MasteringPhysics Pearson-Intro to Mastering and Math Review
February 6, 2017 | Author: Shristi Singh | Category: N/A
Short Description
Intro to Mastering and Math Review...
Description
Intro to Mastering and Math Review Due: 11:59pm on Saturday, September 3, 2016 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Introduction to Numeric Answers This exercise is not intended to test your knowledge of any specific subject material. Therefore, on this problem you will not be penalized for using hints or submitting incorrect answers.
Overview When an assignment question requires that you enter a numeric answer, you will see an answer box like the one illustrated here.
To answer this type of question, you will need to type the numeric value for distance in the rectangle between the quantity you are solving for (distance) and the units (meters). In addition to typing alphanumeric values from your keyboard, you can enter nonnumeric information by using either the menu tabs above the rectangular answer box (for more information click the equivalent key strokes. (click
(Help) button) or
(Keyboard shortcuts) button for the list)
Grading Tolerance For grading, your numeric answers often (but not always) can be within a tolerance range of the official answer. For example, if the answer to a numeric problem with a tolerance of 2% were 105, answers between 103 and 107 would be graded as correct. If you submit an answer that is rounded to within the grading tolerance but is not the exact answer, you will receive full credit. If this value is needed in future parts use the full precision value for subsequent parts. Significant figures Most questions with numeric answers will require your answer to be given to at least three digits or significant figures. Your answer may be graded as incorrect if you have calculated correctly but then rounded your final answer to too few digits. If a different number of significant figures is required, this will be part of the question's answer instructions. When you need to do multiple calculations to get an answer, use more significant figures than required in each calculation and round at the end only. Rounding too early can cause your final answer to be outside the tolerance range.
Part A For most answers, you will simply enter your numeric answer directly into the space provided to the right of the equal sign. Answer the following question by typing the numeric answer into the answer box. If you have a gross of items, you have 144 items. If you buy a gross of eggs, how many dozen eggs do you have? Express your answer in dozens. Do not enter the units; they are provided to the right of the answer box. Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. How many items are in a dozen? If you have a dozen items, how many items do you have? ANSWER: 6 items 12 items 13 items
ANSWER: number of eggs = 12 dozen
Correct
Part B When entering large numbers in the answer box, do not use commas. For example, enter 1276400 for the number 1,276,400. Do not enter 1,276,400. If you accidentally enter commas, you will get a message that your answer has the wrong number of terms. Answer the following question by typing the numeric answer into the answer box. What is the sum of 9260 and 3240? Express your answer numerically to at least three significant figures.
Hint 1. How to compute the sum Recall that the sum of two numbers is the result you obtain by adding the two numbers together. ANSWER: sum = 12500
Correct Note that you can always review exactly what you typed in the answer box by clicking My Answers.
Scientific notation You may want to enter 367,000,000 in scientific notation as 3.67 × 10 8 . There are two ways to do this.
To use a template, click the To use the keyboard,
button found under the
menu.
Instead of the × symbol, use a multiplication dot (⋅) by typing the keyboard multiplication symbol * (Shift + 8). To input the exponent for numbers written in scientific notation, do either of the following: Typesetting math: 35%
Click the button found under the Type ^ (Shift + 6) from your keyboard.
menu.
For example, 3.67 ⋅ 10 8 can be entered in the answer box by typing 3.67*10^8.
Part C Practice entering numbers that include a power of 10 by entering the diameter of a hydrogen atom in its ground state, −10 dH = 1.06 × 10 m , into the answer box. Express the diameter of a groundstate hydrogen atom in meters using a power of 10. Do not enter the units; they are provided to the right of the answer box. ANSWER: dH
= 1.06×10−10 m
Correct In some computer programming languages and software, a shorthand scientific notation for a number such as 12 3.0 × 10 would be 3.0E12. This notation should be avoided when using the math answer box, because the E will be 12 interpreted as a variable. To correctly enter 3.0 × 10 as an answer, follow the advice given above. Value that are equivalent, such as 10.6 × 10
−11
or 106 × 10
m
−12
m
would also be marked correct here.
Part D If you are asked to provide a set of two or more numeric answers, separate them with commas. For example, to provide the year that Sputnik (the first satellite to be sent into orbit around the Earth) was launched and the year humans first walked on the Moon, you would enter 1957,1969 in the answer box. A rectangle has a length of 5.50 m and a width of 12.0 m. What are the perimeter and area of this rectangle? Enter the perimeter and area numerically separated by a comma. The perimeter should be given in meters and the area in square meters. Do not enter the units; they are provided to the right of the answer box.
Hint 1. How to find the perimeter The perimeter of a twodimensional shape is the distance around the outside edge of the shape. In the case of a rectangle, there are two sides of length L and two sides of width W . Therefore, if you were to walk around the outside of a rectangle, you would walk a distance of 2L + 2W or 2(L + W ).
Hint 2. How to find the area The area A of a rectangle is given by the product of its length L and width W : A ANSWER: perimeter, area = 35.0,66.0 m, m2
Correct Typesetting math: 35%
= L⋅W
.
Introduction to Numeric Answers with Units This exercise is not intended to test your knowledge of any specific subject material. Therefore, on this problem you will not be penalized for using hints or submitting incorrect answers.
Overview When an assignment question requires that you enter an answer consisting of a numeric value and its units, you will see an answer box like the one illustrated here.
To answer this type of question, you will need to type the numeric value and the appropriate units in the boxes provided. To enter a numeric value, click in the Value box and then type in the value. You can enter only numeric values, including scientific notation. You can’t enter calculations or algebraic expressions. The same grading, tolerance, and significant figure rules apply to the numeric value of your number and units answer as apply to numeric answers. To enter units, click in the Units box and then enter the abbreviated unit. You can enter any of the following: A single unit such as m, eV, Å, Ω, or ∘ C. A single unit with a prefix such as cm or MeV. A compound unit such as N ⋅ m or m/s. Note that you must use explicit multiplication in compound units. For example, newtonmeters can be entered as either N ⋅ m or N−m, but not Nm. A compound unit with a prefix such as kN ⋅ m. To undo your work, click
. To redo your work, click
To clear your work (restart), click
.
.
To view a list of keyboard shortcuts, click
. Here are some of the most common shortcuts:
Compound unit multiplication: Type * (Shift + 8) or Type ‐ (a hyphen). Exponent: Type ^ (Shift + 6). Fraction: Type / (a forward slash). Degree symbol: Type \deg. For more information, click (
). To identify the purpose of any icon, simply place your cursor over it. For
instance, here is an example showing the degree symbol:
Part A Answer the following question by entering the numeric value with appropriate units. Typesetting math: 35% If the length of one side of a square is 12.0 m, what is the perimeter of the square?
Express the perimeter with the appropriate units.
Hint 1. Definition of a perimeter The perimeter of a square is the sum of the lengths of all four sides of the square. ANSWER: perimeter = 48.0 m
Correct Because a square has four sides of equal length, the perimeter is 12 m + 12 m + 12 m + 12 m = 48.0 m
You could also express the perimeter in equivalent units using prefixes such as cm or km (i.e., 4800 cm or 0.0480 km)
Part B When numbers are very small or very large, it is convenient to either express the value in scientific notation and/or by using a prefix with the unit. A painrelieving pill has a mass of 0.005 g. Express the pill’s mass in grams using scientific notation or in milligrams. Express your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure or use a prefix on the unit.
Hint 1. How to interpret the prefix milli The prefix m (milli) implies multiplication by 10 −3 ; thus, a milligram is 1 × 10 −3 g.
ANSWER: mass = 5×10−3 g
Correct Because 1 milligram
= 10
−3
grams
, you can enter your answer as 5 × 10 −3 g or 5 mg.
Part C You can also enter units that are combinations of other units. Keep in mind that you have to indicate the multiplication of units explicitly either with a multiplication dot or a dash. You can add a multiplication dot by selecting the dot from the symbol
menu.
The weight of an object is the product of its mass, m, and the acceleration of gravity, g (where g object’s mass is m = 10. kg, what is its weight? Express the weight with the appropriate units. Typesetting math: 35%
2
= 9.8 m/s
). If an
Hint 1. The units for weight To calculate the weight of an object, you must multiply its mass by the acceleration due to gravity: weight = mass of object ⋅ acceleration due to gravity
Because you are multiplying a value with the units kg by a value with the units m/s2 , find the resulting units by multiplying both units together: 2
2
(kg) ⋅ (m/s ) = kg ⋅ m/s
. ANSWER: weight = 98
kg⋅m 2
s
Correct The weight of the object is m ⋅ g
2
= 98 kg ⋅ m/s
. Because 1 kg ⋅ m/s2
(1 newton), you can also express
= 1 N
the answer as 98 N, in scientific notation as 9.8 × 10 1 N, or with a prefix as 0.098 kN.
Part D You can enter units that are combinations of units with prefixes. However, you must maintain the same unit system given in the problem. For example, this question uses the SI unit system. Therefore an answer in U.S. customary units, such as miles per hour would not be accepted as correct. A car traveling with constant speed travels 150 km in 7200 s. What is the speed of the car? Express the speed with the appropriate units.
Hint 1. The equation for computing speed If an object is moving with constant speed, its speed is given by speed =
distance time
ANSWER: 2.1×10−2 km s
Correct You can enter your answer in any equivalent combination of SI units representing a distance over any period of time. For example, you could also enter 21 m/s using two significant figures.
Part E You can enter compound units that are combinations of other units that are multiplied together. To enter the ⋅ explicitly, type (shift + 8) on the keyboard, or use the template in the Symbols Typesetting math: 35% ∘
90
menu.
Torque can be calculated by multiplying the force (N ) applied at 90∘ to the lever arm at a distance (m) from the pivot point (point of rotation), the compound SI unit for the torque is N ⋅ m. If the force (at 90∘ to the lever arm) applied is 15 N and it is applied at 2.0 m from the pivot point (point of rotation), what is the torque on the lever? Express the torque with the appropriate units.
Hint 1. The equation for computing torque If a lever has a constant force applied at 90∘ to the lever arm at a fixed distance from the pivot point (point of rotation), the torque on the lever is given by ∘
torque = f orce (at 90 to lever arm) × distance to pivot point
ANSWER: 30 N⋅m
Correct
Introduction to Significant Figures Many questions in Mastering require you to enter your answer to a specified number of significant figures. For grading purposes, some numeric answers must be exact. Suppose you are asked "How many days are in a week?" The answer must be "7." Other numeric answers may be graded as correct not only when they match the exact answer but also if they fall within an acceptable range of the exact answer. This range is known as the grading tolerance. Suppose you are asked "How many days are in a year?" The precise answer is 365.24 days. However, a calendar contains 365 days, so the Mastering system will also accept that as correct. An answer that falls within the Mastering grading tolerance will also be marked as correct and you will be given full credit. You will see a feedback box that looks like the one below:
Because you rounded differently than the system did, your rounded answer might affect your work on further calculations in the same item and could cause your next answer to fall outside of the tolerance. To prevent this, you will be asked to use the unrounded answer for all future parts.
Part A Suppose you are asked to find the area of a rectangle that is 2.1cm wide by 5.6cm long. Your calculator answer would be 11.76 cm2 . Now suppose you are asked to enter the answer to two significant figures. (Note that if you do not round your answer to two significant figures, your answer will fall outside of the grading tolerance and be graded as incorrect.) Enter your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: Typesetting math: 35%
12 cm2
Correct This is your final answer, rounded to two significant figures.
To calculate an answer to the correct number of significant figures, you must complete all calculations first and then round your final answer as the very last step. In Part C, you are asked to calculate the volume of a rectangular prism that has a length of 5.6 cm, a width of 2.1 cm, and a height of 6.6 cm. You can calculate the volume of a prism by multiplying the area of the base times the height. You already calculated the area of the base as 2.1 cm × 5.6 cm in Part A.
Part B What value should you use as the area of the base when calculating the answer to Part C? ANSWER: 11.8 cm2 12 cm2 11.76 cm2
Correct 11.76 cm2 is the correct, unrounded value of the area of the base. It is correct to round to the requested number of significant figures in Part A because calculating the area is your final step. If you want to use that information in further calculations you must use the unrounded value.
Part C Using the correct answer from Part B, calculate the volume of a rectangular prism with a length of 5.6 cm, a width of 2.1 cm, and a height of 6.6 cm.
Enter your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 78 cm3
Typesetting math: 35% Correct
Part D Would an answer that generated the response below be considered correct and give you full credit?
ANSWER: No. It is impossible to tell. Yes.
Correct
Introduction to Symbolic Answers This exercise is not intended to test your knowledge of any specific subject material. Therefore, on this problem you will not be penalized for submitting incorrect answers.
Overview The type of answer box illustrated here lets you build a symbolic expression just as it would look in your textbook or as you might write it by hand.
You use the same answer box and menu tabs to enter numeric and symbolic answers.
To insert a formatting template, such as an exponent, square root, or fraction, click appropriate template. To insert Greek letters, ℏ (hbar) and (EMF), click To undo your work, click
. To redo your work, click
To clear your work (restart), click
and then select the
and then select the letter you want. .
.
To view a list of keyboard shortcuts, click Subscript: Type _ (an underscore). Exponent: Type ^ (Shift + 6). Typesetting math: 35% Fraction: Type / (a forward slash).
. Here are some of the most common shortcuts:
Square root: Type \sqrt. Greek letters: Type a backslash (\) and the name of the Greek character. For example, to display δ, you would type \delta. For uppercase Greek letters, begin the name with a capital letter. For example, you would type \Delta to display Δ. For more information, click (
). To identify the purpose of any icon, simply place your cursor over it. For
instance, here is an example showing the Greek letter Omega:
.
Grading Your answers are graded according to the standard orderofoperations conventions for evaluating mathematical expressions, as follows: 1. Perform any calculations inside parentheses. 2. Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right. 3. Perform all additions and subtractions, working from left to right. For example, in the expression a + b ⋅ c, first you should multiply b by c and then add a to the total. In other words, the correct expression is a + b ⋅ c = a + (b ⋅ c) ≠ (a + b) ⋅ c.
Part A Similar to what you see in your textbook, you can generally omit the multiplication symbol as you answer questions online, except when the symbol is needed to make your meaning clear. For example, 1 ⋅ 10 5 is not the same as 1105 . When you need to be explicit, type * (Shift + 8) to insert the multiplication operator. You will see a multiplication dot (⋅) appear in the answer box. Do not use the symbol ×. For example, for the expression ma, typing m ⋅ a would be correct, but mxa would be incorrect. Enter the expression ma. ANSWER: ma
=
ma
Correct When entering algebraic expressions, such as ma, you can enter it using explicit multiplication m ⋅ a or implied multiplication ma. Both will be accepted as correct.
All trigonometric functions assume angles are in radians by default, unless the use of degrees is specified.
Part B Enter the expression 2cos2 (θ) − 1, where θ is the lowercase Greek letter theta. ANSWER: 2
=
2cos (θ) − 1
Typesetting math: 35%
2
2cos (θ) − 1
Correct To identify a variable displayed in a specific part, place your cursor over it. For instance, here is an example showing
the Greek letter theta used in this problem:
.
Part C Enter the expression asin(x) + 15, where asin(x) is the inverse sine function. ANSWER: asin(x) + 15
=
asin(x) + 15
Correct Use the same notation to enter other inverse trigonometric functions, for example acos(x) and atan(x) for the inverse cosine and tangent functions respectively.
Part D − − − − −
Enter the expression √
2gΔy m
, where Δ is the uppercase Greek letter Delta.
ANSWER: − − − − − √
2gΔy m
=
− − − − − √
2gΔy m
Correct
Part E Enter the expression N0 e−λt , where N0 is Nnaught (an N with a subscript zero) and λ is the lowercase Greek letter lambda. ANSWER: −λt
N0 e
=
−λt
N0 e
Correct
Reviewing the Fundamentals Try this final item to review some of the key concepts you've learned. Typesetting math: 35%
Part A You are starting a new item and after reading the first part you realize you have no idea how to go about answering it. What should you do? ANSWER: Guess randomly and hope for some useful feedback. Use the available hints. Request the solution immediately.
Correct The hints are designed for exactly this reason: to give you something to work with if you are absolutely stuck. You will most likely score higher (and learn more!) if you use the hints when you need them rather than guessing or giving up.
Part B You have been working on an item for a while and after a few missteps you've come up with an answer. However, there is one particular thing that you're not 100% sure of. What should you do? Select all that apply. ANSWER: Check for any hints that address the part of the calculation you're unsure about. Submit your answer and then adjust it according to any feedback you receive. Return to the question after you've spoken with an instructor or classmate. None of the above.
Correct There is no single right way to proceed if you've made some progress on an item but are not 100% sure of your work. If you submit the answer, you might be right and there is a good chance you will get some useful feedback. There is also a good chance that the hints address whatever issue you are unsure about. Finally, if your instructor allows it, talking over your solution with someone else could be a good way to go.You should do whatever you find works best for you.
Part C You've just solved a problem and the answer is the mass of an electron, me enter this number into the answer box?
= 9.11 × 10
−31
. How would you
kilograms
Enter your answer in kilograms using three significant figures. Note that the units are provided for you to the right of the answer box.
Hint 1. Multiplication and superscripts You may use the scientific notation template Typesetting math: 35%
to enter your answer, or type the following: 9.11*10^‐31.
The keyboard multiplication symbol * (Shift + 8) will appear as a multiplication dot, and the carat symbol ^ (Shift + 6) will allow superscript. Another way to get an exponent is by clicking
in the
menu.
ANSWER: me
= 9.11×10−31 kilograms
Correct
Part D A friend in your class tells you that she never uses hints when doing her Mastering homework. She says that she finds the hints helpful, but when the hint asks another question it increases the chance that her score on the problem will go down. She feels like it isn't worth the risk.You reassure her that there is nothing to fear about opening a hint that asks a question. Which of the following are good reasons for your friend not to worry? Select all that apply. ANSWER: The only way to lose additional partial credit on a hint is by using the "give up" button or entering incorrect answers. Leaving the question blank will not cost you any credit. As an incentive for thinking hard about the problem, your instructor may choose to apply a small hint penalty, but this penalty is the same whether the hint simply gives information or asks another question. Getting the correct answer to the question in a hint actually gives you some partial credit, even if you still can't answer the original question. None of the above.
Correct That's it! You're done! We hope you enjoy using Mastering.
Welcome! Mastering presents homework items assigned by your instructor and works with you to answer them. Homework items typically have an introduction, possibly figures, and one or more parts for you to answer.
Type of help offered Mastering tells you immediately whether or not your answers are correct. Usually, you will have multiple chances to arrive at the correct answer. Your instructor will determine how many tries you have available. In many items, hints are available to help you if you get stuck. If you don't need the hints to solve the problem, you can still use them for review later on. If you submit an incorrect answer, Mastering often responds with specific, helpful feedback. Mastering is forgiving of many typos and formatting mistakes. If it can't figure out what you entered, it will let you know and give you another chance. Typesetting math: 35%
These exercises were chosen specifically to lead you through the key features of Mastering and are not intended to test your knowledge of any specific subject material. Therefore, on this item you will not be penalized for using hints and submitting incorrect answers. In fact, you should submit incorrect answers and use the hints to see what happens!
Part A How many squares are in this 2 × 2 grid ? Note that the figure link lets you know that a figure goes along with this part. This figure is available to the left. Enter your answer as a number in the box below and then submit your answer by clicking Submit.
ANSWER: Number of squares = 5
Correct What you are reading now is called a "followup comment." These comments typically offer more information or provide an interpretation of the answer you just obtained. Before you move on to a slightly more challenging question, have a quick look at the other buttons available around the answer box. Give Up allows you to complete the question if you can't solve it on your own. Your instructor controls whether or not the correct answer is displayed to you. My Answers brings up a new window that lists all of the answers you have submitted for this question, along with any helpful feedback you received for incorrect submissions.
Grading See the help file available by clicking the Help link at the top right corner, if you want to know more about how grading works in general. Here is the most important information you'll need. You must complete every part to get credit for an item. To complete a part, either answer the main part question correctly or click the Give Up button. In a graded homework item, each part counts equally toward your score on the overall item. If you get full credit on each part, you will receive full credit for the problem. You may lose a fraction of the credit for a part when you submit an incorrect answer. Whether you do lose credit and how much you lose are set by your instructor. However, you won't lose credit for most types of formatting mistakes or for submitting a blank answer. As you might expect, you will receive no credit for a part if you use the Give Up button. If you just can't figure out a question, there is a way to get partial credit by using hints, as the following part will illustrate.
Part B
Typesetting math: 35%
What is the magic number?
Note that there is a figure also associated with this part. However, the figure for Part A may still be visible on the left. To view the figure associated with Part B, click on the figure link. A new figure should appear on the left. You could try to guess the magic number but you would probably use up all your tries before getting the answer. Notice the new Hints button underneath the answer box for this question. Clicking this button will open up a list of hints that will guide you to the correct number.
Hint 1. Different types of hints and their impact on grading Notice that there are three hints for this question. You are not required to use all of the hints or to use them in order. Each hint has a tagline that describes its contents. Based on the tagline you can decide whether or not a particular hint will be useful to you. There are two kinds of hints. Some hints, such as Hint 2 below, just provide you with information. Other hints, such as Hint 3 below, give you an opportunity to answer a simpler question that is related to the main question you are solving. These hints either have questions in the tagline or tell you to do something (e.g., Find..., Determine..., Identify..., etc.). There are two ways that this type of hint can help you: Answering the simpler question gives you a chance to check that you are on the right track. If you correctly answer the simpler question, you will receive partial credit for the part even if you are unable to answer the main question. Your instructor may choose to give you a bonus for not using hints or to deduct a small penalty for using hints. If you are stuck, using the hints will usually result in a higher score than simply trying to guess because you may lose fewer points for opening a hint than for getting the answer to the main question incorrect. There is a more detailed explanation of how hints are graded in the help available by clicking the Help link at the top right corner of your screen in the main Mastering window. In this problem, however, you will not lose any credit for using the hints. Now, open up the second hint for some help finding the magic number.
Hint 2. How to approach the problem Although you could try to guess the magic number you would most likely exhaust your tries before getting the correct answer. To help you, the magic number is 15 × x, where x is a number between 1 and 10.
Hint 3. What is x? Recall that the previous hint stated that the magic number is 15 × x, where x is a number between 1 and 10. Specifically x is an even number between 1 and 10. Try to guess the value of x. You may submit as many guesses as you need. Enter each guess into the answer box that follows. ANSWER: x
= 4
Correct Now that you have determined x, compute 15 × 4 to find the magic number.
Typesetting math: 35%
ANSWER: magic number = 60
Correct Your instructor may choose to give you a bonus for not using hints or to deduct a small penalty for using hints. If you are stuck, using the hints will usually result in a higher score than simply trying to guess because you may lose fewer points for opening a hint than for getting the answer to the main question incorrect. Note that you are never required to use the hints; if you want to figure the question out on your own, go ahead! Notice that a new button, Review Part, appears when you correctly answer a part with hints. This button allows you to review all of the hints for that part, even if you didn't need them to get the answer. This is a useful way to review the question when studying for a test. You do not lose any credit for reviewing the hints after you have answered the question. If you didn't look at all of the hints while answering the last question, you should read through them now for some important information about hints and hint grading.
Part C Multiplechoice questions have a special grading rule determined by your instructor. Assume that your instructor has decided to grade these questions in the following way: If you submit an incorrect answer to a multiplechoice question with n options, you will lose 1/(n − 1) of the credit for that question. Just like the similar multiplechoice penalty on most standardized tests, this rule is necessary to prevent random guessing. If a multiplechoice question has five answer choices and you submit one wrong answer before getting the question correct, how much credit will you lose for that part of the question? ANSWER: 100% 50% 33% 25% 20%
Correct Your instructor may choose not to deduct 1/(n − 1) of the credit for a multiplechoice question with n options. To see how your instructor is grading you, click your instructor's Grading Policy on your assignment page. If you click on the Continue button before finishing all the Parts, you will see a message reminding you that you need to complete each Part to get credit. If you have completed the item, clicking Continue will take you to the next item on the Assignment. At any time you may click on the Provide Feedback link to access a survey page without losing your work. Once you have completed an item, you may access your score from the assignment. Your score will display below the item title.
Derivatives Typesetting math: 35%
Learning Goal:
To understand the concept of derivatives as the slope of a function graph. There are two fundamental tools of calculus—the derivative and the integral. The derivative is a measure of the rate of change of a function. You’ll see derivatives often throughout your study of physics because much of physics involves describing rates of change.
Part A What does “rate of change” mean, exactly? A function describes how one quantity is related to another – how y is related to x. As an example, y could be your height and x your age. The three graphs below show three cases of how your height could change with age. Sort the graphs according to which best represents the graph of your height against age for the following periods: During your childhood, as you grew up Between age 30 and age 50 During old age, when your spine compacts a little Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Hint 1. Identify the graph that illustrates growth Age is plotted on the horizontal axis in each graph, with age increasing from left to right. Height is plotted on the vertical axis. Think about the childhood period, when you are growing. What kind of graph illustrates growth? ANSWER: A graph that is flat as you move from left to right. A graph that rises as you move from left to right. A graph that falls as you move from left to right.
ANSWER:
Typesetting math: 35%
Correct The positive (upward) slope on Graph 2 corresponds to your increasing height during childhood. Your height won’t change between ages 30 and 50, so Graph 1 is correct: It is horizontal, and its slope is zero. And finally, your decreasing height during old age corresponds to the negative (downward) slope on Graph 3. These three graphs of height vs. age are three important special cases of functions: Graph 1 shows a quantity that remains constant with respect to another quantity. Graph 2 shows a quantity that increases with respect to another quantity. Graph 3 shows a quantity that decreases with respect to another quantity. These graphs also give three important special cases in our understanding of rate of change.
Part B Graphs 4 and 5 show the same information as Graphs 2 and 3, but this time with specific information about height and age on the graph axes. From the graphs, you can find the exact rate of change of the person’s height in each case. Find the rate of change of the height from age 8 to 16 and from age 60 to 80. Express both answers in units of cm per year, to two significant figures. Separate your answers with a comma. Express your answers numerically to two significant figures separated by a comma.
Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. How to approach the problem The rate of change corresponds to the slope on the graph. The slope is commonly thought of as rise/run. In terms of the x and y values on the graph, the slope is rate of change = slope =
rise run
=
Δy Δx
Read the values of Δx and Δy from the graph, and from these compute the slope as given by the formula above. In this problem, Δx is the change in age and Δy is the change in height.
Hint 2. Calculate the slope of Graph 4 It’s often easiest to pick points on the line that lie on the intersection of gridlines: this makes reading off the values on the axes straightforward. On Graph 4, we have two such points: (8, 125) and (16, 175). What are the rise and run values corresponding to these two points? Express your answers numerically separated by a comma. ANSWER: rise, run = 50,8 cm,
years
Hint 3. Calculate the slope of Graph 5 It’s often easiest to pick points on the line that lie on the intersection of gridlines: This makes it straightforward to read off the values on the axes. On Graph 5, we have two such points: (60, 175) and (80, 170). What are the rise and run values corresponding to these two points? Express your answers numerically separated by a comma. ANSWER: rise, run = 5,20 cm,
ANSWER: 6.3,0.25 cm/yr Typesetting math: 35%
years
Correct What you’ve just done is calculate the derivative of a function, in this case a person’s height vs. time, because the derivative measures a function’s rate of change. The answers here illustrate that a derivative can have a positive value, when the function is increasing; a negative value, when the function is decreasing; a value of zero, when the function isn’t changing. These are the three special cases of rates of change we mentioned above.
Part C The next graph shows a different function in . Which of the graphs below is the derivative dy/dx of this function?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem Notice that the slope of the graph in Part C is constant. So you’re looking for an answer graph that’s constant that is, a graph with a horizontal slope.
Hint 2. Narrowing down the options Which of the two graphs with horizontal slopes is correct? To determine this, measure carefully the slope of your graph, using the numbers provided on the axes. Then, determine the slope as you did in Part B. ANSWER:
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Correct The original function is increasing at a constant rate throughout the interval, so the answer must be a constant. Measuring the slope of the graph carefully leads you to the correct answer, 0.6.
Part D So far we have only looked at functions with a constant slope (positive, negative, or zero). But the slope of a function, and thus its derivative, can change. Consider the next function shown in . Rank, in increasing order, the derivatives of the function at each of the points marked A through D. Express your answer in order of increasing slopes as a string without spaces between points. For example, enter ABCD if you think the derivative at point A is the smallest, B is the next larger, and so on.
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Hint 1. How to approach the problem Look carefully at the graph’s slope at each of the four points. The slope may be positive, zero, or negative. If you are ranking in the order of increasing slopes, then negative slopes will be listed first, then zero, and then positive slopes. For a positive slope, the more sharply the graph slopes upward, the larger the slope. ANSWER: CBDA
Correct The slope at point C is negative, so the derivative there is the smallest. At B, the graph is horizontal, so the derivative is zero. At points A and D, the steeper slope corresponds to the larger derivative.
Part E Functions are not all straight lines. If a function is curved, the derivative is not constant but changing. To find the derivative at any point, draw a line tangent to the graph at that point. The slope of the tangent line is the derivative. As you move along the graph, the slope of the tangent line changes, and so does the derivative. The graph in shows a function x(t). The derivative of the function at t = 1 is closest to:
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Hint 1. Narrowing down the choices The derivate at t
= 1
is the slope of the curve there. Is the function increasing, decreasing, or zero at t
= 1
?
ANSWER: decreasing increasing zero
Hint 2. Finding the answer To determine the exact derivative of the function at t of the tangent line tells you the function’s derivative.
= 1
, draw a line tangent to the graph at that point. The slope
ANSWER: 10 –5 –10 0 5
Correct At t = 1 , the function is increasing, so that tells you that the derivative (the slope of the tangent line) is positive. Here, you needed to measure the slope of the tangent line carefully to find the numerical answer.
Part F Referring again to the graph in Part E, rank, in increasing order, the derivatives of the function at each of the points A through E. If two of the values are equal, you may list them in either order. Express your answer in order of increasing slopes as a string without spaces between points. For example, enter ABCDE if you think the derivative at point A is the smallest, B is the next larger, and so on.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem Assess the values of the derivatives by looking carefully at the graph’s slope at each of the five points. The slope may be positive, zero, or negative. To rank the derivatives in increasing order, the negative derivatives (negative slopes) will be listed first, then zero, and then the positive derivatives (positive slopes). For a positive slope, the more sharply the graph slopes upward, the larger the slope and hence the larger the derivative. ANSWER: CBDEA
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Correct At points B and D, the tangent line is horizontal, so the derivative is zero. At point C, the tangent line slopes downward, and the derivative is negative. Thus, point C has the smallest derivative, followed by B and D, which are equal. Measuring the two positive derivatives (the slopes of the tangent lines at A and E) reveals that the slope (derivative) at E is smaller than at A. In physics, x(t) might represent an object’s position in one dimension versus time. In that case, the derivative represents velocity. Positive and negative velocity correspond to motion in opposite directions, and zero velocity means the object is at rest. This is just one of the important ways that derivatives are used in physics.
Integrals Learning Goal: To understand the concept of an integral as the area under a function graph. There are two fundamental tools of calculus—the derivative and the integral. Just as the derivative can be understood in a visual way as the slope of a function graph, what is called a definite integral can be understood as the area under a function graph. Definite integrals have many applications in physics, such as finding an object’s displacement from a known velocity and finding work done by a known force. A definite integral gives you a numerical answer. There is a second kind of integral, called the indefinite integral (or antiderivative), which is itself another function, but we won’t discuss that kind in this tutorial.
Part A Many practical applications require calculations of area. Some of these calculations are straightforward, but others are more difficult, and it turns out that the idea of the definite integral can help us with the more difficult cases. Let’s start with some familiar shapes. What is the area of a rectangle of length l and width w? Express your answer in terms of l and w. ANSWER: lw
Correct The area of a rectangle is found by simply multiplying the length by the width. You also know how to find the area of a circle. But if you didn’t already know the formula, how would you go about figuring it out? In Part B, we’ll look at one method in detail to introduce key ideas about integrals.
Part B Take a circle of radius R as shown in , and imagine peeling it like an apple: Cut off a thin strip from all the way around the edge (the green strip), and straighten that strip out to a rectangle, as shown in . Call the tiny width of the strip Δr. The length of the strip is 2πR because that’s the circumference of the circle. The bit of “peel” is the circumference of the skin on the outside of the circle. What is the area of the green strip? Express your answer in terms of π, R, and Δr.
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Hint 1. How to approach the problem Notice that the strip in question becomes a rectangle in the figure Part B.2. From Part A, the area of a rectangle is its length times its width. ANSWER: 2πRΔr
Correct The area of this rectangle is its length 2πR multiplied by its width Δr.
Part C Now, imagine peeling more and more strips of width Δr from our circle, and laying them all out as rectangles side by side, as shown in – starting with the first (outermost) strip at the far right. As you peel more and more, the strips get shorter and shorter because the circle is getting smaller and smaller, until you have the smallest strip laid at far left – this strip, if Δr is really tiny, is essentially the center of the circle! What is the area of the circle? You’ve now chopped it into little strips, but notice that the area of the circle is the same as the sum of the areas of all our strips. If Δr is really small, you can see that all the strips approximate a triangle in the figure Part C (the area under the diagonal line). So the sum of the areas of all our strips is the area of this triangle. What is the area of the triangle? Express your answer in terms of π and R.
Hint 1. The formula for the area of a triangle Keep in mind that the area of a triangle is one half its base times its height.
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ANSWER: πR
2
Correct The area of the triangle is half the base (which is R) times the height (which is 2πR ). The area of the triangle in the figure Part C is πR2 , the formula you know for the area of a circle. We’ve proved it! We didn’t do it entirely rigorously, but the essence of our method (dividing something into tiny pieces and adding those up) lies at the heart of understanding definite integrals.
Part D Now, look at a general function f (x) , as shown in . Suppose you want to find the area under the curve, between x = a and x = b —that is, the blue shaded area. Using our method above, we can add up the areas of lots of skinny rectangles like the green one. Each rectangle has area f (x)Δx, and we want to sum these areas between x = a and x = b, letting Δx get very small. Mathematically, you may recognize this sum as a definite integral: ∫
b
a
f (x) dx.
The notation may look intimidating, but just keep in mind that the f (x)dx refers to the small rectangle areas, the ∫ sign stands, in a sense, for the S in “sum” (that’s actually how the symbol for integration was chosen), and the a and b at the bottom and top b
of ∫ give you the start and end of the region you’re interested a
in. Thus, the definite integral ∫
b
a
under the curve f (x) between x ∫
4
1
f (x) dx means the total area
and x
= a
= b
. For the function f (x) shown below, find the definite integral
f (x) dx.
Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem ∫
4
1
f (x) dx is the area under the graph between x = 1 and x = 4. Because this function graph is horizontal
between x
= 1
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and x
= 4
, the area you need to find is that of a rectangle.
ANSWER: 15
Correct The area under this function curve is a rectangle, so its area is just its length times its width.
Part E For the function f (x) shown below, find the definite integral∫
4
1
f (x) dx.
Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. The areas below the xaxis Again, in this part you are finding the area of a rectangle, but when the function graph is below the xaxis, the area is counted as negative. ANSWER: 6
Correct Just as in Part D, the area is that of a rectangle, so it’s straightforward to find. The twist here is that the area lies below the xaxis, so that area is counted as negative.
Part F 6
For the function f (x) shown below, find the definite integral∫0
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f (x) dx.
Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem This time you have several rectangles. Find the area of each and add them, keeping in mind that area below the x axis is negative. ANSWER: 8
Correct In this case, the net area is the sum of positive area (above the xaxis) and negative area (below the xaxis).
Part G Find the definite integral of the function F shown in the graph below, over the limits from 0 to 3.
Express your answer numerically. Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
In this case the function F varies, but you can still find the definite integral by finding the area under the graph. That area is a triangle, so its area is half the base multiplied by the height. ANSWER: 18
Correct In this case, the function F varies, but you can still find the definite integral by finding the area under the graph. That area is a triangle, so its area is ½(base)(height) = ½(3)(12) = 18. One application of definite integrals in physics is in calculating the work done by a force acting through a displacement. If the function \texttip{F}{F} shown in the figure represents force, then the definite integral is the work done by that force. In this example, if the force \texttip{F}{F} is measured in newtons (\rm N) and position \texttip{x}{x} is in meters (\rm m), then the work done, measured in joules (\rm J), is \large{W =\int_0^3F\,dx = 18 \rm \; J}
Part H For the function shown below, the definite integral \large{\int_{0}^{10}f(x)\,dx} is closest to which of the following?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem This problem involves adding different kinds of area. Break the entire interval (from x = 0 to x = 10) into smaller intervals to find shapes that you recognize. Find the area of each, and then add your results to find the net area (the definite integral).
Hint 2. What are the shapes? As shown below, this function can be broken into rectangles (yellow) and triangles (green). The area of each rectangle is length times width, and the area of each triangle is half its base times height. Read the lengths you need from the values on the graph.
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Hint 3. The positive and negative areas Recall that area above the xaxis is counted as positive, and area below the xaxis is negative, as shown below.
ANSWER: 0 8 4 –8 –4
Correct In this case, you had to break the larger interval into smaller ones to identify the different shapes and find their areas. The definite integral always corresponds to the net area over the entire interval.
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions Typesetting math: 35% Learning Goal:
To understand the multiplication and division of fractions. If you had eight quarters, you could likely figure out relatively quickly that this amounted to two dollars. Although this may be purely intuitive, the underlying math involves multiplication of fractions. The value of eight quarters is the same as \large{8\cdot\frac 1 4=\frac 8 1 \cdot\frac 1 4}. When you multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators (the top numbers in the fractions) to get the numerator of the answer, and then multiply the denominators (the bottom numbers in the fractions) to find the denominator of the answer. In this example, \large{\frac 8 1 \cdot\frac 1 4=\frac{8\cdot 1}{1\cdot 4}=\frac 8 4}, giving 2, as you expected. Similarly, asking for a fraction of a fraction (e.g., "one fifth of a quarter") is a case of multiplying fractions: \large{\hbox{one fifth of a quarter}=\frac 1 5 \cdot\frac 1 4}. In this problem, before entering your answer, be sure to reduce your fraction completely. If you get 8/ 6 for your answer, reduce it to 4/3 before entering it, or else it will be marked wrong. Also, don't worry if the numerator is larger than the denominator. It is almost always easier and more useful to further calculations to leave such answers as improper fractions rather than to convert them to mixed numbers such as \large{1\frac{_1}{^3}}.
Part A If you have a quarter of a pie and you cut it in half, what fraction of a pie would each slice represent? Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma.
Hint 1. Setting up the equation The problem is asking you for the value of "half of a quarter." This translates into math as \large{\hbox{half of a quarter}=\frac 1 2 \cdot\frac 1 4}. Multiply the numerators to find the numerator of the answer. Then, multiply the denominators to find the denominator of the answer. ANSWER: 1,8
Correct
Part B Find the value of \large{\frac {17} {15} \cdot \frac 2 {11}}. Though these numbers aren't quite as nice as the ones from the example or the previous part, the procedure is the same, so this is really no more difficult. Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma.
Hint 1. Find the numerator To find the numerator, simply multiply the numerators of the two fractions (17 and 2). What is the result? ANSWER: Typesetting math: 35%
34
Hint 2. Find the denominator To find the denominator, simply multiply the denominators of the two fractions (15 and 11). What is the result? ANSWER: 165
ANSWER: 34,165
Correct Dividing fractions is no more difficult than multiplying them. Consider the problem \large{\frac 3 4 \div 3}. Notice that division by 3 is identical to multiplication by 1/3, because both operations consist of breaking the first number into three parts. Thus \large{\frac 3 4 \div \frac 3 1 = \frac 3 4 \cdot \frac 1 3 = \frac 1 4}. The only new step in division of fractions is that you must invert (flip) the second fraction. Then, simply multiply as shown here.
Part C Consider the following equivalent expressions: \large{\frac 3 8 \div \frac {13}{12}} and \large{\frac 3 8 \cdot \frac a b}. What are the values of \texttip{a}{a} and \texttip{b}{b}? Give the value of \texttip{a}{a} followed by the value of \texttip{b}{b}, separated by a comma. ANSWER: 12,13
Correct
Part D Calculate the value of \large{\frac {3} {8} \div \frac {13}{12}}. Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma. ANSWER: 9,26 Typesetting math: 35%
Correct
Part E Now, find the value of \large{\frac{ \frac 3 {16} \cdot \frac 2 5} {\frac 7 4 \cdot \frac 3 2}}. Don't be intimidated by the complexity of this expression. Finding this value consists of simply multiplying twice and then dividing once, tasks that are no more difficult than what you've done before. Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem Break the problem down into individual operations. Notice that \large{\frac{ \frac 3 {16} \cdot \frac 2 5} {\frac 7 4 \cdot \frac 3 2}} is the same as \large{\left (\frac 3 {16} \cdot \frac 2 5\right) \div \left(\frac 7 4 \cdot \frac 3 2\right)}. This second form makes the individual operations more obvious. First, multiply \large{\frac 3 {16} \cdot \frac 2 5}. Then, multiply \large{\frac 7 4 \cdot \frac 3 2}. Finally, divide the two fractions that you have found.
Hint 2. Find the value of \large{\frac {_3} {^{16}} \cdot \frac {_2} {^5}} What is the value of \large{\frac 3 {16} \cdot \frac 2 5}? Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma. ANSWER: 3,40
Hint 3. Find the value of \large{\frac {_7} {^4} \cdot \frac {_3} {^2}} What is the value of \large{\frac 7 4 \cdot \frac 3 2}? Give the numerator followed by the denominator, separated by a comma. ANSWER: 21,8
ANSWER: 1,35 Typesetting math: 35%
Correct
Proportional Reasoning Learning Goal: To understand proportional reasoning for solving and checking problems. Proportional reasoning involves the ability to understand and compare ratios and to produce equivalent ratios. It is is a very powerful tool in physics and can be used for solving many problems. It's also an excellent way to check answers to most problems you'll encounter. Proportional reasoning is something you may already do instinctively without realizing it.
Part A You are asked to bake muffins for a breakfast meeting. Just as you are about to start making them, you get a call saying that the number of people coming to the meeting has doubled! Your original recipe called for three eggs. How many eggs do you need to make twice as many muffins? Express your answer as an integer. ANSWER: 6
Correct
Linear relationships Although this was a particularly simple example, you used proportional reasoning to solve this problem. It makes sense that if you need twice as many muffins, then you'd need twice as many eggs to make them. We say that the number of eggs is linearly proportional to the number of muffins. This sort of relationship is characterized by an equation of the form y=kx, where \texttip{y}{y} and \texttip{x}{x} are the two quantities being related (eggs and muffins here) and \texttip{k}{k} is some constant. In a situation where the constant \texttip{k}{k} is not important, we may write y \propto x, which means "\texttip{y}{y} is proportional to \texttip{x}{x}". Writing (\hbox{number of muffins}) \propto (\hbox{number of eggs}) means we know that if the number of eggs triples, then the number of muffins triples as well. Or, if the number of muffins is divided by 5, then the number of eggs is divided by 5. The figure shows a graph of y=kx for some constant \texttip{k}{k}. You can see that when you double or triple the original \texttip{x}{x} value, you get double or triple the \texttip{y}{y} value, respectively. Keep this graph in mind and relate it to your intuitive sense as you solve the next problem.
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Part B You have a dozen eggs at home, and you know that with them you can make 100 muffins. If you find that half of the eggs have gone bad and can't be used, how many muffins can you make? Express your answer as an integer. ANSWER: 50
Correct Recall that dividing a variable is the same as multiplying it by a fraction. If you keep this in mind, then you can change this problem from "the number of eggs are divided by two" into "the number of eggs are multiplied by one half," which works just as any other multiplication. If you look at the graph for the linear relationship, dividing by 2 is like moving from the middle point to the left point marked on the graph.
Quadratic relationships Quadratic relationships are also important in physics and many other areas. In a quadratic relationship, if one number is increased by a factor of \texttip{a}{a}, then the other is increased by a factor of a^2. An example would be the relationship between area and radius of a circle. You know from geometry that A=\pi r^2. Since \texttip{\pi }{pi} is a constant, you can rewrite this equation as A\propto r^2, which says that \texttip{A}{A} is proportional to the square of \texttip{r}{r}. The relation y\propto x^2 applies to any equation of the form y=kx^2. The figure shows a graph of y=kx^2 for some constant \texttip{k}{k}. You can see that when you double or triple the original \texttip{x}{x} value, you get four or nine times the \texttip{y}{y} value, respectively.
Part C When sizes of pizzas are quoted in inches, the number quoted is the diameter of the pizza. A restaurant advertises an 8 {\rm inch} "personal pizza." If this 8{\rm inch} pizza is the right size for one person, how many people can be fed by a large 16{\rm inch} pizza? Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem The area of a pizza is what determines how many people can be fed by the pizza. You know that the area of a circle is proportional to the square of the radius. Since the radius is proportional to the diameter, it follows that the area is also proportional to the square of the diameter: A\propto d^2. Use this relation to determine how the area, and therefore the number of people fed, changes. Typesetting math: 35%
ANSWER: 4
Correct The stopping distance is how far you move down the road in a car from the time you apply the brakes until the car stops. Stopping distance \texttip{D}{D} is proportional to the square of the initial speed \texttip{v}{v} at which you are driving: D \propto v^2.
Part D If a car is speeding down a road at 40 \rm miles/hour (\rm mph), how long is the stopping distance \texttip{D_{\rm 40}} {D_40} compared to the stopping distance \texttip{D_{\rm 25}}{D_25} if the driver were going at the posted speed limit of 25 \rm mph? Express your answer as a multiple of the stopping distance at 25 \rm mph. Note that \texttip{D_{\rm 25}}{D_25} is already written for you, so just enter the number.
Hint 1. Setting up the ratio Since 40/25=1.6, the car is moving at a speed 1.6 times the speed limit of 25 \rm mph. The stopping distance is proportional to the square of the initial speed, so the stopping distance will increase by a factor of the square of 1.6. ANSWER: \texttip{D_{\rm 40}}{D_40} = 2.56 \times D_{25}
Correct The quadratic relationship between stopping distance and initial speed is part of the reason that speeding fines are doubled in school zones: At low speeds, a small change in speed can lead to a large change in how far your car travels before it stops.
Inverse relationships A third important type of proportional relationship is the inverse relationship. In an inverse relationship, as one variable increases the other decreases and vice versa. For instance, if you had a $10 gift certificate to a chocolate shop, then the amount of chocolate that you could get would be inversely proportional to the price of the chocolate you picked. If you buy the $0.25 candies, you could get 40 of them, but if you opt to purchase candies whose price is higher by a factor of 4 ($1.00), then you must reduce the number that you get by a factor of 4 (to 10). Similarly, if the price decreases by a factor of 5 (to $0.05), then you increase the number by a factor of 5 (to 200). An inverse relationship is based on an equation of the form y=k/x, where \texttip{k}{k} is a constant. If \texttip{y}{y} is inversely proportional to \texttip{x}{x} then you would write y \propto 1/x or y \propto x^{1}. The figure shows a graph of y=k/x for some constant \texttip{k}{k}. You can see that when you double or triple the original \texttip{x}{x} value, you get onehalf or onethird times the \texttip{y}{y} value, respectively.
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Part E A construction team gives an estimate of three months to repave a large stretch of a very busy road. The government responds that it's too much inconvenience to have this busy road obstructed for three months, so the job must be completed in one month. How does this deadline change the number of workers needed?
Hint 1. The proportionality The time to complete the job should be inversely proportional to the number of workers on the job. Therefore, reducing the time by a factor of 3 requires increasing the number of workers by a factor of 3. ANSWER: Oneninth as many workers are needed. Onethird as many workers are needed. The same number of workers are needed. Three times as many workers are needed. Nine times as many workers are needed.
Correct
Inversesquare relationships All of these proportionalities are in some way familiar to you in your everyday life. There is one other important type in physics with which you may not be as familiar: the inversesquare relationship. The inversesquare relationship is based on an equation of the form y=k/x^2, where \texttip{k}{k} is a constant. You would write y \propto 1/x^2 or y \propto x^{2}, either of which means "\texttip{y}{y} is inversely proportional to the square of \texttip{x}{x}." Although this may look or sound more intimidating than the relations we've looked at previously, it works in essentially the same way. If \texttip{x}{x} is doubled, then \texttip{y}{y} is multiplied by onefourth, and if \texttip{x}{x} is decreased by a factor of 2, \texttip{y}{y} is multiplied by 4. The figure shows a graph of y=k/x^2 for some \texttip{k}{k}. You can see that when \texttip{x}{x} increases by a factor of 2 or 3, \texttip{y}{y} decreases by a factor of 4 or 9, respectively.
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Part F The loudness of a sound is inversely proportional to the square of your distance from the source of the sound. If your friend is right next to the speakers at a loud concert and you are four times as far away from the speakers, how does the loudness of the music at your position compare to the loudness at your friend's position? ANSWER: The sound is onesixteenth as loud at your position. The sound is onefourth as loud at your position. The sound is equally loud at your position. The sound is four times as loud at your position. The sound is sixteen times as loud at your position.
Correct Inversesquare relations show up in the loudness of sounds, the brightness of lights, and the strength of forces. Proportional reasoning is useful for checking your answers to problems. If your answer is a formula, then you can explicitly check that all of the variables have the correct proportionalities. If you have a numerical answer, you can check your technique by doubling one of the starting variables and working through the same process to a solution. If your answer does not change as you expect it to based on the proportionality of the initial and final variables, then you know that something is wrong.
Solving Quadratic Equations Learning Goal: To use the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. Maria wants to plant a small tomato garden in her yard. She bought 25 tomato plants, and she has read that ideally tomatoes are planted in a square grid to help them pollinate each other.
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Part A How many plants \texttip{x}{x} should she plant in each row so that her 25 plants end up in a square (i.e., \texttip{x}{x} plants in each of \texttip{x}{x} rows)? Express your answer as an integer.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem If the gardener has \texttip{x}{x} plants in each of her \texttip{x}{x} rows, then the total number of plants will be x^2. Since there are 25 total plants, the correct value of \texttip{x}{x} will satisfy the equation x^2=25. Solve this equation by taking the square root of both sides. Note that 25 has both a positive and a negative square root. Since you can't have a negative number of plants, you only want the positive square root. ANSWER: 5
Correct You may have been able to solve this part simply by intuition or with simple arithmetic. In the next part, you will use the quadratic formula to find the value of \texttip{x}{x}. Although this involves more work than necessary to solve this part, using the quadratic formula on a problem that you've already solved should help you to feel comfortable with it.
There are several techniques for solving an equation of the form ax^2+bx+c=0, where \texttip{a}{a}, \texttip{b}{b}, and \texttip{c} {c} are numeric constants, such as factoring and completing the square. The quickest way to solve such an equation that will work all the time is to use the quadratic formula. For an equation with the above form, the quadratic formula gives \large{x=\frac{b \pm \sqrt{b^24ac}}{2a},} where the \pm symbol means that there are two solutions: one obtained by replacing \pm with a + and the other obtained by replacing \pm with a . The steps for using the quadratic formula are as follows: 1. Get your equation into the form ax^2+bx+c=0. 2. Identify the values of \texttip{a}{a}, \texttip{b}{b}, and \texttip{c}{c}. 3. Substitute these values into the quadratic formula. 4. Simplify the resulting values for \texttip{x}{x}.
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From the previous part, if the gardener has \texttip{x}{x} plants in each of her \texttip{x}{x} rows, then the total number of plants will be x^2. To make a square using 25 total plants, the value of \texttip{x}{x} must satisfy the equation x^2=25.
Part B To find \texttip{x}{x} in Part A, you would need to solve the equation x^225=0. Which of the following shows the proper values in the quadratic formula before simplifying the radical and dividing?
Hint 1. The values of \texttip{a}{a}, \texttip{b}{b}, and \texttip{c}{c}. \texttip{a}{a} is the value of the coefficient of x^2, so in this problem, a=1 (because x^2=1\cdot x^2). \texttip{b}{b} is the value of the coefficient of \texttip{x}{x}. Notice that the equation given has no \texttip{x}{x} term. Since 0\cdot x = 0, the coefficient of \texttip{x}{x} must be zero. Therefore, b=0. Finally, \texttip{c}{c} is the constant term, so in this problem, c=25. Plug these values into the quadratic formula and then reduce it to the form shown in one of the answer choices. ANSWER: \large{\frac{25\pm 0} {2}} \large{\frac{25\pm 0} {5}} \large{\frac{0\pm \sqrt{100}}{2}} \large{\frac{10 \pm 0}{2}}
Correct Notice that the value of \texttip{c}{c} is 25, not +25. You should always include the sign in the values of \texttip{a}{a}, \texttip{b}{b}, and \texttip{c}{c}. Also, notice that the answer implies there are two solutions to Part A: x=5 and x=5. Of course, you can't have 5 tomato plants, so for solving the practical problem of planting tomatoes, the only correct solution is 5 plants per row.
Part C Consider the equation 2x^23x5=0. Plug the values for \texttip{a}{a}, \texttip{b}{b}, and \texttip{c}{c} into the quadratic formula, but do not simplify at all. Which of the following shows the proper substitution? ANSWER: \large{x=\frac{3\pm \sqrt{(3)^24(2)(5)}}{2(2)}} \large{x=\frac{3\pm \sqrt{(3)^24(2)(5)}}{2(2)}} \large{x=\frac{2\pm \sqrt{(2)^24(3)(5)}}{2(3)}} \large{x=\frac{2\pm \sqrt{(2)^24(3)(5)}}{2(3)}}
Correct
Part D Use the result from Part C to find the two solutions to the equation 2x^23x5=0. Typesetting math: 35%
Enter the two solutions separated by a comma. (The order is not important.)
ANSWER: 1,2.50
Correct
Trig Functions and Right Triangles Learning Goal: To use trigonometric functions to find sides and angles of right triangles. The functions sine, cosine, and tangent are called trigonometric functions (often shortened to "trig functions"). Trigonometric just means "measuring triangles." These functions are called trigonometric because they are used to find the lengths of sides or the measures of angles for right triangles. They can be used, with some effort, to find measures of any triangle, but in this problem we will focus on right triangles. Right triangles are by far the most commonly used triangles in physics, and they are particularly easy to measure. The sine, cosine, and tangent functions of an acute angle in a right triangle are defined using the relative labels "opposite side" \texttip{O}{O} and "adjacent side" \texttip{A}{A}. The hypotenuse \texttip{H}{H} is the side opposite the right angle. As you can see from the figure, the opposite side \texttip{O}{O} is the side of the triangle not involved in making the angle. The side called the adjacent side \texttip{A}{A} is the side involved in making the angle that is not the hypotenuse. (The hypotenuse will always be one of the two sides making up the angle, because you will always look at the acute angles, not the right angle.) The sine function of an angle \texttip{\theta }{theta}, written \sin(\theta), is defined as the ratio of the length \texttip{O}{O} of opposite side to the length \texttip{H}{H} of the hypotenuse: \large{\sin(\theta) = \frac O H}. You can use your calculator to find the value of sine for any angle. You can then use the sine to find the length of the hypotenuse from the length of the opposite side, or vice versa, by using the fact that the previous formula may be rewritten in either of the following two forms: O=H\sin(\theta) or \large{H = \frac {O}{\sin(\theta)}}.
Part A Suppose that you need to get a heavy couch into the bed of a pickup truck. You know the bed of the truck is at a height of 1.00 \rm m and you need a ramp that makes an angle of 40^\circ with the ground if you are to be able to push the couch. Use the sine function to determine how long of a board you need to use to make a ramp that just reaches the 1.00\rm m high truck bed at a 40^\circ angle to the ground. Express your answer in meters to three significant figures. Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. Using the sine function The ramp is the hypotenuse of the right triangle in the figure, and the side of length 1.00 \rm m is opposite the 40^\circ angle. To find the length of the hypotenuse, use the \large{H = \frac {O}{\sin(\theta)}} form of the sine formula. Plugging in the given values will give you the length of the hypotenuse. ANSWER: 1.56 \rm m
Correct The cosine function is another useful trig function. The definition of the cosine function is similar to the definition of the sine function: \large{\cos(\theta)=\frac A H}. This equation can be rearranged the same way that the equation for sine was rearranged. With the cosine of an angle, you can find the length of the adjacent side from the length of the hypotenuse, or vice versa.
Part B You need to set up another simple ramp using the board from Part A (i.e., a board of length 1.56 \rm m ). If the ramp must be at a 25^\circ angle above the ground, how far back from the bed of the truck should the board touch the ground? Assume this is a different truck than the one from Part A. Express your answer in meters to three significant figures.
Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. Using the cosine function The ramp is the hypotenuse of the right triangle in the figure, and the distance along the ground is adjacent to the 25^\circ angle. To find the length of the adjacent side, use the A = H\cos(\theta) form of the cosine formula. Plugging in the given values will give you the distance along the ground. ANSWER: 1.41 \rm m
Correct The third frequently used trig function is the tangent function. The tangent of an angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} is defined by the equation \large{\tan(\theta)=\frac O A}. This equation can be rearranged the same way that the equations for sine and cosine were rearranged previously. With the tangent of an angle, you can find the length of the adjacent side from the length of the opposite side or vice versa.
Part C Surveyors frequently use trig functions. Suppose that you measure the angle from your position to the top of a mountain to be 2.50^\circ. If the mountain is 1.00 \rm km higher in elevation than your position, how far away is the mountain? Express your answer in kilometers to three significant figures.
Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. Using the tangent function The height of the mountain is opposite the 2.50^\circ angle of the right triangle in the figure, and the distance to the mountain is adjacent to the 2.50^\circ angle. To find the distance to the mountain, use the \large{A = \frac {O}{\tan(\theta)}} form of the tangent formula. Plugging in the given values will give you the distance to the mountain. ANSWER: 22.9 \rm km
Correct All of the trig functions also have inverses. The inverses of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions are written as \sin^{1}, \cos^{1}, and \tan^{1}, respectively. [Be careful not to confuse the notation \sin^{1}(x) for the inverse sine function with (\sin(x))^{1}=1/\sin(x).] These inverse functions are also sometimes written {\rm asin}, {\rm acos}, and {\rm atan}, short for arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent, respectively. Your calculator should have three buttons with one of those sets of three labels. Since a trig function takes an angle and gives a ratio of sides, the inverse trig functions must take as input a ratio of sides and then give back an angle. For example, if you know that the length of the side adjacent to a particular angle \texttip{\theta } {theta} is 12 \rm cm and the length of the hypotenuse of this triangle is 13 \rm cm, you can find the measure of angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} using the inverse cosine. The cosine of \texttip{\theta }{theta} would be 12/13, so the inverse cosine of 12/13 will give the value of \texttip{\theta }{theta}: \large{\cos(\theta)=\frac {12} {13}} implies that \large{\theta = {\rm acos}\left(\frac {12} {13} \right)}. Using the \cos^{1} or {\rm acos} button on your calculator, you should check that the measure of \texttip{\theta }{theta} is 22.6^\circ.
Part D Typesetting math: 35%
The 345 right triangle is a commonly used right triangle. Use the inverse sine function to determine the measure of the angle opposite the side of length 3. Express your angle in degrees to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Using the inverse sine To use the inverse sine, first write down the formula for the sine of the angle: \large{\sin(\theta)=\frac{O}{H}=\frac 3 5} for the triangle in the figure. This tells you that the measure of the angle \texttip{\theta }{theta} is the inverse sine of 3/5. ANSWER: \texttip{\theta }{theta} = 36.9 \rm degrees
Correct
Part E A support wire is attached to a recently transplanted tree to be sure that it stays vertical. The wire is attached to the tree at a point 1.50 \rm m from the ground, and the wire is 2.00 \rm m long. What is the angle \texttip{\phi }{phi} between the tree and the support wire? Express your answer in degrees to three significant figures.
Typesetting math: 35%
Hint 1. Choose the correct function Using the given information, which of the following functions should you use to find the measure of \texttip{\phi } {phi}? ANSWER: \rm asin \rm acos \rm atan
Correct
ANSWER: \texttip{\phi }{phi} = 41.4 \rm degrees
Correct
Pay Up! Learning Goal: To learn to solve linear equations. Almost every topic in physics will require you to solve linear equations—equations that don't contain any higher powers of the variable such as x^2, x^3, etc. Linear equations are the simplest algebraic equations. They arise in all sorts of situations. For this problem we'll look at one that might come up in your daily life. Suppose that you and three friends go out to eat and afterward decide to split the cost evenly. Your friend Anika points out that she only had a drink, so she should pay less ($2, the cost of her drink) and the rest of you can split the remainder of the bill. A linear equation can easily determine how much each of you must pay. For the particular problem raised in the introduction, assume that the total bill is $44. To answer the question "How should the bill be split?" we will create a linear equation. The unknown is how much money a single person (besides Anika) must pay, so call that \texttip{x}{x}. Although four people (you plus three friends) went to dinner, only three are paying the unknown amount \texttip{x}{x} for a total of 3x. Since Anika is paying $2, the total amount paid is 3x+2 dollars, which must equal the amount of the bill, $44. Thus, the equation to find \texttip{x}{x} is 3x+2=44. The steps for solving a linear equation are as follows: 1. Move all of the constants to the right side. 2. Move all of the variable terms (terms containing \texttip{x}{x}) to the left side. 3. Divide both sides by the coefficient of the variable to isolate the variable. You will go through these steps one at a time to solve the equation and determine how much each person should pay.
Part A The first step in solving a linear equation is moving all of the constants (i.e., numbers like 2 and 44 that aren't attached to
Typesetting math: 35% an \texttip{x}{x}) to the right side. What is the final value on the right side once you've moved all of the constants?
Express your answer as an integer.
Hint 1. How to "move" a constant The term move is not exactly an accurate description of how you get rid of the constant on one side of an equation. What you actually do is add the opposite of that number to both sides. In this way, the constant no longer appears on the side that you don't want it on. For instance, if you have x+3=4, you want to move the 3 to the right. The opposite of 3 is 3, so you would subtract 3 from both sides: x+3\ \ 3=4\ \ 3, which reduces to x=1. Similarly, if you had 2x12=3, you would add 12 to each side, because the opposite of 12 is 12, and so 2x12\ \ +12=3 \ \ +12, 2x=15. ANSWER: 3x = 42
Correct
Part B Now that you have 3x=42, you need to isolate the variable so that you have an equation of the form "x= some number." What is the value of \texttip{x}{x} (i.e., the amount you must pay)? Express your answer as an integer number of dollars.
Hint 1. How to isolate the variable To remove the coefficient from the variable, simply divide both sides of the equation by that coefficient. For instance, if you had 2x=6, then you would divide both sides by 2: \large{\frac{2x}{2}=\frac{6}{2}}, yielding x=3. ANSWER: \texttip{x}{x} = 14 {\rm dollars}
Correct Typesetting math: 35%
The next problem looks more intimidating, but it requires the same procedures: Move all constants to the right, then move all variables to the left, and finally divide both sides by the variable’s coefficient.
Part C If 13x23=4x+22, what is the value of \texttip{x}{x}? Express your answer as an integer.
Hint 1. Collect the constant terms You have the equation 13x23=4x+22 and need to get all of the constants on the right side. Which of the following would get all of the constant terms on the right side of the equation? ANSWER: Add 23 to both sides. Subtract 23 from both sides. Add 22 to both sides. Subtract 22 from both sides.
Correct Hint 2. Collect the terms with \texttip{x}{x} After adding 23 to both sides, you have the equation 13x=4x+45 and need to get all of the terms with \texttip{x}{x} on the left side. Which of the following would get all of the variable terms on the left side? ANSWER: Add 13x to both sides. Subtract 13x from both sides. Add 4x to both sides. Subtract 4x from both sides.
Correct After subtracting 4x from both sides of the equation, you are left with 9x=45. Dividing both sides by the coefficient (9) of \texttip{x}{x} will give you the value of \texttip{x}{x}. Remember that you must always add and subtract to get all of the constant terms on the right side and all of the variable terms on the left side before multiplying or dividing to isolate the variable.
ANSWER: \texttip{x}{x} = 5
Correct Typesetting math: 35%
Part D If 5x+9= 2x19, what is the value of \texttip{x}{x}? Express your answer as an integer.
Hint 1. Collect the constant terms You have the equation 5x+9= 2x19 and need to get all of the constants on the right side. Which of the following would get all of the constant terms on the right side of the equation? ANSWER: Add 9 to both sides. Subtract 9 from both sides. Add 19 to both sides. Subtract 19 from both sides.
Correct Hint 2. Collect the terms with \texttip{x}{x} After subtracting 9 from both sides, you have the equation 5x=2x28.You need to get all of the terms with \texttip{x} {x} on the left side. Which of the following would get all of the variable terms on the left side? ANSWER: Add 5x to both sides. Subtract 5x from both sides. Add 2x to both sides. Subtract 2x from both sides.
Correct After adding 2x to both sides of the equation, you are left with 7x=28. Dividing both sides by the coefficient (7) of \texttip{x}{x} will give you the value of \texttip{x}{x}. Remember that you must always add and subtract to get all of the constant terms on the right side and all of the variable terms on the left side before multiplying or dividing to isolate the variable.
ANSWER: \texttip{x}{x} = 4
Correct
Converting Units Typesetting math: 35%
The ability to convert from one system of units to another is important in physics. It is often impractical to measure quantities in the standard meters, kilograms, and seconds, but the laws of physics that you learn will involve constants that are defined in these units. Therefore, you may often have to convert your measured quantities into meters, kilograms, and seconds. The following table lists metric prefixes that come up frequently in physics. Learning these prefixes will help you in the various exercises. mega (\rm M)
\times 10^6
kilo (\rm k)
\times 10^3
centi (\rm c)
\times 10^{2}
milli (\rm m)
\times 10^{3}
micro (\mu)
\times 10^{6}
nano (\rm n)
\times 10^{9}
When doing unit conversions, you need a relation between the two units. For instance, in converting from millimeters to meters, you need to know that \rm 1\;m=1000\; mm. Once you know this, you need to divide one side by the other to obtain a ratio of \rm m to \rm mm: \large{1=\rm \frac {1\; m}{1000\; mm}}. If you are converting from millimeters to meters, then this is the proper ratio. It has \rm mm in the denominator, so that it will cancel the units of the quantity that you are converting. For instance, if you were converting 63\; \rm mm, then you would have \large{\rm 63\; \cancel{\rm mm} \cdot \frac {1\; m}{1000\; \cancel{\rm mm}}= 0.063 \; m}. If you were converting a quantity from meters to millimeters, you would use the reciprocal ratio: \large{1=\rm \frac {1000\; mm}{1\; m}}.
Part A Suppose that you measure a pen to be 10.5 \rm cm long. Convert this to meters. Express your answer in meters.
Hint 1. Relating centimeters and meters To solve this problem, you will need to use the relation 100\;\rm cm =1\; m. You can determine such relations using the metric prefixes given in the introduction to this problem. If one centimeter equals 10^{2} meters, then you need 10^2 centimeters to equal a whole meter, just as you know that if one quarter equals 4^{1} US dollars, then you need 4^{1} quarters to equal a whole US dollar. ANSWER: 10.5 \rm cm = 0.105 \rm m
Correct When converting areas, you must be careful to use the correct ratio. If you were converting from \rm mm^2 to \rm m^2, it might be tempting to use Typesetting math: 35%
\large{\rm \frac {1\; m}{1000\; mm}}
again. Be careful! Think of \rm mm^2 as (\rm mm)^2=(\rm mm)\cdot(mm). That is to say, think of this as a pair of millimeter units, each of which must be converted separately. To convert 130\;\rm mm^2 to square meters you would use the following calculation: \large{130\;\rm mm^2 \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m}{1000\; mm}\right) \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m}{1000\; mm}\right)=130\;\rm mm^2 \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m}{10^3\; mm}\right)^2}. Notice that the exponent distributes to both the numbers and the units: \large{130\;\rm mm^2 \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m}{10^3\; mm}\right)^2=130\;\rm mm^2 \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m^2}{10^6\; mm^2}\right)}. Now the \rm mm^2 will cancel properly: \large{130\;\rm \cancel{\rm mm^2} \cdot \left( \frac {1\; m^2}{10^6\; \cancel{\rm mm^2}}\right)=1.30\times 10^{4}\; m^2}.
Part B Suppose that, from measurements in a microscope, you determine that a certain bacterium covers an area of 1.50\; \mu \rm m^2. Convert this to square meters. Express your answer in square meters.
Hint 1. Find the conversion factor Which of the following gives the proper conversion factor to use? From the table in the introduction, you can see that 1\;\rm \mu m=10^{6}\; m, which gives 10^6\;\rm \mu m=1\; m. ANSWER: \large{\frac{10^{6}\;\mu \rm m^2}{1\;\rm m^2}} \large{\frac{1\;\rm m^2}{10^{6}\;\mu \rm m^2}} \large{\frac{10^{12}\;\mu \rm m^2}{1\;\rm m^2}} \large{\frac{1\;\rm m^2}{10^{12}\;\mu \rm m^2}}
Correct
ANSWER: 1.50 \mu \rm m^2 = 1.50×10−12 \rm m^2
Correct As with areas, you must be careful when converting between volumes. For volumes, you must cancel off three copies of whatever unit you are converting from.
Part C Suppose that you find the volume of all the oceans to be 1.4\times10^9\; \rm km^3 in a reference book. To find the mass, you can use the density of water, also found in this reference book, but first you must convert the volume to cubic meters. What is this volume in cubic meters? Typesetting math: 35%
Express your answer in cubic meters.
Hint 1. Find the conversion factor Which of the following gives the proper conversion factor to use? From the table in the introduction, you can see that 1\;\rm km=10^{3}\; m. ANSWER: \large{\frac {1\;\rm m^3}{10^6\;\rm km^3}} \large{\frac {10^9\;\rm m^3}{1\;\rm km^3}} \large{\frac {10^3\;\rm m^3}{1\;\rm km^3}} \large{\frac{10^6\;\rm km^3} {1\;\rm m^3}} \large{\frac {1\;\rm km^3}{10^9\; \rm m^3}} \large{\frac {1\;\rm km^3}{10^3\;\rm m^3}}
Correct
ANSWER: 1.4\times10^9\; \rm km^3 = 1.40×1018 \rm m^3
Correct
Part D In a laboratory, you determine that the density of a certain solid is 5.23\times10^{6}\;\rm kg/mm^3. Convert this density into kilograms per cubic meter. Notice that the units you are trying to eliminate are now in the denominator. The same principle from the previous parts applies: Pick the conversion factor so that the units cancel. The only change is that now the units you wish to cancel must appear in the numerator of the conversion factor. Express your answer in kilograms per cubic meter.
Hint 1. Find the conversion factor Which of the following gives the proper conversion factor to use? From the table in the introduction, you can see that 1\;\rm mm=10^{3}\; m. Recall that you are trying to cancel units out of the denominator of the fraction. ANSWER: \large{\frac {1\;\rm m^3}{10^9\;\rm mm^3}} \large{\frac {10^6\;\rm m^3}{1\;\rm mm^3}} \large{\frac {10^3\;\rm m^3}{1\;\rm mm^3}} \large{\frac{10^9\;\rm mm^3} {1\;\rm m^3}} \large{\frac {1\;\rm mm^3}{10^6\; \rm m^3}} \large{\frac {1\;\rm mm^3}{10^3\;\rm m^3}} Typesetting math: 35%
Correct
ANSWER: \large{5.23\times10^{6}\;\rm \frac{kg}{mm^3}} = 5230 \large{\rm \frac {kg}{m^3}}
Correct You are now ready to do any sort of unit conversion. You may encounter problems that look far more complex than those you've done in this problem, but if you carefully set up conversion factors one at a time to cancel the units you don't want and replace them with the units that you do want, then you will have no trouble.
Name That Line Learning Goal: To understand how to find the equation for a line using the slopepoint and twopoints techniques. Many equations in physics express linear relationships between two quantities, meaning that a graph of the two quantities would be a line. If you walk at constant speed, your position is linearly related to time. The graph of your position at various times might look like the graph in the figure. If you see that points on a plot have a linear relationship, you can then use a straight edge to draw in the line. From your graph, you can predict what other points lie on the line. However, usually the equation for the line will give you more accurate predictions. Then, you can find the values for other points on the line by putting numbers into the equation.
Definition of slope All of the techniques for finding a line's equation use the definition of slope, which is given the symbol \texttip{m}{m}. Slope is defined as the difference between the y coordinates of two points, divided by the difference between the x coordinates of those two points. That is, if you have two points (x_1,y_1) and (x_2,y_2) on a line, the slope is \large{m=\frac{y_2y_1}{x_2x_1}}. You might be able to remember the definition more easily in the form "the difference in the y values over the difference in the x values." The end result that you want is an equation that looks like y=mx+b, where \texttip{m}{m} is the slope and \texttip{b}{b} is the y intercept—the value of \texttip{y}{y} where the line intersects the y axis. For instance, you might have as the final result the equation y=2x+4. In the example given of distance walked, you could Typesetting math: 35% easily determine how far you had walked after 2.5 {\rm minutes} if you had an equation for the graphed line.
Part A Suppose that you want to construct a line with slope m=3 that passes through the point (2,1). You would begin by setting up the equation y=3x+b. If you plug in the coordinates for any point on that line, the two sides of the equation will be equal. Once you've done this, you can solve for \texttip{b}{b}. What is the value of \texttip{b}{b}? Express your answer as an integer.
Hint 1. How to plug in the coordinates You have the equation y=3x+b and the point (2,1). You should put in the x coordinate where the \texttip{x}{x} is in the equation. This would give you y=3\times 2+b. Then, put in the y coordinate where the \texttip{y}{y} is in the equation. This gives you 1=3\times 2+b. Now you have an equation with only one unknown: \texttip{b}{b}. Solve this for \texttip{b}{b}. ANSWER: \texttip{b}{b} = 5
Correct Putting this value back into the equation, you can see that the line you were looking for is y=3x5. If you had just sketched a graph, like the one in the figure below, you likely could have seen that the point (3,4) lies on this line, but you couldn't have checked a point such as (2.87,3.61) with much accuracy.
Another possible situation is that you would be given two points that lie on a line and would need to construct the equation for that line. To do so, you would use the same technique as in the previous part. The only difference is that you have to calculate the slope first. You would do this by using the same definition of slope that is given in this problem. Typesetting math: 35%
Part B Suppose that you want to find the equation for a line that passes through the two points (0,3) and (4,9). What is the slope of this line? Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. Find the change in y coordinates What is the difference in the y coordinates between the two points? Recall that the y coordinate is the second number in the ordered pair. Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: 6
Hint 2. Find the change in x coordinates What is the difference in the x coordinates between the two points? Recall that the x coordinate is the first number in the ordered pair. Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: 4
ANSWER: \texttip{m}{m} = 1.50
Correct
Part C Now that you have the slope, proceed as you did in Part A. What is the value of \texttip{b}{b} for this line? Express your answer numerically.
Hint 1. Which point to plug in Since the equation for a line is true for any point on the line, you can plug either point in. Using (0,3) will make things a bit easier, but plugging in either point should allow you to easily solve for \texttip{b}{b}. ANSWER: \texttip{b}{b} = 3
Typesetting math: 35%
Correct Combining the answers from Parts B and C gives an equation for the line of \large{y=\frac{3}{2}x + 3}. The graph of this line would look like the one in this figure.
Part D Now, find the equation for a line that passes through the two points (1,3) and (4,5). Express your answer in terms of \texttip{x}{x}. The "y=" has been given for you.
Hint 1. Find \texttip{m}{m} What is the slope \texttip{m}{m} of the line? Recall that slope is the difference in the y values over the difference in the x values. Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: \texttip{m}{m} = 1.60
Hint 2. Find \texttip{b}{b} Now, you have \large{y= \frac{8}{5}x+b}. Substitute in the coordinates from one point so that you can solve for the value of \texttip{b}{b}. What is the value of \texttip{b}{b}? Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: \texttip{b}{b} = 1.40 Typesetting math: 35%
ANSWER: \texttip{y}{y} = \large{{\frac{8}{5}}x+{\frac{7}{5}}}
Correct The graph of this line would look like the one in this figure.
.
Part E What is the y coordinate of the point on the line with x coordinate 2? Express your answer numerically
Hint 1. How to approach the problem Since the equation is true for all points on the line, if you plug in the x coordinate for \texttip{x}{x} in the equation, then you can solve for \texttip{y}{y}, and the number that you get will be the y coordinate of that point. This procedure is made easier by the fact that the equation is already solved for \texttip{y}{y}! ANSWER: \texttip{y}{y} = 4.60
Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 99.6%. You received 14.94 out of a possible total of 15 points.
Typesetting math: 35%
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