MCF DAS Design Specification 2014
July 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download MCF DAS Design Specification 2014...
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DAS DESIGN SPECIFI SPECIFICA CATION TION INCLUDES INSTALLATION INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS INSTRUCTIONS
Implementation: 03-04-2014
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CONTENTS 2
PURPOSE PURPOS E ................................... .................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ................................... ..................... ....5
3
SCOPE ..................................................................... ............................................................................................. ................................................... ............................ 6
4
HS&W ISSUES ........................ .................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ................................... ......... 6
5
DESIGN SPECIFICATION ............................................... ....................................................................... ................................................... ............................ 7 5.1
DAS Planning ............................................... ........................................................................ ................................................... ............................... ..... 7
5.2
Design Principles...................... ............................................... .................................................. ................................................... ............................ 7
5.3
General DAS Description ................................................. ........................................................................... ....................................... ............. 7
5.3.1
Passive DAS ................................................................ ........................................................................................ ................................... .......... 8
5.3.2
Active DAS ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ................................................... ............................ 8
5.3.3
Hybrid DAS ........................................................ ................................................................................. ............................................ .................. 8
5.4
Operating Frequency Bands ................................................. ........................................................................... ................................... ......... 9
5.4.1
Other frequency ranges ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..................................10 ........10
5.5
Reference Technologies ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ......................................10 ............10
5.6
DAS Capability ......................... .................................................. .................................................. ................................................... ..........................10 10
5.6.1
Passive DAS ...................... ............................................... .................................................. ................................................... ..........................10 10
5.6.2
Active DAS ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ................................................... ..........................10 10
5.7
Target Coverage Area ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ..........................................10 ................10
5.7.1
RF Levels Required ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ......................................11 ............11
5.7.2
Handover Zone ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ..........................................12 .................12
5.8
DAS Configuration ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ..............................................12 .....................12
5.8.1
Passive DAS Interconnect Ports ................................................... ........................................................................13 .....................13
5.8.2
Active DAS Interconnect Ports ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..........................14 14
5.9
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EME Design Constraints ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ......................................14 ............14
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6
5.10
EMC Design Constraints ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ......................................15 ............15
5.11
Base Station Power Levels ................................................... ............................................................................. ..................................16 ........16
5.12
Maximum Signal Received by MS/UE ........................ .................................................. ...............................................17 .....................17
5.13
Minimum Allowable Path Loss ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ..............................17 ....17
5.13.1
Passive DAS ...................... ............................................... .................................................. ................................................... ..........................17 17
5.13.2
Active DAS ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ................................................... ..........................18 18
5.14
Propagation Model ................................................ ......................................................................... ..............................................19 .....................19
5.15
Measured performance of installed DAS ........................ .................................................. ...........................................19 .................19
5.15.1
Return loss ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ................................................... ..........................19 19
5.15.2
Passive intermodulation...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..................................19 ........19
5.15.3
Frequency response ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ......................................19 ............19
5.15.4
Propagation delay...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..........................................19 ................19
5.15.5
Group delay ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ..............................................19 .....................19
5.16
Cable and Component Labelling ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..............................20 ....20
5.17
Preferred Material List ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..........................................20 ................20
5.18
Other Equipment Specifications ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..............................20 ....20
5.18.1
Characteristic impedance ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ..............................20 ....20
5.18.2
VSWR ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..............................21 ....21
5.18.3
Intermodulation ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ..........................................21 ................21
5.18.4
Coaxial connector types ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..................................21 ........21
5.18.5
Coaxial Cables ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ..............................................21 .....................21
DELIVERABLES ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ..................................22 ........22 6.1
Documentation Presentation ................................................... ............................................................................. ..............................22 ....22
6.2
Preliminary Design Documentation ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..........................23 23
6.3
Detailed Design Documentation ....................... ................................................ ................................................... ..............................24 ....24
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6.4
Installation Documentation ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ..................................25 ........25
6.5
Contractor/Builder initiated DAS ...................... ............................................... ................................................... ..............................27 ....27
7
DEFINITIONS ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ..................................28 ........28
8
REFERENCES ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ......................................30 ............30
9
APPENDIX-A: DAS INSTALLATION GUIDELINES ......................... ................................................... ...........................................31 .................31 9.1
Passive Backbone ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ..............................................31 .....................31
9.2
Active Backbone ...................... ............................................... .................................................. ................................................... ..........................32 32
9.3
Floor Cabling ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ..............................32 ....32
9.3.1
Feeder Cable Mounting (non radiating cable) ........................ .................................................. ..............................33 ....33
9.3.2
Radiating Cable Mounting ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ..............................33 ....33
9.3.3
Mounting of Omni Antennas ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ..........................35 35
9.3.4
Mounting of Panel Antennas ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ..........................35 35
9.3.5
Other Arrangements ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ......................................36 ............36
10 APPENDIX B: TEST RESULTS – RESULTS – PASSIVE PASSIVE DAS ......................... ................................................... ...............................................37 .....................37 10.1
RF Sweeps ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..............................37 ....37
10.2
Insertion Loss ..................... ............................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..............................37 ....37
10.3
Passive Intermodulation Testing ............................................... ......................................................................... ..............................38 ....38
10.3.1
Dynamic testing ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ..........................................38 ................38
TABLE OF TABLES Table 1 Bands designated for use by mobile network operators
9
Table 2 . Reference Technologies and 3GPP standards
10
Table 3. Minimum coverage levels for a DAS
12
Table 4 EMI limits
15
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Table 5 Distance from antenna for E field limits
16
Table 6 Maximum received levels at MS/UE
17
Table 7 Minimum allowable path loss
18
Table 8 Definitionns
29
Table 9 References
31
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 4-1 MNC configuration
14
Figure 8-1 Distribution from backbone cable
32
Figure 8-2 Floor Cable Mounting
33
Figure 8-3 Mounting Radiating Cable in ceiling space
34
Figure 8-4 4 Minimum clearance for omnidirectional antennas
35
Figure 8-5 Mounting omnidirectional antenna under metal ceiling tiles
36
Figure 9-1 Example of a return loss sweep
37
Figure 9-2 Example of an insertion loss report
38
1
PURPOSE
Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) are used to provide enhanced indoor mobile coverage and capacity management using spatially separated antennas distributed around the proposed Document1
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coverage area. The DAS is considered to consist of the in-building in -building cabling, distribution and radiating elements (antennas) required for such coverage solutions. This specification outlines the design standards and acceptance criteria for such a system. 2
SCOPE
This document applies to the design of a DAS to which a mobile operator proposes to connect its equipment. Where the DAS is comprised of more than one sector, the standards outlined in this document shall apply to to each sector. These standards will apply to passive, active and hybrid DAS’s DAS’s This document does not cover any aspects of the site acquisition and/or leasing arrangements, arrangements, nor does it cover other requirements such as power, air-conditioning, transmission or space allocation. 3
HS&W ISSUES
This document does not override any general or project specific HS&W requirements. Where there seems to be a contradiction, more stringent requirement requirement should apply until the issue is discussed and agreed between the Sharing Carriers. The design process must address EME levels in line with mandatory standards. standards.
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4
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
4 .1 DAS PLANNING
Before beginning the detailed design of a DAS, the designer must follow these steps. 1) The design must evaluate the coverage levels provided by the surrounding cells, and taking into account any proposed network changes that are likely to cause an impact. 2) The design must take into account any technical, structural or architectural constraints. 3) The design must comply with any applicable regulatory conditions (building codes, electrical safety etc.). 4 .2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The DAS must be designed with these six key principles in mind. 1) Provide enhanced coverage, and a consistent user experience within the target coverage area. 2) Provide dominant coverage within the target area to avoid unnecessary hand-off’s hand-off’s and/or interference to/from the rest of the network. 3) Provide sufficient capacity for the size of the building and expected occupanc occupancy. y. 4) DAS’s must be engineered to allow in interference-free interference -free operation between the Sharing Carriers. 5) The DAS design must provide for inter-operability inter- operability with each of the Sharing Carrier’s macro networks. 6) The DAS must be operated in accordance with ACMA licence conditions.
4 .3 GENERAL DAS DESCRIPTION
The Distributed Antenna System (DAS) architecture may be described as either: 1) Passive, where the base station signal is distributed to the antennas via a passive network of coaxial cables, splitters and couplers.
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2) Active Active – – where where the base station signal is connected to a central hub or interface unit, which then feeds a network of either optical fibre cables, or Ethernet. Each of these cables in turn connects to an active low power RF head and antenna. 3) Hybrid - These will have a combination of Passive and Active Elements. 4.3.1 PASSIVE DAS
A passive DAS is typically divided into two main components: 4) The backbone feed system which forms the distribution to each floor or area; and, 5) The floor/area cabling. The backbone is generally composed of cables, splitters and couplers. The preferred network net work topology is for groups of floors/areas (up to 4) to be fed from a multi-way splitter, which in turn is fed from a trunk cable from the BTS (or from a higher llevel evel splitter where there are more than 4 floors/areas). The floor cabling can be a combination of any of radiating cable, coaxial cable, antennae and terminations. 4.3.2
ACTIVE DAS
An active DAS typically has an interface unit which converts an RF signal from the base station to either analog (IF), digital or optical signals. This interface unit is typically co-located with the BTS equipment. From this point, typically optical fibre distribution or CAT-5 cables are used to feed remote active heads which convert the optical signals back to RF signals which are then connected to individual antennas or to a small passive distribution system (Hybrid DAS). Active systems may be multi-band, and/or support multiple technologies. For example, a tri-band / multi-technology system could have 3G850, LTE1800 and 3G2100 amplifiers in a common remote head. 4.3.3 HYBRID DAS
This configuration generally takes the form of an Active DAS, which then feeds into smaller passive DAS tributaries. Another configuration might be a multi-sector solution where a common base station feeds an Active DAS in one section of the building, but has another indoor coverage area served by a Passive DAS. Document1
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4 .4 OPERATING FREQUENCY BANDS
In Australia, the following bands are designated for use by mobile network operators under both Spectrum and Apparatus Licences (PTS) which are administered by the ACMA. Band
3GPP
Frequency (MHz)
band 700 MHz
28
DL: 758 to 803
Reference
Alternate
Technology
Technology
LTE
none
WCDMA
none
GSM
WCDMA, LTE
LTE
GSM
WCDMA
LTE
UL: 703 to 748 800 MHz
5
DL: 870 – 870 – 890 890 UL: 825 - 845
900 MHz
8
DL: 935 – 935 – 960 960 UL: 890 - 915
1.8 GHz
3
DL: 1805 – 1805 – 1880 1880 UL: 1710 – 1710 – 1785 1785
2.1 GHz
1
DL: 2110 – 2110 – 2170 2170 UL: 1920 - 1980
2.3 GHz
40
2300 – 2300 – 2400 MHz
TD-LTE
none
2.5 GHz
7
DL: 2620 – 2620 – 2690 2690
LTE
none
UL: 2500 - 2570 Table 1 Bands designated for use by mobile network operators
For maximum flexibility, the DAS should be designed to allow operation on all available bands. Exceptions to this requirement must be agreed by the Sharing Carriers Document1
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4.4.1 OTHER FREQUENCY RANGES
Where provision is required for non-cellular services, components that cover the required frequency range should be specified. 4 .5 REFERENCE TECHNOLOGIES
The DAS shall be designed to operate with base station and repeater equipment that is compliant with the relevant relevant 3GPP 3GPP standards, as well as the corresponding ACMA licence conditions. Reference
3GPP series
Technology GSM
TS 45 series
WCDMA
TS25 series
LTE
TS 36 series
Table 2 . Reference Technologies and 3GPP standards
4 .6 DAS CAPABILITY
4.6.1 PASSIVE DAS
Generally a passive DAS must be designed to simultaneously distribute the range of frequencies and technologies identified in Table 1. The number of Sharing Carriers and the expected number of RF signals (channels) in each frequency band shall be established prior to the commencement of the design 4.6.2 ACTIVE DAS
The number of Sharing Carriers and the number of channels per Carrier in each frequency band shall be established prior to the commencement of the design. The design shall assume that all channels in every frequency band are in operation simultaneously and at maximum forward power (allowable at MNC port or for active max power of remote head). 4 .7 TARGET COVERAGE AREA
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The Target Coverage Area shall be agreed prior to commencement of the design and shall be marked on copies of the site plan and floor f loor plans. 4.7.1 RF LEVELS REQUIRED
As a general principle for good DAS design, it is important to provide dominant coverage within the target area to avoid unnecessary hand-off’s hand-off’s and/or interference to/from the rest of the network, as well as delivering a high quality signal within the coverage area. This is one reason why the target RF levels for the DAS design will vary according to the location within the building. For example, the influence of the external macro network is likely to be greatest in proximity to the perimeter walls and windows – windows – so so the DAS design should ensure that the coverage from the DAS is dominant in these locations. The following table specifies minimum coverage levels in various areas of a building. These values should available over 95% of the target coverage area, and are the MINIMUM acceptable levels. The DAS should be designed to maintain at least 9 dB of dominance over the external macro network.
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Location
GSM (RSSI)
WCDMA (RSCP)
LTE (RSRP)
Within 2 m of the
> -65 dBm
RSCP > -85 dBm
> -95 dBmSINR
perimeter walls
Ec/I0 (unloaded) = -7 dB
and windows inside the premises
Building core
requirement > 15 dB
Ec/I0 (loaded) = -11 dB > -70 dBm
> -90 dBm
> -100 dBm SINR requirement > 15 dB
Basement car
> -75 dBm
> -95 dBm
parks
> -105 dBm SINR requirement > 15 dB
Outside building at
< -90 dBm
< -100 dBm
ground level
< -110 dBm SINR requirement > 15 dB
Table 3. Minimum coverage levels for a DAS
4.7.2 HANDOVER ZONE
RF levels shall be sufficient to facilitate both-way handovers with the external network at locations agreed on the target Coverage Area. Handovers to/from external external fast moving mobiles need to be avoided (except in tunnels). The design should ensure that RF levels specified in section 4.7.1 at ground level outside the building are met.
4 .8
DAS CONFIGURAT CONFIGURATION ION
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The DAS shall be passive wherever possible utilising the RF power of the base stations to the fullest f ullest possible extent. Active DAS sections shall be included only if there is installation constraints or available RF power is not sufficient. Access to the DAS ports shall be from a communications room with sufficient accommodation for the base station and network transmission equipment. The design shall satisfy the installation requirements specified in Appendix A. The distribution for each floor in a multi-storey building shall commence in a common communications riser shaft. 4.8.1 PASSIVE DAS INTERCONNECT PORTS
The accepted method for combining signals on to a common DAS is by way of a Multi-Network Combiner (MNC). These combiners are generally available with four input ports, and four output ports. Thus, each of the four outputs carries a composite signal which is a composite of all of the signals that appear at the input ports. The MNC combines the signals from each of the Sharing Carriers, and then distribute these to the DAS segments. In consideration of the potential for passive intermodulation products to cause interference in a DAS, each input port shall be capable of accepting up to 80 W composite transmit power, with a maximum power of 10 watts (40 dBm) per individual i ndividual channel (e.g. 8 x 10 W into each of the 4 inputs, at Measurement point 1 in Figure 4-1).
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Telstra
Vodafone
IP 1
OP A
OP B IP 2
MNC
DAS Segment 1
DAS Segment 2
Optus
IP 3
OP C
DAS Segment 3
Spare
IP 4
OP D
DAS Segment 4
Measurement Point #1
Measurement Point #2
Figure 4-1 MNC configuration
4.8.2 ACTIVE DAS INTERCONNECT PORTS
The design must provide a duplex port for each Sharing Carrier for each frequency band which the Carrier has notified as a requirement.
4 .9 EME DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Under no circumstances should the combined power level from all transmitters cause the power density within 100 mm of any antenna to exceed the ARPANSA General Public power flux density exposure levels to radio frequency fields – 3 kHz to 300 GHz”, Radiation Protection (“Maximum exposure
Series No. 3, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. ).
With this constraint in mind, the composite input power to any antenna in a DAS shall not exceed +17 dBm per Sharing Carrier without prior approval of the Lead Carrier. The EME design should assume a worst case scenario where each of the Sharing Carriers is feedin g 80 watts (49 dBm) at 700 MHz (or the lowest frequency that the DAS is designed for) into their port of the multi-network combiner. In the case of an Active DAS (or DAS segment), the EME design must assume that all active devices connected to an antenna are operating at their maximum rated composite output power per frequency band. Document1
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4.10 EMC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Designers shall ensure that the field strength levels in Table 4 are not exceeded in the areas or at the equipment locations specified.
Location
Equipment Type
Field strength limit
Hospitals
Critical care medical
1 V/m rms
equipment Institutions for the
1 V/m rms
Hearing Impaired Domestic Equipment
Location of domestic
3 V/m rms
electrical equipment, e.g. radio & television receivers, IT equipment. Co-located Base station
Other Base Station
equipment
equipment
Explosives and Fuel
Electro explosive devices – devices –
3 V/m rms
9 V/m rms
quarries, blasting sites. Military – Military – consult consult TRL. Petroleum or aviation gas fuel sites. Table 4 EMI limits limits
The design of the DAS should take into account the following EMC standar standards. ds. AS/NZS 61000.6.1:2006: 61000.6.1:2006: -- Electromagnetic compatibility compatibility (EMC) - Generic standards - Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments. Replaces AS/NZS 4252.1:1994. 4252.1:1994. BS 6656:2002: 6656:2002: - Guide to prevention of inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres by radiofrequency radiation. Replaces British Standard BS6656:1991.
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PD CLC/TR 50427:2004: 50427:2004: - Assessment of inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres by radiofrequency radiation. Replaces British Standard BS6657:1991 As a guide, the table below indicates i ndicates the distances from an antenna that the 1, 3 and 9 V/m electric field strength limits are reached (to within 0.1 m). Note that, for a given EIRP, the electric field strength at a given distance is independent of frequency and varies linearly with distance.
Input power to antenna (dBm) Antenna gain (dBi) Distance (m) Electric field strength (V/m) +23
3
3.5
0.99
+23
3
1.2
2.89
+23
3
0.4
8.68
+23
6
4.9
1.00
+23
6
1.7
2.89
+23
6
0.6
8.18
+23
9
7.0
0.99
+23
9
2.3
3.01
+23
9
0.8
8.66
+23
12
9.8
1.00
+23
12
3.3
2.97
+23
12
1.1
8.90
Table 5 Distance from antenna for E field limits
4.11 BASE STATION POWER LEVELS
The design of a passive DAS shall assume a maximum of 10 W (+40 dBm) per RF carrier is applied to each input port on the MNC. The MNC is rated at a maximum power of 80 watts at each port, thus
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implying that each of the Sharing Carriers could , for example, combine up to eight (8) RF carriers (at 10 watts each). This is the level that should be used as the basis of the link power budget, maximum signal level and EMC calculation.
4.12 MAXIMUM SIGNAL RECEIVED BY MS/UE
The maximum signal levels received by a MS or UE situated as close as possible to any antenna while being 1.5 m above floor level shall be in accordance with the table below (GSM05.05 Clause 6.1 for GSM900 & DCS1800, 3GPP TS25.101 Clause 7.4 for WCDMA and 3GPP TS36.101 Clause 7.4 for LTE ))..
Technology Maximum received power GSM (900) -15 dBm/200 kHz WCDMA
-25 dBm/3.84 MHz
LTE
-25 dBm/channel bandwidth
Table 6 Maximum received levels at MS/UE
Note that for a passive DAS the minimum path loss is determined by the maximum allowable levels at the BTS receiver inputs as in 4.13. 4.13 MINIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS
4.13.1 PASSIVE DAS
The DAS design must consider the circumstances where an uncontrolled MS/UE 9 (i.e. not being served by any of the RF carriers present on the DAS) is operating on an adjacent channel, or a controlled MS/UE is operating on the wanted channel at minimum transmit power may lead to the base station receiver being overloaded. Document1
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These levels are specified in i n the 3GPP specifications (GSM05.05 Clause 5.1 for GSM900 & DCS1800, 3GPP TS25.104 for UMTS and TS36.104 for LTE). The table shows the minimum allowable path path loss - which in th case of a passive DAS refers to the
coupling loss from a MS/UE being operated at a nominal 1.5 m above floor height, to the BTS input. This value therefore includes the losses in the MNC and the antenna distribution network.
Technology MS/UE Tx
GSM900
DCS1800
3G850
3G2100
LTE
Maximum BTS received
Minimum path
Power
power
loss
+33 dBm
-26 dBm/200 kHz
59 dB
+5 dBm
-40 dBm/200 kHz
+36 dBm
-35 dBm/200 kHz
0 dBm
-40 dBm/200 kHz
+24 dBm
-52 dBm/3.84 MHz
-50 dBm
-73 dBm/3.84 MHz
+24 dBm
-52 dBm/3.84 MHz
-50 dBm
-73 dBm/3.84 MHz
+23 dBm
-52 dBm/occ BW
Adj.- channel Co-channel
71 dB
Adj.- channel Co-channel
76 dB
Adj.- channel Co-channel
76 dB
Adj.- channel Co-channel
75 dB
Adj. channel
Table 7 Minimum allowable path loss
4.13.2 ACTIVE DAS
The design must ensure that the Maximum BTS received power values values of Table 6 are complied with. Document1
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Ensure that the maximum uplink input signal levels at the remote units do not exceed the manufacturer’s ratings.
4.14 PROPAGATION MODEL
This document does not specify a propagation model as it is up to the DAS design vendor to ensure that sufficient margins are provided, so that the minimum signal levels specified in this document are delivered by the designed system once it is in operation. 4.15 MEASURED PERFORMANCE OF INSTALLED DAS
In addition to the coverage, power and loss specifications above, a passive DAS shall meet the following performance requirements. 4.15.1 RETURN LOSS
Return loss measured at any input port of the multi-network combiner (or any other device serving a similar function) must be greater than 20 dB over the operating frequency bands. The return loss of any feeder connected to the output ports of the Multi-Network Combiner shall be greater than 16 dB over the operating frequency bands. 4.15.2 PASSIVE INTERMODULATION
The passive intermodulation performance of each passive DAS segment connecting to a multinetwork combiner (Measurement point 2 in Figure 1) shall be -140 dBc with 2 x 43 dBm carriers minimum as measured at 850 to 900 MHz. 4.15.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE
The frequency response of the DAS shall be within 1 dB across the licenced bandwidth in any one band. 4.15.4 PROPAGATION DELAY
The maximum propagation delay of the DAS shall be less than 10 uS 4.15.5 GROUP DELAY
The group delay difference across any 20 MHz channel shall be < 30 nS
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4.16 CABLE AND COMPONENT LABELLING
The installed cable and components should be labelled as follows: The horizontal runs of cable shall be labelled with a sticker at intervals of approximately 6 metres. For vertical runs of cable, such as in risers, stickers shall be placed at approximately 1.8 m above floor level on every floor. These stickers shall also be attached on or close to each component. Stickers must not be placed on the radiating element of the antenna or on the component identification plate. However stickers should be placed on radiating cable. All feeders should be identified at both feeder opening points with a label containing a concise identification code uniquely identifying each cable and cross referenced to the system drawing. Identification labels shall be provided by the contractor. 4.17 PREFERRED MATERIAL LIST
The DAS designer must verify the suitability of all materials and equipment associated with the DAS with the Lead Carrier prior to incorporation in the DAS design and material purchase order. This step is very important because it not only contributes the long term performance of the DAS, but will ensure that the Lead Carrier is able to provide ongoing management, maintenance and support The use of high quality RF connectors with gold or silver plating, or made of sucoplate™, brass, or beryllium copper is essential. RF connectors containing steel, nickel, or aluminium shall not be used. Cables shall meet the requirements of relevant building codes, fire authorities and building owners/managers in respect of fire retardant and smoke emission properties. In general, there is no specific requirement for general office areas, but some buildings may require particular cable specifications. If an existing DAS installation has fire retardant and low smoke emission cables, specify cables with equivalent properties for any upgrade or extension of that DAS. 4.18 OTHER EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
4.18.1 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
RF circuit impedance of the system shall be 50-ohm unbalanced.
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4.18.2 VSWR
VSWR measured at any base station input port (genrally this refers to the MNC) shall not exceed 1.22:1 (corresponding to 16 dB return loss) over the operating frequency bands. 4.18.3 INTERMODULATION
The passive intermodulation performance requirement for all components in the DAS beyond the multi-network combiner shall be -140 dBc (with +43 dBm test signals) or better. The minimum performance specification for any load (termination) connected to an unused output port of a multi-network combiner shall be -140 dBc. The preferred configuration is for all output ports to be connected to individual DAS segments. If this is not possible, specify low-IM cable loads. Specify that unused input ports of the multi-network combiner be terminated with 50 ohm/5 W terminations. The maximum third-order intermodulation power produced by the termination shall be -110 dBm when tested with 2 x +30 dBm CW test signals in the 900 and 2100 MHz bands. 4.18.4 COAXIAL CONNECTOR TYPES
7-16 DIN connectors must be used on all ports where the composite peak power exceeds 1 watt. N type connectors can be used where the incident power is less than 1 watt. All coaxial connectors must checked for compliance with the relevant standards. For 7-16 connectors this is DIN 47223 , and for N type MIL-PRF-39012D. The connectors must then be tightened using a suitable torque wrench in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. recommendation. Inter-series coaxial adapters must not be used in any circumstances. 4.18.5 COAXIAL CABLES
Low loss coaxial cables with solid outer conductors should be used for the DAS backbone; for connections between BTS and Multi-Network Combiner or cross-band coupler; and between multinetwork combiner and main feeders. Patch cables with solid outer must be used for interconnections between the base station equipment and any filters, splitters and combiners. Examples of such cables are RFS LCF and SLCF cables.
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Factory assembled feeders patch cables shall be specified with the following minimum performance parameters: VSWR:: 1:1.10 (26 dB RL) minimum over the frequency VSWR frequency range 703 – 703 – 2690 2690 MHz Intermodulation performance: performance: Any third order product must be better than -150 dBc, under both static and dynamic condition between 703 and 2690 MHz. Connectors:: DIN 7-16 or type-N, as required (refer section 4.17) Connectors Joiners and inter-series adapters are adapters are not to be used in any circumstances.
4.18.5.1 CABLES WITH BRAID, FOIL OR FOIL/BRAID SCREENING
Cables of this type (for example LMR400, RG214 etc.) e tc.) have been found to have poor intermodulation performance regardless of the quality of the connector terminations, and should not be used. 4.18.5.2 CABLES THAT ARE PART OF AN ANTENNA ASSEMBLY
In some case, antennas are fitted with a short flexible coaxial tail. These are acceptable if they meet the passive intermodulation and return loss specifications.
VSWR:: 1:5(14 dB RL) minimum over the operating frequency range of the antenna. VSWR
Intermodulation performance: performance: Any third order product must be better than -150 dBc, under
both static and dynamic dynamic condition condition between 703 and 2690 MHz
Connectors:: DIN 7-16 or type-N, as required (refer section 4.17) Connectors
Joiners and inter series adapters are adapters are not to be used in any circumstances.
5
DELIVERABLES
5 .1 DOCUMENTATION PRESENTATION
All documentation shall be securely bound in a durable cover and in a form that allows easy replacement and addition of individual sheets. The design authority shall provide two sets of all documentation supplied to the lead mobile carrier and any other Sharing Carriers.
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In addition, soft copy of all drawings and documents supp supplied lied above are to be provided on a CD or DVD. The documents shall be provided in formats compatible with the suite of Microsoft Office 2007 applications. All files must be supplied in a form that is editable for future modifications to the DAS. For example, the power budget spread-sheets can be updated with the addition of extra technologies or channels in the future. If available iBwave™ format files should be provided. provided. Drawings shall be in Acrobat .PDF format. (MS Visio or AutoCad drawing format if requested.) All scanned drawings are to be stored in JPEG J PEG Bitmap format (*.JPG) or Acrobat .PDF format. The design contractor shall provide two copies of the CD or DVD containing electronic copies of all documentation supplied. The design contractor shall provide Detailed Design Documentation and Turn-key Installation Documentation.
5 .2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
Provide preliminary design documentation containing design related information and drawings to each of the Sharing Carriers for confirmation of design acceptability prior to progression to detailed design. This documentation must contain the following elements: 1) Design survey results showing a) existing coverage levels, conducted on street level to evaluate handover requirement; b) existing coverage levels , conducted on a medium floor and a high floor to evaluate interference; c) propagation study to characterise loss between consecutive consecutive floors in a hi high gh rise building; d) propagation study to characterise loss between an antenna in lift lobby and a mobile inside a lift car when lift door is closed, both at the same level; 2) A description of the proposed design concept; 3) A system schematic diagram; 4) Link power budget calculations for a single RF carrier in each of the frequency bands / technologies identified in Sections Sections 4.4 and 4.5 4.5 of this document. Document1
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5) Calculation to show the composite power calculated at each antenna port to demonstrate compliance with Section 4.8; 6) Authority from the lead carrier for any category 1 antenna where the power inserted will exceed the +17dBm composite power per operator 7) Propagation calculations demonstrating demonstrating that RF levels predicted are in i n accordance with Section 4.7; 8) Bill of materials (excluding installation materials);
5 .3
DETAILED DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
Provide detailed design documentation containing design related information and drawings to a licensed mobile carrier for confirmation of detailed design acceptability prior to progression installation. 1) Design survey results: a) existing coverage levels, conducted on street level to evaluate handover requirement; b) existing coverage levels, conducted on a medium floor and a high floor to evaluate interference; These surveys should be conducted and plotted as a snail trail overlayed on top of the floor plans. (RSCP and Ec/Io plots should both be collected for WCDMA 850 and 2100 MHz, and xxxx for LTE). c) propagation study to characterise loss between consecutive floors in a high rise building; d) propagation study to characterise loss between an antenna in lift lobby and a mobile inside a lift car when lift door is closed, both at the same level. 2) System description. 3) System schematic diagram. 4) Backbone distribution description. 5) Floor layout description (for each floor f loor unless identical). 6) Equipment location and room details including access details, layout diagram/schematic showing BTS positions. 7) Actual photos of the equipment room and the active remotes (if present).
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8) Calculations: a) power budget calculations for a single RF carrier in each of the frequency bands; b) composite power calculated at each antenna port to demonstrate compliance with clause 4.8; c) propagation calculations demonstrating demonstrating that RF levels l evels predicted are in accordance with clause 4.7. 9) Prediction printouts. 10) Manufacturer’s specification for all relevant equipment and material (power splitters, directional couplers, antennas, standard feeder cables, radiating coaxial cables, etc.). 11) Bill of materials (excluding installation materials), referring to the Lead Carrier’s Car rier’s product sourcing agreements where applicable. 12) Certificate of Compliance stating that there are no RF radiation hazards, suitable for uploading to the National Site Archive.
5 .4 INSTALLATION DOCUMENTATION
Provide installation related information and drawings, sufficient for installation. 1) Instructions for installation of the design: a) antenna mounting instructions; b) floor cable mounting instructions; c) communications riser cabling instructions; d) equipment room cabling instructions; i nstructions; e) cable handling instructions; f) cable labelling instructions. 2) Drawings: a) DAS system schematic; b) floor layout for every floor; 6) Floor layout drawings, showing the cable runs and antenna placement on each floor, shall be supplied by the contractor. These drawings should have sufficient detail and landmarks shown, Document1
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so that a person unfamiliar with the site should be able to trace out the proposed cable run and show the proposed positions of antennae and other components (couplers, splitters, etc.) without needing to remove the tiles. Where applicable, the floor plan should also show preferred cable entry/exit points. 7) The drawing will be prepared in accordance with Australia Standards and recommendations (e.g.1:100 scale), with at least 5 layers as follows: i) drawing title, boundary, etc. ii) structural walls, lift cores, permanent brick or block partition walls, etc. iii) semi-permanent office partition walls (of plasterboard, glass, etc.) of full height to ceiling level. Other partitions, such as workstation partitions, may be omitted iv) proposed cable, component, and equipment design details v) proposed cable, component, and equipment label designation c) Backbone distribution layout; 8) The drawing will be prepared in accordance with Australia Standards and recommendations (e.g.1:50 scale), with at least 5 layers as follows: i) drawing title, boundary, etc. ii) structural details and existing riser details, such as existing cable ladders, large pipes, etc., which are significant; iii) proposed cable ladders for DAS backbone iv) proposed cable, component, and equipment design details v) proposed cable, component, and equipment label designation d) Installation details for non-standard cable and component installation. i nstallation. 3) Bill of material (including installation materials). 4) All aspects of civil engineering design work (if required) including the following: a) the structural design of the antenna support support structures; b) any other structural calculations or designs. 5) Specifications and instructions relevant to cabling, wiring and termination work of the RF feeders, optical fibre cables, power wiring, and earth connections including: a) assembling of parts;
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b) fitting of connectors; c) any other information that may fall within this category. 6) Specification of AC power outlets for all AC powered equipment specified in DAS. 7) Design and specification of the protective earth systems including lightning finials on the antenna support structures structures for all externally installed antennas; the RF cable shall be connected to earth just after entry into the BTS room if it is exposed to external environment. 8) Testing and commissioning specification and procedure of the Distributed Antenna System, and data recording sheets (refer to Appendix C), including: a) RF sweeps; b) RF power measured at the designated test points; c) calculated line loss wrt the reference point; d) passive intermodulation testing; e) all alarm indications of the supervisory system (if applicable) to demonstrate that they are operational to the manufacturer’s specification. 9) A list of the required spares (the type and quantity of the spares) considered necessary for the prompt and efficient repair of faults which might arise during the operational life of the system. A 5% ratio is considered appropriate appropriate when there is no other applicable guideline.
5 .5 CONTRACTOR/BUILDER INITIATED DAS
If the building owner or building developer has asked a contractor to design a DAS, and the Contractor subsequently subsequently seeks a licensed mobile carrier to take over optimisation and maintenance of the DAS, then the following information should be provided by the contractor along with the detailed DAS design.
1) Location and physical size (sq m) of the building. 2) Number of levels in the building and the ones being covered by the DAS. 3) Breakdown of tenants if available. 4) Maximum number of people expected in the building at peak time.
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5) Type of DAS – DAS – Passive, Passive, Active or Hybrid. 6) Sectorisation plan for capacity management. 7) Identify high capacity service requirements if known eg: if some tenants want to have a wireless office. 8) Technology being catered for (especially in an Active system) and the number of RF carriers the link budget is designed for. 9) Uplink / Downlink loading used in the link budget. 10) Clearly identify if the DAS can achieve at least 9dB dominance over macro network on all levels to ensure satisfactory data throughput, capacity and performance. 11) Proposed Soft HO areas once the DAS is ready with the outside macro network. 12) Commercial terms (who will fund the cost of the DAS?). 13) Any other relevant information available at the time. 6
DEFINITIONS
The following words, acronyms and abbreviations are referred to in this document.
Term
Definition
ACMA
Australian Communication Communication and Media Authority
Carrier
Licensed mobile telecommunications operator
Channel
Individual bearer, e.g. CDMA (1.23 MHz bandwidth), GSM & DCS (200 kHz bandwidth), UMTS (3.84 MHz bandwidth) or LTE (5,10,15 or 20 MHz bandwidth
CW
Continuous Wave (i.e. unmodulated carrier)
IBC
In-Building Coverage
DAS
Distributed Antenna System
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Lead
This has meaning in terms of the inter-carrier MOU for connection to the DAS
Carrier LTE
Long-Term Evolution
OH&S
Operational Health and safety
Operator
Alternative to ‘Carrier’, but specifically specifically used in the context of the Lead Carrier who is the Operator of a DAS.
RAN
Radio Access Network
RF
Radio Frequency
RND
Radio Network Development
SDB
Site Design Brief
SEM
System Engineering Manager
Sharing
This has meaning in terms of the inter-carrier MOU for connection to the DAS
Carrier Table 8 Definitions
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7
REFERENCES
DOCUMENT NUMBER
TITLE
3GPP TS25.101
3GPP TSG RAN; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 12)
3GPP TS25.104
3GPP TSG RAN; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 12)
3GPP TS36.101
3GPP TSGRAN; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 12)
3GPP TS36.104
3GPP TSGRAN; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 12)
Australian Standard AS3516.2
‘Digital television—Terrestrial television—Terrestrial broadcasting Part 1: Characteristics of digital terrestrial television transmissions’ transmissions’
Australian Standard AS 4599.1
‘Siting of radiocommunications facilities – Part – Part 2: Guidelines for fixed, mobile and broadcasting services operating at frequencies above 30 MHz’ MHz’
Australian Standard AS/NZS 61000.6.1:2006
BS 6656:2002
‘Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Generic standards Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments’. Replaces AS/NZS 4252.1:1994. ‘Guide to prevention of inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres by radio-frequency radio-frequency radiation’. Replaces British Standard BS6656:1991.
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PD CLC/TR 50427:2004
‘Assessment of inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres by radio-frequency radio-frequency radiation.’ Replaces British Standard BS6657:1991
Table 9 References
8
APPENDIX-A: DAS INSTALLATION GUIDELINES
Note that under no circumstances do the following instructions override Building Codes of Australia. Where there is any conflict with the building codes, installation contractor must follow Australia. Building Code of Australia. 8 .1 PASSIVE BACKBONE
All backbone feeder cables shall run to the equipment room and be terminated ter minated with a DIN7-16 female connector. Wherever possible these cables shall be installed on the existing exi sting communication cable trays between the equipment room and the communications riser. It shall be the design contractor’s responsibility responsibility to ensure space is available. In the case of space not being available, additional cable trays shall be specified. Wherever possible, backbone feeder cables shall be installed on the existing cable ladder in the communications riser. It shall be design contractor’s responsibility to ensure space is available. In the case of space not being available additional cable ladder l adder shall be specified. All couplers and splitters specified in the backbone shall be mounted in an accessible location inside the communications riser. All ports of these devices shall be connected through flexible jumper cables to 1/2” or larger diame diameter ter feeder cables. Figure 8-1 shows the layout of the backbone cable in a typical installation. The coupler shall be located in a position that is uncluttered and with a view to future maintenance. Both the coupler and cable should be secured to the riser wall or tray. Most couplers have holes to allow them to be screwed to the wall but cable ties are acceptable. Jumper cables may be omitted from one port if there is sufficient space to provide strain relief by putting a bend in a backbone cable.
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Figure 8-1 Distribution from backbone cable
All cabling in the riser shall be fixed neatly along the tray or to the wall with appropriate ties. Fire-proof sealing shall be applied at all penetrations where a cable crosses boundary from one fire control region to another, such as from a riser into i nto a floor area. Watertight gland shall be employed where necessary.
8 .2 ACTIVE BACKBONE
The instructions given are 8.1 is still applicable, except fibre optic cables rather than RF feeder cables are used. Fibre optic connectors shall be FC/APC type .
8 .3 FLOOR CABLING
Cables run in the roof space may be strapped to the ceiling grid hangers in accordance with Figure 8-2, however this is not permitted by the Building Code of Australia if the hangers are only designed to support the weight of the suspended ceiling and any associated light fittings. Make sure that an approval explicitly authorising connection to ceiling grid hangers was obtained prior to connecting any cable to these hangers. Document1
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8.3.1 FEEDER CABLE MOUNTING (NON RADIATING CABLE)
The cable should be neatly fixed, taking the shortest possible path, to the ceiling grid hangers by cable ties, allowing the maximum possible clearance above the ceiling tiles so as not to inhibit the lifting of ceiling tiles for maintenance purposes. Cable ties should be placed at intervals of not more than 2 metres. Where connection to ceiling grid hangers are not permitted, cables has to be attached under concrete slab at intervals of not more than 2 metres.
Figure 8-2 Floor Cable Mounting
8.3.2 RADIATING CABLE MOUNTING
The cable should be neatly fixed to the ceiling grid hangers by cable ties, establishing a nominal cable route of 6 m distance from the perimeter windows while taking the shortest possible path. The cable should be run close to the ceiling tiles but above the li lights ghts and with enough clearance to allow the tiles to be removed without hindrance. Cable Cable ties should be placed at intervals of not more than 2 metres.
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Where connection to ceiling grid hangers are not permitted, radiating cables has to be attached to messenger wires or directly under concrete slab at intervals of not more than 2 metres, in accordance with its manufacturer’s instructions. instructions. As with any radiating component, radiating cable should not be run near metal objects. It is not a problem to run the cable past metal objects or to cable tie it to metal objects as long as the cable and object traverse each other and do not run together longitudinally. If the cable needs to be run along a metal object such as an air-conditioning duct it should be kept at least 100 mm off the object. Similarly the cable should be installed using self-locking self -locking hangers with standoff accessory if it is required to be installed on a concrete or metal surface. Various other methods are also possible, such as using messenger cables. The Contractor shall ensure that cable manufacturers’ installation requirements are met in the Design Documentation to obtain the specified cable performance. In particular, ensure that any instructions regarding the cable directivity are passed on to the installation contractor (e.g. to align the cable in accordance with a mark on the cable sheath).
Figure 8-3 Mounting Radiating Cable in ceiling space space
The radiating cable (at the riser end) will be terminated with a type-N female connector. This arrangement is valid for all floors with non-metallic ceiling tiles. If the ceiling tiles are metallic, then no radiating cable should be installed in the ceiling space, and antennas must be installed in accordance with section 8.3.5
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8.3.3 MOUNTING OF OMNI ANTENNAS
The space around the antenna (including the ceiling space) should be as clear of metal objects as possible to minimise the generation of intermodulation products and prevent distortion of the radiation pattern. Ideally, there should be no metal objects within 600 mm of the antenna. In practice, locate centrally in or on a ceiling tile to maximise the spacing from the supporting grid and place as far as possible from ductwork, cable trays, etc. Specify installation of omnidirectional antennas on the underside of the ceiling wherever possible. Where it is not possible to install antennas on the underside of the ceiling (eg due to a restriction imposed by building owner or architect), install the antenna within the ceiling space. Specify minimum spacings in accordance with Figure 8-4.
Figure 8-4 4 Minimum clearance for omnidirectional antennas antennas
The design contractor shall ensure that any propagation losses through the ceiling tiles are measured and taken into account during the design process. 8.3.4 MOUNTING OF PANEL ANTENNAS
The panel antenna is a directional antenna. It shall be mounted away from metal surfaces to minimise the generation of intermodulation products and prevent distortion of the radiation pattern. There shall be no metal objects within 1.2 m of the front of the antenna. Specify installation of panel antennas on a wall or on the underside of the ceiling wherever possible.
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The antenna should be mounted at least 170 mm above the plasterboard if installed in the ceiling space. 8.3.5 OTHER ARRANGEMENTS
The methods described above are suitable for ceilings with acoustic ceiling tiles. However where metal tiles are used, the use of radiating coaxial cables is not possible. In this case antennas shall be installed below the ceiling tiles. See Figure 8-5 for details. Ensure that the metal ground plane of the antenna is insulated from the metal ceiling tiles, by using an insulating disc or insulated standoffs or, in some cases, the radome of the antenna may provide an effective stand-off if i f it wraps sufficiently over the edge of the ground plane. Antennas which have a non-metallic securing nut are preferred in this situation. When screws are required to secure the antenna to the ceiling, use non-metallic non -metallic screws, nuts and washers (nylon or similar).
Figure 8-5 M ounting omnidirectional antenna under metal ceiling tiles
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9
APPENDIX B: TEST RESULTS – PASSIVE DAS
9 .1 RF SWEEPS
All RF sweeps are to be documented as per the diagram below with the cable number and also supplied in electronic format to the Lead Carrier for validation and acceptance. All cables are to be swept across the 703 MHz to 960 MHz and 1710 to 2690 MHz bands.
Figure 9-1 Example of a return loss sweep
9 .2 INSERTION LOSS
The backbone distribution system must be checked for its insertion loss. A signal must be fed in at the base station end and the level out must be measured at the final splitting or coupling point to each floor. Where a splitter feeds more than 1 floor or there is more than 1 output from the same
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splitter to a floor only one output needs to be tested. The difference between the input level and the output level must be recorded as the insertion loss. All measurements for insertion loss must be tabulated as per the example below and supplied in electronic format to the lead carrier for validation and acceptance:
Test Point
Splitter
Frequency Input
Input
Output
Insertion
Point
Power
Power
Loss
860 MHz
BC/B2/1
+20 dBm
-3 dBm
23 dB
860 MHz
BC/B2/1
+20 dBm
-7 dBm
27 dB
S/3/1 Splitter S/11/1
Figure 9-2 Example of an insertion loss report
9 .3 PASSIVE INTERMODULATION TESTING
Passive intermodulation testing shall be carried out to determine the PIM performance of the installed DAS. The test configuration shall be in accordance with Set-up 1 of IEC 62037, using two +43 dBm test signals. Testing should be done in at least two frequency f requency bands (e.g. 900 MHz and 2100 MHz). Test results shall be provided for reflected measurements at the following points: •
Each input of the multi-network combiner
•
Each segment connected to multi-network combiner outputs (measured at the point which
connects to the multi-network combiner, ie including cable tails). 9.3.1 DYNAMIC TESTING Document1
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Where specifications call for dynamic testing (of cable assemblies), the cable under test shall be bent through 90 degrees at its minimum bending radius, straightened, bent through 90 degrees and straightened. The worst PIM performance observed during this sequence shall be recorded.
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