Mayta Gerber

 

  TCI\DVWIJKJ CKGIHCKA JD WKC KCZHCIH KFKJ JDA GTWGH LKGTAZKJ JD ICMDCIDVÂK MDHA×MIGK, BICKW Y BDZKAÕVMIGK DWGTDAK _VHLDWIHCKA JD ICMDCIDVÂK BDZKAÕVMIGK

ICLHVBD JD _VËGZIGKW _VD-_VHLDWIHCKADW "_VTDFKW JD AI^I\IKGI×C _HV KMIZKGI×C Y MVK\IBDZVÂK JD BICDVKA KTVHKVMDCZILDVH‒ DC KCJDW GHV_HVKZIHC BICDVH BDZKATVMIGH W.K. _VDWDCZKJH _HV5

MDVFDV BKYZK BKVGK GTWGH-6?6?

 

i

_VDWDCZKGI×C

Wdûhr Jirdgthr jd ak Dsgudak _rhldsihcka jd Icmdcidrâk Bdtkaõrmigk jd ak Lkguatkj jd Icmdcidrâk Mdha÷migk, Bicks y Bdtkaõrmigk jd ak Tcivdrsijkj Ckgihcka jd Wkc Kcthcih Kfkj jda Gusgh. Wdûhrds bidbfrhs jd ak ghbisi÷c jd rdvisi÷c jd prëgtigks prd-prhldsihckads5 Dc da gubpaibidcth ghc ah dximijh phr da pakc gurriguakr jd dstujihs jd ak Dsgudak _rhldsihcka jd Icmdcidrâk Bdtkaõrmigk, phcmh k vudstrk ghcsijdrkgi÷c da prdsdctd iclhrbd jd ak prëgtigk prd prhldsihckads ictituakjh.

"_VTDFKW JD AI^I\IKGI×C _HV KMIZKGI×C Y MVK\IBDZVÂK JD BICDVKA KTVHKV MDCZILDVH‒ MDCZILDVH‒ DC KCJDW GHV_HVKZIHC BICDVH BDZKATVMIGH W.K. Da prdsdctd iclhrbd tidcd phr lickaijkj jdsgrifir y gukctiligkr ahs dcskyds dcsk yds quâbighs y aks prudfks Bdtkaõrmigks k civda akfhrkthrih ghc jildrdctds rdkgtivhs, dc da guka sd jdtdrbick ak iclhrbkgi÷c  prdaibickr shfrd da ghcsubh jd rdkgtivhs, dadggi÷c jd rdkgtivh, phrgdctked jd dxtrkggi÷c, jdtdrbickgi÷c jd pkrëbdtrhs jd aixivikgi÷c y sdadggi÷c jd dquiphs jd mrkvibdtrâk ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumh.

Mdrfdr Bkytk Bkrgk

 

ii

GDVZILIGKJH JD _VËGZIGKW _VD-_VHLDWIHCKADW

 

iii

JDJIGKZHVIK Da prdsdctd iclhrbd jd prëgtigks prd-prhldsihckads ah jd jdjigh dc pribdr aumkr k Jihs, puds rdghchzgh qud ak skfijurâk vidcd jd éa y qud thjh da dsludrzh sdr sidbprd fidc rdghbpdcskjh. K bis qudrijhs bkjrds y k bis ndrbkchs y ndrbkcks qud bd kyujkrhc, hridctkrhc y kghcsdekrhc dc thjh bhbdcth. K bis jhgdctds ucivdrsitkrihs, Icmdcidrhs y ghbpkûdrhs jd trkfkeh jd ak dbprdsk Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K W.K.. phr su mmrkc rkc kphyh jurkctd ak dedgugi÷c jd dst dstdd jhgubdcth tkc ibphrtkctd pkrk bi lhrbkgi÷c _rhldsihcka ghbh Icmdcidrh Bdtkaõrmigh. MVKGIKW… 

 

iv

KMVKJDGIBIDCZH Kmrkjdzgh k Jihs phr dstkr ghcbimh dc gkjk pksh qud jhy, phr lhrtkadgdrbd bi ghrkz÷c d iaubickr bi bdctd, jëcjhbd aks ludrzks cdgdskriks pkrk ghcticukr augnkcjh jâk trks jâk. Zkbfiéc kmrkjdzgh k gkjk uch jd bis Jhgdctds jd ak Dsgudak _rhldsihcka jd Icmdcidrâk Bdtkaõrmigk, quidcds jâk k jâk kphrtkrhc dc bi lhrbkgi÷c _rhldsihcka dcsdûëcjhbd fudchs vkahrds y lhrbëcjhbd ghbh Bdtkaõrmigh. Jd imuka bkcdrk dxprdsh bi dspdgika kmrkjdgibidcth ka Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh Bdtk aõrmigh W. K y ka mdrdctd mdcdrka Icm. Ndafdrt Uickcyugk Dspichzk, phr fricjkrbd ak hphrtucijkj jd lhrbkr lhr bkr  pkrtd jd dstk dbprdsk y phr jdphsitkr su ghclikczk ghclik czk dc bâ, ah guka bd dchrmuaadgd dchrbdbdctd dchrbdbd ctd y bd dcriqudgi÷ simciligktivkbdctd dc bi vijk pdrshcka y prhldsihcka ka dquiph jd trkfkeh jd ak dbprdsk qud ghbpkrtidrhc sus dxpdridcgiks _rhldsihckads qud prhphrgihckrhc vkaihshs ghchgibidcths kpaigkfads dc bi luturh akfhrka. Lickabdctd, bi kmrkjdgibidcth k bi lkbiaik, quidcds bd fricjkrhc sus bës jdgijijh y ghcticuh g hcticuh kphyh d icgdctivh pkrk dldgtukr y ghcgdctrkr dstk tkrdk .su ghakfhrkgi÷c y ghbprdcsi÷c phr aks akrmks nhrks jd trkfkeh, jdjigkgi÷c y kusdcgik qud jdbkcjk dstd trkfkeh, bd pdrbitidrhc da térbich jd dstd ahmrh ghceucth dc qud thjhs pkrtigipkrhc y ghctrifuydrhc.

Mdrfdr Bkytk Bkrgk 

 

v

VDWTBDC

Da prdsdctd iclhrbd jd prëgtigks prd-prhldsihckads ghctidcd aks dxpdridcgiks kjquirijks dc da akfhrkthrih quâbigh bdtkaõrmigh jd Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K. ghc da lic jkr k ghchgdr da rdsuatkjh jd ak kpaigkgi÷c jd ahs ghchgibidcths td÷righ y phr htrk pkrtd tkbfiéc kjquirir ghchgibidcths prëgtighs ghc ak rdkaizkgi÷c ghc aks prudfks Bdtkaõrmigks jd bicdrkads kurhkrmdctildrhs ghc jildrdctds rdkgtivhs aixivikctds y dquiphs jd rdgupdrkgi÷c mrkvibétrigk (ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumh). da ghctdcijh jd dstd trkfkeh kfkrgk thjh ah ghcgdrcidctd k ak jd jdsgripgi÷c, sgripgi÷c, gukctitktivh y dxpdribdctka jda prhgdjibidcth qud sd tidcd tid cd qud sdmuir ak jdtdrbickgi÷c jd ghcsubh jd rdkgtivhs, dadggi÷c jd rdkgtivh, phrgdctked jd dxtrkggi÷c, jdtdrbickgi÷c jd pkrëbdtrhs jd aixivikgi÷c, dadggi÷c jd dquiphs jd mrkvibdtrâk ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumh y, ak ghbpkrkgi÷c jd rdgupdrkgi÷c jd ahs rdkgtivhs y phr mrkvibdtrâk. Lickabdctd, da iclhrbd kfhrjk ahs simuidctds gkpâtuahs5

gkpâtuah I. Dxpaigk aks mdcdrkaijkjds kgdrgk jd aks prkgtigks prd-prhldsihckads rdkaizkjks. gkpâtuah II. Jdsgrifd da bkrgh td÷righ ds jdgir ak lucjkbdctkgi÷c td÷rigk. gkpâtuah III. Dxpaigk trkfkehs rdkaizkjhs jd prdpkrkgi÷c jd rdkgtivhs y kghcjigihckbidcth pkrk  prhgdsh jd aixivikgi÷c.

gkpituah I\. Jdskrrhaah jd pkrtd dxpdribdctka ghc kmdctds aixivikctds (CkGC Y Mhaj Bkx), ghc ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumh Ithbk` @M-?.7 y sus rdspdgtivhs gëaguahs.

_kakfrk Gakvds5 Aixivikgi÷c, gikcurkgihc, kmitkgi÷c y mrkvibdtrâk.

 

vi

KFWZVKGZ

Znis rdphrt hc prd-prhldssihcka prkgtigds ghctkics tnd dxpdridcgds kgquirdj ic tnd gndbigka bdtkaaurmigka akfhrkthry hl Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K. ic hrjdr th pufaigizd tnd rdsuat hl tnd kppaigktihc hl tndhrdtigka `chwadjmd kcj hc tnd htndr nkcj kash kgquird prkgtigka `chwadjmd witn tnd pdrlhrbkcgd witn bdtkaaurmigka tdsts hl kurhkrmdctildrhus bicdrkas witn jilldrdct adkgnicm rdkmdcts kcj mrkvibdtrig rdghvdry dquipbdct (gdctrilumka ghcgdctrkthr). Znd ghctdct hl tnis whr` ghvdrs dvdrytnicm ghcgdrcicm tnd jdsgriptihc, qukctitktivd kcj dxpdribdctka hl tnd prhgdjurd tnkt bust fd lhaahwdj ic jdtdrbicicm tnd rdkmdct ghcsubptihc, rdkmdct gnhigd,  pdrgdctkmd hl dxtrkgtihc, jdtdrbicktihc hl adkgnicm pkrkbdtdrs, gnhigd hl ghcgdctrkticm mrkvibdtry dquipbdct gdctrilumd kcj, ghbpkrishc hl rdkmdct rdghvdry kcj mrkvibdtry. Lickaay, tnd rdphrt kjjrdssds tnd lhaahwicm gnkptdrs5

Gnkptdr I. Dxpakics tnd mdcdrkaitids kfhut tnd prd-prhldssihcka prkgtigds gkrridj hut, Gnkptdr II. Jdsgrifds tnd tndhrdtigka lrkbdwhr`, tnkt is, tnd tndhrdtigka lhucjktihc. Gnkptdr III. Dxpakics whr`s hl prdpkrktihc hl rdkmdcts kcj ghcjitihcicm lhr adkgnicm prhgdss. Gnkptdr I\. Jdvdahpbdct hl dxpdribdctka d xpdribdctka pkrt witn adkgnicm kmdcts (CkGC witn Ithbk` @M?.7 gdctrilumd ghcgdctrkthr kcj tndir rdspdgtivd gkaguaktihcs.

@dywhrjs5 Adkgnicm, gykcijktihc, kmitktihc kcj mrkvibdtry.

 

vii

ÂCJIGD

_VDWDCZKGI×C ................................................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................................ ..................... i GDVZILIGKJH JD _VËGZIGKW _VD-_VHLDWIHCKADW................................................... ii JDJIGKZHVIK ....................................................................................................................... iii KMVKJDGIBIDCZH............................................................................................................... iv VDWTBDC ..................................................................................................... ................................................. ................................................................................ ............................ v KFWZVKGZ .................................................................................................. ............................................... ............................................................................... ............................ vi ÂCJIGD .................................................................................................................................... vii AIWZK JD LIMTVKW ...................................................................................................... ................................................ .............................................................. .......... xi AIWZK JD ZKFAKW................................................................................................................ xii ICZVHJTGGI×C .................................................................................................................. xiii

GK_ÂZTAH I JKZHW MDCDVKADW JD AK DB_VDWK ;.;.

Jkths jd ak dbprdsk ..................................................................................................... ................................................ ....................................................... ;

;.6.

Vkz÷c shgika jd ak dbprdsk5 Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K.................. ;

;.7.

Tfigkgi÷c y kggdsh ................................................. ...................................................................................................... ....................................................... ;

GK_ÂZTAH II BKVGH ZD×VIGH 6.;.

Nijrhbdtkaurmik ...................................................... ........................................................................................................... ....................................................... :

 

viii

6.6.

Aixivikgi÷c ............................................ ................................................................................................ ........................................................................ .................... <

6.7.

Gikcurkgihc ........................................................................................................ .................................................... ............................................................... ........... 9

6.:.

Zituakgi÷c ............................................... .................................................................................................. ..................................................................... .................. ;4

6.4.

Zdrbhjicëbigk jd ak gikcurkgi÷c...................................................................... gikcurkgi÷c.................. ............................................................. ......... ;<

6..

Dldgths kgdadrkjhrds ............................................... ................................................................................................... .................................................... 66

6.9.

Ghcsubh jd hximdch jd ak jishaugi÷c .............................................. ........................................................................ .......................... 67

6.;?.

Jdsghbphsigi÷c jd shaugihcds jd gikcurh ................................................. ................................................................. ................ 6<

6.;;.

Jishaugi÷c jd ahs bdtkads prdgihshs ........................................................................... ................................................. .......................... 6>

6.;6.

Dldgths jd ak ghcgdctrkgi÷c jd gikcurh shfrd ak vdahgijkj jd jishaugi÷c.................. 69

6.;7.

\dahgijkj rrdaktivk daktivk jd jishaugi÷c jd hrh, paktk y sus kadkgihcds ................................. 7?

6.;:.

Ak jilusi÷c dc ak rdkggi÷c jd aixivikgi÷c .................................................................... .................................................... ................ 7;

6.;4.

Dldgth jda tkbkûh jd pkrtâguaks shfrd ak vdahgijkj jd jishaugi÷c ............................. 77

6.;.

Dldgth jd ak tdbpdrkturk shfrd ak gikcurkgihc ............................................................ ................................................... ......... 7<

 

ix 6.;9.

Zidbph jd aixivikgi÷c ................................................................................................. ....................................................... .......................................... 7=

6.6?.

Kagkaicijkj......................................................................................................... Kagkaicijkj..................................................... ............................................................. ......... 7=

6.6;.

Ghcgdctrkgi÷c mrkvibétrigk........................................................................................ .............................................. .......................................... :?

GK_ÂZTAH III ZVKFKEHW VDKAIUKJHW 7.;.

_rdpkrkgi÷c jd rdkgtivhs ................................................... ............................................................................................. .......................................... :=

7.6.

Jdtdrbickgi÷c jd kagkaicijkj prhtdgthrk .................................................... .................................................................... ................ :=

7.7.

Jdtdrbickgi÷c jd gikcurh aifrd .................................................................................. ............................................... ................................... :>

7.:.

Kjigi÷c jd gka ................................................ .................................................................................................... ............................................................. ......... 4?

7.4.

Kjigi÷c jd rdkgtivhs pkrk Mhaj Bkx y CkGC ............................................................ ................................................... ......... 4;

GK_ÂZTAH I\ JDWKVVHAAH D^_DVIBDCZKA :.;.

_rudfk dc akfhrkthrih quâbigh bdtkaõrmigh jd aixivikgi÷c phr kmitkgi÷c y prudfk jd

mrkvibdtrâk ghc ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumh ...................................................................................... 46

 

x

GHCGATWIHCDW ................................................................................................................... =< VDGHBDCJKGIHCDW .......................................................................................................... == VDLDVDCGIKW FIFAIHMVËLIGKW ...................................................................................... ................................................. ................................... => _ËMICKW ]DF....................................................................................................................... => KCD^HW.................................................................................................................................. =9

 

xi

AIWZK JD LIMTVKW Limurk ;. Bkpk jd ufigkgi÷c jd Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K............................. 6  Limurk 6. Jd Kcjds Ghrphrktihc Bicdrh Bdtkaõrmigh W.K............................................................ 7  Limurk 7. Kmitkjhr bdgëcigh. ...................................................................................................... ;?  Limurk :. Zkcquds kmitkjhrds ghc kird. ....................................................................................... ;;   Limurk 4.  Jikmrkbk jd dstkfiaijkj phtdcgika  ‗   pN pkrk da sistdbk Ku-6 -   k 64 ¿G

R R   2;?  7 , ghcgdctrkgihcds jd thjhs ahs dspkgihs shaufads jd hrh 2;?: B y 6262 ; ............................................................................................................................... ;=   P 

Limurk  

Limurk =.  Vdprdsdctkgi÷c dsqudbëtigk jd ak jishaugi÷c jd hrh dc shaugihcds gikcurkjh, phr ghrrhsi÷c ....................................................................................................................................... ;9 

Limurk >. Jikmrkbk jd dstkfiaijkj phtdcgika - pN pkrk dc sistdbk Ku-6 -Ga k 64¿G0 .......... ;9  Limurk 9. Gurvk pkrk jdtdrbickgi÷c jd ak prdsi÷c fkr÷bdtrh k vkriks katitujd katitujds. s. ...................... 67  Limurk ;?. _hrgdctked jd dxtrkggi÷c dc lucgi÷c jda tidbph ........................................................ 7=   Limurk ;;. Lucgi÷c jd Ithbk` @M-?.7 ......................................................................................... ............................................... .......................................... ::   Limurk ;6.Ghcgdctrkjhr gdctrilumk Ithbk` @M-?.7 .................................................... .................................................................... ................ :4  Limurk ;7. _rhgdsh jd tituakgi÷c pkrk CkGC .............................................................................. :9   Limurk ;:. _rhgdsh jd tituakgi÷c pkrk Mhaj Bkx ........................................................................ 4?  Limurk ;4.  _rhgdjibidcth _rhgdjibidcth qud sd rdkaizk dc da akfhrkthrih quâbigh quâbigh bdtkaõrmigh. ....................... 47  Limurk ;