Marco Teorico

 

Harmb tfýrnmb

Ef ia hakb mbk fi efsarrbiib efsarrbiib ef ia cuhakneae cuhakneae,, y mbhb fk humcbs áhontbs, áhontbs, ias boras ef nkdfknfrèa mnvni sf camfk maea vfz hás fxndfktfs y mbhpifjas. mbk fi bojftnvb ef muornr ias kfmfsn kfm fsneae eaefs fs ef ias sbmnfe sbmnfeaef aefss amtuaifs amtuaifs,, ia nkdfkn nkdfknfrèa frèa hfmákn hfmáknma ma sf ca apinma apinmaeb eb para para mrfar mrfar y efsarrbiiar haqunkarna maea vfz hás f`nmnfktf y aefmuaea para nktfrvfknr fk uk prbyfmtb ef mbkstrummnýk. Fstbs artf`amtbs tak drakefs f nhpbkfktfs efktrb efi sfmtbr ef ia mbkstrummnýk sf efkbhnkak ’Haqunkarna Wfsaea‘, y fstbs sf fhpifak para ia fjfmumnýk ef tbeb tnpb ef bora< efsef mbkstrummnýk ef vnvnfkea, nkeustrna, mahnkbs, casta prbyfmtbs quf efsa`èak fi dfknb efi sfr  cuhakb mbhb ib sbk prfsas, túkfifs, pufktfs, ftm. Fs asè quf snk ia ayuea ef fstbs fqunpbs y tfmkbibdèa kb sf pberèak efsarrbiiar ibs prbyfmtbs ef nkdfknfrèa f nk`rafstrumtura quf a eèa ef cby mbkbmfhbs. ]fdúk nk`brhamnýk vaineaea pbr Arlnpius(?7?1), pbrtai ef arquntfmtura efsarrbiiaeb pbr  fspfmnainstas fspfmn ainstas fk mbhuknmamn mbhuknmamnýk ýk sbmnai y arquntfmtura, arquntfmtura, Fi fqunpb pfsaeb ef mbkstrummný mbkstrummnýk k sf pufef pufef envnenr fk muatrb tnpbs prnkmnpaifs: 1. Fqunpb para hbvnhnfktb ef tnfrra ?. Pfcèmuibs ef mbkstrummnýk =. Hakfjb ef hatfrnaifs 5. Fqunpbs ef mbkstrummnýk Maeaa ukb ef fstbs Mae fstbs sf utninz utninzaa par paraa kuhfrb kuhfrbsbs sbs prbpýs prbpýsntb ntbss fk varnbs varnbs prbyfm prbyfmtbs tbs.. Uahonî Uahonîk k ia sfifmmnýk ef en`frfktfs tnpbs ef haqunkarna pfsaea va a efpfkefr efi tahañb efi prbyfmtb y efi  prfsupufstb aprboaeb. Fstb Fstb camf ai prbmfsb ef mbkstrummnýk hás rápneb y sfkmniib sfkmniib..

Efktrb ef fsta nkvfstndamnýk sf mbksnefra ef suha nhpbrtakmna fi, prfvnb ai usb y hakfjb ef fstas drakefs háqunkas, tfkfr fk mufkta ias dfkfraineaefs y partnmuiarneaefs ef maea tnpb ef haqunkarna, efsef su ef`nknmnýk, maramtfrèstnmas `èsnmas, enhfksnbkfs y `ukmnbkaineae. ^ mbhb  prnhfr puktb sf tnfkf ai Fqunpb para hbvnhnfktb ef tnfrra, efi muai sf efrnvak ias sndunfktfs

 

háqunkas:

a. Fxmavaebras Fxmavaebras:: sbk drakefs fqunpbs ef mbkstrummný mbkstrummnýk k quf pufefk fstar enspbknoi enspbknoifs fs sborf rufeas b pnstas< fstf úitnhb fs mbksnefraeb fi fstákear fk ia nkeustrna. Vka fxmavaebra traenmnbkai dfkfraihfktf tnfkf uk orazb ef mumcara iardb mbkfmtaeb a uka maonka dnratbrna quf pufef rbtar =07 draebs mbhpiftbs. Fi bpfraebr sf snfkta fk ia maonka y efsef aiiè  pufef tfkfr vnsnonineae efi sntnb. Ias fxmavaebras sf utninzak ia haybrèa ef ias vfmfs para fxmavar tnfrra b ifvaktar pnfzas pfsaeas, nkmiuneas pnfzas prf`aornmaeas, tuofrèas y btrbs fqunpbs hás pfqufñbs. Mbhúkhfktf fstas sf utninzak para fi Hakfjb ef hatfrnaifs, fxmavamnýk ef zakjas, cbybs y mnhnfktbs, mfpniib ef mbrtf mbk ammfsbrnbs cneráuinmbs, efhbinmnýk, knvfiamnýk fk orutb, ifvaktahnfktb pfsaeb f nkstaiamnýk ef tuofrèas, hnkfrèa y eradaeb ef rèb.  o. Mardaebras rftrbfxmavaebras: ]f mbksnefrak fqunpbs ef mbkstrummnýk ef tahañb hfenakb  para traoajbs hás pfqufñbs y mbk fspamnb inhntaeb para rfainzar ias bpframnbkfs. Mbktnfkfk uka paia ajustaoif fk fi `rfktf efi fqunpb y uk pfqufñb muob fk ia partf  pbstfrnbr efi mardaebr quf sf usa para mavar. Wufefk hbvfr tnfrra, rfiifkar, mavar zakjas y mb mbib ibmar mar tuof tuofrè rèas as hás hás pf pfqu qufñ fñas as fk su iu iuda dar. r. Vkb Vkb ef ib ibss hfjb hfjbrfs rfs at atrn rnou outb tbss ef ia iass rftrbmardaebras fs quf fsták hbktaeas sborf kfuhátnmbs y sf pufefk usar fk árfas y  patnbs uroaknzaebs. Fi mumcarýk fk ia partf pbstfrnbr sf pufef hben`nmar utninzakeb en`frfktfs ammfsbrnbs quf if pfrhntfk mavar zakjas ef en`frfktfs akmcuras. m. Fhpuja Unfrra: ]f mbksnefrak ukb ef ibs fqunpbs ef mbkstrummnýk pfsaebs hás `ufrtfs y hás mbk`naoifs utninzaebs fk ia nkeustrna ef ia mbkstrummnýk. Fs uk fqunpb pbtfktf y fxtrfhaeahfktf pfsaeb quf sf usa para hbvfr ia tnfrra a ib iardb ef drakefs fxtfksnbkfs ef tnfrra aonfrtas. Unfkfk uka cbja akmca y piaka fk fi `rfktf quf sf pufef bpfrar  utninzakeb ebs pnstbkfs cneráuinmbs quf pfrhntfk hbvfr ia cbja fk ákduibs b  prb`ukeneaefs inhntaeas. Kbrhaihfktf sf utninzak para fhpujar hbktbkfs ef tnfrra y para

 

knvfiamnýk áspfra / `nka efpfkenfkeb efi tahañb ef ia fxmavaebra. ]u pfsb sf pufef utninzar para apiastar maktbs rbeaebs hás drakefs, fktrf btras ammnbkfs. e. Hnknmar Hnknmardae daebra bras: s: ]bk uka uka ef ias háqunk háqunkas as utninza utninzaeas eas fk mbkstru mbkstrummn mmnýk ýk hás vfrsátn vfrsátnifs ifs enspbknoifs fk ia nkeustrna ef ia mbkstrummnýk. Fstf fqunpb, rfaihfktf snhpif ef bpfrar,  pufef dnrar efktrb ef su prbpna cufiia, mbhb uk takquf, pbr ib quf fs nefai fk fspamnbs mb mbk` k`nk nkae aebs bs b fk árfas árfas eb ebke keff ia amtnv amtnvne neae ae ef mb mbks kstr trum ummný mnýk k sf ca `nka `nkain inza zaeb eb.. Ias Ias hnknmardaebras tnfkfk rufeas y pufefk b`rfmfr uka haybr trammnýk, nefai fk knfvf b oarrb, rfeumf ia mbhpamtamnýk efi sufib y su snstfha ef oakea ef rbeaeura prfvnfkf fi eañb a ias árfas tfrhnkaeas. f. Hb Hbtb tbkn knvf vfia iaeb ebras ras:: ]bk ]bk fq fqun unpb pbss pf pfsae saebs bs qu quff sf us usak ak pa para ra kn knvf vfia iarr y hbvf hbvfrr pf pfqu qufñ fñas as maktneaefs ef sumnfeae. Unfkfk uka mumcniia iarda quf sf pufef ajustar para muhpinr mbk mnfrtbs ákduibs para mrfar uka supfr`nmnf piaka. Fstf fqunpb ef mbkstrummnýk kbrhaihfktf  pufef tfkfr uka sfdukea mumcniia fk `rfktf efi fjf efiaktfrb y fk aidukbs masbs sf pufef utninzar para ia hnkfrèa suotfrrákfa. ]f usak para knvfiar mahnkbs ef tnfrra b dravniia, b  para prfparar fi mahnkb ef oasf aktfs ef mbibmar fi as`aitb. Ibs knvfiaebrfs sf pufefk usar para prbeumnr supfr`nmnfs nkminkaeas b zakjas ef erfkajf mbk sfmmnbkfs traksvfrsaifs  pbmb prb`ukeas fk `brha ef P. P. `. Mar Mardae daebrf brfss mbhpam mbhpamtbs tbs ef brudas brudas:: Fsta Fsta fs btra btra drak drak pnfza pnfza ef fqunpb fqunpb ef mbkstr mbkstrumm ummnýk nýk.. Mbhonkakeb ias mapamneaefs ef uka fxmavaebra mbk uka rftrbfxmavaebra, fsta pberá auhfktar su prbeummnýk muakeb fstî trakspbrtakeb hatfrnai `ufra efi sntnb. ^a quf ibs mardaebrfs fsták hbktaebs sborf brudas, pufefk hbvfrsf `ámnihfktf snk kfmfsneae ef trakspbrtf traksp brtf aenmnbkai. aenmnbkai. Fi pufef pufef usarsf para mardar fi obtèk obtèk fk mahnbkfs mahnbkfs y tnrar ia tnfrra fk en`frfktfs iudarfs. Fktrf ibs vfcèmuibs ef mbkstrummnýk y hakfjb ef hatfrnaifs cay envfrsbs hbefibs y `ukmnbkfs, mbhb, pbr fjfhpib:

 

a. Mahnýk ef vbiquftf: ]f kfmfsntak vbiquftfs fk masn tbebs ibs sntnbs ef mbkstrummnýk y sf ibs mbksnefra uk fqunpb pfsaeb. Cay húitnpifs tahañbs y varnamnbkfs para hbvfr su marda ef hakfra `ámni y f`fmtnva. Fk masn tbebs ibs prbyfmtbs ef mbkstrummnýk sf usak mahnbkfs ef vbiquftf mbkvfkmnbkaifs. 1. Mahnýk ef aimakmf ?. Mahnýk hfzmiaebr =. Mahnýk ef vbiquftf 5. Mahnýk mbhúk 6. Mardaebr `rbktai y pbstfrnbr 0. Ouiiebzfr b knvfiaebra 4. _beniib ef mahnkb 3. Drúa tbrrf >. Knvfiaebra ef rufeas 17. Hnkn knvfiaebra 11. Fxmavaebra 1?. Fxmavaebr

Cay humcbs humcbs btrbs btrbs mbhb mbhb drúas, drúas, rbenii rbeniibs, bs, haknpu haknpuiae iaebrf brfss tfifsmý tfifsmýpnm pnmbs, bs, mahnbk mahnbkfs fs ef inhpnfza, oarrfkefrbs ef maiif, oarrfkefrbs ef knfvf, marrftniias fifvaebras y humcbs btrbs quf sf  pufefk utninzar fk su s u sntnb. ]f efofrá akainzar maea sntnb ef mbkstrummnýk para asfdurarsf ef quf sf usa fi fqunpb pfsaeb mbrrfmtb y ef quf sf haxnhnza su bpframnýk. Fi mbkmfptb quf Kfuvbb (?714), fi oibd vnrtuai ef oúsqufea ef fhpifbs rfiamnbkaebs mbk

 

fi sfmtbr ef ia mbkstrummnýk ef`nkf fi tîrhnkb Bpfraebr ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea mbhb qunfk hakfja fqunpbs utninzaebs fk ia mbkstrummnýk y haktfknhnfktb ef mahnkbs, pufktfs, afrbpufrtbs, bifbeu bif beumtb mtbs, s, dasbeu dasbeumtb mtbs, s, fen`nma fen`nmamnb mnbkfs kfs y efhás efhás boras boras quf nkvbiu nkvbiumrfk mrfk frndnr frndnr fstrumt fstrumtura uras. s. Wbr  haqu ha qunk nkar arna na

pfsa pfsaea ea

efof efof

fktf fktfke kefr frsf sf::

fxma fxmava vaeb ebra ras, s,

kn knvf vfia iaeb ebra ras, s,

pa paia iass

ma mard rdae aebr bras as,,

hbtbknvfi hbtb knvfiaebra aebras, s, drúas, drúas, sbieaebras, sbieaebras, paias tbpaebras tbpaebras `rbktaifs, `rbktaifs, pfr`niaebra pfr`niaebras, s, pavnhfktae pavnhfktaebras, bras, mahnbkfs ef sfrvnmnbs y ef makastniia, fktrf btrbs. Wbr ib dfkfrai, ibs Bpfraebrfs ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea sbk mbktrataebs pbr Jf`fs ef Bora, Mbktratnstas ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea, fktneaefs fkmardaeas ef rfainzar boras púoinmas, asè mbhb fk ia nkeustrna ef fxpibtamný fxpibtamnýk k `brfstai, `brfstai, hnkfra y ef hakfjb ef marda pfsaea. Ias `ukmnbkfs `ukmnbkfs hás mbhukfs ef uk Bpfraebr ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea sbk ias sndunfktfs: ◂

_fainzar rfvnsnbkfs prfvnas ai hakfjb ef ibs fqunpbs y daraktnzar quf ifs sfa rfainzaeb fi haktfknhnfktb mbrrfspbkenfktf (inhpnfza, iuornmamnýk, iifkaeb ef mbhoustnoif, ftm.)

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Vonmar ibs sfrvnmnbs suotfrrákfbs, taifs mbhb fi maoifaeb b tuofrèas, aktfs ef ear nknmnb a muaiqunfr traoajb ef mbkstrummnýk.

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Nkstaiar fqunpbs b mbhpbkfktfs ef ia haqunkarna b ef fstrumturas akfxas.

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Bpfrar

fqunpb pfsaeb hbtbrnzaeb ef hakfra sfdura y f`nmnfktf, atfkenfkeb a ia ifdnsiamnýk y  prbmfenhnfktbs vndfktfs: - Fxmavar, rfhbvfr, mardar y apiakar b aiiakar ia tnfrra, pnferas, drava b muaiqunfr btrb hatfrnai utninzakeb knvfiaebras, fxmavaebras b muaiqunfr btrb tnpb ef haqunkarna  pfsaea quf sfa rfqufrnea. - Nksfrtar mnhnfktbs fk ia tnfrra para usaribs mbhb sbpbrtf ef fen`nmnbs, pufktfs y btras fstrumturas camnfkeb usb efi fqunpb f qunpb rfqufrneb. - Camfr quf ibs makaifs sfak hás prb`ukebs b, pbr fi mbktrarnb, prbmfefr mbk su iifkaeb camnfkeb usb efi fqunpb rfqufrneb. -

Fxtfkefr, fxtfkefr y mbhpamtar mbkmrftb, as`aitb y btrbs hatfrnaifs para supfr`nmnfs,

 

camnfkeb usb ef paias, knvfiaebras y btrbs fqunpbs.

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Fxmavar rbmas y btrbs hatfrnaifs camnfkeb usb ef paias.

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Hbvfr, mardar y efsmardar hatfrnaifs.

_fainzar amtnvneaefs ef haktfknhnfktb y mbkstrummnýk euraktf ibs hbhfktbs fk ibs quf kb fstî bpfrakeb haqunkarna pfsaea: - Nkstaiar y rfparar marrnifs duèa. - Daraktnzar quf ibs iudarfs ef ias boras tfkdak uk haktfknhnfktb y brdaknzamnýk ýptnhbs (rfhbvfr ibs fxmfsbs ef arfka u btrbs hatfrnaifs, mbrtar fi mîspfe y ia haifza). - Asnstnr a ibs mbhpañfrbs ef traoajb fk enstnktas tarfas, taifs mbhb ia marda y efsmarda ef hatfrnaifs, mbbpfrar, ef sfr kfmfsarnb, bpfrar muaiqunfr btrb tnpb ef fqunpb.

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Mbhuknmarif a ibs Jf`fs ef Bora sborf muaiqunfr haktfknhnfktb b rfparamnýk quf sfa kfmfsarnb, fiaobrakeb para fiib nk`brhfs pbr fsmrntb.

Wara ia mbrpbramnýk MAUF_WNIIA_ uk bpfraebr onfk mapamntaeb vaif ia nkvfrsnýk ef mbktratarib, eaeb quf, muakeb uk bpfraebr saof mýhb haxnhnzar ia prbeumtnvneae, ia f`nmnfkmna efi mbhous mbhoustno tnoif if y fvntar fvntar ibs mbstbs mbstbsbs bs tnfhpb tnfhpbss ef nkamtnv nkamtnvnea neae e y qu quf, f, aefhás aefhás,, rfmbkbm rfmbkbmff ia nhpbrtakmna efi prbtbmbib ef nkspfmmnýk enarna y ef sfdurneae fs mapaz ef prbpbrmnbkar vfktajas fk sus rfsuitaebs `nkaifs. Wbr ib dfkfrai, dfkfrai, sf rfqunfrf rfqunfrf quf ibs Bpfraebrfs Bpfraebrfs ef Haqunkarna Haqunkarna Wfsaea Wfsaea tfkdak tfkdak uk hèknhb ef 0 hfsfs a uk añb ef fxpfrnfkmna fk ia nkeustrna ef ia Mbkstrummnýk, aefhás ef mbkbmfr sborf fi hakfjb ef fqunpbs utninzaebs fk fi árfa. Aefhás ef fiib, fs fsfkmnai quf ibs makeneatbs quf sf  pbstuifk para fstf mardb tfkdak mbkbmnhnfktb ef ias ifyfs ef tráksntb vndfktfs, asè mbhb ia ifdnsiamnýk apinmaoif ai áhontb ef ia mbkstrummnýk, fstákearfs ef sfdurneae y saiue iaobrai, asè mbhb ef inmfkmnas y prbmfenhnfktbs para rfainzar aitframnbkfs efi tfrrfkb.

 

Wbr úitnhb, ibs Bpfraebrfs ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea efofk fstar enspufstbs a tfkfr jbrkaeas iaobra iao braifs ifs `ifxnoi `ifxnoifs fs y fk turkbs turkbs kbmtur kbmturkb kbs, s, aefhás aefhás ef traoaj traoajar ar fk tbeb tbeb tnpb tnpb ef mbkenm mbkenmnbk nbkfs fs ahonfktaifs. Ef nduai hbeb, fs `ukeahfktai quf tfkdak pfrhnsb ef mbkeumnr y, ef sfr pbsnoif, uk vfcèmu vfc èmuib ib prbpnb prbpnb,, a `nk ef pb pbefr efr hbvnin hbvninzars zarsff juktb juktb mbk sus cfrrah cfrrahnfkt nfktas as ef traoaj traoajb b ai árfa efsndkaea. Efktrb ef fstf traoajb ef nkvfstndamnýk fi fk`bquf prnkmnpai fs nkeadar fk muaktb ai usb mbrrfmtb ef ia haqunkarna pfsaea fs pbr fsb quf sf mbksnefrý ef suha nhpbrtakmna fi mbksnefrar  fi pfr`ni quf rfqunfrf uk Bpfraebr ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea pufs sbk qunfkfs tnfkf uk mbktamtb enrfmtb mbk tbeas fstas cfrrahnfktas. _ftbhakeb ia nk`brhamnýk ef Kfuvbb (?714) fi pfr`ni quf rfqunfrf uk oufk makeneatb a Bpfraebr ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea fs: ◂

Caonineaefs ef mbhuknmamnýk y vbmamnýk ef sfrvnmnb: - Mb Mbhu hukn knma marsf rsf miara miarahf hfkt ktf, f, takt taktb b ef `b `brh rhaa vf vfro roai ai mb mbhb hb fs fsmrn mrnta ta,, mb mbk k minfk minfktf tfss y mbhpañfrbs ef traoajb< asnhnshb, fstar fk ia mapamneae ef nktfrprftar y utninzar  sfñas. - Inenar ef hakfra mbrtîs mbk fi púoinmb. - If Iffr fr f nk nktf tfrp rprft rftar ar eb ebmu muhf hfkt ktbs bs tîmkn tîmknmb mbs, s, ta taif ifss mb mbhb hb kb kbrh rhas as ef sf sfdu durn rnea eae, e, nkstrummnbkfs ef bpfratnvneae y haktfknhnfktb, fspfmn`nmamnbkfs ef fksahoiajf y hakuaifs ef prbmfenhnfktb. ◂

Brdaknzaeb y mapaz ef hakfjar su tnfhpb f`fmtnvahfktf: - Fstar fk ia mapamneae ef prnbrnzar tarfas y rfspbksaonineaefs mbk fi `nk ef utninzar fi tnfhpb ef hakfra f`nmnfktf aktf uk aitb vbiuhfk ef traoajb. - ]fr mapaz ef traoajar fk varnbs prbyfmtbs a ia vfz fk uk ahonfktf enkáhnmb. Ufkfr ia mapamneae ef iifvar rfdnstrbs eftaiiaebs.

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Mapamneae akaiètnma, caonineae para ia rfsbiumnýk ef prboifhas y tbha ef efmnsnbkfs: Aobrear ias tarfas ef hakfra mbk`naoif y caoninebsa. - Nefktn`nmar avfrèas y ornkear sbiumnbkfs uka vfz quf sfak eftfmtaeas fk ibs fqunpbs.

 

- Ufkfr oufk junmnb. ◂

Atfkmnýk fxmfpmnbkai a ibs eftaiifs y mbktnkub fk`bquf fk ia sfdurneae: - Vtninzar hásmara aktn-pbivb, obtas ef sfdurneae, masmb, ifktfs, prbtfmmnýk auentnva y efhás fqunpb ef prbtfmmnýk pfrsbkai. - Muhpinr mbk ias prámtnmas ef sfdurneae fstaoifmneas (mnfrrf ef ia ukneae, fstamnbkarsf ef hakfra aefmuaea, ftm.) - Wrfvfr muaiqunfr mnrmukstakmna fk ia quf pufea surdnr uk `aiib y aktnmnpar prboifhas  pbtfkmnaifs. - Wrfvfknr ahfkazas y bostámuibs pbtfkmnaifs, taifs mbhb ias ièkfas ef sfrvnmnbs  púoinmbs, btrbs fqunpbs, fqunpbs, traoajaebrfs, y bojftbs fk ia vèa. - Kb fstar enspufstb a tbhar atajbs ef knkdúk tnpb.

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Efstrfza hakuai, mbbrenkamnýk hbtbra y `ufrza `èsnma: - Ufkfr oufkas caonineaefs hakuaifs y ia enspbsnmnýk ef ornkear uk traoajb ýptnhb. Fstar fk ia mapamneae ef hbvninzar y ef ifvaktar uk pfsb aprbxnhaeb ef ?7 lnibdrahbs. - Fstar fk ia mapamneae ef pfrhakfmfr ef pnf, arrbeniiarsf y adamcarsf pbr iardbs  pfrnbebs ef tnfhpb. - ]fktnrsf mýhbeb traoajakeb efsef aituras fifvaeas.

Mbksnefrakeb fstb, y mbk uka oufka fvaiuamnýk a ibs bpfraebrfs ef Haqunkarna pberèak fvntarsf ammnefktfs y pîreneas fk uk prbyfmtb ef bora. Wara MH^L Arquntfmtbs (?7?1) mbksuitar  a uk oufk fqunpb ef traoajb asfdura efjar a uk iaeb ibs frrbrfs fk ia mbkstrummnýk. Fstb sf efof a quf ibs prb`fsnbkaifs fk Arquntfmtura f nkdfknfrèa sf efenmak a piakn`nmar ia bora mbk humca mautfia y prfmnsnýk. Fs efmnr quf: ◂

Ef`nkfk uka fstratfdna y piakn`nmak maea prbmfsb b eftaiif nkcfrfktf a ia bora.

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Fsták ai taktb ef tbebs y maea ukb ef ibs mbkbmnhnfktbs ef ia bora.

 

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]bk mapamf mapamfss ef aktnmn aktnmnpar parsf sf a mnfrtb mnfrtbss ambktf ambktfmnhn mnhnfkt fktbs bs b sntuamnb sntuamnbkfs kfs eurakt euraktff fi  prbmfsb ef mbkstrummnýk. Fstb rfeumnrá ibs tnfhpbs ef traoajb y tf ayueará a rfspftar tu prfsupufstb.

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_fainzarák iaobrfs ef bptnhnzamnýk ef prbmfsbs, asè mbhb ef sfdunhnfktb y mbktrbi  para daraktnzar quf tbeb sf fstî iifvakeb a maob satns`amtbrnahfktf

Uahonîk fs nhpbrtaktf tbhar fk mufkta quf, aukquf parfmfr a prnhfra vnsta sfkmniib y quf, mbk uk pbmb ef sfktneb mbhúk y aprftar ukbs obtbkfs, muaiqunfra pberèa hakfjar uka haqunkarna pfsaea. Ia sfdurneae y uk fxmfifktf hakfjb ef ia háqunka sbk ebs aspfmtbs a tfkfr  fk hfktf fk fi hbhfktb ef mbktratar ai hfjbr bpfraebr ef haqunkarna pfsaea b para prftfkefr  fjfrmfr mbhb tai. Wara ia fhprfsa mbibhonaka ef vfkta ef haqunkarna pfsaea KFTHAK fs `ukeahfktai quf uk Bpfraebr ef Haqunkarna Wfsaea rfúka ibs sndunfktfs mrntfrnbs, pufs mbk fiibs asfdura uk rfkenhnfktb ýptnhb y ia háxnha sfdurneae fk ia bora. - _fainzar ias mbhprboamnbkfs prfvnas ai usb, f`fmtuar ias tarfas rutnkarnas ef haktfknhnfktb ef haqunkarna pfsaea y asfdurarsf ef quf fi fqunpb sf usa ef hakfra sfdura y f`nmnfktf, sndunfkeb ias kbrhas y ibs prbmfenhnfktbs aefmuaebs. - Mbkeumnr ia haqunkarna pfsaea y hakfjar sus snstfhas para mardar, efspiazar, fxmavar, fxtfkefr, knvfiar envfrsbs hatfrnaifs y para frndnr b efhbifr fstrumturas. - ]aofr nktfrprftar ia snhobibdèa ef haqunkarna pfsaea. - Nkstaiar ibs ammfsbrnbs kfmfsarnbs para ia rfainzamnýk ef enstnktbs tnpbs ef boras. - Eftfmtar ibs snstfhas suotfrrákfbs mbhb tuofrèas b maoifaeb fiîmtrnmb aktfs ef rfainzar tarfas ef fxmavamnýk. - Asfdurarsf ef quf ia zbka ef traoajb fstî efspfjaea y sfa `ukmnbkai. - Wrfstar ayuea y asnstfkmna a sus mbhpañfrbs ef traoajb fk ia rfainzamnýk ef sus tarfas fk sntuamnbkfs quf ib rfqunfrak.

 

- Camfr Camfr fi sfdunh sfdunhnfk nfktb tb ef su háqunk háqunkaa (mbhp (mbhpift iftake akeb b nk`brh nk`brhfs fs fsmrntb fsmrntbs) s) y kbtn`n kbtn`nmar mar ai mbktrat mbk tratnst nstaa ef ia kfmfsne kfmfsneae ae ef rfainza rfainzarr uk haktfk haktfknhn nhnfkt fktb b ef haqunk haqunkarn arnaa pfsaea pfsaea hás fxcaustnvb.

Wara fjfrmfr mbhb bpfraebr ef haqunkarna pfsaea, fs kfmfsarnb quf ia pfrsbka enspbkda ef uka sfrnf ef amrfentamnbkfs. Wrnhfrb, botfkfr ia inmfkmna E. Fsta inmfkmna para mbkeumnr  haqunkarna pfsaea if pfrhntf hakfjar tramtbrfs, sfhoraebras, paias mardaebras, apiakaebras, drúas, hbtbknvfia hbtbknvfiaebras, ebras, rftrbfxmavaeb rftrbfxmavaebras, ras, traèiias y btras háqunkas. háqunkas. Wara fiib, if sfrá kfmfsarnb botfkfr fi mfrtn`nmaeb efi Mursb ef uka Fsmufia ef Mbkeumtbrfs, b ef uka Fhprfsa quf amrfentf ibs mbkbmnhnfktbs tfýrnmbs y prámtnmbs fk fi hakfjb ef vfcèmuibs b haqunkarna pfsaea, fktrf ias mu muai aifs fs sf fk fkmu mufk fktr trak: ak: A]BH A]BHAW AW (Asb (Asbmn mnam amný nýk k Ef Bpfra Bpfraeb ebrf rfss ef Haqu Haqunk nkar arna na Wf Wfsa saea ea fk Mbibhona) Mbib hona),, MFHAQVN, MFHAQVN, MAUF_WNII MAUF_WNIIA_, A_, Fhadnstfr Fhadnstfr (Obdbtá), (Obdbtá), NKBPAM, NKBPAM, UFM]VW, UFM]VW, NMNMAM NMNMAM (Hîxnmb) Cay uka ify mbibhonaka ia muai fstnpuia quf fsta inmfkmna pufef sfr mbkmfenea a ias  pfrsbkas ef mbhb hèknhb 13 añbs y quf sbk s bk mapamfs ef iffr y fsmrnonr. Aefhás, ia inmfkmna ef mb mbke keum ummn mnýk ýk vf vfkm kmff ma maea ea 0 añ añbs bs pb pbrr ib qu quff if sf sfrá rá kf kfmf mfsar sarnb nb rfkbv rfkbvar ar su am amrfe rfent ntamn amnýk ýk mb mbk k  pfrnbenmneae. Wbr btrb iaeb, sf sufif pfenr fktrf ibs rfqunsntbs ef fhpifb quf fi makeneatb sfa  prb`fsnbkai ef Nkdfknfrèa hfmáknma, quf tfkda mbhpiftaeb ibs fstuenbs f stuenbs ef sfmukearna, b quf sfa tîmknmb hfmáknmb fk haqunkarna adrèmbia. Fk aidukbs masbs, sf pnef tahonîk ias inmfkmnas M? y M= quf sf mbrrfspbkefk a ia autbrnzamnýk para mbkeumnr mahnbkfs b autbousfs ef sfrvnmnbs  púoinmbs.

Ibss bpfr Ib bpfrae aebr brfs fs ef fqun fqunpb pbss pfsa pfsaeb ebss sbk sbk dfkf dfkfra raih ihfk fktf tf fhpi fhpifa faeb ebss pb pbrr mb mbkt ktra ratn tnst stas as ef mbkstrummnýk, pfrb tahonîk pufefk sfr mbktamtaebs enrfmtahfktf pbr efpartahfktbs ef boras  púoinmas, mbhpañèas pftrbifras, fhprfsas haefrfras b mbhpañèas ef dfstnýk ef pufrtbs y ibs rfqunsntbs quf sufifk fxndnr fstas fhprfsas a ia cbra ef mbktratar a su pfrsbkai sbk:

 

Fk ia haybrèa ef ibs masbs, ibs fhpifaebrfs rfqunfrfk quf ibs makeneatbs tfkdak uk

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hèknhb ef ? a = añbs ef fxpfrnfkmna fk fi sfmtbr ef ia mbkstrummnýk, nkmiunebs 1 a ? añbs mbhb bpfraebr ef haqunkarna pfsaea. ◂

 Kb bostaktf, aidukas fhprfsas prf`frnrák traoajaebrfs mbk casta 6 añbs ef fxpfrnfkmna, nkmiunebs = a 6 añbs euraktf ibs muaifs caorák hakfjaeb fqunpbs ef mbkstrummnýk y ? añbs sbhftnebs a en`frfktfs mbkenmnbkfs minhátnmas. Cay quf rfmbrear quf uk prb`fsnbkai efi sfmtbr tnfkf quf traoajar fk fi fxtfrnbr tbeb fi añb, ib quf sndkn`nma quf fstará fxpufstbs a ias mbkenmnbkfs ahonfktaifs hás aevfrsas.

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Wbr btrb iaeb, aefhás ef ia inmfkmna y ia `brhamnýk fstnpuiaea fk fi puktb aktfrnbr, sf  pfenrák mbkbmnhnfktbs oásnmbs ef hfmáknma dfkfrai y uka oufka enspbknonineae para vnajar.

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Wbr úitnhb, fs oufkb saofr quf ibs bpfraebrfs ef fqunpbs pfsaebs sbk a hfkueb iiahaebs a traoajar `ufra efi cbrarnb kbrhai ef b`nmnka, nkmiusb fk cbrarnb kbmturkbs. Fi traoajb quf rfainza uk bpfraebr ef haqunkarna pfsaea efktrb ef ia mbkstrummnýk fs

`ukeahfktai dramnas a fsas drakefs cfrrahnfktas y a qunfkfs ias saofk hakfjar fs quf a ib iardb ef ibs añbs cak pbeneb sainr aefiaktf drakefs maktneaefs ef prbyfmtbs ef mbkstrummnýk. Fs pbr  fsb quf kb pufef efjarsf fk sfdukeb piakb ia prfparamnýk y mbkstaktf fvaiuamnýk efi efsfhpfñb ef fstbs bpfraebrfs. Efktrb ef fstf ebmuhfktb sf prftfkef mbktnkuar nkvfstndakeb hás rfspfmtb a ia `ukmnýk y ibs mbkbmnhnfktbs quf uk bpfraebr rfqunfrf para sfr uk traoajaebr mbhpftfktf efktrb efi sfmtbr ef ia mbkstrummnýk.