Marketing Strategy - Hummer and Tata Nano
Short Description
Marketing strategy for the Hummer and Marketing strategy for the introduction of the Tata Nano in the Nigerian market....
Description
Master of Business Administration Assignment
Marketing Management
John Beecroft STU 22053
Submitted October 25, 2010
Word Count: 4,032 (excluding figures)
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PART ONE – Hummer Marketing Strategy............................................................................................................. 3 1.0.1 Hummer: Brief Overview............................................................................................................................... 3 1.0.2 General Motors: Brief Overview.................................................................................................................... 3 1.0.3 Hummer Marketing Strategy......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Hummer Marketing: Importance and Use of Information ................................................................................. 4 1.2 Hummer Marketing Strategy: Relationship to GM Corporate Strategy .................................................................. 6 1.3 Hummer Marketing: The Global Context ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Effects of localisation..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Market entry mode ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Hummer Marketing: e‐business incorporation...................................................................................................... 8 2.0 PART Two – Tata Nano in Nigeria ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 The Marketplace: Demographic Overview of Nigeria ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Market Segmentation ................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Condition at purchase................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Use/purpose of vehicle ............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Purchaser income (for personal and family cars) ...................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Selection of target market ........................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 PEST Analysis of the Nigerian Auto market .............................................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Target selection11 .................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Marketing Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.5 Marketing Strategy ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5.1 Market entry ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.2 Competitive advantage ............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.6 Marketing Mix for the Nano ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.6.1 Product: Tata Nano .................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.6.2 Price: $3,000 ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.6.3 Place: Dealerships in large cities................................................................................................................................ 13 2.6.4 Promotion: Ads, ad focus, financing .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.7 Projections and Cost Estimates ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.7.1 Projections ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.7.2 Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 References ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
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PART ONE – Hummer Marketing Strategy Part one takes a critical look at the marketing strategy of the Hummer brand of sport utility trucks and vehicles (discontinued in May 2010).
Figure 1 – Ending of every Hummer TV advert (The New York Times 2007) 1.0.1 Hummer: Brief Overview The Hummer was first produced and marketed in 1992 by AM General Corporation as a civilian version of the Humvee (M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle) which made its fame in the Gulf war of 1991. In 1999, the brand was sold to GM (GM ca.2010a) but was discontinued in 2010 due to increasing apathy over its high environmental costs (poor fuel economy and weight which made it illegal on some US state roads) and decreasing sales. Over its lifetime, 3 main models of the Hummer were built: • • •
The Hummer H1, which shared the most features with the Humvee. Weighing about 3,600kg, it could reach $151,000 depending on the specifications. The Hummer H2 was released in 2002. The 10 mile per gallon vehicle costs between $61,000 and $71,000 and weighs up to 3,000kg. The midsize H3 which was released in 2005 costs between $30,000 and $40,000, weighs about 2,100kg and achieves 15mpg (city).
1.0.2 General Motors: Brief Overview GM is the largest auto manufacturer in the United States and the second in the world after Toyota by sales, selling over six million vehicles in 2009 (OICA 2010). Its current brands include Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM, Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. Table 1shows sales of GM vehicles in the US between 2001 and 2009.
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Table 1 – GM sales figures in the US (GM ca.2010b) United States Car Total ('000) Truck Total ('000) HUMMER Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2,272
2,069
1,961
1,885
1,752
1,625
1,489
1,257
874
2,632
2,790
2,796
2,822
2,766
2,499
2,377
1,723
1,210
768
19,581
35,259
29,345
56,727
71,524
55,986
29,968
9,046
1.0.3 Hummer Marketing Strategy A SWOT analysis of the brand (Table 2) shows that the strength of the brand lies in its brand name, ‘exoticness’, and physical ruggedness. When combined with its high price tag, maintenance costs and public apathy, it shows a vehicle that will more probably be purchased by rich, macho and individualistic people. Hummer understands and accepts that “Hummer is not a brand for everyone” as Liz Vanzurra (2004 cited Patton 2007), Hummers’ Advertising Manager described it. Hummers’ Marketing General Manager (2005), Susan Docherty (cited Lienert 2005) described it better when asked how small the Hummer could get: Hummer is a very masculine, muscular, powerful, iconic design brand. It's really critical that if you do go smaller, it still has a very proud, masculine stance and it's still Hummer‐esque. Hummer’ marketing strategy was built around this concept – toughness and pride – and over the years, its marketing communications has focused on this, although with a gradual dilution. The H3 at $30,000 was created to achieve the mass market appeal that the previous versions couldn’t reach. It was smaller, less intimidating, and had more mileage per gallon. Table 2 – SWOT analysis of the Hummer brand STRENGTHS Very strong physical and technical specifications. Widely known as the most able 4x4. Serves a niche market. Experienced leadership ‐ including former GM of who helped reinvigorate Cadillac (GM 2009). OPPORTUNITIES Very strong and popular brand name. Development of the electric hybrid version which could achieve over 100mpg (Rasertech ca.2009). Positive publicity arising from the performance of the Humvee in the Gulf war and numerous competitions.
WEAKNESSES Comes with a very high price tag. Very poor mileage. Has a reputation as being environmentally unfriendly. THREATS Poor traffic record by Hummer drivers generating negative publicity. Global financial crisis has made consumers more conscious of fuel costs and the like. New US administration emphasizing energy consciousness.
1.1 Hummer Marketing: Importance and Use of Information Hummer knows its market. Its customers value the psychological feeling of being tough. They are mostly male, middle‐aged and can shell out the cash to buy a luxury vehicle with the maintenance costs that go with it. They are not people who are overly bothered about the environment or other road users. They are people
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who want something ‘Like nothing else’. Figure 2 shows a demographic and psychographic summary of Hummer buyers.
Figure 2 – Who buys Hummers? (Geiger ca.2006) Armed with this information, the marketing for the whole brand and the H2 in particular focused on this particular group as evidenced in some of their taglines – bare but beautifully crafted for this specific market: •
“When the asteroid hits and civilisation crumbles, you’ll be ready.”
•
“It only looks like this because it’s badass.”
•
“Threaten the men in your office in a whole new way.”
•
“You give us the money, we give you the truck, and nobody gets hurt.”
And Hummer does listen to its customers. After a 2003 survey by J .D. Power & Associates revealed that owners were not happy about the features of the Hummer as compared to competing SUVs, its Marketing Director Michael DiGiovanni, promised that the coming H2 SUT will be a bit more plush, while the developing H3 will have better mileage (cited Welch 2004). Enter the H3. The new target is the mass market. These customers don’t have unlimited bank accounts and actually do care about the impact of their vehicles. They like the status feel of a Hummer but utility is also important. As such, the H3 was smaller, more fuel efficient and at the reach of the mass market at $33,000. H3 ads now focused on the ‘soft side’ of the Hummer. We have the ‘Little Monster’ ad (cited Devlib 2006) where a giant robot and a Godzilla‐style monster fall in love and give birth to a H3. In the ‘Green Giant’
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(Wordpress 2009), we have a H3 on a scenic green setting. Table 1 shows that sales actually increased as these customers were drawn to the product. 1.2 Hummer Marketing Strategy: Relationship to GM Corporate Strategy Michael Porter (1987) described Organisational Strategy as “the overall plan for a diversified company”, which determines what businesses the company should be in and how those business units should be managed. It extends beyond the marketing strategy in that it looks at all aspects of a business including operations, finance, human resource etc. For GM, the philosophy of the ‘overall plan’ is defined by the vision: ...to be the world leader in transportation products and related services. We will earn our customers’ enthusiasm through continuous improvement driven by the integrity, teamwork, and innovation of GM people. In line with being a ‘world leader’, GM had a corporate strategy (pre 2010 restructuring) of offering a model for every market and thus led the market by sales for over 70 years. This was made possible by a marketing strategy of managing a portfolio of 89 automobile models under 8 brand names (Welch et al. 2005). The second part of the vision defines a strategy focused on innovation. GM spent $7billion on research and development for those 89 models in 2004, compared with Toyota’s $15.3billion on its 26 models under 3 brand names (op. cit.). And this explains why in recent years, no spectacular innovations have come out of GMs coffers and market share has gradually declined. Marketing Strategy refers to “ways in which the corporation can differentiate itself effectively from its competitors, capitalizing on its distinctive strengths to deliver better value to its customers” (Jain 2004) and is concerned basically with the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. The Hummer marketing strategy (unique product, high price, psychological promotion) is targeted towards the luxury off‐road SUV market inline with the corporate strategy. It can be described as being a ‘Challenger’ in that market based on dominance, with the lead being Jeeps’ Wrangler. It can also be described as following a ‘product differentiation’ approach in terms of Porters’ generic strategies (RDI 2008a, p.1) as seen by the uniqueness of the brand. Hummer has been able to successfully focus on one aspect of the market and offers a vehicle that can be arguably called one of the most effective off‐roaders for the civilian market. Its marketing has also focused on differentiation as reflected in their adverts. Innovation by focusing on consumer needs such as better fuel consumption would fully align the marketing and business goals. 1.3 Hummer Marketing: The Global Context In 2001, Hummer sold 768 H1s (GM ca.2010b), all in the US. At the height of its success in 2006, it rolled out about 76,000 cars globally (MSN Money 2010). Along the way, it commissioned plants in South Africa and Russia, in addition to those in the US. Beginning from 2006, according to Susan Docherty (ca.2006 cited Geiger 2006), the global market was GMs’ main priority. Hummer’s global outlook can be assessed in two ways: localisation and market entry mode. 1.3.1 Effects of localisation Global marketing involves “finding the right balance between the forces of globalisation and localisation” and depends greatly on the particular industry (RDI 2008b, p.6) as figure 3 shows. Although automobiles have high globalisation forces which favour standardisation, localisation forces cannot be ignored.
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Figure 3 – Global integration vs. Local responsiveness grid for various sectors (op cit., p.6) In response to localisation forces, the H3 design took into account factors such as: •
•
•
Commercial: o
Price affordability – low per capita incomes in many countries.
o
Fuel efficiency – increasingly high gas prices.
Technical: o
Fuel type – petrol for the US and diesel for global markets.
o
Transmission – manual for Europe.
o
Drive type – options of both left and right‐hand drives.
o
Size – European roads are generally smaller.
Legal: o
Specially designed lightening.
o
Additional fender flares to cover tyres.
While global sales increased with the introduction of the H3, apparently not enough had been done. Early this year (2010), the Chinese government blocked the purchase of the brand by Chinese company Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery due to government policies on efficiency and environmental protection, according to Chinese auto‐industry analyst Yale Zhang (ca.2010 cited Ramzy 2010). 1.3.2 Market entry mode Four main market entry modes exist including Joint Ventures, Wholly owned subsidiaries, Acquisitions, and Partnerships & Alliances (RDI 2008b, p.13). Partnerships are usually used where large infrastructure networks are required such as in franchising and distribution.
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Hummer combines two market entry strategies. It assembles and exports H3s from a $100million South African plant (a wholly owned subsidiary) to Europe, the Middle East and Asia, due to attractive incentives by the SA government (SAinfo 2008). This is complemented by a network of dealers (Partnerships & Alliances) in 35 countries as at 2006. In addition, plans were underway to allow already established Cadillac partners (in China) to also automatically become Hummer dealers (Lienert 2005) thereby facilitating the networking process by reducing bureaucracy and costs. 1.4 Hummer Marketing: e‐business incorporation An e‐business effectively combines e‐commerce (trading on the internet) with other internal (normal operations) and external processes (customers and suppliers) using web technologies so that its whole business is linked together (RDI 2008c, p.2). While Hummer remains a traditional type of business, it has been able to successfully integrate some e‐ business strategies into its marketing through its website as discussed below.
Figure 4 – www.Hummer.com • • • • •
Customer service: The website has been thoughtfully crafted to provide a full customer experience – view pictures, find out details, features and specifications, servicing & warranty, contact Hummer, chat online with a representative, locate dealers etc. Communication: Hummer regularly posts information to its customers on its website. Social interaction: Hummer encourages the social interaction of customers through its online Hummer Clubs and networking site (www.facebook.com/hummer). Such communities build up the exotic value of the brand and help in sharing experiences and marketing. Financing: Online, Hummer provides options for customers seeking finance for their vehicles. E‐commerce: Hummers – new and old – can be purchased online through the website.
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PART Two – Tata Nano in Nigeria This part looks at the development of a marketing strategy for the introduction of the $2,300 (dealer price) Tata Nano (figure 1) into the Nigerian market.
Figure 1 – The Tata Nano (Indian Autos Blog 2009) 2.1 The Marketplace: Demographic Overview of Nigeria Nigeria is the most populous African nation with a population of 152 million, with about 48% being urban dwellers. Nigeria has a young population with a median age of 19 years and with about 55.5% of the population between 15 and 64 years old. 68% of the population is literate (CIA 2010). Table 1 shows IMF (2010) economic statistics compared with India where the Nano is produced. Table 1 – Economic Indices Gross Domestic Product (billion)
2009 Nigeria $341.6
2015 India
$3,526.1
Nigeria
India
551.96 6,242.17
GDP per capita
$2,249.0
$2,940.7 3,088.39 4,804.48
Population (million)
151.874
1,199.06
178.721 1,299.24
2.2 Market Segmentation The market for cars which constitute the majority of automobiles on Nigerian roads can be segmented in three ways – condition at purchase, use and consumer income.
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2.2.1 Condition at purchase Only about 16% of the 500,000 vehicles imported into Nigeria annually are new (see 2.7 Projections and Cost Estimates). This indicates the need for cheaper vehicles in Nigeria. The cheapest new car in Nigeria (Kia Picanto) costs about $8,500, fairly good Tokunbos (used cars) start from $5,000 and Taxis/cabs go as low as $3,300. 2.2.2 Use/purpose of vehicle •
Commercial transportation: High transportation demands coupled with the ban of motorcycles have made taxis the major means of transport as many people cannot afford to own cars. Probably 99% of taxis are Tokunbo.
•
Family cars: Once they can afford it, most families usually buy a car or two. Most are Tokunbo.
•
Personal cars: Young people have a high demand for small first‐time vehicles. Except for those who have rich parents and extremely good jobs, they are mostly Tokunbo.
•
Business/official vehicles: corporate bodies and government are the main buyers of new cars in Nigeria due to the costs involved.
2.2.3 Purchaser income (for personal and family cars) •
High income earners: These invariably buy new cars.
•
Middle income families: Buys big Tokunbo vehicles or new cars using loans.
•
Middle income singles: Buys smaller Tokunbo vehicles or new cars using loans. (Middle income earners constitute about 70% of the market.)
•
Low income earners: Buys motorcycles or save up to buy very old Tokunbos.
2.3 Selection of Target Market Two tools will be used to aid the selection of the appropriate segment. 2.3.1 SWOT Analysis Table 2 – SWOT analysis of the Nano with respect to the Nigerian Market. Strengths Cheapest mass‐produced car in the world. Small, compact so easy to manoeuvre and can sit five. Fuel efficient (50mpg) and low emissions. Has basic features that suits the tropics.
Weaknesses Lacks safety features such as airbags.
Built for India which has roads as bad as Nigerians’. Opportunities Plans underway for shipping in modules for reassembly.
Standard and deluxe versions lack basic luxury items e.g. CD players, cigarette lighter etc. Threats Not yet tested over time/long in the open market.
Ban of motorcycles as commercial transport in Nigeria's densely populated urban areas. Young and growing Nigerian population. Expanding middle class.
Government plans to encourage manufacturing of 3‐wheelers which will sell for about $2,000.
Small fuel tank. Too small for large families. 105km/h too slow for lots of young people.
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2.3.2 PEST Analysis of the Nigerian Auto market •
Political: Recently, motorcycles were banned as commercial transportation in the major cities due to high accident rate (Pius 2010). Moves are being made to curtail the influx of used cars.
•
Economic: Nigerians are mostly low income earners which explain the fact that about 85% of cars on the road are purchased used. Transporters purchase old vehicles, but these wear out quickly making it difficult to obtain adequate returns. Fuel costs about $0.5 per litre.
•
Social: Everyone wants a car, and the newer and bigger the better. However, the younger generation tends towards smaller Japanese cars due to fuel efficiency (25 to 35mpg) and low price. In the less urban towns, bikes and 3‐wheelers are the main transportation means – commercial and private.
•
Technological: Cars are left‐hand drive and most use petrol.
2.3.3 Target selection Based on all the previous analysis, the Nano will be targeted at three segments of the Nigerian market – Commercial, middle‐income singles and low‐income families. It would be a suitable replacement for a large portion of the half a million Tokunbos annually and a chance for those who can’t afford cars at all for the following reasons: •
Stronger and cheaper than the Tokunbos being purchased.
•
More fuel efficient than anything in the Nigerian market, therefore cheaper to maintain.
•
New vehicle with high aesthetics, hence has a ‘status’ feel, especially for the towns.
•
Small, so can easily manoeuvre the numerous small roads.
2.4 Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives are as follows: •
To gain a 3% market share of the car market (new and used) within two full years of entering the Nigerian market, and 15% within five years.
•
To become the standard choice for commercial transportation within Nigerian cities (taxis) by gaining 80% of that market within five years.
2.5 Marketing Strategy Strategies that will be considered include the mode of entry into the market and type of competitive advantage that will be pursued. 2.5.1 Market entry Due to infrastructure and cultural needs, it would be impractical for Tata to come in as a Wholly Owned Subsidiary immediately. An acquisition would have high cost implications. A Joint Venture or Partnerships would be best in this case. Established dealers with ready infrastructure network who could help drive the brand include Elizade, CFAO, Dana, Coscharis and Stallion.
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2.5.2 Competitive advantage At half the price of the next cheapest car and impressively low running costs, the Nano would maintain competitive advantage by following a Cost Leadership strategy as described by Micheal Porter (RDI 2008a). The Nano’s competition isn’t other new vehicles which don’t sell much anyway, but the massive used car market. The unique selling points (USP) would be that it is “a strong brand at a cheap price with low running costs.” 2.6 Marketing Mix for the Nano The marketing mix considers the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. 2.6.1 Product: Tata Nano The Tata Nano is produced and marketed by the Indian global conglomerate Tata Group. Launched in January 2008, the Nano is beautifully crafted and yet is the worlds’ cheapest mass produced car. It has the following standard properties (Tata 2010; Tata Nano 2009; Indian Autos Blog 2009): • • • • • •
Size: 3.1m length, 1.5m width, 1.6m height, 180mm ground clearance and 4m turning radius. Weight: 615 to 635kg. Power: 2‐cylinder aluminium MPFI 624cc petrol engine. Capabilities: Achieves speed of 105km/h and 25 km/litre (57mpg). Safety: BS III and Euro IV emission standards. Other features: 15litre fuel tank, low emissions, sits four.
The Tata Nano has three variants – the Nano, the Nano CX and the Nano LX. Nano is the basic version, while the LX is the ‘Ferrari’ of the brand as shown in table 2. The Nano CX would be targeted at private owners and the basic Nano at commercial transporters.
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Table 2 – The Tata Nano Variants (Op cit.) NANO CX
NANO
NANO LX
EXTERIOR Colors
Ivory White, Racing Red, Summer Blue
Body Color Bumpers Body Color Door Handles ORVM (Driver Side) Front Fog Lamps Rear Fog Lamps Wheel Covers Tinted Glasses Front Wiper & Washer
‐ ‐ Black ‐ ‐ Style‐in‐Steel Wheels ‐ 2 speed
Ivory White, Racing Red, Summer Blue, Champange Gold, Lunar Silver ‐ ‐ Black ‐ ‐ Style‐in‐Steel Wheels Yes 2 speed
COMFORT & CONVENIENCE AC with Heater Front Power Windows Cup Holders in Front Console
‐ ‐ ‐
Yes ‐ ‐
Gear Shift Console
Basic
Basic
Rear Seat Headrests Driver Seat with Slider
‐ Yes
Integrated (With Nap Rests) Yes (With Recliner)
Yes Yes Yes High End Console with Provision for Mobile Charger/ Cigarrette lighter Integrated (With Nap Rests) Yes (With Recliner)
Passenger side Seat with Slider ‐
Yes (With Recliner)
Yes (With Recliner)
Rear Seat Folding
Yes
Yes
Yes
‐ ‐
‐ Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SAFETY & SECURITY Central Locking Booster assisted brakes Additional body reinforcements Radial Tubeless tyres
Sunshine Yellow, Champange Gold, Lunar Silver Yes Yes Body Colored Yes Yes Half Wheel Covers Yes 2 speed + Intermittent
2.6.2 Price: $3,000 The Nano has a dealer price of about $2,300 in India. It would sell for about $3,000 in Nigeria – less than the price of a used car. The deluxe CX would sell for around $3,500 and luxurious LX about $4,000. 2.6.3 Place: Dealerships in large cities Marketing would begin with the three states – Lagos, Rivers and Abuja – and then expand to other highly populated and developed states (see figure 3). Lagos is the economic capital, having about 65% of Nigeria’s economy and 10% of its population (15million). Rivers is the oil capital and has ready infrastructure. Abuja is the Federal capital and is highly developed. These three constitute the majority of Nigeria’s vehicle population and have established dealers who can be partnered with.
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Figure 2 – Map of Nigeria by Population Density (Wikipedia 2006) 2.6.4 Promotion: Ads, ad focus, financing All promotions would focus on the USP of the Nano. To a large extent, these should drive sales as there is no competition in its category. Product roll‐out would begin with grand launches and promos involving winning the Nano. Promotions would be on the major television and radio stations and a large part of this would focus on the commercial transport market. Billboards, newspapers and magazines would also be used. Promotional materials would be contracted out to Ad agencies. To make it even easier to purchase, vehicle financing with banks would be used extensively. 2.7 Projections and Cost Estimates 2.7.1 Projections Between 1999 and 2009, five million vehicles were imported into Nigeria (Anuforo 2009). Less than 16% of these were new as reflected in the 84,398 new cars recorded for 2007, compared with 612,707 for South Africa and 1.99 million for India (Owoseye ca.2009). Coupled with the marketing objectives and segmentation, table 3 shows the sales projections for the Nano.
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Table 3 – Sales Projections Nigeria Market leaders Tata Nano
Starting Price Total (Avg.) New cars (est.) $8,500 Used cars (est.) $3,300
Number of Vehicles % of All Imported % of New Imported Annually vehicles vehicles 500,000 100% 85,000 17% 415,000 83% Actual Figures (2008) Toyota $14,600 11,130 2% 13% Kia $8,500 4,062 1% 5% Marketing Projections 1st year $3,100 5,000 1% 2nd year $3,100 15,000 3% 5th year $3,100 75,000 15% Sources: Anuforo (2009), Owoseye (ca.2009), Newswatchngr (2008 cited Himi 2008)
2.7.2 Cost Estimate As shown by Dr Borroni‐Bird (1996 cited Vyas et al. 2000) of Chrysler Corporation, the selling price for a new vehicle can be broken down as follows:
Figure 3 – Contributors to Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price While these are average for the typical American vehicle, it is assumed that it gives a usable estimate of Tata’s costs. Dealer mark‐ups, price discounts and company profits have already been factored into the $2,300 price of the Nano. For importation to Nigeria, shipping costs and government levies must be factored in. A breakdown of such by Bamgbose (2010) of KPMG Nigeria has been used to estimate these as shown in table 4.
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Table 4 – Duties and Levies Description of Duty/Levy Import Duty (20% for fully built units; 5% for completely knocked down) Vehicle cost (less 25% for mark‐ups, dealer margins and profit) Insurance (at 2%) Freight (at 5%) Port Surcharge (7% of Import Duty) ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme (0.5% of Import Duty) Comprehensive Import Supervision Schemes Admin Charge (1% import duty) National Automotive Council Levy (2% of Import Duty) Value Added Tax (5% CIF plus other import charges) Total Selling price (plus 25% for mark‐ups, dealer margins and profit)
Cost ($) 369.15 1725 34.5 86.25 25.8405 1.84575 36.915 7.383 114.3442 2401.228 3001.536
Fixed costs estimates are shown in the table below. It takes into account rent in prime areas of the country, salaries for admin and maintenance staff, maintenance etc. Table 5 – Fixed Costs for Tata Nano in Nigeria Description of Fixed Costs Factory Office Lease in Nigeria Salaries (1 year) Freight (5000 cars) Marketing (2%) Other set‐up costs Maintenance and associated costs Miscellaneous Total
Cost $20,000,000 $300,000 $500,000 $500,000 $500,000 $200,000 $500,000 $400,000 $22,900,000
Using Borroni‐Bird, variable costs have been extrapolated to about 65% of the vehicle costs i.e. $1,500 per vehicle. Using these values together with the fixed costs estimates, a breakeven analysis has been done which shows the Nano breaking even at 16,000 vehicles. From the projections in table 3, this will happen towards the end of the second year. $70,000,000 Total cost
$60,000,000
Total Revenue
Fixed Costs
$50,000,000 $40,000,000 $30,000,000 $20,000,000 $10,000,000 $0 ‐
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000
Figure 6 – Break‐even Analysis for the Nano in Nigeria
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2.8 Conclusion The marketing plan developed has shown the process, strategies and tools which can be employed for the introduction of the Indian Tata Nano into the Nigerian market. The market has been broken down, and a target segment chosen. Financial techniques have also been employed in analysing the data/information based on Nigerian realities. The result shows that it is possible to gain 15% share of the Nigerian imported vehicle market in 5 years. The costs involved are massive ($22.9million) but break‐even will occur in two years when the company sells its sixteenth thousand vehicle.
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