ; also the rest of the ingredients; warm and lastly add the soda dissolved in the milk ; then mix all thoroughly together. Grease a square tin, and into this put the "
mixture
"
;
bake
for
one
and
half hours
a
and
;
cut
cold
it when
into
squares." Porridge with Plums, and Turkey with Chine," said the in Oli Art of CooTcery (1708). And Mortality (by Sir Walter Scott) Mrs. Wilson pronounces, They're gude parritchenough if ye I made wad them them but tak time to : mysell." sup Wheaten For concocted of whole take two meal, a porridge tablespoonfulsof this meal, smoothly mixed with one teacupful of cold water into a saucepan ; then put a pint of water ; when it boils stir in the mixed meal, and boil for ten minutes, stirring "
"
"
all the
time
;
placethe
next
porridge slowly
for
half
saucepan
Quite recentlya leadingdoctor diets, has expressed himself
which who
of
curse
Scotland,
acquiresa likingfor
partake of Oatmeal,
bodily toil little with
;
and their
those
"
take
cannot
cook
the
indigestionafterwards. in London,
far
so
goes
and
the
it."
There
those
doing
who
muscles.
find Oatmeal a quarrymen, to the second division,the
work The
porridge
Oatmeal
who
in specialist
is a
stronglyagainst Oatmeal He
digestivepowers.
hob, and
the
hour, stirringoccasionally." This
an
with those persons who will agree without sufferingdiscomfort, and
of poor it the
on
curse
with
to
as
of
"
say,
every
for persons I consider
community
hard
classes of persons labour with manual
their
brains, but
are
two
first division, such
as
do
only
Scotch
good enough article of food ; but people who live in towns, and who with their brains, and are ances, work troubled with digestivedisturbOatmeal is little short of a poison. The average diet town thereof of meat, potatoes, and bread, will supply such consumers with more infinitely proteid,and phosphates, than they can
512
MEALS
obtain
Englishmen who attempt be a feelingof such may is felt to
During
wanted
be
hour
an
at
and
continues, but
with
and
Oatmeal,
from
MEDICINAL.
a
then
much
eat
to
the
Oatmeal,
time,
for
or
two
hours, the
begins
the
presence
immediate that
ever
half, or
effect food
more
long afterwards.
so
of entire
sense
of
no
For
discomfort
satiety in
the
keep swallowing saliva ; moreover, there a feelingof false hunger, with disquietude; supervenes series of symptoms, chronic which a by repetition,becomes Another catarrh of the organ. disease, too, caused commonly by is appendicitis, avenoliths Oatmeal or (Oat-stones). Again, it is is also responsiblefor much fact that the eating of Oatmeal a the working classes, especiallyin Scotland, drunkenness among since Oatmeal, as all acknowledge, produces a dry mouth. What termed the Boston stomach is occasioned meal has been by Oatwith
stomach,
desire
digestiveeffort.
satisfaction
extreme
the
less
the
to
"
"
Canada,
in America,
Scotland
and
this has
;
transformed
into martyrs to indigestion. healthy persons of the English roll takes the place in Scotland The bap It is a big, rather flat, spongy of flour and at breakfast. mass browned all over, wholesome being appetizing, and water, ; after being first boiled, and turned whilst plain Oatmeal, sour of beaten is called Flummery. Take a good handful jellied, hundreds
many
of
"
"
"
put it into
Oatmeal,
strain it
then In
most
through it will
cases
bread,
flour, or
or
a a
quart of water, and boil it half away sieve, and let it stand by for future uses. better
serve
than
even
thicken
to
eggs
so
;
than
sauce
"
A
says
Thousand
;
grated Notable
Things. "
when Then
"
Meal-Monday
was
really nourished
learning was the
institution
an
studentS;
before
make
to
there their
leaving
with
Universities, provided themselves "
"
halesome
of
a
half
parritch
Scotland on
whiles
ago, little Oatmeal.
a
for the frugal homes cient supply of Meal suffi-
through
the
Session.
"
"
Meal kists had low, and run January their a expected day off was given them, on which the student was to journey half-way home, meeting at this point his parent, had load of this brother, who or brought with him a second fixed on a was simple fare. The holiday for such a purpose Monday, so as to allow the undergraduate the benefit of the extend Saturday preceding ; since his journey would sometimes student to fifty,or sixty miles. Nowadays the modern goes
By
the
end
home
of
"
"
for
"
Meal-Mondav
"
with
"
a
week-end
"
ticket
bv
rail
ODOURS
AND
513
PERFUMES.
toilsome thought of the difficult, trampings of his ancestors. Sydney Smith and his associates,on first startingthe (1802), proposed as its motto Virgil'swellEdinburgh Review
having
no
known
line "
avend
" "
from We
first ^neid
the
cultivate
literature
"
Tenui
"
on
a
spare The
"
Ashburton's house, Carlyle, at Lord sight of Macaulay's face in unwonted
meditamur
musam
diet of Oatmeal."
Grange," caught
turning the homely the pages of a book. over find everywhere in the Western Norse features that you Isles, that you're an and I thought to myself, Well ! anyone can see of Oatmeal.' out Sydney honest, good sort of fellow, made repose as he I noticed," said he,
"
was
"
'
"
called
Smith end
England,
of
During the
"
Scotland
garret of the earth, that knuckleof Calvin, Oat-cakes, and Sulphur."
that
land
that
the Commonwealth,
Dissenters
to
the Book
of Common
AND
ODOURS, "
:
God
Prayer.
PERFUMES.
given us wit, and flavour, and brightness,and perfumes,to enliven the days the his pained steps over and charm to of man's pilgrimage, odours the reverse) That or specific (fragrant, burning marie." and efiects (particularly exercise medicinal as regards meats can Likewise (as drinks) on the health of the body, is undeniable. this be health stated elsewhere) can remarkably preservedby drinks and from the garden of fruit wholesome, fragrantdishes, Smith
Sydney
declared
given by
the nickname
Porridgewas
has
laughter,and
"
trees, all the
years."
"
Such
are
both
alimentall, and
physicall ;
health, discharging the body preserve diseases. This they do seeds of many of the beginnings,and of the body ; secondly, in severall respects : first,by the organs they
by
cure
the
disease, and
afEections
of the
minde.
The
sweet
perfumes
of fruits
but spiritsfor their refreshing ; Sweet, meat, and drink act by ambages, and length of time. to health, and and healthful ayres are speciallpreservatives much to be prised. Is the curative therefore part of physick so worthy, and excellent as the preservativepart ? It's better stand to fall, and rise again ! Physicians." fast, than to mine draw in more writes opinion, use, might, Montaigne, often For have than doe. odours and good from myselfe they their strength,and qualitie, they perceivedthat according unto and worke spirits, strange change, and alter, and move my work
immediately
upon
the
"
"
"
33
514
MEALS
effects that
in
which
me,
the
and
rouze,
readier
it, I would have
to unto
can
I had
the savour, observed in the
Charles
the
service
of the and
meet,
to
Fifth.
His
viands
seasoned
sumptuously
so
the
with
duckets
his meats.
And
chambers, round
was ; which when they
but
about
all the
and
As
!
carved
were
of
his
aromaticall
when
remarked recalls the
breath
sweet
of the
as conjunction with cows is believed which by many,
in
of disease."
curative
the
writing about
To
especially in our day Emperour
was
booke
only
"
cooking dining streets
with
Gardens, has its fine scent
which
in the
rest
truth,
effect Mrs.
same
the
and
odour
an
at
the
one
exceeding odoriferous, a long time after."
an
"
and
to
of
manner
Cowslip, that
cow,
and
of accompt,
amounted
in Flowers
they sit perhaps
the
it
Pallace, and
continued
which vapour, Quite of late Dr. Forbes Watson,
and
strange odors
not
up,
of
cookes
King of Tunes, who enter-parleywith the so were exquisitelyfarced, odoriferous sweet drugs,
replenishedwith
it, were
apter,
judge
to some
temper
their ordinarie
roomes
be the
skill which
his found spices,that it was upon dressingof one peacocke, and two fesants
hundred
in
better
aromatical the
saying
common
might
we
rellish of their meats
and
Naples
at
part of the
my
curiously season,
so
with
landed
of
purifieour senses, so that contemplations. And,
that
who
the approve incense, and perfumes me
Churches, so far dispersed throughout all nations, and so a regard to rejoyce,to comfort, to quicken, speciall
had religions,
and
makes
invention
ancient, and to
MEDICINAL.
breathes
pasture, and be
to
actually
Catherine
Crowe "
that the us (in The Night Side of Nature, 184:8)has reminded which are quite disturbing effects of odours on some persons, have noticed innoxious been to others, must by everybody. in almost do die of aromatic Some a rose pain." actually people that each It has been pertinently,though coarsely observed, "
man's
bed
own
accustomed chandler tallow
to
smell sends
does
not
smell
its characteristic those
forth
when
odour.
horrible, and
is not
be
Neither
does
pernicious fumes
it is melted. thereto
himself, because
to
But
let any
a
he
tallow-
that
other
is
old
person
things, and they Statistics compiled from will prove highly offensive." reports of inspectors of scent factories, as well as experiments made of the lower animals, especiallyfrogs,have proved u^on some of late that not the more only the stronger scents, but even subtle, and delicate perfumes of fragileflowers, are capable of who
accustomed
strong
near
such
ODOURS
AND
producing fatal
efiects
blossoms
is not
only
the
thereof
scent
even
PERFUMES.
where
with
perfumes, as in a closed capable of absorbing to some A
blood-red those
to
spots,) is quite sufficient who
weak,
are
air is
the
extent
lungs, when heavily charged
to
skin is
which
system
Gethsemane,"
has
to
a
large.
at
from
extreme
cause
especiallysensitive
or
whole
vapour,
nervous "
of odorous
power and
night,the
at
room
nose
the
the efiect upon lilies (Arum, or
full of Easter
vase
the
through
is inhaled, but
decidedlybenumbing
The
man.
upon
exerted
515
its
distress
such
subtle
mysterious influences. "These
are
God's
Easter
lilies.
They grow at Passion-tide, They are the Angels' trumpets. Whose harps are laid aside. White-throated
Arum
Through
the
The
blare
The "
There
is
class
one
you
of
shout
of
lilies.
Easter of
is borne
news
;
bugles.
Easter
!
morn
women,"
says perfume, and
a
"
"
writer,. who
recent
perforce forego the beauty of flowers, them as they would poison, and these are the singers. of efiect upon Any flowers strong fragrance have an immediate the voice, particularly A Violet-scented violets." atmosphere," it is observantly suggested, makes those who are persons surrounded afiectionate,and peaceby its influences, religious, of lovable nature are loving." Women always fond of Violet finds its admirers perfume. Again, the fragrance of Roses that of warm-hearted, imaginative beings ; whilst among of dainty, neat, and Heliotrope has its devotees among persons rather unassuming dispositions, who dislike fuss, or notoriety. must
eschew
"
"
"
"
Lord
Bacon
commended
garden-walks,and Claret, less
so
as
to
pouring "
recreate
the
into the
liftinga each sense
turf
or
two
in
your
of the
bottle of a spaces of smelling, this being no
gratefulthan beneficial." Boyle said that in his time many physiciansavoided giving drugs to children, having found that external applicationsto be imbibed sufficient. by the skin, or by respiration,were Sir Charles Bell told me that Mr. F., a gentleman well known in public life,had only to hold an old book to his nose to produce all the efiects of a cathartic. Elizabeth Okey was oppressed with most whose frame near a painful sensations when person
516
MEALS
sinking.
was
Dr.
"
this effect
Whenever
observed
Elliotson
MEDICINAL.
that
of
was
certain
a
died."
patient always
the
intensity
first brought into perfumes of the East were Western more Europe by the Crusaders ; and no treasures were valued by the mediaeval lady than these, for it was thought of in which Oriental that the women fragrance atmosphere of preserving their beauty. But the means lived was the use in England until the time of Queen of perfumes was not common Elizabeth from then introduced ; it is probable that they were abroad Immediately, these cosmetics by the Earl of Oxford. and fragrances captured the fancy of the Queen, and her ladies, in Egypt that their use so spread through the island. Not even were costly,or more perfumes more popular than during her time. The
famed
of ladies of fashion
In the bedrooms
odorous
cakes
were
thrown
into
fragrance; cosmetics were coffers containingperfumes were
candles
sweet
the
fire in order
burned
were
kept in costly scented suspended about the
with
boxes
;
rooms
of scented
kind
their
;
air
fillthe
to
sweetness gradually give out ; a of the most used to perfume the breath ; and one lozenge was recent the scented glove. Nowadays popular devices was science is returning to the old belief,that scents and perfumes medicinal exercise health-givingproperties. Perhaps," says in claiming modern the Orientals were not doctor, one wrong enhanced that the sagaciousemployment of scents beauty, and ciple prinprolongedlife." Dependent thereupon is the self-protective Eastern which so many plantsand herbs employ, by diffusing so
as
to
"
"
around
themselves
repels the
vaporous solar tropical rays
of
aroma
a
;
likewise, it
so,
explainedby science, before the Judge when
volatile
which
scent was
former
a
of
warding ofi infection by into court prisonerscame placingRue straightfrom foul dens ; as also at funerals by carryingRosemary from the corpse ; or, again, of keeping against possibleharm linen sweet therewith well as as by storing Lavender by ; revivinga faint person with the smell of burnt feathers, and by nullifyinga catarrh of the head with antisepticsmellingsalts. custom,
now
It cannot a
keen
which
and
be
doubted
subtle
that of
sense
smell, much
majority of persons can trainingwill marvellouslyimprove
for
the
instance. Oil of Cloves
eighty-eight
thousand
of
can
water
animals
most
exercise. the
human
be
detected
by
trained
are
in
endowed
advance
But,
with of
the
none
faculty of with men
one
;
as
that
less,
smell
part
;
in
likewise
518
MEALS
remedially
MEDICINAL.
This person. effect. Hempel
about
tie
stimulatingsexual
has
scent
of
tells
decidedly
a
robust
a
man
(lost for four previous years through recovering virile powers for his employer. The a severe chill)by grinding up Musk In like efiect. has a perfume of the Civet Cat (Viverra civetta) of the lungs,leading aged persons attacked with inflammation heart of the to strength, with threatened rapid exhaustion is of splendid service, though of itself a costly failure,Musk medicament.
grains of genuine with
syrup,
Musk
of
urgency results.
excellent The
case,
buildingin
little old-fashioned
form
of
twelve
to a
mixture,
ing givingfrequent doses accordand obtainingtherefrom very
gum,
the
nine
from
in the
up
Warwick
world
in the
Perfume
of
manufactory
famous
most
made
mucilage of
and
the
to
physicians used
old
The
Street, London, invented Co.," who
is
a
the
"
the Royal Perfumery of Messrs. Bayley " Ess famous Bouquet, as used by George the Fourth at a State Ball ; their flower farm is at Byfleet. Deer fat, or purified then beef suet, is melted the picked flowers are by steam, immersed therein for forty-eighthours ; the fat is strained off from
these, and often
process "
otto
"
;
fresh flowers
enough
alcohol
for
fat
the
is next
volatile
Bulgaria. Ambergris
is the
fat is cut
liquid is afterwards
be
can
the
had
come
earliest
sufficient
absorbed
have
to
added, and
flakes ; the perfumed The best Eoses which
in it,repeatingthe
substituted
are
into
which
fine
distilled off.
Roumelia,
from
scent
up
was
and
known.
perfume is Ess Bouquet, which is actually of many flowers wonderfully blended an essence together. As be now made to scents, the can artificially majority of them of the colouring matter from coal tar ; the perfume, and even the flowers, which are poeticallysupposed to form the basis of the various scents, are now easilyreproducedchemically from this coal tar, and its aniline dyes. In fact : The
King's favourite
"
"
The Have
Such
sweet
scents
flowers
that
nothing as
to
bloom do
with
Acacia, Attar
in
the spring, tra-la ! case."
the
of Roses,
Lavender,
New-
of Apple and Pear, also many Hay, Wood-violet, Aroma other perfumes,are readilyproduced ; also for flavouring uses Vanilline crystalsare to be made coal tar, instead of being from got from the costly Vanilla bean, the chemical constituents of mown
both
the being identically
same.
519
OILS.
OILS.
For
medicinal
whether
effects several
animal
or
"
Neat
bulls, says
of the
and
cows,
playfully:
again, in
We
down
the
of God."
man
as collectively,
taken
genus
for such
about
Shakespeare,
in
be neat
must
not
neat, but
yet the steer, the heifer, and
Are
all called
Cmsar
the
oxen,
Winter^s
Tale,
animal or
oil is
cleanly.Captain the
!
calf
neat." :
As
feet,
;
And
men proper Neats' leather
such
heifer,is admirable
fat, oily
bovine
calves.
Julius "
Another
culinary form,
"
"
And
the
tells in his Seasons
little,round,
A
cattle
are
Oil, from
Thomson
purpose.
a
volatile.
wasted persons nutrition. Neatsfoot a
in
used
are
Likewise vegetable, fixed, or oils can be beneficially rubbed into the skin of through long illness,or atrophied by defective
animal,
certain
oils
"
as
ever
have "
trotters, of
trod
gone
Trotter
upon
upon
my
handiwork."
Oil," obtained
sheep, or
calves.
The
by boiling closer
the
the fats, or oils,taken as food, and the fat similaritybetween of a person's body, the more readily is the dietetic fat or oil Sir Henry Holland absorbed, and utilized for the bodily wants. the practice of anointing the harsh, dry skin of advocated sort oils,those of a bland animal dyspeptic patientswith warm The yolk of egg, the livers being preferablefor the purpose. in of poultry and fish, and the brains of animals, all abound Gilbert White tells that oil is extracted from oily matter. in Kent Cockchafers are by boiling these creatures, which with such view. Cod-liver Oil is collected by the labourers as a typical fatty aliment for universallyknown, and valued in whom the waste by hectic fever, and consumptive persons, All the vital constituents often by other bodily losses, is excessive. of bile are comprised in Cod-liver Oil ; but the essential subtle force residingin its is due to a action thereof curative inmost be
centre, the
better
relished
Liebig's Extract
"
very
if of
and principle,
factor
of life."
It may
with the oil,or catsup is mixed bromine Meat. Iodine, lecithin, and
some
some are
oil,togetherwith glycerine,resin,margaric acid, therapine,oleic acid, coleine, salts of lime, potash, and constituents
of
this
520
MEALS
sodium.
It is of
afiections of of the
skin.
should
be
which
are
great service
children, and "
Only
alcohol
for
food
a
likewise
banishingall
oil,"as
diseases
strumous
it is termed
in
Norway,
from the fresh livers reliably retains stewing; it pertinaciously
(togetherwith
oils)embodies is a particular perhaps therefore
fish
other
some
of
cholesterin, which in bile-making, (and to be
amount
concerned
in scrofulous
is extracted
pressed without
considerable
a
as
medicine
used, which
fishyflavour, and
a
MEDICINAL.
suggested curativelyfor restoringglycogen-producingenergies to
diabetes).
This
also in the
occurs
fat of certain
animals.
land
and agreeable,
An as
liver in
the
the
at
food, is embodied
a
of fish oil,
form beneficial,
time
same
in the contents
Sardine
of the
box
in
now
Genuine Sardines from the Mediterranean, as general use. often small imported from Spain, Portugal, and France, are Californian is Sardine pilchards {Clwpea filckardus). The delicate fish must These be as fresh as possible Clupea sagax. first handled when beheaded, and gutted,and allowed ; they are salted ; wooden slabs overnight after being slightly .to remain on next day they are salted again, and allowed to dry ; they are in olive oil,and put into wire baskets to drip. The then cooked such
cooking is
six minutes
five, or
oil
soldered
then
are
being due,
found
in
of
as
it is
of the
have
been
hath
Without
doubt
not
good
many
more
boxes than
the boxes
time
second
by
prized. Occasionally a
"
:
commeth
termed
the
too
the
"
much
more
sprats are
of Gonzalo
sayd increasyng
therewith
such
a
that
it."
the
: preservation
Treatise
also
cauled
scene
with
before
When
brought into fashion been
arranged in
a
ago, in the
fyshes
kept unopened a
cooked
are
Sardines
record
not
they have
When
possible;
as
ofi ;
come
preserved in oil may be discovered, chromogenic bacillus which is then
Long there
fish has
is
a
close
most
these
the
properlyprepared,and of Sardines
the
smaule
it that
beleve
this delicate
are
on
commeth,
sea
is said to
they
all harmful.
at
multitude
and
said,to
occurred (15-35),
the
wolde
packed
largenumbers
it is not
Oviedo
are
of the Sardines
red coloration this
;
down,
scales
this oil is worth
barrels
Sardines
Small
steam.
cooking.
the
they
the
tables to be
placed on
are
dipped from
the fish,therefore
if it is overdone
;
suffice for the
cold the fish
become amid
nice process
a
man no Sardynes Sardine The preserved by Henry the Fourth
Manna
of the
;
If
sea."
salt,the longer the tin
mellow
do the fish become.
put up in tins with oil
as
521
OILS.
Sardines.
The
abundance
of
oil,together with
incorporatedfishfor consumptive
Sardines products, make especiallysuitable and for other wastingillnesses, patients,also for diabetic sufferers, The small fish are do not rebel. provided the digestivepowers nicest for "
thus
eating,and
the
lawyer
food,
such
on
"
cabbage."
find
may
biscuits, while
some
appreciatedbest by
are
and
feast
a
in
the field labourer
would
would
eagerly
Sardines
look
therefrom
turn
Sardines, with
of
box
a
appetites;
delicate
with
contempt
fat
pork, and
to
the supply to the brain-worker material he needs ; likewise the pork and cabbage to the labourer, the heat and which of he Dunn, expends." Mr. energy in Cornwall, first proposed the preparation of Mevagissey, in Sardines this country, but for a long time they were not very popular. Only sixty years ago, a grocer in Brighton had a small quantity on hand for three years, without being able to find a It ordered in the first London was purchaser for them. for use the Pharmacopwia, 1618, poor," that oil of among Swallows {Oleum Hiiundinum) should be employed externally can
"
for
the
of
cure
boilingdown wine, the
young May butter.
stifiened
Of
when
mixed
being
favourite
lower
foods
Oil is
a
bowel.
E.
thereof
pulp
all other
of the
passed.
; this
is
capital
a
rehshed
was
Pharaohs.
of
a
chieflyused medicaments. two
Genuine
this
for
of
all the
Olive
and fixed
pulp,
and
nearly oils. is
insoluble
Virgin oil
superior to
a
taken
trouble, advised
Accordingly a full days later a handful
Olive
inodorous, insipid, pale yellow,or unctuous to the feel, inflammable, water,
is
oleic acid
The
Oil
is
the
not
fresh
capable
in alcohol runs
;
dose of
expressed from and
good,
viscous greenish-yellow,
with
and
injectedinto the asked Austria, when by an patient sufferingfrom gallstones,
Olive, being,when
common
Swift.
or
slightlylaxative, flatulency. Castor Oil
of
administered, and
was
gall-stoneswas the
he
thus
be
of the faeces if
Moraweck, behalf
that
hope
would
Olive
the
by
herbs,
it is
of the
powerful solvent
remedy
Oil before
supplied by
times
the
Swallow
the
made
certain
with
sufferers
Egyptian salads
the
English physician, on OUve
of
disagrees ;
in the
Dr.
what
jointsof
it obviates
salad
a
adjunct to
of Olive
that
be
to
was
ordained
was
those
butter
in
other
It
as
oil
in oil,together with
distorted
vegetable Oils,
substitute
with
and
lithesome
as
This
Swallows
and
made
rheumatism.
of
it is
an
Hquid,
combining the lightest
spontaneouslyfrom
expressed oil, which
is
the more
522
MEALS
coloured, having to be stored lor
less turbid, and
or
MEDICINAL.
and depositits impurities,
time
a
so
as
clear.
become
Nowadays most of the so-called Olive Oil is reallyCotton-seed Oil purified. For Olive Oil a proper mild temperature is essential to keep it good. If frozen in the flask during winter, it must ation considernot on any be placed near the fire, because a forced or in a heated room, to
temperature will
turn
thawing
into warm,
In
of ulcerated
cases
oil rank
such
any
after first
hot, water,
not
stomach,
it should
;
contraction
or
be
put for
drawing the
cork.
of its further
outlet
before meals wineglassfulof Olive Oil taken severe pain which otherwise follows on eating; and with most patients the accompanying dilatation of the stomach disappears completely. From eight to nine ounces in all every taken should be thus day. In two instances this tried as an plan of treatment, when absolutely last resource before operation,yet proved successful ; and the patients, who had become reduced to a shadow, began forthwith to regain
(the pylorus),a will prevent the
flesh,insomuch
Among exercise
bath. and
the
This
the
skin with
fats
of
without
useful
for
are
meat,
sweat
a
the
increased
by
If occasion
as
and
milk.
Cocoa
will
keep
Boards
obtained
butter for
arises
when
dose
a
and
in view, an purpose guise of palatablefood
the
is well
well-browned
whole
so
mingle
tasteless
or as
gravy to
dip
or
it is
therefore
found
less
twenty
specially mentally experi-
by microbes,
sanction
its
use.
ments instrucutting surgical
toast, ;
add
produce
an
of
Castor
Oil
or
method
of
aught
givingthis
worth
knowing. pie-crust,with
pepper,
salt, and
aromatic, and
to
seems
appropriate than
more
ancient
meat-extract,
:
as
contains
fifteen
of Health to
for the
of
Oil,
incisingthe flesh.
incontestablyneeded,
two
active
Both Olive capitalresolvent. capable for affordingnourishment
several
into oil before
then
rowing,etc., the
a
old custom
an
cured.
the best preventive is boils, when little sweet (Olive)Oil after the morning
acid reaction
that
Formerly
the
ducts
showing any has been making pastry. The same admirable an antisepticagainst infection
insomuch
or
almost
were
athletic contests,
butter, and
true
days
they
induces
butter,
than
water
the
is, moreover,
Cocoa
are
of
sometimes
to anoint
months
two
trainingfor
men young stimulation
unusual
within
that
Mix
else
under a
slice
strong
some
herbs, and
flavoursome
of Castor dose Oil therewith your the administer combination sort), and
be
heat
dish ;
(choosing the at
a
hungry
528
OILS.
without
moment,
describingit the
as
induced
between
the
plan
mouthfuls
disgustingthings which
the
character, but
merely ordered. By knowing it,
has
doctor
patient may, without Oil with avidity, and
a
that
previouslysuggested,and
medicinal
which
Castor
take
to
dish
meat
a
of this
adoption
be
revealingits
such
refused he
declare
to
perhaps
Oil
(which has been with aversion) is one could, and
never
of those
will take
never
!
"
the Oil of Sorrow." Carlyle called Castor Oil With of the Samaritan in the Good regard to the Parable New of the Testament, pouring Oil and wine into the wounds traveller by the wayside, it has been pointedout that the words "
"
of the '
"
signify
text
wine.'
Oil, and
he bound
"
In
appliedthe bandage remain
soft, and
Galen)
than
more
Samaritan
Good
the
as
in,
not
he
the
Such
parts.
(as
recognized therapeuticsof later
century
a
words,
other
cleanse
the
were
wounds, pouringon,
it it, to make kept pouring Oil upon while adding wine prevent it from stiffening,
stimulate, and
to
his
up
on
know
we
the
past
from whilst
;
paste combining these
a
two
popular pharmaceutical preparation. Friction of old bruises, and painful chronic swellings,with Olive Oil, in conjunction with some warming spirit,is a long-established where In domestic the remedy. peasant speech of Devon, liquids was
swollen said
a
neck-glands "
Aw, poar httle blid
:
an' I've
be down,
Oil
Olive
boiling oU,
leavingit
and
This
process in which the
differs
from
adhering to
frying produces
True
albuminous within
of
three,
the
surface
the
surface, is thus
substances
so
about
at
the
four
or
pan
of
of the
minutes.
frying, preventing
shallow
coagulation that
hindered,
of
so-called
means
a
an' Oil."
into
usual
instantaneous
an
proteids on soluble
for
there
curls
waxing
frying,
substance
it
hear
may
well ; 'er wi Arts'orn
for
the entirelyfrom regarded merely as
fat is
substance
the
back
um
suddenly plunging the
Fahr'-'
350"
very
medium
best
the
waxing curls," one
; 'er idden
bin rubbin'
a
is
"
called
are
any
of
escape the whilst
pan. the from side out-
high (as with fish, for example) that food is practicallycooked the throughout its whole thickness inferior fats almost immediately. At high temperatures some temperature
is
so
develop fatty acids, which An
of to
the whom
English
citizen
White
House,
he
are
being
was
York,
New
remarked,
trying to
"
What
conducted
a
feeble round
by an American a large number
digestion. the galleries gentleman, of
portraits
524
MEALS
"
have here ! you " in of-lact way,
"
MEDICINAL.
guide, in
Yes," said the
America
generallyput
we
dry,
a
our
matter-
of
men
note
tinned Sardines. they were By the first London PharmacopcBia, 1618, an Oil of St. John's It ordered to be made. Wert {Hypericum perforatum), was This oil prepared a speciallybeautiful red colour. possesses and from the plant-tops is highly useful for healing bed sores if It has a particular virtue for allayingspinalirritability ulcers. rubbed the the "
if
oil," speaking just as
in
into the back
The
bone.
fingersyield a brightred juice,so title of (Sanguis hominis,)human in
Medicamentum
its curative
intus
mansA
bruised
when
flowers
the herb
that
obtained
Furthermore,
blood.
"to
sumendum
has
between
be
chewed
it is for
effects.
Oil of Cod-liver supplementary to the commendation the facts respecting for consumptive patients,some specifically into universal recently brought by physicians open-airtreatment dire and this (as promising to altogether eradicate vogue destructive disease, especially from young persons among notice. under be usefullybrought thereto),may having proclivities for consumptives of open-airtreatment ratio medendi The main depends on our present positiveacquaintance with the bacillus which denotes tubercular consumption, and reveals itself in the of the infected patient; together sputa (phlegm, and spittle) of fresh, open, cold, that abundance with proofs incontestable dry air, by day, and by night, with plentifulsunshine, and As
,
almost to excess, food, even generous tuberculous bacUlus. Nevertheless, the
only
individual to
"
without
be
lifetime,
made
deep-rooted,
a
inheritance, which
speedy,
in
of
cases
inherited
"
to
happy
issue
an
during
generation,is
one
acquired consumption, bias of longer expulsion by any such
The
medical
mind,"
as
Dr.
"
much is too sagaciously admonishes, of consumption, overthe about bacillus as looking cause a the profound great biological,orderly, wide, and
Pearse, of Plymouth, exercised
this
exterminate
tuberculous
of sanative
is defiant
plausiblemeans.
and
so
experience of
or
of
sure
serve
correlations
of
this
disease, "
correlations
which
extend
back
involving structure, and function." Bitter must as yet be the disappointments of many too hopeful victims, and of their over-sanguine friends, because a of ingrained tubercular seeds, virulent enough to withstand series,of lives, before being totallyvanquished by science and often
to
many
generations, whilst
526
MEALS
greater evidence than
at
disturbingaction
of the
other
any
MEDICINAL.
season
;
and
quickeningimpulse, for growth
lightin
herself
nature
is
of
the
responds
greatest, and
spring this
to
vigorous
most
activityof the sun's rays is highest; and that is,of course, in the spring." The vital processes, as concerning from, or yielding to morbid states, are specially recovery influenced by the atmospheric conditions of spring-time; notably are consumptive persons reputed capable of resistingthe advance the month of May. of their disease if they surmount faithful observer of natural a operations, Tennyson, who was The gives heed. to this vernal influence in his touching poem, May Queen : when
the
chemical
"
"
All in the
wild
March
in the
wild
March
And
the
Furthermore, of
that
mid-day,
action
of the
increase in
of
the
being "
Pour
which
fact is to
for
an
hour
I heard
the
I heard
them
Angels call.
air contains be or
peroxide of
call my
more
explained by more
after
soul."
ozone
the
dawn,
than beneficially,
in
than
electrical with
an
air later
hydrogen probably of vital importance to the wellthan is patients,and animals, to a greater extent the beautiful expression in our Prayer Book, them the continual dew of thy blessing,"may be is
Dew
day. ;
early morning
dew
of both
known
morning morning
and
upon
"
in this connection. Itineris matutini speciallyremembered his from gratiam accipimus." Charles Kingsley when away after a illness, severe living at Eversley, 1849, for recovery thus : "a home tremendous wrote gale of wind has acted on combined me exactly like Champagne, and a Cathedral organ in one." Anythink for air and exercise (exclaims Sam the wery old donkey observed Weller, in Pickwick), as ven him his death-bed from to ten they voke gentlemen up carry "
'
'
"
"
to
Greenwich
in
a
tax-cart."
During the first century of for combating consumption in mild shaking of the body. or
the
Christian
certain
cases
modern
era,
Celsus
the process
prescribed of gestation,
instructs physiciannow thus : I have been struck by the beneficial efEects very much drive of from thirtyto forty miles. followinga motor-car Along with a feeling of marked exhilaration, an increased appetite,and improved sleep,there is a heightened healthy glow, which after few tends to become a days' prolonged treatment permanent. Also the disposition to cough is (in a consumptive patient)much "
A
ONION.
diminislied. sanatoria
I
would,
527
therefore, suggest
those
to
in
charge of on a good the ordinary
the
advisabilityof combining a daily run motor-car, at a pace fullyup to the legallimit, with The open-air treatment. patients should be placed in front of the car, so as to avoid inspiringdust which be thrown up may by the wheels." This may be taken to represent the gestation of
Celsus,
"
date."
to up friends who
Scotch climate
after all, who of the
visited
like to
South
him "
enervating, that
chemical
were
their air
about found
and
but
Northern
raw
;
its
barbarians
civilized
we
the
people
cooked."
(See Gaelic).
ONION.
The
declared
in Somersetshire,
they
breathe
prefer it
Smith
Sydney
constituents
of
Onion-bulb
an
are
an
acrid
volatile
oil, sulphur, phosphorus, alkaline
earthy salts, phosphoric and
acetic
of lime, starch, sugar, and rose-red colour when exposed
acids, phosphate, and
cellulose. to
the
until of
Onion
juicebecomes
air ; it contains yielding alcohol ;
lime.
The
citrate
Onion
of
a
will therefore ferment, even sugar, and contain the outer harder oxalate coats
long
was
believed
effects of alcoholic intoxicating
the
to
drink,
The
specifically prevent to dispelits evil is rich enough in
and
large Spanish Onion have American be regarded as a food. growers into the big,silvery-looking, developed the same gleaming white Onions sale in the markets, which are stillcalled Spanish,though on they have in fact been no nearer Spain than the New England States, or New Jersey. These Onions are so mild and tender, consequences. nutrients to
that
anyone Ul-efEects ;
eat
can
them
when
boiled,
or
stewed,
without
they are said to induce a pleasant desire for sleep. A Onion labourer in Spain will munch an just as an EngUsh rustic does an largely in apple. The Spanish Onion, grown be acclimatized in England : it soon degenerates Portugal,cannot in any with us. Dishes which contain Onions quantity, or are
stronglyflavoured therewith, the name being supposed to famous
(1750), who
was
of Louis
Fourteenth
the
a
are
said to be cooked
come
from
Prince
"
Charles
the
Onion
of France.
is
"
;
Soubise
epicureField-marshal
during the reign classical appellation Another schoolboys take advantage of
"Cepe;" which for their puzzle line, Scepe cepi cepe, sub sepe." Onions are helpful againstconstipation, by reason of
ala Soubise
"
mainly
of
528
MEALS
their
abundant
MEDICINAL.
cellulose, which,
gives intestinal
momentum.
led to think that these, in common are persons of service againstfatiguefrom such leek, and garlic, are
with
Many
exercise
is entailed
as
feasting. For over
bronchitis
chest
the
by hunting, shooting,etc., and it has
proved
of
good-sizedOnion, beaten
a
to
use
the
prolonged
subsequent
apply repeatedly pulp, within a
into
A applicationbeing for four hours. syrup the fresh juice of raw with made from Onions, honey, is an excellent medicine for old persons troubled with phlegm in cold the air passages are stuffed, and free breathing weather, when
flannel
bag, each
is hindered. free
increase
insomuch perspiration, arrested
principlewhich
volatile
sulphide
of
in this
kindred
salt.
bulbs,
The
bread
caused
by
skin
surface.
has
chill,
a
The
is
stimulatingmanner
chief
increase
are
with
promote
internal
effects of
of warmth,
of
and
adapted for patients the and of a cold temperament, sluggish energies,than when constitution the ardently excitable. sy-stem is feverish, and Vous tous qui etes gros, et gras, et lymphatiques,avec Vestomax: Voignon cru ; c^est four vous mangez que le hon Dieu paresseux, la fait." Onion A broth taken at bowl) of hot jorum (or earthen will serve bedtime admirably to molUfy the air passages, and after the first feverish stage of catarrh, the skin-pores, to open or influenza, has passed by. To make this,peel a largeSpanish circulatoryvigour ;
so
that
urine,and
diet of them
a
benefits acrid
allyl,an
their
these, and
that
the flow of
dispersed dropsical efEusions circulation in the kidneys, and
time
a
many
with
Onions
Eaw
they
better
are
"
divide
Onion, and with a
half
pint of
it into four
parts of and salt, saltspoonful
a
cold water
all into pour little pepper over
next a
can
with and
be
borne.
their
; let them
The
mucUage,
exercise
a
bowl
a
;
allyl,and relieve
has
let the
put them two
simmer
which
and
;
ounces
into of
a
saucepan
butter,
also
gently until quite tender ; been made hot, dredging
broth
sulphur
be
taken
in the
thei sore, raw mucous virtue which specificmedicinal
as
hot
as
it
bulbs, together membranes,
they possess
for
conclusivelyshown by experimental provings. Onion gruel is similarlyan excellent,and delicious posset for a of either water, or milk, and catarrhal patient,this being made proving smooth enough for any palate if patent groats are used. Onion should be three-parts cooked in the The water, and finished in the gruel. For a full-flavoured gruel English Onions
cure,
as
has
been
ONION.
should
be
Onions.
used
;
Some
mild
a
anti- asthmatic.
are
freshest, milk
is
be
off the
or
the
whole
time
in
is
liked, add
of
morsel
a
the
instead. Onion spoonful of cream remedy for a similar purpose, and is same adding a clove, a morsel of way,
in the
little whole
a
boil them
retainingcertain propertieswhich
butter
fire, or
time-honoured
a
prepared
mace,
If
Egyptian
gruel,Portugal, or
prefer to
persons for the gruel,thus liquid
the
to
for
or,
529
a
simmer
to allspice,
in the
milk
this
;
beverage to be served quite hot. But, after all, cold-catching is far better than be prevented beforehand, which can having recourse subsequently to these palliativemeasures. necessary old travelling A white-haired tinker, hardy and hearty,testifies "
thus, for instance when
me
mi
he
sees '
yed covered, mi
athowt An'
catch
doesno
the
as
Onion
should
When
there
when
or
wish
an
a
'
Chapel
could
stand
catchin'
Th'
mon
as
cowld
under
of the
one
o' th'
aw
athowt
cowld
much
employed
oil.
Aw
the Lord,
and, thank If
outside
him,
dips his yed
as
me
on,
to
aw
says
an'
hat
Sometimes
:
;
i' th'
i' th' wind
three times
athowt
an' rain
yo'
as
flannel
wears
to
says
yard,
cowld, Sam,
water
aw've
Deacons
can.'
next
his skin,
every
mornin',
eighty-two buthdays,
seen
hanno'
got a pain,or a ache about me." poulticefor ear-ache, or for broken chilblains, be plainlyroasted, so as to modify its acrid is
aw
running
a
fetid
discharge from
is first threatened,
abscess
with
the
pain, heat,
ear,
and
swelling,the hot poulticeof roasted Onion will be found very to mitigate the pain ; or, a clove soothing,and will do much of Garlic, stripped of the outer skin, and cut in the form of a if thrust gently into the ear of the aching side, will blunt cone, Onyon juice,"saith an old maxim, quicklyassuage the pain. "anoynted on the bald head in the sun, bringeththe haire againe speedilie."For inflamed, and protruding piles,the raw very close against Onion pulp of a bruised bulb will,if kept bound and renewed the part by a compress, needed, afEord certain as Onions at night by those who relief. Small eaten are persons will a nd induce to feverishness, not prone a gentle promote sleep, "
perspiration.The the it am
essential oil of Onions
never
not
fails ; if I
am
Buckland
Frank
late
has
much
said
:
"I
specific ; in my powers pressed with work, and
disposed to sleep,I
eat
magical." juice of a sliced
raw
two
or
three
small
am
sure
own
case
feel that
I
Onions, and
their effect is The
Onion,
being alkahne, 34
will
530
MEALS
quickly
antidote
from
venom
the
speedy relief. to
been
found
that
in
by its applicationover part, the acid any will afford or bee, and sting of a wasp, sensitive organism, and has a very Onion
all morbid
absorb
serves
hanging
The
during
that
matter
epidemic
an
amid
house
a
MEDICINAL.
other
became
protectiveto tells about
inmates
the
"
Onions
:
have
which
It has
stringof
a
all
were
Onions
infected,
proving thereby particularhouse. Culpeper black, but
of that
They
of cholera,
houses
diseased, and unintelligibly
in its way.
comes
gotten this quality,to
draw
pill(peel)one, and lay it on a dunghill,you shall finde him rotten in half a day, by drawing putrefactionto it ; then being bruised, and applied to a plagueit is very volatile probable it will do the like." The sore, principleof the bulbs, which is sulphide of allyl,is powerfully antisepticwhilst they are raw, but when boiled they lose their
corruptionunto
them^
oil in
essential
odorous
for, if you
a
great
which
on
measure,
the
anti-
putrefyingvirtues
depend, and which by the heat. escape A favourite Devonshire pie whereof the predominant flavour is thus (beingbest adapted for that of the savoury Onion, is made dura ilia messorum Take the as ") : ingredientsthree pounds of mutton, a pork cutlet, six large apples (sliced), plenty of of sifted sugar, half a pint finelychopped Onions, two ounces "
"
broth, with
of
mutton
in
layers within
for
an
for
an
pepper
deep
a
dish ;
and
salt to
cover
with
Place
taste.
rich
these
paste, and bake crock, and stew
half ; or place the whole in a half ; serve and clotted hour Sometimes a piping hot. with this light,wholesome is eaten delicacy." As to
hour
and
a
"
cream
fair
Italy, all
is laden
with
democracy. one
smell
!
the
the In
atmosphere of that delightfulland fragrance of the Onion ; its odour is a practical social
the
The
Churches
all
are
of Victor
entrance
alike
there
:
Emmanuel
is
into
one
Rome
faith, was
proclamation of
a unity which only the pompous garlichad already accomplished ; (and yet we who boast openly of our in secret)." democracy eat Onions of My author Summer The in a Garden am quite says : "I ashamed friends into my to take garden, and have them notice of Onions marked. In Onion is strength,' the absence : it is so and The Onion in its satin a garden without it lacks flavour. beautiful the most of vegetables,and it is wrappings is among which the of things; it can only one represents the essence '
almost
be
said
to
have
a
soul.
You
take
off coat
after
coat,
ONION.
and
Onion
the
who
dare
can
that
say
its
over
cry
is still there
this fallen earth
; and
Onion
the
531
when
Onion.
is removed,
one
itself is
! departed spirit that the angels in
another, it is the
last
the
I know
destroyed ? though you there is any one thing on
If
heaven
that
over
weep
is
there
than
more
supposed
be
to
prejudice against the Onion, but I think there is rather a cowardice and women regarding it. I doubt not that all men reallylove the Onion, but few dare to confess their love ; the afEection for it is concealed Englanders are as shy ; good New of owning it as they are of talkingabout religion. Some persons have fixed days on which what might they eat Onions, you call retreats,'or their Thursdays ; the act is in the nature of a mystic ceremony, Eleusinian rite ; not of it breath an a must that day they see no get abroad ; on ; they company deny the kiss of greeting to the dearest friend ; they retire a
"
'
'
within
themselves,
Happy together; they world.
and
have
a
is said are
harmony
apostlesof
become to
their fellows,and
In
the
will
Onion
eat
communion
hold
with
penetratingmanifestations
and
pungent
and
'
is the
Onions
at
to
for the of the
be
the
time
circulate
hope
:
moral
which
"
let them
tracts
Let
from
the
it, and
of it in the
of universal
they will come eloquent words
world, then
preach
form
If all
into
it
of seeds
brotherhood.
all times,
Onions
reformers
the
eat
most
vegetable eat
can
being separate
aspiration." Onion
of the
family
of the
one
a
!
men
universal
of another writer : sympathy." Again, in the esculent The not only whets fragrance of this wine-scented in associations the appetite,but abounds glad, and picturesque. All Italy is in the fine penetratingsmell, and all Provence, and Onion all Spain. An or garlic-perfumed atmosphere hovers "
alike and
over
the
breathed it
the
narrow
CalH
of Venice, the cool Courts
of Cordova
thronged Amphitheatre of Naples. It is the only by the Latin people of the South, so that ever
suggest blue skies, and
olive orchards.
For
endless
the traveller
sunshine, cypress it is interwoven
aether must
and
groves,
with
memories
of Titian, the song of Dante, the music golden canvases of Mascagni. The Violet may sweeter not work a spell,nor the Carnation yield a more intoxicatingfragrance. Sometimes I enter a London even restaurant, however pretentious, yet when of the
an
aroma
back
music
arises of the Allium
sativum, from
a
sauce,
and
I
am
straightwayon the Isle Sainte Marguerite,listeningto the of the leapingwaves, feastingmy eyes on the tempting
632
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
fruit ;
and
then
shiningwaters. delightsof the
once
I
more
the
golden
lost ! the
am
Aioli is
summer
advances
manqui
;
with the
its
many
by The the swift inhaling of an evanescent sauce. leg of is always Piquie h VAU. of la cuisine bourgeoise mutton Thereby, amidst the resinous groves of the Isle Sainte Marguerite, opposite virtues introduced of I the to garlic." Cannes, was potent savoury when Beau whether asked a Brummell, gentleman might the of Onions before into eat immediately going company is so well man sententiously, No gentlewomen, remarked that on enteringa ball-room he can looking,and fascinating, afford to handicap himself with a stink." Leeks {Allium porrium) contain sulphur, and possess expectorant time. properties. Their juice will purifythe blood at springcuisine
Provencalare
blotted
of memory French
out
"
"
Now
Leeks
That
spareth
for pottage full good. in season, milch and purgeth the blood." cow, TussEB, Husbandry for March.
are
the
kidneys,
the Furthermore, they stimulate earthy phosphates in the bladder. "
Eat Then
Leeks
in
all the
Lide, and year
after
ransoms
in
physicians
and
will
dissolve
May, play."
can
is an chapped hands. Leek juicewith cream efficient salve. The Emperor Nero, (Porrophagus),ate Leeks When with oil for several days together so as to clear his voice. is withheld from meat savour a flavouringby Leeks will soups, satisfyany. ordinary craving for condimehtary taste ; but if a the most acceptable flavouring stronger desire prevails,then not is the Onion. Hence who are vegetable among persons offended fastidious, or soon by powerful, even vulgar, odours, meals are thought highly palatable,though strongly-flavoured the eaters thereof with an they surround atmosphere of garlic, and cause them berth by sensitive neighbours. to be given a wide fresh We have whole suite of most known a aesthetically by a fragrant apartments, the drawing-room being scented wealth of natural flowers, literally penetrated for the entire had of a singleguest who evening with the oniony exhalations made his mid-day meal on collation of unmitigatedcoarseness. a Such feeding is only fit for those who remain in quarantine,or
For
chilblains, or
"
in
the
open
air, and
its results
should
never
be
inflicted
on
534
MEALS
edible
at
MEDICINAL.
making
top, and
the
a
antiseptic
excellent
very
flavouring. "
Poor Man's Garlic, or Among herbal simplesthe well-known the hedge," (Erysimum allium),occurs a as variety of the Onion plant tribe, growing in wild and
"
Jack
by
roadside
luxuriant
It is whole English summer. throughout the distinguishedby brightly green, glossy, heart-shaped leaves, of garlic; also by when which bruised emit a strong odour This headpieces of small white flowering bunches. homely accompaniment of plant has been of popular use as a savoury bread and cheese, from a quite early times ; it also poor man's Sauce-alone." bears the When name gathered fresh, and boiled separatelyin its own juices,it makes an excellent addition is of antisepticvirtue, with boiled to and slightly mutton, effects which and Our fathers forenot are aperient griping. easy, valued the same modest herb highly for its anti-scorbutic usefulness. The Jack antients," says Evelyn, employed abundance
"
"
"
by the hedge
OPEN
AIR
'
as
a
succedaneum
TREATMENT,
to
their scordium."
Consumption,
Pulmonary
of
'
(See
Oils"
Cod-Livee). But,
as
an
says
old
adage,
make
yet you
cannot
habit
taking dwellers
of
"
You
drink."
him
lead
may
in London
A
horse
to
the water,
clergyman
who
is in the
slums
a
down
into the country, about the green fields
in breaks, for summer holidays by fifties, and gardens,was dismayed on the party drawing up one evening of these outings,to hear at the entrance to their aUey, after one of them if giving voice to the general sentiment, one say, as The country'sfine for a 'oliday, mates, but arter all this smells like 'ome." As sumption, regards the hereditary bias of tubercular conit cannot be eradicated in one be expected that this can by the recentlyadopted, and highly efficacious generationeven of destroyingthe microbes the disease treatment which specialize by high altitudes,open, fresh, cold air,abundant sunlight,and most feeding. generous "
"
"
Naturam Et
So
says
medicine
the has
mala
reourret, expellas fuica, tamen usque perrumpet, furtim fastidia viotrix."
well-known
Horatian
only modified
the
maxim "
usque
and
; "
to
"
as
yet modern
scepe."
It may
ORANGE.
be
well
he
ask what
to
Koch,
that pronounces If he means
the
inherited. born
with
the
535
eminent
tuberculosis children
that
of
when means pathologist, of consumption is not consumptive parents are
tubercles
ready formed, he is certainlyright; they born. But not are so they are born with the potency of both tubercles,and whiskers, for future development as lifeproceeds. And it is this predisposition has which to be slowly eradicated by the patient sanitation of several successive lifetimes,so that the bacillus of tuberculosis then no longer find a soil which may which often can support it. Microbes produce disease are known to occupy harmlessly an. organism immune against their further of open-air development. Eespecting the pursuance in serious treatment doubts well be entertained England, may to as whether, or not, this is safely,or hopefully practicable, of our because damp, chilly,changeable climate duringnine months of the year. For a cure by open air such air must, as essential of an and an requirement, be dry, pure, equable temperature throughout.
not
ORANGE.
Theee
principalvarieties of the Orange (Aurantium), China the or sweet, Orange (Citrus aurantium) ; the bitter, or Seville Orange, (or Bigarade),used because of its bitter rind for making the marmalade and Bergamot Orange (Citrus ; medica bergamot). The Tangerine Orange is a sub-varietyof the three
are
Mandarin,
"
small, flattened
a
readily from
very
flavour.
The
citrate
of
afEords
also
the
table,
or
in
sort
which
the
rind
is sweet, and pulp, which China^ Orange, contains
separates
delicious citric
of
acid,
potash, albumin, cellulose,water, and, when sweetly of afiords considerable 8 cent a ripe, per fruit-sugar.Orange-peel of bitter principle, oil, with a fragrant aromatic quantity especiallyin the rind of the Seville Orange, which is darker in tonic colour, and properties. Chemically the peel possesses In
seventeenth
the
(when
first
excess
of
rind fluxes have
a hesperidin,
of of
volatile
nicely candied)
acid the women.
sedative
in
this
century the
Seville
for
oil,gallicacid, and
slowly masticated through an curing heartburn
stomach.
peel
was
If made
into
marmalade,
Orange powerfully restrains
The
leaves, and
virtues, and
are
cellulose.
imriioderate
flowers, of the Orange esteemed
as
the
useful
tree
against
MEALS-
MEDICINAL.
convulsive
disorders
536
or epilepsy,
other
is also made
tea
a
;
from
lor hystericalpatients. Orange-flower water {VEau de is frequently taken in France by ladies as a mild fleurd'Oranger) them
diluted with sugared water. at night, when sufficiently soporific drunk there in this way Thousands of gallonsare every year.
English druggists; and if a be crushed, and infused in a teacupful a of quite hot water, the clear liquidwill make gentle sleeping headache next morning. In Great draught, without giving a looked Mrs. Pocket Exfectations(by Charles Dickens) up from her book, and, smiling upon Pip, in an absent state of mind Dried
Orange berries may teaspoonfulof these
had
be
from
"
asked
if he
him
liked
the
Orange-flowerwater,
of
taste
questionnot having any bearing,near or remote, or subsequent transaction." The Orange berries furnish a fragrantoil,essence and
contain
malates
citrates, and
hesperidin,sulphur, and
salts.
foregone,
any
de
lime, and
of
mineral
on
this
The
petitgrain, potash, with yield
flowers of lime
a
juice of an fruit-sugar, Orange consists citrate of lime, and As an water. appetizing and energizing well take the place of bitter tonic, the Seville Orange-peelcan of Quinine cinchona bark ; indeed, the Pharmacopoeial tincture contains the Orange bitter, on that alkaloid, and equal terms. malarious Our each antidotal to fever, and They are ague. two are nobly loyal to Orange Marmalade, great Universities of which at a Oxford, and is notably superior kind is made volatile
oil,acetic
odorous
acid, and
of citric,and
from
sent
now
far and
thence
acetate
acids, with
malic
wide
;
; the
its extra
bitterness, and
such purity, fully commend popularity. A saying until little go undergraduate can pass his goes there that no he has consumed his own conserve weight of Marmalade ; which the first at Oxford. name Squish Orange oil is an got manifest
"
"
"
"
essential
oil extracted
Orange
sweet
Professor
We
except the
known
persons
the
by
outer
like
rejected;
eating the rind.
the
Some
of both
the
in
his
eaten
substance of
parts fruit, will act with
poison ; these portions should beneficial." the juice is most
the
of inner
certain therefore Common
the
perfumery. Health,
on
recklessly ;
disturbance
stomach whole
in
Papers
fruit when
and
bitter
and liqueur-making,
serious
most
partitionsof
almost
in
rind
Edinburgh, concerning this
persons
have
healthy
it is used
the
Kirk, of
admonishes "
;
from
caused
to
Orange,
an
rind, and individuals be
always Oranges, if
ORANGE.
537
through the middle while green, and dried in the air, being afterwards steeped for forty days in oil,are used by the Arabs for preparing an famous their elderly women, essence among for restoringa fresh dark, or black colour, to grey hair. To make of Orange flowers : Take four pounds of a syrup clarified sugar, and boil it to pearl ; put iijtoit several handfuls of perfectlyfresh,and well-pickedOrange flowers, and give them a good boil. Take it off the fire,and allow the flowers to infuse cut
"
for two few
in the
again
put it back
Place so
syrup
the
over
in
The
then
;
times.
more
pour
cool
hours
as
fire,and
earthenware
an
a
to
sieve
over
strain
bring it dish, and
earthenware
an
out
out
to
boil it up
fire,and
the
over
the
flowers
small
dish, then
;
Allow
pearl.
a
and
put
it
it to
it into bottles."
pour
white
liningpith of Orange-peelyieldslikewise the crystalline that the principle, hesperidin." Dr. Cullen has shown the juiceof Oranges, by uniting with the bile, diminishes "
acid
bitterness
of that
secretion
; and
particularservice in illnesses of bile,chieflyin dark persons But
in the
hence
which a
arise
from
fibrous, or
this fruit is of a
redundancy
bilious temperament.
having only a small of liver, and proportionate secreting powers bile-making, and will induce Oranges purgative, colickypains. Fresh prove Oranges will obviate a craving for intoxicatingdrinks : they allay thirst, and their fruit acids act beneficially.Because during lesseningthe blood fibrin,which takes on an excess influenza. Orange juice,if swallowed freely,is found to cut short that malady, and to prevent lung inflammation therefrom. This fruit has latelyacquired a reputation for particular benefits conferred the consumptive. An on Orange-cure which proceeds after such fashion is growing in favour, the Oranges being taken In Florida repeatedly every day, and always at meal-times. is practisedsystematically, the said cure the Navel Orange being the of its abundant and because chieflyselected, juice, speoiflc ailments. virtues it is believed to possess for biliary, and bronchial Dr. Samuel for a cold Wesley (Primitive Physic, 1743) advised in the head : thin the yellowrind of an Orange ; roll this up inside case
of other
of
it is that
individuals
"
out, and
thrust
a
roll into
nostril."
each
"
Evelyn, exceedingly refreshes and spoilsand rinds of Oranges and very
sprinkledamong In
America
other
Orange
Herbs tea
do
is taken
"
resists
The
Orange," says
putrefaction; the Limons, being shred and their acrimony." correct frequently as a substitute
538
MEALS
for the
China
former
confection, as
MEDICINAL.
made
by pressingout the Orange juice, and strained equal through muslin, to an adding it when a Orange butter was quantity of boihng water, with sugar. It is made,
tea,
in the
gallon,beat
a
being
Dutch
this up
Orange-flowerwater, being
thus
become
colour, and was
scent
of
in
the
Closet "
follows
as way, to a thickness
with
the
orange." "
then
Take
of
add
four
of red
In
(1706). cream
new
of
ounces
wine
of butter, it retains
of
to
:
of Rarities
quantity
thickness
an
;
same
of the
dessert
at
custom
a
told
and
;
both
the
English times Orange juice into
former
the squeeze Dr. Samuel
it a
would suifer Johnson wineglass,and so drink it. his next neighbour at table to squeeze the juiceof China Oranges into his wineglass after dinner, else perchance, because the good had neither the juice man straightsight, nor steady nerves, would have aside, and trickled into the Doctor's run capacious In shoes." his day a perfumed snuff was known as made, "
Or"ngeryi" unbecoming
as
"
Oh, lord
after
relates, in his Herbal
Orangery "
as
That
:
you
must
never
sneeze
:
'tis
Parkinson grace after meat." the seeds (pips)of the Orange,
spring-time,will quickly grow when a finger'slength high, being pluck't up ; and fine and marvellous sallets, will give them a put among up, which is very acceptable." Spenser, and taste spicy aromatick the veritable golden applepresented Milton, tell of the Orange as by Jupiter to Juno on the day of their nuptials ; hence has modern association with marriage rites. perhaps arisen its more delicious perfumes of neroli and The napha, exhaled by the flowers, are cordial and soothing: therefore appropriate for the bride ; whilst the bridegroom is blithelygay with joy in his hole." heart, and a Virgil in classic gardenia in his button
being
set
into
Sir !
!
the
ground they are
in the
"
"
"
times
about
wrote
the
Aureum
:
Aurea
mala
decern
there Paraguay in South America forests of Orange trees, the same are regionbeing full of small for extracting the which the establishments Orange essence, natives regard as valuable ointment curative a ; they apply it and to wounds, cuts, declaringthat it has such healing qualities that it permeates flesh, restoring part of the afEected every the injured structures quickly. very
misi,
eras
When the
altera mittam."
"
malum
Alice
rabbit's
during
her
At
{in Wonderland)
dark
hole, she
long fall, and
"
went
for miles
passed cupboards, from
one
of
the
and and
latter
miles
down
book-shelves she
took
a
ORANGE.
jar
slie
as
passed, which
Marmalade She
did
like
not
underneath, fell
she
bitter thin
but
;
labelled
was
her
to
539
in
past it."
to
For
making Orange
(Seville)Oranges
slices,and
allow
removing
five
fear
of
one
of
Orange
letters
great disappointmentit
drop the jar for managed to put it into
so
large
empty.
was
killingsomebody the cupboards as "
Marmalade
:
To
sixteen into
cutting these
lemons,
pips ; put them into a basin, and with To each water. cover pound of fruit put three pints of water, and set it aside until the next day ; then boil until the be easily crushed with the fingers, and peel can put it away to again until the third day, when pound of fruit, and every add one liquor, pound of loaf sugar ; boil brisklyfor from threeto
quarters This and
is
reliable
a
the
Marmalade when
1669),
hour,
one
at
the
until it sets
or
when
tried upon
a
plate."
has proved highly successful, recipe which will keep good for years. Pepys (March 9th,
his
"
Turner's
cozen
house,
drank
(which
he
did
fine
before)a glass of a pint, I believe, at one draught of comfits juice of Oranges, of whose peel they make ; and they drink the juice as wine, with sugar ; and it is very I was doubtful it might whether drink, but, it being new,
not
do
never
the here
hurt."
me
be prepared Tangerine Orange Preserve, may Take two thus, after a Dutch recipe: pounds more sugar than the weight of the (Tangerine) Oranges ; rasp the peel with a piece of glass (which prevents it from tasting of steel),
Mandarin,
or
"
with
or
a
Orange the
water
lay
knife ;
them
each
day
in ;
cut water
two
slits
for two,
boil the
syrup,
fruit ; then leave it for a second, and third days ; then
the
over on
;
blunt
the
For
Orange jelly,only to be
be made
across or
and
night ;
the
three
bottom
days, changing
it when pour let it simmer
bottle, and
of each
cork
tepid slowly
well.''
when
Oranges are in season, flavour, (" La gdie d'Oranges take eight good Oranges, and Oranges very finely indeed ;
juicy,and of proper For mould one a rAngleterre): lemons two peel three of the ; rinse the peel in cold water, and steep it in a small quantityof warm syrup, (three pounds of white sugar to a quart of water, boiled gently for five minutes, and strained,make a very useful the Oranges into halves, and all cut out syrup) ; now squeeze but do not make the juicetoo cloudy by hurrying the the juice, lemons, and the syrup to taste, process ; add the juice of two of cold water, and a small quantity of gelatine with a tumblerful so
as
to
"
540
MEALS
(Nelson's). Have liable to
mould
the
quitecold water,
this
as
MEDICINAL.
well
jellymust
set set
previously in ice, or in quickly,because the acids
gelatineif it lingersabout for at all a long time ; try a small quantityin a the ice, or water, and on spoon directlythe settingpoint is obtained, pour the jellyinto the mould the quantityof lemon- juicemay according ; of course vary are
the
to
the
cut
of the
sweetness
squeezed through
Oranges.
double
a
The
jellyshould
before
tammy
be
carefully
putting it into
the
fairlyclear ; if the colour is too weak add a few drops of carmine. that the peel of Always take care the Oranges is used as thin as it can be made, since only the outermost rind Take one Or, again : gives the flavour." of isinglass in just enough water it ; also the to ounce cover grated rind of four oranges, with four teaspoonfulsof sugar, and grating the rind thereupon ; then mix it with the isinglass, simmer slow fire with the Orange juice,strained,(one and over a and
mould,
should
be
"
a
half tumblerfuls
a
slice of lemon." For
of
Orange
an
substantial
; this]
a
small
salad, which
sweet
meal, and
add
pieceof cinnamon,
will aid the
is of itself delicious
"
:
digestionof
Take
and
rough
outside
keep the
with
slices of taken
dish covered
pineapple between,
a
eight sweet
of white pineapple, four ounces Oranges, one sugar, of brandy, or sherry ; peel,and allowed) a wineglassful in a glass dish, sprinkling well Oranges, and lay them sugar,
and
and
(if
core
the
with
the
thin, having the brandy, or sherry); cut
ofE ; (then add the inverted up with another
dish for
an
hour."
with tonic Orange gin is a capital cordial spirit, qualities of half Take half and a a superadded : gallon gin, pint of Seville Orange juice,one and a half pounds of loaf sugar, and rinds the of seven pared very thin ; put all into oranges a closely covered jar, and let it stand for five days, stirring it twice every day; afterwards strain, and bottle in well-corked bottles for one be ready for use, but will year ; it will then keep for any length of time." "
OYSTER.
The
well-known
stomach,
and
Oyster
(Ostrcea edulis). is
intestines, but
a no
mollusc, possessing a mouth, a head, nor eyes ; it has a heart,
digestivegland,kidneys and a nervous rich in phosphates, such as specially
system
a
serve
; its substance
for food
to
is
replenish
542
MEALS
in the
and
mouth,
is shown uncrushed
action
in the
dissolved
are
in the latter.
being
given by
then
A
water
on
less
no
former
the
when
whole.
cold
without
Moreover,
appreciated most
taste
of
Oyster respectively;
matters
is
swallowed
not
the
to
as
MEDICINAL.
case,
doubt
the
mollusc
is
liver
the
marked the
crushed, and half
than
the
solid
only one-fourth Oyster'strue flavour but
masticated,
sweet
a
Its
glycogen.
"
difierence
mineral
oxide, with portion of copper of chloride of sodium, phosphate of lime, and magnesia, other soluble phosphates. It thus becomes shown together with that Oysters afford nutritive material of each class, proteid, carbohydrate,fat, and mineral salts, all of these food elements But the proportion being present in a readilyassimilable form. of solid nutriment in an Oyster is not large,three dozen of these molluscs of moderate size containing only from three to five
comprise
matters
minute
a
"
"
ounces
of
solids ;
whilst
nitrogenousmatter
their
is not
all
It would take proteid,but partly of a lower nutritive value. valid nourishment fourteen ordinary Oysters to contain as much as one surpriseneed scarcelybe felt at hearing egg ; therefore of enormous meals of Oysters at one being occasionallymade of glycogen, or liver sugar, sitting. Seeing that the amount contained in this mollusc is very small, it need not be pronounced unsuitable for diabetic a patient; its glycero-phosphatic in medicine, used compounds correspond to lecithin, as now from
eggs, and
to
sources,
In
system.
nervous
of
other
be
the
impulses Byron,
of
seat
(Formerly
solvent
the
property "
Oyster is its liver
human
of
nutrition of the
was
supposed
stimulatingthe
Oysters,
mass
sexual
eggs," says
and
food."
Oyster, next to cold water, is found the also brings out by practicalexperiment to be gin, which flavour considerably. Chablis is likewise said to be a good mineral contained in the matters solvent, especiallyof the of the dissolved Oyster ; indeed, the whole phosphates are has effect ; and thereby. Champagne probably the same its exhilarating gases because of it is an improvement on Chablis. Stout is as a Again, preferred by many persons with but the curiously enough (says beverage Oysters, The
best
part of the
Oysters.
to
amatory
are
A
love.)
is ascribed
"
improving the
thickest
the
olive-greenliver.
for
of the
"
Lancet, 1903)
"
it does
thereupon, probably
not
because
seem
the
"
to
have
Stout
any
solvent
already
effect
contains
a
OYSTER.
543
On trating concenrelativelylarge proportion of soluble matters." the liquorwhich accompanies the Oyster within its shell, brown a as regardstaste liquidresults which is indistinguishable, and smell, from well-preparedbeef-tea ; it develops osmazome to a remarkable degree. The boiled Oyster yieldsscarcelyany it becomes soluble cold matter to water, whilst tough, and albuminous an Oysters contain indigestible by the process. "
"
juicewhich just
increases
the
as
in hardness
albumin,
therefore, when heat, and
for
Fahrenheit
is
with
white
or
of
increase
an
an
egg
of
temperature, should, They
does.
subjectedto only a low degree of in mind that 160^ short time, it being borne a the cooking temperature to coagulate albumen. cooked
be
Oysters is to harden them, and to make difficult of digestion. them of Oysters, as mistrust A so undeniably frequently and conveying typhoid fever during the last few years, because of
In
other
words,
gaining unrestricted
crude
sewage possessed,and
reassuringto trade
therein
boil
to
suffered
to
to
their
beds,
has
It is,' however, public mind. principalOyster cultivators,whose
still possesses that the know
has
access
the
a
instituted
serious extent, have
most
to remedy rigid inspections,and adopted vigorous measures this grave evil. Any suspected Oysters,before coming to table, should be first put for several days into salted water, and changed from themselves several times (without food), so as to scour with be eaten possibleptomaines, and then the Oysters may recently at epidemic of typhoid fever impunity. In the Winchester Oysters at by eating contaminated (1902) caused learnt the strikingfact the Mayor's Banquet, a local doctor then fell ill were that the majority of sufferers who pronounced ;
in which
of diluted
alcohol
teetotallers use
from made
typhoid
determined
After
typhoid
the
that
action of fresh lemon-
produces much spoonfulof salt
the does
who
juice;
eat
a
Board
germ dose
efiect
same on
a
Oysters
Health,
mischief
it has
been
microbes
of
typhoid,as
a
suggested
unfailinglytake fresh vinegar,which is commonly used of Oyster^ considerable number should
lemon-
juicewith them, instead of accompaniment, though a prefer the bivalve plain.
eaters
of
moderate
experiments
snail,or slug. It is therefore
persons
an
a
the curls up under literally of this simple antidote or two the
on
that
as
that
series of exhaustive
a
Chicago
the
seem
practically prevent
is suflScient to
germs.
lately by
it would
connection
"But
still later
observation
54i
MEALS
been
has
said
hours
have
idea
with
each
The
Oyster
"
different
What
One
Scarcelyone how
the usual
to
method
its
has
it has
removed." examination did
before
to
the
time of the
been When
is an
had
leapingout
after
whole
lemon
:
Kilmansegg,atid
"
!
lord,
a
as
leper ;
honey, and
corn,
native, is bom and
thousand,"
pepper." says
J. Gt. Wood,
the Rev.
Oyster, and still less, how to eat it ; of the Oyster-shopsis radically whereby wrong, lost, and the Oyster is left to become dry, and flat shell ; this being slightlyconvex inside, to drain off the liquor, (the same being to the
between
and
a
against
an
open
difference aroma
a
a
twenty-
Table, February, 1903.
wooed
like
vinegar only,
in
man
juice is the insipid on answers effectually milk Oyster what all the
and
like Colchester its
at
eats
accord
stars
our
wine, and
world's
the
to
To
knows
fates
is welcomed, Another is shunned
Another,
least
such, disposes of the
tale of Miss
babe
One
"
The
reasons
thus Leg, sings incidentally
Golden
"
thus
;
if he
even
in his humorous
poet Hood,
her
therefrom, "
produce
not
Oysters safeguards himself
of
infection
typhoid
does
until after
fact, if it be
which
consumer
a
lemon-juice
typhoid germs
elapsed ;
that
that
show
to
effect upon
its lethal
MEDICINAL.
the
to
There
cocoanut).
is
as
much
Oyster properly opened, and eaten before between to escape, as champagne frothy, silver-necked
allowed
to
stand
bottle, and
the
six hours
with
same
the
wine cork
Oyster is opened, it is possibleon a careful the heart beating, almost as strongly as it see performed. Though the Oyster operationwas an
of your hand let the shadow ears, yet if you eyes, nor his shell when permitted to be open, it will be instantly
has neither fall
on
closed
up,
such
is his
sensitiveness.;and
his
is intelligence
of
bulged shell (which is concave within),and it is supposed when he happens to have this shell unclose his shell ; so in frostyweather (an uppermost he cannot of the side flatter the to he keep Oyster hates frost) manages of risk and shell undermost, no runs opening, and thus letting chill his delicate organization; but to turn the ice-cold water over again is not an easy matter, and gives Mr. Oyster some of mancsuvring., in the way little trouble Wery good power said Mr. o' suction, Sammy, Weller, Senior (in you've got," firstborn took his ale when Pickwick), looking into the pot of the
same
order.
He
lies
on
the
"
OYSTERS.
a
long swig, and
fine
oncommon
an
station
it down
set
545
half-empty. if
Oyster, Sammy,
You'd
been
ha'
made
in that
born
of life." "
For
you'd
"
"
Wash the shells very Oysters roasted in the shell : carefullywith a brush ; then put them (unopened) in a wire broiler, over glowing coals, the round side of each shell down to hold the juice; cook them so as quickly,turningthem once, be thus cooked or twice, until the shells open ; or, they may in a hot oven. When the upper half of they are done remove each shell,and season quickly with salt,pepper, and a tiny piece of butter (addinglemon- juiceif liked); serve the Oysters while The true they are very hot." Oyster flavour is delightfully in this way. For developed by preparing them Oyster pie : Line a pie-dishwith pufi paste, and fillit with shoes of stale bread ; butter the paste that covers the edge of the dish, lay of pufE paste over the pie, then a cover press the edges very lightlytogether,trim them, and bake quickly in a hot oven. Meanwhile drain the liquorfrom one quart of Oysters, and chop fine with a sharp, thin-bladed them knife ; blend a teaspoonful of corn starch in a very little milk ; pour over it one half-pint the fire of boilingmilk, or cream, and put it over in a saucepan ; "
"
stir till it
thickens, then been
has
butter
salt, and
well mixed
pepper
all (stirring
it from
ofi the
the
oven,
the
fire. and
;
the
when
chopped Oysters with let it
milk, and
thickened
for five minutes,
time)
and
take
then
remove bread-pie is baked still hot carefullytake off
the
it is
while
the
into the
When
of butter
ounce
one
in, season
stir them
;
simmer
from
add
it
the
the bread, and fill the dish with the crust, withdraw thickened milk, and chopped Oysters ; replace the or cream,
upper
crust
;
and
put the pie again in the
then
serve."
three
by mixing
Kitchener,
"Oysters dried
commended
has
Dr.
dozen
in
and
natives
his
this
;
1821,
being done
ounces
seven
dried
Orade, of
dried
and
powdered to six with This powder, if made plump juicy natives, will ounces. of the fish ; and if closelycorked, the flavour with abound and kept in a dry place, it will remain good. Sprinkledon flour, into
and
bread
a
worthy especially tea
with
it
butter the
makes
of
an
excellent
notice
of country for nausea of
good service food), and indigestible
is
be
thoroughly hot
Cook's
powdered,
with
is to
paste which
till it is
oven
it will
sandwich,
and
is
housekeepers." Oysterstomach
often
be
(not surfeited retained
by 35
a
546
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
when almost qualmish delicate invalid rejected. Select eight fresh Oysters, them on a chopping board ; then turn of cup the water
cold
a
water
slowly
come
five
minutes
half
a
strain
;
the
set
;
the
to
and
chop
into
a
boilingpoint ;
thereinto, with,
or
Harvey
pinch
sauce,
added.
a
Oysters
sixty
without
were
the
of salt, and more
for
it with
without
or
to
runs
at
the
time
the
falling dew-drops, Prairie Oyster," a wineglass,and break an egg white ; a dessertspoonfulof
teaspoonful of vinegar into
a
simmer
then
water
of full moon, and open their shells to receive the which presentlyharden into pearls. For the
put
let
old fable
of the
fine
fire,and
it hot, with, An
is
with
basin, flavour
a
saltspoonfulof salt, and serve small piece of dry toast, or a rusk. a effect that Oysters rise to the surface
them
saucepan
the
on
saucepan
liquid into
the
else
everything
a
common,
"
dust
of pepper
and
cheaper
should in
be
England
Mr. they Pickwick, in his journey to Ipswich on the Stage-coach,while passing through Whitechapel, noticed the crowded, and filthy street It's a very through which they were being driven.
seventy
or
years
than
ago,
have
become.
now
"
remarkable "
that
poverty, and
place is
a
poorer
Oysters,always
the
he
poor
rushes
of his
out
Weller, his servant, to
seem
greater call there
here. Sir ! blest if I don't
Look
Sam
circumstance, Sir," said
go to
seems
think
that
lodgings,and
eats
together; the be for Oysters.
ven
a
man's
wery
Oysters for regular
"
To be sure he do," said Mr. Weller, senior ; desperation." and it's just the same with pickled salmon." Again, when Christmas on morning Ben Allen, and Bob Sawyer, two medical One to Mr. students, began the day, on 'em," reported Sam the 'em's got his legs on one on Pickwick, table, and is a drinking brandy neat ; while t'other one, him in the barnacles, 'as got a barrel o' Oysters atween his knees, vich he's a openin' "
"
"
like steam, sheDs
and
at
young asleep in the
a
difficult
been
and
little of
was
also
from
in
similar
a
beef
the
sent
thing to
two-pronged fork, the
he
as
'em
eats
he
takes
a
aim
vith the
fast dropsy (the fat boy) who's, a sittin' down Further Bob's at chimbley corner." on, supper the man the order to whom Street, the Borough,
Oystershad
very
fast
"
party in Lant for
as
German
had open
very
done
not an
been
It's told to open them. Oyster with a limp knife, or a
little
done
was
either ;
sausag?
and
shop
predicament. However,
in this way. Very the ham (which was
round
there
was
the
corner)
was
plenty of porter
OYSTERS.
in
tin
a
and
can,
the
cheese
547
went
a
for it
great way,
was
very
strong." The
elementary composition of Mussels, Clams, Winkles, and other molluscs is very similar to that Scallops, (soft-shelled), of the Oyster; but these cannot be regarded as foods of equally important value, except, perhaps, as respectingthe Clam, which some
American
worth
of the
with
dice
doctors
Oyster for
believe
to
four
have
from suffering
times
the
food-
prostration. This mollusc of phosphorus, in comcontains a bination large amount with is supplied in tins earthy salts. Clam-broth (by the Messrs. Fuller, London) as consistingof concentrated medicament for strumous, and con Clam-juice, an admirable It is a thick liquidwith a strong fishysmell, sumptive invalids. like that of the lobster. For one cooking it, take therewith ground part of fresh milk, and a little fresh butter, and some white pepper. Heat not boil but and to hot, serve quickly, ; and
of
albuminates
An
toast.
broth
the
sent
of the
persons
up
enamelled
in
Clam
a
breakfast in
nervous
should
saucepan cup,
or
small
be bowl.
used, The
high proportion,being soluble, spoiltby boiling. Celery is an improvement to the broth. "Allow Sam me," said the irrepressible Weller, "to to extremities express a hope as you won't reduce me ; in sayin' to which I merely quote what the nobleman addressed the fractious Periwinkle he vouldn't out o'is shell by means ven come of a pin, and he consequentlybegan to be afeerd that he should be obliigedto crack him in the parlour door." Wedgewood, referringto the Periwinkle, Penny winkle, and the derived from as Pinpatch (a sea snail),explains the name Pinewincle," Pinwinkle," or Winkle, (supposed)Anglo-Saxon that is eaten by the help of a pin used in pullingit out from the shell. What capitalthings Oysters would be," said a wit, if and
are
a
not
"
"
"
we
could "
"
eat
them
ourselves, and
feed
our
servants
with
the
principalconstituent of Oyster shells is carbonate of lime, their remaining organic elements being phosphate, and sulphate of lime and magnesia, silica,oxide of iron, and alumina. of cure effected in cancer in Some cases by a steady perseverance the medicinal of Oyster-shell worthy use powder are recorded on trustevidence. The late Sir Spencer Wells employed this broached the theory that a and such remedy for many cases, of certain tumours starvation by lime slowly deposited in the their circulation, be produced blood-vessels commanding may shells !
The
548
thereby, and prepare
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
the
using those nights in a
To to extinction. shrivelling up the tumours powder, bake a quantity of the shells, Oyster-shell which are concave (halfa peck, or more), for three thus
slow
then
oven,
each
shell ; powder these powder as will lie,rather
the small
out
scrape
take
parts finely,and
heaped
on
up,
part within
white
shilling, once,
a
of the
much
as
or
twice
ointment is also If an water, or milk. day in a little warm of time, mix some thought desirable for external use at the same the dried powder with unsalted lard, or cream, quite fresh, and sometimes tor needs apply it. This treatment perseverance, three or four months, before its curative effects begin to be asked some occasion one on by a tireperceived. Abernethy, when dyspeptic invalid what she might eat, replied, Well ! you mustn't try the poker, tongs, or bellows." a
"
"
'
Poker, and Bellows
'
'
May And
I eat
what
tongs,
will blow
you
Oysters, besides
Jiuitre "
hard
too
?
up
Sir ? '
'
you'll find,
with '
'
wind.'
Yes, well
Why,
eat
the
!
'
shell.'
"
proverb, (corrupted like an mad hatter ") : he with us into reasons as a Oyster." in Essex, an annual At Midcolne banquet of gin and gingerbread is held at the time of the Colchester Mayor's Oyster Feast, October 25th. Sydney Smith, whilst in Edinburgh (1800) with his pupil, Mr. Beach, passed but few days without meeting talented friends the in (what were then Oyster-cellars, where common) very most deUghtful little suppers used to be given, at which every freedom discussed with a impossible in larger subject was is only found where candour which men a societies,and with Thackeray went to fight for truth, and not for victory. When in 1852, some friends asked him to partake of American Boston Oysters ; about the marvellous size of which he had heard strange placed before him reports. Six bloated Falstaffian bivalves were he gazed anxiously,with fork upraised, in their shells ; whereat shall I tackle to know, How seeking,with a look of amazement, the free-born On learningthe simple process by which ? them accustomed to accomplish the task, he citizens of America are of the half-dozen first selected the smallest one a larger (rejecting Servant's the Priest's because, as he said, it resembled one High if he were his head that Peter cut as ear off),and then bowed wide, he struggledfor a Opening his mouth saying Grace. very all was I shall never after which over. forget the moment, "
II raisonne
oomme
"
une
is
a
French "
"
"
550
MEALS
drink
MEDICINAL.
the pewter, cool, and
from
winking roguishly,yea, shining for very joy at compassing this so fragrantbeverage ! Fetched from nymph, for customary neighbouringhostel by attendant dole, and
drunk
'tis Jove '
amid
glareof East End boulevard, raise the tankard would high,and loud vociferate Lift up thy voice then, and praisethe East, and
himself
lo, Bacehe
'
!
be well convinced
and-one-nights! often
in
You
that you have spent there The gratefulremembrance
swift
regions of the West ; mercury-heeled messengers
will 'ear the East
else but
and
blind
the
memory's
the heat
a
callin',and
you
a
spellof will
the
thousand-
lingerwith
Orient
Occident heed
never
you
will send
the
to
won't
a
!
nought
this."
cultivated garden a Salsify, the Oyster plant, because as that of the Oyster.
root
of the
Chicory tribe,is
its taste, when
known
cooked, resembles
(See Herbs).
PARSLEY,
PARSNIP.
The
cultivated
eating edible
since
Parsnip early Roman
part, afford
constituents mineral
albumin,
matters,
turnips.
The
starch
and
volatile
it sometimes
has
been times.
produced The
as
vegetable for
a
roots,
which
abundantly, containingalso sugar,
water, oil
as
are
the
chemical
pectose,
dextrin, fat, cellulose,
but
sugar
with
less which
this
than
carrots, is
root
or
furnished
istic disagree,and givesa flavour of characterpeculiaritythereto. Parsnips are highly nutritive, and make In Gerarde's a capitalsupplement to salt fish in Lent. known as day Parsnips were Mypes. They require careful of water, else the sugar is mainly boiled cooking, without excess Soft words," says an old adage, out. butter no Parsnips." The be stewed with roots advantage so as to retain their may Take nice Tender principalqualities. Parsnips,and cut them in rings; put them into a stewing-potin layers,sprinklingover them some (perhaps a little flour),and adding butter sugar each (a small piece between layer) ; pour three-quartersof a for two and let it simmer hours, giving the pint of water over, occasional toss." For and Wash, Parsnip fritters : pot an the Parsnips, and them in slices ; cover cut them with scrape until tender ; then mash them boiling water, and cook them causes
to
"
"
"
"
551
PARTRIDGE.
through,a colander, and return them over large Parsnips a tablespoonfulof butter, taste, also
to
from
remove
and
fry
and
egg
beaten
retained
if boiled
;
mix
add
fire ;
to
two
salt, and
pepper thoroughly,and
cool into small, flat cakes, All the
little butter."
a
with
;
up
it when
fire,making
in
these
thus
are
one
the
well
the
in much
virtues
of the
it loses
water
root
its starch,
made with the roots, and a Parsnip Marmalade, small quantity of sugar, is restorative,and appetizing. Parsnip Wine is exhilarating, and resembles the Malmsey of Madeira, but is of homely vintage only, and not fortified. Malmsey got sugar.
its name it is
usuallysweet, strong, Islands, and
Canary
the
Malvasia, in Greece, being also known
from
combination
of the "
Old
and the
as
Malvoisie
high flavour, being made Azores. Malmsey-Madeira
;
in
of
is
a
wines.
two
the Cellarer keeps a large store Malmsey, and Malvoisie, And more Cyprus ; and who can say how many For a chary old soul is he ! doth fail, Of Sack, and Canary he never And there is brewing of Ale all the year round Yet he never aileth, he quaintly doth say, While he keeps to his sober six flagons a day ; Simon
Of
But
Parsnip of
If
"
urine. in
them
tea
is
ho
!
black
his
!
Jack
Cleanse, and
slice from
water
with
this is drunk
acrid, brain
of the
England
that
well
as
to
even
an
eat
a
root
is called
there
"
done air
on on
hours, and
flow boil
strain."
equal quantity of barley-water for allaying urinary irritation. by cattle ; its juicesare then and
will
is believed
of old
disturbance
cause
in
parsnips which mad
;
on
parts of
some
have
which
been
account
Madnip."
PARTRIDGE, Gervase
go."
three
to
long in the ground, invariably become the
show
lipsdoth for
sweet,
as
;
promoting a free couple of Parsnips, and
insanity. It who
persons
his
two
service of excellent it proves wild this root is shunned Whilst somewhat
doth
nose
to
drink
admirable
an
quart of
a
of
some
! ho
ho
oft the
How
?
(See Game).
Partridges (seventeenthcentury) commended which iron was the broiling (now obsolete), open to the convenient for basting the birds. most all sides, and Markham
Partridge pudding
was
an
invention
of the
South
Saxons
;
and
552
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
"
for
Perdrix
Cook to
"
choux
aux
"
(1776) by Clermont,
for many
Professed
The
clerk of the kitchen
years
first families;"
of the
some
quaintrecipeis givenin
a
PASTRY.
Latin
The
baked
small
a
for bread
term
roll ;
or
earlyperiod the Orientals first it
At
Pastry.
flour, oil,and
honey,
for
it
fanciful
pastUlus, word
our
come
eaten."
of
From
certain
restricted
was
a
very
making
mixtures
for
of
centuries
;
of the middle
commencement
seasoned
ages, changing salt,made into a paste
with
spices.
And
fruits, conserves,
include
pastry, built
Finally,ornamental other
which
to
further
to
was
has
is
acquaintedwith the art of
were
whilst
enclosingmeat,
step
hence
of flour, eggs, butter, and
compound
a
and
generallyconsisted
at the subsequently, to
its diminutive
fanis,and
through Pastus, "something
elsB
Pastry;
loaf,
is
as
up
the
designs,brought
art
the
and
next
cream.
pyramids, castles,and of pastry-making to
supposed perfection. "
that
You
Expecting
Chuse And IVom And
at
"
formed
these
all his "
dainties
as
the
of
;
1708.
Hogarth's design conscientious
seventeenth
invention
an
form
"
"
In
hodge-podge
a
;
raise.
Heeta, Beta, Pi,
P.,
B.
raised.
time
one
Babylon
and
H.
dinner,
to
denounced of
give the
power materials your
pie." Against Mince-pies great
bit o' were
try, and to knead, and
capitalletters
Greek
invitation
fabricts
praise, get immortal know let your sinews
to
to Dough right, and seasoning fix, mix with your fruit resplendent sugar ; the figure will arise. thence, of course, of your Pyes." elegance adorn the surface AH of Cookery,
Their
Three
thence
knuckles
Your
would
pliant Paste
from
to
an
eat
a
objections
century
of the
for "
Quakers
Scarlet
Popery, superstition.
Woman
the
Devil,
works. broth
Plum Oh
!
that
was was
Popish flat
and
;
idolatry!
Mince
Pie
"
"
HUDIBKAS.
A
couple of
whether
debate
of their crust
hundred
to
years
clergymen
it
ago
ought
Popish origin; they represent the manger
was
a
to
were
in which
question of ecclesiastical eat Mince-pies, because
baked
in
a
coffin-shaped
the infant Christ
was
laid.
553
PASTRY.
Puddings and
spices
Pepper
of
are were
then
was
"
a
those to
for
the
were
obtain,
lavish
In way. lightness,which
depends the
Therefore
oven.
expansion
the
best
of
preparedin it should
air before
coldest
cold
a
view
in
air
stand
so
;
^
cold
pastry
stone,
or
making
air.
used
rather
The
pastry richer the paste, as
to a
be
baked
the
while
water
should
simmering.
should must
The,
be
this
have
it should
be the
put
always
;
more
be
little handled.
and
once,
rule, the hotter
baking it. All boiled puddings boilingwater, and the pudding with
at
The
it hold
the
for
the
always be between rollings, Eggs are used to
tenacity of the paste, and thus to make efEect in pastry Baking powder has the same
increase
put
should
ice.
on
dough in the
it is baked.
aside to wait
if set
place,and
on
that
its
the
contains
which
is that
pastry
it is
air after
of the
is
desired
air in
of
amount
rollingsof pastry during
foldings,and
was
Ginger, and
be
quality to
the
the
on
greatest quantity of the increase
not
pastry-making
and
beforehand,
even
it could
that
so
ment condi-
It
times.
pastry.
sweet
this
cheaper in spices. Sugar was this was costly,and difficult be employed after our present
common
spices,but
old
of
landlords
ages. of old term
the
highly
how
show
to
spicing over
next
than
days
the
and
sugar
middle
in the
spice;
common
survives
by
used
frequently
most "
valued
was
cloves
the rent
peppercorn
costlyluxuries
and
rare
invention, seeing that
modern
more
be
on
oven
the
for
fire in
kept covered
for puddings ingredients
time before they are generallybetter for being mixed some whilst good also As an wanted. acceptable dish for dyspeptics, ing for juveniles, an egglessplum pudding, of which a generous helpmaterials the as usually; be safelygiven,is to be made can small carrot, a pound apples, and a medium-sized being two each of stoned raisins,and currants, half a pound of mixed peel (minced), a grated nutmeg, half a teaspoonful of salt, an ounce are
of of
moist
the
sugar,
bread-crumbs, or
chopped, or
almonds,
sweet
cowslip).
and No
a
flour
same
scant
shredded
cocoanut,
twelve
ounces
of chopped suet, twenty ounces wine (raisin, half-pintof home-made of
except
what
is used
in
chopping the
suet, medium-
three possible. This quantitycomposes sized, or four, small puddings,requiringfour and a half hours' cooking. It is not advisable to form it into a singlelarge be replaced the currants children may pudding. For young in be omitted with advantage by sultanas, and the wine may and
as
little
as
554
MEALS
favour
Alice
of
with
milk
MEDICINAL.
of good dessertspoonful
a
Looking Glass pudding during the meat the
through
new
it of ?
make
to
mean
you
"
White
the
Alice
things, such
other
Hamelin
"
"In
clingso devotedly they
that
of the
take
(R.
to
Pied
the
manufacture
It
very
it makes
a
What
did
began
with
nice
alone,
mixing
it with
sealing-wax."
drowning,1842)
the
"the
inhabitants
Piper Legend (Browning'spoem) it, one opportunity of commemorating
every
being by
ways
not
;
and
gunpowder,
as
Town"
"
asked.
the Knight answered blotting-paper," idea what difference but you've no a
"
dinner.
In
invented
Knight
at
course
cornflour.
of
rat-like representative
Rats quite a local industry. The Hamelin made from a fermented are dough of so lighta character that they look almost It is composed of the very like biscuits. coarsest kind of flour, and becomes hard that unless so having teeth as sharp as the rat itself anyone attempting to eat the dough-nut would fail to make an impression thereupon. The tails,and two are are cut, and separately,but the ears put on paws form the eyes, whilst a few stout bristles passed through currants the rat's whiskers ; the shapes are then the dough make baked of a dark-brown colour, and glazed ; they find a ready sale as
doughnuts,
is
which
.
associated The has
with
Review
Saturday
killed
legend.
the
has
cynicalmood
For people than drink." digestive powers, especially for
strong
more
whatever
sort, and
however
Puddings, pies, and baked,
boiled,
or
in
place
pudding
sweet
well
confections
used, with
formation
pie-crust
questionable.
is very of this
made,
"
lack all persons who the sick, pastry, of
high temperature,
a
that
so
of
character
are
changes take butyric, and other that
if
acids; the flour,too, is altered in condition, and paste is
or
tenacious,
that
so
Goldsmith,
who
seldom
at
sat
Venison
at
fats
the
unwholesome
day
said in
the was
boiled, the
digestivejuicescannot always at his wit's
well-furnished
a
respectingsuch
feasts
he
easilypenetrate end
for
tells in
table as
solidified,and
becomes
mass
obtained
a
money, the Haunch
access
to
it.
and
of
in his
:" "
At
the At
At
the At
The
top
the
fried liver, and
or
middle
bacon
were
seen,
tripe in a swingeing tureen, hot, was spinach, and pudding made not." place where the Pastry was
was
sides there
the
Pasty,
a
bottom
a
Turn-over, in truth
"
a
Cornish
device, originated
PASTRY.
in the
need
by
miners
the
them to the carry with without sufferingharm Hence them
into
that the A
the
arose
the
Rhubarb eaten.
beef-steak within
portable food for their
by handling with
bag
cotton
be
dinner, and
it
Pasty, which
is
might eat with fingers. coppery commonly slippedby into the
stringrun
a
they might
which
top,
so
bag, to be held in the hand, and turned back as Pasty diminishes. it pie is improved by sprinklinglemon- juice over A beef-steak pudding is to be preferredbefore a
contents
miner's
when
a
mines
Miner's
small
a
of
555
may
pie (which
it).
A
eaten
often
from
the
out
engenders harmful
mutton-chop
pudding,
products
gaseous
is
oysters therein,
with
excellent. The
Pie, both
national
its name, and in its nature, is peculiarly with the history of our England, and interwoven
to
in
country's culture. "
No As
soil upon the mud
And
what
To
Pepys
the
earth we
are
the
is so dear to our eyes first stirred in terrestrial
prizes we
perish to
first little minnow
we
pies ;
win
caught with
a
pin
?
"
tells of
going (January 6th, 1661) to dinner to Sir Wm. Penn's (hiswedding day), where we had, besides a good chine of beef, and other good cheer, eighteenMince-pies in a dish, the number of years married." that he hath been Mincing of meat in pies," quoth Bacon, saveth the grinding of the teeth." The Period Christmas teenth (sevenpie of the Restoration than noble dish less a century) was rarely weighing fourteen pounds, and often exceeding several stones in weight. The of this meat ingredients then represented nine-tenths minced, or shred pie, with only a flavouring of dried fruits, then were expensive plums, raisins, and citron peel, which luxuries ; but shrunk, nowadays the meat ingredients have and shrunk, until only a mere trifle of chopped- suet remains as "
"
"
"
a
reminder
English
institution
forthwith of genera, a
of the
monster
solid fare which
rampant,
ran
and
species.
of
when
and In
a
pie-bakingcompany,
forth
City one
age.
planted
once
burst the
robuster
into
of New of the
on an
The
American untold
York oldest
Pie
there trusts
is
an
soil,
variety exists in the
there daily) are pies (as consumed has its this at season particularbakery. Each favourite pie,but all the year round Apple pie is well to the fore. Hot pie is the proper thing,according to the judgment of the
city ; tens produced
of thousands
of
536
MEALS
pie-men
is
there
;
MEDICINAL.
difEerence
mucli
as
between
piping-hot
a
luscious
cold edition of and a Apple pie, fresh from the oven, the wine, and vinegar. After same pie, as there is between is favourite, especiallyat Christmas, Apple pie, the next "
Mince."
Peach,
Custard, and
Pine-apple,Lemon
Cocoanut
in demand This all the round. pies are great Baking year and thousand berry, ten Company uses a hundred eggs daily. Huckleberry, Cherry, Cranberry, Pumpkin, Strawberry, Plum, Goosein great demand, each Currant, and Blackberry pie are in its particular season. is a cold- weather sort Meringue of pie, and favourite then. The notion that only a moderate is treated are pies properly baked indigestible by the manager delusion as a authority. The exploded long ago by medical late P. T. Barnum used to eat his three slices a day, and he lived to be of good nature, eighty-two years of age, being a model and shrewd the observation is," says amiability. My food that persons to animal who confine themselves Manager, "
"
"
"
are
in
gross
and
structure,
intellect.
There
is
animalism
no
in
of fine texture pie ; and your reasonable pie-eateris a man the stars physically,and among mentally." Our English fruit the fruit tarts tart pies are not correctlycalled ; in the true (or jam) is put within a ring of baked dough, as evolved from the Roman twisted As ring called "torte." long ago as in the public concerning Meat 1863, The Lancet admonished pies, in words of warning which then for are as just as necessary now careful heed : have to All learned chemists, and toxicologists be reminded of the important fact that if a Meat pie is made "
"
crust
to
"
without
hole
a
emanations
in
from
diarrhoea, and
the
the
top
out
certain
during cooking, then
meat
other
let
symptoms
of
noxious
colic,vomiting,
poisoning,in
more,
or
less
degree, are
of beef, likelyto occur, particularlyin pies made and rabbit. favourite dish with a our tors ancesHerring pie was and from Great still Yarmouth hundred a herrings are ; sent to once a by the Burgesses to the SherifE of Norwich year be made into twenty-four pies for the King. PEACH.
The
Apple on
a
possess macerated
more
grows
of Persia tree
whereof
medicinal in water
is
our
the
Peach young
(Amygdalus Persica), which branches, leaves, and
propertiesthan they yield a volatile
the
fruit.
oil which
After is
flowers
being chemically
558
MEALS
it
pass
through
all the
pour
the
MEDICINAL.
sieve, and
liquid,into
an
pounds
of sugar, a quarter of cinnamon, a little vanilla, and wine
there
as
a as
of Peach
pound
in
much
leaves, a little
quantity of good
white
Peach-juice. Allow it to ferment, covering the liquidis thoroughly settled,filter, When
pitcher well.
and
put it into bottles.
mixture, but
the
pulp thoroughly; pitcher; add four
is of
the
to
the
press out earthenware
Some this
add
persons
is not
bottle of Eau-de-Vie
a
The
necessary.
Peach
wine
piade in this way, besides being very agreeable to the taste, is excellent sedative virtues because of the an stomachic, with of weak
soupgon suit a
delicate
Apricots,may fruits
prussicacid in the leaves sensitive digestion. Wine
be brewed
in
than
the
sweeter
are
like manner,
a
;
it will of
admirably
Plums,
except that
less sugar need because of the same
Peach,
or
of
as
these
be
used.
inherent Again, Eatafias, of bitter Almonds, make useful culinaryingredientfor puddings, most a principle, other inclined to or plain dishes to suit a qualmish stomach sickness. Thus Put a pint of milk into a basin ; add to it : two tablespoonfulsof fine sugar, a pinch of salt,and six or seven of Ratafias, or of bitter Almonds six drops of essence ; beat "
eggs
for two,
pour
into
three
or
minutes, and
mix
them
mould, and
steam
for
well-buttered
a
spirituousliquor distilled
brandy
is
of the
Peach.
a
delicate
For
from
invalids
with
hour."
an
the
the
milk
fermented
whose
;
Peach
juice
be appetite is a simple tempting nicety. coaxed. Peach foam Skin, and cut into quarters, three or four choice, and very ripe Peaches, done there shall be that when into a basin so a cupful ; put them with half a cupful of powdered sugar, and the white of one egg ; must
"
beat
this mixture
fork for half
ad libitum."
For
making
fruit should
autumn
perfume
kernels,when hair
;
a
few
be
with be
a
delightful
eaten
almost
jam, thoroughly ripe and sound used, as having the best flavour, and
of the
stones
blanched, be added
to
should the
be broken, and
jam,
their
first passed through
sieve.
PEAS,
pulses,which
well described in
it will have
hour, when
Peach
PEAR,
The
an
a
Peach
a
a
smooth, velvetycream, thick, perfectly that it may flavour, and so innocent
become
most
with
Beans). (.S'ee
Peas, Beans, and Lentils,have been the poor man's beef," because of their richness include
"
as
(-SeeFruits).
nitrogenous proteids. They speciallyacquire this property
559
PEAS.
through,small
nodules
endowed
masses
nitrogenof
their roots
on
with
remarkable
a
of bacterial
consist
which
of
power
fixing the
free
the
atmosphere, and of passing it on for the use of the plant. Kitchen garden Peas, when cooked in the usual contain from 12 to 16 per cent of carbohydrates,chiefly way, Hot Grey Pease, and a suck of Bacon," (tiedto a string sugar. of which the stallkeeper held the other end,) was a popular street of James the First. The principalproteid cry in the London of the pulses is legumin,or vegetablecasein ; indeed, a kind of cheese be actually prepared from beans. Pulse is the may of this tribe. Some of the proteidsof the pottage, or porridge, rich in sulphur, whereby they provoke flatulence pulses are through sulphuretted hydrogen ; but these seeds are poor in their flour, or to meal, fat, though thoroughly absorbed as within the intestines. Pea soup, if well prepared, and thick, contains in each tablespoonfulthe equivalentin proteidsof one of meat ounce ; by making this soup with milk instead of water the amount of proteid is trebled. But some carbohydrates must be added if the purpose is to satisfytherewith all the These requirements of nutrition. pulses show a deficiencyof of proteids; for potash salts compared with their amount bonate to add meeting which lack, it will answer just a little bicarboiled. the of potash to in which water they are from Peas Porridge made ripens,and sweetens, by being kept in the that for little more than week in a cool place; so a quaint old lines concerning it there' is shown to be embodied "
instructive
an
"
truth
Pease
Pease
This term
:
porridge hot. Pease porridge in the pot
maturing takes place on of nine days is the limit
Peas
porridge cold, old."
and the ensilageprinciple, time before mouldiness begins.
the
of
known
(Pisum arvense) were
days
nine
to
the
ancient
Greeks, and
within the pods, Usually the seeds, as contained of the Sugar the only edible part ; but the pods themselves are Pea, and the StringPea are eaten, as in the case of StringBeans. The seeds, when ripe,and hard, are splitfor use in soups, or are Romans.
ground the
into de
Due
withered
Pease
Richelieu
grey
reminds
Cowper "
Daniel Heaven
Peas us
ate
"
meal. as "
that
two
Yes
!
Peas
yes :
!
but
madam
!
then
they
(Walpole's letters, 1765).
am are
as
two
The
: "
pulse by choice : example rare ! youth, and made him fresh, and
blest the
I
fair."
like old
poet
560
MEALS
"
said
Then
of the
to
had
set
eunuchs '
Azariah, them
be
meat
In
parched
Peas
when
did
and
to
paper
stands
for
a
our
to them
the
at
end
of
fatter in flesh,
portion of
the
eat
bruises.
active
outdoor
cooked
eaten
are
excrements.
In
penny.
for
many
They
best
the
King's
the
clever
complaints, suit The
exercise.
persons skins of
remain
undigested, puddings towns, being bought ready portion thereof wrapped in Book (1862) it of Nonsense to
apt
'
in the
be
And
days.
ten
passed is eaten by the lower classes of most prepared at the cooks' shops, a and
let
So he consented
thought good
are
of
plenty
take
who
then
;
let
11-17).
wounds,
especiallyfor
days, and
ten
drink
to
prince
Mishael, and
appeared fairer,and
which
(Daniel i. m: Germany Peas
thee,
water
them
countenances
children
all the "
beseech
servants.'
thy proved
and
their
days
than
eat
seest, deal with
in this matter, ten
Daniel, Hananiah,
over
the
before thee, and the countenance upon of the portion of the King's meat and :
looked
that
children
thou
(the steward),whom
thy servants, I pulse to eat, and
give us
of the
Melzar
Prove
countenances
as
Daniel
MEDICINAL.
Pease
into
made
related : "
There '
old
an
was
dined
Who
on
That
and
pea, than
one
For,' he said, Would make
'
more
old
bean
one
;
that
fat,'
too
me
cautious
of Dean
person
Dean."
of
person
nourishing satisfaction is got out of the pulses than from not food by persons who are suitable animal robust, or who do Lord not Tennyson gain their bread by hard bodily work. Less
found as
his
such
to
be the
in his instance, and
case
wrote
to
of the poem experience (in his dedication appointed Edward Fitzgerald, a vegetarian), teUing disabout meat^abstainers:
individual
Tiresias, to
"
this efEect
Who
live
meal, and
on
milk, and
grass
long weeks I tried table of Pythagoras, Your seem'd at first And a thing eiiskied airy Hght (As Shakespeare has it) : And
;
for ten
once
'
'
'
To
float above
Then
the
fell from
that
I tasted
flesh
Until
when
night
And
all the
heavens
And
on
half
That
me,
wholesome
;
,
again.
the
black,
winter
was
were
asleep, heat
'
men
height half-spiritual
earth
One
of
ways
flashed came
blood
in
frost,
back had
lost."
561
PEPPERS.
PEPPERS.
"Piper" for Pepper, its derivation is said be from Greek to the Peperi, quod apricatum," because is 3 maner of Peper, There baked, and dried by the sun. white alle upo' o' tree, long Peper, blak Peper, and Peper." The kinds and from the are black) (white, procured principal As
Latin
the
to
word
"
"
"
"
seed
of
small
a
parts of India this seed and
and in various at Malabar, grows for preparing white Pepper the outer husk of which
shrub ;
is removed.
Pepper
known
was
in the
the
to
ancient
early centuries
Greeks, Christian
of the
highly valued that when Alaric besieged Rome era (408 a.d.) he included in three its ransom thousand pounds of Pepper. A similar spice is Long Pepper, from the East Indies ; its spikehas the half-ripe This berries attached. Pepper being not so strong, but more acrid in its effect,has been long used in making medical tions. confecwas
so
The
alkaloid,
of each
its
culinaryuse
was
writers
make
frequent
in the
Castel
of Health,
"
contain
sort
piperine,"of great
Hippocrates,and
Both
and
seeds
"
essential
an
oil, and
power.
employed Pepper as described by Apicius. Our Galen
mention
of it.
with
says
an
For
medicine,
a
old
English Elyot,
instance, Sir T.
respect to this healthful
ment condi-
Pepper is that beinge eaten it passes through the bodye, heatying,and comfortingthe stomacke, not entrynge into the vaynes, or annoyinge the lyuer." The early and of to pepper to pelt with was signification peppercorns, also to cause smarting of the part hit therewith ; this verb was employed to signifygivinga person his quietus,or doing for :
The
of
nature
"
"
"
him."
Romeo
In
and
Grocers June
On
were
the
then
as
the
is
term
thus
used,
"
I
am
for this world."
peppered, I warrant, "
Juliet
dealers in
Pepper
were
formerlyknown
as
pepperers.
number
of pepperers, the grocers 12th, 1345, a as styled,met together at dinner by agreement." Should
stomach
empty, and, still more, bottled porter, and biscuit feel
if any
dry retching
little a spread butter, and sprinkled well with Pepper, (white,or Cayenne) ; which last article advises), by the way, (as Dr. Chambers in a traveller's pocket amply repays the space it will occupy Pepper throughout a journey, so useful is it on all occasions." stimulant b ut is taken to if when a digestion, vigorous powdered occurs,
take
in
"
"
"
excess
it may
inflame
with
the
bowels.
"
When
I'm
a
Duchess," 36
562
MEALS
said
Alice
kitchen
(in Wonderland), all.
at
always Pepper that
and,
MEDICINAL.
makes
does
Soup that
them
barley sugar, and sweet-tempered. I only wish Duchess had been saying to "
I
I beat
Alice
:
vinegar bitter
them
that
make
that
!
;
children
"
The
cross
"
boy, my he sneezes,
when
thoroughly enjoy
can
Pepper Bow
and
makes
things people knew
him
he
The
that
such
speak severely to
For
Pepper in my any without it. Maybe it's
well
camomile
and
"
have
people hot-tempered;
and
;
I won't
very
makes
sour
"
!
he
when !
wow
pleases. !
wow
"
The
Capsicum, or Bird Pepper, a tropicalproduction now cultivated freely throughout Great Britain as a stove plant, its afiords us fruit Cayenne Pepper as pods, to be powdered for the kitchen, and the table. Another varietyof this Capsicum is "
Chillies."
small
by
birds
the
Because
eat, and
can
of
name
thrushes, rufis,
"
digestthe
Piment
and
reeves, "
small
des oiseaux."
other
such
Chilli,"its berry goes Bird
The
Pepper by
its
in actions Cayenne exercises important, and useful medicinal culinary forms. Chemically it furnishes an essential oil, with a crystallineprinciple, capsicin,"of much vigour. The oil be taken remedially in a dose of from half to one drop, may rubbed some powdered white sugar, and mixed with a up with be made for more wineglassfulof hot water ; or an essence may convenient by mixing certain proportions of the oil, purposes and spiritof wine (one part to nine), so that the dose thereof "
shall be this
from
is mixed
essence
is
no
; the
lint, or
a
with
If
water.
five fluid
tenderness lotion
folded
pressure,
but
should be applied over
pocket
handkerchief.
of
the
a
pain
loins
It is found
capital signally
in
lumbago
much
on
of
ounce
will prove
which
on
fluid
one
of water,
ounces
compounded, relievingexternallythe variety
for
there
drops in
ten
lotion becomes
Capsicum useful
five to
on a
that
which ment move-
piece of shortly
after
stingingand redness have been produced the patient can later a second hours move quite freely; though perhaps some become applicationmay necessary. attends the use of Cayenne Pepper success Very remarkable as
a
drug
substitute in
for alcohol
delirium
tremens
with ;
when
hard
drinkers, and
full doses
as
a
valuable
given repeatedly at
563
PEPPERS.
intervals
such,
seem
as
will reduce
necessary
the
and
tremor,
agitationwithin a few hours, causing presentlya calm, prolonged and will time the skin will become sleep; at the same warm, perspirenaturally; the pulse will subside in quickness,whilst regainingfullness,and volume ; the kidneys also, and the bowels will act freely. For an who intemperate person reallydesires to himself from wean indulgingin spirituousliquors,and yet feels to stimulant in place thereof, at first need other some with that tincture, mixed or Cayenne Pepper, given in essence, of bitter orange most effectually,the doses peel, will answer in strength, and being reduced frequency from day to day. But
alcoholic
no
there
will
arise
a
said
remorse,"
(1830), thus fast
liquorof mortal
Charles "
felt
;
indeed,
make
to
him
clasp
his
teeth
together, To
it is
resumed
feverish The thereto. repugnance Drunkard in Confessions of a Lamb,
"
For
be
"
enough
were
should
sort
any
suffer wet
racking headache famously effective to made
strong
tea
bed
its volatile
;
the
to
which
the
from
And
damnation
drink
aromatic
oil is
undo
'em.
run
thro'
'em."
follows
from
Garden
not
time
a
to
drinking debauch time a cupful of
a
Thyme as grown in the herb beneficial for this specifically
penalty exacted by the overnightindulgence. A tincture of Capsicum is officinal, and be had of uniform strength may from druggist; sixteen grains of pure good Capsicum any of spiritof wine, macerated, and powder to each fluid ounce Strained, the dose thereof being from five to twenty drops, with For attack of delirium two an tablespoonfulsof cold water. tremens, beel-tea red-hot with Cayenne Pepper, and with grated cheese in it, may Parmesan be helpfullytaken by the patient in frequent copious draughts. While this is so strong, and burning,that under ordinary conditions one would scarcelydare it the most to taste it, yet the patient will pronounce cool, and Some such a sad, but sagacious rogue must refreshingdrink. have been the Peter Piper of our days, who is said to have young tradition eaten a "peck of pickled Pepper;" though nursery severe
"
asks
doubtingly whether
talented
Punch
of trousers, and A
much
artist,when
he
did he
forty-sixpots
esteemed
West
so,
or
not.
died, left behind of
Indian
John him
Leech,
the
forty pairs
Cayenne Pepper dish is Pepperpot, I
the
chief
564
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
ingredientbeing Cassareep (with which Chillies ;
or
is the
chieflythe said dish
young is made
dried
flesh,and vegetables), of the okra, and pods
fish,or
green of tripeshredded, and
stewed,
liquor of which small balls of dough are added, together with a high seasoning of Pepper. This Cassareep, growing Indies, produces large tubers on its abundantly in the West the source which of our roots are tapioca. The name given to from words is Jatropha manihot, as derived the Greek such roots cure," expressing the healing, and latron-fhago, I eat a An nutritious extract of the reep Cassapropertiesof this genus. The furnishes root the mentioned. Pepperpot now the tubers yield a pulp, a starch, and a milky juice. When stitutes starch, or flour, of the roots is dried on thin hot plates,it conThe the tapioca of our culinary use. milky juice is poisonouswith prussic acid whilst fresh, but loses its harmful efiects after it has been expressed for thirty-sixhours, or if it When this juiceis condensed is boiled. by heat to a treacle-like extract it becomes Cassareep, being a brown, slightlysweet, thick a aromatic, remarkably liquid,which will communicate the in taste to meat gravies,particularly making of savoury as a capital Pepperpot. It should be used in drops, and serves pies. With beef, veal, fowl, rabbit, digestiveaddition to meat of Cassareep efiects kidneys, and their pies,the judicioususe decided a improvement by employing from a teaspoonful to must be kept cool, as it is liable a tablespoonful. The extract in smaller ferment. to quantities, whether by Cayenne in boiling water infusion as a tincture, serves tea, or in the admirably to relieve draggingpains in the loins through a sluggish action of the kidneys. For incipientquinsy, before the tonsillar with Cayenne abscess breaks, a basin of hot gruel well seasoned enough, wUl often give ease, and resolve Pepper, if taken soon the swelling. In the early part of the last century a medicine with famous table salt was of Capsicum powder compounded throat. Two of small for curing a putrid sore dessertspoonfuls of ordinary Cayenne Pepper red Chillies (powdered), or three beaten were dessertspoonfulsof fine salt together with two into a paste, half a pint of boiling water being next added ; strained off when then the liquor was cold, and half a pint of mixed with it ; One tablespoonfulof sharp vinegar was very to
the
"
"
"
this mixture
hour, being
was
the
diluted
dose with
for more
an
adult water
every
if found
half-hour, to
be
too
or
every
strong.
566
MEALS
graves, the victims and body, that are
of the
brought
the
about
MEDICINAL.
multitude
connected
by
with of
use
of maladies chronic
Cayenne,
of both
incurable and
mind,
dyspepsia
its condimental
cousins." For
catarrh
feverish
of
the
disturbance,
conditions, a
stomach for
or
which
gives
distress
gout of stomach
under
without the
like
made
sufficient on by pouring boiling water Cayenne Pepper, and drinking half a tumblerful (whilstquite time relief. at will a hot) give A Capsicum ointment, or Chilli paste, will almost invariably to serve mitigate the painful stifEness of chronic rheumatism if rubbed in topically for ten minutes with a gloved at a time This paste is to be made hand. with capsicin,"the oleo-resin of the pods (half an ounce), and sheep's-wool oil (lanoline), five ounces, melting the latter, and alter adding the capsicin be stirred together until cold. Indolent letting them piles tea
"
which
have
extruded, and
be stimulated
can
diluted time
so
as
the viands
to
to
the
reduction
only
cause
taken
at
circulation
by
the
moderate
table
should
use
in which
is
stagnant,
of this ointment
when
smarting. At the same be sprinkledwith Cayenne
of a child Pepper. For a scrofulous discharge from the ears Capsicum tincture,of a weak strength(four drops to a tablespoonful of cold water), injectedthree times a day, will exercise curative effects. In passive congestionof the eyes through catarrh, rheumatism, the diluted juice of Capsicum used as a lotion or is a sovereignremedy. clear the sight of healthy It will even not be used too strong, only sufficiently to so as eyes, but must man's produce a temporary smarting. A plaster poor made of Capsicum extract, or mixed with Cayenne Pepper, melted resin plaster,and then is of spread on brown paper, admirable in lumbago, and chronic rheumatism use ; it must be warmed before application. This, and the Chilli paste, excite in the of warmth redness skin, with comforting sensations I am thereof, but they do not blister it. improved," wrote to Mrs. to Grote, as Sydney Smith lumbago, but still less chilblains may Unbroken be readily upright than Aristides." cured by rubbing them once a day with a small piece of sponge saturated by a tincture of Cayenne Pepper, until a strong sense "
"
"
"
of Dr.
tinglingis
induced.
Eabagliati, or
of
"
is for
feedingtoo
"
The
the
of
occurrence
most
part
often, in much
an
the
chilblains," says
indication same
way
of
feeding, over-
as
corns
567
PIGEON.
occur."
Again
"
:
Chilblains
yieldto friction twice daily with soft In Evelyn's time a Pepper known
condimentary addition wholesome.
This
got from A "
a
West
liquid extract from
three
tincture, and from
to
is the
"
as
soap
a
used
was
as
a
sallets,"being pronounced especially
Indian
Pi-perJamaiciense, or plant of the Pimento,
of the
Tabasco
drops will animate the cordial Allspice-waterare
whole
Allspice,order.
or
it
salad." had
be
to
Plinii,
Amomum
used, of which
was
six
to
alkali."
an
Tabasco
as
therefore
gouty, and
half
are
was
said
Allspice nowadays
druggists.
our
(See Herbs).
PEPPERMINT.
PHEASANT.
PHOSPHATES.
[See Game).
(See Alkalies,
and
Bread).
(Columha.)
PIGEON.
The
set a early Romans high value on Pigeons, which were known three thousand before Christ. long since, even years food. Burton, in his Anatomy of Melancholy, forbids them as Though these be fair in feathers, and pleasant in taste, and have white in plumes, and soft, a good outside (likehypocrites), their flesh is hard, black, unwholesome, dangerous, melancholy meat." Gravant stomachim." et putrefaciunt Jeremy Taylor which refers to a former custom prevailedwidely of applying Pigeons cut into halves against the soles of the feet in the We cut extremity of a sick person's illness : livingPigeons in fevers." in halves, and apply them to the feet of men "
"
"
"
Suppositu pedibus
Spirante
revocantur
ad
columba ima
vapores."
Pepys, in his Diary, quotes repeated instances of the same practice the seventeenth he also tells that century ; during (September the "Mr. of 26th, 1668) Beale, King's Guards, sat with him while he had two quilted Pigeons, very handsome, and good meat." A corrected Pigeon," quoth Fuller, that is, with blood let under both wings, is both pleasant,and wholesome nourishment generallyreported without gall; but ; they are their bills can peck as well as kiss,and if their crops be not their flesh is bitter." Split Pigeons have been clearly drawn the breast for givingrelief in asthma, either by a laid also on "
"
568
MEALS
natural
cessation
of the
"
for them
enough for all hot, them is tempered by
them
the
for cold
convenient
most
or merely as the eSect of paroxysm, and verie wholesome good for old men,
Pigeons are that bee phlegmaticke; being boyled they
warmth.
of
MEDICINAL.
and the
to
stufie them
and
to
eat
of
manner
a
with
sauce,
cholericke
bodies, because
the
moysture
of the
they
are
you
eat
It is very
seasons.
rested
some whole-
are
with them
sour
the
with
water
good
grapes,
;
when
heat
unripe
or
gooseberries, berries, in
grapes, or little vinegar also. a
soure
butter, and
mended comeating of Pigeons in the time of the Plague is much because safe from men they are thought to make infection ; which for thing verily is not repugnant to reason, thicke bloud (Dr. T. they breed a strong, hot, and somewhat Venner). When Pigeons are fresh they have their full flavour, but it disappears entirely if they are kept after being killed for the table, and the slightesthaut gout makes them useless for food. as They should therefore be roasted as soon they are received ; and, if not used should be kept immediately, they in the roasted wanted. state cold, and be heated again when Stewed Pigeon is a useful dish for a delicate sick person ; it
The
"
admits green
of many
variations, and
Tennyson
peas.
is supreme with stewed young of certain and toothsome, a
tells
tempting Pigeon pie, served gathering:
Audrey Court, during
at
a
pic-nic
"
"
There
slope of orchard Francis laid A damask napkin, wrought with horse, and hound Brought out a dusky loaf that smelt of home. And, half cut down, a pasty, costly made, Where quail,and pigeon, leek, and leveret lay. Like fossils of the rock, with golden yolks and injelUed ; last, with these Imbedded, on
a
flask of cider
A
Prime, And
Pigeon's blood the eyes ; some wing, if let fall
I knew
talked
old
has
a
PINE
From
the
America,
Ananas the
;
been
of blood
wounded
sativa,
some
has
vats.
sat, and
thought good withdrawn would
(and a
father's
eat.
over."
eye,
APPLE
Pine-apple
his
and
matters
long
drops on
from
which
:
see
native been
from cure
complaintsof under a Pigeon's
for
the
sore.
Fruit).
tropical tree obtained.
It
in
South
is cultivated
569
APPLE.
PINE
plant (formerlyby few growers only, but now more commonly), whilst a large importation of the Pine-apple juice has been foreign fruit takes place. Fresh remarkable as to digestive powers recently found possess exercised animal food, similar to those of the gastricjuice upon of the Pine-apple is the The within active principle stomach. is potential enough to digest a thousand bromelin," which times its own Upon the weight of proteidswithin a few hours. coagulated white of egg the digestiveprocess induced is slow ; the while albumin of meat its action is first to produce a on pulpy, gelatinousmass, which after a time completely dissolves. beef-steak, slice of Pine-apple is placed upon When raw a a of the fresh steak becomes the surface gradually gelatinous, of the juice. An owing to the digestiveaction of the enzyme than half a pint of juice. Pine-apple will yield more average The activityof this digestiveagent becomes destroyed in a cooked why the tinned fruit (unless Pine-apple ; but there is no reason prepared under heat) should not retain the said digestivepower ; the be obtained from the principlemay of which juice by salt ; then a dissolvingtherein a liberal quantity of common digestive precipitateis obtained which includes the remarkable should be which is the indigestible, woody fibre, agent ; whilst apple eating Pine-apple, or expressingits juice. Pinerejectedwhen juice from the ripe fruit is decidedly acid ; its digestive in
England
as
a
hot-house
"
"
is very
principle, bromelin," commercial such so a
as
that
use
corns,
if for
corn
; or
thin
a
if
applied to horny
Pine-apple be kept
the
eight hours
corn
on
excrescences
warts, the fresh fruit juiceis slice of
of limited
therefore
unstable, and
the
powerfullysolvent
in close contact
will become
skin,
so
soft
as
to
;
with admit
natives of Pine-apple-growing countries The removal. of easy the external much relief from derive found to application are of leprosy,and elephantiasis.The Pine-apple juicein cases rubbed surfaces their fresh raw are is pulled into pieces,and the affected parts of the skin. Again, it is asserted that for over exudation breaking up, and resolving the tough membranous throat, nothing which forms obstructivelywithin a diphtheritic a ripePine-apple; is so surelyeffectual as the juicesqueezed from of the
by
this
fresh
many
means
a
life has
Pine-applejuice will
albumin
in four
in .America
for
hours
;
on
applying to
been
dissolve which the
from
Three
saved. ten
to
fifteen
ounces
of
grains of
principlethe juice is employed which leathery false membranes
570
MEALS
obstruct
tte
excellent The
throat
in
essential
it is also
diphtheria;
forms
for other
MEDICINAL.
of
anti-scorbutic,and
throat.
sore
volatile oil of
istic Pine-apple,on which its characterflavour depends, is chemically ethyl butyrate. This as a particularflavour is frequentlyimparted to rum spiritby slices of which adding some Pine-apple; specialspiritthrough such chemical the of carbonic acid amount flavouringaugments alcoholic exhaled from the lungs, though all other beverages retard such (as Mr. expiration. This particular vanity the liquorcalled rum Stigginsdenominated ')not being allowed "
'
'
'
sold
be
to
Market,
in that
Mrs.
"
warmed
'erp establishment
Weller
with
recommended
bottle
a
Prison, Clare
Fleet
the
"
Port
of
wine,
spice,and sugar, as being grateful other to the stomach, and savouring less of vanity than many For Rum Punch Take : a compounds." Syrup quart of half a pint of fresh lemon-juice,and two pounds of sugar rum, into this the lemon-juice,and stir it up until (clarified) ; pour water, and
with
'
'
"
it simmers into
and
up,
of it
take
the
porcelaindish.
a
well
then
;
"
be made
can
When
into
put
into Punch
On
the
Crag
"
Inn. the
occasion there
was
their
"
handkerchiefs
no
stir
and
rum,
Some
keeps well.
requiredby adding
meats
Rum
faces
were
"
the
syrup
sufficient
a
it may with tea." be mixed in Yorkshire, particularly at favoured
baked
was
syrup
the
pour
or
;
stint of
no
This
when
Ephraim
of
First, there women
"
the
fire,and
it is cold, add
bottles.
quantity of boilingwater Eum is a spiritmuch funerals, when
ofE the
pan
"
Shackleton's
drink, for
such
forth."
coldly furnished
are
wife's
victuals
or
cared
as
burial
at to
the
at
Ling
Trawdon
take
it ;
and
against black-bordered Tongues willingthan the men.
showing less
red
the virtues mellowed as began to wag ; and the dead woman's It their round, and for tea grew the hour near. glasseswent was a gallantmeal enough ham, and cheese, and spiced loaf ; strange cakes, of different shapes, and colours ; mince-pies left from the Christmas over junketings; tea for the ostensible "
drink, but kind
of
it little pots of the for most
cream
(Through A
with
Sorrow's
beef -meal
powder, beef
and
article of
ferment
of
that
served
as
a
second "
sombre-gowned, bright company
Gates, 1904).
digested the reliable
of Rum
to
a
wherein
the
considerable commerce
Pine-apple, when
Pine-apple juice has extent,
for the
acting
is
now
invalid.
upon
animal
an
pre-
excellent,
Happily
the
substance
PIN"
does digestively, that
so
tbe
nutritive
not
beef
juice are
The
efficient both
intestines, that
571
bitter
by-products to be formed, is of acceptable taste, as well as of high solvent of Pine-apple digestive powers
cause
meal
value.
APPLE.
any
in the
acid
is, throughout
stomach,
in the
alkaline
alimentary canal. A slice of fresh Pine-appleis about wise a thing as one as can take of dessert after substantial meal. by way a Nearly million in marketed the twenty-five Pine-apples are yearly United States, Cuba being the principal producer, Florida and considerable the Bahamas sending about half as many, a Take quantity. For Pine-apple jam : equal weights of the fruit,and of sugar (making a syrup of this, a cup of water to a of sugar) ; peel, and slice the Pine-apple,and it cup preserve in the syrup. The after it is be added juice of a lemon may about takes finished, which three hours." Pare Or, again : the fruit, and carefullytake out the eyes ; then grate it on a for each pound coarse grater, rejectingthe cones ; weigh it,and of fruit take a pound of sugar, sprinkling it over the grated Pines ; then let it stand all night ; in the morning boil for ten, or fifteen minutes them over a quick fire ; put into glasspots, and cover cool." For Pine-applefingers, when which delicious (Dutch) : are Bake batch of slightly-sweetened a midget milk rolls ; chop ofE the end crust of each, hollowing out the interior ; next take tin of preserved Pine-apple, and a chop the fruit up finely, picking out all the hard bits, or stringyfibres,and pound it to a adding a tablespoonfulof grated pulp with a little thick cream, with this almonds to each teacupful of the paste. Fill the cases mixture the tops with a glue composed of the white on ; bind dish (decorated with a lace-edgedd'oyley, of egg, and pile on a "
the
and
whole
'
"
"
"
"
and "
hole
flowers)."
natural
"
Alice
When
the
after
white
fallingdown falling, thump,
down
and
the
fall
low
hall
lit
of which
was
printed on ventured sort
to
of mixed
she was
popped into the Eabbit Rabbit with pink eyes, she kept falling, well ever so deep, until suddenly thump, a heap of sticks,and dry leaves, upon On a three-leggedglasstable in a long,
a came
over.
she
by lamps paper it. The a
taste
hot
found
label with bottle
was
little bottle, round
a
the
words
not
it,and, findingit
flavour
tofEee, and
"
{in Wonderland)
of
'
drink
very
nice
me
(it had, in fact, a
roast cherry tart, custard. Pine-apple,
buttered
toast),she very
neck
beautifully poison,'so Alice
'
marked
the
'
soon
key, tur-
finished it off."
572
MEALS
The
Sloe,
or
wild
Plum,
is well known
as
MEDICINAL.
PL
QMS.
borne
by
of the
Blackthorn
our
oval, blue-black, small fruit, of
an
produce, harsh, and sour Its dark ruby juice enters
until
mellowed
the
by
rows, hedgeautumn
early
frosts.
of largely into the manufacture British Port wine. If obtained by expression of the Sloes this juice is very useful as an astringentmedicine, and is a popular remedj''for stopping nose-bleeding. Country people bury the for winter Sloes in jars to preserve them beuse ; they should gathered on a dry day, picked clean, and put into jars,or bottles, without boiling,or other such process, and then covered any with loaf sugar ; a tablespoonfulof brandy should be presently the syrup formed added, and the jar sealed. By Christmas by the juice, the sugar, and the spirit, will have covered, and saturated the fruit ; so that then a couple of tablespoonfulswill not only serve as an agreeabledessert liqueur,but will further act as an is often The Sloe bush astringentcordial of a very useful sort. called provincially Scroggs." Sloe leaves, when they unfold late in the spring,will,if dried, make a good substitute for very The blossoms for preparinga safe,harmless, answer foreigntea. laxative excellent for children ; by taking a spoonful syrup two or daily for three, or four days, costiveness will be overcome gently, and painlessly,but thoroughly. "
likewise in insititia) grows English hedgerows, this being the fruit (five times as big the Sloe) of a shrub having fewer thorns. Country folk make
The our as
hard, round
therefrom
Bullace
BuUace
wine
(Prunus
and
;
boys
in
France
call both
fruits
"
difficult to it is so (equally astringent) Sibarelles,"because in Wild Plums whistle immediately after masticating them. Devonshire are Kestings,or Gristlings. The cultivated Plum has been developed from the Sloe, and wild Plum varietybeing formerly the fruit product ; its Damson of Damascus, {Damascenes). When ripe the cultivated Plums fruit, are cooling,and slightlylaxative, especiallythe French which is dried,and bottled for dessert. Philip Dormer, the famous his was
son a
Lord then very
at
great
Paris
of the
one
(1757), told him
physician in '
both
in his essay Health on crebrce et domesticce quam
aphorism tribuit
Chesterfield, in
senses '
'
letters to
well-known "
:
Lord
of the
word,
magis ad purgationes ; by :
Nihil
Bacon,
'
hath
who this
sanitatem domesticce
574
MEALS
keeping
back
the
MEDICINAL.
add
dissolved gelatine (one ounce in half a pint of water) ; mix thoroughly,and boil for ten minutes ; in a cool place until set, and turn out put into a border mould in the middle if the same is approved of (with whipped cream for the patient)." The Prune Damask {Castleof Health) stones
;
"
"
rather
the
bindeth
stomacke."
than
lowseth, and
Long
ago
"
Syxe, or sewen prouoke a manne's
that
may
be
fond
of veal
is made In "
rather
the Now
counties
awl
vokes
tha !
whot
figgypudden."
the
raisins,which
Western
til ourzels a
of
shall
by
'ave 1
us
pudding
Plum
Plum Roast
the
"
"
good
to
Prunes
particularly pudding, so called, Beef of old England, was
grapes, than of Plums. of figgypudding. name us'll
Aw,
is safe
unto
declared
be
persons
Johnson
tii races,
agon
dyner
costive
dried
are
it goes
be
For
Plums.
(1562) has
before
eaten
Dr.
to
commodious
more
Borde
meat.
pie with stewed accompaniment
national
our
with
is
Andrew
Damysens appetyde."
stewed
taken
"
ave
let's
food
frawsy
a av
a
awl
fowel, an'
for all except the
of boilinghelps long process its ingredients digestible, whilst of themselves make to they the less,it should None are always certainlynot unwholesome. in mind that the questionablenessof this good cheer be borne lies more in quantity than in quality. Made almost sacred is the sweet Plum, or Prune, by the Poet Cowper in his tender, and Mother's Lines to Picture," bearing reference touching my childhood to the loving home-days of his fostered : very
weakest
of
stomachs
;
the
"
"
"
The
record
fair
there : mem'ry keeps of all thy kindness made Thy nightly visits to my chamber That thou me safe, and warmly laid : might'st know bounties I left home, ere Thy morning my The biscuit, or Confectionery Plum ; bestow'd cheeks The on fragrant waters my hand, till fresh they shone, and glow'd." By thy own
That
"
Think
what
London
would
be,"
wrote
Horace
Walpole
"
in it as in the if the chief houses were namesake, cities in other countries, and not disposed like great rarityPlums
(1743)
to
a
pudding of country ! Well ! it is a tolerable place as it is. Were I a prescribe nothing but physician I would know Would why Eecipe : Londin, ccclxv drachmas.' you ' consist of the if world must I like London much so Why, in
a
vast
'
so
not
many
made
fools into
as
it does, I choose
to
as they separate pills,
in the gross, and prepared in the country."
take are
them
POTATO.
"
If
no
pillswere
pleasant,"says Johnson
gilding." Dr.
575
old
an
adage,
likewise
"
ardent
an
was
they would
need
lover
of
London.
PORK.
{See Bacon).
POTATO.
Our
invaluable
Potato, which
largelyinto the dietary of all classes, claims considera'tion here chieflyas regards its curative and medicinal capabilities.It belongs to the uses, natural order of Solanaceous of their plants, so called because sedative propertiestending solare,"to lull pain,though poisonous. The underground tubers, or starch stores, of the Potato its edible parts, whilst the stalks, leaves, and green plant are berries share the narcotic, and noxious attributes of this Nightshade (solanaceous)tribe. No daylightreaches the underground But tubers to develop any so as poisonous tendencies therein. enters
so
"
the
derive
shoots
young
solanin
Potatoes, spring time young green made poisonous thereby, and have two
are
roasted hours
of
sorts
Potato and
a
Potato
takes
two
tubers, "
hours
haU.
the
from
to
Chemically the lemon, this being of
early tubers
and
;
in
if
exposed to daylight,are There disagreeabletaste.
a
the
red, and
digest; Potato admirable
a
the boiled
contains
white.
A
three
one
citric acid,
againstscurvy, or potash, which have a ; similar beneficial action ; also phosphoric acid, yieldingphosphorus what is in a quantity less only than afEorded by the It is of the first importance that the apple, and by wheat. potash salts should be retained by the Potato during its cooking, the be steamed in their jackets; therefore tubers must and else, if peeled,and then steamed, they lose respectively7 and 5 of potash, and phosphoric acid ; if boiled after peeling per cent of potash, and 23 per cent 33 per cent of as they lose as much phosphoricacid. It is evident that the tough skin of the Potato resist the escape of the potash salts into the water, though must not it may completely prevent it. The bursting of the skin occurs only at quite the latter stage of the cookery. Potatoes deficient in albuminoids, and phosphates. Small Potatoes are meat." of good Athenians' But, as regards Potatoes were ball of picture to yourselfthe quality,and skilfullycooked, like that
of the
rickets
in children
likewise
use
salts of
"
"
'
576
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
old-fashioned
flour,'as
housewives
call
the perfectlysteamed, difEusing
gust, and
the of
in any
melt,
to
softest, subtlest
so
soon
for
cold.
other
Then
and
way,
think
what
this
of
will
sadness
it is
But
forbidden
were
the
persuaded
"
"
Gerarde,
believed
that
banishing leprosy from restricted
peel,or rind, of "
as
when also
solanin," which
come
upon
The
the
contains
in
this
way
painful rheumatism. boil one pound of
has
had
much
is not
four
quarters, in
then
foment
hot
as
the
it
are
of external
To
make
two
pints of
swollen, and be borne.
can
slowly
tender as
The known
or
therein
steamed
;
Potato-water forms
of
such
purpose, divided into
each
down
to
one
pint ;
this decoction
parts with it may
with
become
inert
some
for
coats, but
water
Puerile
in
service
decoction
in their
do
to
grown.
is
Potatoes
they were leprosie."
poisonous substance
the
the
(tubers),
said affliction has
Potato
a
with "
the
causeth
!
you
Lyonnaise,'
for that
dissipated,and rendered the whole unpeeled Potato is boiled, baked, to destroy it. Stupes of hot dry heat serves
obtained
as
Potato
the
where
Potato
a
of them
that
Potato
"
Burgundy,
England.
countries
to
in
frequent use
too
now
with
same
'
'
'
says
Eecall
blending so consummately after-gust, or
ready
it is touched.
as
dish,
aroma,
de terre' sautisj' pommes de terre pommes de terre frites,' of these can any pommes compare ? The roots plain ball of flour for a moment
As
'
its
joint,hot,
the
cooked
'
all but
crumble,
to
it, "lying in the
the
seem,
carriage
the potato in the trouser's pocket, or beneath often found of a woman's to breast dress, has been prevent rheumatism in a thereto, predisposed probably in a person is present in the tuber, of the sulphur which because measure
of
small
a
raw
"
of the
and
former or
times
had
pockets, in
about
their
principlespresent in the peel. Ladies in their dresses supplied with speciallittle bags,
narcotic
which
person,
to
for
carry
one,
avoiding
or
more
rheumatism.
small,
raw
If
Potatoes
peeled, and
Potatoes a applied cold make pounded in a mortar, uncooked soothing cataplasm to parts which have been scalded, or very These tubers burnt. are composed mainly of starch, which for fatness, and for maintaining the food afiords elements as a of the body ; but the proportion of musclewarmth animal is but small ; so that in this respect as much forming nourishment and a half pounds of the tubers are ten as requiredto equal one The Irish believe to proteid value. as pound of butcher's meat diet promotes fertility. abundant Potato that an
TO.
POTA
New is
Potatoes
do
immature, and
not
"
mastication.
during
The
his Tennyson (justifying "
knows
Potatoes a
is
what !
sprigof
flavour
of
good
by the saliva in the mouth of superior intellect,"said
man
eat."
their starch
on
love of boiled beef with
to
;
"
Likewise
Potatoes),
new
of the said
think
new
dressingthem puts into the saucepan This is genius! No otherwise could the green mint. the vegetable be so perfectly, emphasized yet so delicately Our
cook
mint
The
!
yet furnish, citric acid
as
readilyacted
not
577
when
it ; yet our palate fermentation (H. Eyecroft). By
is there, and "
knows
know
we
only the young Potato fully-grownPotatoes, through their starch undergoing conversion be distilledPotatointo sugar, yield a wine from which may FusdoL with a volatile oil therein called by the Germans spirit, and causes with indigestion, This is nauseous, a heavy headache, cally Chemitremors. and biliarydisturbance, togetherwith nervous with a strong it is amylic ether, being oilyin appearance, Because Potatoes, when smell, and an acrid taste. coming into with contact employed yeast, undergo fermentation, they are its aeration, one by bakers in making bread, and increasing fruit to each sack of flour. By the Bread Acts peck of the of 1822, and 1833, which stillin force,it remains are imperative "
"
"
"
that
for sale any
Potatoes, or
or
bread
wholly, of
sort
any
all such
cause
shall make
person who bread made
every
corn
or
be
to
'
or
for sale, or
sell,or
expose of or beans, partially peas, grain other than wheat, shall
marked
with
large Eoman
a
'
"
It would
M, well,
be
signifying mixture,' (also mysteries')." therefore," says The Lancet (1903), to occasionallyexamine wrote all loaves for this imprint." Sydney Smith : alliteratively "
"
Two
Unwonted
Sir Thomas
And
good
about
Stove-tarties
stewpan two
salt, and shake more
"
:
small, but
add
him
as
Peel near
said
wittilyabout
Stove
water.
The
Like
a
dolt who
took
the Potato, all that
as
Potatoes, called
Potatoes, and
dozen
a
may
be
two
occasionally ;
"
underground."
was
and
Potatoes
if
they
should
cut
in
them
Scotland not
up, in a
into
tablespoonfulsof then large onions (sliced), a spoonful or two of cold
put
sieve
a,
of his ancestors,
making Stovies, or
For
too
softness
Overbury
credit for the merits was
passed through kitchen salad give." to
large Potatoes
flat equal pieces; good, clear beef dripping; the
water
become not
and
Potatoes, pepper, ;
shut
too
down
dry
be allowed
tightly ;
add to
a
little
mash, but 37
578
MEALS
should
have
famous
dish
the for
formation
some
with
the
is drawn
pan
all
comers
and
dough has
quarter."
fry
fire,and
brown
bacon
consumptive,or "
with
water,
into
for
ated attenu-
Take
pudding {Roly-foly): pint of flour, a quarter of moisten
ready
Golden
breakfast
at
a
sprinklewith
;
Potato a
is "
For
is done
once
Potatoes, dip them
golden
a
when
essential.
go well with and fat, to a
of salt, and
roll the stones
no
a
Potato,
pinch
a
;
warmth,
For
mashed
butter,
and
These
chopped parsley.
of hot
cooking
bread-crumb,
invalid.
is
This
up."
large wood
cold, boiled, new
some
supplyinganimal
dished
Deeside, and
side of the
slow
;
left when
cottagers on the
to
Potatoes," take egg,
MEDICINAL.
pint pound of
a
a
milk, into
or
a
paste out, and spread it with any jam which hour for an and a roll, and tie up, and steam
;
dainty pudding consist of of butter, and two two ounces tablespoonfuls may of sugar, beaten together,and added to one well-whipped egg ; whilst in little pouring by degrees a boilingwatef go on beating, A
nice
very
to
sauce
with
eat
this
"
till the Potato
is
cream
rickets, or
like cream."
looks
sauce
capitalhelp for
a
troubles
scorbutic
thoroughly-steamed Potatoes mixing the floury material has
the
consistence
of
children
this
;
through thus
made
be may a fine sieve, and
obtained, with
From
cream.
towards
a
preventing by passing intimately
milk
until
teaspoonful to
a
it
table-
be added of an to the contents spoonful of such mixture may infant's feeding-bottle, increasingthe quantity accordingto the of the child. The bending of leg bones, and spine,which age characterizes rickets in children,is usuallyascribed to a deficiency of phosphate of lime, and potash, in the food, but this is not tutional is,furthermore, an underlying constiwholly the cause ; there defect to
for
produce healthy growth
require during raw
the assimilating
their
beef, marrow,
of the
second
year
and
cream,
mineral
Children
bones. such
substances
with
nourishment
whey (inwhich
necessary
as
rickets
scraped
phosphates by provoking
all the
rheumatism cause retained). Potatoes never acidity; on the contrary, their potash salts tend to prevent it. For the sleeplessness of nervous to take for supper indigestion, steamed a good-sizedPotato, masticatingalso (though without are
swallowing)its cooked In the
most
found it^being as
found
in
modern
that the
coat, will often prove of diabetes
treatment
they
urine
less
cause
than
an
a
successful
Potatoes
are
soporific. allowed,
glucose(grapesugar) to occur equivalentquantity of wheaten
POTATO.
bread.
M.
Mosse, recommend
so
far
to
the amount
for
to
as
they quantity of
suffered, whilst wounds
heal
assimilated
the
the
In
the
diet
is
effect
M.
the
degree improves,
something
more
it exercises
Mosse
surgical diabetes of elderly than a properly decidedly curative
of arthritic
cases
sugar, also is of thirst which
of eliminated
amount
of food, since
form
goes
use
passed, and general health
Potato
This
efEect.
diminish urine
Medicine,
of
Academy
by diabetic patientsof Potatoes, three,pounds daily. If thus substituted
or
kindly.
patients the
French
the
of two,
bread
the
the
at
579
attributes
a
to
and
any
considerable
the
potash, contained in the have the But mashed Potatoes tubers. disadvantage of for the saliva to change the not sufficiently being masticated into dextrin. The starches experimental allowing of potatoes their foods may be safelycommended for diabetic patients among arrived at such a stage in their treatment that they who have be permitted to take a certain amount of starch elements, may of alkaline salts, chiefly those
quantity
and
but
sugar,
tolerate
cannot
it will be
of diabetics
food times.
But
found is
James
Sawyer
in
practice My own experience of Mosse's conclusions. confirmatory that the permission of Potatoes in the is
greatest dietetic advances
vegetable should
the
Sir
:
of the
one
bread.
"
(Birmingham, 1904) says during the last two years I think
of
be cooked
in
of
our
particularway, in their skins for choice,or by steaming with their that is,baked skin on large proportions of the potash, and of ; otherwise the phosphoric acid will be lost." (We would suggest that '
'
very
a
probably the
narcotic
indisputable, exercise
propertiesof
the
skin, which
are
auxiliary efEect.) Sir the use of Potato flour (of properlyJames goes on to propose of grain flour for making the bread, cooked tubers) instead cakes, and biscuits of diabetic patients. Excellent,and delicious from be contrived cakes can paste made by rubbing down cooked with Potatoes as or enjoined, and blended cream, Likewise
butter.
of
pound
flour
bran, half and
one
cook
the
and
to
an
for
of
egg. Potatoes
Bran
steamed
ounce
important
an
and
Potato
Potatoes,
of German
Twenty-four hours by steaming them
an
ounce
half
Take
pound
a
a
of
of butter,
before
making the dough in their jackets; then peel, the fingers; mix all the ingredients
them
'rise' ; then
"
:
quarter of
yeast, half
up into flour with together,and let the paste stand
break
a
Bread
bake
in
a
greased tin
the fire for
near
for
an
hour
and
an
hour
a
half."
580
MEALS
When well
MEDICINAL.
intestines
reaching the
Potatoes
absorbed, since they contain
cellulose.
Boilingrobs
also
of
The
fibro-vascular
of
some
whole
a
and
they
very
little
very
of their mineral
proteidswhich
the
as
chieflystarch,
of much
them
are
ingredients,
scantily contain.
so
the skin is richer layer immediately beneath in mineral, and pioteid matters than is the flesh of the Potato ; in said that this off with the rind the valuable so peeling lost. is in proteidsthe more The richer a Potato are ingredients it becomes the coagulated proteid when cooked, because waxy solidifies the structure. The starch are grains of the Potato speciallyready to undergo fermentation, therefore these tubers morbid conditions food are in some to be speciallyavoided as of the digestiveorgans, such, for example, as that of a dilated stomach.
Part "
acid.
It has
peeled, and nutrients
tubers
does,
With
seem
for about
when
and
the
a
Invalid's
and
in
of Potatoes
were
before
water,
boiled in the
or
half hours
similar
Potatoes, them,
a
bushel
a
citric
remembered
be
that
these
bread starch as only about one-third as much If be given more safely than bread. they may to cause drowsiness they should be first boiled minutes, and then put into fresh boilingwater, medium-sized Two Potatoes, being thrown away.
steamed,
two
than "
five
first water
the
if
Potatoes, it should
eat
that
Potatoes
or
one
contain so
that
with
combined
are
"
in
patients to
bases
being boiled, the loss of thereof be nearly equivalent to the amount Hutchison Dr. so pound of beef-steak ; regard to the question of permittingdiabetic
soaked
us.
mineral
calculated
been
would
contained teaches
of the
with rub
weight
in the
through
them
small
teacupful of
mash
lightlyup
as
Potato
jackets
fresh
cream,
go on for use." you
manner,
stomach
of bread.
Mashed their
usual
on, a
;
King
Dr. "
"
:
until wire and
that
remain
is, a shorter Chambers
Steam
they
are
time
advised
pound
one
mealy
sieve ; when little salt, a
until it is
for two,
;
peel
cool, add
beating
quite smooth, and folk call this homely
of
a
the
then
dish Scotch warming it gently Champit tatties." easily Potatoes, though less nutritious than oatmeal, are more digested; and an excellent cheese porridge,or cheese pudding, be made by adding cheese to baked Potatoes (baked being may of the then said advisedly rather than none boiled, because originalsaline constituents are lost as they are in boiling),' additions of which mineral as including all the valuable "
MEALS
582
MEDICINAL.
PRESERVATIVES.
Milk
Respecting
when
turning
sour,
and
its
by an artificially, The preservatives treatment
the arrest to sourness unscrupulous persons has been already made here. explicitmention employed for such a purpose, and for other similar ends, are salicylicacid, borax, boracic acid,, and formalin, these being time strong, and mischievous germ-destroyers,but at the same drugs. The sulphites,and fluorides are also brought into use from becoming putrid nowadays for keeping meat, and game, when human
the
besides
baldness,
Benzoic ;
largerdoses inclined
and
it will
kidneys, which
of the
solution
of
produce vomiting, and have
to
consumption
wholesale
a
eliminate
present time
the
at
with
watered
plants
into to
the
liquefy
acid
will
grievously impairing the digestion. these gastric preservatives,induces
of
acid, another
catarrh
are
acid, if introduced
boracic
or fish,tend system through milk, meat, game, blood, and to act as poisons; furthermore, boric
cause
In
and
Borax,
stale.
to
of this
it wither
away.
inflammation
acute
poison. Physicians the widespread, preservativewith beer, cider, the
believe
that
for the increasing goods, etc., is to be held accountable prevalence of Bright'sdisease (albuminuria) in the United States All these of America. preservatives,whilst obviating the which to growth of micro-organisms in the food-substances position decomthey are heedlesslyadded, and so preventing manifest the therein, also check development of wholesome digestiveferments, and thus materially lessen the digestibility canned
of the well
foods
with
which
they
are
served
;
this
physiological fact. hinders such fermentation, whether drug which disinfectant, it also cripplesdigestion, of
a
to
remember
fermentative
Good
or
milk,
sweet
habitual
use
be
in
stomachic, and
butter, sound
is in itself much
of foods
intestinal
beer, and
drug antiseptic,or
pure
containing just described, derangements. wine
can
be
injurious addition of antisepticsto these essential articles of daily nourishment. Nearly all of the said modern based preservatives are chemically on methylal, or for disinfecting, formaldehyde, both of which are useful antiseptics of value and also for embalming dead human bodies, but not desirable for making mummies of livingpersons. The use of milk secured
without
The
Whatever
preservativesof the character
antiseptics invariablyresult
either will
process.
will do
consumers
the
PRESER
preserved by of the
such
abdominal
VA
adulterants
583
VES.
invariably leads
If the
organs.
TI
practiceis
is often the case, these disorders may of become for,what is more probable than that the continual delicate
liningmembranes
disorders
for years, fatal nature ;
continued
as
the
to
a
irritation of
alimentary canal by these resulting(as doctors testify)in
of the
poisons should lead to lesions its outlet, the the stomach, or malignant growths about pylorus ? Green, or the Willow, acid, from the Winter Again, salicylic has been long employed for giving a fictitious age to beer by thereof when newly-brewed. But of late taking away the rawness acid has come into further uses than for alcoholic salicylic years adulterations. with
Preserved
foods
kinds
are
adulterated
treated with are jellies who sell these compounds assure glucose. The manufacturers harmless declare a that that us : salicyliccid is they are they known to be glycerineis good for rheumatism ; also that the human within stomach chemically made during the process ? of digestion, how it be harmful so can Speaking chemically be supported,but practically these assertions may they are false. acid is used It is true that salicylic by doctors for treating rheumatism it is administered cautiouslyby physicians, ; but the otherwise find heart's action becomes the or they irregular, And if this is the digestion suffers severely. experience of the drug directlyunfavourwatchful withhold able doctors, who can results begin to attend its use, how food manufacturers can unsuspecting purchaser salicylicacid with expect to give an his dinner watchful repeatedly, and without supervision, any and yet avoid doing him And mode the same grave mischief ? of reasoning holds good with regard to glucose. It is true formed transtheoreticallythat during digestionstarchy foods become into glucose,and onwards into dextrin! But it is also that the glucose produced in the human differs true economy commercial The from glucose in some yet undiscovered. way fact remains, nevertheless, that commercial the glucose causes these are human the serious subject to suffer severely. And of persons risks which Countless a run. now large number and women men complain of never feelingquite well,of nervous of all the long line of ailments, of headache, and prostration, which the circumspect doctor knows to be the effect of a slow, cumulative and poisoning,due mainly to the adulteration of this
acid, salicylic
"
whilst
of various
jams,
and
"
584
MEALS
foods.
Furthermore,
presents itself to
as
most
a
countries, may
be
MEDICINAL.
already said, the question naturally to how far the growing prevalence of appendicitis alarming extent, both in this, and in other perniciouscauses. mainly due to the same as
Pastky).
(""
PUDDINGS.
"
that solid Puddings are always remembered filling of digestion, and at the only to price,"needing a good power be partaken of in moderation, especiallywhen coming after substantial That Too much meat. a Pudding will choke is a familiar adage conveying a homely truth ; and that dog carries its own Cold Pudding will settle your love plain moral. Solid Pudding is better Nevertheless, it is equally true that than empty praise." After all said and done, a practicalcook the matter shrewdly sums up thus : It is to
be
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Oh, bother The
books, and
your
proof
of the
pudding
all their
receipting, eating."
in the
lies most
During
the first quarter of the past century, meat
seldom
tasted
by English cottagers, not more Beef-steak six times in a year. or Pudding was filled with they indulged,but only when this was beef ; or, been making
"
of
the
except "
spent beef,
when
beef -tea to
"
concoct
some
for
more
j,n
what
affluent
invalid,
so
that
they called with
was
often a
food-stufi
a
than
dish onions
five,
in which in
place neighbour had they could beg a grim humour
ding, English national dish. Plum- Pudfirst known Plum was as Porridge,being then compounded described in Kitchen On Christmas as Physic. Day (1662)," with I dined wife's bedside as Pepys relates, by my great and roasted of brave Plum a content, having a mess Porridge, for and I for sent dinner, a pullet mince-pie abroad, my wife herself yet." not being well to make any
"tea-leaves
dumpling."
Our
"
"
QUAILS. QUINCE. RABBIT.
In
further
{See Marmalade). ("e
Game).
rabbit-product is it certainlycourts which will bear repeating,because has of an investigation. Dr. Burnett given the case
Kitchen
recorded
{See Game).
Physic
a
curious
notion
about
a
RABBIT.
585
lady, of about sixty years, who had intelligent her righteye by cataract, and was beginning to of her left eye. of eye doctors
She
consulted
sight of
lose that
likewise
of the most
several
who Philadelphia,
lost the
noted
specialist
to be pronounced cataract could present, and agreed that nothing but operative measures her vision. But an restore old woman told her to apply oil from she did twice a day. After six months to her eyes, which a rabbit her sighthad become completely restored, and all signsof cataract had disappeared,so that she could read without glasses,which she had done for many not She complained at first of years. constant dryness in the eyes, which the oil served to relieve,and the only particularsymptom. this was The recorded case was "of in July, 1878, by Dr. Dodge, the oil Philadelphia. "What
from
a
This
is
some
may wonderful
a
with
one
associated such
be," adds
rabbit
case,
all
Dr.
perhaps
and
try it."
cataract
of
Cataract
with
I do
not
know.
great weight.
no
eruptiveskin affections which itchingerythematous patches,psora,
as
"
Burnett,
is not
have
Let
uncommonly been
repressed,
etc. ; insomuch
that
activities to work beneficial in settingthe cutaneous may prove salt and Both in when taken arresting this trouble. sugar, cataract are affection,in thought to cause excess, ; for which Russia, the gall of the sturgeon, also that of the partridge,as well
as
its blood,
used
was
a
Rabbit
the
to
eyes.
pink eyes, which, after taking a watch of its waistcoat out pocket, and looking at it, hurried on, popping down a largerabbit hole under a hedge, and made Alice was (in Wonderland),who burning with curiosity,follow down after it, never to get once consideringhow in the world she was out brought about the series of Alice's again. And thus was and delightfuladventures, told with such exquisite humour, illustrated with such admirable (by the pencilof Tenniel.) power said the late it is getting! ! how and whiskers Oh, my ears rabbits Australia In South rabbit." are preserved on a large At the Company's scale for shipment to Europe. factory the the rabbits on are spot, and caught at night, disembowelled after another in carried straightway to the works ; here one rapid succession their heads (subsequentlyboiled down for jelly), and legs are removed, and the skins pulled ofi in a twinkling ; free from blood ; the bodies are slightlysalted, and then washed tins are employed at already prepared,each of the thirty men It
White
are
with
"
"
this work
turning out
three
or
four
hundred
a
day.
These
tins.
586
MEALS
into
which
within
chopped
the
MEDICINAL.
been up rabbits have lowered into a tank
crate, and then hermetically sealed, they At
a
the
end
time
of such
boiled
are
the
tins
for
placed, are
where, being first
eight hours
by
steam.
removed, the small
are
tied
hole
at
the top of each
being re-opened,so as to let the steam, which has during the process of cooking, pass ofi. Before enter, the hole is again soldered up, and the tins are
accumulated
any air can then left to cool. of
Chili,or
Rabbits
are
the islands of the Western
on
in the
eaten
never
southern
parts
Spaniards and
coast, the
Indians
having as great a prejudiceagainsttheir flesh as the Jews in the west The Indies likewise reject to pork. negroes kind other of animal rabbits, while they will eat almost any food
but
;
the
inhabitants
of
islands
many
in
the
Greek
Archipelago live almost entirelyon rabbit's flesh. Sydney Smith, writingfrom Foston to Lady Grey, in November, of yourself(recently 1821, asked her, Pray, send me an account have convalescent)whether got out of sago, and tapioca, you "
into
rabbit, and to
Francis
robes, God buck
knows, will
way,
will has
lesson
a
"
But, No So
related
of
matter
you're
him
send
be
may
you
little, (he to
the
was
a
heels."
experiencewhich
an
manners
speedily
Hood, he
animal, and
small
on
man)
;
in his
gained when which
he has
;
"
this
:
that
eat, and
what
Is cat instead
but
him
little rodent
remember
pray
when
cost
clothe
respectingthis
founded
God
a
rabbit
whimsical abroad
chicken.
mutton-chop." Again, concerning his frietid, Jefireys,(then being promoted to a judgeship), "his
advanced
one
boiled
the
you told at dinner-time of rabbit, you
:BADISH.
French
drink,
must
'
that
are
so
whatever
deUoious
some '
answer,
polite. is,is right !
Tant
'
stew
mi-eux."
(See Roots).
[RASPBERRY.
(Se" Fruits).
a produce raspberries, fruit much used for making jellies, jams, and a sweet vinegar, likewise for flavouringsummer drinks, and fever potions. The fruit sugar, a fragrant volatile Raspberry contains crystallizable oil,pectin,citric,and malic acids, mineral salts,colouringmatter, and water. with the Raspberry vinegar is an acid syrup made fruit- juice,sugar, and white wine vinegar. When added to water
Several
varieties
of
the
Rubus
idceus
HASPBERRY.
it forms the
excellent
an
leaves, and
Like
the
587
coolingdrink.
taken
Raspberry tea,
cold, will stay relaxation
Strawberry,
this
fruit
when
infused
from
bowels.
of the
undergo fermentation in the stomach acetous of gouty subjects. even any The vinegaris prepared by pouring white wine vinegarrepeatedly successive ately over quantitiesof the fresh, ripe berries, used immediafter being gathered,else their fine flavour, which is quickly lost. be extemporised Or, the vinegarcan evanescent, becomes by dilutingRaspberry jelly with hot vinegar, this making a teaches that the Gerarde capital preventive of scurvy at sea. fruit should be give to them that have weake, and queasie stomacks." Raspberry vinegar with water makes a useful gargle throat. for relaxed In Russian sore cookery is prepared Smetanih, or Raspberry pudding. Put a pound of fresh, or bottled Raspberries,into a small pie dish, and let them stand till they are in the oven quite hot, when they must be taken out. with two cream Whip up a teacupful of good, thick, sour eggs, of moist and of white flour, one one tablespoonful spoonful sugar. the When these are all well beaten mixture over together,pour until the Raspberries,and bake the pudding in a very slow oven it is firm. It should be of a lightbrown colour. Sugar improves the flavour of Raspberries. has of this fruit, which In Germany a conserve astringent is with of two effects, prepared parts part of the sugar to one An excellent home-made fresh juiceexpressed from the berries. from the fermented wine be brewed juice of ripe, sound may because of the against scurvy Raspberries,which is admirable A diet of other waypotash salts, the citrates, and malates. side of those scrofulous for the cure berries,probably accounted of patients who, a few generations back, travelled hundreds As many miles to receive the King's touch. as sixty applicants does
eaten
not
"
"
crowded
sometimes
might but
as
in many
doubted, which such
well have
the waited
when especially
circumstance health
the to
seems
seekers, who
strawberry picnic,or
to
even
now a
of
get in touch
patientshad have
at
our
with
Charles an
cat
not
long distances opened the eyes
last
prefer to treat hedgerow ramble,
GARDEN.
old tom
;
be
come
themselves as
days." RHUBARB,
II, and
afilictions could
of the
abatement
the
cases
antechamber
{See Herbs)
in
to
;
of a
schoolboy
588
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
RICE.
Oryza sativa produces as a native cereal of India pur familiar grain,Eyze, or Rice, which is composed almost entirelyof starch, being poor in proteid (nitrogen),and phosphoric acid. It is irritative diarrhcea, therefore of value as a demulcent to palliate and to allay intestinal distress. Chemically Rice consists of its abundant starch, with fat, fibrin, some phosphate of lime, The
cellulose, and
water.
is rice
Paddy
from
which
the
husk
has
not
been
removed
crushing.
before
long held to exercise pectoralvirtues, serving to check to prevent, as well consumptive tendencies, and specially from the lungs. The to arrest, spittingof blood as dry flour if dusted on a bleedingwound, or sore, will effectually of this grain, A by boilingthe wellmucilage of rice, made stop the flux. washed time in a moderate quantity of water, grain for some and then straining,will contain starch, and phosphate of limein solution. Rice-gruel made spicywith Cinnamon, and given, Rice
has
been
hot, but
not
bowel the
food
at
fare
was
than
English
most
the
Lord
When
complaints.
Fahr'-'
95"
about
scanty, the
Europeans, the
and
is most
Clive
Sepoys asked
was
useful shut
told would
him
up
in
in Arcot, and
they he
irritative
needed
order
less
that the
grains,and the Sepoys would be the water in which the grainswere first cooked content to have ; the the this had But when best of by getting bargain. they in be steamed, because required as food, the grain should boiling it loses the little nitrogen which is possessed,and the greater part of the lime phosphate. As
with
an
whom
should
have
rice
article of sustenance. fermentation
'by starchy foods.
Rice
in the stomach
Neither
properly substituted in place of succulent together with fish,or meat, for any green vegetables, length of time, else it will induce scurvy. Probably it is not a function of the stomach itself to aid in the digestionof such starch, or of sugar, and fat ; but when reaching the intestines Rice is absorbed by them very completely,leaving but a small of residue ; its solid constituents amount are passed from thence into the blood almost Two as thoroughly as the juicesof meat. factors determine the of vegetable foods in the digestibility intestines,the first being their bulk, and the second the amount can
it be
well suited for persons is habitual when provoked
is not
590
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
it is boiled, Rice swells absorbs impaired. When up, and ol the mineral nearly five times its weight of water, most Two constituents and half ounces a being dissolved away. of Rice, cooked two-thirds of a by boiling,(that is, about
requirethree plateful),
soup
five
better
But the
inner
phosphates
husk
of the
in useful
nutritious, and
rapidlyin
abundance
;
recruitingto the
four
water,
put with
be
minutes
consumed
fore, there-
;
before
rice
the
albuminoids brown
a
rice meal,
made
is
well
as general,as husk being first got
rice should
be
quite to
the
rid of.
first boiled
quart of water, adding
a
soften.
cooking
is served,
and
bread
in
begins to
rice for
pudding
the
strengthof body. immediately beneath
one-fifth
body
ing minister-
the
that
of rice to
ounces
the
and
so
of rice flour, and
salt,if desired,when not
about
man,
fatness, without
grain,which lies capsule, contains
the coarse outermost energies, making a rice pudding, the
When
tion. diges-
commercially supplied, therefore starch, and can only
sustenance,
horny
four-fifths
nervous
be
to
increase
heat, and
muscular
the
outermost
with
have
their
grains,as
exclusively of
the animal
the
Rice
of fish.
sorts
all to
at
for
active, robust
an
rice would
hours
in moderation it should be comgrain is eaten bined such as milk, eggs, light meats, or proteid food,
almost
augment
of
half
a
this
with
consist
needs
of cooked
pounds when
the
daily
the
For
and
until
The
twenty
else,if cooked
milk
should
thirty longer than or
cheesy parts of the milk will be hard to digest. An old Dutch thus : Take recipefor preparinga Rice pudding runs five teaspoonfuls of pounded rice, one milk, six quart of new of sugar, two of butter, and one teaounces eggs, eight ounces Boil the rice and milk together spoonful of powdered cinnamon. this, the
"
until thick and the
stir in the butter, whisk soft ; let it cool ; then with the rice and and yolk separately,and mix
eggs, white milk. Bake for three dusted "
Boil
with
fine biscuit
cupful of
one
quarters of
powder.
rice in
one
an
hour
Turn
out
quart and
in
a
when a
buttered cold."
half of
new
mould,
Again, milk
;
When cold, tablespoonfulof butter. whisk three or cinnamon, Tangerine adding some up eggs, peel. Stir well together,and bake for twenty minutes orange ably in a buttered pie dish." Eggs are chemically adapted admirto supplement foods exclusivelyrich in starch, but poor stir in
as
soon
in fat, such
as
as
puddings they
soft
one
rice,and make
similar cereals
these
a
; thus
complete
when
food.
If
used taken
in rice raw
RICE.
mixed
with
skim
milk,
591
with
or
water,
in
fevers
and
other
exhausting illnesses, quickly absorbed, and serve eggs are But if it should as highly nutritious aliment. unfortunately happen that their absorption becomes delayed within the body, noxious then and poisonous gases are generated by their putrescence. the intestinal of is Usually absorption very eggs and leave residue. little, or no complete, they the national SaM, beverage of Japan, is a kind of strong beer, which is brewed from (containingabout ten per cent of alcohol,) rice, by a peculiarmethod, quite difEerent from the processes in Europe. This mode of brewing is known have used to carried out there on been a large scale for three hundred years. has attended the of the Singular success surgical treatment with Russia. Japanese soldiers during their recent war Surgeontells that up the beginning of July over to a Major Seaman acute
"
thousand
sick, and
hospitals,and "
To
of those
mind,"
my
soldier
has
wounded
he
had
treated
adds,
"
been
not
the
man
ration
died issued
at
of
two
the
either
at to
hospital. Japanese suppurative
the
immunity from conditions of the constitution following serious injury. The freedom conditions of the Japanese soldier from inflammatory is largelythe result of his diet, that of rice, fish, and a simple go,' or about vegetable. The soldier's ration of rice is six disease thirty-sixounces daily." Nevertheless, a formidable of Japanese sailors (Beri-Beri)has been at times the scourge of scurvy, when fed exclusivelyon rice. This malady is a form with dropsy, and overwhelming prostrationof strength. attended Its originhas been traced to a microscopic spore infestingthe rife among rice. Beri-Beri Java has been everywhere about maritime the peoples of the vegetarians (which term among Eastern feeders on only efiectual rice). The tropics means curative has been of a preventive kind treatment by feeding with fresh attacks those persons to meat, green exposed tables, vegeand fruit. Beri-Beri," a duplicate Cingalese name, signifies extreme, deadly debility." Tynesidersat Newcastle, favourite have of that locality, a as women regards the young habit rice freely (also uncooked of eating raw oatmeal, and is considered starch,) for producing a pale complexion, which much
do
to
with
a
received
his
"
'
"
"
among this
the
north
country
pallor is actually due
water,
as
a
useful
drink
beautiful particularly to a depraved digestion.For in diarrhoea, or : dysentei'y folk to
be
"
; but
Rice Wash
592
MEALS
well
an
of Carolina
ounce
it for three
hours
afterwards
boil
flavoured
with
favourite
MEDICINAL.
in
Rice
quart of
a
slowly
for
cloves, or
dish
with
with
spice,and
children
"
is
Take
strain. lemon
a
raisins, or
of rice, two
with
the
for half
best
and
water,
The
but
rice
well, and
at ingredients
all the
puddings,
curries.
the
Carolina
hour.
an
for
Wash
currants.
peel.
former, however,
with
common
fish Roes
other
OP
seldom
Sturgeon'sRoe, comprise thirtyper
of uric
about a
acid, and
it
fire
let it boil
then
;
the
on
leaves is as
the
United
States
Ardent
substituted.
arrack.
(See Caviare).
FISH
the
of fats, also per cent These proteidsinclude
sultana
some
set
once
lightyellow
of
generallyconsidered by far the rice, from Asia, is preferablein
now-a-days, therefore selected Patna from Rice is known spiritfermented
In
be may A very
rice is
Patna
ROE
It
and
;
Rice," according quarts of water,
Yellow
one Malay recipe. pint of two tablespoonfuls butter, a quarter of a pound teaspoonfulsof powdered turmeric, and sugar, two
to
macerate
tepid heat
a
hour, then
an
next
water,
kept at
water
other
Cape
cold
four
good
Caviare, alreadyconsidered,
as
of
cent
of mineral
cent
per
deal
proteids,and" nineteen
of nuclein, which
matters.
is
fertile
a
improper for gouty persons. The milt is the organ in male fish which corresponds to the Roe in females. Cod's the fishmonger, should Roe, fresh from be put for cooking into boiling water, first pricking the outside source
skin
with
become
fat,
or
cooked
boil it for
hour,
an
is
patient.
With
"
as
Matties
"
are
a
suitable
dish
for
or
be the
respect immature,
before
the
become
it is much
used
thirst.
The
reddish
in colour
on
best
the
Mediterranean
botargo
comes
this is eaten
coast,
from with
Tunis,
this
the
roe,
great delicacy
a
made
as
in
not
consumptive, or fish technically
milt,and
considered
let it
with
eaten
herrings,the
to
and
more,
littlebutter,
a
developed. They are Russia, and Germany. Botargo is a relish certain fishes,strongly salted after they have
have
of
which
Roe,
known
then
;
cold ; cut it in slices,and fry with lard. Small pieces of bacon may
diabetic
in
needle
a
therefore
of the
become an
putrid ;
incentive
being dry,
olive oil,and
lemon
roes
to
and
juice. staid talking,and singing,and we Pepys tells in his Diary how drinking great draughts of claret, and eating botargo, and bread and butter, till twelve at night, it being moonshine." The roe ;
"
ROOTS.
of the
is grey mullet of the beeswax
because
593
costly,having used
in
honey-like scent,
faint
a
preservingit.
ROOTS.
Like
the
grain of cereals,roots
of nutriment
for the
in its first
growth.
roots, and that
of the
support The
to
are
and
animal
and
which
of the
storehouses
plant when
nutriment
reserve
one
regardedas
young
starch, so tubers,is chiefly
they supply only
be
thus it must
that
needful
produced
laid up in the be remembered
elements
for human
development. But roots are by no means altogetherdestitute of mineral ingredients, chieflyas salts of potash. The water, sparinglyused, in which roots are cooked, should
sustenance,
therefore
gets
utilized, or
be
and
contain
to
the
of the
much
should
roots
be
cooked
by Parsnip,the
Already the Beet, the Carrot, the Onion, the Radish, besides
and
the
which
Potato, have
the
told
been
Radish,
common
and
soluble
of in the
salts, steam.
Horse
these
Turnip,
pages ; remain to
considered.
be
The
Garden
is a cultivated {Raphanus sativus) varietyof the horse radish ; it was not grown in England before and 154:8, though highly commended by Dioscorides Pliny in ancient days. John Evelyn (Acetaria)gave it as his opinion is hard of digestion, inimicous that this root to the stomach, eructations,and sometimes causing nauseous vomiting,though otherwise of wine diuretic, and thought to repel the vapours The Radish," says at their geiualclub." when the wits were Its Gerarde, provoketh urine, and dissolveth cluttered sand. is comparaedible root consists of a watery, fibrous pulp, which tively common
Radish
"
"
"
bland, and
of
pulp.
Radishes
pepper likewise in the persons
of
if
the "
of the
some
root
;
but
to
are
them."
in
seeds),is
acts
be
skin as
eaten
The
a
furnished
with
condiment
with
to the
salt alone,
oil contained
sulphuretted,and
in
apt
phlegmatic
carrying
as
the to
pungent,
a
root, (and
disagreewith
digestion.A
weak
quicklygrown,
external
oil,which
volatile,aromatic their
an
and
Radish which has been young is tender, will suit most stomachs, especially
tender a
masticated togetherwith green leaves are which is tough, strong, and Radish hollow,
d'Elbe; il revient." juiceof the roots," wrote Culpeper, made
faitpriserd, Vile "
doth
The
purge
"
by
the
urine
exceedingly.I
know
not
into what
a
syrup
planets 38
594
MEALS
they
under.
are
I
MEDICINAL.
think
of
none
the
will
seven
them."
own
of sufficiently vigorousdigestionradishes are persons preventive of boils, or skin eruptions,because of the pungent, But
for
volatile,sulphuretted oil which
the
contains.
rind
outer
The
chemically composed chieflyof nitrogenoussubstance, and being fibrous,and tough, unless when the roots are young, quickly ; therefore they are commonly apt to obstruct grown is
pulp
the
intestines.
But
of
old) Radishes,
(not
mature,
rapid
put
of the succulent stewed, together with some moisture, or with a very little water leaves, in their own with them, are capitally antiscorbutic, and purifyingto
the
blood, because
growth,
if boiled,
stewing so
their
of
will
sulphur. They
tender.
become
to
as
or
A
made
syrup
require long the juice
with
ness, radish-pulp,and sugar, is excellent for hoarsebronchial difficultyof breathing, whooping cough, and Radish is of special other black pulmonary complaints. The of its service against whooping cough, probably by reason for this volatile,sulphuretted oil. It is employed in Germany by cutting off the top, and then making a hole within purpose allowed the root, which hole is filled with treacle, or honey, and to stand for two three days ; afterwards thus a or teaspoonful times in of the medicated is three to be liquid given two or the day, with a dessertspoonful of water, when required. from
expressed
For the
the
corns
the
over
of corns,
cure
cut, said
a
drop
if,after the feet have
pests will wither, and "
Also to
a
that
Radish
corn-curing hero
sliced
roots
Radishes
should
before
described
as
be
juice be squeezed some days, these trouble-
!
comes
fresh, and
when its
eaten
Roman
cure.
with
raw,
taking any other food. an evening repast :
"
applied straightway physiciansadvised
bread And
and
salt, in the
poet Thomson
our
"
"
Such
bathed, and
disappear.
carbuncle, will promote
morning has
the
See
Radish
consecutive
several
on
corns,
of fresh
two
or
been
as
the
mistress
A
of the
meal
Roman
world
once
fomid
patriots of high note. at their humble doors. Oak's Under domestic ancient shade, an Enjoy'd spare feast, a Radish, and an Egg." Delicious, when
her
Perhaps by moonlight,
Probably of the reddish
the
name
colour.
Radish
is from
radix,
Shakespeare makes
a
root,
PalstafE
or
because
speak jestingly
595
ROOTS.
of Justice
like
order
food
valuable
most
for
vegetable action, and
naked, he
was
for all the world
was
fantasticallycarved
head
a
the
it
upon
when
young,
apt
to
root
is
blood
the
sweeten
;
there
therefore, that be
to
seems
the
wholesome
a
potash, and other properly cooked, turnips rind particularly, and the of
oil which
less
a
in marmalade of oranges is no in the starch
pulp
tops, especially
the
source
but
will increase
degree, contain an essential volatile disagreeby provoking flatulent distension. sometimes cut up, and partlysubstituted for
in
pulp
succulent
a
aperient
some
green tender, make
and
starch little
but
diabetic
and
why
reason
white
the
is
turnip peel and
fact that
turnip ; seeing,
the
root, there
in the
absent
are
The
remarkable
a
composition of sugar
patients. The
it is
but
;
excellent
an
boUed
turnips are
salts,in the spring-time.When to
serve
exercises
It
uses.
rind is acrid, but
The
vegetable dish, being mineral
winter, and
in the
wherein
water
Swede,
the
for cattle
domestic
our
flow of urine.
to
a'
Turnip (Brassica rapa), belonging reallyto the cabbage of plants,has become by cultivation from its wild state
The
of
When
knife."
a
the
"
radish, with
forked
a
with
a
Shallow,
turnips should not be allowed at table, though turnip eaten
finer in flavour, is of less nutritive
value
the
than
Swede.
coarser "
"
bodies proteid elements, and pectose If of starch. of its carbohydrates, instead make up the bulk some turnips are properly grown, in dry, lean, sandy earth, a wholeIt contains
scarcelyany
bread agreeable
be contrived
can
from
them,
''
of which
which
we
is
hardly Let the turnips be from the best of wheat." to be distinguished till soft and tender, then strongly first peeled,and boiled in water pressingout the juice,mix these together (afterbeing beaten, or Season it meal. pounded finely)with their weight of wheat have
do
you
as
bake
thus
"
a
pie
boil your
dish, and
little milk, and
it up ; then lettingthe ferment, fashion the paste into loaves,
knead
ordinary bread.
wholesome
Half
:
butter
little to
like
them
nice
A
a
greatest persons'tables, and
bread, and
other
remain
dough and
the
at
eaten
weak
dish
Piedmontese
turnip,and put broth
in the ;
turnips
slices ;
moisten
sprinkle over
salt ;
is
prepared
it in slices like half-crowns
then bake adding pepper of a lightgolden colour." the turnipsbecome turnips as preferableat a banquet field-grown
crumbs,
and
cut
of
them
lightlywith in the
oven
Horace to
those
with
; a
bread until advised
of
garden
596
"MEDICINAL.
MEALS
culture.
Comprising kitchen
of the
pronounced "
Plants
under
garden
suburbano :
tions vegetableproduc-
other
the
loved
dish
fields those
of the
dry
tasteless
be
may
leg of
elutius
more
in favourite
boiled
qui siocis irriguisnihil est
from
Nothing
Turnips
various
Gavlis, he
name
has
"
Duloior
time
with
:
Caulis
"
these
with
mutton
for
dinner
when
George
soil."
having
raw,
the
by
turnipswas
of
excel.
town
watered
in Russia
thus
agris
bortis." .
is than
safely eaten use
in
orevit
III.
one
A
daily,and much quaint essay on
his
In
at
classes.
upper
almost
the
been
"
Grace
A man feel thankful, beforeMeat, Elia has said, may dish of plain mutton with turnips,and a heartilythankful, over give himself leisure to reflect upon the ordinance, and institution of eating these ; when he shall confess a pertubation of mind inconsistent with the purposes of saying his grace before meat, Dr. turtle." Johnson's to venison, or famous on sittingdown illustration of false logicbears a familiar reference to these roots : "
If
a
cries not
Is this
The should with so
be cut
Possess
fresh
dies.
his father would
man
Turnips
than
benefit
rather father
a
for
"
chronic
a
loaf of bread, and
a
?
each
cough ; it slice sprinkled
sugar, then placing these slices again in their order, reform the Swede, and allowing it to stand thus in a
to
as
for
take
a
brown
hours.
some
The
for
remedy turnip,scoop sugar candy,
butter"
Swede,
as
old
an
and
juice cough.
a
hole
so
roast
out
without
well
which Or
from
therefrom
runs "
again, the
it in the
a
turnipsare
suspicionof
frost
has E.
actual
site of the
battle
Woodbridge, said,"I own
eyes,
Chirurgery,1653).
sent
never
to
table
of
had
your
sores.
of which Chelsea
excavating the supposed of his village, Naseby, north-west
will ask for and
an
in winter
the flavour sugar to restore them. Carlyle,writing from
Fitzgerald,who
to
hoarsenesse,
fillit up with top, embers, and eat it with
added
deprived
(1842)
a
an
and
mashed, makes Turnip, when stimulatingpoultice for indolent
as
America
For
is
the
cleansing and
Southern
your
The
{Rare and select Secrets in Physick and
excellent
by
when the
medicinal
in slices like
excellent
the
proof
Turnips cries.
brown
dish
In
a
is of
Swede
fresh
man
But
a
word
been
tooth,
or
a
bullet,authenticated
of honour.
And
our
Scotch
598
MEALS
Turkey (the land
of Rose
MEDICINAL.
attar),and
for this latter the
petalsof pink
pot, which
is then
filled with
do
become
curl up, When
but
not
fullyripeand
of their hard
basis
concocted
wine,
French
cured
thereof
medicines.
the
glass petalsmerely
milk,
they or
could
consumed
remedial
with
before
the
of this
refined
sugar,
it must
rest
as
formerly sweet-
a
of the
much
daily ;
it
and
that
states conserve
combined
was
generallyfrom had
to
"
cure
was
put them beat
them
three
full
in
"
Red
Rose
mortar
with
says
buds, and
waight of small together,then put very onces a months, stirring day. a
a
ye
an
chyp
be old of
double it up ; This is
sickness." against ye falling The is also helpful for irritability of of Red Roses conserve the bladder with scalding urine, if eaten freelyas a jam on bread, with milk. Our or warm grandmothers were given to place cherry pies before laying on the upper fragrantRose petalsover The British Pharmacopceia of to-day orders a confection crust. of hips,the ripe fruit of the Dog Rose to be made (Rosa canina) ; and another of Red Rose conserve petals [Gallica)whilst still to a unexpanded, these petals being beaten pulp in a stone A well together with refined sugar. mortar, and then rubbed small is a^ dose. The teaspoonful of the conserve petals of the each which are Cabbage Rose (Gentifolia), closelyfolded over other like the leaves of a cabbage, have a gentle laxative action, and are used for making Rose-water either when by distillation, with freshly gathered, or after being preserved by admixture This fragrantwater salt. has long enjoyed a reputation common for the cure of inflamed (sometimes with sulphate of zinc, eyes of lead, added in quite small or quantities). Attar of sugar
good
likewise
also
scents,
pleasant medicament Take," complete.
recipe of Lady Somerset's,
tops, and
an
and
petals of the crimson our gardens, have been for consumption of the
lightnutriment,
other
some
make
virtues,
(A.D. 1020), who swallow
to
manage
removal
The
freelyin
of Avicenna
subtle
as patientsby prescribing
many as
time
thirty to forty pounds
the
specialcurative
has
signalef"cacy as
of
lungs, since
S.
; the
syrup
:
small
a
by frost, the hips,after plenty of sugar is added,
Rose, whi(5h is grown
esteemed
M
placed in
are
confections, also
and
certain
smellingoil,and
with
roses
Prance
from
apothecariesemploy in preparing electuaries ; for several sorts of pills. From Eoses the Romans
which
he
when
confection, which
excellent
superiorkind
pure sugar crushed.
softened
seeds, and
a
ROSES.
is
Roses few
oil
volume
599
costlyproduct,because consistingof globulesfound floatingon the surface
the
a
of
Rose-water
of fresh
thrice
distilled.
comparatively
of
considerable
a
five hundredweight
It takes
Rose
drachm petals to produce one by weight of the finest Attar, this being preserved in tiny bottles made of rock crystal. The of the most minute scent particleof the is very powerful, and genuine essence enduring. "
Quo semel
Horace
; which "
Moore
You
has "
Oh,
what
to
And
flavour
rendered delightfully
shall
uses
bind-weed is there
Within "
Rose-water
has
odorem,
shatter will
the
hang
the
that
moral
shut
of the
(so called)was
for
cake
:
"
if you will. it still."
vase
the
this
blows
simply Rose
at
and
thus
:
query
"
put
we
flower
any bosom
diu," said
testa
round
suggestivelypropounded
most
The
"
servabit
recens
break, you may may the scent of the Roses
But
Tennyson
imbuta
est
"
time
one "
?
?
the
only approved reallygood old cherry brandy,
"
was pound ; of home or brandy (often distillation), peach, or in which the petals of Damask Roses had been macerated. To make of Red Roses, a conserve according to the Compledt Take Rosebuds, and pick them, and cut off the Housewife :
water
"
white
part from
them
through
and
to
every
loaf sugar
;
a
red, and
sieve
beat
take
sugar
with
paper,
and
over
years." Again, in To make (London. 1744) : seven
them,
to
that Adam's
of all who
use
would
conserve
Uve
a
beat
of Red
mortar,
Concerning Rosa
flowers as are Rose), its fuU-blown Cabbage Rose (Centifolia).Poterius drachm
of
powdered
Red
Roses
it very
Roses,
of
then till it
weU
relates
designed
bruise
them
adding by degrees pounds ; continue be
seen,
gallica(the Red
laxative
occasion
as
their health
preserve Rosebuds, and
loaf sugar, powdered, and sifted, three of the Roses can beatingthem till no particles is all alike."
half
a
mortar,
stone
and
of white
mass
and
it into
cheap,
to old age : Take one pound of Red with wooden a pestle in a marble
the
weigh them,
then
pounds
two
and
;
sift
flowers, and
and tie it gallipots, with leather ; it will keep for Luxury, and Eve's Cookery
put
"
for the
seeds
pretty fine in
incorporatedtogether,then
over
take
red
the
the
out
flowers
the
the
to
choose
of flowers
pound
by degrees put is
the
those
as
"
that
three,
or
he four
and
till
French of found
the a
stools ;
600
MEALS
and
this not
practice
in
few
a
extractive
sweet
extensive
instances, but constantlyduringan
several
for
MEDICINAL.
years." which
matter
The
Cabbage
is the
principle ;
laxative
oil may be obtained To smell at a of Roses.
volatile crystalline
contains
Kose
therefrom, which
a
and
a
is the
fragrant Rose will often headache the scalp gentlyrubbed, soothe a nervous ; or to have first dipped in genuine Rose-water with finger-tips and kneaded ; of Roses over also by spraying essence the scalpwith an atomizer.
English Attar
Red
leaves, if over-dried
Rose
resinous, and
(for Pot
other
fourri,and
uses),
The acquire an unpleasant smell. French to dry the Rose perfumers manage petalsso that they will remain in damp weather sweet, and good even ; whereas when English dried petals go back encountering any damp. resin which the becomes formed in the dried petals Probably them makes somewhat laxative when employed in the confection, likewise and is common in antiseptic. Resin vegetables, become
then
"
"
combination
existingin be
oxidized
to
such
resin is beneficial the
at to
But
a
Tuscan
exclaim
rosined
bowels. rustic
or
the landlord
that
doubt
native
preventingthe
being resinous
as
farm,
without
Italian
The
relaxingthe
without
oil.
Some
resins
oils ; if combined with a food any because acting as a tonic to the mucous
intestines,thus
of serum, and mucus. is antiseptic, and
volatile
some
essential
seem
liningof
with
the
drinks
wine
therefrom "
of
Italy (see
intestinal
promotes
") digestion
Alcohol
On
tasting the Vino Vermuth Inn, the British pedestrian is apt
has
drawn
the wine
wholesomeness
is due
exudation
of
in
many
a
varnish
pot.
Greek,
and
their
preservation from decay, and from secondary fermentation, by the rosin, in place of fiery, and fusellyspirit. Rare Secrets in Physick and a Chirurgery(1653) orders as to take of Damask ounce one gentle purge Roses, eat it all time ; fast for three-quarters at one hour of an after, then take of dine." A a of Red is broth, and Roses draught syrup is slightlyastringent,and chemists, which dispensed by our esteemed for its rich colour As the Roose in hys Redness is Richest of Fleures," is a quaint old maxim. And the Rose to
"
"
"
"
"
"
itself,"sang
Keats,
"
"
Perfume
But as
that the
"
there
hills.
is
no
which
Rose
has on
got earth
without
is not." a
thorn
"
is
an
adage as
old
ROSES.
"
Ave,
601
Rosa,
spinis punota, spina Bosae juncta.
Ave
Spinas
non peccati Jesu, volens pati.
poenae
Portas
Hymn
Our
main
business
here
with
remedial
such purposes, maintenance of life. But
as
{FifteenthCentury). is how
Roses
to
from
recovery
them
use
for
sickness, and
the
in times
long past the wealthy Greeks, and of the tombs Romans, strewed these fragrant flowers on departed friends, whilst poorer persons could only afiord a small supplicatorytablet at the grave, bearing the pious prayer : "
"
Sparge, precor,
Rosas
Nowadays most persons into a newly-made grave, Matthew
Arnold
exclaimed
was
"
Strew In
The
Rose,"
sensible
said
her
on never
"
Roses,
spray
in
!
:
I did
that
Roman,
a
a
of Yew
reposes
However,
pathetically girluntimely dead :
Roses, a
quiet she Ah ! would
fall in.
Rose
a
this, and
than
rites of
"
throwing
to
lettingone
even
!
times
too
!
"
"
long
a
was
ago,
binger har-
"
of
spring "
Cum
American
"
viderat
Rosam
of
the
Winternitz, find
Dr.
of
essence
arbitrabatur."
inoipere ver
turn
physicians, notably
combination
Red
with
Roses
that
a
birch-buds
admirably remedial against dysentery ; this has quite a big priceper pot through acquiring such a
is
(powdered) commanded curative
or
busta. Viator
mea
aversion
an
funeral
And
"
have
more
respectingthe
super
fame.
Likewise
is
Birch
tea, made
from
the
dried
leaves,
obstructed relieving dropsy from be gathered, and dried in the early wine, concocted {Compleat Housewife, 1736) the tree, adding honey, cloves, and lemon-peel, excellent method in Kitchen Physic. Another incision through the bark is : After cutting an
remarkably helpful in kidneys ; the leaves should Birch
summer.
with
sap of is fullydiscussed
making
for of
the
a
Birch
Then
this
tree, insert
suspend
this is to
be
The
a
small
for
few
liquid is
an
When
to
some
be
to
as
enough
to
catch has
act
the
as
a
seton.
juice which
been
collected,
of quarter of its volume and lemoncinnamon, mace,
hour, with
cloves, then
therein
stone
jar, so
or
wound.
boiled
honey, adding peel.
bottle,
the
from
escapes
a
a
a
fermented
with
yeast
on
toast
602
in
MEALS
a
tub
poured
covered
ceased
infusion
the
kidneys, even
to
be
of Birch
leaves
where
strained,and until manifest
kept uncorked be
bottlfe must
each
;
The
corked. in
has
days, afterwards
three
lightlyfor
into bottles, wliicli are
fermentation
stone
MEDICINAL.
is
other
full before
reliable
a
solvent
by
treatment
it is of
mineral
drugs,has failed,so that a surgicaloperationseemed while the imperative. After taking the Birch tea for some has in each stone case begun to be dissolved, and has been A passed by fragments in the urine. teaspoonful of the in half a powdered leaves is brewed pint of boilingwater for half an twice a day for hour, this quantity being taken six months continuously. Both the buds, and the young Twigs is colourless, and yield a volatile empyreumatic oil which volatile,having a pungent balsamic odour, the oil possessing bark affords leather ; the a persistentfragrance of Russia waters, and
"
betulin."
rheumatic The
The
fresh
leaves
patients lie,and
oil is curative
for
ROSEMARY.
It has
which
skin
futandi pruritusfitecdesice
used
are
excites
of the best hair- washes
known
a
bed
on
which
profuse perspiration.
eruptions,and
for
itch.
"
Dis-
scabies."
(See Herbs).
already stated that an infusion plant, (leaves,and flowers),being used been
form
to
of the dried when
Rosemary
cold, makes
; its volatile oil
one
stimulates specially the hair-bulbs to renewed activity. Physiologists (particularly M. MetchnikofE, of the Pasteur tell now us Institute,) why the hair becomes white old age supervenes. Its pigment colour as lies scattered, during early and middle the two life,between layers of each hair ; whilst the hostile cells,or phagocytes, are all the time in subjection, because of the physicalstrength,and endurance then personally possessed. But in old age these hostile cells,which the hairs' central cylinder,gain the occupy ascendency, and proceed to devour all the pigment within their reach, afterwards ejectingit from the body, and leaving the hair grey, or white. In like manner, the years as approach cells of the subserve senilitythe higher nerve brain, which and control sensation, memory, of movements, intellectuality, tend to disappear,and are replacedby elements of a lower kind, the superiornervous cells being devoured by these macrophags." But the highercells of the spinal marrow much less subject are "
603
RYE.
such
to
of senile
ravages
organs
phagocytes, they batten, for
white
or
lack
frame.
human
with
theory, and years," boasts he, a
these and
But
out
saving promise
a "
It will then
twenty-five years family ; from fiftyto a to
after
hundred
a
for
increased
;
a
a
elsewhere,
brain, and
and
about
come
for science, and
State.
of all his faculties at six possession
In
that
lungs from
shall live for himself, and
man
hundred
the
"
will keep (or soup,) which their necessary nourishment,
sustainingserum
a
Institute, or
Pasteur
the
at
individual.
human
twenty and
theless, Never-
future.
for the
phagocytes still suppliedwith will thus prolong the vitality of heart,
in the
his
of the brain.
those
of the nobler organs food, upon physiologist steps in the modern
here
new
shall find
we
than
corpuscles,is enormously
of other
the
few
decay
in old age generallythe dominant cells of the various vital suffer gradual inanition,whilst the activityof the consuming
years
;
useful, in full
Honoured,
score
humanity
and
ten, the beard greyenviable most
the approaching future will be among and mankind. We forty years ought to reach one hundred A man who expires at seventy, or eighty,is actually age. off prematurely in the flower of his days."
of the
of of cut
(See Herbs).
RUE.
"
serving men's joy,"because Its juice is of great ailments. of its curing so many common forms of epilepsy, part operating for the most efficacyin some purging. Concerning its use for insensibly,though sometimes Julius Csesar Baricellus said, I gave this distressinginfirmity, children two to scruples of the juice of Eue, and a own my of gold, and small matter by the blessingof God, they were The
Eue
herb
of old
termed
was
"
freed
theiri^fits."
from
(See Cokdials,
RUM
.RYE
Next
to
world, a
is
Wheat,
comes
(See Bread).
is the
which
chemically different
kind,
moist, and
moreover,
less
great bread-making grain of the
Rye, but it contains heavy
proteid than
;
wheat
Punch.)
so
flour.
less gluten than that fine
Rye
the
bread
wheat, and
made
of
therefrom
flour possesses much is the basis meal, which
Rye
604
MEALS
.
of the
dark,
Europe, and Holland, is chemical Rye composition as barley meal. a fungus producing ergot," and which
breads
sour
of
nearly the same grain is subject makes
MEDICINAL
of Northern
"
to
poisonous.
it
SAFFRON.
The
dried
what
is known
culinaryuses. being thus this
known
during
"
seventh
stained
of starch
purposes
the
Give
In
England it was for laundry use
Saffron.
yellow with
bacon, rinds
us
the
make
to
century
oil may commercial
narcotic
A
Minor.
Asia
Greece, and
times
salutary,with
of
Most
various
olden
From
effects.
stigmata.
the
from
Safiron."
sedative
to
stigmata(uncaked),
of the loose
hay
furnish
sativus
highly cordial, and
as
some
from
Saffron is had
"
true
as
esteemed
extracted
fashionable
consist
It should
and anti-spasmodic, be
Crocus
cultivated
our
Saffron, this being put by the cook
as
been
has
of
stigmata
of wallnuts.
of cockels, and of small Ribonds, bells, and SafEroned Shells
nuts, linnen." 1654.
in
And "
old
an
Safiron
cooked
;
to
Bacon
Lord
the heart,
cures
uneasiness, revives
and
period
it is directed
be put into all Lenten sauces, soups, and have cannot Safiron also that without we
peas."
medicine
of that
book
the
that other
should
dishes
such
cookery
well-
"
Safiron taught that conveys its palpitation, removes melancholy, the
brain, renders
mind
is taken
cheerful, from
the Crocus The name generates boldness." Greek krokee,a thread, in allusion to the thin, elongatedstigmata
and
of^theflower. that forced
"
the
Fuller
Crocodile's Saffron
where
Croco-deilos, or
poison, and
Old
the
tears
it all antidote."
never
are
groweth Saffron
quaintly expounded
has
;
whence
true
he
fearer, knowing The
save
hath himself
colouringmatter
his when his to
notion he
is
name
be
all
of Saffron
polychroite,or crocin, and tbe mildly stimulatingpropertiesof the stigmata depend upon a volatile oil. Safiron is a specialremedy for those that have consumption term of the lungs,and are, as we it, at death's door, and almost past breathing,so that it bringeth breath again,and prolongeth life for certain days, if ten, or twenty grains at most, be in a moment wine. It presently,and given in new, or sweet is
"
a
substance
called
606
MEALS
Both
it, and
warmth
in the of starch
Tapioca, as
the
their
by
MEDICINAL.
abundant
former
culinaryesculents
starch,
over
likewise
grain;
86
per Arrowroot
confer
animal
prised being comconsists chiefly
cent
several foods cent). These supply in starch (not eatable which becomes by itself)
(about 82 per
agreeable form completely absorbed within the intestines,so that on this account valuable. If requiredas a complete nutriment they are specially in health, they must be accompanied by such proteidsas exist in lightanimal fat. food, together with some an
"
There
was
Whose Oh When '
"
the
To
a
Sed '
as
said
plump, you de
quidam
carpserat
tandem
medicus
:
jump
senior madid
lago, to Sago
of mutton
Assae, dixit, eves
is of
Sago
leg
Tamdudum Invito
did
Doctor
roast
of
man
restricted
was
he
how
!
old
an
food
"
may
Tobagus dapes : injucunda looutus
non
particularservice
"
rure
ore
tibi csena,
sunt
go.'
senex."
infirm
nourish
helping to
as
"
'
and children. old persons, The Indians their finest reserve for such and for invalids. Its fecula, washed from cases,
plentifulpith, is starch is very
of rice.
more very demulcent, and Such fecula never ferments
suitable for
patientsliable Portland Sago, an
to
waste
Sago the
digestiblethan in the because
stomach, of
the
and
feverish
a
English variety,is a farina extracted from the corm, tuber, of our or hedgerow Arum maculatum (" lords, and ladies "), or Wake-robin, a familiar formerly prepared largely wayside plant. This fecula was therefrom in the Island of Portland. To make a lightrestorative Boil : never disagrees,or ferments in the stomach soup which half an of small Sago in a pint of home-made beef-tea, ounce in which extract a (or of water dessertspoonfulof Liebig'smeat is dissolved), until it is clear,then add half a pint of milk, with little seasoning; boil up, and pour it over the beaten-up yolk a state
of
body.
"
of
an
egg
in
a
bowl
;
stir,and
serve."
The
particularlyfond of Sago pudding, with which condiment. a as powdered cinnamon Similarly the Tennyson had a penchant for rice pudding. For a Sago souffle : Take milk, one pint of new was
"
half of
ounces
of butter,
an
ounce
Victoria
late Queen
she
took
late
Lord
two
and
a
half of sugar, two ounces almonds half of blanched (chopped and
a
and a pearlSago, an ounce all these together,and put very fine);j__mix
over
the fire,cooking
607
SALADS.
mixture
the then and
remove
in
pour
for
fifteen
from
the
a
fire,and
little thereof
at
constantly stirring ;
whilst
minutes,
Beat
let it cool. time
a
three
until all is used
eggs, ; and
thus
Put flavouringmay be discreetlyadded. hour. into a pudding dish, and the mixture bake for half an Sift a little powdered sugar it, and serve immediately in over it has been baked." the dish in which Tapioca is another food of like character, being pure starch, as prepared from the root in Manioc of the Cassava, or tropical plant, which grows
perhaps
some
Africa.
Asia, and
America,
kind
other
any
almond
It is
of farinaceous
more
digestionthan
of
easy
less liable
and
nourishment,
to
is freshly cut the root a milky juice produce acidity. When which is highly poisonous ; but after this is withdrawn exudes is in no of the root yieldsTapioca starch, which the remainder deleterious. Its agglomerate masses whatever distinguish way chief supplies it from the regularshaped grains of Sago. Our boiled in water, Whether of Tapioca are imported from Brazil. milk, or steeped in boilingwater, and then baked, it makes, or to taste, a very when palatable,and sweetened, and flavoured
light food, children
:
which
is to
(see also page
for invalids, and
highly commended
be
r)64.)
SALADS.
requirement for the body's health that chemical changes shall take place in the blood as to its salts of potash, these acid gas with which and soda, for settingfree the carbonic In order to efEect such chemical combined. changes earths are Salads, or their equivalents,are needed, otherwise the said gas It is
essential
an
difficult of
becomes
Evelyn,
John
puts the
quaint Acetaria,
in his
"
thus
matter
of composure part without
excretion,and proves
a
We
:
how
see
Sallet every
plant
Book
or
taste, but
being overpowered by some fall into their place like should
Therefore
it
?
meats
"
answered,
diapason, have "
Raw
the
most
to
Sallets, and
"
(Attici)
asked
when
Damoxemus,
one
"
That
herbs
sovereign diet
same
very
another have in that
come
herb the
Magister Cook
comical
the
was
in
a
What
Sdlets
(1706),
it is that
in the
of
necessary
should
consort
a
bear
of
stronger
notes
a
in music."
introduced
by
is there
in
diatesseron, and
of music."
experimentallybeen epidemicalwith
its
in to
harmony that
poisonous.
less
or
more
us,
found and
Again, to
be
almost
698
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
universal
contagion,the scorbute,to
and
other
most
Islanders
(Cresses)are simply, and powerful agents it
proper magazine of
enemy,
in
our
were
;
as
conquering,and
to
show
Sallet
in
The
bowl
a
form
toothsomely combined,
the
there
that
lesser
Salads, which
rightly
garden vegetables, be
to
cruel
contained
are
all occasions
as
so
efiectual,
most
expunging
plants, upon
nation,
since the Nasturtia
yet
remedies
what
of this
we
it were,
in
put together uncooked
temptingly and both
salubrious, therein. usually being added. Beetroot, Endive, Spring Onions, Eadishes,
appetizing. The
Cresses and
alone,
skilfully applied."
marshal'd, and
and
obnoxious
are
and
which
sometimes
Lettuce
are
takes
the
lead
Dandelion leaves. As such fresh, young in the stomach, eaten are apt to ferment raw, few
a
vegetables,when and as they have very little stimulatingpower on that organ, with them, some condimentary dressing is usually intermixed salt, mustard, etc. ; vinegar also is added, not only as pepper, of its solvent for its gratefulsharpness, but, further, because action
on
fibrous
the
parts of stalk, leaf, and
root, which
are
Oil is considered indigestible.Lucca by it tends to most a complement, though prevent persons necessary of inner the within stomach the substance to access digestivejuices makes the salad disagreewith of the vegetables,and therefore Salad should not Oyl," as Evelyn teaches, weakly folk. of be a high-coloured,or yellow, but pallid olive-green." Pepper {Piper)being of approved virtue againstall flatulency, otherwise
somewhat
"
"
"
and
generallyaU
ingredientof
our
crudities whatsoever,
sallets,provided it be
is
a
not
never
too
to
be
omitted
minutely beaten
almost it) to an impalpable dust ; which is sticks in the frequently adheres, and pernicious,and very of promoting concoction it folds of the stomach, where, instead often causes fore a Cardialgium,and fires the blood ; it should therebe grosslycontused proverb pertinently only." A French
(as oft
says
we
find
: "
"Qui Est
vin en
ne
boit
danger
apres
d'etre
Salade malade."
a Respecting vinegar, it must be noted that this,as practically tegration mineral acid,is of fixed composition,and does not undergo disinwhen taken with foods, like the organic acids of fruits, the potash is combined and vegetables; in nearly all of which is given ofi into the blood therewith, and during digestion. of fruits acid the Sometimes, because being (though readily "
609
SALADS.
stomach,) I have found it advantageous to half ateaspoonfulof bicarbonate of potash into a tumblerful throw of water containingthe fresh juice of a lemon, and have even added it to stewed, or baked rhubarb, and to stewed gooseberries ; lessens the and in these latter it froths like whipped cream, is harmful for sugar, any of which to goutilydemand excess the But I must conclude on sermon disposed persons. my potash text by adding that it is quitepossibleto take too much of this alkaline solvent, especially as a drug from the chemist, which is in any excess (Thudicum). depressingto the vital powers parent, Salad Oil must be thoroughly good, quite clear, and transThe whilst entirelyfree from any rancid smell, and the paler white Such seen this oil is the better. depositas is sometimes Oil is vegetable albumin, which in Salad ought to have been Lucca refined out, as it prevents the oil from keeping sweet.
by disintegrated
the
"
Oil, which
has
"
a
peculiar nutty
"
flavour, is the best.
English days the with a broad coloured life of our ancestors English was rosy is open to health ; but this statement question,since a large consumption of flesh m'^at, barely qualifiedby a scant supply them to a of fruit, and vegetables,can scarcelyhave conduced matory As a matter of fact, inflamstate of their bodily system. pure One
of
our
historians
diseases,and
tells
us
skin diseases
that
were
in
Old
rife at those
times ; there
wrongly, the public for warding ofi sickness ; generallybelieved in heroic treatment the barber-surgeonflourished then, and bleeding,bUstering, so the common and experiencesof everyday cupping were among were
life.
yet lepersin the land
Before
the
;
introduction
and, rightlyor
of the
Potato, and
the
extended
garden vegetableswhich are now the need of anti-scorbutics was very widely felt. Herb common, taken in the spring to purify the system drinks were religiously months. of the long winter after the salt meat have several vegetableswhich Those just been particularized as commonly used in making a Salad, do not need to be taken again into detailed consideration, each being already described and the Dandelion in its alphabetical place. Endive (Cichorium), subsidiary for persons disposed to sluggish {Taraxacum) are action of the liver, each being a helpfulsolvent of bile. The is chiefly and curled), former, a Succory, of two varieties (plain, in the winter, and spring, when, cultivated for Salad uses tender, and the more (bleached),they are as being whited
cultivation, and
use,
of other
"
39
610
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
delicate, very
the weake, pleasingto the stomach, refreshing Gerarde has said. The dwarf white so faintingspirits ; "
"
and
Batavian
sort
is the
ribs of Endive Endive It is
(Cichorium
is of several
outer
Chicory by
only just enough vegetable in, and allow drain it thoroughly, and
browning
it ;
a
Endive
cut
one
full
in
J
fleshyleaf-
cent
per
of
"
Wash,
:
;
have
cook
mince
it
stewpan, put in
and
ready
salted fast-boiling it to
of sugar. the curled.
its less bitter taste, and
of Endive
puree
a
leaves from
of butter
endivia) contain
The
"
For
root.
in flavour.
sorts, the white, the green, and
from distinguished
its annual the
delicate
more
water
a
;
remove
saucepan throw the
quickly until tender very finely. Melt one Endive,
the
and
by
then
;
ounce
it without
heat
it,and stir dredge a small quantity of flour over in one with a quarter cream teaspoonful of thick, raw ; season of a teaspoonfulof salt, a pinch of castor sugar, and a suspicion of grated nutmeg; then colour to a delicate green with juice of spinach, or of parsley. Let the puree simmer gently at the side of the range for about a quarter of an hour. Immediately before dishing it up work in a few tiny lumps of fresh butter ; into a hot dish, and serve garnished with trianglesof pour out toast, and sprays of fresh parsley." The Dandelion taraxacin," plant contains chemically inulin (a sort of sugar),gluten,gum, odorous resin which and an the liver. Probably this reputed virtue speciallystimulates at first,in times was long past, assignedto the herb mainly of its bright according to the doctrine of signatures,because But modern, and more more yellow flowers of a bilious hue. claims of the medicinal scientific experience quite vindicates this plant (leaf,and root) for remedying an indolent function of the bile-making, and with position disa bile-distributing organs, with to a jaundice. The root abounds milky juice "
which bitter
is thick, sweet, and
acrid
in
in twenty with be
brown
taken
by being Salad
time
summer
juice in November. slicingthe root, and
;
it is at
decoction
A
during the winter,
albuminous
and
be
may
once,
covered
or
or
honey,
twice in the
spring time. roasted, and ground,
if desired.
in
a
earth
The so
as
The
day. as
Dandelion to
be
mixed
yielding by
for fifteen minutes
cool, and
A
leaves
they
for
usefully made
part thereof
boilingone
this when parts of water, straining sugar,
its best
but
small
should and
grow, root
sweetening teacupfulmay
may
with
be are
blanched best
for
a
serviceably cofiee, making a be
SALADS.
capitaldietetic
combination..
611
It has
tendency to provoke urination at night,by reason of which of its vulgar appellaone tions has been conferred, herba urinaria." et Quasi lectiminga, Constitutional struma (as it is called),scorbutic tendencies, and scrofula are innate morbid less identical, more or proclivities, and varying in degree; they render their subjects especially liable to tubercular that all the disease, though it is not the case ailments of scrofulous indicative of, or dependent are persons tubercular on deposits. It is against strumous, and scrofulous of the fresh herbs developments, that many employed in Salads with are speciallybeneficial, this being remarkably the case some
"
"
to which
nature
^et
various
to the
Tespect the
the
of
name
Cresses.
kindred
The
Watercress, and
its allied
of such
"
word
a
antidotal,
plantsare
Latin
the
scrofula, from
maladies
scrofa,"a
mischief
done burrowing pig, as signifying the destructive radicallyto important vital glands within the body by this ruinous undermining hereditary disease. Perhaps the quaint lines which have been to repeat whilst nurses long accustomed babes, bear a fondling the fingers,one by one, of their amused sly meaning which imports this bugbear of a scrofulous taint. thus each The said familiar distich runs as finger,when handled The little pig : first in its turn, is personated as a fabulous hastens the doctor small piggy doesn't feel well ; the second one the to hunger at home to tell ; the third little pig has ; and iourth little pig can of dinner eat none ; then the fifth little pig, "
with poor
a
querulousnote, cries,
jEgrotat
multis
Ille rogat fratri Debilis ille domi
doloribus medicum
Eheu,' Vires
weak
!
!' from
its
mansit
ter
repetens,
"Willy
digitsare Wink-in," "Long
"Little
Tit."
Cogan's
is much
used
sugar, to
simple
miser
:
iUe
porculus
:
'
'
Haven
of Health
in Sallets in the
and
Salade
salt,and the a
heate
"
popularly Tom Thumbkin," Gracious," "Betty Bodkin," and
called
the
temper "
ille :
proferre salutem vetitus abire :
Eheu,' perporculus, Eheu,' exiguas luget plorante susurro."
Norfolk
About
and
weak
!
porculus
digessitnunquam
Carnem '
and
Weak
little throat." "
In
'
(1589) it
told that
tyme, with
summer
is formed
to
procure
stomach,
of the
la Francaise
was
"
"
:
"
Lettuce
vinegar,oyle,
appetitefor and
Separate
liver."
the
meats, For
a
Lettuce, leaf
612
MEALS
from
leaf, and
wash
MEDICINAL.
them
thoroughly ; shake lightlyon a soft serviette
them
very
Salad basket, and
in' a
tear dry them ; then size ; rub the inside of the Salad the leaves into piecesof a proper bowl with a splitclove of garlic presentlyinto ; put the Salad the bowl, dusting it with a little salt, and a little white pepper ; add and of the oil to two next oil, vinegar (one tablespoonful of the vinegar; mix lightly, and thoroughly with the hands (not with fork, spoon, or knife),and let the Salad be served at once for immediate As use." a preliminary to the above, after all the decayed, or damaged leaves, the Lettuce picking away
well washed,
parts, when in
salted
changed "
then
intervals.
at
Proceed
with
and
water, in the
should
same
stand
be left for
but
fifteen minutes
few
in fresh water,
a
Likewise way,
for about hours "
for
Salade
the inside
rub
splitonion, squeezing out practicable; add the Salad, and
d'Orange
of the
Salad
"
:
bowl
juice as thoroughly as accompaniments as above ; then add a quarter of a clove of garlic(finelyminced), a large freed completely from skin, pith, and pips, and torn orange into small pieces; mix assiduously,and finallyadd from three six drops of tabasco, (a sauce made to spicy with Jamaica Pepper and Clove- Cassia,)mix again, serve, and your guests will rise up, the Lettuce the
the
a
and "
:
is
Lettuce
Parkinson loosen
:
beUy
Germans
Salade, also
blessed."
for proper Lettuce and
;
eaten
their
boyled
famous
or
raw,
over
the
Beetroot
about
aperient,
and
boyled, helpeth than
more
said
has
dispositions."And
bilious
hot,
enthusiastic
wax
over
the
Gerarde
degree laxative,
some
"
adds
the
The
call you Being in
raw."
the of
charms "
Salad,
to
Kertoffelen
Rotte
Rvben
with Spanish Salad (Oasfocho),this is made bread, and vegetables,the bread-crumbs being soaked in water, broth, and squeezed rather dry in a cloth ; then salt is added, or also olive oil,some red, or green pimentoes, some tomatoes, and out vinegar. In Spain this Salad is eaten with a spoon made Salade."
of
an
hand. because
For
the
excavated It should it would
of bread, if
crust
be
noted
hinder
that
a
the
digestionof
permanent
vinegar here the
starches
is not
spoon
is
a
in the
at
mistake, bread
;
Sir Thomas Browne, lemon-juice should be substituted. I could in ReligioMedici, declared : digest a Salad gathered in a churchyard as well as in a garden. I wonder not at the with toadstools French their dishes of frogs,snails, and ; nor Jews for locusts,and grasshoppers; but being amongst at the fresh
"
614
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
celery,a sprinklingof minced parsley,a singleolive, and the petalsof a couple of dozen blue Violets ; these several ingredients to
are
the a
be
only
with
mixed
purest olive oil,salt,and
the
condiments
other
suspicionof
white
add
;
dash
a
wine, and
of Bordeaux
vinegar." Lately, because
being
pepper,
of
marvellous
a
(as reported)of desperatecancer by the outward of Violet leaves made into infusion, this herb has
application acquired a The resuscitated that of Lady was renown. case Margaret sister to the present Earl of Eomney. Her throat Marsham, had become obstructive completely closed by an malignant and all food had administered artificial be to means growth, by below. Under the continued of Violet use stupes day, and night,the growth graduallysubsided, and ultimatelydisappeared. cure
Far
Master
"
in 1586
back
John
the
Vigo,
whole
'
of Violets,
'
directions
gave
prescription(for purgation of confection
of that
work
the
likewise
as
how
to
the "
herbal Violets
:
add
take
two
"To
one
and
a
pound of half pints in
twenty-four hours
liquor,and double
strain
its
weight
syrup, but Reference
without
it
of
closed
a
gently
of the
Violet
sweet
is a
;
china
vessel ; through muslin
lettingit
The
older
much
a
of
syrup
sweet
flowers, freshlypicked,
boiling water
finest loaf
cancer.'
cure
the matter conjunct.' This away than that of Culpeper. For making
to
Chirurgeon,
antecedent) included prescriptionwhich is
matter
does
famous
infuse
then ;
and
sugar,
these
for
ofi the
pour
afterwards
add
it into
make
a
boil. "
Eosebud Salad," previouslyto a invented Nasturtium Salad at as Chicago. And again, a is palatable,elegant, and anti-scorbutic. Shred lettuce a succulent finely,and mix with it some freshly-gathered, young, Nasturtium leaves, together with two hard-boiled eggs cut into quarters ; place them in a Salad bowl, and dot with Nasturtium with fresh lemon-juice,or with whatever other flowers ; serve said that Primroses dressing is preferred." Lord Beaconsfield has
been
made
"
"
"
make become other
a
delicious
Salad
associated materials
for were
;
ever
and
because
with
his
introduced
name.
into
of
this
the
flower
has
A
century ago many not Salads, which are
for the purpose, such as Fennel, Marsh-Mallow thought of now Marjoram, Elder Flowers, Asparagus, and tops, Hops, Wild Nettle. Lynette ask her scullion : Tennyson makes "
"
What To
knowest
garnish
thou meat
of flowers, except
with
?
"
belike
615
SALADS.
Let Evelyn has admonished : herby ingredients be your cleans'd of all worm-eaten, exquisitely cull'd, and slimy, leaves." He vitiated cankered, dry, spotted, or anyways Guava enumerates Salad," thirty-fivedifierent Salad herbs. Take and a or one Angels'food," is a favourite Cape dish. "
"
"
"
half
winesufficient sugar, and a oranges, glassfulof good sherry ; peel, and slice the guavas thinly,lay them little sugar, then them on a a glassdish, and sprinkleover a
dozen
layer of
sprinkledwith
orange,
continuingthus
orange,
glass of sherry, delicious
dish
and
for
with
many
it is
imported
in
two
guavas,
dessert.
from
West
conservatories.
being sweet,
all the filled ; pour over while. This makes a a resembles
guava
fruit
The
aromatic, and
again
apple for the well-known jelly; guava Indies, and is occasionallygrown
The
is famous the
for
and
again guavas,
;
glassis
it stand
let
seeds, and
British
till the
sugar
a
is somewhat
small
astringent,
acid.
sometimes
"
the yolk of a Mix Salad-dressing: hard-boiled one (dry) with teaspoonful of newly-made egg and half mustard from the pot, one teaspoonfulof brown sugar, these are a teaspoonful of salt ; when thoroughly blended, add Be of milk. one tablespoonful of vinegar, and then three careful to mix the vinegar thoroughly before adding the milk,
For
or
a
plain,wholesome
else it may
turn
curd.
to
Oh, cool in the And And
Delicious Take
leaf of the
With
Cress
Whose
Lettuce the
from
beauty
Olives
from
has
thereof
:
it is bitter
shall
;
rivulet's like
the
maddened '
;
ghtter.
that are groves Boil hint ! a
Eggs (just
the
:
love, it is red
like
foam-born,
Anchovies,
And
:
but
ballad
a
you
and
like love
Beet, for,
Take
And
sing
added,
salad, is love
winter
thereon,
Endive
Crisp
the
shall
Poet
a
is
summer
in
warm
be
may it."
without
dressing is sufficiently good "
Cream
bed
;
lady this bard,
shady, 'em
hard
')."
nine Evelyn, in his Acetaria, has insisted on no less than essential requirements for the proper making of a Sallet, and That the of these are sufficiently quaint. For instance, some the Salletknife (according to the super-curious)with which cut limons, etc.) be of silver, and herbs are (especially oranges, all acids are of steel, which apt to corrode, and by no means retain a metallick relish of." Again, That the Saladiere (Sallet "
"
616
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
Delf-ware, neither too dish) be of porcelane,or of the Holland Sallet shallow, according to the quantity of the deep, nor such a ingredients." And note, that there ought to be one dish in which to beat, and mingle the liquid vehicles ; and a second which the crude herbs in, upon to receive they are to be pour'd, and then with a fork, and a spoon kept continually stirr'd till all the furniture be equally moistened. Some, who "
are
to
husbands
of their oil,pour and
communicate, and
mingled, of all ;
and
the
'tis incredible
how
gildingof
collector
consist
(as Martial
the
of
calls
young plants ; such
small
plants
a
"
that
as
it is
in
be
must near
a
taken
he
as
can
very
by they
foliis'pubescentibus,or
ex
find
imbue
to
tenderest
very
first rudiments
even
sometimes
we
Care
rudes, and
them) Prototomi
as
apt
more
when
they pour on last quantity of oil (in this
is sufficient
Oluscula, and
buds, and
germs,
as
acids, which
wyre)
edule
of such
oil alone,
slipperinessthan
of Sallet-herbs."
plentifulassembly should
its
with
qualitylike the the
difiuse
beaten
first the
at
the
parts "
their
of
several
of the
craws
Wood-
Partridge, Pheasants, and other Upland have natural Sallet, pick'd,and almost dress'd a But now after all let none imagine that whilst present subjectthrough all the topicksof panegyric,
culver, Stock-dove, fowl, where to we we
we
hands."
our
justifyour would, in
"
Sallet,dress'd
of the
favour
advantage, turn mankind to neglect the bounty
to
all its pomp,
with
again; which
grass
of Heaven,
well
as
ungratefully
were
health, and
his
as
and
comfort."
SALT.
Not
only
a
condiment
at
potash salts neutralizingthe abundant foods, particularlyof the vegetable sort. "
It has on
for
table
Ley
Salt
Not
too
been
on
the
myche,
noticed
trenchere, be thou
that
vegetablediet, have
communities
animals,
are
;
so
that
great
plantswhich
knyfe
that maks
tribes, and need
more
vegetarians,in of
consumers
abound
in
which
for that
with
were,
giving a allowance
foods, but it is essential in moderate
relish to "
is Salt
of
Salt
common
Salt.
The
in
elene,
yo
which
races
for such,
contained
are
be
zest, and
lean."
subsist chiefly
than
with
meat-eating herbivorous
cereals, and
potassium salts,would
minous legu-
otherwise
SALT.
their
cause
taken
copious excretion
with
evidence
it contains
that
liberal
a
formation
the
of soda
food, replaces)to
exception,as
of
but
be
few
in
gravel
in the
mischievous
as
a
urine.
the
Wendell "
I
can
and
now
if he
had has
which
is to
been
Contrariwise, by
it is
;
widespread da
of
excess
some
common
deposits. Oliver
cancerous
split,and
upon
salted, and
windy Capes,
our
looks
being who
human
a
:
dried, like the
salt-fish
organization." In the folk-lore all European peoples,as the to merry-makings of witches, and always noticeable that at such gatherings there And
safeguard, and all kinds
prevent
his arid up be found among feastings, and
Salt.
no
to
built
unhallowed
demons,
tends
an
an
is abundant
There
villagepeople of
coming
then
rice is
writer,has humorously declared
the
stay among
never
which
was
induce
to
Holmes, the American
without as
diet is believed
(which Salt,
but
;
condiment
writers,notably Dr. Braithwaite, of Leeds, Salt in the
urine
potash salts.
of Salt
use
G17
hence
has
arisen
notion
a
protectionagainst sorcery,
a
from
which
notion
that
belief to
Vinci, in his famous
has
Salt spill
paintingof
is most the
"
Last
is
a
witchcraft
and
derived
been
Salt
that
the
unlucky.
of
old, and Leonardo
Supper." has the unhappy upsetting the
most
indicated the evil intention, and fate significantly of Judas, by representinghim in the act of cellar, Saltand thus spilling the sacred Salt. Just latelyin this country a new habit of Salt-eatinglargely and has it women prevails especiallyamongst up, ; sprung carries lumps of Salt reaches even a stage in which the person is continually nibbling thereat disastrous the about, and ; efiects of which perniciouspractice are a peculiar yellowness, of the skin, followed and shrivelling presentlyby the loss of all that of the disease the hair, even cancerous eyelids; then Competent physiologistsdeclare that frequently supervenes. considerable Salt has of retarding peptic table a very power action in the stomach in the proportion of one (digestive) ; even during a meal it has an appreciableefiect of part to a thousand this nature,
great "
as
Why,"
to
and
with
almost
asks
bring
Sir W.
Animals
part in
one
the
Roberts,
two
hundred
digestiveprocess "
do of
we
use
so
effect is
the to
much
a
Salt
require none find (with most rare exceptions)all the Salt they need cooks natural food ; but are our always adding Salt and take it constantly on we our culinary preparations, our
food
?
in
a
state
nature
so
standstill.
:
with
they
in their in
their
plates
618
MEALS
This
meals.
at
habit
preparation,and the
MEDICINAL.
is
probably dependent
cooking
which
to
food
the
is
elaborate
subjected.
grain is deprived of
flour the
for manipulation of wheat coating, or bran, which
the
on
its
larger part of the saline matters of the wheat. Potatoes, and green vegetables, excessive of in boiled are an water, and thereby the quantity saline ingredientsare washed out. Meat, and fish are boiled, outer
in these
roasted, and
or
Salt
defect, and
the
of their mineral
some
food
the
to
the
to supplied artificially
be
restore
to
lose
ways
therefore
must
contains
In
treated,
so
ents. constitumake
that
up
sapidity,
salinityof which it has been in part deprived." Which proverb, probably originated the old German cogent reason and
"
Saltz
the
brot machen
und
red."
cheeks
bachen
But
roth
"
addition
the
" "
of
Salt, and
bread
moderate
some
make Salt
to
boilingmeat is quitedesirable,having a three-fold action : First,it immediately causes a coagulationof the outside sealed up, and surface of the meat, so that the inner juicesare retained ; secondly, it slightlyraises the boilingpoint of the water and, thirdly,by increasingthe density of the water ; within the exosmosis, or oozing out, of the sapid juices from
the water
when
the
is less active.
meat
"
the
Whilst the
reverse
The
finny
treasures
The
flocks
which
All food
spread
Without
some
lean
of meats
is true
of the
cold, boiled
broiled, or
of climb
deep,
the
mountain
plains,and
over
Salt
the
would
steep,
lea, be."
tasteless
digestible by salting, it happens that the fat of hence of digestion. is notably easy
is rendered fat ;
bacon
less
medicine have of table Salt as a curative specialuses and been explained previouslyin Kitchen Physic, as antiseptic, curative chemically alterative against gout, whilst specifically for a sneezing catarrh, preventive of chronic in minute doses constipation, also of migraine, dispellingmelancholy, and These several topics need not exterminating thread-worms. Various
reconsidered
be
letters "
I had
and
when
to
it
I
son,
England
at
as
of
recovered
was
swelled
was
then
Basle
dangerouslyill of
been
legs,and that
his
to
noted
The
here.
them
painfulto with
them
that
to me
as
a
old
Lord
Chesterfield, in his
(November, fever
1766),
in Holland
it,the febrific
humour
wrote
:
during 1732, fell into my
degree,and chieflyin the evening, I came it was shocking to others.
in this
condition, and
consulted
Mead,
SALT.
Broxholme,
and
Arbuthnot,
619
who
neither
of
did
them
the
me
least
the swelling by good, but, on the contrary, increased and emollients. In this condition I remained applying poultices, six months, near until, findingthe doctors did me no good, I resolved to consult eminent Ealmer, the most Surgeon of St. Thomas's that the Hospital. He immediately told me physicians had pursued a very wrong method, as the swelling of my of legs proceeded only from a relaxation, and weakness the cutaneous vessels, and he must apply strengthenersinstead of emollients to put my me ; accordinglyhe ordered legs up to the knees morning in brine from the salters as hot as I every could
it ; the brine must have had meat salted after having thus pickled my legs for about
bear
and
so,
the
complaint absolutelyceased,
swellingin them ally the much on
as
the
urine
because possible, kidneys. A free
;
allusion
thereto "
Or
no
Shall
I
And
The is to
be
found
fluids of the
the
Salt.
in the
body,
diet makes
blood,
about
as
the
customary
was
infer from
may
an
:
"
the on
amongst
rare
dish the
?
Fish
?
Dinner
my to
my
fly. Cook deny
desire
this mineral the
is
Salt
scattered
universal
fact that the
dietetic-
diminished
be
bladder
That
is thrown
almost
an
least
excretingit falls entirely
eighteenthcentury Art of Cookfiry (1790) Salt
the
disease
Salt in the
in the
stone
no
weeks
of gouty acid-products solubility
Fry'd Parsley in passion from Hopes of Pardon
explanation of
of
of table
use
should
we
in the
Perhaps
food
I did
three
had
never
treatingkidney
the
much
in the
I have
the burden
reason
consume
condiment
in
increases
for such
sailors, who a
When
Salt
of
amount
alkaline, and
therein
as
since."
and
in it.
"
is essential the
Salt
common
to
all the
chyle,tears, etc. fact that when nutrient injections It is a remarkable have to be given for support (food not being practicableby the mouth, the addition of some serious disability) of Salt thereto account on be easily promotes their absorption ; why this is so cannot of the first importance. explained,but the effect is a matter For rheumatic swellingof the joints,and limbs, an application Some flannel of the Salt-pack is to be highly commended. in a saturated solution of common Salt should be wrapped soaked with thin waterproof and covered around the affected joints, over which tissue (guttapercha, or oiled silk),upon a bandage is bound, the whole appliance being kept on during all night,and "
lymph,
for
?
620
MEALS
continued be
night whilst
every
substituted Salt is not
MEDICINAL.
around
the
dry
A
necessary.
flannel
should
part by day.
present in the body,
in
plants,unless conjoined with phosphates. The Cerebos Salt now deservedly in vogue with contains small definite -proportionof the mixed a grocers bran ; it is a remarkably fine phosphatesas found in wheaten and white Salt, whilst it does not cake on a damp, or foggy day. of an attack of lung inflammation (pneumonia) During the course it is
a
and
high-coloured)ceases
strange fact that the urine
chlorides
to
(which then
contain
found
are
be
to
the
lungs.
Whilst
this
of
sodium)
should
be
or
solid, and
fresh
At
the
withheld
lemon-
in the
from
juice should
urine.
For
serving to
Salt, when
stages, common
efficacy. Though as
a
condiment
similar
cure
taken
probably
with
food, it does
from
the
to
weak
becomes expectoration are again discoverable
the
cold
catarrhal
triturated, has
liberallyat
a
the
in its
tinuous con-
remarkable same
in such
have
not
these
Salt
added
be
a
are
(chloride food, whether liquid
free, during convalescence, the chlorides in the
as
excreted
matters
the
When
scanty,
time
same
table derangement persists,
simple drinks.
other
or
retained
becomes
chlorides, such
present in healthy urine.
commonly
broths,
or
form
time any
patientlyrubbed up with dry powdered sugar of milk for half an hour together (one part of the Salt to nine parts of the milk powder sugar). The mixed bottle ; should be then kept in a well-corked, wide-mouthed the tongue three times in the half a teaspoonfulto be given on day. A dynamic virtue is thus acquired by the Salt resembling that contributed crude to quicksilver(comparativelyinert as into what of roses a medicine) when pounded up with conserve is known blue pill," as a by givingonly a potentialdrug even few grains thereof. by Provings of table Salt taken in excess chronic of have healthy persons produced all the symptoms results
as
when
dried, and
"
catarrh.
SANDWICH.
Suetonius,
who
Sandwich
known
though
as our
lived among
English
Earl
of Sandwich
ham
between
them
in the
term
times
of the
the Romans
under
is
given
(1780), who
brought
to
after
Csesars, tells of the the
John
"
"
Offula; Montagu, fourth name
used
to
have
slices of bread
with
him
at
the
so gaming-table,
that
622
through being in the
struck
layer of
and
butter
the
dental
face
by
treated
was
a
whilst
wave
with
Sandwiches
"vool in each, between
cotton-
after
and
;
in the
He
sea.
open
thin
a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
week, when
a
being
structure,
a
mild
enrolled
now
the
slices of bread
laxative in
swimming containing given,
was
cotton-wool,
was
In Alice difficulty amongst the excrement. passed without the White throtighthe Looking Glass Knight had a little box, of his own in. invention,' to keep clothes, and Sandwiches "
'
'
'
I carry it upside down that the so the thingscan get out,' Alice gently
see,'he told Alice,
You
rain
get in.'
can't
'
remarked
'
;
do
But know
you
the
lid's open
?
'
"
SAUCES.
Penn's
advice and
which in
children
to
"
spices:
Let
ments, this,as regards appetizingcondi-
was
your
chiefest Sauce
will
The
help to get you." epicures,and generalcertainlyconcerns temperance
persons
seekingto
good stomach, questionof Sauces a
gourmets, rather than in times of sickness, and
their health
recover
be
is plain, unsophisticated nourishment artificial adjuncts. Nevertheless, certain simple needed without iSauces are frequently of excellent supplementary use ; as, for white fish is eaten, which is chiefiynitrogenous "example, when is rendered more bination iood, and complete as sustenance by comwith bland Sauce of carbonaceous, a warmth-giving
convalescence,
when
materials. "
Our
fathers
And
ask'd
butter'd
They Aiid
admired
most
often
currants
of Beef
Rumps
their
sweet. their meat : bestow' crude Teal cl, on strew' d." with Virgin Honey
for sugar
sauces
with
Art
It
is
said
that
noted
the
Worcester
of Cookery.
Sauce
first
was
skilfully
'Compounded by a clever physician to disguisethe flavour of whose -asafoetida given for the benefit of a dyspeptic nobleman health was being treated thereby. Cassareep,from Demarara, the thickened root-juiceof the Cassava utilissima, boiled down until of the "of Worcester
consistence Sauce
;
of molasses, is believed this is of great
to
be
the
basis
digestiveassistance, and
tender, also extraordinary power of making tough meat of rendering fat pork edible without subsequent discomfort, uby a curious change which it effects thereupon. Dr. Thudicum has
an
SA
623
UCES.
Sauce as a explains the importance of a proper lubricating principle,demonstrating this by an experiment upon potatoes, cooked
first with
served
to
a
smooth
Sauce, and the
stimulated
canal, and
an
juices for solution
the
morsel
then for
"
it.
without
digestive augmenting
increased flow of saliva,thus of the
potato, whilst
also
Sauce
the
along
passage
The
improving
the
in common familiar Sauces of the most appetite." Several culinary use have definite objectsin view, to be efiected by their Mint Sauce with lamb, Apple as respectivespecial qualities ; such
with
Sauce with
mackerel,
this
dissolves of
warmth,
the
young domesticated fat
and
a
salt
with
salted
or
game. fish, and
Fennel
Sauce
various
other
the
lean
fish
flesh of "
;
and
fare ; digestivespicy antisepticSauce
innutritions
of
with
fowl,
appetitefor meat," which makes acid Sauces, said Pliny ; whilst the vinegar with rich albumin ; apples being laxative birds, or pork ; bread furnishingbodily
flegmatickqualityof
the
is
our
with
Sauce
Egg Sauce stirringup
general in
so
flesh
"
Mint
Sauces.
Bread
goose,
Lenten
fowl
fennel
;
"
consuming
being the complement whilst horse-radish, again, with fatty roast beef ; and eggs
possibleptomaines of salmon. What is known as Mayonnaise Sauce (a corruptionof Magnonof egg-yolkwith olive oil,serves which is an emulsion by its aise), of cold condimentary vinegar to aid in dissolvingthe albumin natural the digestivevolatile spices have viands, from which raw now evaporated. For half a pint of this Sauce, put one and of white yolk of an egg into a basin, with a pinch of salt, also a saltspoonfulrespectivelyof English, and of ; pepper bination French mustard, with just a dust of Cayenne ; mix this comof the best salad oil, drop by drop, using with some it is as thick as butter, add a teaspoonful wooden a ; when spoon of Taragon vinegar, and eight or ten drops of lemon-juice. Lord's2nd, 1660 : Pepys has noted in his Diary on December day : home to dinner ; my wife, and I all alone to a legof mutton, at it, and eat of which the Sauce being made sweet I was angry that we had beside." but only dined upon the marrow-bone none, is a locution is called by trans- Atlantic Apple Sass What with and sugar, jam-like compound of apples boiled down housewives, to be used for the open potted by thriftyAmerican tells which England. Dr. Doran tarts so are popular in New consisted entirely record, which eccentric dinner on about an and exclusivelyof Sauces, but without conferringany adequate Soy
corrects
the
"
"
"
MEALS
624
"
guests ; indeed, quite the represented by Gravy Sauce; whilst
benefits was
Sauce for '
MEDICINAL.
the
on
handed
were
joint,on
a
that
ground probably
the '
in lieu of fish ;
round
Bread
The
reverse.
Oyster, and Egg Sauce
an
egg
is
soup
Lobster did
duty
proverbially
Sauce
suggested pheasant to the hungry stood in stead of plum pudding ; guests ; and Brandy Sauce served after each Sauce-boat had been emptied." wine was Anchovies (for a Sauce) form a flavouringzest of high value ; Coasts of Italy,France, these small fish are taken on the Eastern salted in barrels with brine, to be and Spain,by night,and are if made dilute they lose their in various too cooked ; ways the flavour, and become spoilt. They are deservedly called of their powerfully saline taste, drunkard's delight,"because of palate ; moreover, and stimulation they are noted of old as good against agues, and for looseningthe belly. Bread Sauce, delicious when properly made, and suggestive full of meat
;
"
invalid
the
to
of toothsome
allowed, is nevertheless
be
when
even
game,
To
efEect
blanch
skin, and it into
this,
take
a
three-ounce
it for five minutes
quarters, and
cannot
positivelyrepulsive mess which can only be described
"
it.
meat
a
wrongly treated, a mixture as a spiced bread-poultice. The backbone, Bread Sauce is the proper flavouringof the "
such
it were,
milk
used
in
scaldingwater
then
of in
good making
onion, peel off the
with
put them
as
when
;
outer
then
dozen
a
peppercorns, nutmeg, and a
cut
six
of mace, salta pinch of grated containing not less than half a spoonful of salt into a saucepan Remove the fire as the pan from as soon pint of good milk.
cloves,
the
blade
a
surface
of the
milk
looks
continuing the operation till the time
little milk from strain it
to time
to
flavour
make
replaceit, extracted, adding a loss by evaporation.
let it cool, and
frothy ;
good
is the
piece of muslin into a clean saucepan, and stir into it (ofithe fire)sufficient finely-sifted stale crumbs bread of white (that have been dried in the oven) to bring the mixture the consistency of an to ordinary puree, but on no account Finallyfinish ofE with a good tablespoonful any thicker. before serving. The of cream at the moment yolk of one egg Then
beaten
used
up as
a
in
a
through
little
substitute
a
warm
milk
for the
until
cream,
it looks
though
the
creamy
may
latter is to
be be
preferred." The told
Sauces about
of classic times
in Kitchen
(Greek, and
Roman) have been their Physic, particularly garum," and "
625
SALADS.
"
alec,"highlyesteemed
of
former
the
have
of epicures
the
by
exhumed
been
days. Amphorae
those
Pompeii, the
at
contents
voted saltish, biting, and darksome, being now beastly ; though this condiment, prepared from the intestines then of fish allowed to putrefy,and spicedto a degree,was the melted butter is now Sauce, as proverbially as popular Roman that of the English. Sydney Smith writing (June, 1844) to the best society I am M. Eugene Eobin, said : livingamong circumstances at in my in the Metropolis,and ease ; I dine with the rich in London, and physic the poor in the country ; of Lazarus." passing from the Sauces of Dives to the sores Fames est,'' Hunger is the poor optimum condimentum has scoffed at us wiseacre Some man's best Sauce." English have fact is Sauce." The as with we as a only one people "
thereof
"
"
"
"
""
"
"
Sauces
many
as
kinds
have
we
of meat
;
process of of all sauces
in the
each
cooking yieldsits native sap, and this is the best is meant what conceivable. by gravy ; Only English folk know to alone are speak on the competent consequently the English extract, Gravy is a watery solution of meat question of Sauce. whilst is browned which nearly dry, the by the action of heat change from broth to gravy being analogous to that which sugar caramel. it becomes Broth, however highly undergoes when the stirringefEect of gravy (not too concentrated, has never of flavouring still requires the addition broth brown). Such When
condiments.
vegetables,and
the
extractive
of
matters
cooking to reddish-brown gravy, the alkaloids, and peptonoids of the previouslypale soup undergo a change, like to heated a high degree of that of starch, and sugar, when meat
turn
in
temperature chemical
they lose water,
;
structure,
and
products being caramels, system. Charles Lamb,
assume
and
become
doubled,
in
trebled
or
properties,the exercisingpowerful effects new
brown the
on
nervous
"
It
is
that so
a
as
whilst
desideratum
have
we
to
in
no
show
laudable
in
rationale
why with
works
that
of Sauces,
cabbage brawn
humorously
Tahle-tdk, has
Elia's
;
is
or
treat
"
de
why
the
culinarid
re
theory of mixed
with reprehensible haunch
said
flavours,
roast
of mutton
: "
beef, seeks
declineth it ; but the shoulder civilly jelly, why loin of veal (a pretty problem !), being itself unctuous, seeketh the adventitious lubricityof melted butter ; and why from it ; abhorreth the same oleaginous, part in pork, not more the
alhance
of currant
40
626
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
sympathizes with the flesh of deer ; why dead salt fish points to parsnip ; why brawn makes set at a old ladies mustard to heartsease, cats prefer valerian ; why of the road of the vice versd (though this is rather travelling out curious than be thought a question more dietetics,and may relevant); why salmon, a strong sapor "per se, fortifieth its condition with embraces the mighty lobster Sauce, whose are fatal to the delicate relish of the turbot ; why oysters in death the
why
rise up sweet
French
againstthe yam
by
she
give a
able to
not
in the
yet but
as
contamination
of
sugar, by the
are
while
the
compilable
either ! want
We to
be
is in us."
of the relish that
reason
brown
accepted yet decidedly declaring for empiricalstage of cookery : we
court, and
turns
mutton-hash, are
bean
SAUSAGE. "
"
stewing Sauce-sedges is given in the True Gentlewoman's used the at Delight (1653), as Bridge Fair, of Peterborough, according to a Charter granted to the Abbot that Golden city in the days of Henry the Sixth ; it being A
for
RECEIPT
"
"
then a more
time-honoured
a
luncheon
of
Sausages,
ancient, it would "
The To The As The As For A
The
famous
which
custom,
is still observed,
to
eat
.
and
thereat.
Champagne is the
appear,
German
But
Sausage
far
:
"
graceful madchens trip, and trip, sound of rippling flutes ; old men deeply sip, and sip, ancient
as
grave
Fraus
all
wine, and
Sausage thousand
mutes
;
sigh contented.
was
music
flow,
invented
years
ago." "
Salami," as big as a, Hungarian Pork Sausage, or man's is very largelyconsumed arm, throughout Austria ; it is generallypurveyed by a provision pedlar, who carries cheese, and Salami, together with an enormous pair of scales. The addition of flour which is often made in these, and other Sausages, them to become unwholesome causes if they are kept for any time, because fermentation is developed of the moist a flour, which is injurious. Enghsh black puddings, provided they be eaten globin haemofreshly made, are useful vehicles for supplying animal to bloodless not are patients whose digestivepowers much too thereof. Fat impaired for assimilatingthe contents pork is boiled for about three-quarters of an hour, then chopped "
"
SEAWEEDS.
small, and
flavoured
after mixture
with
with
627
salt, peppercorns,
pimento,
etc.
;
and,
boiled
grits,or rice, and not too great a proportion of warm fresh pig'sblood, it is placed in the skins, and boiled. resembles The German Red Sausage (Rothwurst)much brain black our GeMrn," or pudding." Their Sausage, calves' and be of brains, consisting principally pork, may profitablyimitated when the wish is to administer animal brain red Sausages (to be eaten substance remedially. The German uncooked) may contain trichinae,parasitesof a baneful character, of drying, salting,or smoking at a low heat which amount no will destroy. Our EngUsh Sausages are prepared with raw with spices,and often including a meat, suitably flavoured In poorer districts the amount small proportionof bread-crumbs. of bread, or powdered biscuit, is increased, not infrequentlyin "
"
of
excess
the
meat
;
indeed,
have
cases
been
in which
known
with red nothing but bread coloured Sausage-rollscontained with Black ochre. more puddings undergo decomposition French Saucisses than readiness ordinary Sausages. The minced smoked contain flesh, usually pork, with spices. The large, and smoked, Bologna Sausage is an Italian speciality, of bacon, and veal, with pork-suet. The drier a being made its keeping properties. In Paris a Sausage is the better are into of the horses which are slaughteredare made large number of which are supposed to declare that Sausages, the vendors able to detect is present. horseflesh are Analytical chemists As of methods. horseflesh sources such by several assured economical nutritious proteids.Sausages are certainlynot more with remarked about them It has been than ordinary meat. is in them
what
{Cervdat)
was
young told about go are
home a
kind
seasoned
with
and
salted,
nitre
some
for
night of Sausage
Saveloys, and
mixed
Dickens
club
White with
they puddings as
suet, and
onions, these salt, and sometimes pepper, stuffed into a preparedintestine.
with
being
prepared
now
added.
porter."
of oatmeal
made
Saveloy
The
having
Office lads in their first surtouts, who
"
at
until
knows
never
one
gone through them. made of brains, but is originally
pork,
of
life,because
they resemble
that
truth
some
ents ingredi-
SEAWEEDS.
Half-a-dozen, about
our
or
of
more,
English coasts
are
the
Seaweeds
common
edible, and
at the
same
time
produced curative
628
MEALS
for various
MEDICINAL.
potentialmarine Seaweeds of these be served to are by the properties ; some cook for the table, whilst others benefit by external application. The former set includes Dulse, Laver, Samphire, and Sea Holly ; vesiculosus (Bladderwrack), and the latter class comprises Fucus and Laminaria be stated broadly digitata(Sea-tang). It may which of use that the Seaweeds remedial are as simples owe their powers to the bromine, iodine, and sulphate of soda which in their days extolled the they possess. Pliny, and Dioscorides modern doctors, particularly qualitiesof various Seaweeds ; and unanimous in pronouncing Seaweed cations, embroon our coasts, are and poultices, of indisputableexcellence, for reducing as glandular swellings,and in curing obstinate sprains; likewise for internal they advocate the particularclaims of Bladderwrack Samphire. Furthermore, use, as well as Bryngo, Irish Moss, and sea-water itself,being rich in chlorides, and iodides, will serve in a culinary medicinal both preventive,and curative purposes form. Dr. Sena, of Valencia, has given bread made with seafor
water
food, and
cellular structure the
to
and
be
exposed
rye.
The
with
roasted
in
so
to
as
the
wedge-shaped
popular
salts, and
The voyage. when served
within
its
it
washed
in fresh
it
with
mixed
with
mannite."
an
in the
oyster
;
flour, or Dulse
is
South- West
of
This
in Scotland
it is
bright-red, broadly frondlets on their margins : fish. A fermented liquoris has
often bear
be eaten
Porfhyra laciniata, and marine
is
by the fishermen
which
this seaweed
for
lating speciallystimuremoving morbid deposits,
"
Dulse
made
Ireland, both
it contains
makes
in milk, and
frying-pan. to
of
is first well
like
fronds
is the
for
it taste
make
in casks
Laver
boiled
irons
states
gives out a white, is sweet, and palatable,covering the then packed in cases for preservation,
substance
it is stored from
is
weed
hot
weed
Dulse
the
which
powdery
pinched England
marine
dry in the air, when
to
it is, or
as
in Scotland, and
vessels
Ireland
In
eaten
a
for certain
singular success.
iodine, which
absorbent
powdery substance whole plant. The to
as
;
much
tumours.
water, and
disease, and
edulis)is used
medicine
a
of their
reason
nutrition, with
(Tridea
Dulse
by
of scrofulous
cases
defective
similar
ailments
bodily
in Kamschatka. name
the
for Viva
certain
edible
latissima.
Seaweeds,
They during
abound
the
in
a preventive of scurvy long sea is Porfhyra, or Sloke, slimy, or semi-gelatinous with vinegar,or lemon-juice, at table, being eaten are
630
MEALS
frequently
MEDICINAL.
cottage tables
on
[Rhodymenia palmata) chopped of
oatmeal. be
In
olden
great delicacies
silver used
becoming cooled,
small, and
up
this, and
times
added with
Laver,
Seaweed, to
served
and
then
or
considered
were
in
and
stew
a
potatoes,
Irish houses ancient many still be found within which the
; and
may saucepan be to cooked,
Dillish," another
is thickened
milk, which
and
limpets,
"
is
straightway
at
to
small
a
Laver
table, before
tasteless.
bethan highly valued in ElizaEryngo roots (of the Sea Holly) were days for renewing masculine vigour, such as FalstafE called invoked. Kissing Being prepared with sugar, they were Comfits." Lord Bacon, when recommending the yolks of eggs "
if invigorating
as "
You
and
shall doe a
with
taken
Malmsey,
well to put in
slices of
few
some
facultie
nourishment,
of
will
:
Eringium roots,
besides
this means, drinke such
Ambergrice ; for, by
little
wine, teaches
sweet
or
diate imme-
the
strengthen the
parts of our plant grows in the sand on many run to a great coasts, with stiff,prickly leaves, and roots which sweetish with the sand, being charged a juice. length among Sea of the A manufactory for making candied roots Holly was Robert established Colchester at Burton, an apothecary, by esteemed in the seventeenth anti-scorbutic, century, as they were Gerarde tells : The roots, and good for improving the health. if eaten, are good for those that be liver-sick,and do ease cramps, convulsions, and the fallingsickness ; if condited, or preserved with sugar, they are exceeding good to be given to old, and aged which with and people that are consumed, and withered age, moisture." Boerhaave natural a want thought the root of Juvenal's principal aperient." Dryden, in his translation back."
This
"
"
Satires, tells of certain "
Who
Moss,
coasts, is former The found known about bladders
a
:
"
lewdly dancing at Eryngoes, and
For
Irish
revellers
hot
or
marine
a
midnight Ball,
fat
is abundant
Carrageen, which which
lichen
with
has
Iceland
heavy brown quite commonly
the
blades
being
of
full of
a
a
here
in
a
most
Seaweed coarse-looking of
on
by the
characteristic
branched,
notice
Moss.
masses
the
rocky
our
on
under
come
section, together Bladderwrack, or Kelpware, is in
call."
oysters
our
bladders
narrowish
glutinous substance
It
coasts.
fronds
which
is
studded ;
makes
these the
WEEDS.
SEA
valuable
weed
troubles fronds for
botk
are
in
bottled
rum
;
external
an
as
remedy againstthe glandular
such
Dr.
which
Russell
within
friction of the and
is the
bad
of the
sea.
with
tumours
of the
temper
beneficial specially rickety,or bandy-legged
excellent in the
these
in
success
soapy
vesicles
dispersing
resolvent He
bruised
mucus
advises
in the
open
from parts with sea-water it is reportedby a professional
the
washing Remarkably enough,
one
of
the
is
the vesicles of the Bladderwrack.
afterwards
ocean.
diver that
recorded
enlargements by rubbing
isfound
palms,
has
embrocation, when
liniment
a
strengtheningthe faulty limbs
scrofulous
the
medicinal
a
of scrofula, and
children.
the
as
631
strange efiects of diving beneath
invariably felt while
at
the
water
bottom
immealways diately after the surface is again reached, it is probably caused by
pressure
circulation
As
this sensation
working
deep
of the of blood
air
passes
away
almost
afiectingthe lungs,and through
in the brain.
Per
them
the
contra, the exhilaration,and
climber, represent quite opposite good temper of the mountain feelings,as derived from preciselydifierent physical conditions. siastic enthuIn this way the passion which to infatuate seems some mountain
climbers, time
after
time,
may
be accounted
for.
has shown it to contain an analysisof the Bladderwrack iron, and iodine empyreumatic oil, sulphur, earthy salts, some elements. The freely; thus it is very rich in anti-scrofulous has fluid extract of this Seaweed the long-standingreputation in excess. of safely, and surely,diminishing the bodily fat when three times a day, shortlyafter meals, It is given for such purpose four teaspoonfuls. The in doses of from to one remedy must the supplies be continued perseveringly,whilst cutting down in taken and malt of fat, starchy foods, sugar, liquors. When form of a bolus, if preferred), like way, (or in the concentrated a rheumatic will specifically relieve Bladderwrack extract the a sea-pod liniment is dispensed by many pains. Furthermore, for applying wet seaside chemists ; also a sea-pod essence a on towards tumours, goitre,and dispellingstrumous compress, enlarged neck glands ; likewise for old strains, and bruises. bromine, and iodine, as harmless of its contained It is by reason remedial [Fucus vesiculosus)acts elements, the Bladderwrack of the absorbent in reducingfatness by impartinga stimulation with the other bodily glands to increased activity. In common odorous oil, a bitter principle, Fuci it furnishes mannite, an mucilage,and ash (embodying the bromine, and iodine). For An
632
MEALS
internal
weed
of the
drachms
minutes
few
decoction
a
use
hardened
and
;
middle
with
made
Seaweed
weed
four
be
kelp,or containingsulphate,and Persons
little charcoal.
to
applied as a cold perfectiononly during early, ash, of the weed is an impure
The
summer.
two
boiled
may
to
comes
from
together for a application,to enlarged or
external
bruised
with
of water,
pint
a
for
of soda,
carbonate
be
may
to
glands,the
poultice. This and
MEDICINAL.
inclined
chloride of sodium,
inconveniently time profitablyemploy a partial, fat may modified at the same or Banting system of diet. Abstinence from sugar, a sparinguse of bread (unless toasted, thin, and chippy),likewise of potatoes, a
pastry, with
and
active the Of
outdoor
exercise
supply
of lean
is taken,
ought
view
a
animals
gainingfat.
to
also
-always be lean, irritable,nervous their
be
can
there
and
plenty of restrain sufficiently
to
"
the
round
Is but
modeU'd
of
an
the birds thus
red, and
The
yellow
of
the a
known
and
Health with
broad, brown
is in
the
freshness
ribbons of its
of the fat of
food
can
Amazon siluroid
plumage beautifully
feathers.
familiarlyat the Sea-tang, Tails, is of common Sea-girdles,or Cows' frond, consistingof a wide, smooth, brown stem,
"
fat,
the natives
become
Tision
:
qualityof
the
parrot with
treated
changes
his
in
"
skull !
a
animal, that green
cellular
matters
full. flesh, and
with on
makes
these
with
but
;
beings who will of their peculiarly
Tennyson,
how illustrating
common
variegated with
fattened
or
human
as
to
as
face, however
Every
afiect the nutrition
fishes,and
certain
moral
Padded
related, as
region feed
bulk,
organization,such prejudiciallyactive.
tissues
has
are
in
which
principles upon
the
are
because anxious-looking,
of Sin, points a gruesome
Darwin
Such
reduced
ourselves
to
respect
"
whilst
meat,
comfortable Hmits. individuals within proportions of most the oppositeplan should be adopted by lean subjects course
with
in
liberal
a
be
to
at
the
savour
;
seaside
as
marine with
a
Tangle, growth,
thick, round
end
of it.
and
it oumbereth
the
beach
wealth.
Comforting
the
tossings of pain with
its violet-tinctured
essence."
applied by way of a poulticeto scrofulous found the Sea-tang has been swellings,and glandular tumours, service. of valuable Its absorbent stem-power for taking up When
bruised, and
633
SHEEP.
iodine
is very
large,whereby this against the various forms
virtues
weed
exercises
remarkable
scrofulous
of
disease, and
signallyrelieves chronic rheumatism. is a salt-wort found Again, Sea Spinach {Salsolaccaspirolobea) growing on the Hampshire coast, and on other English shores,
beingthe
vegetablesfor cooking as a dish, with succulent leaves and possessing marked shaped like worms, anti-scorbutic Sea Colewort, was properties. Sea Kale, or the be formerly thought to sight. injuriousto Another marine substance recently acquired for culinaryuses is as Agar-agar," or Japanese Isinglass, prepared from an East of all wild
best
"
Indian
Seaweed.
Its
cold
water,
this agar for use prepare into small and is then cut
the
liquid
to
gelatine.
To
is
Seaweed
combination
a
has
buried
are
national
feelinga
dissolved
broth,
it
or
being a subsists mainly ;
swell
in in
milk.
able remarkupon
a
Department of in to be highlyremedial the sea-shore is found kindred affections, principallyfor children ; to
up
washed
been
with
Japan
army rice.
watering-place in
France, the sand of spinal diseases, and
they
Japanese
of Seaweed
Berek,
At
the
in
to
pieces,and wine,
of animal
that
it is allowed
water,
for food
used
widely that
fact
set, whether
be
is double
gelatinizing power
their necks
by the
waves
tri-coloured
Somme
the
in
a
mound
of the
high tide. With flag is planted on at
sand
which
characteristic the
top of the
mound.
{See
SHEEP.
The
flesh of
beef, and
in
Sheep
is less
generalnot
Meats:
Mutton).
stimulating,and less nutritious fat so easily digested. Mutton
provokes indigestionbecause
of its hircic acid.
The
than often
remarkable
gland (thyroid)when given as a medicinal food, on the recently discovered curative substances, corresponding to the principleof healthy animal body, has been morbidly affected in the human same parts when also in the reduction already explained. It is strikinglyshown time low, of excessive fatness, the vital energy being at the same One and mental being a prominent symptom. may sluggishness alterative
efficacyof
the
Sheep's
throat
suggestivefact that this throat gland is often concerned dependent on other causes, in producingjustsuch obesity, as, when this gland,if given as a medicine, will reduce ; but its extract.
note
as
a
634
as
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
prepared by
in
chemist
the
a
form, is not proper
concentrated
of with feeble heart. Obesity in persons persons sedentary habits who take freelyof carbohydrates in their meals, for
aged
such
as
must
be
and fatty things,starchy preparations, met by cutting o"E these matters, which used
the
with
system
are
the
on
lean
Such
meat,
with
plenty
their system the
But,
wiU
the
on
of uric
other
acid,
of hot
that
urates
of fat will be
excess
hand,
further
elements
for the
treatment
conditions
refuse
as
urates,
rheumatic
animal
contain
least
the
In
this
way
will be
prevented ; materiallyreduced.
of poor lean, spare persons digestive animal food, being imperfectly, and
incompletelyappropriated,clogsthe body meat
troubles
exclusively
almost
meals.
between
water
encumber
to
rheumatic
that
so
pletely incom-
but
are
serve
patientsshould be kept those vegetables which
the
insomuch
powers,
conditions, and
be flushed, and
time
same
such
excess
result.
starch, and at
under
up
dishes,
sweet
need
troubles
an
which
with
of the
excess
an
altogether opposite Under
ensue.
these
sparingly, only to be allowed very if at all,whilst lightforms nourishment should of carbohydrate be liberally given. The paradox of a difierent line of treatment for rheumatism, in both cases, but actually apparently the same diametricallydistinct,is thus explained. In the British Medical Journal of has been made of a case (1901) mention desperate for which the Sheep's throat gland, internal, in a woman, cancer, in extract, was steadily administered, beginning with a dose of five grainsdaily,and soon increasingthis daily dose to twenty httle short of marvellous, seeingthat grains. The result was a was complete cure thereby efiected." Arabs often eat raw Sheep's liver, or kidneys, seasoned only with salt. In Holland, and Germany, Mutton is held in disrepute. Remarkably enough, when considered in relation to the modern of cure stance approved method by fresh animal extracts, is the circumthat Jesner, in the sixteenth prescribed as century, follows for dotage, and diseases of the brain Cut ofi at a : blow ram's head, and after removing the horns, boil it a young food
is
"
"
with out
the
skin, and
the brains, and
nutmeg, and
"
mace,
wool
when
it is well sodden, take
powder of cinnamon, ginger, cloves, heating them over a chafing dish,
mix
and
them stirring
entire ; and with a them
"
so
that
they do
not
burn.
This
must
be
given to the patient,with bread, in an egg, or broth, for fourteen after." both before, and days, fasting being necessary Soup
SHEEP.
be
made
635
"
from
"
Sheep's head, and from Sheep's pluck ; of which account on latter designationthe concoction has been named heroic sowp. A baked Field Lane Sheep's head is a Duck." A certain made notorious was dining house at Rome fit of indigestion by the poet Horace, who contracted a severe there dish he by eating Sheep's head," which studiously shunned afterwards. Some humorous incidents about always cooked Sheep's head, or jimmy," are told in Kitchen Physic. Alice (in Through the Looking Glass) found herself all of a sudden in a small, dark shop, leaning with her elbows the on counter old Sheep sittingin an an opposite to her was ; and and then arm-chair, knitting,and every now leaving off to look at her through a great pair of spectacles. What is it you want said the Sheep at last, looking up for a moment to buy ? from I don't quite know her knitting. yet,'Alice said very gently ; may
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
'
'
'
I should
look
like to
in front, and '
Sheep eyes an
the
but
;
the
at
as
look
of
instance
of
of
Sheep
case
which
can't
back
a
animal
occasions
enjoyed
a
get, and
anoint
or
candle
a
thoroughly penetrated by (as you
nutmeg warm
both
to
the
above
tallow
the
were
pit
of the
it,and
applicationfor nose
to
a
at
of
as
very
procure, it ; then
even
well
with
cover
:
Take
texture
a
that
so
"
breast
the the
as
half you
oldest paper
thinly with
a
toast),and
can
tallow, may
it
a
be
grated clap it good way
spice upon
stomach
it may reach a Another excellent old-fashioned
the
that
it."
in the
night
practice,together with in vogue to keep them
raw,
animal
put the
beneath cold
The
ferocious."
means
no
them
(beef).
meat
affects the
paper,
can
you
devour
to
down, chieflyfor Sheep melted Boyle (1696) has given, in his vulgar, but often approved, remedy
evenly, and
it
grease,
records,
of
that
sheet, of brown
a
by
was
Richard
of Medicines, cold, especiallyone
sheet, or
and
other
to
or
fat
coarse
Collection for
Williams
"
grass,
candles.
making
you've got
unless
you
Mattieu
Mutton-chops,
to
is the
"
appetite,and digestivecapability, butcher's in Jermyn Street, London,, a known by following the butcher's men This Sheep was several a seen on dog.
health, and
robust
Tallow
at
like
steal
preferringthese
all round
head.'
your
well
was
to
look
me
educated
the streets
through
first,if I might.' You may sides of you if you like,' said the
both
on
you
'
all rouijd
head, with the
across
tallow
from
stuffed
bridge
thereof
candles, and
growing dim,
nostrils,was
and
;
but
the snuSers from
to
this then
guttering
636
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
through gradual length of wick, are almost beyond the memory of the present generation. C. S. Calverley humorously writes respecting:
"
"A Who The From
and
On
the
uncouth
candles
head
melted
the
habits, Dr. downwards
tallow,
third
of his fond
clutch
premature
other
the
or
of
day
Dresden
action, on
life, the
battles
"
of
his household
to
ready
; and
been
and
a
most
famous
habit
critical occasions
of his
The
roast
by
general order chicken, always d'hotel,
his Maitre
cook. in
as
advanced
an
illness,
of extreme
states
newly-slaughteredSheep has been vital warmth restore by enwrapping the therein. This remedial method is practisedthroughout person and A told of Homer. was Afghanistan, Sheep is killed, by skinned straightway a little oil of turmeric is rubbed ; then inside
of the
from
a
over
the
with
heat, the patient is enveloped. Childe, Lord
of
of
eating ment, judg-
letter
similar
fever, and
of Mutton
incapacitatedhis
Leipsic.
the
brightly;
more
The
cutlets, and to
the
over
shoulder
a
bodily exhaustion,
reeking hot fleece savingly employed to
sick
have
and
have
observed
extreme
stage of continued the
to
was
had
of
cases
Borodino,
burn
dinner.
to
of the
two
was
this
who
Dumand, In
effects of at
turn
drop over the carpet. energies of the Emperor
the
were
and
would
them
would
wax,
legatees."
Johnson
to make
impaired by the stuffed with garlic, partaken of is believed fast, and carelessly,
Napoleon
Skey's
is prone to catch chills Uke all old Bengalese ; I trust he'll remember at bedtime to grease bridge of his nose ; and preserve his rupees
But
Among hghted
of
patient
Plymstock,
when
killed his horse, and
fleece,within
benighted got within
which, whilst
on
Dartmoor
the
body
in
to
save
it still steams of the a
Manor
snowstorm,
his life,being
of Tavistock. Monks presentlyfound therein by the Benedictine from lame Scott, in his childhood, became Again, Sir Walter killed for ordered often as a Sheep was as paralysis,and was the household swathed to be stripped,and use, up in the skin, In it was, warm as just flayed from the animal's carcase." I well remember this Tartar-like habiliment lying on the floor of the little parlour in the farmhouse, while my grandfather,a "
"
fine old me
who
man
crawl." was
with In
white
hair, used
earlier times
passionatelyfond
our
of the
every
excitement
English King, chase
(but
James
suffered
to
the from
make
First, those
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
638
SHELL-FISH.
(having soft skeletons) which possess the Cuttle (Sepia officinalis) deserves certain curative properties, of our notice. It is found in some European seas, being known It lives in shallow fishermen as to Cornish Squid, or Cuddles. its throat internal bone-plate,and under water, owning a broad which is blacker than bladder, or bag, containing a humour a ink ; such juice (Sepiw succiis)being dischargeddefensivelyinto is pursued, so as to when the creature the surrounding water used intercept the sight of the fishermen ; it is dried, and commercially in this country as a pigment for artists,and as a medicine of considerable efficacy. The Cuttle finds a place in all along the sea-coasts of France, and Italy, fishermen's baskets being sold for cooking in oil,and ofiered in the streets to passersIt is good, very good." by, with the commendatory words esteemed of old for remedying made from this moUusc Broths were urinary troubles, and several diseases of the skin. Atheneeus taught how to concoct a Cuttle sausage ; and in the present day be seen the arms, about the Neapolitan markets or tentacles may of this fish cut up into portions,ready for cooking. In Greece broth is prepared by the poor, and is found to be excellent a black when composed of small Cuttlefish (includingtheir ink-bags) boiled up with rice, and other vegetables. Modern Greeks, and Cuttle eggs deem Eomans (which are to be found in clusters the beach) a great delicacy. The shell, or bone-plate,is on or known pounce." A sauce sepiostaire," technicallyas the of reduced deeply by ink from the bag Espagnole, coloured of this mollusc, is sent to table, together with the cartilaginous It is plate at the back of the creature, trimmed, and stewed. which attractive, refined, and digestible.The black humour Cuttlefish the discharges into the sea when pursued, possesses distinct medicinal properties. Its primary, and essential toxic doses is to cause action when congestion given in considerable first about the and of the veins, liver, biliaryorgans, and then in reduced quantities. throughout the body. If administered for women turgidity,particularly Cuttle-juicelessens venous of each Likewise for persons the child-bearingorgans. about materially relieved by taking the sluggish piles become sex, it were, of the diluted. In token, as Sepia juice sufficiently in some particular frequent juxtapositionof certain maladies
Among
edible
molluscs
"
"
"
SLEEP-INDUCING
their
quarter, and
the sea-board
on
of
states
took
639
DRINKS.
AND
appropriateremedies,
the
Cuttlefish is found
and congested torpidityof the liver,piles, invariably speciallyprevail. The Romans the Cuttlefish before cooking it.
where veins
the the
out
FOODS
of
eyes
"
Jube
elidere,itidem
oculos
Futhermore,
the
jam Age, nunc sepiisfaciunt, ooqui."
ut
proved specificfor curing
Cuttle-juicehas
ringworm.
recent
SLEEP-INDUCING
and
FOODS,
{Dietetic.)
DRINKS.
is either because of broadly that sleeplessness in excess), or ofiended stomach or an (through food wrong, of a brain insufficiently because sustained, and therefore unquiet. condition For the former a soothing diet, spare, light,and be adopted ; for the latter state night, must especiallytowards It
be
may
said
stimulatingsupport
cordials, and
appropriate to
alimentary substances
indicated.
rather
are
of
each
considered explicitly
Several causative
these
in
previous pages here, such as, (for dyspeptic wakefulness) Fish at the evening meal, the Squash, Lettuce, Liquorice, Oat tincture. Hop, 'Lemon hot at night, and whey : Onions, Orange-flower water, water have
states
for the
been
latter form
restlessness.Alcohol, Ale
of
Cofiee, (bitter),
possets have Condimentary Spices,Cowslip wine, Hqueurs, commended. (Nun's been Chaucer, in the Canterbury Tales and
Priest's
to
Dreams,
to
take
which
in the
Come
be
!
is
merry,
satisfaction in them
a
can
be
content
with
melancholy conceit that
next, there
the "
a
to
fit of think
sake
are
grow, for the
reflected thus
are as
all mere
good
of
rest ;
surely it
asleep in dreams
your
Religio thank
for there
desires, and and
them.
"I
deeply :
is
that
eat
his
In
of Dreams."
such
as
is not
a
this world, and to
phantasms of the night to the conceits equal delusion in both, and the one doth
the an
;
happiness; we
ground ivy
or
and
for my reasonable
unto
for the
no regard pay of Heaven love
they
I do
as
conceits of this life
as
is
has
happy dreams,
for my
afraid
be
not
Browne
Sir Thomas
husband
dear
my
do
where
pick them
:
Partlet
Dame"
Chanticleer
choler, but
of red
come
yard
kindred
father's Medici
Lord
her
Fox) makes
the
coolingherbs, dogwood berries,
growing
God
bid
poultry yard
of the
and
Cock,
story of the
those
of the seem
of the
day to
be
;
MEALS
640
but
embleme,
the
more
than
seems
to
be
pictureof
or
ourselves
in
the
other
sleeps,and
our
waking
the
but
MEDICINAL.
the
slumber
of the
It is the
soul. and
somewhat
are
body
of litigation
waking conceptions do not match the fancies of our sleeps. We term sleepa death, and yet it is waking that kills us, and destroys those spirits that which Adam of life ; a death the house are dyed before his mortality; a death whereby we live a middle, and moderating life,and death ; in fine, so like death I dare not point between the
but
sense,
it without
trust
take
and
content
to
tion."
In
take
Fallacies) media
It is
learn
that
be
may
We
shall
be
"
"
Stevenson,
is
the
labour
box
shut
lock." merchant
of
him
from
Bagdad to
seek
him
haunts
wretched.
"
Abudah
he is driven and
He this
commandments.' On
have
the
authorities
other that
a
by
a
every
fi.ndsat
hag
! he
spiritual thrown
;
colony, "
with
meet
there,
first
coming among fellow, as knowing we Therefore
We
Abudah,
L.
the
young all at our
have
and, thank
man young is tampering
we
Robert
wrote
G-od !
sacrifices
sleep
rashly with
the
"
Tales sets
{Pofular
be
to
place against working
a
security,
abstracted
of that
admonition,"
when
care
(inthe who
our
merchant
but
;
our
the than
that
to
shall
its endurance.
or
; the
court
companionship. of
of
out
of the
let him "
word
never
securelyenough to
dark
its powers,
beyond
bedsides
A
at
in
written
usages we
phantom
a
their
of
dreams."
cherish
less awkward
willinglycall
soon
brain
the
faces
the
is
the Eesurrec-
expect
we
little of the
world,
Laudanum eyes
has at
time
long
no
know
a trying the language, and
we
them.
in
Lamb
ill introduction
no
This
sleepunto
friends
have
God.
other
no
the
unto
I close mine
Charles
to
seem
to
are
we
good
which
upon
presence
strain
dreams
of
with
leave of the Sun, and
my
similar :
I need
;
adieu
half
a
afterwards
sleep;
our
colloquy
bedward
to
me
"
;
and
prayers, farewell in a
I take
this to make
reason
my
my
dormative
to
libertyof
of the
we
;
of ike Genii, 1765) is a wealthy out in quest of a talisman, which
little old
hag who escapes from a chest, night, making his life sleepless,and
last that
(conscience)is
the '
to
talisman fear
which
will free
God, and
keep
His
"
hand, too
much
it is
contended
sleep deadens
by the
some
senses,
competent and
weakens
of which view vitality ; in favour strikingexamples may be given of persons distinguishedfor energy of mind, and body, who have allowed themselves but little sleepthroughout a long, the
SNA
and
active
641
Its.
Napoleon managed his greatest campaign only four, or five hours a night. Brunei, the famous engineer,worked for twenty hours a day, and rarelywent to bed ; he sleptfor two, or three hours in his arm-chair, and was ready at early dawn for the work of the day ; he is said to is recorded have never seemed tired, or out of spirits.Humboldt As I get old I want as more sleep, four hours at saying: hours two When I was least. were quiteenough for me." young died at the age of eighty years. He Littre, the great French spent nearlytwenty years in compiUng his Dictionary; philologist, and during all that time he never stopped work until three o'clock at it again before in the morning, and was eight o'clock a.m. six John He lived to be eighty. It was Wesley's dictum that for sleepto a man, hours should be allowed to a woman, seven and eightto a fool." whilst
career.
sleepingfor
"
"
"
SNAILS.
In
Pliny'sday
for
water,
warm
Snail
the
{Limax) It
coughs.
has
was
given,when
been
used
beaten
in
medicine
up
in
from
partialto
(Apple) Snails, which they fattened in specialcochlearia, feeding them sions. with bran soaked in wine until they attained quite largedimenCharles the Fifth of Spain died of indigestionbrought on by eatingimmoderately of Snails. In this country the early mediciners Ukewise prescribedSnails. In the Arcana Fairfaxiana very
old
it stands
times.
The
ordered
:
"
Romans
For
Snayles, and take cleane, drye them, and powder, and drinke it Shell
Halliwell
quotes
were
out
beate
make
cannot
in white
wine,
take
water,
shells very take ye ; then els in thyn broth."
Snayle ; wash into powder them
the
or
the
.
still older
a
that
one
very
recipe about
slugs:
"Take
the
Snyle that crepishouseles, and stepe it in water, and geder Mrs. Delaney, again of thame." (gather)the fatte that comes Two three Snails should be boiled or (in 1758), advised that in the barley-water which Mary takes, who coughs at night; of taste." know she must nothing of it ; they give no manner Apple Snails (Helix pomatia) such as are cultivated on the rede
"
Continent but
seldom
endure. attributed
table, and
for the in
The to
England,
and
for medicinal
only
where
found are purposes, remains still Roman
England
first
into
Sir
for his wife.
importationof Snails Kenelm Digby (1645)
has
been
Also 41
the
642
MEALS
Snail
Apple
Sussex, of the them Paris
millions
of Snails
vogue
which
occasion
Alexander
of
in Paris
hit upon
of
Snails
uses
did
Louis of
which
one
ate
she suffered.
thirty-eight
about
up
not
dressed, and
and
reallyinto French
come
Eighteenth (in 1814), on entertained the Emperor
the
Autun
This
famous a was popular host, who in his service a most accomplished cook, the that time ; they put their heads together,and the most suitable novelty for presenting to as
Eussia.
at
consumption, from
Bishop
the
had
gastronome,
Surrey, sixteenth century, by
present time
return
of
Downs
Hill, in the for his Countess, who
yearly. They
the
South
the
to
of
cure
the
at
until
best
the
promote
alone
Box
to
as
of Arundel
Earls
to
brought
was
well
as
MEDICINAL.
handed Imperial guest. Together with this dish, which was round, there appeared on the card, under the heading Escargots la Bourgignonne," a descriptionof the delicious seasoning a with which dish was each shell was filled up. The same way straightin Paris for the h la "Dejeuner fourchetie."Within adopted the last year calves' liver (boiled), from spurious Snails, made the have found in Paris as market been artificially put upon in place of the Helix pomatia, or edible Snail ; they are, of much to be reprobated. In 1854 M. de la Marr, of Paris, course, set forth the virtues of hdicin as a glutinous extract obtained from Snails,and which had long been given in broth as a successful domestic remedy for pulmonary phthisis. Against consumptive disease of the lungs the Snails are not only eaten, but also the
"
crushed
Snail
in their shells,and
juicebeing deemed
by
superioreven
some
which gasteropods, be rendered while
are
given
free from the
to
they
devour
flavour, and
to
first
odour
cod-liver starve
oil.
these
poisonous plants,and
for it is certam
the same,
chest, the
back, and
the
over
great Snail-eaters, but
Gipsiesare must
rubbed
that
Snails
of the
vegetables on "which they feed. Accordingto a gipsy,the common Englishgarden Snail (Helix anfera) is quite as good to eat as the Apple Snail, Snail is a In gipsy language the but there is "less of him.'' think that those Snails are the best for eating bauri." Some have lived through the winter. which English Snails are preferred retain
for
a
"
first soaked
when
with
should the
be
French
salted
water,
and
then
cooked,
pin, like winkles, to be and vinegar. For consumptive persons they pepper in Snails is carried cooked in milk. on Collecting and provinces all day long, by men, women,
being pulled eaten
in
out
of
the
shell with
a
SNAILS.
children, wko thorn
with, iron hooks
hedges,and
643
search
for
them
the
at
foot
of
under
ivy, and, in winter, about old walls. If lucky, a good searcher will gather from thousand to one fifteen hundred The large white gasteropodis in special Snails. demand about in Snails are Paris, whilst the garden and wood common use consumers throughout all parts among poorer of France. In Paris the called), Esoargots (as Snails are into lozengesfor a cough. To help being dried, are concocted weak made into a m Hampshire Snails are poultice eyes, with soaked bread-crusts. The glutinousconstituent, helicin," be given in broths. Snails can into soup, or eaten be made may la huitre, with vinegar,and pepper, and salt. For soup, first a wash into cold water them, then quickly brought put them "
"
boil ;
the
to
flavoured Snails
vegetable
; thicken
shells ; add an equal part of wellstock, and directlyit boils take out the the
remove
the
witb. flour, butter, soup the yolk of an egg ; boil up
; then add Snails, and serve
to taste
the
of Dr.
Walser
garden
Snails
into
them boiled
half
cover
;
"
"
of their
and
up,
them
shells, cut
pint of veal
a
pepper, again; put back
{Tramps' Handbook). Again, a recipe take five caring chronic catarrh orders to
for out
salt,and
broth
let it stew
in which until
small, and
up a
Snails
the
put
has
carrot
been
fall to
the
strain
through a sieve, and drink a teacupful daily. The broth will give ease against spasmodic coughing." As a curious Putte House old recipe for : Syrrop of Snailes bottom
;
"
Snailes
in
of them
;
hours
wipe
with
;
baskett, putte fennel them
cover
them
in
a
sieve
little rosewater
present
use
with all
is dissolved, and
the
without
just boyl, scum next day, then
lett it the
Snail
has
eaten
raw,
close ; lett them cleane with a coarse
stop their their
mouths
with
middle, and
stand
Let
twenty-four
drops clear in a dish ; syrup boyling. For to keep, putt
till the
been
called
with
salt, pepper,
the
poor and
sugar it o"E for
take it
it very clean, take it ofE, and Dr. Yeo tells that bottle it." '
sprinklea
and
stand
them
top
cloth ; prickthem Lisbon sugar ; putt
downwards,
mouths
them.
over
"
in the bottom,
very
very
bodkin, and
a
them
a
"
the
on
it till
keep "
the
fire,
edible
"
oyster.' It vinegar. Spenser, in man's
may
his
be
day,
suggestedthis. Sweet sore
with
are syrups throats, because
their
still made
from
of the emollient
Apple
Snails
for
colds, and
mucilage which they
specialconstituents, helicin, and
limacin.
furnish
Another
MEALS
644
"
old
excellent
recipe, "
follows them
whole
;
of milk, and
for
do not
them, but
wash
them
set
is in
that
one
fire
the
on
a
consumption," ran
their houses, and
Snails, break
Garden
Take
:
MEDICINAL.
put
into the
them
together till they
be
as
remove
strokings ready to
boyl, but let it not boyl ; then strain it, and drink it warm, a draught each morning, and at four o'clock in the afternoon, Snails are and at night last." Quantities of Garden packed in delicacies. The at and sent to America old cases, as glass men Snail feast once have Newcastle a a year ; they collect the Snails in the fields, and hedgerows, on the Sunday before this anniversary. for Again, Francatelli,an eminently sensible chef, considerate for the lavish less than the cottager no epicure,advises thus "
in his Modern to
these
"
Cook
the
:
Take
two,
three
or
hind-quarters only
of
two
Snails ;
Garden
add
stream-frogs
dozen
together in a mortar, after which into a stewpan with a couple of turnipschopped put them of hay saffron, and small, a little salt, a quarter of an ounce the fire until the three pints of spring-water. Stir these on skim it well, and set it by the side of broth begins to boil, then previously skinned
simmer
fire to
the
strained
by
bruise
;
for
half
through
pressure
them
it should
hour, after which
an
cloth into
tammy
a
a
basin
for
be use.
will often successfully soothing qualities, the straining effects of a severe counteract cough, and will alleviate more reliablythan any other culinary preparation the sufferingsof the consumptive." Birds'-nest Soup of the East, The and Snail Soup of the West, are nearly allied to each other. This
broth, from
Ashantees, as
and
daily food
its
other all the
23rd, 1739, tells that
African year "
tribes
round.
smoke The
Snails, and
London
Gazette
eat
them
of March
Stephens received from the Government of that time five thousand pounds for revealing in the bladder, and gravel. the secret of her famous for stone cure This consisted chieflyof egg-shells, with soap, and Snails,mixed It was honey, and herbs. given in decoctions, powders, and
pills."Some taken
out
do
Mrs.
report
of the human
Joanna
calculus,or bladder stone, when flowers, body wiU, if wrapt in chamomile that
a
that and will crumble speedilydisintegrated, ; so away for stone in the bladder, or kidneys, a strong infusion of chamomile flowers (virtuallychamomile tea), if taken systematically and each morning while fasting, night at bedtime, should every be effectual to disperseit. Pepys, in his Diary (1663), wrote : April 1st, this being my feast in lieu of what I should have
become
"
646
MEALS
"
MEDICINAL.
sartores quater exibamt impete magno ut junctia Umax periret. spumosa fuit e numero qui auderet tangere caudam
Sex
Viribus Neo
Cornua
extrudens
nam
rubens
Vacoa Ilia
!
Prseaentem
France
in
!
agris
colore
Abite
fugacea dispendia vitse,
iutentaut
omnia
applicationto
wtich.
sicut
continente
manent
viris
que
witli success,
used
dira
voa
rustic
a
nigra, crooi
et
lioates tremefeoit.
suos
Sartores
In
soevissima
mortem
is swellings
scrofulous
consists of
"
!
garden parsley,and
often
Snails,
to the consistence of an ointment. pounded together in a mortar Some of this is spread on coarse linen, and applied fresh every dish of Snails taste day freely. The curious gourmet may a at a Eestaurant day in London (Gaudin's)in Greek Street, any the front window Solio, where displaysa legend Escargots k la mode de Bourgoyne," to be eaten the a on premises, or "
"
emporier, lOd. the
"
le douzaine of the
mouths
open herbs. Some
basketfuls
:
shells
being
thereof stufied
exhibited,
are
with
bread, and
big, round fellows (selected)are at four shillings the dozen ; they may be taken home, and cooked accordingto one's d, la mode de Shepherd's Bush." own ideas, perhaps Many quarts of cooked Snails are sold every week to the labouring "
classes
shop
in
"
Bristol.
where
to shillings
of
'
a
in his
"
see progress. forwarder ; you go said with a deep sigh to
was
a
"
'
'
real Turtle
WiU
you There's
a
They
are
you
?
won't
you
?
won't
"
'
"
;
then
he
for from
sum
'
to
chicken
the
what
pace
the
make,
you
menu
curious
which you
Snail's
a
are
Mock
gallop." The Alice {in Wonderland), Once sang very slowly,and sadly :" a
"
a
eagerly the Lobaters, and the Turtles waiting on the shingle will you come "
you
?
wiU
you
?
will you
you
?
won't
you
?
?
won't
you
?
wiU
aU
advance
tail
:
!
and
join the dance join the dance ?
you won't you
join the
?
dance
reaUy have no notion how deUghtful it wiU be they take ua up, and throw ua, with the Lobsters, out to sea But the Snail repUed, Too far, too far ! and gave a look askance Said he thanked the Whiting kindly,but he would not jointhe dance not not, could not, would not, could not, would join the dance ; not, could not, would not, could not, could not join the dance.' You
"
old.'
hours at
five
or
other two
slow
haste
four,
will ;
you
cook's
a
little faater ? ' said a Whiting to a Snail, Porpoise cloae behind ua, and he's treading on my
walk
See, how
Will
I
detcribed
containingamong
refers colloquies,
the
Turtle
dinner
what
or
dinners
makes
never
WiU
guinea
a
ragout of fatted Snails,'also
Erasmus, Snail
bespeak
may
guinea a head,
a
of these
one
items
I
you
Defoe, writingin 1722,
?
can
When
'
'
Would Would
!
'
'
"
:
"
SOUPS.
Colonel
given a
it
Newnham
"
his dictum,
as
Snail."
and
Davis,
He
under
made best
the
counsel
not
in the
attempts
has
gastronome,
true
a
I would
two
647
possibleconditions
anyone
cause "
yet,"
;
recently to
ever
eat
of
gastronomy,
he
says,
"
they
is greatlyagainst are distinctlyunappetizing : their appearance turtle soup." in mock them, and they taste like gravel cooked SOKREL.
(See Hbkbs). {See Beoths).
SOUPS. "
title
The
which
Restaurant,"
is
applied to
now
high-class invented by a
the name of a soup, as originally M. Palissy,in 1557. This soup consisted of fowl Frenchman, a (highly spiced), and (finelyminced), with broth containing In Tavern 1765 cinnamon, coriander, etc. a was opened in
eating-house,was
Paris
under
said famous
supplyingthe the "
has
name
become
1860),
when
Restaurant of that
soup
handed
Gerarde, the young "
"
title
above
the
down
to "
Monk-student
going
Rotterdam
to
an
"
of purpose designation; and hence eating-houseever since.
{The on
for the
Cloister and
his start
the Hearth,
in life,rescued
old scholar with some which wayside an exhausted soup had been provided for himself before by his thoughtful mother resuscitated he left home. Hippocrates, and Galen ! cried the 'tis a Soupe au old man, vin, the restorative of restoratives !
by
the
'
'
'
blessed made
be
nation
the
it, and
the
invented
that man
young
that
it, and
the
it to
brings
that
woman
fainting folk.
force to the limbs, moment gives in one and ardour to the spirits if it had been taken into Hector's ; and body at the nick of time it would, by the aid of Phcsbus, Venus, the and blessed Saints, have most likelyprocured the Greeks this divine
Now
a
defeat.
a
minute
For,
and
straw,
!
ago now
elixir
Well, I suck behold
I was weary,, and heartsick celestial cordial, through
faint, and
how
note
me
this
brave
as
Achilles,and
strong
as
a
an
"
eagle.' begin dinner with soup, since well the meat-extractives, and gelatin of a clear soup, are calculated flow of gastricjuice in the stomach, to a promote food which of the soHd the complete digestion to further so as It is
follows. dinner is to
quite a
As what
a
house."
a
the
rational
writer
French overture
If
a
thing
is to
solid meal
to
has an
is
said,
"
Soup
orchestra,
intended,
a
or
should what
be the
lightsoup
to
a
porch should
648
MEALS
precede it ;
it should
then in
if the
but
the
discouraged,and better
entirelygiven up, little cups,
either is
consomme
browning, or
"
of
of
Consommes
honest
fare.
is almost
meal
the
to
it is then
used
cooks
point of slight for Soups, and call their
to
condemned
be
is distinct
with
boilingmeat
by
extract
should
There
digestion
being served in True costly china.
of
or
London
"
cold
instead
obtained
;
suit the
to
of
cupful
stage of the
ware,
concentratingthe
becoming
now
small
a
;
consomme
plain white
of
present habit
Soups lover
cold
the
this
at
caramelization
the
;
Soup
strong broth
vegetables,and sauces
favour
are
fine stock, is found
from
thick
while
;
the
of dinner
of
out
piecede resistance, But hot Soups thick."
be "
chosen
commencement
put
made
consomme,
itself is to
soup
certainlybe
at
summer
MEDICINAL.
by
evidence
in
water dishevery
favour
of
moderate
taking a
quantity of plain Soup at the commencement of a meal, as shown by the experiments of Schifi,and others; which have proved that solutions of dextrine, and of infused of the meal the secretion of pepsin as a digestive meat, favour which
Abroad
ensues.
beer, with and
spices,and
milk,
rusks,
both
to
first
the
in
or,
which
of
sometimes
course summer
consists
time
of
the
name
substitutes
of
strawberries,
Soup
is
given. It is to be remembered
only
not
by
the
dissolves
action
of
Dinner
amongst
certain
salts,and
heat, but
it also
their
of by reason proportions. Par
the
water
in
used
making
excellence
in London, these
chemically-combined water
Turtle
Soup, the
on
served
as
ninth
concoctions.
It
the
at
consists
of
constituent foods in
Lord takes
of November, Green
sherry. "
Beautiful
Soup,
Waiting Who
in
a
rich, and
so
hot
tureen
green, ;
for the
Soup Soup
dainty would not stoop ? evening, beautiful Soup ! the evening ! beautiful Soup !
of the
of
Beau Beau
ootiful
Soup
into water-
Soo
ootiful
Soo"
up "
!
up
!
only
various
Mayor's the
lead
Turtle, with
basil,marjoram, thyme, parsley,cloves, allspice, mace, and
a
of the meat-substance tissues,
hydrates,or forms of the (with altered qualities)some the Foods are ingredients used. of
combinations elements
that
nutmeg,
SOUPS.
Beautiful
Soup
Game, Who
or
would
who
!
all
that
dish
?
give all else for two-p only of beautiful Soup only
{Refrain Of
for fish,
oares
other
any not
-ennyworth Pennyworth
649
?
Soup
?
"
before.)
as
highly esteemed, both for its restorative qualities,and for its exquisitelyluscious supreme from the Green Turtle flavour, is that made {CJieloniamydas), either when combined with costly adjuncts,and spicy condiments for the Aldermanic delicatelyprepared,as a gourmet, or when form concentrated of the most highly sustainingInvalid Turtle for a Grata testudo patient in desperate strait. dapibus deorum" said the Roman bious concerning this amphipoet Horace beloved fit for the gods ! so by epicures, "Food reptile, Its dainty parts are the calipash, or largeshield of the back, and the calipee, shield of the belly (plastron) steak, or ; also Turtle of and fin. When Turtle flesh is easy Turtle plainly cooked digestion.It was during the earlypart of the eighteenthcentury that Turtle a standing dish at civic banquets. Soup became Soups
which
of beautiful
is most
"
"
"
Pereira
Dr.
has
described
Turtle
flesh
aliment, nutritive, and
wholesome
"
as
an
and appetizing,
light of digestion,yielding
to be highly restorative broths which are much valued in consumptive diseases,and in other illnesses requiring is plentiful Greon Turtle concentrated light support." The about the Island of Ascension vegetablesubstances, ; it lives upon mostly seaweeds, and furnishes a very pure limpid oil, which is employed for various purposes, one being for burning in lamps. be supposed ; it consists The flesh contains less fat than would of three parts water, and in the remaining solids fat occurs only cooked The flesh when in the proportion of about -half. one is rich in gelatine, in fibrin, and yielding little, or no poor colour, giving fat is of a greenish-yellow osmazome ; the green
by
decoction
this Turtle and
its distmctive
The
softer
parts of the shields,
cold, or into oblong pieces, squares when constitutingthe favourite morsels in Turtle Soup, and
fins,are
these
name.
cut
into
by complacent
for the green fat will communicate a green
being often erroneouslymistaken eaters
;
urine. or
with
American
the Mock the
fat green Turtle Soup
either
is made
glutinousscalp integuments
cookery
books
order
the
with of
addition
colour
the
to
Sturgeon flesh, the
calf's head.
thereto
of
"
as
650
MEALS
mucli
powder
curry
is often
concocted
as
from
MEDICINAL.
will lie
they
of the
after it has
little salt
a
"
May largenumbers
shilUng." Plain
a
dried Turtle
soaked, seasoningthis with which (says Clarke, 1678), In
on
only.
Turtle
been "
The
call Turtle, eats
Tortoise
"
like veal."
lay their eggs, which much are esteemed, and are eagerly sought for. The Turtle digs a hole in the sand, and depositsits eggs therein,then them For the over. proceeding to cover ascertainingwhere is located nest a sharp stick, or iron rod, is used to prod the edible Tortoise ground. The (Soulpetje)supplies restorative food for children who are atrophied,or wasting away ; the juice of the
boiled
flesh to
same
be taken
come
when
ashore
Soup sufficiently
strained.
to
It is
remarkable, is wonderful,
by correspondence,that the vitalityof the Turtle and its strength prodigious. If you want to kill him he clings to hfe with a Eedi, the well-known tenacityalmost ridiculous. Zoologist,deprived a large Turtle of its head, and it insisted Another Turtle, Uving for twenty-three days afterwards. upon which had its head off in the evening by the cook, knocked cut him down the next morning with its fin. A quart of real Turtle Soup, with the same quantity of good stock, makes an excellent combination. Add small All Soups a piece of lump sugar. should
have
Dr.
Haig
our
for
per
sugar added. admonishes that " Meat
cent
a
httle
of
uric
acid,
or
Soup
contains
xanthin, which
is
one
decimal
objectionable "
Take Soup Maigre is made without meat. a well-grown Savoy Cabbage, i.e.,one possessinga good green heart ; wash it thoroughly in salt, and water, and trim off the outer earthen leaves, putting it in an crock, and pouring on and stand sufficient boilingwater to entirelyimmerse it ; cover, it will be ready to be it aside for a quarter of an hour, when sliced with a sharp knife, and mixed with three onions, a couple of small turnips,and a largecarrot, these having been previously of drippingin a stewpan, chopped into dice. Melt two ounces and cook them put in the various ingredients, through (without browning them in the least degree,)which process will extract the flavour. Next, wash, and drain a quarter of a pound of pearlbarley,throw it into the pan, and pour in a quart of boiling hours, or more, water, simmering the whole slowly for two soft ; and, according to whether, or not, the barley becomes at the end of that time, if,as will probably be the case, the Soup is too solid, liquefy it with another pint and a half of boiUng
gouty
persons.
651
SOUPS.
water
and
strainingwill
no
;
taste, and
to
pepper
be
but
required;
sippetsof crisp,toasted
with
serve
salt,
with
flavour
bread."
Nevertheless, the marked
extractives
of
unquestionably
have
meat
the
conveyed digestive organs thereto in the form of good animal Soup ; they are the most of gastricsecretion that we powerful stimulators possess, and and thus they are the appetite, eminently calculated to rouse aid the digestionof any food with which they may be taken.
a
This
effect
on
is,indeed, their
they
true
when
role, both
flavouring agents, kitchen, not by the bedside.
in
their
in disease
health, and
is
in
;
the
place Sydney Smith, writing about one If everything is to be sacrificed of the Utilitarian School, said : would to utihty,why bury your grandmother ? Why not you and make cut her up into small pieces, portableSoup of her ? Wash, For a simple Potato Soup (" Poiage farmentier") : with into a saucepan and peel six, or eight Potatoes, put them onions into quite small pieces,and three pints of cold cut two water. to a boil, and when perfectlytender (in Bring them are
and
proper
"
"
"
the whole through a sieve. pour with pepper, and salt,a pinch of Return it to the fire, and season grated nutmeg, and a lump of butter the size of walnut ; bring it or thirty-five, forty minutes)
Soup,
Julienne
by a cook named Spanish Soup in animal
milk, quickly a cup of new vegetable clear concoction, was
the boil, stir in
again to
a
Jean the
OUa,
together,and
stewed
serve.
first made
Podrida
from
named
spring season,
vegetable matters
and
OUa
Julien, in 1785.
and
was
Soup
a
of
Podrida,
simmered. With
respect "
It
person, "
may
strong, clear Soup for the invalid, or the aged Hutchison, be a useful means," says Dr.
stimulatingthe digestive powers contribution serious be regarded as a the stomach, but it cannot be added nutrition in itself." Some Hght cereal food must dieted at ninetywas all e%'ent8. Pope Leo the Thirteenth
of
of to at
three two "
to
Ah
rousing the appetite,and
exclusivelyon glassesof Bordeaux la jeunessesavait :
almost
small ! si
"
There
sat
an
old
man
his
were
with
bread
daily allowance
si la veillesse fouvait."
on
unceasing bewailed where we (That concern has vote no our Though And
broth,
chicken
a
rock,
him
of fate
all must
take
hearing, or
stock,
weight !).
in
it ;
of wine.
the
And
old
For
send
While
we
While
the
When
we've
it should
other
or
to
dearer ; whereas
sevenpence
the
and
late,
comes
too
late."
from
the
than
be
the
quahty
an
sixpence
will fetch
of flesh
amount
served
tail of
steak) cost only from
ox-tail of first
tail
piecesof
tail should
century
the
the
with
stewed
of the
rump
an
cook
To
repasts.
last
of the most
reputationas
wide
joints,and some
late.
too
reallyone
is
what
half-a-crown, its
present time
pound
too
beginning of
the
'
comes
animal, is of at
'
the soup grows cold, the face grows old, the pattern is sold. buttons
the
vegetable; At
Soup. (which is now
late !
for substantial
divided
be
in the ox
matched
parts of the
late !
late ! too
napkin trimming
is
everything everything
principalthick Soup
Too
Too
for the
Soup, bping m-ddc
nutritive
song '
old, old song,
an '
song
bonnet
And
Ox-tail
him
sang
the
sang sang the
And
carrot,
man
he
He
a
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
652
being
at
about
half.
a
SPARROW.
Sparrow {Passer domesticus) differs from the Hedge Sparrow {Accentor modularis),the former being a grain-eater, The Cock insect-eater. but the latter an Sparrow {Passer) is notoriouslya lascivious bird ; it loosens the bellyby its broth ; being much eaten it excites venery ; the youngest are best."
The
House
"
"
This And
little cook his
Sparrow pudding sexual
is In
organs.
shall make
sparrow
gibletsshall make
me
a
a
me
little
stew.
pie too."
strengthens the eaten early English days Sparrows were an
appetizingdish
which
excellent an pot-pie,with commonly ; they make superiorto that of Quails, or they may be substituted food of House in a kidney pudding. The Sparrows cent a
of
corn,
one
kind
and
another.
distinguishednaturalist,has
bird-catcher
who
confines
his
said
:
The "I
late
for Larks is 75
Lord
consider
operations strictlyto
flavour
a
per
Lilford,
that
every
the
taking by the
Sparrows is a benefactor, and should be subsidized the His Lordship has further advised parish authorities." shooting of Sparrows as they fly to, and from, the cornfields, excellent as practice for partridgeshooting,each bird killed old saying saved. An representingat least a bushel of corn of
e54
thus
we
Spice
such the
read
middle
death.
MEALS.
MEDICINAL.
Old
Testament,
in the
Queen
the
as
of
ages
social
mediaeval
The
againstour quite safe to
seven
as
Neither
Solomon."
King
gave
there
was
England everything was
dinner or
far
Sheba
of
"
consisted
eight at
of
the
only
then
than
In
spiced to
three
present time
any
;
courses,
but
it is
is
partaken of the motto being of old, Quantity rather than quaUty." now, Traill writes, The As quantity was great, and the quality be appalled at the housewives would strong." Our modern these items on outlay of the earher English times (Spices) the A bill for of store-cupboard. Ginger,Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon, Almonds, Nutmeg, Aniseed, G-alingale, Long Pepper, SafEron, and Comfits, amounting to twenty-six pounds odd for the year deemed as would be rather startlingnowadays, but this was essential then as the greengrocer's bill is to-day. We learn that say
more
eaten
was
"
"
even
at
present those
inhabit countries who between persons north, and twenty-three degrees south of
twenty-three degrees the equator employ numerous Spices daily with their foods, just as we make use of pepper ; and a certain beneficial effect the (stimulating,and carminative) is caused on digestion thereby ; likewise another secondary effect ensues, which is still more salutary,because of the fact that the volatile aromatic oils of the body, mostly unchanged, through its various pass out nature outlets, chieflyby the lungs,and skin. By this means has provided in the tropicsantisepticswhich, whilst escaping from the body by exhalations, destroy the hurtful microbes which of necessity encountered in connection with quitoes, mosare and will not All
insects ; who persons
other
attack
condiments,
with
these take
detest
volatile
Spices with
such
table
common
the
salt at
their
oils,and
their
food.
head, have
strongly preservativeaction, thereby neutralizingputrescent changes within the stomach, and bowels, on foods otherwise liable to quick decomposition. it is thought to combine because Allspice{Pimento)is so named a
the of
flavours
Eugenia
violet when
of Cinnamon, Pimenta
from
Nutmegs,
and
the
Indies, which
West
Cloves.
It is the
bears
fruit
berries, but
ripe,juicy, sweet, and taste eaten ; they are
highly perfumed, very wood in great quantitiesby hot to the thereby acquire an pigeons, thrushes, blackbirds, etc., which
exquisiteflavour, condiment
these
and
become
berries
are
For very fat. dried in the sun
preparingAllspice ;
whereto
is very
655
SPICES.
appropriatethe
becomes
Cloves, and
all
with Allspice,
quart of the best
a
the
by
or
sun,
out
for
adult, (or
an
Spices.
of the
glassfulof
drops
ten
water
days give as
for
a
young
of
some
until a
dose
Cinnamon,
(bottled)in
this
be
is
virtue
all the
teaspoonful
one
in child,)
mixed
of
pound
let this stand
few
Then
also, if
;
and
a
you
relief of
the
Ginger,and
crushed
a
For
quarter of
a
some
for
application),If
sweeter."
brandy,
hob
the
drawn
the
colic,put
"
double
proverb (of a
internal
or
spasms, in
it
Spice
crush
old
wine-
small
a
dropped
on
hot
flannel, and
applied externally,it will be found very effectual. For be made relievinglocal neuralgia a capital plaster may from Allspice berries, by crushing them, and boiling them in quite a little water thick liquidextract, to a gently down which be the part in can spread on linen, and appliedover pain. Special virtues reside in the rind of the berries, through their combined of several savour stimulatingspices. The berries sweet
themselves and
savour,
somewhat
are
cordial
berries,through virtue
taste
of the
volatile
because
;
they are put by pouring boiling water
Allspice tea, made effect when
sedative
of
into curry the on
oil, exercises
their
powder. crushed sedative
a
flatulent
indigestionis oppressive. of an in the form or Eecently the taking of G-inger, essence, revealed is a as growing habit of becoming strong tincture, Seeing that the inebrietyboth in this country and in America. alcoholic tincture, is about or strength of such an essence, double that of whisky, or brandy, the deleterious results of any excessive indulgencetherein may be readilyimagined. Many of chemists admit that they have the London regular customers for this pungent cordial, who buy it in comparatively large
quantities every
Gingeristsare
The
week.
persons But the
depraved stomachs, and over-wrought brains. of so baneful a practiceis lamentably futile. After to begin with, a completely disorded digestion,and the
inevitable
not
usuallyranking as
brain, are
Though
in salt, and may
OKve The
with
Wisdom.
a
dessert
called this fruit the Likewise
issue relief
some
prostrate
a
consequences. the
Spice,yet
for
giving a
Olive,as pickled
relish to
a fairlybe considered digestivecondiment. is largerthan that of Italy,or France, and is more Greeks appreciated Olives highly, insomuch
Athenians of
served
with
the
giftof
Romans
Pallas set
the
The
wine,
Spanish esteemed. that
the
Athene, the Goddess
great value
on
Olives ;
656
(and their bottled
abundant
when
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
such, oil,)
as
are
imported into England,
now
unripe, and before the oil has become dark at all fullyproduced; the ripe fruit is of a colour, and forms in a capitaladdition to the bread eaten by husbandmen Olive Oil was the Holy Land. almost as important as honey in ancient cookery. The tree which produces it will live for a thousand bearing fruit all the time ; one such tree, with years, into a most venerable gnarled trunk, twisted, and contorted Mentone, is said to have been planted growing near appearance, by Julius Caesar. Spanish Olives are imported in small barrels. Oil (see Oils ") is an The essential ingredientfor salads, and admirable for cooking purposes. In Portugal they refuse to gather the Olives till just.beginning to turn purple,when they Olives tasteless for bitter, and less digestible.French are are when cooking uses, though piquant of themselves gathered and small. free from Spanish Olives, being soft, pulpy, young, rich in vegetable oil,are good for diabetic persons. sugar, and in some This oil is used parts of Europe for preventing the poisonous effects of vipers'bites, both locally,and internally. The ancient of scorpions'stings was the treatment anoint to with the oil got from wounds these creatures, as extracted by frying. A teaspoonful of Olive Oil is sufficient for an infant green,
and
"
as
an
easy
laxative.
SPINACH.
The
tribe),as Lafaikum kortense, or Spinach, (of the Goosefoot in our kitchen gardens,is actuallya Persian plant which grown was brought to England during the sixteenth century ; its spiny leaves have given it the name it bears, Spinage,"being the more correct spelling. The plant contains salts of potash abundantly. It is a lightvegetable,of which the thick, succulent leaves are eaten, cooked, and being readily digested, and somewhat It is richer in iron than the yolk of egg, which laxative. in its "
turn
contains
more "
thereof
than
lean
does.
"
Spinach,"
kept out of sallets the its juice, when produced by boiling the leaves ; but without drink, and improves adding any water, is a wholesome the complexion. What is known the pigment (" Spinage as for colouring,is the Green "), as used freshlyexpressed juice of this plant, or its precipitate. An of cooking excellent way says better
Evelyn,
if
crude,
the
oft'ner
beef
SPIRITS.
Spinach is cooked
be
chop
in
water
Epinards,"whilst binoxalate
call
and finely,
potash "
it therefore
la
mort
A
a
know
the
the
plant in France as quantity of sorrel salt,
like it with beurre."
au
if it
;
"
small
they
;
butter
strong smell. le halai de I'estomac,"
"
containinga
of
it in
stew
will have
water
"
broom
the
it up this
physician styles Spinach of the stomach ; people
French
"
to
657
much
Their
butter, and
epicures
teach
"when
eating it not forget the nutmeg." Brillat Savarin had Spinach served to him on a Friday unless it had been never cooked the Sunday before, and put each day over the fire with A wild speciesof Spinach,the of butter. Good a fresh addition King Henry," or Margery, grows"about rural England, particularly in Lincolnshire, where it is popular as a pot-herb in most excellent of cottage gardens. Another dressing the way wash ordinary Spinach is to Spinach well, break ofi the your leaves, boil (withoutadding water, or only a drain)until tender, dry, chop fine,and fry in butter until thoroughly done ; add a tablespoonfulof white sugar, and mix thoroughly ; place in a "
"
dish
the
on
make of
toasted
some
Spinach, or
Extract
of
cloth, roll it up,
cloth,and to
at
each
else
and
twist
Spinach, and
twist
the
"
Then
with
a
water,
and
calamitous
"
Kanula
furtivos
miserum
Ranula
!
furtivos
Mater
are
several obtained
their
wring the more
levers,
as a
it
one
"
pan,
and
heat
coagulated; next It was through a tammy." (ofpork),and Spinach,in his a-wooing, Nursery fame, went
sive
statuebat
are
statuebat
gemit
ore
;
:
amores.
quoerere
daret, sive negaret iter."
(See Alcohol).
"
the fermentation
alcohol, and
amores
quoerere
Spirits Brandy, Gin, Rum, by
juicein
strong
a
juice; (formaking
tristi Rolius
SPIRITS
The
on
to
as
cooking spoons
pound
one
its result.
to
Me
so
To
it
of gammon offering Anthony Roley, of
as
mortar
a
ends
the albumin
work
delicate
hands, Mr.
the
place the extracted
end.) and chlorophyllin,
off the
in
opposite
two
it until the drain
put these
egg."
quite a paste, place it
the
use
and
squares,
Comminute
express
cloth
small
slices of hard-boiled
some
it is
when
into
cut
Spinach :
Spinach, and
easy
bread
other
and
of various
volatile
bodies
Whisky, saccharine thus
"
{which see) substances,
produced, being 42
658
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
separated by distillation. whicb that
make the
Thus
of
flavour
the Rum
of
Whisky
of
and
those
various
bye-products
the
fermenting process of the difierent spiritsis due. fermentation of malted barley
the
flavour ;
the
during
flavour
bye-products
rise to
is to
appearance
characteristic
the
give
their
It
those
;
of the
grape
of molasses that
to
to
of
the
Brandy.
of patent stills these be almost By means bye-products can entirelyseparated from the alcohol with which they are mixed ; and the result is a nearly pure form of spirit, the originwhereof it is called "Silent can scarcelybe discriminated ; for which reason can Spirit." By suitable "flavouringthe artful manufacturer make this the basis of almost (Dr. R. any spirituousdrink Hutchison). Amongst the substances commonly used for alco"
"
hohc
fermentation
in
this
country
barley, maize, rice, sugar, and spiritfor giving to sick persons, provided it be genuine, which "
molasses. when
The
greater part of it," says Dr. concocted (actually in the Cognac "
silent
with
whilst spirit,"
cenanthine,
coloured
with
with
various
The
is
in
rare
Hutchison, district burnt
valuable
most
reallyneeded,
article
unmalted
malted, and
are
of
this "
Brandy,
is
is
country.
spuriously
France) from flavoured
sugar, and But such
product is entirelydifEerent from genuine Brandy, since it is quite devoid of those volatile ethers derived from wine (in the true Brandy) the real Cognac owes of the beneficial results it to which most is capable of producing in sickness. the possession Likewise of these volatile ethers in large amount is that which mainly from alcoholic strength distinguishes Brandy Whisky ; as regards about the two For Sloe noted Gin, as a are astringent equal." cordial
of
or
wide
repute,
Chichester, used October
on
that
to
20th,
venerable
"
a
certain
a
possess Sloe
city.
essences.
"
a
Mr.
Nathanael
Gubbins,
at
pricelessprescription.Annually,
Fair
is held in (as thus interpreted)
jelly and Sloe puddings But afiected by the natives. originallythis October Slo Fair (old English, sloh, to slaughter), when a that they might be salted down sold for killing, were meat through the winter.
Sloe
"
"
a
much
are
Fair the to
was
beasts
provide
STARCHES.
It as
has food
taught until recentlyby all dietists elements exclusivelysupply bodilywarmth,
been
that
Starches
and
fat ; but
659
STARCHES.
discovery equally of force-productionfrom assimilated Starches, as, for instance, largelyin white bread, or in potatoes, leads to a knowledge in signal advance of previous notions, therefore the whilst experience. And supported by modern tained conclusion is warranted that the bodily energiesmay be mainin their full vigour by starchy vegetable nourishment (and more quite as well as by the more stimulating, sive) expenthe
now
animal
foods.
nutriment saliva
in the
mouth
through dry
which
is
sticky
crust
has
been
soluble
loaf
of
must
undergo
the
dextrin.
conversion
dextrose, before
This
change and
is
it
baking changes
the
Starch
is further
to
a
into
oven
of
flour,
or
as
useful
sustenance.
be, chieflyby the saliva in the
state
baked
which
Starch, which Starch, dextrin, maltose,
in the
continued
Similarly
Starch
the
the
as
of insoluble
assimilated
should
effected,or
is then
crust
be
can
dextrin,
everyone
carbohydrates
soluble
into
soluble
of
raw
by cookery ;
chieflyof
heat
The
with
upon
stamps.
postage
dry
act
into to
consists
bread
by
and
the
of
present mainly in the form
are
in
back
not
soluble
famiUar
available
into
combination
does
first made
be
the
converted
meal,
Starches
their
by saliva
substance
Starch, and
mouth,
of
by becoming changed
heat
a
this
it must
a
of
but
;
gummy material on
the
conversion
place mainly
takes
Starch, therefore if
The
The
stomach. of
of
process
jelly,or mucilage,which and
brown,
hard.
When
we
large a part of our daily food consists of bread, of vegetable Starches, the importance of our and exceptional salivarypower, and the necessityfor keepingits secretingorgans evident ; other products being also formed healthy, are at once consider
besides are
the
dextrin, viz., maltose, and
soluble
fermentable
becomes on
how
glucose,as
therefrom
Dextrin
sugars.
to
eaten, becomes
likewise
in the sweet-
intestines.
the
in
sucrose
when
the
dextrose, which
it reaches
the
stomach
(stomach-) bread, leading
By contrast, stomach,
and
cane
sugar, intestines.
when The
glucose has to be stored in the hver ; but if that organ is at fault in the blood, and in other fluids of the the glucose is detained Otherwise the glucose serves for use body, causing diabetes. throughout the body as required for supplying warmth, and vital
energy. Starch forms
particularlyof exclusivelyupon
the
greatest part of all farinaceous
wheat flesh
flour. are
found
But
carnivorous
also to
substances,
animals
acquire glycogen
living within
660
MEALS
their
bodies, which
restricted becomes a
substance
Starches
to
animal
therefore
its
as
whether
debatable
restricted
MEDICINAL.
source
diabetic
diet.
Some
and
;
for
patientsare
of
the
be
cannot
altogether
this
it
reason
sugarlesseven
patent
on
foods, which
are
that the as so being predigestedartificially, largely advertised Starch is already converted into nourishingsubstance without taxing the saliva,or the stomach-bread, are nevertheless severally still containing some deficient in fat, and unchanged Starch; the Dr. Hutchison, of Mellin's Food (with singleexception,says is quite free from unconverted for Infants, which Starch). In of diabetes it is no the treatment wise, or longer considered from the diet, else to absolutelyprohibitall Starches necessary, a
condition
worse
risk
known
supervenes,
acetonuria, with
as
great
a
of
death. blood-poisoning,heavy unconsciousness, and It is true that proteids, and fat, will in a measure to take serve the place of the Starches, the latter being a compact of source
put the liver to energy ; but these substitutes must its function to of sugar is already inefficient as Proteids able to are produce a certain moderate
task, which conversion. of
amount
sugar.
of fat
butter
(quitefresh),bacon, pork, and fatty fish, (as eels, salmon, mackerel, herrings, sprats, sardines in oil),suet dripping, salad oil, yolk of eggs, and The
best
thick be
sources
milder
In
cream.
are
permitted (as explained made
be
may
quantity
of
into
quarter of
given or
in
more
lettuce.
Eggs, too,
clarified butter It is worth
etc.
proper,
at
vegetablesmay In in
the
for
and
thick
be
their
greens,
scrambled served
with
with the the
seventeenth
yellow, this
but
Starch
was
Spectator(305), talks
being affected of
"
a
at
one
by
cooked an
plenty
of
the
Professor
added butter
;
asparagus, wise of alcohol, if other-
digestionof
was
extremely
Puritans. who
likewise
with
centuries, the time
and
in little,
of
fish,or use
be
may
that
juices,or
own
given
weight of butter, or Fat
cream.
mashed
A
jackets,by steam,
ruSs, collars, etc., stiffening
coloured blue
be
can
may
half
up
remembering that meals greatly aids be freelyallowed.
sixteenth
laundries
their
except
their
in
with
cases
severe
water
no
and
readilytake their weight of
579), and
Potato," page butter, or cream.
with
puree Potatoes, cooked
potatoes may
some
"
in
here
a
mashed, should a
of diabetes
cases
is to
Green
fat.
Starch
used
frequently fashionable
Addison,
give
a
;
in the
certain
662
MEALS
having
as
better
said
"
:
Charles
Lamb
God
Doubtless He
berry, but
MEDICINAL.
had
never a
Almighty
could
have
made
a
did." admiration
sincere
of Izaak
Walton, and
CoiwpleatAnnler. In his simple little story of Rosamund brought up from early years in a plain manner Gray (who was by her blind old grandmother, Margaret Gray), he tells of her the peculiar cast I know whether not of her lovingly thus : mind might not be traced in part to a tincture she had received in early life from Walton, and Wither, from John Bunyan, and Bible. old-fashioned her The Emblems pictures in WUher's the first exciters of (an ancient book, and quaint) were among the
"
the
infant
curiosity.But
Rosamund's
in my
catalogueof
the
libraryat the cottage,I forgotto mention a Book of Common Prayer. Old ladies of Margaret'sstamp (God bless them !) may well be without their spectacles, their elbow-chair, as their or as be I love them for it ! Their Bible might never Prayer Book. sufiered to lie about like other books, but was kept constantly in handsome of with a velvet, case gold tassels, wrapt up green had the relic of as brought with only departed grandeur they
small
them
to
cottage."
the
Strawberries
noted
were
of old
surprisingremedy for particularlyhelping the liver of
the
jaundice of children, and pot companions, wetters, and thereof
make
to
a
a
"
drammers."
for
water
"
as
hot
Some
inflammations
also in
do
the
use
eyes,
them." beginneth to grow over away any constituents of the Strawberry are The chemical a peculiar mafic acids volatile aroma, sugar, mucilage, pectin,citric,and The fruit is mucilaginous, in equal parts, woody fibre,and water. and It stimulates somewhat tart, and saccharine. perspiration, imparts a violet scent to the urine ; when purposely fermented it will yield an ardent spirit. If beaten into a pulp when ripe, and if water be poured thereupon, a capitalcooling drink is which laxative. The presence made is purifying,and somewhat has now been also of salicylic acid in Strawberries definitely recognized,this acid being an acknowledged curative specific
and
to
in
acute
several
take
film that
rheumatism. other
a
her food
same
fruits,to wit, grapes,
acid
"
is present
in
likewise
apples,plums, cherries, and
is less although its amount grain per two pounds of fruit. dosing, more gentleby far than mention Pliny made purveyor.
oranges, of
The
than
one
Nature the
part sixty-fourth is very
gentle in
clumsy mediciner,
of the
Strawberry
as
or
one
STRAWBERRY.
of the
native
free from he has
gout by
known
Strawberries for
catarrhal
and "
water,
fruits.
A, la
chicken
declared the
kept
himself
Hofiman
says
he
same.
benefited by the same consumption much are especiallysuitable in putrid fevers, as throat. From the juice,with lemon, sore
herbalists
Grecque."
Strawberry jam,
with
Linnaeus
of eatingplentifully
French
Bavaroise
and
Italian
663
well
as
sugar,
agreeabledrink, very Strawberries, Germany stewed
concoct
In
taken
are
means.
at
a
dinner
this
with
free
roasted
flow
meats,
or
urine.
For
has
become
cool
the
Count
de la
of
jam promotes a making Strawberry jam the perfume of the Strawberry is so fugitivethat it will most certainlyevaporate if the fruit very is exposed to heat in an vessel. The fresh pulp, when open sugared, should be put into a wide-mouthed glassjar with a this jar is almost full,put the cork, well-fitting stopper. When and place it in a bain marie, with the water or stopper, in firmly, kept at the boil therein for a couple of hours ; a gentle simmer is sufficient. over
;
After
slackened
a
Place
who
the
fire take
introduced
in the bain
water
a
the
out
jars.
delicious
very
marie
It
way
was
of
berries, preparing Straw-
Another by steepingthem in the juiceof a sweet orange. savant improved on this by adding the outer yellow rind of peel rasped off by a piece of loaf sugar ; and he affected orange the of a shred of parchment escaped from to prove by means that it was after flames which destroyedthe Library of Alexandria Mount Ida. this fashion the fruit was served in the banquets on The noted (told about by Mrs. Gaskell) Lady Ludlow made the sense of smell a test of good breeding,particularly to as a faculty for discerningthe odour of dying Strawberry this specialpower She prided herself upon leaves in the autumn. "
"
"
that of scent, insomuch with her almost it was
ban
;
to
vulgar
of
a
taste."
her
strumous
grains which
There
as
to
of ability for
of humble
presence, so great and southernwood were
are
of which
certain
recognizing
birth ; but musk her antipathy was under
the
same
in her
betrayed opinion particularlythose persons,
Strawberries bodily habit, with whom disagree. Armstrong held a strong opinionthat the tiny seed of each lie sprinkled all over the outer surface
pulpy fruit,are prone to his patients to advised so
lack
confession
a
bergamot, either gather,or wear
late Dr.
The
in
; whilst
thereto
a
named
never
was
confess
to
prevent these
excite intestinal irritation ; he therefore suck their Strawberries through musUn, diminutive
seeds
from
being swallowed.
664
MEALS
Sir Thomas such
Lauder "
seeds.
We
MEDICINAL.
Brunton should
inveighsin
a
similar fashion "
dream," he
not
of
says,
against heedlessly
poulticeof Cayenne, or pickles,or other biting substances ; we should not sand-paper it several times a day quite unnecessarily; we should not wash it, if exquisitelytender, with strong vinegar ; yet all these thingswe practicallydo to our hapless stomachs, which are far
placingon
delicate
a
sensitive
more
than
part of
our
skin
external
any
a
portion of
our
anatomy.
sand-papering effect inside
Strawberry jam, for example, has a nothing being less digestiblethan us, and
for that
all seeds
matter
are
the
the
seeds
; such
same
this fruit ; seeds, and pips, of
positivelyrefuse to be ground up, or to become dissolved in passing through the asked What," system." Sydney Smith, when writing to Mrs. Baring (1834) from What What is real piety ? is Street, London, Weymouth How these fine feelings attachment Church ? true to the are best evinced ? The is plain,^by sending Strawberries answer to a clergyman." The wild Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesoa)'isthe progenitor of our large,juicy,delicious cultivated fruit. Its small berries are acid than those of the garden plants,and their more sharp juiceis an excellent cleanser of the teeth, dissolvingaway incrustations of tartar injuring the thereupon without any absolutelyand
"
"
medicinal
A
enamel.
tincture
is made
from
the
berries
of the
reheve to nettlerash, or serves Strawberry, which erysipelas,being also of help for a suffocative swellingof the acid Old Fuller styles these diminutive swallowing throat. Claret wine, or sweet berries toothsome to the palate if with that a traveller in the County of Devon cream so plentiful ; and in their hollow highways ; gather them sittingon horseback may they delightto grow on the north side of a bank, and are great
Woodland
"
coolers." "
Ipsa MoUia
It very
should active
favourable
sylvestrinata sub fraga leges." (Says Ovid).
tuis maribus
uinbr"
thoughtfullynoted that the human incubator by its conditions,which germ be
for
bacterial
growth, viz., the
mouth are
temperature
is
a
highly (about
of culture of air,and abundance Fahrenheit),with free access in fragments of food, cast-ofi skin cells,saliva, exudations media from the gums, Thus it is that very many and decayed dentine. 98^
SUGAR
varieties of these
myriads which
in the
different
cultivated.
and mouth
665
organisms,both poisonous,and neutral, teem by mouth thereof forming a source through ; some
serious, and
hundred
SYRUPS.
AND
even
fatal
diseases
More
occur.
speciesof such organisms have Highly important, therefore, is
(within its enclosure) pure,
and disinfected suppurating gums, and fragments of food-matters. that the use of artificial teeth by The fact is worthy of notice that
free from
been it to
carious
than
a
isolated,
keep
the
teeth, and
its
decomposing shreds, certain are by no means the old is an unmixed blessing. all the old almost people who live to an advanced (and it is here the age in country villages, greatest age is reached,)relyon their toothless gums for sufficient
mastication
;
and
the
absence
as
to
We
of teeth
in very
old persons may then to the return
possiblybe an indication of the necessityto Artificial teeth may simple diet of childhood. food than by encouraging old folk to eat more
harm,
do
too,
is
good for them, and of a kind unsuited Horace to their years. Walpole, writing from Strawberry Hill (July, 1871), says : To-day the wind is four days I have been again in the dolorous corner ; for these confined with pain, and swelling in my face. The apothecary not it is owing to the long drought ; but as I should eat says there ever such were a plenty, and as my cows, though grass I humbly starving,have no swelled cheeks, I do not believe him. attribute frequent disorders to my longevity,and to that my Proteus, the gout, who is not the less himself for being incog." "
Theee
are
several
sorts
SYRUPS.
and
SUGAR
of
Sugar,
all
belonging chemically
to
which include Cane of food, and carbohydrate constituents Sugar, Grape Sugar (or Starch Sugar, which is glucose).Sugar in the juiceof asparagus and a Sugar found of Milk (or lactose), of the muscular bodily tissues),which is (as well as in some inosite." Fruit Sugar (fructose)is discovered, together with fruits. The same be can some Grape Sugar, in almost all sweet made chemically from Cane Sugar when fermented, or if boiled inverted." with Sugar is then said to be acids, and the Cane "
"
This Cane hand On
Fruit
Sugar
is
more
slow "
ferment
to
(with yeast) than
because lasvulose,"
is
having a leftthe microscope. rotary relation to polarizedlight under dextrose,"because the contrary. Grape Sugar is having a Sugar ;
it is also called
"
666
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
right-handrotary direction under in grapes. being found especially thick
similar Fruit
conditions
Sugar
forms a Sugar (Isevulose) to a gummy, deliquescent
will dry under heat syrup, which It is prepared in both powder, and
mass.
such
;
honeyed form,
a
this
"
"
becomes as being known Satrap Isevulose. If the same be like honey may firm by a cold temperature, its consistence Then such it water. restored as by placing its vessel in warm Professor be spread on bread, and taken with tea, or coffee. can of Isevulose after allowing large quantities Worm-MuUer, even This could find no trace of it in their urine. to diabetic patients, kind of sugar, as fattening and highlynutrient,is further indicated excellent medium for pulmonary consumption. It is,moreover, an for promoting strengthin the weakly and convalescent ; also for of athletic pursuits. to giving physical energy young persons latter
A
Isevulose The
Chocolate of
uses
modern
date
;
Sugar they have
Dextrose
juices: gastricjuice to
been
influence
medicinal
proved
on
in two
purpose.
reduces
part within
the
are
purposes directions.
the
of
Sugar gastric
the
separation of
the
(Grape Sugar) one-tenth
last-named
for the
generally for
considerable
has
is made
secretion
of
the
hours, and
first three
the other hand, on Sugar (Isevulose), the gastricjuice only to one-half, and reduces correspondingly the different afiects the acids in only a minor degree. From clear that in certain forms actions of these two Sugars it becomes the it is important to reduce of disease of the stomach, in which acidity,as in ulcers of the stomach, then Grape Sugar (dextrose) binds
acids ;
the
Fruit
great remedial value ; while, on the other hand, in normal the gastric when in states juices digestiveconditions, or even
is of
insufficiently generated,and produced, the partaking of such Sugar should be very moderate, or digestionwill be retarded. of Cane It has been also proved that by too free a use Sugar in the digestivefluids are clogged,and find a difficulty reaching value Fruit Sugar is of more the intestines. For these reasons saccharine when carbohydrates are needed for maintaining the bodily energies,and for buildingup the bodily structures ; and are
inasmuch
as
it would
of fruit needed
to
seldom
supply
be the
to possible
the
consume
requisitequantity of
quantity
Fruit
Sugar
be taken it may Isevulose,"to be had from the as {Schering'sFactory). Fruit jams may manufacturing chemist for
be
"
a
cure,
made
would
therewith be
quite an
instead
of with
acquisitionfor
Cane
Sugar
persons
with
;
which
weak
faculty
digestive
SUGAR
AND
SYRUPS.
667
and
faulty gastricjuices. The perishable syrup, freelysoluble in hot powers,
sweetmeat to wisely give it made as a acid drops, and other lollipops. In A Vindication of Sugar, dedicated "
Nature,"
and
accurate,
refined
judges of taste, wines,
of the Indian
not
as
drams,
or
writer,
the
says
"
their children
the
to
henbane, (which
the
or
is
a
non-
may
instead
Ladies
of
Q715),
Ladies
given you
has
smoak,
is
Mothers
water.
more palates, has made you being debauch'd by soure,
offensive
or
who
Isevulose
more
competent and
uncouth
sordid
more
juice
vitiated
tobacco,)or by salt,or of ! For soure our sex coarser pickles, delight these reasons the great Evelyn chose a young damsel of virgin unprejudic'dpalate to judge of his curious, and fav'rite liquor. of a pleasant wit, he further allows Cyder." Being, moreover, "
that
"
the
fair
them
to be
for their
who
sex
be
must
much
too
their
love
trifle cautious
a
fatter than
fine
the
beauty,
about
become,
for this there
shapes ; yet
of fine proportions,
are
Sugar, which
desire to
they may
or
is
may who are
dispose afraid
compensation,
a
as
and gives them a very wholesome, and goodly countenance, humours." has found Dr. Weber sweetens peevish, and cross of Fruit Sugar even patients that, with a proper diet, by the use sufieringfrom pulmonary consumption, with extensive lung the of recovered. mischief, have By such means presence
it
carbonic
acid
the
over
Sugars
will
oxygen
aid
in
a
increased, and
is
meeting with
perish because
disease acid
blood
in the
necessary like method
this
for their of
the
cure,
cular bacilli of tuberof carbonic
excess
maintenance. such
Other
Sugar, malt). Grape
as
Malt
of with diastase (the ferment Sugar mixed Sugar,and the carbohydrates related to it,are highlyinjuriousto
and
diabetic
patients,because
sufierers deficient
in the
the
Sugar is with thereby they become
oxidation
system, and
of
these ordinarily extra-
susceptibleto tubercular disease ; but the Fruit Sugar though closely properties, directlyoppositephysiological
possesses related in chemical
constituents.
As
much
fruit
as
is to possible
form patients,but in an easilydigestible to the vegetable cellulose,(by boiling). Carbohydrates (which as much twice as hydrogen as oxygen) comprise fructose. possess Cane Fruit Sugar (glucose),starch (soluble, Sugar (IsBvulose), contain only from as dextrin), and cellulose. Early oranges Fruit Sugar of which of carbohydrates altogether, 2 to 3 per cent be advised
for diabetic
is (Isevulose)
the
chief ;
and
even
sweet
oranges
have
not
more
668
MEALS
than
from
may
be
MEDICINAL.
5 to 7 per cent of tte same, that in most so cases they allowed. Other fruits poor in carbohydrates are berries, strawModern medical apricots, and melons. gooseberries,
scientists
doubt
the
necessity,or propriety,of excluding all starches, and forms of Sugar from the diet of diabetic patients. An exclusivelyanimal diet produces what are chemicallycalled in the patient'surine, these acetones being dangerouslyliable to absorption into the blood, and (as diacetones)to action as narcotics the brain. Mr. on Ireland, a Canadian gentleman, suffered incessantlyfor twenty-fiveyears from diabetic troubles, and difficult digestion. Taking his case into his own hands, as regardingstarches, and starchy foods, he discovered that if the starch of cereals was fartially predigestedhe could eat such without foods I assert," subsequent discomfort, or injury. without fear he of refutation, that starch- changed writes, cereals are far superiorto gluten in all cases where that article "
"
is considered
stage which
by
I claim
necessary. is almost
identical
ptyalin of healthy
the
the
change
to
with
saliva."
the
There
starch
to
when
same
that
efEected
is
plenty of evidence the that cataract be produced in animals when eyes may to even Sugar is taken by them though their general excess, health does not sufEer therefrom. Experiments have proved that cataracts caused in trout were by sugaringthe water result. in which they lived ; and similarlyin frogswith the same It has been justlyinferred from these experiments that the of a cataract in the human be retarded can by eye progress advanced and the in the drinks. In food, restricting use of Sugar in the blood, of Sugar is detained diabetes, when an excess cataract is commonly induced, and the sight becomes thereby in
obstructed.
Per
is it not
contra,
of
when
spontaneous cataract sparingly,as a habit, with
cases
sagacious administration pursued may be helpful? with
diabetes
Brunton
has
have
their
of
out-patientsat
by
their
boric correct
smell.
acid, and the
It is
an
has
as
a
that
It is remarkable characteristic who
doctor
fact
output
of
:
Sir Lauder disease
diagnose the
can
among
the
crowd
will select six diabetics that
like,if given in limited
excessive
affected
persons
odour
strolls down
allowed
that in suppose been taken only
drunk, the eaten, and medicine systematically
largehospital,and
a
the
a
to
Sugar was
Sugar
said doctor
The
scent.
what
subtle
a
instanced
by
of
admissible
Sugar
in
such antiseptics, help quantities, diabetes
as
to
mellitus.
MEALS
670
allowed, and
be
As
discomfort.
MEDICINAL.
properlyassimilated,without a generalrule one may assume
subsequent any that a quarter
pound can be taken daily without any bad results at all ; must but the preciseamount depend mainly upon the muscular activityof the individual subject,for it is as a muscle-food that of
a
Sugar
is of
especialimportance.
and
flow
of
a
the
Sugar
the
muscle
in
is
of person evening, it is
to
is used
muscles
the
work, and
to
an
attitude
constant
body,
up
far
is in active
use,
by vigorous exercise,
more
concentrated transmitted
becomes
used
stored
Sugar, therefrom
up in them
when
of resistance
power
to
these
the
in
the
difierent
muscles
are
again when
they resume Hence arises,as already explained,the schoolboys for sweets, which is altogether
it accumulates
of repose. love of active
commendable
or
blood, and
of the
set
thereto
muscle
the time, and of increasing
fatigue. Glycogen,
liver from
a
blood
at that
ensues
is stimulated
a
rapidly than when On this principledepends the fact that at rest. active daily habits, if Sugar is taken early in the capable of decreasing the fall of muscular power
in such
a
which
blood
Whilst
instinct.
Oribasius
wrote
(a.d. 370)
in lucem editus mdle frimum nutriatur nuper still followed the authorityfor a custom by so
!
"
many into the
Can
"
:
Puer
this be
old nurses, of a mouth
thrusting a piece of butter with Sugar newly-born infant ? animals who do not consume Most remarkably, the flesh-eating starches,or carbohydrates in their natural food, nevertheless any this they must structures exhibit Sugar in their muscular ; and It is, engender from the peptones of their flesh nutriment. however, the omnivorous pig which produces by far the largest amount of Sugar, and on lean, watery diet. a Eomans of old. Sugar was and To the Greeks only vaguely into Europe during introduced known it seems to have been : in The of the Crusaders. the times Sugar Cane was grown Cyprus about the middle of the twelfth century, from whence about time later into Madeira it was ; and transplanted some that carried from the beginning of the sixteenth century it was World. Eaw brown island into the New ; Sugar is Muscovado United In the when clarified it is loaf Sugar, or lump Sugar. States of America considerable quantitiesof Sugar are obtained from the sap of the Sugar Maple [Acer saccharinum). And, as Mr. Knickerbocker tells, Among the first Dutch settlers a large lump of this Sugar was always suspended by a stringover the of
"
SUGAR
kitchen
table
then
;
bite
coffee, and
or
they
from
swung
AND
each a
bit
one
to
SYRUPS.
would
sip his tea, chocolate, dependent Sugar-lump which
person
off the the
671
other.
The
is Sugar of acorns finest quality,it being formerly
Quercite. Barbery Sugar is the
from thought to come Barbary, before the West Indian trade Cane was fully established. Sugar is an antiseptic; if heated with sufficiently water, or a dilute mineral acid, it breaks up into equal parts of dextrose, and A Isevulose. certain Sugarmite (acarid)infests some of the unrefined commercial Sugars, and is said to be the cause of grocers' itch. Saccharose, or Cane is chemically a solid crystallinebody, soluble in water, Sugar, in alcohol ; it does not but less so in directlyundergo when
solution
either
lactic, or
alcoholic
fermentation, but in the of certain ferments it is resolved (as already said)into presence is readily fermentable, dextrose, and Isevulose, each of which and apt to provoke gout. But that this infirmity will sometimes arise spontaneously, without being personally incurred, or be to certain. An inherited, instance in immediately seems that
point is relates, His
"
he
reason
had
but it is an I had
for
could
mother
show
I must
Horace
Walpole,
had
he
title to
no
from
reached
with
"
it.
If either
it, I should
whom,
he
as
his fortieth
year." distemperwas
this aldermanic
objectingto
suffered
father,
my
dislike it
not
or
my
much
so
;
absolute
upstart with me, and, what is more provoking, to my for keeping me from it. great abstinence gentleman-like virtue, as patriotism,or loyalty,
trusted
If I had
noted
gout began before
chief
that
of the
any have
I had got something by them. nothing but that beggarly virtue ^temperance, and she had not interest enough "
keep
to
from
me
surprise
me
that
I know
I shall away the him
from
attack
an
more
from
my who people
From
the
fit of
a
in
than
the
to
the
my
fits ; but I shall end
powder,
and
to
'customed
see
I ;
then
Again, said
rallying
My quite persuaded
am as
after
"
I
am
recoveries
:
a
inside
my
of
statue
will be
hoary-headed Margaret
terrace, and come
gout." 1784, he
December,
exactly how
crumble
from
"
house,
my
hill.'
scarcityof Sugar on by Napoleon's system during
'
One
morn
chalk, blown
will
we
now
tell
missed
"
the Continent the
from discoveryof its manufacture adding chicoryto coffee. It seems not acquainted with Sugar as an
which
Peninsular
was
Wai,
came
caused the
beetroot, also the practiceof certain
that the Romans
article of common,
or
were
dailyuse.
672
MEALS
nor
a
as
substance, thouglithey had perhaps noticed crystallizable extractive
sweet
a
MEDICINAL.
"
Quique
in
part bibunt
certain
tener^
duloes
Lucian
reeds. ab
arundine
says
:
"
suocos.''
When
first introduced into England is a matter Sugar was of uncertainty. It was and doubtless evidently scarce, dear, the when in 1226 the Third asked of Winchester Henry Mayor for him three of Alexandria to pounds Sugar, if so procure much could be got;' also some violet-coloured rose-, and Sugar." The Pharmacopoeia of the London Colleges first claimed Sugar for medicinal therein it must have played an important uses, and proverb that a person standing part, judging by the well-known in need of some essential possessionwhich he lacks is like an of its coming in as Sugar." But because apothecary without medicament it was received with disfavour who a by some, pronounced it to be heating; others declared it assails the lungs; and, again,others that it predisposesto apoplexy. But calumny has been compelled to recede before truth, and half a century told in a memorable apothegm that "Sugar does no ago it became harm and except to the purse." Its present use gets daily more and there is no which now more general; alimentary substance has undergone more of admixture, and transformation. processes The fact has become firmly established by experiments in the German with greater Army, that a Sugar diet not only suppliesmen "
'
"
than
energy
albuminous
foods
convey,
but
does
this much
more
active on rapidly (which is very important when troops are effect the Sugar must service) ; so that in order to keep up a due be eaten frequentlywhen on the march, which is not difficult to do, seeingthe multiform preparationsof portable Sugar. When in swimming across Mr. Montagu Holbein practicallysucceeded Calais (September, 1903) the English Channel from Dover to his food throughout the transit consisted chieflyof prepared last he had milk, eggs, and brown Sugar sandwiches ; which either in long-distancecycUng, always found very sustaining, his twenty-four hours' record, or in his such as when he made
prolonged swims. material nutritive the ham
making hams, Sugar salt, seeingthat it withdraws
preserving meat,
For
to
use
than
constituents
as
into
in,
the
brine, and
helps to keep in (when treated thus) is used
meat
which
the for
forms
a
is
a
better
less of the crust
round
juices; only, before the first be cooking, it must
SUGAR
for
immersed
SYRUPS.
AND
short
while
673
with Syrups made simple lumps of Sugar, and water, have proved efficient to dispel headache of food, or a severe occurring from want hunger ; and view to a experiments have therefore been tried with other ascertain the value of lump Sugar as a luncheon, when nourishment cannot be immediately had. It would be an easy one's of to carry half-a-dozen such in matter pieces lump Sugar to be masticated with other so no as pocket, accompaniment than a small draught of water ; preventing,or at any rate postponing, the fulness of blood, passively turgid within by such means some
in water.
For would otherwise head, which ensue. Sugar with butter, Tofiee, or Tafiy,is of value
the
of
sweetmeat
a as
a
concentrated
of
carbohydrates, attractive to children, and essentially well adapted for giving increase of fat, as well as for furnishing It has the advantage that much of its Sugar bodily warmth. condition. For is in the easily-digested invert young
form
"
children
dislike the
who
oil,this Toffee is of meals
end
it is not
their
into
wholesome,
"
and
of meat,
admirable
an
Abbot) speaks of
The
fat
"
substitute
;
if
bitter
cod-liver
given only
likelyto disagree. Sir the lump of Sugar which but
take
cannot
Walter
at
the
Scott
(in pothicariesput to please a
medicaments "
rock," is to be made capital sweetmeat with onecupful of brown three-quartersof a cupful ol sugar, Boil of tartar. a water, and quarter teaspoonful of cream is of an amber colour. until the whole slowly,without stirring, Turkey figs;lay them in a buttered tin dish, Splitand toast some lent them, and cool ojBEgradually. This is excelpour the candy over For compounding "Eau Sucrfee," against a costive habit. headache Use of boilingwater, to be taken : againstnervous one pint ; orange-flowerwater, one tablespoonful; lump Sugar, it the boiling in a jug, pour Put the sugar over one ounce. cold until the water Sugar is dissolved ; when ; stir well with mixed add the orange-flowerwater." Syrup of Lemons froward
child."
A
"
makes
water
hot
in
a an
simmer
drink
for
fevered
patients,or
in
into one Squeeze the juice of five lemons half pounds of loaf Sugar ; dissolve these together of boiling water earthen ; jar placed in a saucepan thick melted into is the in this way until a Sugar well. The cork bottle it when lemon-juice cold, and
weather.
and
delicious
a
syrup ; should be
Banting,
"
strained when
before
adopting
it is blended a
with
the
systematic regimen
Sugar." to
Mr.
his
reduce 43
674
MEALS
bulk, found
Sugar
of it in
ounces
called
milk,
these
matters
which
beans
"
be
to
week
a
MEDICINAL.
the
most
his
caused
fattening of all foods ; weight to rise one pound.
Sugar "; butter,and beer, of diet have exercise
the
in the
of the
the
on
horse
as
tie his
he
subject regarded
dietary which an can adopt (though
"
him
human
and
;
insidious constitutingthe most with the tendency to become fat elderlyman it would be eminently friendlyto youth "). lived so conscientiouslyassert that I never reformed plan of feeding." His obesity had items
such
He
beans," because
human
efiect
same
case
"
five
"
adds
He
well been
:
I
under
as
such
my as
to
his
going downstairs backwards. On a regimen of abstinence, chiefly from bread, milk, butter. Sugar, and potatoes, he lost thirty-five In 1598 Hentzer, -a pounds of weight in thirty-eightweeks. German of England, then traveller, described Queen Elizabeth of age, in the followingterms Her is a : nose sixty-five years little hooked, her lips narrow, and her teeth black, a defect the English seem of Sugar." subject to from their great use Most probably, if Sugar really impairs the teeth, it does so indirectlyby lingeringin the crevices of the mouth, and leading destructive to the production of acids which to the enamel. are In clarifying. Sugar the first boilingproceedsto the thread degree only ; the second boilingto the small pearl degree ; the third the great pearl degree, (when the bubbles to forming on the surface of the boiHng liquorlie close togetherlike round pearls) ; the fourth, and fifth, to degrees of cracking ; and in the sixth, burnt, and boilingcaramel is produced, with the Sugar slightly render
unable
to
shoes, and
own
to
compel
can
"
"
"
of
dark-brown
a
colour.
Sydney Smith, Bath,
informed
when
her
that
writing to Lady "
a
dreadful
tea city as to whether by lump, or by powdered Sugar, out
human
in this
mind
are
"
called
into
is and
action
Holland
controversy
has
broken
effectuallysweetened
more
the
by
(1807), from
passionsof and pulverists,
worst
the
the
the
pressed by ladies of both sides to speak in favour of their respectivetheories, at the Royal Institution, I have which Quite recently, however, a much promised to do." more important issue concerning Sugar is engaging the attention The of scientists at that Institution. discoveryhas been lately made that this substance be chemicallyproduced by passing can electric current an impregnated with carbonic through water acid gas ; this ready manipulation promising to bring about lumpists.
I have
been
SUGAR
greatest revolutions
of the
one
converting simple have
we
as
substances
hitherto
had
SYRUPS.
AND
in the into
675
history of the world, viz., complex food-stuffs, such
provide from
to
far countries
at
siderable con-
cost.
relates in his
Blia his
wonderment
at
delightfulEssay, My the
decorations
First
of
Drury
"
particularlythe
Play, concerning Lane
Theatre,
the crystal pilasters, reaching the adorned with boxes to a they were pit, how glittering know substance it seemed, not (I what) under glass, as resembling a homely fancy, but I judged it to be Sugar Candy ; qualities yet to my raised imagination,divested of its homelier it appeared a glorified Candy." of Sugar in the refineries, Treacle is the spume and is so called because in its supposed or resembling, either in appearance, medicinal Theriac properties,the ancient theriacal compounds. of old a reputed classic antidote bites was against venomous wild beasts, serpents, etc. from Evelyn records in his Diary Having packed up my purchases of (1646) after this fashion : books, pictures,casts, and Treacle (themaking, and extraordinary whereof I had curious been to observe), I departed ceremony for Venice." believed Formerly the Triacle, or Treacle, was be capable of curing,or to preventing,the effects of poisons. down
from
"
.
Our
modern
with
Treacle
flavour
a
is of
which Golden
is of
a
kinds
Black, thick
:
Treacle
sugar, (which Golden Syrup (which
of burnt
oil-shops) ; thinner, and lighter) ;
only
at
three
and
reddish-brown
the
plain,
can
be
is purer, old-fashioned
colour, without
tastingof
Treacle,
procured sweeter,
Treacle, caramel.
Syrup is the uncrystallizableliquid finallyseparated from crystallizedSugar in the refiningprocess, either by the off by the revolving draining of Sugar in loaves, or as forciblythrown centrifugalapparatus when preparingmoist Sugar. This Golden Syrup should be made from pure Sugar alone, and from and a tendency to crystallize, nothing else ; it has sometimes tion deteriorato become clouded, but not thereby undergoing any in quality,or flavour ; indeed, the Syrup is rather improved of it ; by this slightturbidity; but the public will have none for a that glucose is added, which and hence it comes about and to time checks the keep serves tendency to crystallize, the Syrup transparent ; 70 of glucose will answer cent per be added to this purpose. Provided the glucose,which may Golden Syrup, is pure, there is nothing deleterious in this ;
676
MEALS
but
much
of
what
and sulphites, than
the
lesson
Syrup
on
it
lies
of
ground under
also
the
of arsenic.
quantity
such
best
housewives
to
the
imported
manufactured
best
moral
is
the
at
MEDICINAL.
In
is
glucose
as
is not
Cane
margarine "
loaded
with
Sugar, any dairy butter.
is
more
The
good Golden its being clouded." When quite clear imputation of containing a minute is,
Western
the
refuse
to
never
a
parts of England is made "
of by the name Treacle-George." Take a wide, shallow tin, a layer of short crust, a layer of plain of lemonTreacle, a layer of bread-crumb, and a sprinklingover the top juice, repeating the series until the tin is filled ; cover with paste, and bake in a quick oven." Molasses is the draining the Treacle of refined Sugar ; of crude Sugar, in distinction from Treacle is frequently given by misapprehension but the name a
concoction
which
molasses.
The
goes
"
to
Government
lately announced One
was
two
of
by molasses. alleged cancer tongue, nearly choking the sufEerer.
cures
the
of
cancer
a
Queensland, Australia, has
of
He
that molasses accidentally discovered and after his taking a teaspoonfulfive times other growth gradually disappeared. The
his
day
a
the
case
distress, cancerous
declared
was
by a similar mode of treatment Again, by increasing pursued for three months. Treacle for intestinal is of frequent service the secretions obviating constipation. Furthermore, it is very nourishingfor children towards making fat, and supplying bodily young time in Alice warmth. Once on a {see Wonderland) there be
to
of the
cancer
stomach,
well ; these three
bottom
of
'
did
Dormouse.
'
asked said
Alice.
of
out
'
well,'said Ahce the
Dormouse
For
"
Treacle
to "
;
the
well
tarts
?
'
they
can
draw
?
Dormouse. in.'
"
"
:
'
Alice.
asked draw
the
water
'
it
was
a
at
Treacle
learning to draw,
were
out
'
Of
'
you said Treacle,'
Treacle of
a
could
you
Stupid !
lived
who Tillie,
because
think
should
I
so
there
did
well ! Eh
Treacle
a
you
'
Uved
draw
they
Why,
Lacie, and
little sisters
Where
Hatter,
the
they
a
well ; and What know. the
"
little sisters,Elsie,
three
the
cured
was
"
"
were
and
eased
But
course
from
'
?
water-well,'
draw
Treacle
in the they were they were,' said
"
Take
a
quarter
of
a
pound
of flour,two
dripping,two tablespoonfulsof Treacle, and two tablespoonfulsof bread-crumbs ; put the flour in a basin, with a pinch to of salt,and rub the dripping lightlyin ; add suflBcient water of
ounces
make
a
stifi paste ;
roll it out
on
a
floured
board, and
line
a
678
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
quantitieswill inebriate,the
small
concealed.
Both
the
easily dissolved
in
Nine
stomach.
the
alcohol
and
becoming
the
stomach
cellular organs held togetherby loose when taken delicate foods they are as
that
tissue, so
Sweetbread,
throat
Sweetbread, of the calf,are connective
of the
taste
of-
ounces
the
true
of
completely disposed
by a healthy stomach in two and half hours, while a similar weight of beef-steak a demands for its complete digestion. at least four and a half hours the cells of these Sweetbreads But are chieflycomposed of reason (as explained concerning nucleo-proteid,for which kidney foods, and liver)they are likelyto disagreewith gouty Sweetbread
are
persons. It seems
proved
with
do
the
that
of
occurrence
extirpatedfrom
Stomach-bread
the
disease.
diabetic
If
diabetes
livingdog, severe
a
(Pancreas)has is
the
to
is
organ
brought about.
principleof treating with a curative aim the diseased condition, or perverted function of a human glandular organ by giving portions of the corresponding taken a recently slaughtered, glandular organ freshly from made therefrom sound animal, (or extracts by the chemist),it For
this
may
be
reason,
found
the
on
modern
highly useful
administer
to
Stomach-bread,
the
portions thereof, cooked or uncooked, from time to time to the diabetic patient,carefullywatching the effects produced. be likewise Stomach-bread of the The mentally experisheep may The manner. juice secreted employed in the same of the calf, closely thereby, as well as by the Stomach-bread or
resembles
starch
convert
dextrin, and
into
powerfullyindeed,
more
do.
to
serves
contains
saliva,and
our
"
Stomach-bread
and
procured
dextrin
is the
can
(glucose),
sugar
than
the
saliva
concentrated
the
and
the
animals,
from
into
completely
more "
Pancreatin
ferment, which
similar
a
juice of prepared by
emulsifying fatty foods, and starches, before they work from taken food, thus saving the Stomach-bread are as it is unequal. For which in the dyspeptic person making to with down this the animal Pancreas (Stomach-bread) is rubbed be actively that its solvent principle, trypsin," so may glycerin,
chemist
for
"
The
retained. or
alkaline
bread it
is
from
also
in
Pancreatin
solutions.
Within
chieflystimulated the
stomach.
England
a
does
bribe,
its work the
best
human
in neutral,
when
system
Stomach-
the
by the acid gastricjuicewhich reaches Sweetbread signified Formerly a "
"
or
douceur.
"
I
obtained
that
from
TAMARINDS.
fellow
the
with
Jane
In
purse."
few
a
679
Sweetbreads
Austen's
which
him
I gave
of my
out
Novel
{Emma) the amiable, pottering, old valetudinarian, Mr. Woodhouse, is given to propound views of the table, which of rigidstrictness concerning matters views somewhat have humorous vein ; they rise, however, almost a Mrs. Bates is deprived thereby of her to a tragedy when poor Sweetbread at supper, just because the accompanying asparagus The is decided be baked to by him imperfectly cooked. in excellent (which came apples, and biscuits after) were "
"
their
know
you
way,
"
there
but
;
was
delicate
a
of
fricassee
brought up at first,and good Woodhouse Mr. a fidget),not thinking the quite boiled enough, sent it all out again. Now asparagus Sweetbread likes better than is nothing grandmamma there rather disappointed; but we and asparagus, she was so agreed would not we speak of it to anybody for fear of its gettinground and
Sweetbread,
to
dear
asparagus, (fastidious,and
some
Woodhouse."
Miss
TAMARINDS. "
The
Hindee," Indian
Tamar
date,
fruit-pulpintermixed
sub-acid, juicy containing smooth, This esteem
as
a
removed.
but
then
an
metals
tesimallyas limbs, is
the
if
held is
mthin
the
signified.The
human
economy,
the
from
shores
of
shell
of
occult
the
or
matter
when
amounted
to
more
is
pod gold in
copper a
short
influence
when
which
Levant,
the
of
for
conserve
whether
it to
taken
applied externallyto reahzed as yet, though our sufiiciently
inklingof superstition. Old an
our
stones.
high Large quantities
traces by nature exhibiting any presence
medicines, not
to
sweet,
a
strings,and
entitle
possesses
adulteration upon
fibrous
as
auburn-coloured
importation the
before
steel knife-blade
clean
had
brought
only
us
which purposes in the sick-room.
use
are
pulp
The
composition ;
or
date
Persia, but
and
for
Simple
luscious
of the
with
hard, glistening,
fulfils medicinal
pulp
to
comes
the
its
on
a
time, of
the
infini-
body,
forefathers than
mere
in trying labour philosophers spent much to find the aurum potabileas the elixir of life. Again, a former conducted Friday at Westminster annually on Good ceremony rings," shows the like belief,it being the blessing of cramp his into He went carried out which was by the King himself. private Chapel on that day, accompanied only by his grand "
680
MEALS
Almoner, there were
and
blessed afterwards
MEDICINAL.
crawling on bowlful of gold
then a
distributed
and
knees
to
silver
the
rings.
afflicted with
to
persons it is practicehad its origin,
epilepsy. The miracle-working ring or
his
These
rings
rheumatism,
said, in
a
certain
saintlypilgrim to which the Confessor, and Edward was kept in Westminster have the so-called hypnotic suggestion may Abbey. Of course helped materially,together with metallic influences, in working whatever resulted from this pious proceeding. Half a cures of service metallic to apply thought plates century ago it was remedially to the soles of the feet, and to carry metallic balls silver to about the person ; gold was the vitality, to increase Even it is clear the brain, and sulphur to cure rheumatism. now be prevented at night authoritativelyadvised that cramp may in bed, by holding a small stick of sulphur in each hand when of the palm will somewhat since the moisture develop the latent of the sulphur so as to give ofi sulphurettedhydrogen, electricity will be absorbed which by the sldn. Chemically Tamarind pulp contains citric,tartaric, and malic acids, in combination has Boiled with potash ; also gum, pectin,and starch. syrup The fruit is sharply acid, and it beforehand. been poured over allowed be made (and when by infusion in boiling water may to become cool, and strained off) an excellent coolingdrink. The Arabians first taught the remedial of Tamarinds, which uses are
which
and anti-putrescent,
given by
Crucifix, he
was
exert
somewhat
a
of
a
laxative
action,
an being corrective of biliarytorpor ; but for these purposes would be be taken, which inconvenientlylarge quantity must of sweetness. When acids are indicated apt to clogby its excess Tamarind the to counteract septicfever, and to cool the blood, will be found exceptionallyhelpful; also, as slightlypreventive of the agreeablepulp of constipationa dessertspoonful, more or be had for a compote with lunch, or at dessert ; this palatable may of its pleasant acid flavour. pulp is put into curries because
Gerarde
tells that
"
travellers
carry
some
thereof
with
them,
throughout the desert is undoubtedly fruit of the Tamarind parts of of service against sluggishnessof the liver, and by the virtue mouth of its potash salts it will tend to heal a sore as arising of natural traces from the acid in blood. The humours fermenting gold,minutely subdivided, in the Tamarind, are well calculated to Tamarind make this fruit curative of secondary venereal disease. mixing
it with
sugar, The Africa."
as
a
reserve
food
681
TEA.
witli
fish, prepared be
to
relish in
a
Pearse
Dr. years
Indians which
India.
recorded he
ago
for
the
the
observed acid
period
a
acidulous
same
As fact
of fruits to
empiricalmedicine, as long as forty
of
"
(in 1902) that
the part of native
passionatecraving on
fruits,such
medical
instance
an
fruit, is esteemed
usage
Tamarind,
the
as
in India
much very nevertheless
lime,
etc. ;
debarred
at
any
so supply ; they were in these fruits,that their earnest importunate petitions soliciting for lime-juice and Tamarinds could be resisted. The not instinct of the native medical overcame prejudice, and acid rations of fruits were ordered essential in emigrant ships, as hospitals,and jails. Similarly,too, the native had a supreme "Empiricism," longing for onions, and for garlicin his curry. adds Dr. Pearse, the outcome of human experience,precedes, and indeed makes The stronglyscience. a part of true expressed should enhst of for food and a special longings a people arouse, attention." For water earnest our as a making Tamarind fever drink : Take of two ounces juicy Tamarinds, a quarter of a pound of stoned three and raisins, pints of water ; put the boil gently, into a stewpan, and Tamarinds, raisins, and water
the
natives
but
"
"
for
hour
one
;
then
TAPIOCA.
strain, and
{See
Sago
;
and
Pepper
Cassareep).
:
Herbs).
("e
TARRAGON.
cold."
when
use
TEA.
fully discussed, and of the in our Kitchen described Physic, so that only a risumi and statements, particulars there expounded, will be now its medicinal adduced relevant to as utility. The chemical composition of the leaf consists of theine (a crystallizable salt), starch, fat, aromatic oil,vegetable tannin, casein, gum, sugar, The
dietetic
fibre,mineral of
oil
only
they
act
as
also exert
Tea
are
When
water.
long noted
restoratives.
sedatives a
of
to
conservative
the
taken
as
The
on
an
infusion
of the very best, theine and aromatic
one
system
nervous
eSect
in
the
in
different
general, bodily
to a wasteful change therein checkingany disposition Tea rapid a nature, and to undue physical exhaustion.
structures, of too
efiects
has been
Tea
reliable nervine
most not
and
substances, and
boilingwater.
and
but
uses,
682
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
other salts potash, peroxide of iron, soda, and some We which of essential importance to the human are economy. "in Tea a beverage which comprises have, therefore,"says Liebig, of the most the active constituents powerful mineral springs." (Theodore Hook playfullystyledhis effervescingMineral Waters
"contains
"
"
fizzick") When
becomes
added sugar are nutritious food ; whilst
milk, and
useful, and
a
the
to
infusion, it
ical important phys-
an
membranes. brought about on the skin, and mucous The production of active perspirationby drinking hot Tea is of heat famiHar the relief to the oppressive sense fact ; and a in summer weather thing is well known ; by doing the same in the sensible, and insensible perspiration, increase is caused an the skin surface latent by free of the heat near rendering much evaporation,and thus powerfullycoolingthe skin. Tea depends for its main quaUty on the alkaloid theine which it furnishes, and There for its fragrance,on the volatile oils in the leaves. were two originalvarieties of the plant, Thea Chinensis, and Thea efEect is
"
Assamica
;
starches
into
than
the
good
a
latter is found
China
the
by
sugar
Tea.
Cocoa
Tea, Coffee, and results
and
dextrin
retard
to
extended
The within
the
saUva,
food-
powerfully
more
in this country
use
last two
Roberts) which
(says Sir Wm.
of the
conversion
has
centuries
evidence
of
led to
manifestlyproves together progress,
national injurious. A continued that the addition to show with an increasingascendency, serve to our of so dietary, has important and peculiar a nutriment improved our type of intellect by betteringthe pabulum of the quite feasible to brain, and nervous system ; indeed, it seems therefrom trace change in the mental an upward, and onward calibre,especiallyof the working classes, within the last three increased precisionin an generations. There is to be observed mental operations,which has led to an improved criticism ; also not
are
a
rise, and
industrial all the
epoch
progress
arts,
more
of the
and
art
of the
literature,which
practicallystood Southey tells suggestive! one grandmother who made have
"
first
portionof
it in
a
wherein
kettle, and the
Tea ate
that
within
still ;
dependent
the
this brief
coincidence
ever
came
lay."
to
Penrith.
butter, and
"
least
is at
story of his friend's of the party sittingdown the
the leaves, with
attraction
of the
epoch than in world ; whereas during the same the imagination, depend more upon
perhaps
so
preceding ages
sciences, and
exact
great to
the
They boiled
salt,wondering
683
TEA.
Much
lias been
injuriousefieots on gastric Teas. so digestionof the tannin contained abundantly in many It has been allegedthat meat-fibre is hardened by Tea, and that, "pari passu, the coats of the stomach liable to be similarly are Leather is,no impaired ; but such views are entirelytheoretical. is not substance doubt, a very tough, indigestible ; but meat-fibre of the becomes tanned, and the coats gelatin like that which dead not membrane. As a fact, meat-fibre are living stomach in Tea ; on the contrary, it swells up nearly as does not harden of Tea medium freely in acidulated strength as in simple acidulated If it be wished minimize the inhibitory water. to action of Tea the digestionof starches, instead of directing on should be infused three that the Tea for only two minutes, or be to make it weak, and use it sparingly; also the plan should drink
to "
And
asserted
with
it,not
the
the meal, but
device
another
about
after the meal the
towards
has been
especiallyfor
end,
same
eaten.
of feeble Roberts, digestive powers," says Sir Wm. persons bonate "is to introduce into the tea-pot with the Tea a pinch of bicar-
efiect of Tea
(two
or
be
can
than
avoided can
you
of the
poured
says
of three
:
so
much
is less tannic than
after
of
table-waters
leaf.
The
theine
known
is
so
less after
find
an
Dr.
this an
R.
matter.
infusion
five than
after
increase, for by then
matters
soluble
some
substance
But
after
dissolved
if
;
the
pounded sugar." acid
tannin
tannin, in the
of tannin
heap
five, and
but
the
This
differently about
somewhat
There
minutes
little
a
beyond that one does not practicallythe whole of the soluble from
Tea
on
without
Tea
substances
soluble
most
on
like
teaches "
;
alkaline
commercial
have more can no you alcohol. wine without have
one
is
water
Hutchison
ten
mitigatingeffects
the
;
instantlydissolves He
deterrent
well worth
are
free state, is hot
of the
the
Besides it is reallya bearing in mind. that by infusing Tea for only a short time to suppose three minutes) the passing of the tannin into the infusion
wines,
delusion
digestion;
of soda, and
bicarbonate on
starch
on
completely obviate
will
soda, which
of
that
have
been
it is
extracted
all practically
immediately infusion has begun." In Oxfordshire a Company has been formed of late for making from the tannin shall chemically remove which small tablets Ceylon, (which furnish Teas, particularlythose of India, and exceptionallystrong, tannin largely,so that infusions thereof are of these tablets,if dropped and harmfuL) It is said that one dissolved
out
of the leaf
684
into the teapot, will
the injurious counteract effectually astringent confer the pleasure of Tea-drinking without
and principle,
thus
penalty gelatinewith
attached
any
of
reagent the
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
thereto.
The
tablet
alkaline
salts ; and, as which it at once
tannin,
is
combination
a
gelatineis
the
detects, and
of
chemical
neutralizes,
faith in its efficacy for making justifies possible,and safe, to all digestions.The
of this tablet
use
of Tea
drinking Sir Andrew remarks
Clarke, who his
to
class
of
Tea, (which he styled Indian
it
growth
disturbance
dietist,in students, told them, with was
"
noted
a
blessed
a
produces
in
reference "
kind
a
persons
late
clinical
some
beverage "), that
some
the
to
when
of
of
nervous
which
"to
is very Tea," said he, painful to witness. be useful,should first of all be black China Tea ; the Indian
Tea
which
is
effects upon
cultivated
being
the
of it taken
cup
of
state
the
for
its
in the centres
nervous
Tea-intoxication, which
require Tea you shall refresh without
yourselves, which China
a
in
powerful
so
do) so upsets
persons a
become
that
system
nervous
earlymorning (as many to as actually induce If distressingto see. black
has
it is
patients,or
your
harm, get any the old-fashioned
doing
Tea, putting in the rightmeasure,
"
teaspoonfulfor each person, and one for the blessed pot ; then on boilingwater, and within five mimites you must pour pour instead of good." it off again,or it will become wicked In Italy, Greece, and Tea is some parts of the East, where and used never habitually, it is comparatively unknown, when anybody feels ill,with indefinite symptoms, to customary the druggist. Its action on persons send for a dose of Tea from to be who do not drink the infusion as a regularthing,appears speciallypotent in arrestingearlysigns of fever, with headache, Founder of the Koyal Count and Eomford, general malaise. Institution, has is the
told of the
mainstay "
breakfast,
how
of bread
unwholesome infusion
He
of
woodcutters, and
their
but
this
Tea,
drug,
"
as
with
drunk
the
drunk
good too
ordinary
classes
most
of
stomachs, and
their
When
:
of
lower
which
that
all respects to the
butter, or
it is not
"
soup.
drench
and
"
burnt
which
adds
sugar,
and
all, when ;
with
this island
quantity of
and, above
Bavarian
Tea,
inhabit who persons their constitutions."
allowance
the
prepare
preferablein infinitely
pernicious wash.
sufficient
to
Tea cream,
is taken and
toast, and
hot,
with
those ruin
with a
a
large
boiled
eggs, less it is certainly
usuallytake it, a simple boiling hot, is undoubtedly a poor
"
"
MEALS
686
base
"
still lower
leaves
of the
"
Congou used
shoot
MEDICINAL.
yield
to
entirelydisappearedfrom of the that
are
For
black
until
the
Tea
and
the
hot
For
in
sweated
next
first
to
of the
come
(not
milk, connoisseurs), is addition
of
matter
of the
of the
Tea
or
then
rolled, and
in
be
be
well
of
Teas.
and
rolled
sun,
is
so
developed,
less soluble to
withered
are
withered ;
in
again, thus
the
form.
brews
maintained.
because
the
some
does
Sugar
adds
freshly
first warmed,
outrage in the
down
throw
to
is of the
have
teapot be
an
beverage, but
the
ferment,
to
is infused
the
commended,
All second
value.
unblended
aerated, and
may
(though
insoluble
an
Tea
hard), and
tends
end
below
slowly roasted
in which
water
too
leaves
whole
is fermented.
cream,
to
milk
wholesomeness nutritive
fresh
boiling temperature
the
that
the
almost
leaves
bitterness
afterwards
it should
;
boil
the
the
Tea
Tea
green
importance
the
the
near
now
the
allowed
produced, some
are
bags, and
character
The
China
in
balls, and
Fahrenheit,
is that
difierence
into
green
160^
at
pans
withered
has
partiallyoxidized, becoming
is
extent.
ome
In
Souchongs are
oils
tannin
Bohea," which
Pekoes, and are
leaf
coarser
Pekoe, while
made
the essential
yet
a
form
to
leaves
then
"
commerce.
goes
Souchong.
mashy,
that
so
shoot
young
; while
The
albuminous
of the tannic
acid
increase
the
not
considerablyto be
should
of
eyes
its
avoided, because
of the leaves has been alreadyextracted. every useful constituent from A Jesuit who China, instructed Sir Kenelm came Digby,
"that
1645, you
can
the
on
the
sing
alkaloids
rise
to
and
urates
gout, and
very
should
stand
not
leisurely ;
and
longer than then be poiired
cups."
the
authority on
of Tea,
being excreted, mischievous
Miserere
modern
a
infused
when
the in
sugar
Haig,
Dr.
Tea
cofiee, and thrown
out
rheumatism,
prevent uric acid from
cocoa
of
protests that
the
body
; insomuch
accumulate
therefrom
in the
rheumatic
attacks.
But
that
blood, giving
his
conclusions
probably from a peculiarpersonal experience rather than of generalapplicabiUty; at any rate, other observers arrived at diiierent conclusions from his. He finds (inhis have own case) that Tea (dry Ceylon),when drunk, furnishes as much hundred and one seventy-fiveparts (in a thousand) of uric as More acid, or xanthin. ruthlesslyis it declared, in The New is a rank Tea poison, Hygiene as a Drugless Treatment, that from which fact is evident experiments on animals ; a strong formed
thus
are
"
TEA.
decoction in
of green Tea inferior animals."
the
exhaustive
(or its extract) will speedilydestroy life Fraser concluded, after careful and "
experiments,that
both
peptic digestionin the stomach, aid
to
687
Tea
digestionof eggs (the the generation of gases ;
increases
preferredfor flatulent
subjects.
of foods, whilst
power
; but
white), and and
Tea
reduces
to retard
cofEee
seems
whilst
ham,
therefore
increases
cocoa
cofiee tend
intestines
and
the
and
Tea
cofiee is to
the
it, and
be
acid-absorbing is therefore
the
acid appropriate beverage for patients sufferingfrom and cofiee are to be avoided indigestion. Tea (particularly), as meals, which accompaniments to meat require much peptic digestion(in stomach, and intestines)."Tea-tasters insist that more
the
the
moment
poured in the when
the
on
leaves
cups. cloud cold, and milk
this
way.
the
inside
had
berries when time value
Tea
find that
commonly
one
adding milk, or sugar, of sherry; whilst no drowsiness, and wakefulness
accustomed
will be fear
is to
diminution
for
a
in
noted
four
that ;
years
the after
is not
to
be
clouds
as
a
be
to
up
a
known. sufficiently sedentary occupation,
Tea, made the
apprehended time
spirit.Tea,
or
is to
as stimulating
as
liquid,just never
so,
cupfulsof cold
two
or
imbibing wine,
age
beverage
a
as
others
by
syrupy
ring forms on liquidtouches ; this Teas, and rarelywith
or
RespectingCofiee,it
and
Literary men,
after
hour
get cold
to
become
Tea
the top of the cup where It is never with China seen
of cold
boil it shall be
of the
China
but an
improve green deteriorate. they
the
Teas
surface
;
for
standing
Darjeeling Teas.
as
put in
Indian
of the
is the tannin.
The
and
the
over
to
comes
infusioti is allowed
the
Ceylon,
been
After
kettle
then
;
several
though
which
in the
water
of
the
same
of
quantity subsequent
working
coffee,tend
and
without
to
power, cause
alcohol, on the other hand, in the second stage of its effects,tends to lethargy, and the promotion of sleep. Old Tony Weller (inPichwick) said respectinghis wife, landlady of the recently deceased, as Marquis of Granby," and when ;
"
to
her
that laid
way a
Alice
with
use
to
of
the
King
begun
bread
and
at
my
the
Tea "
Wonderland
She
:
latterly'cept on
I hadn't the
"
of Tea
foundation in
voice, and
late
to
in
urges
trembling
a
'
trial, I'm
tea,
butter
little of
wery
Hatter
Mad
the
the
anything in Temperance nights,ven they just In put the sperritsa top on." took
not
above
a
poor a
your
man,
week,
gettingso thin, and
or
so
the
;
Majesty, and
what
twinkling of
688
MEALS
the
'
Tea" with
began dunce
a
'
?
'
Chocolate
twinkling of
The
the
beginswith a
'
MEDICINAL.
what
'
?
said '
Tea,' the Hatter rephed. T,' said the King sharply ;
Go
!
on
the
was
the
Of
'
King. take
you
breakfast
usual
in the
beverage
and
suffered
Swift, who
allowinghim
drink
to
of the
later." small
deafness, and his
that
beer
"
in
their
However,
the
each
at
frequent severe
meal.
vertigo
physicianforbade
green Tea, and Tea had become
only
century
same
drank
Wesley
from
hours
two
therewith, writes
connected
middle
Tea
green of John
simple family
for
early part the fops
eighteenth century ; thus The Tatler tells that their Chocolate in their dressing-gowns, served
bedrooms,
me
'"
of the had
It
twinkling
course
do
'
coffee.
Bohea,
About
common
the
among
all
"
beggars might be seen when Country girls, they sought situations drinking their Tea. Tea have twice a day." in Ijondon, bargained that they must who have read Boswell's Those Life of Dr. Johnson will persons classes.
Hanway
remember
what,
Tea-drinker
relates
to
his
use
he
was
;
'
that
even
"
words,
own
hardened, and
a
less shame-
rarely did he let his kettle get cooL
evening,solaces my midnight, in the morning.' and welcomes me Lady McLeod, a fashionable in her Diary that the learned Doctor of the period,wrote dame frequentlyquaffedsixteen cups when he was spending the evening '
Tea,' said he,
me
amuses
in the
"
"
with four
her ; and Mrs. in the morning
talk, and bowl
his filling
instead
of
an
Piozzi
records
listeningto
cups
for him.
ordinary cup,
it that
the
she has
up
until stilted
clever, but
Doctor's
She
sat
suggestedhis usinga
once
whereupon
he
desired
to
know
'
Oh ! to save yourself doing this. Doctor ! The bered rememtrouble. Doctor,' she replied, not me with when in his early days drinking Tea Garrick, Peg Woffington made it, and (so Garrick grumbled) made it as red blood.' De Tea," wrote as Quincey (1821), though it is in their nervous ridiculed are naturally coarse by those who not become from wine- drinking,and are so sensibilities,or are susceptibleof influence from so refined: a stimulant, yet it will always be the favourite beverage of the" intellectual ; and for in a helium internecinum part I would have joinedDr. Johnson my against Jonas Hanway, or any other impious person who should is aware have Surely everyone presumed to disparage it." what
her
was
reason
for
'
'
'
"
"
"
"
of the at
four
divine
pleasures which
o'clock, warm
attend
hearthrugs,Tea,
winter
a a
fireside ;
fair Tea-maker,
candles shutters
TEA
689 .
closed, curtains
flowing in ample draperieson the floor, whilst the wind and the rain are raging audibly without." The earliest known teapot (belongingto the Earl of Bristol) dates from 1697. At first the new of drunk out beverage was silver bowls, and China the so
afterwards
Teapots
cups.
cups
at
first
strong
as
at
when
asked
Madam Boswell
and
mention held
some
which
from
the
then
Holland.
infusion
from
Probably made
not
was
generallytook, replied, Cups, by cups ! Pots, Madam, pots." Dr. which to a teapot belonged
of
two
years
Another
quarts. Mrs.
at
ago
reputed
was
"
he
many cups don't reckon
and
purchased
smaller, and
were
and
cups,
present. Hartley Coleridge,a great Tea-drinker,
makes
Johnson,
earthen
introduced
were
how I
!
from
be
to
teapot of his was sale, at Streatham,
Piozzi's
the
he
one
usually employed,
of old Oriental was holding more quarts ; porcelain,painted, and gilded. His consumption of Tea was prodigious,beyond all precedent ; he professedto have drunk Tea sixteen cost five-and-twenty cups at a sitting. China Great ladies set the fashion of a shillings pound at that time. It was sipping it in dainty cups of the finest Oriental China. in the eighteenth century to put the spoon custom a common than
in the
as
cup
that
one
cup
too
to
milk
much
term
"
sweet
For
finest Tea
or
Pectoral
Tea
eight parts ; three one
parts part.
;
A
or {Tricolor),
head,
or
tincture
medicinal
a
tincture," and "
;
he
uses
draught, so
Austin
Dobson
as
wrote
say.
and
curds, and whey. it called (she Tay ), '
infused
was
it
;
anise, two
'
common
one
beverage known composed of marsh
was
a
as
Breast
mallow
Tea,
leaves,
liquorice, parts ; Eussian mullein, two parts ; and orris,
leaves, four parts
;
petalsof the wild violet pansy, is invariablycurative of the scaldin small of children if given weak, and three times a day ; to two tablespoonfuls)
made
milk-crust
quantities(from
"
a
signifying Household,
ratafia."
coltsfoot
tea
"
as
the
traditions
conserves,
And
there
of
;
"
For
Formerly
were
way
volume
Tea
dilute
not
renowned,
was
of
of
desired
eighteenth century lady :
famous
She
old
then
was
another
an
speaks
Tea
more
forbidding flavour.
its true
concerning a
made
was
In
drink
the
no
saucer
must
though
as
conceal
that
Tea.
writer
the
Recipes (1776) says this
in the
finished
had
it
indication
an
the
turning up
three
with
the
dried
44
690
MEALS
also
whilst
using
for
bathing
wild
violet
MEDICINAL
other
some
affected
the
contains
of
portion
stronger violet-tea
a
scalp externally.This
parts of the
"
special medicinal
a
If
preferred,the herb, slowly in milk for two
fresh, or
whether hours
as
a
dried,
with the strong water poulticemade Dutch the scalp. The people appliedover of them
some
of
Devon,
stuff
their
with
are
luxury ; be
to
Virtuous
not
"
is said
bewitched, the
now
In
and
order
of
be
choice
Tea
of
! thou nose
generositymarks
more
as
cup of Tea, or addest not a blush
;
a
of violets
and
drefful
their
keeping speech
wishee-washee
there a
a
by the Duchess
medicament at
to
wrinkle
softness, and
the
than
all
disagreed, kindly host
the
infusion.
of chamomile
a
thy path
and
Tay begridged." Afternoon the day all over England, had
is held
of valour, not
;
In the peasant "
boiled
improve
season,
introduced
were
France, Tea
to
often
to have just eaten seems remaining imperfectlydigested,then
tint to the
a
the
tea
infusion
if the dinner
will offer the "
Tay
originat Belvoir, and
of Bedford.
or
"
weak
in
Tea in the caddy.
the
'tez water
:
teas, which
a
blossoms
by collectingorange
be
may
nutritive
more
bread
Tea
violin."
principle,
cheek
of
to the brow
sweetness
are
beauty, of age ; in thy
train." The
national
beverage
of
the
South
American
populations
is
Paraguay Tea, infused from the dried, and powdered leaves of the Ilex Paraguaiensis,this beverage being the sole stay and stimulant of the working classes there. It is best drunk hot infusion as a bombilla," through a metal tube, or very without of milk, and admixture any sugar, though it is then bitter. Other persons, especially workmen, inbibe it as an infusion Workmen tereri. as prepared with cold water, when it is known this drink with them wherever they go, and from time to carry time have sipsof it, therefrom acquiring always fresh energy. "
The much
percentage less than
of
theine, and
that contained
oil in this leaf is very leaf,or the coffee berry.
of volatile in the Tea
whilst invigorating,and sustaining powers, from those conferred differing by Tea, and cofiee, are found to be of the Moreover, a long-continued use superior thereto. Yerha Mati, or Paraguay Tea, does not entail any harmful efiects. Its infusion is pronounced by Dr. Herbert Walker, of Uruguay, best of the very one Surgeon to the Buenos Hospital,to be of has cases aperients existing." He employed it in many chronic constipationotherwise intractable, and has foimd it to
Nevertheless,
the
"
691
TEA.
"
be
sheet-anchor
a
far,
so
fail in
to
seen
bowels."
under
"
Again,
concomitant
In
such, conditions, which
producing
bilious
of
cases
never,
evacuation
of the
dyspepsia, and
all the
normal
a
has
he
of
headache, vomiting, lassitude, etc., wonders Paraguayan Tea has simply worked ; besides increasing intestinal secretion, and of function, it has a decidedly energy symptoms
efiect
powerful
in the
taken it
as
and
early morning
followed
by
mates
desired, should the
from
is
excellent
a
remedy
the
skilful chef
edibles
and
divine,
the
months, or
vivid has
would
be
to
could
late
"
"
that
oysters, and
His
big
dishes perfectly-devised
most
going down."
school. Professor
same
smell.
of taste, or
sense
Stanley.
Dean
epicure: they
an
feel
rheumatism.
for
said
the
more, Further-
more."
or
is
Paraguay Tea, infused, and gourd, through a long reed,
the
fever, and
what
drunk, another
the top of which
on
highly-esteemed
Dean
Stanley
Dean of
in
be
hot
patient in the meantime practice,if a lasting cure
pumpkin,
no Abbey, Hare, Augustus
to
were
that
should
mates
as
the
for two
had
cousin, Mr. of
small
well-known,
of Westminster
This
declare
a
dozen
be
it should
stomach, and
empty
milk,
consumed,
action
proper
an a
hot
exercise.
natives
up
The
on
be continued
sucked an
be
to
are
For
About
glassof
a
taking walking
buns
liver.
be well borne.
can
dozen
the
on
the
were
Jowett,
only
eminent
Another
similarly
was
breakfasting together. Tea being the beverage they both preferred,though why.it is difficult to say. However, on this occasion they had been talking,and Tea-drinking freely,taking no less than eight lifted the teapot to Jowett, during a pause, apiece,when cups to discover himself another out cupful, and then chanced pour that all the while it had been forgotten to put any Tea in." constituted
The a
"
and
Funeral
funeral
will not room,
;
the
Tea
"
have
a
always
included.
John
the
two
when
big tea,
with
once
were
life. After
great feature of Yorkshire
a
the
house
them, repairto
accommodate and
is
company,
anyhow, Chinese
it is said
a
sometimes
who
Wesley,
leaf, recommended
mourners
neighbouring refreshment and
knife
a
of
abundance
an
chief
of the
cakes,
fork
and
Sage
tea
as
a
;
dainties to
the
substitute.
In
strongly opposed
was
tea
the far East was Tea from revolutionary days, when brewed was by the stalwart New boycotted, Liberty tea also from strawberry Englanders from the four-leaved loose-strife,
American
"
"
leaves, currant
leaves, and
ribwort
;
whilst
"
'
"
Hyperion tea,'
692
MEALS
Mrs.
says
"
Earle,
economy
iinbrewed
One
such
Tea,
delicate,and
raspberry leaves, very
of Mr.
establish
to
was
from
was
excellent."
most
MEDICINAL.
efforts in social practical Tea-shop,for the sale of
Rusldn's
in London
a
shop being
unpretentious place
an
His object was to supply Tea Paddington Street. and in any at cost-price, quantity from a quarter established were upwards. Two old family servants sell the Tea. to weigh, and But the experiment was
the
to
of
an
in
poor ounce
shop
in the
complete failure ; and, as Mr. Ruskin himself wrote, the poor only hke to the place is brilliantly buy their Tea where lighted, and He debated he should whether erect a elegantly ticketed." signboard, in "blue, and white" (Chinese),"black, and gold" and (Japanese), or (English). rose, green a
"
"
"
"
A
child
vivere
tecum
is said to
possum
:
sine
neo
Oh, then, I suppose THROAT
have
He
GLAND
has
OF
flesh of the "
egg
with
His
her
mother, who
for dinner. have
dinner
in
bright smile,
a
tea
The
!
"
(See Sheep).
THYROID.
SHEEP.
THRUSH.
The
an
:
te."
innocently asked was teaching her good things, what God has mother answered seriouslythat God does not Heaven, whereupon the little body said, with "
small
die, te, deoedente, canebo
veniente
Te, Non
{See Bikds, Small).
Song Thrush,
or
Throstle, is excellent
for
a
weak
myrtle berries it helps the dysentery, other fluxes of the belly." Its notes, of flute-like melody, and full of rich cadences, clear, and are deep." The food of the is chieflyinsects. "Around the head of spring," Song Thrush Swan the choristers 1643), quoth Master (Specidum Mundi, of the resounding woods do then begin to tune their sugared to the morn." to the day, and music throats, biddinggood morrow of In former Roman times patrician ladies reared thousands Thrushes yearly for the market, and further sold the manure digestion.
Roasted
with
"
"
therefrom dishes
for
the
composed
land.
of these
Men birds
ruined for
themselves
their
guests. for
prescribed a
Thrush
there
be
sale in all Rome
LucuUus
Aviary
not
had
one scores
of Varro's
to
found
of them aunt
was
for
in his one
of
But
procuring when
the
incitingappetite,
physician of Pompey was
in
private Aviary. the sightsof Rome.
;
meantime
The
Thrush Hannah
694
meal or
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
whether
;
fruit,he
the
the
But
physically,and fresh
air in the
foods
authenticated
the
is
can.
the
present day
strictlya
has
solder
no
of
the
the
envelopewith the each can being sucked
inside
an
that
cans
carelessness
is used
tin
been
never
one
any to
of canned
of millions
there
attributed
traced, and
At
consumer.
but
case
be
not
York, U.S., hundreds
annually, but of poisoning by
consumed
are
could
and he still lives to tell nothing more, he was actively engaged all the time, both mentally, except when asleep ; and he breathed of every for the twenty-four hours day, open
In New
night."
and
fish, fowl, vegetable, meat,
were
that, and
ate
tale.
contents
of the a
tin,
in vacuo, ; if these
contents
inwards by the ends of does not ends are springy,or bulge outwards, then the vacuum the contents, be thrown exist, and being spoilt,must away. of old The Epicure (December, 1903) tells a true lady an story she supped at of tinned foods. Once who had a pious horror which friend's house, partaking of an entree mended speciallycoma as
shown
"
itself to its
for
admired
the old
lady
occur,
her
where canned
from
But
she
resolved
to
ask
a
home,
went
and
shattered
attack, which confirmed
that
taste, insomuch
fortnightelapsed before she could see her the request ; then an explanation ensued ;7" urge abomination ! tinned a Incontinently dainty was
recipe.
friend, and the
her
took
her
to
the
with
a
more strength, and improbably other
prejudices." Not the imagination has produce than
her bed
more
to
answer
comestible
gastric
severe
than such
ever
instances
for in illness
itself.
TOBACCO.
In
no
sense
can
Tobacco
be
considered
a
medicinal
food, yet
subsidiary agent it merits our passing notice Detailed in these particularsregarding its qualities pages. length in Kitchen Physio. (good, and bad) are given at some Burton Tobacco," wrote (in his Divine, rare, super-excellent when herb is a virtuous of Melancholy, 1676), Anatomy medicinally used ; but as taken in smoke, hellish,devilish,and far herb damned." This beyond all their panaceas, goes potable gold, and philosopher'sstones ; a sovereign remedy herb if it to all diseases ; a good vomit, I confesse ; a vertuous be well qualified,opportunely taken, and medicinally used ; take it as abused which but as it is commonly by most men, as
a
most
useful
"
"
"
TOBACCO.
tinkers
695
do
ale, 'tis a plague,a mischief,a violent purger of goods, of body, and soul" lands, and health, the ruine, and overthrow In stories told
about
smokers
C. S.
opinion,humorously conveyed "
How
Calverleyhas given it
as
his
:
"
they who use fusees by slow degrees as chimpanzees, Meagre as lizards ;
All grow Brainless
Go
mad,
and
beat
their
wives.
Plunge (after shocking lives) Razors, and carving-knives Into their gizzards." Eecent
in
of Tobacco
powers
have
experiments
diseases
but
fauces
;
resist
the
the
other
inside
microbes
of the
antiseptic
of
destroyed (ifinhaled) by
permeate
that
concerning the
smokers, that the microbes
become
products which
shown,
the
smoker's
(notably those
tious infec-
some
nicotine
mouth,
and
of
diphtheria) products, these microbes Thus continuing to be virulent, and morbidly active. habitual smokers, without those doctors who are certainly excess, of several of the infectious a acquire measure protectionagainst which diseases But the to encounter. they are 'called upon nicotine
evil effects who
at
poisonous
Tobacco
of
the
odours,
constituent
the
in
indulge of
Tobacco
intensified
are
time
same
and
in
immoderate
alcoholic
Tobacco-smoke
drinks.
smokers The
chief
is
pyridin, and not nicotine, this pyridin being a poisonous base more readily dissolved be by alcohol than by water. Pyridin bases can of an immoderate smoker, especially readilytraced in the mouth in a smoker of cigars. An alcoholic drink is therefore calculated this poisonous oil, and it into the out to carry to quickly wash and definite stomach then absorption of the poison ensues, ; toxic
symptoms
pyridin bases unitedly in the
or
should time
abstain as
when
which
occur,
alone, manner
from
making
to
as
a
free
the
not
any use
so
combined
indicated.
now
taking
due
are
of
form
of Tobacco. "
much
to
action
Smokers, alcohol At
at a
alcohol, of
both
therefore, the
dinner
same
given
Aborigines Club," New by the York, after the repast there was supplied,according to the menu, flavoure ; blackened drink of Savages, hotte, and with sweet a of which smelleth also coyles of a most strange herbe, ye smoak smelle ; ye menne doe be wyth such a magikal, and grevous strucken merryment, and laughter, smoakynge it. wyih rare to Mr. recentl}"-
"
Beerbohm
Tree
696
MEALS
and
telle
tayles,and
MEDICINAL.
songs
wh'
whiff
at
they telle not, nor synge not unto or bysshopes." In Shakespeare's day the wyves, During the leadingtobacconists taught pupils how to smoke. thousand Tobacco 1614 there were seven shops in, and near year often adulterated with London alone. The fragrant weed was lees of sack, and oil,whilst kept moist by burying it in gravel To learn how when to blow out wrapped up in greasy leather. the smoke in balls, and of rings,was indispensableto all men Some fashion. pupils would brag of being able to take three of Canary, and then take horse so as whiffs, drink three cups evolve
to
the
Staines, and
synge
smoke, the
one
third
the
Hounslow,
second
at
lover a Bagshot. John Milton was of choice Tobacco, smoking a pipe thereof at night after a frugal of bread, and olives,with a draught of pure springwater ; supper which about fare there clingsa flavour of the happy days he had the passed with a refined hterary circle in Italy. It was wish of Charles devout Lamb, May my last breath be drawn with But ! a through a pipe, and exhaled actually, pun the at Edward in letter to end, according to a Fitzgerald, Pollock There was (May, 1842), Charley Lamb, crazy, poor drunk, and making puns all his life,dying with a vision of roast turkey in his head." is smoked Coltsfoot Tobacco by rustics in some English country places. This is a coarse powder formed from the leaves Coltsfoot of the common {Tussilago farfara). Smoking it will certainlyrelieve the difficult breathing of old bronchitis. Likewise, the leaves of the Mullein, or Hedge-taper (Verbascum for smoking, particularly in Ireland, thapsus),are highlyesteemed against the troublesome cough of consumptive disease, whilst the whole plant, boiled in milk, and strained, is given as a at
"
"
"
"
"
curative
drink.
This
because
Lung-wort," diseases
of
with
yellowish
a
the
together with If smoked
in
an
completely control most
parts
of
said
some
of
Mullein its
bears
supposed
animal.
volatile
The
the
title
remedial leaves-
"
Bullocks'
virtues contain
in
lung mucilage,
oil, a
fatty substance, and sugar, colouringmatter large,and woolly. ; they are ordinary tobacco pipe, these dried leaves will the hacking cough of consumption. Throughout Ireland, the Mullein
for the herb steady demand by in the Irish Constantly, newspapers, its it for and leaves can sale, offering
a
also
is cultivated
sufferers there be
had
from are
because this
of
disease.
advertisements from
all the
local
697
TOBACCO.
druggists. For
administeringin milk,
view, the old Irish method
is to
put
an
object in
similar
a
of the
ounce
correspondingquantity of the same of new milk, boilingit then for ten is given straining.This medicament
or
with
leaves,
dried
fresh,into a pint minutes, and afterwards whilst
a
patienttwice
the
to
warm
is of the decoction The taste day, with, or without sugar. cordial. The herb bland, mucilaginous, and freely in grows England on dry banks, and waste places,having a thick stalk, from eighteen inches to four feet high, with large woolly leaves, and a long flower-spike, bearingyellow flowers, which are nearly sessile on the stem. Another of the plant is common name Hedge-taper, or formerly,Torch, because the stalks were dipped in suet, and burnt for givinglightat funerals, and other gatherings. Adam's Again, other popular titles of the Mullein are a
"
Flannel," "
and
"
Staff," Jupiter's
Hare's
beard
sides of the
both
of disease
"
Velvet
(in allusion Mullein
leaves).
germs,
"
also
oil is
twice
service
of admirable
best
pepper "
the same
most
headache,
smoke
plants
poison
potent
dreams
forms
the affected
ear
also
;
the
of
leaves
pressed into kind a ganjah are
"
The
their of
Swedes
so
Bahamans
adopt
inveterate cancer
mind
cascarilla ;
whilst
of
users
of
American sumach
to
with
and
for their is
found dried
Indian pipes. poisonous. The
(Allspice)Tobacco, African
the
"
of Central
South
for
prepare
natives
tongue.
potato
used
Indians
body.
Jamaica
In
unfortunate
the
the
Tobacco
mountain
but
solution
strong
a
is
effects
and
mind,
tomato,
leaf, and
onset,
its seductive
bark, with
Pimento
the
the
smoking service. Indian hemp, is
called, is lobelia
Tobacco,"
the
smoke
growing in the Alps. The holly leaves, willow bark, and
health, and
saturated
smoked
be
to
at
and
wood-shavings
purpose.
causes
destroyer
againstsome
drops into
thirst ; repetitionfearfullydisastrous
by
Indians
and
produces beautiful
severe
a
become
of
known,
which
Opium, leaves
valuable
most
on
day.
a
The
a
Lungs,"
Cuddle's
dense, woolly hairs
the
to
few deafness, by simply instilling a
of
"
Dock,"
effect upon America are which
natives
often become
curiouslyaffected by smoking dried leaves of the Camphor plant, which presentlybringon a state of trembling drivel,with causeless Americans incoherent babbhng. South fright,weeping, and take resort to stramonium (thorn-apple)leaves, which lead on to
convulsions, and
death.
698
MEALS
Tobacco, from to be extracted
Dr.
by
when
nearly 98
and
nothing to be reallythe case
If this be
the
late in this
"
much
cigaretteshave
Tea
be done
may
izing revolution-
towards
safe, irreproachableTobacco.
been
put into
is rendered
by
use
some
with
country, being made
leaf); which
is said
state, has been
raw
of
manufacture
of tlie nicotine
cent
per
recentlyintroduced he adds, The cigarsprepared in this desired as regards flavour, and aroma."
in tbe
Kissling;
E.
leave
way
whicli
MEDICINAL.
damp
green tea that the leaves
so
of persons (the unbroken become
may
cylinders,but not wet enough The to. ajGEect the paper. cigarettesare then laid by for a few the feelingof one in the mouth is peculiar, days ; afterwards but the flavour is not so disagreeableas might be supposed ;
pliablefor stuffinginto
the
effect
on
If the but
tyro is
a
take
to
hold
the
inhahng
and
away,
stage lasts
recovery
long
the
be
cannot
as
is to take
craving for
as
by at
the the
a
for cup
thickened
a
one
smoke
opium victim
try
the
a
tea
smoke
to
a
of
sense
continues. fiend is of
a
or
a
position dis-
sit down.
to
cigaretteagain ; cigarette, thickening passes second
exhilaration, which
of immense
hours, and of tea.
head, with
for support,
will not
attempts
by
nauseated
looked
he
deeply, then
is succeeded
inflicted
the agony overtakes
and
smoke
of
something
here
sits down,
paper
sense
a
of
beginner stops
if he
the
But
shadow
subsequently to
that
which
tea
cigarettes.Food
yet the
first step towards
the
Then
an
hour
afterwards
comes
(Tobacco) cigarette. (putting aside such innocent growths as the leaves of garden rhubarb, beet, and sage),ordinary Tobacco into the pipes (with all its disadvantages)which finds its way of Europe, is reallythe least harmful indulgencefor the smoking which is so habit widespread, and so alluring. In several of Tobacco use smoking eruptive sldn diseases the moderate of the be decidedly useful, by allaying irritability to seems cutaneous nerves. Similarly for obviating constipationof the fibres bowels will serve to relax the muscular a morning smoke thus bringing of the intestinal walls, and of the fundament, about stool after breakfast, and clearingthe decks for an easy the late the day. Charles Lamb, writing about himself as Elia in his last Essays, has said : He was temperate in his meals, and diversions,but always kept a little on this side of abstemiousness. Only in the use of the Indian weed he might be thought a little excessive. He took it, he would say, as a a
After
a
all, therefore
"
"
"
699
TOMATO.
solvent
of
speech. Marry ! how his prattlewould curl up which were tongue-tied him proceeded a statist."
the
as
ascended,
friendly vapour
sometimes
with
loosened,
it !
The
the
and
ligaments stammerer
TOMATO.
Lyco-persicum(" Wolf's
")
Peach
is the
Tomato, passion-rousing
a
fruit of
flavour, wihch
peculiarsubacid
a
somewhat Of such
by
laxative, and extensive
use
all classes, that
native
South
of
as
a
it needs
America,
bearing
for
is the
gouty
persons.
nowadays
Tomato
here. literarydescription
no
the
is anti-scorbutic, whilst
nutritious, except
vegetablefood
of
name significant
The
succulent, brilliantly red, polished, furrowed, attractive fruit in every and is familiar a on greengrocer's window, many streets, green-stuff,especiallyin crowded has which for purchase by working people. Much of the favour attached become to this ruddy vegetableproduction is due to a widespread impressionthat it is good for the liver,and corrective known fruit was as of biliarydisorders. At first the Tomato Mda MUofica," or the Apple of the moors," which therefore This name was bore an Italian designation, Pomei dei mori." d'amour," and thence Pommes presentlyperverted in French to in English to Love-apple." In the United States of America known the Tomato 1830 until about the year was only as a (or Love-apple) contains curiosity. Chemically the Tomato
huckster's
stall
of
"
"
"
"
"
citric,and
acids ; of potash,in common
oxalate and when this
the
malic
rhubarb
of
for
with
our
gardens. As already explained vegetables,they are ill-suited on
kitchen
our
describingthese account
oxalic acid, or possesses and cultivated), sorrel (wild,
also it further
latter
persons
of
gouty
tendencies,
and
who
are
worrying oxalates of lime in the of its oxalic is the Tomato so by reason in Tomatoes attributes ; otherwise there are special qualities which The shrub which make them of purifyingvalue as food. bears this fruit contains sulphur largely,of which the Tomatoes partake. But nothing exists of the two poisonous alkaloids by the stem, and leaves) atropine,and solanine (both contained The best Tomatoes in the fruit. are supposed to grow within A gardener'shands, when training sight,or smell of the sea. disposed to the blood. Equally
formation
of
"
"
the
plants,become
thereof, which
covered
dries
on
with them
the in
clammy,
successive
greenishmoisture coats
;
when
the
700
MEALS
hands
are
water
a
before
waskeji the
MEDICINAL.
stufE
brightyellow colour, and this matter
be
can
persuade themselves as during the Tomato modern
that
ofi
comes
by degrees, dyeing
quitefour washings are
all removed.
they
season
are
;
Our
in such
never
and
vegetable has
American
with
needed
cousins
perfecthealth
ourselves
become
the
valued,
this not
paratively com-
simply
refreshing,cooling salad, or when appetizinglystewed, but as a essentially reputed antibilious article of salutarynutriment. As to any risk of contractingcancerous disease from free, or a habitual indulgencein Tomatoes, the staff of the Cancer Hospitals altogether repudiate the supposition, seeing no ground for entertainingany whatever such charge." Possibly on the old doctrine of signaturesit may have first been suggested as accusation that its frequent use for food an against the Tomato will engender cancerous disease ; since it is manifest that the fruit bears a nodulated, tumour-like aspect, whilst showing, when of red, raw, morbid, fleshystructure cut into,an appearance which diseased flesh, or tumour cancerous strongly resembles growth in the human subject. As far as scientific research into the nature, causes, of cancer and possiblecure yet pronounces, certain cellular,and molecular a perversion constitutes the dire disease, rather than any toxic, or destructive specialwork of microbes that drugs, or food principleswould seem beyond ; so the mark with curative aims. A very remarkable, and highly bears on this vital question is that the suggestivefact which within cells of malignant growths have only half that number as
a
"
themselves entire and
of
in the
"
chromosomes,"
healthy
normal "
The
plants.
bodies, which
under
aniline
which
cells of
experiment discovery has
all the
"
chromosomes
dyes. This Society by three exponents.
is found
are
take
up
been
Also
a
be
absolutely higher animals,
to
minute, the
placed further
stain before
rod-shaped of the
announcement
various
Royal is
has been highest authority, that cancer invades which detected in fishes,preciselysimilar to the cancer human field of research under beings ; which fact opens a new quite distinct conditions, and promises an important extension of knowledge about the disease. Chemically, also, in addition to the acids already named, the now.
Tomato matter
made,
the
on
contains which
saccharin, some
a
volatile oil,with
is very fragrant,a mineral salts,and
a
brown, resinous, extractive
vegeto-mineral matter, mucoin all probabilityan alkaloid.
702
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
pathogenic (morbid)," so says Dr. Plowright,of King's Lynn. Again, other quaint poulticesrange from those
"which
of
are
bread-crumb,
and
bran,
to
mucilaginous barks and mashes; of pork ; from crushed ice to
slippery elm to slices cranberry jam; and from bubbling yeast to burning mustard, bruised cabbage leaves. and during recent Improvement in the cultivation of the Tomato first began through recognizinghow the frequent were years cases occurring of the obstructive, and increasing trouble also through a searchingenquiry into the probable appendicitis," A of this growing malady, so often fatal in its results. causes became conviction general,on highly probable grounds, that attacks the impaction of small foreign bodies depended on within the narrow mischievously lodging themselves appendixtube of the first large bowel (caecum), such, for instance, as the seeds of some diminutive vegetables,and fruits ; whereupon the from
"
"
of the
doom
tiny
seeds
market in
seeds
Tomato
which
Tomatoes, of
such
was
threatened
it contains.
There
because were
of the
at
that
large,small, and highlycoloured, a
sort.
Here
then
was
time
in the
all abounding
serious
a
numerous
situation
of Tomatoes, well as as confronting the extensive growers vegetable gardeners in general. However, the leading Tomatoproducers did not despair,but declared that if the publicdeclined Tomato to eat a containing seeds, they would grow a Tomato without seeds ; and they did, not utterly and entirely free from seeds, but with so few as to justifythe assertion of the in producing a seedless originatorsthat they had succeeded restored again to popular Tomato ; whereupon this fruit became found to have favour, being now improved also in sweetness. a good naturalist, By the late Mr. Shirley Hibberd, who was ants inhabitthe cannibal asserted with seeming veracitythat it was Tomato hold in high repute a native of the FijiIslands the Solanum which anthropophagorum, and they have named Cold Missionary." which excellence with they devour par to enquirein has been known Nearer home a worthy old dame appropriatelypathetic tones at a circulatinglibraryfor Foxe's ordered Booh were sauce Chops, and Tomato of To-Martyrs. Pickwick's dinner, Bardell for Mr. be got ready by Mrs. to his unsuspecting pen letter from evidenced as by the famous Street. Gentlemen," says to the amatory landlady in GosweU Sergeant Buzfuz in his address to the Jury at the subsequent "
"
"
"
"
TOM
trial,
"
this
does
what
proceeding to add, for popular name what
therefore Tomatoes
"
are
"
Tomato
But
deceiver
base
six inches
he
intended
in diameter, and
a
"
?
size and
of remarkable
produced
now
missed
point in not tell you, not gentlemen, that the is Love-ap-ple.Is it not manifest ?
mean
I need
the
703
A TO.
weighing each
solidity, from
two running up to nearly three pounds, whilst as solid as a pieceof meat ; they defy rough weather, and remain on the market from the first early jelly: Empty pickinguntil the coming of frost. For Tomato with into Tomatoes of a a large can porcelain-lined a saucepan, ul slice of onion, a clove or two, a couple of bay leaves, a teaspoonf to
"
of
chopped
these in
on
for
simmered them
pour
and,
it
as
a
the
young before
lettuce
serve
jellyon
leaves."
ripe Tomatoes,
boil, and
the
to
come
each
if
virtues
crisp, prepared the day of fresh,
of the
may
be
fresh fruit
:
good-sized,sound,
dozen
a
earthenware
an
of Tomatoes
compote of
bed
a
quarters, and
in
them
in
better
curative
all the
from
cut
jellyis
into
turn
dish
round
delicate
A
skin
a
The
will retain the
Eemove
let them
have
Tomatoes
partly-dissolvedgelatine ; strain through bowl ; let the juice become perfectlycool,
it is wanted. which
after the
thicken, stir well,and
begins to
;
made
the
a
sufficient
hour, and
an
little sugar ; put quantity of gelatine
taste, and
a
minutes
fifteen
into
mould
"
for half
over
fine sieve
a
soak
then
;
little water
a
salt to
pepper,
green to heat
take
the
out
seeds
;
a pound of sugar to half a pint of water, a syrup and boil tillit pours thick ; then put in the Tomatoes, and bring them just to the boil, but do not allow them to go on boihng ; in a glassdish." and serve them to cool in the remove
with
make
half
syrup,
is
Tomato-rice from
a
light,nourishing dish "
bilious disorder.
any
into
Put
during stewpan
a
convalescence half
a
pound
it with cold water, and bring it to the boil rice, cover the fire ; then strain, and rinse it well in cold water, and put
of Carolina on
into
it back
pint
one
afterwards
For a
kettleful
remove
grainsof
making
Tomatoes,
with
half
pint
a
pulp, and
of Tomato
some
the
;
stewpan
of butter, a little light gravy ; add an ounce the boil ; simmer gently red pepper ; bring again to if tender, adding more until the grains are gravy
of
salt, and needed
the
of and
them,
rice should
Marmalade
Tomato
clean
boihng
let them and
be
put
water
remain more
into
al] "
Have
:
;
separate when
into
until the
the fire ready over this drop fresh, ripe
the same
cooked."
skins water.
crack
;
This
then is
a
04
MEALS
better, and
quicker way
a
hot
water
the
Tomatoes,
for half
pound
;
of As
put them then
lemon-juice
added
Avill
they
as
the
over
than cool
are
fire in
by pouring enough, peel
preservingpan
a
them
rub
tell whether
can
scaldingTomatoes
soon
pulp add half a are quite clear.
of the
one
and
hour
the Tomatoes dish
them.
over
an
MEDICINAL.
through a sieve, and to each pound of loaf sugar, and boil until By coolinga spoonful in a shallow
it is thick
enough, or
greatly improve
the
not.
flavour
A of
little the
Tomatoes."
TREACLE.
TRIPE.
(See Meats).
TURKEY.
(See Fowl).
TURNIP.
Belonging
to
rapa) is often not truly wild. certain
{See Sugae).
the
(See
Cabbage tribe found growing of As
medicinal
stated virtues.
also
Roots.)
of
plants,the Turnip (Brassica itself in waste places,though Koots {page 595),it possesses among Tusser (1573) called the Turnip
"
It was until not kitchen-garden root, to boil in butter." used as a long after Tusser's time that the Turnip became end of the seventeenth winter food for sheep, towards the of water, yet this 85 per cent Though containing over century. affords considerable root a proportion of nutriment, and is with powerfully anti-scorbutic. Syrup made Turnip juice is old domestic an remedy for chronic cough with hoarseness. For Peel, and preparing white Turnip juice: grate white their juice through a cloth ; then strain Turnips, and squeeze it through a clean napkin ; to a quart of this juice add threeof a pound of coarsely-pounded candied tenths ; let it sugar a
"
"
dissolve, and
boil
till it becomes
somewhat
thick
;
when
this
glasses. As a cough remedy take a teaspoonful several times in the day." Some the embers, serving them cooks under roast Turnips in paper It is best to sow with butter, and sugar. Turnips in an arid become it would rather than in a rich soil,wherein degenerate, The relish. and lose would its soon dry, agreeable young with be thinned when need to an Turnips growing up thickly unsparing hand, because, in order to thrive, they requireplenty has
cooled, strain it again,and
pour
it into
TURNIP.
of
should
his
hoe
system
drink
but
;
dietist.
old
"No man says, impliesthat neither should
proverb
turnips,"which
own
and
eat
anyone
his
trite
Accordingly a
room.
705
to
should
the
obey
surfeit
to
as
disciplineof
and
clog judicious
a
"
tells that Again, Turnips, and Tastes The differ." 17th of June is the day of Saint (proverbially) Botolph, the old (Saga) Turnip-man. It is told that the expedition against the Scythians King of Bithynia, in some and when at a during the winter season, great distance from violent longing for a certain small fish known the sea, had a then as afhy, a pilchard,or anchovy. His cook cut a Turnip to a perfect imitation of the said fish in shape, which, when fried in oil, well salted, and powdered with the seeds of black poppies, so deceived the King that he praised the root at table as
a
another
so
excess,
excellent
most
From
Turnip
substitute
ornamental and
The
upwards
so
leaves
which
into
it
a
begin
once
the
flower
be constructed
may
a
handsome
flower-pot,by scooping out the by three wires, or strings,head
a
at
enfold
to
as
for
hanging
then
downwards.
vase
fish.
large Swede
a
centre,
axiom
to
and
grow,
tuber, making thus
a
curl
to
decorative
in pot (such as a fuschia) may be the pot itself should be removed,
attractivelyfi.tted,though and the flower fibre,within the planted in loam, or cocoanut hollow Turnip. de navels Take Puree For au as a gratin : ingredients of flour, two Turnips, one quarter of an ounce pounds of young half a pintof good generous stock, with salt,pepper, and nutmeg, medium-sized of butter, one three ounces one gillof cream, bread-crumbs. Wash, onion, and some peel, and slice the Turnips, and put them into cold water, with a little salt ; peel, the onion, and chop it fine, then cooking it for ten and blanch minutes
in
of butter
ounce
an
browning ; stirring ; cook thus hour and
a
pileon with
through
pinch of
sugar,
bread-crumbs
and
sieve ; also some a
on serve
the
divide
;
top
;
whilst
bake very
the
the ;
simmer
for about
to taste
with
grated nutmeg white
sauce,
remainder
for ten,
cook
a
little
boil up whilst both the Turnips,
mix
now
season
the
flour, and
stock, and
let them
dish, coveringit with
the
little bits oven,
all
minutes
stock, and
the thickened ; pass
for ten
add
;
with
moisten
without
and
"
"
"
or
;
and of
the
half
an
salt,pepper, in
arrange
a
sprinkleover into
butter
fifteen minutes
in
a
hot." 45
hot
706
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
TURPENTINE
"
Pepys showed
it is with
Again,
great ease."
the old year ; I bless God, with in so good a plight as to my been
So ends
never as
I
But
this
at
am
I
Burnett
Dr. : (in his Diary, July 17tli,1664) wrote of eating Turpentine, which the manner me
well, for "
[See Artichoke).
at
am
a
day,
and
great loss
or taking every morning left ofE the wearing of a
have to
of
been
know a
health
these
pleases me
December
great joy
whether
pillof
on
four,
has
to
31st I have
me.
these
:
ten
years five months.
or
it be my
hare's
Turpentine, or
my
foote,
having
gowne."
YEAL.
(See Meats.)
VEGETABLES.
records) the principalcitizens had the their large vegetable gardens near city, the same being derived cultivated the whom themselves, owners some by among in this way successful their family names as as specialists ; such In
Piso
ancient
from
Eome
(as Cato
the Pea, Cicero
Lentulus
the
from Lentil.
the Vetch, Fabius chief
value
from
the
Bean,
vegetables food salts which as they contain abundantly ; combined with much these are water, but quite sparinglywith available for bodily repair; their framework proteid nourishment consists Greens, and altogether of cellulose. Savoys afEord most Leeks, nitrogenous matter ; whilst, together with with Cabbage, Turnips, Salsify,and Carrots, they are endowed But salts. the effect of cooking carbohydrates, and mineral only vegetables,as it is generallypractised,serves green apon As reduce their already poor whole stock of nutrients. to a such the not stomach, and vegetables are readily digested by difficult when them reaching the intestines their bulk makes be assimilated all stale, then to at discomfiting ; if they are and fermentation takes noxious place, engendering gases, be To distension. flatulence, with provoking troublesome wholesome vegetablesshould always be eaten as fresh as possible ; those their main is as a source of mineral salts, particularly use of potash, which keep the blood suppliedwith alkaline elements, and thus lower the acidityof the urine ; so that vegetable foods for persons advised liable to gravel,(except to be especially are and
from
lies in the
mineral
The
of
VEGETABLES.
707
garden Rhubarb, Sorrel, and Tomatoes, because of their oxalic table salt acid). Vegetable feeders require relatively more with their food than mixed feeders, particularlywith Potatoes, neutralize of mineral salts as to as so chemically such excess otherwise
might animals
urine
for
crave
animals.
For
but
potash ;
of such
at
in
proteids. As
in
a
the
with
the
serve
to
fruits
(uncooked), and
bowels, because
the
check
the
reason
not
so
by
as
diet
of the
starch
the
soluble
a
the
of green alkaline salts of use
not not
away
alkaline
acidity of
free
must are
carnivorous
be to
too
poor cooked
be
before
serving,
salts which
should
digestivefermentation. vegetables disturb the stomach
Green
which
acted
acids raw
thrown
herbivorous the
contain
vegetables,they
else this, when
it most
this
persons
foods
time
for the
neutralize
in
other
same
deluge of water,
will carry
rheumatic
or
certainlykept
and vegetables,
for
salt, but
common
gouty,
be
can
prejudicial ;
be
of
they contain
cannot
be
and
when these foods are during mastication unboiled; then, on their reaching the stomach, the gastricjuice to digestthe albuminoid to their structure cannot so as gain access remain and the substances constituents, therefore ill-digested, upon
by
troublesome
the
saUva
sour
fermentation
is the
result.
of things eaten at cooking increases the digestibility table is true only with respect to vegetable foods, whilst that increased foods is diminished rather than of animal by cooking. often occurs after taking a meal of But the flatulence which so cooked vegetables, particularlyof Cabbage, does not green similarlyhappen if we eat practicallythe same green vegetables it must be the in the form of plain salads uncooked ; therefore cooking process which then givesrise to this obnoxious difference, the that is, through the splitting-upeffect of the heat, and and fermentation of the fat) carbohydrates (starch, sugar, induced acids, and by cooking, when a formation of fermentative carburetted, phosphuretted,and sulphuretted (chiefly gases occurs hydrogen) in the system. Vegetable foods, unless eaten in large quantities,will not afford a sufficiencyof proteid nourishment what to the body ; and proteid food is present in vegetables in many has its value lowered cases by the difficultywith the therein. which it is utilized Furthermore, nitrogenous be obtained in the needful essentials of bodily nourishment can essentials animal concentrated foods, these state only from intellectual and capacity, as well making for nervous energy, That
708
for power forms
as
a
MEALS
purely
much and
so
to
resist disease.
of
nitrogenous proteid nourishment.
vegetablediet is
water
MEDICINAL.
must
included
fish
Then,
necessitybe
cellulose
bound
is
trated concen-
are
bulky, therein, particularly when of
unassimilable
much
Meat, fowl, and
again,
because
so
cooked, therewith
up
;
present is proteid sustenance If boiling diluted by a disproportionatequantity of starch. is poured upon the starch grainsthey swell up, and burst, water from that the true starch between the layers of so escapes is sought cellulose. It is this rupture of the starch grains which to be effected The cooking of vegetable foods. by the proper whilst
the
mineral in
the
limited
constituents
constituents
vegetablesincrease
of most
of certain
system
of
amount
gouty
salts
diminish
the
but (bi-urate),
solubility
the
mineral
this
solubility.Dr. Luff, a practisedexperimentalist, gives the first place in this direction to Spinach against a gouty habit of body ; Brussels Sprouts, and French Beans his list, being followed next on come by stood underCabbage, Turnip-tops, Turnips, and Celery. It is now that vegetables and plants obtain the mineral salts, and earth salts on which they depend for their nourishment, through the agency of (microscopical) nitro-bacteria ; as organisms known these attack the surface of rocks wherein potash, and iron are all dead contained, and disintegratein a similar way organic dead animals, dung, etc., dissociatingthe compact matters, producing nitrates, whereby the foundation atoms, and thus of all fertility is laid. herbs Eaw Thomas Tryon (Way to Health, 1650) wrote : sublime kind of be to are a food, and are preferred to that which is boiled, for the pure volatile spiritin the herbs endure the violence of the fire,but in boiling a great cannot herbs boiled cause part of this is evaporated. For which of meat
tend
to
"
lie
colder
heavier, and
which love
is
in
scarcely believed
boiled
herbs
do
the
by
stomach many
generallyeat
than
persons.
much
do
For, flesh
herbs,
raw
they
with
that
them, "
The have." operation these pally strength,and comfortingqualityof everything consists princiin the spirituousparts, which lost by evaporation in are the boiling, and therefore the substance becomes of quite another it That nature. spirituous part which lively tincture, and be recovered possessed whilst raw, can never by all the ingredients and
which
so
cannot
nature,
or
discern
the
art
afiord.
can
Do
not
all creatures
eat
their
710
MEALS
Onions, and until
extent
Cabbages,
SufEolk,and
and
Peas
a poor very Acorns. The
a
used
in
separately with
Beans, and
;
coarse
hour
an
half
was
Melons,
kind
bread
of
should
in
be
solution
were
with
in
came early autumn, best in warm is It regions. inner pith, and the numerous it can be made fully grown the Custard variety termed
nowadays
that then
soaked
mostly seeds being into pies like has
Marrow
raw
for at is
character. .
the kitchen
Persia, and when
eaten
the
acid, which
of tartaric
first from
at
By
Peas, and
of quite a harmless cheap, and powerfulantiseptic, The VegetableMarrow, a wholesome production of
garden
also
grown,
Pumpkins.
and
period
always boiled,
made
was
washed,
weak
a
and
this
at
were
teaches
Magazine
and
;
Radishes
butter.
any
century later before
a
but
cookery,
likewise
Medical
vegetables
least half
It
to
they began to be out Parsnips,through-
Carrots, and
generallyknown
became
never
were
eaten
market
Fulham.
at
"
Colle-flowers
Turnips
grown time, when
Elizabeth's
Queen
England
in
not
were
widely,together with
cultivated
"
MEDICINAL.
grows
the half-ripe,
taken
out
the
when
;
A
Pumpkin.
the
delicate
more
the name. comes apple, whence of Gourd. Until 1830 the Vegetable Marrow went by the name It contains about 90 per cent of water, and is insipidwhen boiled. A tasty, and wholesome, yet withal doubly antiseptic, vegetable baked dish may be prepared as Vegetable Marrow, with sage, in halves lengthways, and take and onions Cut the Marrow : the seeds ; parboil three onions, and chop them into pieces out it resembles
flavour;
costard
a
"
"
"
with
place ;
up
then
of breadcrumbs, six sage leaves ; add one tablespoonful with salt, and pepper all together,and to taste ; mix the mixture inside the Marrow, then close it, and tie it
five, or
dredge
with
flour
put
;
put in the Marrow,
bake
and
dripping in
some
for half
an
a
baking dish, in
hour
a
pretty
be served with brown sauce." A good may nourishing dish for old persons, which is easilymasticated, and readilydigested,is to be contrived by making it of fresh, lean hot
meat
It
oven.
first boiled
Vegetable Marrow This
Marrow
in
a
which
should
little water,
very
be
and
has
been
pared, and
cut
into
two
then
put inside
cleared
a
of its seeds.
halves, either
across
the
lengthways, and then tied up in muslin, being fitted from ten to fifteen minutes, accordingto size. together for boiling, middle,
or
VegetableMarrow For
making
can
jam
be converted of
this
into
garden
a
nice wholesome
product
"
:
Peel
curry.
the
VEGETABLES.
Marrows,
and
with
pounds
the
two
the
bruised) for in it
when cook
the
steep for
one
of
pound
to
be
may
soup
boiled
Vegetable Marrow,
and
lemons,
lay
over
a
few
ginger (well
Lay
it
set
;
strained
the
glowing fire ;
a
of brandy, and liqueur-glassful transparent ; then it will be ready for A very be tied down." to nourishing,
is
jam
Marrow.
syrup
days, and then a pound of loaf
two
of whole
ounce
the
syrup, clear add
pots, and
into
and
second
begins
deHcate
and
and
sugar, let them
pepper,
each
this
until
putting
dice ; make a five pints of water
ofE ; make second with a syrup juice, and thinly-pared rind of two
grains of Cayenne Marrow
inch-sized
syrup
the
sugar,
of brown
in this, and
Marrows
strain
into
them
cut
711
a
concocted
in white
for
invalid
an
stock, with
from
milk,
the
onion,
an
tablespoonful of cornflour. and practiceof an From the time of Pythagoras, the doctrine advocates, entirelyvegetable diet has been enjoined by many the same mode of living having been pursued for ages by salt, and
pepper,
one
and
Hindus,
numerous
As
Buddhists.
this
to
food
system
vegetable vegetarianism, or living exclusively on in does lie the not to problem question, begin with, sustenance, whether we are structurally,and (as manv argue) persons
known
as
the
constituted physiologically for beings,
it is
feed
animals
perfectlycertain flesh alone, and
on
that proposes the herbivorous
should
imitate
creatures
eat
we
which
suggest that then, can source,
of
main
enough our
that
to
food
merely equal in
are
nutritive
replace meat,
can
value
or
that,
as
a
The
their
by
constituents
means
any
suppose
vegetables
of
corresponding constituents
whole,
vice versd, meat
vegetable diet.
for
the
to
but
nobody practice. Again, nobody is rash example. From
constituents
chemical
the
because
not
may
Carnivorous
the nutritive
obtain
We
supplies?
but
grass,
follow
carnivorous
as
flesh raw,
in this
them raw
best
we
that
eat
or
neither.
are
we
should
we
food, that therefore
of animal
herbivorous,
as
form
vegetablenourishment altogetherbe
can
in
which
the
stituted sub-
nutritive
materially presented to the digestive organs ingredients are A foods. afiects their utilityas glass of whisky," as Dr. it be whether is chemicallythe same Hutchison forciblyargues, "
"
taken on
neat,
the
body
apart from are
not
or
diluted with are
tumblerful
radicallydifferent."
all other
constructed
a
of water
; but
Moreover,
man
the
efEects stands
cooking animal ; his teeth for munching, and grinding,hard, raw grain; creatures
as
a
712
MEALS
nor
grain
digestiveorgans
his
are
in such
mastication favour
MEDICINAL.
condition, even
a
at
naturallyadapted
of
be objectionsmust when the digestivepowers food
at
meals
There in
question which
these
is embodied
which in the the
limited
of
fundamental
are
enclose
are
reduced
the
feeble, and
with
connected principles the
the
important fact
main
the
issue.
that
cell
the
characterized
by
nitrogen,and form
flesh ;
animal
and
this
of
walls
consist
makes within
cellulose is
"
an
question," writes
be
proteids,or
it is from
system One
nitrogenous nourishment, which vegetables of cellulose, a tough membrane extraction of such difficult from proteids more cells than
of
measure
necessityby personal incapacities.
closely underlie in
the
were
be said in its to Vegetarianismhas much adequate digestivecapabilities ; but certain raised against its adoption unreservedly
first.
for persons
if it
assimilating to pulp by
for
extraordinaryinsolubility. The vegetarian Dr. E. Hutchison, is really a question of "
of that
only
alone, which animal
from
confused
with
can
be
obtained
in
Moreover,
sources.
a
trated concen-
energy
is
muscular
horse strength. A grass-fedcartis strong ; a corn-fed hunter is energetic. Such energy is a property of the nervous system ; strength is an endowment of the muscles, and these are hydrates chieflynourished by the carbowhich vegetables can supply ; but the brain needs nitrogenous proteids." Dr. Kuttner, of Berlin, having made an impartial investigationinto the respectivemerits of vegetarianism,
not
to
and mixed
mixed
diet, has
diet, including meat,
exclusive,
come
is most
to
the
suitable
conclusion for man,
that
a
because
is too vegetable nourishment bulky, promoting discomforts of digestion, and being assimilable only to a certain extent animal stuffs engender fuller bodily warmth. ; moreover, It is true that, given a judiciouschoice, and a proper preparation of vegetables,they will prove not only sufficient to maintain the bodily condition, but even to increase bodily weight. But the subjectswho favourably practicethis dietarydo not compare with mixed eaters of solid weight, endurance, to their powers as and abilityto resist disease. Nevertheless, a modified vegetarian diet, supplemented, that is, by such animal products as milk, butter, cheese, honey, and eggs, is admirably well suited for intestinal energies are whose sluggish,and corpulent persons who are disposed to costiveness ; likewise such a diet is attended with brilliant results in nervous dyspepsia,especiallyfor gouty
VEGETABLES.
Seeing,too,
persons. diet a
of
thickeningof from of
the
under pulse-rateis diminished diet is quite to be commended
mainly vegetable, this
conditions
for
that
troubled, excitable
a
its walls
weakness,
but
;
diet
or
of
Again,
is very useful scrofulous affections.
for
heart,
for states
not
incompetency.
or
vegetables to the
disorder, and
713
for
heart
marked
a
in various
muscular
enfeebled addition of skin
cases
Congress of the BerUn Medical Society (1902) where vegetarianismwas discussed, to whether, or for general health, the opinion as not, it makes arrived both at, after arguments had been on fairlyadvanced At
a
"
that exclusive vegetarianismis not good for mankind. sides,was For instance, albumin be obtained of proper cannot quality,and in suflS.cient amounts
regimen disadvantage, vegetarians are
serious
one
infection
from
than
considerable
a
intestines,serve thereof which become
in their
;
and
less
therefore, able
to
as
resist
dietary."
and which abounding in cellulose, its residue unnegotiated within the action the propellingperistaltic
foods of
amount to
a
unrestribted
persons
Generally speaking,all leave
such
stimulate
onwards its passage ; in constipationis prevented, when the bowel energy has way Such aid of this kind is afiorded. torpid unless some this ballast, and
on
wholesome
to
promote
bread, vegetables,oatmeal, wholemeal and some fruits. Furthermore, these vegetable foods, which are the to rich in cellulose,possess certain laxative propertiesdue fermentative the organic acids which they contain, and to It is an indisputable they undergo within the bowels. processes such fact that remarkably free from gouty vegetarians are disorders arise through lithic acid in the blood, leading to as who gravel,and stone in the bladder ; and numerous persons quently subsesuffered therefrom before becoming vegetarians,have for I've found a sovereign cure altogetherescaped. The said Mr. Weller, the elder (Pickwick). the gout, Sammy," and comfort. ease, gout is a complaint as arises from too much foods
are
green
"
"
If "
jistyou
widder
a
marry
notion
decent It's
with
you're attacked
ever
of usin'
as
it to
warrant
drive
away
any
have
you'llnever
it, and
Sir capitalperscription,
a
"
(to Mr. Pickwick), gout. Sir has got a good loud woice, with a the
;
illness
as
is
gout agin.
reg'lar,and caused by too
it
I takes
the
I
can
much
jollity." A
paramount
gained
because
advantage of
their
derived
constitution
from
vegetable foods
being
altogether of
is a
714
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
building-upcharacter, as involves
of the
excretions
being). in animal
broken-down is
vegetablesthere
With
of their consumed
waste
corrupt
distinguishedfrom
life,such
ash
effete matters
from
of the
skin, the kidneys,the lungs,the bowels, and
the
strikingchemical
channels.
The
foods
largeproportionof
such
is the
most
starch, and
as
mineral
salt for more
sugar,
than
so
soda.
other
excretory
vegetable they contain, of
feature
carbohydrates which
potash as an essential being largelyrepresented in vegetables, These carbohydrates of vegetable
in abundance
healthy life
as
day to day ; but stoking)is rejectedby
substance
(as it were
part of its
products as
throwing off
no
life,(which
animal
;
undergoing digestionwithin the small intestines form acids, through their alliance with the bacteria present there, which acids diminish putrefaction; so that in order to prevent putrefactive for within be eaten the bowels must changes vegetables their carbohydrates (starch,and sugar, or oils). This necessity explainsthe very fetid character of the stools passed by patients who are being fed mainly, if not exclusively,on lean meat. tine the small intesMilk, again,is an intestinal antiseptic. Within the contents remain fluid throughout its entire length. But the human to require a plentiful nervous system seems nate supply of proteid support if those occult influences which emain from the brain and spinal marrow, to be maintained are sufficient potency for enabling the tissues to ward off disease. As Dr. Hutchison Everyone knows the feeling goes on to say : of satisfaction which follows a meal containinggood meat ; and that such feeling of benefit received is due to the proteidsubstance, and not to the meat extractives, is shown by the fact that whereas food
"
addition
the
is not
extractives
meat
to
food
non-animal
such
produce this feeling,yet such vegetable substances rich in proteid are as (oatmeal, for instance) are capable of excitingit to a considerable degree." The modified form of vegetarianism which supplements proteid by giving also as
bread
of the able
eggs, and milk, has better with gouty any
amount.
of sources
much
It must
diet
to
recommend
subjects than
proteid food the
to
be is to
will have
by
the
stomach
diet
concluded, derived
to
be
and
which
will often includes
then, that
if the
agree in meat
ment comple-
altogetherfrom vegetable of the first results bulky, one
be
being distension of the stomach, the so-caUed of the fotato-belly management
a
it,and
and Irish
bowels
;
peasant.
bowels
of
so
thus
is
produced
Again, for large a mass
the of
VEGETABLES.
715
material, there is implieda specialexpenditure of and
of blood
will be
the
that
left for the
bodily
for
supply,so
purposes other exercise, and
;
this
of
an
energy,
correspondinglyless of these of the
watery character
nervous
system,
nervous
physical demands. exclusivelyvegetablediet
disproportionas
to
solids
accounts
outputs
and
brain,
Similarly, is disadvantageous for
the
soft
in flesh of persons who flabby condition habitually consume of the of vegetable food ; sorts more large quantities watery it also is an important factor in lowering the disease-resisting which characterizes such persons. A somewhat parallel power effect ensues with respect to drug action, for, as Sir Lauder Brunton has observed, the vegetarian is only slightlyaffected of flesh-eaters would by certain drugs which in the case produce "
positivelyviolent If
results."
or a happens that a man woman a specially possesses energeticand powerful digestivesystem, it does not then matter much what whatever is system of feeding is followed, because of digestionafterwards, as to extracteaten ing provokes no difficulty sufficient carbon and nitrogentherefrom. But for persons with it is beyond the compass of their very limited digestivepowers, physicalcapacity to become vegetarians. The disadvantages of a purely vegetable diet affect the outdoor labourer much less than the person engaged in more sedentary pursuits; the former stands in daily need of carbohydrates (such as vegetables afford)in largeamount, so as to enable the performance of his muscular work with for proteid is more the latter the demand ; whilst the sometimes asserted that considerable. Vegetarians have eating of flesh food is incompatible with the cultivation of a singingvoice, this propositionbeing supported by the argument of grain,fruit, and eaters that the sweet-singing vocal birds are charm vegetables; that in fact no carnivorous bird could ever by a song, but only croak, having a sluggishliver,and being of quoted of a Examples to this effect are melancholy strain. the bilious thrush," and the croaking nightingale,"the of this But the exact converse generallymelancholy robin." propositionreallyholds good, since the great majority of sweet will the canary strictlycarnivorous; even singing birds are appreciatescraps of meat, and hard-boiled egg, when he can get to his for such additions will sing all the better and the same,
it
"
"
"
dietary. Furthermore, and
eggs,
they
are
in
if truth
vegetariansallow kilUng animal
themselves
life
milk,
indirectly;
for
716
in
MEALS
order
eggs,
that
he
has
the
farmer
get a profit on kill off the bulls, which give
to
large number
them
would
his
farmyard
be
would
be
such
in
profit,he
that
would
have
yield no die
to
a
order
to
sell his milk
demand
reared
death,
natural
but and
and
milk, and
no
If he
eggs.
perfectpandemonium,
a
milk
his
may
which
of cocks allowed
these, and
MEDICINAL.
not
a
all
only
his expenses his eggs at
a
for them
prohibitiveprice ; those persons who these articles, so consume though they do not eat flesh,are yet accessory to the slaughter of animals. In fact, this cock-and-bull story is completely convincing. As a generalconclusion,it must be said that for healthy persons meat and fish (alsoeggs, milk, and cheese)should be the proteid furnishers,together with vegetable foods ; though for persons disposed to be gouty, perhaps milk and cheese are to be more that vegetable than meat. It is to be noted highly commended foods less highly flavoured than animal are some provisions, and but have the meats, they compensating advantage of not being liable to undergo putrefactiveimpairment, and of rarely The cellulose which abundant inducing disease. gives bulk to the intestinal contents during digestion,and size to the faeces, less ; and, (as is said somewhat or signifies vegetarianism more coarselyin Tristram Shandy,) "there are persons who will draw man's character from no other helps in the world but merely a from his evacuations this often but gives a very incorrect ; to
a
that
outline, unless I should
have
smell
indeed, no
you
take
a
this
objectionto
sketch
of
his
method, but
too. repletions
that
I think
it
Louis Stevenson, lamp." Robert in one of his fables,The DistinguishedStranger (1896), makes a thrust tells of covert at vegetarians which is scarcelyfair. It a a stranger coming to this earth from neighbouring planet, and propounding questions to a philosopherabout the objects for seen now by him for the first time ; the trees he admired their heavenward their singing leaves; but men stature, and and women he disparaged,and as to the cows he thought them dirty,whilst never looking upwards like the noble trees of the forest. Then the philosopher explained that the cows were in time engaged in eating grass, and had to spend so much too busy therewith attendingto this food of theirs that they were for thinking, or or looking about, or keeping themselves talking, must
clean.
The
too
strong of the
intended
moral
writing (September, 1833)
is manifest. to
his
friend
Edward
Fitzgerald,
Donne
(afterwards
718
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
large breakfastcupfulof sugar), a tablespoonful of flour, or bread
crumbs,
mixed
;
cloves,a tumblerful
ten
this wine
pour
the
over
of white
sugar,
let the
two
of its
Vinegar, when
killed for
eating,will
administered
simmer
stewpan
for
burning.
animals
to
about
to
be
tough than it otherwise woidd it is not unusual to give a spoonful of vinegar ; and prove their slaughterfor the table. to poultry shortlybefore
the
their flesh less
(See Confections.)
SWEETMEATS.
VIOLET
By
render
and
marrow
(See Malt).
VINEGAR.
LITTLE
vinegar
(See Grapes.)
VINE.
A
and
layer of
uppermost
adding a pinch of salt. Then hours, stirringcarefullyfor fear
wine
of
of
Romans
old
favourite
a
wine
made
was
from
Violet
familiarlyas Violet powder, for nursery cosmetic is the pulverized rhizome, or root and uses, purposes, the blue flag. This sweet-scented stalk of Iris fiorentina, rhizome dried in the sun, is peeled, and its agreeable violet-like odour fully developed. Orris root contains a becoming thus more soft brownish starch, and some resin, fragrantvolatile oil,much What
flowers.
of
acrid taste
an
also
:
Norfolk, and
About
suspended by his,
is known
her
or
elsewhere
tape teeth, so a
mumbling the tender of the profuse flow But
soreness.
Dr.
objectionable,since of
the
Furthermore,
windpipe, is is recorded.
Orris
mouth, the not
tannin, which
some
around
the
saliva
which
Pereira it is not
be
is
who
it may. stimulated
the
rhizome
oxalate
such
stomach
One
fatal
lime
have
with and
case
and
that
mitigates practice is
a
getting into
of
be
when, that
of
cutting
by munching,
unfrequently attended
disorder
the
tion irritabowels.
or gullet,
of this kind
been
found
in
root.
WALNUT.
The
child
a
is thus
overlooked.
Crystals of
a
process
admonishes
risk of the to
neck
of
thereupon:
gums
and
England,
assist the
to
as
in
iron salts green. piece of the root is
turns
Juglans regia,royal nut known to us as Walnut, is
(See of so
also
Nuts).
Jupiter (see also named
from
page the word
503), and Wal,
as
WALNUT.
Teutonic
719
"
for
native of Asia Minor, stranger." The tree was a but is grown in As for the timber," said freely England. "it be termed the English Shittim Fuller, wood." The may London of Society Apothecaries has directed that the unripe "
fruit of the of its
insects
shall
be
used
worm-expelling virtues for
would
Walnut
not
certain, in the
the
on
immortal
forgive,nor
will prey
:
pharmaceuticallyon words
forget."
worms
the
adoption
leaves
of Mrs.
account
of which
Gamp,
It is remarkable
ance, ordin"
Lambs that
no
of this tree, which
yielda brown dye, supposed to contain iodine, such being used by gipsiesfor stainingtheir skin. Nucin, or juglon,is the active chemical principle of the several parts of the tree, and its fruit. M. Negrier, and others,have treated scrofulous children very successfully with infusion of fresh leaves from Walnut in England. trees Each with patienttook two or three cupfulsof this infusion,sweetened of the expressed leaf juicethickened honey, daily,also some by of the consistence to and made into an evaporation extract, Sores small pills. (of glands,) ulcers, swelling and caries of all washed with bones, and strumously inflamed were a eyes, decoction of the and lint then covered with leaves, strong kept in the infusion. wetted This treatment was chieflypursued in of children were the spring. After two months, half the number aU were cured, and after six months perfectlywell. About four contained in each were pill,two to four grains of the extract is use pillsbeing given every day. The decoction for outward to be made by boilinga handful of the fresh bruised leaves for cool. fifteen minutes in a quart of water, and strainingthis when whole and The a wholesome, fruit,when unripe, makes young The tender, anti-scorbutic pickle,which is sHghtly laxative. once pitched out of his bagman's uncle {see Pickwick) was first against a milestone. There he lay, head gig, and knocked the face with some stunned, and so cut about gravel that his known him. After he was mother wouldn't have picked own a been bled, he jumped up in bed, and demanded up, and had mutton chop, and a pickled walnut, instantly. He was very said he always found fond of pickled walnuts, and that, taken without vinegar,they relished the beer." Some physicians are in favour at present of giving walnuts chronic for dozen a a day at least to gouty patients,and on
"
"
"
"
"
rheumatism
;
that admirable
the
nuts
results
have are
to
be
well
masticated.
It is found
produced, swellingsgo down,
and
pain
720
MEALS
Preserved
decreases.
a
of sugar
pound with
nuts
Stand contents
that
jar in of
should
cover
six months
for
child.
a
Allow
half
Walnuts. Pierce of green the into a stone jar,with the sugar. of boihng water, and allow the
score
put them
deep saucepan boilingsteadilyfor three hours, taking care the water gets into the jar ; the sugar being dissolved done tie them the walnuts. When down, and in the preserve will be ready for use. Walnut leaves
of notable
are
obviating constipation,
for
serve
a
continue
to
none
each
to
needle, and
a
the
Walnuts
being suiEcientlylaxative
of these
one
MEDICINAL.
benefit
when
otherwise
obstinate
sugar
saturated
with
leaves, and
these
;
secondary sores,
cure
should
sores
decoction
strong
a
well
be
must
helpingto
for
cleansed
coated
the
of
between
be
even
with
bruised
the
times
fresh
of
thus
dressingthem. Walnut
catsup
the
medicinal
help their curative
nuts, and
wUl
table.
To
at
embodies
make
this,
the
virtues if used
purposes,
unripe
of the as
a
nuts, before
unripe
condiment their
shells
pulp, and the juice is then separatedby straining; salt, vinegar and spicesare added, and the whole is leaves of the American Black Walnut The tree, gently boiled. which grows naturally in Virginia,are of the highest curative and value for treating scrofulous eruptionson the skin. sores, been healed after every Chronic indolent ulcers have by them An other tried applicationhad failed. of the fresh leaves ounce harden,
beaten
are
to
a
*
(or rather
less of the
leaves) should
dried
infused
be
in twelve
of
boilingwater, to stand for six hours, and then to be strained oii. A small wineglassfulof the infusion to be taken three times a day, and the sore places to be dressed with linen soaked in another such infusion, but made of double strength. ounces
Or,
extract
an
slowly reduced rolled into Walnuts
are
rank
more
a
be made
may to
small twice
and
a
from
strong decoction of the leaves, thick consistence,four grains thereof
proper
bolus as
each
a
those
in grown thick, hard, adherent
"
clear of the husk as the Walnut not they come Pepys, on September 29th (Lord's-day,1660), at with Mr. Chaplin, and two other friends, did three In
quarts of wine, and did Flanders, against ague, the
spider,and shell,then
eat
about
two
sick person the two it between
imprisons wearing it round
Virginian England, being
night and morning.
large as
oily,with
a
the
neck.
The
shell,so
in France the
that
doth."
Hope Tavern,
drink
off two
or
walnuts."
hundred catches
a
halves
of
large black a
Walnut-
WA
TER.
721
WATER.
The
is that when generalsupposition whilst fastingfrom food, it is taken the
from
interior of the
Hutchison as
that
fact
a
membrane it
of the stomach flow
begins to
out
has become
is not
water
the
When
in little gushesthrough
has of
intestine
at
the
quarters of an hour. much more rapidly than
stronglythe time
powerfulaid into the
the stomach
other
end
of the
once,
stomach
that
assume
the stomach Hot
in the
space
from escapes heat increases
water
cold ;
pint
a
the
walls, and
the
at
same
its outlet
(pylorus)to open, this being absorbed sluggishdigestion. Water is exclusively
to
seems
of the
movements
R.
lining
mucous
enters
the
may
three
stomach
Dr.
as
the process going the (pylorus)outlet until all the water at
escaped. Roughly speaking, one will have water entirelyissued from
of about
the
by water
stomach, into the first intestine almost on
But,
established incontestably
absorbed
at all.
into
quicklyby
up
particularly
the absorbents
into the blood.
stomach
explains,it
now
is drunk,
water
cause
to
blood
from
within
the
intestines.
The
a
that
statement
consumption of Water at meals is apt to hinder digestion is by dilutingthe gastricjuiceis not well grounded. Water but a slight excitant of gastric digestion. If it be impure septic contaminated before the antiwater, it passes out again onwards which gastricjuicehas time to act on any noxious germs a
free
it may is much
contain
;
for which
likelyto
more
contaminated
milk.
reason
convey
This
any
disease
such
contaminated
into
the
system
in the
latter is detained
water
is
than
for
stomach
be to are more partialdigestionthere, and its germs prone for is the only way destroyed straightway. To boil water rendering it reliablyfree from danger. If spirit,or wine, is added
to the Water
therein, or
make
imbibed, this does it any
safer for
not
kill any
drinking.
germs
contained
In China, where
the
of the denselypopulated country is carried off chiefly by sewage the rivers, (so that the danger of contractingdisease through
drinkingtheir water
that drink The
great),the universal in some of history; and form is a matter instinct,or experience,has prompted the but
very
water
must
little water
be
except that
which
every-day national drink is weak tea, made and kept in a wadded basket so as to retain the family use it,and the very poor drink plainhot
use
it is
probable
Chinaman been
has in
of cooked
a
heat water
to
cooked.
largeteapot, ; the
whole
justtinged 46
722
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
employ a rough but reliable extempore test in the case of suspecteddrinking To water. get a perfectlyclean, rounded, glass soda-water bottle and fillit with some of the questionable water to ; then But before it is corked cork it with a new, unimpeachable cork. with. tea.
Dr.
Dabbs
has
recently explained how
to
"
addition
the
down, cane
sugar
then
to
be
is to
be
I
persons drink
to
than
plain
freely of it,
1 have On
"
1903) says, medicine, which value
water as
in
The
whole," writes
the
is
and
better
no
should
they
Dr.
Again,
aid
found'to of
treatment
to
Woods
element, whether
one
sifted
bottle
is
If its
the presence of sewage known this rough test to
admirable
has been the
shillingpiece. The two days in the sun.
never
there ;
an
white
much
as
be of
Hutchison,
Dr.
impartialconsideration
that
waste."
nitrogenous
and
admit
for
it of
clouded, then
or
"
to
two
a
exhaustive, and
an
bound
am
"
Dabbs.
Dr.
made
placed
milky
suspected.
fail,"says after
cover
corked, and
become
contents
"
would
as
be
must
of the
beverage gouty be encouraged to the
elimination
Hutchinson call it
we
subject,
for
a
of
{Lancet, food, or a
overwhelming importance
gout, is Water
;
it acts
most
admirably, first by sweeping out the alimentary canal primarily, and the liver,kidneys, and skin secondarily, and next by supplying abundant salt water bath in which to the body cells that alone they can live,and discharge their functions. Ninety-nine of our body cells,we too often forget,are still aquatic per cent What choose at that. to salts,we organisms, and marine may dissolve in the water is purely a matter of taste. The one agent in vaunted, is the
active
all the
mineral
water
and
in
;
the
number,
which
waters
wonderful
are
effect
so
of
much mineral
for
this disease helping to cure (the gout) is mainly due to the one thing which they all have in common plain water, plus suggestion,and aided of course by the healthful air of the springs,also by the excellent hygienic water
resorts, many
"
"
rules which
By
the
of water of
are
enjoinedas part
substitution drawn
goitre,or
from
of the
cure.
of distilled water,
or
rain
water,
instead
the well,
for daily drinking,cases or pump, in front of the neck, have been successfully enlargedgland
treated
iodine, iodide
when of
all the
customary
medicinal
agents, such
as
had potash, hydrofluoric acid, and digitalis, when the glandular tumour is of long signallyfailed. Even as a standing,the exclusive use of distilled water beverage will gradually bring about diminution, and finallydisappearance of
WATER.
the
In 1809, Dr.
enlargement. "
water
is the
chief
body, because always present more the
"
Lambe,
said Dr.
vehicle of
the
Lambe
contended
which
by
less in
mitigationof
common
inflammable
"
such
"
that
disease
cancerous
putrescent, and
or
for the
723
invades matters
water."
common
Also,
strictly vegetable distillation. purifiedby this combined Under regimen life may probably be prolonged in certain cases indefinite extent, even to an of ulceratingcancer, which is of long standing. The spread of cancerous disease into contiguous parts is completely prevented by the sole use of pure distilled water for drinking." It is told patheticallythat George Washington, the father of his country, was bled to death. The doctors in attendance literally him, after repeated and copious venesection, resolved on
diet
be
must
nevertheless
breath but
his
this
bleed
to
within
died
the
joinedto
few
a
"
pitiful cry
was
denied
was
once
minutes
"
more,
after
Water "
Mm. is to
a
of water
use
him
cancer,
the
! water
Plentiful be
great President his last operation. With
advised
and
! water
the
oh, give me
water
drinking,"
!
"
wrote
labour
King Chambers, persons where under the smaller excretive Bright'sdisease (albuminuria), of the kidneys are blood-vessels stifi,and blocked, and obstructed with thickening of their coats they fail to carry on their ; hence and thus the blood becomes blood into the kidneys to be purified, fouled with the retained urea, and fails to be properlyoxygenated, deficient. that its red particlesare Moreover, an exudation so of the thinner serous part of the blood takes place into the these of the kidneys ; and in order to wash open central chambers drinks and other effete matters a plentifuluse of aqueous away, will flow out through the said organs. should be employed, which This will by no increase means a tendency to dropsy, but will rather obviate it ; in point of fact, the only safe and thoroughly rehable diuretic for the relief of albuminous dropsy is water, and it is a most likelypreventiveof any such comphcation. As nourishment under the dilemma now described, whey (beingfree from casein proteid)is a very appropriate form of nourishment. of the kidneys, For acute congestion,or inflammation any diet almost milk, or of diluted milk, a exclusivelyof skimmed in bed under will be essential,whilst the patient is kept warm woollen clothing,and abstaining almost, if not altogether,from Dr.
food,
diet should
be
who
"
"
animal
for
even
as
The restriction soup. far into convalescence, so as
broth,
maintained
or
to to
milk
avoid
7-24
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
bleedingfrom the kidneys if stimulated by stronger foods. When thirsty,the patient should drink barley water, or thin arrowroot, For or making imperial drink." apple water, and later on, and of tartar into a jug, this,put two teaspoonfulsof cream pour in two pints of boilingwater, so as to dissolve the same ; then add the juiceof a lemon, and some sugar, mixing these together. When it is cool the drink be placed by the bedside, and may Different for chronic taken at will. dietary tactics are needed kidney congestion,when the heart gets to requireample support, that animal be allowed food, such as red meat, must so daily, "
else the
system will break
during fever,
in
'
then
are
John letter me
Me, see
two were
or
of much
If the
down.
pneumonia
of
low
a
service, likewise
urine
becomes
type, the acid
fresh
lemon
scanty
phosphates
juice with
water.
Ruskin, in July, 1871, penned the followingcharacteristic My, dearest Tom, reallyyour simplicityabout naughty "
:
is the docile what
comic
most to
doctors
!
knew
they
thing
I know,
I watched
of the
matter,
all my old friends. among them (when I had three) to did
what
they
advised
for
days ; found they were utterlyignorant of the illness,and I had inflammation of the bowels, and killingme. they
gave
me
ice,and
hours, and middle
of
I
tried
should
to
nourish
have
with
milk.
past hope.
I
Another
twelve
stopped
in
the
burning with insatiable thirst, the illness myself steadily, and ordered the doctors thought over of the house. in an agony, but I swore and out Everybody was in raged tiU they had to give in, ordered hot toast and water doctor One quantities,and mustard poulticesto the bowels. had advised fomentation, that I persevered with, adding mustard to give outside pain. I used brandy and water as hot as I could drink it for stimulant, kept myself up with it, washed myself with floods of toast and water, and ate nothing, and refused out In twenty-four hours all medicine. I had the pain under, in I had healthy appetitefor meat, and was safe ; twentj'-fourmore but the agony of poor Johanna ! forced meat to give me ; for I ordered chicken roast to the doctors, unable instantly,when get at me, were imploringher to prevailon me not to kill myself, The poor thing stood it nobly ; of course, as they said I should. of them could move I forced them whit. none to give me one cold roast beef, and mustard, at two o'clock in the morning, me and here I am, thank God and purpose ! to all intent quite well within of the grave. But I know an again, but I was ace now a
draught
of iced
been
me
water,
726
convictions
suggestion of health and health, susceptibleinvalid,lacking nerve drink vital force, should occasionallya
of another
tumblerful outdoor
of
sunlight on
night when
for
fifteen
minutes
the
occult
power
into
water
of energy
the
of
restorer
moon
in
each
either
of
The
of
states
some
is the
Sun
exposed
to
brilliant
its full ; suffice. By
is
luminary
physicalplane,whilst force, having a more
nervous
been
will
case
To walk magnetic attraction. during the second quarter, and in
has
bright morning, or is waxing towards
a
blood.
the
on
which
water
pure the
irresistible
an
vigour. Similarly,the and a complement of
at
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
to
direct
moonlight
an
exposure this means
conveyed through
the
father, and
great source is the mother,
the Moon intimate
connection
or
with
in the
moonlight, especially is undeniably beneficial at the full, be harmful at atony, (though it may
nervous
much
influence of the the earth is moon on times). The strikinglyshown by the tides produced thereby, this luminary is electric. being magnetic, whilst the sun In an be transferred from the can analogous way nerve energy positiveperson to the negative,from the powerful to the weak, by taking both hands into those of the operator, or by putting one hand the head of the patient, and the other over the large on solar plexus of nerves embodied A at the pit of the stomach. determined man," says Emerson, by his very attitude,and the of his voice, puts a stop to defeat, and begins to conquer." tone In a somewhat like manner or (as already related)the common, exercises certain physical garden lodestone of magnetic iron other
"
"
"
effects,of which "
You
would
few
"
be
surprisedto now-a-days," says a
stones
gentleman
I know
his hand.
Another
never
know
the
noted
goes
for remedial
aware,
are
persons
t6
uses
London
make
purposes. of lode-
people mineralogist.
sleep without
a
"
lodestone
One in
keeps one on a little shelf at the head of his another bed, and says he sleeps the better for it. Yet man carries one in his pocket. This piece (then in hand) I about am going to grind flat for a lady, who placesit on her face when relief." sufferingfrom neuralgia,and finds undoubted An American scientist has carried out certain investigations in a field of enquiry hitherto considered beyond the pale of exact of mental His emotion the body. science, the influence on researches demonstrate in a practicalway the efiect produced various of mind states individual health. by Suppose upon
half
a
dozen
men
in
a
room
;
one
feels
depressed,another
WATER.
72 7
another remorseful, anotlier ill-tempered, another
benevolent.
It is
jealous,another
ful, cheer-
day, and they all perspire. handed to the psychoSamples of their sudor, or perspiration, are logist under examination these several samples reveal all ; and emotional the conditions above, distinctlyand particularizod is unmistakably. Each disagreeable, or malign emotion associated with its own particularpoison,which reacts injuriously the physically; whereby bad thoughts, and upon person the energies; and among all the chemical memories, undermine that of conscious products of such motions guilt is the worst. If a small quantity of the sudor of a person sufieringfrom a sense of guiltis placed in a glass tube, and with exposed to contact selenic acid, it will turn pink. And, corresponding to the evil emotion, there is a mischievous change in the tissues of the body, which depresses vitality,and engenders poison ; whilst on the works hand other an good emotion exalting,and Ufeevery promoting change. Reverting to the subject of mineral waters, a distinct relation of the bodily tissues for good or evil, exists as to mineralization between the physical states of gout on the hand, and one tubercular Furthermore, consumption of the lungs on the other. of these diseases is respectivelyindicated the dietetic treatment The by this relation. subject is over-mineralized, and gouty be fed accordingly,whilst the consumptive patientis undermust surfeited with urea (largely minerahzed, and has to be almost present in
ordinaryeggs), the
warm
obnoxious
ally, Chemic-
basis of gout.
consumptive are antagonistic. conducts consumptive," says a physician who successfully New York near important open-airsanatorium City, should eat." all that a gouty patient may not They chieflylack chlorides, and phosphates, whilst deficient also in acids ; the blood
"
a
of the gouty and
the
The
"
an
eat
the on
the
endowed With the
other with
hand, these
regard to eggs, consumptive, it
in
gouty
persons,
the
ingredients,beyond as particularlywell is found
that
this
blood a
standard
suited
food
is too of
for the
differs
largely health.
needs
of
intrinsically
only as to its nutrient capabilities, is but also as its stimulating effects. to Usually the method if possible,either in three eggs to begin with daily,taken raw less profitably) with little a egg lemonade, or perhaps (though it is better to give the eggs cases whisky, or sherry ; in most and unmixed, even by the patient sucking them from the raw, from
all other
forms,
not
728
MEALS
in the
shell,as a
time
a
dash
into
of
boyhood ; else,he without brealdng the
days
smash
may
egg, at thereto
one
yolk, adding cup, of pepper, and like an salt, before swallowing it down It is surprisingto find how soon a patient becomes
oyster.
a
accustomed
this
to
take
women
should
MEDICINAL.
be
their
regimen
eggs
swallowed
at
interfere less with
the
without
a
the
of each
end
increase
if the
the
As
murmur.
allowance. borne
are
eggs
quantity
two
to
"
the
times
second
day,
a
then
minimum week
accustomed
am
eggs
It is not
the
are
well, I
three
eggs
they
meal.
In
neurotic
rule, the
a
meal, because
appetite for the next three eggs a day, which
enough to stop at quantity, not the maximum of treatment,
fussy, squeamish,
even
;
and
to
after there-
keep up the increase week by week, until twelve, eighteen, and consumed even twenty-four raw daily. The gain eggs are produced in flesh, and strength,under these conditions is most striking." It is a certain fact that the gouty uric acid state leads to a practicalimmunity from consumption. As the to indisputabletruth of planetary influences on our John in his Sfeculum Swann, bodily welfare, or the reverse, Mundi (1643), has put the question thus : to
"
"
What And
And, of how
"
The
best
Gang
she,
or
him.
water
Charles
a
little Lamb
Since
do
being from
lies
;
starres
wax
and
ever
less when
the
with
wane
the
the
light
full."
o' mice, and
men
a-gley." with
its horror
times was
of
aware "
the
inferiours."
of mice
laid schemes
others,
was
days,
cure
brains
apparent
affirm
their
on
denies
blush
most
doth
force
no
in old Roman
Celsus, and
several to
aft
hydrophobia,
symptom, he,
that
waning of the moon, horned lamp is further
of that
by
without senses
and
waxing
For
is he
have
the
who
sound
to
such
To "
is he
Senseless
that
Should
the
water
as
the
leading
advocated
the main
generalremedy before the patient into water to cast it, and this to be repeated daily for which he feareth is the only medicine under well, hold him patient swim
while, till he have tells, in
of
taken
of Elia's
in
some
pretty quantity."
charming essays, about a which stood in Hare's Court, the Temple, and which was pump is excellent,cold, with brandy, always going,the water of which and At not one time," said Mary insipid without." very one
"
"
WHALE.
Lamb
about
her
abstaining from indifferent and
all
various
the
practice is
gelatine,and The
fish
fire could
the
from
make
it
with and
at
rheumatism,
Fish).
time
one
of
ary custom-
Normandy,
Whale
skin
but
abounds
excellent
most
a
most
food, cooking it in
as
fishermen
stewed
when
the
him.
see
was
hungry otter,
a
warm
flesh
continued.
longer
will
but
not
of Whale
use
food
no
like
water
full of cramps,
Throughout England similar
get
to
mysticctus. {And
made
ways.
to
that
Bahena
old Romans
took
he became
internallv
WHALE, The
he
spirituous liquors;
results,as
cold
so
"
brother,
729
in
jelly.
is
graminivorous, its products being train oil,and baleen bone (whalebone),spermaceti and ambergris. Whaleformerly meant ivory, as supposed to be derived from "
sperm, "
the
bones
of
little known,
Europe
in Lovers
from
Lost bear
show
his teeth
whalemen
American
to
right humpback, interior
through lower that
the
of
half
leavingthe
possible; from It
is these
Sometimes
and on
more
to
the
bring
which the than
an
would
about
of
are
the
patient cannot
of
an
the
cure,
stand
so
the such
horrible
or
on
the
left.
atrocious
whalemen
hour, and has to be lifted out in second, third, and perhaps even
undergo a same day,
escape
opening
overpowering and
declare. immersion
faintingstate
a a
fourth
day following. Twenty,
as
breathe
to
would
which
gas
crevice
able
be
not
completely
as
up
by
so
the
outside
shoulders
partly the
the
feet;
creature's intestines
closed
every
admit
the
a
the
is cut
hole
a
loins to
the
it is
while
and
warmth,
of ammoniacal
which
gases,
whale),
whale
a
whether
matter
been
has
When
years.
from
is then
through
one
every
on
rheumatism
some
and
patient
the
volume
interior
the
odour, for
otherwise
of the
because
hole
This
aperture.
"
bone."
some
into the head
:
large to sufiiciently
patient'sbody, shall sink
far he
thus
for
whale,
of the
of the
smiles
chronic
still retains
carcase
feet foremost, the
a
side
one
that
ashore, (itdoes not finback, or a sperm
towed
killed, and
this fact
to
whale's
as
for
cure
was
ivory used in Western Walrus. Shakespeare'slines
of the
white
material
the
reference
as
Whale
remarkable
known
teeth
the
of
most
this
of
source
(says Biron) is the flower
This To
A
when
Labour
"
is
and
came
the
whale, when
a
or
;
course
thirty
730
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
hours, it is said, will effect
provided joints; and
cases,
the
relief. of
One
small
a
cured
even
in such
of
hours
two
the treatment believe
in
the
efScacy of proof positive,assert that whale, a trying out "
he
;
of
some
is, the better
whale
no
and
who
everyone
will believe
has
way, Ben
with
been
to
Island, and
these
achieve
his
Sir
"
written, the
enter
It
was
blubber, and
bearing in
the
of
each
more
in
of
if there be
emulate
a
Jonah's
write
valorous
a
cuttingin," or "
the
gas
mile
a
And "
deader
the
him," they week-dead
in
to
the
Davidson
or
to the Messrs.
will
;
say
whale
rheumatic
person,
adventure
whalesmen
safe
a
Brothers, Christian,
help
him
to
hand
a
with herself therein gorge from head to foot, whilst
whale, then
forth
issue
that
went under-
George Grey {Travels in Australia) has woman sight to see a pretty yoimg sorry
a
belly
rheumatism.
Bay, N.S.W.,
Norfolk
desire.
from
within
whale, let him
Point, Twofold
Boyd
suffer
Anyway,
wants
dead
a
at
remedy,
the remark.
otherwise, who
or
work
"
be
thoroughly by way of
men
"
out to
complaint, and
and practice,
maintain
carcase
taken
who
men
ever
the
being
All the shore
this remedial
them
the
of the
time.
"
furthermore,
into
declaringhimself
ofi
went
of
gives great
treatment
his neck
to
return
a
second
a
the
severe
distortion
or
it for sixteen hours,
later he had
year
malformation,
no
put up
was
in most
even
cure,
instances
stood
humpback,
a
;
there
man,
intervals
at
is
that
who
radical
a
anointed
trophy
of the
delicacy."
same
the fable relatingto Dr. Johnson of the small fishes who petitionedJupiter for a King, on seeing that the superciliousdoctor was laughing at him, he turned smartly round, and said promptly, Why, Dr. Johnson ! this When
Oliver
Goldsmith
was
"
"
is not
such
to make
easy littlefishes
Ckuzdewit, Tom
were
says
Pinch.
is the
the
an
matter
you
Sairey Gamp, And
package,
one
kind
of
whale
"
whales
were
In Martin
.
the
at
of all them
I wonder."
Antwerp boat in the middle," in Jonadge's belly,I do," cried the prophet with the whale
From
talk hke
when
which
think, for, if you
to
seem
talk,they would
..."
Ankworks
as
"
docks,
London
smoking
Goodness "
me
And
monsters ! that
is
I wish
it
said
Euth.
Mrs.
Gamp, appearing to
in this miraculous
spermaceti is obtained,
to
found con-
aspiration. being jaw ; it a yellow
this
lodged as an oily liquid in a cavity within the upper from the slaughteredanimal into congealsafter removal of then the oil is expressed out, and the residual cake mass, mixed When with white spermaceti is purifiedin water. wax,
WHEA
and
oil,it makes
bland
a
cooling ointment, for dressingwounds the sovereign' st thing on Telling me inward bruise an {Henry IV. Part I).
"
and
superficialsores. was parmacity for Spermaceti is nearly pure
earth
If made
into
emulsion
an
731
T.
"
cetin, and
with
yolk
for raw, sore irritated condition
popular remedy
contains
of egg,
alcohol, ethal.
an
oil,it
almond
or
throats, and
serves
bronchial
cough ; likewise for an of the membrane lining the bowels, or of the urinary passages. Eespecting Ambergris, a the whale substance restorative (excrementitious) got from system, as {see Cordials "), it powerfully afEects the nervous containing a peculiarprinciple,Ambrein, with a resin, benzoic five to twenty grains of the odorous acid, and adipocere. From substance (which is dispensedby our druggists)are to be given as
a
"
for
"
dose.
a
It
is," quoth old Fuller
(1656),
"
a
cordiall
rare
and sovereignfor the strengthening spirits, the head, besides the most fragrant scent, far stronger in consort when compounded with other things, than when singly itself." Amber old provincial English drink An Caudle," made was the
refreshingof
for the
"
of "
esteemed
ambergris,and You
talk,"
may
and
chocolate
caudles, your
comparable
Eavenscroft
said
youth
to
and
made
dish
a
seasoned, has been
(1622)
{See mulled
since very
time
one
Lord
a
is
food
is
generallysoon
so
dish.
"
hours, then It may
the
Albert
Mr.
boiled
be further
Reform
Food
Broadbent,
for
some
cure."
way,
He
of
entire
at
constipation, the difficulty be steeped in
making
raisins, free
served a
milky
from
the
Secretary
Manchester, that,
iii
also
was
hour, and
for
"
In
cases
grain, bruised fails to bring about
wheat
thoroughly cooked, never cannot praiseit too highly."
and "
the
which
an
used
Organization,declares
constipation long chronic,
It
Halle
with
servyd
was
of it should
some
;
In the Great
obstinate
For
pudding therewith, containing also spUt stones.
nothing
in
boiled
wheat," by
cracked
overcome
milk.
or
cream
as
twelve
for about
with
"
are
etc., etc."
venyson,
Mayor's
effectual
no
water
with
Frument
:
they
milk, and earlydays of English history. wheat
Fabyan Chronicles (1516),we read that Westmynster the Kynge in his astate
coursys
your
powers. amber
Bread).
In the of
of
beauty."
of
known
sexual
"
jellybroths, but
WHEAT.
Frumenty,
of the
restorative
to
of in a
732
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
of wheaten lean flour with meat, capital combination finely,has been given here freshly cooked, and then minced (page 475) in the form of a loaf, wherein the meat is so thoroughly dissolved as not to be discernible. This, together with fresh valescent butter, or fat of bacon, constitutes a complete food for a conA
Likewise
invalid. suitable
for
about
admirably (assuming energy, been already given,
buttered
toast
and
supplying bodily warmth,
as
digestivepowers), particularshave This is especiallyappropriate for 116-117. pages In Great Expectations,by Charles Dickens, 1858, sound
called
Castle
found
Miss
of
Skiffins
preparing delegatedto
the
so-
Pip, responsibleduty
The
tea.
persons.
At
"
in Walworth,"
Wemmick,
Mr.
old "
says
we
of
the Aged.' And that excellent making the toast was intent upon old gentleman was it that he seemed to be in so The some danger of melting his eyes. Aged prepared such a it haystack of buttered toast that I could scarcelysee him over as
it simmered
Miss
on
iron stand
an
Skiffins brewed
such
'
hooked
jorum
a
of tea
the top bar
to
on
toast, and
to
how
see
drank and
warm
in
tea
pig in the back repeatedlyexpressed his We and
proportion;
ate
it
was
the
we
whole
delightful Aged particularly
all got after it. The for some clean old chief of
greasy
while
the
that
premises became strongly excited, and desire to participatein the entertainment. of the
;
a might have passed savage in tribe, justoiled." Again, (seeAlice through the Loohing-glass), '' '' Haddock's the song, Eyes," or the Very, Very Beautiful," of "Aged, Aged Man," as sung by the White Knight, slowlybeating time with one hand, and with a faint smile lightingup his gentle foolish face," we patheticallyread : "
"
"I'll tell thee There's I
saw
A '
Who
'
his
answer
search
that's
very
'
I said,
'
the grassy cabs
:
(he gave
a
of hansom
the
way,
which
Your
?
dig for buttered rolls. twigs for crabs ;
wheels
By And
man
limed
set
I sometimes And
man
live ? trickled through my through a sieve.
water
For
I can;
gate.
you, aged is it you how
I sometimes
Or
a
are
Like '
aged, aged
an
sitting on
'And And
everything
little to relate.
I gain my wealth gladly will I drink
honour's
noble
knolls
wink)
"
health.'
"
head
734
MEALS
MEDICINAL.
she dealt. composed the antiquated slop in which Vessels holding the separate ingredientsstood on a white-clothed well so table of boards and trestles close by. This was very food as could be far for furmity, as nourishing,and as proper a not accustomed obtained within the four seas ; though to those to it,the grains of wheat, swollen as large as lemon-pips,which
not, that
floated there
its surface
on
was
might
in that
more
tent
closelywatching the hag's which
she
played.
With
his basin
have
a
effect at first.
deterrent
a
than
met
glance !
a
cursory proceedingsmight be wink
from
the
seen
observant
an
But
By
game of
member
reply to her nod ; when under the table, and slilymeasuring out bottle from into the man's a certain quantity of its contents, tipped the same rum as slilysent furmity. The liquorpoured-in was ; the man back in payment." money
the company she took a
WHELK
and
contains
nearly
which
it is obtained
drank
it at
the
all the
{See Milk).
entreaty gettingit for to
let
us
have
DISTINCTION
between
malt is
our
wood
the
more
has
of
the
milk, from
new
abstracted.
been
June and
money,
"
7th, 1665,
they
would
not
Pepys
With
much
be entreated
glassemore."
one
(And
should
whisky probably
be and
see
made,
Alcohol). for
any
of
that be
the
medicinal
Most
grain whisky. blend
a supplied helping the invalid should be malted barley ; it should not bearing a flavour which is not
the
curd
Exchange,
WHISKY.
A
phosphates
after the
New
("e Oystbk).
WINKLE.
WHEY.
It
in
passed up,
was
Good
two.
which less than
purposes, is usually
of what
has two
for
Whisky
been
made
years
from
old, and
disagreeable. By being kept
in
it grows mellow, and the harsher the taste when young the whisky when full-flavoured In the United mature.
States, whisky is
now
chieflydistilled
from
corn
and
rye.
The
darker spiritis almost colourless at first,but becomes by age, or Grain whisky more frequentlyfrom being kept in sherry casks. in England from is made mixture of barley, rye, and maize, a and is distilled by steam, so that much of the flavour is lost in
WHISKY.
the
735
product. But grain wMsky actuallycontains less fusel oil (a property) than malt whisky. The legal limit of alcohol in this spiritis about forty-two per cent, which is the strength of ordinary whisky ; so that a glassof whisky contains is half a glass of absolute rather less than alcohol. Potheen fashion, from molasses, being therefore made, in contraband like than of whisky was nun more whisky. The originalname of life." Irish water (pot-still) whisky Usquebaugh, the of Scotch malted in being procured from mixture difiers from a grain,and the malt is not dried over barley with other unmalted is that not the taste smoky. An old Scotch distiller peat, so his whisky, that the Highland water used to say about of note so through so fragrant,that was pure, and the herbage it came Birch, Broom, and he could discern in the flavour of the spirit. Wild Thyme. Whisky obtained from pure, malted, Scotch barley, raw
noxious
"
and
well
fine
has
matured,
flavours, and
a
roundness
mellow
is a Smash Whisky grain spiritaltogether lacks. in beverage containing whisky, with mint bruised, or smashed with the juice of oranges, is usually made tart the liquor,and Cecilia (in Miss Burney's story) fruit. lemons, or other subacid talked in such who tells about a wJiisky-f risky manner a man him : to understand that nobody could Why it's tantamount not talkingat all." tried Twain Alcohol, confirmed For sleeplessness,Mark had to be constantly for a time, but in doses which successfully in increased, until finallythey failed, whilst making him worse from insomnia I sufiered much," he says, his generalhealth. trouble me though my work is still now, years ago ; it does not I more exacting as the years steal on. heavy, and becomes by drinking a glass of beer before began the search for a cure which
"
"
"
going to
bed
;
exchanged my whisky. This
remedy, two
The of
a a
Uttle rehef
that
I
began
rest
like
to
my
the
was
ofi all
me
leave of the
Yes, sir, an
me,
sought remedy !
I then
infallible
brought about
right,and
in my head, but and the old trouble
night.
of
in
couple of back
come
another I
a
to
remedy,
got hold
real The
medicine.
then the trouble grew to five ounces, of a good old story of taking too much
sent
ounces
of it
I
Then
time.
of two ounces prescription It proved the desired cure.
angelicsensation
would
short
a
small
the
so
for
of Scotch It
five
worked
much
so
ounces
again.
this gave beer for
began thing. a
hours
kind
sleep
stay all the and
by
found
it.
accident.
736
MEALS
It
was
child's
a
; but
down
I
and
German
began singlepage
a
the
never
will find it
you
I
grammar.
got through
never
and
along,
came
MEDICINAL.
at
it
on
time.
a
lying Sleep
chance.
a
gave grammar certain cure." dead,
a
read
to
Thomas
Try it, Quincey, English Opium de
Confessionsof an ul of laudanum Eater, (and who got to take nearlya largewineglassf in all, as representing320 grains of opium,) used at one time to call every day for a glassof laudanum-negus, warm, and without sugar,"justas another man might call ordinarilyfor a hot Scotch. As to the old much- vexed not alcohol is a or questionwhether taken in wine, malt liquor,or spirit, the most recent food, when conclusion by unprejudiced authorities is that beyond certain of such limits the poisonous action alcohol than narrow more who literateur,
the famous
wrote
"
counter-balances in
proved
to
the for
issue
current
a
its food
be
a
energy of the
some
with
the
food
Thus
(October 22nd,
the Lancet pronounces Alcohol has been 1904) :
in' the
when
"
that
sense
used
its oxidation
given off during body's needs ; but healthy activities of
its food
the stomach,
value.
Similarlysea-water
value
the
that
most
will be overbalanced used
be
may
if at
in the
boiler
in small be
quantities employed
time
feres it inter-
may same
important organ, by its toxic effect. of a steam-engine,
evaporation will transmit the energy the fuel to the revolving wheels, but its corrosive action on steel forbids its employment except in emergencies." and
the
Certain the
market,
made
as
at
malic, tartaric, and
wholesome
Their
wines
of
cent
racemic
are
of the
in
now
basic
preservativeswhatever
no
These
wines
Ehine.
oii the
Worms,
twenty-five per
to
Nektar
unfermented
pasteurized,whilst manufacture.
the
fifteen
its
non-alcoholic
juicesare in
from
steam
are
contain
fruit used from
together with sugar, fixed salts of potash,
grape acids ; also
soda, lime, magnesia, and iron. They help to obviate constipation of the bowels, being moreover also somewhat antisepticintestinally, diuretic. "
Sound
contains
claret the least
individual
would
lightclaret,rather sound
claret
stout, while
need
"
(says the Lancet, October, 1904)
proportion of
undoubtedly be than not
the
Wine
a
glassof
contain
it is free from
liquor." Nevertheless, "
of the
acid
West
after
of all wines.
better ardent
more
the
invariably
In health
the
for
drinking a pleasant Good spiritand water.
alcohol
extractive
all said
"
and
than
matters
does
ale,
of the
or
malt
done, English cider,
Countree," is for ourselves
the
best
and
YEAST.
wholesome
most
vinous
737
beverage, and
So testifiesthe smock-frocked
beaten, rosy, cider du
wrinkled
Devon "
of face.
gude, 'tis th' best thing fur Almighty made ! Aale du be gude
th' so
and
ill ;
be
folk du
some
I niver
set
of
home
Ay, buoy, an', when a
man
;
stout
tu
drink
be
th'
th't iver
summat
furrin wines, and
to
duction. pro-
labourer, weather-
none
sich
loike
gie oi gude cider, an' if mun don't loike mun, there be no countin some volks judgment." the Vine is a gallanttree Old Nicholas Culpeper (1652) stated of the sun, very sympathetiealwith the body of man, which is the reason all spiritsof wine is the greatest cordial among vegetables." in drink In the days of our was grandfathersa calmative known as word). This Julep (from an ancient Arabian vogue drink contained opium, with mucilage. The title is still retained waters, but alcohol has been by doctors for certain medicinal In Scotland, for a cold substituted for the opium therein. jellyis taken with whisky recentlycaught, a rob of black currant straightway. The toddy, generallyhaving the result of a cure black cordial liqueur de cassis, from similar French make a qui est stomachique,et stimulante." currants, (though
taasted
gert
store
withal
mun
mysen), but "
"
WINES.
(See Alcohol). wine
is the
milk
of old
age." that as It is well worthy of note remarkably helpfulagainst ally the Vin Urane Pesqui is to be scientificas diabetes, a wine known and has repeatedlyproved of undeniable efficacy. commended, which Uranium with Bordeaux old (a consists of specific This wine Under its use is antidote to diabetes) properlyincorporated. of sugar in the urine becomes (as a pleasantbeverage)the amount much reduced, whilst the general health is sensiblyimproved. taken when experimentally in varying The metal. Uranium, large doses by healthy provers, has been found to produce all As
the
"
Milk
is the
symptoms
wine
of
infancy,so
of confirmed
YEAST.
diabetes.
(See Bread).
here
(or Levurine) which has been told about when treating fuller notice as an admirably useful of bread, merits some
form
of
The
Barm
pyogenes, yeast againstthe staphylococcus
or
mischievous 47
738
MEALS
which
microbe
MEDICINAL.
is causative This
subject.
the
human
the
brewhouse, dried
light chestnut
of most
purulent inflammations is actuallyfresh barm
Levurine
and skilfully,
colour, with
reduced
smell
a
of
putrid,or septicinflammations
of
to
a
powder,
in from of
a
ment Treatfermenting beer. by it is found (in Paris)
superior to that by the yeast of fresh beer. It is well borne by the stomach, and can be given freely,even up to six teaspoonfuls of the powder in a day ; such an energeticcourse when the septicpoisoning by disease is intense. being necessary Furthermore, it will act as preventive of microbic assaults, if taken with this view of surgicaloperations,where at the time For infection seems a thing to be feared. unhealthy boils, or a sloughing carbuncle, as well as for septic pneumonia (Itmg inflammation of a low, prostratingtype), or septicrheumatism, when now acute. Barm, administered liberallyin the manner almost enjoined, may justly claim curative powers positively The best of it is by dissolvingdoses (a specific. giving way teaspoonfulat a time) of the powder in a little beer, to be taken be
to
much
between from
meals
it
or
;
exhibited
be
can
in cachets,
as
to
be
had
Professor druggist for any such purpose. Doyen, of Paris, has brought this potentialremedy before the notice of his medical brethren in the Revue Critiquede Medecine, et de Fresh Beer Yeast is Chirurgie. employed medicinally as an stimulant in low fevers of a putrid type ; it is of much antiseptic a
service
when,
because
of
inflammatory risks,
wine
is
not
admissible.
the Virgil, the
toils and
the
son
familiar
Latin
troubles
poet, has
related
in Homeric
fashion
encountered
by Mrxe'ds and his followers when where seekinga friendlyresting-place, they might again estabhsh themselves after their long wanderings since the fall of Troy. Oracular prophecy had foretold, through Ascanius, of "
Mne"s,
Quum
te, nate, fames
Accisis Turn
My
locare son,
make
Then, And
domos
sperare
Shall
ignota
coget dapibus
Prima "
termination
happy
a
worn
build
manu,
when
famine
ad
to litora
consumere
an
vectum
mensas
defessus,ibique molirique aggere on
their laborious
;
memento
tecta."
unknown
shore
thee, faihng food, the
very
plates devour,
and
find
home-ground.
wearied, thy walls, and
look
to
back
them
with
a
mound."
quest.
WILLOW-PATTERN
PLATE.
739
Accordingly, when the Trojan band, led hj iEneas, entered Italy,and sailed up the Tiber, prior to laying the foundations of Rome, being constrained by hunger," they proceeded "
"
"
Violare
manu,
Fatalis
orusti
table
Their Then
(" '
consume
;
etiam
What
hand, with
consumimus
mensas
well ?
the predictionof thereby fulfilling Gods
quadris." zest.
:
eating plates as
!
orbeih
paroere
by tooth, and
cakes
to
Heus
audaoibus
malisque patulis,nee
"
?
'
lulus
inquit lulus.") called
jest."
in
favourable
a
haven
the
from
Similarly,for ourselves, at the conclusion of our present lengthy task, we make bold to adopt the classic metaphor, thank the fates and and, lacking further foods to discuss, we last.
at
devour
tables.
our "
Haec
"
This
positura
haec
:
:
"
have
a
mental
been
served
final issue
from
meal
to
in the
the
our
last
bound."
the
eat
dishes
abilityis granted
the
whereon
mensce
ended
our
; and moral
the
through
whereof
many
hail
to
fodder
homely Plate,
Willow-Pattern "
know persons to our Familiar
Is told At
us
eyes dramatic
in
meal-times
So, I propose And
V\
to
let
But
The
me
Then, The Just
beauties
by
where
Having With
a
dark-blue
date.
diction
Willow-pattern
plate.
and
trim
of take
our
stone-
in hand
Phyllis from
ware
a
the
;
stage
a
an
actor
from
the
kitchen
sheU
left would
enter
circle, splendid buildings stand, proud Pagoda in their centre.
upper
chambers,
opulent
!
platter.
classic Chorus, I will chatter the delf. on you look attentive
while
Its inner
fiction.
childhood's
represent the story.
to
scenic
like
a,
instructive
an
from
perform its plot upon my page first depict in aU their glory
Fetched
^
on
seated, pray,
Be
"
what
Few
and
grand.
the
learned, and
marked,
read,
now
pages
labours
the
and
term,
here
be
to
found
was
inwardly digested." Nevertheless, deduce
manebat
suprema
tedious
cannot
furnished,
are
this
:
the
we
course,
nos
modum."
famine
search
our
Materially,of contents
that
was
all
Of
ilia fames
erat
Exitiis
;
a
us
to
topics happy of
the
740
MEDICINAL.
MEALS
Orange-tree outreaches golden-fruitedboughs, a background each side of the Pavilion, peaches. on above
High Its And
tender
With In
these
front
bridge
Its
island
an
small
one
Plain
Deep-rooted A gnarled In
token
off
Far
Says Another On Thus
picture
;
;
curtain
sheds
is
ending.
'
our
direction
made.
be
must
attention.
remote
of
its leaves.
weaves.
Stage
has
cultivation
paid.
been
Stage completed. side-wings duly set comfortably seated. the play you get.
and
still
are
rises, and
First,
boughs depending,
and
entrance
scene,
you
the
shore
drama
our
where
needs
is the
Act
tale
right upper much
Left
the
weeps,
sea,
which
The
long
;
gardener'sdwelling
summer-time
the
while
and
bridge, with
of the
middle
Now,
children
two
;
discover.
we
their parents to a Guardian's care. little Tsing, and Lin, her promised lover.
by
Sweet He
the
Island
With
-In
the
near
across '
faces,
palings strong other places
with
lying near
old Willow
that
a
air.
of poor resources telling, Cottage with a single floor.
mindful
And
fair ;
tree
the
as
the
to
over
runs
on
Palace
lines
right,approach from by an Ocean, broad,
the
on
Built
the
the
deck
crimson
its foremost
at
Is hindered A
and
green,
spacious Park
a
Fenced
Whilst,
an
boy,
brave
a
Lin, when
he
she
manhood,
to
comes
old, and
five years
fair.
will inherit
Park, Pagoda, buildings grand ; Likewise, if faithful still,he then will merit Fulfilled possession of Tsing's heart, and hand. The
and
Fang,
But
Into
whose
Determines To He
Sweet Year Looked
By
loss
shirks little
the
Plies
their
years
come.
running,
are
home
heritage,and
much
with
Tsing year,
he
pretence the
holds
key-border always
patient Trusting to
;
love
and
on
bides so
stern
Plate
our
of the
And
in
the
of
wailing.
shift.
seclusion
Palace
shown,
courage, threads, and Lin.
in close
which
her
crafty
the
within
all sides, as
She, mindful Maintains
children
youthful
suspicion by
after on
cunning.
orphan
lad to sea, for pleasure sailing. at the dead him of night adrift ;
the turns
Deplores his And
their
while
seize by fraud
takes Then
these
care
dastard
of
Mandarin
a
the
bounds, allusion. surrounds.
departed. hope depends. her time true-hearted. First
Act
ends.
742
MEALS
Our
lesson
MEDICINAL.
that
is
Cast And
the
on
The
So
at
shall
Solvitur
"
we
eternal
days
through
life,
the
like
doves
fly
we
:
hie
away,
victor
ccestus,
mute.
the for
Willows, the
best ;
the
across
be
deserving. was
on
striving
and
;
the
earth
them
but
last,
fruit to
on
hang
unswerving
trust
taught
are
whose
harps
our
Sadly Then
runes
of
music
for
As
bear
waters
heavenly
and
truth,
"
at
billows.
rest."
artemque
repono."
INDEX.
Diseases, and medicinal
{of
parts), proper
of each
treatment
Ailments
Minor
with
;
and
sufficientfor
Broth
for
Figs, split(poultice) Linseed Meal (poultice)
Butter,
427
Caviare
Onion
529
Chamomile
557
Cider
600
Cinnamon
226
Eryngo
132
Hazel
-
(poultice, for ear) Pulses, cooked, antiseptic Resin of Bees (poultice) Watercress (for its lime salts) phur, Vegetables, containing Sul-
the
Cabbage and (antiseptic) from
drinks
the
curative
(to feed macrophags)
273
ACIDITY,
and
Malady.
ABSCESS.
Yeast
dishes
like
ferments
in
-
214
tea
174 175 root
-
(to soften
630
270, 271
-
nuts
arteries)502
Honey
402,
403
Lemon
420
Lettuce
426
-
Liquorice, to rejuvenate
stomach.
128
144, 145
-
Fennel
111, 737
16, 603
warmth
-
371
food, 492 ; and sugar of and milk, 479 ; also sour,
Milk Fish
bones, charred
440
the
Fruits,
non-fermenting, Apples,Lemons, Mulberries, Raspberries, Strawberries.
Lime,
in lobster
shell
Liquorice Lozenges, gum, Malt liquors,to ileats, lean do
Sago
and
and
435 -
-
curdled
371,
372
Pellitory 436 91
avoid
provoke
not
Tapioca
milk
63, 480
Onion
403
Oyster
541
Pheasant
Pigeon (good
for old
men) 567,. 568
Roses,
of red
conserve
Kosined
606, 607
317
-
598
-
wine
27, 600
Sage Sago, suits the aged Salep Sovip,strong, and clear Spinach with Vegetable marrow
386
-
Starches, avoid,
of
potatoes,
etc.
606 661
-
.
Vegetables, salads, do From
Lemon
not
nervous
Cabbage,
provoke.
indigestion.
sauerkraut
juice
Orange, Vinegar,
fresh, and
green,
Seville
-
inside 133
420-423
Wines
(as indicated)
20 29
446
AGUE, AGE, OLD, healthy, to promote. indicated. Alcohol, when Balm
108 710
Sherry
"
malt
-
meat
325
Venison
447
651 -
362
and
INTERMITTENT
FEVER.
Anchovy Barberry
284 79
744
INDEX.
AGUE, Etc., continued. Chicory (Succory)
167 175
Eggs, unless digested Elecampane
husks
188
Food
Berry
190
Cinnamon Coffee "
-
decoction
Lemons,
Orange, Parsley
of
420
Saffron
604
Sage Spider
-
and
Wood
386
-
Web
415, 720
sorrel
390
AIK,
being
in
-
preservatives
to
be 316
Garlic
Man's
331
-
-
Poor
"
534
Glycerine Gooseberry Grape-juice, bottled -
632
310
-
353
smoked
Ham,
75
Hop
.
Ice (frozen meat) 409, 335, Juniper berries Lemon juice (destroystyphoid -
open. Fresh country
air
as
food
454
germs) Meat
ALBUMINURIA disease
Barberry
of drink
and
Milk,
jam
Buttermilk
79 482
-
Chestnut
165
Cloves
181
Cochineal
183
-
Cockroach
-
123, 124, 415
soup
Eggs, sparing use
of
249
-
Koumiss
(fermented milk) Meat, sparingly partake of. in food, harmPreservatives ful
489
have
must
in top crust
and
481
sour
Mints
376
MuUein .
Mustard
-
Nettle
and
-
513,
scents
Oils, balsamic
Angelica, candied valerianate Apple, by its amyl Asparagus "
-
Onion .
42
Rue
2, 63 363
-
red
-
(by
its
-
-
sulphur)
Carrot Cedar
-
oil
-
78
wine
706 598
-
27
392, 516 604
Sage
386
Salt
618
Semolina
438
Snipe
-
100
-
131
Sorrel, and
140
Soy (with salmon) Spices, condimentary
517
333 568
376, 383, 385
Saffron
Balm
Barberry Cabbage,
petals
536
373-375
-
jelly Pigeon Pine (turpentine) Pulses, the, by their sulphur.
Rosined
51
516
530
Orange Peppermint
18
of
"
380
of herbs.
Rosemary
Alcohol
697
377, 378
-
(herb knodel)
Odours
Rose
ANTISEPTICS.
336
556
-
ANTIPUTRESCENTS,
410
hole
Petroleum 582
366
-543
.
pie,
made
(Bright's kidneys).
591 261
-
Garlic
447 381
long
abjured "
Seville
too
Wood
Sorrel
388 84
Celery
146
Chives
533
Sugar (cane)
671
233
Tamarind
680
Chutney Cider (germicidal) -
Cinnamon
-
-
172, 174
175, 177,437
233, 376, 654
Tansy Thyme
-
Cloves
181
Toastwater
Cocoa-butter
522
Tobacco
Crust
coffee
Currants, red
Curry
-
116
309, 310 233
Tomato
.
395
376, 397 118
smoking alcohol) -
Turnip, poultice
out (but with695 699 705
745
INDEX.
PAGE
ANXIPUTRESCENTS,
Elecampane
Etc.,
Vegetable diet Vinegar, malt Water drinking, as unfermented
Wine, Wormwood Yeast
-
tested
-
(Nektar)
(absinthe) (levurine)
399,
714
Horehound
445
Mace
722
Nettle, fumes
736
Onion
366
-
529
and
Hare
grocer's,to tough skins undigested.
Meat,
in
not
to
Bilberry (Whortleberry) BuUace, wild plum Crab apple (verjuice)
attack. avoid
jelly
Preservatives
in
-
512
religiously
"'"72
to
shun
(without seeds)
308
Pear
307
Raspberry
587
conserve
-
powder
in
apply
Rice,
584
"
57, 222
Jledlar
333
-
food,
312 -
-
Peppermint
Tomatoes
ASTRINGENTS.
459
373-375
Petroleum
323
asthma
pursued against
threatened
Oatmeal,
;
remain
excess
Jlilk diet to be a
avoid
94
against
good
Woodcock,
568
322
-
-
127
315
voke pro-
may
APPENDICITIS.
the
379, 381
inspire
tincture
Rabbit
Currants,
507
-
-
Partridge, to abstain from Pigeon, split,to chest apply Pine pillow and blankets
400
737, 738
Butter
344
milk
breath, and
Goat's
continued.
261
-
-
to
588
bleedingwound
702
Rose, red, syrup
Vinegar (poultice,apply).
Sloe
juice
598
of
57, 222
Verjuice
Air,
WASTING.
and
ATROPHY,
coffee
Acorn
572
-
vital
electric
470
"
and
sunshine,
fresh,
forces.
Apple pudding 64, Asparagus milk consumptives. (for Ass'? -
fat
Bacon
-
Bananas
and
for
60
135
for children
cakes
451
marrow
131
Cabbage Cakes
buns
and
Cod-liver
126
-
165
(forchildren)
Chestnuts
185
oil
225
Cream Crust
Anise,
place
broth
Dates
ASTHMA. anisette of bromides
cordial
49, 50 2
Carrot Coltsfoot
Elderberry
364,
Egg "
-
124
-
235-237 -
-
295, 296
blood
Fowl's
in
71
phosphates,
iron
Barley Bone
-
76, 77, 264
-
Barley bread,
65
67-69
infants)
and
55
251 -
Goat's
696
Grapes,
313
Herring
Rue sweet
"
-400
350, 354 276
INDEX.
746
(fermented milk)
Lecithin, of eggs,
bodily growth
to
"
489
promote 250
-
-
7, 45 Irish 495, 496
only
moderation
in
637
-
419,
Meat, Moss,
331
(for gall-stone) ) Glycerine ( "Good King Henry" (English Mercury) Gooseberry, red Grape-cure (not sweet) Garlic
continued. Koumiss
609
Endive
WASTING,
and
ATROPHY,
Iceland, and 519 Oil, animal, to rub in Pati de foie gras (goose-liver)
394 310 351
-
Hares'
liver
420, 421, 448
juice
Lemon
.321
-
-
-
-
345, 346 Potatoes
578
-
with
sage,
"
boys,
for
581
promote growth Proteids, to repair tissues to
Rye Sugar
-
-
of fruits
-
(for children) Tea (impairs nutrition) 264, Toffee (for children) de Truffles foie gras) (in ^JaU Sweetbread
-
-
115
Saffron
302
Samphire
682
273
Vine
flesh (for children) inhale from fumes Vats,
and
Whale,
Spermaceti
fat, and
(for 266, 731
warmth)
433
Apple, by fruit acids (in place of nitro-muriatic acid) -
-
to
51
because
abjure,
78
-
-
91
-
(spleen,congestion of) 138 (passivelyturgid liver) 140 ) 189 Chicory ( "
berries
raw
-
-
(forjaundice)
700-703
-
-
Woodruff, liver)
288
-
(forsluggish
sweet
398
-
-
399
(for jaundice)
Wormwood
Affections
{seealso
of
URINARY
and
TROUBLES).
Cider
78
-
-
79, 80
Barley (demulcent) Cheese (for stone)
153
-
171,
(against stone)
Milk
diet most
bladder
suitable
when
172
urinary
ages pass-
and
irritable.
Sheep's prostate gland senile enlargement prostate)
(for of -
-
Whey
342,
cure
47
486, 734
189
308
(garden,
for
309
(Sepia, venous of liver) 638,
coffee
(from roots)
fasting (for -
fat
for
nose
Blackberry 639
195, 609, 610 whilst Egg, raw, jaundice)
BLEEDING. Bacon
dice) jaun-
-
Dandelion
691
-
"
Cranberry
congestion
Tea, Paraguay Tench
of
Carrot
Cuttle-fish
662
-
680
are
Caper
Currants
in
-
"
ferment
Coffee, the
-
Barberry
Asparagus (obstructed liver, 66 and jaundice) and stones) gallBarberry (jaundice,
its
children)
STONE
its extract
liver, and
Beer,
-
GALL-STONES.
and Animal
629
-
(for jaundice
Strawberry
BLADDER,
DICE, JAUN-
DISORDERS,
BILIARY
-
Tomato 353
from
order dis-
(for spleen
Tamarind
650
sticks
Champagne
21 3, 604
-
472
346, 501 Turtle
521 (forgall-stones) bitter Seville (for Orange, of bile) 537 excess 550 Parsnip 317 Partridge Radish bilious 593 diarrhoea) (for oil
Olive
-
43, 46, 660, 708 bread
612
Lettuce
2, 255
Cinnamon,
(piece
into
nostril
bleeding)
-
-
-
from
bowels,
or
176
kidneys Clover, from Cucumber, blood
73
103, 104
158
nose
refrigerates
the
229, 230
INDEX.
continued.
BLEEDING, Cuttle-fish
BOILS.
369
Cabbage, by its sulphur, 131, Cow dung poultice, by its saprophytes Fig poultice Olive oil, apply (for athletes) Radish juice,for carbuncular
421
Tomato
434
Yeast,
juice (from piles) 638, 639
Extract
from
kidney,
animal
suprarenal capsule Ice, from
410
-
blood Xettle Oak
boil
after
loss
-
Orange
380
(female 535
mushroom,
apply
powder
the
500
-
Quince, Cotiniat
450
-
Rice
powder apply, lungs give rice
and
from
(female fluxes)
Shepherd's purse Sloe juice,from nose web, Spider apply Strawberry, wild Turpentine, kidneys, or Verjuice of crab apple
605
-
176, 177 309, 572 415
664
lungs
57, 222
-
Beans
34
Beef,
raw
2, 34
-
-
pudding, pig's blood
by
Black
iron
of 2, 626
animal
Blocd,
106, 107 295, 296
of fowl
Cherry veins
Grape Lentils
person
Spinach, by Eumes
fumes from
-
its
from beer
induce
480
-
Mineral
vat
vat
-
480
of
causative
salts
deficient
in
rickets
34, 708
Potato
and
flour,
cream,
rickets
against Seaweeds,
apply,
wrack
in
575, 578
-
bladder631
rum
poultice, for
Vinegar enlargement
lous scrofu-
of
Affections BOWELS, Allspice,for coUc
bones
58
of. 211
-
Anise, to comfort
by
sedative 48, 49
properties Cabbage, boiled
with
salt, for 133
colic
140
colic, and
for
Costmary, Egg, poached,
apply
233 395
colic table for irri-
soup,
123
bowels for
Ginger, Gingerbread
colic
milk
-
for
617
Gruel, for
sugar,
tines intes-
sore -
for ulceration
-
Jlacaroni,
353
unloaded
,
343
of
666 sore
Ivy, ground,
352
338
338-341
-
-
Grape
566 214
stomach -
218
-
-
milk
108
iron, 34, 108, 656 wine
rickets
acid Condensed
638
will make
excess
"
480, 536
"
Marrow, animal, for rickets 450 Milk, unboiled, for its citric
Goats'
-
to
bloodless
mil
591
-
Salt, taken
-
for colic Chamomile, for colic Chutney,
make
bloodless
Savoy
Vine
will
and
lemons
-
Cayenne,
451
bone raw
of
for
34
-
eaten
acid
Caraway,
637
-
red
Marrow,
Citric
351, 352
sweet
cure,
buncle car-
RICKETS.
162
34
its iron
Egg yolk, by Glycerine
and
DISEASE,
for colic
juice, sluggish
Cuttle-fish
Pdce
61
for.
BLOODLESSNESS,
BONE
rickets 588
-
Saffron
701
-
levurine, also for
oranges Corn flour
fluxes) Puff-ball
522 594
-
poultice
69
-
bitter
701 273
111,738 451
peel,
-
133
of
-
nose tea, from bark decoction
-
-
sniff, for
Liver, animal, from lungs red bone, with Marrow,
glycerine,
47
-
stomach
lungs, or
Ivy, ground Lemon juice, to nose-bleeding
747
to
bowels for lead
keep -
358 cohc
369
intestines 438
INDEX,
748
PACK
BOWELS,
oil, for
Olive
522
decoction, apply
bark
to 69
prolapsed bowel Peppermint, for colic Antiseptic lozenges in food,
Preservatives
Rice
316,
mucilage,
398
-
reject, lest
for
brain
454-461
heavy strengthen
to
ory mem-
377, 379
brain
recruit
Nuts
218
dull
makes
excess
Mustard,
"
brain
to
nutritive
inner
skin, for colic 503
Whortleberry
313
dull
brain
505 513
-
Oysters, by phosphorus, 540, Phosphorus of eggs, fish,and vegetables
706
apply Walnut,
nourishes
-
and
colic,
in
605
-
Potatoes, make Proteids, for
appendicitis ensue. Turpentine,
403 "
soothe
Oatmeal,
irritable
gripings
seeds,
-
-
588
for
Tomato
late regu-
blood-supply. 401 strengthen
meal
and
449
intestines
Thyme,
Meat
to
for -
for
mucilage,
375
191, 582
of bowels
catarrh
373
Maize
avoid
to
mischievous
as
Quince-seed
-
Hominy, Honey Hop, to
essences
brain
the
of
ulceration
stomach Oak
volatile
Herbal
of, conU.
Affections
542
276 581
-
brain
giving
714
power
Prunes,
quieting
573
-
339
cordial
Rosemary
Saffron, in bread, cakes, etc., AFFECTIONS.
BRAIN
soothe
to
-
-
liqueur,moderately,
Absinthe
Almond,
-
18
-
-
brighten
to
38
-
brain, restorative
Animal
brain) gin, for brain-fag
109, 110 of
Brain
sheep
of
605
sustaining Sage, for memory Sardines help brain workers. nutritive Sausage, German, Saveloy (originally from
634
-
fowl
14
Sloe
Tansy,
386 627
-
627
-
311
-
strengthen
to
395
"
Apples, to strengthen by their phosphorus, also by volatile principles, in
has
and
give
Balm,
form
Basil
sweet,
Beef
tea,
a
363
-
362
only gives temporary
to
88
-
82, 83 11, 109
tranquillise
Brain, animal
of
extract
Celery, restorative
146
Cereals
115
-
,,
Cheese,
with
toasted
for delirium
Costmary, feeble
Cresses,
for
Cayenne,
tremens.
-
-
invigorate brain
-
"*"
Dates lecithin,
by
its
395 226
MILE,
BREAST
to
increase
of.
flow
215
Borage
139
Caraway Crab, Goats'
seashore Rue
-
436 491
-
382
Parsley, apply Rosemary Sage, to dry up
385 387
liberal,
needed for
BRIGHT'S
DISEASE
{see
ALBUMINURIA).
and
BRONCHITIS,
BRONCHIAL
ASTHMA.
Fish, by phosphorus.
hysteria, and
242
phorus phos248, 251
Food,
brain
236
"
Egg,
a
strengthening
brain to
sweet,
65
memory nervine cordial
stimulation
Beans,
681
682
status
cordial
"
improve
to
-
-
the intellectual
raised
Woodruff,
strengthen,
to "
brain
"
place of bromides.
Asparagus,
clears
Tea
lect intel-
in
insanity.
Absinthe,
palliativein place
of bromides
16
760
INDEX.
PAOR
and FROST-BITES. CHILBLAINS, Cayenne pepper, friction with Horse-radish, apply for Juniper gum, chapped
-
hands Leek
for
essence,
532
unbroken
cold
a
as
529
-
poultice.
COLIC
of
BOWELS).
poulticethe
fruit.
171
(apples) and
Ass's
BOWELS.
Cider
milk
51
67
-
fat
Bacon,
CATARRH.
of and
Apples,
CHOLERA.
COLD,
{see
BOWELS
CONSTIPATION
Cider
706
of, as preventive
whitlow a
Strawberries, for frost-bites, crushed
spiration per-
578
-
Rosemary (wild) to of finger, apply as apply
636
677
-
529
-
flour, apply
643
over
promotes
Water, cold, use
blains chil-
rub
posset
376
to
Potato
Treacle
620 -
661-665
poultice,and with bridge of nose
Turpentine
ped chap-
hands
Onion,
Strawberries
336
juice,for chapped hands
Spearmint
368
Tallow
-
-
562
Salt, catarrh with sneezing Snails, chronic catarrh
of
.
Baking powder Barberry Barley
70
101, 138 78
"
chilled,straightway
Alcohol, when
19
-
Almond
drink, demulcent
Anise,
40
and
for
infants, cold in head, sedative tea, hot, for marmalade
Balm Banana
Barley
for
-
-
Borage, for feverish Cayenne, catarrh of
catarrh
stomach
chill
168,
Coffee
75
81
and
tea
candy
132
Chestnut
(Horse)
Chicory, but
Costmary black,
Currant,
jelly Egg silky Elderberry wine,
181
Cream
184
Curry powder, by
737
-
"
"
to
Elderberry Elecampane Eig pulp
flowers
188
-
225
Cuttle-fish
its Cubeb
juice, from
liver
-
233
gish slug638
-
Dandelion
195
Bates
235
255
Elderberry Figs Fig rook
258
Fruits, fresh
313 261
Frumenty, Ginger and
273
Parkin
induce
perspiration
189
566
and
rob,
tic lympha-
persons
Coffee, cold
395
166
for
not
Cloves
364 -
104, 119
-
215
186-190
97 127
"
Coltsfoot
-
Cabbage
79 -
for
363
(pectoral)
water
Bean
Cocoa,
Beetroot, white Bread, brown Butter
49
chill
a
80
-
wine
-
258
273, 274
-
673 304
of wheat
-
gingerbread
733
338-341 511
"
Gruel Lemon
the
(oatmeal) juice,and
within
tea
427
a
-
-
sparing
use
of
-
footbath
Glycerine Goats'
420
Liquorice Mustard
apply
358
nostrils
Linseed
Meat,
-
broth, and
Orange peel
in nostril
and
34^ I
-
in
clyster 345, 347
371
Grapes,
450
Honey
378 tincture
-
Goosegrease, sweet
351 ] 36
cake "
Onion
632'i
milk
made
with
it
404
528
Linseed
427
537
Liquorice
372
INDEX.
CONSTIPATION,
continued.
Mallow
Alcohol, neutralises
Mulberry juice
311
-
seed, white
Nettle-tops,young Nuts, Brazil
-
Chestnut
-
-
Walnut,
"
pickled
green,
Oatmeal -
food,
379
Ass's Bacon
fat
503
Balm
-
liberal
a
of 418
use
milk
67, 68 71 363
502
Blackbird
503
Cabbage
521
-
19, 20. Animal
379
508
.
Oils, Castor
tubercle,
441
-
Mustard
751
98
Carrot
(for cough) Caviare, fish roe
140,
521, 656
-
Spanish
Onion,
Seville, marmalade
Orange,
flower
Peach
527
tea
447
-
Pear
Peppermint
"
Perry of
Prunes,
and
body
their
375
Cinnamon, antiseptic germicidal
308
Gloves
electuary
the
wine
sweet
of
persons)
Turkey
Rhubarb
Roses,
damask,
-
(petals)
roses
Salt, for chronic Sloe juice, and syrup, laxative
Spinach, for aged Sprats, oily
persons
Strawberries ,
Tomato
Fish
278
Walnuts,
syrup
of
syrup
preen,
pickled
"
108
disease
highly
rosined,
Frog Glycerine
-
720
Italy -
and
Goat,
632
odour
and
of,
milk, 342, 343
Gouty
have
Grape cure, Herring, and
sweet
727
-
-
351-353
276, 285, S92
roe
Horehound
366
Lamprey
247
-
cough for bleeding animal, lungs
Linseed
tea
from
for
-
-
434
489
419
495
JIoss, Iceland Irish
424
koumiss,
fermented,
Milk, 736
nity immu-
persons from consumption
26, 600
(Nektar)
301
328-330
Liver,
115, 731
Greece unfermented
460
680
719, 720
-
of
this
to
-
Garlic
614
-
of
-
useful
scanty
a
;
predisposes
661
crushed, for chronic,
Wheat,
521
592
bacon
generous
diet
713, 716
cellulose
Violets, sweet
-
and
roe
Food,
595
-
Vegetable
Wine,
Fish
676
Treacle
Wine,
oils
727
Oil of sardines
572
703
sauce
Turnip
236, 611 226, 228
-
698
smoke
to
Cresses
262
690
Paraguay
436 436
-
235
284
-
Tobacco,
fish
Eggs, in plenty Elecampane
gently
-
Tamarind
Cray
219
inhale shore
sea
Dates
616-620
-
Tea,
of
390
600
-
185, 519
breath
Crab,
184
-
oil
572
598, 599
Cabbage
-
Cod-liver
Watdr
of
conserve
and
-
Cockles
(except for
Rhubarb-garden goutv
171, 175
Cows'
213, 355
same
727
307
310, 572, 573
Raisins, and
essential
Cider
275
-
foods
166
-
phosphates in
and
559
309, 310, 572,574
-
Position
-
-
-
Plums
Chicory (Succory) Chlorides
142
144, 145
-
OUve
132
-
-
496
-
"
CONSUMPTION
Air, open,
of treatment
Motor
LUNGS. and
shine sun-
524-526
car,
aeration
Mug
wort
use
of, by rapid 526, 527 401
INDEX.
753
I'ACE
CORDIALS, Etc., Peppermint
continued.
212, 373
-
Porter, "fettled"
208, 209
Quince
-
212,448
-
Kaisins
(sultanas) Batafia, liqueur Rosa solis,liqueur
211,
213, 383 210, 570
-
Pine
apple
"
210
-
posset (a noble -
211
-
Saffron
cordial
!)
213, 214, 604
Sage Sherry cobbler Sloe juice with brandy gin Snupe au vin Spearmint Spirits tea
386
-
210
309
"
"
Spruce
220
-
214, Coltsfoot
rook
"
-
395
prevents
nervous
187, 681-692
Thyme
216-397
plates
-
Woodruff,
-
242, 398
tea
sweet, sorrel
197 390
Garlic
328
Glycerine Honey
637
-
"
-
"
Hum
candy
and
Mullein
leaves
367 422
371
cough
smoke
to
Nutmeg, chronic Orgeat (of almonds)
-
-
bronchial
apple, apply
Pine
of
use
fresh
bilious
for
conserve
-
boiled, apply juicefrom root Vinegar poultice (to bunion) Potato,
Radish
-
WiUow,
winter-green, cyUo acid, apply
OF
290
Tea,
578
Violet,
cough
385
641-644
-
-
chronic -
for
-
sweet,
689
bronchial
-
for
731 596
-
704
irritable
spasmodic cough
197
CRAMP. 583
Elderberry Cramp rings
258-261 680
and
LUNGS).
CROUP.
Alum,
40, 505
Angelica, candied, for bron-
cough
594
446
emulsion, for bronchial -
of, chronic
emulsion oil and syrup,
569
594
-
cough
gouty
(" Sob acidalum 1618).
pectoral Turnip syrup, cough
sali-
(seealso CATARRH, CONSUMPTON
Swede
613
chronic
in
Rosemary,
407
juice,
374
-
spirit,for cough
40
and
-
Radish,
507
cent demul-
Peppermint, germicidal palliative Primrose,
507 697
-
Spermaceti
(and gaul-
apply
U.S.) Meat, diminish
cnial
after
hoarseness
oil,for bronchial
Snails, syrup
BUNIONS.
theria
Almond
366
for
Mace
404
403-406
"
COUGH
696
-
prunarum
Beeswax,
smoke
to
Elderberry (for croup) 259,3)3 Fennel, for chronic cough 271 273 Figs, demulcent 300 Frog
Sloe
CORNS,
644
364
tobacco
216, 396
Tarragon
Wood
93
-
Tansy
Violet
-
Horse-radish, cough influenza, expectorant Lemon juice
66 1 -665
Syllabub
(and waste)
83 cough 134 Cabbage, red 142 Carrot, consumptive cough Chamomile, f6r nervous cough
Liquorice,with
essence
Tea
Beans, for obstinate
647 217
Strawberries
81
Horehound
Alcohol."
MB
76
demulcent
658 212
-
and
Barley water,
430
430
-
"
Rum
213
-
Rosemary
Sack
92
-
Punch
marmalade
Banana
Goose 42
to
Cochineal
take
70
insect
fat, apply
183
externally 345, 347 48
754
INDEX.
DEBILITY,
GENERAL,
illness, and
Light
from
when
first
with
Almonds,
Ambergris, Animal
bread
from
42
sauce
whale
206
food
Asparagus Balm,
in
extreme
Beef
steak
Beef
with
362
loaf
-
165
of
sauce
-
Broths
624
121-124 heel
cow
"
with
maggi
"
essence
chicken "
Onion "
-
Caraway
root
Chestnut
chocolate
Clam
"
and
Eggs Egg white -
meat
528
Odour
extract
Figs, TTish
strengthen caviare,
roe,
272
by
495
-
496
-
518
467
501-506
stimulating of cow's
Onion,
for
Orange, Oysters
bitter
513
breath
-
514
recruital,
nerve
2, 527-534 Seville
-
539
540-542
Panada
120
Parsnip Phosphates
550 of
meat,
wheat,
Lentils
and
Pigeons,
85-86
split, applied
of the
soles
the
152
-
Odoms,
475, 476 to
of casein
failingheart
Nuts
34, 249, 252
-
with
with
122
Milk."
see
Irish
294
225
-
34
-
French Mushroom, 497 Musk, in extreme prostration, Mutton
547
-
474
475, 732 "
strippings
169
(mollusc)
Cream
-
Iceland
Moss,
220
139, 140
-
strength
nerve
Plasmon,
,,
"
lost flesh. Bread
"
Milk 87
726
450, 451
juice,raw
.
reparative
making
Meat
chestnuts
tea, not
and
-
blood
for
animal,
63-66 ness weak-
-
-
Meat
restorative raw,
Marrow,
727 726
-
34
-
Beef,
surroundings
Moonlight Sunhght
convalescent.
186
-
-
Electrical
to
feet
-
567
"
marine
oil
144, 145
-
Fleece, reeking, of slaughtered
sheep, Fowl,
be
to
for
wrapped
in
convalescent
a
Frog Fruit
sugar, restorative Frumenty of wheat Game "
"
"
Goats'
grouse milk
whey
Gruel,
Honey, Hop Indian
-
-
strengthen -
Rosemary, Sage
666
Salmon
Soups
nutritive,
411 647-652
bisque bortsch, Russian
436 -
97
maggi
122, 652
oxtail
652
turtle
649
viu
for
Sweetbread
472
.
soup,
28, 29
cure
331-335
children
strength
for its volatile
647
.
Lemonade,
386
Soupe Soy sauce Spinach, for its iron, 108, 656, Sugar, to give vital energy, and endurance of fatigue
-
Isinglass -
-
287, 288
342 357
383
-
319
408
218, 401
corn
in
314
355, 356
strengthening
ethers Snow
92, 95
-
-
Sherry,sound,
318
243, 365
flesh,deprecated
Jellies
Lentils
297
402-408
-
-
575-581
299
355, 356
-
oatmeal to
-
Stout
Potatoes Raisins
314
pheasant partridge
and
636
239, 731
-
Grape juice
Horse
-
Porter
332
432
for exhausted
an
-
-
-
-
-
84
657 672
Tea, cold, for fatigue of body and
85, 86
-
mind
Tea, Paraguay
687
-
-
-
690
755
INDEX.
continued.
DEBILITY, Tripe Turkey
-
298
433, 649 to
soup
"
strengthen
-
Venison
-
fumes, inhale
press
DELIRIUM
352
TREMENS.
Alcohol, questionable
Capsicum, Cayenne,
in
broth
353, 735
"
strong -
-
,,
Nuts
501
-
-
teristic diabetics, charac-
of
-
Oils, cod-Uver Olives, Spanish
563
-
Peaches
559 504
Pea
nuts
Pea
flour
502
-
steamed
their
in
jackets, allowed,
578, 579, 660
276,
of fish
592
,,
Hop
-
-
Wines, natural, Stout (Dublin)
be
to
154
Sardines
365
Starches, Uxtely
not
Turnips,
allow
21
allowed
494
521
-
off
cut
abso-
660, 668
animal
DIABETES. Alcohol
21
-
in
not ,,
it then
gouty
Almonds
39
"
Antiseptics,intestinal Apple, by glucosides Asparagus, being free
-
Bean
from 64 71 85
flour bread
-
"
Butter Casein
-
85
126-131,264
-
of milk
150, 480
Plasmon
-
"
Celery
152
145-147
Cream
225 clotted
-
105
-
737
(Pesqui)
uranium "
DYSENTERY.
and
DIARRH(EA, Angostura
cordial, for tropical 432 dysentery 53 Apples, by fruit juices -
irritative for Arrowroot, diarrhoea, it leaves no f cecal
residue
Barberry Bilberry
59
-
-
tropicalfluxes
for
Bananas,
223
Birch, with
244
224, 312 601, 602
-
rosebuds
"
244
Eggs
660
Buttermilk,
Fats
660
infants
Eish
-
Caviare
"
"
"
"
"
"
bacon is necessary
apricots,
:
melons,
sugar
-
tannin,
for
-
254,
water
wheaten,
475,
baked,
diarrhoea
57 494
for
of infants
731, 734
peaches, -
-
175
rhoea diar-
chronic
in
Egg-white, summer
oranges,
of
-
Flour,
(laevulose) 302, -
460
berries, goose-
allowable
Glycerine
Crab
592
strawberries, each
145
with
diarrhoea
124 482
Cinnamon,
592
for
104 -
dysentery apple, verjuice, by
592
Botargo
Eood, sufficient Fruits
276, 144,
roe
76
for
^whortleberry)
dysentery
Eels, for their fat
-
-
78, 224
-
Blackberry, for dysentery Friday Bun, Good
Duck
549 223
668
53, 54
sugar fat Bacon
678
-
for
Whelk, colouring matter, sugarless diabetes Whortleberry Wine, birch
subjects,
impairs digestion.
704
-
-
(stomach bread)
Sweetbread
Fruit
656 542
Roe
cheese
as
668
185.278
Oysters
Potatoes,
toasted
on
372
Liquorice
472
324-326
-
-
404, 405
Odour
648-650
cream
Wine
(toasted)
474
Turtle Veal
bread
and
Honey
667 666 637
Fruits,
fresh
and
dysentery, but
sound, not
in
for
excess
303, 305
756
INDEX.
Etc., continued.
DIARRHCEA, Ginger Goats'
milk
whey
Grapes, subacid Iceland
342
Cherry water for nausea, cherry brandy Chicory, not digestible
354
Chocolate
335, 338
for
moss,
Isinglassjelly,for
dysentery
395
Cinnamon
dysentery
332
Cloves
Lemon
-
Mallow
Currants,
-
-
and
Nutmeg
506, 607
mace
Pears, perry
-
Peppermint for
Quince Radish,
213, 436
-
seeds, by
Quince
their
lage, muci-
dysentery
seeds, in
-
spirit,for
dysentery juice
Sloe
for
water,
Wine,
easily
maize,
digested red,
-
-
-
309
-
fasting,for
jaundice
"
acidity
-
for
avoid.
273 Pigs, as peptonisers Fowl, boiled, light of tion diges-
470
-
fresh,
beneficial
to
733 601
Gooseberries,
98
infants
flour, children rosined, antiseptic
denied
301 digestive processes for heartburn, Ginger tea, and gouty indigestion,338, 339 in Glucose, preservatives, 316, 491, 582 impairs 637 Glycerine, for heartburn
309
dysentery
293
-
boiled, light of digestion,
Fruits, 601
-
for
-
rich
correct
foods to assist,
DIGESTION,
correct.
-
25
Grapes, not digestion
Sherry against
28
troubles
Almond,
for
41
Gruel, grout
Apples,
their
53
Hominy Hop, sedative
59
Horse
Alcohol,
or
for
nausea
acids
in alkaline,
becoming
the stomach
-
Apricot saii"Jwich,light food Anise
48,49
-
_
Asafootida,
to -
Bananas,
-
-
Biscuits, Bath Bread
Oliver
101, 102
kraut Cabbage, sauer Capsicum, Cayenne Caraway
Celery,
soup for nervous
77
tions diges122,
Carnation
-
624
401
366
367, 368
Ice, after food, arrests
tion diges-
Lavender
410
369, 370
starch Lettuce
foods
421 426
Liqueur,
196
tion indiges-
Chartreuse
430
-
Lozenges,
to suck for gum, heartburn from relieving
acidity
-
-
436, 437
Mackerel, difficult to digest 440 aid Malt, to digestion of -
getic ener-
149-151,
juice, for nervous acidity (heartburn), and better than vinegar with
Lobster, difficult of digestion 435 by gouty persons
139, 140
are
359
133
145, 146
-
stimulates
352
563
Cheese, questionable, unless
digestivepowers
-
351, 357, 218, 365,
Lemon -
for weak
sauce,
biUary
-
radish
310
feeble
-
295
-
ches help digest star-
to
for
sweet, with
tion diges-
promote
257 252
"
Eggs, fried,to
588
-
birch,
218
torpid
for
digestion Egg, raw, whilst
Fowl,
196-198 Wheaten
flour,
170
-
-
-
sweet,
Corn
butter
o87 rice
red, with
Thrush, Violet,
449
593, 594
Raspberry tea Rice gruel, and for dysentery Roses,
449
bilious
diarrhoea
175
Egg shell, powdered, against
marmalade
in
308
190
180-182
Coooanut
440
162 169
juice,fresh, for summer abroad 424 diarrhoea, when Linseed 427, 428 -
and
158
starches
-
442-444
INDEX.
758
DBINK,
23
-
624
Anchovy Angelica Apples
42
sweetmeat -
-
134
dispel fumes
to
Cabbie,
51
drink
Celery
145, 146
-
Fruits, fresh,
give
to
for alcohol
Lettuce, after
305
-
-
bout
a
Onion
527
-
dispelfumes
to
605
Saloop
565
liver
of
Thyme
216
-
of alcohol
with
as
kidneys
721
-
61
Turpentine Water drinking
228
-
to obviate
of.
Affections
Cabbage
apply
leaf,
Cayenne
poultice, tincture,
for
effects 399
from Chamomile
Asparagus, promotes
63
-
of
flow
66
-
-
faulty
corrects -
64, 66
-
for
dropsy kidney Bee-sting poison for water
Bee-sting poison, heart,
or
-
ache) poultice (for ear-
dried
clove
kidney
from
Blackberry,
"
fat,
Hedgehog
apply, -
or
Brine, apply
through
legs
to
defective -
Fennel,
and
these from
for
359, 360 of
ear
-
452 697
-
poultice, for earache,
gatheringin
529
ear
{see SKIN).
ECZEMA
618, 619 to swollen 133
leaves
black,
apply, from
330
swollen tion circula-
-
Cabbage leaf,apply dropsical ankles Currant,
-
ness oil, apply, for deaf-
Onion
103
ear
animal, deafness
middle
feeble
circulation
putting
the
deafness
Mullein 60
270, 271
by
-
tea, from
poured
-
of it into
brain.
in the
flowers
boiling water
Marrow, 405
366 214
-
Fennel, earache Garlic, earache, a
charge dis-
them.
on
Artichoke, globe, leaves
Birch-leaf
ache ear-
in children
ears
tea
Chamomile
DROPSY.
from
ache ear-
133
with
heart
for for
of the
Asparagus,
723
.
{see DIARRHffiA).
DYSENTERY
721, 722
Water
urine
383
-
-
120
germicidal
Wormwood,
527
faulty
antisepticand
an
Watercress
from
wine,
Rosemary
and
-
-
"
Caraway
"
water,
243, 337
kidneys
from
Onion,
EARS, 662
drinker instead
(with broom faulty kidneys
for
389
-
-
assist
Strawberries,
person.
berries
593
Saffron Sorrel
bloodless
for
heart, and
ing of drink425
Radish,
Iron, in foods ; black pudding, animal blood, and spinach ;
bowels
taste dis-
a
405
563
-
-
from
-
tea)
from
prostration
nervous
heart
337
-
-
("Hum") faulty
bee-beer
dropsy
Juniper
counteract
to
Capsicum,
for
Juniper
its
and
Honey,
of.
effects Acorn
Gin, with
obviate
to
ALCOHOLIC,
drink -
defective
a
ELECTRICAL
HEALTH
NERVOUS
of,
SYSTEM,
OF to
promote.
tea -
309
neys kid-
Wear
silk next the skin 263 health of digestive
Electrical 271
system,
food
making
291
INDEX.
EPILEPSY,
FALLING
or
NESS. SICK-
759
Egg
shells,
in
cataract,
Absinthe,
liqueur, wormwood principle "), to allay
salts
Fennel,
(active "
absinthol
of irritability
brain
spine, in place
of
base
at
Anise
of
-
Carrot,
central
umbels
of
Eryngo
brain
candied
Gold
-
Juniper
berries,
Larks
Mackerel,
-
masticated
-
cataract
630
Pigeon's
603
Puff-ball
Magpie
-
Mullein
690,
Orange flowers Parsley Partridge
taken
freely sight
Rue
Saffron, to strengthen vision Saliva, fasting, apply with the fingersto weak, watery
319
327
Rings,
cramp
red,
Rose,
wear
-
confection
Sea
-
kale, to avoid,
as
Thrush
633
Strawberry
sugar,
043
eyes
398
-
Violet, Wood
sweet
197
sorrel
390
Wormwood
399
ERYSIPELAS
"
"
Hum
eyes
405
Vine
Affections
of,
and
or
for
bathing
-
weak 353
-
leaf infusion,
as
wash eye719
poultice,for
weak
eyes
inflamed, 53
-
-
amaurosis
FAT,
scrofulous
Cabbage leaf, ophthalmia of children Caraway, to sharpen vision lotion, for Cayenne, in weak passive congestion of eyes of use Chicory, the habitual and will impairs vision, to
cause
685
216
of
manner
SIGHT.
Apple
585
706
sap,
Walnut
662
-
Pepys
(Bee
eyes
EYES,
flamed in-
.
the
after
eyes,
beer)
for
water,
Sturgeon's gall, for cataract Tea may impair sight if taken strong too habitually, 684, Thyme, to improve vision Turpentine, for rheumatic
{see.SKINj.
poison, in
605
morning.
every
and
100
Thyme
Bee
eyes
Salt
ing dispos-
attacks
to
392
.
603
598
-
598
if taken freely, dispose to cataract 585, 668 Sloe, by its astringent juice, 309 applied to weak eyes Snail poultice,to strengthen
680
of
petals Kue
589
-
697
Quails
585
-
will
536
317
to
eyes.
cataract
Rosewater
Pheasant
"
weak
too
the
568
-
dusted
101
382
"
and
313,585
mushroom,
impair
439
sight, -
oil,for
382
-
blood
blood
"
attacks
-
-
into lightly Rabbit
Rice,
provoke
to
defective
for
328
impair
-
143
99
excess,
290 -
Partridge,the gall,and
337
-
likely
for
-
will
sight
in
plant
root,
essential
Parsley,to
48, 49
flower
270, 271
-
Garlic, impairs sight
38
-
and
eyes,
generous, children's ophthalmia
lation circu-
on
weak
Food,
and
bromides
bitter, acts
for
cataract
16, 399
Almond,
powder, for specific lime
as
to
134
Alcohol
139
Malt
supply.
Almonds, 566
353, 660 beer
liquors, ale and
Bananas,
by starchy, for
their oil
-
21
-
38, 39, 42
children
75, 78, 264
Bread,Inewly 189
Butter
-
baked
-
268 127
760
INDEX.
FAT, to supply, continued. Carbohydrates, containing hydrogen abundantly, as starch, glucose, sugar, and
gums,
Charcoal,
cellulose
their Uvers
350
-
oil, and
other
Figs
-
and
Fennel, leaves -
-
264
-
-
Fish, fried,and oily,as herring, mackerel, sprats 265, 281 Fruit
sugar
Gelatin "Goats'
Rue"
-
and
cream
"
a
-
218
Dates
Food,
301 482 243
Lavender
369, 370 85, 86
Lentils Lettuce
443
Meat,
a
Sugar,
soup, taken
522
Tea,
cold,
oil
stomach-
677, 678 345, 346 -
Rice
588-592
-
-
Suet
French
FEVERS, Alcohol,
rapid and Almond
Sugar
265
Toast, buttered Toffee, for children
732
Truffles
500
673
-
freely
670, 672
refreshes
and 688
690
allay, and
to
make
to
of
waste
to
up
treat. for the
bodily heat, 19, 494
it free
set
39
drink
and Apple, apple water, specific against bacilli of 53, 306 typhoid fever 79, 81 Barley water Bilberry (whortleberry) 224, 312 -
Vegetarian diet,not
fattening
Walnuts
FAT,
to
-
Bladderwrack Cucumber
Exercise,
sea
active
Fennel
part,
503
of diet, 624, 674 weed 631 229
bodily, taken
of doors
in
fresh,
air
525, 526
270, 271
-
foods to
the
Borage drink Cider, destructive of
-
daily out bracing Proteid
558
reduce.
Banting system
for 'the exclusion
starches, sweets,
and
388
-
Paraguay
266
-
-
Tea,
269, 270
(of whale)
Spermaceti
576
266, 267
sleep
356
sweet
restores
-
and
Rest
46
-
527
510
Potatoes
fatigue
of
sense
Onion
Oatmeal
gras
of, will bring
excess
about
425-427
-
-
an
Sorrel
de Ime
168
-
-
Raisins,
FaU
the
chiefly in
eaten
502
bread
light,
but
nutritious,
and
218
-
-
480
from
20 lant stimu-
Indian
Com,
403
its sugar
added
Olive
a
87
Nuts
Pancreatin,
cordial
tired
168
Kola
265
-
by
condensed,
Coca
490 265
extract
as
331
208, 350
-
Milk
tea,
daytime Honey Hop tea
666
-
Grapes, sweet Gravy fingers Honey Malt
Beef
lessen.
or
-
235 seeds, 270, 271 272
-
preyent, by aiding digestion to
Alcohol,
oils
263, Dates
FATIGUE,
237, 659
-
24, 445-447
Vinegar
for fattening
to geese,
Cod-liver
Sheep's throat gland (thyroid) 633
most of
typhoid
Cinnamon,
-
-
Cinnamon,
malarious 175
-
scarlet
fever Coffee
53
-
-
shortens
215
-
baciUi
to
fever
against
fever
-
178
-
husks,
fever
malarious
for
188
"
Cordial, Angostura bark,
typhoid Currant,
fever'
-
in
432
-
red, juice of
septic anti-
309
iat
43, 46, 660, 708
5,
raw
-
-
253
INDEX.
FEVERS,
Egg
continued.
water,
fever
254,
buds
494
Tamarind
259
fever Tea
259
in pottage
Fleece,
reeking, of newly slaughtered sheep, to be wrapped in when extremely weak
Food,
suitable, fresh,
303
Orapes, sweet Grape juice bacilli in
Honey Imperial
destroy
typhoid
in
fever and
Aniseed
food
the
fever, 464, 493
Nitrogenous proteid
ment nourish7
-
Oil, cod-liver, in hectic
fever
of
519
consumption Oranges Oysters, doubtful, because possibly containing sewage
535
-
Parsnips, antiseptic Pigeons, split,applied to feet, former a remedy -
milk, sparers,
-
-
Rose, red, infusion
of
Sago,
a
-
-
-
suitable
Sorrel, and Strawberries,
wood and
food son'el
-
-
and
ague
196
aoves
soup
-
Dill essence, sedative in and brain,
spine place of to
50
bromides -
-
will
270
provoke
flatulent 327
distension
Lavender
370
-
349
-
335
Nutmeg Olive
587
Orange Pepper, obviates Peppermint
521
oil
Pulses,
387
flatulence Rice, avoid
167
not
-
608
373
-
provoke 84
-
against flatulence. 376 -
to
much,
drink
strong
Thyme Turnips,
535
-
flatulence
food,
as
Spearmint Tea,
-
-
-
597
663
86
506
447
605
flatulence
cause
464
strawberry -
180
-
567
388-389
watei-, in putrid fever fever Succory, intermittent
Carnation
139
632
petals,
acidulated
563
Glycerine Grapes Juniper berries
"- 588
Rice
Capsicum, Cayenne Caraway seed
Lentils, do not
-
vinegar, drink
tea
induces
339
as
gelatin
Sage
flatulence
Ginger
463
-
sucli
102
therein
550
from,
casein
food
suitable
Raspberry
with
133, 709
Garhc, 542
Quince
84
seeds
Fennel
ptomaines
a
provoke
-
-
Abernethy,
Cabbage,
allowed dis-
"
will
peas
caraway
throughout of
treatment
Proteid
spice
and
295
4(j5
best
Plasmon,
42
Biscuit,
420
heat,
be
to
655
flatulence
-
Milk
738
48
Beans
making
feverish
therefore
putrid
obviate.
to
Asafoetida
-
Meat, increases
446
-
494
420, 421
for
syrup, drink
brewers',
402 intermittent -
Lemon
drinks -
in
fever
Allspice Angehoa
354
-
drink
fever
224
fever
in
thirst
FLATULENCE,
the
-
Lemons,
typhoid
diluted,
350, 353
-
will
687
water,
Yeast,
sound
putrid 243, 680
bacilli of for
and
ripe,
drink,
Vinegar,
493
Fruits,
353
-
in
119 antiseptic to destroy Whortleberry juice,
plentifully
allowed
to
grapes,
infusion, to cool the skin in hot weather
Toast
G36
-
-
of
drinks
sweeten
drink
Elderberry Elder
Sugar, fruit,
alhuminmse,
eau
typhoid
in
761
-
-
to
avoid
or
687 397 595
762
INDEX.
PAGE
FOODS,
SPECIAL,
remedial
food
as
power
and
value
body
\ip the
building
and
nervous
animal
and acid cause
worth
nutritive
which in
tibility diges-
do
children
makes
cassareep,
tender
tough digested
meat,
473
be
to
564
(see BILIARY and AFFECTIONS, LIYER).
GALLSTONES, nr
fermentation,
sour
607
-
remain
not
stomach,
the
470
607
Tripe,easilydigestedas animal food, and very nourishing Worcester tained by its consaxice,
43, 46, 660, 708
Fowl, boiled, of doubtful
other
of capital form for aged persons
a
sustenance
437, 460
-
in
-
Tapioca, and
ing to sustain-
systems
Fruits
590
lozenges
proteids,for
for dissolving
salts
potash
584
553,
-
foods -
food
food
Salads, excellent
with
-
tabloids,as
Food
38-4'2
-
"
Concentrated
a
cordial
much
Bread, brown, combined for rice, nutritious brain
736
-
sweet, afford
staying
pudding, if well made sufficientlyboiled, is wholesome, warming and
and
endowments.
Alcohol, Almonds,
and
Plum
their
to
as
apple, mulberry, raspbeiTy and strawberry.
as
Gravies
human
as
360
-
flesh, really injurious
Horse Loaf
of
fresh
food
-
-
flour
wheaten
409
and 475
of. Lobster, digestibility for gouty not subjects 425 Chitin in Locusts, with 415 their coats) and semolina, light Macaroni nourishment, leaving Uttle "
"
"
-
or
intestinal
no
Meat,
help
to
to
add
meat "
Meat, Milk,
with
to take
do
Mushrooms, alcohol Oatmeal
milk nor
at
together disagrees with because
Oatmeal its
Pancake
highly phosphates made
with
Parsnips very Pigeon, stewed, for
an
invalid
extracts
Cloves,
to
for
the
mumps
developments
181
their
lime
salts
and
226 sulphur (stag's) fat, apply 326 externally to shells, triturated Egg powder, for goitre of neck 258 Figs, spUt, apply to swollen 273 glands 328 Garlic, apply cleavers," apply Goosegrass, Deer
-
-
-
tumours
cancerous
also
growths,
709
take
Juniper apply
498
Linseed
148
crushed,
berries, -
apply,
427
apply
Oil, olive, be
jMarjoram,
336
-
meal,
rubbed
to
with
take
and
glandular
for
nutritive
523 to largement en-
of breast -
14
178
infusion
many of its
-
on
prevent tubercular
Cresses, for
and
coltsfoot
for,
principles
curative
Cinnamon,
over
nutritious a
Animal
"
510
is
SWELLINGS.
and
"
avenin
463
take
not
ENLARGEMENTS,
and
milk
mth
persons
718
proteid
as
meal
same
by
-
together ; vegetables
meat
438
sauce
"
of,
not
;
-
digest ; tough vinegar
planked
casein
food
"
residuum
cold, mayonnaise
will
GLANDULAR
modern
combined
meat
(see HEAD).
464
-
-
fat
Hedgehog's
GIDDINESS
'372
364
Oyster shells, triturated powder, take for tumours
550
Parsley, apply
511
light dish
Peach, 568
throat
take
-
for -
goitre
to -
-
548
382
of -
303
763.
INDEX.
GLANDULAR
ENLARGEMENTS,
Fiuit, fresh and
cimtiiiKcd.
weeds,
Sea
and
apply preparations of
Sea
weeds,
take
628 631
Dulse Sea
Sheep's
tang
throat
Violet
646
-
719
-
Watercress,
and
take,
poultice
227
-
(Isevulose). sugar Ginger, for gouty iadigestion, and sluggishness,338, 339, 655 Grapes (not sweet, nor fully from grape ripe), abstain sugar Hart's grease, "
Lemon
juice
Liver,
cooked,
{see
RHEUMATISM).
also
in
Alcohol
-
-
ing juices becomApple, by alkaline in stomach Asparagus (but said by Dr.
Haig Barberry
aggravate)
to
Beer
ale,
78
-
cause be-
forbid,
to
acid
provoking
mentation fer-
21
urine
103
Blackberry but
Cabbage,
red
outer
Cayenne
in
tea,
-
141
of
214
tea
Cheese, old, apply externally 160 but Cider, to be commended, not
sweet,
very
or
Coffee, questionable
Cream not
of tartar
from
(as in grapes, 310 -
Exercise,free, out Fish "
roe,
abstain
oily,as and
of doors
-
248
525-526
from
592
506
and
Pears
perry
307
-
-
fast, break-
especially at acid
when
tion fermenta581
frequent Raspberries, proper
for gouty 587
garden,
Rhubarb,
of
because
its
discard,
gouty
lates oxa-
398, 707
Rosemary,
for
gouty
eczema,
obviates
its
by
gout
sorrel
wood
276
383
213,
cough
389, 707
-
proper
617
for
gouty 663
persons
(chicory),for gouty eruptions on skin from, Sugar (cane), abstain Succory
-
-
and
Sugar
erel, herrings, mack-
sprats
380
beer
Nutmeg
Strawberries, 354
black
persons tea, and nettle
alterative action Sorrel, to be abjured, because likewise of its oxalates ;
727
Eggs, questionable
311
gouty
184 have
gout
sweet)
Currants,
for
172 190
persons
650 496
Salt
-
Consumptive an immunity
strong,
Moss, Irish, Carrageen Mulberries, suitable fruit
and
fortified 171,
Cocoa
ingly, spar-
persons 566
stomach Chamomile
but
is
not
gout
650
-
soups
133
-
centre, substance
meat
and
eating
taken
be
to
within
holding
excretions,
urea
Potatoes,
marine
not
cabbage Carrot, yellow
Aleat
435
kept,
been
has
still
it the
ing, eat-
liver
especiallyits which
Nettle
and
stomach
in
434 from
likewise 66
-
-
and
50
animals
of
debris, avoid
acid
mary, rose-
385 422
refrain
to
whilst 26
-
of
-
Lobster, Meat
GOUT
"
in
rub
to
350 326
-
-
for friction
water
Hungary
722
distiUed
Water,
salts
Fruit
avoid
apply
their
304, 305, 310, 311
-
juice, and
employ
in
leaves) 197, 198 leaves,
poultice,apply
as
47
-
parsley, subjects
(flowers and
Walnut
632, 633
-
gland (thyroid),
calf's,take or Snails, and with scrofulous
632
-
be
to
for
alkaline
mineral
Bladderwrack
as
sound,
freely,
taken
substitute of milk
Sweetbread,
beet
sugar
(lactose) abstain
from
189 97 494 472
764
INDEX.
GOUT, continued. Tansy Tea
and
in
(Dr. Haig) Tomato, not
direction
this be
to
eaten
oralatea
they
say
of
earth
707
447
AFFECTIONS
(see
aUo
for
wormwood,
16
food,
Animal
supplies
diminish
to
driacs hypochon-
for
7
ficial bene-
are
Asafoetida, nervous Balm, if congestive tea, after-
Cayenne 30
bout
headache
295 362
-
drinking
a
154, 563
-
Celery, GRAVEL
719
tised prac-
wines
350
-
dark
giddiness
722 freely Wines, fortified,to be avoided, natural
HEAD
Absinthe,
salts
be
to
-
juice,to dye
INSANITY).
33, 708,713
Vinegar, to avoid Water drinking,
for
sick,
nervous
headache.
{see URINE).
Coffee, strong, for migraine
and
baldness.
""
Balm,
to
Borax
in
will
food
dye
to
hair
water, Honey growth of the Lavender
to
oil,
Lemon
juice,
370 422
Mustard
seed
oil,
late stimu-
to
oil
Nutmeg stimulate Onion
Orange ting Parsley
-
529 537
-
-
will stimulate stone,
for
-
growth
537 382
425
of
nervous
372
-
snuff, if from
hay 375
-
footbath,
;
hot to
501
382
congestive
Peppermint, Potato spiritwill for
nervous cause
-
374
stupid
headache Primrose Puff-ball
shaving
577 tea,
to
relieve
mushroom,
63
-
stupid
leaf, for active,
soothe
370
-
if
fever headache
oi), stimula.
dull,
-
Parsley, for
-
flower
nervous "
nature
507
dye
to
-
smoothly hair
scalp
dull, 368
of
for
headache
Mustard
to
essence
green,
dark
Quince
or
juice, stimulating
Oranges,
Pumice
377
339
-
character
Menthol
scalp
of
headache
if
Marjoram,
stimulate
-
nally exter-
passive headache
Lettuce,
promote
to
scalp
Ginger plaster,apply
Lavender,
hair
321
582
383
to
congestive
passive fulness Ground ivy, against
promote
260
nervous
for
104
hair
of the
growth
dark
if
220
638
-
if
363
preservatives
baldness
cause
Bramble,
Garlic, 62
-
baldness
prevent
-
Elderberry,
juice (Jerusalem) when hair, even
will restore bald
189
-
Cowslip, against giddiness Cuttle-fish juice, sepia, for ache migraine, or bilious head-
HAIR, growth of, to ppomote, ppeventing hairs, grey Artichoke
394
are
-
alkaline
hair
Walnut
699, malaies) Vegetables, fresh, and young, are highly beneficial by their
to
growth of hair Spearmint, to stimulate. Vine sap, to promote growth
its
authorities
(some
disagree,and
cooked, un-
of
-
-
686
because
383, 602 promote
stimulate
Southernwood,
declared
coffee,
harmful
395
-
and
infusion
Rosemary spiritto
243 to
lieve re-
500
.
bandoline
to "
fix the -
212,
448
Rice, Rose,
for
nervous
fragrant
to
headache
588
smell
600
at
"766
INDEX.
continued.
INSANITY,
diet, much
Fish
urine-
mended com-
281, 392
-
Grapes,
sweet
208,
Hare,
causes
melancholy,
much
when
350 320
-
-
-
-
"
melancholy "
good
ptrensie
temper, Radish
diet for
mental
boys depression, -
99
Salt
-
promoting of
if eaten
when
will
induce
season,
water
Venison,
325
724 the sweet
diet, skimmed
strippings,"
Leek,
399
Featherfew to
against the attacks tile (Feverfew), hos-
of.
Fennel and
Lavender,
its oil
Peppermint
phosphates
and
in
to
prevent
red,
Meat,
270 370
debility
given freely inefficient
are
weakness
of
general
-
-
724
-
difficult urination
for
BILIOUS
86
and
heart,
Onion,
tion forma-
"
be
to
the
are
induced
dumb
bell
the
in
724
-
Lentils,
417
DISORDERS.
487, 723 532
"
(tho
(see
Bright's
in
juice, when feverish, with scanty flow of
Oxalates JAUNDICE
337
-
or
urine
kidneys together with
374
of,
-
when
fleas
218
-
milk,
-
for
724
-
-
of urates
INSECTS,
sort) 354
maize
corn,
310
-
urine
-
723
-
-
kidney
Milk
for
of
trouble
Gooseberry Grapes (not of Imperial drink
Lemon
-
-
-
-
chronic
for
305
produce
given melancholy Wormwood (absinthe) bilious melancholy
kidney
611
-
mischief
Juniper berries, infusion promotes flow
94
to
-
active
for
disease
-
free
promotes
618
305
-
142 146
of urine
flow
"
melancholy Tar
563
Indian
for
cheerfulness
Strawberries, out
skin
next
215
"
604
"
"
wear
464, 724
-
Diet 572
78, 724
-
forbid,
to
-
Diet
cough).
with
redbreast, as a food Saffron, against melancholy to
Celery Dandelion,
613
-
Robin
Silk,
551
good
favour a
as
(if
Capsicum
against
"
will
Prunes,
370
64 78
-
disease
kidney
Borage-
567
-
tea,
in
366
Carrot
Parsnips, old, will bring on insanity of mind induces to eat, Pigeon, Primrose
extractives,
of
-
-
Barberry, for renal coUc Barley, and its water Beef
eaten
Hop Lavender
flow
Asparagus, promotes be
to
"
by
urine
528
(irritating crystals)
garden
and sorrel, tomato 389, 398, 699 382 Parsley promotes flow Peach tion, irritaflowers, subdue
rhubarb,
-
Affections JOINTS, RHEUMATISM,
of
also
(see
-
-
FULA). SCRO-
and
obviate
and from KIDNEY
DISORDERS
DIABETES,
also
(see
and
ALBUMINURIA
with
URINE, or
BRIGHT'S
from, medicinal .Artichoke, globe
beneficial
to
borax,
extractive
47, 48 -
-
amongst,
kidneys
61
will induce Radish
in
boric
food,
acid,
kidney
94
-
-
Preservatives
kidney,
559, 560
woods, residence
Potatoes
DISEASE). Animal
Pine
colic
gravel
576, 577 as
etc.,
mischief
491 -
593
INDEX.
DISORDERS, Spermaceti emulsion, urinary passages
KIDNEY
irritable
eonhl.
MEASLES.
when
Marigold 731
-
water
-
94
-
honey, for catarrh of kidneys with o4, passive congestion .
Water
-
-
be
commended
Affections
of
MELANCHOLY
CATARRH,
214
723
MOUTH
(see INSANITY).
for
342, 488
Black
Lemon,
of, {see also and
of,
SUMPTION). CON-
273
.=uck
to
299 -
tongue,
sore
of
pain
tongue
habitually to tive disposes to destrucexcess, of lungs inflammation Cinnamon, against pneumonia (inflammation of lungs) treatment CJinnamon out through-
in
cancer
420 "
thrush
species 692 196, 311 447, 448 679, 680
Quince
Alcohol, taken
Tamarind 19
179
Egg water, pneumonia 179, Egg flip(restorative) Milk whey, in pneumonia Musk, as speedily restorative -
failure m
pneumonia
advanced
179
and
persons
tion expira-
bread, apply externally for pleurisy Turpentine punch, for low
Yeast, with
-
207, 731
121
in septic pneumonia blood-poisoning
the
when
tive restoranervous
is weak
system Asafoetida,
462
-
stimulating
a
295
cordial Carmelite
water.
Balm
363
Cayenne, apply, for neuralgia
pneumonia, whilst is inhaled
food, of much use
620
17
-
Allspiceplaster,for neiuralgic 655 pain recruital Ambergris, for nerve
held with-
-
oxygen
and
Animal
with
with
catarrhal
will tranquillize of brain irritability in spine, place of
570
acid
(in pneumonia, scanty urine) to be
Salt
{seealso HEAD, HYSTERIA). of
bromides 180
rum,
NERVES,
and
SYSTEM,
Affections
nervous
aids
of carbonic
NERVOUS
Absinthe
lungs
Treacle
{see GLANDULAR SWELLINGS.)
from
of heart
aged
474
inhale, for of engorgement
to
apple
701
494
180, 518
Pine
mouth
in
180
-
in
Oxygen,
for ulcers
Tomato,
MUMPS
to
-
"
Ijichen, the
353
353, 404 and
llulberry juice
when
and
404
currant
Figs, stewed, Frog pottage Grapes, sweet Honey
{seeBILIARY
COLDS,
Troubles
SORE, THRUSH.
relieve Affections
like notion.
a
61 197
{see RHEUHATISM).
LUNGS,
administered
is
tea
through
DISORDERS). LUMBAGO
Saffron
in
"Bright's disease" beneficial Whey cure, chronic kidney trouble LIVER,
its
much
drinking, free,
to
the
on
supposed efficacy orange-yellow colour.
tears, with
Violet
in rural
given
of
664
Turpentine
is
tea
districts, probably
are
Strawberries Tar
7("7
-
562, 563
61
Celery tea, 738
nervous
to
recruit
system
feeble 147
INDEX.
768
continued.
SYSTEM,
NERVOUS Chamomile
will
oil
pain
nerve
drops
on
soothe
of
lump
-
neuralgia, or rub in its oil 573 Peppermint oil, for neuralgia, 375 apply is singularly Perspiration
four
to
two
small
a
540^ 542 system for apply herb, Pennyroyal nervous
(anthemis
:
nobilis,)from
exhausted
recruit
Oysters, to
-
sugar. harmful
is
Chicory
the
to
affected
189
nerves
Clam
according
the
strengthens
fish
nerves
Cloves,
quiet irritability to
sj'stem,
nervous
tired
Coffee, recruits
nervous
187
system in
recruits
powder,
curry
and
nerves,
lates stimu-
249
especiallyfound
for
so
the
Flax, against tic doloureux be should Food, generous, when nervous system given -
IS
exhausted
Grape
sweet,
cure,
neuralgia
for
sciatica
liodestone,
of trouble
seat apply over Magnetism, personal,
of,
system
nervous
recruits
-
"
the
throat,
its
phorus phos-
"
China,"
sedative also
restorative,
tea
472
and
jelly 187, 681
Tea,
if drunk
Indian,
system
726 375
over
726
ally, genernervous -
-
Vegetables, fresh, green, help to fiu:nish nervous energies Water,
is restorative
magnetised,
exhausted
field,"
strength
nervous
61, 726
-
of
-
nervous
-
684 707 196
recruits
strength
725
498
oil, apply over neuralgic part, or poultice 377
Mustard Oat
energy
Violet, sweet, -
37 661
disqxiietsthe
-
-
411,412
of
restorative
nervous
Tea,
gic neural-
over
influence
Mushroom,
-
Sweetbread, true, by strengthens
ister admin-
-
Moonlight,
336
726
-
Menthol, apply part
nervous
neuralgia,
for
orders dis-
system
nervous
421
-
-
cure,
Sunshine,
crushed,
for
half
309 for
lather Barilla, to Soap, neuralgic part with Strawberries, quieting to
368
neuralgia Lemon, out, to rub neuralgic of part with juicy surface each
neuralgia
-
5
face, also
berries,
Juniper apply
293
"
eyeball
Snow
scraped,apply
for
728
a
-
for
tincture,
as
ralgia neu-
-
of
useful
condiment
-
-
Horse-radish,
be
to
-
phosphates, is
of
enlivening
think
some
food
on
not
systems
table Sloe
352
Hare,
292
-
influences -
276 428
291
-
for
up
"
insane
excitable
build
Radish, horse, scraped, apply 593, 594 neuralgic part over for its mineral Cerebos, Salt,
calmative,
is
diet
and
ridiculed
lecithin,
restorative
very Fish
727
phosphates,
centres
nerve
nervous
233
phosphorus,
Egg
ings surround-
Planetary
-
nervous
its
Phosphorus, in to strengthen '
Cumin,
the
and
;
180
-
the
to
of
states
547
-
divers ways, individual
in
NETTLE
{see SKIN).
RASH
tincture
strengthens, gives ease Odours, fragrant, soothe and and
revive
-
-
-
-
510
513-518
NOSE
AFFECTIONS.
Cuttle-fish
passive
juice, sepia, for nose
bleeding, 638,
639
INDEX.
MOSE
Elecampane,
for
within
soreness
"
Goosegrass,
for
cleavers,"
blood
juice, sniff into in head cold for
nose
and lips {anthemis nobilis)given as a tea, a
380
small
309
daily Cowslip,
for
juice, astringent, bleeding surfaces
wineglassful twice -
"
In
on
some
until
this
squeezing
use
ciently suffi-
rub
grease,
of
neuralgic pain pain, Ice, apply, to subdue site
over
in
excess
365
Primrose
part
half
apply
Lemon, rub
with
this
poultice Menthol
apply
hot
in
leaf
(the crushed, and
Potatoes hot
white with
poured (with in
stupe
sedative
613
water
for
lysed para-
with
Sage, for palsy
383 "
385
use-
386
-
spinal paralysis,
spine with
decoction
PILES, 501
of
a
strong and
stem
701
on
relieve. 334
Blackberry
166
horse
503
Spanish juice, sepia, for turgid veins of lower bowel and Elderberry ointment leaves, apply ment apply to sore fundaFig,split,
poppy) boiling them.
on) as rheumatism,
or
Cuttle-fish
poppy-
-
or
377
skins
banish
to
Chestnut,
-
fomentation,
heads water
506
paralyse
leaves
over
gives pain poultice, apply,
mustard
in
440
part which
Poppy
if taken
;
428
-
poultice crystal, rub
Mustard
Hungary
to bathe 421
380
tion embroca-
as
spirit,rub limbs
"
lysed para-
tea
Tomato, -
-
it will
368
the and
surface,
meal,
Linseed Mallow
of,
cut
freshly
spirit
Rosemary
411
hot, inflamed
377
-
for limbs
329
radish, scraped, apply
Horse
of
Nutmeg
sedative
370 make
embrocation,
244
Garlic, apply Hop fomentation,
367
rubbed
Nettle, stinging, over parts
in externally
-
be
to
637
-
Mustard
cool. Ducks
oil,
with
and
bag,
muslin
a.
of
Lavender
of the flowers
50
with
newly reeking, slaughtered sheep, to be wrapped in Horse radish, scraped, apply
pouring boiling
by
water
120
apply,
stupe,
made
limbs
Fleece,
soothing. poultice,applied hot. Bread, treacled, apply for pleuriticpain in the side
Bran
214
-
paralysis"221
herha
Dill oil, to rub for
Chamomile
of
ton^e
-
-
Local,
61
Spanish,
Chamomile,
a
Sloe
PAIN,
as
{see HEART).
PALPITATION
is
tea, Nettle
or
oil
PARALYSIS.
bleeding, given singularly effective. tea, for bleeding from as
nose
on
420 for
clover)
(sweet
48
nostrils
Lemon
705
-
hot
out,
wrung with
liniment
-
-
Melilot
flannels
387
of
losses
for
500
Sage leaves, apply Turnip poultice Turpentine, apply,
suprarenal in powder.
"
adrenalin
148
-
Kidney, animal, capsules of, "
262
nostrils
burnt,
mushroom, of fumes
inhale
ozoena,
bleeding
nose
Puff-ball
continued.
AFFECTIONS,
769
-
a
-
575
-
260 274
-
Goose-grease, apply
639
-
49
347
770
INDEX.
INDEX.
RHEUMATISM, Spruce beer,
continued.
133
take
to
salicylates Sugar of milk,
93
-
Strawberries, useful
chronic
their
by
662
494, 501
-
-
also
:
680
rub
two
on
sugar
day Vegetables, including once
a
Walnuts,
for chrooio of
acal
-
216
Nasturtium
227
Parsley, with apply Phosphates,
BONE
(see
-
sores
382, 646
-
ficial, highly benereparative 586 611 393
Sea
grass
bread
water
Seaweeds
TIONS, AFFEC-
628
-
Seaweed,
SCROFULA).
and
snails, to
85, 155, 291, 511, 540, 734
apply
rum,
631 for
lous scrofu-
enlargements Samphire, in pickle Sea
(see BURNS).
tang
-
628 629
-
Sorrel
-
and
FEVER SORE
(see FEVERS,
planted
THROAT).
their
{see NEURALGIA
and
RHEUMATISM). (see GLANDULAR SWELLINGS).
SCROFULA
Berries
from
hedgerows,
(originally when by road to up kmg's touch) Bread
made
with
216
plenty,
in
mineral leaf
"
for
salts
tea
-
713 -
-
Watercress, for its mineral salts, iron, and sulphur
713 226
SCURVY.
Cabbage Cranberry Cresses, by
wild,
trudging obtain
sea
388, 389 of, for
bed
hog Uce
Vegetables Wahiut
SCIATICA
"
rearing
633
641-647
-
Thyme, SCARLET
in
-
Dulse,
Snails, dieteticaUy SCALDS
628
-
Bladderwrack,
Seaweed, RICKETS
492
Millepedes (Hog lioe), sow pigs,by their mineral salts
Scurvy
729, 730
vapours
the
719
its ammoni-
up" to neck, by
to
Salads, fresh, green
whale
dead
harmless
subject
713
immersed
body
cure,
in i carcase
-
451 cows
Raspberry
708,
33,
bone
"
and
alkaline
salts-
human
379, 380
-
447 for
tuberculous
of
370
marmalade,
in
animal,
nettle-
tops in the spring for their
94
61,
-
Vegetables,
699
the
of
tears
Slilk
563
sciatica, take
exudation
juice
probably
herb, 216, 397, uncooked, cause to gouty persons
or
pine
Whale
691
bruised
one
342
cure
affections
686
for
300 329
in
Marrow,
Paraguay, very useful for Sciatica, apply Thyme,
oxalates
272
for children
593
make
urates
Turpentine,
611
260, 335
-
132, 226,
Tomatoes,
218
oil, for stiff joints,
Lemon
Tea,
the
185
rickets
Elderberry Fig Frog Carlic poultice Goats' milk whey Lavender
the
in
Indian,
and
flour induces Cresses
-
-
cresses
Tea, China
oil, for children
-
lactose,
for
-
turnips
Cod-liver Corn
at Sulphur to hold in hands night Sulphur (as in Bath waters) in vegetables : dietetically, radish, cabbage, mustard,
and
Ill
water
mineral
the
-
132, 707 -
-
their
salts
224
sulphur and
(Garden cress)
226
587
Elderberry
258-261
628
Fig
272-275
-
rNDEX.
772
SCURYY,
I^uits, fresh, ripe,and
sound
Garlic
302
327, 531
"Good
King Henry
tic,
when
the
spring, juices are bright
their
colour, and Horse-radish
369, 370 iodine
and
marine
salts Lemon
juice,
and
447
marmalade Meat juice, raw,
with
milk
474
Milk, unboiled, and retaining its citric acid ; if sterilised it
480
scurvy seed, antiscorbutic
Mustard,
with
garden,
cress
stimulate
550,
Potatoes
551
rickets
preventive Rosebud
-
Salads, fresh,
green
water
Seaweeds, with
Sea
laver
spinach
Sorrel Tamarind Tar
water
Thyme
as
for sea
Sea
eryngo,
to
628
voyages -
633
388, 389 681
95
384
-
392 to
stimulate
to
food
as
212
630
strengthen Southernwood,
Sparrow, Tarragon,
-
lost
renew -
394 652
"
stimulate
to
Tomatoes,
scrofula,
576 wise
reputation
a
excitement
628
-
for
has
holly,
308
Irish
the
peasantry Quince, for procreating children
450
prolific,as
among
Rue, subdues
393
bread
make
proved
587
629
532
542
-
Rosemary,
607-616
Samphire Scurvy grass Sea
-
586
598, 614
-
strengthens strengthen
energy .
salad
594
sea
-
247
power
425-427
Oysters
-
365
-
to
568-570
(liqueur) vinegar, at
losses
Medlar,
Radish, by its sulphur "
"
447, 535 382
575, 578, 609
Raspberry
-
of bone,
.
Potato, prevents
630
for Fish, phosphates, to 279 promote sexual vigour subdues excitement, Hop, the pollen lupulin stays
Marrow
328
-
236
root, stimulates
Leeks, make prolific excitement Lettuce, subdues
381
tea
-
283, 436
invigorate to strengthen
Dates,
228
Nettle Onion
to
soup,
Lamprey, promotes
227
Orange Parsley Parsnip water Pine apple
bisque
379
Nasturtium
170 184
in
"
provokes
Mustard
-
strengthen
Eryngo
lemon
63
283, 436
soup
-
628, 629
-
731
Chocolate, to strengthen and stimulate Cookies, to Crab, and
tic antiscorbu-
seaweed,
by
lates stimu-
-
-
Bisque
of 367
Lavender
Laver,
(of whale)
-
active
most
and
Ambergris
Artichoke, globe, to strengthen and to stay losses,vital
Herbs, especiallyantiscorbnin
weakness.
394
"
functional,
DISORDERS,
SEXUAL
continued.
396
uncooked,
stimulate
to
699-704
-
Truffle, to strengthen Turkey, cooked, to promote
346
298
power SHINGLES
{see SKIN).
216
,
SICKNESS
Ale,
NAUSEA.
and sickness
and
for
Almond,
sea
of
pregnancy, sickness 88, 366 -
bitter
Apricot
38
-
marmalade
wich, sand-
including kernels their
of
the
"
"
noyau
some
stones,
for
41, 449
774
INDEX.
SKIN
Etc., contd.
DISEASES,
Mushrooms,
for
tea,
380
-
Nutmeg,
for freckles
toxic
(and will
quantities
in
duce pro-
them) Oatmeal, apt to irritate thin, sensitive skin, when taken
meals
at
-
sanguisorba)
erium
506
in
salad,
551
-
229
for erysipelas apple juice, apply leprous eruptions -
in
alkaline
569
salad, remedial by juices, dietetically
has
576
expelled leprosy Puff ball (mushroom) powder for and grocer's itch 499, pimples Pulses, the (beans, peas, etc., cooked, as containing to a fair sulphur) conduce -
"
-
skin
of
mucilage
skin
when
Veal,
eaten, followed
be
by -
wild
Violet,
in -
against eruptions and
scrofulous sores
503, 720
-
bread,
meal
Absinthe
for
worm ring-
449
as
322
Radish,
pustular eruptions, by sulphur 593, Rhubarb, garden, may voke proits
nettle-rash,
by
rash,
its
or
oxaUc
spirit
(a cosmetic) advised as Seaweeds, Snail-shell
cracks
-
Spinach
water,
a
cosmetic
650
-
Strawberry, woodland Sugar, taken habitually,gives fair skin
cygnet,
impart
a
645
capital 664
as
ruddy
food,
32, 91
-
48, 49
-
Asparagus,
an
as
promotes
of
to
plexion com-
234
417
evening sleep at 64
87 Beans, as food 91 Beer, lager to Brain, rest, especially towards night, and not to overtax
640
-
(in
Bright's disease of kidneys) a Carrots, as light supper, promote refreshing sleep fulness Cloves, for dyspeptic wakeButter-milk
-
667
its
restles.s-
Ants, the formic meal,
by
-
acid
night
chaps fingers, or
of
-
of the
20, 30, 735
Anise, for dyspeptic
for
toes
about
-
627-633 for
water,
causing fulness
ness
392
-
scurvy,
if
blood-vessels
hop '390
883, 386 Rue
sleeping dyspeptic, or if restless at night, i^u- '- " Alcohol, usually a mistake when given to induce sleep, dinner,
brain
acid
oil, and
after
from
Ale, bitter, hypnotic -
Rosemary
594
rose-
salts
16
spine
because
for
against.
liqueur, will soothe
Abstain
nettle-
cause
689
leaves,
SLEEPLESSNESS,
seeds
taken
Hare, to
471
of)
(pansy tea scald head
children Walnut
704
will
115, 123
rash
Swan,
-
500
irritations, apply
Rabbit, and food, apt
a
698
Turnip juice
Whole
556-558
and
tions erup-
-
"
Quince, for
397
(when
irritable
to
skin
against
to
-
Potato,
for and
nettle-rash
a
Pine
gout.
sedative
Tobacco,
frequently
-pot-
for
and thymol, Thyme, eruptions, leprous ringworm
on
510
94
-
take
water,
smoked)
a
-
Parsnip water, a cosmetic Pimpernel (Burnet, or
(if dry) Tar
nettle
against
rash
in
or
469-501
eruptions Nettle
for eruptions, gravy, for eczema in ointment
Tar,
vesicular
482
142
180-182
INDEX.
SLEEPLESSNESS, Coffee,
continued.
Spinach, as Supper of
strong infusion, by doses, for
a
wakefulness
Cowslip
-
Crust, carry
night
at
194, 687 2-20,221,426
.
in
pocket (against nightmare and day terrors) 124
Dandelion for
water, infant
wine
,
cure
736
-
351, Grape cure Hop tea, and pillow, 93, 365, Julep, with spirit floor, by shrub, on Jumper its fragrant aroma -
-
-
-
fermented
Koumiss,
beer
Lager
milk
737
-
336
426
372
Malt
444
726
Hoff's
extract, foot-bath,
Mustard
and
inhaled
at
time
by -
with
negus,
-
(Avstm
-
fragrant
Odours,
507 510
at
young, flower
Orange
water
stout,
debility night, dyspepsia Potatoes,
541
at
Puff
ball
fumes Kue
tea,
613
mare prevent night605
Dulse
Cabbage
364
-
leaves,
strong
a
103-106
leaf, apply
133
if
poultice,
be
sore
indolent
141
-
dung poultice (by saprophytes) to foul sores
its
Cow
701, 702 258-261
Elderberry Fig
leaves
Garlic,
scrofulous
to
272-275
-
sores,
329
stomach, newly slaughtered, put wounded
Goat's
limb
into
-
-
344
cleavers, to heal
grass, chronic ulcers
daily
on
exposing to
legs, and the
sores
sunshine
direct
Saint, bedsores
dress
oil,
628
Wort
Laver
Oatmeal sores,
524
apply,
to
369, 370 seaweed, apply, for and iodine, bromine, -
'
salts
marine
sores
oil, to
with
stimulate
Light, sunshine, 392
Seaweed,
Blackberry
its
500
Saffron
healing
in
-
Lavender
burnt,
of to
balsamic,
effect
-
95
-
mushroom,
Balm,
John's,
without
575, 578 Primrose
for
also
WOUNDS,
Honey poultice,aseptic, 402-408 Juniper gum, apply, to heal ulcers 336 deep
-
sedative, for supper salad
and
SORES,
148, 525, 526
bottled,
in
350-351
245, 536
-
-
and
tartar, specificfor
of
modifying
529
supper
Oysters Porter
sherry
will promote
POX.
Cream
whilst
sedative 513-518
Onions,
SMALL
Goose
sativa)
American and
377
hot
water
tincture
against
reliable
?
apply
the
-
as
for, or
when
fetid and
children
for
415
Oat
Wine,
696
Carrot
Liquorice lozenges Lobster, causes nightmare Lodestone, apply
same
687
infusion, apply
220, 365, 426
Nutmeg,
mind
ULCERS.
91
-
aroma
-
366
489
squash, at night, for plethoric persons Lettuce, garden, and its gum
its
of
be
to
352
Lemon
(lactucarium)
108
50
260
270, 271 grammar
-
29
-
Fennel German
brain
to
food
restless
a
,
Elderberry
tonic
Tobacco
195, 610
Dill
a
only, light easily digested 639 at Tea, night, for nervous wakefulness with agitation and
tablespoonful brain
775
direct
629 expose
open
daily to sloughing poultice, applied tepid,or cold
to
rays
525
511
776
INDEX.
SORES,
continued.
Etc.,
Olive
SPINAL
IRRITABILITY.
oil,to dress granulating
sores
521, 522
-
Orange,
and
essence
scrofulous
cooked
Peas, improve a
Peppermint oil, apply, aseptic Pepsin, apply, as ferment, and Primrose
sores
Rice
bleeding
sores,
Rosemary apply Sage leaves,
cleanse
Seaweed, Soda
carbonate, to
Sorrel
as
ulcers
leaves,
cleanse
Spermaceti,
healing apply, to wounds
389 and
soothe
to
heal
-
GooseSpinach leaves, and foot spinach leaves, apply thymol, Thyme essence, for unhealthy aseptic ulcers
Tomato
wounds
and
633
61
infusion,
root,
or
of
517
-
Affections
SPRAINS
{see also
of. 138
BRUISES).
Crab
apple, verjuice, by its 69, tannin, apply Seaweeds, apply, and friction
731
with
394
STAMMERING,
-
-
modify,
to
or
223 628
pre-
yent. 396
-
SPLEEN, Caper
Meat,
a
restricted
use
of,
or
45
from
abstinence
poultice,aseptic, to
foul ulcers
and
sores
-
701
Turnip poultice,cleansing704, 705 Turpentine, tree, apply
of
resin to
pine
STINGS, Onion,
to
relieve.
of
bee,
or
wasp,
in
405, 530
throat
heal indolent
61, 93
sores
Walnut take
in
embrocation, the spine over
38
whale, apply
of
ointment,
117
-
393
-
628, 629 alkali,
for
or
sores,
tea
61
-
is
grain
daily
twice Valerian
to
-
laver, apply
apply
in
apply,
grass, wounds
twice
in
for friction
apply, aseptic 386, 387
Scurvy
stand
sit, or
Turpentine,
383,386
-
onion
bath, for children
sand
to
588
stimulate,
oil. to
spine with
daily Rye bread, when spurred (ergot) Sea
-
450, 451
-
over
red
as
the
-
389
wounds
or
(of ox)
-
to rub
juice of
524
-
strengthen
to
spine
500
sores
-
flour, to
food
Onion,
leaves,
.
oil,apply
animal,
Marrow,
scrofulous
to
spine
spine
over
613
fresh
weak
a
368, 369
powder
garden,
apply
374
John's, Saint, Wort
47
weeping bIeeding,or
Rhubarb,
over
for
Ivy, ground,
clear away
(mushroom)
214
-
spine, 330, 331
558
cleansing
a
to
sugar
Garlic, apply
16
of, in drops
essence
essence,
or
salve
PufE-ball to
on
membranes
sloughing
oil, or
382
practice
of
Chamomile
to
healing,
of
allay irritation, giving bromides {Anthemis nohilis)
to
instead
sores
food,
as
powers
German
Absinthe,
ointment 535-540
Parsley, to
and
DISORDERS,
leaves, apply, extract
of
the
STONE
and
IN
BLADDER
{see
URINE).
same
504, 719, 720 Wood
sorrel leaves, apply Watercress poultice -
Yeast
poultice,
indolent
sores
to
390 -
227
fetid, 111, 738
SYPHILIS.
Partridge Pellitory,of Spain, Spanish chamomile, in lozenges -
-
-
317 436
INDEX.
continued. SYPHILIS, Pimpernel for inveterate Soapwort, disease, by its saponin,
Peppermint 230
-
decoction
of
plant, root given
included,
the
Tamarind,
for
its fraction
gold, in secondary tertiary mischief Tomatoes, "
apt "
mulberry
394
680
leaf
also
699
tea,
extract,
or
tion apply strong decocand for externally ;
secondaries
and Thrush
GUMS,
and
mouth
Angelica
-
to
loose
to
by
teeth,
tannin
Blue
77
-
light, under,
103-106
for
of
extraction
in
or
133
-
poultice,apply, tooth
carious
to
214
tooth to carious 175, 180 693 mouth (Jurraiit, black, for sore Disinfecting and deodorising
washes, of essential
mouth
wood,
used
be
to
toothpicks faceache,
Figs, gum
Orris
and
for 260
-
for
apply
bruised,
Fennel,
swollen
face
split, poultice of, boil
root,
-
for
cutting their teeth Pellitory, apply to
270
to
273
-
children
when
718
and
TONSILS
(also
Bananas,
improve
Barberry,
for
see
THERIA). DIPH-
the
voice
relaxed
throat
for
Barium, enlarged tonsils Barley, demulcent, in drink, 79, or gargle in scarlet Bee-sting venom, fever
405
for
throat
sore
Caviare, Cayenne
"
rob
or
voice
for
gargle,
throat,
103
-
clear the
to
for
black,
-
putrid quinsy -
jam,
145
564
and
"
309
...
Dulse, seaweed, for enlarged salts 628 tonsils, by its marine Egg foam, when swallowing of solids
is difficult
Egg. shell, powdered, enlarged tonsils Elderberry wine, for sore
Goose 436
81
jelly,
and
jam
throat
Fig gargle Frog, for raw
aching of essence oil, or chamoSpanish wrethrum,
36
-
718
tooth, mile
teeth
SORE,
sore
665
health Elder
THROAT,
Currant,
general
for
importance
and
powder,
cutting
Blackberry
oil,apply
Clove
709
78, 224
562, 563
{Anthemis nobilis) Cinnamon,
violet
for
for toothache
oil of
teeth
{Iris florentina)
76, 26-1: 725
leaf, apply hot faceache, or earache
or
defective
less pain-
teeth
Cabbage
Chamomile,
693
tender
the
-
Capsicum,
and
sore -
for
ENLARGED
leaves, infusion
Blackberry of
injurious
teeth
the
for
42
-
reputed
Bananas,
674
-
mouth
sore
680
root
infants
of.
troubles
-
for
lichen,
for
JAWS,
664
the
impair
-
aphthiris mouth Vegetable purees,
503, 720
against
gums
Violet
TEETH,
?
393
-
-
it
Tamarind,
of
-
wild,
does
teeth
swollen,
teeth
on
622
-
gums
Sugar,
cause
(oxalate
swallowed
for
grass,
spongy tartar
lime) calculus Walnut
Scurvy
449
-
wool,
cotton
false teeth
Strawberry,
of and
to
of
acoidently -
to
212, 373
for toothache
when
be
-
oil, apply
tooth
Sandwich
230
Southernwood
aching Quince,
a
whole to
Ill
in
grease,
.
251, 258 rhal catar-
258, 261 272, 275
throat
take,
externally
252
for
-
and
299
rub 347
778
INDEX.
THROAT, to
Etc., cmtd. astringent
SORE,
Grapes,
not
sweet,
relaxed
throat
Horse
radish, gargle for
throat
with
354
-
clear the
voice
suck
Irish, for
chronic
sore -
Mustard,
gargle
-
-
379 378
juice,
for
sore -
Sage gargle for enlarged Sea- pod essence, brontonsils, goitre, and -
also
;
-
-
other
387
clears
the
for
syrup,
663
voice
if
cooked
hoarseness
596
throat -
sore
hoarseness
Violets,
sweet, perfume affect
-
so
and
476
cider,
Artichoke,
and
in
-
globe
by the
700
their
its
salts .
urinary
gravel,
therefrom
water, passages tea, and
79, 80
-
soothes
ary urin81
-
birch
wine,
and
stone
kidney
-
jam,
106
stone
food
in
the
preservatives, and
bladder
582
salad,
for
urinary
irritation
Carrot,
515
-
against stone,
promote
226, 228
229
and flow
urinary
140-143
to
the
stimulating pepper, kidneys, and promotes flow
502
enlarged sulphur and
602
relieve
to
564
-
Celery, promotes
urination
503, 720 for
63
soothes
against
colic
Cayenne
voice
171-175
-
2, 63
irritates
to
-
-
against
bladder
in
stone
the
of urates
output
Apple
moderate
a
lessen
to
as
704, 705
vinegar, in gargle Walnut-leaf tea, for enlarged
earth
food, only of,
Burnet
throat
Walnut
tonsils
NEYS). KID-
kidneys 397
Tomato
Watercress, tonsils, by
Animal
Borax,
oil, thymol, inhale of, aseptic for vapour
with
IN
(seea^so
Blackberry pain from
Thyme'
Turnip juice, for
or
BLADDER
with
STONE
against gravel,
sore
(broiled) tenderly. Swede
DISORDERS,
Birch
-
fish food,
as
URINARY
Barley
for
-
eaten
{seeSORES).
643
tea, Strawberry-leaf quinsy and catarrhal
Sturgeon,
GLANDULAR
ULCERS
Barberry,
weeds sea-
tonsils, etc.
throat
228
passages
enlarged
for
syrup,
liquors
SWELLINGS).
Asparagus,
627-633 Snail
of
as
(see
use
570 throat, when dry throat, 212, 447 Quince, for sore Raspberry vinegar, as gargle 587
chocele
well
as
effects
of, good
voice
apple
387 to obviate
GRAVEL,
for
of,
-
for the Pine
seed
white, seed
Mustard,
tobacco
496
196, 311
-
white,
of
Watercress,
putrid
for
juice,
throat
sore
390
TOBACCO, against effects of. Sage leaves, to smoke instead
TUMOURS
427, 428 371, 372
throat
Mulberry
242
-
septic anti-
422
demulcent
(flax), in
Liquorice, to
-
sorrel, gargle of,
of, -
drink
Moss,
-
-
532
catarrhal
juice, for
Linseed
Wood
as
-
-
throat
sore
of,
tea
quinsy
sore
367, 368 with thirst, Kop's 91, 96 dry, irritative throat Lemon
for
hoarseness
ale, for
Leeks,
Woodruff,
145-147 Chamomile in
tea,
against stone
bladder
Cheese,
effects
-
of
-
664
147-161
INDEX.
URINARY
DISORDERS,
Etc.,
Parsnip, and
its water, and stone, promotes Peach flowers
continued.
Cherries, against uric
acid
Cream
and
stone
172
-
of tartar, for
gravel
34
-
stone
-
-
309
-
juice, sepia, in soothes urinary
broth, passages Dandelion
-
for bed
wetting freely given urinary flow
more
,,
it induces
-
Fennel
559, 560
of Pepsin, apply, for soreness urinary passages Pimpernel (Burnet) against irritable
urinary
195
flow
juniper,
its
or
of
troubles.
611
against
watery,
salts
its alkaUne
gravel,by
urine
-
wetting
Horse
360
356
radish, against
stone
409
Juniper beiTies,agauiststone, to
promote
urine
Kidney
flow
sheep,
its
triple phosphate in
stone
bladder
Lentil, against gravel MaUow
sjTup,
-
532
kidneys Medlar, against gravel Millipedes, hog Uce, against earth their gravel, by
440
-
-
Nettle
tea,
Oatmeal
against gravel
tea,
weak,
of,
conserve
passages bladder
irritable
being
stone
salt
309
as
among
sailors
617, 619
and
flow
when
small
shells
difficult,
bladder
the
to
gouty
37
urinary
"
-
for
urinary passages
-
if liable
avoid,
to
645
-
soothe
irritation
deposits
in
urine
Stephens, as recipe against stone, the ment Governpurchased by
644 the
promote 663 urinary flow Tar water, urinary promotes 94, 95
-
for
216
Thyme against gravel
380
Tomato,
hog or
382
Uce,
stone
-
216
if gouty, or to subject urinary oxalates
to avoid
699, 704
Turnip Turpentine
water,
for
irritable
229
to
388, 427 Joanna's,
Mrs.
bed,
if but ; passages 510 strong it will irritate them Onion, promotes flow of urine 527 tea,
ary urin-
powdered will obviate gravel Soap, Alicant, against stone
flow
soothes
598
where
rare
abounds,
urinary
Parsley
-
Salt, at table, prevents gravel,
Strawberries,
the
-
593
gravel
to
85, 86
-
stimulates
salts
and
Sorrel,
extract, for kidney troubles, and their effects 418, 419
against
-
if
urinary
Soapwort, 337
(of
calf,or pig) and
Leek,
soothes
in
of
-
-
animal
-
avoid
to
subject
or
red,
Roses,
irritable
-
bladder
and
garden,
Snails, as food, promote
urinary
and
passages, bladder
"
-
soothes
Rhubarb, gouty,
flow,
389, 390 335 -
tea
root, stimulates dissolves gravel
and
637 Glycerine, against gravel leaves, against Gooseberry 310 gravel Grape cure (not sweet grapes) 350 Hedgehog, as food, against bed
575-581 Radish
tine turpen-
-
Hop
229
-
woods, to reside amongst, will urinary protect from
Potato,
304, 310
by
47
branes mem-
270, 271
Gin, promotes
551
-
Pine
line Fruits, fresh, by their alkasalts, prevent gravel
in
flow
-
638, 639
-
against
-
Currant, white, wine, against Cuttle-fish
779
promotes
flow
594
tears, spirit, irritable urinary passages. Pine
or
from
61, 706
INDEX.
780
URINARY
Etc.,
DISORDERS,
Balm,
continued.
periodical
promotes
363
function
Vegetables, by
white, in
Beet,
alkaline
their
salts, and silica,are protective against gravel,
orders dis-
uterine
earth and
stone
Violet, sweet,
614
encourage of
214, 215
-
Cinnamon
dill, promote 50, 120, 139 bark, to stay flux
Crab,
shore,
and
likewise
-
175-180
362 herb, apply juice, apply mon (Stdlaria media) the comgarden weed, its fresh juice rubbed on. Dandelion juice, apply 194, 195 Basil
Chickweed
Elderberry
258,313
-
Fig juice, fresh, apply
Grooseberry thorn, the
with
warts
method
of
;
to
prick
an
Irish
cure
apple juice
Watercress
-
COUGH,
Blackberry
103,
-
butter, special leaves of, in
and
130 166
Cochineal
183
insect
Garlio, take, and chest
apply
Grapes,
of
cream
radish
Horse
of syrup Rose canker, redbreast's
tartar, by- 354 368
juice,
or
594
-
briar, "robin cushion," worn
of
a as protective amulet against whooping cough
seeds, made
Simflower
597
-
a
Alcohol,
397
271
Gooseberry, green, morbid longings Leeks, promote fertility
Angelica, promotes function
532 308
(in pregnancy) uterine
soothes
Nutmeg, irritability Seville, Orange,
506, 507
-
in
peel
535
stays fluxes
marmalade
Parsley oil, apiol, eases period, and quiets urinary distress
-
Pennyroyal, promotes
382
period
oil, promotes Peppermint the eases period, and coUc 212, 373 accompanying 575-581 Potatoes, promote fertility Purple of whelk, for uterine 549 congestion tea, to encourage Rosemary increase to period, and milk
breast
at
hquidity
period
flow
of
eases
213, 604
-
ishes diminmilk
breast
386, 387 tea, will
skin -
ates obvi-
also
blood,
the
213, 383
-
from
excess
of
gin, eases pain mines periods difficult,deter-
surface
310 -
juice, stays flux, 420-424
Sage, stays flux, and
of.
the
270
abates
as
towards
encourage
"
258
breast
milk
colic
WOMEN,
"
seeds
61
and ground specificherb
Disorders
251, discharges period promote -
to
Saffron, stays flux, and
coffee
of, roasted
Thyme,
uterine
Fennel,
372, 373
328, 330
-
black, the
Radish,
638 for
over
-
-
to
-
Medlars
106
436 for
juice, sepia, congestion, and
stay flux shells, powdered, Egg
569
Chestnut, sweet, tea
uterine
Lemon
for.
increase
to
milk
Cuttle-fish
310 228
juice
WHOOPING Bread
272
-
sea
breast
58, 223
at
breast
to
dispel. juice) Apple juice, the crab (verby its tannin, applied
Pine
milk, flow
Caraway
stone
against
196,
WARTS,
Borage,
34, 707, 708
-
96, 97
-
to
20
cal periodi42, 43
Tansy period Thyme, soothes
regulate
the
-
promotes uterine
-
395
period,and distress
397
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