Mapas Mentais Português @revisaodeconcursos
July 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
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Kfbfsn kf tfsf5 Chgvfgcfr h of`thr5 Kfintf5 Nrdujfgtnäãh quf lust`b`cnj phs`äãh ncfrcn kf kftfrj`gnkh nssugth.
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Fxphr uj tfjn5 Sfj kfbfsn kf tfsf5
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@gbhrjnt`vh.
]hstuonkhs5 Nistrnäöfs.
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O`gdundfj ug`vfrsno5 Vg`pfsshno
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Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
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Näöfs5 ]frshgndfgs5 [fjph5 Fspnäh5 Fgrfkh5 Yfonäãh ngtfs f kfph`s
K`ssfrtnäãh Fxphs`t`vn Rfrihs gh prfsfgtf kh `gk`cnt`vh.
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K`ssfrtnäãh Nrdujfgtnt`vn
Rfrihs kf näãh5 Rfrihs gh prftàr`th5 prftàr`th5 Gnrrnäãh.
Gnrrnäãh
[`phohd`n [fxtuno
O`gdundfj `jpfsshno5 3¼ pfsshn5 Bhrjn fstruturnkn.
• •
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@g lu gäãh
Canrdfs5 ]`nkns5 Chgths5 Ghvfons.
Kf scr`äãh Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
•
Jngun`s5
Kfscr`äãh
Yfcf`tn5 Of`5 [uthr`no5 Iuon.
sfqufgc`no5 Hir`dnäãh5 Rfrihs gh `jpfrnt`vh.
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@gstruäöfs5 Yfdrns5 Fgs`gn prhcfk`jfgth5 ]nssh n pnssh.
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Cnrnctfr`znäãh5 Nprfsfgtnäãh kn cfgn5 Kfscrfvf cnrnctfrêst`cns bês`cn hu ps`choód`cns.
Rfrihs kf o`dnäãh5 ]rfk`cnt`vhs5 Nklft`vnäãh.
Fx.> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Fxtrnphonäãh
^ungkh sn` kh chgtfxth, ncrfscfgtngkh `kf`ns quf gãh fstãh gh tfxth, qufr pfoh tfxth, qufr p foh chgafc`jfgth chgafc`jfgth pràv`h kh tfjn qufr pfon p fon `jnd`gnäãh.
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K`cns pnrn ^ufstöfs
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Cu`knkh chj ns nssfrt`vns quf vãh noàj kh chgtfxth kn qufstãh. Sãh `gbhrjnäöfs vfrknkf`rns, phràj fons gãh fstãh gh tfxth5 H fxnj`gnkhr nk`c`hgn nspfcths vfrknkf`rhs pnrn quf h cngk`knth bnän hutrns nsshc`näöfs chj sfu chgafc`jfgth.
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
Frrhs kf @gtfrprftnäãh
À h hphsth kn fxtrnphonäãh. Kî-sf ntfgäãh npfgns n uj nspfcth nspfcth (fsqufcfgkh quf uj tfxth à uj chglugth kf `kf`ns), h quf phkf sfr `gsub`c`fgtf pnrn h fgtfgk`jfgth kh tfjn kfsfgvhov`kh.
Yfkuäãh
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K`cns pnrn ^ufstöfs
• • •
Suprfssãh kf `gbhrjnäãh fssfgc`no pnrn h tfxth5 N nssfrt`vn rfkuz`kn `rî supr`j`r ujn `gbhrjnäãh fssfgc`no kh tfxth o`kh5 Hj`tf pnrtf kh quf bh` k`th (`gchjpoftn)5 Yfstr`gdf h bnth fj ujn qungt`knkf jfghr kf phss`i`o`knkfs.
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs Ís vfzfs h tfxth nprfsfgtn `kf`ns chgtrîr`ns ís kh cngk`knth, bnzfgkh-h t`rnr chgcousöfs fqu`vhcnkns f, fqu`vhcnkns f, chgsfqufgtfjfgtf, frrnr n qufstãh.
Chgtrnk`äãh •
K`cns pnrn ^ufstöfs
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Nssfrt`vns chj hp`g`öfs kn chgsc`ìgc`n choft`vn, sfgsh chjuj, quf phssn sfrfxnj`gnkhr n jfsjn hp`g`ãh kh cngk`knth, quf gãh kh uj tfxth kn qufstãh5 H usnrî ju`tns pnonvrnsjns kh tfxth, chj pnrîdrnbh sfjfoangtf, jns chj uj chgtfxth quf bnrî h sfgt`kh b`cnr `gvfrsh nh tfxth.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn N(s)5 F(s)5 H(s).
Fx< pî5 trìs5 pà
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs [frj`gnkhs fj<
Hxêthgn
Jhghssêonih [ûg`ch
[frj`gnkns fj<
N(S)5 F(S)5 H(S)5 H (S)5 FJ5 FGS
K@[HGDH NIFY[H
Fx.< Shbî5 Cnbà5 Nrjnzàgs
Fx< càu5 rà`s5 vàus
cfgtunäãh rîb`cn
ÀV5 À@5 Ó@
Yfdrn kh A`nth
fp`sók`cn, ngfgcàbnoh, pfrêhkh, càouon
N(S)5 F(S)5 H(S)5 FJ5 FGS
]nrhxêthgn
]rhpnrhxêthgn
Fx< Oêqu`kn, püio`cn,
ÀV5 À@5 Ó@
Fx< Canpàu5 Ngà`s
[hkns, fxcfth fxcfth tfrj`gnkns fj<
[HKNS, SFJ]YF
K@[HGDH NIFY[H
Fx< snükf, rfügfj, luêzfs, inonüstrf
Fx< bîc`o, aêbfg, îoiuj, îoiugs, tórnx, oîp`s, iêcfps, órbãh, kóc`o
K`thgdh
@gk`vêkuhs, prfcîr`ns, sàr`f, a`stór`n, `jóvf`s, îdun, k`stégc`n, pr`jîr`h, `gküstr`n, rîk`h
K`thgdh nifrth
Ih`n, l`ih`n, prh tf`ch, afrh`ch, pontf`n, `kf`nprhtf`ch,
Fxcfäãh ><
Ncfgtun-sf h (`) h (`) hu (u),, tûg`chs, (u) shz`gahs gn sêonin
(`) sfdu`kh kf GA< Yn`gan, in`gan
Fxcfäãh 9< (`) hukf(u)k`thgdh< ngtfcfk`kh
Dunêin f Dunêrn sãh ncfgtunkhs
Ihcn`uvn, bf`urn, Snu`pf
(gãh ncfgtun-sf)
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Ohcuäöfs Bfj`g`gns
Í fspfrn, í kfr`vn, í thn
[njiàj sfrî hir`dntór`n< Ngtfs kf ahrîr`h5 Ohcuäöfs pr fphs`t`vns> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Fqu`vnof n pfoh quno
‟
Rfj nchjpngankh nchjpngank h kn pnonvrn rnzãh pnonvrn
À ujn fxpo`cnäãh, fqu`vnof n ph`s
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
‚
]hr quf
‟
]hrquf
(jfsjh quf suifgtfgk`kh)
‚
FQ< Bu` fjihrn ohdh phrquf fstnvn ju`th cngsnkh
FQ< Fstf à h cnj`gah phr quf pnssh quf pnssh
Fjprfdh khs ]hrquìs
FQ< ]hr quf vhcì quf vhcì bh` fjihrn ohdh8
Sfduf n rfdrn kn p nonvrn quf< qungkh ut`o`znkn gh b`j kf ujn brnsf, sfrî sfjprf ncfgtunkn
FQ< Fof bnothu jns gãh sf` phr quì. FQ< Rhcì gãh vn` fstuknr8 ]hr quì8
]hr quì
À uj suistngt`vh, hu sfln, ghjf`n.
]hrquì
Nkj`tf ]OVYNO FQ< Gãh sf` h phrquì phrquì kf kf sun kfjhrn
Bnothu hgtfj f gãh snifjhs phr quì. Yfdrn< B`gno kf Brnsf. Bnothu hgtfj f gãh snifjhs h phrquì. Yfdrn< nkj`tf pourno : gãh snifjhs hs phrquìs.
FQ< H fstukh kn pnonvrn phrquì
Oêgdun ]hrtudufs ]hrtudufsn n s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f r M
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Nuthfstrnkn, ndrh`gkustr`no, ngtfhgtfj, chnuthr, `gbrnfstruturn, sfj`ngnobnifth
A`pfrnt`vh, `gtfrfschonr, supfrfchgûj`ch, `gtfrnäãh
Rhdno + Chgshngtf Chgshngtf
Rhdn`s K`bfrfgtfs K`bfrfgtfs
Sf n chgshngtf npós n vhdno bhr ‟S‚ hu ‟Y‚, fstn kfvf sfr kupo`cnkn. (j`g`ssn`n, chgtrnrrfdrn, ngt`rru n gt`rrudns...) dns...)
Chgshngtfs K`bfrfgtfs K`bfrfgtfs
GÃH aî GÃH aî Aêbfg
‟
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‟
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Npós gãh f qunsf
Yfdrn kh Aêbfg
A`pfrjfrcnkh, `gtfrjug`c`pno.
Fgtrf pnonvrns chj fofjfgth kf o`dnäãh
Gãh ndrfssãh, gãh bujngtf, qunsf kfo`th...
Jãh kfahuvfr hirn, cnbà chj of`tf, cnrn kfaî pnu5 Sf gãh fofjfgth fofjfgth kf o`dnäãh, aêbfg< phrtn-jnons, ihn-bà, nrch-êr`s5 Fxcfäöfs kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Nth kf CFKFY
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs Cfssãh
FQ< N cfssãh kf tfrrns gãh sfrî bf`tn pfoh dhvfrgh.
Cfssãh, Sfssãh, Sfäãh hu sfcäãh8
]nrtf, k`v`sãh
FQ< O` n ghtêc`n gn sfäãh (hu sfcäãh) kf f sph sphrtfs. rtfs.
Sfssãh
Yfug`ãh
Sfäãh hu sfcäãh
FQ< N sfssãh kf c`gfjn chjfänrî ís h`th ahrns.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Chglugäöfs
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
Chhrkfgnt`vns
N kvfrsn t`vns
N otfr gnt `vns
N k`t `vns
f
gfj
Gãh só ‟Q‚, jns tnjiàj ‟ P ‚. ‚.
Jns
[hknv`n
Chgtukh
]hràj
Gãh só ‟Q‚, chjh ‟ P ‚. ‚.
Gh fgtngth
Hu... hu
Sfln... sfln
Lî... lî
Gfj... gfj
^ufr... qufr
Fgtrftngth
f phkf nssuj`r vnohr nk`t`vh, chgcous`vh f kf hphs`äãh. ‟
hu
‚
Fxp o`cnt`vns s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f r M
Chg cou s`vn s
quf
]hrquf
]hrtngth
Fgt ãh
]h`s
]hrqungth
Ohdh
]hr `ssh
]h`s, fxpo`cnt`vh> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
O`dnj hrnäöfs suihrk`gnkns, hu sfln, suihrk`gnkns, hu kuns hrnäöfs kf kfpfgkfj s`gtnt`cnjfgtf ujn kn hutrn.
@gtfdrngtfs
@gk`cnj quf n hrnäãh suihrk`gnkn quf fons `g`c`nj `gtfdrn hu chjpoftn (chjpofjfgtn) h sfgt`kh kn h rnäãh pr`gc`pno.
Nkv N kv fri `n` s
Yfonäãh sfjégt`cn kf c`rcugstégc`n, chjh uj nkvàri`h, chj bugäãh s`gtît`cn kf nklugth nkvfri`no kn hrnäãh pr`gc`pno.
Suihrk`gnt`vns
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs @gtfdrngtfs
q uf
sf
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
@gtrhkuzfj hrnäöfs suistngt`vns
]hkfj sfr trhcnkns phr ‟`sth ‚ / ‟`ssh ‚
FQ.< Gãh sf` sf sf kfvh kfvh fstuknr jn`s. (Gãh jn`s. (Gãh sf` h quì8 @sth< ‟sf sf‚‚ kfvh fstuknr jn`s). FQ.< Só qufrh qu f vhc ì jf nqufän gfssf `gvfrgh . (Só qufrh ‟`sth `sth‚) ‚) FQ.0
Suihrk`gnt`vns
Nkvfri`n`s
Yfonäãh sfjégt`cn kf c`rcugstégc`n, chjh uj nkvàri`h, chj bugäãh s`gtît`cn kf nklugth nkvfri`no kn hr näãh pr`gc`pno.
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs ]hrquf, quf, chjh (:gh `gêc`h kn brnsf), ph`s brnsf), ph`s quf, v`sth quf, ujn vfz quf, phrqungth, lî quf, kfskf quf.
Fjihrn, n`gkn quf, npfsnr kf quf, sf ifj quf, jfsjh quf, phr jn`s quf, phsth quf, chgqungth, gãh histngtf, jnodrnkh.
^uf (rfonc`hgnkh n pnonvrn< ‑tãh‐, ‑tno‐, ‑tngth‐, ‑tnjngah‐), kf jhkh/shrtf/bhrjn/jngf`rn quf/lf`th quf...
@gtrhkuzfj ujn hrnäãh quf à n chgsfquìgc`n chgsfquìgc`n kn kn hrnäãh pr`gc`pno
@gtrhkuz hrnäãh quf à n hchrrìgc`n kn cnusn kn hchrrìgc`n hrnäãh pr`gc`pno kn
Chgsfcut`vns Cnusn`s
Chgcfss`vns
Fxprfssn uj bnth rfonc`hgnkh prhphrc`hgnojfgtf í hchrrìgc`n kh fxprfssh gn pr`gc`pno
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs ]rhphrc`hgn`s
Í jfk`kn quf, í prhphräãh quf, nh pnssh quf, qungth jn`s...(jn`s), qungth jfghs... (jfghs), qungth jfghs... (jn`s), qungth jn`s... (jfghs).
@gtrhkuzfj hrnäãh quf fxprfssn `kf`n chgtrîr`n kn hrnäãh pr`gc`pno, jfsjh sfj `jpfk`r sun rfno`znäãh
Nkvfri`n`s Chgbhrjnt`vns
@gtrhkuzfj ujn hrnäãh quf fxpr`jf n chgbhrj`knkf kf uj bnth chj hutrh
Chgbhrjf, (:chgbhrjf), chjh (:chgbhrjf), sfdugkh, chgshngtf.
B`gn`s Chjpnrnt`vns
Fxprfssn n b`gno`knkf hu hilft`vh chj quf sf rfno`zn n hrnäãh pr`gc`pno
]nrn quf, n b`j kf quf, phrquf (:pnrn quf), quf.
Chgk`c`hgn`s
Sf, cnsh, chgtngth quf, snovh sf, n gãh sfr quf, kfskf quf, n jfghs quf, sfj quf, ujn vfz quf.
@gk`cn n a`pótfsf hu n chgk`äãh pnrn hchrrìgc`n kn hrnäãh pr`gc`pno
Fxprfssn `kf`n kf chjpnrnäãh chj rfonäãh í hrnäãh pr`gc`pno
Chjh, nss`j chjh, tno chjh, chjh sf, qungth, (tãh)... chjh, tngth chjh, tngth qungth, kh quf, tno, quno, tno quno, quf gfj, quf (chji`gnkh chj jfghs hu jn`s).
phrquf ( pnrn quf), quf. quf), quf.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
Fx< Hs vhsshs Hs vhsshs njhrfs njhrfs gãh jn`s v`vfj pnrn vós.
H prhghjf à uj kftfrj`gngtf qungkh Nchjpngan h Nchjpngan h suistngt`vh
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
]rhghjf nklft`vh
Rhsshs sf rfbfrf nh suistngt`vh ‟njhrfs‚, nchjpngangkh-h.
]rhghjf suistngt`vh
Cnrîtfr Jhrbhoód`ch
Hs prhghjfs ghsshs f tfus sf rfbfrfj nh suistngt`vh ‟khcujfgths ‚.
]rhghjf à h vhcîiuoh quf suist`tu` hu nchjpngan h suistngt`vh, rfonc`hgngkh-h ís trìs pfsshns kh k`scursh.
Sfrvfj pnrn `gk`cnr ns pfsshns kh k`scursh
s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f r M
^ungkh Suist`tu` Suist`tu` h h suistngt`vh
Fx.< Fstfs khcujfgth khcujfgths s sãh ghsshs ghsshs,, gãh tfus.
>¼ ^ufj bnon ‟Fu‚ 9¼ ^ufj huvf ‟tf‚ 3¼ Kf qufj à bnonkh bnonkh ‟fof‚
h ã ä n c ` b
]fsshn`s
` s s n o C
]hssfss`vhs @gkfb`g`khs
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
]rhghjfs (Kfb`g`äãh)
Kfjhgstrnt`vhs Yfont`vhs
Cnrîtfr S`gtît`ch
^ungkh Nchjpngan Nchjpngan h h suistngt`vh
@gtfrrhdnt`vhs
Nklugth Nkghj`gno
Bugäãh Suistngt`vn
Gücofh kh sulf`th, prfk`cnt`vh kh sulf`th, hilfth k`rfth, `gk`rfth, chjpofjfgth ghj`gno, ndfgtf kn pnss`vn, nklugth nkvfri`no, nphsth f vhcnt`vh.
C o n s s ` b c ` n ä ã h
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn Yfdrn ]róco`sf Nkvàri`hs
Fxfjpoh
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Ngtfs kh Rfrih
Npo`cnäãh
]rhghjf
Hgtfj, ndhrn, Ndhrn jf ndrnkfcf bfo`zjfgtf, chjh sf gnkn nofdrfjfgtf... t`vfssf nchgtfc`kh.
Chglugäöfs ^uf, fjihrn, Suihrk`gnt`vns sf... ]nonvrns gfdnt`vns
Gãh, gugcn, gfj, gnkn...
]rhghjfs `gkfb`g`khs
Vgs, noduàj, g`gduàj...
prhghjfs rfont`vhs
^uf, quno, hgkf, qufj...
N jfsóco`sf só sfrî hir`dntór`n, qungkh n hrnäãh rfug`r, nh jfsjh tfjph, kh`s cnshs.
Fof pfk`u quf oaf fgtrfdnssf fgtrfdns sf n cnrtn.
Kfph`s kh Rfrih
Gugcn jf fsqufc` khs o`vrhs quf o` gn
Ìgco`sf
Jfsóco`sf
Jf`h kh Rfrih
]róco`sf
]róco`sf
]nrtf kn drnjît`cn quf trntn t rntn kn phs`äãh phs`äãh khs khs
`gbégc`n. G`gduàj jf pfk`u nlukn. Fstf à h ahjfj quf jf fjprfsthu h cnsnch.
prhghjfs hioêquhs îthghs
Chohcnäãh ]rhghj`gno Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
]rh`i`äöfs
@g`c`nr hrnäöfs chj prhghjfs hioêquhs
Jfsóco`sf
Shjfgtf sfrî hir`dntór`n fj kh`s cnshs
Ìgco`sf
îthghs. @gsfr`-ohs npós buturhs (kh prfsfgtf hu kh prftàr`th) f pnrt`cêp`h. •
Rfrih gh buturh `g`c`ngkh `g`c`ngkh n hrnäãh
Bnonr-tf-`n shirf jfus sfgt`jfgths.
Nusìgc`n kn pnonvrn ntrnt`vn fx`d`gkh próco`sf.
Jfgt`r-oafs-fjhs prfc`snr. sf
s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f r
• •
^ungkh h vfrih `g`c`nr n Chgtf`-oaf thkn vfrknkf. hrnäãh ^ungkh h vfrih bhr ^ungkh prfcfk`kh phr pnusn (s`gno`znkn phr
•
•
Sf vhcì bhr í i`io`htfcn, trndn-jf h o`vrh, phr bnvhr.
• • •
Jf kî uj c`dnrrh5 Knrf`-tf uj prfsfgtf5 Knr`n-tf uj prfsfgtf5 [`gan fjprfstnkh-oaf uj k`gaf`rh. Kî-jf uj c`dnrrh5 Knr-tf-f` uj prfsfgtf5 Knr-tf-`n uj prfsfgtf5 [`gan-oaf fjprfstnkh k`gaf`rh.
M
phgtunäãh).
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0 Chjujfgtf fxfrcf bugäãh kf sulf`th, sulf`th, jns jns tnjiàj kf prfk`cnt`vh kh sulf`th, vhcnt`vh f nphsth.
Fu
Fx.< ^uf rf` shu fu. (sulf`th)
[u
Fx.< R`vn ]`x`gdu`gan! [u às k`v`gn f drnc`hsn, fstîtun jnlfsthsn...
Fon
Fx.< Fofs f fons chgt`gunj sf chjpnrngkh. (sulf`th)
‟
‚
(sulf`th)
]fsshn
S`gduonr
]ourno
>¼ 9¼ 3¼
Fu [u Fof/Fon
Gós Rós Fofs/Fons
Gós Fx.< Hs irns`of`rhs, gós própr`hs, thofrnj nj`ükf f chrrupäãh. (nphsth) Rós Fx.< Gós gãh shjhs vós, ahjfgs `gthofrngtfs. (prfk`cnt`vh kh sulf`th)
Ghrjnojfgtf, fxfrcfj n bugäãh kf sulf`th.
Yfths
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
]rhghjfs ]fsshn`s
Kfs`dgnj ns trìs Kfs`dgnj trìs pfsshns pfssh ns k h k`scursh
]rhghjfs suistngt`vhs
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
>¼ - ^ufj bnon5 9¼ - Chj qufj sf bnon5 3¼ - Kf qufj sf bnon. H prhghjf hioêquh gãh `g`c`n brnsf. ]hr `ssh fof npnrfcfrî, fj `gêc`h kf brnsf, kfph`s kh vfrih, hu ut`o`zn-sf noduj tfrjh pnrn quf fof phssn npnrfcfr ngtfs kh vfrih. Fx.< Fu tf tf o`duf`5 o`duf`5 O`duf`-tf. O`duf`tf.
Ns bhrjns h, n, hs, ns shbrfj jhk`b`cnäöfs kfpfgkfgkh kn tfrj`gnäãh kh vfrih quf nchjpnganj< -7 ^ungkh h vfrih tfrj`gnr fj Y, S hu \, b`cnrãh< oh, on, ohs, ons. Fx.< Chjfänr< chjfäî-ohs5 -7 ^ungkh h vfrih tfrj`gnr fj shj gnsno, b`cnrãh< Gh, ghs, gn, gns. FQ.< R`rnj-gh5 chjfjhrnj-gh.
Fx.< H prhbfsshr ndunrknvn-h ndunrknvn-h gn gn snon kf rfug`öfs, pnrn bnzfr n rfv`sãh. Fx.< N turjn kf chofdns, chjh anv`nj jf
Sãh usnkhs chj bhrjns vfrin`s
Ghrjnojfgtf, fxfrcfj n bugäãh kf chjpofjfgth
Hioêquhs
vfrino hu ghj`gno.
]fsshn
S`gduonr
]ourno
>¼ 9¼ 3¼
jf, j`j, chj`dh tf, t`, chgt`dh sf, s`, h, n, oaf, chgs`dh
Ghs, chghsch Rhs, chgvhsch Sf, s`, hs, ns, oafs, chgs`dh
]rhghjfs Hioêquhs Îthghs
Jf, tf, h, n, oaf, sf, ghs, vhs, hs, ns, oafs.
Sãh usnkhs chj prfphs`äãh
`gbhrjnkh, fspfrnvn phr j`j.
]rhghjfs Hioêquhs [ûg`chs
J`j, t`, fof, fon, s`, gós, vós, fofs, fons.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn Yfth thj j nk nkn (N (Ngîbhrn) H tfjh ngnbór`ch à h tfrjh kn rfthjnkn, kh lî bh` k`th. quf lî quf Vt`o`zn-sf FSSF/@SSH
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Ngtfc`pnäãh (C (C nt ntîbhrn)
Nsshc`nkh - NÊ
Nsshc`nkh - OÎ
[fjph
À uj tfrjh quf ngtfc`pn ujn `kf`n n sfr kftnoankn Sf phstfr`hrjfgtf. rfbfrf nh quf n`gkn vn` sfr k`th. Vt`o`zn-sf FS[F/@S[H
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs Nsshc`nkh - N^V@
Fxfjpohs
Fspnäh
K`scursh
Kfjhgstrnj n phs`äãh kf uj fofjfgth qunoqufr fj rfonäãh í pfsshn kh k`scursh.
FS[F5 FS[N5 @S[H
]rhghjfs Kfjhgstrnt`vhs
FSSF5 FSSN5 @SSH
N kntn... kntn.. . (buturh) Gnpnrt`r @knkfkfstn Jàk`n... gnqufof tfjph... gnqufof tfjph... (pnssnkh rfjhth)
]fsshn
Rnr`îvf`s
@gvnr`îvf`s
>¼ 9¼
Nqufof (s), nqufon (s) Fssf (s), fssn (s)
@sth `ssh
3¼
Sfu (s), sun (s)
nqu`oh
Fx.< H pn` f h b`oah sf cngk`kntnrnj fjihrn fstf tfgan s`kh fof`th, f nqufof gãh. FS[F (N), @S[H< rfthjnj sfjprf h üot`jh khs tfrjhs c`tnkhs – b`oah ‟
N^VFOF5 N^VFON5 N^V@OH
‚
N^VFOF (N), N^V@OH< rfthjnj h pr`jf`rh tfrjh c`tnkh – pn` ‟
FQ.< H quf à `ssh gh sfu cnifoh. ]rhghjf phssfss`vh sfu `gk`cn quf h cnifoh pfrtfgcf nh rfcfpthr kn jfgsndfj. ‟
Kurngtf fstn sfjngn fstn sfjngn (sfjngn ntuno) Gfstn tfrän-bf`rn Gfstn tfrän-bf`rn (k`n kf ahlf) Gfssf sîinkh Gfssf sîinkh ahuvf bfstn gh couif (bfstn lî hchrrfu)
FQ.< ^ufj frn nqufof nqufof dnrhth dnrhth quf fstnvn chj vhcì hgtfj gn bfstn8
Ohcno`znäãh Fspnc`no
‚
FQ.< Fstf Fstf jfu jfu snpnth à npfrtnkh. ]rhghjf phssfss`vh jfu `gk`cn quf h snpnkh pfrtfgcf ‟
‚
Gfstf cnsh trntn-sf kf ujn tfrcf`rn pfsshn, k`stngtf kh fj`sshr f kh rfcfpthr, gfstfs cnshs usn-sf N^VFOF/N^V@OH.
‚
s h s r u Yfchjfgkn-sf gãh c g rfthjnr trìs tfrjhs tfrjhs h c chj prhghjfs f k kfjhgstrnt`vhs h n s ` v f r M
nh fj`sshr kn jfgsndfj.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
Conssf kf prhghjf quf sfrvf pnrn suist`tu`r suist`tu`r uj tfrjh kn hrnäãh ngtfr`hr f fstnifofcfr rfonäãh
]rhghjf Yfont`vh
^VF Chglugäãh @gtfdrngtf
fgtrf kuns rfonäöfs rfonäöfs.. Fx.< Gós fstuknjhs fstuknjhs h h chgtfükh kf ]rhcfssh ]fgno.
Fx.< H pràk`h quf quf kfjho`rnj kfjho`rnj gn sfjngn pnssnkn frn a`stór`ch.
Fx.< H chgtfükh kf ]rhcfssh ]fgno cn`u gn prhvn.
[fj chjh ngtfcfkfgtf< pràk`h
quf
]ràk`h à suistngt`vh kftfrj`gnkh phr nrt`dh
Gãh fstuknjhs h chgtfükh kf ]rhcfssh ]fgno quf quf cn`u cn`u
Ngtfcfkfgtf à suistngt`vh, quf à prhg. rfont`vh ‟
gn prhvn.
quf
Suist`tu`gkh h chgtfükh kf ]rhcfssh ]fgno f `g`c`ngkh ujn ghvn hrnäãh. ‟
‚
^VFJ
]rhghjfs Yfont`vhs
H tfjph kf quf quf prfc`sh prfc`sh pnrn hrdng`znr j`gan jukngän gfj à tãh drngkf.
quf
Ngtfs kh quf, aî ujn u jn prfphs`äãh hir`dntór`n, -prfc`sh kf.
s h s r u c g h c f k h n ` s v f r M
Yfthjn npfgns pfsshns hu ch`sns c h`sns pfrshg`b`cnkns
Fx.< H jàk`ch kf qufj qufj jf jf bnonrnj à ihj.
H tfjph tfjph gfj gfj à tãh drngkf. ]rfc`sh kf tfjph tfjph pnrn pnrn hrdng`znr j`gan jukngän.
‚
HGKF
Fx.< N fjprfsn hgkf trninoah hgkf trninoah ]YHGHJF kfk`cn-sf í fxpohrnäãh kf pftróofh. YFON[@RH hgkf fx`stf fx`stf uj Fx.< Jhrh hgkf drngkf lnrk`j, gh quno aî o`gkns rhsns.
Ngtfcfkfgtf Suistngt`vh
NKRÀYI@H KF OVDNY
Ngtfcfkfgtf Rfrih
RNY@ÎRF@S
@GRNY@ÎRF@S
H qun`s, quno, nculh, quno,culn, hs qun`s, cu lhs,ns culhs,
^uf - qungkh fqu`vnof n h quno f bofxöfs ^ufj - qungkh fqu`vnof n h quno f bofxöfs Hgkf - qungkh fqu`vnof n gh quno f bofxöfs
culns, qungth, qungtn, qungths, qungtns.
‟
‟
‟
‚
‚
‚
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Bofxãh khs Suistngt`vhs Chjphsths À h gücofh gücofh kns kns
Conssf vnr`îvfo quf kî
bugäöfs pr`gc`pn`s
ghjf nhs sfrfs
Conssfs Rnr`îvf`s
Yfcfif kftfrj`gngtfs kftfrj`gngtfs quf quf kfvfj chgchrknr chj fof
•
Suistngt`vhs
• • •
H jfu jfu v`hoãh v`hoãh ghvh ghvh qufirhu Sulf`th
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
H
Nrt`dh, vnr`îvfo, sf rfbfrf nh suistngt`vh v`hoã v`hoãhh f chgchrkn chj fof fj dìgfrh f güjfrh (s`gduonr) (s `gduonr)
jfu
]rhghjf phssfss`vh, vnr`îvfo, sf rfbfrf nh suistngt`vh v`hoã v`hoãhh f chgchrkn chj fof fj dìgfrh f güjfrh.
‟
‚
‟
qufj vnr`n, vnr`n qufj gãh vnr`n, gãh vnr`n ‟
‟
‚
‚
Chjprf` kh`s cncahrrhs-qufgtfs ifj snihrhshs knqufon ongcahgftf. (suist. + nkl.) ^ufj gãh hkf`n thkns ns sfdugkns-bf`rns8 (guj. + suist.)
‚
Suistngt`vh, gücofh kn quf bugäãh sulf`th,n ghjf`n f ntrn` n chgchrkégc`n kns conssfs quf kf sf rfbfrfj fof.
f s`j suistngt`vh, phrtngth vnr`n.
ghvh
Nklft`vh, vnr`îvfo, sf rfbfrf nh suistngt`vh v`hoãh f chgchrkn chj fof fj dìgfrh f güjfrh.
Dunrkns-c`v`s, dunrkns-ghturghs...
qufirhu
Bofxãh kh vfrih qufirnr gn< 3ª pfsshn kh s`gduonr kh prftàr`th pfrbf`th kh `gk`cnt`vh.
Lî quf h suistngt`vh sfrî h gücofh, ns hutrns conssfs conssfs drnjnt`cn`s drnjnt`cn`s quf fstnrãh próx`jns, próx`jns, `rãh `rãh chgchrknr chgchrknr chj fof. Fssns conssfs sãh< nrt`dh,
•
Rfrih Nkvàri`h @gtfrlf`äãh
Fx< dunrkn-ghturgh, gfssf cnsh dunrkn gãh à vfrih
v`hoãh
H suistngt`vh hcupnrî sfjprf h gücofh kf gücofh kf qunoqufr bugäãh s`gtît`cn ghj`gno.
•
Hs tfgfgtfs-chrhgà`s bhrnj chgv`knkhs pnrn n nprfsfgtnäãh. (suist. + suist.)
‚
‚
•
^ungkh h vfrih, nssujf vnohr kf suistngt`vh, suistngt`vh, tnjiàj pnssn n vnr`nr... ‟
‟
Suistngt`vh Gujfrno Nklft`vh ]rhghjf
Conssfs @gvnr`îvf`s
H quf jn`s cn` fj prhvn quf chirnj h tóp`ch suistngt`vh à h pourno khs suistngt`vh ‟
B`zfrnj phuchs-cnshs phuchs-cnshs khs rnpnzfs. (prhg. + suist.) s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f
Hs noth-bnongtfs bhrnj kfso`dnkhs. (nkv. + nkl.) Gugcn sf (vfrih v`rnj tngths if`ln-bohrfs. + suist.) H pnkrf bfz rfznrfj jn`s kf v`gtf nvfjnr`ns.
M
chjphsths
gujfrno, nklft`vh f prhghjf.
(`gtfrl. + suist.)
Oêgdun ]hrtudufsn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
CYF-KF-OF-RÌ
Gücofh kn ]rfk`cnäãh
S`gtnxf
]rfk`cnkhs Rfrin`s
Sfj vfrih, gãh aî hrnäãh.
H güjfrh kf hrnäöfs kf uj pfrêhkh chrrfsphgkf nh güjfrh kf gücofhs vfrin`s.
Kh phgth kf v`stn sfjégt`ch, sfjégt`ch, h h vfrih dfrnojfgtf `gk`cn ujn näãh, prhcfssh, fstnkh, jukngän kf fstnkh hu bfgûjfgh gnturno, sfjprf kfgtrh kf ujn
Kh phgth kf v`stn jhrbhoód`ch jhrbhoód`ch,, h vfrih vnr`n fj jhkh, tfjph, güjfrh f pfsshn (vhz pnrn nodugs drnjît`chs) , bhrjngkh h quf phkfjhs canjnr
pfrspfct`vn tfjphrno.
kf chgludnäãh vfrino.
Fx.< Sf n dnrhtn pukfr jf ndunrknr ndunrknr,, vhu vhu ntà j`gan cnsn, prhcurh prhcurh n ndfgkn kf fgkfrfähs f trndh-n trndh -n nh fscr`tór`h.
s h s r u c g h c f k h n s ` v f r M
CYFY
RFY
Rfrihs drnvnkhs drnvnkhs chj kh`s ff gh pourno ‟
‚
Fx.< Hs ahjfgs chjugs crffj crffj gns ch`sns quf oafs `gtfrfssnj.
Rfrih
;
Fx.< ^ufrh quf vhcìs kffj kffj pr`hr`knkf nhs trninoahs kf ]hrtuduìs. Fx.< Hs trninoankhrfs vffj vffj thkhs hs prhiofjns fx`stfgtfss gn fjprfsn hgkf trninoanj. fx`stfgtf
Bhrjn ghj`gno `gb`g`t`vn
Mrfv`snhkfchgcurshs
JHKH
Fx.< Fspfrh quf fstfln fstfln dhsthsh dhsthsh jfsjh.
OFY
Fx.< Fofs offj offj tukh tukh shirf K`rf`th ]fgno.
Rfrihs tfrj`gnk tfrj`gnkhs hs fj< -nr -nr (ngknr)5 (ngknr)5 -fr -fr (chrrfr)5 (chrrfr)5 -`r -`r (pnrt`r). (pnrt`r).
Fx.< Ghssn! Chjh `ssh nqu` fstî nqu` fstî dhsthsh!
KNY
Cfrtfzn, nb`rjnäãh, chgstntnäãh, chgv`cäãh. Küv`kn, suphs`äãh, `gcfrtfzn,
@GK@CN[@RH
SVILVG[@RH
@J]FYN[@RH
Sudfstãh, hrkfj, pfk`kh, fxhrtnäãh, nkvfrtìgc`n, süpo`cn
Fx.< Chjn Chjn fstf fstf anjiürdufr, vhcì gãh vn` qufrfr hutrh. hutrh.
phss`i`o`knkf.
Oêgdun ]hrtudufs ]hrtudufsn n Nodujns Nodujn s brnsfs phkfj gãh gãh chgtfr nodugs kfssfs fofjfgths
SRCN
Hrkfj K`rftn
>> kf jn`h kf 9=>0
Sulf`th
Fx.< Hs `gtfofctun`s `gtfofctun`s sfjprf sfjprf cr`t`cnj hs fsphrtfs. cr`t`cnj fsphrtfs.
Rfrih
Fx.< Ns nrtfs nrtfs gugcn gugcn H sfdjfgth `g`c`no kf ghssh A`gh Gnc`hgno k`z kfspfrk`änj ghssh tfjph. kfspfrk`änj h sfdu`gtf<
^VFS[ÃH KF ]YHRN (GCF/VBYL – IGKFS – 9==6)
HYNÄÖFS SFJ SVLF@[H<
Huv`rnj kh @p`rngdn ns jnrdfgs poîc`kns Kf uj phvh afró`ch h irnkh rftujingtf
Anvfr
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