Manufacturing

Manufacture of Sulphuric acid

Stage III

Stage II

Sulphur enter a roasting tower

Stage I

Raw Material: Sulphur Oxygen Water

water Stage IV

air supply from bottom produces sulphur dioxide

HABER PROCESS

Suitable/optimum condition :

sulphur dioxide oxidised by air to form sulphur trioxide 2SO2 + O2 Sulphur

Stage I

S + O2

Sulphur dioxide

Stage II

0

Temperature : 450 C  Pressure : 1 atm Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5

2SO3 Sulphur trioxide 

SO2

Sulphur burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide

2SO3 + H2SO4 Stage III

Uses H2SO4   

Making fertilizer Making detergent Making electrolyte

Sulphuric acid 

Stage IV

H2S2O7 + H2O

Oleum 

2H2S2O7

Oleum dilute in water to form sulphuric cid Environmental Pollution

Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water/water vapour/rain water to produce a acid rain. SO2 + H2O H2SO3 ( sulphurous acid) 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 (sulphuric acid ) →

→

H2S2O7

Sulphur trioxide dissolve in conc. Sulphuric acid to form oleum

Sulphur trioxide not dissolve in water because very vigorous and produce large amount of heat

Effect of acid Effect of acid Rain:  corrodes concrete buildings  Depletes essential nutrients for plant growth  Makes the soil acidic  Lower the pH of water in rivers and lakes

Change red litmus paper to blue

Very soluble in water

Prevent coagulation of latex

Make nitric

Pungent smell Detergent

Properties

Colourless

Uses

Make fertilizer Urea ammonium sulfat ammonium nitrat •

Base

• •

Ammonia + acid → salt + water

Produce thick white fume with hydrogen chloride gas

Manufactures

+

Ammonium Fertilizer

Plants need various nutrients for healthy growth. One of the essential nutrients is

N2 : H2 = 1: 3

Nitrogen in air + H2 from natural gas N2 (g)

AMMONIA NH3

Can be prepared through neutralization

Haber Process

Volume ratio

Soap

H2 (g) →

Catalyst : iron filling

→ (NH4)2SO4 (ak) HNO3(ak) → NH4 NO3(ak)

2NH3(ak) + H2SO4(ak)

NH3(ak) +

2NH3 (g)

% nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4

Pressure : 200 atm Temperature : 450 oC

= Mass nitrogen x 100 RMM = 28 x 100 132 = 21. 2 %

Ammonia (Haber Process)

Properties

Process N2   

+ 3H2

→

Make fertilizer Make soap and detergent Prevent the coagulation of latex



2NH3



Temperature 450 -550 oC Catalyst : Iron Pressure : 200 atm

Uses



   

Production of Ammonium Fertilizer Plants need various nutrients for healthy growth. One of the essential nutrients is nitrogen. Ammonium fertilizers contains nitrogen in different percentage . Preparation: (a) Ammonium sulphate  Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through neutralization reaction to produce ammonium sulphate. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 •

•

→

Formula to calculate % of nitrogen : Mass of nitrogen Relative molecular mass of the fertilizer

Examples: 1. Percentage of nitrogen (by weight ) in ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ] =

100 %

2(14) × 100 2 [14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)]

= 21.21 % 2. Percentage of nitrogen (by weight ) in urea, (NH2)2CO [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; C = 12 ] =

×

Very soluble in water Colourless gas Pungent smell Produce thick white fume with hydrogen chloride gas

=

2(14) 12 + 2(14) + 16 + 1(4) 46.67 %

× 100

Aim

Defination

*To increase hardness *To improve appearance. *To prevent rusting

ALLOY

An alloy is a mixture two or more elements with a certain atom of impurities in which the major component is a metal

Com osition and uses of allo

Ex eriment Alloy

Weight

Iron ball

Metal block 

Steel

Fe, C

Brass

Cu,Zn

Bronze

Cu, Sn

Duralumi Cupronickel Pewter

Pure Metal

Composition

Al, Mg/Cu Cu, Ni Sn , Cu/Sb

Usage

Vehicle, ,bridge Electrical componen Medal, statue Airplanes Coin Souvenir

Alloy Draw the atoms arrangement

Pure atom has similar size and shape and arranged orderly but still space between atoms

When force is applied to pure atoms, atom slide one another easily

Explain the atoms arrangement above

Explain the atoms arrangement when forces is applied

Question Explain why bronze harder than pure copper? The presence of tin atom disturb the orderly arrangement of pure metal The layer of metal prevent from sliding one another easily

The presences of impurities atoms disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal.

When force is applied the layers of atoms, its prevent from slide one another easily

Copper

Tin

Recycle

Use biodegrable polymer

Reuse

Polymer

Monomer

Uses

Starch

glucose

food

Protein

amino acid

food

Natural rubber

isoprene

Tyre

Way to solve problem:

They are exist in living things in nature example: Protein, natural rubber

Most of the synthetic polymers are nonbiodegradable and producing poisonous gas on burning

POLYMERS Environmental pollution

They are made in laboratory through chemical process. Example: Plastic and nylon

Natural ol mers

Synthetic polymers

Polymer

Monomer

Uses

Polyethene

Ethene

Plastic bags, film, plastic cup

Polychloroethene

Chloroethene

Pipe, wire

Polypropene

Propene

Bottle, Toy

Polystyrene

Styrene

Disposable cup and plate, packaging material

Type of glass

1. Hard 2. Transparent 3. Water impermeable. 4. Brittle 5. Compress resistance 6. Electrical insulation 7. Heat insulation. 8. Inert to chemical substance.

Fused silica glass Soda lime glass Borosilicate glass

Properties of glass

Lead crystal glass

Composition

Properties

Silicon dioxide Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide Silicon dioxide, boron oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide Silicon dioxide, lead(II) oxide, sodium oxide

Uses

High meting point Point High viscosity

Lab. Glassware, lenses, optical fiber

Low melting point, easy broken

Bottle, mirror, light bulb

Transparent, high melting point, withstand heat and chemical reaction Soft and easy to melt, transparent, high density

Dishes,Laboratory Apparatus (boiling tube, conical flask etc) Crystal, prism and lenses

Main component of glass: Silica (silicon dioxide)     

Construction materials Ornamental articles Semiconductor Electric insulation. Artificial limbs, bones and teeth

Type of glass, special properties and uses

GLASS

GLASS AND CERAMICS

Uses

Ceramic is produced by heating clay at high temperature. Main component: silicate Basic composition : Al, Si, O.

CERAMICS Composite Material

Properties of Ceramic

structural material that is formed by combined two or more different material    

  

Very hard. High melting and boiling point. Able to extend high pressure. Very good as heat insulation/ electric insulation. Inert toward chemicals. Weak toward extension. Density less than most of metals.

Type of glass

Composition

Cement, gravel, sand, water, iron Alloy of metal compound or Superconductor ceramic of metal oxide Silica, sodium carbonate and Fiber glass calcium carbonate Silica, copper Fiber optic and Aluminium Reinforced concrete

Photo chromic glass

Silica and silver chloride

Plastic strengthened with glass fiber

Plastic and glass fiber

Properties

Uses

Strong, high tensile, strength and cheap

Building, bridge

No electrical resistance

Transportation and telecomunication

Good insulator heat and electrical

Racket, helmet, small boat

Transmitted in light form at high speed Dark in colour when exposed to bright light and bright in dark  Very strong, light, withstand corrosion

Electrical cable Optical lenses, glass window Body car, aeroplane, rod