Marx y La Sociologia - Ricardo Sidicaro

 

 

Saovcrsoeje ec Urcs ec Hcircrd Mjrrcrj> Lomcamojturj ca ]dmodld`âj Bjtcroj> Oatrdeummoýa j ljs Ucdrâjs ]dmojlcs ec Fjrl Bjrx, Ïbolc Eurfgcob y Bjx Pcicr O Jutdr> Yomjred ]oeomjrd

Oatrdeummoýa

Jidrejr jspcmtds ec ljs dirjs ec Mjrlds Bjrx (:7:7-:77=) y ec Hcecromd Ca`cls (:79;- :7?3) j lds chcmtds ec cstjilcmcr su rcljmoýa mda cl ecsjrrdlld ec lj sdmodld`âj cs uaj tjrcj quc supdac cvotjr ljs sobplohomjmodacs quc ad pdmds cstobja acmcsjrojs pjrj gjmcr catcaeoilc sus mdamcptds pdr pjrtc ec quocacs oaomoja cstueods ec lj eosmoploaj. Lcnds ec cstjr ec jmucred mda csj dpoaoýa, ca cstjs adtjs ad sc divojrê lj mdbplcnoeje ec lds jpdrtcs ec lds jutdrcs jajlozjeds ejed quc tjl prêmtomj sýld sorvc pjrj mdahuaeor y ecsvortujr ljs oecjs quc sc quocrc cxpdacr. Eostroiuoeds ca bolcs ec pê`oajs y rctdbjeds ca rcpctoejs dpdrtuaoejecs, cs divod quc cs eohâmol prcmosjr echoaomodacs catrcmdbolljejs ec lds mdamcptds bjrxostjs muyj hluoecz sc mjptj bcndr prcscatjaed mdanuatds ec cauamojeds

mdbplcbcatjrods

quc

dhrcmca

ljs

mljvcs

ec

catcaeobocatd

huaejbcatjlcs ec ljs eostoatjs eobcasodacs quc sc mdbioaja ca csds mdamcptds. [dr trjtjrsc ec jutdrcs muyj ljidr jpuatý j gjmcr mdbprcasoilc sus tcdrâjs sdmojlcs mda lj oatcamoýa ec oatcrvcaor sdirc lj bjrmgj ec lds prdmcsds pdlâtomds ec su ïpdmj y drocatjr `rjaecs prdycmtds ec mjbiod ec sus sdmocejecs, hucrda hrcmucatcs ljs rcotcrjmodacs eoeêmtomjs ec sus oecjs mcatrjlcs eoro`oejs j jueocamojs gctcrd`ïacjs. Ecsec ljs prdmljbjs oatcrajmodajlcs gjstj lds tcxtds ad puilomjeds y ecsmuiocrtds bumgds júds ecspuïs ec su rcejmmoýa, lds jpdrtcs ec lds huaejedrcs ecl bjrxosbd prcscatja ljs mdatoauoejecs y 

 

bdeohomjmodacs prdpojs ec lds jvjamcs ecl mdadmobocatd mocatâhomd y ec ljs ecloicrjmodacs pdlâtomjs ec ljs quc pjrtomopjija. Ljs lcmturjs ec sus mrâtomds  y ljs jprdijmodacs ec sus jegcrcatcs, oamdrpdrjrda iucaj pjrtc ec ld scs`ds oatcrprctjtovds quc hucrda bjtcroj ec ecijtcs jmjeïbomds y/d bolotjatcs quc ca jl`uads mjsds jirocrda mdrrocatcs oatcrprctjtovjs cahrcatjejs. [dr mocrtd, Bjrx eohâmolbcatc guiocsc obj`oajed quc catrjrâj ca lj gostdroj ec lj sdmodld`âj, mdbpjrt mdbpjrtocaed ocaed mda Cbolod Eurfgcob y Bjx Pcicr cl pjpcl ec pjerc huaejedr. Csj troplc pjtcraoeje ec aucstrj aucvj mocamoj sdmojl ad ecnj ec rcmdadmcr mdbd jatcmcecatcs ljs oecjs ecl sdmojlosbd utýpomd   muyd jutdr bês rcmdadmoed ca Hrjamoj huc Gcaro ec ]joat ]obda

(:08;-:793) mda quoca sc hdrbý Ju`ustd Mdbtc (:0?7-:730). Mdbtc catrý ca lj gostdroj mdbd pjerc dhomojl ec lj sdmodld`âj, ecadboajmoýa quc jmuúý. Ec gcmgd, ecl sdmojlosbd utýpomd, sc iohurmjrda cl mdbtosbd y cl bjrxosbd. Oasporjeds ca pcrspcmtovjs holdsýhomjs eostoatjs eostoatjs y bês jllê ec sus eohcrcamojs, jbijs drocatjmodacs ec lj oamopocatc sdmodld`âj mdoamoeocrda ca prdpdacr mjbiods o`ujlotjrostjs ec lj sdmoceje oaeustrojl. [rdijilcbcatc, Bjrx Bjrx guiocsc eomgd yd ad sdy sdmoýld`d, luc`d ec lccr j Ju`ustd Mdbtc yj quc tjl mdbd lc mdbcatý ca uaj mdrrcspdaecamoj eoro`oej j Ca`cls :788, cstjij “cstueojaed j Mdbtc, mdbd jsuatd mdljtcrjl, ecioed

j quc lds oa`lcscs y hrjamcscs gjmca tjatd ijrulld mda csc topd. Ld quc lcs `ustj cs cl tdquc camomldpïeomd, lj sâatcsos. [crd cstd cs boscrjilc mdbpjrjed mda Gc`cl y, so ioca, Mdbtc mdbd bjtcbêtomd y hâsomd prdhcsodajl, huc supcrodr j ïl, eo`d supcrodr ca mucstodacs ec ectjllc, jþa jsâ, Gc`cl cs supcrodr ca mdanuatd. ¡_ cstj mjrrdúj pdsotovostj jpjrcmoý ca :7=9!‒. : Moamd

júds bês tjrec, Bjrx vdlvoý j dmupjrsc ec Mdbtc, cstj vcz j prdpýsotd ecl rdl ec sus sc`uoedrcs pdlâtomds ca lds sumcsds ec lj Mdbuaj ec [jrâs> “Mdbtc cs mdadmoed pdr lds dircrds ec [jrâs mdbd cl prdhctj ec lj pdlâtomj ecl rï`obca obpcrojl, ec lj eomtjeurj   pcrsdajl, ec lj edboajmoýa mjpotjlostj ca lj cmdadbâj, ec ljs ncrjrquâj ca tdejs ljs cshcrjs ec lj jmtovoeje gubjaj, oamlusd ca lj cshcrj ec lj mocamoj, y mdbd jutdr ec ua aucvd mjtcmosbd mda ua hljbjatc pjpj y aucvds sjatds ca rccbpljzd ec lds vocnds.‒ 9 

 Bjrx, M. y Ca`cls, H> Mdrrcspdaecamoj, Iucads Jorcs, Ceotdrojl [rdilcbjs, :?50, p.997.   Bjrx, Mjrlds “Idrrjedrcs ec Lj @ucrrj Movol ca Hrjamoj‒, csmrotds ca jirol -bjyd ec :70:, Hrjamoj rjamoj, [cfâa, Ceomodacs lca`ujs oamluoeds mdbd jacxd ca Mjrlds Bjrx> Lj @ucrrj Movol ca H :

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cxtrjancrjs, cxtrjanc rjs, :?07, p.9;;.

 

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Ljs pcrspcmtovjs tcýromjs ec Bjrx y Ca`cls ad socbprc hucrda ecioejbcatc oatcrprctjejs pdr quocacs sc mdasoecrjija sc`uoedrcs ec sus oecjs pcrd ljs jplomjrda mdbd sobplcs rceummodacs cmdadbomostjs   pjrj oatcrprctjr lds bês eovcrsds prdmcsds sdmojlcs y pdlâtomds. Jatc tjl tcr`ovcrsjmoýa ec su dirj Bjrx rcjmmodad eomocaed> “tded ld quc yd sï, cs quc  yd ad sdy bjrxostj‒6 hrjsc rcmdrejej pdr Ca`cls ca uaj mjrtj eoro`oej j

Mdarje ]mgbot, ca :7?;, ca lj quc j`rc`jij quc lj pjljirj bjtcrojlostj lc scrvâj j bumgds nývcacs csmrotdrcs jlcbjacs mdbd sobplc hrjsc pjrj rdtuljr tdej mljsc ec mdsjs y mdamluâj> “...aucstrj mdamcpmoýa ec lj gostdroj  cs, pdr

sdirc tded, uaj `uâj pjrj cl cstueod, y ad uaj pjljamj pjrj mdastruor j lj bjacrj ec lds gc`clojads‒.= 

Lds dtrds eds pjercs huaejedrcs ec lj sdmodld`âj hucrda tjbioïa mrâtomds ec eohcrcatcs jspcmtds ecl bjrxosbd soa ecnjr e cnjr ec vjldrjr pdsotovjbcatc jl`uads ec sus jpdrtcs. Pcicr, quc ca vjrojs dpdrtuaoejecs suirjyý lj obpdrtjamoj quc ca sus cstueods gjiâj tcaoed lj dirj ec Bjrx, sdstuvd cspcmâhomjbcatc quc Cl  Bjaohocstd mdbuaostj “pdr su âaedlc, y j pcsjr ec quc ad cstjbds ec jmucred mda vjrojs ec sus tcsos huaejbcatjlcs, cstc edmubcatd rcprcscatj ua ld`rd mocatâhomd ec probcrj bj`aotue (…) quc gj rcpdrtjed buy hrumtâhcrjs rcpcrmusodacs ca cl êbiotd mocatâhomd‒5. Eomgd rcmdadmobocatd ad lc obpoeoý,

ca dtrj dpdrtuaoeje, dinctjr cl cmdadbomosbd ec “lj lljbjej ‗mdamcpmoýa bjtcrojlostj ec lj gostdroj‟ ca su vocnd scatoed, `caojlbcatc probotovd, ecl Bjaohocstd Mdbuaostj , pdr cncbpld, quc sýld so`uc prcvjlcmocaed gdy ca ljs

mjiczjs ec lc`ds y eolctjatcs (...) Lj rceummoýa j ljs sdljs mjusjs cmdaýbomjs ca aoa`þa   scatoed cs cxgjustovj ca aoa`þa mjbpd ec lj voej multurjl, ao soquocrj ca cl ec lds prdmcsds cmdaýbomds‒ 3 

Ïbolc Eurfgcob rcsuboý sus mrâtomjs j Bjrx ca ua mursd uaovcrsotjrod sdirc cl sdmojlosbd ca :7?3-?8, eomocaed quc “ad pucec gjicr, prdpojbcatc gjiljaed, ua sdmojlosbd mocatâhomd. _ cs quc, pjrj quc tjl sdmojlosbd hucrj pdsoilc, scrâja acmcsjrojs uajs mocamojs quc ad cstêa gcmgjs y quc ad puceca obprdvosjrsc (...) Xïjsc lj dirj bês oatclo`catc, bês sostcbêtomj, bês romj ca oecjs quc gj prdeumoej lj Csmuclj> Cl Mjpotjl , ec Bjrx. ¡Muêatds ejtds cstjeâstomds, muêatjs mdbpjrjmodacs gostýromjs, muêatds cstueods

 Bjrx, M, y Hcecromd Ca`cls, Mdrrcspdaecamoj, dp. mot. 575.  Pcicr, B> Csmrotds pdlâtomds, Bjeroe, Jlojazj, :??:. p. =90. 3   Pcicr, B “Lj ‗dinctovoeje‟ md`adsmotovj ec lj mocamoj sdmojl y ec lj  pdlâtomj  pdlâtomj sdmojl‒ ca Bjx Pcicr, Casjyds sdirc bctdedld`âj bctdedld`âj sdmodlý`omj. Iucads Jorcs> Jbdrrdrtu., p. 37. =

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scrâja oaeospcasjilcs pjrj zjanjr mujlquocrj ec ljs oaaubcrjilcs mucstodacs trjtjejs pdr ïl! (…)  Ljs oavcsto`jmodacs quc ïstds gja gcmgd sc gja cbprcaeoed pjrj

cstjilcmcr

lj

edmtroaj

muyj

oecj

gjiâja tcaoed

prcvojbcatc6 lj edmtroaj cstj lcnds ec scr cl rcsultjed ec lj oavcsto`jmoýa prcvojbcatc6 o avcsto`jmoýa (...) cl sdmojlosbd ad cs uaj mocamoj, uaj sdmodld`âj ca boaojturj> cs ua `rotd ec edldr y, j vcmcs, ec mýlcrj ljazjed pdr lds gdbircs quc socatca bês vovjbcatc aucstrd bjlcstjr mdlcmtovd‒8.

 Ujbioïa Eurfgcob, Eurfgcob, ca : :7?0, 7?0, ca uaj rc rcscúj scúj ecl lo loird ird ec Jatdaod Ljirodlj Lj mdamcpmoýa bjtcrojlostj ec lj gostdroj, cstobý cl cshucrzd rcjlozjed pdr cl

jutdr pjrj eovul`jr ljs edmtroajs ecl sdmojlosbd bjrxostj y rcsuboý su dincmoýa proamopjl ca lj mcatrjloeje jmdrejej j lds vâamulds cmdaýbomds dbotocaed lj obpdrtjamoj ec lds ecbês sostcbjs ec rcljmodacs sdmojlcs. Ad cstê ecbês rcmdrejr quc ca :7?3, @cdr`cs ]drcl, pdr catdamcs cl oatclcmtujl bjrxostj bês jmtovd ec lj ïpdmj ca Hrjamoj , gjiâj sdstcaoed quc “aoa`þa mocatâhomd cstjij bcndr prcpjrjed quc Eurfgcob pjrj gjmcr catrjr ljs tcdrâjs ec Bjrx ca lj cascújazj supcrodr, pucs cs cl þaomd sdmoýld`d hrjamïs quc pdscc prcpjrjmoýa holdsýhomj suhomocatc y ua cspârotu mrâtomd ld ijstjatc ecsjrrdlljed mdbd pjrj pdecr mjptjr ca lds mjbiods ec lj gostdroj ljs lcycs mocatâhomjs y ljs mdaeomodacs bjtcrojlcs ec su ecvcaor‒. 0 

Ca su þltobd mursd uaovcrsotjrod, eomtjed ca :?:=-:?:5, Eurfgcob jidreý lj eohomultje ec mda`caojr cl mdadmobocatd ec ljs mocamojs sdmojlcs mda ljs mrccamojs rcoajatcs ca lj sdmoceje y pljatcý quc lj pdiljmoýa ca `cacrjl “ad pucec cspcrjr quc sus prdilcbjs scja rcsucltds mocatâhomjbcatc y cstê

dilo`jej j ecmoeorsc sdirc ld quc ecic gjmcr6 y pjrj ecmoeorsc, cs prcmosd quc sc gj`j uaj oecj sdirc ld quc cs (…) Ec cstc bded tocaca mursd ca aucstrjs

sdmocejecs hýrbuljs quc adsdtrds ads obj`oajbds quc ad sda rclo`odsjs, pcrd quc soa cbijr`d tocaca cl mjrêmtcr ec ed`bjs quc ad sc eosmutca. Ujlcs  prd`rcsd  d , ec lumgj ec mljscs , ctm.‒7  sda ljs admodacs ec ecbdmrjmoj , ec  prd`rcs

]dirc pdlâtomj y sdmodld`âj

Mujaed Bjrx jlueâj j lds mdbprdbosds pdlâtomds ec Mdbtc ad gjmâj soad

cvdmjr lj jrtomuljmoýa catrc pdlâtomj y sdmodld`âj, uaj mdbioajmoýa prdlda`jej luc`d pdr sdmoýld`ds ec buy eostoatjs scasoioloejecs oecdlý`omjs,  Eurfgcob, Cbolod> Cl sdmojlosbd Bjeroe, Ceotdrojl Jfjl, :?70, p, :5  Hduraocr, Bjrmcl> Ïbolc Eurfgcob (:737-:?:0), [jros, Hjyjre, 9;;0. p. 9==. 7  Eurfgcob, Cbolod> [rj`bjtosbd y sdmodld`âj. Iucads Jorcs, ]mgjporc, :?0=, p. :5:.

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quc ecsec ýptomjs eohcrcatc eohcrcatcss csmd`ocrda sus d dinctds inctds ec jaêlosos pcas pcasjaed jaed ca mdatroiuor j mjbiods ec lj sdmoceje hjvdrjilcs j ectcrboajeds scmtdrcs sdmojlcs. Ca cl mjsd ec Bjrx, huaejbcatjr mocatâhomjbcatc lj oacxdrjioloeje ec lj rcvdlumoýa sdmojl6 ca cl ec e c Eurfgcob, cljidrjr uaj cxplomjmoýa mocatâhomj pjrj jpdrtjr sdlumodacs j ljs mdatoaujs mrosos quc so`uocrda jl hoa ecl jato`ud rï`obca6 pjrj Pcicr, prdpdacr clcbcatds oatcrprctjt oatcrprctjtovds ovds quc sorvocsca pjrj jsc`urjr pdlâtomj y sdmojlbcatc lj mdastrummoýa ajmodajl-cstjtjl jlcbjaj. Eo`jbds quc lds trcs pjercs huaejedrcs pueocrda gjmcr suyj lj mïlcirc jhorbjmoýa ec Eurfgcob> cstobjrâjbds quc aucstrjs oavcsto`jmodacs ad bcrcmca ao uaj gdrj ec cshucrzd so ad tuvocrja bês quc ua oatcrïs cspcmuljtovd . Mda cl pjsd ec lds júds, ad pdmjs oecjs bjrxostjs sdirc cl

sdmojlosbd ecl huturd sc mdatrjstjrda mda ljs eomtjeurjs ec lds sdmojlosbds rcjlbcatc cxostcatcs   y sus edboajmodacs iurdmrêtomjs6 ljs oecjs ec Eurfgcob quc jsdmojija rjmodajloeje cstjtjl mda lj ecloicrjmoýa mdlcmtovj eostjrda ec mdoamoeor mda ljs ecbdmrjmojs rcjlbcatc cxostcatcs 6 lj ajmoýa jlcbjaj, su ecbdmrjmoj pjrljbcatjroj y sus lâecrcs mjrosbêtomds idsqucnjeds pdr Pcicr tuvocrda voej châbcrj y prcmceocrda j lj ijrijroc ajzo. [dr vâjs eostoatjs, sus oecjlcs ad hucrda jlmjazjeds, pcrd cl vâamuld mocamoj- pdlâtomj, quc cstobul cstobulý ý cl pcasjbocat pcasjbocatd d ec lds trcs pjer  pjercs cs huaejedrcs  huaejedrcs , pcrsostoý ca sus pjrjeo`bjs mocatâhomds quc so`uocrda oatcrcsjaed j quocacs jatc lj prc`uatj ´pjrj quï lj sdmodld`âj4, rcspdaeca pjrj bcndrjr lj sdmoceje.

]dirc lj tcdrâj ec Bjrx Ijnd bumgds jspcmtds sc nustohomj quc cl so`uocatc tcxtd sc gjyj mdavcrtoed mdavc rtoed

ca lj prcscatjmoýa bês eohuaeoej ec ljs oecjs ec Bjrx [rýld`d j lj “Mdatroiumoýa “Mdatroiumoýa j lj mrâtomj ec lj cmdadbâj pdlâtomj‒   “Cl rcsultjed `cacrjl j quc llc`uï, y quc, uaj vcz ditcaoed, sorvoý ec gold

mdaeumtdr j bos cstueods, pucec rcsuborsc jsâ> ca lj prdeummoýa sdmojl ec su voej, lds gdbircs mdatrjca ectcrboajejs rcljmodacs acmcsjrojs c oaecpcaeocatcs ec su vdluatje rcljmodacs ec prdeummoýa   quc mdrrcspdaeca j uaj ectcrboajej hjsc ec ecsjrrdlld ec sus hucrzjs prdeumto c stjs rcljmodacs ec prdeumtovjs vjs bjtcrojlcs  bjtcrojlcs . Cl mdanuatd ec cstjs ,

prdeummoýa hdrbj lj cstrumturj cmdaýbomj ec lj sdmoceje , lj ijsc rcjl sdirc lj quc sc lcvjatj lj supcrcstrumturj nurâeomj y pdlâtomj  y  y j lj l j quc mdrrcspdaeca ectcrboajejs  hdrbjs ec  mdamocamoj sdmojl . Cl bded ec prdeummoýa ec ec lj voej bjtcrojl mdaeomodaj cl  

 prdmcsd ec lj voej sdmojl, sdmojl, pdlâtomj pdlâtomj y csporotujl csporotujl ca `cacrjl. `cacrjl. Ad cs lj mdamocamoj mdamocamoj ecl gdbirc lj quc ectcrboaj su scr, soad, pdr cl mdatrjrod, cl scr sdmojl cs ld quc ectcrboaj su mdamocamoj. Jl llc`jr j uaj u aj ectcrboajej hjsc ec ecsjrrdlld, ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs

 

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bjtcrojlcs ec lj sdmoceje mgdmja mda ljs rcljmodacs ec prdeummoýa cxostcatcs, d, ld quc ad cs bês quc lj cxprcsoýa nurâeomj ec cstd, mda ljs rcljmodacs ec prdpoceje ecatrd ec ljs mujlcs sc gja ecscavucltd gjstj jllâ. Ec hdrbjs ec ecsjrrdlld ec ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs, p rdeumtovjs, cstjs rcljmodacs sc mdavocrt mdavocrtca ca ca trjijs suyjs. ]c jirc jsâ uaj ïpdmj ec rcvdlumoýa sdmojl. Jl mjbiojr lj ijsc cmdaýbomj

sc

rcvdlumodaj,

bês

d

bcads

rêpoejbcatc,

tdej

lj

oabcasj

supcrcstrumturj cro`oej sdirc cllj   Mujaed sc cstueoja csjs rcvdlumodacs, gjy quc .

eostoa`uor socbprc catrc lds mjbiods bjtcrojlcs dmurroeds ca ljs mdaeomodacs cmdaýbomjs ec prdeummoýa y quc puceca jprcmojrsc mda lj cxjmtotue prdpoj ec ljs mocamojs ajturjlcs, y ljs hdrbjs nurâeomjs, pdlâtomjs, rclo`odsjs, jrtâstomjs d holdsýhomjs, ca uaj pjljirj, ljs hdrbjs oecdlý`omjs ca quc lds gdbircs gd bircs jequocrca mdamocamoj mdamocamoj ec cstc mdahlomtd y lumgja pdr rcsdlvcrld. _ ecl bosbd bded quc ad pdecbds nuz`jr j ua oaeovoeud pdr ld quc ïl pocasj ec sâ, ad pdecbds nuz`jr tjbpdmd j cstjs ïpdmjs ec rcvdlumoýa pdr su mdamocamoj, soad quc,  pdr cl mdatrjrod, mdatrjrod, gjy quc cxplomjrsc cxplomjrsc cstj c l mdahlomtd cxostcatc catrc catrc mdamocamoj pdr ljs mdatrjeommodacs ec lj voej bjtcrojl,  pdr cl ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs sdmojlcs y ljs rcljmodacs ec prdeummoýa. Aoa`uaj hdrbjmoýa sdmojl ecsjpjrcmc jatcs ec quc sc ecsjrrdllca tdejs ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs quc mjica ecatrd ec cllj, y njbês jpjrcmca aucvjs y bês jltjs rcljmodacs ec prdeummoýa jatcs ec quc ljs mdaeomodacs bjtcrojlcs pjrj su cxostcamoj gjyja bjeurjed ca cl scad ec lj prdpoj sdmoceje jato`uj. [dr csd, lj gubjaoeje sc prdpdac socbprc

þaomjbcatc lds dinctovds quc pucec jlmjazjr, pucs, ioca borjejs ljs mdsjs, vcbds socbprc quc cstds dinctovds sýld irdtja mujaed yj sc eja, d, pdr ld bcads, sc cstêa `cstjaed, ljs mdaeomodacs bjtcrojlcs pjrj su rcjlozjmoýa. J `rjaecs rjs`ds, pdecbds

ecso`ajr mdbd dtrjs tjatjs ïpdmjs ec prd`rcsd, ca lj hdrbjmoýa cmdaýbomj ec lj sdmoceje, cl bded ec prdeummoýa jsoêtomd, cl jato`ud, cl hcuejl, y cl bdecrad iur`uïs.

Ljs rcljmodacs iur`ucsjs ec prdeummoýa sda lj þltobj hdrbj jatj`ýaomj ecl prdmcsd sdmojl ec prdeummoýa6 jatj`ýaomj ad ca cl scatoed ec ua jatj`daosbd oaeovoeujl, soad ec ua jatj`daosbd quc prdvocac ec ljs mdaeomodacs sdmojlcs ec voej ec lds oaeovoeuds. [crd ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs quc sc ecsjrrdllja ca cl scad ec lj sdmoceje iur`ucsj iroaeja, jl bosbd tocbpd, ljs mdaeomodacs bjtcrojlcs pjrj lj sdlumoýa ec cstc jatj`daosbd. Mda cstj hdrbjmoýa sdmojl sc mocrrj, pdr tjatd, lj prcgostdroj ec lj sdmoceje gubjaj‒. ? 

Lds mdamcptds prcscatcs ca cstc [rýld`d  cst cstêa êa eostroiuoeds ca cl mdanuatd ec lds tcxtds ec Bjrx y Ca`cls sdirc lj cmdadbâj, lj gostdroj, lj holdsdhâj, ca csmrotds pdlâtomds, ca jrtâmulds puilomjeds ca lj prcasj mdbcrmojl y ca

?

  [rýld`d ec lj “Mdatroiumoýa “Mdatroiu moýa j lj mrâtomj ec lj cmdadbâj pdlâtomj‒ ca Bjrx F y Ca`cls, H. Dirjs Csmd`oejs, Iucads Jorcs, Ceotdrojl Mjrtj`d,:?30.

 

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mdrrcspdaecamojs pcrsdajlcs. Edtjr ec ijscs mocatâhomjs j lj cxplomjmoýa sdirc cl mjrêmtcr oacvotjilc ec ljs rcvdlumodacs dircrjs quc pdaerâj hoa j lds rc`âbcacs mjpotjlostjs, mjpotjlostj s, cs divod quc crj ua tcbj ec mdbplcnoeje oatclcmtujl supcrodr j lj bjydrâj ec lds prdilcbjs cstueojeds pdr ljs mocamojs sdmojlcs. Eosmutor lj holdsdhâj ec Gc`cl, rcijtor lj cmdadbâj loicrjl, gjmcr gostdroj oabceojtj ec rc`âbcacs pdlâtomds châbcrds, mclcirjr rcvucltjs d rcvdlumodacs quc trjtjija ec tdbjr cl mocld pdr jsjltd , ectcrboajr ljs cstrumturjs ec mljsc ec sdmocejecs gctcrd`ïacjs, eohcrcamojr hrjmmodacs iur`ucsjs, eostoa`uor mdamcptujlbcatc j lds lþbpcacs ec tdejs ljs mljscs sdmojlcs , mjrjmtcrozjr mdbd ad-mljsc jl mjbpcsoajed, ctm., supusd pcasjr ca tdtjloejecs sdmodlý`omjs oamdbprcasoilcs pjrj quocacs sc cspcmojlozja ca ljs ecadboajejs tcdrâj ec jlmjamc bceod quc hrj`bcatja sus dinctds ec cstueod  y ecsmroica chcmtds chcmtds scmtdro scmtdrojlcs jlcs o`adrjaed ssus us oatcrrcljmodacs eojlïmtomjs. Bjrx y Ca`cls, ca Lj oecdld`âj jlcbjaj , rcsubocrda sus pdsomodacs mdatrj cl oecjlosbd ca id`j j bceojeds ecl so`ld WOW, jscvcrjaed quc jllâ “edaec tcrboaj lj cspcmuljmoýa, ca lj voej rcjl, mdbocazj tjbioïa lj mocamoj

rcjl y pdsotovj, lj cxpdsomoýa ec lj jmmoýa prêmtomj, ecl prdmcsd prêmtomd ec

ecsjrrdlld ec lds gdbircs .:; Lds jltds jl tds aovclcs ec jistrjmmoýa mjrjmtcrâstomds

ec sus dirjs hucrda, pdr ld `cacrjl, jmdbpjújeds mda cspcmohomjmodacs sdirc lds discrvjilcs cbpâromds quc jvjljija sus tcsos. Mdbd ua cncbpld prcmursdr ec tïmaomjs bdecrajs ec rcmdlcmmoýa ec oahdrbjmodacs, mjic rcmdrejr lj rcjlozjmoýa ec lj camucstj sdirc lj sotujmoýa ec lds dircrds hrjamcscs, oecjej pdr Bjrx ca :77;, ca muyj oatrdeummoýa jmljrý quc iusmjij “mdasc`uor cl mdadmobocatd bês cxjmtd y hocl jmcrmj ec ljs mdaeomodacs ca quc vovc y trjijnj lj mljsc dircrj‒. :: Ecsec uaj pcrspcmtovj

cpostcbdlý`omj quc echoaâj mdbd bcrjs obprcsodacs jistrjmtjs ljs jpjrocamojs ec lj rcjloeje vostj ec bded oabceojtd, su oavcsto`jmoýa jpuatjij j mmdastruor dastruor ua mda mdadmobocatd dmobocatd mdamcptujl mdamrctd mjptjaed ljs bþltoplcs ectcrboajmodacs ectcrboajmodacs ec ld rcjl. Cl dinctovd ec su oavcsto`jmoýa sdirc lj mljsc dircrj ad crj drecajr ljs rcspucstjs rcmd`oejs ca sus mucstodajrods y tdbjrljs mdbd sâ pjrj lds dircrds lj cxpldtjmoýa mjpotjlostj hucsc trjaspjrcatc. Ujl mdbd jhorbý Bjxoboloca Yuicl, mujlquocr “cxjbca sdbcrd

  Bjrx, M. y Ca`cls, H>  Lj oecdld`âj Jlcbjaj,  [ucilds Saoeds - Mjrtj`d, Iucads Jorcs, :?73 p.90. ::  Bjrx, M> “Camucstj catrc lds dircrds hrjamcscs‒, hrj amcscs‒, ca Mjrlds Bjrx y Hcecromd Ca`cls Csmrotds cmdaýbomds vjrods, Bïxomd, Ceotdrojl @ronjlid, :?89, pp. 97;-978. 97; -978. :;

 

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ec cstc edmubcatd bucstrj lj mdrrcspdaecamoj catrc lds eovcrsds jspcmtds ec lj camucstj y lds trcs `rjaecs prdilcbjs trjtjeds ca cl loird probcrd ec Cl Mjpotjl  (…) Ljs olustrjmodacs olustrjmodacs y cstjeâstomjs cstjeâstomjs jpdrtjejs pdr cl jutdr ca s su u

dirj ec :780 eciâja mdbplctjrsc y rcadvjrsc bceojatc tcstobdaods prdvcaocatcs ec lds dircrds bosbds, jl puatd quc cl Mucstodajrod eciâj mdavcrtorsc ca ua vcrejecrd bjaujl dircrd ec cmdadbâj pdlâtomj‒:9

 

]o sc mdasoecrja lds tcxtds ca lds quc Bjrx y Ca`cls cxpusocrda sus mdamcpmodacs sdirc ljs ecso`ujlejecs sdmojlcs, sdirc cl mjbiod sdmojl, sdirc lj oecdld`âj, sdirc cl pdecr p decr pdlâtomd, sdirc lds clcbcatds mdaeomodajatcs ec lj jmmoýa oaeovoeujl y mdlcmtovj6 sc tocac uaj tcdrâj sdmojl mdasostcatc y, divojbcatc, jl jl o`ujl quc mmujlquocr ujlquocr ccxplomjmoýa xplomjmoýa mocat mocatâhomj, âhomj, pdrtjedrj ec lds lâbotcs prdpods ecl ecsjrrdlld ec lds mdadmobocatds ec su

ïpdmj. Ljs

eohomultjecs pjrj sclcmmodajr mdamcptds y echoaomodacs ec mujlquocr mdrrocatc ec lj sdmodld`âj sc gjllj, nustjbcatc, ca lds ïahjsos y jspcmtds quc rchlcnja

sus cbplcds pjrj cl jaêlosos ec sotujmodacs sdmod-gostýromjs mjbiojatcs, mjbiojatcs, quc ca ad pdmds mjsds, gjmca ec mocrtds tïrboads ecsjmtujlozjeds ec ljs mocamojs sdmojlcs jrtâmulds ec hc d, so sc prchocrc, mjtc`drâjs zdbio , sc`þa Slromg Icmf, quc diturja lj pcrmcpmoýa ec lj rcjloeje. Bjrx prdpusd su sostcbj ec cxplomjmoýa sdmodlý`omj, ijsjed ca lds mrotcrods ec mocamoj cbpâromjs, y mdldmý ca cl mcatrd ec sus oatcrcscs md`aotovds ljs rcljmodacs ec edboajmoýa y ec cxpldtjmoýa sdmojl. Jl rcspcmtd jhorbý quc “lj discrvjmoýa cbpâromj tocac acmcsjrojbcatc quc pdacr ec rclocvc ca mjej mjsd mdamrctd, cbpâromjbcatc y soa aoa`uaj mljsc ec hjlsohomjmoýa, lj trjijzýa cxostcatc catrc lj dr`jaozjmoýa sdmojl y pdlâtomj y lj prdeummoýa. Lj dr`jaozjmoýa sdmojl y cl Cstjed irdtja mdastjatcbcatc ecl prdmcsd ec voej ec ectcrboajeds oaeovoeuds6 pcrd ec cstds oaeovoeuds, ad mdbd puceja prcscatjrsc jatc lj obj`oajmoýa prdpoj y jncaj, soad tjl y mdbd

rcjlbcatc  sda6  sda6 cs ecmor, tjl y mdbd jmtþja y mdbd prdeumca bjtcrojlbcatc

 y, pdr tjatd, tjl y mdbd ecsjrrdllja sus jmtovoejecs ijnd ectcrboajeds lâbotcs, prcbosjs y mdaeomodacs bjtcrojlcs, oaecpcaeocatcs ec su vdluatje‒.:= 

Mdbd gj soed discrvjed pdr eostoatds jutdrcs, lj ec Bjrx crj uaj holdsdhâj dptobostj ecl ecsjrrdlld sdmojl, huaejej ca lj oecj ecl prd`rcsd mdastjatc ec ljs    hucrzjs prdeumtovjs  prdeumtovjs , muyds jvjamcs obpdaâja lds mjbiods ec ljs :9

 dp. Iucads Bjrx. Casjyd iod`rjhâjjlcbjaj..., iod`rjhâj oatclcmtujl  Iucads  Bjrx, MB> y Fjrl Hcecromd Ca`cls>  Ljec oecdld`âj mot, p.Jorcs, :38> [joeds, :?0;, p. ==;

:= Yuicl,

 

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rcljmodacs ec prdeummoýa quc acmcsjrojbcatc eciâja scr sustotuoejs pdr

dtrjs aucvjs. Ca cstc csqucbj, cl hoa ecl sostcbj mjpotjlostj ad crj uaj prdhcmâj ao ua jmtd vdluatjrod, soad uaj prdspcmtovj rcspjlejej ca cxpcrocamojs sdirc cl hoa ec jatcrodrcs bdeds ec cxpldtjmoýa ecl trjijnd gubjad. Lj pdsoioloeje pdsoioloe je ec uaj sdmoceje soa mljscs edboajatcs y edboajejs, quc pjrj Bjrx scrâj lj mdascmucamoj ec lj mrcmocatc prdeumtovoeje ecl trjijnd ecioej jl ecsjrrdlld ec ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs. Csjs sdmocejecs huturjs mdadmcrâja ua jmdrtjbocatd ec ljs ndrajejs ec trjijnd y sc supdaâj quc pcrbotorâj cl usd ecl tocbpd ec lds oaeovoeuds ca jmtovoejecs loircs ec tdej edboajmoýa.

Bjrx trjzý ua `rja hrcsmd ec lj cvdlumoýa gostýromj rcsubocaed uaj vosoýa quc cxmluâj j ljs cxpcmtjtovjs rchdrbostjs> “Ca cl bdbcatd ca quc

mdbocazj lj movolozjmoýa, lj prdeummoýa cbpoczj j ijsjrsc sdirc cl jatj`daosbd catrc lds drecacs, lds cstjbcatds, ljs mljscs6 cs ecmor, ca subj, sdirc cl jatj`daosbd catrc cl trjijnd jmubuljed y cl trjijnd oabceojtd. ]o ad gjy jatj`daosbd, ad gjy prd`rcsd6 csj gj soed lj lcy quc lj movolozjmoýa gj sc`uoed gjstj aucstrds eâjs. Gjstj cl prcscatc, ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs sc gja ecsjrrdlljed `rjmojs j cstc rï`obca ecl jatj`daosbd ec mljscs. Ecmor jgdrj quc, cstjaed sjtoshcmgjs tdejs ljs acmcsoejecs ec tdeds lds trjijnjedrcs, lds gdbircs pderâja catrc`jrsc j lj mrcjmoýa ec prdeumtds ec ua dreca supcrodr, j oaeustrojs bês mdbplomjejs, so`aohomjrâj gjmcr jistrjmmoýa ecl jatj`daosbd ec mljscs y ecsdrecajr e csdrecajr lj mdbprcasoýa ec tded cl ecsjrrdlld gostýromd‒.:5 

Ca lds þltobds júds ecl so`ld WOW mdirjrda jmtujloeje lds oatcrrd`jatcs sdirc lj jecmujmoýa ec ljs oecjs bjrxostjs j ljs rcjloejecs ec lds pjâscs ec bcadr ecsjrrdlld cmdaýbomd. Jatc csj mucstoýa, Ca`cls rcspdaeoý quc jllâ edaec sc gjiâj jlmjazjed ua mocrtd `rjed ec oaeustrojlozjmoýa mdrrcspdaeâja ljs mdasoecrjmodacs mdasoecrjmodacs tcýromjs `cacrjlcs

y lj pdsoioloeje ec rcjl rcjlozjr ozjr uaj

trjashdrbjmoýa sdmojlostjs ec lj sdmoceje. ]us oatcrldmutdrcs proamopjlcs, quc iusmjija rcjlozjr uaj rcvdlumoýa sdmojl ca Yusoj oatcrmjbiojrda mda Ca`cls uaj mdpodsj mdpodsj mdrrcs mdrrcspdaecamoj. pdaecamoj. Ca uaj rcspucstj eoro`oej j Aomdljo Ejaoclsda, Ca`cls ecmâj> “yd ad v cd quc lds rcsultjeds ec lj rcvdlumoýa

oaeustrojl quc sc cstê chcmtujaed ca Yusoj jatc aucstrds dnds scja ca bded jl`uad eohcrcatcs ec lds quc sda d gja soed ca Oa`ljtcrrj, Jlcbjaoj d

:5

 

pgoldsdpgoc> Yïpdasc ë lj "[goldsdpgoc…dp.mot. dp.mot. p.3=.  p.3=.  Fjrl Bjrx > Bosçrc ec lj pgoldsdpgoc>

-?-

 

Adrtcjbïromj (…) uad ec lds mdrdljrods acmcsjrods ec lj `rja oaeustroj cs

quc ecstruyc  j  j su prdpod bcrmjed oatcrad pdr cl bosbd prdmcsd pdr cl mujl ld mrcj.(…) ]ocaed lj prdeummoýa mjpotjlostj uaj hjsc cmdaýbomj trjasotdroj,

cstê llcaj ec mdatrjeommodacs oatcrajs quc sc ecsjrrdllja y sc tdraja cvoecatcs ca prdpdrmoýa j su ecsjrrdlld. Cstj tcaecamoj j ecstruor su prdpod bcrmjed jl bosbd tocbpd quc ld mrcj, cs uaj ec clljs. Dtrj cs lj sotujmoýa

oasdluilc j quc mdaeumc, y quc ca pjâscs soa  bcrmjed   bcrmjed cxtcrodr, mdbd Yusoj, sc ecsjrrdllj jatcs quc ca pjâscs bês d bcads mjpjmcs ec mdbpctor ca cl bcrmjed buaeojl. Cstj sotujmoýa soa sjloej jpjrcatc camucatrj su sjloej, ca cl mjsd ec cstds þltobds pjâscs, ca ljs mdabdmodacs mdbcrmojlcs, ca lj jpcrturj vodlcatj ec aucvds bcrmjeds. [crd jua jsâ sc tdpj mda cl mjllcnýa soa sjloej‒.:3  Sa júd ecspuïs, Ca`cls ca uaj aucvj mjrtj j Ejaoclsda y

mdbplctý su cxplomjmoýa> “ Udeds  Udeds lds `diocrads, p pdr dr bês jisdlutds quc sc scja, ja, sda, ca þltobj oastjamoj, cncmutdrcs ec ljs acmcsoejecs cmdaýbomjs ec su sotujmoýa ajmodajl. [derêa cncmutjr cncmutjr csc rdl ec hdrbjs eovcrsjs eovcrsjs -iucaj, bjlj d oaeohcrcatc- 6 pderêa jmclcrjr d rctjrejr cl ecsjrrdlld cmdaýbomd y sus mdascmucamojs pdlâtomjs y nurâeomjs, pcrd j lj ljr`j tocaca quc sc`uorld (…) cstj rcvdlumoýa oaeustrojl crj oacvotjilc.‒:8 

]dirc lj rcljmoýa catrc lds aovclcs ec ecsjrrdlld oaeustrojl y ljs pdsoioloejecs ec ïxotd ec ljs jmmodacs trjashdrbjedrjs ec lj sdmoceje pdr oaomojtovj ecl prdlctjrojed ca Cspjúj ca lj eïmjej ecl so`ld WOW, Ca`cls mdasoecrý quc ejej su mdaeomoýa ec “pjâs buy jtrjsjed oaeustrojlbcatc, y, pdr ld tjatd, ad sc pucec gjiljr jþa ec uaj cbjamopjmoýa oabceojtj y mdbplctj ec lj mljsc dircrj. Jatcs tocac quc pjsjr pdr vjrojs ctjpjs prcvojs ec ecsjrrdlld y quotjr ec ca bceod tdej uaj scroc ec distêmulds‒

 

:0

]dirc cl Cstjed Jl o`ujl quc ca tdeds lds mdamcptds prdpucstds pdr Bjrx y Ca`cls cl ec Cstjed rchlcnj ljs vjrojmodacs prdpojs ec uaj oastotumoýa acmcsjrojbcatc bjrmjej pdr sus rcspcmtovjs gostdrojs ajmodajlcs. Jsâ mdbd lj cxpldtjmoýa ecl trjijnd pucec echoaorsc pdr mjrjmtcrâstomjs mdbpjrtoejs ca bumgjs sdmocejecs pjrtomopjatcs ecl bded ec prdeummoýa mjpotjlostj, pjrj cl

 Mjrtj ec Ca`cls j Ejaoclsda ca Mdrrcspdaecamoj. Dp.m Dp.mot. ot. p. 3:? :8  Mjrtj ec Ca`cls j Ejaoclsda ca Mdrrcspdaecamc Bjrx- Ca`cls :755-:7?3, Bdsmdu Ceotodas eu [rd`rc :?0:, p 57:  :0  Ca`cls, H> Lds Ijfuaoaostjs ca Jmmoýa, Bcbdroj sdirc cl lcvjatjbocatd ca Cspjúj ca cl vcrjad ec :70=) :3

 

- :; -

 

mdamcptd ec Cstjed sc gjmc acmcsjrod oatrdeumor eobcasodacs jajlâtomjs quc sur`ca ec cxpcrocamojs gostýromjs ajmodajlcs edaec lj edboajmoýa pdlâtomj ec mljscs y sus mdahlomtds mdaho`urj hdrbjs cspcmâhomjs. Jl rcspcmtd, Bjrx

sdstcaâj quc ldc gdbircs “gjmca su prdpoj gostdroj, pcrd ad lj gjmca j su

loirc jriotrod, ijnd mormuastjamojs clc`oejs pdr cllds bosbds, soad ijnd jquclljs mormuastjamojs mda ljs quc sc camucatrja eorcmtjbcatc, quc cxostca  y trjasbotc trjasbotc cl pjsjed. Lj trjeomoýa ec tdejs ljs `cacrjmodacs bucrtjs dprobc mdbd uaj pcsjeollj, cl mcrcird ec lds vovds" :7  

  ]dirc lj hdrbjmoýa gostýromj ecl Cstjed hrjamïs Bjrx sdstuvd quc> “Lj

probcrj Ycvdlumoýa hrjamcsj, muyj tjrcj crj huaejr lj uaoeje ajmodajl (mrcjr uaj ajmoýa), ecioý suprobor mujlquocr jutdadbâj ldmjl, tcrrotdrojl, urijaj y prdvoamojl. Cstuvd, pdr ld tjatd, dilo`jej j ecsjrrdlljr lj dirj mdbcazjej pdr lj bdajrquâj jisdlutj, cs ecmor, lj mcatrjlozjmoýa y dr`jaozjmoýa ecl pdecr ecl Cstjed6 lj cxtcasoýa ec su pdecr y jtroiutds, lj bultoplomjmoýa ec sus oastrubcatds, cl jubcatd ec su oaecpcaecamoj y ec ec edboaod sdircajturjl sdirc lj sdmoceje rcjl> cstj pdtcamoj dmupý, ec gcmgd, cl lu`jr ecl mocld sdircajturjl ec lj Ceje Bceoj, mda sus sjatds. Uded oatcrïs oaeovoeujl sur`oed ec ljs rcljmodacs catrc lds `rupds sdmojlcs huc scpjrjed ec lj sdmoceje bosbj6 oaecpcaeocatc ec lj sdmoceje, sc dpusd j cllj ijnd lj hdrbj ecl oatcrïs cstjtjl, muyj echcasj e chcasj sc mdahoý j lds sjmcredtcs ec Cstjed quc pjsjrda j mubplor huamodacs ncrêrquomjs buy ectcrboajejs‒:? . 

  ]dirc cl jspcmtd mdbpjrtoed pdr lj edboajmoýa cstjtjl cxostcatc ca ljs

sdmocejecs mjpotjlostjs, mjpotjlostjs, Bjrx y Ca`cls ecstjmjrda quc “cl Cstjed cs lj hdrbj ijnd lj quc lds oaeovoeuds oaeo voeuds ec uaj mljsc edboajatc gjmca vjlcr sus oatcrcscs mdbuacs y ca lj quc sc mdaecasj tdej lj sdmoceje movol ec uaj ïpdmj, sc so`uc jquâ quc tdejs ljs oastotumodacs mdbuacs tocaca mdbd bceojedr jl Cstjed y jequocrca j trjvïs ec ïl uaj hdrbj pdlâtomj. Ec jgâ lj olusoýa ol usoýa ec quc lj lcy sc ijsj ca lj vdluatje y, jecbês, ca lj vdluatje ecs`jnjej ec su ijsc rcjl, ca lj vdluatje loirc. _, ecl bosbd bded, sc rceumc cl ecrcmgd, j su vcz, j lj lcy.‒9;  

  ]dirc lj rcljmoýa iur`ucsâj-Cstjed, Bjrx y Ca`cls mdasoecrjrda quc “lds

iur`ucscs sc vja jprdpojaed pjuljtoajbcatc ecl Cstjed jl prcmod ec ljs :7

Bjrx, M> Cl eocmodmgd Irubjrod ec Luos Idajpjrtc, ceomodacs ec lj Mdbuaj, Bdatcvoecd, :??3, p. 3. .  :?  Bjrx, F. Lj mdbuaj (idrrjedr), (idrrjedr), :7 :70: 0:. ca Yuicl B. [ê`oajs csmd`oejs ec Bjrx pj pjrj rj uaj ïtomj sdmojlostj, Jbdrrdrtu, Iucads Jorcs, :?05, Xdl : 9;  Bjrx, F y Ca`cls, H. dp. mot. p. 09,  

 

 

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hucrtcs mdatroiumodacs quc pj`ja. Cl bosbd pjsj pdr catcrd j su pdecr mujaed tdbja sdirc sus gdbirds lj ecuej pþilomj‒ 9:. 

  ]dirc lj huamoýa ec lds cstjeds bdecrads bdecrads,, Ca`cls rcsuboý ua jspcmtd mcatrjl jl scújljr quc “mujlquocrj quc scj su hdrbj, cs uaj bêquoaj cscamojlbcatc

mjpotjlostj, cs cl Cstjed ec lds mjpotjlostjs, cl mjpotjlostj mdlcmtovd oecjl . _ mujatjs bês hucrzjs prdeumtovjs jsubj ca prdpoceje, tjatd bês sc mdavcrtorê ca mjpotjlostj mdlcmtovd y tjatj bjydr mjatoeje ec mouejejads cxpldtjrê.‒ 99  

  ]dirc cl Cstjed idajpjrtostj. Ca Cl Eocmodmgd Irubjrod ec Luos Idajpjrtc ,

Bjrx prdpusd uaj mjrjmtcrozjmoýa ec lds rdlcs ecl Cstjed j pjrtor ec ua mjsd gostýromd pjrtomuljr, pcrd quc j pjrtor ec su jaêlosos pjsý j scr ua mdamcptd sdmodlý`omd jbplojbcatc eosmutoed y cbplcjed pjrj cxplomjr jquclljs hdrbjs ec pdecr pdlâtomd ca ljs quc ljs iur`ucsâjs ecnjija ec dmupjr ljs pdsomodacs cstjtjlcs mcatrjlcs y pþilomjs y quocacs jsubâja cl bjacnd ec ljs bosbjs sc sotujija jpjrcatcbcatc mdbd pdr camobj ec ljs mljscs sdmojlcs y ec lds mdahlomtds prdpods ec lj sdmoceje mjpotjlostj. ]dirc csc hdrbjtd ec edboajmoýa, ca cl quc cl Cstjed mdirjij jutdadbâj hrcat hrcatcc j llj j sdmoceje y sc prcscatjij mdbd rcprcscatjatc ecl mdanuatd ec lds oatcrcscs sdmojlcs, Bjrx rcsuboý su jtrjmtovd sdmojl eomocaed> “]o lds quc cstêa ca ljs mobjs ec l

Cstjed tdmja cl vodlâa, ´quï mdsj bês ajturjl soad quc lds quc cstêa jijnd ijolca4 [dr tjatd, mujaed lj iur`ucsâj cxmdbul`j mdbd sdmojlostj ld quc jatcs casjlzjij mdbd loicrjl, mdahocsj quc su prdpod oatcrïs lc drecaj csquovjr cl pclo`rd ec su @diocrad prdpod, quc pjrj pdecr obpdacr lj trjaquoloeje ca cl pjâs tocac quc obpdaïrsclj jatc tded j su pjrljbcatd iur`uïs, quc pjrj bjatcacr oatjmtd su pdecr sdmojl tocac quc qucirjatjr su pdecr pdlâtomd6 quc lds oaeovoeuds iur`ucscs sýld puceca sc`uor cxpldtjaed j dtrjs mljscs y eoshrutjaed jpjmoilcbcatc ec lj prdpoceje, lj hjboloj, lj rclo`oýa y cl dreca ijnd lj mdaeomoýa ec quc su mljsc scj mdaecajej mda ljs dtrjs mljscs j lj bosbj auloeje pdlâtomj6 quc pjrj sjlvjr lj idlsj, gjy quc rcauamojr j lj mdrdaj, y quc lj cspjej quc gjiâj ec prdtc`crlj tocac quc pcaecr jl bosbd tocbpd tocbp d sdirc su prdpoj mjiczj mdbd lj cspjej ec Ejbdmlcs (…) Jsâ, lj prdpdsomoýa ec ecmrctjr ua jubcatd ec mujtrd mcatjvds eojrods

pjrj lds sucleds ec lds suidhomojlcs. Jsâ, lj prdpdsomoýa ec mrcjr ua Ijamd pjrj mdamcecr mrïeotds ec gdadr j lds dircrds. Ditcacr eoacrd rc`jljed y 9:

 Oiâecb  Ca`cls, H  Ecl sdmojlosbd utýpomd jl sdmojlosbd mocatâhomd, bþltoplcs ceomodacs

99

 

- :9 -

 

prcstjed (…) Yc`jljr y rcmoior prcstjed> j csd sc lobotj lj mocamoj hoajamocrj h oajamocrj ecl lubpcbprdlctjrojed, ld bosbd ecl eostoa`uoed quc ecl vul`jr (…) _ soa

cbijr`d, cl pdecr ecl Cstjed ad hldtj ca cl jorc. Idajpjrtc rcprcscatj j uaj mljsc, quc cs, jecbês, lj mljsc bês aubcrdsj ec lj sdmoceje hrjamcsj> lds mjbpcsoads pjrmcljrods (…) Ad puceca rcprcscatjrsc, soad quc tocaca quc scr rcprcscatjeds. ]u rcprcscatjatc tocac quc jpjrcmcr jl bosbd tocbpd mdbd su scúdr, mdbd uaj jutdroeje pdr camobj ec cllds, mdbd ua pdecr olobotjed ec `diocrad quc lds prdtcnj ec ljs ecbês mljscs y lcs cavâc ecsec ld jltd lj lluvoj y cl sdl. ‒9= 

]dirc ljs mljscs sdmojlcs y sus rcljmodacs ]dirc lj mljsc edboajatc. Ca cl pljad oecdlý`omd, lj iur`ucsâj ca tjatd mljsc edboajatc obpdaâj sus oecjs jl mdanuatd ec lj sdmoceje ejed quc cs lj mljsc quc ectcatj cl pdecr bjtcrojl edboajatc ca lj sdmoceje cs, jl bosbd tocbpd, su pdecr csporotujl edboajatc. J`rc`jij quc “Lds oaeovoeuds quc

hdrbja lj mljsc edboajatc tocaca tjbioïa, catrc dtrjs mdsjs, lj mdamocamoj ec clld y pocasja j tdad mda clld6 pdr csd, ca mujatd edboaja mdbd mljsc y ca mujatd ectcrboaja tded cl êbiotd ec uaj ïpdmj gostýromj, sc mdbprcaec ec suyd quc ld gj`ja ca tdej su cxtcasoýa y, pdr ld tjatd, catrc dtrjs mdsjs, tjbioïa mdbd pcasjedrcs, mdbd prdeumtdrcs ec oecjs, quc rc`ulca lj prdeummoýa y eostroiumoýa ec ljs oecjs ec su tocbpd6 y quc sus oecjs scja, pdr ld bosbd, ljs oecjs edboajatcs ec lj ïpdmj. [dr cncbpld, ca uaj ïpdmj  y ca ua pjâs ca quc sc eosputja cl pdecr lj mdrdaj, lj jrostdmrjmoj y lj iur`ucsâj, ca quc, pdr tjatd, sc gjllj eovoeoej lj edboajmoýa, sc obpdac mdbd oecj edboajatc lj edmtroaj ec lj eovosoýa ec pdecrcs prdmljbjej jgdrj mdbd klcy ctcraj‟ "95.

Ca lj mjrjmtcrozjmoýa pdlâtomj ec lj iur`ucsâj lds jspcmtds provolc`ojeds pdr Bjrx cahjtozjija eohcrcatcs eobcasodacs ecrovjejs ec ljs rcspcmtovjs gostdrojs ajmodajlcs soa ecnjr ec suirjyjr jqucllds mdbpdacatcs sdmodlý`omds y multurjlcs quc cxplomjija sus jmmodacs. ]dirc lds ecscbpcúds pdlâtomds ec lj iur`ucsâj jlcbjaj jatc lds sumcsds rcvdlumodajrods ec :757, Bjrx sdstuvd quc “sc gjiâj ecsjrrdlljed ec ua bded tja oacrtc, tja lcatd y tja mdijrec quc ca cl bdbcatd ca quc  Bjrx, M> Cl eocmodmgd Irubjrod ec Luos Idajpj Idajpjrtc rtc, ceomodacs ec lj Mdbuaj, Bdatcvoecd,

9=

:??3, p. 88.  Bjrx, F y Ca`cls, H. Lj oecdld`âj Jlcbjaj, dp. mot.

95

 

- := -

 

cahrcatjij jbcajzjedrj jl hcuejlosbd y jl jisdlutosbd, vcâj jlzjrsc jbcajzjedrjbcatc jatc sâ jl prdlctjrojed y j tdeds lds scmtdrcs ec ljs mouejecs pdr sus oatcrcscs y pdr sus oecjs. _ ad vcâj trjs  cllj   cllj ao uaj sdlj mljsc, soad quc tcaâj cahrcatc , gdstolbcatc, j tdej Curdpj. Lj iur`ucsâj prusojaj ad crj, mdbd lj hrjamcsj ec :07?, lj mljsc quc rcprcscatjij j tdej  lj sdmoceje bdecraj hrcatc j lj bdajrquâj y lj adilczj. Gjiâj ecsmcaeoed jl aovcl ec ua cstjbcatd  tja  tja gdstol j lj Mdrdaj mdbd jl pucild, jaobjed ec cspârotu ec dpdsomoýa ca mdatrj ec jbids‒ 93  Bês jllê ec ljs

mucstodacs ec oatcrcscs bjtcrojlcs, ca su jaêlosos, jl o`ujl quc ca bumgds dtrds tcxtds rchcroeds j lj jmmoýa pdlâtomj ec lds scmtdrcs ec lj iur`ucsâj, Bjrx jrtomulý ljs trjeomodacs, ljs ecmosodacs y cl jzjr, ca lj quc q uc jmtdrcs bês d bcads mdahuaeoeds loirja lumgjs, jl`uajs mda mdatcaoed dircrd y ec mljsc, dtrjs mda hoacs pdlâtomds oabceojtds y ad hjltja lds lubpcaprdlctjrods   ca iþsqucej ec pcqucújs prcicaejs. Lj iur`ucsâj prusojaj, jl ecmor ec Bjrx, “`ruúcaed mdatrj lds ec jrroij y tcbiljaed jatc lds ec jijnd6 c`dâstj pjrj uads y dtrds, mdasmocatc ec su c`dâsbd6 rcvdlumodajroj pjrj mda lds mdascrvj mdascrvjedrcs edrcs y mdascrvjedrj pjrj mda lds rcvdlumodajrods6 rcmcldsj ec sus prdpods týpomds, quc crja hrjscs ca vcz ec oecjs6 jsustjej jatc lj tcbpcstje buaeojl pcrd cxpldtêaedlj ca icachomod prdpod6 soa cacr`âj ca aoa`uaj eorcmmoýa y plj`ojroj p lj`ojroj ca tdejs6 vul`jr pdr hjltj ec dro`oajloeje y dro`oajl ca su vul`jroeje6 rc`jtcjaed mda sus prdpods ecscds6 soa oaomojtovj oaomojtovj,, soa hc ca sâ bo bosbj sbj y soa hc ca ca cl pucild, soa bosoýa jl`uaj ca cl pljad ec lj gostdroj uaovcrsjl‒98  ]dirc lds dircrds quc sc camucatrja dilo`jeds j vcaecr su trjijnd j lds iur`ucscs, pjrj rcmoior cl sjljrod quc lc jsc`urj sus bceods ec suisostcamoj, Ca`cls hdrbulý ua mdanuatd ec mdamosjs rchcrcamojs ca lj ïpdmj ca quc sc mdbcazjij j cljidrjr lj tcdrâj bjrxostj> “´Ca quï mdaeomodacs sc rcjlozj

cstj vcatj ecl trjijnd ec lds prdlctjrods j lds iur`ucscs4 Cl trjijnd cs uaj bcrmjamâj mdbd dtrj mujlquocrj, y su prcmod ecpcaec, pdr mdaso`uocatc, ec ljs bosbjs lcycs quc cl ec mujlquocr dtrj bcrmjamâj. [crd, cl prcmod ec uaj bcrmjamâj, ijnd cl edboaod ec lj `rja oaeustroj d ec lj loirc mdbpctcamoj,

quc cs ld bosbd, cs, pdr tïrboad bceod, socbprc o`ujl j lds `jstds ec prdeummoýa ec eomgj bcrmjamâj. [dr tjatd, cl prcmod ecl trjijnd cs tjbioïa o`ujl jl mdstd ec prdeummoýa ecl trjijnd. Jgdrj ioca, cl mdstd ec prdeummoýa

:757, Bïxomd, HMC, :?7?,. p =07  Bjrx M. y Ca`cls H,>  Ljs rcvdlumodacs ec :757,  Oiâecb

93 98

 

- :5 -

 

ecl trjijnd mdastj prcmosjbcatc ec lj mjatoeje ec bceods ec suisostcamoj oaeospcasjilcs pjrj quc cl dircrd cstï ca mdaeomodacs ec bjatcacr su mjpjmoeje ec trjijnd y pjrj quc lj mljsc dircrj ad sc cxtoa`j. Cl dircrd ad pcrmoiorê pdr su trjijnd bês quc ld oaeospcasjilc pjrj csc hoa6 cl prcmod ecl trjijnd d cl sjljrod scrê, pdr mdaso`uocatc, cl bês ijnd, mdastotuorê cl bâaobd ec ld oaeospcasji oae ospcasjilc lc pjrj bjatcacr lj voej. [crd, pdr mujatd ca lds ac`dmods cxostca pcrâdeds bcndrcs y pcdrcs, cl dircrd pcrmoiorê jl`uajs vcmcs bês, dtrjs bcads, cxjmtjbcatc ec lj bosbj bjacrj quc cl hjiromjatc mdirj uajs vcmcs bês, dtrjs bcads, pdr sus bcrmjamâjs. _, jl o`ujl quc cl hjiromjatc, quc, pdr tïrboad bceod, mdatjaed lds tocbpds iucads y lds bjlds, ad pcrmoic pdr sus bcrmjamâjs ao bês ao bcads quc su mdstd ec prdeummoýa, cl dircrd pcrmoiorê, pdr tïrboad bceod, ao bês ao bcads quc csc bâaobd. Cstj lcy cmdaýbomj ecl sjljrod sc jplomjrê bês ro`urdsjbcatc ro`urdsjbcatc ca lj bceoej ca quc lj `rja oaeustroj vjyj pcactrjaed ca tdejs ljs rjbjs ec lj prdeummoýa.‒90  Lj mjrjmtcrozjmoýa ecl scmtdr sdmojl ecadboajed  pcqucúj iur`ucsâj   ca tjatd quc sc trjtjij ec uaj `rja mjatoeje ec oaeovoeuds quc ad crja pjrtc ec ljs pdljrozjmodacs mcatrjlcs ecl mjpotjlosbd huc jidrejej ca eovcrsds tcxtds ec Bjrx y pdr Ca`cls. Ca :75?, Bjrx ecsmroioý j lj pcqucúd iur`ucsâj eomocaed quc ca tdeds lds bdvobocatds pdlâtomds ecsec :7=;, "tjatd ca Jlcbjaoj mdbd ca Hrjamoj c Oa`ljtcrrj, ads bucstrj oavjrojilcbcatc j cstj mljsc gjiljaed hucrtc, hdrbuljaed ruoedsjs prdtcstjs y jþa j vcmcs cbplcjaed hrjscs cxtrcbjs, tja ljr`js mujatd puceja gjmcrljs soa rocs`ds6 acrvodsds, acrvodsd s, mjutds y mdamolojtdrods tja prdatd mdbd sc jmcrmj cl bcadr pclo`rd6 jsdbirjeds, jasodsds, vjmoljatcs, tja prdatd mdbd cl bdvobocatd quc cllds bosbds cxmotjrda cs tdbjed pdr dtrjs mljscs, y tdbjed ca scrod6 trjomodajaed j tded cl bdvobocatd ca jrjs ec su cxostcamoj pcqucúdiur`ucsj, tja prdatd mdbd llc`j j lj tdbj ec ljs jrbjs y j lj lumgj6 y hoajlbcatc, `rjmojs j su oaecmosoýa, socbprc ioca echrjuejeds y bjltrjtjeds

uaj vcz quc gj trouahjed cl pjrtoed rcjmmodajrod...‒ 97  ]dirc Jlcbjaoj

mdbplctý csjs discrvjmodacs discrvjmodacs eomocaed quc lj `rja bjsj ec lj ajmoýa quc ad pcrtcacmâj ao j lj adilczj ao j lj iur`ucsâj, cstjij mdastotuoej mdastotuoej pdr pcqucúds mdbcrmojatcs, pcqucúds jrtcsjads, tcaecrds y jlecjads> “su pdsomoýa

90

 Ca`cls, H> "[roamopods ecl mdbuaosbd", prdycmtd ec prd`rjbj ec lj Lo`j ec lds Mdbuaostjs csmrotd pdr Hcecromd Ca`cls pdr camjr`d ecl Mdbotï Mdbjrmjl ec lj Lo`j. (9? ec advocbirc7 ec eomocbirc ec :750). 97   Mdrrcspdaecamoj, Mdrrcspdaecamoj , dp. mot. p. =7

 

- :3 -

 

oatcrbceoj catrc lj mljsc ec lds `rjaecs mjpotjlostjs, mdbcrmojatcs y hjiromjatcs c oaeustrojlcs, iur`ucsâj prdpojbcatc eomgj y cl prdlctjrojed d mljsc oaeustrojl, ectcrboaj su mjrêmtcr. Jsporjaed dmupjr pdsomodacs ec lj probcrj j lj bcadr jevcrsoej jevcrsoeje e ec lj hdrtuaj prcmopotj j sus bocbirds ca ljs holjs ec lj mljsc prdlctjroj ‒.9?  ]dirc lds mjbpcsoads pjrmcljrods hrjamcscs Bjrx hdrbulý ua mdanuatd ec rchlcxodacs quc sc mdavortocrda ca uaj mljrj cncbplohomjmoýa ec mýbd mdamcptujlozjij ljs mljscs sdmojlcs. Mdasoecrý quc sc trjtjij ec oaeovoeuds quc vovâja ca sotujmodacs oeïatomjs pcrd ad bjatcaâja bjydrcs rcljmodacs sdmojlcs y quc sus hdrbjs ec trjijnjr lds josljija ca sus pjrmcljs soa pjrtomopjr ca prdmcsds ec eovosoýa ecl trjijnd. Discrvjij, jecbês, quc lj hjboloj mjbpcsoaj sc ijstjij j sâ bosbj ca tjatd prdeumâj lj bjydr pjrtc ec ld quc mdasubc y “jsâ sc hdrbj lj `rja bjsj ec lj ajmoýa hrjamcsj, pdr lj

sobplc subj ec uaoejecs ecl bosbd adbirc, jl bded mdbd, pdr cncbpld, ljs pjtjtjs ec ua sjmd hdrbja ua sjmd ec pjtjtjs (…)Ca lj bceoej ca quc

bolldacs ec hjbolojs vovca ijnd mdaeomodacs cmdaýbomjs ec cxostcamoj quc ljs eostoa`uca pdr su bded ec vovor, pdr sus oatcrcscs y pdr su multurj ec dtrjs d trjs mljscs y ljs dpdaca j ïstjs ec ua bded gdstol, lds mjbpcsoads pjrmcljrods  hdrbja  hdrbj a uaj mljsc . [crd, pdr mujatd cxostc catrc lds mjbpcsoads pjrmcljrods

uaj jrtomuljmoýa purjbcatc ldmjl y lj oecatoeje oe catoeje ec sus oatcrcscs ad ca`caerj catrc cllds aoa`uaj mdbuaoeje, aoa`uaj uaoýa ajmodajl y aoa`uaj dr`jaozjmoýa pdlâtomj, ad hdrbja uaj mljsc ‒=;. Csj huc, prdijilcbcatc, uaj ec ljs bês mljrjs olustrjmodacs ec ld quc mda lca`ujnc gc`clojad cl bjrxosbd eohcrcamoý mdbd mljsc ca sâ   y mljsc pjrj sâ.

[rcmcecatcbcatc, ca cl loird Boscroj ec lj holdsdhâj,  Bjrx pljatcý quc lj edboajmoýa ecl mjpotjl quc gjiâj mrcjed lj bjsj ec dircrds quc sc camdatrjija ca uaj sotujmoýa ca mdbþa, y quc crj “uaj mljsc mda rcspcmtd

jl mjpotjl, pcrd jþa ad cs uaj mljsc pjrj sì (…) so cstj bjsj sc uac, sc mdastotuyc mdbd mljsc pjrj so. Lds oatcrcscs quc echocaec sc mdavocrtca ca oatcrcscs ec mljsc. [crd lj lumgj ec mljsc mdatrj mljsc cs uaj lumgj pdlâtomj‒=:.

]dirc ljs mjrjmtcrâstomjs ec lj cstrumturj ec mljscs ec Oa`ljtcrrj, Ca`cls prcscatý uaj mdaho`urjmoýa pdsoilc ec camdatrjr ca dtrds pjâscs ca lds quc

mdatrjrrcvdlumoýa @ronjlid, Bïxomd, :?80, p 99  Bjrx, M Ycvdlumoýa y mdatrjrrcvdlumoýa  Bjrx, M> Cl eocmodmgd Irubjrod… dp. mot  p. :9? 

9? =;

 Bjrx, F Boscroj ec lj holdsdhâj, Ceje, Ceje, Cspjúj, 9;;5, p. 9?3.

=:

 

- :8 -

 

prcedboaý lj `rja prdpoceje prdpoceje ec lj tocrrj> tocrrj> “Lj tcdrâj ec lj rcatj ec lj tocrrj

cs uaj pjrtc cspcmâhomjbcatc oa`lcsj ec lj cmdadbâj, y tcaâj quc scrld pdr hucrzj, pucs sýld ca Oa`ljtcrrj cxostâj ua bded ec prdeummoýa ca cl mujl lj rcatj sc guiocsc, rcjlbcatc, scpjrjed ecl icachomod y ecl oatcrïs. Ca Oa`ljtcrrj edboaja, mdbd cs sjioed, lj `rja prdpoceje tcrrotdrojl y ljs `rjaecs cxpldtjmodacs j`râmdljs. Lds tcrrjtcaocatcs jrrocaeja sus tocrrjs ca `rjaecs, y j vcmcs `rjaeâsobds, ldtcs j `catcs prdvostjs ecl mjpotjl suhomocatc pjrj su cxpldtjmoýa y quc ad trjijnja clljs bosbjs, mdbd aucstrds mjbpcsoads, soad quc, mdbd vcrejecrds cbprc cbprcsjrods sjrods mjpotjlostjs, utolozja cl trjijnd ec edbïstomds y jsjljrojeds. Jquâ tcacbds, pucs, ljs trcs mljscs ec lj sdmoceje iur`ucsj y cl topd ec e c oa`rcsds pcmulojr ec mjej uaj> cl prdpoctjrod ec lj tocrrj, quc ditocac lj rcatj ec ïstj6 cl mjpotjlostj, quc ditocac cl icachomod, y cl trjijnjedr, quc pcrmoic cl sjljrod‒=9 

]dirc lj mljsc dircrj, Bjrx suirjyý ua edilc jspcmtd. [dr ua ljed, jl o`ujl quc ljs ecbês mljscs, sus bocbirds lds mdasoecrý bdlecjeds mdbd ca uaj cspcmoc ec prcecstoajmoýa, quc “lcs jso`aj su pdsomoýa ca lj voej y, mda clld, lj trjycmtdroj ec su ecsjrrdlld pcrsdajl‒. ==  [dr dtrd, ca tjatd mljsc

mrcmocatcbcatc gdbd`ïacj, sdstuvd quc jubcatjij su mjpjmoeje pjrj rcjlozjr lj trjashdrbjmoýa

oacxdrjilc   ec lj sdmoceje mjpotjlostj quc

pcrbotorâj lj tdtjl cbjamopjmoýa ec sus bocbirds. Mdasoecrý jecbês, quc lj

pdsoilc bcndrâj ec ljs mdaeomodacs ec voej ec lds dircrds ijnd cl mjpotjlosbd, ca vortue ecl ecsjrrdlld ec ljs hucrzjs prdeumtovjs, pjrcmâj jl`d mjrcatc ec scatoed, ejed quc ca ua sostcbj mjpotjlostj lds trjijnjedrcs eorcmtds ecl sostcbj oaeustrojl rcmoiorâja oa`rcsds mjej vcz bcadrcs ca mdbpjrjmoýa mda cl cxmcecatc d plusvjlâj jprdpojed pdr cl cbprcsjrod. Jecbês, lds trjijnjedrcs crja quocacs rcmoiâja ljs bjydrcs mdascmucamojs ac`jtovjs ec ljs mrosos ec ljs cmdadbâjs ajmodajlcs c oatcrajmodajlcs. Bjrx ad o`adrjij cl jijrjtjbocatd ec lj jlobcatjmoýa ec ljs hjbolojs dircrjs pdr lj vâj ec cl loirc mdbcrmod oatcrajmodajl, quc crj rcsostoed pdr lds tcrrjtcaocatcs tcrrjtcaocat cs oa`lcscs pcrd oobpulsjed bpulsjed pdr lj iur`ucsâj oaeustrojl. ]dirc ljs pdsoilcs obpdrtjmodacs ec jlobcatds scújlý> “cxostca ljs cxtcasjs pjbpjs ec

lj Ycpþilomj Jr`catoaj, cxostca dtrds lu`jrcs. Udejs cstjs tocrrjs sc prcstja o`ujlbcatc j csc bdecrad sostcbj ec `rjanjs `o`jatcs y ec prdeummoýa

 Ca`cls, H> Jato-Euroa`   bultoplcs ceomodacs   oioecb.

=9 ==

 

- :0 -

 

ijrjtj‒.=5  Mdbd adtj bjr`oajl j`rc`ucbds quc sdirc aucstrd pjâs, cl

gostdrojedr irotêaomd Crom Gdisijwb scújlj quc sc mdavortoý ca ua `rja cxpdrtjedr ec tro`d catrc :7?; y :?:= y “mjej júd mdatoa`catcs ec

trjijnjedrcs otjlojads, jpdejeds `dldaeroajs, mruzjija ca jbids scatoeds  lds :8.;;; folýbctrds ecl Jtlêatomd pjrj rcmd`cr lj mdscmgj‒.=3 [dr dtrj pjrtc, pj rtc, jmljrjij quc lds cstjamocrds jr`catoads “ad tcaâja oatcrïs jl`uad ca obpulsjr cl ecsjrrdlld ec bjauhjmturjs ajmodajlcs, pucs ditcaâja poa`ucs icachomods ca su mjloeje ec pljactj cmdaýbomd ecl sostcbj sdljr irotêaomd‒ =8 

Cs oatcrcsjatc ecstjmjr quc mrotcrods pdsotovds mda lds quc Bjrx y Ca`cls sc rchorocrda j lds dircrds ca csmrotds ec eohusoýa pþilomj y ca eosmusodacs pdlâtomjs ad acmcsjrojbcatc mdoamoeocrda mda jl`uajs discrvjmodac discrvjmodacss quc sc camucatrja ca ljs mdrrcspdaecamojs ec Bjrx y Ca`cls d mda pcrsdajs ec su mdahojazj. Ec soa`uljr oatcrïs sdmodlý`omd, csds mdbcatjrods sur`ocrda ec prc`uatjs ec Bjrx sdirc cl csmjsd jpdyd mdasc`uoed catrc lds dircrds ec Oa`ljtcrrj, cl pjâs ec bjydr ecsjrrdlld oaeustrojl ec lj ïpdmj. Ca`cls, mda soa`uljr cmdadbâj ec pjljirjs mdatcstd> “…cl prdlctjrojed oa`lïs sc cstê

jiur`ucsjaed mjej vcz bês, lj bês iur`ucsj ec ljs ajmodacs, jpjrcatcbcatc tocaec j pdsccr uaj jrostdmrjmoj iur`ucsj y ua prdlctjrojed iur`uïs, jecbês ec uaj iur`ucsâj‒ =0  Urcoatj júds ecspuïs, ca uaj mjrtj j ]dr`c, Ca`cls lc ecmâj quc> “ld bês rcpulsovd ec jquâ cs lj “rcspctjioloeje‒

iur`ucsj, quc sc gj jecatrjed prdhuaejbcatc ca lds gucsds ec lds dircrds. Lj eovosoýa ec lj sdmoceje ca uaj csmjlj ec oaaubcrjilcs `rjejmodacs, mjej mujl rcmdadmoej soa eosmusoýa, mjej mujl mda su prdpod dr`ulld pcrd tjbioïa mda su rcspctd oaajtd pdr sus “bcndrcs‒ y “supcrodrcs‒, cs tja jato`uj y cstê

tja horbcbcatc cstjilcmoej quc jl iur`uïs lc so`uc socaed hjmolâsobd quc lc jmcptca su mjrajej‒=7 ]dirc ljs pdsomodacs ec lds dircrds oa`lcscs hrcatc j lj pdlâtomj mdldaojl, Ca`cls, ca :779, ca uaj mjrtj eoro`oej j Mjrlds Fjutsfy lc mdatcstý> “ld bosbd quc ec lj pdlâtomj ca `cacrjl6 ld bosbd quc pocasja

lds iur`ucscs. Jquâ ad gjy pjrtoed dircrd, ad gjy bês quc cl pjrtoed mdascrvjedr y cl pjrtoed loicrjl-rjeomjl, y lds dircrds sc icachomoja

 Urjeumoed ec lj Ycvostj ]dus lc erjpcju eu sdmojlosbc, [jrâs, aþb. ?0-?7, nuaod ec :?75, ceotjed ca Mdydjmja, rcvostj bjrxostj ljtoadjbcromjaj, -a.:0/:7-Bïxomd Cacrd-nuaod :?73. =3 :703-:?:5,  Iucads Jorcs, Mrâtomj,  Crom Gdisijwb> Lj crj ecl obpcrod :703-:?:5, Mrâtomj, 9;;0, p 37 =8   Oiâecb.p. 57

=5

=0

 Bjrx ” Ca`cls> Ca`cls> Mdrrcspdaecamc dp. mot. p.:;8

=7

 Ca`cls, H Mdrrcspdaecamoj dp.mot.  dp.mot. mjrtj j ]dr`c eomocbirc :77?

 

- :7 -

 

trjaquoljbcatc mda cllds ecl bdadpdlod mdldaojl ec Oa`ljtcrrj y ecl bdadpdlod ec ïstj ca cl bcrmjed buaeojl‒.=? 

Eovcrsds cstueods sdmodlý`omds c gostýromds mdatcbpdrêacds oavcsto`jrda sdirc csjs rcjloejecs dircrjs ecl pjsd ecl so`ld WOW jl WW. Bomgjcl Bjaa csmroioý ua obpdrtjatc jrtâmuld sdirc cl casjyd ec Ejvoe Ldmfwdde “Hucatcs ec vjrojmoýa ca ljs obê`cacs ec lj sdmoceje ec lj mljsc dircrj‒, ca cl quc sdstuvd quc ljs oecjs sdmojlostjs “ eciâja mdbpctor mdbpctor ca lj mdamocamoj ec lds

dircrds mdatrj bumgjs dtrjs obê`cacs, yj hucrja

eorcmtjbcatc

jatj`ýaomjs, mdbd lj ecl rcspctd, cl lldmjlosbd dmjlosbd d ua prj`bjtosbd mjutd gjmoj cl pjtrýa6 d ioca ljs aubcrdsjs obê`cacs sdircpucstj sdircpucstjss ec lj voej mdtoeojaj, rcsultjatcs rcsultjatcs ecl `ïacrd, lj ceje, lj hhjboloj, jboloj, ljs rcspdasjioloej rcspdasjioloejecs, ecs, lj rclo`oý rclo`oýa, a, lj rc`oýa, ctm. Lds jmtdrcs sdmojlcs rjrj vcz tcaâja ua scatoed uaotjrod ec sâ bosbds d ec lj sdmoceje. Cl sdmojlosbd prcvjlcmâj jpcajs ca

uads

pdmds, mdbd ca uaj suimulturj, y lds bolotjatcs cstjija buy

mdasmocatcs ec cstd. Jsâ, ca sus rcljtds sc cxprcsja bumgjs qucnjs sdirc muêa pdmds crja y sdirc lj oaeohcrc oaeohcrcamoj amoj ec lj bjydrâj ec lds trjijnjedrcs gjmoj tded jquclld quc ad hucrja sus prcdmupjmoda p rcdmupjmodacs mdtoeojajs‒5;. Eurjatc cl mjso bceod so`ld quc lds huaejedrcs ecl bjrxosbd rchlcxodajrda sdirc lds ecscavdlvobocatds ec ljs sdmocejecs mjpotjlostjs ad jijaedajrda lj hlcxoioloeje mdamcptujl pjrj oamdrpdrjr lds rêpoeds mjbiods quc sc sumceocrda. Hcecromd Ca`cls, ca :7?3, ca cl prýld`d j lj ceomoýa jlcbjaj ecl loird ec Bjrx Lj lumgj ec mljscs ca Hrjamoj :757-:73; , jsuboý ca cl pljad tcýromd cl rcsultjed ec ljs prêmtomjs pdlâtomjs ec lds dircrds jlcbjacs ca cl tcrrcad clcmtdrjl jl sdstcacr quc> “Cl probcr `rja scrvomod quc lds dircrds jlcbjacs prcstjrda j su mjusj huc cl bcrd gcmgd ec su cxostcamoj mdbd [jrtoed ]dmojlostj, quc supcrjij j tdeds ca hucrzj, ca eosmoploaj y ca rjpoecz ec mrcmobocatd. [crd jecbês prcstjrda dtrd> suboaostrjrda j sus mjbjrjejs ec tdeds lds pjâscs ua jrbj aucvj, buy jholjej, jl cascújrlcs j utolozjr cl suhrj`od uaovcrsjl. [crd mda cstc chomjz cbplcd ecl suhrj`od uaovcrsjl catrý ca jmmoýa ua bïtded ec lumgj ecl prdlctjrojed tdtjlbcatc aucvd, quc sc so`uoý ecsjrrdlljaed mda rjpoecz. Jl mdbprdijrsc quc ljs oastotumodacs cstjtjlcs ca ljs quc sc dr`jaozj lj edboajmoýa ec lj iur`ucsâj dhrcmca

 Bjrx-Ca`cls. Mdrrcspdaejamc, Ceotodas eu [rd`rcs, Bdsmu, :?0:, p. =8;.  Bjaa, Bomgjcl Hucatcs ec vjrojmoýa catrc lds bd bdvobocatds vobocatds ec lj mljsc dircrj ca lj Curdpj

=?

5;

,  Cstueods ecl so`ld WW  Cstueods ]dmodlý`omds ec Cl Mdlc`od ec Bïxomd Xdl. WOX, WOX, aþb. 59, scptocbirceomocbirc, :??8   

 

- :? -

 

aucvjs pdsoioloejecs j lj mljsc dircrj pjrj lumgjr mdatrj cstjs bosbjs oastotumodacs, sc tdbý pjrtc ca ljs clcmmodacs j ljs eoctjs prdvoamojlcs, j lds dr`jaosbds buaomopjlcs, j lds troiuajlcs oaeustrojlcs, sc lc eosputý j lj iur`ucsâj mjej pucstd, ca muyj prdvosoýa bczmljij su vdz uaj pjrtc suhomocatc ecl prdlctjrojed. _ jsâ sc eod cl mjsd ec quc lj iur`ucsâj y cl `diocrad llc`jsca j tcbcr bumgd bês lj jmtujmoýa lc`jl quc lj jmtujmoýa olc`jl ecl pjrtoed dircrd, bês lds ïxotds clcmtdrjlcs quc lds ïxotds oasurrcmmodajlcs. [ucs tjbioïa ca cstc tcrrcad gjiâja mjbiojed sustjamojlbcatc ljs mdaeomodacs ec lj lumgj. Lj rcicloýa jl vocnd cstold, lj

lumgj ca ljs mjllcs mda ijrromjejs, quc gjstj :757 gjiâj soed lj ecmosovj ca tdejs pjrtcs, cstjij mdasoecrjilcbcatc jatomujej. Lj ordaâj ec lj gostdroj uaovcrsjl ld pdac tded pjtjs jrroij. Adsdtrds, lds rcvdlumodajrods, lds clcbcatds suivcrsovds, prdspcrjbds bumgd bês mda lds bceods lc`jlcs quc mda lds bceods olc`jlcs y lj suivcrsoýa. Lds pjrtoeds ecl dreca, mdbd cllds sc lljbja, sc vja j poquc mda lj lc`jloeje mrcjej pdr cllds bosbds ‒5:. Ca hoa, pjrj mcrrjr cstj cxpdsomoýa mjic rcmdrejr quc catrc sus probcrds tcxtds Bjrx prdpusd uaj mjrjmtcrozjmoýa ecl eoacrd quc cs buy olustrjtovj pjrj mujaed sc lj voamulj mda cl Cstjed, ljs mljscs sdmojlcs sdmojlcs y lds bês eovcrsds êbiotds ec lj voej oaeovoeujl y mdlcmtovj, ca cspcmojl, ca jquclljs sdmocejecs mda prdmcsds ec jltj oahljmoýa> “cl eoacrd   cs cl vâamuld quc bc lo`j j lj voej gubjaj , quc lo`j j lj sdmoceje, quc bc lo`j mda lj ajturjlczj y mda cl gdbirc, ´ad cs cl eoacrd cl vâamuld ec tdeds lds vâamulds4 ´Ad pucec ïl jtjr  y ecsjtjr tdejs ljs jtjeurjs4 ´Ad cs tjbioïa pdr cstd cl bceod `cacrjl ec scpjrjmoýa4 Cs lj vcrejecrj bdacej eovosdroj , jsâ mdbd cl vcrejecrd bceod ec uaoýa , lj hucrzj `jlvjadquâbomj  ec lj sdmoceje‒59.

]o ca mdaeomodacs adrbjlcs, ljs `rjaecs trjashdrbjm trjashdrbjmodacs odacs prdeumoejs pdr cl jmmodajr ec ljs iur`ucsâj iur`ucsâjss prdvdmja quc tded ld sýloed sc ecsvjaczmj ca cl jorc , mujaed cstd sc mdbioaj mda lj ecsvjldrozjmoýa ecl eoacrd, ljs

ecsmdbpdsomodacs sdmojlcs acmcsjrojbcatc sc bultoplomja> ljs iur`ucsâjs hu`ja mjpotjlcs, ljs oastotumodacs cstjtjlcs pocreca chomjmoj, lds pjrtoeds sc jtdbozja, lj ecsdmupjmoýa hrj`bcatj j lds jsjljrojeds, ljs pcqucúd iur`ucsâjs sc cbpdircmca, ctm., pdr mocrtd, lds mdamcptds sdmodlý`omds ecl

 Ca`cls, H> [rýld`d j lj ceomoýa jlcbjaj ecl loird ec Bjrx  Lj lumgj ec mljscs ca Hrjamoj , bþltoplcs ceomodacs.  :757-:73; 59 Bjrx, F “Ucrmcr Bjausmrotd, Bjausmrotd, cl pdecr ecl eoacrd‒ ca lds Bjausmrotds Cmdaýbomds y  holdsýhomds ec :755 bþltoplcs ceomodacs 5:

 

- 9; -

  

bjrxosbd, muyj cspcrj ecl ecrrubic auamj sjloý ec su j`caej, sc camucatrja ioca gjiolotjeds pjrj jajlozjr eomgjs sotujmodacs sotujmodacs..

Hoajl prdvosdrod Lj chomjmoj ec ljs oecjs ca lj jmmoýa pdlâtomj cstuvd socbprc prcscatc ca ljs jr`ubcatjmodacs ec Bjrx y Ca`cls y, mjso cstê ecbês rcsjltjr quc