Mapas Karnaugh

 

CG__ OLPL@PG_ DL UGCC CG UGCCG G MNTLHPINTL_: PG@LPTG OIPCG_ JMFÍNLZ UGNOL

4.2 FIUI_ DL KIPNI\HB

J\CMÉN IDIMP PL]L_ PL]L_ _IPI C\Z OI_TPG HGNZÉCLZ IC@LPTG FGPLNG UICIOMG_

4.= FMNMFMZIOMßN DL \NI _\FI DL UPGD\OTG_ FLDMINTL FIU FIUI_ I_ DL KIPNI\HB

 

MN MNTP TPGD GD\O \OOM OMßN ßN - FIUI DL KIPNI\HB •

Ls un fítgdg smstlfétmog piri smfpcmamoir  smfpcmamoir cis cis gplriomgnls `ggclinis

•

 Ipcmoi  Ipc moi idl idlouid ouidifl iflntl, ntl, hlnlri hlnlri cis lx lxprls prlsmgnls mgnls (sufi dl dl prgduotg prgduotgs sy prgduotg dl sufis) fés smfpcls 6 Lxprlsmgnls Lxprlsmgnls fænmfis. •

•

_l puldln puld ln utmcmzir piri lxprlsmgnls dl 0 g fés virmi`cls. Lc núflrg dl olcdis dl un fipi-k 6 Núflrg tgtic dl pgsm`cls ogf`mniomgnls dl cis virmi`cls virmi`cls dl lntridi.

n 6 virmi`cls dl lntridi n

Plprlslntiomgn dl un fipi-k

0 6 Núflrg dl olcdis tgticls

 

FIUI DL KIPNI\HB DL TPL_ QIPMI@CL_ •

Lc fipi dl Kirniuhb dl trls virmi`cls ls uni fitrmz dl gobg olcdis •

•

555

559

595

599

995

999

955

959

 I, @, O 6 Qirmi`cls Cis virmi`cls virmi`cls tmlnln vicgrls `mnirmgs.

Lsti ls uni un i agrfi dl iogfgdir cgs vicgrls `mnirmgs dl un fipi-k dl ? virmi`cls

 

FIUI DL KIPNI\HB DL O\ITPG QIPMI@ QIPMI@CL_ CL_ •

Lc fipi dl Kirniuhb dl ouitrg virmi`cls ls uni fitrmz dl dmlomsíms olcdis •

Qirmi`cls: I,@,O,D

 

ID]I IOLNOMI DL OLCD OLCDI_ I_ ID] •

Idyiol Id yiolnomi: nomi: Oiriotlræstmoi dl un fipi K ln lc qul sÿcg sl oif`mi uni virmi`cl dl uni olcdi i gtri gtr i mnfldmiti mnfldmiti i lcci pgr ouicqumlri dl sus ouitrg cidgs

•

Cis olcdis ln un fipi dl Kirniuhb Kir niuhb lstén grhinmzidis grhinmzidis piri qul biyi biyi un oif`mg dl uni sgci virmi`cl lntrl olcdis idyiolntls idyiolntls •

Ci diyiolnomi diyiolnomi lsté dlamnmdi pgr un oif`mg dl uni sgci virmi`cl virmi`cl

•

Cis olcdis ogn vicgrls qul dmamlrln pgr fés dl uni sgci virmi`cl ng sgn sg n idyiolntls idyiolntls

 

FMNMFMZIOMßN DL \NI _\FI DL UPGD\OTG_ FLDMINTL LC FIUI DL KIPNI\HB •

Lc fipi dl Kir niuhb sl utmcmzi piri rlduomr lxprlsmgn lx prlsmgnls ls `ggcl `ggclinis inis

•

\ni lxprl rlsm smÿÿn sufi dl prgdu duootg tgss fmnmfmzidi lsté agr grf fid idi i pg pgrr lc fæn ænmf mfgg núf úfllrg dl tí tírf rfmn mnggs pr prgd gduo uotg tg pgsm`cls ogn lc fænmfg núflrg dl virmi`cls pgr tírfmng

Mcustr Mcus triom iomÿn ÿn dlc fipi dl Kirniuhb

 

FIUI DL KIPNI\HB DL \NI _\FI DL UPGD\OTG_ L_TÉNDIP Ljlfpcg: I@O + I@ I@O O + I @O Dltlrfmnir lc vicgr `mnirmg dl oidi tírfmng prgduotg dl ci sufi lsténdir I@O 6 999 I@O 6 599 I @O @O 6 559 Ogcgoir un 9 ln lc fipi dl Kirniuhb ln ci olcdi qul tmlnl lc fmsfg vicgr I@O + I@O I@O 6 999 + 599

Fipi dl Kirniuhb qul rlprlslnti rlprls lnti ci lxprlsmÿn lxprlsmÿn dlc ljlfpcg

 

FIU FIUI I DL KIPNI KIPNI\HB \HB DL \NI _\FI _\FI DL UPGD\OT UPG D\OTG_ G_ NG L_T L_TÉND ÉNDIP IP •

Lc prgoldmfmlntg ls lc fmsfg qul lc intlrmgr, plrg intls dl ogflnzir sl dl`l pisir ci lxprlsmÿn i ci agrfi dl prgduotgs lsténdir.

•

_li lc ognjuntg {I, @, O, … } lc dgfmnmg dl uni lxprlsmÿn `ggclini dl sufi dl

prgduotgs, oidi tírfmng dl`l ogntlnlr tgdis cis virmi`cls dlc dgfmnmg.

•

I@OD + I@OD

Agrfi lsténdir

•

I@ + OD

Agrfi ng lsténdir

 

LJLFUCG •

I + I@ + I@O I@O

9. 0. ?.

I 6 I(@ + @) 6 I@ + I@ (I@@ + I@ (I I@)( )(O O + O) 6 I@ I@O O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I I@@ O (m (m)) I@ 6 I@(O + O) 6 I@O + I@O (mm) I@O 6 I@O (mmm)

(I + I@ I@ + I@O I@O)) 6 I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@ O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O Oidi ung dl lstgs vicgr icgrls ls dl` dl`ll slr slr trisc triscidid ididgg ic fipi fipi Fipi dl Kirniuhb qul rlprlslnti rlprls lnti ci lxprlsmÿn lxprlsmÿn dlc ljlfpcg

 

_MFU _M FUCM CMAMO AMOI IOM OMßN ßN DL \N \NI I _\ _\FI FI DL UP UPGD\ GD\OTG_ OTG_ FLDM FL DMINT INTLL LC FI FIU UI DL KIPNI IPNI\H \HB B •

Dlsp lspuís dl bi`lr agr grf fidg lc fipi ipi dl Kirn rni iuhb dl uni sufi dl pr prggduotgs gs,, ci lxpr xprls lsmmÿn fænm nmf fi sl g`tm g` tmln lnll ih ihrup rupi indg ndg cg cgss 9s

Ljlfpcg: Ljlf pcg: Ih Ihrupi rupiom omÿn ÿn dl ungs ln lc fipi dl Kirniuhb Kirniuhb •

Ugd gdlf lfgs gs ih ihrup rupi ir cgs un ungs gs dlc fip ipi i dl Kir irni niuh uhbb sm smhu hummln lndg dg cis sm smhu hummln lntl tlss rl rlhc hci is. s....

 

PLHCI_ UIPI IHP\UIP CG_ \NG_ DLC FIUI DL KIPNI KIPNI\HB 9) \n hru rup pg dl`l ogntlnlr 9, 0, 4, 2 ÿ 91 olcdis (piri 4 virmi`cls). Ln lc oisg dl un fipi dl Kir niuhb dl ? virmi `cls, lc hr upg puldl ogntlnlr 9, 0, 4 u 2 olcdis. 0) Oidi olcdi dl un hr upg tmlnl qul slr idyiolntl i uni g fés olcdis dlc fmsfg hru rup pg, plrg ng tgdis cis olcdis dlc hru rup pg tmlnln qull sl qu slrr idyioln lntl tlss ln lntr trll sæ sæ.. ?) Ln oidi hru rup pg mno nogr grp pgr gri ir lc fi fiyygr núf úflr lrgg pgs gsmm`cl dl un ungs gs rl rlsp splt lti ind ndgg ci rl rlh hci nú núf flr lrgg 9. 4) Oi Oid di 9 dlc dlc fipi dl`l ls lsttir mno noccum umd dg ln ic ic fln lngs gs un hru rup pg. Cgs 9s qul yi plr lrtl tlnl nlzo zoi in i un hru rup pg pul uld dln agr grf fir pirt rtll dl gt gtrrg hru rup pg.

Ljlfpcg: Ihrupiomÿn dl ungs ln lc fipi dl Kirniuhb

 

LJLFUCG_ Ihrup Ih rupir ir cg cgss 9 9ss ln oidi oidi un ungg dl cg cgss ssmh mhum umln lntl tlss fi fipi piss dl K Kir irni niuh uhbb

Ljlrom Ljlr omoomg i)

Ljlr Lj lroomo momg mg `)

Ljlr Lj lrom omom omgg o)

Ljlr Lj lroomo momg mg d)

 

Plhcis 9) \n hrup upgg dl`l ognt ntllnl nlrr 9, 0, 4, 2 ÿ 91 olcdis (piri 4 virmi`cls). Ln lc oisg dl un fipi dl Kirniuhb dl ? virm vi rmi i`cls ls,, lc hru rup pg pul uld dl ogn gntl tlnl nlrr 9, 0, 4 u 2 olc lcd dis. 0) Oidi olcdi dl un hrupg tmlnl qul slr idyiolntl i uni un i g fés olc lcd dis dlc fmsfg hrup upgg, plr lrgg ng tg tgd dis cis olcdis dlcc hr dl hrup upgg tm tmlnl lnlnn qu qull sl slrr id idyyio ioln lntl tlss ln lntr trll sæ sæ.. ?) Ln oi oidi di hr hrup upgg mn mnog ogrp rpgr grir ir lc fi fiyygr núf núflr lrgg pg pgsm sm`c `cll dl un ungs gs rl rlsp splt lti ind ndgg ci rl rlh hci nú núf flr lrgg 9. 4) Oi Oidi di 9 dlc dlc fi fipi pi dl dl`l `l ls lsti tirr mn mnoocu cummdg ln ic ic fl flng ngss un hru rupg pg.. Cgs 9s qul yi plr lrtl tlnl nlzo zoi in i un hru rup pg pul uld dln ag agrf rfi ir pirt rtll dl gtrgg hr gtr hrup upg. g.

Lj Ljlr lroomo momg mg i)

 

Plhcis 9) \n hrupg dl`l ognt ntllnl nlrr 9, 0, 4, 2 ÿ 91 olcdis (piri 4 virmi`cls). Ln lc oisg dl un fipi dl Kirniuhb dl ? virm vi rmi i`cls ls,, lc hru rup pg pul uld dl ogn gntl tlnl nlrr 9, 0, 4 u 2 olc lcd dis. 0) Oidi olcdi dl un hrupg tmlnl qul slr idyiolntl i uni un i g fés olcdis dlc fmsf sfgg hrup upgg, plrg ng tg tgd dis cis olcdis dlcc hr dl hrup upgg tm tmln lnln ln qul sl slrr id idyyio ioln lntl tlss ln lntr trll sæ sæ..

Idyiolnomi Oæocmoi

?) Ln oi oid di hr hrup upgg mno nogr grpg pgri rirr lc fi fiyygr núf núflr lrgg pg pgsm sm`c `cll dl un ungs gs rl rlsp splt lti ind ndgg ci rl rlh hci nú núf flr lrgg 9. 4) Oi Oidi di 9 dlc dlc fi fipi pi dl` l`ll ls lsti tirr mn mnoc ocum umdg dg ln ic fl flng ngss un hr hrup upg. g. Cgs 9s qul yi plr lrtl tlnl nlzo zoi in i un hru rup pg pul uld dln ag agrf rfi ir pirt rtll dl gtrgg hr gtr hrupg upg..

Ljlrom Ljlr omom omgg `)

 

Plhcis 9) \n hrupg dl`l ognt ntllnl nlrr 9, 0, 4, 2 ÿ 91 olcdis (piri 4 virmi`cls). Ln lc oisg dl un fipi dl Kirniuhb dl ? virm vi rmi i`cls ls,, lc hru rup pg pul uld dl ogn gntl tlnl nlrr 9, 0, 4 u 2 olc lcd dis. 0) Oidi olcdi dl un hrupg tmlnl qul slr idyiolntl i uni un i g fés olcdis dlc fmsf sfgg hrup upgg, plrg ng tg tgd dis cis olcdis dlcc hr dl hrup upgg tm tmln lnln ln qul sl slrr id idyyio ioln lntl tlss ln lntr trll sæ sæ.. ?) Ln oi oid di hr hrup upgg mno nogr grpg pgri rirr lc fi fiyygr núf núflr lrgg pg pgsm sm`c `cll dl un ungs gs rl rlsp splt lti ind ndgg ci rl rlh hci nú núf flr lrgg 9. 4) Oi Oidi di 9 dlc dlc fi fipi pi dl` l`ll ls lsti tirr mn mnoc ocum umdg dg ln ic fl flng ngss un hr hrup upg. g. Cgs 9s qul yi plr lrtl tlnl nlzo zoi in i un hru rup pg pul uld dln ag agrf rfi ir pirt rtll dl gtrgg hr gtr hrupg upg..

Ljlr Lj lrom omom omgg o)

 

Ljlr Ljlrom omom omgg d)

Plhcis 9) \n hrupg dl`l ognt ntllnl nlrr 9, 0, 4, 2 ÿ 91 olcdis (piri 4 virmi`cls). Ln lc oisg dl un fipi dl Kirniuhb dl ? virm vi rmi i`cls ls,, lc hru rup pg pul uld dl ogn gntl tlnl nlrr 9, 0, 4 u 2 olc lcd dis. 0) Oidi olcdi dl un hrupg tmlnl qul slr idyiolntl i uni un i g fés olcdis dlc fmsf sfgg hrup upgg, plrg ng tg tgd dis cis olcdis dlcc hr dl hrup upgg tm tmln lnln ln qul sl slrr id idyyio ioln lntl tlss ln lntr trll sæ sæ.. ?) Ln oi oid di hr hrup upgg mno nogr grpg pgri rirr lc fi fiyygr núf núflr lrgg pg pgsm sm`c `cll dl un ungs gs rl rlsp splt lti ind ndgg ci rl rlh hci nú núf flr lrgg 9. 4) Oi Oidi di 9 dlc dlc fi fipi pi dl` l`ll ls lsti tirr mn mnoc ocum umdg dg ln ic fl flng ngss un hr hrup upg. g. Cgs 9s qul yi plr lrtl tlnl nlzo zoi in i un hru rup pg pul uld dln ag agrf rfi ir pirt rtll dl gtrgg hr gtr hrupg upg..

Idyiolnomi

Oæocmoi  

DLTLPF DLT LPFMNI MNIOM OMßN ßN DL CI LR LRUPL UPL_Mß _MßN N _\F _\FI I DL UP UPGD GD\O \OTG_ TG_ FÆN FÆNMFI MFI I UIPTM UIPTMP P DLC FI FIU UI Uiri lno lnogntr gntrir ir cgs tírfm tírfmngs ngs fæn fænmfgs mfgs y ci lxp lxprlsm rlsmÿn ÿn suf sufi i dl p prrgduo gduotgs tgs fænmfi fænmfi sl i ipcm pcmoi oinn cis smhu smhumlnt mlntls ls rlhcis: irmi mi`c `cls ls dl dlcc hru hrupg pg pu puld ldln ln ls lsttir ln agrf grfi i ng ogf gfpc pclf lfln lnttid idi i (I (I)) g og ogfp fpcl clfl flnt ntid idi i 9) Cis vir Ciss vir Ci irmi mi`c `cls ls qul ip ipir irlo lolln og ogfp fpclf clflnt lntid idis is y sm smnn ogfp gfpcclf lflnt lntir ir (v (vir irmi mi`c `cls ls og ognt ntri ridm dmot otgrm grmis is)) ln lc hr hrup upgg sl lc lcmf mfmn mnin in 0) Dltlrf Dltlrfmni mnirr ci gplri gplriom omÿn ÿn prg prgduo duotg tg fæ fænmf nmfi i pi piri ri oid oidi i hrup hrupg. g. (i) Uiri Uiri un fipi fipi dl ? virmi`cls: virmi`cls: \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 9 olcd olcdi i di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng prg prgduo duotg tg dl ? virm virmi` i`cls cls.. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 0 olcd olcdis is di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng prg prgduo duotg tg dl 0 virm virmi` i`cls cls.. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 4 olcd olcdis is di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng dl 9 vir virmi mi`c `cl. l. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 2 olcdi olcdiss mnd mndmo moi i qul ci ci lxprlsm lxprlsmÿn ÿn vic vicll 9. (`) Uiri Uiri un fipi fipi dl 4 virmi`cls: virmi`cls: •

•

•

•

• •

•

• •

\n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 9 olcd olcdi i di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng prg prgduo duotg tg dl 4 virm virmi` i`cls cls.. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 0 olcd olcdis is di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng prg prgduo duotg tg dl ? virm virmi` i`cls cls.. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 4 olcd olcdis is di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng prg prgduo duotg tg dl 0 virm virmi` i`cls cls.. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 2 olcd olcdis is di cuh cuhir ir i un tírf tírfmng mng dl 9 vir virmi mi`c `cl. l. \n hrupg hrupg agrf agrfid idgg pgr 91 olcd olcdis is mnd mndmo moi i qul ci lxpr lxprlsm lsmÿn ÿn vic vicll 9.

?) \ni vlz qul sl bin g`t g`tlnmd lnmdgg tgdg tgdgss cgs tírf tírfmngs mngs prg prgduo duotg tg fæ fænmf nmfgs, gs, sl sufi sufinn piri piri g`tl g`tlnlr nlr ci lx lxprl prlsmÿ smÿnn sufi dl prgduotgs prgduotgs fænm fænmfi. fi.

 

Urg rgduo duotg tgs s fæ fænm nmfgs fgs pgr hr hrupg upg Hrupg vlrdl: Hrupg iz izuc: uc:

@

   ബO

Hrupg fg ridg:

തD I

∴ Ci sufi dl prgduotgs ബO തD fænmfi ls: @+  I

Ljlromomg l)  

Urg rgduot duotgs gs fæ fænmf nmfgs gs pgr hr hrupg upg Hrupg rgjg: rgjg :

I@

Hrupg iz izuc: uc:

@O

Hrupg fgridg:

ബ ബ ത 

∴ Ci sufi dl prgduotgs ബ ബ ത fænmfi ls: I@ @O  Ljlromomg a)

 

Urg rgduot duotgs gs fæ fænm nmfgs fgs pgr hr hrupg upg ബ Hrupg vlrdl:   

Hrupg fgri fgridg: dg: Hrupg rgjg: rgjg :

ബO I

ത @

∴ Ci sufi dl prgduotgs ബ O @ ത ബ   I  fænmfi ls:  Ljlromomg h)

 

G@TLNOM G@T LNOMßN ßN DMPLO DMPLOTTI DLC FIU FIUI I DL KIPNI KIPNI\HB \HB I UIPTMP DL CI CI TI@CI TI@CI DL QLPD QLPDID ID \ni ti` ti`ci dl vlrdid prgpgromg omgni ci si siccmdi dl uni lxprlsmÿ smÿn `ggclini piri tg tgd dis cis pgsm` sm`cls ogf`m ogf `mni niomg omgnl nls s dl cis cis vi virm rmi` i`cls cls dl ln lntr trid idi i Cgs 9s dl ci ogcufni dl sicmdi d l ci intidm `rci df l ln vtllric didfip sl tri tr isc scid idi dmr loti tif lntl ipi i dl Kirniuhb, i cis olcdis ogrrrlspgndmlntl og tls s i cgs vicgrls isgomi isg omidg dgs s dl cis ogf ogf`m `mn niom iomg gnl nls s dl vir irmi mi`c `cls ls dl ln lntr trid idi i

AMH\PI AMH\P I 4. 4.?< ?< Lj Ljlf lfpcg pcg dl g`t g`tln lnom omÿn ÿn dmr dmrlo loti ti dl un fipi fi pi dl Kirniuhb Kirniuhb i pirtmr pirtmr dl uni ti`ci ti`ci dl vlrdid. vlrdid.

 

OGNDMO OGND MOMGNL MGNL__ MND MNDMAL MALPLN PLNTL_ TL_ •

•

Lx Lxmst mstln ln ois oisgs gs dgn gnd dl ic ich hunis ogf ogf` `mniom mniomgn gnls ls dl cis virmi` virmi`ccls dl ln lntr trid idi i ng lst lstén én plrf lrfmtid mtidis. is. \n ljlf lfp pcg ls lc oÿdmh ÿdmhg g @ OD OD dgnd gndl cis og ogf f`mn mni iomg omgnls 9595, 95, 95 959 99, 9955, 55, 9959, 9995 y 9999 ng lsté stén plr fmt fmtmmdis y ng gour ourrln nunoi oi,, ls pgr lc lcccg qu qul l puld ldln ln og ogn nsmd smdlrirsl og ogf fg tírfm tírfmngs ngs mn mndmal dmalrl rlntl ntls s y lstg smhnmamoi qul sl cls puldl is mh n ir u n 5 g 9 ln ci si siccmd mdi i.

•

Cgs tírfmn mng gs mn mnd dmalrln lrlnttls puldln ldln utmcmz mcmzi irsl og ogf fg vln vlntiji iji ln lc fítgdg gdg dlc fip ipi i dl Kir nih nihub ub sm cis R sl og ogn nsmd smdlrin ogf ogfg 9, g ln oisg oisg ogn ogntrir irmg mg ogf ogfg 5 sm ng biy vln vlntiji iji

 

Ln t r id is

Urgduotg rgduotgs s fænm fænmfg fgs s pgr hrupg

_i c m d i

 I

@

O

D

]

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

9

5

5

5

9

5

5

5

5

9

9

5

5

9

5

5

5

5

9

5

9

5

5

9

9

5

5

5

9

9

9

9

9

5

5

5

9

9

5

5

9

9

9

5

9

5

R

9

5

9

9

R

9

9

5

5

R

9

9

5

9

R

9 9

9 9

9 9

5 9

R R

ബ Hrupg vlrdl:   

Hrupg fgridg:

ബ ത 

ബ ത ബ ] 6     _mn ogndmomgnls mndmalrlntls

Urgduot rgduotgs gs fænm fænmfg fgs s pgr hrupg

Hrupg vlrdl:

@OD

Hrupg fgridg: ] 6 @OD Ogn ogndmomgnls mndmalrl mndmalrlntls ntls

I

I

 

LJLPOMOMG_

 

LJL LJLPOMO POMOMG MG ?1. DM@ DM@\JI \JIPP \N FIU FIUI I DL KIPNI KIPNI\HB \HB DL 4 QIPMI IPMI@CL_ @CL_ ] LT LTMY MY\L \LTTIP OI OID DI OLC LCD DI _L _LHÚ HÚN N _\ QIC ICGP GP @M @MNI NIPM PMG G.

Ti`ci dl vlrdid

 

LJ LJLPOM LPOMOMG OMG ?= I) _MFU _MFUCMA CMAMOIP MOIP CI _MH\ _MH\MLNT MLNTL_ L_ LRUPL LR UPL_MGN _MGNL_ L_ FLD FLDMINT MINTLL FIU FIUI_ I_ DL KI KIPNI PNI\HB \HB •

•

•

•

I @ O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O Ci lxpr lxprlsm lsmÿn ÿn yi sl lno lnouln ulntri tri ln su ag agrfi rfi lsté lsténdi ndirr, pr prgol goldlf dlfgs gs i oico oicouc ucir ir sus vicgrls vi cgrls `mn `mnirm irmgs gs I @ O 6 555

•

I@O 6 959 I@O 6 599

•

I@O I@ O 6 995 995

 

•

I @ O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O 6 555 555 + 959 959 + 599 599 + 995 995

Fipi dl Kirniuhb

dlc ljlro ljlromom momgg ?= i) i)  

•

I @ O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O + I@O I@O 6 555 555 + 959 959 + 599 599 + 995 995

Tgdgs cgs hrupgs ogntmlnln uni

9 9 9

olcdi, pgr cg tintg oidi hrupg di ogfg rlsuctidg un prgduotg dl ? virmi`cls, ls dlomr, ci lxprlsmÿn ng puldl smfpcmamoirsl fldmintl un fip fi pi dl Kirn rni iuh uhb. b.

9 Fipi dl Kirniuhb

dlc ljlro ljlromom momgg ?= i) i)  

LJ LJLPOM LPOMOMG OMG ?= I) _MFU _MFUCMA CMAMOIP MOIP CI _MH\ _MH\MLNT MLNTL_ L_ LRUPL LR UPL_MGN _MGNL_ L_ FLD FLDMINT MINTLL FIU FIUI_ I_ DL KI KIPNI PNI\HB \HB •

IO [ @ + @( @+O ) V

Urgp. Dmstrm`utmvi

6 IO [ @ + @@+@O V

Plhci 2: I⋌I 6 I

6 IO [ @ + @ + @O V

Urgp. Dmstrm`utmvi

6 I@O + I@O + I@OO

Urgp. Isgomitmvi prgduotg

6 I@O + I@O + (I (I@) @)(O (OO O)

Plh lhci ci =: I⋌I 6 5

6 I@O + I@O I@O + (I@)⋌5

Plhci ?: I⋌5 6 5

6 I@ I@O O + I@ I@O O IO [ @ + @( @+O ) V 6 I@O + I@O

 

•

I@O + I@O 6 959 + 999

Lcmcmf fmn mnin indg dg @ qu qull ls uni vir irmi mi`c `cll ognt ntri ridm dmootg tgrm rmi i tlnlfgs qul ci lxprlsmÿn grmhmnic quldi fmn mnmf mfmz mzid idi i dl ci sm smhu huml mlnt ntll agrf grfi: i: IO [ @ + @( @( @+ @+O ) V 6 I⋌O

9

I@O

9

I@O

Fipi dlmomg Kirniuhb dlc ljlromom ljlro g ?= `) `)

 

Ljlromomg 45 d) L Lxpindmr xpindmr ci l lxprlsmÿn xprlsmÿn smhu mlntl i su agrf i sufi dl prgd uotg s lsténdir. ] 6  ബ +  ബ ത  +   +  ത + 

Tírfmngs dlsirrgccidgs nu fírmoi fírmoiflntl flntl ബ 

9555 9555 955 9559

+

ബ ത 

9559

+



55 5599 99 9599

959 9595

5999

959 9599

9999

+

ത   

I@OD

5959 9959

9999

Fipi pi dl Kirniuh b dlc ljlromomg ljlromomg Fi 45 d)

 

Ljlro Ljl romo momg mg 45 45 d) Urgduotg rgduotgs s fænm fænmfgs fgs pgr hrupg

Hrupg rgjg:

@D

Hrupg vlrdl:

OD

Hrupg fgridg: ] 6 @D

Fipi dl Kirniuhb dlc ljlromomg ljlromomg 45 d)

OD

ബ 

ബ 

 

LJLPOMOMG LRTPI Ognsmdlri lc dmslùg dl un smstlfi ogn ogn lntridis I,@ I,@,O ,O y D. Cgs nmvlcls cÿhmogs ln I y @ sl isufl qul sl rlprlslntin ogn un nuflrg `mnirmg N9 y I ogfg lc dæhmtg fés smhnmamoitmvg. Cgs nmvlcls cÿhmogs ln O y D rlprlslntin ic núflrg N0 ogn O ogfg lc dæhmtg fés smhnmamoitmvg. _m N9 ls fiygr qul N0, ci sicmdi A ls rlqulrmdi qulqul slipiri 9 y piri tgdisncis gtris ogndmomgnls ci sicmdi slr Lstg smhnmamoi ci ogndmomÿn ogndmomÿ I65, @69, O69 y D69 O69 A dl`ldl`l slr  ‟  yi5. qul N9659 y N0699, dgndl ci ogndmomÿn I69, @65, O65 y D69, A dl`l slr 9 yi qul N9695 y N0659 y isæ.

 

prmflr lr pisg pisg sl prlpi prlpiri ri ci smhum smhumlntl lntl ti`c ti`ci i dl vlrdid vlrdid Ogfg prmf I

@

O

D

A

5 5

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Ljlr Ljlrom omom omgg Lxtri

5

 

smhumlntl pi Lc smhumlntl pisg sg ls lncizir lncizir cis olcdi olcdis. s. (Fgstridg ln dmalrlnotls ltipis piri biolrcg biolr cg flngs ogfpcmoidg) O

I

O

O

5

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[email protected]

_l lnoulntrin cgs hrupgs smhumlntls: @.O.D

@

Ljlrom Ljlr omom omgg Lxtri  

O

I

5

5

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D

Dlc fipi sl puldl tgfir qul ci lxprlsmgn `ggclini qul dlsorm`l su ogfpgrtifmlntg ls: A 6 @. @.O. O.D D + I. I.O O + I. I.@@.D ... y ibgri lc smstlfi sl puldl dlsirrgccir dlsirrgccir i pirtmr dl ísti

lxprlsmÿn.

Ljlrom Ljlr omom omgg Lxtri

 

Aundifln Aund iflntgs tgs dl _ms _mstlfis tlfis Dm Dmhmt hmticls icls

@M@CMGHPIAÆI

=tb TBG TBGFI_ FI_ C. ACG ACG]D ]D