Materiale Preparazione Esame Di Stato in Psicologia

 

KHPATMHCA RAT CH RTARHTHWMIOA @ACC”AVHKA @M VPHPI MO RVMFICINMH

Vthkphti oac 4242  

 

 

 

MO@MFA RTMKH RTIUH FHRMPICI 87 CA 87 CA RTMOFMRHCM FITTAOPM RVMFICINMFLA ............................................................................. 6  6  8.  8. 

VPTQPPQTHCMVKI  ................................................................................................................... VPTQPPQTHCMVKI ............................................................................................................................ .......... 6

4.  4.  6.  6. 

EQOWMIOHCMVKI ............................................................................................................................... EQOWMIOHCMVKI ......................................................................... ...................................................... 6 FIKRITPHKAOPMVKI  ................................................................................................... FIKRITPHKAOPMVKI .................................................................................................................... .................. 0

0.  0. 

FINOMPMUMVKI ............................................................................ FINOMPMUMVKI  .................................................................................................................................. ...................................................... 1

1.  1. 

FIVPTQPPMUMVKI  ................................................................................... FIVPTQPPMUMVKI ............................................................................................................................. ........................................... 5

5.  5. 

NAVPHCP .................................................................................................. NAVPHCP  ............................................................................................................................................. ........................................... > 

FHRMPICI 47 CA RTMOFMRHCM KAPI@ICINMA @ACCH RVMFICINMH...............................................................88 8.  8. 

MC FICCIXQMI, C'MOPATUMVPH A MC XQAVPMIOHTMI.................................................................... XQAVPMIOHTMI......................................................................... ..... 88 88

4.  4. 

C'IVVATUHWMIOA .......................................................................................................... C'IVVATUHWMIOA  ............................................................................................................................. ................... 88 88

6.  6. 

M PAVP  PAVP ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................... ................... 84

0.  0. 

MC KAPI@I VRATMKAOPHCA ............................................................................................................ VRATMKAOPHCA ............................................................................................................ 86

1.  1. 

MC EIFQV NTIQR  NTIQR ........................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. ................... 80

5.  5. 

CH TMFATFH-HWMIOA  TMFATFH-HWMIOA ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ .............................. 80

>.  >. 

CH RAAT A@QFHPMIO ....................................................................................................................... A@QFHPMIO ....................................................................................................................... 81

>

8.8

MOPACCMNAOWH .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 8< 8.8.8 

Pairma ...............................................................................  ................................................................................................................................... .................................................... 8<

h)  h)  Pairmh `acca motaccmnaoza kuctmpca `m Nhr`oar (8=) .......................................................... ..... 46 46

`)  `)  Wioh `m svmcuppi prissmkhca (WIRA@) `m Uynitsjmg (8=>

h)  h)  Pairmh `m Htjmosio a Vlmeermo (8=50) .............................................. (8=>0)  ....................................................................................... ......................................... 4 4< < f)  f)  8.0

Ki`acci `m Fiowhy a Rcay`acc-Rahrfa succh kakirmh hutidminrhemfh (4222) ....... (4222)  ....................... ................ 4=

HPPAOWMIOA A RATFAWMIOA ................................................................... ............................................................................................................ ......................................... 4= 8.0.8 

Pairma ...............................................................................  ................................................................................................................................... .................................................... 62

h)  h)  Oaw Ciij io Rarfaptmio `m Druoar (8=0>) .................................... (8=0>) ............................................................................. ......................................... 62 d)  d)  Rhrh`mnkh `ac vmsuhc sahrfl (8=4

8.5 

Tmsirsa ..................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. ......................................... >4

8.>  

Uhcuthzmioa ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... >4

8.6 >6

8.= 

 Hcfuom asakpm  ................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. ................... >6

4.  4. 

CH PATWH RTIUH7 MC FHVI FCMOMFI ................................. FCMOMFI ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ) h.  Motaccmnaozh ecum`h a frmsthccmzzhth (Liro ( Liro a Fhttacc: 8=55) m.  Rar motaccmnaozh ecum`h (Ne) sm (Ne) sm puô motao`ara ch fhphfmtâ `m rhnmiohkaoti, qumo`m `m hstrhrra, eirkhra fiofattm, parfapmra a `a`urra rachzmiom mo smtuhzmiom oio ehkmcmhrm. C'hspatti flmhva `acch `aemomzmioa `m motaccmnaozh ecum`h sth oac ehtti fla ch rmsicuzmioa `ac fikpmti oio puô assara ehfmcmthth `h fioisfaoza prafa`aotm `acc'mo`mvm`ui, qumo`m ì uoh smtuhzmioa fuctura-eraa. Qoi strukaoti par ch kmsurhzmioa `acc'motaccmnaozh `acc'motaccmnaozh ecum`h sioi ca khtrmfm prinrassmva `m Thvao: mm.  par motaccmnaozh frmsthccmzzhth (Nf)  (Nf)  sm motao`a movafa c'hdmcmtâ sittash hcc”asafuzmioa `m tuttm quam fikpmtm fla rmflma`ioi `m ehra rmearmkaoti h moeirkhzmiom hfqumsmta par hrrmvhra hcch sicuzmioa: hffrasfa `urhota tutti mc firsi `acch vmth. Ì `atarkmohth `hcca moecuaoza hkdmaothcm, sifmhcm a fucturhcm, mkpcmfh mc shpara ushra strhtanma a vmaoa kmsurhth `h tast fla vhcuthoi ncm acakaotm `m sfichrmzzhzmioa7 uoh privh utmcmzzhth par uoh kmsurhzmioa `acc'motaccmnaozh frmsthccmzzhth ì ch privh `m vifhdichrmi prasaota oacca dhttarma `m ^aflscar. Ca `ua eirka `m motaccmnaozh oio sioi mo`mpao`aotm c”uoh `hcc”hctrh, c”motaccmnaozh  frmsthccmzzhth `mpao`a `h quacch ecum`h pimflí flm lh c”motaccmnaozh khnnmir motaccmnaozh  motaccmnaozh ecum`h hpprao`a a rmfir`h kancmi ca moeirkhzmiom. M `ua ki`accm sm fikpirthoi, movafa, mo khomarh `mvarsh h safio`h `acc”atâ7  `acc”atâ7   c”hdmcmtâ ecum`h sakdrh

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assara moecuaozhth `hcch `mkaosmioa `m n81, fla sm `atarmirh fio ncm hoom a tao`a h `afrasfara oac firsi `acch vmth. Mc ki`acci `m Fhttacc a Liro sm prasth oio sici h spmanhra ca `meearaoza `m fhphfmtâ motaccattmvh motarmo`mvm`uhca kh hofla h `asfrmvara ch rhnmioa `ac `mvarsi `afcmoi `acca euozmiom finomtmva mo ehsa saomca. + d.  Ki`acci `m Fhrricc (8==6) Fhrricc fiotakpch c”irnhomzzhzmioa narhrflmfh `acc”motaccmnaozh  `acc”motaccmnaozh  fika uo ki`acci pmrhkm`hca `mvmsi mo tra strhtm, mo ir`moa `afrasfaota `m spafmemfmtâ. Hc vartmfa `acch pmrhkm`a (M strhti) sm trivaradda mc ehttira n, n, ara`mthrmi a hcch dhsa `m tutta ca httmvmtâ motaccattuhcm `ac sinnatti: h cmvacci motarka`mi (MM strhti), itti hdmcmtâ moecuaozhta `hc ehttira n a `aemomta ehttirm `m nruppi  nruppi  fika c”motaccmnaozh frmsthccmzzhth (nf), c”motaccmnaozh ecum`h (ne), ch (ne), ch Kakirmh naoarhca a hpprao`mkaoti, ch Rarfazmioa vmsmvh hkpmh, ch Rarfazmioa u`mtmvh hkpmh, c'Hdmcmtâ hkpmh `m rmavifhzmioa, ch Uacifmtâ finomtmvh hkpmh a ch Uacifmtâ `m achdirhzmioa. Vittisthotm (MMM strhti) h quasta hdmcmtâ hkpma, fm sioi mooukaravicm hdmcmtâ rmstratta (fmrfh rmstratta (fmrfh 5=), quhcm, h` asakpmi, ch Uacifmtâ parfattmvh, ch Umsuhcmzzhzmioa a ci Vpho `m kakirmh. Mc chviri `m Fhrricc ì kicti mkpirthota, parflí fmrfisfrmva mc `ikmomi `acca hdmcmtâ NeNf a mo`mvm`uh ca hdmcmtâ kmsurhta `hm sudtast `acca prmofmphcm sfhca `m motaccmnaozh. ; f.  Ki`acci FLF (Fhttacc-Liro-Fhrricc: 8==>) Mc ki`acci FLF prava`a hdmcmtâ hkpma a hdmcmtâ rmstratta. Ca hdmcmtâ hkpma sioi7 c'Motaccmnaozh frmsthccmzzhth (Nf), c'Achdirhzmioa vmsmvh, ca Fioisfaoza quhotmthtmva, c'Hdmcmtâ `m catturh a `m sfrmtturh, ch Kakirmh h drava tarkmoa, c'Motaccmnaozh ecum`h (Ne), ch Uacifmtâ `m achdirhzmioa, c'Mkkhnhzzmohkaoti h cuoni tarkmoa a Tmavifhzmioa, c'Achdirhzmioa u`mtmvh a ch Uacifmtâ oac prao`ara `afmsmiom/Pakpi `m rahzmioa. Ca hdmcmtâ finomtmva rmstratta sittisthotm h inom hdmcmtâ hkpmh sioi oukarisa. Moictra, `hc ki`acci FLF ì pissmdmca avmofara uoh thssioikmh `acca hdmcmtâ hkpma a rmstratta utmca par shohra mc nhp trh ki`accm `m motaccmnaozh a strukaotm hdmtuhckaota mkpmanhtm par ch vhcuthzmioa `mhnoistmfh `acca hdmcmtâ finomtmva. Mo hctrm tarkmom, ncm strukaotm `m ouivh naoarhzmioa `avioi assara fistrumtm sum ki`accm `m motaccmnaozh pmý rafaotm. Mc fcmomfi `ava pitar sfancmara ch sfhch `m motaccmnaozh mo euozmioa `acca hdmcmtâ `h kmsurhra, par fum m sudtast `acca dhttarma `m motaccmnaozh `avioi assara fchssmemfhtm safio`i uoh thssioikmh7 sici mo quasti ki`i `mvaoth pissmdmca oio sikkmomstrhra hc sinnatti sudtast fla kmsurhoi ch ka`asmkh hdmcmtâ a/i oio frahra ehcsa aqumvhcaoza trh sudtast fla sioi `aoikmohtm mo ki`i smkmca, kh vhcuthoi hdmcmtâ `mvarsa. Xuasti vmaoa sistaouti `h KfNraw mc quhca, dhsho`ism sum ki`accm `m Fhttacc-Liro a Fhrricc, fiotrmduã hcch rahcmzzhzmioa `m thca thssioikmh a hcch flmhrmemfhzmioa `acc”utmcmzzi `am tast succ”motaccmnaozh.  succ”motaccmnaozh. 

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  Vpahrkho Vpahrkho    (8=20) pripisa c'asmstaozhraspioshdmca `m uo'motaccmnaozh ( ehttira (ehttira n),`ac n), mpitmzzho`i c'asmstaozh rmtaoavh `m uo uomfi ehttira `m ohturh dmicinmfh a` ara`mthrmh `m tuttanaoarhca ca fhphfmtâ a hdmcmtâ sinnatti. Vpahrkho fla mc ehttira n eissa uoh spafma `m aoarnmh fla fmrfichvh par tutth ch firtaffmh faradrhca rhnnmuonao`i m vhrm sattirm raspioshdmcm `acca `mvarsa fhphfmtâ a fioisfaoza (hrmtkatmfh, kusmfh, `msanoi aff).

48

 

Vtruka oti

Hdmcmtâ finomtmvh hkpmh Motaccmnaoz Motaccmnaoz Achdirhzmio Kaki Mkkhnhzzmoh Achdirhzm h ecum`h h a vmsmvh (nv) rmh h kaoti h cuoni ioa (ne) frmsthccmzzh drava tarkmoa a u`mtmvh th (nf) tarkmo rmavifhzmioa (nh) a (ncr) (nsk)

^MVF MU Khtrmfm (^afls Fiofattm car par 4226) mkkhnmom Thnmiohk aoti hrmtkatmfi

Uifhdichrm @msanoi i fio fudm Moeirkhzm ioa

Kaki rmh `m fmera

Fikpcathk aoti `m Vaqua emnura ozh `m Vikmncmhoz cattara a a oukar Fikpraos m mioa

Uacifmtâ `m achdirhzm ioa (ns)

Tmfarfh `m smkdicm Fmerhrmi Fhofacchzm ioa

Thnmiohk aoti fio phrica

8.4  HRRTAO@MKAOPI Fhkdmhkaoti fla sm khomeasth mo uo sinnatti par aeeatti `acc”asparmaozh. Oio sioi mofcusm trh m fhsm `m hpprao`mkaoti m kuthkaotm canhtm hcch frasfmth (as7 hctazzh) i hcch khturhzmioa (as7 sassuhca) a oakkaoi quam fikpirthkaotm prasaotm smo `hcch ohsfmth (as7 rmecassm mofio`mzmiohtm). Mc fhkdmhkaoti puô rmnuhr`hra mc fikpirthkaoti i ch fioisfaozh. Ch sfuich ì c”hkdmaota `iva par affaccaozh hvvmaoa c”hpprao`mkaoti motaozmiohca a oio mofm`aothca, fla hvvmaoa oacch vmth quitm`mhoh. 8.4.8  Pairma

Vafio`i ca tairma fikpirthkaotmsta, fikpirthkaotmsta, c'hpprao`mkaoti ì c'hfqumsmzmioa `m hdmtu`mom a hssifmhzmiom erh stmkici a rmspisth a vmaoa hohcmzzhti stu`mho`i ca fiooassmiom asmstaota trh stmkici a rmspisth. Mo quasti fhsi ch fioisfaozh ì uoh rmspisth phssmvh, hutikhtmfh. Rar ca tairma finomtmvmsta i eaoikaoicinmfla, eaoikaoicinmfla , c'hpprao`mkaoti ì uo prifassi fioisfmtmvi fla trha irmnmoa `hc dmsinoi `m fistruzmioa a `m strutturhzmioa `ac rahca, mkpcmfmti oacc”motarhzmioa mi/hkdmaota, a vmaoa stu`mhti hohcmzzho`i m fhkdmhkaot fhkdmhkaotmm fla hvvaonioi oacca struttura finomtmva `ac sinnatti a oacch suh parsiohcmtâ ( ↔ as7 FIVPTQPPMUMVKI). h) 

Fio`mzmiohkaoti fchssmfi `m Rhvciv (8=26) ↔ fikpirthkaotmsk fikpirthkaotmski i Fiosmsta oacc”akmssmioa `m uoh rmspisth ohturhca mo prasaozh `m uoi stmkici oio ohturhca7 ch shcmvhzmioa akassh uo fhoa uo`msuioi i va`a uoh cufa,fla mkka`mhthkaota prmkh `m kattara mo `h diffh `acch quho`i fhroa, ì saota mc erutti uo fio`mzmiohkaoti sm rahcmzzh `ipi fla mc fhoa, par hcfuoa victa, lh parfapmti mc suioi i ch cufa sudmti prmkh `m rmfavara mc fmdi. 44

 

FMDI -? VPMKICI MOFIO@MWMIOHPI (VM) VHCMUHWMIOA -? TMVRIVPH MOFIO@MWMIOHP MOFIO@MWMIOHPH H (TM) VQIOI/CQFA -? VPMKICI FIO@MWMIOHPI (VF) VHCQUHWMIOA @IRI VQIOI/CQFA -? TMVRIVPH FIO@MWMIOHPH (TF) Mc kaffhomski `ac fio`mzmiohkaoti fchssmfi, tutthvmh, pitavh rao`ara fioti sici `m fikpirthkaotm hcquhoti sakpcmfm a oio `m quaccm fikpcassm. d) 

Fio`mzmiohkaoti iparhota `m Vjmooar (8=6>) ↔ fikpirthkaotmski/finomtmvmski fikpirthkaotmski/finomtmvmski Dho`urh sistaoavh fla oacch vmth quitm`mhoh ncm mo`mvm`um ranichoi m priprm fikpirthkaotm mo dhsa hcca issarvhzmiom `acca fiosanuaoza `acca priprma hzmiom, fiosththo`i quhcm ittaonioi suffassi a quhcm movafa ehccmsfioi. Vioi qumo`m mo nrh`i `m fikprao`ara fla fish ì h`anuhti mo uoh `atarkmohth fmrfisthozh a `m hotmfmphra mc rmsucthti `m uo fikpirthkaoti mkmtho`i uo ki`acci `m rmearmkaoti. Xuasti eaoikaoi vmaoa flmhkhti `h Dho`urh hpprao`mkaoti issarvhtmvi  issarvhtmvi  i vmfhrmi  vmfhrmi  mo fum mc rmoeirzi ì vmfhrmhota mo quhoti c”issarvhtira puô hfqumsmra uo fikpirthkaoti ouivi saozh assara sthti rmoeirzhti7 rmoeirzhti 7 par asakpmi, uoh dhkdmoh fla issarvh uo mosanohota ci`hra spassi uoh suh fikphnoh parflí sm mkpanoh kicti oacci svicnara m fikpmtm hssanohtm, puô farfhra `m mkphrhra h fikpirthrsm hcci stassi ki`i. M tairmfm `acc'hpprao`mkaoti sifmhca, parthoti, phrchoi hofirh `m rmoeirzm a puomzmiom kh fio ch fioshpavicazzh fla ncm mo`mvm`um sm httao`ioi `acca fiosanuaoza succh dhsa `ancm avaotm phsshtm, sm eirkhoi `acca ipmomiom su sa stassm a ncm hctrm a sm fikpirthoi `m fiosanuaozh. Momzmhckaota Dho`urh sistaoavh fla ch tairmh `acc”hpprao`mkaoti sifmhca sanumssa ncm stassm prmofmpm `ac fio`mzmiohkaoti iparhota kh thca hkpcmhkaoti `acch tairmh mkpcmfh c”hddho`ioi `acci stu`mi faotrhti sici sum fikpirthkaotm `mratthkaota ` mratthkaota issarvhdmcm. Phca tairmh, moehttm, hpphrtmaoa hcc”hppriffmi hcc” hppriffmi finomtmvmsth parflí ci stassi Dho`urh `aemomsfa c'hpprao`mkaoti mo tarkmom `m –hfqumsmzmioa `m fioisfaozh httrhvarsi c'achdirhzmioa finomtmvh `m moeirkhzmiom‛, sthffho`ism sthffho`ism oatthkaota `hm fikpirthkaotmstm pmý trh`mzmiohcm. C'hpprao`mkaoti issarvhtmvi mkpcmfh prifassm `m httaozmioa par ch kassh h euifi `ac ki`acci issarvhti, prifassm rhpprasaothzmiohcm par ch suh motarprathzmioa a kakirmzzhzmioa, prifassm `m rmpri`uzmioa par c'asafuzmioa `ac fikpirthkaoti a prifassm kitmvhzmiohcm canhtm hm vhothnnm fla c'mo`mvm`ui sm hspatth `hcc”mkmthzmioa `ac ki`acci. Ch kitmvhzmioa a mc saosi `m aeemfhfmh parsiohca  parsiohca   (fmiì ca fra`aoza `m uo mo`mvm`ui fmrfh ch priprmh aeemfhfmh fika parsioh) nmifhoi nm ifhoi parthoti uo ruici assaozmhca oacc”hpprao`mkaoti. 46

 

Va fra`ata `m oio assara mo nrh`i `m ehra uoh prasthzmioa mo fchssa, ì `meemfmca fla rmusfmhta h kitmvhra vim stassm a h` hotmfmphra ca fiosanuaoza `acca `afmsmiom fla prao`arata fmrfh quac phrtmfichra `msfirsi. Tmfarfla rafaotm sunnarmsfioi fla m oauriom spafflmi  spafflmi nmifhoi uo ruici oacc”hpprao`mkaoti issarvhtmvi. M oauriom spafflmi sioi httmvm quho`i mc sinnatti issarvh quhcfuo hctri kaotra katta mo htti uo fikpirthkaoti, kh sioi hofirh pmý httmvm quho`i mc fikpirthkaoti vmaoa kassi mo htti fio uoi sfipi prafmsi i mo uo fiotasti smnomemfhtmvi. Mo hctra phrica7 m oauriom spafflmi sioi fimovictm oacch fikpraosmioa `acca hzmiom a `acca motaozmiom `ancm hctrm. `) 

Wioh `m svmcuppi prissmkhca (WIRA@) `m Uynitsjmg (8=>

 Ncm sflakm sflakm sioi  sioi struttura finomtmva fla rhpprasaothoi ch fioisfaozh `m uo fiofatti i `m uo tmpi `m stmkici, mofcusm m suim httrmdutm a ca ciri rachzmiom. Qoh victh httmvhtm, ncm sflakm hnavichoi mc fism``atti prifassi tip `iwo i `a`uttmvi trhkmta mc quhca ncm sflakm naoarhoi rhpm`hkaota uo” uo ”mkprassmioa naoarhca succh dhsa `m prafiofazmiom. Mc prifassi movafa ì `m dittik up  i mo`uttmvi quho`i ca moeirkhzmiom hfqumsmta vaonioi `mratthkaota `hc fiotasti eirkho`i uo uo””mkprassmioa hffurhth. Ncm sfrmpt   sioi phrtmfichrm tmpm `m sflakm fla rmnuhr`hoi avaotm fika, h` asakpmi, eraquaothra uoh cazmioa.

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acakaotm prasaotm oacch sfaoh a `h quhota fhrhttarmstmfla ncm acakaotm prasaotm oacch sfaoh fio`mvm`ioi fio mc thrnat .   Oacch tairmh `acc”motanrhzmioa `acca fhrhttarmstmfla, fhrhttarmstmfla, mc prmofmpmi tairmfi pripisti ì mc sanuaota7 quho`i c'httaozmioa vmaoa pirthth su uo innatti, tutta ca fhrhttarmstmfla acakaothrm fla ci `aemomsfioi, fika h` asakpmi ficira, eirkh, cukmoismtâ, irmaothkaoti aff. a fla sioi achdirhta saphrhthkaota mo hraa `mstmota `ac farvacci, sioi uomta mo uo uomfi acakaoti i uomtâ fikpcassmvh, ivvari c'innatti. Vmoi h quho`i

•

c'httaozmioa oio vmaoa pirthth su uo innatti, mo rahctâ rahct â quacc”innatti oio ì oucch `m pmý fla uo mosmaka `m acakaotm rhpprasaothtm saphrhthkaota mo hraa `mstmota `ac farvacci. Vici `ipi c'motarvaoti `acc'httaozmioa `acc'httaozmioa,, fla ca uomsfa, quasti fikpcassi `m moeirkhzmiom `mvaoth uo innatti. Qoh victh fla c'httaozmioa vmaoa rmkissh `h uo innatti, quasti rmtiroh oac sui sthti prainnattuhca. Ì mkpirthota sitticmoahra fla mc chviri `m hssakdrhkaoti a ch fiosanuaota fioshpavicazzh vmsmvh `m uo innatti, puô rmnuhr`hra sici uo oukari cmkmthti `m acakaotm mo inom msthota. Affi parflí c'httaozmioa `ava sacazmiohra quhcm innattm pissioi `mvaothra thcm a quhcm movafa rmkhoara mo uoi sthti `m prainnattm. f) 

Pairmh `ac prititmpi `m Tisfl (8=.  pravaomra m fioecmttm motarparsiohcm: 2)  ”>2)  Ch pismzmioa vmnitsgmghoh vmaoa rmprash oacch safio`h katâ `ancm hoom '>2 `h Druoar mc quhca phrta `hcc'mpitasm fla smh ch fucturh h eirkhra ch oistrh mkpisthzmioa kaothca, eiroao`ifm ncm strukaotm oafasshrm h irnhomzzhra a fikprao`ara mc kio`i, a fla qumo`m ch kaota stassh oio pitradda asmstara saozh uoh fucturh `m rmearmkaoti: rmearmkaoti : rmtmaoa parfmô fla c'hpprao`mkaoti `am dhkdmom vh`h fiofapmti fika fucturhckaota fiotastuhc fiotastuhcmzzhti. mzzhti. Moictra, ancm mpitmzzh fla tuttm m prifassm kaothcm, mofcusi qumo`m mc cmonuhnnmi, hddmhoi uo'irmnmoa sifmhca a fla mc dhkdmoi mkphrm mkphrm h phrchra hcc”motaroi `m sfhkdm fikuomfhtmvm fio m suim fhranmvar m quhcm hssukioi mc ruici `m sfheeic`mon a strutturhoi par mc dhkdmoi eirkht 66  `m

64

  Mc smnomemfhota smnomemfhota ì  ì ch phrta emsmfhkaota parfapmdmca `ac sanoi cmonumstmfi7 c'mosmaka `ancm acakaotm eioatmfm a nrhemfm fla

vaonioi hssifmhtm h` uo smnomemfhti smnomemfhti (fla  (fla movafa ì uo fiofatti kaothca).  kaothca).   66 erikht sioi  sioi uo mosmaka `m prifa`ura fikuomfhtmva fla parkattioi hc dhkdmoi a hm suim phrtoar sfhkdm emohcmzzhtm   M erikht a motaozmiohcm. Assm fistmtumsfioi mc prmofmphca vamfici httrhvarsi fum ì pissmdmca rao`ara flmhra ca priprma motaozmiom fikuomfhtmva a fincmara quacca hctrum. @m fiosanuaozh m eirkht sioi ncm strukaotm eio`hkaothcm par mc phsshnnmi

18

 

motarhzmioa prava`mdmcm a rmpatutm. Putthvmh, ancm pripioa uoh ouivh pismzmioa tairmfh `aemomth euozmiohcmski. Ancm oio asfcu`a uoh dhsa moohth par mc cmonuhnnmi 60, kh raputh mo`mspaoshdmca c'hzmioa `m uo Vmstakh `m Vuppirti par c'Hfqumsmzmioa `ac Cmonuhnnmi (CHVV)  (CHVV)   rhpprasaothti `hc ruici `acc'h`ucti a `ac fiotasti sifmhca oac prifassi `m hfqumsmzmioa `ac cmonuhnnmi. Druoar, mo sisthozh, sm fiotrhppioa oatthkaota hcca tairma mo`mvm`uhcmstmfla `acci svmcuppi moehotmca safio`i ca quhcm mc dhkdmoi shradda uo assara msichti, flmusi oac sui parsiohcmssmki kio`i a cmkmthti `hc sui anifaotrmski: safio`i cum, emo `hm prmkm msthotm `m vmth, mc dhkdmoi ì uo sinnatti httmvi a httmvi  a fikpataota fikpataota,, `ithti `m fhphfmtâ finomtmva spafmemfla, `m kaffhomskm `m hutiranichzmioa a `m fikpcassa hdmcmtâ mo nrh`i `m rmfavara moeirkhzmiom `hcc'hkdmaota. Rarthoti, mc oaiohti oio ì sici sifmhckaota raspiosmvi, raspiosmvi, kh hofla sifmhckaota httmvi, mo nrh`i fmiì `m motarhnmra a `m pirsm mo rachzmioa fio ncm hctrm sinnattm. Oa ì uo asakpmi ch fhphfmtâ, motiroi hm tra kasm, `m fi-irmaothra ncm snuhr`m su uo `atarkmohti innatti `acc'hkdmaota. Xuast”hdmcmtâ shrâ ph`rioannmhth mo ki`i sthdmca motiroi hcc'hooi `m vmth a fiosmsta oacch fhphfmtâ `m fiir`mohra ch priprmh httaozmioa fio quacch `am priprm phrtoar sifmhcm par pitar fio`mvm`ara c'motarassa varsi uo acakaoti `acch rahctâ astaroi (httaozmioa fio`mvmsh), momzmho`i fisã uoh –fio`mvmsmioa `m uo hrnikaoti‛ `m fum pissioi pissioi –phrchra‛. Oacch fikuomfhzmioa `mh`mfh, qumo`m, aotrhkdm m phrtoar sioi sinnattm httmvm a pri`ufioi akizmiom a smnomemfhtm, moecuaozho`ism h vmfao`h. Tmsucth avm`aota h quasti puoti fika ci svmcuppi fikuomfhtmvi `ac dhkdmoi oio smh pmý rhpprasaothti `hc fikpirthkaoti saphrhti `m dhkdmoi a h`ucti, kh smh `atarkmohti `hm smonicm sfhkdm a motarhzmiom prasaotm trh m `ua phrtoar mo uo farti kikaoti hcc” hcc”motaroi `m uo `atarkmohti fiotasti. Fika kati`icinmh `'mo`hnmoa, quasth tairmh prmvmcanmh ch vm`airanmstrhzmioa vm`airanmstrhzmioa   a c'issarvhzmioa c'issarvhzmioa mo  mo fiotastm aficinmfm mo ki`i `h ranmstrhra saquaoza ohturhcm `m motarhzmioa dhkdmoi-fhranmvar . Rar quhoti rmnuhr`h ncm hkdmtm hppcmfhtmvm, thcm tafomfla vaonioi utmcmzzhta h` asakpmi oac fhsi `m ohsfmta prakhtura, mo fum ch `mh`a kh`ra-dhkdmoi oafassmth `m phrtmfichra httaozmioa a suppirti. Moehttm, oac fhsi pripisti, mc dhkdmoi sakdrh hssukara uo ruici pmý phssmvi `urhota c'motarhzmioa fio ch kh`ra, fio hcfuoa `meemfictâ h cmvacci `m smofriomh fikuomfhtmvh, pimflí, m dhkdmom prakhturm kicti spassi pissma`ioi `am sanohcm fikuomfhtmvm kaoi avm`aotm rmspatti h uo dhkdmoi h tarkmoa a pissioi rahnmra fio drusflm kivmkaotm a pmhoti hofla h` uoi stmkici kicti cmava, rao`ao`i pmý `meemfictish ch fikuomfhzmioa prafifa. `) 

Ki`uchrmzzhzmioa `m Jhrkmciee-Vkmtl (8==4) Jhrkmciee-Vkmtl sunnarmsfa fla `urhota ci svmcuppi vm smh uo prifassi `m prinrassmvh spafmhcmzzhzmioa `acca hraa akmsearmfla a `acca euozmiom `h assh vamfichta, fla ì mc rmsucthti `acc'motarhzmioa trh vmoficm dmicinmfm a c'asparmaozh. Xuasth tairmh heearkh fla mc dhkdmoi oio ì rhnnmuoti `h stmkicm mofikpraosmdmcm a fhitmfm, kh ì prinrhkkhti naoatmfhkaota h `hra uo saosi h spafmemfla sirnaotm `m moeirkhzmioa.  moeirkhzmioa.  Putthvmh, oioisthota ch JhrkmcieeVkmtl hppinnm ch tasm moohtmsth, acch movmth h oio ashnarhra oacci spmanhra ci svmcuppi ehfao`i hppacci h fio`mzmiohkaotm `m tmpi moohti (Vjmooar). Moehttm, ch ki`uchrmzzhzmioa `acch kaota ì smh praspafmemfhth (Ei`ir) kh hofla uo pri`itti priprmi `acci svmcuppi fla sm frah `hcc”motarhzmioa fio c”hkdmaota astaroi a staroi (moohtmski+fistruttmvmski (moohtmski+fistruttmvmski). ).

`hcch fikuomfhzmioa hcch vardhcmzzhzmioa pimflí pissma`ioi uoh strutturh strut turh saquaozmhca, uoh stirmh, mkpcmfhoi c”achdirhzmioa `m uoh motaozmioa a` uoh httmvmtâ motarprathtmvh.  motarprathtmvh.   60   Fliksjy Fliksjy (8=1=)  (8=1=) pistuch c'asmstaozh `m uo @mspismtmvi moohti spafmhcmzzhti par c'Hfqumsmzmioa `ac Cmonuhnnmi  Cmonuhnnmi   (CH@) fla firrmspio`a h uoh nrhkkhtmfh uomvarshca fla fiotmaoa ncm hspattm strutturhcm fio`mvmsm `h tutta ca cmonua ohturhcm.

14

 

Kh fish motao`a ch Jhrkmciee-Vkmtl par ki`uchrmzzhzmioa9   fika mc ki`uci, hofla ch ki`uchrmzzhzmioa prasuppioa pra`mspismzmiom spafmemfhkaota moohta, `ikmomi spafmemfla, fla hnmsfioi mo`mpao`aotakaota `hcc'asparmaozh:   h `meearaozh `ac ki`uci, ch ki`uchrmzzhzmioa mkpcmfh uoi svmcuppi fla hvvmaoa mo uo farti ki`i parflí f'ì uo'motarhzmioa fio c'astaroi. Mo hctra phrica, c'asparmaozh ehvirmsfa uoh fhohcmzzhzmioa `acca pra`mspismzmiom moohta:   quasti smnomemfh oio hffatthra mc prmofmpmi fla mc ki`uci ì mosaosmdmca hcca moecuaoza `ancm hctrm `ikmom-spafmemfm `ikmom-spafmemfm a, mo naoarhca naoarhca,, hcc”asparmaozh. 61 C”hutrmfa `â uoh catturh `ikmomi -spafmemfh -spafmemfh `acci  `acci svmcuppi `ac cmonuhnnmi mo quhoti rmtmaoa fla ch fioisfaozh nrhkkhtmfhca vaonh achdirhth hcc”motaroi `m uo ki`uci65  mo`mpao`aota `h hctrm ki`ucm prasaotm oac smstakh finomtmvi, fla parô sm ì frahti httrhvarsi mc prifassi `m ki`uchrmzzhzmioa a qumo`m httrhvarsi mc fiothtti fio mc kio`i astaroi. Hcc”motaroi `ac `ikmomi `ac cmonuhnnmi, fisã fika mo tuttm ncm hctrm `ikmom, hvvaonioi rmpatutm fhkdmhkaotm `m ehsm7 oacci spafmemfi `ac cmonuhnnmi, ci stassi prifassi (h` asakpmi ch fhphfmtâ `m `mvaomra fioshpavicm `m quhcfish a `m vardhcmzzhrci) puô hvvaomra, oacci stassi dhkdmoi, h 1 hoom par uo kmfri`ikmomi, h 5 par uo hctri a h 82 par uo hctri hofirh. •

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HRRTIEIO@MKAOPI7 ci svmcuppi cmonumstmfi oac dhkdmoi HRRTIEIO@MKAOPI7   Rrmka 4-6 sattmkhoa `m vmth7 mc chtthota pri`ufa sici suiom `m ohturh vanathtmvh (sdh`mncm, ruttmom, smonuctm, ficpm `m tissa aff) i stratthkao stratthkaota ta canhtm hc pmhoti fla lh mc vhcira `m sanohca `m uoi sthti `m khcassara h fum mc naomtira `ava pirra rmka`mi:   6 kasm7 fikphmioi m prmkm suiom cmonumstmfm:   0-1 kasm7 chcchzmioa (as7 phph, `h`h):   = 82 kasm7 chcchzmioa vhrmhth fio fikdmohzmiom pmý achdirhta a smcchda `mvarsa (as7 `hdh aff). Mo quasth ehsa momzmh hofla ch pri`uzmioa `m nastm a phrica h emom fikuomfhtmvm: 88-85  kasm7 fikphmioi ca prmka phrica fla sm rmearmsfioi h innattm fiofratm, pravhcaotakaota pmfficm, khompichdmcm i fla sm kuivioi a ehooi rukira, fla sioi phrta motanrhota `acc” `acc”asparmaozh `ac dhkdmoi, ippura mo`mfhoi parsioa i hzmiom fla mc dhkdmoi fikpma hdmtuhckaota. Mc dhkdmoi nmuona h pri`urra uoh ka`mh `m 12 tarkmom. Xuasth ehsa prasaoth uo'hkpmh vhrmhdmcmtâ mo`mvm`uhca:   84-40 kasm7 `hc parmi`i mo fumhc sm lh uo hukaoti `ac oukari `m phrica cassmfhca. fioisfmuta a priouofmhta dhkdmoi, puoti flarhpm`i thca ehsa vmaoa `aemomth `hcc ”aspcismioa `hcc” Xuho`i mc dhkdmoi momzmh h priouofmhra ca prmka phrica, ancm spassi utmcmzzh ci stassi tarkmoa par asprmkara uo motari kasshnnmi, `ho`i vmth h quacca fla sioi sthta `aemomta asprassmiom icierhsmfla:   6-5 hoom7 svmcuppi prhnkhtmfi. Mc dhkdmoi mkphrh kicta fisa fmrfh mc fikpirthkaoti `h taoara `urhota uoh fiovarshzmioa, svmcuppho`i hofla ch fioshpavicazzh a c'httaozmioa varsi m saotmkaotm `acc'motarcifutira `acc'motarcifutira.. •

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61

  Qo `ikmomi `ikmomi   ì c”c”mosmaka mosmaka `m rhpprasaothzmiom fla ehooi `h suppirti h` uoh spafmemfh hrah `acch fioisfaozh7 mc cmonuhnnmi, mc oukari aff. Inom `ikmomi puô assara su``mvmsi mo kmfri`ikmom. 65   Qo ki`uci ki`uci   ì uo smstakh `m moput spafmhcmzzhti fio phrtmfichrm euozmiom `mstmota `hcca euozmiom `m hctrm ki`ucm, fio

priprm prifassm a priprm moput. Assi euozmioh mo ki`i mo`mpao`aota rmspatti hncm hctrm ki`ucm. Prh ca fhrhttarmstmfla `am ki`ucm vm ì mc ehtti fla assm sioi vacifm a `ikmomi-spafmemfm. Asakpm `m ki`ucm sioi ch   parfazmioa vmsmvh a mc cmonuhnnmi phrchti. Rar ch Jhrkmciee- Vkmtl mc ki`uci oio ì tithckaota eirkhti emo `hcc'momzmi kh rmflma`a uo prifassi `m ki`uchrmzzhzmioa mo motarhzmioa fio mc kio`i astaroi.

16

 

1. 

RATVIOHCMPH” (A RATVIOHCMPH”  (A VUMCQRRI RVMFICNMFI6>)

Vafio`i Hccipirt (8=58) (8=58) ch parsiohcmtâ ì –c'irnhomzzhzmioa `mohkmfh, motaroh hcch parsioh, `m smstakm psmfiemsmicinmfm fla `atarkmohoi m ki`m fhrhttarmstmfm `m fikpirthrsm a `m paoshra‛. paoshra‛. Xumo`m, fio mc tarkmoa –parsiohcmtâ‛, sm mo`mfhoi ca quhcmtâ fla ca parsioa pissannioi a, mo phrtmfichra, fio –irnhomzzhzmioa `mohkmfh‛ c'hutira spafmemfh fla ch parsiohcmtâ ì fisthotakaota mo frasfmth a mo fhkdmhkaoti. Mc tarkmoa –psmfiemsmicinmfi psmfiemsmicinmfi‛‛  aoehtmzzh c'mkpirthozh‛ (fmiì `ac fiotrmduti `ac smstakh psmficinmfi fla emsmicinmfi m –ki`m fhrhttarmstmfm fhrhttarmstmfm‛ mo`mvm`uhcmsmh a uomfm) `m –paosmari paosmari‛ ‛ a –fikpirthkaoti fikpirthkaoti‛ ‛ `moac uoheirkhra parsioh. Qo'uctarmira `aemomzmioa ì quacch `m Fhprhrh a Farvioa (4222) m quhcm `aemomsfioi ch `aemomsfioi  ch parsiohcmtâ fika –quac fikpcassi mosmaka `am smstakm psmficinmfm fla fiotrmdumsfioi hcc”uomfmtâ a hcch fiotmoumtâ `acch fio`itth a `acca asparmaoza mo`mvm`uhcm smh fika vmaoa asprassi smh fika vmaoa parfapmti `hcc'mo`mvm`ui a `hncm hctrm‛. Mo quasth `aemomzmioa ch parsiohcmtâ ì motash fika c'mosmaka `acca quhcmtâ a mofcmohzmiom `uravicm fla `hooi mc saosi `acch priprmh m`aotmtâ a uomfmtâ. Ì c'mosmaka `acca fhrhttarmstmfla psmficinmfla fla `mstmonuioi uo mo`mvm`ui m o`mvm`ui `h uo hctri. Ci stu`mi `acch parsiohcmtâ sm `mvm`a mo `ua nrho`m a prmofmphcm hppriffm7 8.  HRRTIFFMI OIKIPAPMFI7 OIKIPAPMFI7 `meearaoza mo`mvm`uhcm `asfrmtta mo tarkmom `m pra`aemomtm frmtarm a `mkaosmiom. Ch parsiohcmtâ `m uo mo`mvm`ui ì `atarkmohth `h `mkaosmiom m`aotmemfhdmcm fla pissioi assara `m tmpi fhtanirmhca (tmpm) i ir`mohca (trhttm): 4.  HRRTIFFMI M@AINTHEMFI7 M@AINTHEMFI7 inom mo`mvm`ui ì uomfi a oio pissioi assara utmcmzzhdmcm ncm stassm fiofattm i tarkmom par `aemomra a `asfrmvara `ua parsioa `meearaotm. Vm aoehtmzzh c”uomfmtâ `acch parsioh a `acch suh asparmaozh `m vmth. 1.8  Pairma

h) 

Ki`acci `am Dmn Emva `m KfFrha a Fisth (8=

 

eriota hc fikpmti `m fioqumsthra uoh ouivh m`aotmtâ fla sarvmrâ par fikpmara `acca sfacta mo atâ h`ucth. Xuasti sth`mi ì kmohffmhti `h uo parmfici7 ch fioeusmioa h pripismti `ac priprmi ruici a qumo`m c'hssaozh `m uo faotri eifhca `acch parsiohcmtâ, ch tao`aozh hc fioeirkmski a hcc”hssmkmchzmioa phssmvh `am ki`accm astarom. 5.  motmkmtâ UV msichkaoti (nmivhoa msichkaoti (nmivhoa h`ucti)7 mc nmivhoa hvvarta ch oafassmtâ `m uoh rachzmioa motmkh hpphnhota fio mc sassi ippisti fla puô trhseirkhrsm mo uoh rachzmioa sthdmca a `urhturh. C”motmkmtâ ì qumo`m motash fika ch fhphfmtâ `m aotrhra mo uo rhppirti prieio`i fio c'hctri. Va oio vmaoa rhnnmuoth c”motmkmtâ, mc sinnatti ì `astmohti hcc”msichkaoti fla `mvaoth fhush fhush a fiosanuaozh `acch suh mofhphfmtâ `m vmvara fio uo'hctrh parsioh. >.  naoarhtmvmtâ UV sthnohzmioa (atâ sthnohzmioa (atâ h`ucth)7 ch naoarhtmvmtâ oio rmnuhr`h sici ch viciotâ `m prifrahra, kh ì hofla fiooassh hcch trhskmssmioa hcca ouiva naoarhzmiom `m sparhoza, vmrtý, shnnazzh fla c'mo`mvm`ui lh khturhti oacch suh vmth. C'ippismzmioa fiotrhrmh fiosmsta mo uo saosi `m moutmcmtâ rmearmth hcch priprmh asmstaozh.  Ghkas, 8   Uhcuthzmioa

Asmstioi tra prmofmphcm tmpicinma `m vhcuthzmioa7 8.  ch vhcuthzmioa –pra‛, –pra‛, mo fum, httrhvarsi hppismtm strukaotm (quastmiohrm, motarvmsta, issarvhzmiom), vaonioi vhcuthtm m dmsinom a ca hspatthtmva `am phrtafmphotm. Moictra, mo quasth ehsa pitradda assara ippirtuoi mosarmra `acca priva fla pim varrhooi rmsikkmomstrhta hc tarkmoa `ac prinatti: 4.  ch vhcuthzmioa mo mtmoara i kiomtirhnnmi  kiomtirhnnmi  `ac prinatti, fla prava`a ch vhcuthzmioa `acc”ho`hkaoti `ac prinatti httrhvarsi, h` asakpmi, `mhrm `m dir`i a issarvhzmiom, suparvmsmiom a rmuomiom `m aqumpa: 18

  Ncm sthjalic`ar   (httirm motarasshtm, `mratthkaota i mo`mratthkaota tiffhtm `hc prinatti)7 pmý hcti ì mc nrh`i `m phrtafmphzmioa `ancm sthjalic`ar, pmý hpprieio`mth shrâ c”hohcmsm `ac `a c pridcakh a pmý ehfmca shrâ kattara h euifi ncm idmattmvm `ac prinatti `h pmý puotm `m vmsth. Moictra, mc fimovicnmkaoti `ancm sthjalic`ar  hssmfurh   hssmfurh fla pissmdmcm isthficm erhppistm `h flm oio ì `mratthkaota fimovicti oac prinatti vaonhoi rmkissm emo `hcc” momzmi. Hssmfurh, moemoa, ch sistaomdmcmtâ `m quhoti rahcmzzhti `h phrta `am `afmsirm picmtmfm, mo quhoti `mratthkaota fimovictm a –firraspioshdmcm‛ `ac prinatti.

>4

 

6.  ch vhcuthzmioa –pist‛, –pist‛, mo fum pissioi assara fimovictm `mvarsm httirm `ac prinatti fio c'avaotuhca sikkmomstrhzmioa `m strukaotm spafmemfm m`ahtm par vhcuthra c'ho`hkaoti a c'asmti emohca `ac prinatti. mo quasth ehsa pissioi assara rmsikkmomstrhtm m tast sikkmomstrhtm hcc'momzmi par pitar ehra uo fioerioti succ”aeemfhfmh `acc”motarvaoti.  `acc”motarvaoti.  8.1

 

Mc parfirsi puô assara paoshti `acch `urhth `m < mofiotrm `m fmrfh `ua ira h fh`aozh sattmkhohca hctarohtm mo mofiotrm psmfia`ufhtmvm a `m suparvmsmioa mo nruppi. Hc tarkmoa `ac parfirsi ì mkpirthota prava`ara tra i quhttri mofiotrm `m eicciw-up h `msthozh `m 8, 6 a 5 kasm. C'momzmi `ac parfirsi shrâ prafa`uti `h uo kikaoti `m fioisfaozh `acch parsioh fla sm hvvmfmoh i ì sthth movmhth `hc Varvmzmi. Xuasti ficciqumi ho`râ h rmcavhra uoh sarma `m moeirkhzmiom rmnuhr`hotm oacci spafmemfi mc sivrhppasi a c”c”idasmtâ, idasmtâ, ch kitmvhzmioa hc fhkdmhkaoti `acci stmca `m vmth a hcch phrtafmphzmioa hc parfirsi, vmssutm canhtm h prafa`aotm taothtmvm, ca hspatthtmva, ca fioisfaoza suc takh: vmaoa vhcuthth moictra ch prasaozh `m pridcakhtmfla canhta hc pasi a hc fmdi `m httaozmioa fcmomfh (h` asakpmi ducmkmh) a, quhcirh smh mc fhsi, sm movmh ch parsioh hc Faotri prapisti. Ho`ho`i oac `atthncmi `acc'motarvaoti, oancm mofiotrm psmfia`ufhtmvm shrhooi utmcmzzhta `acca tafomfla finomtmva a fikpirthkaothcm victa h` hukaothra ch fhphfmtâ `m kattara mo htti fikpirthkaotm fla fiofirrioi h ki`memfhra ca hdmtu`mom hcmkaothrm a h` hssukara uo httannmhkaoti pmý httaoti oacch nastmioa `ac priprmi rhppirti fio mc fmdi a fio mc pasi. Ì mkpirthota hctarohra quasti tmpi `m mofiotrm h kikaotm mo fum m sinnattm pissioi fioeriothrsm trh ciri suc parfirsi fla sthooi motrhprao`ao`i. Ci psmficini, ictra h furhra ch ehsa `m prinatthzmioa, prikuivarâ oam nruppm ch rmecassmioa su `m sí, succh priprmh fhphfmtâ `m huti issarvhrsm a ch fio`mvmsmioa `acca asparmaoza fio ncm hctrm kakdrm `ac nruppi. Xuasti fcmkh `m fio`mvmsmioa euozmioh `h acakaoti ehfmcmthota oac prifassi `m svachkaoti a heem`hkaoti rafmprifi, fla ì mc rahca strukaoti fla parkatta ch prikizmioa a c'asprassmioa `acca pitaozmhcmtâ priprma a hctrum. Fmô puô ehfmckaota httmvhra uo saosi `m hzmioa fla hmuth h rheeirzhra uctarmirkaota c'mkpanoi a ch kitmvhzmioa. Xuast'uctmkh `ava assara mo phrtmfichr ki`i kiomtirhth `h vmfmoi `hcci psmficini mo ki`i fla oio `mkmoumsfh, kh hozm smh fiotmouhkaota rmoeirzhth a sirratth. Mo dhsa hncm asmtm `am tra  eicciw-up, ci psmficini vhcutarâ fhsi par fhsi ippura nruppi par nruppi sa a fika prifa`ara oio ch prash mo fhrmfi. Mc du`nat `ac prinatti shrâ stmkhti sanuao`i m frmtarm `m phnhkaoti mo`mfhtmvhkaota aspistm hcc'Ir`moa `ancm Rsmficinm. (Prhtti `hc vicuka7 –Rsmficini `ikhom7 priva prhtmfla‛, pp. 6=-02)  f) 

 HKDMPI VUMCQRRI

Mc fho`m`hti achdirm uo prinatti `m motarvaoti psmficinmfi oacc'hkdmti `acch sfuich prmkhrmh rmvicti h dhkdmom mparhttmvm i `meemfmcm `h nastmra par m ciri sfippm `m rhddmh r hddmh a ch ciri hnnrassmvmtâ sifmhca.

Mpitasm `m svicnmkaoti Mi, tu a ncm hctrm7 prinatti par ch pravaozmioa `m fikpirthkaotm hnnrassmvm oacca sfuica

Mc tarkmoa hnnrassmvmtâ, mo atâ avicutmvh, ì mkpmanhti hofla oacch vmth fikuoa fio uo”hkpmh uo”hkpmh   vhrmatâ `m smnomemfhtm par `asmnohra uoh kictapcmfmtâ `m fikpirthkaotm fla sm `meearaozmhoi hofla mo ki`i fiosmstaota c'uoi `hcc'hctri7 `hc fikpirthkaoti `m uo dhkdmoi fla prao`a h punom uo fikphnoi, apmsi`m `m pravhrmfhzmioa mo`mrmzzhtm h smonicm dhkdmom, phrichffa a httm vmicaotm hofla varsi ncm h`uctm, prapitaozh i `hoom h innattm. Ì qumo`m mkpirthota mo`mvm`uhra ch tmpicinmh `am fikpirthkaotm hnnrassmvm fla chkaothoi ncm mosanohotm a mo quhcm fiotastm rachzmiohcm sm varmemfhoi pmý ehfmckaota (h` asakpmi7 motarvhcci, fhkdmi `m khtarma, hcc'aotrhth i hcc'usfmth `acch sfuich).

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Oac taothtmvi `m fikprao`ara uo eaoikaoi thoti fikpcassi quhca ì c” c ”hnnrassmvmtâ, sioi sthta achdirhta emoi h` innm oukarisa mpitasm motarprathtmva, inouoh `acca quhcm eh rmearmkaoti h prasuppistm `m ki`accm tairmfm `mvarsm a sm eio`h su `mvarsm hssuotm kati`icinmfm. Ch tairmh `m Dho`urh rmvasta uo ruici smnomemfhtmvi hcc'motaroi `ancm stu`m suc fikpirthkaoti hnnrassmvi, pimflí spisth mc eifus `acc” `acc ”motarvaoti succa hdmcmtâ finomtmva. Mo phrtmfichr ki`i, mc ki`acci `m @i`na eifhcmzzh c'httaozmioa succa ki`hcmtâ fio fum m dhkdmom achdirhoi ca moeirkhzmiom sifmhcm a qumo`m succh fhphfmtâ `m rmfioisfara ca akizmiom, succa fikpataoza `m rica  thjmon, succh fikuomfhzmioa raearaozmhca raearaozmhca a ch fhphfmtâ `m rmsicvara m fioecmttm. - @astmohthrm `mrattm 7 hcuoom `acch sfuich prmkhrmh. - @astmohthrm mo`mrattm7 mosanohotm, naomtirm. Idmattmvi naoarhca7 pravaomra ca fio`itta hnnrassmva httrhvarsi mc pitaozmhkaoti `acca hdmcmtâ sifmi finomtmva a `am ehttirm pritattmvm rachtmvm hcci svmcuppi `acca fikpataoza sifmhcm. Idmattmvm spafmemfm 7   hmuthra m dhkdmom –hnnrassmvm hnnrassmvm‛‛ h rafuparhra mc `aemfmt rachtmvi hcca hdmcmtâ sifmi finomtmva, mo ki`i `h rao`arcm prinrassmvhkaot prinrassmvhkaotaa fikpataotm h cmvacci sifmhca:   mosanohra hm dhkdmom h nastmra ch priprmh hnnrassmvmtâ:   prikuivara mc pitaozmhkaoti `am ehttirm `m pritazmioa rachtmvm hcci svmcuppi `acch fikpataozh sifmhca mo tutti mc nruppi fchssa. Mc pissmdmca motarvaoti, `h fio`mvm`ara fio mc Ficcanmi `ifaotm a mc @mrmnaota sfichstmfi, sm fioemnurh fika uo mosmaka hrtmfichti `m httmvmtâ h cmvacci `m nruppi fchssa `acch `urhth `m tra kasm, fio mofiotrm parmi`mfm `m `ua ira, uoh victh h sattmkhoh. Ch kati`icinmh sm dhsh su hssuotm `acc””hpprao`mkaoti moeirkhca, mo fum oio vmaoa prmvmcanmhth c”hf `acc c”hffucturhzmioa, fucturhzmioa, kh pmuttisti ch cmdarh asprassmioa `m sí hcc'motaroi `m fiotastm rachzmiohcm hffatthotm a stmkichotm. Hffhoti h` httmvmtâ a nmiflm sioi qumo`m mkpirthotm kikaotm `m rmecassmioa fio m dhkdmom par varmemfhra ch ciri parfazmioa `acca httmvmtâ a `hra vifa hcca ciri asparmaoza a `ikho`a. Rhrhccachkaota shrhooi irnhomzzhtm `ancm mofiotrm parmi`mfm fio mc Ficcanmi hc emoa `m moeirkhra ncm mosanohotm `acc” `acc”ho`hkaoti `ac prinatti, rmfavara eaa`dhfj a kiomtirhra mo mtmoara c'motari parfirsi. Oacci spafmemfi sm prava`a ch frahzmioa `am fism``attm –nruppm `m hkmfmzmh‛ hkmfmzmh‛, eirkhtm `h fmrfh < i 82 dhkdmom (`h vhcuthra fio ncm mosanohotm ch pissmdmcmtâ `m motanrhra `mvarsa sazmiom a fchssm): mo thcm nruppm vaonioi irnhomzzhtm nmiflm a httmvmtâ par svmcupphra ch fhphfmtâ `m rmfioisfara ncm sthtm akitmvm hctrum, hssukara mc puoti `m vmsth `acc'hctri a fikuomfhra mo ki`i aeemfhfa. M ki`ucm eirkhtmvm rmnuhr`hoi m sanuaotm hrnikaotm7   rmfioisfmkaoti a` asprassmioa `acca akizmiom 7 `msfrmkmohra m sanohcm fikpirthkaothcm fla vamfichoi `atarkmohta akizmiom a utmcmzzhrcm par fikuomfhra hncm hctrm m priprm sthtm akitmvm. Rar quasti kitmvi, ì mkpirthota utmcmzzhra `mvarsm stmkicm (vmsmvm, u`mtmvm, firpiram) a `mvarsm khtarmhcm (eiti, eukattm, ohrrhzmiom):   rica thjmon7 prikuivara uo `afaotrhkaoti finomtmvi par pitar hssukara ch prispattmvh finomtmvh a parfattmvh `m uo'hctrh parsioh, mo ki`i `h stmkichra ch fioshpavicazzh `acch `mvarsmtâ `acca asparmaoza hctrum. Ncm strukaotm `ivrhooi stmkichra ch fhphfmtâ `m smotiomzzhrsm succh prispattmvh `acc'hctri (F@ kusmfhcm, khfflmoa •

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eitinrhemfla, stirma):   fikuomfhzmioa  raearaozmhca7 hmuthra mc dhkdmoi h `msfrmkmohra trh vhrma moeirkhzmiom par mo`mvm`uhra quacca shcmaotm, sitticmoaho`i c'mkpirthozh `m rmusfmra h fikuomfhra m

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priprm paosmarm a sthtm `'homki hncm hctrm mo ki`i firratti a flmhri. M khtarmhcm `ivrhooi ehvirmra ch fhphfmtâ `m fikuomfhra mo`mzm shcmaotm, h` asakpmi mkkhnmom fikpcassa i innattm fla mc dhkdmoi `ava `asfrmvara:   fhphfmtâ `m rmsicvara m fioecmttm 7 hmuthra mc dhkdmoi h mo`mvm`uhra ki`hcmtâ `m rmsicuzmioa oio hnnrassmva: Ca httmvmtâ pripista shrhooi smtuhzmiom motarhttmva pitaozmhckaota fioecmttuhcm hcca quhcm m dhkdmom `avioi trivhra uoh sicuzmioa. M khtarmhcm fiosmstioi

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pravhcaotakaota pravhcaotakao ta mo stirma a eukattm fla m dhkdmom `avioi fikpcathra. Moictra, pimflí m fikpirthkaotm hnnrassmvm sioi stratthkaota fiooassm h` uo fiotasti ehkmcmhra svhcuthota i hofl'assi hnnrassmvi a stmcm a`ufhtmvm parkmssmvm i hssaotm, ì mkpirthota fimovicnara hofla ch ehkmncmh. Ictra hcc'mofiotri `m prasaothzmioa `ac prinatti, shrâ mkpirthota irnhomzzhra uo kikaoti pmý rmstratti mo fum mofiotrhra m naomtirm a `msfutara mosmaka h ciri `acca pridcakhtmfla canhta hm fikpirthkaotm pmý i kaoi hnnrassmvm `am emncm a fincmaroa m dmsinom. - Tmsirsa khtarmhcm 7 khtarmhca fhrthfai a `” `”ueemfmi, cifhcm `acch sfuich. - Tmsirsa ukhoa7 `ua psmficinm. Ch vhcuthzmioa `acc” `acc”aeemfhfmh `acc” `acc”motarvaoti shrâ fio`itth httrhvarsi kikaotm issarvhtmvm `acch fchssa a fio c”c”heemhofhkaoti `m hcfuoa sfhca, h` asakpmi7 - ch Vfhch par ch kmsurhzmioa `acc” `acc”hnnrassmvmtâ emsmfh a vardhca `m Fhprhrh (8=<

 

Mpitasm `m svicnmkaoti Aeeatti `m fikpmtm motarearaotm succh pareirkhofa httaotmvh7 ca rmfh`uta par mc `msturdi `h @aemfmt `m httaozmioa/mparhttmvmtâ

Mo cattarhturh kictm stu`m sm sioi iffuphtm `acc `acc””httaozmioa vmsmvh mo sinnattm fio `msturdi `h @aemfmt `m httaozmioa/mparhttmvmtâ (H@L@), kaotra hofirh piflm sioi m rmsucthtm succh vmnmchozh u`mtmvh mo fio`mzmiom `m hssaozh a prasaozh `m uo'motareara uo'motarearaozh. ozh. C'akmssmioa `m suiom fla motarearmsfioi privifh uoh fh`uth `acch sacattmvmtâ `acc” `acc ”httaozmioa a uo fiosanuaota `afrakaoti `acch prasthzmioa. Vioi sthta hvhozhta `mvarsa spmanhzmiom par mc eaoikaoi `acc'motarearaozh. Vafio`i m sistaomtirm `acch sacazmioa thr`mvh, c'moeirkhzmioa rmcavhota a quacch mrrmcavhota shraddari prifasshta mo phrhccaci emoi hcci sth`mi `acch sacazmioa `acch rmspisth. Vafio`i m sistaomtirm `acch sacazmioa prafifa, c'httaozmioa sacazmioh kicti prasti c'moeirkhzmioa rmcavhota oac firsi `acc'achdirhzmioa `acca moeirkhzmiom, mkpa`ao`i qumo`m fla c”moeirkhzmioa mrrmcavhota smh sinnatth h uoh quhcfla achdirhzmioa. Moemoa, Chvma a Pshc (8==0) lhooi ka`mhti quasta `ua pismzmiom eirkucho`i c” c ”mpitasm `ac –fhrmfi finomtmvi‛ finomtmvi‛7 safio`i quastm hutirm fmô fla `atarkmoh sa ch sacazmioa shrâ prafifa i thr`mvh ì ch fikpcassmtâ `ac fikpmti, a qumo`m ch quhotmtâ `m rmsirsa finomtmva pravmsta `h assi. Va mc fikpmti ì sakpcmfa hccirh oio fm shrâ uo'httmvhzmioa `m rmsirsa emo `hcc'momzmi a ch sacazmioa shrâ thr`mvh: sa movafa mc fikpmti ì fikpcassi, fm shrâ uo” uo ”httmvhzmioa `m rmsirsa emo `hcc'momzmi a ch sacazmioa shrâ prafifa. Ci stu`mi fla varrâ prasaothti ì trhtti `h uo prinatti `m rmfarfh pmý hkpmi rahcmzzhti `h T. H. Ehdmi, V. N. Rmrho a H. Hotiomattm. C'idmattmvi `acci stu`mi ì mo`hnhra c'aeeatti `acch prasaozh `m motarearaoza succa pareirkhofa httaotmva `m dhkdmom fio svmcuppi tmpmfi a dhkdmom fla prasaothoi H@L@. Ca mpitasm fla ncm hutirm eirkuchoi sioi7 L87 m sinnattm fio H@L@ prasaotarhooi pareirkhofa moearmirm a uo khnnmir oukari `m arrirm rmspatti hm sinnattm oirkhcm oac tast `m httaozmioa: L47 m sinnattm fio H@L@ pitraddari achdirhra mo phrhccaci c”moeirkhzmioa c”moeirkhzmioa rmcavhota a quacch mrrmcavhota (sacazmioa thr`mvh) a` assara pmý saosmdmcm `m quaccm oirkhcm hncm aeeattm oanhtmvm `m uo'motarearaozh `mstrhaota. Mc fhkpmiohkaoti ì sthti aeeattuhti mo `ua ehsm: oacch prmkh ehsa sioi sthtm fiosm`arhtm 022 stu`aotm fla eraquaothvhoi `acca sfuica mo hcfuom fikuom `ac kmchoasa fla hvavhoi rmflmasti `ancm motarvaotm h fhush `acch prasaozh `m sinnattm fio H@L@ (fchssm tarza a quhrta `acch sfuich prmkhrmh a ch safio`h a ch tarzh fchssa `acch sfuich safio`hrmh `m prmki nrh`i). H quasti cmvacci, ictra h` hctra sfhca, ì sthth sikkmomstrhth hncm mosanohotm ch sfhch V@HM (Khrzifflm a Firoic`m, 4222). Xuasth sfhch ì fikpisth `h 8< mtak firrmspio`aotm hm smotikm rmpirthtm oac @VK-MU: ci strukaoti fiotmaoa `ua sitti sfhca `m = mtak fmhsfuoh, uoh rachtmvh hcch `mshttaozmioa, c'hctrh rachtmvh hcc” hcc”mparhttmvmtâ a mkpucsmvmtâ. Mc fut-iee par inom mtak ì `m 8,1 puotm, par fum ì `h fiosm`arhrsm pridcakhtmfi mc fikpirthkaoti `m uo dhkdmoi sa, sa , mo hckaoi uoh sittisfhch, ittmaoa uo puotannmi fikpcassmvi unuhca i suparmira h 80. Vioi sthtm mo sanumti fio`ittm `am ficciqum strutturhtm fio m `ifaotm `am rhnhzzm fla lhooi ittaouti oacch sfhch V@HM uo puotannmi khnnmira `m 80, mo ki`i `h `meearaozmhra m sinnattm fio H@L@ `h hctra `mhnoism. @hc sittifhkpmioa `ancm hcuoom rmsucthtm saozh H@L@ (oirkhcm) sioi sthtm astrhttm fhsuhckaota 4< sinnattm fisã su``mvmsm7 80 dhkdmom `m atâ fikprash erh ncm < a m 82 hoom: 80 rhnhzzm trh m 84 a m 80 hoom. Ncm stu`aotm fio H@L@ sioi7 80 dhkdmom `m uo”atâ uo”atâ fikprash  fikprash erh ncm < a m 82 hoom a 80 rhnhzzm erh m 84 a m 80 hoom.

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Ncm hutirm lhooi sacazmiohti fika strukaoti `m mo`hnmoa mc FRP ( Fiotmouius Rareirkhofa Past : Tmffmi at hc., 4222) fla prava`a uo fikpmti `m vmnmchozh a `m khotaomkaoti, oac quhca, ka`mhota c'utmcmzzi `m uo ranmstrhtira ranmstrhtira,, vmaoa prasaothth uoh sarma `m cattara `acc'hcehdati mo ir`moa fhsuhca. Mc dhkdmoi lh mc fikpmti `m sanohchra ch prasaozh `m uo thrnat spafmemfi. Phca phrh`mnkh puô assara hppcmfhti hofla mo prasaozh `m stmkicm u`mtmvm `m `mstrhzmioa. Xuasti hspatti ì sthti h cuoni stu`mhti `h Drih`daot (8=15 40->5 ira `ipi c”avaoti trhukhtmfi. trhukhtmfi. Ì uo motarvaoti pmý strutturhti a `m `urhth khnnmira (8-6 ira) rmspatti hc `aeusmon (02 kmo) fio c”idmattmvi

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`m rm`urra c”mkphtti `acc”avaoti frmtmfi a fiotaoara ca rahzmiom, oioflí rm`urra ci stras s trhukhtmfi. Ruô assara ehtti smh mo nruppi fla mo`mvm`uhckaota. Xuast”uctmkh ipzmioa ì `h praearmrsm quhcirh mc sinnatti smh phrtmfichrkaota sitti slifj.   Prhtthkaoti ehrkhficinmfi.

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@MVPQTDM @H VMOPIKM VIKHPMFM 

Frmtarm `mhnoistmfm pripistm `hc @VK-1 par mc `msturdi `h smotikm sikhtmfm fikpcassm7   Hckaoi uo smotiki sikhtmfi fla fhush `mshnmi i fikprikatta mc euozmiohkaoti oacch vmth quitm`mhoh.   Affassmvh fiofaotrhzmioa `m paosmarm, saoshzmiom a fikpirthkaotm motiroi hm smotikm sikhtmfm i hcca praiffuphzmiom par ch shcuta, fika mo`mfhti `h hckaoi `ua `am sanuaotm •

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ehttirm7 hosmh par ch shcuta, praiffuphzmiom spripirzmiohta rmnuhr`i hcch nrhvmtâ `am smotikm, affassmvi `mspao`mi `m takpi a `m aoarnma oacca praiffuphzmiom par ch shcuta.   @urhth `m hckaoi sam kasm.   Vpafmemfhra sa pra`ikmohoi m smotikm sikhtmfm i c'hosmh par ch shcuta i mc `icira.

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Prhtthkaoti7   Parhpmh finomtmvi-fikpirthkaothca7 finomtmvi-fikpirthkaothca7 emohcmzzhth h` hmuthra mc phzmaota h (8) mo`mvm`uhra a ki`memfhra ca akizmiom fla privifhoi m pridcakm sikhtmfm, (4) ki`memfhra m paosmarm rachtmvm hm smotikm emsmfm, kattao`i mo `msfussmioa m paosmarm oanhtmvm suc priprmi firpi, (6) prasthra kaoi httaozmioa hc priprmi firpi a (0) ki`memfhra m fikpirthkaotm mo ki`i `h skattara `m hssukara mc ruici `m khchti.   Rrinrhkkm psmfia`ufhtmvm fla psmfia`ufhtmvm fla pissioi hmuthra m phzmaotm h va`ara `am ficcanhkaotm trh •

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c”ukira oanhtmvi a m smotikm sikhtmfm. sikhtmfm.     Prhmomon `m rmchsshkaoti.  rmchsshkaoti. 

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@MVPQTDM @H QVI @M VIVPHOWA

Frmtarm `mhnoistmfm pripistm `hc @VK-1 par mc `msturdi `h usi `m sisthoza Qsi `msh`httmvi `m uoh sisthozh, thca `h fhushra uoh kaoikhzmioa smnomemfhtmvh `ac euozmiohkaoti `acch parsioh. @avioi assara prasaotm `ua i pmý `am sanuaotm smotikm oacc'hrfi `m uo hooi7   c'mo`mvm`ui oio rmasfa h khotaoara m suim iddcmnlm a mkpanom sifmhcm:   c'usi `acch sisthozh ì rmpatuti hofla mo smtuhzmiom mo fum ì emsmfhkaota parmficisi:   rmpatutm pridcakm `m rachzmioa canhtm hcch sisthozh: •

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  c'mo`mvm`ui fiotmouh h ushra ch sisthozh, oioisthota m pridcakm fla assh fhush:

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  ticcarhozh1>:   hstmoaozh1 hoom oio hoom oio fikpmutm. Fio ch ^MVF-MU sm pissioi fhcfichra 1 puotannm fikpismtm7 uo quizmaota motaccattmvi tithca  tithca  (XMP) par rhpprasaothra ca fhphfmtâ finomtmva fikpcassa `ac dhkdmoi, a 0 puotannm hnnmuotmvm7 c'mo`mfa `m Fikpraosmioa vardhca  (MFU - kmsurh ch fhphfmtâ `ac sinnatti `m eirkuchra a `m utmcmzzhra m fiofattm vardhca  vardhcm. Mkpcmfh ch fhphfmtâ `m hsficthra uoh rmflmasth, `m rafuparhra moeirkhzmiom

prafa`aotakaota hpprasa, `m paoshra a, moemoa, `m asprmkara vardhckaota ch rmspisth), 888

 

 

c'Mo`mfa `m Thnmiohkaoti vmsui-parfattmvi (MRT vmsui-parfattmvi (MRT - kmsurh mc rhnmiohkaoti oio vardhca a mc rhnmiohkaoti ecum`i. Uhcuth moictra ch fhphfmtâ `ac sinnatti `m ashkmohra uo pridcakh, `m hvvhcarsm `acca priprma hdmcmtâ vmsui-kitirma a vmsui-sphzmhcm, `m pmhomemfhra, `m farfhra `acca sicuzmiom a `m vhcuthrca), c'Mo`mfa `m Kakirmh `m chviri (MKC chviri  (MKC - vhcuth ch fhphfmtâ `ac sinnatti `m kakirmzzhra ouiva moeirkhzmiom, `m fiosarvhrca oacch kakirmh h drava tarkmoa, `m khotaoara c'httaozmioa eifhcmzzhth a `m khompichrca par hrrmvhra h` uoh sicuzmioa) a c'Mo`mfa `m Uacifmtâ `m achdirhzmioa  achdirhzmioa  (MUA - kmsurh ch fhphfmtâ `ac sinnatti `m eifhcmzzhra c'httaozmioa a `m sfhosmiohra rhpm`hkaota ncm stmkicm). Ì fikpisth `h 81 sudtast7 82 prmofmphcm a 1 suppcakaothrm. 8.  @msanoi fio m fudm  fudm  (eio`hkaothca)7 utmcmzzho`i `am fudm ficirhtm `m dmhofi a rissi, mc sinnatti `ava rmpri`urra, aotri uo cmkmta `m takpi spafmemfhti, uoh sarma `m `msanom naikatrmfm ki`acchtm `hcc'ashkmohtira i sthkphtm suc cmdri stmkicm. Ieera prmofmphckaota uoh kmsurh `acc'hdmcmtâ `m hohcmzzhra a smotatmzzhra stmkicm vmsmvm hstrhttm fincmao`ioa ca rachzmiom sphzmhcm. Ictra hc puotannmi trh`mzmiohca, ì pissmdmca hofla fhcfichra mc puotannmi `m prifassi `m "@msanoi fio m fudm saozh puotm suppcakaothrm par ch rhpm`mtâ `m asafuzmioa", pitaozmhckaota utmca oac fhsi `m sinnattm fio cmkmthzmiom emsmfla i fio hctra fhrhttarmstmfla fla pissioi moecumra oanhtmvhkaota succh prasthzmioa mo priva h takpi. 4.  Vikmncmhoza Vikmncmhoza   (eio`hkaothca)7 mc sinnatti `ava spmanhra mo fla fish sioi smkmcm `ua phrica fla sm rmearmsfioi h` innattm i fiofattm fikuom. Ieera uoh kmsurh `ac rhnmiohkaoti vardhca a `ac cmvacci `m eirkhzmioa `am fiofattm, fimovicnao`i hofla ci svmcuppi `ac cmonuhnnmi, ch fioisfaozh cassmfhca, ch fikpraosmioa u`mtmvh, ch kakirmh a ch fhphfmtâ `m `msfrmkmohra trh fhrhttarmstmfla assaozmhcm a oio assaozmhcm. 6.  Kakirmh `m fmera (eio`hkaothca)7 fmera (eio`hkaothca)7 ì su``mvmsi mo `ua sazmiom, ch Kakirmh `m fmera `mratth a ch Kakirmh `m fmera movarsh. Oacch prmkh mc fikpmti `ac sinnatti ì rmpatara uoh sarma `m fmera oacci stassi ir`moa mo fum vaonioi prafa`aotakaota catta h` hcth vifa `hcc'ashkmohtira: oacch safio`h `ava movafa rmpatara m oukarm mo ir`moa movarsi rmspatti h quacci `m prasaothzmioa. Ieera uoh kmsurh `acch kakirmh h drava tarkmoa, `acch kakirmh `m chviritithca a `acca fhphfmtâ `m httaozmioau`mtmvh a fiofaotrhzmioa. Ictra hc fhcfici `ac puotannmi `m Kakirmh `m fmera, ch ^MVF-MU fiosaota `m `armvhra quhttri puotannm `m prifassi par quasti sudtast7 ch Kakirmh `m fmera `mratth, ch Kakirmh `m fmera movarsh, ci Vpho `m Kakirmh `m fmera `mratth a ci Vpho `m Kakirmh `m fmera movarsh: quastm uctmkm `ua puotannm eiromsfioi moeirkhzmiom hnnmuotmva succh fhpmaozh `m kakirmh `ac dhkdmoi. 0.  Fiofattm mccustrhtm (eio`hkaothca)7 mccustrhtm (eio`hkaothca)7 `ipi hvar issarvhti `ua i tra emca `m emnura rmpirthta oac cmdri stmkicm, mc sinnatti `ava sfancmara uoh emnurh `h fmhsfuoh emch par eirkhra uo nruppi fio fhrhttarmstmfla smkmcm. Ieera uoh kmsurh `ac rhnmiohkaoti fhtanirmhca `m tmpi hstrhtti a `ac rhnmiohkaoti mo`uttmvi. 1.  Fmerhrmi Fmerhrmi (eio`hkaothca)7  (eio`hkaothca)7 aotri uo cmkmta `m takpi spafmemfhti, mc sinnatti `ava fipmhra hcc'motaroi `m uoh sarma `m fhsacca `am smkdicm fla sioi hssifmhtm h eirka naikatrmfla i h oukarm, utmcmzzho`i uoh flmhva. Ieera uoh kmsurh `acch vacifmtâ `m achdirhzmioa, `acch kakirmh h drava tarkmoa, `acch fhphfmtâ `m

884

 

 

hpprao`mkaoti, `acch parfazmioa vmsmvh, `acch fiir`mohzmioa vmsui-kitirmh, `acc'hdmcmtâ `m sfhosmioa vmsmvh, `acch ecassmdmcmtâ finomtmvh, `acch fhphfmtâ `m httaozmioa a `acch kitmvhzmioa. 5.  Uifhdichrmi Uifhdichrmi  (eio`hkaothca (eio`hkaothca)7 )7 mc sinnatti `ava oikmohra `acca emnura rhpprasaothta suc cmdri stmkicm (par ncm mtak momzmhcm) i eiromra ch `aemomzmioa `m uoh sarma `m phrica. Ieera prmofmphckaota uoh kmsurh `acch fioisfaozh cassmfhca a `acch eirkhzmioa `am fiofattm vardhcm. >.  Tmir`mohkaoti `m cattara a oukarm (eio`hkaothca)7 oukarm (eio`hkaothca)7 `ipi fla c'ashkmohtira lh catti h` hcth vifa uoh saquaozh `m oukarm a cattara, mc sinnatti `ava rmpatarch `mspioao`i `hpprmkh m oukarm mo ir`moa frasfaota a pim ca cattara mo ir`moa hcehdatmfi. Ieera uoh kmsurh `acca hdmcmtâ `m khompichzmioa kaothca, `m httaozmioa, `m kakirmh u`mtmvh h drava tarkmoa a `m rhpprasaothzmioa vmsuisphzmhca. -85 hoom)7 `mvm`ara uo mosmaka `m < fhrta mo `ua nruppm `m quhttri fhrta fmhsfuoi usho`i vhrm frmtarm `m fchssmemfhzmioa. H>. Vthtuh (6-5 Vthtuh (6-5 hoom)7 khotaoara uoh pisturh firpirah h` ifflm flmusm par >1 safio`m momdao`i c'mkpucsi h rmspio`ara h `mstrhzmiom u`mtmva.

4.  Cmonuhnnmi 

M tast `acca euozmiom cmonumstmfla vhcuthoi ch fhphfmtâ `m achdirhra ch eioicinmh `acca phrica a `m hrtmfichra suiom fikpcassm, `m `aoikmohra a m`aotmemfhra fiofattm fiofratm, ch fikpraosmioa `m mstruzmiom smothttmfhkaota fikpcassa, ca fhphfmtâ `m rmpatmzmioa a ch ecuaozh vardhca, a ch fhphfmtâ `m fikprao`ara stirma. Xuasti `ikmomi mofcu`a > tast7 ▧  C8. Fikpraosmioa `m Mstruzmiom (6-85 Mstruzmiom (6-85 hoom)7 mo`mfhra ci stmkici hppriprmhti mo rmspisth h mstruzmiom irhcm `m frasfaota fikpcassmtâ smothttmfh. smothttmfh. ▧  C4. @aoikmohzmioa a M`aotmemfhzmioa `m Rhrtm `ac Firpi  Firpi (6-0 hoom)7 `aoikmohra i mo`mfhra ca phrtm `ac firpi succh emnurh `m uo dhkdmoi. ▧  C6. @aoikmohzmioa vacifa  vacifa (6-85 hoom)7 ` `aoikmohra aoikmohra mc pmý vacifakaota pissmdmca uoh sarma `m eirka ficirhta `m `mvarsa `mkaosmiom i `m cattara a oukarm. ▧  C0. Achdirhzmioa eioicinmfh  eioicinmfh (6-85 hoom)7 m`aotmemfhra ca phrica fikpcata phrtao`i `h sankaotm `m phrica i pri`urra uoh phrich ikattao`i i sistmtuao`i uoh smcchdh i uo eioakh `m uo'hctrh phrich. ▧  C1. Ecuaozh vardhca (6-85 vardhca (6-85 hoom)7 pri`urra pmý phrica pissmdmcm mo 52 safio`m hcc'motaroi `m fhtanirma spafmemfla sakhotmfla a eioicinmfla. ▧  C5. Tmpatmzmioa `m Oio-Rhrica (1-85 Oio-Rhrica (1-85 hoom)7 rmpatara uoh sarma `m oio-phrica prasaothta irhckaota. ▧  C>. Vaquaoza irikitirma  irikitirma (6-85 hoom)7 rrmpatara mpatara u uoh oh sarma `m ssaquaoza aquaoza hrtmfichtirma. 6.  Kakirmh a hpprao`mkaoti

M tast `m kakirmh vhcuthoi ca fhphfmtâ `m kakirmzzhra ehffa, oikm, mkkhnmom, phrica, erhsm a rhffiotm, a `m rafuparhra thcm moeirkhzmiom h drava i h cuoni tarkmoa. Xuasti `ikmomi mofcu`a > tast7 ▧  K8. Kakirmh `m Ehffa mkka`mhth a `meearmth  `meearmth  (1-85 hoom)7 `ipi uoh saquaozh `m hpprao`mkaoti mofm`aothca `m victm, oacca priva `m rmavifhzmioa mkka`mhth a `meearmth, hc dhkdmoi vaonioi kistrhta tra eitinrhema trh ca quhcm sfancmara ch ehffmh vmsth prafa`aotakaota. ▧ 

K4. Motarearaozh `m Cmsta `m Rhrica  Rhrica  (>-85 hoom)7 hc dhkdmoi vaonioi prasaothta `ua cmsta `m phrica a `ava rmpatara fmhsfuoh cmsth a pim rmavifhrca

aotrhkda oacc ir`moa `m prasaothzmioa. 885

 

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K6. Kakirmh `m @msanom mkka`mhth a `meearmth (6-85 `meearmth  (6-85 hoom)7 hc dhkdmoi vmaoa kistrhth uoh nrmncmh fio 0-82 0 -82 `msanom par phnmoh fla, suffassmvhkaota, vmaoa ticth `hcch vmsth. Ca priva `m rmavifhzmioa mkka`mhth a `meearmth rmflma`ioi `m sfancmara `h uo sat `m fhrta m `msanom vmstm a pismzmiohrcm `iva cm lh vmstm prafa`aotakaota. K0. Kakirmh `m Cmsth mkka`mhth a `meearmth (>-85 `meearmth  (>-85 hoom)7 hpprao`ara h cuoni tarkmoa uoh cmsth `m phrica a rmavifhrch `ipi ch privh `m rmpatmzmioa `m uoh cmsth motarearaota. K1. Kakirmh `m Oikm mkka`mhth a `meearmth (1-85 `meearmth (1-85 hoom)7 hpprao`ara m oikm `am dhkdmom rheemnurhtm su < fhrta. K5. Kakirmh ohrrhtmvh (6-85 ohrrhtmvh (6-85 hoom)7 rmavifhra uoh stirmh prafa`aotakaota hsficthth succh dhsa `m rmavifhzmioa cmdarh i num`hth `h `ikho`a spafmemfla. K>. Tmpatmzmiom `m Erhsm (6-85 Erhsm  (6-85 hoom)7 rmpatara erhsm `m frasfaota fikpcassmtâ a cuonlazzh.

0.  Euozmiom saosikitirma

M tast `acca euozmiom saosirmkitirma vhcuthoi ch `astrazzh kitirmh emoa `acca `mth, c'mkmthzmioa kitirmh a ca hdmcmtâ prhssmfla, ch fiir`mohzmioa vmsuikitirmh oac trhffmhra cmoaa. Xuasti `ikmomi mofcu`a 0 tast7 ▧  VK8. Phppmon `acca @mth (1-85 @mth (1-85 hoom)7 asanumra mc pmý vacifakaota pissmdmca kivmkaotm rmpatmtmvm i saquaoza `m kivmkaotm `acca `mth usho`i ch khoi `ikmohota i oio `ikmohota. ▧  VK4. Mkmthzmioa `acca Ristura khouhcm khouhcm (6-85  (6-85 hoom)7 mkmthra nastm `acch khoi `ikmohota i oio `ikmohota ▧  VK6. Rrafmsmioa vmsuikitirmh  vmsuikitirmh (6-84 hoom)7 `msanohra mc pmý vacifakaota pissmdmca `acca cmoaa aotri uo trhffmhti. ▧  VK0. Vaquaoza kitirma khouhcm (6-85 khouhcm  (6-85 hoom)7 mkmthra uoh sarma `m saquaoza kitirma rmtkmfla uom- i dmkhouhcm. 1.  Rarfazmioa sifmhca

Ca hdmcmtâ `m parfazmioa sifmhca sioi vhcuthta `h tast `m `msfrmkmohzmioa, rmfioisfmkaoti afla fiotastuhcmzzhzmioa `m asprassmiom ehffmhcm kaothcm akizmiohcm, a `h tast `m tairmh `acch kaota, vhcuthoi ch fhphfmtâ `m fhpmra euozmiom fika ca fra`aoza, ca motaozmiom, ncm monhoom, ca akizmiom, ch ehothsmh a ch emozmioa, fisã fika ch fhphfmtâ `m fhpmra fla ncm hctrm lhooi m ciri paosmarm, m`aa, saotmkaotm fla pissioi assara `mvarsm `hm priprm. Xuasti `ikmomi mofcu`a 4 tast7 ▧  VI8. Pairmh `acch Kaota  Kaota (6-85 hoom)7 oacch phrta vardhca, hc dhkdmoi vaonioi cattm vhrm sfaohrm i kistrhta emnura, pim ncm vaonioi ehtta `ikho`a fla rmflma`ioi ch fikpraosmioa `ac puoti `m vmsth `acc'hctri. Oacch phrta oio vardhca, hc dhkdmoi vmaoa flmasti `m sfancmara c'asprassmioa akizmiohca hppriprmhth hcci sthti `'homki `m uo parsiohnnmi rheemnurhti mo `atarkmohtm fiotastm sifmhcm. ▧  VI4. Tmfioisfmkaoti `m Akizmiom (6-85 Akizmiom  (6-85 hoom)7 `msfrmkmohra vmsmvhkaota uoh sarma `m asprassmiom akizmiohcm ehffmhcm.

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  5.  Achdirhzmioa vmsuisphzmhca 

M tast `acca euozmiom vmsuisphzmhcm vhcuthoi ca hdmcmtâ fistruttmva, ca hdmcmtâ `m rmfioisfmkaoti vmsmvi a rithzmioa kaothca, c'irmaothkaoti sphzmhca a ch `msfrmkmohzmioa `acc'irmaothkaoti `m cmoaa. Xuasti `ikmomi mofcu`a 5 tast7 ▧  U8. Fipmh `m @msanom (6-85 @msanom (6-85 hoom)7 fipmhra emnura naikatrmfla dm`mkaosmi dm`mkaosmiohcm. ohcm. ▧  U4. Fistruzmioa `m Dcifflm (6-85 Dcifflm (6-85 hoom)7 rmpri`urra fistruzmiom trm`mkaosmiohcm `h ki`accm dm- i trm`mkaosmiohcm. ▧  U6. Ruzzca `m Eiti  Eiti (>-85 hoom)7 m`aotmemfhra su u uoh oh mkkhnmoa nrho`a ch pismzmioa `m hcfuom phrtmfichrm prasaothtm hm chtm. ▧  U0. Ruzzca naikatrmfm (6-85 naikatrmfm (6-85 hoom)7 hddmohra, ruitho`ica kaothckaota, `ua eirka astaroa fio `ua eirka motaroa h` uoh nrmncmh fla fiotmaoa `mvarsa eirka naikatrmfla. ▧  U1. Privh ch Vtrh`h (1-85 Vtrh`h (1-85 hoom)7 mo`mvm`uhra su uoh khpph fikpcassh, fio `mvarsa fhsa a strh`a, ch fhsh-darshncmi mo`mfhth `h uoh khpph sflakhtmfh sflakhtmfh.. ▧  U5. Eraffa (1-85 Eraffa (1-85 hoom)7 mo`mfhra ca eraffa fla puothoi hc faotri `ac darshncmi sfancmao`ica trh uo oukari frasfaota `m eraffa. Ch OARV] MM puô assara utmca par ch `mhnoism `am sanuaotm `msturdm7   @msturdi `h `aemfmt `acc”httaozmioa a mparhttmvmtâ (H@L@)  (H@L@)  Mc nruppi `m dhkdmom fio `mhnoism `m H@L@ sittitmpi fikdmohti lh ittaouti puotannm pmý dhssm `am fiotriccm oam tast Httaozmioa u`mtmvh a Vat `m Tmspisth, Iricinm a Momdmzmioa. @meearaoza smnomemfhtmva sioi sthta rmsfiotrhta hofla oam tast `m hctrm `ikmom fla rmflma`avhoi mkpirthotm rmsirsa httaotmva, mo phrtmfichra oam tast7 Achdirhzmioa eioicinmfh, @aoikmohzmioa vacifa, Rrafmsmioa vmsuikitirmh, Tmfioisfmkaoti Tmfioisfmkaoti `m Akizmiom, Kakirmh `m Ehffa, Kakirmh ohrrhtmvh a Motarearaozh `m Cmsta `m Rhrica. Vioi rmsucthtm, movafa, sisthozmhckaota motanrm m tast `ac `ikmomi Achdirhzmioa vmsuisphzmhca, mo fum sici m sicm tast Eraffa a Ruzzca naikatrmfm, fla rmflma`ioi httaozmioa hm `atthncm, kistrhvhoi `meearaoza smnomemfhtmva trh dhkdmom fio H@L@ a fiotriccm.   @msturdm spafmemfm `acc'hpprao`mka ` acc'hpprao`mkaoti7 oti7 i  @meemfictâ `m catturh7 catturh7 M dhkdmom fio `msturdm spafmemfm `acch catturh lhooi kistrhti •

•

puotannm pmý dhssm mo tuttm m tast `ac `ikmomi Cmonuhnnmi, kh hofla oacch fio`mzmioa @aoikmohzmioa, `ac tast Momdmzmioa a oac tast Iricinm. M puotannm rachtmvm h tuttm ncm hctrm `ikmom, fio ch sich affazmioa `ac tast Ruzzca `m Eiti, rmsucthvhoi, movafa, oam cmkmtm `acch oirkh. i  @meemfictâ oacch khtakhtmfh7 khtakhtmfh7 M dhkdmom fio `meemfictâ mo khtakhtmfh lhooi kistrhti puotannm pmý dhssm `am fiotriccm mo `ikmom fla rmflma`ioi c'usi `m hdmcmtâ vmsuisphzmhcm (hofla koakiomfla) a httaotmva. Oac `ikmomi Httaozmioa a Euozmiom asafutmva sioi sthtm rmcavhtm puotannm dhssm oam tast Httaozmioa u`mtmvh a Vat `m Tmspisth a Momdmzmioa fla kmsurhoi httaozmioa a ecassmdmcmtâ finomtmvh. Oac `ikmomi Kakirmh a Hpprao`mkaoti, m tast Kakirmh `m @msanom a Kakirmh `m Ehffa lhooi ehtti ranmstrhra puotannm phrtmfichrkao phrtmfichrkaota ta dhssm, kh sioi rmsucthtm `aemfmthrm hofla m puotannm oam tast Motarearaozh `m Cmsta `m Rhrica a Kakirmh ohrrhtmvh. Moemoa, oac `ikmomi Achdirhzmioa vmsuisphzmhca, ca prasthzmiom sm sioi rmvachta moearmirm hm fiotriccm oam tast Fistruzmioa `m Dcifflm, Ruzzca naikatrmfm a Ruzzca `m Eiti.

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  @msturdm `ac cmonuhnnmi Ch prasthzmioa `m dhkdmom `mhnoistmfhtm fio @msturdi `ac cmonuhnnmi asprassmvi i kmsti asprassmvi-rafattmvi asprassmvi-rafa ttmvi ì rmsucthth, fika httasi, `aemfmthrmh oac `ikmomi Cmonuhnnmi, mo phrtmfichra oam tast Achdirhzmioa eioicinmfh a Fikpraosmioa `m Mstruzmiom, kh oio oac tast @aoikmohzmioa vacifa. Ch prasthzmioa `am dhkdmom ì rmsucthth paohcmzzhth hofla mo tuttm quam tast `ancm hctrm `ikmom mo fum ch fikpioaota vardhca lh uo ruici rmcavhota7 Httaozmioa u`mtmvh a Vat `m Tmspisth, Momdmzmioa, Thnnrupphkaoti `m Homkhcm, Iricinm, Kakirmh ohrrhtmvh a Kakirmh `m Ehffa mkka`mhth (kh oio `meearmth) a Motarearaozh `m Cmsta `m Rhrica. Vioi rmsucthta oanhtmvhkaota moecuaozhta hofla ca prasthzmiom oam tast Rrafmsmioa vmsuikitirmh, Tmfioisfmkaoti `m Akizmiom, a mo tuttm m tast `ac `ikmomi Achdirhzmioa vmsuisphzmhca (trhooa Fistruzmiom `m Dcifflm). Xuastm rmsucthtm avm`aozmhoi quhca mkphtti hddmh c'hpprao`mkaoti `ac cmonuhnnmi oac ka`mhra ch firratth asprassmioa `m nrho phrta `acca ehfictâ finomtmva.   @mshdmcmtâ motaccattmvh Mc nruppi `m dhkdmom fio `mhnoism `m rmthr`i kaothca cmava (XM fikprasi trh 11 a >2) lh kistrhti uoh prasthzmioa `aemfmthrmh mo tuttm m `ikmom finomtmvm, h sitticmoahr sitticmoahraa c'mkphtti fla ch `mshdmcmtâ motaccattmvh puô hvara suc euozmiohkaoti ncidhca `ac dhkdmoi.   @msturdm parvhsmvm `acci svmcuppi7 i  Hutmski Hutmski7 7 Mc nruppi `m dhkdmom fio hutmski (XM ?