Manufactured Substances in Industry
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SULPHURIC ACID
To remove metal oxides from metal surface
Manufacture synthetic fibres
Manufacture paint pigments
The Uses of Sulphuric Acid in Daily life
Manufacture pesticides
Manufacture fertiliser
Manufacture detergents As the electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
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Environmental Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide
Burning of fossil fuels Fossil fuels such as petroleum. It contain sulphur. Sulphur dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned
Affects the respiratory system Sulphur is a poisonous and acidic gas. It causes coughing, chest pains, shortness of breath, lung diseases and bronchitis
Burning of sulphur in industrial area The contact process and the burning of coals or fuels produce high sulphur dioxide content
Pollution of Sulphur Dioxide
Affect of acid rain Sulphur dioxide gas dissolve in atmospheric water to produce sulphurous acid, H 2SO3 and sulphuric acid,H2SO4. These acids causes acid rain.
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d i c A c i r u h p l u S f o e r u t c a f u n a M n i s s e c o r P l a i r t s u d n I e h T
3 e g a t S
2 e g a t S
1 e g a t S
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Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO 2 Burning of sulphur in dry air in the furnace
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S(s) + O2(g)
SO2(g)
Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc sulphide also produces sulphur dioxide. The sulphur dioxide is mixed with excess air. The mixture is then died and purified to remove impurities such as arsenic compounds. Arsenic compounds found in sulphur will poison the catalyst in the converter , make the catalyst ineffective
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Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, SO3 Mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess dry oxygen is passed through a converter. Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide. 98%conversion from sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide is achieved under condition: i. Catalyst : vanadium (V) oxide,V2O5 ii. Pressure: 1 atmosphere iii. Temperature:450°C – 550°C
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Production of sulphuric acid •
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Sulphur
Sulphur Dioxide, SO2
In the absorber, sulphur trioxide is dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oleum , H2S2O7 a viscous liquid. Oleum is then diluted with equal volume of water to produce concentrated H2SO4 (98%)
Sulphur trioxide ,
SO3
Oleum, H2S2O7
Sulphuric acid , H2SO4
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AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
Prevent coagulation of latex Detergents
Synthetic fertiliser
Nitric acid
Synthetic fabric
Cooling agent
Explosive (TNT)
Paint and colouring
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The manufacture of nitrogenous fertiliser
2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
(NH4)2SO4(aq)
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)
NH4 NO3(aq)
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid through neutralisation to produce ammonium nitrate
Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through neutralisation to produce ammonium sulphate
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
CO(NH2)2(s)+H2O(l)
Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at temperature of 200°C and pressure of 200 atmosphere to produce urea
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Ostwald process
In the Ostwald process, ammonia is concerted into nitric acid by three stages
Ammonia is oxidised to nitrogen monoxide gas in the presence of platinum as catalyst 4NH3(g) +5O2(g)
Nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen dioxide 2NO(g) + O2(g)
4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
2NO2(g)
Stage 2
Stage 1
Nitrogen dioxide is dissolve in water to produce nitric acid 2NO(g) + H2O(l)
HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Stage 3
Very soluble in water
Colourless and pungent gas Change red litmus paper blue 6
The Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Ammonia
The nitrogen and hydrogen gases are combined
The gases are compressed at 200 atmosphere, 450°C
The gases pass through the converter. Iron is used as a catalyst
Ammonium fertilisers Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of soluble nitrates, NO3- to produce protein Ammonium fertilisers are used to replace elements in soil used up by plants. Ammonium ions, NH4+ can be converted into nitrate ions by bacteria living in the soil. The fertiliser with higher percentage of nitrogen is more effective and this can be determined as below:
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The Gases are cooled down until the ammonia condenses
The ammonium stored as a liquid under pressure. The excess hydrogen and nitrogen gases are recycled to continue the reaction
Percentage of nitrogen by weight
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× 100% 7
Alloys Ductile •
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Good conductors
Ductile is the ability to be stretched
High density In solid state, the atoms in pure metal are orderly arrange and closely packed, causes pure metal to have high density
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Malleable Malleable is the ability of a metal to be shape
High melting and boiling point The strong force of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to overcome it. Hence, metal have high melting points.
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Meaning and purpose of making alloys To prevent corrosion
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To increase the strength and hardness
Pure metal such iron and tin are easily corrode in polluted , damp or acidic air Alloying can prevent metals from corrosion due to the formation of oxide layer on the surface of the metal
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To improve the appearance •
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Adding the little carbon to iron metal produces steel which is very hard alloy of iron Adding magnesium to aluminium metal produces an alloy called Magnalium Adding tin copper metal produces bronze. Bronze is an alloy harder than tin and copper
Pure metal can rust and tarnish easily because of the formation of metal oxides Alloying can maintain the lustre on the surface of metal
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75% copper + 25% nickel Hard-wearing Attractive silver colour and shiny Does not rust • •
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75% copper + 25% zinc Harder than copper Does not corrode Shiny and strong malleable •
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Cupro-nickel
74% iron +18% nickel Does not rust Hard Strong Withstand corrosion better than carbon steel • • •
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brass
Stainless steel
Bronze
steel
88% copper + 12% tin Harder than brass Does not corrode Does not rust Sonorous Attractive appearance Easily shaped
99.5% iron + 0.5% carbon Very hard strong •
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Manganese steel (Hadfield steel) 85% iron + 13.8% manganese + 1.2% carbon Very hard •
Duralumin
95% aluminium + 3% copper + 1% mangan + 1% manganese Hard Does not corrode Light but strong • •
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97% tin + 3% antimony and copper Shiny and attractive appearance Does not corrode Easily cast •
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Synthetic polymers
Natural polymers
carbohydrates
protein
Natural rubber
Monomer amino acid e.g. in muscles, skin, silk, hairs, wool and furs
Monomer isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene e.g.in latex
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Monomer glucose e.g. in starch and cellulose •
Synthetic polymers and their uses
Synthetic rubber Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) (monomers: styrene & butadiene Neoprene (monomers : chloroprene) Butyl rubber(monomers: isoprene)
Synthetic fibres Nylon (monomers : diamine and dicarboxylic acid) Terylene (monomers: diol and dicarboxylic acid
thermoplastic Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (monomers: chlorothene) Polythene (monomer : ethene) polystyrene (monomers: phenylethene) Polypropene (monomers : propene) Prespex (monomers : methyl metacrylate)
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Issues on the use of synthetic polymer in daily life
Strong and light
Able to resist corrosion
Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
Can be made to have special properties cheap
Air pollution: caused by burning of plastic •
E.g. burning of PVC will produce dioxin. Dioxin will destroy human immune system, reproductive system and nervous system
Effect of disposal of synthetic polymer
Soil pollution: •
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Plastic thrown on land lift up our living spaces Destroys the beauty of environment Plastic also causes the soil not suitable for planting because plastics inhibit the growth of root
Water pollution: •
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Plastics will stop the flow of river water and drains. This will cause flash floods. Plastics also causes the death or marine organisms if they mistaken the plastics as food
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biodegradable Recycle •
Take part in plastic recycling activities by sending recyclable products to recycle centers
convertion
Buy recyclable or biodegradable products with little packaging Use biodegradable plastics which can be decomposed by microorganisms
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replacement Use others materials to replace plastic products. For example, use paper bags instead of plastic bags
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Use own plastic products
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Convert used products made from synthetic polymers into something useful. For example, used tyres can be converted into playground equipment.
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Bring our food container, shopping bag and basket
Reuse goods that are usually thrown away. For example, plastic containers and bags can be made into decorative item
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Glass and ceramics Impermeable to liquid
Transparent
Electrical insulator
Hard but brittle Heart insulators
Chemically inert
Properties, composition and uses of different types of glass Name of glass Fuse glass(99% SiO2 + 1% B2O3)
Properties • • •
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Soda-lime glass (70%SiO2 + 15% Na2O + 10% CaO + 5% others)
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Borosilicate glass (80% glass SiO2 + 15% B2O3 + 3% Na2O + 1% Al2O3)
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Lead glass (55% SiO2 + 30% PbO + 10% K2O + 3% Na 2O + 2% Al2O3
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High melting point (1700°C) Resistant to thermal shock High temperature and chemical durability Transparent to ultraviolet and infrared light Difficult to be made into different shapes Low melting point( 7000°C) Does not withstand heat Cracks easily with sudden temperature chances Easy to mould and shape Transparent to visible light Good chemical durability High thermal expansion coefficient Quite high melting point (800°C) Does not crack easily with sudden change in temperature Breaks easily More resistant to chemical attack Does not break easily Low melting point (600°C) High refractive index High density Reflects light rays
Example of uses • • •
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Telescope mirrors Laboratory glass wares Lenses Optical fibres Arc tubes in lamps
Bottles Window panes Flat glass Light bubbles Industrial and art objects
Laboratory apparatus Cooking utensils Electrical tubes Glass pipelines
Crystals Prism Tableware Art objects 13
Extremely hard and strong but brittle
Able t withstand or resists compression
Good insulators of electric and heat
Has a very high melting point Inert to chemicals (withstand corrosion)
The uses of improved glass and ceramics for specific purpose
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A pure glass thread that conducts light The fibre can transmit massage modulated onto light waves Used in medical instruments, local area networks (LAN) and control board displays Fibre optic cables are much lighter and thinner than the metal cables. It can carry mode data than metal cables
A type of glass that can conduct electricity Produced by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass Adding a layer of indium tin(IV) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor. Used in the making of LCD Another type is produced embedding thin gold threads in glass to conduct electric current and produce heat Used in windows of aircraft
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Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong materials It can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks, better mechanical strength and better electrical insulators compared to normal glass Used in tiles, cookware, rockets and engine blocks
A type of glass sensitive to light intensity The glass darken when exposed to sunlight but becomes clear when light intensity decrease This is produced when dispersion of silver bromide, AgBr or silver chloride, AgCl and copper (I) chloride is added to normal glass Used in windows, sunglasses and instrument control
Superconductors can conducts electricity at low temperature without resistance and without loss of electrical energy as heat Used to make light magnates, electric motors and electrical generators
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Appreciating various synthetic industrial Justify the importance of synthetic materials in daily life
Handling synthetic material and their wastes Sources of materials are limited so we should not waste them and use them carefully We should minimise the use of non-biodegradable synthetic materials or make them biodegradable A responsible and systematic method of handling should be practiced
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New needs and new problems will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials For example: New plastic composite materials will replace metal to make a stronger and lighter car body New superconductor made from composite materials are developed.
The importance of doing research and development •
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The understanding of the interaction among materials enables new materials to be developed New materials is created to improve our daily life
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Composite material Composite materials Reinforced concrete
component concrete
Properties of component • •
steel
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Hard but brittle Low tensile strength Strong in tensile strength Expensive Can corrode
Properties of composite • •
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Superconductor
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Photochromic glass
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Copper (II)oxide Yttrium oxide Barium oxide glass
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Fibre optics
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Fibre glass
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Silver chloride or silver bromide
Glass with low refraction index
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Transparent Not sensitive to light
Polyester plastic
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Sensitive to light •
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Transparent Does not reflect light rays
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Glass with higher refractive index
glass
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Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen
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Insulators of electricity
Stronger Higher tensile strength Does not corrode easily Cheaper Can be moulded into any shape Can withstand very high apply forces Can support very heavy loads
Uses of composite
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High density Strong but brittle Non-flexible Light Flexible Inflammable Elastic but weak
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Reduce refraction of light Control the amount of light passes through it automatically Has the ability to change colour and become darker wen exposed to ultraviolet light Low material cost Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre Can transmit electronic data or signals, voice and images in the form of light along the fine glass tubes at great speeds High tensile strength Moulded and shaped Inert to chemicals Light strong Tough Not inflammable Impermeable to water Resilient flexible
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Construction of roads Rocket launching pads High-rise buildings
Magnetically levitated train Transformers Electric cable amplifier
Information display panels Light detector device Car windshields Optical lens
Transmit data using light wave in telecommunicati on
Car bodies Helmets Skies Rackets furniture
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