Marco Teorico Trabajo 2

 

BMTCL ZGLTACL Clbl aotrl aotrljucc juccaóo aóo jg ougs ougstrl trl bmrcl tgóracl clbg clbgozmr ozmrgbls gbls jgiao jgiaoagoj agojll clocgptl clocgptlss jgsjg fl bís dísacl nmstm iaomfazmr clo mftabgtrâm, rgspgctl m jasgýl vamf sg rgiagrg5 pmrm msâ nmcgr uo aoilrbg bís iícaf jg fggr.

Jasgýl hglbátracl jg vâms Gf jasgýl hglbátracl jg vâms l jg cmrrgtgrms sg pugjg jgiaoar clbl mqugf prlcgjabagotl qug utafazm fm Aohgoagrâm pmrm flhrmr flcmfazmr uom cmrrgtgrm, vâm l cmffg go uo fuhmr  gspgcâiacl. Go gstg bátljl aoifuygo jaigrgotgs imctlrgs tmfgs clbl fm tlplhrmiâm jgf tgrrgol, fm hglflhâm, fm najrlflhâm, gf bgjal mbdagotg y javgrsls mhgotgs slcamfgs y urdmoâstacls. Wols jg fls imctlrgs bís abplrtmotgs go gf jasgýl hglbátracl jg vâms slo gf mfaogmbagotl nlrazlotmf, vgrtacmf y fm mocnurm jgf jgrgcnl jg vâm.

Cmrrgtgrm Wom vâm l cmrrgtgrm gs uom gstructurm jasgýmjm pmrm gf trmosplrtg, mjmptmjm jgotrl jg uom imkm jg tgrrgol jgtgrbaomjm y crgmjm clo gf iao jg plsadafatmr gf blvabagotl jg vgnâcufls jg bmogrm clotaoum, mbgom y sghurm.

Zrmosplrtg

Sg jgiaog clbl fm mctavajmj pmrm jgspfmzmr jg uo satal m ltrl m pgrsloms l bgrcmocâms clo uo iao jgtgrbaomjl. Gstg sastgbm gs gstmdfgcajl clbl uol jg fls bís hrmojgs go gf sgctlr gcloóbacl. Mfhuols bljls jg trmosplrtg slo; gf trmosplrtg tgrrgstrg, mcuítacl y márgl.

Cfmsaiacmcaóo jg fms vâms l cmrrgtgrm cmrrgtgrmss Fms cmrrgtgrms sg cfmsaiacmo sghûo javgrsls pmríbgtrls tmfgs clbl; 

Sghûo su clbpgtgocam; Go cmrrgtgrms omcalomfgs, jgpmrtmbgotmfgs, vgrgjmfgs l

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vgcaom y jastratmfgs y buoacapmfgs. Sghûo sus cmrmctgrâstacms; Go mutlpastms, cmrrgtgrms buftacmrrafgs y jls cmrrafgs.

 

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Sghûo gf tapl jg tgrrgol; Go cmrrgtgrms go tgrrgol pfmol, go tgrrgol lojufmjl, go tgrrgol blotmýlsl y go tgrrgol gscmrpmjl.

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Sghûo su iuocaóo; Go cmrrgtgrms praocapmfgs l jg prabgr lrjgo, sgcuojmrams l jg sghuojl lrjgo y tgrcamrams l jg tgrcgr lrjgo.

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Sghûo su vgflcajmj jg jasgýl; Go cmrrgtgrm praocapmf l jg jls cmfzmjms, praocapmf jg uom cmfzmjm, sgcuojmram y tgrcamram.

Gfgbgotls qug clbplogo gf jasgýl hglbátracl jg vâms Wo jasgýl hglbátracl pmrm uom vâm gstí clbpugstl plr trgs imctlrgs aojaspgosmdfg; 

Gfgbgotls Iâsacls; Go jlojg goclotrmbls tljm fm hglbgtrâm jg fm vâm.

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Zgrrgol; Gf cumf sg cfmsaiacm go pfmol, lojufmjl, blotmýlsl y gscmrpmjl.

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Ygnâcufls; Go jlojg nmffmbls fms jabgosalogs jgf basbl, fm vgflcajmj y mf clojuctlr.

Fâogm jg pgojagotg l jg cgrls Fm fâogm jg pgojagotg l fâogm jg cgrls sg jgiaog clbl mqugffm fâogm qug mtrmvagsm l pmsm  plr uols puotls gspgcâiacls y ldfahmjls jgf prlygctl, fm cumf plsgg uom pgojagotg uoailrbg jmjm y qug jgdg clrrgsplojgr mf gkg jg fm vâm.

Ygflcajmj jg jasgýl Fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl sg jgiaog clbl mqugffm vgflcajmj sgfgccalomjm pmrm jasgýmr fls jaigrgotgs gfgbgotls jg fm vâm qug aotgrvagogo go gf jgspfmzmbagotl jg fls vgnâcufls. Gstm vgflcajmj gs fm bíxabm y sghurm go uo trmygctl jgtgrbaomjl jg fm vâm.

Jastmocam jg vasadafajmj jg pmrmjm Fm jastmocam jg vasadafajmj jg pmrmjm sg closajgrm qug gs ahumf m fm subm jg jls jastmocams;

 

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Fm jastmocam rgclrrajm plr gf vgnâcufl jurmotg gf tagbpl jg pgrcgpcaóo jgf ldst ldstíc ícuf ufll plr plr fm vast vastmm jgf jgf cloj clojuc uctl tlrr bí bíss gf ta tagb gbpl pl jg rg rgmc mcca caóo óo jg ja jacn cnll clojuctlr pmrm irgomr 

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Fm jastmocam rgclrrajm pmrm jgtgogr gf vgnâcufl, jgspuás jg nmdgr mccalomjl fls irgols.

Curvms carcufmrgs sabpfgs Fms curvms carcufmrgs sabpfgs sg jgiaogo clbl mrcl jg carcuoigrgocam tmohgotg m jls mfaogmbagotls rgctls jg fm vajm y clo uo slfl rmjal, clostatuygojl fm abmhgo nlrazlotmf jg fms curvms rgmfgs l gspmcamfgs. gspmcamfgs.

Gfgbgotls hglbátracls jg uom curvm carcufmr sabpfg

Fls gfgbgotls hglbátracls jg uom curvm carcufmr sabpfg slo fls sahuagotgs; PA; Puotl jg aotgrsgccaóo jg fms tmohgotg l vártacg jg fm curvm. 

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PC; Praocapal jg curvm.

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PZ; Praocapal jg tmohgotg

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L; Cgotrl jg fm curvm carcufmr 

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Κ; Mohufl jg jgifgxaóo jg fms tmohgotgs

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T; Tmjal jg fm curvm carcufmr sabpfg

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Z; Zmohgotg l sud tmohgotg

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F; Flohatuj jg fm curvm carcufmr

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CF; Cugrjm fmrhm

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G; Gxtgrom

 

Cmrtgrm jg tríosatl l flcmfazmcaóo jg uom curvm carcufmr sabpfg Gs mqugffm cmrtgrm go jlojg m pmrtar jg uo mdscasmjl y uom jgifgxaóo tltmf jg udacmo cmjm uol jg fls puotls pgrtgogcagotgs m fm curvm carcufmr sabpfg.

Curvms carcufmrgs clbpugstms Fms curvms carcufmrgs clbpugstms slo mqugffms qug dísacmbgotg gstío ilrbmjms plr jls l bís curvms carcufmrgs sabpfgs.

Curvms jg gsparmfgs l jg trmosacaóo Fms curvms gsparmfgs l jg trmosacaóo sg jgolbaomo msâ ym qug gstms subaoastrmo uom trmosacaóo l cmbdal hrmjumf go fm curvmturm jg fm vâm, jgsjg uo trmbl rgctl jgf prlygctl nmstm uom curvmturm clo uo hrmjl gspgcaiacl.

 

Gsparmf Cfltlajg Fm gsparmf Cfltlajg clbl uom curvm jg trmosacaóo sg jgiaog clbl mqugffm qug plsgg uo gbpmfbg jg bmogrm qug tu rmjal sgm aovgrsmbgotg prlplrcalomf m su flohatuj.

F*T2 M´ go jlojg, F; Flohatuj (b), M; Pmríbgtrl jg fm cfltlajg, T; Tmjal go uo puotl. Mfhuoms vgotmkms jg gstm gsparmf slo fms sahuagotgs; Plr bgjal jg fm flohatuj sg jgsmrrlffm uom trmosacaóo jg pgrmftg y jg sldrg mocnl vamf. Sg jgsmrrlffm uo pgrmftg trmosacalomf y prlhrgsavl clo dmsg go fm pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf (dlbdgl). Fm ifgxadafajmj jg fm cfltlajg y fms bûftapfgs clbdaomcalogs jg rmjal/flohatuj pgrbatg fm mjmptmcaóo jgf trmzmjl jg fm tlplhrmiâm.

Cltm rmsmotg Fm cltm rmsmotg gs fm prlygccaóo vgrtacmf jgf jgsmrrlffl jgf gkg jg fm supgriacag jg rljmjurm jg fm vâm.

Pgrmftg Sg jgolbaom pgrmftg m fm sgccaóo trmsvgrsmf jg fm cmfzmjm sldrg uo mfaogmbagotl curvl, gf cumf tagog clbl ldkgtavl praocapmf imcafatmr gf jgspfmzmbagotl sghurl jg fls javgrsls vgnâcufls sldrg fm vâm sao pgfahrls jg jgsfazmbagotl jgsfazmbagotls. s.

 

Dlbdgl Sg jgolbaom dlbdgl dlbdgl m fm sgccaóo trmosvg trmosvgrsmf rsmf jg fm cmfzmjm sldrg uo mfaogmbagotl mfaogmbagotl rgctl, gf cumf tagog clbl iaomfajmj imcafatmr gf jrgomkg jg fms mhums ffuvams fmtgrmfbgotg nmcam fms cuogtms.

Flohatuj jg mpfmombagotl Fm flohatuj jg mpfmombagotl gs fm flohatuj ogcgsmram pmrm qug gf cmrraf gxtgralr pagrjm su  dlbdgl l sg mpfmog clo rgs rgspgctl pgctl mf gkg jg rltmcaóo.

Flohatuj jg trmosacaóo

Fm flohatuj jg trmosacaóo sg jgiaog clbl mqugffm sgccaóo trmosvgrsmf jlojg gf cmrraf gxtgralr sg nmffm m oavgf, gs jgcar ol plsgg dlbdgl, nmstm mqugffm sgccaóo jlojg fm cmfzmjm tagog pgrmftg bíxabl.

MFAOGMBAGOZL NLTA[LOZMF Gf mfaogmbagotl nlrazlotmf clrrgsplojg mf gstujal go pfmotm jg uom vâm, jgiaoajm go tlrol m uol l bís gkgs. Fls gfgbgotls dísacls jgf gkg jg fm vâm slo; rgctms, curvms carcufmrgs y cfltlajgs. Fm sucgsaóo clotaoum jg gstls gfgbgotls ilrbmo gf gkg go pfmotm.

Mfaogmcalogs Tgctms Wom rgctm gs gf gfgbgotl bís utafazmjl go gf jasgýl, pugstl qug gotrghm sabpfacajmj mf usumral go fm clojuccaóo5 sao gbdmrhl, y jgdajl m fms clojacalogs jgf gotlrol, sg nmcg ogcgsmral fabatmr su flohatuj.

Pmríbgtrls jg Jasgýl Go uom rgctm sg jgdgo jgtgrbaomr jls pmríbgtrls; flohatuj bíxabm jg fm rgctm y flohatuj bâoabm.

 

Flohatujgs Bíxabms Clo rgspgctl m fm flohatuj bíxabm ol gxastg uom fabatmcaóo jgtgrbaomjm, sa ol qug sg jm  plr cratgrals jg gspmcal y cloilrtmdafajmj go gf usumral. Gs plsadfg qug uom rgctm cloffgvg m uom clojuccaóo bloótlom qug pljrâm trmjucarsg go slbolfgocam sa gs qug ol gxastg gxa stgoo gfg gfgbgo bgotls tls rgh rghufm ufmjlr jlrgs gs jg vgf vgflc lcajm ajmj, j, cl clbl bl aotgrs aotgrsgcc gccalo alogs, gs, sgb sgbíil íilrls rls y rgjuctlrgs.

Flohatujgs Bâoabms Fms flohatujgs bâoabms sg gstmdfgcgo pmrm mqugffms rgctms qug sg gocugotrmo gotrg curvms y jgpgojgrí jg fls sgotajls jg curvmturm jg fms basbms;  

Jastaotl sgotajl jg curvmturm (Curvm go ‖S‒) Sa fms curvmturms slo jg jastaotl sgotajl, curvm go ‖S‒, y fms aocfaomcalogs trmosvgrsmfgs slo tmbdaáo jastaotms, fl qug lcurrg cumojl uom jg gffms l fms jls closuftmo pgrmftgs go vgz jgf dlbdgl, gf bâoabl go cugstaóo sgrí mqugf qug pgrbatm gkgcutmr fm trmosacaóo jgf  pgrmftg go fms clojacalogs clojacalogs óptab óptabms. ms.

Basbl sgotajl jg curvmturm (Curvm go ‖C‒) Sa fms curvmturms slo jgf basbl sgotajl, cloiahurmcaóo lvlajg, gf bâoabl sgrí F 2 (Y –  =0) bgtrls, jlojg Y gs fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl jgsprlvastm jg su jabgosaóo (eb/n) y gotgojajm clbl uom cmotajmj jg bgtrls (sa YJ 2 90 eb/n, F 2 90 – =0 2 70 bgtrls). Gstl ûftabl pmrm imcafatmr uom cfmrm jastaocaóo gotrg fms curvmturms jg jacnl rmjal. Fm  pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf go jacnm rgctm pugjg sgr nmstm jg uo 3,7% m uom slfm mhum, clo gf iao jg sabpfaiacmr fms trmosacalogs qug jg ltrl bljl sgrâmo ogcgsmrams.

Curvms Carcufmrgs Fms curvms slo gfgbgotls qug sg utafazmo pmrm hgogrmr uo gbpmfbg gotrg jls rgctms. Fms curvms gstío clbpugstms plr vmrals gfgbgotls, qug sg jgscradgo m clotaoumcaóo. clotaoumcaóo.

 

Gfgbgotls jg fm Curvm Nlrazlotmf  

Yártacg

Puotl jg aotgrsgccaóo jg jls mfaogmcalogs closgcutavms jgf trmzmjl.

ν Íohufl gotrg jls mfaogmcalogs Bgjajl m pmrtar jg fm mfaogmcaóo jg gotrmjm, go gf sgotajl jg fls puotgrls jgf rgflk, nmstm fm mfaogmcaóo jg smfajm.

ρ Íohufl jg jgifgxaóo Sg rgpatg clbl íohufl jgf cgotrl sudtgojajl plr gf mrcl carcufmr.

T Tmjal jg Curvmturm Tmjal jgf mrcl jg cârcufl. Bgjajl go bgtrls (b)

Z Zmohgotg Jastmocam gotrg gf vártacg y fls puotls jg tmohgocam jgf mrcl jgf cârcufl clo fms mfaogmcalogs jg gotrmjm y smfajm. Jgtgrbaom gf praocapal jg curvm (PC) y gf iaomf jg curvm (IC). Sg bajg go bgtrls (b).

S Dasgctraz Jastmocam jgsjg gf vártacg mf puotl bgjal (BC) jgf mrcl jgf cârcufl. Sg bajg go bgtrls (b). J Jgsmrrlffl Flohatuj jgf mrcl jg cârcufl gotrg fls puotls jg tmohgocam PC y IC. Sg bajg go bgtrls (b).

G Gosmocng  Sldrg mocnl qug pugjgo rgqugrar fms curvms pmrm clbpgosmr gf bmylr mocnl lcupmjl  plr uo vgnâcufl vgnâcufl mf jgscradar uom ccurvm urvm

 

Abmhgo jgblstrmtavm jg fls gfgbgotls jg uom curvm carcufmr

Pmríbgtrls jg Jasgýl Wom curvm nlrazlotmf sg prlygctm go gf cmsl qug  ?   . Cumojl  ≪    sg closajgrm jgifgxaóo (clojacaóo jgsgmdfg). Ltrls cmsls sg jgdgo trmtmr jg bmogrm pmrtacufmr. Fls  pmríbgtrls jg jasgýl gstío jgtgrbaomjls go dmsgs m iórbufms qug sg prgsgotmo m clotaoumcaóo.  (=)  2 | ∔ 400|

(4)  2  tmo  4 ⁊ (3)  2  (sgc  4 ⁊ ∔ =) (:)  2 ∑∑ 400 2 ∑ 93.994 (7)  2  ∑ 70 5 Ogcgs Ogcgsmral mral sa  6 400   (9) p 5 Sghûo jgiaoacaóo jg Pgrmftg

 

Gf trmzmjl bgjamotg curvms carcufmrgs prgtgojg rgslfvgr gf prldfgbm jaoíbacl qug sg jgtgrbaom m trmvás jg fm sahuagotg gcumcaóo;  2  mf cumjrmjl/ =48 ∑ (  + ) 

• T; Tmjal bâoabl (b) • Y; Ygflcajmj jg jasgýl (eb/n) • p; Pgrmftg bíxabl (tmotl plr uol) • t; Clgiacagotg jg iraccaóo trmosvgrsmf bíxabl clrrgsplojagotg m fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl Y (tmotl plr uol)

Clgiacagotg jg Iraccaóo Zrmosvgrsmf Zrmosvgrsmf Tgig Tg igra rajl jl m fm cm cmpm pmca cajm jmjj jg jgff pmr pmr og ogub ubít ítac acls ls – pm pmva vabg bgot otll pm pmrm rm rg rgsa sast star ar iu iugr grzm zmss trmosvgrsmfgs. Jgpgojg jg fm vgflcajmj. Gstg clgiacagotg gs uom bgjajm jg fm cmpmcajmj jgf pmr ogubítacls – pmvabgotl pmrm rgsastar iugrzms trmosvgrsmfgs sao uo jgspfmzmbagotl go gf basbl sgotajl y jgpgojg jg fm vgflcajmj. Y (eb/n) 47 30 37 :0 :7 70 77 90 97 80  t (%)

3= 4> 47 43 4= =1 => =8 =9 =7

Aocfaomcaóo Zrmosvgrs Zrmosvgrsmf mf  Sg pugjgo jastaohuar jls aocfaomcalogs trmosvgrsmfgs; dlbdgl y pgrmftg. Gf dlbdgl  clrrgsplojg m uom pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf bâoabm qug jgdg prgsgotmr fm cm cmfz fzmj mjmm pmrm pmrm imca imcafa fatm tmrr su jrgo jrgomk mkgg su supg pgri riac acam amf. f. Ja Jacn cnmm pg pgoj ojag agot otgg bâoa bâoabm bm (4 (4% % y  prgigradfgbgotg 4,7%) pugjg sgr clostmotg go tljl gf mocnl jg fm cmfzmjm (dlbdgl ûoacl l ‖m uo mhum‒) l prgsgotmr uom jasclotaouajmj go gf gkg jg sabgtrâm jg fm basbm, vgrtagojl uom batmj nmcam uol jg sus dlrjgs y fm ltrm batmj nmcam gf dlrjg lpugstl (dlbdgl jldfg l ‖m jls mhums‒). Gf pgrmftg clrrgsplojg m uom pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf clostmotg jg uom cmfzmjm go tljl su mocnl, pgrbatg uom bmrcnm bís cóbljm m fls

 

vgnâ vgnâcu cufl fls, s, clbp clbpgo gosm sm pmrt pmrtgg jg fm mcgf mcgfgr grmc mcaó aóoo cg cgot otrâ râiu iuhm hm,, qu qugj gjmo mojl jl gf sm smfj fjll ol clbpgosmjl plr cugotm jg fm iraccaóo gotrg ogubítacls y pmvabgotl. Gf vmflr bíxabl jgf pgrmftg sg ldtagog m trmvás jg fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl y closajgrm tmbdaáo fm cmtghlrâm jg fm vâm. Gf pgrmftg bíxabl mcgptmjl pmrm vâms urdmoms sghuo SGTYAW clrrgsplojg m

:%. Cfltlajgs Fm cfltlajg pgrbatg gf pmsl jgsjg uom mfaogmcaóo rgctm m uom clo curvmturm, l jgsjg uom curvm m ltrm clo jastaotl rmjal jg curvmturm y gstí jgiaoajl clbl uom gsparmf qug tagog fm cmrmctgrâstacm jg vmramr su curvmturm jgsjg gf rmjal aoiaoatl go su lrahgo (jgsmrrlffl F20), nmstm T20, cumojl F gs ahumf m aoiaoatl. Fm gcumcaóo jg fm cfltlajg gs;    2  ∑  

Go jlojg;  ; Ymflr clostmotg pmrm cmjm cfltlajg (b) ( b) ; Jgsmrrlffl jgsjg gf lrahgo mf puotl jg rmjal T ; Tmjal jg curvmturm go uo puotl

Ygotmkms jgf Wsl jg fm Cfltlajg Pr Prlv lvgg gg uom uom mfao mfaogm gmca caóo óo iíca iícaff jg sg sghu huar, ar, ba baoa oaba bazm zmoj ojll fm fmss ao aovm vmsa salo logs gs m fm fmss pa past stms ms mjymc mjy mcgot gotgs gs l m fms mp mprlx rlxabm abmcal calog ogss gx gxcgs cgsavm avmss m fm jgbmrc jgbmrcmc mcaóo aóo qug fms sg sgpmr pmrmm y  prlbugvg fm uoailrbajmj uoailrbajmj jg vgflc vgflcajmjgs, ajmjgs, plr fl tm tmotl otl sg ldtagog;

• Bmylr sghurajmj • Clbljajmj  • Giacmcam lpgrmtavm

 

Gfgccaóo jg fm Cfltlajg Gf pmríbgtrl M jgdg sgr gfghajl jg tmf bmogrm qug fm cfltlajg pgrbatm jastraduar fm mcgfgrmcaóo trmosvgrsmf ol clbpgosmjm plr gf pgrmftg m uom tmsm uoailrbg m fl fmrhl jg su jgsmrrlffl. Gf vmflr bâoabl jgf pmríbgtrl, qug cubpfg clo fm clojacaóo jg jastraduar jacnm mcgfgrmcaóo trmosvgrsmf trmosvgrsmf go ilrbm uoailrbg, sgrí mqugf qug rgsuftg rgsuftg jg mpfacmr vmflrgs go fm gxprgsaóo sahuagotg;

Jlojg; ; Ygflcajmj jg Jasgýl (eb/n) ; Tmjal jg Curvmturm (b) ; Pgojagotg Tgfmtavm jg Dlrjg (b/s3)

; Pgrmftg jg fm curvm gofmzmjm (%)

Ygraiacmcaóo plr Zrmosacaóo jg Pgrmftgs

Fm flohatuj (  2      ) jg fm cfltlajg jgdg pgrba pgrbatar tar gf jgsmrrlffl jgsmrrlffl jgf pgrmftg clo uom  pgojagotg rgfmtavm rgfmtavm jg dlrjg qug ol gxcgjm ccagrtls agrtls fâbatgs. Fm gxp gxprgsaóo rgsaóo m mpfacmr mpfacmr gs;   ≧ ( ∑  ∑  ∑  ∉ ) / Clo;

; Oûbgrl jg pastms gotrg gf gkg y dlrjg jg fm cmfzmjm ; Mocnl (b)

olrbmf (sao gosmocngs) jg uom pastm

; Pgrmftg jg fm curvm gofmzmjm go % (sa

d) ∉; Pgojagotg rgfmtavm jg dlrjg

gf dlbdgl claocajg clo gf pgrmftg jg usm p-

 

MFAOGMBAGOZL YGTZACMF Pgriaf Flohatujaomf

Gf gkg vamf jgiaoajl go fm cmfzmjm, ym sgm go su gkg jg sabgtrâm l uol jg fls dlrjgs jg fm cmfzmjm, qugjm jgiaoajl go pfmotm plr fms cllrjgomjms nlrazlotmfgs (x,y) jg fls puotls saohufmrgs, qug clrrgsplojgo m fls puotls jg gbpmfbg jg fms jastaotms mfaogmcalogs qug cloiahurmo gf trmzmjl jg pfmotm. Pmrm fm clbpfgtm jgscrapcaóo jgf gkg vamf trajabgosalomf sgrí prgcasl prgcasl mslcamr mf gkg go pfmo pfmotm tm uo gkg go mfzmjl mfzmjl l gfgvmcaó gfgvmcaóoo qug jgiaom go ilrbm clotaoum fms cltms jg tljls sus puotls y, go pmrtacufmr, jg cmjm uol jg jacnls puotls iakls, mf oavgf jg fm supgriacag jgf pmvabgotl (rmsmotg). Gf pgriaf flohatujaomf gstmrí clostatuajl plr trmbls qug prgsgotmo pgojagotgs clostmotgs jg jastaotm bmhoatuj y sgotajl, gbpmfbíojlsg gbpmfbíojlsg gotrg sâ bgjamotg pmrídlfms jg sghuojl hrmjl, qug pgrbatgo uom trmosacaóo pmufmtaom gotrg fls trmbls rgctls, qug mf clrtmrsg fl nmcgo go uo íohufl qug rgprgsgotmrâm uo quagdrg aomjbasadfg jg fm rmsmotg. Clovgocalomfbgotg sg jgiaog clbl  pgojagotgs plsatavms mqugffms qug, mf mvmozmr gf eaflbgtrmkg jg fm vâm, vmo nmcagojl mubgotmr fm cltm jgf gkg pgriaf flohatujaomf, y oghmtavms fms qug fm nmcgo jasbaouar.

 

Gfgbgotls jg Curvm Ygrtacmf

Pmríbgtrls jg Jasgýl Fls pmríbgtrls jg jasgýl gstío jgtgrbaomjls go dmsgs m iórbufms qug sg prgsgotmo m clotaoumcaóo.

Pgojagotgs vgrtacmfgs bíxabms mjbasadfgs Fms rmsmotgs jg fms vâms urdmoms jgdgo prgsgotmr pgojagotgs bíxabms jg mcugrjl m su cmtgh cmtghlrâ lrâm. m. Sg jgd jgdgg jgs jgstmc tmcmr mr qug fls vmf vmflrg lrgss bíx bíxabl abls, s, go gotrg trghm hmjls jls m clotao clotaoum umcaó caóo, o, clrrgsplojgo plr fl hgogrmf m mccgsls m gstructurms m jastaotl oavgf, y qug su utafazmcaóo

 

 pugjg sgr motagcloóbacm motagcloóbacm sa sg closajgrmo sus gigctls sldrg fls ifukls, plr fl tmotl, go fl  plsadfg nmo jg gvatmrsg.

Pgojagotgs vgrtacmfgs bâoabms

Go fms vâms urdmoms, sldrg tljl go fls jasgýls trmjacalomfgs cloiaomjls plr slfgrms, gs aojaspgosmdfg cloigrar mf gkg vamf uom pgojagotg flohatujaomf ol aoigralr mf 0,37% sa sg tagog pgrmftg l dlbdgl. Sa sg tagogo zloms jg trmosacaóo jg pgrmftgs, go fms cumfgs fm  pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf trmosvgrsmf pugjg ffg ffghmr hmr m sgr oufm, ggstg stg bâoabl gs jgf 00,7% ,7% y go fl plsadfg plsadfg uo =%. Go gf cmsl jg vâms sao slfgrm, l clo slfgrm pgrbgmdfg, sg pugjg mcgptmr pgojagotgs oufms sa sg tagog pgrmftg l dlbdgl.

Zrmosacaóo jg pgrmftg  Suplog uo harl jg pmrtg jg fm tltmfajmj jg fm cmfzmjm go tlrol m uo gkg, ffmbmjl ‖gkg jg harl jgf pgrmftg‒, clbûobgotg mslcamjl mf gkg go pfmotm, muoqug gxcgpcalomfbgotg  pugjg claocajar clo uo dlrjg jg fm cmfzmjm. Pmrm fm bmtgramfazmcaóo go tgrrgol jgf  pgrmftg prgscratl sgrí ogcgsmral gotrghmr, gotrghmr, mjgbís jg fms cltms jgf gkg jg rgpfmotgl, fms jg fls dlrjgs jg fms cmfzmjms aovlfucrmjms. Wom jg fms bmogrms jg nmcgr gstl gs bgjamotg uo jamhrmbm jg pgrmftgs, go gf cumf mpmrgcg nlrazlotmf gf gkg jg harl, bajaáojlsg clo rgspgctl m áf fms jaigrgocams jg cltms qug prgsgotmo mbdls dlrjgs jg fm cmfzmjm, sa jacnl gkg jg harl claocajg clo gf gkg go pfmotm. L sgm, go cumfquagr puotl jgf trmzmjl sg pugjgo ldtgogr fms cltms jg fls dlrjgs jg fm cmfzmjm; rgstmojl l submojl, jg fm cltm go gf gkg (pgriaf flohatujaomf), fms jabgosalogs clrrgsplojagotgs jgf jamhrmbm jg pgrmftgs. Go gf cmsl gspgcamf jg harmr clo rgspgctl m uo dlrjg, sgrí gstg gf qug bmotgohm fm cltm jgf gkg go mfzmjl go cmjm pgriaf y sgrí prgcasl bljaiacmr jacnl gkg go gfgvmcaóo, rgstíojlfg l subíojlfg fms jastmocams clrrgsplojagotgs jgf jamhrmbm

Pgojagotg Tgfmtavm jg Dlrjg Pmrm prljucar uo jamhrmbm jg pgrmftgs nmy qug tgogr go cugotm qug fls dlrjgs, mf sudar y  dmkmr clo rgspgctl mf gkg jg harl, fl nmcgo clo uom pgojagotg rgfmtavm m jacnl gkg, qug go jamhrmbm jg pgrmftgs mpmrgcg clbl gf íohufl qug ilrbmo fms fâogms jg dlrjg clo fm nlrazlotmf, jg mcugrjl m uom mprlxabmcaóo mcgptmdfg. Gstm pgojagotg, rgprgsgotmjm clo fm fgtrm ‖k‒ y ffmbmjm ‖Pgojagotg Tgfmtavm jg Dlrjg‒, ol pugjg sgr buy hrmojg pmrm

 

gvatmr qug sg prljuzcm uo gigctl jaoíbacl jgsmhrmjmdfg (blbgotl jg vugfcl) y/l uo gigctl motagstátacl, clbl rgsuftmjl jg mcgotumjms sudajms y dmkmjms jg fls dlrjgs jg fm cmffg.

Jamhrmbm trmosacaóo jg pgrmftgs

Zrmosacalogss clo Cfltlajgs Zrmosacalog Cumojl gxastgo mrcls jg gofmcg, mf cumf sg fg gxahg uom flohatuj clbpmtadfg clo fm trmosacaóo jg pgrmftg, gf jgsmrrlffl jgf basbl sg pugjg nmcgr faogmfbgotg m fl fmrhl jg fms cfltlajgs, tgoagojl go cugotm jls mspgctls abplrtmotgs; Prabgrl, qug cumojl fm cmfzmjm prgsgotm dlbdgl m jls mhums (dlbdgl jldfg) l dlbdgl ûoacl lpugstl mf  pgrmftg jg fm curvm sahuagotg, sg jgdg trmosatmr fm aocfaomcaóo trmosvgrsmf jg fm cmfzmjm l jg fms pastms go cugstaóo jgsjg –d (dlbdgl) m 0% jgotrl jg fm mfaogmcaóo rgctm, pmrm msâ tgogr fm pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf oufm mf clbagozl jg fm cfltlajg (sa gf dlbdgl gs jldfg,

 

sófl fm batmj jg fm cmfzmjm gstmrí go gsm satumcaóo y fm ltrm bmotgojrí fm aocfaomcaóo trmosvgrsmf Sghuojl, pugjg sucgjgr qug fm flohatuj jg fm curvm jg gofmcg sgm buy supgralr m fm ogcgsmram pmrm jgsmrrlffmr gf pgrmftg gotrg 0% y p%. Go gstls cmsls fm pgojagotg rgfmtavm jg dlrjg ‖k‒ jg fls dlrjgs pgrmftmjls pugjg rgsuftmr pgqugým y plr fl tmotl fm zlom clo  pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf cgrcmom mf 0% pugjg sgr jgbmsamjl gxtgosm jgsjg gf puotl jg vastm jgf jrgomkg, fl cumf sg tlrom hrmvg sa fm pgojagotg flohatujaomf gs gscmsm. Zrmosacalogs cumojl ol gxastgo Cfltlajgs

Zrmosacalogss clo Cfltlajgs Zrmosacalog Cumojl gxastgo mrcls jg gofmcg, mf cumf sg fg gxahg uom flohatuj clbpmtadfg clo fm trmosacaóo jg pgrmftg, gf jgsmrrlffl jgf basbl sg pugjg nmcgr faogmfbgotg m fl fmrhl jg fms cfltlajgs, tgoagojl go cugotm jls mspgctls abplrtmotgs; Prabgrl, qug cumojl fm cmfzmjm prgsgotm dlbdgl m jls mhums (dlbdgl jldfg) l dlbdgl ûoacl lpugstl mf  pgrmftg jg fm curvm sahuagotg, sg jgdg trmosatmr fm aocfaomcaóo trmosvgrsmf jg fm cmfzmjm l jg fms pastms go cugstaóo jgsjg –d (dlbdgl) m 0% jgotrl jg fm mfaogmcaóo rgctm, pmrm msâ tgogr fm pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf oufm mf clbagozl jg fm cfltlajg (sa gf dlbdgl gs jldfg, sófl fm batmj jg fm cmfzmjm gstmrí go gsm satumcaóo y fm ltrm bmotgojrí fm aocfaomcaóo trmosvgrsmf Sghuojl, pugjg sucgjgr qug fm flohatuj jg fm curvm jg gofmcg sgm buy supgralr m fm ogcgsmram pmrm jgsmrrlffmr gf pgrmftg gotrg 0% y p%. Go gstls cmsls fm pgojagotg rgfmtavm jg dlrjg ‖k‒ jg fls dlrjgs pgrmftmjl(s) pugjg rgsuftmr pgqugým y plr fl tmotl fm zlom clo  pgojagotg trmosvgrsmf cgrcmom mf 0% pugjg sgr jgbmsamjl gxtgosm jgsjg gf puotl jg vastm jgf jrgomkg, fl cumf sg tlrom hrmvg sa fm pgojagotg flohatujaomf gs gscmsm. Go tmf cmsl sg tlbmrí fm prgc prgcmuca mucaóo óo jg gigc gigctumr tumr fm trmos trmosacaó acaóo, o, gotrg gf vmflr –d% nmstm gf 0% (go fm rgctm) y gotrg gf 0% y -d% (go fm cfltlajg) clo gf vmflr jg k qug fg clrrgsplojg m fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl, y gf rgstl jg fm trmosacaóo, jgsjg +d% m p% sg gkgcutmrí faogmfbgotg go fl qug rgstm jg fm cfltlajg.

 

GFGBGOZLS JG SGCCAÓO ZTMOSYGTSMF  Cmfzmjms gs fm supgriacag qug pugjg slplrtmr gf tríosatl vgnacufmr y pugjg tgogr = l bís pastms. Fm Pastm gs fm sudjavasaóo jg uom cmfzmjm qug pgrbatg mclbljmr uom iafm jg vgnâcufls trmosatmojl go uo basbl sgotajl. Gf mocnl jg fms pastms gstí jgtgrbaomjl plr gf usl jg ástms y fl pfmotgm fm Lrjgomozm Hgogrmf jg Wrdmoasbl y Clostruccalogs, go gf Mrtâcufl 4.3.4.

Hífadls Fms vâms m su pmsl dmkl, gotrg, sldrg l mf fmjl jg cumfquagr gfgbgotl gstructurmf l jg ltrl tapl, clbl pugjgo sgr tûogfgs, pugotgs, burls, gtc., jgdgo clotgbpfmr gspmcals fadrgs go tljls fls sgotajls, clo gf iao jg msghurmr gf pmsl jg fls vgnâcufls tapl closajgrmjls go gf jasgýl sao aotgrigrgocams iâsacms, clo pfgom vasadafajmj y sao gigctls saclfóhacls, pmrm gvatmr fms jaiacuftmjgs lpgrmtavms y fms clrrgsplojagotgs jasbaoucalogs jasbaoucalogs go fm cmpmcajmj y oavgf jg sgrvacal.

 

Dmojgklogs y Bgjamoms Gf mocnl bâoabl gs jg 4.0 b go rgctm (sao aotgrrupcalogs) y jg 7.0 b go cmsl jg mpgrturm pmrm crucgs l harls m fm azquagrjm.

Mccgsls Fls mcc mccgs gsls ls m fls gstmc gstmcalo alomba mbago gotls tls sghrg sghrghmj hmjls ls jgdgo jgdgo pg pgrba rbatar tar uom bmoal bmoaldrm drm jg jgcgfgrmcaóo sgbgkmotg m fm qug sg closajgrm go rmbmfgs jg aotgrclogxaóo y gofmcgs, cumojl fm vgflcajmj jg jasgýl jg fm vâm gs bmylr l ahumf m 70 eb/n

Dadfalhrmiâm; CMP. O» 4 JASGÝL HGLBÁZTACL SGTYAW BGZTLPLFAZMOL TGJGYW; TGCLBGOJMCALOGS PMTM GF JASGÝL JG GFGBGOZLS JG AOITMGSZTWCZWTM YAMF WTDMOM