MCQ Blood Physiology Sermad
Short Description
MCQ Blood Physiology Sermad...
Description
Q1:Which Blood Group is Universal donor and recipient ? Ans : Donor O-Blood Group Recepient : AB+ blood group Q2:Which condition is produced in Rh+ blood group in a fetus mother having Rh- blood group in second pregnancy? Ans:Erythroblastosis foetalis Q3:identify the apparatus? Ans: Wester Green Apparatus Q4:Name the two physiological conditions in which ESR is hIgh? Ans: a) Pregnancy b) Mensturation c)Increased temp. Q5:Identify the apparastus? Ans: Westergens Tube with stand Q6:Give one cause of Microcytic anemia? Ans:Deficiency of Vit B12 ( folic acid) Q7:Write down contents of Haemy`s fluid? Ans: Disteled water Nacl Q8: Name the areas in the body where reproduction of RBCs take place? Ans : Yolk sac,liver . spleen, lymph node,bone marrow Q9: Identify the apparatus? Ans: Syphmomanaometer Q10: What is the effect of moderate exercise on systolic blood ptressure? Ans: Systolic blood pressure increases
Q11: Which nervous mechanism increases blood pressure during exercise? Ans: Symptahtic over stimulation Q12:Enumerate two methods of recording blood pressure? Ans:Auscaltatory method Palpatory method Q13: What is rouleax formation? Ans:Pilling up of cells one upon another because their density is more than plasma is called rouleax formation Q14:Name two pathological conditions in which ESR is raised? Ans: Acute Infections: Choronic infections Malignancy Q15: Name the two conditions in which Leucocytes count increases Ans : Appendicitis , Tonsilitis , Pnemonia Q16: What is the mean corpuscular Hb concentration? Ans:It is the average Hb conc. Inerthyrocytes MCHC=Hb gram/100ml —-
PCV/100ml
* 100
Q17:What is the clinical significance of MCHC? Ans:If MCHC less than 32, the RBC is hypochromic and it is present in iron deficiency anemia and thalasemia Q18: What is FEVI % Ans: It is the percentage of vital capacity which is expired in fst second of expiration Q19: In what type of disese it is increased? Ans: It is increased in Obstructive Lung Disease . Q20: What produces 1st heart sound? Ans: Closure of Mitral and Tricuspid valves line in less 5th intercostals space
Q21: In which area apex beat is examined ? Ans : About 9 cm from midline or 1 cm internal to midclavical . Q22: Name the conditions In which clotting time is increased ? Ans: Haemophilia A , B,Vit deficiency and liver disease and Throbocytopenia Q23: What is normal clotting time? Ans:2-6 mins capillary method Q24: How will you charge Neubaurs Chamber? Ans: a) Clean the Neubaur Chamber B)Fix the Nuebar chamber on the stage with clips and place coverslip over it c)Now take the prepared RBC/WBC pipette and touch the tip of the pipette near the edge coverslip on central plat form at an angle of 45 degrees and drop wise drop the fluid d)The fluid enters the below the coverslip because the capillary action immediately removes the pipette Q25:Write the contents of Haeym`s fluid? Ans : NaCl Na2SO4 Hgcl2 Distilled Water Q26: Prepare the blood smear on a slide for DLC count. Q27:Name the conditions in which the neutrophils are increased ? Ans: Acute pyrogenic infections ,Abscess,Boils and tonsilits Q28: Write two functions of platelets ? Ans:Haemostasis Coagulation and Clot retraction
Q29: why the Leshman stain be acetone free? Ans: Acetone causes shrinkage of cells and may cause lysis of cells Q30: what type of image do you observe in the microscope ? Ans : Eye Piece forms vertical ,erect and enlarged image. Q31: name the antigen on RBC and agglutinin in the plasma of patient with O blood group? Ans: Antigen ….>None
,
Agglutinin …..> Anti A and Anti B
Q32:What is the genotype and phenotype of the above patient? Ans: Phenotype O , Genotype OO Q33:How will you charge the Westergen Tube? Q34:Give any two physiological conditions in which ESR is raised? Ans: Pregnancy , Menstruration , Increased Temp and High in females Q35: Why and how many times the blood is diluted to count red blood cells ? Ans: The No of RBCs is very high so blood is diluted 200 times with diluents Q36: Give two pathological factors causing polycythemia? Ans: Hypoxia , polycythemia vera
Term
Definition
What is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient? Term
water
Definition
Water makes up ___ to ____% of body weight at birth and ____ to ____% at maturity. Term
65, 85, 45, 60
Definition
Percentage of body water (decreases/increases) with age and has an inverse relationship with body _____. Term
decreases, fat
Definition
Water accounts for ____ to ____% of blood. Term
90, 95
Definition
2 Term
Definition
What are some of the functions of water?
transportation of nutrients and secretions chemical reactions and solvent properties body temparature regulation maintain shape of body cells lubricates and cushions joints and organs in the body cavity
Term
Definition
3
Term
Definition
4 Term
Definition
4 Term
Definition
4 Term
Definition
What is extracellular water? Term
water outside the cell membrane Definition
Extracellur water makes up ___ of total body water or ___% of body weight. Term
1/3, 20
Definition
What are the three components of ECW?
Term
interstitial water intravascular water transcellular water
Definition
What is interstitial water?
Term
the fluid in between the cells and in reality is the cells' environment Definition
Interstitial water makes up ___% of body weight. Term
15
Definition
What is intravascular water?
Term
fluid that is basically the plasma component of the blood Definition
Intraascular water makes up __% of body water. Term
5
Definition
Plasma is about ___% water and ___% solids. Term
92, 8
Definition
What is transcellular water?
Term
water found in the body cavities and the gut Definition
What is the percent of intracellular body water in some animals versus in ruminant animals? Term
it is relatively small but in ruminant animals it can be quite a large amount because of their increased gut volume Definition
What is intracellular water? Term
the water found in the cells Definition
Intracellular water makes up ___ of body water and ___% of body weight. Term
2/3, 40
Definition
What are some of the avenues of gain for body water?
Term
What percentage of body weight is ingested water? Term
Definition
10-12% (as high as 25% in sheep and camels) Definition
What are some of the avenues of loss for body water?
Term
What are the four main functions of blood?
ingested water water in food metabolic water
feces urine milk evaporation
Definition
transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes regulation of the pH and electrlyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body restriction of fluid losses (in event of injury) defense against toxins and
pathogens
Term
Definition
What percentage of body weight is blood? Term
8-10%
Definition
What is the viscocity of blood compared it is five times more viscous than water to water? Term
Definition
What is the pH of blood? Term
7.35-7.45 Definition
What is the color of blood?
Term
scarlet (oxygenated) to purple (venous blood) Definition
What are the three main components of water? Term
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Definition
What is another name for red blood cells? Term
erythrocytes
Definition
What is another name for white blood cells? Term
leucocytes
Definition
What is another name for blood platelets? Term
thrombocytes
Definition
What are the two types of leucocytes? Term
agranulocytes and granulocytes Definition
What are the two types of agranulocytes? Term
lymphocytes and monocytes
Definition
What are the three types of
basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
granulocytes? Term
Definition
What percentage of the blood is plasma? Term
45-65%
Definition
What percentage of plasma is water? Term
92% Definition
What percentage of plasma is plasma proteins? Term
7%
Definition
What percentage of plasma is made up by other solutes? Term
1%
Definition
What do formed elements of the blood include? Term
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Definition
What percentage of the blood is formed elements? Term
35-55%
Definition
What percentage of formed elements is RBCs? Term
99.9%
Definition
What percentage of formed elements is WBCs and platelets? Term
less than .1%
Definition
10 Term
How is the serum in blood separated from clotted blood?
Definition
the blood is allowed to clot it is put in a centrifuge serum is separated from the clotted blood
Term
Definition
What is serum used to determine?
Term
measurement for extracellular components of blood Definition
If you want to separate blood into three parts in order to get plasma, what must you use? Term
an anti clotting agent such as heparin
Definition
When blood is spun in a centrifuge, what is the order in which the blood separates starting at the top? Term
plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
Definition
What makes up the buffy coat? Term
leukocytes and platelets Definition
What are albumins? What does it transport? Term
the most abundant plasma protein; transports lipids and steroid hormones Definition
Where are albumins produced? Term
the liver Definition
What do globulins transport? Term
metal ions, hormones, and lipids Definition
What are gamma globulins? Term
antibodies Definition
What produces globulins? Term
Definition
What makes up the clotting system in bllod? Term
fibrinogens and prothrombin
Definition
What are some other solutes?
Term
plasma cells (WBC)
electrolytes, organic nutrients, wastes, and buffers Definition
Many of the functions of plasma are carried out by ________. Term
plasma proteins
Definition
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
Term
colloid plasma proteins maintain higher concentrations and form osmotic pressure, preventing loss of plasma from the bloodand maintaining volume (the presence of plasma proteins in the blood causes water to enter the blood vessels and helps maintain blood volume) Definition
What is another name for colloid osmotic pressure? Term
oncotic pressure
Definition
How does colloid osmotic pressure act as a buffer? Term
it controls pH
Definition
What percentage of plasma proteins are albumin? Term
Definition
What does albumin carry?
Term
many substances with low water solubility, such as bile salts, fatty acids, calcium, iron, and some drugs Definition
What do albumins control?
Term
osmotic pressure of the blood component Definition
What are the three types of globulins?
Term
alpha globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins Definition
What are alpha globulins?
Term
60%
transporters (thyroid hormone, cholesterol) Definition
What type of molecule carries energy lipids and structural lipids for biosynthesis? Term
lipoprotein complexes
Definition
What is HDL? Term
high density lipoproteins Definition
Why are HDLs called HDLs?
Term
because they are mostly protein and only have some phospholipids so they have a high density Definition
What are LDLs? Term
low density lipoproteins Definition
Why are LDLs called LDLs?
Term
because they have only a little protein and have more phospholipids so they have a low density Definition
What are VLDLs? Term
very low density lipoproteins Definition
Why are VLDLs called VLDLs?
Term
because they have the most phospholipids and have little protein so they ahve a very low density Definition
17 Term
Definition
17 Term
What are chylomicrons? Where are they produced?
Term
Definition
they transport triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol; intestinal absorptive cells Definition
What is the specific density of water? Term
1 Definition
What is the shape of erythrocytes? What is the purpose of this shape?
Term
Erythrocytes do not have ________, ________, or ________. Term
Why don't erythrocytes have a nucleus, mitochondria, or organelles? Term
bioconcave; it gives it a larger surface area so enough O2 can diffuse through it Definition
nucleus, mitochondria, organelles
Definition
because they need as much room as possible to carry oxygen Definition
How long do erythrocytes last on average? Term
110 days
Definition
What structure destroys old erythrocytes and where in the body do they destroy them? Term
macrophages, in spleen
Definition
What produces new erythrocytes? Term
bone marrow Definition
What is the process called in which new erythrocytes are produced? Term
How does the body know to produce more erythrocytes?
Term
erythropoieisis
Definition
the kidneys monitor the blood and if there are nor enough it sends an endocrine signal to the bone marrow to produce more Definition
What is the hormone that the kidney secretes to tell the bone marrow to produce more RBCs? Term
What is the specific process that occurs when the kidneys decide that there is not enough RBCs?
erythropoietin
Definition
the kidneys detect reduced O2 carrying capacity when less O2 is delivered to the
kidneys, they secrete the hormone erythropoietin erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow the additional circulating erythrocytes increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood this relieves the initial stimulus that triggered erythropoieten secretion
Term
Definition
Erythrocytes are fully enclosed with _________. Term
hemoglobin
Definition
Oxygen is carried in ______ by the ________ in erythrocytes. Term
iron, hemoglobin
Definition
CO2 is carried by ___________, not the _____. Term
hemoglobin itself, iron
Definition
What is CO2 carried as? Why?
Term
HCO-3 because it acts as a major pH buffer in the extracellular fluid Definition
What is hemoglobin?
Term
a large protein containing 4 heme groups containing iron
Definition
Iron ________ binds to oxygen. Term
reversibly Definition
Binding of oxygen to iron is described by the _______________. Term
Each heme group can bind to ___
oxygen dissociation curve
Definition
1, 4
oxygen(s) so each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen(s). Term
Definition
All white blood cells contain ______ and _______. Term
nuclei, organelles
Definition
What is the function of WBCs?
Term
to help defend the body against invasion of pathogens Definition
There are (more/less) WBCs than RBCs. Why is this? Term
less; because if we are not sick we do not need WBCs Definition
At any given time, where are WBCs mostly found? Term
in connective tissue or in the organs of the lymphatic system Definition
WBCs primarily use the blood for _________. Term
transportation
Definition
WBCs exhibit chemotaxis. What does this mean? Term
it means they are attracted to a specific chemical stimuli Definition
What is the purpose of WBCs exhibiting chemotaxis? Term
it allows them to converge on pathogens and areas of tissue damage Definition
WBCs are capable of ________ amoeboid; this allows them to converge movement. What is the purpose of this? on pathogens and sites of injury Term
Definition
What is diapedesis?
Term
What are the five types of leukocytes?
the process by which WBCs migrate out of the blood stream by squeezing between endothelial cells Definition
neutrophils eosinophils
Term
Definition
Neutrophils make up ___ to ____% of circulating WBCs. Term
The cytoplasm of neutrophils is packed with __________________ that contain ___________. Term
What is the nucleus of mature neutrophils like? Because of this, neutrophils are known as _________ leukocytes. Term
50, 70
Definition
pale "neutral" colored granules, bactericidal compounds
Definition
segmented; polymorphonuclear
Definition
What is the diameter of neutrophils? Term
What is the locomotion and reaction of neutrophils like?
Term
What do neutrophils specialize in?
Term
12 µm Definition
they are highly mobile and are usually the first WBCs to arrive at a site of injury Definition
attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked for destruction Definition
What is the lifespan of neutrophils? Term
6 hours to a few days Definition
Eosinophils make up __ to __% of circulating WBCs. Term
What is the size of eosinophils like? Term
basophils monocytes lymphocytes
2,4
Definition
they are about the same as neutrophils Definition
What are the granules in eosinophils like? Term
reddish-orange staining granules
Definition
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Term
they phagocytize antibody covered bacteria, protazoa, and cellular debris they exocytose toxic compounds onto the surface of pathogens, particularly large multicelluar parasites such as flukes or worms
Definition
What happens to eosinophils during parasitic infection? Term
they dramatically increase in number
Definition
How are eosinophils and allergens related?
Term
they are sentive to allergens and dramatically increase in number during allergic reactions Definition
What is the typical lifespan of eosinophils? Term
8-12 days
Definition
Basophils make up ______% of circulating WBCs. Term
What is the size of basophils like?
Term
less than 1
Definition
they are smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils Definition
What color are the granules that make up basophils? Term
What are the functions of basophils?
deep purple or blue
Definition
they migrate to injury sites and discharge the contents of their
granules
Term
Definition
What is contained in the granules of basophils? Term
histamine and heparin
Definition
What is the function of histamine?
Term
vasodilator and increase capillary permeability Definition
What is the function of heparin? Term
an anticoagulant Definition
Collectively, what are the functions of histamine and heparin?
Term
they enhance the local inflammation initiated by mast cells and attract other WBCs Definition
What is the lifespan of basophils? Term
it is uncertain Definition
Monocytes make up ___ to ___% of circulating WBCs. Term
2,8
Definition
What is the size of a monocyte? Term
2X as large as a RBC Definition
What is the nucleus of a monocyte like? it is large and tends to be oval or kidney shaped Term
What is the movement of monocytes throughout the body like?
Definition
individual monocytes use the bloodstream as a highway they stay in circulation for only about 24hrs before entering a peripheral tissue where it becomes a tissue macrophage, an aggressive phagocyte
Term
Definition
What are the two main functions of monocytes?
Term
normal: replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells inflammation signals: move quickly (approximately 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissuesand divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response
Definition
What is the lifespan of monocytes? Term
it can be up to several months Definition
Lymphocytes make up ___ to ___% of circulating WBCs. Term
20, 30
Definition
What is the size of lymphocytes? Term
they are slightly larger than RBCs Definition
What is the structure of lymphocytes as there is a thin halo of cytoplasm around seen in blood smears? a large nucleus Term
Definition
What is the migration of lymphocytes like?
Term
they continuosly migrate from the bloodstream back into the peripheral tissues and back into the bloodstream Definition
Where are most lymphocytes located?
Term
in connective tissues and lymphatic organs Definition
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes? Term
What is the function of T lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes
Definition
they defend against foreign cells and tissues and coordinate the immune response
Term
Definition
T lymphocytes become __________. Term
killer T cells Definition
What is the function of B lymphocytes? Term
they produce and distribute antibodies Definition
What are antibodies? Term
proteins that attack foreign molecules Definition
What is the lifespan of lymphocytes? Term
days to years Definition
How can you remember all the lymphocytes and their order of abundance? Term
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils Definition
What is the size and shape of thrombocytes like? Term
flattened, disk-like fragments that are musch smaller than RBCs Definition
Thrombocytes act as a participant in the ____________________. Term
vascular clotting systems
Definition
What is the lifespan of thrombocytes like? Explain.
Term
9-12 days, they are then removed by spleen macrophages, they are continuosly replaced Definition
On average, how many platelets are there in the blood? Term
350,000 per microliter (uL) of blood
Definition
Where are thrombocytes produced? Explain.
Term
bone marrow; large cells called megakaryocytesrelease fragments (platelets) into circulation Definition
What is the proces of producing thrombocytes called?
thrombopoiesis
Term
Definition
What is homeopoiesis? Term
formation of blood cells and platelets Definition
Where does hemeopoiesis start from? Term
stem cells called hemocytoblasts Definition
35 Term
Definition
What is hemostasis? Term
the process of stopping bleeding Definition
36 Term
Definition
36 Term
Definition
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
Term
What happens during the vascular phase?
Term
What happens during the platelet phase?
Term
What happens during the coagulating phase?
vascular phase (vascular spasm) platelet phase (formation of platelet plug) coagulating phase (blood clot formation)
Definition
damage occurs endothelial cells become sticky smooth muscle contracts
Definition
platelets attach to sticky area platelet plug is formed chemicals released to attract more pletelets
Definition
prothrombin is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin forming
fibrin meshwork RBCs trapped requires Ca 2+ and vitamin K
Term
Definition
The clot contains _______ and _______ which constrict the clot. Term
actin, myosin
Definition
What happens during clot retraction?
Term
clot is dissolved by fibrinolysis plasmin (active form of plasminogen) erodes the clot
Definition
What is thrombus?
Term
(blood clot) it is when platelets stick to the interior of an intact blood vessel Definition
What is embolus?
Term
Thrombus is followed by ________.
when platelet accumulation breaks free in the blood vessel
Definition
embolus
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