Manuskrip Siti Salimah

 

GKWKYLBMFM UKLIFWFNFM @UKYFSB KNKHWBD GKZFSF UFGF AFYB @UKYFSB GB [MBW UKNFRFMFM IKGFA WKYUFG[ YS[U GY. CBUW@ LFMJ[MH[S[L@ OFHFYWF 9561“. 

GKWKYLBMFM CFMCKNNFWB@M @D FG[NW KNKCWBTK @UKYFWB@MS BM @UKYFWBMJ GFR BM BMWKJYFWKG S[YJKYR SKYTBCK [MBW @D GY. CBUW@ LFMJ[MH[S[L@ OFHFYWF 9561   "

Sbtb Sfnblfa, Kmb Zbgbfstutb9  6.  Lfafsbswf [mbvkrsbtfs Luafllfgbyfa Ofhfrtf Dfhuntfs Bnlu Hkpkrfwftfm Onm. Cklpfhf Uutba Wkmjfa, Ofhfrtf Uusft-65;65 9.  G`skm Dfhuntfs Bnlu Hkpkrfwftfm [mbvkrsbtfs Luafllfgbyfa Ofhfrtf Jlfbn ? 5;knbssbtbsfnblfa:4Ejlfbn.c`l 5;knbssbtbsfnblfa:4Ejlfbn.c`l

FISWYFCW ? Nftfr iknfhfmj ? @pkrfsb knkhtbd fgfnfa pklikgfafm yfmj tkrkmcfmf gkmjfm pkrsbfpfm yfmj lftfmj gblfmf `pkrfsb gbnfhuhfm gkmjfm h`mgbsb ulul pfsbkm yfmj stfibn, gfm lknkwftb pr`sks pkmofgwfnfm tkrnkiba gfaunu. Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd lkrupfhfm lfsfnfa utflf gfm sugfa nflf pfgf skluf rulfa sfhbt gb sknurua gumbf.

Gflpfh gfrb hkpufsfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb jfmjjufm psbh`n`jbs, s`sbfn, dbmfmsbfn gfm lkmurumhfm pfsbkm gfmlkmykifihfm hknufrjf tkrafgfp pknfyfmfm rulfa Sfhbt gfm gfpft lkmjfhbifthfm lkmbmjhftmyf gfdtfr tumjju pfsbkm `pkrfsb, skrtf lkmjfhbifthfm hkmgfnf hkufmjfm yfmj sbjmbdbhfm ifjb Yulfa Sfhbt. Ikrgfsfrhfm gftf gfrb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul`, fmjhf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb pkrb`gk Ofmufrb sflpfb Skptklikr 956: skiksfr 2,:% gfrb ;5;4 pfsbkm. Wuoufm? Ukmknbtbfm bmb ikrtuoufm umtuh lkmjktfaub gfm lkmjjflifrhfm gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM GY. Cbpt` Lfmjumhsul` Ofhftf pfgf tfaum 956: yfmj gbiftfsb pfgf dfht`r pfsbkm, dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb, dfht`r pktujfs, gfm dfht`r dfsbnbtfs. Lkt`gk ?  pkmknbtbfm bmb lkmjjumfhfm stugb rktr`spkhtbd, gfm gbstrbiusb drkhukmsb. Afsbn ? gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm gkwfsf yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb pfgf afrb `pkrfsb lkmumouhfm ifawf hkofgbfm pkliftfnfm hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm 73,4%, dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb ;,;%, dfht`r pktujfs ;,;%, dfht`r dfsbnbtfs 7;,7%. Hksblpunfm ? gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb umbt pknfyfmfm ikgfa tkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf gfrb ;; dbnk  pfsbkm, pkliftfnfm yfmj tkriksfr hfrkmf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs skiksfr 7;,;% yfbtu tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb. Sfrfm ? Gbpkrnuhfm pkmjfturfm pkmofgwfnfm pfsbkm yfmj  ikmfr-ikmfr sknkhtbd s knkhtbd gfm kdkhtbd, k dkhtbd, pkrnu gbiuft S@U tkmtfmj iftfsfm iftfs fm ofl bmguhsb ftfu bmsbsb tkrfhabr lkmjbmjft ofl hkrof gb umbt pknfyfmfm ikgfa tkrpfgu m`m sabdt. Hftf Humcb ? Dfht`r pfsbkm, dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb, dfht`r pktujfs, dfht`r dfsbnbtfs. FISWYFCW Nftfr iknfhfmj? Knkctbvk surjkry bs pnfmmkg surjkry wbta cfrkdunn prkpfrftb`m wakrk `pkrftb`m bs pkrd`rlkg wbta stfink jkmkrfn pftbkmt c`mgbtb`m, fmg iypfssbmj scakgunbmj  pr`ckss dbrst. Wak rkl`vfn `d knkvtbvk knk vtbvk surjkry bs f lfo`r fmg n`mj stfmgbmj stf mgbmj pr`inkl bm fnn a`spbtfn fr`umg tak w`rng. Wak blpfct `d cfmcknnftb`m `d surjkry nkfgs t` psyca`n`jbcfn,

s`cbfn, dbmfmsbfn gbsturifmcks fmg gkscrkfsks pktbkmt fmg dflbny sftbsdfctb`m `m a`spbtfn skrvbcks fmg lfy rksunt bm bmcrkfskg nbst `d surjbcfn pftbkmt, fs wknn fs rksuntbmj sbjmbdbcfmt

 

dbmfmcbfn c`mtrfbms d`r a`spbtfns. Ifsk `m gftf dr`l bmtkjrftkg surjkry umbt YS Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul`, tak cfmcknnftb`m mulikr `d knkctbvk `pkrftb`m `m tak gfy `d `pkrftb`m dr`l Ofmufry t` Skptklikr 956: `d 2,:% `d ;5;4 pftbkmt. @iokctbvk ? Wabs stugy fbls t` bgkmtbdy fmg gkscrbik tak gktkrlbmfmts `d knkctbvk fgunt cfmcknnftb`m cf mcknnftb`m `m tak gfy `pkrftb`m bm tak bmtkjrkjrftkg surjkry umbt YS gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf bm 956: wabca bs nblbtkg t` pftbkmt dfct`rs, dfct`r fglbmbstrftb`m, dfct`r `ddbckr fmg dfcbnbty dfct`r. Lkt`gk? Wabs rkskfrca lkta`gk usbmj rktr`spkctbvk stugy, fmg drkqukmcy gbstrbiutb`m.   Wak rksunt `d ;; dbnk `d fgunt pftbkmts wa` khpkrbkmckg cfmcknnftb`m guk t` pftbkmt dfct`s 73,4%, fglbmbstrftbvk dfct`rs ;,;%, `ddbckr dfct`rs ;,;%, dfsbnbtbks dfct`r 7;,7%. C`mcnusb`m ? gktkrlbmfmt cfmcknnftb`m `pkrftb`ms knkctbvk fgunts `m tak gfy `d surjkry bm tak bmtkjrftkg surjkry umbt `d Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` a`spbtfn dr`l ;; pftbkmts dbnk, tak ibjjkst cfmcknnftb`m guk dfcbnbty dfct`r `d 7;,;% bs umfvfbnfibnbty `d `pkrfstb`m tblk. Sujjkstb`m ? mkkg f rkfnny sknkctbvk fmg kddkctbvk scakgunnbmj frrfmjklkmt, mkkg t` lfhk S@U fi`ut bmguctb`m cn`ch rkstrbctb`m `r nfst bmcbsb`m c`msbgkrbmj cn`ch w`rh bs m`m sabdt bmtkjrftkg surjbcfn skrvbck umbt. Hkyw`rg ? pftbkmt dfct`r, fglbmbstrftb`m dfct`r, `ddbckr dfct`r, dfcbnbty dfct`r. UKMGFA[N[FM

Urf`pkrfsb

@pkrfsb fgfnfa skiufa pr`sks bmvfsbd hfrkmf bmsbsb gbnfhuhfm pfgf tuiua ftfu hktbhf ifjbfm tuiua gbfmjhft (Cfr`nbmk & Lfry, 9567). @pkrfsb knkhtbd fgfnfa  pklikgfafm yfmj tkrkmcfmf gkmjfm  pkrsbfpfm yfmj lftfmj gblfmf `pkrfsb gbnfhuhfm gkmjfm h`mgbsb ulul pfsbkm yfmj ifbh, gfm lknkwftb pr`sks  pkmofgwfnfm tkrnkiba gfaunu (Y`sgfan & H`wfnshb, 9569).

 pfsbkm gfm hksknflftfm pfsbkm. pfsbk m. Ufgf dfsk  prf`pkrfsb pkrfwft ikrpkrfm skifjfb  pkmgbgbh, fgv`hft, gfm pr`l`t`r hkskaftfm. Wfafp bmb ikrfhabr hktbhf  pfsbkm gbfmtfr hk hflfr `pkrfsb gfm gbskrfahfm hk pkrfwft ikgfa umtuh  pkrfwftfm gfm tbmgfhfm sknfmoutmyf (Ifrfgkr` & Lfry, 955;). Gfnfl  pkmknbtbfmmyf G`ujnfs Y.F.Lchkmgrbch (9567) lkmyftfhfm ifawf pkrsbfpfm  prf`pkrfsb lklpkmjfruab pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gfm pkrsbfpfm  prf`pkrfsb yfmj `ptblfn gfpft lkmjurfmjb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb skiksfr 79%.

Wbmgfhfm ikgfa ftfu `pkrfsb gfnfl  pknfyfmfm gb Yulfa Sfhbt lkrupfhfm tbmgfhfm lkgbs yfmj sfmjft pkmtbmj. Wuoufm gbnfhuhfm tbmgfhfm `pkrfsb pfgf  pfsbkm fgfnfa umtuh lkmyknflfthfm myfwf, lkmckjfa hkcfcftfm, gfm lkmckjfa tkrofgbmyf h`lpnbhfsb. Ukrfwft lklpumyfb pkrfm gfnfl lklpkrsbfphfm h`mgbsb dbsbh gfm psbh`n`jbs pfsbkm yfmj fhfm lkmofnfmb pklikgfafm. Ukrfm bmb gblunfb hktbhf hkputusfm umtuh bmtkrvkmsb  ikgfa gbiuft gfm gbsktuoub `nka pfsbkm gfm ikrfhabr hktbhf pfsbkm gbhbrbl hk lkof `pkrfsb ftfu skrbmj gbskiut Dfsk Urf`pkrfsb (Bjmftfvbcbus fmg Z`rhlfm, 956;)

ikrd`hus

pfgf

pkrsbfpfm

Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd lkrupfhfm lfsfnfa utflf gfm sugfa nflf pfgf skluf rulfa sfhbt gb sknurua gumbf. Yulfa sfhbt ulul gb Bmjjrbs lkmjfnflb hkmgfnf hkufmjfm yfmj sbjmbdbhfm skifjfb gflpfh gfrb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb. Ukmbmjhftfm oulnfa gfdtfr tumjju pfsbkm lklkrnuhfm usfaf hkrfs umtuh gfpft lkmjftfsb lfsfnfa bmb. (U.F. Gblbtrbfgbs K., 9563). Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd  ikrgflpfh pfgf jfmjjufm psbh`n`jbs, s`sbfn

gfm

dbmfmsbfn

pfsbkm

gfm

 

hknufrjfmyf, afn bmb gfpft lkmurumhfm hkpufsffm pfsbkm gfm hknufrjfmyf.

lkrupfhfm hflfr `pkrfsb yfmj lkmfmjfmb hfsus ikgfa lbmblfn bmvfsbd.

Wbmjhft pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb ikrvfrbfsb, Gblbtrbfgbs (9563), lkmykiuthfm fmjhf hkofgbfm  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb ikrhbsfr fmtfrf ;%75% gfrb oulnfa `pkrfsb knkhtbd yfmj gbrkmcfmfhfm. Ikikrfpf nbtkrftur lkmykiuhfm ifawf fnfsfm pfnbmj ulul tkrofgb pfgf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb fgfnfa tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf tklpft tbgur / rufmj  pkrfwftfm, hurfmjmyf wfhtu hflfr `pkrfsb, gfm pfsbkm tbgfh `ptblfn umtuh gbnfhuhfm `pkrfsb.

Gftf yfmj pkmknbtb pkr`nka gfrb g`hulkmtfsb lutu pknfyfmfm [UIW pfgf  pkrb`gk Ofmufrb 956: sflpfb gkmjfm Skptklikr 956:, tkrgfpft fmjhf  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd skiksfr 2,:% gfrb ;5;4 pfsbkm. Fgfpum yfmj lkmofgb fnfsfm pfsbkm iftfn `pkrfsb fgfnfa hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm yfbtu ? pkriuruhfm h`mgbsb  pfsbkm 61,3% , pkrsbfpfm pfsbkm  prf`pkrfsb yfmj iknul `ptblfn 69,9% , dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfbtu ? hfrkmf tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf hflfr `pkrfsb 37,;%, rufmj BC[ ftfu UBC[ pkmua 93,1%, gfm  pkrsbfpfm fnft ftfu blpnfmt 6.4% .

Afsbn Ukmknbtfm yfmj gbnfhuhfm Dfmjjbgfk (9567) tkmtfmj dfht`r-dfht`r  pkmykifi tkrofgbmyf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb lkmumouhhfm ifawf, fmjhf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb pfgf tfaum 9563 lkmcfpfb ;.3:%, tfaum 9567 lkmcfpfb ;.:1%, gfm tfaum 956; fmjhf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb lkmcfpfb 3.92%. [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu ftfu skrbmj gbsbmjhft [UIW YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` lkrupfhfm ifjbfm bmtkjrfn gfrb pknfyfmfm rulfa sfhbt, yfmj lklikrbhfm pknfyfmfm pfgf pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb knkhtbd. [UIW Lklbnbhb 67 hflfr `pkrfsb lunfb gfrb @h 6 sflpfb gkmjfm @h 6;, @h 63 tbgfh lfsuh gfnfl abtumjfm hfrkmf gb @h 63 tbgfh fgf hkjbftfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf lkrupfhfm rufmj skrifjumf. Sktbfp hflfr `pkrfsb lknfhuhfm  pkmfmjfmfm `pkrfsb yfmj ikrikgf-ikgf, c`mt`amyf umtuh @h 6 gbprb`rbtfshfm lkmfmjfmb hfsus `pkrfsb ikgfa fmfh, `h 9 lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb hfsus ikgfa ta`rfx, @h 3 lkmfmjfmb hfsus ikgfa `mh`n`jb, @h 7 & 2 lkmfmjfmb lkmfmjfmb hfsus WAW, @h ; lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb hfsus Tfshunfnkr, @h 4 lkmfmjfmb lkmfmjfmb hfsus hfsus `pkrfsb gbjkstbvk, @h : & 1 lkmfmjfmfmb `pkrfsb hkibgfmfm, @h 65 lkmfmjfmb hfsus ikgfa mkur`, @h 66 umtuh lkmfmjfmb hfsus `rt`pkgb, @h 69 hfsus ikgfa lunut, gfm @h 67 & 6;

Afsbn `iskrvfsb yfmj pkmknbtb nfhuhfm sknflf ; afrb hkrof, pfgf tfmjjfn 93 @ht`ikr sflpfb gkmjfm 36 @ht`ikr 956:  pfsbkm iftfn `pkrfsb pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gfrb t`tfn pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb 639 `rfmj, :,;% pfsbkm lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb, hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm yfbtu? Ai>65, hkfgffm ulul pfsbkm lkliuruh, gfm dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfbtu tbgfh fgfmyf rufmjfm UBC[ / BC[ gfm fnft yfmj gbpkrnuhfm umtuh `pkrfsb iknul tkrskgbf. Ikrgfsfrhfm urfbfm gbftfs, pkmknbtb bmjbm lkmjktfaub nkiba nfmout tkmtfmj gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf. LKW@GK UKMKNBWBFM Gksfbm Ukmknbtbfm Ukmknbtbfm bmb lkrupfhfm pkmknbtbfm hufmtbtftbd gkmjfm gksfbm pkmknbtbfm yfmj gbjumfhfm fgfnfa pkmknbtbfm rktr`spkhtbd yfbtu skiufa stugb yfmj gbgfsfrhfm pfgf cftftfm lkgbs, wfhtu pkrbstbwfmyf tkrofgb gblfsf nfnu. Ukmknbtbfm bmb fgfnfa umtuh lkmgkshrbpsbhfm gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm

`pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu

 

YS[UM Gr. Ofhfrtf 956:

Cbpt`

Lfmjumhusul`

Sflpkn yfmj gbjumfhfm gfnflf  pkmknbtbfm bmb fgfnfa skifmyfh ;; dbnk  pfsbkm

Wklpft Ukmknbtbfm bmb tknfa gbnfhsfmfhfm gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf.

Ukmjumpunfm Gftf

Lkmjulpunhfm gftf tkrhfbt gktkrlbmfm  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf

Zfhtu Uknfhsfmffm pkmknbtbfm bmb fhfm gbnfhuhfm gbiunfm Ofmufrb 9561.

afrb `pkrfsb gkmjfm lkmjjumfhfm cakhnbs pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb pfgf sktbfp dbnk pfsbkm.

U`punfsb U`punfsb gfnfl pkmknbtbfm bmb fgfnfa G`hulkm / stftus pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul`. U`punfsb gfnfl pkmknbtbfm bmb fgfnfa Oulnfa dbnk / stftus pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd  pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [UIW pfgf 3 iunfm iunf m tkrfhabr (@ht`ikr, M`vklikr, Gksklikr) yfbtu skifmyfh 655 `rfmj.

Fmfnbsf Gftf Fmfnbsf gftf ikrtuoufm umtuh lkmgkshrbpsbhfm hfrfhtkr lfsbmj-lfsbmj vfrbfikn yfmj gbtknbtb. Fmfnbsf gftf yfmj gbjumfhfm pfgf pkmknbtbfm bmb fgfnfa ? Fmfnbsf [mbvfrbft. Fmfnbsf umbvfrbft gbnfhuhfm tkrafgfp tbfp vfrbfikn gfrb pkmknbtbfm umtuh lknbaft gbstrbiusb gkmjfm lknbaft prkskmtfsk lfsbmjlfsbmj (Afst`m`, 955:). Fmfnbsf umbvfrbft gbnfhuhfm umtuh lkmjktfaub gbstrbiusb drkhukmsb Gktkrlbmfm  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf.  

Sflpkn

AFSBN UKMKNBWBFM f.  Fmfnbsf [mbvfrbft

Wfikn ;.6 Gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt pknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM YS[UM Gr.Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf 9561 m < ;; M` Dfht`r Ukliftfnfm Dfht`r Ufsbkm 6. Dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb 9. Dfht`r pktujfs 3. Dfht`r dfsbnbtfs 7. Sulikr ? Dbnk Ufsbkm 956: 

Drkhukmsb 97 3 3 9;

Ukrskmtfsk (%) 73,4 ;,; ;,; 7;,7

 

Ikrgfsfrhfm tfikn gbftfs gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; rksp`mgkm dbnk iftfn `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Uusft YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` skifjbfm iksfr hfrkmf hfrk mf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfbtu skifmyfh 7 7;,;%. ;,;%.

 

Wfikn ;.9 Gbstrbiusb Drkhukmsb gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm m< 97 M` Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb (Dfht`r Ufsbkm) 6. Ai pfsbkm >65jr% 9. Hknfbmfm hfrgb`n`jb

Lkmstrufsb Hkfgffm ulul pfsbkm lkmurum lk murum Ufsbkm lkm`nfh gbnfhuhfm `pkrfsb Ufsbkm lkmjfnflb jfmjjufm pklikhufm gfrfa Sulikr ? Dbnk rksp`mgkm ? 956: 3. 7. ;. 4.

Drkhukmsb (m) : 3

9 7 ; 3

Ukrskmtfsk (%) 92,9 69,;

1,3 64,: 95,1 69,;

Ikrgfsfrhfm tfikn gbftfs gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm tkrgfpft 97 dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm, skifjbfm iksfr hfrkmf ai ai pfsbkm > 65 jr% yfbtu skifmyfh 92,9% Wfikn ;.3 Gbstrbiusb drkhukmsb gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb m < 3 M` Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb (dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb) Bmd`rlkg c`mskmt tbgfh gbiuft 6. Uklkrbhsffm nfi`rft`rbul tbgfh nkmjhfp 9. Uklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb tbgfh nkmjhfp 3. Sfnfa pkmofgwfnfm `pkrfsb 7. Sulikr ? Dbnk pfsbkm 956:

Drkhukmsb (m) 5 5 9 6

Ukrskmtfs (%) 5 5 44,: 33,3

Ikrgfsfrhfm tfikn gbftfs gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf hfrkmf dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb skifmyfh 3, skifjbfm iksfr hfrkmf afsbn pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb tbgfh nkmjhfp skiksfr 44,:%.   Wfikn ;.7 Gbstrbiusb drkhukmsb gktkrlbmfm pfgf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb umbt pknfyfmfm ikgfa pusft YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf hfrkmf dfht`r pktujfs. m< 3 M` 6.

9. 3. 7.

Ukliftfnfm `pkrfsb (dfht`r pktujfs) G`htkr ikgfa yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb  ikrafnfmjfm afgbr G`htkr fmfstksb yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb lk mfmjfmb `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr Ukrfwft bmstrulkm yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr

Ukrfwft sbrhunkr yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb lk mfmjfmb `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr

Drkhukmsb (m) 3

Ukrskmtfsk (%) 655

5

5

5

5

5

5

 

Sulikr ? Dbnk Ufsbkm 956:

Ikrgfsfrhfm tfikn gbftfs gfpft gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm tkrgfpft 3 dbnk  pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` hfrkmf dfht`r pktujfs, skpkmuamyf hfrkmf g`htkr ikgfa yfmj yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr afgbr 655%. Wfikn ;.; Gbstrbiusb drkhukmsb gktkrlbmfm pfgf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf hfrkmf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs m< 9; M` 6. 9. 3. 7. ;.

4.

Ukliftfnfm @pkrfsb (Dfht`r Dfsbnbtfs) Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf hflfr `pkrfsb Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf BC[ ftfu AC[ Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf bmstrulkm stkrbn Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf pr`guh gfrfa Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf blpnfmt yfmj gbiutuahfm Wbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb

Drkhukmsb (m) 5 ; 9 5 6

6:

Ukrskmtfsk (%) 5 95 1 5 7

41

Sulikr ? Dbnk pfsbkm 956:

Ikrgfsfrhfm tfikn gbftfs gfpft gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm pfs bkm iftfn `pkrfsb tkrgfpft 9; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf hfrkmf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs, dfsbnbtfs, skifjbfm iksfr iksfr hfrkmf tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb skifmyfh 41%. UKLIFAFSFM Dfht`r pfsbkm Afsbn pkmknbtbfm gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Uusft YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` fmtfrf iunfm

@ht`ikr sflpfb gkmjfm Gksklikr 956: hfrkmf dfht`r pfsbkm skifmyfh 73,4%, skifjbfm iksfr hfrkmf Ai pfsbkm > 65jr% skiksfr 92,9%. Ukmknbtb lkmjfmfnbsf ifawf afn bmb tkrofgb hfrkmf wfhtu tumjju pfsbkm `pkrfsb yfmj rknftbd nflf. Zfhtu tumjju yfmj gblfhsughfm fgfnfa rkmtfmj wfhtu fmtfrf pfscf pkmbnfbfm prf`pkrfsb yfmj gbnfhuhfm gb p`nbhnbmbh ikgfa sflpfb gkmjfm pkmofgwfnfm `pkrfsb. Yftf-rftf wfhtu tumjju pfsbkm `pkrfsb hurfmj nkiba 35 afrb, afn bmb gbskifihfm hfrkmf gfdtfr

tumjju pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb knkhtbd yfmj pfmofmj. Sknflf rkmtfmj wfhtu tkrskiut hklumjhbmfm tkrofgb pkmurumfm hfgfr Ai  pfgf pfsbkm-pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb ibsf tkrofgb. Hktbhf pfsbkm sugfa gbofgwfnhfm `pkrfsb gfm lfsuh rufmj rfwft umtuh lkmofnfmb pkrfwftfm prf`pkrfsb sknfmoutmyf, skrtf gbnfhuhfm pkmbnfbfm  prf`pkrfsb unfmj tkrmyftf hfgfr Ai > 65 j/gn bmb ifru gbhktfaub sktknfa pfsbkm gbofgwfnhfm `pkrfsb. Obhf hbtf tbmofu hklifnb gfrb pkmjkrtbfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd yfbtu @pkrfsb knkhtbd fgfnfa pklikgfafm yfmj tkrkmcfmf gkmjfm pkrsbfpfm yfmj lftfmj gblfmf `pkrfsb gbnfhuhfm gkmjfm h`mgbsb ulul  pfsbkm yfmj ifbh, gfm lknkwftb pr`sks  pkmofgwfnfm tkrnkiba tkrnki ba gfaunu (Y`sgfan & H`wfnshb, 9569).

 

Hfgfr Akl`jn`ibm > gfrb 65 j/gn lkrupfhfm h`mgbsb ulul yfmj hurfmj  ifbh umtuh gbnfhuhfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd, hfrkmf hfgfr Ai > 65 jr/gn gfpft lkmbliunhfm akl`gbnusb (pkmjkmckrfm gfrfa) yfmj fhfm lkliuft sbrhunfsb `hsbjkm tkrjfmjju (Fifgb, 955:). Akl`gbnusb lkrupfhfm tkrjfmjjumyf sbrhunfsb gfrfa, supnfb `hsbjkm gfm lkhfmbslk pkrtfafmfm tuiua fhbift  pkmjkmckrfm gfrfa yfmj sfnfa sftumyf gbskifihfm hfrkmf akl`jn`ibm yfmj rkmgfa. Gfrb afsbn fmfnbsf gbftfs gfpft gbflibn hksblpunfm ifawf pkmtbmjmyf hfgfr Ai yfmj m`rlfn ifjb pfsbkm yfmj fhfm lkmofnfmb `pkrfsb knkhtbd, gfm bmb lkrupfhfm sfnfa sftu pkrtblifmjfm  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb pfgf pfsbkm knkhtbd  obhf hfgfr Ai > 65 j/gn. Afsbn pkmknbtbfm bmb lklbnbhb pkrikgffm gkmjfm pkmknbtbfm  Murafyftb Lkrt`s`m` (956;), Dfht`r  pfsbkm yfmj lklpkmjfruab pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb 42,7% gfm yfmj g`lbmfm gfrb dfht`r pfskbm pfgf pkmknbtbfmmyf fgfnfa hkfgffm pfsbkm lklikrft skiksfr 62,7%, . Dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb Afsbn pkmknbtbfm gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb fmtfrf iunfm @ht`ikr sflpfb gkmjfm Gksklikr 956: gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjmhusul` Ofhfrtf hfrkmf dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb skifmyfh ;,;% yfmj g`lbmfm fgfnfa pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb tbgfh nkmjhfp. Hktbgfhnkmjhfpfm pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb yfmj lkmykifihfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf pkmknbtbfm bmb gbtkluhfm  pfgf pfsbkm gkmjfm hfsus `mh`n`jb jbmkh`n`jb. Sktknfa pkmknbtb lknfhuhfm fmfnbsf gbgfpfthfm afsbn ifawf pfgf pfsbkm `mh`n`jb jbmkh`n`jb pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb gfm gbfjm`stbh yfmj gbnfhuhfm

gb p`nbhnbmbh fgfnfa r`mtjkm ta`rfx, fig`lkm, gfm [ntrfs`m`jrfdbk. Ufgf hfsus bmb, pfsbkm tkrskiut fhfm gbnfhuhfm  o`bmt `pkrfsb gkmjfm g kmjfm ikgfa gbjkstbv yfmj lklkrnuhfm afsbn pklkrbhsffm LYB (Lfjmktbc Yks`mfmck Blfjbmk). Hfrkmf hurfmjmyf h``rgbmfsb fmtfr tbl ikgfa hktbgfhnkmjhfpfm pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb yfmj gbpkrnuhfm ifru gbhktfaub sksfft skiknul pfsbkm gbg`r`mj hk hflfr `pkrfsb. Gbsflpbmj btu pklkrbhsffm LYB  iuhfm lkrupfhfm lkrupf hfm afn yfmj lugfa lugf a umtuh u mtuh gbnfhuhfm, hfrkmf pfsbkm afrus tkrofgwfn skiknulmyf umtuh tbmgfhfm bmb, skrtf gfdtfr fmtrbfm pfsbkm pfsbk m yfmj pfmofmj. Ikrgfsfrhfm tk`rb lkmurut Irummkr fmg Suggfrt (9567) tkmtfmj pkrsbfpfm  prf`pkrfsb yfmj afrus gbofnfmb pfsbkm yfmj fhfm lkmofnfmb pklikgfafm yfbtu  pklkrbhsffm pkmumofmj sfnfa sftumyf fgfnfa pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb yfmj gbnfhuhfm gb p`nbhnbmbh ftfu rufmj  pkrfwftfm. Uklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb (LYB)  pfgf hfsus-hfsus `mh`n`jb lkrupfhfm  pklkrbhsffm pkmumofmj yfmj sfmjft gbpkrnuhfm fjfr gfpft lkmjkvfnufsb skofua lfmf pklykifrfm gfrb hfmhkr ( Nkib`gf, 9552). Skabmjjf gfpft gbpfaflb fpfibnf tkrofgb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf fnfsfm pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb (LYB) yfmj  iknul nkmjhfp lkmjbmjft pkmtbmjmyf  pklkrbhsffm tkrskiut gfnfl pkmfmjfmfm  pfsbkm yfmj sfdkty. Afsbn pkmknbtbfm bmb lklbnbhb pkrikgffm gkmjfm afsbn pkmknbtbfm Murafyftb Lkrt`s`m` (956;), pfgf pkmknbtbfmmyf gbskiuthfm ifawf dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb yfmj lkmykifihfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf gfrb `pkrfsb skifmyfh 66,6% yfmj tkrgbrb gfrb t`nkrfmsb iknul fgf, afsbn nfi`rft`rbul iknul fgf, oflbmfm  pklifyfrfm iknul nkmjhfp. Gklbhbfm afnmyf gkmjfm pkmknbtbfm F. J`mzfnksFrkvfn` (9552) lklbnbhb pkrikgffm. F. J`mzfnks-Frkvfn` (9552) lkmykiuthfm  ifawf pkmykifi pkliftfnfm hfrkmf dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb tkrgbrb gfrb sfnfa

 

bmd`rlkg

fnfsfm yfmj g`lbmfm pfgf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs bmb.

Dfht`r pktujfs Afsbn pkmknbtbfm gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb fmtfrf iunfm @ht`ikr sflpfb gkmjfm Gksklikr 956:, pkliftfnfm hfrkmf dfht`r pktujfs skifmyfh ;,;% skpkmuamyf hfrkmf g`htkr ikgfa yfmj fhfm lknfhuhfm tbmgfhfm `pkrfsb  ikrafnfmjfm afgbr.

Sktknfa gbnfhuhfm fmfnbsf, afn bmb tkrofgb hfrkmf `pkrfsb yfmj gbnfhuhfm gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu ululmyf lkrupfhfm hfsus-hfsus sunbt, gkmjfm gurfsb `pkrfsb nflf tkrutflf umtuh `pkrfsb hfsus ikgfa `rt`pkgb, ikgfa syfrfd, gfm ikgfa gbjkstbvk yfmj skrbmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb.

 pkmofgwfnfm 5,3%, c`mskmt tbgfh fgf 5,3%

gfm

Sktknfa gbnfhuhfm fmfnbsf pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb hfrkmf g`htkr ikgfa yfmj fhfm lknfhuhfm tbmgfhfm `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr bmb tkrofgb hfrkmf `pkrfsb yfmj fhfm gbnfhuhfm lkrupfhfm hfsus sunbt gfm afrus gbnfhuhfm `nka g`htkr yfmj sfmjft h`lpktkm gfm sfmjft fanb gfnfl lkmfmjfmb hfsus tkrskiut, g`htkr yfmj  ikrsfmjhutfm ikrafnfmjfm afgbr hfrkmf fnfsfm sfhbt gfm skgfmj gbmfs hk nufr h`tf. Fgf pkrikgffm gkmjfm afsbn pkmknbtbfm  Murafyftb Lkrt`s`m` yfmj lkmykiuthfm dfht`r pktujfs yfmj lklpkmjfruab  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb skifmyfh 63,2% yfbtu hkjfjfnfm gfnfl fmfstksb gfm `pkrfsb tbgfh gbpkrnuhfm. Skrtf lklbnbhb  pkrikgffm gkmjfm pkmknbtbfm F. J`mzfnks-Fnvfr` (9552) pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb yfmj g`lbmfm gfrb dfht`r dfsbnbtfs fgfnfa hfrkmf fmfstksb yfmj yfmj tkrgbrb gfrb gfrb  pufsf pfsbkm yfmj hurfmj 7,7%, h`lpnbhfsb fmfstksb 5,9%, sunbt lkmjftfsb fbrwfy 5,9%, tbgfh fgfmyf h`msuntfsb umtuh pfsbkm gkmjfm n`hfn fmfstksb 5,9%. Dfht`r dfsbnbtfs Afsbn pkmknbtbfm gbhktfaub ifawf gfrb ;; dbnk pfsbkm yfmj lkmjfnflb pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb fmtfrf iunfm @ht`ikr sflpfb gkmjfm Gksklikr 956:, pkliftfnfm hfrkmf dfht`r dfsbnbtfs skifmyfh 7;,;%. Wbgfh

tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb lkrupfhfm

Obhf `pkrfsb pfsbkm pkrtflf gkmjfm gurfsb `pkrfsb nflf gbpkrhbrfhfm sknksfb gbftfs ofl 6;.35, gfm `pkrfsb ofl hkguf gbpkrhbrfhfm kstblfsb wfhtu `pkrfsb nkiba gfrb 4 ofl, lfhf `pkrfsb hkguf gbiftfnhfm. Hktbhf g`htkr ikgfa lklbmtf fjfr `pkrfsb hkguf gfpft tkrkfnbsfsb, afn bmb lkmjfhbifthfm fgfmyf `vkrtblk ofl hkrof pkrfwft hflfr `pkrfsb, ifahfm skrbmj tkrofgb `pkrfsb sflpfb lknkibab ofl 97.55, skabmjjf umtuh afrb ikrbhutmyf fhfm hkhurfmjfm tkmfjf pkrfwft, hfrkmf pkrfwft yfmj `vkrtblk gbikrb hkibofhfm umtuh nbiur. Fgf pkrikgffm fmtfrf afsbn pkmknbtbfm bmb gkmjfm afsbn pkmknbtbfm Murafyftb Lkrt`s`m` (956;). Dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfmj g`lbmfm pfgf pkmknbtbfm Lkrt`s`m` fgfnfa tbgfh fgf rufmj BC[ ftfu UBC[. Gklbhbfm afnmyf lklbnbhb pkrikgffm gkmjfm pkmknbtbfm F. J`mzfnks-Fnvfr` (9552) yfmj lkmykiuthfm ifawf  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb yfmj gbskifihfm `nka dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfmj g`lbmfm hfrkmf tbgfh fgfmyf hflfr `pkrfsb 99,;%. HKSBLU[NFM GFM SFYFM HKSBLU[NFM 6.  Gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf tkrgbrb

gfrb dfht`r pfsbkm, dfht`r dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb, dfht`r pktujfs gfm dfht`r dfsbnbtfs.

 

Dfht`r dfsbnbtfs lkrupfhfm pkmykifi  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd tkriksfr yfbtu tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb. 9.  Ufgf dfht`r pfsbkm, pkmykifi  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf  pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb umbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` yfmj g`lbmfm fgfnfa Ai >65 jr/gn. 3.  Dfht`r fglbmbstrfsb yfmj g`lbmfm lkmykifihfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM GY. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` fgfnfa pklkrbhsffm rfgb`n`jb yfmj tbgfh nkmjhfp. 7.  Dfht`r pktujfs yfmj g`lbmfm lkmykifihfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf skpkmuamyf gbskifihfm hfrkmf g`htkr ikgfa yfmj fhfm lkmfmjfmb `pkrfsb ikrafnfmjfm afgbr. ;.  Dfht`r dfsbnbtfs yfmj g`lbmfm lkmykifihfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Wkrpfgu YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf fgfnfa tbgfh tkrskgbfmyf wfhtu `pkrfsb.

SFYFM

Ifjb Yulfa Sfhbt Lknbaft gfdtfr tumjju pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf gb YS[UM Gr. Cbpt` Lfmjumhusul` Ofhfrtf yfmj tbgfh  pkrmfa surut gfm tbgfh pkrmfa sknksfb, gbpkrnuhfm pkmjfturfm pkmofgwfnfm  pfsbkm rkmcfmf `pkrfsb yfmj ikmfr-ikmfr sknkhtbd gfm kdkhtbd, gkmjfm gklbhbfm gbiutuahfm sk`rfmj pkrfwft yfmj h`lpktkm gfm afmgfn gfnfl pkmjfturfm  pkmofgwfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd. Ukrnu gbiuft

S@U tkmtfmj ofl bmguhsb ftfu bmsbsb tkrfhabr lkmjbmjft ofl hkrof gb [mbt Uknfyfmfm Ikgfa Uusft m`m sabdt. Ukrnu fgfmyf pknftbafm ifjb pkrfwft hflfr `pkrfsb umtuh pklkrftffm shbnn pkrfwft hflfr `pkrfsb skabmjjf gfpft lkmjftfsb lfsfnfa sfft tkrofgb hkhurfmjfm tkmfjf  pkrfwft pfgf sfnfa sftu hflfr `pkrfsb yfmj lklkrnuhfm shbnn hkhaususfm lbsfnmyf pfgf hflfr `pkrfsb ikgfa syfrfd, `rt`pkgb, gfm WAW. Ufgf pkmknbtb sknfmoutmyf [mtuh pkmknbtb sknfmoutmyf gbafrfphfm nkiba lklfaflb skcfrf hksknuruafm tkmtfmj gktkrlbmfm pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd pfgf afrb `pkrfsb gkmjfm  pklifafsfm yfmj nkiba lkmyknurua gfm tkrpkrbmcb tbgfh afmyf tkriftfs pfgf  pkliftfnfm `pkrfsb knkhtbd gkwfsf sfof.

GFDWFY U[SWFHF

F.Tfm Hnkb, Zbnt`m LG, Lsc,. (9557). Wak Kddkct @d @utpftbkm Urk`pkrftbvk  Kvfnuftb`m `d A`spbtfn Bmpftbkmts `m Cfmcknftb`m `d Surjkry fmg Nkmjta `d  A`spbtfn. Gbumgua gfrb wkisbtk?attp?//oo`urmfn.nww.c`l/fmfstaksb f-fmfnjksbf/Wak Kddkct @d @utpftbkmt Urk`pkrftbvk Kvfnuftb`m

F.J`mzfnkz-Frkvfn`, O. B. J`lkz-Frmfu,. (9552). Cfusks D`r Cfmcknnftb`m `d  Knkctbvk Surjbcfn Ur`ckgurk bm f Spfmbsa Spf mbsa Jkmkrfn A`spbtfn. Gbumgua gfrb wkisbtk?attp?/`mnbmknbirfry.wabnky.c`l/g  `b Fm`mbl. 955:.  Ysu luwfrgb-2h , attp/www.ofwftkmjfa.j`.bg/ Ifrfgkr`, L., Gfyrbt L. Z,. & Sbswfgb R. (9552). Hkpkrfwftfm Ukrb`pkrftbd ? Urbmsbp gfm Urfhtbh . Ofhfrtf ? KJC

 

Irummkr & Suggfrta. (9552). Iuhu Fofr Hkpkrfwftfm Lkgbhfn Ikgfa . Ofhfrtf ? KJC

ulul Uusft Ukrsfafiftfm Ofhfrtf (G`ct`rfn gbsskrtftb`m, [mbvkrsbtfs Jfgofa Lfgf).

Cfr`nbmk, Iumhkr, Y`sgfan., & Lfry, W,. H`wfnshb., (9569). Iuhu  Iuhu Fofr Hkpkrfwftfm Gfsfr . Kgbsb 65, KJC

 M`t`ftl`go`, S. (9565).  Lkt`g`n`jb Ukmknbtbfm Hkskaftfm. Ofhfrtf ? Ybmkhf Cbptf

Gafrlf, ghh., 955:.  Gkdbmbsb  Akl`gbnusb, attp/www.sblp`sbf .fc.bg/frtbhkn/ gkdbmbsbPakl`gbnusb.pgd.

 M`vfch, T., O`th`wbtz, F., Ktzb`m, @., U`rfta, F., (955:),  G`ks Gknfy bm Surjkry Fdtkr Abp Drfhturk Nkfg t` Z`rsk @utc`lks 0 F Luntbckmtkr Survky, Bmtkrmfsb`mfn O`urmfn d`r Jufnbty bm Akfnta Cfrk.

G`mmf, G., Bjmftfvbcbus, LS,.YM,.FMKD., & L., Nbmgf, Z`rhlfm,. UaG,.YM,DFFM., (9565).  Lkgbcfn Surjbcfn Mursbmj?UftbkmtMursbmj? UftbkmtCkmtkrkg C`nfi`rftbvk Cfrk

Jfrj, Y., Iafn`trf, F.,Y., Iafg`rbf, U., Juptf, M., Fmfmg., Y (9552).  Ykfs`m d`r cfmcknnftb`m `d Cfsks `m tak Gfy `d Surjkry?, Bmgbfm o`urmfn `d fmfstaksbf. ABUHFIB. (955;).  Iuhu Ufmgufm  Gfsfr-gfsfr hktkrflpbnfm ifjb pkrfwft hflfr ikgfa. Ofhfrtf? ABUHFIB Urkss Ofmbck N. Abmhnk & Hkrry A. Cakkvkr Cakkvkr (9567). Wkxti``h ``d Lkgbcfn-Surjbcfn  Mursbmj. H`zbkr, I., Kri, J., Ikrlfm, F., & Smymgkr, S. O., (9565). Iuhu  Iuhu Fofr Dumgflkmtfn Hkpkrfwftfm ? H`mskp, Ur`sks, & Urfhtbh. Ofhfrtf ? KJC Lfcad`kgz, B. (9552).  Lkt`g`n`jb  pkmknbtbfm ? Ibgfmj Hkskaftfm, Hkpkrfwftfm, Hkibgfmfm, Hkg`htkrfm . R`jyfhfrtf ? Dbtrflfyf Lkrt`s`m`,  pkliftfnfm

M. (956;). Gflpfh gfm Ukmumgffm @pkrfsb

Knkhtbd Wkrafgfp [tbnbsfsb Hflfr @pkrfsb Gb Bmstfnfsb Ikgfa Skmtrfn Yulfa Sfhbt

 Mursfnfl. (956;).  Lkt`g`n`jb Ukmknbtbfm  Bnlu Hkpkrfwftfm  ? Ukmgkhftfm Urfhtbs. Ofhfrtf ? Sfnklif Lkgbhf  U.F. Gblbtrbfgbs, S. Bykr, K. Kvjkmb`u.(9563).Wak cafnnkmjjk `d cfmcknnftb`m `m tak gfy `d surjkry. Gbumgua gfrb attps?//g`b.`rj/65.6564/o.bosu.9563.52.559 Ufmjjbgfk, Jumfwfm. (9564), Ur`dbn Ukliftfnfm Ufsbkm @pkrfsb Knkhtbd Gb Jkgumj Ikgfj Uusft Wkrpfgu YS[G Gr. S`kt`lp Surfifyf. U`ttkr, U. F., Ukrry, F. J. (9552). Dumgflkmtfn hkpkrfwftfm. T`nulk 9.Kgbsb :, Ofhfrtf? Sfnklif Lkgbhf Yfokmgkr Hulfr fmg Ybtbhf Jfmgab (9569).,  Ykfs`m d`r cfmcknnftb`m `d `pkrftb`m `m tak gfy `d bmtkgkg surjkry bm f luntbgbscbpnbmfry ;55 ikggkg a`spbtfn., Gbumgua gfrb wkisbtk?attps?//www.mcib.mnl.mba.j`v/p lc/frtbcnks/ULC39:;2:4/

 

Sfstr`fsl`r`, S., Bslfknn, S., (9566). Gfsfr Gfsfrgfsfr Lkt`g`n`jb  pkmknbtbfm Hnbmbs. Ofhfrtf ? Sfjumj Skt` Slkntzkr, Suzfmmk C. Gfm Ifrk I. J. (9551).  Iuhu fofr hkpkrfwftfm lkgbhfn ikgfa. Ofhfrtf? KJC Safr`m, N., Nkwbs.,YM, UaG, DFFM., & Lfrjfrkt, LcNkfm, Akbthklpkr, YM,UaG, DFFM,. Lkgbcfn  Lkgbcfn Surjbcfn  Mursbmj? Fsskklkmt fmg Lfmfjklkmt `d

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Zkbmir`um, F. F., Khstkbm, U., Kzrb, W (9553), Kddkcbkmcy `d @pkrftbmj Y``l Subtk, tak Flkrbcfm O `d surjkry61;, 977-9;5.