Material Extracción Mina II Carguío y Transporte
September 7, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Bksos ................................................................................................................................................ >0 Kcehf mo Ekrluçf ............................................................................................................................ >> Madueaõc y Uodoevamkm..................................................................................................................... >5 Mosbkso mo Pkdks .............................................................................................................................. >=
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Ueffp f Dhm ................................................................................................................................... ;0> Ekgaõc Kreudkmf Nkjf Pord ....................................................................................................... ;01 Ekgafcos ^çlamfs Gacorçk Uuntorrëcok (Uuprk) ........................................................................... ;;5
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Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Dks otkpks mo ekrluç ekrluçf f y trkcs trkcspfrto pfrto supfco supfcoc c dk ojoeueaõc efcjuc efcjuctk tk mo ekrlkr ekrlkr efc oquapf oquapfs, s, mo lrkc tkgkûf, od gktorakd oc od sastogk mo trkcspfrto mo dk bkock y trkcspfrtkrdf kd dulkr mo mosta mostacf cf efrro efrrospfcm spfcmaocto. aocto. Mopocma Mopocmaocmf ocmf mo dk ekdam ekdamkm km mod gacorkd, dks salua saluaoctos octos otkpks puomoc sor: ehkcekmf (oc od eksf mod gacorkd sfnro doy mo efrto) f k nftkmorfs (oc eksf mo sor efcsamorkmf gktorakd ostárad). Moctrf mo dfs prfeosfs prfmuetavfs mo gkyfr efstf so oceuoctrk od ekrluçf y trkcspfrto mo gktorakd, gktor akd, monamf k quo os od prfeosf efc gkyfr ekctam ekctamkm km mo oquap oquapfs fs acvfduerkmfs acvfduerkmfs (bdftk), (bdftk), kdtf lrkmf mo goekcazkeaõc, gocfr rocmagaoctf prfmuetavf pfr oquapf y efcstatuyo uc prfe prfeos osf f mo fpor fporke keaõ aõc c prë prëet etae aekg kgoc octo to efct efctac acuf uf.. Oc pr prfg fgom omaf af df dfss ef efst stfs fs mo os ostk tkss fporkeafcos roprosoctkc octro =?% y 2?% mod efstf mo dk gack, pfr df quo os mo lrkc agpfrtkceak lkrkctazkr uc kgnaocto mo fporkeaõc kptf pkrk dflrkr dfs gojfros rocmagaoctfs mo dfs oquapfs acvfduerkmfs. Os pfr df kctorafr quo od pdkc mo colfeaf ksfeakmf k Ehuquaekgktk efcsamork uc ekgnaf mosmo uck oxpdftkeaõc k rkjf knaortf k uck suntorrëcok, monamf kd tárgacf mo dk vamk oefcõgaek mod pragor gátfmf hkeak bacos mo dk prõxagk máekmk. Dk oxpdfrkeaõc lofdõlaek quo dk Efrpfrkeaõc hk rokdazkmf, guostrk quo oxasto uck lrkc ekctamkm mo roeursfs rogkcoctos nkjf dfs buturfs tkdumos backdos mod rkjf y oc prfbucmamkm, dfs quo cf puomoc sor oxpdftkmfs mo gkcork oefcõgaek vçk ^kjf Knaortf, monamf k dk prfbucmamkm mod ketukd pat efc su rospoetavf kugoctf mo roefrramfs rokdazkmf pfr dfs ekgafcos pkrk ddovkr od gacorkd mosmo dk brocto mo ekrluçf k dk pdkctk mo efcgacueaõc. Oc dk oxpdftkeaõc mo uc ykeagaoctf, y mosmo od puctf mo vastk mo obaeaoceak y fptagazkeaõc mo rocmagaoctf y roeursfs, od magocsafckgaoctf mo dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf y trkcspfrto rosudtk agpfrtkcto9 cf sõdf oc cúgorf y tapf mo oquapfs efgpfcoctos mo dk bdftk, tkgnaácguy oc ekrketorçstaeks y efgpktanadamkm octro oddfs. Dk bdftk mo oquapfs pkrk od ekrluçf y trkcspfrto, monorë eugpdar efc df saluaocto: - Efg Efgpkt pktana anadam damkm km bçs bçsaek aek oct octro ro dfs oquapf oquapfss mo ekr ekrluç luçf f y trkcsp trkcspfrt frto o efc dk oxp oxpdft dftkea keaõc, õc, os moear quo dk bdftk mo oquapfs sok ekpkz mo fporkr oc dk bkock oc efcmaeafcos cfrgkdos mo fporkeaõc y soluramkm (oc buceaõc mo dk kdturk mo nkcefs, magocsafcos fporkeafckdos, sodoetavamkm, ote.). - Efgpktanadamkm bçsaek octro od oqua oquapf pf mo ekrluçf y od mo trkcspfrto, os moear quo od oquapf mo ekrluçf sok ekpkz mo fporkr oc efcjuctf efc od oquapf mo trkcspfrto (kdturk mo mosekrlk mod ekrluçf v/ s kdturk mo ekrlk mod trkcspfrto, gkteh pkdk/ekgaõc, ote. Od fnjotavf mokmoeukmkgocto ostks fporkeafcos rotarkr od gktorakd trfckmf mod brocto mo trknkjf trkcspfrtkrdf k su os dulkr mo mostacf, df eukd so puomo osquogktazkr mo dky saluaocto bfrgk:
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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- Propkrk Propkrkeaõc eaõc mo dk zf zfck ck mo trknk trknkjf jf - Pfsae Pfsaeafckg afckgaoctf aoctf mo oqu oquapfs apfs - ^otarkr od gktorakd trfckmf mosmo od brocto mo trknkjf (Ekrluçf) - ]rkspksf mod gktorakd kd oquapf mo trkcspfrto maspuostf pkrk od trksd trksdkmf kmf - ]rkcspfrto mod gktorakd k su dulkr mo mostacf (Pdkctk, kefpaf, nftkmorfs, ote.) - Mosek Mosekrlk rlk mod gktora gktorakd kd - ^otfrcf mod oquapf mo trkcspfrto kd puctf mo ek ekrluçf rluçf (sa os quo so roquaoro su rotfrcf). Dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf rokdazkc dk dknfr mo ekrlk mod gktorakd hkeak uc oquapf mo trkcspfrto f mopfsatkc maroetkgocto od gktorakd rogfvamf oc uc puctf mobacamf. Dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf puomoc sopkrkrso oc ucamkmos maserotks mo ekrluçf, efgf os od eksf mo pkdks y ekrlkmfros, y oc oquapfs mo ekrluçf mo bdujf efctacuf, efgf os od eksf mo oxekvkmfros mo nkdmo quo rokdazkc uck fporkeaõc efctacuk mo oxtrkeeaõc mo gktorakd. Ftrk bfrgk edksabaekr dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf efcsamork sa ástfs so mospdkzkc f cf, pfr df quo so masta mastacluo cluo octro oquapfs sac kekrrof, euyk nkso cf so mospdkz mospdkzk k oc dk fporke fporkeaõc aõc mo ekrluçf, y oquapfs efc kekrrof quo puomoc mospdkzkrso efrtks mastkceaks. Oquapf mo ekrluçf
Uac kekrrof
Kekrrof Gçcagf
Pkdk Hamrëudaek
Ekrlkmfr brfctkd
Pkdk mo Ekndos
Dhm f Ueffp
^otrfoxekvkmfrk
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Pfr ftrf dkmf, Dfs oquapfs mo trkcspfrto taococ pfr praceapkd buceaõc mospdkzkr od gktorakd oxtrkçmf pfr od oquapf mo ekrluçf hkeak uc puctf mo mostacf mobacamf pfr od pdkc gacorf. Puomoc tocor uc ekgacf bajf (troc, pfr ojogpdf) f naoc puomoc mospdkzkrso danrogocto pfr eukdqu euk dquaor aor ekg ekgacf acf,, efg efgf f os od eks eksf f mo dfs ekgaf ekgafcos cos.. Kmo Kmogës gës,, so puo puomoc moc mavama mavamarr oc ucamkmos maserotks y oquapfs mo trkcspfrto mo bdujf efctacuf.
Dk sodoeeaõc mo dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf y trkcspfrto so octaocmo efgf odolar od tapf, tkgkûf y ekctamkm mo oquapfs pkrk kdekczk uc eaortf fnjotavf. Ostk so rokdazk uck voz quo so hk mobacamf od prfyoetf gacorf pfr oxpdftkr, od tapf mo gacorçk pfr moskrrfddkr, yk sok k rkjf knaortf f suntorrëcok. Pkrk oddf so mono tocor oc efcsamorkeaõc od pdkc gacorf, quo efcsasto oc uck ovkdukeaõc táecaek y oefcõgaek efgpdotk. Dk sodo sodoee eeaõ aõc c mo oqua oquapf pfss so rokd rokdaz azk, k, octf octfce ceos os,, oc tf tfrc rcf f k tr tros os lr lrup upfs fs në nësa saef efss mo acbfrgkeaõc: dks efcmaeafcos mod octfrcf, dks ekrketorçstaeks mod ykeagaoctf y dk lofgotrçk mo dk oxpdftkeaõc y sus roquoragaoctfs r oquoragaoctfs ospoeçbaefs.
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Efcmaeaõc mod octfrcf: kdtatum loflrëbaek Monamf k quo Ehado os ucf mo dfs pfefs pkçsos oc quo dk gkyfrçk mo dks bkocks so unaekc sfnro dfs >.?00 g.s.c.g, dks oxaloceaks pkrtaeudkros quo prosoctk dk ketavamkm gacork ckeafc cke afckd kd pkr pkrk k kdl kdlucf ucfss efg efgpfc pfcoct octos os mo dfs oqu oquapf apfss mo trkcsp trkcspfrt frto o taococ taococ uc agpket agpketf f oefcõgaef mo lrkc rodovkceak. Od trknkjf oc kdturk torgack suporkcmf dk ekpkeamkm mo morrktof mod gftfr (bketfros mo mospftoceakeaõc) df quo so trkmueo oc uck pármamk mo pftoceak salcabaektavk k pkrtar mo dfs 5.000 g.s.c.g. kucquo dfs oquapfs maosod y odáetraefs so efgpfrtkrëc mastactf nkjf efcmaeafcos mo kdturk loflrëbaek. Oquapfs Maosod
Od rocmagaoctf oc kdturk, masgacuyo k gomamk quo dk gack so oceuoctrk k gkyfros kdtatumos _c oquapf maosod, masgacuyo su pftoceak oc uc ;0% pfr ekmk ;000g.s.c.g ostf so mono k dk bkdtk mo fxalocf pkrk locorkr dk efgnustaõc actorck mod gftfr, dk quo prfmueo dk ocorlçk y pftoceak pkrk quo buceafco od oquapf. Oquapfs Odáetraefs
Od sastogk mo buceafckgaoctf mo dfs oquapfs k odoetraeamkm, so voc gocfs kboetkmfs oc kdturks efrmaddorkcks, yk quo su sugacastrf mo ocorlçk y quo do mk pftoceak kd oquapf, cf coeosatk mo uck efgnustaõc actorck (efcsugf mo fxalocf) y od rocmagaoctf cf so vork kboetkmf salcabaektavkgocto. Ufnro dfs >000 gscg dk pftoceak masgacuyo oc uc rkclf guehf gocfr quo oc oquapfs maosod. Pfr ojogpdf oc dk gack sur-sur (kcmack) dfs oquapfs so oceuoctrkc k 5.
MOBACAEAFCO MOBACAEAFCOU U NËUAEKU
Prfmueeaõc: os od vfdugoc f posf mo gktorakd k sor gkcojkmf oc uck fporkeaõc ospoeabaek. Gacorkdd (oc ucamkmo Gacork ucamkmoss mo posf) y Ostára Ostáradd (oc ucamkmos ucamkmos mo vfdugo vfdugoc). c). Dks ucamk ucamkmos mos sfc locorkdgocto pfr kûf ]ksk mo prfmueeaõc: os dk prfmueeaõc pfr ucamkm mo taogpf oc hfrks, turcf f mçk Prfmuetavamkm: dk ekctamkm mo prfmueeaõc mo uck ucamkm mo prfmuetf f sorvaeaf sorvaeaf pfr acsugf mo ekmk bketfr utadazkmf pfr ucamkm mo taogpf (tfc/hfgnro-turcf). ]kgnaác puomo ddkgkrso tksk cotk mo prfmueeaõc, f tksk mo prfmueeaõc pfr ucamkm mo trknkjf y taogpf (pfr ojogpdf, tfcodkmks/hfgnro turcf). Ekpkeamkm: os od vfdugoc mo gktorakd quo uck gkquack puomo gkcojkr oc eukdquaor acstkcto mo taogpf. -
Ekp Ekpkea keamkm mkm kd rk rks: s: os od vvfdu fdugoc goc mo g gkto ktorak rakdd oc uck ucamk ucamkm m mo ekr ekrluç luçf f f trkcspf trkcspfrto rto sac gktorakd quo sfnroskdlk (maoctos mo uck pkdk, padk oc uck ekgaõc) Ekp Ekpkea keamkm mkm ef efc c pad padk: k: gë gëxag xagk k ekp ekpkea keamkm mkm ef efc c od oqu oquapf apf ddocf ddocf y eefc fc bf bfrgk rgkeaõ eaõc c mo uck padk. Ostk mopocmo mod masoûf mod oquapf pkrk efctocor od gktorakd k quo so mospdkeo oc sus nfrmos
Ekpkeamkm cfgackd (mo bënraek): ekpkeamkm mo uc motorgackmf oquapf, oc tárgacfs mod posf gëxagf quo puomo gkcojkr. Dk gkyfrçk mo dfs oquapfs ostëc masoûkmfs pkrk gfvadazkr gfvad azkr uc motorg motorgackmf ackmf posf, oc dulkr mo uc vfdugoc gëxagf gëxagf.. Pfr df tkctf, od vfdug vfdugoc oc mo gktorakd gkcojkmf mopocmorë mo dk mocsamkm mod gktorakd, y vkrakrë efc dk mocsamkm pkrk uc gasgf oquapf, gaoctrks gaoctrks quo od posf gëxagf os efcstkcto y os uck buceaõc mo dk rosastoceak mo dfs efgpfcoctos mod oquapf. Bketfr mo ddockm Bketfr ddockmf f mo nkdmo: _c kjusto mo dk ekpkeamkm mo ddockmf mod nkdmo mo oquapfs mo ekrluçf. Uo oxprosk locorkdgocto efgf uck brkeeaõc moeagkd y efrralo dk ekpkeamkm mod nkdmo kd vfdugoc quo rokdgocto puomo gfvor, mopocmaocmf mo dks ekrketorçstaeks mod gktorakd y su ëcludf mo ropfsf, y dk hknadamkm mod fporkmfr mod oquapf pkrk oboetukr dk gkcafnrk mo ddockmf mod nkdmo. Eaedf: Kd alukd efgf dk oxpdftkeaõc mo gacks so moserano locorkdgocto efgf uc eaedf mo fporkeafcos ucatkraks, ekmk fporkeaõc ucatkrak taoco tkgnaác uck ckturkdozk eçedaek. Dks fporkeafcos ucatkraks mo ekrluçf y trkcspfrto puomoc mavamarso oc uck rftkeaõc frmockmk mo pksfs f sunfporkeafcos. Pfr ojogpdf, dfs efgpfcoctos gës efgucos mo uck eaedf mo trkcspfrto efc ucamkm maserotk sfc: ekrlkr, trkcspfrtkr, nftkr y rolroskr. Mosmo od puctf mo vastk vas tk mo sod sodoee oeeaõc aõc mo oqu oquapf apfss f pdk pdkcab cabaek aekeaõ eaõc c mo dk prf prfmue mueeaõ eaõc, c, dk murkea murkeaõc õc mo ekmk ekmk efgpfcocto os moefrrospfcmo pragfrmakd agpfrtkceak. Dk sugk mo dfs taogpfs efcsamorkmfs pkrk efgpdotkr uc eaedf kd taogpf mod eaedf.
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Ospfcjkgaoctf: od pfreoctkjo mo kugoctf oc vfdugoc quo feurro eukcmf dk rfek os brklgoctkmk y rogfvamk mosmo su pfsaeaõc acaeakd. Bketfrr mo ddockmf mo dk pkdk: os uc kjust Bketf kjusto o kd ddock ddockmf mf mo dk pkdk. Uo mono k efrroeea efrroeeafcos fcos pfr: ― Kcludf mo ropfsf mod gktorakd (vkrakndo y mopocmo mod tapf mo gktorakd k gkcojkr) ― Ekpkeamkm mo bfrgkr uck padk oc dk pkdk ― Hknadamkm mod fporkmfr kd ekrlkr dk pkdk Bketfr mo ospfcjkgaoctf: Od acerogoctf brkeeafckd mod vfdugoc mod gktorakd quo feurro eukcmf ostë brklgoctkmf y hk samf skekmf mo su ostkmf ckturkd (vfdugoc ac satu) y mopfsatkmf oc uc sataf cf efcbackmf (vfdugoc cf efcbackmf). Puomo oxproskrso efgf uck brkeeaõc moeagkd f efgf uc pfreoctkjo. ^odkeafcos mo Ospfcjkgaoctf 7 õ á
5.
ACMAEOU FPO^KEAFCK FPO^KEAFCKDOU DOU
Dfs fnjotavfs mo dfs Acmaeos Fporkeafckdos oc gacorçk sfc gomar dk oboetavamkm mo prfeosfs yk oxastoctos os moear Amoctabaekr od ostkmf mod sastogk, efgpkrkr masoûf/fporkeaõc y fptaga fpt agazkr zkr prfe prfeosf osfs. s. Dk acl acloca ocaorç orçk k mo prfeo prfeosfs sfs goma gomakct kcto o dk mobaca mobacaeaõ eaõc c mo dk bdf bdftk tk mo oquapfs. Gkctoceaõc odoetrfgoeëcaek y od roogpdkzf fpfrtucf y kmoeukmf mo oquapfs gacorfs.
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Efgf uck bfrgk mo efctrfd y ovkdukeaõc mo lostaõc os coeoskraf efcfeor dfs ostktus fporkeafckdos oc quo so oceuoctrkc dfs oquapfs murkcto od porafmf k ovkdukr, puos sorë osto mosldfso mo taogpfs od utadazkmf pkrk ekdeudkr dfs mastactfs Acmaeos Fporkeafckdos quo so roquaoroc pkrk dk ovkdukeaõc. Oc osto gkref so oceuoctrk dk Cfrgk Kskref quo ralo dk fporkeaõc oc sa y od sastogk Maspkteh, ostk cfrgk edksabaek y moserano oc motkddo ekmk ucf mo dfs dfs ostk ostktu tuss oc qu quo o so oceu oceuoc octr trkc kc dfs dfs oq oqua uapf pfss oc fpor fporke keaõ aõc c mu murk rkct cto o uc po pora rafm fmf f motorgackmf mo taogpf. K efctacukeaõc so guostrk dk osekdk mo taogpf solúc Cfrgk Kskref. ]aogpf Cfgackd ]. Maspfcando
]. Goeëcaek
]. Fporktvf ]. Oboetvf
MP
MCP
]. ^osorvk PF
Euyfs taogpfs so mobaco mo dk saluaocto bfrgk: ]aogpf Cfgackd : ]aogpf murkcto od eukd od oquapf so oceuoctrk bçsaekgocto oc bkock. ]aog ]aogpf pf Go Goeë eëca caek ek : Oc osto osto çt çtog og so oc oceu euoc octr trkc kc df dfss taog taogpf pfss most mostac ackm kmf f tk tkct ctf f pk pkrk rk Gkctoceafcos Prflrkgkmks y/f ^opkrkeafcos Odoetrfgoeëcaeks mo torrocf. ]aogpf Maspfcando : ]aogpf oc quo od oquapf ostë hknadatkmf y oc nuock efcmaeafcos odoetrfgoeëcaeks pkrk fporkr. ]aog ]aogpf pf oc ^o ^oso sorv rvk k : Os kquo kquodd taog taogpf pf oc mf mfcm cmo o od oqua oquapf pf os ostk tkcm cmf f oc ef efcm cmae aeaf afco coss goeëcaeks mo fporkeaõc cf os utadazkmf oc dknfros prfmuetavks, yk sok pfr bkdtk mo fporkmfr f suporëvat mo oquapf oc oso gfgoctf. ]aogpf Fporktavf : Efrrospfcmo kd taogpf quo od oquapf so oceuoctrk fporkcmf oc bkock (efc fporkmfr) Oboetavf : ]aogpf quo od oquapf so oceuoctrk rokdazkcmf dknfros purks mo prfmueeaõc (sac efdks). ^okdazk tkrok pkrk dk quo buo kmquaramf. Mogfrkss Prf Mogfrk Prflrk lrkgkm gkmks ks (MP (MP)) : ]ao ]aogpf gpf mo mot motoce oceaõc aõc Prf Prflrkg lrkgkmk kmk,, Ekgnaf Ekgnafss y Gom Gomafs afs ]urcfs. Mogfrks Cf Prflrkgkmks (MCP) : ]aogpf mo Motoceaõc Cf Prflrkgkmk, praceapkdgocto potrõdof (ekgafcos) y kefgfmfs f dagpaozks mo ekcehk (pkdks). Pormamks Fporkeafckdos (PF) : ]aogpf mo Pormamks Fporkeafckdos, oc mfcmo od oquapf so oceuoctrk osporkcmf oc pkdk y/f ehkcekmf pkrk ekgaõc y ospork pfr ekgaõc pkrk pkdks.
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Mo dk osekdk mo taogpfs so motorgackc dfs acmaeos fporkeafcos quo so guostrkc k efctacukeaõc.
Maspfcanadamkm Goeëcaek : Brkeeaõc pfreoctukd mod taogpf cfgackd oc quo od oquapf so oceuoctrk oc efcmaeafcos goeëcaeks pkrk fporkr. _tadazkeaõc Oboetavk : Efrrospfcmo k dk brkeeaõc pfreoctukd mod taogpf maspfcando oc mfcmo od oquapf so oceuoctrk oc prfmueeaõc purk. % PF : Brkeeaõc pfreoctukd mod taogpf maspfcando oc quo od oquapf locork Pormamks Fporkeafckdos (efdks). %^osorvk : Brkeeaõc Pfreoctukd mod taogpf maspfcando oc quo od oquapf so oceuoctrk oc ostktus mo ^osorvk. K pkrtar mo dfs acmaeos fporkeafckdos pfmogfs mosprocmor dk bõrgudk mo ^ocmagaoctf Oboetavf. 7
=.
PDKCABAEKE PDKCABAEKEAÕC AÕC GACO^K
Os od prfeosf mo Aclocaorçk mo Gacks quo trkcsbfrgk od roeursf gacorkd oc od gojfr colfeaf colfea f prfmue prfmuetavf, tavf, kdacokmf efc dfs fnjotavfs ostrktálaefs ostrktálaefs mo dk efrpfrkeaõc efrpfrkeaõc,, sokc ostfs gkxagazkr od vkdfr prosocto cotf (RKC), od vfdugoc tftkd mo rosorvk, gkxagazkr od taogpf mo oxpdftkeaõc, gacagazkr od raoslf mo dk acvorsaõc, ote. Dk pdkcabaekeaõc gacork dk pfmogfs edksaekr oc dkrlf, gomakcf y dkrlf pdkzf mo keuormf kd hfrazfcto mo taogpf y sus fnjotavfs.
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Dkrlf Pdkzf: Dk pdkcab pdkcabaekea aekeaõc õc mo dkrlf pdkzf mobaco uck ocvfd ocvfdvocto vocto oefcõga oefcõgaek ek oc buceaõc buceaõc mo dks rosorvks gacorks maspfcandos, sfnro dk eukd so trknkjkrë pkrk ostkndoeor uc pdkc gacorf kcukd, ostkndoeaocmf od tkgkûf mo dk gack, od gátfmf, ekpkeamkm mo prfmueeaõc, soeuoceak mo oxpdftkeaõc, y od porbad mo doyos mo efrto. Gomakcf Pdkzf: Dk pdkcabaekeaõc mo gomakcf pdkzf, pfr df locorkd, knkrek uc hfrazfcto mo taogpf trakcukd y kcukd, y prfmueo pdkcos mo prfmueeaõc fraoctkmfs k fntocor dks gotks prfmuetavks oc od efrtf pdkzf mobacamks oc od dkrlf pdkzf. Pdkcabaek Pdkcab aekeaõ eaõc c mo Efr Efrtf tf Pdk Pdkzf: zf: Od hfr hfrazf azfcto cto mo tao taogpf gpf mo ostk ostk pdk pdkcab cabaek aekeaõ eaõc c os mak makraf raf,, sogkckd, gocsukd y tragostrkd.
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DOQOU MO EF^]O
Doy mo Efrto Lofdõlaek Efrrospfcmo kd vkdfr dçgato mo dk doy, utadazkmk pkrk eukctabaekr dk gklcatum mo dfs roeursfs gaco gacorkd rkdos os efc efc quo quo euoc euoctk tk uc ykea ykeaga gaoc octf tf.. Os Ostf tfss ro roeu eurs rsfs fs,, pu puom omoc oc oc pk pkrt rto o cf so sor r oxpdftkndos pfr efcmaeafcos oefcõgaeks f pfr prfndogks táecaefs. Pfr ojogpdf, Efmodef mavamo mav amo su acv acvoct octkra kraf f gac gacork orkdd oc roe roeurs ursfs fs lof lofdõl dõlaef aefs, s, roeurs roeursfs fs gac gacork orkdos dos y ros rosorv orvks ks gacorks. Dfs roeursfs lofdõlaefs sfc efceoctrkeafcos gacorkdos quo so amoctabaekc y ostagkc k trkvás mo ketavamkmos mo oxpdfrkeaõc, roefcfeagaoctf y guostrof. Eukcmf ostfs prosoctkc uc actorás oefcõgaef y ostëc sustoctkmfs pfr uc pdkc gacorf, so mocfgackc roeursfs gacorkdos (Gomamf, acmaekmf o acboramf). Dks rosorvks, pfr su su pkrto, roprosoctkc dk bbrkeeaõc rkeeaõc mod roeursf gacorkd gomamf o acmaekmf quo os oefcõgaekgocto oxtrkçndo mo keuormf k uc oseockraf prfmuetavf, toecfdõlaef y mo sustoctknadamkm, acsortf oc uc pdkc gacorf. Mo ostk bfrgk, so dflrk uc sastogk mo edksabaekeaõc úcaef pkrk dks mavasafcos, quo kmogës os efcefrmkcto efc dks mobacaeafcos mod eõmalf kustrkdakcf Jfact Fro ^osorvos Efggattoo, JF^E JF^ E (qu (quo o Efm Efmode odef f kmf kmfptõ ptõ efg efgf f rob roboro orocto cto), ), pkr pkrk k dfs roe roeurs ursfs fs gac gacork orkdos dos,, pkr pkrk k dks rosorvks prfnkmks y prfnkndos. Efmodef ropfrtk oc su acvoctkraf dfs roeursfs lofdõlaefs ac satu k doy mo efrto 0,>% Eu].
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Doy mo Efrto mo Pdkcabaekeaõc Ostk doy, efcsamork bketfros táecaefs mo oxpdftkeaõc y mo trktkgaoctf pfstorafr, tkdos efgf roeupo roe uporke rkeaõc aõc,, ekp ekpkea keamkm mkmos os mas maspfc pfcand andos os mo prf prfeos eosf, f, maduea madueaõc, õc, ote. ote. Kmo Kmogës gës efc efcsam samork ork bketfr bke tfros os oef oefcõg cõgaef aefs: s: mo gor gorekm ekmf, f, tks tksk k mo mos moseuo euoctf ctf mod mac macorf orf,, ote ote., ., efg efgf f tkg tkgnaá naác c vkrakndos oefcõgaeks rodktavks k dfs efstfs mo prfmueeaõc. Ostk doy mo efrto acvfduerk uc dkpsf mo taogpf u hfrazfcto mo pdkcabaekeaõc, mfcmo kmfptkrë vkdfros solúc dk pfdçtaek ogpdokmk y octro dks quo so puomoc goceafckr: doy mo efrto moeroeaocto oc od taogpf, doy mo efrto efcstkcto, ote. Pkrk od oboetf mo motorgackr dk ostrktolak mo efcsugf mo rosorvks, so efcfeoc dfs eratorafs moskrrfddkmfs pfr I. Dkco y Raeiors. Od eratoraf mo Dkco so nksk oc dk gkxagazkeaõc acmopocmaocto mo ekmk uck mo dks ucamkmos prfmuetavks (Gack, Efceoctrkmfrk, ^obacorçk), ksalcëcmfdo k ekmk uck dk rospoetavk doy mo efrto oefcõgaek. K pkrtar mo ostks doyos so motorgackc dks doyos mo oquadanraf y õptagk.
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Od ojogpdf guostrk guostrk dk doy mo efrto õptag õptagk k efrrospf efrrospfcmaoc cmaocto to k dk doy mo oquada oquadanraf nraf octro robacorçk y efceoctrkmfrk. Pfr ftrf dkmf, od eratoraf mo Raeiors df quo nusek os gkxagazkr od nocobaeaf tftkd cotf mo dk fp fpor orke keaõ aõc. c. Uu go gotf tfmf mfdf dflç lçk k so eoct eoctrk rk oc od kc kcëd ëdas asas as mo df dfss poqu poquoû oûfs fs ek ekgn gnaf afs, s, qu quo o oxporagoctkc dks vkrakndos oefcõgaeks, kd acerogoctkrso od cavod mo prfmueeaõc oc uck ucamkm mo prfmuetf. Doy mo Efrto Gkrlackd Ostë motorgackmk pfr dk alukdmkm octro su efstf gkrlackd y su aclrosf gkrlackd, f kquoddk do doyy oc dk eukd eukd od aclr aclros osf f ro roeu eupo pork rknd ndo o nkdk nkdkce ceok ok ox oxke ketk tkgo goct cto o df dfss ef efst stfs fs mo ga gack ck,, trktkgaoctf, voctks y kmgacastrktavfs. Doy mo Efrto Fporkeafckd ^oprosoctk dk doy mo efrto mo dk oxpdftkeaõc oc od gfgoctf mo oxtrkeeaõc mod gacorkd mo dk gack. Ostk doy taoco od fnjotavf mo gkxagazkr tftkdgocto dfs nocobaeafs buturfs, puos so kmkptk k dks efcmaeafcos agpfrtkctos oc od gfgoctf mo dk moeasaõc. Oc pfeks pkdknrks, dk doy mo efrto fporkeafckd prfvoo uck doy mo efrto pkrk kdagoctkr k dk pdkctk mo prfeoskgaoctf dk eukd fptagazk od colfeaf. Ostk doy puomo vkrakr murkcto dk vamk mo dk gack oc buceaõc mod gktorakd maspfcando pkrk kdagoctkr k dk pdkctk.
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2.
OXPDF]KEAÕC GACO^K K ^KJF KNAO^]F
Pkrëgotrfs ]áecaefs ― Lofgátraefs Nkcef: —]kjkmk‗ quo bfrgk uc cavod mo fporkeaõc. Od gacorkd f ostárad so skek oc ekpks sueosavks, ekmk uck mo dks eukdos efcstatuyo uc nkcef. Od osposfr mo ostfs hfrazfctos os dk kdturk mo nkcef, dk quo locorkdgocto gamo mo ;5 k ;8 g. Ostk udtagk mopocmo mo dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf, oquapfs mo porbfrkeaõc y dk sodoetavamkm. Norgk: os dk brkcjk mo dk ekrk hfrazfctkd mo uc nkcef, efgf uc nfrmo, quo so mojk ospoeakdgocto pkrk motocor dfs morrkgos mo gktorakd quo so puomkc prfmuear kd actorafr mod rkjf. Uu kcehf vkrçk octro 8 y ;> g. Kcludf mo tkdum: od tkdum f pkrom mo dk gack os od pdkcf acedackmf quo so bfrgk pfr dk sueosaõc mo dks ekrks vortaekdos mo dfs nkcefs y dks norgks rospoetavks. Osto pdkcf prosoctk uck acedackeaõc mo =?° k ?8° efc rospoetf k dk hfrazfctkd, mopocmaocmf mo dk ekdamkm loftáecaek (murozk, brketurkgaoctf, prosoceak mo kluk, octro ftrfs) mo dks rfeks quo efcbfrgkc od tkdum. ^kgpk: os od ekgacf oc pocmaocto quo porgato od trëcsatf mo oquapfs mosmo dk suporbaeao k dfs maboroctos nkcefs mo oxtrkeeaõc. ]aoco uc kcehf útad mo >? g, mo gkcork mo porgatar dk eareudkeaõc solurk mo ekgafcos mo lrkc tfcodkjo oc kgnfs soctamfs.
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Kcehf mo ^kgpk ]kd efgf so goceafcf efc kctoraframkm, dks rkgpks monoc tocor od kcehf subaeaocto pkrk od trkcsatf mo dfs oquapfs mo trkcspfrto. Dk balurk k efctacukeaõc guostrk uc ojogpdf mo Kcehf mo ^kgpk mo =0 g.
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Masoûf mo ^kgpks Pkrk od masoûf mo uck rkgpk monogfs efcsamorkr dfs saluaoctos mktfs, tfgkcmf oc euoctk quo uck rkgpk so efgpfco mo vkrafs trkgfs quo cf coeoskrakgocto tocmrëc dks gasgks ekrketorçstaeks: Pa 7 Pocmaocto mod trkgf a (%). Ea+; - Ea 7 Maboroceak mo Eftk mod trkgf a (g). Ka 7 Kcehf mod trkgf a (g). ^a 7 ^kmafs mo Eurvkturk oc od trkgf a (g). Dra 7 Dfclatum rokd modmodtrkgf trkgf a (g), dk dk quo monoc dfs oquapfs. Dka 7 Dfclatum kpkrocto trkgf a (g),osos quo so voroefrror oc od pdkcf. Dk pocmaocto, od kcehf y dfs rkmafs mo eurvkturk mo ekmk trkgf monoc sor tkd quo dfs oquapfs quo eareudoc pfr dk rkgpk puomkc kdekczkr sus rocmagaoctfs prfmuetavfs sac subrar motorafrfs oc su buceafckgaoctf f ostrueturk ca raoslfs oc dk fporkeaõc. Dk maboroceak mo eftk mo ekmk trkgf pfr df locorkd rosudtk mo dk maboroceak mo eftk mo uc nkcef y od saluaocto, os moear dk kdturk mo nkcefs, k gocfs quo so trkto mo uc nkcef sac pocmaocto oc od eukd dk maboroceak mo eftk os eorf.
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Dk gktorakdazkeaõc mo dk rkgpk oc od masoûf mo uc rkjf puomo rokdazkrso: k) Mo Mossmo kn knkj kjf f hke hkeak kr krra rank nk,, os mo moeear tf tfgk gkcm cmf f efgf fgf puc puctf tf mo pk pkrt rtam amk k dk pkt pktk mo modd nkcef gës prfbucmf, df quo locorkrçk uck oxtrkeeaõc oxtrk mo gktorakd kd kgpdakrso od rkjf f ocskcehkrso gës dfs nkcefs suporafros (Efrto). n) Mo Mossmo kr krra rank nk hk hkea eak k knkj knkjf, f, os mo moeear tf tfgk gkcm cmf f efgf fgf puc puctf tf mo pk pkrt rtam amk k dk pkt pktk mo modd nkcef gës kdtf, df quo prfmuearçk uc kehaekgaoctf mod údtagf nkcef, os moear puomo quo quomoc ndfquos sac oxtrkor f hkstk ucf f gës nkcefs sac oxpdftkr (^oddocf). e) ]f ]fgk gkcm cmf f ef efgf gf rrob obor oroc ocea eak k uc nk nkce cef f ac acto torg rgom omaf af,, df eeuk ukdd prfmu prfmuea earç rçk k uc keh kehae aekg kgao aoct ctf f gocfr oc dfs údtagfs nkcefs y uc ocskcehkgaoctf gocfr oc dfs nkcefs suporafros (Gaxtf). Oc od údtagf eksf so puomo kmfptkr kdlúc eratoraf efgf odolar od nkcef efc gkyfr kpfrto mo bacf kd prfyoetf, f od quo porgatk gkxagazkr od bdujf backd mod prfyoetf, ote. Monogfs efcsamorkr quo pkrk dk efcstrueeaõc mo dks rkgpks y dfs keeosfs, monogfs rospotkr dks rostraeeafcos táecaeks y bçsaeks mo dk oxpdftkeaõc, os moear mobacar naoc dfs dulkros oc quo so rokdazkrëc maehfs keeosfs, mfcmo cf oxastk podalrf mo acostknadamkm, octfrpoeagaoctf mo dk fporkeaõc, ote., yk quo cf pfmogfs krraoslkrcfs k quo pfr kdlúc sacaostrf lofgoeëcaef quomo cuostrk gack kasdkmk efc efgprfgasf mo pármamk mo oquapfs, prfmueeaõc y df gës agpfrtkcto vamks hugkcks.
Kcehf Gçcagf mo Oxpkcsaõc Oc od eksfmoquo so monk rokdazkr uck efcsamorkr oxpkcsaõc quo mo dfs uc oquapfs nkcef pkrkdodkgocto efc dk oxpkcsaõc uc nkcef acborafr, so mono puomkc oboetavkgocto fporkr mospuás mo dk trfckmurk, pfr df quo so mono mobacar uc kcehf gçcagf mo oxpkcsaõc mo oxpkcsaõc.
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Keeosfs Moctrf mo dks ketav Moctrf ketavamk amkmos mos por porgkc gkcoct octos os oc uck oxp oxpdft dftkea keaõc õc gac gacork ork so oceuoc oceuoctrk trk dk efcstrueeaõc f hknadatkeaõc mo keeosfs. Moctrf mo ostk ketavamkm pkrtaeapkc dfs oquapfs mo sorvaeafs gack, kucquo k voeos so roquaoro mo dk pkrtaeapkeaõc mo dfs oquapfs prfmuetavfs (porbfrkeaõc, trfckmurk, ekrluçf y trkcspfrto) pkrk rokdazkr gfvagaoctfs ospoeçbaefs mo gktorakdos. Dk efcstrueeaõc dfs keeosfs monorë eugpdar efc rostraeeafcos lofgátraeks y lofgoeëcaeks, mo gfmf mo lkrkctazkr quo dfs oquapfs quo pfr oddfs eareudoc df hklkc oc efcmaeafcos kmoeukmks k su fporkeaõc, ovatkcmf od motorafrf progkturf mo dfs oquapfs y dfs keeamoctos. Oc df quo rospoetk k dk lofgoeëcaek pfmogfs goceafckr quo dfs keeosfs hknadatkmfs monorëc rolarso pfr dks rostraeeafcos lofgoeëcaeks mo dk gack, yk quo monoc ostkr oxoctfs mo eukdquaor raoslf mo acostknadamkm. Pkrk dk oxpdftkeaõc mo uc rkjf knaortf so puomo fnsorvkr quo dfs keeosfs (rkgpks f keeosfs ospoeçbaefs) so vasukdazkc mo dk saluaocto gkcork:
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Uoeuoceak mo Oxpdftkeaõc Uo mocfgack soeuoceak mo oxpdftkeaõc f ostrktolak mo efcsugf mo rosorvks, k dk bfrgk oc quo so oxtrkoc dfs gktorakdos mosmo od rkjf, murkcto od porçfmf efgprocmamf octro od acaeaf mo dk oxpdftkeaõc hkstk od backd mo oddk mo (patgktorakd backd). Dkmoctrf oxtrkeeaõc gktorakd so roeanoc rokdazk oc sueosavfs rkjfs actorgomafs f efrtos mo dk mod gack, dfs quo od cfgnro mo Bksos f Oxpkcsafcos.
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Bksos ]kgnaác mocfgackmk oxpkcsaõc, os uck sunmavasaõc mo dk gack efgpdotk y efrrospfcmo k uck tkjkmk mo dk pkrom mod rkjf, solúc eaortf ëcludf mo tkdum provakgocto mobacamf murkcto su masoûf y quo mopocmo mo dks ekrketorçstaeks lofgoeëcaeks mo dk gack. Dks oxpkcsafcos taococ taococ uck soe soeuoc uoceak eak dõl dõlaek aek mo oxp oxpdft dftkea keaõc õc y oxa oxasto stoc c rostra rostraeea eeafco fcoss fporke fporkeafc afckdo kdoss mo actorkeeaõc octro ekmk uck mo oddks pkrk ovatkr morrugnos y ekçmks mo gktorakd.
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Dks Oxpkcsafcos so sunmavamoc oc nkcefs, dfs eukdos efgpfcoc uck oxpkcsaõc. Pkrk oxpdftkr oxpdf tkr uck oxpkc oxpkcsaõc saõc so vkc oxtrkyocm oxtrkyocmf f sus nkcefs soeuoceak soeuoceakdgoct dgocto o ucf mospuás mod ftrf, so monoc oxtr oxtrkor korDfs dfsnkcefs, nkcefskkct kctorafr mo gkyfr oc eftk mo uc nkcef oc pkrtaeud pkrtaeudkr kr pkrk pfmor oxpdftkrdf. suorafros voz,os sofsunmavamoc pfdalfckdos mo nkcef.
Dk pfdalfckd mo sunmavasaõc mo nkcef f pfdçlfcf mo oxtrkeeaõc os dk ucamkm gçcagk efcsamorkmk oc od prfeosf mo oxtrkee oxtrkeeaõc aõc Efrrospfcmoc k soe soeeafcos eafcos mo gacorkd mo gocfr tkgkûf oc dfs quo so mavamo ekmk nkcef. Ufc oxpdftkmks oc uc frmoc dõlaef mo soeuoceak pfr dfs oquapfs gacorfs kprfpakmfs.
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Pkrk pfmor ddovkr k eknf dks otkpks mod prfeosf mo oxtrkeeaõc y pfstorafr trkcspfrto kd actorafr mo dk gack so utadazkc uck sorao mo oquapfs ospoeçbaefs. Dfs oquapfs praceapkdos utadazkmfs sfc dks porbfrkmfrks, pkdks y ekgafcos.
Kcehf mo Ekrluçf Monogfs efcsamorkr quo hknrë quo ekdeudkr od ërok coeoskrak pkrk quo fporoc dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf mo keuormf kd tapf mo oquapf quo so utadaeo. Pkrk od trkcspfrto od ërok gçcagk mo fporkeaõc efrrospfcmo kd ërok oc quo od ekgaõc puomo puo mo rok rokdaz dazkr kr sus gkc gkcafn afnrks rks sac prf prfndo ndogks gks y oc bfrgk bfrgk solurk solurk.. Ost Ostk k ëro ërok k roqu roquaor aoro o maspfcor mo dks magocsafcos bçsaeks mo fporkeaõc mod oquapf. Pkrk od ekrluçf so mobaco od kcehf gçcagf mo ekrluçf efgf: Kcehf gçcagf mo Ekrluçf 7 NU + MU MU + 0.? x Ke + > x ^Le + 0.? x Ke + MU + MM Pfr df tkctf, dk bõrgudk so puomo sagpdaekr mo dk saluaocto gkcork: Kcehf gçcagf mo Ekrluçf 7 NU + > x MU MU + Ke + > x ^Le + MM MM Mfcmo: NU 7 Nkrkcmk mo soluramkm.
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Ke 7 Kcehf mod ekgaõc. MU 7 Mastkceak mo Uoluramkm. ^Le 7 ^kmaf mo Larf mod oquapf mo ekrluçf f rkmaf gçcagf mo fporkeaõc. MM 7 Morrkgos.
Oc dks balur balurks ks quo so gu guost ostrkc rkc k efc efctac tacuke ukeaõc aõc so guo guostr strkc kc ojo ojogpd gpdfs fs mo Kce Kcehf hf mo Ekrluçf pkrk uck Pkdk mo Ekndos mo 20 g y pkrk uc Ekrlkmfr Brfctkd mo 50 g. rospoetavkgocto.
Kcehf mo Ekrluçf Pkdk mo Ekndos 20 g.
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Kcehf mo Ekrluçf Ekrlkmfr Brfctkd 50 g.
Madueaõc y Uodoetavamkm Dk madueaõc efgf efceoptf efrrospfcmo k dk prosoceak mo gktorakd cf efcsamorkmf oc dk ocvfdv ocv fdvoct octo o oef oefcõg cõgaek aek quo kpk kpkroe roeo o oc dk oxt oxtrke rkeeaõ eaõc, c, pumaoc pumaocmf mf sor oefcõga oefcõgaek ek f cf, mopocmaocmf mod efctocamf mod prfmuetf. Dk madueaõc so oceuoctrk buortogocto ksfeakmk kd cavod mo sodoetavamkm quo pfsok od oquapf mo ekrluçf pkrk mobacar od efctketf ostárad/gacorkd. ]apfs mo Madueaõc •
Ma Madu duea eaõc õc p pfr fr ssod odoe oeea eaõc õc c cf f dadanr nro o mo n ndf dfqu quos os
Dk madueaõc fporktavk oc uck fporkeaõc gacork k eaodf knaortf efrrospfcmo kd gktorakd ostárad quo cf so dflrõ sopkrkr mod gacorkd murkcto dk oxtrkeeaõc. Ostk madueaõc so locork pfr oboe oboetf tfss mo dk sodo sodoee eeaõ aõc c cf danr danro o mo ndfq ndfquo uoss y ef efc c dk mo mobabaca caea eaõc õc mo df dfss pf pfdçdçlf lfcf cfss mo oxtrkeeaõc quo so mobacoc oc dk pdkcabaekeaõc mo efrtf pdkzf.
•
Ma Madu duea eaõc õc pf pfrr Uod Uodoe oeea eaõc õc ag agpo porb rboe oetk tk mo nd ndfq fquo uoss
Uodoeeaõc agporboetk so puomoc mkr mfs oseockrafs. Oc od pragorf so puomo oxpkcmar od vfdugoc k oxtrkor mfcmo so ddovkrë gës gktorakd k dk pdkctk. Oc od solucmf eksf so puomo skekr gocfr gktorakd mod prosupuostkmf. Kgnfs eksfs ostëc vaceudkmfs kd tkgkûf mo ndfquo y kd tkgkûf mo dfs oquapfs k utadazkr yk quo dk oxtrkeeaõc cucek sorë porboetk.
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K dk azquaormk oboetf mo dk madueaõc pfr sodoeeaõc agporboetk y k dk moroehk oboetf mo dk madueaõc pfr sodoeeaõc agporboetk y pfr sodoeeaõc cf danro.
Mosbkso mo Pkdks Oc od eksf quo so monk rokdazkr dk fporkeaõc mo ekrluçf oc uc nkcef pkrkdodkgocto efc dk mo uc nkcef acborafr, so mono efcsamorkr quo dfs oquapfs puomkc oboetavkgocto fporkr mospuás mo dk trfckmurk, pfr df quo so mono mobacar uck mastkceak. Pkrk oddf monogfs motorgackr od dkrlf mo dk trfckmurk (D]). K ostk magocsaõc so do mono sugkr dk mastkceak mo pfsaeafckgaoctf mod oquapf mo ekrluçf (pkdks f ekrlkmfros) mod nkcef suporafr y dks mastkceaks mo fporkeaõc mo dfs oquapfs efgpdogoctkrafs (sa ksç buoso coeoskraf).
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k 2 g oc ekrnõc, skd, pftksaf, ekdazks. Uo trktk, pfr df locorkd, mo mopõsatfs ostrktabaekmfs mo fraloc somagoctkraf. Gátfmf nkrktf, prfmuetavf, bëead mo goekcazkr y sagpdo mo masoûkr.
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Efcsasto oc oxekvkr df gës pfsando od euorpf gacorkdaz gacorkdazkmf kmf mojkcmf padkros mo gacorkd quo porgatoc sfstocor od toehf mo gktorakd ostárad. Dks magocsafcos mo dfs eksorfcos y mo dfs padkros f gocfr efgpotoceak mo dk sfnropuostk toehf) ymopocmo tkgnaácmo modkdkgkyfr rfek gacorkdazkmk (ostknadamkm morfek dfs padkros), efgf(ostknadamkm ksagasgf mod osposfr mod gkctf y mo dks prosafcos oxastoctos. Pfr df locorkd dfs padkros so mastranuyoc oc uck maspfsaeaõc f krroldf df gës roludkr pfsando, y puomoc tocor uck soeeaõc eareudkr, eukmrkmk f roetkcludkr sogojkcmf uc gurf. Dfs eksorfcos knaortfs taococ bfrgk roetkcludkr f eukmrkmk. Uo puomo trknkjkr k brocto efgpdotk (budd bkeo sdaeacl ) f pfr tkjkmks (gudtapdo sdaeacl ) • Broct Brocto o efgpdot efgpdotk: k: hkstk 8-;0g mo ospos osposfr fr • ]kjkm ]kjkmks: ks: gës mo ;0 g mo o osposf sposfrr
Uundovod Ekvacl (UDE) Od gá gátf tfmf mf UD UDE E so kpda kpdaek ek mo prob probor oroc ocea eak k oc eu euor orpf pfss mo bf bfrg rgk k tk tknu nudk dkr, r, vo vort rtae aekd kdos os f sunvortaekdos, mo lrkcmos magocsafcos, tkctf oc osposfr efgf oc su oxtocsaõc vortaekd. ]kgnaác os kpdaekndo oc ykeagaoctfs gksavfs. Oc loco locork rkdd od efce efceop optf tf mo gá gátf tfmf mf pf pfrr hucm hucmag agao aoct ctf f ag agpd pdae aek k quo quo od gk gkto tora rakd kd os ostá tára radd suporpuostf so morrugnk y roddock od vkeçf quo vk mojkcmf dk oxtrkeeaõc mod euorpf gacorkdazkmf. Osto prfeosf so mono prfpklkr hkstk dk suporbaeao, erokcmf ksç uck ekvamkm
f erëtor.
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Efcsasto oc mavamar od euorpf gacorkdazkmf oc suncavodos ospoeakmfs vortaekdgocto octro ;0 k >0 g. Oc ekmk ekmk sunc suncav avod od so mo mosk skrrf rrfddddk k uck uck ro rom m mo lkdo lkdorç rçks ks pk pkrkd rkdod odks ks qu quo o er eruz uzkc kc trkcsvorskdgocto od euorpf, k mastkceaks mod frmoc mo ;0 k ;? g. Dks lkdorçks mo uc motorgackmf suncavod so unaekc octrogomaf y oquamastkctos mo dks lkdorç lkd orçks ks mo dfs sun suncav cavodo odoss acg acgoma omaktk ktkgoc gocto to voe voeacf acfs. s. Mo ost osto o gfmf, gfmf, tfmk tfmk dk soeeaõ soeeaõc c gacorkdazkmk quomk eunaortk pfr uck gkddk mo lkdorçks maspuostks oc uck efcbalurkeaõc rfgnfamkd. Dk fporkeaõc mo krrkcquo so acaeak oc od suncavod suporafr, oc rotrfeosf mosmo od dçgato gës kdojkmf f pocmaocto (hkclacl wkdd) mod euorpf gacorkdazkmf hkeak od dçgato ykeocto (bfft wkdd). Mosmo ekmk lkdorçk mod suncavod so porbfrkc tarfs hkeak krrank, solúc uc maklrkgk oc knkcaef quo eunro tfmk dk soeeaõc mo rfek mo bfrgk rfgnfamkd unaekmk acgomaktkgocto oceagk. Dk dfclatum mo dfs tarfs os vkrakndo puma pumaocmf ocmf kdekczkr hkstk ucfs =0 g. Od maëgo maëgotrf trf mo porbfrkeaõ porbfrkeaõc c so unaek oc od rkclf mo ?0 k 10 gg. Uo utadazkc jugnfs odoetrfhamrëudaefs masoûkmfs pkrk porbfrkeaõc rkmakd. Od gktorakd krrkcekmf so gkcojk efc oquapfs DHM mo lrkc ekpkeamkm, dfs eukdos ekrlkc od gacorkd oc dk brocto mo prfmueeaõc y df trkcspfrtkc k trkvás mo dks gasgks lkdorçks mo porbfrkeaõc pkrk vkeakrdf oc dfs paquos mo trkspksf quo so efcoetkc k dks lkdorçks mo eknoeork. K gomamk quo so oxtrko od gacorkd trfckmf, od gktorakd ostárad suporpuostf roddock od vkeçf mojkmf moj kmf pfr dk oxp oxpdft dftkea keaõc, õc, goz gozedë edëcmf cmfso so pkr pkreak eakdgo dgocto cto efc od gac gacork orkdd krr krrkce kcekmf kmf.. Dk oxtrkeeaõc efctacúk hkstk quo dk actrfmueeaõc mo gktorakd ostárad supork uc eaortf dçgato proostkndoeamf. Dk prac pracea eapk pkdd mo mona nadadamk mkm m mo osto osto gá gátf tfmf mf os dk kdtk kdtk ma madu duea eaõc õc k dk qu quo o qu quom omk k ox oxpu puos ostf tf porgkcoctogocto od gacorkd krrkcekmf murkcto od prfeosf mo oxtrkeeaõc.
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Uundovod Utfpacl (UDU) Osto gát Osto gátfmf fmf so kpd kpdaek aek pro probor boroct octogo ogocto cto oc yke ykeaga agaoct octfs fs mo bfrgk bfrgk tkn tknudk udkrr vortae vortaekdo kdoss f sunvortaekdos mo lrkc osposfr, pfr df locorkd suporafr k ;0 g. Dk oxprosaõc —sundovod‗ hkeo roboroceak k gacorkd. dks lkdorçks f suncavodos k pkrtar mo dfs eukdos so rokdazk dk fporkeaõc mo krrkcquo mod Od gacorkd krrkcekmf so roefdoetk oc ognumfs f zkcjks ogpdkzkmks oc dk nkso mod eksorõc. Oc dk vorsa vorsaõc õc efcvoceaf efcvoceafckd ckd so porbfrkc tarfs rkmakdos (knkcaef (knkcaefs) s) k pkrta pkrtarr mo dfs sunca suncavodos vodos maspuostfs pkrk osfs bacos. Uo trktk mo tarfs dkrlfs (hkstk ucfs 50 g) mo > k 5 pudlkmks mo maëgotrf, porbfrkmfs mo proboroceak efc jugnfs rkmakdos odoetrf-hamrëudaefs y nkrrks mo oxtocsaõc. Oc dk vorsaõc DNH (dfcl ndkst hfdo) so porbfrkc tarfs mo lrkc maëgotrf (= · k 2 · pudlkmks), oc df pfsando pkrkdodfs y mo hkstk ucfs 80 g mo dfclatum. Uo utadazk oquapf M]H.
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Eut & Badd Kpdaekndo k mopõsatfs vortaekdos (votks) f mopõsatfs mo lrkc tkgkûf o arroludkros. Uo kpdaek pfr df locorkd oc euorpfs mo bfrgk tknudkr vortaekdos f sunvortaekdos, mo osposfr vkrakndo mosmo ucfs pfefs gotrfs hkstk ;? f >0 g oc kdlucfs eksfs. Od gacorkd oxtrkçmf mono sor subaeaoctogocto vkdafsf mo gfmf quo od nocobaeaf fntocamf pfr su roeuporkeaõc efgpocso dfs gkyfros efstfs mod gátfmf. Efcsasto oc oxekvkr od gacorkd pfr tkjkmks hfrazfctkdos oc uck soeuoceak kseocmocto (rokdeo) pkrtaocmf mo dk nkso mod eksorõc. ]fmf od gacorkd krrkcekm os oxtrkçmf mod eksorõc. Eukcmf so hk oxekvkmf uck tkjkmk efgpdotk, od vkeçf mojkmf so roddock efc gktorakd oxõlocf quo porgato sfstocor dks pkromos y sarvo efgf pasf mo trknkjf pkrk od krrkcquo y oxtrkeeaõc mo dk tkjkmk saluaocto. Efgf roddocf, so utadazk od gktorakd ostárad prfvocaocto mo dfs moskrrfddfs suntorrëcofs f mo dk suporbaeao, tkgnaác rodkvos f rapafs mo dks pdkctks mo nocobaeaf, o acedusf, gozedks pfnros mo gktorakd pkrtaeudkmf y eogoctf pkrk mkrdo gkyfr rosastoceak.
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Ndfei/Pkcod Ekvacl Oc tárgacfs tárgacfs locorkdos locorkdos,, od gátfm gátfmf f Ndf Ndfei ei Ekvacl Ekvacl efcsasto oc dk sfekvkeaõc efgpdotk mod euorpf gacorkdazkmf f mo uc ndfquo mo gacorkd oquamagocsafckd mo lrkc tkgkûf (ucamkm mo oxpd oxpdft ftke keaõ aõc) c) pkrk pkrk acae acaeak akrr od prfe prfeos osf f mo hucm hucmag agao aoct ctf. f. Od ca cavo vodd mo hu hucm cmag agao aoct ctf f os prflrosavkgocto gackmf y pkrto mod gktorakd quonrkmf os oxtrkçmf pkrk erokr uc vkeçf quo porgatk od mospdkzkgaoctf mod gacorkd mosprocmamf prfmuetf mod hucmagaoctf. K gomamk quo so oxtrko od gacorkd quonrkmf, od ekvo ekvo so prfpklk vortaekdgocto hkstk quo dk rfek suporafr tkgnaác so quaonrk mkcmf dulkr k dk sunsamoceak oc suporbaeao.
Gack Od ]ocaocto
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Dk vkrakcto Pkcod Ekvacl saluo dfs gasgfs praceapafs quo od Ndfei Ekvacl , sac ognkrlf, dk sfekvkeaõc cf os efgpdotk, sfdf uc pkcod f soetfr os sfekvkmf pkrk acaeakr od hucmagaoctf. Pfst Pf stor oraf afrg rgoc octo to so efct efctac acúk úkc c mo mosk skrr rrfd fddk dkcm cmf, f, sfek sfekvk vkcm cmf f y ga gack ckcm cmf f df dfss pk pkco codo doss suns sunsal alua uaoc octo tos, s, pf pfrr df quo quo od br broc octo to mo hu hucm cmag agao aoct ctf f so guov guovo o k tr trkv kvás ás mo modd eu euor orpf pf gacorkdazkmf efc uc ëcludf efcstkcto y oc dk maroeeaõc mo kvkceo mo dk sfekvkeaõc.
Ndfei Ekvacl (Gkerfndfquos Ehuquaekgktk Uuntorrkcok)
Pkcod Ekvacl
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Oc dfs gát gátfmf s mo moctrf oxp oxpdft dftkea keaõc pfr —Ek —Ekvac vacl‗ l‗ ysodkspum pumoc oc amocta amoctabae baekr kr mas mastac tfs kcav cavodo odoss mo keuormf k sufmfs buceaõc moõc dk efclalurkeaõc fporkeafcos quo so tactfs ddovkc eknf. Cavod mo hucmagaoctf: efrrospfcmo kd cavod oc quo so prfmueo dk sfekvkeaõc mo dk efdugck efdugck mo gacorkd, quo so dflrk rokdazkcmf porbfrkeafcos hkeak krrank oc bfrgk mo knkcaef. Ostks so ekrlkc efc oxpdfsavfs, oxpdfsavfs, euyk trfckmurk prfmueo dk brklgoctkeaõc mo dk nkso mod ndfquo hkstk uck eaortk kdturk. Cavod mo Prfmueeaõc: Efrrospfcmo kd cavod mo lkdorçks mosmo dks eukdos os ekptkmf od gacorkd quonrkmf y trkspkskmf hkeak od cavod saluaocto. Uo satúk octro 8 y ;8 g. pfr monkjf mod cavod kctorafr, efc od eukd ostk efgucaekmf gomakcto ognumfs f zkcjks solúc od gátfmf mo hucmagaoctf. Cavod mo trkspksf: efrrospfcmo k uck sorao mo lkdorçks y paquos quo porgatoc efctrfdkr od pksf mod gacorkd mosmo od cavod mo prfmueeaõc hkstk od cavod mo trkcspfrto. Uuncavod mo voctadkeaõc: rom mo lkdorçks y ehagocoks quo porgatoc dk oxtrkeeaõc o acyoeeaõc mo karo. Cavod mo trkcspfrto: cavod pfr od eukd od gacorkd os trkcspfrtkmf hkeak dk pdkctk unaekmk oc dk suporbaeao.
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Od gacorkd os trfckmf mosmo od Cavod mo Hucmagaoctf (_ED) locorkcmf dk sfekvkeaõc mod ndfquo gacorkdazkmk. Od gktorakd hucmamf sorë roeanamf mod od cavod mo prfmueeaõc, gomakcto uck nktok zkcjk quo mfs mo cavodos, mfcmof od oquapf DHM ekrlkrë od gacorkd mosmo uck fostfekmk moefcoetk ekrluçf dfs (puctf oxtrkeeaõc Mrkw Pfact) y df trkcspfrtkrë pfr gomaf mo dks lkdorçks mo prfmueeaõc hkstk od puctf mo vkeakmf gës eorekcf (Fro Pkss) pkrk rolroskr kd gasgf puctf mo oxtrkeeaõc u ftrf quo do buoso ksalckmf y ropotar od eaedf.
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Gkddks mo Oxtrkeeaõc NE/PE K dk maspfsaeaõc octro ekddos mo prfmueeaõc y lkdorçks zkcj zkcjks ks so do efcfeo efc od cfgnro mo gkddks mo oxtrkeeaõc. Uo efcfeoc tros tapfs mo Gkddks mo Oxtrkeeaõc, dks eukdos sfc: ;. Gk Gkddddk k Eu Eukm kmrk rkmk mk:: Os Ostk tk g gkd kddk dk u utatadadazk zk eefg fgf f nk nkso so ttoõ oõra raek ek mo mo ma maso soûf ûf u uck ck E Efc fcbabalu lurk rkea eaõc õc Eukmrkcludkr mo odapsfamos mo oxtrkeeaõc, os utadazkmk oc od gátfmf Ndfei Ekvacl (rfek soeucmkrak), cf so efcfeoc oxporaoceaks prëetaeks mo ostk gkddk oc od gátfmf Pkcod Ekvacl efc trkspksf vçk DHM.
>. Gkddk ]apf ]ocaocto: Ostk gkddk utadazk efgf nkso toõraek mo masoûf uck Efcbalurkeaõc ]rakcludkr mo odapsfamos mo oxtrkeeaõc, y os utadazkmk oc od gátfmf Pkcod Ekva Ek vacl cl.. Os Ostk tk gk gkddddk k hk mkmf mkmf gu guyy nuoc nuocfs fs ros rosud udtk tkmf mfss fp fpor orke keaf afck ckdo dos, s, mo khç khç qu quo o su kpdaekeaõc so oxtocmaork k eksa tfmfs dfs soetfros oc dk Gack Od ]ocaocto.
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5. Gk Gkddddk k ]ap ]apf f Ho Hocm cmor orsf sfc: c: ]k ]kgn gnaá aác c ddkg ddkgkm kmk k —O —Osp spac ack k mo Po Pose sekm kmf‗ f‗,, os ostk tk gkdd gkddk k ut utadadaz azk k efgf nkso toõraek mo masoûf uck Efcbalurkeaõc Gaxtk mo odapsfamos mo oxtrkeeaõc, tkgnaác os utadazkmk oc od gátfmf Pkcod Ekvacl. Os uck kdtorcktavk k dk gkddk ]apf ]ocaocto, oxastoc kdlucfs eksfs mo kpdaekeaõc mo ostk gkddk oc dk gack Od ]ocaocto (]oc-= ^olagaoctf).
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Dknfros Uuntorrëcoks ]úcod _c túcod os uck oxekvkeaõc mo tapf gacorf f eavad proboroctogocto hfrazfctkd, ekrketorazkmk pfr su kdtf, kcehf y soeeaõc. Uo oxekvk oc bfrgk efctacuk y efcstk mo uck f mfs skdamks kd oxtorafr.
Lkdorçk ]aoco dks gasgks ekrketorçstaeks mod túcod, porf cf taoco skdamk kd oxtorafr, sacf quo efcoetk soetfros moctrf mo dk gack.
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Ostfekmks mo Ekrluçf Ostk oxekvkeaõc os efcstruamk mosmo uck lkdorçk nks nkso, o, pkrk keeomor oc bfrgk solurk kd puctf mo ekrluçf, mfcmo so oceuoctrk od gacorkd trfckmf. Uu masoûf y efcstrueeaõc mopocmoc mo dk prfmueeaõc quo so roquaork y mo dfs oquapfs maspfcandos pkrk od ekrluçf.
^kgpk Dks rkgpks sfc dks lkdorçks mo keeosf mo dk gack. Uo efcstruyoc oc pocmaocto efc od fnjotavf mo ucar dfs maboroctos cavodos. Uu lofgotrçk puomo sor odçptaek, eareudkr f od —fehf‗. Uus ekr ekrket ketorç orçsta staeks eks pra pracea ceapkd pkdos os ost ostëc ëc mkm mkmks ks pfr su bfr bfrgk, gk, poc pocmao maocto cto,, rkmaf rkmaf mo larf larf y soeeaõ soe eaõc. c. Dk poc pocmao maocto cto mkmk pfr oqua oquapfs pfs os mo ;0;0-;>% ;>% pkr pkrk k ekgafcos ekgafcos y mo ;=° pkrk efrroks trkcspfrtkmfrks (MU ;5>).
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Zkcjk f Nktok Os uck oxekvkeaõc efc bfrgk mo R, quo eugpdo dks gasgks buceafcos mod ognumf (Ndfei Ekvacl), os moear dk roeopeaõc mo gktorakd quonrkmf prfvocaocto mod cavod mo hucmagaoctf.
Puctf mo vkeakmf f Paquo mo trkspksf (Fro Pkss) Dknfr gacork suntorrëcok vortaekd f acedackmk quo eugpdo dk buceaõc mo roeanar y trkcspfrtkr k cavodos acborafros od gacorkd mosekrlkmf pfr od DHM. Oc locorkd taococ pkrraddks oc su pkrto suporafr pkrk rotocor od sfnrotkgkûf y romueardf gomakcto gkrtaddf paekmfros.
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8.
EFGP^_ONK DF KP^OCMAMF
;. Dfs fnjotavfs mo dfs çcmaeos fporkeafckdos sfc: a. Gomar dk oboetavamkm mo prfeosfs yk oxastoctos aa. Aclocaorçk mo prfeosfs aaa. Gkctoceaõc odoetrfgoeëcaek av. Ksalckr rutks gës efrtks pkrk dfs ekgafcos v. ^oogp ^oogpdkzf dkzf fpf fpfrtucf rtucf y kmo kmoeukmf eukmf mo oq oquapfs uapfs ga gacorfs. corfs. k. Ufd Ufdf f aaa y v n. a, aaa,a, av av y v e. a, aaa,a, aaa aaa y aavv m. a, aa, aa, aaaaaa y v o. Ufd Ufdf f aa y aaa ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
>. —Dk ekctamkm mo prfmueeaõc mo uck ucamkm mo prfmuetf f sorvaeaf pfr acsugf mo ekmkk bke ekm bketfr tfr uta utadaz dazkmf kmf pf pfrr uca ucamkm mkm mo tao taogpf gpf (tf (tfc/h c/hfgn fgnroro-tur turcf) cf)‗, ‗, ostk mobac mobacaea aeaõc õc efrrospfcmo kd efceoptf mo: k. Prfmue Prfmuetavam tavamkm km n. ]ksk mo prf prfmueea mueeaõc õc e. Ekp Ekpkea keamkm mkm m. Prf Prfmue mueeaõ eaõc c o. ^oc ^ocmag magaoc aoctf tf ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk k
5. Efc rospoetf rospoetf k dk osekd osekdkk mo taog taogpf, pf, dk moba mobacae caeaõc aõc —]a —]aogp ogpf f quo od oqua oquapf pf so oceuoctrk rokdazkcmf dknfros purks mo prfmueeaõc (sac efdks). ^okdazk tkrok pkrk dk quo buo kmquaramf‗, efrrospfcmo kd efceoptf mo: k. ]aogp ]aogpf f fp fporkta orktavf vf n. ]aogp ]aogpf f ma maspfcan spfcando do e. ]ao ]aogpf gpf cfg cfgack ackdd m. ]aogp ]aogpf f oc rosorv rosorvk k o. ]aogp ]aogpf f ob oboeta oetavf vf ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk o
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=. Eratorafs mo sodoeeaõc mo oquapfs mopocmo mo: a.ykeagaoctf, Efcmaeafcos octfrcf, pfr ojogpdf edagk y loflrkbçk edagk aa. Ekrketorçstaeks moddk pfrmod ojogpdf mocsamkm y lofgoeëcaek mo dk rfek. aaa. Lofgotrçk mo oxpdftkeaõc, pfr ojogpdf kdturk mo nkcef av. Lofgotrçk mo oxpdftkeaõc, pfr ojogpdf bketfr mo ospfcjkgaoctf v. Efcmaeafcos mo octfrcf, pfr ojogpdf vamk mod prfyoetf k. a, aaa aaa y v n. a, aaaa y aaaaaa e. aa, aaa y av m. Ufd Ufdf f aa y aaa o. Ufd Ufdf f av y v ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
?. Uastogk mo kmgacastrkeaõc gacork quo fptagazk dk ksalckeaõc mo ekgafcos k pkdks, gkxagazkcmf dk utadazkeaõc mod taogpf y gacagazkcmf dks pármamks, oc taogpf rokd. k. Uas Uastog togk k LPU n. Uas Uastog togk k UKP e. Uasto Uastogk gk Maspk Maspkteh teh m. Uasto Uastogk gk mo tofr tofrçk çk mo efdk efdkss o. Uas Uastog togk k Gkre ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk e
8. Dk mobacaeaõc —os od pfreoctkjo mo kugoctf oc vfdugoc quo feurro eukcmf dk rfek os brklgoctkmk y rogfvamk mosmo su pfsaeaõc acaeakd‗ efrrospfcmo kd efceoptf mo: k. Ufn Ufnroq roquao uaonro nro n. Ospfc Ospfcjkgao jkgaoctf ctf e. Brklg Brklgoctke octkeaõc aõc ac satu m. ]rf ]rfckm ckmurk urk o. Krr Krrkcq kcquo uo ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
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1. Dk bdftk mo oquapfs rodkeafckmfs kd gkcojf mo gktorakdos monorë eugpdar efc df saluaocto: a. Ef Efgp gpkt ktan anadadam amkm km bbçs çsae aek k mo dfs dfs oq oqua uapf pfss mo ekrl ekrluç uçf f y ttrk rkcs cspf pfrt rto o efc efc ddk k ox oxpd pdft ftke keaõ aõc, c, os os moear oquapfs mo nkjf porbad efgf od DHM cf puomo trknkjkr oc dknfros suntorrëcoks. aa. aa. Ef Efgp gpkt ktan anadadam amkm km bbçs çsae aek k oc octr tro o df dfss oq oqua uapf pfss mo eekr krlu luçf çf y trk trkcs cspf pfrt rto, o, os os moea moearr uc uck k pkdk pkdk mo mo ekndos cf puomo trknkjkr efc ekrrotaddks pkrk trkcspfrt trkcspfrtkr kr od gktorakd. aaa. aaa. Ef Efgp gpkt ktan anadadam amkm km bç bçsa saek ek mo ddfs fs oq oqua uapf pfss mo ek ekrl rluç uçf f y trk trkcs cspf pfrt rto o ef efc c dk ox oxpd pdft ftke keaõ aõc, c, os moea moearr uc ekga ekgaõc õc mo lr lrkc kc tf tfco codk dkjo jo (5 (5?0 ?0 tf tfco codk dkmk mks) s) cf pu puom omo o tr trkn knkj kjkr kr oc dk dknf nfro ross suntorrëcoks. av. Efgpktanadamkm bçsaek octro dfs oquapfs mo ekrluçf y trkcspfrto, os moear ekgafcos buork mo ekrrotork cf puomoc sor ekrlkmfs pfr oquapfs DHM. k. a, aa, aa, aaaaaa y av n. aa, aaa y av e. a, aa y av av m. a, aaa aaa y av o. a, aaaa y aaaaaa ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
;0. Efc rospoetf k dk rodkeaõc octro fporkeafcos ucatkraks, euëd mo dks saluaoctos fpeafcos os ACEF^^OE]K. k. Ua od gkt gktora orakd kd trf trfckm ckmf f cf eug eugpdo pdo efc dks ekr ekrket ketorç orçsta staeks eks kpr kprfpa fpakmk kmkss (lr (lrkcu kcudfg dfgotr otrçk, çk, lofgotrçk mo dk fdk mo osefgnrfs, ostkmf mod pasf, ote.), dk fporkeaõc mod ekrluçf so vorë sovorkgocto kboetkmk oc acerogoctf mo efstfs, mkûfs oc oquapfs y eaedfs mo ekrluçf gkyfros. n. _c pfzf gës efrtf locorkrë pasfs arrol arroludkros udkros f dk coeos coeosamkm amkm mo trfckmurk soeu soeucmkrak cmkrak,, pfr od efctrkraf uc tarf gës dkrlf pfmrçk locorkr uck sfnro oxekvkeaõc. e. _c _ck k nuoc nuock k gk gkddddk k y uc uck k km kmoe oeuk ukmk mk fpor fporke keaõ aõc c mo porb porbfr frke keaõ aõc, c, lk lkrk rkct ctaz azk k uck uck gojf gojfr r fporkeaõc mod trkcspfrto9 gocfr mkûf pfr agpketfs oc dk tfdvk, gojfros bketfros mo ddockmf y gojfr mosekrlk mo gktorakdos, octro ftrfs m. Pfr ftr ftrf f dkm dkmf, f, od ros rosudt udtkmf kmf lrkcud lrkcudfgá fgátra traef ef mo uck ack ackmoe moeukm ukmk k fporke fporkeaõc aõc murkct murkcto o dk trfckmurk, puomo kugoctkr dk prosoceak mo bacfs oc od gktorakd trfckmf df quo masgacuyo od rocmagaoctf mod ehkcekmfr. o. Caclu Cacluck ck mo dks kcto kctorafros rafros.. ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk o
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;;. Ua dk mocsamkm ac satu mo uck rfek os >.? t/g5 y su mocsamkm ospfcjkmk os ;.8 t/g5, od bketfr mo ospfcjkgaoctf sorë: k. 0. 0. n. >.51 >.51 e. 5=% 5=% m. ;.51 ;.51 o. Caclu Cacluck ck mo dks kcto kctorafros rafros.. ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk m
;>. Mo dks saluaoctos prfpfsaeafcos, prfpfsaeafcos, euëd m moo oddks os (sfc) vormkmork (s): a. Dks Dks ga gack ckss k rk rkjjf kn knao aort rtf f ta taoc ococ oc g goc ocfs fs eefs fstf tf mo mo fpor fporke keaõ aõc c gack gack q quo uo dks dks bbko kock ckss suntorrëcoks aa. Od oc ocvo vojjoe oeaaga gaoc octf tf mo dk dkss bk bkoc ocks ks oc E Eha hado do so ro roba baor oro o k: rf rfek ekss gë gëss mu murk rk,, gk gkyf yfr r prfbucmamkm mo dfs rkjfs y gocfros doyos mo gacorkd. aaa. Dfs prfyoetfs gacorfs pkrk sor kprfnkmfs oc tárgacfs mo agpketf gomaf kgnaoctkd monoc sor prosoctkmfs kd Uorvaeaf mo ovkdukeaõc mo Agpketf Kgnaoctkd gomakcto uck MAK f uc OAK av av.. Dfs Dfs oq oqua uapf pfss mo lr lrkc kc tf tfco codk dkjo jo po porg rgatatoc oc uc uck k gk gkyf yfrr pr prfm fmue uetatava vamk mkm m po porf rf uck uck gocf gocfr r sodoetavamkm v. Oc u uck ck g gac ack k k rk rkjf jf k kna naor ortf tf ddks ks n nor orgk gkss sf sfc c mo o oc ctr tro o 8 y ;> got gotrf rfss y eu eugp gpddoc ddk k buceaõc mo porgatar od aclrosf mo oquapfs pkrk od ekrluçf y trkcspfrto mo gktorakd. k. a, aaa, aaa, aavv y v n. aa y v e. a, aaa,a, aaa aaa y aavv m. a, aaaa y aaaaaa o. ]fmks dks kc kctoraf torafros ros ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk e
;5. Oc bkocks efgf Gack Gacastrf Hkdos y Uaorrk Lfrmk so hk efcsamorkmf efgf pkrto agpfrtkcto mo su moskrrfddf od Pro-Utrappacl, euyk gojfr mobacaeaõc sorçk: k. Uopkrkr od gacorkd mo dk lkclk pkrk gojfrkr dk roeuporkeaõc mod gacorkd vkdafsf n. Oxtrkor gacorkd provakgo provakgocto cto pkrk pfmor keeomor kd gktorakd y sor ocvakmf kd nftkmorf e. Efrrolar dfs eëdeud eëdeudfs fs rokdazkmfs oc pdkcabae pdkcabaekeaõc keaõc pkrk eugpdar dks gotks ostrktálaeks
m. Oxtrkor dk rfek sac vkdfr efgoreakd (ostárad) pkrk pfmor ke keeomor eomor kd gacorkd o. ]fmks dks kc kctoraf torafros ros
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^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk m
;=. Oc uck oxpdftkeaõc pfr Ndfei/Pkcod Ekvacl dfs tapfs mo Gkddks mo Oxtrkeeaõc pfmrçkc sor: a. ]apf ]ocaocto aa. ]apf Hocmorsfc aaa. ]apf Eukmrkmk av. ]apf Ukdvkmfr k. a, aaaa y aavv n. a, aaaa y aaaaaa e. a, aaa aaa y av m. aa, aaa y av o. ]fmks dks kc kctoraf torafros ros ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
;?. Od efceoptf —…efrrospfcmo k dk prosoceak mo gktorakd cf efcsamorkmf oc dk ocvfdvocto oefcõgaek quo kpkroeo oc dk oxtrkeeaõc, oxtrkeeaõc, pumaocmf sor oefcõg oefcõgaek aek f cf, mopocmaocmf mod efctocamf mod prfmuetf. Uo oceuoctrk buortogocto ksfeakmk kd cavod mo sodoetavamkm quo pfsok od oquapf mo ekrluçf pkrk mobacar od efctketf ostárad/gacorkd‗ so robaoro k: k. Kcehf mo eekrluçf krluçf n. Mos Mosbks bkso o e. Doy mo eefrt frto o m. ^oeup ^oeuporkea orkeaõc õc gac gacork ork o. Mad Maduea ueaõc õc ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk o
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;2. Oc uck oxpdftkeaõc k rkjf knaortf dk mobacaeaõc —os od ekgacf oc pocmaocto quo porga por gato to od trë trëcsa csatf tf mo oqu oquapf apfss mos mosmo mo dk sup suporb orbaea aeaoo k dfs mab maboro orocto ctoss nkcefs nkcefs mo oxtrkeeaõc. uc kcehf útadocsubaeaocto mo gkcork mo porgatark: dk eareudkeaõc solurk mo ekgafcos]aoco mo lrkc tfcodkjo kgnfs soctamfs‗ efrrospfcmo k. No Norg rgk k n. ^k ^kgp gpk k e. Puctf mo ox oxtrkee trkeeaõc aõc m. Nk Nkce cef f o. ]k ]kdu dum m ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk n
;0. Gátfmf Oxpdftkeaõc suntorrëcof utadazkmf oc ykeagaoctf gksavfs y quo efcsasto ocmo sfekvkeaõc efgpdotk mod euorpf gacorkdazkmf f momo uctapf ndfquo mo gacorkd oquamagocsafckd mo lrkc tkgkûf (ucamkm mo oxpdftkeaõc) pkrk acaeakr od prfeosf mo hucmagaoctf y oxtrkeeaõc mo gacorkd oc cavodos acborafros. k. Uundo Uundovod vod Ekvac Ekvacl l n. Uundo Uundovod vod Utfpa Utfpacl cl e. ^ff ^ffg g & Pa Paddk ddkrr m. Pkc Pkcod od Ekv Ekvacl acl m. Eut & Badd ^ospuostk: Kdtorcktavk m
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1. O[_APFU MO EK^L_ÇF Q ]^KCUPF^]O GACO^ÇK K ^KJF KNAO^]F Ekgafcos buork mo ekrrotork Oc dks bkocks gacorks od trkcspfrto mo gktorakd (gacorkd f dkstro), so rokdazk efc guehk broeuoceak efc Ekgafcos mo lrkc tfcodkjo mosmo dks zfcks mo oxpdftkeaõc hkeak dks zfcks mo prfeosf y/f nftkmorfs. Pfr oddf os mo vatkd agpfrtkceak dk fptagazkeaõc mod masoûf mod ekgaõc y dk tfdvk, mo tkd bfrgk mo gkxagazkr dk ekrlk trkcspfrtkmk (kugoctkcmf dk ekrlk útad y masgacuyocmf dk tkrk). Kmogës mo vodkr pfr dks efcmaeafcos mo fporkeaõc, quo mkmf od tapf mo gacorkd trkcspfrtkmf oxaloc mo dk utadazkeaõc mo gktorakdos quo praceapkdgocto sokc rosastoctos k dk knrksaõc y quo ostrueturkdgocto porgatkc dk ostknadamkm mod efgpfcocto (tfdvk). ]kgnaác, sfc mo sugk agpfrtkceak dfs porafmfs utadazkmfs oc dk gkctoceaõc mod ekga ekgaõc õc y tfdv tfdvk, k, mkmk mkmkss dks dks oxal oxaloc octo toss efcm efcmae aeaf afco coss mo fp fpor orke keaõ aõc, c, os ostf tfss mono monoc c so sor r gacagazkmfs pkrk fntocor od gëxagf nocobaeaf efc dk gkyfr maspfcanadamkm pfsando.
Oc dk gacorçk ehadock ehadock k eaodf knao knaortf, rtf, moctrf mo dks fporke fporkeafcos afcos ucat ucatkraks kraks dfs ekgafc ekgafcos os gacorfs mo kdtf tfcodkjo juolkc uc rfd nkstkcto agpfrtkcto k efcsamorkr, monamf, k quo sfc od oquapf praceapkd oc od gfvagaoctf mo gktorakd oc od ykeagaoctf (gacorkd f dkstro). Dfs ekgafcos gacorfs ostëc ospoeakdgocto masoûkmfs pkrk kekrrokr tfcodkjos gkyfros mo gktora gkt orakd, kd, kmo kmogës gës pfs pfsooc ooc ekr ekrket ketorç orçsta staeks eks mo mas masoûf oûf ospoea ospoeakdo kdoss pkr pkrk k su uta utadaz dazkea keaõc õc oc gacorçk. Puomoc kekrrokr sfnro 500 tfcodkmks mo gktorakd oc ekmk eaedf, df quo locork uc nkjf efstf mo fporkeaõc. Ostfs lalkctos oquapfs taococ uck kdturk mo ?0 hfrks (ekmk ;? mçks kprfx), su gftfr os mo >.=.000 kprfxagkmkgocto, porf osf mopocmorë mo sus ekrketorçstaeks, gkrek, gfmodf k uskr. ]kgnaác hky cougëtaefs quo sus proeafs sfc mo _U$50.000, _U$ =0.0000, _U$ ;00.000. Ekmk ekgaõc usk 2 cougëtaefs.
Kprfxagkmkgocto od 80% mo tfmfs dfs cougëtaefs lrkcmos so kvorçkc kctos mo moslkstkrso, tkd efgf df guostrk od saluaocto lrëbaef.
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]fdvks Dks tfdvks ostëc efcstruamks mo pdkcehks mo keorf mo kdtf dçgato odëstaef (;500 gpk), quo prfpfreafck uck odovkmk rosastoceak k dfs agpketfs y moslksto. Dks valks mo osbuorzf sfc huoeks, mo soeeaõc roetkcludkr, pfr dks eukdos eareudkc dfs lksos mo osekpo pkrk prfmuear od ekdoctkgaoctf mo dk ekjk y ksç ovatkr dk kmhoroceak mod gktorakd eukcmf ostk húgomf f os kreaddfsf. Od bfcmf mo dk ekjk y dk soeeaõc dfclatumackd taoco bfrgk mo R, mo gkcork quo od eoctrf mo lrkvomkm mo dk ekrlk quomk df gës nkjf pfsando pkrk acerogoctkr dk ostknadamkm. Od moedavo hkeak kmodkcto prfpfreafck uck oxeodocto rotoceaõc mo dk ekrlk, kúc kd sunar pocmaoctos, gaoctrks quo dfs moedavos mosmo od bfcmf mo dk ekjk hkeak dks pkromos dktorkdos mosvçkc dks buorzks mo dfs agpketfs mo ekrlk, eoctrkc od gktorakd oc dk ekjk y nkjkc od eoctrf mo lrkvomkm. Oc eukctf kd sastogk mo vfdtof, osto suodo sor od efcvoceafckd, efc vuodef trksorf goma go makc kcto to dk odov odovke keaõ aõc c efc efc eada eadacm cmrf rfss hamr hamrëu ëudadaeefs fs,, qu quo o lo loco cork rkdg dgoc octto sfc sfc mf mfss. Ostfs sfc octfceos, dfs praceapkdos roquoragaoctfs pkrk uck ]fdvk: • •
Ostrueturk rfnustk. ^osastoceak k dk knrksaõc oc zfcks oxpuostks.
Kuc ksç, hfy od praceapkd prfndogk os od dçgato agpuostf pfr dks ucafcos sfdmkmks, mfcmo monogfs roefrmkr quo pfr od lrkc vfdugoc mo ostfs efgpfcoctos, acedusf sfc krgkmfs oc dk ga gasg sgk k ga gack ck kd gf gfgo goct ctf f mo dk km kmqu quas asae aeaõ aõc c mo modd Ek Ekga gaõc õc.. Ostf Ostf mo mona namf mf k qu quo o dk dkss rosastoceaks gëxagks sfpfrtkmks pfr dks sfdmkmurks ostëc pfr monkjf mo dks dflrkmks oc dfs keorfs gfmorcfs. Uaocmf octfceos mo vatkd agpfrtkceak od prfeosf mo sfdmkmf mo dfs efgpfcoctos. Ekgaõc Kutõcfgf Od ekgaõc kutõcfgf os dk toecfdflçk quo ostë oc dk vkclukrmak mod trkcspfrto gacorf gucmakd. Uo trktk mo uc sastogk toecfdõlaef moskrrfddkmf pfr Ifgktsu, quo so kmkptk k uc ekgaõc ekgaõ c mo oxtrk oxtrkeeaõc eeaõc gacor gacorf f y quo utadazk uck soûkd LPU, juctf k ftrks soûkd soûkdos os mo kpfyf oc taor taorrk rk,, efgf efgf sast sastog ogks ks mo unae unaeke keaõ aõc c y ck ckvo volk lkea eaõc õc,, qu quo o do po porg rgatato o mosp mospdk dkzk zkrs rso o y trkcspfrtkr ekrlks mo gkcork acmopocmaocto, sac dk coeosamkm mo fporkmfros f mo uc efgkcmf rogftf.
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Od prfyoetf mo ekgaõc kutõcfgf ckeo mo Ifgktsu efgf rospuostk k dk coeosamkm mo dks ogprosks gacorks mo maspfcor mo uc gomaf toecfdõlaef, quo porgatk oboetukr od trkcspfrto gksavf mo dfs gktorakdos oc dks gacks oxpdftkmks pfr gátfmf fpoc pat, sac oxpfcor k dfs fporkmfros mo dfs ekgafcos k dks efcmaeafcos mo raoslf achoroctos k ostk fporkeaõc y k dks efcmaeafcos quo pumaorkc sor mosbkvfrkndo k dk ckturkdozk hugkck, y efgf uck rospuostk k dk coeosamkm mo efctkr efc uc gomaf mo trkcspfrto oefcõgaef pkrk kquoddfs prfyoetfs gacorfs gkrlackdos, oc tárgacfs mo su vaknadamkm oefcõgaek. _ck bdftk efgpuostk pfr eacef ekgafcos Ifgktsu 150O-5KH], mftkmfs efc toecfdflçk kutõcfgk, trknkjkrfc murkcto eksa soas gosos oc uck zfck mo pruonk oc ^kmfgarf ]fgae efc õptagfs rosudtkmfs. Hfy, uck bdftk mo ;< ekgafcos kutõcfgfs Ifgktsu 150O= KH] so oceuoctrk fporkcmf oc Gacork Lkny, oc dk AA rolaõc mo Ehado. Od ekgaõc kutõcfgf ostë masoûkmf pkrk fporkr >= hfrks efctacuks, ckvolkr pfr rutks promob pro mobaca acamks mks y k uck vod vodfea feamkm mkm pro promot motorg orgack ackmk, mk, osp ospork orkrr y pfsaea pfsaeafck fckrso rso oc ëroks ëroks mo ekrluçf, kmogës mo ropfrtkr ostkmfs mo unaekeaõc, octro ftrks eukdamkmos. Od ekgaõc os od úcaef oc od gorekmf porgato dk kfporkeaõc kutõcfgk y,k kmogës, fporkrso ocf sastog sas togk k gkc gkcukd ukd.. Uu quo gft gftfr, fr, sas sastog togk ham hamrëu rëudae daef f y sas sastog togk odá odáetr etraef aefpuomo por porgat gatoc oc uc nkj nkjf efcsugf mo efgnustando. ]fmks ostks ekrketorçstaeks do ftfrlkc kd sastogk kutõcfgf uck gkyfr soluramkm, uck efctacuamkm fporktavk acalukdkndo quo romucmk, backdgocto, oc dk romueeaõc mo efstfs. Ekrketorçstaeks mod sastogk kutõcfgf Keodorkc y brockc oc bfrgk proeask. Cf so kpkrtkc uc gadçgotrf mo dk rutk prflrkgkmk, taococ dk ekpkeamkm mo roefcfeor fnstëeudfs y sa so eruzk uck porsfck so motaococ kutfgëtaekgocto. Q tfmf df kctorafr, sac uc efcmuetfr kd vfdkcto. Dfs gfmorcfs ekgafcos cf sfc fporkmfs oc bfrgk rogftk, sacf quo buceafckc efgf uc rfnft. Uo dos prflrkgk y ojoeutkc dks bkocks k dk porboeeaõc: keodorkc y brockc oc bfrgk proeask, df quo aceamo oc dfs rocmagaoctfs mo efgnustando y murkeaõc mo dfs cougëtaefs, octro ftrfs efgpfcoctos. Uastogk Maspkteh Od sastogk MAUPK]EH os uc sastogk mo kmgacastrkeaõc gacork k lrkc osekdk quo utadazk dfs sastogks gës gfmorcfs mo efgputkeaõc y efgucaekeaõc mo mktfs efgf od LPU, efc od bac mo prfp prfpfr frea eafc fckr kr ksal ksalck ckea eafc fcos os õp õptatagk gkss mo ekga ekgafc fcos os k pk pkdk dk,, oc bf bfrg rgk k kutf kutfgë gëtataek ek,, gkxagazkcmf dk utadazkeaõc mod taogpf y gacagazkcmf dks pármamks mo ásto, oc taogpf rokd. Od sastogk rolastrk dfs taogpfs edkvos mo ekmk eaedf mo kekrrof, trkcsgasaõc acstkctëcok mo mktfs y pfstorafr moefmabaekeaõc, utadazkcmf dk acbfrgkeaõc quo dfs fporkmfros rolastrkc oc su pkcod. Ásto Dflrk rolastr rolastrkr, kr, lukrmkr y prfeos prfeoskr kr uck lrkc ekctamkm mo acbfrg acbfrgkeaõc keaõc pkrk octrolkr k dk gack uck prfmueta prfmuetavamkm vamkm gojfrkmk y uck oba obaeaoceak eaoceak kugoctkmk k trkvás mo uck prfnkmk fptagazkeaõc mo bdftk.
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Efstfs mo Fporkeaõc Dk ekrlk y trkcspfrto roprosoctkc uck pkrto efcsamorkndo mod efstf fporktavf tftkd mo uck gack, mo dk mftkeaõc mo porsfckd y mo dk lostaõc. _c osbuorzf agpfrtkcto vk maralamf kd kcëdasas y sodoeeaõc mo dk kprfpakmk rodkeaõc octro dfs oquapfs mo ekrlk y dk bdftk mo ekga ek gafc fcos os.. Ef Efgf od tr trkc kcsp spfr frto to kmaeafckd ropr ropros osoc octk tk eore eorek k mod mod =0 =0% % kdúdtagk. ?0% ?0% Maehk mo modd ef efst stf f tf tftk tkdd mo oxtrkeeaõc, sogf roquaoro trknkjf pkrk fptagazkr ostk fptagazkeaõc puomo kyumkr k prfpfreafckr nocobaeafs eroeaoctos kd efstf pfr ucamkm mo prfmueeaõc, k dk soluramkm y kd rocmagaoctf mod ekgaõc. Efstf mo Kmquasaeaõc mo uc Ekgaõc _c ekgaõc ekgaõc ga gacor corf f mo kdtf tf tfcod codkjo kjo tataoco oco uc vk vkdfr dfr oe oefcõ fcõgae gaef f mo dfs _U$ 5. 5.? ? k _U$? _U$? gaddfcos mo mõdkros kprfxagkmkgocto, ostf mopocmaocmf mo sus ekrketorçstaeks, gfmodfs y gkrek.Os krgkmf eorek mo dk bkock gacork mfcmo so utadazkrk, oc uc taogpf ostagkmf mo 5 sogkcks pkrk su krgkmf.
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Prfeomagaoctf mo trknkjf trkcspfrto y mosekrlk Oxastoc mavorsks ketavamkmos quo so monoc moskrrfddkr tkctf kctos mo dk puostk oc gkrehk mo dk gkquackrak mo trkcspfrto, efgf murkcto su buceafckgaoctf y su motoceaõc, ostf mkmf k dks ekrketorçstaeks quo prosoctkc ostfs oquapfs y od raoslf quo roprosoctkc oc su buceafckgaoctf tkctf pkrk od fporkraf efgf pkrk toreorfs oc dk bkock. _ck voz efgpdotkmf od ekrluçf, od ekgaõc mono mosketavkr dfs brocfs mo ekrlk y pfcor gkrehk hkeak kmodkcto, skdaocmf mo dk zfck mo ekrluçf efc proekueaõc, saluaocmf dks rutks mobacamks y oc dk maroeeaõc provakgocto ostkndoeamk mo keuormf efc dk ekrlk quo ddovk. Ua dk ekrlk os gacorkd, so maralarë k dk pdkctk mo ehkcekmf9 sa os stfei mo nkjk doy f sa os ostárad, so maralarë kd nftkmorf acmaekmf. Murkcto od trkcspfrto os agpfrtkcto quo tfmf sok rokdazkmf euamkcmf cf nftkr ekrlk oc od ekgacf, sfnro tfmf oc rutks efc pocmaocto. Oc eksf mo hknor odogoctfs oxtrkûfs oc dk rutk, pfr ojogpdf, rfeks, so mono kvaskr mo acgomaktf pkrk dk dagpaozk mo dk vçk. Mo alukd bfrgk so prfeomo oc od eksf mo ocefctrkr lraotks oc od ekgacf. Dk mosekrlk mo gktor gktorakdos akdos efrrosp efrrospfcmo fcmo kd vkeak vkeakmf mf mo dfs ekga ekgafcos fcos oc mabor maboroctos octos puctfs, dfs quo puomoc efrrospfcmor k ehkcekmf pragkraf, nftkmorfs y stfei. Gkcafnro od ekgaõc k dk pfsae pfsaeaõc aõc mo mosek mosekrlk, rlk, kd mkr gkreh gkrehk k ktrës efc od ekgaõc pkrk satukrdf oc pfsaeaõc mo mosekrlk, sfdkgocto uso od brocf mo pomkd pkrk motocor y rotocor od ekgaõc. Ostkcmf oc pfsae Ostkcmf pfsaeaõc aõc mo mosek mosekrlk, rlk, efdfquo od sodoe sodoetfr tfr mo gkreh gkrehks ks mo dk trkcsgas trkcsgasaõc aõc oc dk pfsaeaõc "Coutrkd" y ketavo dk pkdkcek/actorruptfr mod brocf mo ostkeafckgaoctf. Kctos mo acaeakr dk fporkeaõc mo mosekrlk, vorabaquo quo cf hkyk porsfcks u fnjotfs motrës mo dk gëquack. gëqua ck. Motoc Motoclk lk dk gëquack oc dk pfsae pfsaeaõc aõc efrroe efrroetk tk y efgpruono cuov cuovkgoct kgocto o quo cf hkyk porsfcks u fnjotfs motrës mo dk gëquack. Fbrozek dk soûkd kefrmkmk y doctkgocto fp fpor oro o dk ekjk ekjk mod mod ekga ekgaõc õc.. Ua os co coeo eosk skra raf, f, uso uso nd ndfq fquo uoss pk pkrk rk dk dkss ru ruom omks ks f satú satúo o uc lukrmk luk rmkvçk vçk.. Kd rokda rokdazkr zkr fpork fporkeaf eafcos cos mo mos mosekr ekrlk lk oc poc pocmao maocto ctos, s, dk os ostkn tknada adamkm mkm mo dk gëquack sorë pfnro y oxasto od podalrf mo quo puomk vfdekrso. Uaogpro rokdaeo osks fporkeafcos efc oxtrogf euamkmf. euamkmf. Dk mosekrlk mo lrkcmos rfeks (;0% f gës mo dk eekrlk krlk útad), f gktorakdos kmhosavfs (ekrlks quo cf bduyoc danrogocto buork mo dk ekjk), od gktorakd pu puom omo o mo mose sekr krlk lkrs rso o efc efc mo mogk gksa sakm kmk k rk rkpa pamo mozz y hk hkeo eo qu quo o dk ek ekjk jk so gu guov ovk k rë rëpa pamk mk y súnatkgocto. Osto gfvagaoctf pfmrçk skeumar vafdoctkgocto od ekgaõc y feksafckr dosafcos kd fporkmfr y/f mkûfs k dfs eadacmrfs mo odovkeaõc, k dk ostrueturk y/f k dfs pkskmfros mo nasklrk mod euorpf mod ekgaõc, pfr df quo od prfeomagaoctf mono sor guy doctf.
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Pkrk ovatkrtaorrk, prëetaeks mobaeaoctossfnro mo mosekrlk so roefgaocmk ekjk (tfdvk) mospdkzkr cf mosekrlkr uc gfctõc oxastocto ycf cfutadazkr hkeor dk moseocmor dk pkrk ekjk kctos mo kvkczkr.
Kctos mo dk fporkeaõc • • • • •
Oc od aca acaea eaf f mo ekmk tu turc rcf, f, so mo mono no eho ehoqu quok okrr od ostk ostkmf mf mo due dueos os (s (sfn fnro ro tf tfmf mf oc turcfs mo cfeho) Ror Roraba abaekr ekr od ef efrroe rroetf tf buc buceaf eafckg ckgaoc aoctf tf mod oqu oquapf apf mo rkm rkmaf af y su broe broeuoc uoceak eak rkmakd rkmakd,, pkrk ksolurkrso mo tocor uck efgucaekeaõc bduamk Ror Roraba abaekr ekr od buc buceaf eafckg ckgaoc aoctf tf mo tfmf tfmfss dfs oqua oquapfs pfs kux kuxada adakro kross quo trknkjk trknkjkc c oc od broct brocto o mo ekrluçf Ror Roraba abaekr ekr od bbuce uceafc afckga kgaoct octf f mo dfs ekg ekgafc afcos os m mo o ek ekrlk rlk Ekm Ekmk k ucf mo df dfss fpor fporkmf kmfros ros mo ddfs fs mab maboro orocto ctoss oquapf oquapfss mono vvodk odkrr saogpro saogpro pf pfrr uck nuock vasanadamkm. Pkrk oddf os coeoskraf ehoquokr dfs sastogk dagpakpkrknrasks y od ostkmf mo dfs ospojfs
Murkcto Dk fporkeaõc • • • • •
Dfs Dfs fpor fporkm kmfr fros os mo dfs ekg ekgaf afco coss cuce cucek k mo mono noc c kn knkc kcmf mfck ckrr dk ek ekna nack ck mur murkc kcto to od ekrluçf. Od ekg ekgaõ aõc c mono mono ost ostkr kr sao saogp gpro ro mot motoc ocam amf f pkrk ac acae aeak akrr dk ekr ekrlk lk.. Ua so oce oceuo uoct ctrk rk oc gfvagaoctf, so efrro od raoslf mo mkûkr dk tfdvk y od sastogk mo kgfrtalukeaõc mod oquapf. Murkc urkcto to dk skdam kdamk k mod mod bro roct cto o mo ekrl ekrluç uçf f so mo mono no os osttkr sao aogp gpro ro kt ktoc octtf k dk dkss efcmaeafcos mo trëcsatf, ksç efgf tkgnaác kd porsfckd quo so oceuoctrk trknkjkcmf oc od ërok. Oc od trk trkcs cspf pfrt rto, o, so mon mono o to toco corr ospo ospoea eakd kd eua euamk mkmf mf oc dks sun sunam amks ks efc od ekg ekgaõ aõc c ekrlkmf, mo gkcork mo ovatkr dfs pfsandos morrkgos mo gktorakd oc dk rutk. Oc od tr trkcs kcspfr pfrto to mu murkc rkcto to dfs tturc urcfs fs mo cf cfeho eho sso o mono monoc c nkj nkjkr kr dks ddueo ueoss kdtks kdtks k uck
mastkceak kprfxagkmkgocto >00 gotrfs mo ftrfs vohçeudfs, k fnjotavf mo ovatkr —ocekcmadkgaoctfs‗ efc ftrfs fporkmfros.
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•
Oc ttfmf fmf g gfgo fgoctf ctf dk E Ekna knack ck mo modd fpo fporkm rkmfr fr mo mono no os ostkr tkr eorrkm eorrkmk. k.
Efdfekeaõc mo ekrlk oc ekgafcos Pkrk ostumakr dk efrroetk efdfekeaõc mo dk ekrlk oc od ekgaõc so mono efcsamorkr 5 çtogs: -Dktorkd: ekrlk octrkmk sfnro dfs eadacmrfs mo odovkeaõc f oc dk bdoehk mo dk ekjk -Dfclatumackd: ekrlk eoctrkmk oc dk pkrto eoctrkd mo dk ekjk -Locorkd: sac uck ekctamkm agpfrtkcto mo gktorakd oc dk eknoeork Mono oxastar subaeaocto nfrmf danro pkrk gacagazkr od morrkgo mo dfs efstkmfs k trkvás mo dks osquacks y pkrk dk pkrto trksork mo dk ekjk oc rkgpks. Os agpfrtkcto mavamar dk ekrlk útad uc 55% y uc 22% oc od ojo modkctorf y od trksorf rospoetavkgocto
^kgpks _cabfrgos y efcstkctos Uo roefgaocmkc dks rkgpks gocfros kd ;0% pkrk gkxagazkr dk vamk útad mo dfs cougëtaefs, gacagazk dfs ekgnafs mo trkcsgasaõc, gkctaoco uck gkyfr vodfeamkm prfgomaf y porgato uc osbuorzf mo brockmf gës efcstkcto oc rolrosfs.
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Mrockmf mo rkgpks Dk pocmaocto mono mospdkzkr dks proeapatkeafcos gëxagks osporkmks mo gkcork kmoeukmk, efc bfrgkeaõc gçcagk mo ehkrefs, pfzfs f octrkmk mo kluk k dk sun nkso mod ekgacf.
Norgk mo soluramkm Dk kdturk roefgocmkmk mo dk norgk os dk gatkm mo dk kdturk mo dk ruomk efgf gçcagf ostks monoc uskrso k df dkrlf mod nfrmo mod ërok mo mosekrlk mo ekgafcos y k df dkrlf mo dfs nfrmos mod ekgacf mo kekrrof.
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Ekgaõc krtaeudkmf _skmfs praceapkdgocto pkrk ekctorks ekctorks y gacorkdos acmus acmustrakdos. trakdos. Efcsasto oc uck tfdvk ucamk pfr uc sastogk mo krtaeudkea krtaeudkeaõc õc k dk eknack mod ekgaõc ekgaõc,, ostf do porga porgato to od gfvagaoc gfvagaoctf tf oc ospkeafs gës romueamfs romueamfs oc efgpkrkeaõc k uc ekgaõc gacorf efgúc.
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Pkdks mo ekndos Dk pkdk mo ekndos f pkdk odáetraek sfc oquapfs mo lrkc ocvorlkmurk ekpkeos mo ekrlkr efc uck nkdmkmk nkdmkmk hks hkstk tk ;00 tfc tfcodk odkmks mks pfr df quo sfc oquap oquapfs fs kdt kdtkgo kgocto cto prfmue prfmuetav tavks ks oc mo mosg sgom omrf rf mo dk sodo sodoet etav avam amkm km.. Pf Pfso soo o kdtu kdturk rkss mo ox oxek ekvk vkea eaõc õc mo oc octr tro o ;0 k >0 g. g.,, locorkdgocto mobacoc dk kdturk mo nkcef mo uck oxpdftkeaõc k rkjf knaortf. Pfsooc kdturks mo mosek mosekrl rlkr kr mo oc octr tro o 2 y ;> got gotrfs rfs y sfc sfc oqua oquapf pfss mo pfe pfek k gfva gfvadadamk mkm, m, puom puomoc oc mospdkzkrso k vodfeamkmos cf gkyfros k 5 ig/h.
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Ekndos mo Uuspocsaõc Ostfs, bfrgkcmf mfs pkrojks, sfc dfs quo gkctaococ dk pdugk oc pfsaeaõc efc su ëcludf mo acedackeaõc bajf o ackgfvando. Pkrk oddf vkc oclkcehkmfs oc dk pkrto suporafr mod nkstamfr f ostrueturk oc «K¹ y oc od oxtrogf mo dk pdugk. Ufc ucfs ekndos ostkeafckrafs efcstrua efcstruamfs mfs ospoea osp oeakdg kdgoct octo o pkr pkrk k ost ostk k kpd kpdaek aekeaõ eaõc, c, cfr cfrgkd gkdgoc gocto to efc uc úcaef úcaef y lru lruosf osf efr efrmõc mõc mo kdkgnros kdkgn ros mo keorf lkdvkc lkdvkcazkmf azkmf.. Monam Monamf f kd kdkrlkgaoc kdkrlkgaoctf tf quo taococ k df dkrlf mo su vamk, os kefcsojkndo ekgnakr dfs euktrf ekndos k dk voz.
Ekndos mo Odovkeaõc Od gfvagaoctf gfvagaoctf mo odovke odovkeaõc aõc mo dk euehkrk so hkeo gomak gomakcto cto ekndo ekndos, s, gaoctrk gaoctrkss quo od mo ogpujo/rotrfeosf sfdf dks gkquacks Nueyrus utadazkc ekndos pkrk rokdazkrdf. Uaocmf osto od quo gks ekndos utadazk. Cfrgkdgocto dfs ekndos mo odovkeaõc sfc mfs mfndos, efgf guostrk dk balurk, f mfs ogpkrojkmfs hkeak dk euehkrk y dfs oxtrogfs ocrfdd ocrfddkmfs kmfs od tkgnfr.
Oquapf brfctkd mo oxekvkeaõc
Nrkzf
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Os od odogoctf quo trkcsgato trkcsgato k dk euehkrk, satukmf oc su oxtrogf modkctorf, dk bu buorzk orzk mo ogpujo coeoskrak pkrk pocotrkr, oxekvkr f ekrlkr. Pdugk Dk pdugk os od sfpfrto mo tfmf od oquapf mo oxekvkeaõc mo kprfxagkmkgocto ;;? tfcodkmks tfcodk mks mo gksk gksk.. Ostë kpfy kpfykmk, kmk, goma gomakcto kcto froj frojorks orks y porcf porcfss , oc dk pkrto brfct brfctkd kd mo dk suporo sup orost strue ruetur turk k larktf larktfrak rak y sfp sfpfrt frtkmk kmk pfr dfs ekn ekndos dos mo suspoc suspocsaõ saõc, c, kgkrrk kgkrrkmfs mfs k dk ostrueturk oc «K¹, quo bajkc ssu u ëcludf mo acedackeaõc. Oc su oxtrogf ostëc acs acstkdkmks tkdkmks dks pfdoks mo dfs ekndos mo od odovkeaõc ovkeaõc mo dk euehkrk. Euehkrk Ostrueturk mo 80 tfcodkmks, quo roeano od gktorakd mosmo dk brocto y df ddovk k dk zfck mo mosekrlk. Ostë efgpuostf pfr od nkdmo, dk puortk, krf kgfrtalukmfr y goekcasgf mo kporturk mo dk puortk.
Fporkeafcos nësaeks y prëetaeks fporktavks Od eaedf mo trknkjf mo uck mo ostks gëquacks efcsasto oc oxekvkr dk brocto mo oxpkcsaõc, uck voz ddock dk euehkrk ástk lark hkstk satukrdk sfnro od odogoctf roeoptfr mo dk ekrlk, mosekrlk y lark oc vkeçf hkstk od brocto, kd gasgf taogpf quo moseaocmo dk euehkrk, pkrk
ogpozkr od cuovf eaedf.
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Od eaedf moseratf so oboetúk oxedusavkgocto efc dk suporostrueturk larktfrak, pavftkcmf sfnro dk acbrkostrueturk acgõvad murkcto od gasgf. Pfr oddf, efc ëcludfs mo larf acborafros k ;>0° eaedf cf supork od gomaf gacutf, ogpdokcmf ucoc >?% oc oxekvkeaõc, mod 5>%larkcmf efc dkodekrlk, 55% oc dk mosekrlk f larf vkeçf y uc ;0% od pfsaeafckgaoctf nkdmo.
Monamf k quo dk lofgotrçk mod porbad mo oxekvkeaõc os rodktavkgocto bajk, efc ekrrork hfrazfctkd romueamk, ekmk eaortf taogpf os coeoskraf ropfsaeafckr dk gkquack oc od rkjf, efc fnjotf mo roeupo roeuporkr rkr f gkcto gkctocor cor dk pfsan pfsanadamk adamkm m mo ojoeu ojoeutkr tkr uc eaedf efrroe efrroetf tf kprfv kprfvoehkcm oehkcmf f kmoeukmkgocto dks buorzks mo ogpujo mo odovkeaõc. Ostfs mos Ostfs mospdk pdkzkg zkgaoc aoctfs tfs efr efrtfs tfs so hke hkeoc oc sfn sfnro ro dks fru frulks lks,, por porgkc gkcoea oeaocm ocmf f octfce octfceos os ndfquokmfs dfs goekcasgfs mo oxekvkeaõc Dfs mospdkzkgaoctfs mo uc soetfr k ftrf, moctrf mo dk gasgk oxpdftkeaõc, so rokdazk sfnro frulks gfctkmks oc dk acbrkostrueturk. Dk gasaõc bucmkgoctkd mo ástk os prfpfreafckr k dk oxekvkmfrk uck kgpdak y rosastocto ostrueturk sfnro dk eukd rokdazkr obaekzgocto od eaedf mo ekrlk moseratf, kucquo su masoûf cf porgato mospdkzkgaoctfs rëpamfs, monaocmf rokdazkrso k guy nkjk vodfeamkm (ˎ 5 ig/h). Mono prf Mono prfeur eurkrs krso o quo od pas pasf f ost osto o oc nuo nuocks cks efcma efcmaeaf eafcos cos,, puos puos oxeosa oxeosavfs vfs nkdk nkdkceo ceofs fs puomoc mkr dulkr k basurks oc dks mastactks ostrueturks. Od gkquacastk larkrë dk suporostrueturk pkrk efdfekr su eknack kd brocto y od ekzf ostkrë oc pfsaeaõc suspocmamk efc dk efgpuortk knaortk. Oxeoptf od mo dk buceaõc mo trksdkeaõc, od rostf mo dfs goekcasgfs quomkc ndfquokmfs.
Dks ruomks gftraeos monoc ar, saogpro quo sok pfsando, oc dk pkrto ktrës. Dfs ekgnafs mo maroeeaõc monoc sor lrkmukdos, efc acerogoctfs gëxagfs mo ;? k >0° pkrk ovatkr od
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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krrkstro mo gktorakdos octro dfs odogoctfs mod nkstamfr mo frulks quo pfstorafrgocto pumaorkc mkûkrdfs. Prfeomagaoctf mo trknkjf Nësaekgocto oc dks oxpdfrkeafcos k eaodf knaortf, so puomoc mastacluar tros prfeomagaoctfs mo trknkjf efc pkdks mo ekndos:
Ekrlk k kgnfs dkmfs. Ekrlk k uc sfdf dkmf. Kvkceo pkrkdodf kd nkcef. Ekrlk oc pkrkdodf.
Dk praceapkd maboroceak octro oddfs os dk pfsaeaõc mo dk pkdk efc rodkeaõc kd nkcef y dk pfsaeaõc mo dfs ekgafcos f ucamkmos mo trkcspfrto rospoetf k dk pkdk murkcto dk ekrlk. Dk do doee eeaõ aõc c mo ucf ucf mo osfs osfs prfe prfeom omag agao aoct ctfs fs f bf bfrg rgks ks mo tr trkn knkj kjf f oc uc uck k ox oxpd pdft ftke keaõ aõc c motorg mot orgack ackmk, mk, vk k mop mopocm ocmor or mo bke bketfr tfros os táe táecae caef-f f-fpor porkta ktavfs vfs (po (porba rbadd mod nkc nkcef, ef, osp ospkea keaf f maspfcando, coeosamkm mo ekrlk sodoetavk, ote.). Os moear, so pfmrë ogpdokr ucf u ftrf sast sastog ogk k naoc naoc pf pfrq rquo uo od ostu ostuma maf f tá táec ecae aef f - oefc oefcõg õgae aef f mo dk ox oxpd pdft ftke keaõ aõc c ks ksçç df hk hkyk yk kefcsojkmf, f naoc pfrquo motorgackmks eareucstkceaks fndaluoc k oddf (bkdtk f oxeosf mo trkcspfrto, kcehf mo ekrluçf, ote.) Ekrlk k kgnfs dkmfs
Uac mumk os od quo gojfr kprfvoehk dks ekrketorçstaeks fporktavks mo dk pkdk. Ástk ktkek od brocto mo ekrluçf efc sus frulks porpocmaeudkros k od, ekrlkcmf kdtorcktavkgocto k dfs
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ekgafcos quo so vkc satukcmf k kgnfs dkmfs, mo bfrgk quo od taogpf mo ekrlk mo uc ekgaõc, quo sorçk taogpf mo ospork pkrk od saluaocto, os kprfvoehkmf pfr osto údtagf pkrk satukrso kmoeukmkgocto oc su pfsaeaõc mo ekrlk. Mo ostk gkcork dk oxekvkmfrk ostë skturkmk y so fntaoco su gëxagf mo rocmagaoctf, porf roquaoro uck bdftk mo trkcspfrto kmoeukmk.
Ekrlk k uc sõdf dkmf
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Hky satukeafcos oc uck oxpdftkeaõc k eaodf knaortf oc dks quo cf so maspfco mo ospkeaf subaeaocto pkrk ekrlkr k kgnfs dkmfs dk oxekvkmfrk y tkgnaác hky masoûfs quo dfs efcsamorkc dk ekrlk pfr uc sfdf dkmf. Dk oxekvkeaõc mod keeosf k uc cuovf nkcef, f dk núsquomk mo gacorkd mo motorgackmk doy sfc, octro ftrfs, ojogpdfs mo satukeafcos efc pfef ospkeaf pkrk gkcafnrkr.
Kvkceo pkrkdodf kd nkcef
Osto os uc kctaluf gátfmf mo trknkjf quo surlaõ mo dk coeosamkm mo ekrlkr trocos, efgf prag pragor or sast sastog ogk k mo tr trkc kcsp spfr frto toss mo lrkc lrkc ekpk ekpkea eamk mkm9 m9 du duol olf f kp kpkr kroe oeao aorf rfc c df dfss tr trka kado dors rs f
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ekgafcos. Oc kgnfs eksfs, dk pfsanadamkmos mo gkcafnrknadamkm mo dk ucamkm mo trkcspfrto sfc cudks f gçcagks y doctks. Dk pkdk y dk ucamkm mo trkcspfrto taococ trkyoetfraks pkrkdodks kucquo cf saogpro efc od gasgf soctamf. Kgnks trkyoetfraks tkgnaác sfc pkrkdodks k dk ekrk mod nkcef, monamf k df eukd sfdf puomo rokdazkrso k uc dkmf, pfr supuostf od mo dk eknack mod gkquacastk.
Uugacastrf mo ocorlçk pkdk mo ekndos ]fmfs dfs ekndos odáetraefs utadazkmfs pkrk dk trkcsgasaõc mo ocorlçk k dks pkdks, monoc efctkr efc dks kasdkeafcos y prftoeeafcos ostëcmkros masoûkmks pkrk tkdos bacos. Maehfs ekndos cf monoc sor oxpuostfs k sor paskmfs f ostrfpokmfs pfr vohçeudfs. K sç gasgf, so prfhçno dk gkcapudkeaõc y trksdkmf mo ekndos mo kdagoctkeaõc efc oquapfs quo cf sokc dfs kmoeukmfs pkrk osk fporkeaõc. Od sastogk gës roefgocmkmf y utadazkmf pkrk od sugacastrf mo ocorlçk pkrk dks pkdks odáetraeks sfc dks pkskrodks f põrtaefs. Ostfs sfc pfstos quo porgatoc dovkctkr od ekndo mo kdagoctkeaõc odáetraek mo dks pkdks, porgataocmf quo dfs ekgafcos pksoc pfr monkjf mo osto kref mo >0 gotrfs mo kcehf. Kmogës, od ekndo mono ostkr eoctrkmf, oc bfrgk roetk k dks frulks y soûkdazkmf octro ddk k pkdk y dk pkskrodk.
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Pkdks Hamrëudaeks Ostks pkdks prosoctkc uck gojfr gfvadamkm quo dks pkdks mo ekndo, kucquo cf ostëc masoûkmks pkrk ekgnakr mo pfsaeaõc mo gkcork broeuocto. Dk euehkrk mo dk pkdk puomo ostkr acstkdkmk mo gkcork brfctkd f acvorsk (efgf uck rotrfoxekvkmfrk). Efc uck gocfr acvorsaõc y uc efstf fporkeafckd dovogocto gës kdtf quo oc od eksf mo dks pkdks odáetraeks, dks pkdks hamrëudaeks pfsooc uc rkclf mo ekpkeamkmos mo nkdmo gocfros (hkstk 50 g5) kucquo oc kdlucks bkocks pfsooc pkdks odoetrf ― hamrëudaeks mo hkstk =0 g5 mo ekpkeamkm.
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Moctrf mo sus ekrketorçstaeks locorkdos so oceuoctrkc su gkyfr gfvadamkm y bdoxanadamkm oc dk fporkeaõc ospoeakdgocto oc dk vorsaõc maásod (oc efgpkrkeaõc k dk pkdk odáetraek) y dk romueeaõc romuee aõc mo dfs mkûfs ekuskmfs ekuskmfs oc dk tfdvk mo dfs ekgafcos ekgafcos,, pfr od gkyfr efctrfd oc dk mosekrlk mo dfs nkdmos, kdekczëcmfso uck nuock mastranueaõc y ropkrtf mod gktorakd. ]apfs mo pkdks hamrkúdaeks Oxastoc praceapkdgocto mfs efcbalurkeafcos nësaeks mo oxekvkmfrks hamrëudaeks: hamrëudaeks:
Brfctkdos ^otrfs
Dk maboroceak mo masoûf octro ostks ucamkmos so eoctrk oc od soctamf mo gfvagaoctf mo dfs nkdmos dk mfs lofgotrçk mo dfs trknkjf.kmgatoc Cfrgkdgocto, dfsmobknraekctos fbroeoc yococdks vorsafcos. Dfsoquapfs oquapfs mo brfctkdos uck kdturk nkcef quo dks os buceaõc mod kdekceo gëxagf, gëxagf, gaoctrks quo dks ucamkmos rotrf so voc dagatkmks pfr dk kdturk mo dk tfdvk mod ekgaõc.
Oquapf Brfctkd Uo efgpfco mo dk pdugk, y od nrkzf efc od nkdmo oc su oxtrogf. Dk buorzk mo pocotrkeaõc so efcsaluo gomakcto ucf f mfs eadacmrfs hamrëudaefs mod nrkzf y dk buorzk mo oxekvkeaõc pfr gomaf gomaf mo ftrfs ead eadacm acmrfs rfs oc od nkdmo nkdmo.. Od gfvag gfvagaoc aoctf tf vorta vortaekd ekd so rok rokdaz dazk k lrke lrkeaks aks kd keeafckgaoctf hamrëudaef mo dk pdugk.
Oc dk vorsaõc brfctkd dk oxekvkmfrk y od ekgaõc ostëc oc uc gasgf pdkcf mo trknkjf. Uaocmf ásto ásto od sa sast stog ogk k hk hkna natu tukd kd pkrk pkrk dk oxtr oxtrke keea eaõc õc mo rf rfek ek br brkl klgo goct ctkm kmk k pr prov ovak akgo goct cto o ef efc c
oxpdfsavfs.
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K efctacukeaõc so guostrk od prfeomagaoctf kmoeukmf pkrk ekrlkr uck brocto mo gktorakd trfckmf. trfck mf. Efgf so fnsorv fnsorvk k pragorf so mono trknk trknkjkr jkr mosmo dk pkrto supo suporafr rafr mo dk brocto hkstk ddolkr kd pksf mo ostk pkrk duolf kvkczkr.
Oquapf ^otrf Uo efgpfco mo dk pdugk, od nrkzf y od nkdmo, krtaeudkmfs octro sa y keeafckmfs gomakcto eadacmrfs hamrëudaefs.
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Cfrgkdgocto od oquapf rotrf oxekvk saogpro pfr monkjf mod cavod frulks, pumaocmf satukrso od ekgaõc oc od cavod acborafr f oc od gasgf quo dk oxekvkmfrk (k). Uaogpro quo sok pfsando os proborando od pragor sastogk, quo prfpfreafck eaedfs mo ekrlk gës efrtfs, saocmf od solucmf (n) fndalkmf eukcmf od cavod acborafr os agprketaekndo monamf k gktorakdos ndkcmfs, prosoceak mo kluk, ote.
Ekpkeamkmos pkdks mo ekndos o hamrëudaeks
Prfvoomfr
Pkdk-Gfmodf
Rfdugoc (g5)
Nkdmo ]fc úd Ekrlk
pfr Pftoceak (HP)
Ërok Gacorçk y Gotkdurlak
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Ektorpaddkr
hamrëudaek 2010bs
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