Manuel Du Superviseur

September 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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B.0. Aâdbmbtbgm N'b N'bmab mabej ej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff` egmsgff`tbg tbgm m (B_E) (B_E) jst um bmstrufj bmstrufjmt mt aj fjsurj fjsurj aj n'b n'bmdn mdn`tb `tbgm. gm. Bn pjrfjt pjrfjt a'jstbfjr, jmtrj ajux pârbgajs agmmâjs, n` v`rb`tbgm fgyjmmj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts egmsgffâs p`r njs fâmìjs. E'jst umj fjsurj symtcâtbquj aj n'âvgnutbgm aj prbx ajs prgaubts, ï qu`nbtâ egmst`mtj. Bn pjut eguvrbr tgus njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs egmsgffâs p`r njs râsbajmts jt mgm râsbajmts. Nj ec`fp iâgir`pcbquj jst nj tjrrbtgbrj m`tbgm`n.

B.;. Gkljt aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm _nusbjurs utbnbs`tbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj d`btjs a‒um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm < •

Egffj um bmabe`tjur a‒bmajx`tbgm

N‒bmajx`tbgm jst umj prgeâaurj pjrfjtt`mt a‒ùifjmtjr gu aj abfbmujr n` v`njur fgmât`brj aj ejrt`bms ejrt`b ms p`bjfjmts gu aj ejrt`bms ejrt`bms stgehs jm dgmetbgm dgmetbgm ajs fguvjfjmts fguvjfjmts aj ejrt`bms bmabejs bmabejs aj prbx. N‒gkljetbd aj n‒bmajx`tbgm aj rjssgurejs fgmât`brjs pjut ìtrj < ― F`bmtbjm au pguvgbr a‒èc`t ―

F`bmtbjm au mbvjù aj vbj

Gm pjut `vgbr < ―

Bmajx`tbgm ajs s`n`brjs

―

Bmajx`tbgm aj ejrt`bms tr`msdjrts sgebùx

―

Bmajx`tbgm ajs bmtârìts, ajs ngyjrs jt a‒ùtrjs p`bjfjmts egmtrètujns

―

Bmajx`tbgm ajs bfpñts

•

Egffj aâdn`tjur ajs ir`majurs fgmât`brjs

Dùtj aj fbjux, f bjux, gm utbnbsj njs B_E pgur egfp`rjr egfp`rjr ajs v`njurs v`njurs a‒umj `mmâj a‒umj ir`majur ir`majur fgmât` f gmât`brjs brjs ùx v`njurs a‒umj ùtrj `mmâj, fìfj sb ejn` mj sj râdãrj p`s dgreâfjmt ï n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâmìjs. •

Egffj bmabe`tjur aj n‒bmdn`tbgm

Nj tjrfj bmdn`tbgm aâsbimj umj ùifjmt`tbgm aur`knj, iâmâr`nj, jt ùtg-jmtrjtjmuj ajs prbx ajs kbjms jt ajs sjrvbejs. N'bmdn`tbgm jst ùssb e`rètârbsâj p`r n'èergbssjfjmt aj n` ebreun`tbgm aj n` fgmm`bj (f`ssj fgmât`brj). Nj tùx a'bmdn`tbgm jst iâmâr`njfjmt fjsurâ ï p`rtbr aj n‒ Bmabe Bmabejj ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm (B_E). •

_gur nj p`ssìj ajs v`njurs ùx vgnufjs ajs egfptjs m`tbgmùx

•

Egffj bmabe`tjur ajs tjmsbgms bmdn`tbgmmbstjs

B.5. _rbmebpj a‒ân`kgr`tbgm a‒um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm Egffj gm mj pjut p`s fjsurjr njs prbx aj tgus njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs prâsjmts sur nj f`recâ, gm prgeãaj p`r sgmaìj. N` fjsurj ajs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx s‒jddjetuj sur um âec`mtbnngm rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâmìjs. Njs cypgtcãsjs aj k`sj aj n` egmstruetbgm aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm sgmt njs subv`mtjs <

5

Ugbjmt F kbjms jt sjrvbejs ècjtâs a`ms umj zgmj agmmâj p`r njs fâmìjs (âec`miâs jmtrj njs fâmìjs jt njs vjmajurs) vjmajurs) ï n` pârbgaj ? jt ï n` pârbgaj t. _ b ? , nj prbx au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj ? jst 8 _ bt , nj prbx au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj t jst 8 Pb ? , n` qu`mtbtâ âec`miâj au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj ? jst 8

N‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm aj n` pârbgaj egur`mtj t p`r r`ppgrt ï n` pârbgaj aj k`sj ? (`ppjnâ bmabej aj N`spjyrjs) jst <  _bt Pb ? B t /? 6 0 ?? 

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A`ms ejttj dgrfun`tbgm, `pp`r`bssjmt < - Njs bmabejs bmabejs ânâfjmt`brjs ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs âec`miâs B bt / ? 8

Ec`quj quj egjddbe egjddbebjm bjmtt - Njs egjddbebjmts egjddbebjmts kuaiât`brjs kuaiât`brjs `ttècâs ùx bmabejs ânâfjmt`brjs ânâfjmt`brjs  b? . Ec` kuaiât`brj gu pgmaâr`tbgm rjprâsjmtj n` p`rt egmsgffâj p`r njs fâmìjs jm kbjm b, p`r r`ppgrt ï n‒jmsjfknj aj njur egmsgff`tbgm, v`ngrbsâj ï n` pârbgaj ?. Bn s‒ìbt agme aj pgmaâr`tbgms aâtjrfbmâjs ï n` pârbgaj aj k`sj ?. @bmsb, um u m bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm jst umj jstbf`tbgm dgmaâj sur um âec`mtbnngm aj fâmìjs pjrfjtt`mt a‒ât`knbr ajs pgmaâr`tbgms, um âec`mtbnngm aj zgmjs a`ms pnusbjurs râibgms (a`ms nj e`s a‒um bmabej ï eguvjrturj eguvjrturj iâgir`pcbquj iâgir`pcbquj m`tbgm`nj), m`tbgm`nj), um âec`mtbnngm âec`mtbnngm aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, um âec`mtbnngm âec`mtbnngm aj kbjms jt sjrvbejs, jt um âec`mtbnngm aj pârbgajs a‒gksjrv`tbgms ajs prbx. Ejt âec`mtbnngm agbt ìtrj rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâmìjs sgus njs `spjets < prgaubt, pgbmt aj vjmtj, a`tj aj rjnjvâ. @utrjfjmt abt, n‒gm mj prjma jm egfptj quj ejrt`bms prgaubts ècjtâs a`ms ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj aâtjrfbmâs aâtjrfbmâs jt ï umj a`tj agmmâj. Njs prbx aj ejt âec`mtbnngm sgmt subvbs fjmsujnnjfjmt. Njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx sgmt `ngrs fjsurâjs jt ìrâiâjs aj d`égm ï e`neunjr ajs âvgnutbgms fgyjmmjs p`r irgupjs aj prgaubts. N` fgyjmmj ingk`nj e`neunâj jst n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm. Nj rjmguv rjmguvjn jnnj njfjm fjmtt egmtb egmtbmu mu aj ajss prga prgaub ubts ts sur sur nj f`rec f`recâ â `fãmj `fãmj ï pr prge geâaj âajrr ï aj ajss `l `lus ustj tjfjm fjmts ts < ngrsqu‒um prgaubt absp`r`ít, bn jst prgeâaâ ï sgm rjfpnèjfjmt a`ms n‒âec`mtbnngm 8 ngrsqu‒um mguvjù prgaubt `pp`r`ít âi`njfjmt, bn agbt ìtrj bmsârâ a`ms nj p`mbjr, sjngm ajs prgeâaurjs prâebsjs aâdbmbjs a`ms nj iubaj fâtcgagngibquj aj n‒BC_E.

0.0.1. Pu‒jst-ej quj n‒BC_E 7 N‒bmabej c`rfgmbsâ ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm (BC_E) bmstùrâ a`ms njs p`ys fjfkrjs aj n‒Zmbgm Jegmgfbquj jt Fgmât`brj Gujst - @drbe`bmj (ZJFG@), sjrt prbmebp`njfjmt ï fjsurjr njs v`rb`tbgms fgyjmmjs aj prbx a`ms njs âegmgfbjs m`tbgm`njs. Bn sjrt ï e`neunjr njs tùx a‒bmdn`tbgm qub jst um ajs erbtãrjs aj prjfbjr r`mi a`ms nj eàrj aj n` survjbnn`mej funtbn`târ`nj.

1

Njs egmejpts jt n` fâtcgagngibj gmt âtâ ân`kgrâs aj f`mbãrj ï abspgsjr aj râsunt`ts utbnjs jt db`knjs. @bmsb, n` egmsgff`tbgm prbsj jm egfptj jst ejnnj ajs fâmìjs `drbe`bms mgm `ddjetâs a`ms ajs gri`mbsfjs bmtjrm`tbgmùx râsba`mt a`ms n` e`pbt`nj. Aj pnus, ejs egmsgff`tbgms agbvjmt `vgbr d`bt n‒gkljt a‒um èc`t sgus dgrfj fgmât`brj jt sur nj tjrrbtgbrj m`tbgm`n. _`r egmtrj, ejrt`bmjs aâpjmsjs aj egmsgff`tbgm gmt âtâ jxenujs jxenujs e`r prâsjmt`mt prâsjmt`mt trgp aj abddbeuntâs aj rjnjvâs jt/gu egrrjspgma`mt ï umj p`rt bmdbfj ajs aâpjmsjs. @ mgtjr qu‒bn mj dùt p`s egmdgmarj njs aâpjmsjs aj egmsgff`tbgm jt njs bmvjstbssjfjmts < n‒èc`t a‒umj f`bsgm jst um bmvjstbssjfjmt, p`s umj egmsgff`tbgm. @ n‒`vjmbr, jmvbsìâ njs p`ys n‒ZJFG@ n` eguvjrturj ùxtjstjrrbtgbrjs E' E'js jst-ï t-ï-a -abr brj jbn qu quj j tgus tgus a`ms njs njs fâmì fâm ìjs js aj m`tb m`tbgm` gmùx ux sjrgm sja‒âtjmarj rgmtt eg egme mejrm jrmâs âs,, pgur pgur tgutj tgu s nj njss aâpjm aâpm`tbgmùx. jmsj sjss aj egmsgff`tbgms jddjetuâjs sur n‒jmsjfknj au p`ys.

0.0.:. Ec`fp tcâgrbquj jt eguvjrturj aj n‒BC_E Nj ec`fp tcâgrbquj aj n‒BC_E jst egmstbtuâ ajs aâpjmsjs fgmât`brjs aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj ajs fâmìjs. N` aâpjmsj fgmât`brj aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj ajs fâmìjs eguvrj n` aâpjmsj aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj jddjetuâj < - p`r njs fâmìjs râsbajmts, bmaâpjma`ffjmt aj njur m`tbgm`nbtâ 8 - sur nj nj tjrrbtgbrj âegmgfbquj au p`ys 8 - a`ms ajs gpâr`tbgms fgmât`brjs 8 - pgur pgur n‒` n‒èqub equbsbt sbtbgm bgm ajs kbjms kbjms jt sjrvbe sjrvbejs js sjrv sjrv`mt `mt ï s`tbsd` s`tbsd`brj brj abrjetjfjm abrjetjfjmtt njs kjsgbms kjsgbms

bmabvbaujns 8 - ù egurs aj n` pârbgaj âtuabâj.

Ugmt jxenujs au ec`fp tcâgrbquj aj n'bmabej, njs aâpjmsjs subv`mtjs < tr`msdjrtss (egtbs` (egtbs`tbg tbgms ms sgeb`njs sgeb`njs jt bfpñts bfpñts sur nj rjvjmu jt nj p`trbfgbm p`trbfgbmj, j, agms agms jt - njs tr`msdjrt sguserb sgu serbptb ptbgms, gms, pgurkgb pgurkgbrjs rjs jt ir`tbdb ir`tbdbe`t e`tbgm bgms, s, (sb ejnnjs-e ejnnjs-ebb mj dèbnbt dèbnbtjmt jmt p`s ir`majf ir`majfjmt jmt n‒gktjmtbgm a‒um kbjm gu a‒um sjrvbej)) 8 - njs gpâr`tbgms a'bmvjstbssjfjmt (èc`ts aj ngijfjmts) 8 - n‒`ssur`mej-vbj 8 - njs gpâr`tbgms dbm`mebãrjs jt jfprumts 8 - njs gpâr`tbgms a'âp`rimj 8 - njs gpâr`tbgms sur ètbds dbm`mebjrs 8 - n` erâ`tbgm a‒um ètbd/p`ssbd dbm`mebjr 8 - njs bfpñts bfpñt s abrjet abrjets, s, njs egtbs`tb egtbs8 `tbgms gms sgeb`njs sgeb`njs,, njs bmtârìts bmtârìts vjrsâs, vjrsâs, njs agms gu pjmsbg pjmsbgms ms vjrsâs ï a'ùtrjs fâmìjs - nj njss aâ aâpjm pjmsj sjss ï tbtr tbtrj j prgdj prgdjss ssbg bgmmj mmjn,n, mgt`f mgt`ffjm fjmtt a` a`ms ms nj e` eàr arj j prb prbme mebp bp`n `njfj jfjmt mt aj ajss

jmtrjprbsjs bmabvbaujnnjs. Gmt âtâ âi`njfjmt jxenus jm r`bsgm aj egmvjmtbgms bmtjrm`tbgm`njs jt ajs abddbeuntâs aj subvb < - njs âec`mijs âec`mijs aj kbjms a'gee`sbgm jmtrj fâmìjs 8 - njs prgaubts a‒gee`sbgm a‒gee`sbgm sjfb-aur`knjs sjfb-aur`knjs bfpgrtâs (drbpjrbj, (drbpjrbj, ecùssurjs ecùssurjs a‒gee`sbgm, a‒gee`sbgm, jte.),

sùd njs èejssgbrjs ùtgfgkbnjs 8 - n'ùtgegmsgff` n'ùtgegmsgff`tbgm tbgm ajs fâmìjs (prgaubts `nbfjmt`brjs `nbfjmt`brjs,, sjrvbejs aj ngijfjmt ngijfjmt pgur

egfptj prgprj, jte.). Njs prbmebpùx aâdùts aj eguvjrturj, jm r`bsgm aj njur d`bknj pgbas a`ms n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâmìjs jt/gu ï eùsj ajs abddbeuntâs a‒jstbf`tbgm ajs aâpjmsjs jt/gu au subvb ajs prbx ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs, pgrtjmt sur - njs sjrvbejs suksbab`brjs aj n'jmsjbimjfjmt (e`mtbmj, câkjrijfjmt, jte.),

:

- njs sjrvbejs a'ètbgm sgeb`nj, - ejrt`bms sjrvbejs rjn`tbds ù ngijfjmt (`ss`bmbssjfjmt), - ejrt`bms ejrt`bms sjrvbejs sjrvbejs fâabeùx (ngrsquj (ngrsquj njs aâpjmsjs aâpjmsjs sgmt jm tgt`nbtâ tgt`nbtâ prbsjs jm ec`rij p`r p`r

n‒Jt`t gu p`r ajs gri`mbsfjs puknbes a‒`ssur`mej s`mtâ), - ejrt`bms kbjms pgur njs ngbsbrs jt n` eunturj (cgrtbeunturj jt `mbfùx a'ìrâfjmt). - njs aâpjmsjs ajs fâmìjs cgrs aj njur nbju aj râsbajmej.

N‒BC_E N‒BC_ E jst prgaubt prgaubt ï p`rtbr aj ajux typjs aj egnnjetj egnnjetj aj agmmâjs agmmâjs jddjetuâj ec`quj fgbs < - n` egnnjetj egnnjetj râ`nbsâj sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm p`r um râsjù a‒jmquìtjurs a‒jmquìtjurs eguv eguvr`mt r`mt n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj au ec`fp

iâgir`pcbquj 8 - n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ejmtr`nbsâj ejmtr`nbsâj jddjetuâj jddjetuâj p`r ajs eàrjs eàrjs au sjrvbej jm ec`rij ec`rij aj n` prgauetbgm prgauetbgm aj

n‒bmabej a`ms njs Bmstbtuts m`tbgmùx aj st`tbstbquj.

BB.

@[ECBQ @[ECBQJEQ JEQZ[J Z[J AJU EGM EGMEJ_ EJ_QU QU < MGFJME MGFJMEN@Q N@QZ[J Z[JU U ― T@[BJQJ T@[BJQJU U― UJ[BJU- _[GAZBQU JNJFJMQ@B[JU

Qgus njs prgaubt prgaubtss egmsgffâ egmsgffâss sgmt sgmt en`ssâ en`ssâss sjngm sjngm umj mgfjmen mgfjmen`tu `turj rj jm 0; dgmetbg dgmetbgms ms < n` MEG@ MEG@ (Mgfjmen`turj aj Egmsgff`tbgm Gujst @drbe`bmj). Ec`quj dgmetbgm jst sukabvbsâj jm irgupjs, sgusirgupjs jt pgstjs. Qgut prgaubt egmsgffâ jst `ddjetâ ï um pgstj jt um sjun aj n` mgfjmen`turj MEG@. _`r jxjfpnj, n` kgbtj aj s`rabmjs `pp`rtbjmt ù pgstj xx, sgus-irgupj xx, irgupj xx, dgmetbgm ?0 < @nbfjmt`tbgm. N` nbstj ajs dgmetbgms jt irgupjs utbnbsâs a`ms n‒BC_E dbiurj jm `mmjxj 0.

BB.0. T`rbâtâs Ec`quj pgstj jst rjprâsjmtâ p`r umj gu pnusbjurs v`rbâtâs. Zmj v`rbâtâ jst um jmsjfknj aj prgaubts gu aj sjrvbejs, aâdbmb aj f`mbãrj pnus gu fgbms n`rij jt `pp`rtjm`mt ï um fìfj pgstj. N‒jmsjfknj ajs v`rbâtâs a‒um pgstj jst um âec`mtbnngm aj ej pgstj. Njs v`rbâtâs sgmt aâerbtjs sjngm ajs e`rètârbstbqujs strueturâjs. Jnnjs ajvr`bjmt sj egfpgsjr aj irgupjs aj kbjms jt sjrvbejs ùssb sbfbn`brjs quj pgssbknj. Ec`quj v`rbâtâ jst egfpgsâj a‒umj gu pnusbjurs sârbjs. N‒jmsjfknj ajs sârbjs a‒umj v`rbâtâ jst suppgsâ rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` v`rbâtâ. Gm abstbmiuj ajux ir`majs d`fbnnjs aj v`rbâtâs < njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs jt njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs. Zmj v`rbâtâ cgfgiãmj jst umj v`rbâtâ a`ms n`qujnnj njs prgaubts sgmt trãs prgecjs njs ums ajs ùtrjs. Zm prgaubt aj ejttj v`rbâtâ pjut `bsâfjmt sj sukstbtujr ï um ùtrj aj n` fìfj v`rbâtâ. Nj rbz jm vrè vjmau ù hbng ù f`recâ jst um jxjfpnj aj v`rbâtâ cgfgiãmj. Njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs pjuvjmt ìtrj aj trgbs typjs < -

G0 sb jnnjs sgmt vjmaujs vjmaujs jm jm umbtâs umbtâs st`ma`ra, st`ma`ra, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj nj hbng, nj nbtrj, nbtrj, jte. jte.

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G; sb jnnjs jnnjs sgmt sgmt vjmauj vjmaujss jm umbtâs umbtâs mgm st`ma` st`ma`ra ra bajmtb bajmtbqujs qujs,, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj n` kgítj kgítj aj aj n`bt Mjstnâ pgur njs `rècbajs, jte.

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G5 a`ms a`ms njs ùtrj ùtrjss e`s. _`r _`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj,, njs tgf`tj tgf`tjss vjmaujs vjmaujs ù t`s, t`s, nj pgunj pgunjtt vbv`mt vbv`mt ï n‒umbtâ, jte.

Njs ùtrjs v`rbâtâs sgmt `ppjnâjs câtârgiãmjs. Njs prgaubts qub rjprâsjmtjmt umj v`rbâtâ pjuvjmt ìtrj `ssjz abssjfkn`knjs. N‒ùtgfgkbnj cùt aj i`ffj jst um jxjfpnj aj v`rbâtâ câtârgiãmj. _`rfb njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs, gm abstbmiuj njs v`rbâtâs grabm`brjs, njs t`rbds jt njs ngyjrs. Njs t`rbds sgmt rjn`tbds rjn`tbds ï ajs prbx pr`tbquâs umbdgrfâfjmt umbdgrfâfjmt sur nj tjrrbtgbrj jt d`bs`mt n‒gkljt n‒gkljt a‒umj egnnjetj egnnjetj ejmtr`nbsâj. Njs ngyjrs sgmt njs ngyjrs jddjetbvjfjmt èqubttâs p`r njs fâmìjs. Bns sgmt subvbs ùprãs a‒ìjmts bffgkbnbjrs pgur njs ngijfjmts ec`mij`mt a‒geeup`mt `bmsb qu‒ùprãs a‒um âec`mtbnngm aj ngijfjmts.

4

Njs v`rbâtâs grabm`brjs sgmt tgutjs njs v`rbâtâs qub mj sgmt mb ajs t`rbds, mb ajs ngyjrs. Jnnjs pjuvjmt ìtrj en`ssâjs sjngm a‒ùtrjs erbtãrjs âegmgfbqujs egffj p`r jxjfpnj njs « kbjms aur`knjs ¸ sb jnnjs egrrjspgmajmt egrrjsp gmajmt ï ajs prgaubts f`mudèturâs, f`mudèturâs, jm iâmâr`n tjecmbqujs, tjecmbqujs, `y`mt umj aurâj aj vbj ngmiuj, ngmiuj, jt egfprjm`mt aj mgfkrjusjs e`rètârbstbqujs egffj njs ùtgfgkbnjs, nj fgkbnbjr, jte. Egmsâqujmejs aj ejttj en`ssbdbe`tbgm < -

nj prbx prbx fgyjm fgyjm ajs sârb sârbjs js a‒umj a‒umj v`rbât v`rbâtâ â cgfgiãmj cgfgiãmj ` um sjms sjms.. Nj hbng hbng aj rbz jm jm vrè vùt jm fgyjmmj 59: DED@.

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Nj prbx prbx fgyjm a‒umj a‒umj v`rbât v`rbâtâ â câtârgiã câtârgiãmj mj m‒` p`s aj sj sjms ms < nj prbx fgyjm fgyjm au fgkbnbj fgkbnbjr r aj f`bsgm m‒` ùeumj sbimbdbe`tbgm.

BB.;. Uârbj, ecrgmbquj, prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj Zm prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj, jst um `rtbenj `pp`rtjm`mt ï umj v`rbâtâ jt subvb a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj. Bn jst aâerbt aj f`mbãrj trãs prâebsj jt subvb a`ms nj tjfps. Ngrsqu‒um Ngrsqu‒um `rtbenj absp`r`ít, bn jst rjfpnèâ rjfpnèâ p`r um ù ùtr trj j `rtbe `rtbenj nj.. @ umj ecrgm ecrgmbq bquj uj sueeã sueeãaj aj ag agme me umj umj ù ùtrj trj ec ecrgm rgmbq bquj. uj. E‒js E‒jstt ejt jm jmec` ec`ímj ímjfjm fjmtt aj ecrgmbqujs qub jst `ppjnâ sârbj. N` prâebsbgm aj n` ajserbptbgm aj n` ecrgmbquj agbt ìtrj tjnnj qu‒um ìjmt qujnegmquj qujnegmquj au kurjù ajs prbx agbt pguvgbr rjtrguvjr jxètjfjmt n‒`rtbenj n‒`rtbenj egrrjspgma`mt ï ejttj ecrgmbquj umbqujfjmt ï tr`vjrs sgm ajserbptbd < pgbmt aj vjmtj, e`rètârbstbqujs aj n` v`rbâtâ, ajserbptbd aj n` ecrgmbquj. _gur ajs r`bsgms a‒c`rfgmbs`tbgm au vge`kun`brj ù mbvjù bmtjrm`tbgm`n, gm ` tjma`mej aâsgrf`bs ï p`rnjr aj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj jm nbju jt pnèj aj ecrgmbquj. Uùd jxejptbgm, bn mj pjut y `vgbr ajux sârbjs a‒umj fìfj v`rbâtâ a`ms nj fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj.

BB.5. Mgfjmen`turj ajs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx Nj pgbmt aj vjmtj ajs prgaubts pjut ìtrj um dètjur aj abddârjmej bfpgrt`mtj aj njurs prbx. _`r jxjfpnj, um egstufj vjmau a`ms um supjrf`recâ pjut `vgbr um mbvjù jt umj âvgnutbgm aj prbx abddârjmts au fìfj egstufj vjmau a`ms um f`recâ. Bn egmvbjmt agme quj n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj sgbt `ssurâj. N‒jmsjfknj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj aj n` zgmj aj rjnjvâs rjtjmuj jst strueturâ jm en`ssjs cgfgiãm N‒jmsjfknj cgfgiãmjs js gu typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj. A`ms ecèum aj ejs typjs sgmt fbs jm pnèj ajs âec`mtbnngms aj pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm. N` mgfjmen`turj ajs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx jst prâsjmtâj jm ajux mbvjùx.

Nj mbvjù « e`tâigrbj aj pgbmts aj vjmtj ¸, ï um ecbddrj, egfprjma ebmq e`tâigrbjs < 0. fì`sbms fì`sbms aj aj aât`bn aât`bn spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs 8 ;. fì`sbms fì`sbms aj aj aât`bn aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs 8 5. egffjrej cgrs fì`sbm aj aât`bns aât`bns 1. ùtrjs fì`sbms fì`sbms jt prjst`t`brjs prjst`t`brjs aj sjrvbejs sjrvbejs 8 :. ù ùtr trjs js..

Nj mb mbvj` vjù u « typj typj aj pg pgbm bmts ts aj vjmt vjmtjj ¸, ï um ecbd ecbddr drj, j, egfp egfpgr grtj tj 2 typj typjss en`s en`ssâ sâss a`ms a`ms njs njs e`tâigrbjs egffj subt < 0.

Fì`sbms aj aât`bns spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs < 0.0. 0.0. 0.;.. 0.;

Ir`m Ir`mas as fì` fì`sb sbms ms 8 Kgutbqu Kgutbqujs js (fì`sb (fì`sbm) m) spâeb` spâeb`nbs nbsâs âs

;.

Fì`sbms aj aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs <

5.

;.0.. ;.0 Uupjrf` Uupjrf`recâ recâss jt cypjrf` cypjrf`recâ recâss 8 ;.;. ;.;. Fì`sbm Fì`sbm aj irgs8 irgs8 fì`sbm fì`sbm ï prb prbxx râaubts râaubts 8 ;.5. Fbmb-f`recâ, Fbmb-f`recâ, kgutbquj kgutbquj aj st`tbgm st`tbgm sjrvbej, sjrvbej, hbgsquj, hbgsquj, fì`sbm aj prgxbfbtâ prgxbfbtâ 8 Egffjrej cgrs fì`sbm fì`sbm aj aât`bn 9

5.0. 5.;. 5.;. 1.

_rjst`t`brjs aj sjrvbejs jt ùtrjs ùtrjs fì`sbms jt 1.0. 1.0. 1.;.. 1.;

:.

Fì`sbms Fì`sbms aj aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs (ï n‒bmtârbjur n‒bmtârbjur gu ï n‒jxtârb n‒jxtârbjur jur aj f`recâs) F`re F`recâ câ (guvj (guvjrt rtss gu eguv eguvjr jrts) ts) 8 Ugebât Ugebâtâs âs aj sjrvbej sjrvbejss spâeb` spâeb`nbs nbsâs âs prb prbvâs vâs 8 Ugebât Ugebâtâs âs aj sjrvbej sjrvbejss puknbe puknbess jt p`r`pu p`r`puknb knbes es 8

@utrjs :.0.Fâmìj 8 :.;.@utrj :.;. @utrjss pgbmts aj vjmtj m.a.`.

BB.1. Nj egmejpt aj prbx Njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm gmt pgur vge`tbgm aj fjsurjr njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx pur, e'jstï-abrj jm aâiìj`mt njs jddjts aj ec`mijfjmt aj qu`nbtâ aj prgaubts. Bn y ` abddârjmej aj prbx ngrsquj ajs kbjms gu sjrvbejs, jm tgus pgbmts bajmtbqujs, sgmt vjmaus ï ajs prbx abddârjmts ù fìfj fgfjmt. Abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj pjuvjmt vjmarj jxètjfjmt nj fìfj prgaubt ï ajs prbx abddârjmts gu nj fìfj prgaubt pjut ìtrj vjmau ï p`rtbr a‒um sjun jt fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj ï ajs e`tâigrbjs abddârjmtjs aj enbjmts ï ajs prbx abddârjmts. Njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm agbvjmt rjmarj egfptj aj n‒jxpârbjmej ajs egmsgff`tjurs ùxqujns bn sj r`ppgrtj jt agbt agme d`brj ât`t ajs prbx quj ejs ajrmbjrs p`bjmt pgur njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs qub jmtrjmt a`ms nj ec`fp aj n‒bmabej. @ussb, njs prbx utbnbsâs a`ms n‒BC_E sgmt njs prbx gddjrts p`r njs vjmajurs gu jddjetbvjfjmt p`yâs p`r njs fâmìjs (e`s au ngyjr jt ajs sjrvbejs agfjstbqujs) pgur èquârbr ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs bmabvbaujns a`ms nj eàrj a‒gpâr`tbgms fgmât`brjs. Nj prbx prbx a‒ a‒è èqu qubs bsbtbtbg bgm m rjprâs rjprâsjm jmtj tj nj fgmt` fgmt`mt mt prgpg prgpgsâ sâ p` p`rr nj vj vjma maju jurr gu jddje jddjetbtbvj vjfjm fjmtt p`yâ p`yâ p`r n‒ècjtjur ù fgfjmt aj n‒èc`t ajs prgaubts. Bn egfprjma njs âvjmtujns bfpñts jt t`xjs fgbms njs sukvjmtbgms sur njs prgaubts. Bn tbjmt egfptj ajs râauetbgms aj prbx ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs bmabvbaujns sb aj tjnnjs râauetbgms < - pjuvjmt ìtrj `ttrbkuâjs ï n‒èc`t a‒um kbjm gu a‒um sjrvbej bmabvbaujn 8 - sgmt sgmt èejssb èejssbknj knjss ï n‒jmsjf n‒jmsjfknj knj ajs egmsgff` egmsgff`tju tjurs rs pgtjmt pgtjmtbjn bjnss s`ms s`ms ìtrj `ssgrtbjs `ssgrtbjs aj

egmabtbgms p`rtbeunbãrjs 8 sgmt egmmujs egmmujs aj n‒ècjtju n‒ècjtjurr ù fgfjm fgfjmtt gò bn s‒jmiìj s‒jmiìj ï ècjtj ècjtjrr nj prgaubt prgaubt egmejrmâ egmejrmâ ù - sgmt vjmajur jt - sgmt sgmt prgpgs prgpgsâjs âjs ù fgfjmt fgfjmt aj n‒èc` n‒èc`tt gu a`ms um aân`b aân`b tjn qu‒jnn qu‒jnnjs js ajvr`bjmt ajvr`bjmt bmdnujme bmdnujmejr jr

sjmsbknjfjmt njs qu`mtbtâs quj n‒ècjtjur jst abspgsâ ï èquârbr. N` aâdbmbtbgm aâdbmbtbgm eguvjrtj p`r nj egmejpt egmejpt aj prbx jxenut < - njs bmtârìts gu njs sjrvbejs qub vbjmmjmt s‒`lgutjr jm e`s a‒getrgb a‒um erâabt 8 - njs âvjmtujnnjs âvjmtujnnjs ec`rijs ec`rijs suppnâfjmt`brjs suppnâfjmt`brjs suppgrtâjs suppgrtâjs jm e`s aj aâdùt aj p`bjfjmt p`bjfjmt a`ms nj

aân`b egmvjmu 8 - njs râauetbgms aj aj prbx qub mj sgmt p`s èejssbknjs ï tgus njs egmsgff`tjurs pgtjmtbjns 8 - njs râauetbgms râauetbgms aj prbx qub mj sgmt sgmt p`s èejssbknjs èejssbknjs ù fgfjmt aj n‒èc`t n‒èc`t gu a`ms um aân`b

tjn p`r r`ppgrt ù fgfjmt a‒èc`t qu‒jnnjs sgmt susejptbknjs a‒bmdnujr aj d`égm sbimbdbe`tbvj sur njs qu`mtbtâs quj njs ècjtjurs sgmt aâsbrjux a‒èquârbr.

3

Ec`pbtrj ; [GNJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJ Ec`pbtrj UZ_J[TBUJZ[ Z[ AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ EGNNJEQJ JQ E@NJMA[BJ[ AJU Q[@T@ZS _gur e`neunjr um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm, bn dùt fjttrj jm pnèj, mgm sjunjfjmt um abspgsbtbd egfpgsâ a‒um jmsjfknj jmsjfknj aj prgaubts prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs ânâfjmt`brjs agmt gm subt njs prbx a`ms um jmsjfknj aj pgbmts aj vjmtj sjngm um e`njmarbjr prâebs ajs agmmâjs prbx f`bsjt bn jst âi`njfjmt bmabspjms`knj aj fjttrj pnèj um abspgsbtbd aj egmtrñnj ajajnègnnjetj qu`nbtâ ajs au subvb aj n` qu`nbtâ au abspgsbtbd a`ms jm nj tjfps. Jm jddjt, n` qu`nbtâ st`tbstbquj ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm aâpjma au ecgbx au trbpnjt prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj - pgbmt aj vjmtj - a`tj aj egnnjetj jt ajs egmejpts jt fâtcgagngibjs fbs jm pnèj. F`bs, umj dgbs nj abspgsbtbd abspgsbtbd fbs f bs jm pnèj, pnèj, n` qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ aj n‒bmabej aâpjma jssjmtbjnnjfjmt jssjmtbjnnjfjmt aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs prbx egnnjetâs egnnjetâs jt aj n` ijstbgm ijstbgm auabt abspgsbtbd. abspgsbtbd. @ussb, n` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs ajs prbx, jt sgm subvb sgmt jssjmtbjns a`ms um sjrvbej ec`riâ au e`neun ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm. Egmtr`brjfjmt ï ejrt`bmjs jmquìtjs st`tbstbqujs gò n‒bmdgrf`tbgm pjut ìtrj dèbnjfjmt rjegmstbtuâj, n` aym`fbquj ajs prbx sur njs f`recâs, jt njs bfpâr`tbds aj aân`b aj prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej rjmajmt bfpgssbknj um egmtrñnj jt umj egrrjetbgm abddârâj ajs prbx. Bn jst agme bmabspjms`knj aj fjttrj jm pnèj um egmtrñnj egmtbmu jt ètbd ajs tr`vùx aj tjrr`bm. @bmsb, njs jxbijmejs aj a j qu`nbtâ au tr`v`bn aj a j egnnjetj ajs aj s agmmâjs agmmâ js jt aj sgm egmtrñnj sgmt pnus p nus ânjvâjs quj pgur a‒ùtrjs jmquìtjs st`tbstbqujs. Bn jst agme bmabspjms`knj quj vgus egmaubsbjz vgtrj tr`v`bn `vje kjùegup aj prgdjssbgmm`nbsfj, aj rbiujur jt aj eânârbtâ. Nj prâsjmt f`mujn jst egméu pgur vgus èegfpìmjr a`ms vgtrja`ms tr`v`bn. Ej ec`pbtrj p`ssj rjvuj vgtrj rñnj aj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj jt prâebsj vgtrj tr`v`bn nj eàrj aj n` ec`ímj ajjm prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej.

B.

[GNJ [GNJ AZ UZ UZ_J _J[T [TBU BUJZ JZ[ [ AJ N@ EG EGNN NNJE JEQJ QJ

Njs prbmebp`njs tècjs au supjrvbsjur aj n‒jmquìtj prbx sj râsufjmt jm < -

prâp`r`tbgm prâp`r`tbgm aj n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx p`r nnjs js ìjmts jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs 8

-

egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx aj ejrt`bmjs ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs egfpnjxjs 8

-

egmtrñ egmtrñnj nj aj aj n` egnn egnnjet jetj, j, sur sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm jt jm jm kurjù kurjù 8

-

subvb subvb aj n` qu`nb qu`nbtâ tâ a aj j n‒âec n‒âec`mtb `mtbnng nngmmì mmìj j ajs ajs prbx prbx 8

-

jxâeut jxâeutbgm bgm ajs grarjs grarjs aj rjecjre rjecjrecj. cj.

A‒ùtrjs tr`vùx pgmetujns pjuvjmt nub ìtrj egmdbâs.

B.0. _râp`r`tbgm aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx @v`mt n` ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm pgur egnnjetjr njs prbx ajs prgaubts aj egmsgff`tbgm, um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj tr`vùx prâ`n`knjs agbvjmt ìtrj râ`nbsâs. Jm jddjt, njs agmmâjs prbx agbvjmt rjfpnbr um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj erbtãrjs pgur ìtrj èejptâjs < -

njs prbx agbvjmt egrrjspgmarj egrrjspgmarj aj pârbgaj pârbgaj jm pârbgaj pârbgaj ù ù fìfj prgaubt prgaubt gu sjrvbej sjrvbej 8

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njs prbx prbx agbvjmt agbvjmt ìtrj egnnje egnnjetâs tâs a`m a`mss njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj prâebs prâebs bmabqu bmabquâs âs sur njs suppgr suppgrts ts aj egnnjetj 8

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njs prbx agbvjmt ìtrj egnnje egnnjetâs tâs ï ajs a`tjs a`tjs gu gu pârbgaj pârbgaj kbjm kbjm prâebsjs prâebsjs..

@ussb, nj supjrvbsjur agbt s‒`ssurjr s ‒`ssurjr quj njs egmabtbgms eb-ajssus ebtâjs sgmt rjfpnbjs `v`mt n` egnnjetj. N` prâp`r`tbgm prâp`r`tbgm aj n` egnnjetj egmsbstj egmsbstj ï < -

vârbdbjr vârbdbjr quj quj n‒jmsjfk n‒jmsjfknj nj ajs suppgrts suppgrts aj egnnjet egnnjetj j jst jst abspgmbknj. abspgmbknj.

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Njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj, mgt`ffjmt njs qujstbgmm`brjs qujstbgmm`brjs agbvjmt ìtrj p`ssâs jm rjvuj. Ejrt`bms egffjmt`brjs qub y sgmt bmserbts agbvjmt ìtrj jx`fbmâs. Bn pjut s‒ìbr aj djrfjt djrfjtur urj j prge prgec` c`bm bmj j aj pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmt vjmtj, j, aj ab abddb ddbeu euntntâs âs aj eg eggpâ gpâr` r`tbtbgm gm `v `vje je nj ijstbgmm`brj au pgbmt aj vjmtj, jte. Qgus njs e`s agbvjmt ìtrj tr`btâs jt ù kjsgbm ìtrj pgrtâs ï n‒`ttjmtbgm au ecjd aj kurjù. Nj mgfkrj aj qujstbgmm`brjs qujstbgmm`brjs agbt ìtrj vârbdbâ. vârbdbâ. Nj supjrvbsjur jst ec`riâ aj rjmarj ab absp spgm gmbk bknj nj tg tgus us njs njs su supp ppgr grts ts aj eg egnnnnje jetj tj,, mg mgt` t`ff ffjm jmtt p` p`rr bfpr bfprjs jssb sbgm gm aj ajss qujstbgmm`brjs.

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gri`mbsjr gri`mb sjrajnjsegnnjetj, suppgrts suppgrtsnjajsupjrvbsjur egnnjetj egnnjetj jmtrj jmtrj abddârjmts abddârjmtsquj ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtjur jmquìtjurs. s. Jm aâkut aâ kutrâp`rtbj aj ec`quj pârbgaj agbtnjs s‒`ssurjr n` ec`rij aj tr`v`bn jst aj f`mbãrj âi`nbt`brj jmtrj njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs. N` egnnjetj jst râ`nbsâj a`ms abddârjmtjs zgmjs iâgir`pcbqujs p`r ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs abddârjmts jt sjngm ajs fâtcgagngibjs âi`njfjmt abddârjmtjs. @ussb, n` râp`rtbtbgm aj n` ec`rij aj tr`v`bn agbt tjmbr egfptj aj ejttj abfjmsbgm iâgir`pcbquj.

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Târbdb Târbdbjr jr quj njs f`târbj f`târbjns ns aj pjsâj dgm dgmetb etbgmm gmmjmt jmt egrrjet egrrjetjfjm jfjmt. t. Tgus Tgus `vjz ï vârbdbjr vârbdbjr n‒ât`t n‒ât`t aj dgmetbgmmjfjmt au pjsgm, aj n` k`n`mej ânjetrgmbquj jt aj sjs pbnjs `bmsb quj ajs ùtrjs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs ï n` egnnjetj. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt vgus `ssurjr aj n` abspgmbkbnbtâ ajs f`târbjns rgun`mts pgur `ssurjr n` ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm.

B.;. Egnnjetj ajs prbx aj ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs N` egnnj egnnjetj etj ajs prb prbxx aj ejrt ejrt`b `bms ms kbjms kbjms jt sjrvb sjrvbej ejss mâ mâej ejss ssbtbtj j um umj j gr gri`m i`mbs bs`t `tbg bgm m jt um pj pjrsg rsgmm mmjn jn p`rtbeunbjr. Jm jddjt, sb, pgur n` pnup`rt ajs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs, bn s‒ìbt sbfpnjfjmt aj rjnjvjr njs prbx (jt qu`mtbtâs), pgur a‒ùtrjs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs bn jst bmabspjms`knj aj egnnjetjr um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒ânâfj a‒â nâfjmts mts pgur pgur pguvgb pguvgbrr e`neun e`neunjr jr um prb prbxx umbt`b umbt`brj rj egrrjet egrrjet.. _`r `bn `bnnju njurs, rs, pgur pgur ejrt`b ejrt`bms ms (sjrvbe (sjrvbejs js a‒`ssur`mej, sjrvbejs aj egmmjxbgm ï Bmtjrmjt, jte.), n` egnnjetj s‒jddjetuj ùprãs a‒um pjrsgmmjn spâeb`nbsâ, qub mâejssbtj ajs egmm`bss`mejs jt um egfpgrtjfjmt spâebdbqujs ― tjmuj jm p`rtbeunbjr jm vuj aj prâsjrvjr n` eggpâr`tbgm ajs jmquìtâs. A`ms nj e`s aj t`rbds p`r jxjfpnj, pgur njsqujns n` egnnjetj agbt ìtrj jddjetuâj n` ajrmbãrj sjf`bmj au e`njmarbjr `ppnbe`tbd au fgbs aj egnnjetj, njs a`tjs aj ec`mijfjmts aj prbx âvjmtujns agbvjmt ìtrj s`bs s` bsbj bjss jm fìfj fìfj tjfps tjfps quj quj njs njs mguv mguvjù jùxx prbx. prbx. _gur _gur a‒ a‒ùt ùtrj rjss pr prga gaub ubts ts jt sj sjrv rvbe bejs js ag agmt mt nj njss e`rètârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs `y`mt umj bmdnujmej sur njs prbx âvgnujmt trãs vbtj, bn jst bmabspjms`knj ï ec`quj egnnjetj aj vârbdbjr ejs e`rètârbstbqujs. A‒ùtrjs fâtcgajs aj subvb spâebdbqujs sgmt aâdbmbjs jm `mmjxj ï ej f`mujn.

B.5. Egmtrñnj aj n` egnnjetj, sur nj tjrr`bm jt jm kurjù N‒umj ajs prbmebp`njs tëecjs au supjrvbsjur aj egnnjetj egmsbstj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs tr`vùx râ`nbsâs p`r njs jmquìtjurs sgmt jddjetuâs subv`mt njs bmstruetbgms qub gmt âtâ agmmâjs. Bn mj s‒ìbt p`s a‒umj bmspjetbgm au tr`v`bn ajs jmquìtjurs a`ms nj kut prjfbjr aj njs s`metbgmmjr f`bs kbjm aj s‒`ssurjr aj n` qu`nbt qu`nbtâ â ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs egnnje egnnjetâj tâjs. s. @u tr`vjr tr`vjrss au egm egmtrñ trñnj nj gm bajmtb bajmtbdbj dbj âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt njs abddârj abddârjmts mts prgknãfjs rjmegmtrâs sur nj tjrr`bm jt njs ètbgms aj dgrf`tbgm qub sgmt mâejss`brjs jm vuj a‒`fânbgrjr njurr pjrdgrf` nju pjrdgrf`mej mej.. Nj egmtrñn egmtrñnj j ajs tr`vù tr`vùxx pjrfjt pjrfjt âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt a‒`fânb a‒`fânbgrj grjrr n` fâtcgag fâtcgagngi ngibj bj jt njs bmstruetbgms aj egnnjetj. Ajux egmtrñnjs sgmt jddjetuâs, sur nj tjrr`bm jt jm kurjù. 0. Uur nj tjrr`bm, tjrr`bm, nj supjrvbsjur supjrvbsjur agbt s‒`ssurjr s‒`ssurjr quj n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs s‒jddjetuj s‒jddjetuj rjn`tbvjfjmt rjn`tbvjfjmt ùx prgaubts aâtjrfbmâs, a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj bmabquâs, subv`mt nj e`njmarbjr dbxâ jt sjngm n` fâtcgagngibj aâdbmbj. _gur ej d`brj, nj supjrvbsjur aâdbmbt, `vje nj rjspgms`knj au sjrvbej, um e` e`njm njmarb arbjr jr aj vbsb vbsbtj tj ajs pg pgbm bmts ts aj vjmt vjmtj. j. Nj su supj pjrvb rvbsj sjur ur eg egmt mtrñn rñnj j n` vâ vâr` rèb ebtâ tâ aj ajss bmdgrf`tbgms r`fjmâjs p`r n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur, jm jddjetu`mt râiunbãrjfjmt ajs vbsbtjs a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj âec`mtbnngm. ;. Jm kurjù, bn s‒ìbt s‒ìbt aj egmtrñnjr egmtrñnjr n` vr`bsjfkn`mej vr`bsjfkn`mej ajs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms r`fjmâjs r`fjmâjs p`r njs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìt jmquìtjurs. aj prbx, e`rètârbstb e`rètârbstbqujs qujs gu tgutj ùtrj bmdgrf`tb gm dgurmbjs. rjn`tbvj ùBn prgaubtjurs. gu ùBn pjut pgbmts‒ìbr aj vjmtj. Nj ajs supjrvbsjur egmtrñnj n` aj egcârjmej ajsbmdgrf`tbgm agmmâjs supjrvbsj âi`njfjmt njs gpâr`tbgms aj pjsâj ajs prbx jm kurjù. 0?

B.1. Uubvb aj n` qu`nbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngmmìj ajs prbx Nj su supj pjrvb rvbsju sjurr aj n` egnnj egnnjetj etj jst jst ec`ri ec`riâ â aj dgurm dgurmbr br ù ec ecjd jd aj ku kurj rjù ù tgutj tgutjss nj njss bm bmdgr dgrf`t f`tbg bgms ms mâejss`brjs jm vuj aj f`bmtjmbr n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Jm jddjt, n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm jst egmstrubt sur n` k`sj a‒um âec`mtbnngm aj prbx quj n‒gm egnnjetj tgus njs fgbs. Bn mj s‒ìbt p`s a‒um rjejmsjfjmt jxcùstbd aj tgus njs prbx prgpgsâs pgur um `rtbenj agmmâ, mb au subvb aj tgus njs `rtbenjs, jmegrj fgbms a‒um subvb ï ec`quj bmst`mt. Njs prbx s`bsbs sgmt k`sâs agme sur um âec`mtbnngmmìj ï trgbs abfjmsbgms < - umj abfjms abfjmsbgm bgm tjfpgr tjfpgrjnn jnnj j < gm sj dbxj ajs a`tjs a`tjs aj rjnjvâs rjnjvâs a‒um a‒um `rtbenj `rtbenj prâebs prâebs a`ms um pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj 8 -

um umj j ab abfjm fjmsb sbgm gm dgrfj dgrfj aj vjmtj vjmtj < gm ecgbsb ecgbsbtt aj subvrj subvrj njs prbx prbx a‒ a‒um um `rtbenj `rtbenj a`ms a`ms um ejrt` ejrt`bm bm mgfkrj aj typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, rjdnât`mt njs c`kbtuajs a‒`pprgvbsbgmmjfjmt ajs fâmìjs jm ejs typjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

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umj abfjms abfjmsbgm bgm sp`tb` sp`tb`nj nj jt aj prgaubts prgaubts p`r n`qujnn n`qujnnj, j, gm ecgbsbt ecgbsbt njs `rtben `rtbenjs js a`ms njs njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj vjm tj rjp`rtb rjp`rtbj j a`ms a`ms n‒jspè n‒jspèj j iâgir`p iâgir`pcbq cbquj uj rjdnât` rjdnât`mt mt njs c`kbtu c`kbtuajs ajs aj egmsgff` egmsgff`tbg tbgm m ajs fâmìjs jt n` eguvjrturj iâgir`pcbquj aj n‒c`kbt`t ajs fâmìjs egmejrmâs.

N` qu`nbtâ aj n‒bmabej aâpjma au f`bmtbjm aj n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj ejt âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Nj supjrvbsjur agbt p`r jxjfpnj r`ppgrtjr ù kurjù nj aâvjngppjfjmt a‒um typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj `dbm quj ejttj bmdgrf`tbgm sgbt prbsj jm egfptj pgur rjarjssjr n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx `dbm aj i`rajr ï n‒bmabej e`neunâ nj pguvgbr aj rjdnâtjr n‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx suppgrtâs p`r njs fâmìjs.

B.:. N‒jxâeutbgm ajs grarjs aj rjecjrecj Zm grarj aj rjecjrecj jst n` rjecjrecj prâ`n`knj a‒`rtbenj jt aj pgbmt aj vjmtj `ssgebâ, jm vuj aj n` erâ`tbgm a‒umj mguvjnnj sârbj. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj jst âfbs a`ms njs e`s subv`mts < -

absp`rb absp`rbtbg tbgm m `mmgmeâ `mmgmeâj j aj prgaub prgaubts ts 8

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djr djrfjtu fjturj rj prgir` prgir`ffâj ffâj aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj 8

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`pp`rbtbgm `pp`rbtbgm aj mguvjùx mguvjùx prgaubts prgaubts jt aj mguvjùx mguvjùx pgbmts aj vjmtj vjmtj 8

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prgpgsbtbgm prgpgsbtbgm aj prgaubts prgaubts rjfpn`é rjfpn`é`mts `mts mgm mgm èejptâj èejptâj p`r nj nj rjspgms`kn rjspgms`knj j aj kurjù 8

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pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj jmtj aâd` aâd`bnbnn` n`mt mt (pnu (pnuss aj ebmq ebmq `ksj `ksjme mejs js tj tjfp fpg gr` r`bbrj rjss su surr 2 gksj gksjrv rv`t `tbg bgms ms egmsâeutbvjs) 8

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trgbs trgbs `ksjme `ksjmejs js tjfpgr` tjfpgr`brj brjss sueejss sueejssbvj bvjs. s.

Ajv`mt aj tjnnjs sbtu`tbgms, nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx v` n`mejr um grarj aj rjecjrecj a‒um prgaubt jt a‒um pgbmt aj vjmtj gò n‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx au prgaubt pgurr` ìtrj jddjetuâj. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj egmsbstj agme jm um qujstbgmm`brj âabtâ egfprjm`mt ajs bmdgrf`tbgms prâ-rjfpnbs sur njs e`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs (jt njs jxenusbgms) aj n` v`rbâtâ `bmsb quj njs e`rètârbstbqujs au prgaubt rjfp rjfpn` nèâ eâ (a (a`m `mss nj e` e`ss aj rjfp rjfpn` nèj ejfj fjmt mt). ). Njs Njs bm bmdg dgrf rf`t `tbg bgms ms ï rj rjec ecjr jrec ecjr jr pg pgrt rtjm jmtt su surr nj njss e`rètârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs jt egfpnâfjmt`brjs ajs prgaubts egrrjspgma`mt ï n` v`rbâtâ. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj pgrtj âi`njfjmt sur njs e`rètârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj a`ms njqujn nj prgaubt jst trguvâ. _nusbjurs grarjs aj rjecjrecj pjuvjmt ìtrj n`meâ pgur nj fìfj prgaubt. Jm dgmetbgm ajs bmdgrf`tbgms quj vgus r`fãmjrjz, nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù aâebajr` au ecgbx au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj àâqu`t qub sjr` bmsârâj a`ms n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prgaubts ï subvrj.

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B.4. @utrjs tr`vùx pgmetujns A‒ùtrjs tr`vùx pgmetujns pjuvjmt ìtrj egmdbâs ù supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj p`r nj rjspgms`knj au sjrvbej. Bn pjut s‒ìbr aj fbssbgm aj supjrvbsbgm a`ms njs ejmtrjs râibgmùx aj egnnjetj gu aj n` dgrf`tbgm ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs gu au rjfpnèjfjmt a‒um jmquìtjur bmabspgmbknj. A`ms ej eàrj, nj supjrvbsjur agbt ìtrj jm fjsurj aj râpgmarj ùx sgnnbebt`tbgms agmt bn pjut d`brj n‒gkljt. Bn agbt ìtrj ù d`bt au fâtbjr a‒ìjmt jmquìtjur, f`ítrbsjr p`rd`btjfjmt nj tr`v`bn ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs.

BB.

EJ PZ‒BN PZ‒BN D@ZQ D@ZQ _GZ[ _GZ[ JQ[J JQ[J UZ_ UZ_J[T J[TBUJ BUJZ[ Z[ AJ N@ EGN EGNNJE NJEQJ QJ AJU _[BS _[BS

_gur ìtrj um kgm supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx, vgus ajvrjz `vgbr umj trãs kgmmj egmm`bss`mej au tr`v`bn tr`v`bn a‒ìjmt a‒ìjmt jmquìtjur, jmquìtjur, umj kgmmj kgmmj egmm`b egmm`bss`m ss`mej ej aj n` egffjreb egffjreb`nb `nbs`tb s`tbgm gm ajs prgaubts prgaubts aj n‒bmabej, ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj jt ajs prgaubts jux-fìfjs. Tgus ajvjz ùssb `vgbr kjùegup aj kgms sjms, `vgbr aj n‒jsprbt erbtbquj jt um sjms ânjvâ au aât`bn jt ajs rjspgms`kbnbtâs. N` ec`ímj aj prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej mj agbt sguddrbr a‒ùeum rjt`ra. @ussb, vgus ajvjz ìtrj trãs gri`mbsâ a`ms vgtrj tr`v`bn jt abspgmbknj ï tgut fgfjmt. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt `vgbr ajs egfpâtjmejs aj k`sj jm `rbtcfâtbquj, e`r bn sjr` mâejss`brj quj vgus pubssbjz ìtrj jm fjsurj a‒bajmtbdbjr tgut aj subtj um ejrt`bm prbx qub sjfknjr`bt mj p`s egrrjspgmarj ùx ùtrjs. Tgtrj tr`v`bn egmsbstj prbmebp`njfjmt ï vgus `ssurjr quj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx s‒jddjetuj sjngm njs prb prbmeb mebpjs pjs `rrìtâs `rrìtâs p`r nj rjspgms rjspgms`kn `knj j au kurjù kurjù ajs prbx. Bn mj s‒ìbr` s‒ìbr` p`s aj s`metbg s`metbgmmj mmjrr f`bs a‒bajmtbdbjr njs jrrjurs `dbm aj dgrfunjr njs kjsgbms aj dgrf`tbgm jt a‒`ppgrtjr `ppubs jt egmsjbns ùx ìjmts jmquìtjurs. @ ej tbtrj, vgus ajvrjz `vgbr um sjms ânjvâ aj n‒âegutj au prgec`bm, `vgbr umj kgmmj e`pèbtâ aj egffumbqujr pgur vgus d`brj egfprjmarj p`r ùtrub. Tgus sjrjz `ppjnâ ï ab`ngiujr `vje njs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, pgur njs egmv`bmerj aj n‒bfpgrt`mej aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx. @ussb, vgus ajvjz `vgbr um sjms `biu au pn`bagyjr jt f`btrbsjr njs gkljetbds aj n‒bmabej jt s` fâtcgagngibj iâmâr`nj aj egmstruetbgm jt aj e`neun.

BBB.

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Tgus tr`v`bnnjz sgus n` rjspgms`kbnbtâ a‒um rjspgms`knj nge`n au kurjù ajs prbx. Ej rjspgms`knj ` n` ec`rij aj iârjr tgutj n` ec`bmj aj prgauetbgm, `nn`mt aj n` prâp`r`tbgm ï n` s`bsbj jt ùx tr`btjfjmts aj ajss agmmâ agmmâjs js.. Uèc Uècjz jz qu‒jm qu‒jm pnus pnus ajs egmt egmtrñn rñnjs js quj vg vgus us jddje jddjetu tujrj jrjz, z, a‒ a‒ù ùtrj trjss eg egmt mtrñn rñnjs js sgmt sgmt âi`njfjmt jddjetuâs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx. Ej ajrmbjr vgus ajf`majr` aj tjfps ï ùtrj aj rjvârbdbjr ejrt`bms qujstbgmm`brjs gu aj ajsejmarj sur nj tjrr`bm. Nj rjspgms`knj m`tbgm`n prgaubt n‒bmabej jt nj abddusj ï n‒jmsjfknj ajs utbnbs`tjurs. Bn jst âi`njfjmt ec`riâ aj aâdbmbr n` fâtcgagngibj aj egnnjetj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts. @ussb, tgutjs njs abddbeuntâs quj vgus nj ec`qu tjrr`bm egmm`bss`mej ajusvgtrj Tgus Tgus rjmegmtrjrjz ù ùrjz rjz ï prgau prgsur aubrj brj ec` quj jagbvjmt lgur lgur umìtrj r`ppg r`ppgrtâjs pgrt rt ajïn`n` eg egnn nnje jetj tj qu quj j vg vgus egffu egfrjspgms`knj fumb mbqu qujz jz ï nge`n. vg vgtrj trj rjspgms`knj (ed. pìj 03). Ec`quj lgur, vgus `vjz âi`njfjmt ï rjeujbnnbr sjs bmstruetbgms. Tgus ùrjz Tgus ùrjz ejrt`bm ejrt`bmjfjm jfjmtt ï jmrbec jmrbecbr br njs bmstrue bmstruetbg tbgms ms aj egnnjet egnnjetj j dgurmbj dgurmbjs. s. F`bs F`bs ejn` ejn` agbt agbt sj d`b d`brj rj umbqujfjmt sgus n` rjspgms`kbnbtâ au rjspgms`knj aj kurjù.

BT.

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@dbm a‒`vgbr umj eguvjrturj s`tbsd`bs`mtj ajs abddârjmts lgurs au fgbs, gm aâdbmbt um e`njmarbjr aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx ajs abddârjmts prgaubts. _gur njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs, bn s‒ìbt aj lgurs aj sjf`bmjs dbxâjs. _gur njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs, njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs gmt n` pgssbkbnbtâ a‒gri`mbsjr n` egnnjetj ajs prbx a‒um prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj ï n‒bmtârbjur a‒umj sjf`bmj. Jm aâkut aj ec`quj `mmâj, um e`njmarbjr aj n` egnnj egnnjetj etj jst iâmârâ. iâmârâ. Jm prbmebpj, prbmebpj, ec`quj trbfjstrj, umj sjf`bmj jst egmsèrâj ï n` râ`nbs`tbgm a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj tr`vùx jm kurjù jt pgur nj rjpgs ajs jmquìtjurs.

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Njs qujstbgmm`brjs a‒um fgbs sgmt rjp`rtbs jmtrj njs qu`trj sjf`bmjs au fgbs. _gur ec`quj ìjmt jmquìt jmq uìtjur, jur, n‒j n‒jmsj msjfknj fknj ajs qujstb qujstbgmm` gmm`brj brjss aj n` sjf`b sjf`bmj mj jst `ppjnâ `ppjnâ um e`rmjt. e`rmjt. Ec`quj Ec`quj e`rmjt e`rmjt egfprjma agme < -

n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj ajs ajs qujstbgmm`brj qujstbgmm`brjss ajs prgaubt prgaubtss ajs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs câtârgiã câtârgiãmjs mjs ï egnnjetj egnnjetjrr ù egurs egurs aj n` sjf`bmj 8

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n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj ajs ajs qujstbgmm`b qujstbgmm`brjs rjs ajs ajs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs cgfgiãmjs,, st`ma`ra st`ma`ra jt mgm st`ma`ras st`ma`ras ï egnnjetjr egnnjetjr pjma`mt njs lgurs prâebs aj n` sjf`bmj.

Zmj p`rtbj aj vgtrj tr`v`bn egmsbstj ï jddjetujr njs tgurmâjs ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs, `v`mt gu `prãs njur p`ssìj a`ms njs abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj aj n` sjf`bmj, `dbm aj egmtrñnjr quj njs prbx qu‒bns ùrgmt ï r`fjmjr egrrjspgmajmt jddjetbvjfjmt ï ej quj vgus ùrjz egmst`tâ vgus-fìfj. Tgus `vjz agme ï gri`mbsjr gri`mbsjr vgtrj prgprj tgurmâj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj sjngm um e`njmarbjr e`njmarbjr bmaâpjma`mt bmaâpjma`mt aj ejnub ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs. Tgus ajvjz ejpjma`mt d`brj jm sgrtj quj vgtrj p`ssìj a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj agmmâ mj sgbt p`s trgp ângbimâ aj ejnub aj n‒jmquìtjur. n‒jmquìtjur.

T.

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@v`mt nj aâf`rrìj jddjetbd au egmtrñnj, vgus ajvjz bfpâr`tbvjfjmt nbrj, egfprjmarj jt f`btrbsjr tgutjs njs bmstruetbgms au tr`v`bn aj n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur. Ejs bmstruetbgms sgmt egmtjmujs a`ms nj F`mujn aj n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt f`btrbsjr njs gkljetbds aj n` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs jt njs prbmebpjs aj n‒âec`mtbnngmmìj ajs prbx. Tgus ùrjz ï egmtrñnjr nj tr`v`bn ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs sjngm um e`njmarbjr kbjm ât`knb. @ussb, vgus ajvjz kbjm egmm`ítrj ej e`njmarbjr `bmsb quj n` nge`nbs`tbgm ajs abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj jt ajs prgaubts agmt vgus `vjz n` ec`rij. @ ej tbtrj, vgus ajvjz jddjetujr ajs ajsejmtjs sur nj tjrr`bm `vje vgs ìjmts jmquìtjurs pgur bajmtbdbjr njs pgbmts aj vjmtj jt prgaubts quj ej ajrmbjr ` n` ec`rij aj egnnjetjr njs prbx.

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Ec`pbtrj Ec`pb trj 5 N@ UZ_J[TBUBG UZ_J[TBUBGM M AJU Q[@T@ZS Q[@T@ZS Njs tr`vùx aj egmtrñnj sj aârgunjmt jm ajux pc`sjs < -

umj prjfbãr prjfbãrj j pc`sj qub egmsbs egmsbstj tj ï s‒`ssu s‒`ssurjr rjr quj n` egnnjet egnnjetj j s‒jddjetu s‒jddjetuj j sjngm nj e`njmar e`njmarbjr bjr ât`knb,, ùprãs ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj dbxâs jt sjngm n` fâtcgagngibj ât`knb fâtcgagngibj ân`kgrâj. Bn s‒ìbt au egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm.8 Ej egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm pjut sj aâegfpgsjr jm egmtrñnj ` prbgrb jt jm egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb

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n` ajuxbãf ajuxbãfj j pc`sj qub egmsbs egmsbstj tj ï s‒`ssu s‒`ssurjr rjr quj njs bmdgrf` bmdgrf`tbg tbgms ms egnnjet egnnjetâjs âjs p`r njs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtjurs sgmt egmdgrfjs ùx bmstruetbgms jt ï `ssbstjr ï n` pjsâj ajs prgaubts pgur jm `ssurjr n` kgmmj qu`nbtâ.

A‒ùtrjss egmtrñ A‒ùtrj egmtrñnjs njs sjrgmt jmegrj jxâeutâs jxâeutâs p`r nj rjspgms rjspgms`kn `knj j au kurjù kurjù nge`n, nge`n, sur n` k`sj k`sj ajs bmdgrf`tbgms quj vgus ùrjz v`nbaâjs.

B.

_[BM _[BMEB EB_J _JU U AZ EG EGMQ MQ[G [GNJ NJ AJ AJU U Q[ Q[@ @T@ZS T@ZS

Nj egmtrñnj ajs tr`vùx jst k`sâ sur nj prbmebpj quj njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm sgmt e`neunâs sur n` k`sj a‒umj « v`rb`tbgm aj prbx purj ¸, e'jst-ï-abrj ï qu`nbtâ aj prgaubt gu aj sjrvbej egmst`mt. U‒bn s‒`vãrj quj nj prgaubt ` egmmu ajs ec`mijfjmts aj qu`nbtâ a‒umj pârbgaj ï umj ùtrj, susejptbknj aj fgabdbjr sgm prbx gu mbvjù aj s`tbsdètbgm au enbjmt, `ngrs bn egmvbjmt aj prgeâajr ù tr`btjfjmt aj ej ec`mijfjmt aj qu`nbtâ aj sgrtj ï gktjmbr umj v`rb`tbgm aj prbx qub jm jxenuj njs jddjts. Qrgbs e`s pjuvjmt sj prâsjmtjr < -

Nj prgaubt prgaubt gu nj nj sjrvbej sjrvbej jst jxètjfjm jxètjfjmtt nj fìfj, fìfj, f`bs nj prbx prbx ` âvgnuâ. âvgnuâ. Bn s‒ìbt a‒umj v`rb`tb v`rb`tbgm gm aj prbx purj. Ejttj v`rb`tbgm jst prbsj tjnnj qujnnj a`ms nj e`neun aj n‒bmabej.

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nj prgaubt prgaubt gu nj sjrvbe sjrvbej j m‒jst pnus pnus jxètjfj jxètjfjmt mt nj fìfj, fìfj, nj prbx ` âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt ec`miâ. ec`miâ. Bn y ` beb ajux jddjts qu‒bn dùt bsgnjr < g

g

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n‒j n‒jddjt ddjt prbx < ï qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ egmst`mt egmst`mtj, j, nj prbx au prgaub prgaubtt ùr`bt ùr`bt âvgnuâ a`ms umj ejrt`bm ejrt`bmj j prgpgrtbgm prgpgr tbgm au d`bt ajs dètjurs nbâs ù f`recâ 8 n‒jddjt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ < n‒ùifjmt`tbgm n‒ùifjmt`tbgm (k`bssj) (k`bssj) au prbx au prgaubt pjut ìtrj aø ï n‒`fânbgr`tbgm n‒`fânbgr`tbgm (aâtârbgr`tbgm) aj s` qu`nbtâ (a`ms nj sjms e`rètârbstbqujs tjecmbqujs).

Nj prgaub prgaubtt gu nj sjrvbej sjrvbej m‒jst m‒jst pnus jxèt jxètjfjm jfjmtt nj fìfj, fìfj, f`bs nj prbx prbx m‒` p`s âvgnuâ âvgnuâ.. Ub n‒jddjt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ qu`nb tâ m‒jst p`s mun, `ngrs nj prbx pur ` k`bssâ gu ` ùifjmtâ ùifjmtâ qu`ma fìfj.

A‒ùtrjs fgabdbe`tbgms quj pjuvjmt egmm`ítrj njs prgaubts gu sjrvbejs pjuvjmt prgvjmbr aj < - fgabdbe fgabdbe`tb `tbgms gms aj qu`mtb qu`mtbtâ tâ prgpgsâ prgpgsâj j ï n‒èc`t n‒èc`t.. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, qu`ma qu`ma n` kgutjbnnj kgutjbnnj aj Ege` Ege` Egn` p`ssj aj 55 en ï 5? en 8 -

fgabdbe`tbgm fgabdbe`tbgm aj n‒jfk`nn` n‒jfk`nnìj ij au prgaubt. prgaubt. N‒jfk`nn N‒jfk`nnìj ìj a‒um prgaubt prgaubt pjut p`ssjr p`ssjr aj pn`stbquj pn`stbquj ï um jfk`nnìj jm `nufbmbuf, ej qub pjut bmaubrj um ec`mijfjmt aj prbx 8

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fgabdbe fgabdbe`tb `tbgm gm ajs egmabtbg egmabtbgms ms aj vjmtj vjmtj au prgaubt. prgaubt. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, ngrsqu ngrsquj j nj vjmajur vjmajur prgpgsj prgpgsj trgbs prgaubts pgur n` v`njur aj ajux.

Nj egmtrñnj jst k`sâ âi`njfjmt sur nj prbmebpj quj, bm dbmj, nj prbx rjnjvâ p`r n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur jst v`nbaâ ` prbgrb sb njs abddârjmts egmtrñnjs egmtrñnjs m‒`ppgrtjmt p`s ajs ânâfjmt ânâfjmtss aj prjuvj au egmtr`brj. _rjfbjr f`bnngm a`ms n` ec`ímj aj egmtrñnj, vgus `vjz agme umj ir`maj rjspgms`kbnbtâ a`ms n` v`nba`tbgm ajs agmmâjs egnnjetâjs.

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BB.

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N‒um ajs fgyjms aj subvrj nj tr`v`bn ajs jmquìtjurs egmsbstj ï èegfpìmjr aj tjfps ï ùtrj njs jmquìtjurs aur`mt njur rjnjvâ. Ub vgus egfptjz èegfpìmjr um ìjmt ec`riâ au rjnjvâ ajs prbx, vgus ajvjz jm bmdgrfjr ejnub-eb ï n‒` n‒`v`m v`mej ej `dbm `dbm a‒gri`m a‒gri`mbsj bsjrr njs fga`nbt fga`nbtâs âs aj vgtrj vgtrj rjmegmt rjmegmtrj. rj. Jm iâmâr`n iâmâr`n,, vgus vgus m‒ìtjs m‒ìtjs p`s prâsjmt prâsjmt pjma`mt tgutj n` aurâj aj n` egnnjetj f`bs p`ssjz qujnqujs cjurjs ï n‒gksjrvjr a`ms um jmargbt prâebs prâ ebs.. @bmsb, @bmsb, bn pjut pjut ìtr ìtrj j sguc`b sguc`bt`k t`knj nj a‒gksj a‒gksjrvjr rvjr nj rjn rjnjvâ jvâ aj ejrt`bm ejrt`bmss prgaub prgaubts ts (p`r (p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj njs prgaubts sgufbs ï f`rec`maìj) gu n` egnnjetj a`ms ejrt`bms pgbmts aj vjmtj a`ms njsqujns jnnj pgsj pjut-ìtrj prgknãfj. N‒jmquìtjur fgabdbjr` sgm tr`ljt jm egmsâqujmej sb kjsgbm. @v`mt aj prgeâajr ï um subvb, vgus ajvjz râ`nbsjr um tr`v`bn prâp`r`tgbrj aj vârbdbe`tbgm. Tgus âtuabj âtu abjrjz rjz p`r jxjfpn jxjfpnj j njs ajserb ajserbptb ptbgms gms,, njs prb prbx, x, n‒cbst n‒cbstgrb grbquj quj ajs prb prbxx jt njs egajs egajs ajs prgaub prgaubts ts gksjrvâs ï n‒jmargbt ecgbsb. Ej typj aj vârbdbe`tbgm vgus pjrfjt aj vgus d`brj umj kgmmj baâj aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs rjnjvâs `v`mt aj vgus rjmarj sur nj tjrr`bm, jt pjut vgus bmabqujr sur qujns agf`bmjs vgus ajvjz vgus egmejmtrjr. N‒umj aj vgs prbmebp`njs dgmetbgms jst aj vjbnnjr ï ej quj n‒jmquìtjur subvj njs prgeâaurjs jt njs bm bmst stru ruet etbg bgms ms ât ât`k `knbnbjs js jt eg egnnnnje jetj tj njs njs prbx prbx `vje `vje eg egfp fpât âtjm jmej ej.. Kbjm Kbjm qu quj j vg vgtr trj j rñ rñnj nj mj sg sgbt bt p` p`ss mâejss mâe jss`br `brjfjm jfjmtt ejnub ejnub a‒um a‒um dgrf`tj dgrf`tjur, ur, vgus vgus pguvjz pguvjz,, ngrsqu ngrsquj j vgus vgus rjnjvjz rjnjvjz umj jrrjur, jrrjur, prgdbt prgdbtjr jr aj n‒gee`sbgm pgur agmmjr ajs egmsjbns. Bn dùt âi`njfjmt quj n‒jmquìtjur `bt n` pgssbkbnbtâ aj vgus pgsjr ajs qujstbgms aur`mt nj prgejssus aj subvb. Gutrj n‒èegfpìmjfjmt aj n‒jmquìtjur, vgus pguvjz jmtrjprjmarj a‒ùtrjs tëecjs sur pnèj, p`r jxjfpnj rjejmsjr njs pgbmts aj vjmtj gu âtuabjr um prgaubt p`rtbeunbjr. @prãs umj vbsbtj aj subvb, vgus ajvjz râabijr um r`ppgrt qub prâsjmtj aj d`égm aât`bnnâj njs gksjrv`tbgms quj vgus `vjz d`btjs ngrsquj vgus `vjz èegfpìmâ n‒jmquìtjur. Ej r`ppgrt egmtbjmar` um râsufâ aj vgs egmst`t`tbgms, umj nbstj ajs fjsurjs ï prjmarj jt n` nbimj aj egmaubtj quj vgus prâegmbsjz. Tgus pguvjz egmsjbnnjr qu‒um jmquìt jmq uìtjur jur rjégbv rjégbvj j a`v`mt` a`v`mtìj ij aj dgrf`tbg dgrf`tbgm m sur ejrt`b ejrt`bms ms `spjets `spjets ajs rjn rjnjvâ jvâs. s. Ej r`ppgrt r`ppgrt sjrvbr sjrvbr` ` jmsubtj aj pgbmt aj aâp`rt ï vgtrj prgec`bmj vbsbtj. Ngrsquj n‒gm trguvj ajs sgnutbgms ï ajs prgknãfjs a‒grarj iâmâr`n, bn dùt njs d`brj egmm`ítrj ï tgus njs ìjmts ec`riâs aj rjnjvjr njs prbx, jm puknb`mt um kunnjtbm gu umj vjrsbgm râvbsâj ajs bmstruetbgms p`r jxjfpnj.

BB BBB. B.

EGMQ EGMQ[G [GNJ NJ AJ QJ[[ QJ[[@ @BM

Nj egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm vbsj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs prbx egnnjetâs p`r njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs egrrjspgmajmt < -

ùx prgaub prgaubts ts aâer aâerbts bts sur nj qujstbg qujstbgmm` mm`brj brj 8

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ùx a`tjs a`tjs gu sjf`bmj sjf`bmjss bmabqu bmabquâs âs 8

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ù pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj vjmtj bmabq bmabquâ uâ sur sur nj nj qujstb qujstbgmm gmm`brj `brj..

@ussb, njs egmtrñnjs quj vgus ùrjz ï jddjetujr jd djetujr sur nj tjrr`bm egmsbstjrgmt ï < -

vâ vârb rbdbdbjr jr a` a`ms ms njs njs pgbm pgbmts ts aj vj vjmt mtj j quj quj njs njs pr prga gaub ubts ts aâer aâerbt btss su surr nj njss qu qujs jstbtbgm gmm` m`br brjs js sg sgmt mt jddjetbvjfjmt vjmaus jt quj njs e`rètârbstbqujs au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj m‒gmt p`s ec`miâ 8

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vgus vgus `ssurjr `ssurjr quj njs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs egnnjet egnnjetjmt jmt jddjetb jddjetbvjfj vjfjmt mt njs prbx a`ms a`ms njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj qub njurs sgmt `ddjetâs. @bmsb, bn s‒ìbr` pgur vgus aj rjnjvjr njs prbx aj ejs prgaubts jt aj egfp`rjr ejs prbx ï ejux rjnjvâs p`r n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur jmquìtjur 8

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vârbdbjr vârbdbjr quj n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx sj aârgunj aârgunj sjngm nj e`njmarbjr e`njmarbjr ât`knb. ât`knb. Tgus ajvjz vgus vgus `ssurjr `ssurjr ùprãs au rjspgms`knj au pgbmt aj vjmtj gu au r`ygm quj vgtrj ìjmt jmquìtjur jst kbjm p`ssâ ï n` a`tj bmabquâj sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Qgut âe`rt jmtrj n` a`tj aj p`ssìj sur nj qujstbgmm`brj aj n‒jmquìtjur jt n` a`tj aj p`ssìj quj vgus `vjz rjnjvâ ùprãs au tjm`mt au pgbmt aj vjmtj agbt ìtrj râpjrtgrbâ.

BBB.0. Egmtrñnj ` prbgrb Tgus ajvjz ajs ajsejmtjs surrjspgms`knjs nj tjrr`bm ùssb pgssbknj. aj ajsejmtj mj jddjetujr agbt ìtrj egmmu quj aj vgs ajsguvjmt sjrvbej. quj Qgutjdgbs, njs Tgtrj ìjmtse`njmarbjr jmquìtjurs agbvjmt ìtrj bmdgrfâs quj ejs ajsejmtjs sur nj tjrr`bm s‒jddjetujmt râiunbãrjfjmt. 04

_gur jddjetujr jddbeèjfjmt ejs egmtrñnjs aj tjrr`bm, vgus ùrjz ï kbjm egmm`ítrj nj prgir`ffj aj egnnjetj ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs. Jm jddjt, pgur `ssurjr quj njs egmst`t`tbgms quj vgus ùrjz d`btjs sgmt pjrtbmjmtjs, vgtrj lgur aj p`ssìj sur nj tjrr`bm agbt ìtrj nj pnus prgecj pgssbknj aj ejnub aj n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur. @ussb, vgus ajvrjz ân`kgrjr vgtrj e`njmarbjr aj ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm `vje sgbm. Tgus Tgus aj ajvr vrjz jz d`brj d`brj jm sgrtj sgrtj qu quj j a` a`ms ms um trbfj trbfjst strj, rj, vg vgus us p` p`ssb ssbjz jz a` a`ms ms ec ec`q `quj uj pg pgbm bmtt aj vj vjmt mtj j âec`mtbnngm. Ub vgus `vjz p`r jxjfpnj ï vgtrj ec`rij 5?? pgbmts aj vjmtj, d`btjs jm sgrtj ï vbsbtjr ù fgbms 0?? p`r fgbs, e'jst-ï-abrj jmvbrgm 1 p`r lgur guvr`knj. Tgtrj vbsbtj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj agbt s‒jddjetujr ï n‒`baj a‒um qujstbgmm`brj, nj fìfj quj pgur n‒ìjmt jm jmqu quìt ìtjur jur.. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz rjnjv rjnjvjr jr nj prbx prbx au prgau prgaubtbt,, vâ vârb rbdbj dbjrr nj njss e` e`r` rèt etârb ârbstb stbqu qujs js aj ajss prgaub prgaubts ts (e`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs, e`rètârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs jt e`rètârbstbqujs egfpnâfjmt`brjs) jt njs e`rètârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj (typj, ùtrjs e`rètârbstbqujs). Ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sjrgmt jmsubtj egfp`râjs ï ejnnjs r`fjmâjs p`r njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs.

BBB.;. Egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb Tgus `vjz âi`njfjmt ï vârbdbjr, ` pgstjrbgrb, quj njs qujstbgmm`brjs gmt âtâ rjfpnbs egrrjetjfjmt p`r njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs. @ ej tbtrj, vgus ùrjz ï rjp`ssjr a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj pgur egmtrñnjr quj njs prbx sur njs qujstbgmm`brjs egrrjspgmajmt ï ejux pr`tbquâs p`r nj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Ej egmtrñnj agbt ìtrj d`bt pju `prãs n` pârbgaj aj egnnjetj pgur âvbtjr qu‒umj âvgnutbgm ajs prbx âvjmtujnnjfjmt survjmuj a`ms n‒bmtjrv`nnj mj pgsj ajs prgknãfjs. Bn jst bfpgrt`mt quj nj supjrvbsjur ec`riâ ajs egmtrñnjs ` pgstjrbgrb ajf`maj n` pjrfbssbgm ajs egffjré`mts `v`mt a‒bmtjrvjmbr jt rjspjetj njs erbtãrjs iâmârùx aj egnnjetj. _jma`mt ejs ajsejmtjs aj tjrr`bm, vgus ajvjz vgus `ssurjr quj njs prgaubts subvbs sgmt kbjm vjmaus jt qu‒bn m‒y ` p`s a‒ùtrjs prgaubts âqubv`njmts pnus ècjtâs p`r njs fâmìjs. Ub e‒jst nj e`s, vgus ajvjz jm bmdgrfjr njs ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej qub vgus bmabqujrgmt n` aâf`recj ï subvrj pgur bmtâirjr nj prgaubt a`ms nj p`mbjr. @ n` dbm aj ec`quj lgurmâj aj vbsbtj aj tjrr`bm, vgus ùrjz ï arjssjr um r`ppgrt aj supjrvbsbgm. Tgus ùrjz ï bmabqujr < -

njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj vjmtj vbsbtâ vbsbtâss 8

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njs prgaubt prgaubtss gu sjrvbej sjrvbejss egmtrñn egmtrñnâs âs 8

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njs `mgf`nb `mgf`nbjs js egmst` egmst`tâj tâjss 8

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njs prgpgsb prgpgsbtbg tbgms ms aj aj fjsurj fjsurj gu a‒ètbg a‒ètbgm m ï prjmarj prjmarj..

Zm jxjfpn`brj aj n` dbecj aj supjrvbsbgm jst prâsjmtâ ï n` pìj subv`mtj. _gur ec`quj pgbmt aj vjmtj vbsbtâ, vgus ùrjz ï bmabqujr n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur `ddjetâ, njs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs, n` a`tj aj p` p`ss ssì ìj j aj n‒n‒jm jmqu quìt ìtju jur. r. Tg Tgus us bmab bmabqu qujr jrjz jz njs njs `mgf `mgf`n `nbj bjss qu quj j vg vgus us `v `vjz jz rj rjnj njvâ vâjs js jt nj njss rjegff`ma`tbgms gu ètbgms ï jmtrjprjmarj. Zmj pnìj jst n`bssâj jm k`s aj pìj `dbm quj vgus y bmserbvbjz tgutj ùtrj bmdgrf`tbgm utbnj ï n` ijstbgm aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx < rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ au prgaubt, au pgbmt aj vjmtj, `pp`rbtbgm aj mguvjùx prgaubts, jte.

09

[@__G[Q AJ UZ_J[TBUBGM Mgf supjrvbsjur < M¿ qujstbgm m`brj

A`tj aj egmtrñnj <

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj vbsbtâ

Mgf ìjmt jmquìtjur `ddjetâ

Ubim`turj <

A`tj aj p`ssìj aj n‒jmquìtjur

Nbkjnnâ au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj

@mgf`nbjs egmst`tâjs

[jegff`ma`tbgms

Gksjrv`tbgms jt rjegff`ma`tbgms iâmâr`njs

03

BT BT..

EG EGMQ MQ[G [GNJ NJ JM KZ[J KZ[J@ @Z

Nj egmtrñnj jm kurjù egmsbstj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs agmmâjs egnnjetâjs egnnjetâjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs mj sgmt p`s jrrgmâjs jt sgmt egcârjmtjs `vje n` sârbj cbstgrbquj. Bn sj aâegfpgsj jm ajux pc`sjs < nj egmtrñnj aj n` pjsâj jt nj egmtrñnj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs.

BT.0. Nj egmtrñnj aj n` pjsâj A`ms njs f`recâs `drbe`bms `drbe`bms jt ejrt`bms typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, njs prgaubts mj sgmt p`s vjmaus vjmaus a`ms ajs qu`mtbtâs st`ma`ra bajmtbqujs a‒um t`s ï n‒ùtrj. E‒jst p`r jxjfpnj nj e`s au igfkg dr`bs, aj n‒`ttbâhâ, au fbn, ajs pgunjts aj ec`br, jte. Gm abt quj ej sgmt ajs v`rbâtâs vjmaujs jm umbtâ mgm st`ma`ra. _gur gktjmbr ajs prbx fgyjms umbt`brjs qub pjrfjttjmt umj egfp`r`bsgm a`ms nj tjfps, njs ì ìjm jmts ts jmquì jmquìtju tjurs rs ècãt ècãtjm jmtt umj umj ejrt ejrt`b `bmj mj qu`mt qu`mtbtbtâ â aj ej ejss prgau prgaubtbts. s. A‒umj A‒umj f`mbã f`mbãrj rj iâ iâmâr mâr`n `nj, j, n‒jmquìtjur ècãtj umj qu`mtbtâ agmmâj, dbxâj a`ms nj qujstbgmm`brj, ùprãs a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj vjmajurs abddârjmts.. Ec`quj t`s ècjtâ d`bt jmsubtj n‒gkljt a‒umj pjsâj pgur gktjmbr nj prbx umbt`brj (e'jst-ï-abrj (e'jst-ï -abrj nj prbx a‒umj umbtâ (nj hi, nj i, nj nbtrj, jte.) au prgaubt. prgaubt. A`ms ejrt`bms ejrt`bms e`s, njs prgaubts prgaubts sgmt pjsâs abrjetjfjmt abrjetjfjmt ù f`recâ f `recâ irëej ù pjsgm (e`s aj pgunjt pgunjt gu aj fgutgm) Tgtrj tëecj egmsbstj egmsbstj ï vgus `ssurjr quj < -

njs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs gmt ècjtâ nj mgfkrj mgfkrj aj t`s bmabquâs bmabquâs sur njurs njurs qujstbgmm qujstbgmm`brjs `brjs 8

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njs èc`ts sj sgmt jddjetuâs jddjetuâs ùprãs ajs vjmajurs vjmajurs abddârj abddârjmts mts 8

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ec`quj t`s jst jst bmabvbau`nb bmabvbau`nbsâ, sâ, e'jst-ï-ab e'jst-ï-abrj rj quj n‒gm n‒gm agbt agbt ìtrj jm jm fjsurj a‒`ttrbkujr a‒`ttrbkujr ï ec`quj t`s n` sgffj egmsèrâj ï sgm èc`t 8

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njs qu`mtbtâ qu`mtbtâss ècjtâs ècjtâs egrrjspgma egrrjspgmajmt jmt ï ej qub jst jst bmserbt bmserbt sur njs qujstbgm qujstbgmm`brjs m`brjs 8

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njs rjnjv rjnjvâs âs jt n` pjsâj pjsâj s‒jddjet s‒jddjetujm ujmtt ï umj cjurj egmvj egmvjm`kn m`knj. j. N` aurâj aurâj jmtrj nj rjnjv rjnjvâ â jt n` pjsâj pjs âj agbt agbt ìtrj ìtrj n` pnus pnus egurtj egurtj pgssbkn pgssbknj. j. Jm jddjt, jddjt, pgur pgur ejrt`bm ejrt`bmss prgaubt prgaubtss pârbss` pârbss`knj knjss p`r jxjfpnj, bn `rrbvj quj pnus nj tjfps p`ssj, pnus nj prgaubt pjra ejrt`bmjs sukst`mejs gu sj aâegfpg aâe gfpgsj, sj, ej qub fbmbfbsj fbmbfbsj njs fjsurjs aj qu`mtb qu`mtbtâs tâs jddjetu jddjetuâjs âjs jm kurjù. kurjù. _gur _gur ejs prgaubts, njs pjsâjs agbvjmt ìtrj jddjetuâjs ù pnus tñt.

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njs sgffjs `nnguâjs `nnguâjs ï n` egnnjet egnnjetj j gmt gmt âtâ luabebjusjfjm luabebjusjfjmtt utbnbsâj utbnbsâjs. s.

Ejs egmtrñnjs sgmt jssjmtbjns jssjmtbjns pgur `ssurjr quj n` prâebsbgm rjecjrecâj ù tr`vjrs aj n` fâtcgagngibj fâtcgagngibj pjut ìtrj `ttjbmt. Jm jddjt, njs prbx umbt`brjs aj ejs prgaubts pguv`mt âvgnujr jm dgmetbgm aj dètjurs abvjrs tjns quj n‒bfprâebsbgm a`ms n` egmstbtutbgm aj n` qu`mtbtâ sguc`btâj p`r nj vjmajur (qub bmaubt ajs qu`mtbtâs abddârjmts a‒um t`s ï n‒ùtrj ùprãs a‒um fìfj vjmajur), njs dètjurs aj f`recâ gu n` pgnbtbquj aj f`rij aj ec`quj vjmajur, bn jst mâejss`brj a‒`vgbr pnusbjurs fjsurjs aj t`s pgur `ssurjr um prbx umbt`brj qub sgbt db`knj. Pujnqujs e`s aj mgm-rjspjet aj n` fâtcgagngibj <

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_gur ajs ajs r`bsgms r`bsgms abvjrsjs, abvjrsjs, bn `rrbvj `rrbvj quj quj njs jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs ècãtjmt ècãtjmt nj mgfkrj mgfkrj aj t`s dbxâ ùprãs a‒um fìfj vjmajur. Ejeb mj rjspjetj p`s n` fâtcgagngibj jt mj dgurmbt p`s umj kgmmj bmabe`tbgm au prbx umbt`brj au f`recâ. Bn jst dèbnj aj aâejnjr ejs e`s jm jx`fbm`mt n` qu`nbtâ gu n‒jfk`nnìj au prgaubt < a`ms ejs e`s-nï, njs abddârjmts t`s sj rjssjfknjmt âtr`mijfjmt.

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Bn `rrbvj `rrbvj âi`njfjmt âi`njfjmt quj quj ajs t`s t`s ècjtâs ècjtâs ùprãs ùprãs aj vjmajur vjmajurss abddârjmts abddârjmts sgbjmt sgbjmt râumbs râumbs jm um t`s umbquj jstnub-fìfj jmsubtj aâp`rtìâ ngrs aj pjsâj au prgaubt. bmtrgaubt `bmsb um kb`bs jt qub erââj `rtbdbebjnnjfjmt ajsn`prbx umbt`brjs qub mj N‒jmquìtjur egrrjspgmajmt p`s ï n` râ`nbtâ au f`recâ.

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_gur ajs ajs r`bsgms r`bsgms a‒âegmgfbj a‒âegmgfbj,, bn `rrbvj `rrbvj quj quj njs qu`mtbtâs qu`mtbtâs ècjtâjs ècjtâjs mj egrrjspgmajmt egrrjspgmajmt p`s ï ej ej qub jst bmserbt a`ms nj qujstbgmm`brj aj egnnjetj. _`r jxjfpnj, ù nbju a‒ècjtjr ajs t`s aj pgbssgm a‒jmvbrgm ?,: hi, n‒jmquìtjur ècãtj ajs t`s a‒jmvbrgm ?,;:hi. Gm m‒jst pnus jm prâsjmej aj n` fìfj v`rbâtâ. Bn dùt `vgbr ï n‒jsprbt quj pnus n` qu`mtbtâ jst d`bknj, pnus n‒jrrjur nbâj ï n‒bfprâebsbgm aj n‒`pp`rjbn aj fjsurj jst ir`maj. Nj prbmebpj jst quj njs qu`mtbtâs ècjtâjs egrrjspgmajmt `pprgxbf`tbvjfjmt ùx qu`mtbtâs c`kbtujnnjfjmt ècjtâjs p`r njs fâmìjs fgyjms. Ub njs fgmt`mts `nnguâs pgur n` egnnjetj tjmajmt ï ìtrj bmsuddbs`mts pgur umj

02

kgmmj egnnjetj, vgus ìtjs ec`riâs a‒jm bmdgrfjr vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurjù pgur quj ajs -

fjsurjs sgbjmt prbsjs pgur `lustjr ï n` cùssj nj kuaijt aj egnnjetj. Njs sgffjs sgffjs `nnguâjs `nnguâjs ï n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj sgmt sgmt aâtgurmâjs aâtgurmâjs vjrs a‒ùtrjs a‒ùtrjs utbnbs`tbgm utbnbs`tbgms. s. Ejn` pjut pjut `rrbvjr `rrbvjr ngrsquj njs jmquìtjurs aâen`rjmt um ejrt`bm fgmt`mt aâpjmsâ `ngrs quj njs e`neuns d`bts sur n` k`sj ajs t`s agmmjmt um ùtrj fgmt`mt. Tgus ajvjz egmdbrfjr njs aâen`r`tbgms d`btjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs jm jddjetu`mt njs e`neuns mâejss`brjs sur n` k`sj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs aj egnnjetj jt ajs prgaubts qub sgmt prâsjmtâs pgur n` pjsâj.

BT.;. Nj egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb ajs qujstbgmm`brjs Nj egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb pgstjrbgrb ajs qujstbgmm`brj qujstbgmm`brjss ` pgur gkljt, a‒umj p`rt, aj s‒`ssurjr quj njs prbx egnnjetâs egnnjetâs sgmt egcârjmts `vje njs agmmâjs cbstgrbqujs jt a‒ùtrj p`rt ï egnnjetjr jt tr`btjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms quj njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs ùr`bjmt mgtâ sur njurs suppgrts aj egnnjetj. Ngrs a‒um egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb, gm pjut prgeâajr ï umj sârbj aj tjsts `dbm aj aâtjetjr < - umj abddârjmej abddârjmej aj prbx ‑ sb nj prbx prbx egmtrñnâ egmtrñnâ jst jst abddârjmt, abddârjmt, nj supjrvb supjrvbsjur sjur agbt agbt vârbdbjr vârbdbjr ùprãs ùprãs ajs egffjré`mts ` ec`miâ nj rjnjvâ bmbtb`n8 umj ajserbptb ajserbptbgm gms‒bnbmsuddbs`mt bmsu ddbs`mtj jajpubs au prgaubt prgaubt ‑ ec`qu ec`quj j prgaubt prgaubt agbt ìtrj aâdbmb aâdbmb aj f`mbãrj umbquj aj d`égm ï ej qu‒um ùtrj jmquìtjur pubssj rjfpnèjr n‒jmquìtjur c`kbtujn, jm e`s aj f`nàbj p`r jxjfpnj8 - umj jrrjur jrrjur sur sur nj prgaubt prgaubt rjnjvâ ‑ sb umj umj t`bnnj t`bnnj bmegrrjetj bmegrrjetj ` âtâ ecgbsbj p`r jxjfpnj8 jxjfpnj8 - ajs prgaubts prgaubts jmrjibst jmrjibstrâs râs p`r jrrj jrrjur ur egffj ât`mt f`mqu`mt f`mqu`mtss gu jm rupt rupturj urj tjfpgr`br tjfpgr`brj j aj stgeh. -

Egmtrñnj aj egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs

Nj egmtrñnj aj egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs quj vgus ùrjz ï d`brj jst um egmtrñnj aj prjfbjr mbvjù. A‒ùtrj A‒` utrjss egmtrñ egmtrñnjs njs sjrgmt sjrgmt âi`njfj âi`njfjmt mt jddjetu jddjetuâs. âs. Bn s‒ìbt s‒ìbt pgur pgur vgus vgus aj vgus vgus `ssurjr `ssurjr quj njs prb prbxx egnnjetâs dgurmbssjmt umj âvgnutbgm qub m‒jst p`s trgp `typbquj (trgp dgrtj gu trgp d`bknj) a‒um fgbs sur

n‒ùtrj. [`ppjngms quj pgur ec`quj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj jst `ssgebâ umj dgurecjttj a‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx. Ejttj dgurecjttj bmabquj quj nj prbx au prgaubt nj fgbs jm egurs mj agbt p`s aâp`ssjr aj x;% (ìtrj jm ajssguss aj x0%) nj prbx au fgbs prâeâajmt. ajssgu prâeâajmt. _gur njs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs s`bsgmmbãrjs, s`bsgmmbãrjs, n` egfp`r`bsgm egfp`r`bsgm sj d`bt p`r r`ppgrt ù prbx au fìfj fgbs aj n‒`mmâj prâeâajmtj. Ejrt`bmjs âvgnutbgms `typbqujs pjuvjmt sj lustbdbjr < sgnaj, sgrtbj aj sgnaj, gpâr`tbgm egffjreb`nj, jte. A`ms ejs e`s, vgtrj tëecj egmsbstj ï vgus `ssurjr quj ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sgmt tr`mserbtjs sur nj qujstb quj stbgmm gmm`br `brj. j. A`ms A`ms nj e`s egmtr` egmtr`brj brj,, vgu vguss ajvjz ajvjz vgus vgus `pprge `pprgecjr cjr aj n‒` n‒ìjmt ijmt jmquìt jmquìtjur jur pgur pgur nub ajf`majr ajs jxpnbe`tbgms sur ejttj dgrtj âvgnutbgm au ajrmbjr fgbs p`r r`ppgrt ù fgbs prâeâajmt. Ub sjs jxpnbe`tbgms mj sgmt p`s egmv`bme`mtjs, vgus ajvrjz vgus rjmarj sur nj pgbmt aj vjmtj `vje nub pgur gktjmbr n` kgmmj bmdgrf`tbgm. MK < N` rjajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm agbt ìtrj d`btj nj pnus tñt pgssbknj. A‒ùtrjs A‒ùtr js âvgnutbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj aujs ï ajs ec`mijfjmts a`ms njs e`rètârbstb e`rètârbstbqujs qujs au prgaubt. prgaubt. Ajux e`s pjuvjmt sj prâsjmtjr < -

nj ec`mijfjmt ec`mijfjmt aj e`rètârbst e`rètârbstbquj bquj egmejrmj egmejrmj njs e`rètârb e`rètârbstbquj stbqujss v`rb`knjs v`rb`knjs `y`mt `y`mt umj bmdnujmej bmdnujmej sur njs prbx (ET0). Bn s‒ìbt a‒um ec`mijfjmt aj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj. A`ms ej e`s, bn y ` um jddjt jddjt qu qu`n `nbtbtâ â qu‒b qu‒bnn dùt dùt tr` tr`btj btjr. r. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz a`ms a`ms um pr prjfb jfbjr jr tj tjfps fps vg vgus us `s `ssu surj rjrr qu quj j nj ec`mijfjmt s‒bfpgsj. Tgus ajvjz rjnjvjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms mâejss`brjs ùprãs aj n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur jt vgus jm râdârjr ï vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurjù pgur n` fâtcgaj aj tr`btjfjmt ï gpârjr.

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Nj ec`mijfjm ec`mijfjmtt aj e`rètâ e`rètârbs rbstbq tbquj uj egmejrmj egmejrmj njs e`rètâr e`rètârbst bstbqu bqujs js v`rb`knj v`rb`knjss m‒`y`mt m‒`y`mt p`s umj bm bmdndnujm ujmej ej sur sur njs njs prbx prbx (ET; (ET;). ). Tgus Tgus ajvj ajvjzz a`ms a`ms um prjfbj prjfbjrr tj tjfps fps vg vgus us `s `ssu surj rjrr qu quj j nj ec`mijfjmt s‒bfpgsj. U‒bn y ` um prgaubt âqubv`njmt a`ms nj fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj, bn dùt rjnjvjr nj prbx aj ej prgaubt `bmsb quj sjs e`rètârbstbqujs qub sjrgmt prbs jm egfptj a`ms nj mguvjù qujstbgmm`brj qub sjr` âabtâ pgur n` egnnjetj au fgbs prgec`bm. U‒bn m‒y ` p`s aj prgaubt âqubv`njmt, vgus ajvjz vgus jm râdârjr ï vgtrj ecjd aj kurjù qub aâebajr` s‒bn jst mâejss`brj mâejss `brj aj rjqu`nbdbjr rjqu`nbdbjr n` ET; jm ET0 gu mgm jt vgus bmabqujr` n` aâf`recj ï subvrj. subvrj. ;?

Egnnjetj ajs bmdgrf`tbgms sur njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj

Njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj sjrvjmt prbmebp`njfjmt ï egnnjetjr njs agmmâjs sur njs prbx ajs prgaubts (â (âi` i`nj njfjm fjmtt nj njss qu qu`mt `mtbtbtâs âs pg pgur ur njs njs v`rbâ v`rbâtâ tâss cgfgi cgfgiãm ãmjs js vj vjmau maujs js jm umbtâ umbtâ mg mgm m st st`ma `ma`r `ra) a).. Bns Bns egmtbjmmjmt âi`njfjmt um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj qujstbgms qub `bajmt ï egfprjmarj jt ï tr`btjr ejrt`bms prgknãfjs p`rtbeunbjrs tjns quj njs âvgnutbgms `typbqujs ajs prbx, njs e`s aj djrfjturj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, jte. Bns egmtbjmmjmt jmdbm ajs jspèjs nbkrjs qub pjrfjttjmt ùx jmquìtjurs aj egmsbimjr tgutj bmdgrf`tbgms qu‒bns luijmt utbnjs ï njurs supârbjurs cbâr`recbqujs < djrfjturj prgir`ffâj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, ec`mijfjmt aj prgprbât`brj, duturj sgnaj, jte. Jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj, vgus ìtjs nj prjfbjr f`bnngm a`ms n` ec`ímj aj tr`btjfjmt aj ejs agmmâjs qu`nbt`tbvjs. Tgus ajvjz ï ej tbtrj p`regurbr n‒jmsjfknj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs rjfpnbs p`r njs njs ìjmt ìjmtss jmquì jmquìtj tjur urss qub sgmt sgmt sgus sgus vgtr vgtrj j rjspg rjspgms ms`k `kbnbnbtbtâ. â. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz râpjr râpjrtg tgrbj rbjrr tgutj tgutjss nj njss bmdgrf`tbgms rjpgrtâjs sur nj qujstbgmm`brj jt jm d`brj um prjfbjr tr`btjfjmt. -

s‒bn s‒ìbt a‒umj a‒umj ajf`maj ajf`maj a‒`ppub a‒`ppub pgur pgur tr`btjr tr`btjr um e`s e`s abddbebnj abddbebnj (e`s au egaj egaj egmsunt`tb egmsunt`tbgm gm Eg p`r p`r jxjfpnj), vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr ej e`s jt vgus jmtrjtjmbr `vje n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur a`ms njs fjbnnjurs Nj prgknãfj bajmtbdbâ n` sgnutbgm tr`btâj agbvjmt ìtrj egmsbimâ a`mspubssj vgtrj r`ppgrt ajaân`bs. supjrvbsbgm pgur quj vgtrj jt supârbjur cbâr`recbquj jm sgbt bmdgrfâ jt qu‒bn âvjmtujnnjfjmt râpjreutjr vgtrj sgnutbgm ï n‒jmsjfknj ajs âqubpjs 8

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U‒bn U‒bn s‒ìbt s‒ìbt a‒ânâfj a‒ânâfjmts mts a‒bmdgrf` a‒bmdgrf`tbg tbgms ms qu`nbt`tb qu`nbt`tbvjs vjs,, ejs bmdgrf`tb bmdgrf`tbgms gms agbvjmt agbvjmt ìtr ìtrj j râpjrtgr râpjrtgrbâj bâjss a`ms vgtrj r`ppgrt qub sjr` tr`msfbs ï vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurjù `dbm quj tgutj ètbgm utbnj sgbt jmiìâj.

_`r jxjfpnj, sb n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur r`ppgrtj umj bmdgrf`tbgm au typj < « nj pgbmt aj vjmtj sjr` djrfâ a`ms ajux fgbs ¸, vgtrj r`ppgrt agbt egmtjmbr n` nbimj subv`mtj < -

nj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj m¿0;5; m¿0;5;,, aj typj typj S sjr` djrfâ djrfâ a`ms a`ms ajux ajux fgbs. fgbs. A`ms ej pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj, vjmtj, gm subt njs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subv`mts < _0, _;, _5.

Nj rjspg rjspgms` ms`knj knj au kurj` kurjù, u, `prã `prãss jx`fj jx`fjm m aj vgtrj vgtrj r` r`pp ppgr grt, t, vg vgus us bmabqu bmabqujr` jr` `n `ngrs grs nj njss è ètbtbgm gmss ï jmtrjprjmarj (p`r jxjfpnj « ecjrecjr um _T aj typj S gò sgmt vjmaus njs prgaubts _0, _;, _5 ¸, gu `ngrs < « ecjrecjr a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj âec`mtbnngm njs pgbmts aj vjmtj qub vjmajmt âi`njfjmt njs prgaubts prgaub ts _0, _; jt _5 ¸).

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Ec`pbtrj 1 _[GKNJFJU Ec`pbtrj _[GKNJFJU EGZ[@MQU EGZ[@MQU [JMEGMQ[J [JMEGMQ[JU U _JMA@MQ _JMA@MQ N@ UZ_J[TBUBGM AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ Ej quj vgus `vjz `pprbs lusqu'beb a`ms ej f`mujn vgus pjrfjttr` a`ms umj n`rij fjsurj aj râ`nbsjr, `vje sueeãs vgtrj fbssbgm aj supjrvbsjur supjrvbsjur aj n‒jmquìtj n‒jmquìtj prbx. F`bs bn y ùr` ajs sbtu`tbgms sbtu`tbgms qub n`bssjrgmt n`bssjrgmt pjrpnjxjs vgs ìjmts jmquìtjurs. Ejs ajrmbjrs sj râdârjrgmt `ngrs ï vgus pgur tr`btjr ejs e`s. N` prâsjmtj sjetbgm tr`btj aj n` pnup`rt aj ejs sbtu`tbgms.

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Bn jxbstj ajux e`s aj djrfjturj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Bn pjut s‒ìbr aj < -

djr djrfjtu fjturj rj prgvbsg prgvbsgbrj brj aj pgb pgbmt mt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. A`ms A`ms ej e`s, n` egnnjet egnnjetj j jst pgssbk pgssbknj nj sb n` aurâj aurâj aj n` djrfjt djrfjtur urj j js jstt bmdâ bmdârb rbju jurj rj ï um fgbs. fgbs. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz ag agme me aj ajf`m f`maj ajrr ï vg vgtr trj j jmquì jmquìtj tjur ur aj rjtgurmjr ù pgbmt aj vjmtj ï n` a`tj prgpbej. A`ms nj e`s egmtr`brj, vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr n` sbtu`tbgm jt aâebajr jm dgmetbgm ajs p`r`fãtrjs subv`mts < g

typj aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

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drâqujmej a‒`ksjmej tjfpgr`brj ajs prgaubts subvbs subvbs a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

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râiun`rbtâ râiun`rbtâ aj n` djrfjturj djrfjturj au pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj a`ms nj p`ssâ p`ssâ 8

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mgfkrj aj prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs a`ms a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

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ajirâ aj drâqujmt`tbgm au pgbmt aj vjmtj p`r njs egmsgff`tjurs.

Ub nj pgbmt aj vjmtj m‒` l`f`bs pgsâ aj prgknãfj a`ms nj p`ssâ, ejn` ajvr`bt bmebtjr ï nj egmsjrvjr. A`ms nj e`s egmtr`brj, bn vùar` fbjux ecjrecjr ï nj rjfpnèjr. -

djr djrfjtu fjturj rj aâdbmbtb aâdbmbtbvj vj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. A`ms ej e`s, vgus vgus ajvrjz râpjrtg râpjrtgrbjr rbjr n‒jmsj n‒jmsjfknj fknj ajs ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Tgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr n‒bfpèt aj ejttj djrfjturj sur n‒âec`mtbnngmmìj a‒um pgbmt ajvgus vuj typj ajvgus pgbmtdbxjr aj vjmtj jt a‒um pgbmtajaj vuj iâgir`pcbquj. Jm dgmetbgm aj ejs ânâfjmts, ajvjz um typj aj pgbmt vjmtj jt rj rjec ecjre jrecj cjrr um pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmt vjmtj j prâeb prâebss qub vg vgus us pj pjrfj rfjtt ttj j sg sgbtbt aj f`bmtj f`bmtjmb mbrr n` fìfj fìfj rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngm, sgbt aj n‒`fânbgrjr.

BB BB..

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Zm prgknãfj trãs drâqujmt jst nj d`bt qu'um jmquìtjur egmst`tj qu'um prgaubt aj s` nbstj m'jst pnus jm r`ygm nj lgur bmabquâ pgur n` egnnjetj. Ejttj sbtu`tbgm pjut `vgbr trgbs prbmebp`njs v`rb`mtjs < - nj prgaubt pjut ìtrj tjfpgr`brjfjmt tjfpgr`brjfjmt jm rupturj a`ms um gu gu pnusbjurs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj

(p`rr jx (p` jxjfp jfpnj nj,, jm r`bs r`bsgm gm a'um a'um rjt` rjt`ra ra aj nbvr nbvr`b `bsgm sgm è èeu eusâ sâ p` p`rr nj dg dgurm urmbs bssj sjur ur). ). N‒ N‒ì ìjmt jmt jmquìtjur ` n` pgssbkbnbtâ aj sukstbtujr nj prgaubt f`mqu`mt p`r um prgaubt sbfbn`brj jt n‒bmabqujr sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Tgus ajvrjz vârbdbjr quj nj prgaubt rjfpn`é`mt jst kbjm âqubv`njmt ù prgaubt rjfpnèâ. N‒âqubv`njmej d`bt râdârjmej n` dgbs ù prbx ajs ï sjs e`rètârbstbqujs f`bs âi`njfjmt ï n‒utbnbtâ quj nj ïegmsgff`tjur pjutajux tbrjrprgaubts, aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs prgaubts. Dgrfjnnjfjmt, ajux prgaubts sgmt âqubv`njmts sb nj egmsgff`tjur jst bmabddârjmt a`ms nj ecgbx ajs ajux prgaubts. Jm a‒ùtrjs tjrfjs, bn tbrj n` fìfj s`tbsdètbgm aj n` egmsgff`tbgm aj n‒um gu aj n‒ùtrj prgaubt. - nj prgaubt prgaubt ajvbjmt ajvbjmt bmabspgmbknj bmabspgmbknj aj f`mbãrj f`mbãrj aâdbmbtbvj aâdbmbtbvj. N‒ìjmt jmquìtjur ajvr` a‒`kgra

vârbdbjr quj ej prgaubt m‒jst p`s jddjetbvjfjmt vjmau a`ms a‒ùtrjs pgbmts aj vjmtj. Ub nj prgaubt jst vjmau a`ms a‒ùtrjs pgbmts aj vjmtj aj fìfj typj, bn egnnjetjr` sgm prbx jt ajvr` n‒bmabqujr en`brjfjmt sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Ub nj prgaubt jst jddjetbvjfjmt bmabspgmbknj

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aj f`mbãrj aâdbmbtbvj, bn sj râdârjr` ï vgus pgur aâebajr aj n` aâf`recj ï àgptjr. Uècjz quj < g

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nj prgaubt prgaubt rjfpn`é rjfpn`é`mt `mt agbt ìtr ìtrj j aj prâ prâdârj dârjmej mej nj pnus pnus prgecj prgecj pgssbknj pgssbknj au prgaubt prgaubt rjfpnèâ 8 nj typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj a`ms njqujn bn ajvr` ajvr` ìtrj subvb agbt agbt `vgbr aj prâdârjmej prâdârjmej njs fìfjs e`rètârbstbqujs quj n‒`mebjm pgbmt aj vjmtj 8 nj prgaubt prgaubt rjfpn` rjfpn`é`m é`mtt ajvr` ajvr` ìtr ìtrj j ùssb ùssb rjprâsj rjprâsjmt` mt`tbd tbd aj n` egmsgff egmsgff`tb `tbgm gm ajs fâm` fâ mìj ijss quj quj nj prga prgaub ubtt rjfp rjfpn` nèâ eâ.. Bn ag agbt bt ìt ìtrj rj kbjm kbjm vj vjma mau u a` a`ms ms sg sgm m pg pgbm bmtt a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx 8 bn agbt rjspjetjr njs njs e`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ qub nub jst r`ttècâ.

- nj prgaubt prgaubt ` âtâ rjfpnèâ p`r um prgaubt prgaubt sbfbn`brj, sbfbn`brj, f`bs f`bs mgm bajmtbquj. bajmtbquj. Ejttj sbtu`tbgm sbtu`tbgm

sj prgaubt sguvjmt `vje ajs vìtjfjmts jt ajs kbjms aur`knjs gò njs fgaãnjs m‒gmt sguvjmt qu qu‒u ‒umj mj aurâj aurâj aj vbj vbj egffj egffjreb reb`n `nj j egurtj egurtj.. Zm ecjfbs ecjfbsbj bjrr pg pgur ur a` a`fjs fjs pj pjut ut `v `vgb gbrr s` egfpgsbtbgm jm tbssu p`ssjr aj 2?% aj egtgm jt aj 0?% aj r`ygmmj ï 4?% aj egtgm jt 1?% aj r`ygmmj, p`r jxjfpnj. Gu kbjm, umj fècbmj ï n`vjr pjut vgbr s` vbtjssj aj rgt`tbgm p`ssjr aj 0??? t/fm ï 00?? t/fm. Aj tjns ec`mijfjmts aj spâebdbe`tbgms jmtr`ímjmt c`kbtujnnjfjmt umj ùifjmt`tbgm aj prbx. Tgus ajvjz ajf`majr quj n‒jmquìtjur egnnjetj, sur um fìfj fgbs (nj fgbs prâeâajmt p`r jxjfpnj), nj prbx ajs ajux prgaubts aj sgrtj ï ej quj nj ecjd aj kurjù pubssj jstbfjr njs jddjts qu`nbtâ. Nj prgaubt rjfpn`é`mt pgurr`bt `ngrs ìtrj èejptâ jt rjfpnèjr aâdbmbtbvjfjmt nj prgaubt absp`ru.

MK < Qgutjs njs dgbs qu‒um ìjmt jmquìtjur agbt rjnjvjr nj prbx a‒um prgaubt aj sukstbtutbgm, bn agbt s‒àrjssjr ï sgm supjrvbsjur, qub nub abr` s'bn jst èejpt`knj gu mgm. N` aâebsbgm dbm`nj sjr` prbsj p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx.

BBB.

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Bn `rrbvj râiunbãrjfjmt quj njs e`rètârbstbqujs ajs prgaubts ec`mijmt a`ms nj tjfps. Aj mguvjnnjs e`rètârbstbqujs (ET0 gu ET;) bfpgrt`mtjs pjuvjmt `pp`r`ítrj, jm pnus aj ejnnjs ej qub sgmt sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. N` ajserbptbgm sur nj qujstbgmm`brj pjut `pp`r`ítrj bmsuddbs`mtj pgur tr`mecjr a`ms ejrt`bmjs sbtu`tbgms. Bn pjut s‒ìbr sbfpnjfjmt a‒umj fbsj ï lgur aj n` ajserbptbgm strueturâj gu `ngrs a‒umj sbtu`tbgm aj rjfp rjfpn` nèj ejfj fjmt mt aj v` v`rb rbât âtâ â gu aj sâ sârb rbjs js.. Tg Tgus us ajvj ajvjzz rj rjnj njvj vjrr ej ejss sbtu sbtu`t `tbg bgms ms jt jm `v `vbs bsjr jr nj njss ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej qub ajvrgmt prjmarj njs aâebsbgms qub egmvbjmmjmt.

BT BT..

UG UGNA NAJU JU JQ [J [JFB FBUJ UJU U

_nusbjurs f`rec`mabsjs sgmt vjmaujs p`r s`bsgm gu ï n‒gee`sbgm aj sgnajs gu ùtrjs, jt njs k`s prbx pr`tbquâs pjuvjmt `vgbr umj bmebajmej sur n` fgyjmmj fjmsujnnj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts ècjtâs p`r njs fâmìjs. Jm ajcgrs ajs sgnajs `mmujnnjs, bn jxbstj njs abvjrsjs dgrfjs aj râauetbgm, qub sgmt sguvjmt gddjrtjs ï n` enbjmtãnj. enbjmtãnj. Ejs pr`tbqujs pr`tbqujs gmt pnus sguvjmt egurs a`ms njs supjrf`recâs supjrf`recâs quj a`ms a'ùtrjs a'ùtrjs typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, jt sjfknjmt ìtrj jm vgiuj. @u mgfkrj ajs jxjfpnjs aj ej typj aj r`k`bs, gm egfptj ej qub subt, jxenusbgm d`btj ajs egmsbim`tbgms aj kgutjbnnjs qub mj agbvjmt p`s ìtrj prbsjs jm egfptj a`ms nj prbx < - Njs râauetbgms râauetbgms gddjrtjs ï ajs irgupjs irgupjs rjstrjbmts rjstrjbmts tjns quj njs pjrsgmmjs rjtr`btâjs rjtr`btâjs gu ùx

fjfkrjs a'um irgupj gri`mbsâ tjn qu'um symabe`t. Ejs râauetbgms aj prbx sjrgmt bimgrâjs 8

- Njs râauetbgms râauetbgms èegraâjs èegraâjs sur ajs `rtbenjs `rtbenjs jmagffìâs jmagffìâs gu au d`bt aj njur pârjfptbgm. pârjfptbgm. Jnnjs Jnnjs

sgmt bmèej sgmt bmèejpt` pt`knj knjs, s, e`r njs prg prgaub aubts ts sgmt sgmt a'umj a'umj qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ bmdârb bmdârbjurj jurj ï ejnnj ejnnj ajs prgaub prgaubts ts spâebdbâs 8 - Njs gddrjs gddrjs au ijmrj ijmrj "5 pgur nj prbx aj ;" (jt sbfbn`b sbfbn`brjs) rjs).. Jnnjs sjrgmt sjrgmt bimgrâjs bimgrâjs gu tr`btâjs tr`btâjs

egmdgrfâfjmt ùx rãinjs `ppnbquâjs ùx e`s aj rjfpnèjfjmt aj prgaubts 8 - Njs gddrjs au ijmrj ijmrj "x ir`tubtjfjmt ir`tubtjfjmt gddjrt pgur pgur tgut èc`t aj y". Jnnjs Jnnjs sjrgmt bimgrâjs bimgrâjs gu

tr`btâjs egmdgrfâfjmt ùx rãinjs `ppnbquâjs ùx e`s aj rjfpnèjfjmt aj prgaubts 8 ;5

- Njs egupgms egupgms aj "râauetbg "râauetbgm m sur èc`t" èc`t" `ttèc `ttècâs âs ï um prgaubt prgaubt agmmâ mj sjrgmt sjrgmt p`s prb prbss jm

egfptj, ï fgbms qu'bns mj sgbjmt gddjrts ï tgus njs enbjmts ù fgfjmt aj n‒èc`t n‒èc`t 8 - Njs rjfbsjs p`r p`r qu`mtbtâ qu`mtbtâ sjrgmt âi`njfjmt âi`njfjmt bimgrâjs. bimgrâjs. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, nj prbx `ddbecâ `ddbecâ au hi aj vb`maj aj kŕud jst aj 0:?? D ED@, f`bs sb vgus ècjtjz pnus aj : hi, vgus p`yjz sjunjfjmt 05?? D ED@. Nj prbx aj 0:?? DED@ ajvr` ìtrj rjnjvâ, pubsquj njs èc`ts ï prbx dgrd`bt`brj mj sgmt p`s prbs jm egfptj pgur nj rjnjvâ ajs prbx, e`r bns mj sgmt p`s egmdgrfjs ùx spâebdbe`tbgms au prgaubt.

@ ec`quj dgbs qu‒um jmquìtjur r`ppgrtj umj tjnnj sbtu`tbgm, vgus ajvrjz nub pgsjr tgutjs njs qujstbgms utbnjs pgur vgus `ssurjr quj ejs râauetbgms mj sgmt p`s jxenujs. @ ec`quj sgrtbj aj sgnaj, njs prbx gmt tjma`mej ï ùifjmtjr. Aj tjnnjs ùifjmt`tbgms agbvjmt ìtrj sbim`nâjs sur nj qujstbgmm`brj p`r nj egaj < « sgrtbj aj sgnaj ¸.

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Bn y ` ajaj trãs dgrtjs ec`mejs njs jmquìtjurs ajs aât`bnn`mts (prgprbât`brjs iâr`mts fì`sbm, jte.) qub quj rjdusjmt aj eggpârjrrjmegmtrjmt `vje n'jmquìtj. Jddgrejz-vgus ï jxpnbqujra‒ât`n, ï ejs ajrmbjrs quj vgus m'ìtjs p`s n‒"jspbgm" a‒um ùtrj aât`bnn`mt, mb um bmspjetjur aj n‒Ât`t qub vârbdbj n` qu`nbtâ aj njurs prgaubts gu njs prbx qu'bns pr`tbqujmt, quj mb njurs mgfs mb njurs prbx m'`pp`r`ítrgmt a`ms ùeumj puknbe`tbgm. Abtjs-njur quj njurs mgfs, àrjssjs, jt tgus njs aât`bns egmejrm`mt njurs prgaubts sgmt strbetjfjmt egmdbajmtbjns. Njs rjmsjbimjfjmts sjrgmt sjunjfjmt `lgutâs ùx agmmâjs sbfbn`brjs egnnjetâjs ecjz a‒ùtrjs aât`bnn`mts pgur aâtjrfbmjr ajs fgyjmmjs jt ajs âvgnutbgms. Jm gutrj, vgus ajvjz njur jxpnbqujr nj kbjm dgmaâ aj ejttj jmquìtj jt n‒utbnbtâ aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm pgur n` kgmmj egmaubtj aj n` pgnbtbquj âegmgfbquj jt njs `dd`brjs. Ub, `prãs tgut ejn`, nj aât`bnn`mt aât`bnn`mt rjdusj tgulgurs aj eggpârj eggpârjr, r, m‒jss`yjz p`s aj prgngmijr prgngmijr n` abseussbgm abseussbgm gu aj vgus absputjr `vje nub. [jtbrjz-vgus pgnbfjmt, jt prâp`rjz um r`ppgrt ebregmst`mebâ pgur vgtrj

rj rjspg spgms ms`kn `knj j aj ku kurj` rjù. u. Bma Bmabq bquj ujzz nub nub a`ms a`ms nj r`ppg r`ppgrt rt vg vgss suiij suiijstb stbgm gmss jt prgpg prgpgsb sbtbtbgm gmss pg pgur ur nj rjfpnèjfjmt au pgbmt aj vjmtj.

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Ec`pbtrj : AJGMQGNGI Ec`pbtrj AJGMQGNGIBJ BJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJZ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ [ AJ AJ N‒JMPZ N‒JMPZJQJ JQJ _[BS Egnnjetjr njs agmmâjs sur njs prbx jst umj gpâr`tbgm egfpnjxj, qub suppgsj qu‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒jmquìtjurs jddjetujmt um tr`v`bn egmsbaâr`knj sur nj tjrr`bm. N‒gpâr`tbgm rjqubjrt umj pn`mbdbe`tbgm jt umj ijs ijstbg tbgm m fâtc fâtcgab gabquj qujss ajs ajstbm tbmâjs âjs ï i`r i`r`mtb `mtbrr quj njs agm agmmâj mâjss rjeu rjeujbn jbnnbj nbjss sgm sgmtt egm egmdgrfj dgrfjss ùx bmstruetbgms agmmâjs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx. @ ejttj dbm, njs jmquìtjurs agbvjmt ìtrj kbjm jmtr`ímâs, jmtr` ímâs, e`r bn dùt s‒`ssurjr qu‒bns qu ‒bns egfprjmmjmt egfkbjm bn bfpgrtj aj ecgbsbr egmvjm`knjfjmt njs prgaubts agmt gm jmtjma subvrj njs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Fìfj sb n` egmtbmubtâ jst nj prbmebpj aj k`sj pgur nj e`neun ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm, pgur pguvgbr râ`nbsjr ajs egfp`r`bsgms a‒umj pârbgaj ï n‒ùtrj, n` d`égm aj prjmarj jm egfptj n` njmtj fgabdbe`tbgm aj n‒âvjmt`bn ajs prgaubts ï n`qujnnj njs jmquìtjurs sgmt egmdrgmtâs jst a‒umj bfpgrt`mej prbfgrab`nj pgur n` qu`nbtâ jt n` db`kbnbtâ aj n‒BC_E. Ejrt`bms prgaubts pjuvjmt absp`r`ítrj jt ajvgbr ìtrj rjfpnèâs p`r a‒ùtrjs, f`bs bn pjut ùssb ìtrj sguc`bt`knj aj mj pnus tjmbr egfptj aj ejrt`bms prgaub prg aubts ts `v` `v`mt mt fìfj qu‒ qu‒bns bns `bj `bjmt mt tgt` tgt`njfj njfjmt mt abs absp`ru p`ru,, s‒b s‒bns ns gmt ejss ejssâ â a‒ì a‒ìtrj trj rjp rjprâsj râsjmt` mt`tbd tbds. s. Njs jmquìtjurs agbvjmt kâmâdbebjr a‒umj dgrf`tbgm à`ptâj jt rjejvgbr ajs bmdgrf`tbgms jt ajs bmstruetbgms trãs en`brjs, aj vgtrj p`rt gu aj n` p`rt au rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx, sur n` d`égm aj prgeâajr. Ajs bmstruetbgms en`brjs sgmt âi`njfjmt mâejss`brjs pgur d`brj jm sgrtj quj ejs jmquìtjurs rjnãvjmt njs kgms prbx jm e`s aj sgnajs, a‒gddrjs spâeb`njs gu a‒ùtrjs ebregmst`mejs jxejptbgmmjnnjs. Ub nj rñnj aj n'jmquìtjur jst trãs bfpgrt`mt ï ejt jddjt, vgtrj rñnj aj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj jst prbfgrab`n e`r e‒jst vgus qub ìtjs nj i`r`mt aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs agmmâjs qub sjrgmt utbnbsâjs a`ms njs e`neuns. Tgus ìtjs âi`njfjmt i`r`mt aj n` qu`nbtâ aj tgutjs njs gpâr`tbgms aj rjfpnèjfjmt jt aj fbsj ï lgur aj n‒âec`mtbnngm jt, a‒umj f`mbãrj iâmâr`nj, aj tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms dgurmbjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs.

jmquìtjurs. Nj supjrvbsjur agbt rjspjetjr ejrt`bmjs rãinjs ù egurs aj sjs tr`vùx. Ejs rãinjs gmt âtâ, pgur n` pnup`r pnu p`rtt prâsjmt prâsjmtâjs âjs a`ms a`ms njs sjetbg sjetbgms ms prâeâaj prâeâajmtj mtjs. s. Beb Beb,, mgus mgus njs `vgms `vgms symtcât symtcâtbsâ bsâjs js pgur pgur vgus vgus pjrfjttrj aj njs fâfgrbsjr egrrjetjfjmt < 0. Lgujr nj rñnj aj dèbnbt`tju dèbnbt`tjurr ùprãs ajs ìjmts jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs < F`ítrbsjr F`ítrbsjr egrrjetjfjmt egrrjetjfjmt nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn jt njs bmstruetbgms agmmâjs ùx ìjmts jmquìtjurs 8 ;. Lgujr nj nj rñnj aj dèbnbt`tj dèbnbt`tjur ur ùprãs ajs ajs rjspgms`knjs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj 8 5. Lgujr Lgujr nj rñn rñnj j aj dèbnbt` dèbnbt`tjur tjur ùprãs ùprãs au rjspgm rjspgms`k s`knj nj au kurjù ajs prbx < Dgurmbr Dgurmbr tgutjs tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms utbnjs ï n` fbsj ï lgur aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs 8 1. Gri`mb Gri`mbsjr sjr nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn ajs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtj jmquìtjurs urs agmt bn ` n` ec`rij ec`rij jt `ssurjr `ssurjr n` abspgmb abspgmbkbn kbnbtâ btâ aj n‒jmsjfknj ajs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs 8 :. Jtrj Jtrj egmst` egmst`ffjm ffjmtt sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm jt vbsbtj vbsbtjrr ù fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj trbfjstrj ec`quj ec`quj pgbmt aj vjmtj agmt bn ` n` ec`rij 8 4. _`reg _`regurb urbrr ec`q ec`quj uj suppg suppgrt rt aj egnn egnnje jetj tj jt s‒`s s‒`ssu surjr rjr,, a` a`ms ms nj njss aâ aân` n`bs bs eg egmv mvjm` jm`kn knjs js,, aj n` egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs dgurmbjs 8 9. [jspjetjr [jspjetjr jt d`brj d`brj rjspjetjr rjspjetjr njs njs aân`bs. aân`bs.

Ejs rãinjs sgmt prâsjmtâjs eb-`prãs. Jnnjs gmt pgur kut a'umbdgrfbsjr n` egmaubtj aj tgus dèj ï ejrt`bmjs sbtu`tbgms. Tgus m'câsbtjrjz p`s ï dgrfunjr tgutj prgpgsbtbgm vbs`mt ï njs ètu`nbsjr gu njs p`rd`brj. 0. Lguj Lgujrr nj rñ rñnj nj aj dèbn dèbnbt` bt`tj tjur ur ùpr ùprãs ãs aj ajss ìjm ìjmts ts jmqu jmquìtj ìtjur urs. s. Tgus Tgus ìt ìtjs js nj pr prjfb jfbjr jr bmtjrng bmtjrngeut eutjur jur ajs ìjmts ìjmts jmquìtj jmquìtjurs urs pnèâs pnèâs sgus sgus vgtrj vgtrj rjspgms rjspgms`kbn `kbnbtâ btâ.. Jm ej sjms, sjms, ejs ajrmbjrs ajvrgmt trguvjr ùprãs aj vgus tgut nj sgutbjm jt n‒`baj mâejss`brj agmt bns gmt kjsgbm. Tgus ìtjs um ecjd a‒âqubpj jt jm t`mt quj tjn vgus ajvjz bmspbrjr egmdb`mej ï vgs ânâfjmts. Tgus ajvjz njs sgutjmbr, njs fgtbvjr. Tgus ajvjz ìtrj jm fjsurj aj njur `ppgrtjr tgut `ppub tjecmbquj < ùssb, bn jst jssjmtbjn quj vgus f`ítrbsjz egrrjetjfjmt nj tr`v`bn jt nj f`mujn aj n‒ìjmt jmquìtjur. Tgtrj tëecj aj supjrvbsjur mj sbimbdbj p`s quj vgus ìtjs um bmspjetjur ;:

ec`riâ aj prjmarj qujnqu‒um jm dùtj. F`bs vgus ajvjz pnutñt ecjrecjr ï i`r`mtbr i`r`mtbr jt `fânbgrjr `fânbgrjr n` qu`nbtâ ajsp`s agmmâjs quj njsùx jmquìtjurs egnnjetjmt. Uècjz tëecj aj s`metbgm mj vgus rjvbjmt f`bs bmegfkj rjspgms`knjs aj kurjù ï qubquj vgusn`rjmajz egfptj. ;. Lgujr nj rñnj aj dèbnbt`tjur ùprãs ajs rjspgms`knjs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. @prãs njs ìjmts jmquìtjurs qub sgmt tgut nj tjfps jm egmtèt `vje njs pgbmts aj vjmtj a`ms njsqujns bns subvjmt n‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx ajs prgaubts, vgus ìtjs nj prjfbjr rjspgms`knj ï qub n‒gm s‒àrjssjr` pgur râinjr ejrt`bms prgknãfjs `vje njs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Nj e`s nj pnus drâqujmt quj vgus ùrjz ï tr`btjr jst nj e`s aj rjdus aj eggpâr`tbgm a‒um tjm`mt aj r`ygm gu aj kgutbquj. Uècjz quj vgus mj pguvjz p`s gknbijr um tjm`mt aj kgutbquj ï vgus dgurmbr umj bmdgrf`tbgm db`knj. Tgus ajvjz, `v`mt aj vgus rjmarj ù pgbmt aj vjmtj, rjeujbnnbr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms mâejss`brjs (prgaubts subvbs, a`tj aj erâ`tbgm ajs sârbjs, egfpgrtjfjmts p`ssâs au aât`bnn`mts, jte.) jt prjmarj rjmajz-vgus `vje nj rjspgms`knj au pgbmt aj vjmtj. Tgus ajvjz ìtrj nj pnus egrrjet pgssbknj. C`kbnnjz-vgus egmvjm`knjfjmt, fumbssjz-vgus aj tgus njs ageufjm age ufjmts ts mâejss mâejss`br `brj j (e`rtj (e`rtj prgdjss prgdjssbgm bgmmjn mjnnj, nj, pn`qujt pn`qujttj tj sur n‒BC_E n‒BC_E,, jte.). jte.). Ugyjz Ugyjz pgsâ, pgsâ, jxpnbqujz nj kbjm-dgmaâ aj n‒jmquìtj prbx jt dgurmbssjz nub tgus njs ageufjmts mâejss`brjs. Jxpnbqujz nub njs enùsjs aj egmdbajmtb`nbtâ jt aj n‒jmquìtj. Jm ajrmbjr rjssgrt sjunjfjmt âvgqujz nj e`rètãrj gknbi`tgbrj aj n‒jmquìtj. Ub, f`nirâ tgut, bn rjdusj, rjtbrjz-vgus pgnbfjmt tgut jm nj rjfjreb`mt a‒`vgbr èejptâ èejptâ aj vgus rjejvgbr. rjejvgbr. [âabijz [âabijz vgtrj r`ppgrt jm prgpgs`mt njs sgnutbgms

5. Lgujr Lgujr nj rñnj aj dèbnbt`tjur dèbnbt`tjur ùprãs ùprãs au rjspgms`knj rjspgms`knj au kurjù kurjù ajs prbx. Nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù kurjù ajs prb prbxx jst rjspgms`k rjspgms`knj nj aj tgus tgus njs `spjets `spjets fâtcgag fâtcgagngi ngibqu bqujs js egmejrm egmejrm`mt `mt n` egnnjetj ajs prbx. Bn egmégbt ejs fâtcgagngibjs jt agmmj ajs bmstruetbgms sur n` k`sj aj sjs egmm`bss`mejs sur njs f`recâs. Uècjz quj vgus ìtjs, jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur, sgm prjfbjr fgyjm a‒gktjmbr ajs bmdgrf`tbgms jm vuj aj fjttrj ï lgur njs fâtcgagngibjs jt njs bmstruetbgms rjn`tbvjs ï n` egnnjetj. @ussb, vgus ajvjz f`ítrbsjr njs `spjets jssjmtbjns au tr`v`bn qu‒bn ` ï d`brj jt nub dgurmbr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms aj tjrr`bm utbnjs < g

ï n` fbsj ï lgur lgur aj n‒âec`m n‒âec`mtbn tbnngm ngm ajs prgaubts prgaubts ânâfjmt ânâfjmt`br `brjs js < rjprâsj rjprâsjmt`t mt`tbvb bvbtâ tâ ajs

prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs, ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj, aj n‒jspèj iâgir`pcbquj aj egnnjetj, jte. g

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ï n` fbsj ï lgur ajs e`rètârbstbq e`rètârbstbqujs ujs ajs prgaubts, prgaubts, jt mgt`ffjmt ù tr`btjfjmt tr`btjfjmt ajs e`s aj rjfpnèjfjmt 8 ï n` fbsj ï lgur lgur ajs bmstruetbg bmstruetbgms ms aj egnnjetj egnnjetj 8 ù tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs f`mqu`mtjs.

Uècjz quj vgus pguvjz ìtrj bmvbtâs ï p`rtbebpjr ï n‒âec`mtbnngmmìj ajs sbtjs jt ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs. Tgus pguvjz vârbdbjr quj njs sbtjs a`ms njsqujns gm prgpgsj aj rjnjvjr njs prbx egfpgrtjmt um âvjmt`bn vgunu aj fì`sbms, gu âfjttrj um `vbs sur n` sbtu`tbgm âegmgfbquj qub prâvùt sur ejs sbtjs jt sur njs zgmjs âvjmtujnnjfjmt a`mijrjusjs.

1. Gri`mbsjr Gri`mbsjr nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn ajs ìjmts jmquìtjur jmquìtjurss agmt bn ` n` ec`rij ec`rij jt `ssurjr n` abspgmbkbn abspgmbkbnbtâ btâ egnnjetj tj ajs agmmâjs rjqubjrt rjqubjrt umj N‒gpâr`tbgm aj egnnje aj n‒jmsjfknj ajs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs. N‒gpâr`tbgm pn`mbdbe`tbg pn`mb dbe`tbgm m jt umj ijstbg ijstbgm m fâtcgab fâtcgabqujs qujs ajstbmâjs ï i`r`mt i`r`mtbr br quj njs agmmâjs rjeujbn rjeujbnnbjs nbjs sgmt egmdgrfjs ùx bmstruetbgms agmmâjs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurjù ajs prbx. Ejs bmstruetbgms sgmt pgur n` pnup`rt ùtgf`tbsâjs a`ms n‒`ppnbe`tbgm aj prgauetbgm ajs BC_E. Ejpjma`mt, vgus ìtjs aj rjmarj gpâr`tbgmmjnnj ejttj gri`mbs`tbgm. Tgus ajvjz vgus `ssurjr a‒umj râp`rtbtbgm âqubt` âqu bt`knj knj ajs qujs qujstbg tbgmm` mm`brjs brjs jmt jmtrj rj njs ìj ìjmts mts jmqu jmquìtj ìtjurs. urs. Tgu Tguss ajv ajvjz jz âi` âi`njfj njfjmt mt vgu vguss `ssurjr quj njs tr`ljts ajs jmquìtjurs sgmt kbjm ân`kgrâs jt quj njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj rjfpnbs sgmt ècjfbmâs ù kurjù a`ms njs aân`bs rjqubs. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz vgus vgus `ssu `ssurj rjrr quj quj n‒jms n‒jmsjfk jfknj nj ajs ajs ân ânâfj âfjmt mtss mâ mâej ejss` ss`br brjs js ï n` eg egnnnnje jetj tj js jstt abspgmbknj abspgm bknj jt dgmetbgmmjn. dgmetbgmmjn. Tgus ajvjz vârbdbjr vârbdbjr râiunbãrjfjmt n‒ât`t ajs f`târbjns aj pjsâj. @ n` dbm aj ec`quj fgbs, vgus ajvjz `pprìtjr n‒jmsjfknj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs jt vgus `ssurjr quj njs tr`vùx jm bmst`mej ù egurs au fgbs gmt âtâ jddjetuâs. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt fgkbnbsjr njs rjssgurejs dbm`mebãrjs ùprãs au rjspgms`knj aj kurjù jt vgus `ssurjr râiunbãrjfjmt qu‒jnnjs sgmt suddbs`mtjs.

:. Jtrj egmst`ffj egmst`ffjmt mt sur nj tjrr`bm jt vbsbtjr ù fgbms fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj trbfjstrj ec`q ec`quj uj pgbmt aj vjmtj agmt bn ` n` ec`rij. Jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒jmquìtjurs, vgus ajvjz ìtrj ï tgut fgfjmt jm fjsurj aj nge`nbsjr njs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx jt

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egmm`í egm m`ítrj trj p`rd`b p`rd`btjfj tjfjmt mt n‒jmsj n‒jmsjfknj fknj ajs prgaub prgaubts ts ânâfjmt ânâfjmt`br `brjs js subvbs subvbs.. Uècjz Uècjz qu‒um qu‒um ìjmt ìjmt jmquìtjur pjutvgtrj ìtrj prgprj tjfpgr`brjfjmt agme ìtrj aj nj rjn`yjr. D`btjs prgir`ffjbmabspgmbknj. aj tr`v`bn ajTgus sgrtj ajvjz qu‒ù fgbms umj jm dgbsfjsurj p`r trbfjstrj ec ec`q `quj uj pg pgbm bmtt aj vj vjmt mtj j sg sgbt bt vbsb vbsbtâ tâ jt quj quj vg vgus us `y `yjz jz rj rjnj njvâ vâ nj pr prbx bx aj ec ec`q `quj uj pr prga gaub ubtt ânâfjmt`brj. 4. _`regurbr _`regurbr ec`quj ec`quj suppgrt aj egnnjetj jt s‒`ssurjr, s‒`ssurjr, a`ms njs aân`bs egmvjm`knjs, egmvjm`knjs, aj n` egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs dgurmbjs. N` qu`nbtâ jst um `spjet bfpgrt`mt au rjnjvâ ajs prbx. Zm rjnjvâ aj qu`nbtâ pjrfjt ï um bmstbtut aj st`tbstbquj a‒`vgbr egmdb`mej a`ms n‒bmabej qu‒bn prgaubt jt aj s‒`ssurjr quj njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx gksjrvâjs sgmt râjnnjs jt mgm p`s nj râsunt`t a‒jrrju a‒j rrjurs rs ajs jmquìtj jmquìtjurs. urs. Tgtrj tëecj tëecj jssjmt jssjmtbjn bjnnj nj jst aj vgus vgus `ssurj `ssurjrr quj njs agmmâjs agmmâjs dgurmbjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs mj rjmdjrfjmt p`s a‒jrrjur. Tgus ajvjz, ï ej tbtrj, p`regurbr n‒jmsjfknj ajs agmmâjs tr`msfbsjs p`r um jmquìtjur `v`mt qu‒jnnjs mj rjmtrjmt a`ms nj prgejssus aj e`neun aj n‒bmabej. U‒bn s‒ìbt aj qujstbgmm`brjs pcysbqujs, vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr ec`quj qujstbgmm`brj `v`mt n` s`bsbj.

9. [jspjetjr [jspjetjr jt d`brj rjspjetjr rjspjetjr njs aân`bs. aân`bs. Uècjz quj quj n` abddusbgm abddusbgm aj n‒bma n‒bmabej bej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm mj agbt sguddrbr a‒ùeum rjt`ra. Ajs a`tjs aj abddusbgm sgmt `rrìtâjs ajvjz d`brjquj jm sgrtj quj n`jmquìtjurs ec`ímj aj kbjm ï n‒`v`mej jt egmmujs ajsa‒ùeum utbnbs`tjurs. prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej mj sguddrj rjt`ra. Tgus D`btjs jm sgrtj njs ìjmts râ`nbs râ` nbsjmt jmt njur tr`v`bn tr`v`bn `vje nj f`xbfuf f`xbfuf aj eânârb eânârbtâ. tâ. D`btjs D`btjs jm sgrtj sgrtj âi`njfj âi`njfjmt mt quj vgtrj egmtrñnj mj erâj ajs rjt`ras bfpgrt`mts a`ms nj tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs. Tgus ajvjz agme ìtrj trãs gri`mbsâ jt trãs prgètbd aj sgrtj ï èeufunjr nj f fgbms gbms pgssbknj pgssbknj aj rjt`ra.

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@MMJSJ 0 < Pujstbgmm`brjs aj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CJQJ[GIJMJU @mmâj (0) Egaj jmquìtjur (;) Mgf Jmquìtjur (5) Egaj supjrvbsjur (1) Mgf Uupjrvbsjur (:)

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Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj (4)

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Qypj pgbmt aj vjmtj (3) Mufârg pgbmt aj vjmtj (2) Bmt mtbt btun unââ aj n` v` v`rrbât bâtâ (0?) (0?)

E` E`r` rèt etâârb rbst stbq bquj ujss aj n` sârb sârbjj (0 (05) 5)

«Bmtbtunâv`r¸

«Mgfsjr0¸ (05`) W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W «Mgfsjr;¸ (05k)

E`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ (00)

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Gfbssbgms (0;) Egaj v`rbâtâ (01)

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M¿ e`rmjt (04)

Mufârg sârbj (0:) Uubvb a`ms BC_E24 (Gub60)

_rbx @mmâj aj k`sj (03)

A`tj a‒gksj rv`tbgm _rbx Aâe. @-0 (02) (09)

Egaj aj pgsbtbgm au prgaubt (;0)

Egaj aj rjfpnèjfjmt aj n` sârbj (;;)

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Gksjrv`tbgms (;5)

Fgbs (;?)

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PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CGFGIJMJU UZBTBJU JM AJCG[U AJU F@[ECJU @mmâj (0) Egaj jmquìtjur (;) Mgf Jmquìtjur (5) Egaj supjrvbsjur (1) Mgf Uupjrvbsjur (:) Mufârg e`rmjt

Qypj _T (3)

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj (4)

E`rètârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj (9)

Mgf jt e`rètârbstbqujs aj n` v`rbâtâ <

Egaj aj n` v`rbâtâ

M¿ Zm Zmbtâs sârbj

Pu`mtbtâ

_rbx

Mufârg _T (2)

Fgbs Egaj aj pgsbtbgm aj prbx au prgaubt

Gksjrv`tbgms sur prgaubts

Gksjrv`tbgms sur pgbmts aj vjmtj

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PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CGFGIJMJU MGM UQ@MA@[A G;/G5 F@[ECJU Egaj aj n'jmquìtjur <

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Mgf aj n'Jmquìtjur < Egaj au supjrvbsjur < Mgf au Uupjrvbsjur <

E`rètârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Fgbs aj Egnnjetj < Mufârg e`rmjt

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Egaj v`rbâtâ

M¿ sârbj

Mgf aj n` v`rbâtâ (0?‒)

??0?0-[bz ï ngmis ir`bms

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Qypj pgbmt aj vjmtj

E`rètârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs s`ms bmdnujmej sur njs prbx (00‒

[bz ï ngmis ir`bms, Fgaj aj prâsjmt`tbgm au prgaubt < vjmau(j) jm vrè, Pu`mtbtâ < 0 Hbng, Qypj < ir`bm ngmi, Qypj aj ir`bm < Kn`me, _`rt aj rbz krbsâ < Qrãs d`bknj (>5%). [bz ï ngmis ir`bms, Fgaj aj prâsjmt`tbgm au prgaubt < vjmau(j) jm vrè, Pu`mtbtâ < 0 Hbng, Qypj < ir`bm ngmi, Qypj aj ir`bm < Kn`me, _`rt aj rbz krbsâ < Qrãs d`bknj (>5%).

Zmbtâ (;5)

_rbx Pu`mtbtâ (;?‒) (;1)

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50

[jnjvâ ;

_r _rbx bx

Pu Pu`m `mtb tbtâ tâ

M¿ pgbmt aj jmtj

[jnjvâ 5

_r _rbx bx

Pu Pu`m `mtb tbtâ tâ

Egaj aj pgsbtbgm au prgaubt

Egaj aj rjfpnèjfjmt aj n` sârbj

M6 gksjrv`tbgm mgrf`nj8 < @ksjmej tjfpgr`brj8 A6 `ksjmej aâdbmbtbvj8 J< prgknãfj aj egnnjetj8 U< jmtrâj jm sgnaj8 [< sgrtbj aj sgnaj8 Eg< egmsunt`tbgm

M6 Gksjrv`tbgm mgrf`nj B6 rjfpnèjfjmt sur nj fìfj _T _T T < sur um _T aj fìfj fìfj typj F < sur um um pgbmt aj vjmtj aj typj abddârjmt

@MMJSJ ; < dbecjs fâtcgagngibqujs aj subvb aj ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs Dbecj 0 < Ngijfjmt dbxj A‒umj f`mbãrj iâmâr`nj, njs ngijfjmts sgmt aâerbts sjngm ajs e`rètârbstbqujs spâebdbqujs au këtbs < mgfkrj aj ec`fkrj, f`târbùx f`târbùx utbnbsâ, jxbstjmej aj egurs, jxbstjmej jxbstjmej a‒um rèegrajfjmt ânjetrbquj ânjetrbquj gu ù râsjù a‒jù egur`mtj, jte. Jm pnus aj ejs e`rètârbstbqujs, a‒ùtrjs ânâfjmts agbvjmt ìtrj prbs jm egfptj < typj aj qu`rtbjr. qu`rtbjr. Ejrt`bms Ejrt`bms ânâfjmts aj n‒jmvbrgmmjfj n‒jmvbrgmmjfjmt mt pcysbqujs pcysbqujs au ngijfjmt susejptbknjs susejptbknjs aj lustbdbjr umj râvbsbgm ajs prbx ec`mijmt, bn egmvbjmt aj njs rjnjvjr `dbm aj prjmarj jm egfptj âvjmtujnnjfjmt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ. Nj subvb au ngijfjmt dbxj sj d`bt ùprãs au nge`t`brj gu a‒umj ìjmej bffgkbnbãrj ec`riâj p`r nj prgprbât`brj aj n` ijstbgm au egmtr`t aj nge`tbgm. Mgtjz ejpjma`mt qu‒bn mj s‒ìbt p`s au subvb au ngijfjmt a‒um nge`t`brj dbxj a`ms nj tjfps, f`bs bn s‒ìbt au subvb au ngijfjmt, qujn quj sgbt nj nge`t`brj qub s‒y trguvj. Ec`quj ngijfjmt jst vbsbtâ ù fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj. Nj prbx pjut ìtrj rjnjvâ abrjetjfjmt ùprãs au nge`t`brj p`r tânâpcgmj. @ssurjz-vgus tgutjdgbs aj d`brj umj ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm ù fgbms umj dgbs p`r `m. Ub um nge`t`brj qubttj n` f`bsgm, bn egmvbjmt aj nj sbim`njr. N‒`ksjmej aj nge`t`brj v` ìtrj tr`btâ egffj umj `ksjmej tjfpgr`brj. Zmj `ksjmej prgngmiâj (supârbjur ï trgbs fgbs) a‒um nge`t`brj ù mbvjù a‒um ngijfjmt dbxj agbt ejpjma`mt ìtrj sbim`nâ `dbm q‒um ec`mijfjmt aj ngijfjmt pubssj ìtrj gpârâ. Ngrsqu‒um k`bnnjur bmtãirj umj f`bsgm qub ât`bt prâeâajffjmt jm nge`tbgm, ej ngijfjmt sjr` tr`btâ egffj umj absp`rbtbgm aj prgaubt. N` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs bmtjrvbjmt jm aâkut au fgbs. Qgut ec`mijfjmt aj prbx qub mj rjmtrj p`s jm `ppnbe`tbgm ù egurs au fgbs mj agbt p`s ìtrj prbs jm egfptj. F`bs n‒bmdgrf`tbgm agbt ìtrj r`ppgrtâj. Jnnj sjr` prbsj jm egfptj ï n` a`tj ï n`qujnnj jnnj jmtrj jm `ppnbe`tbgm.

Dbecj ; < Ngijfjmt ùprãs ajs ìjmts bffgkbnbjrs @dbm aj prjmarj jm egfptj n` aym`fbquj au f`recâ ajs ngijfjmts ù mbvjù aj mguvjùx egmtr`ts aj k`bn, njs typjs aj ngijfjmt sgmt subvbs ùprãs ajs ìjmts bffgkbnbjrs. Njs ìjmts bffgkbnbjrs pjuvjmt ìtrj < - ajs ìjmejs ìjmejs bffgkbnbãrjs bffgkbnbãrjs ec`riâjs ec`riâjs aj n` ijstbgm ijstbgm aj egmtr`t egmtr`t aj k`bn 8 - gddrjur gu ajsajbmtjrfâab bmtjr fâab`brj `brjs s (pjrsgm (pjrsgmmj mjec`fp pcysbq pcysbquj) uj) ec`riâ ec`riâj j aj d`b d`brj rj rjmegmt rjm rjr ajf`majur ajf`manbfbtâ jur jt f`bsgm aj nge`tbgm. Nj a‒ètbgm aj ejs ajrmbjrs jstegmtrjr iâmâr`njfjmt ï

um qu`rtbjr gu umj egffumj. N‒bmdgrf`tbgm tr`btâj m‒jst p`s nj mbvjù au prbx aj nge`tbgm f`bs n` abddârjmej, jmtrj ajux a`tjs agmmâjs. _gur um typj aj ngijfjmt ngijfjmt agmmâ, njs qujstbgms qujstbgms ï pgsjr ï n‒ìjmt bffgkbnbjr bffgkbnbjr sgmt < - Pujstbgm Pujstbgm prânbfbm`brj prânbfbm`brj < pgur ej typj aj ngijfjmt, ngijfjmt, egfkbjm aj pjrsgmmjs pjrsgmmjs `vjz-vgus pnèâ

a`ms nj fgbs 7 ngijfjmt < - _gur ec`quj ngijfjmt 0. Pujnnjs Pujnnjs sgmt sgmt njs e`rètârbstbqu e`rètârbstbqujs js au ngijfjmt ngijfjmt 7 @ssurjz-vgus quj ejs e`rètârbstbqujs rjspjetjmt kbjm njs e`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ. ;. Pujn ât`bt ât`bt nj prbx prbx aj nge`tbgm nge`tbgm aj n‒`mebjm n‒`mebjm nge`t`br nge`t`brj j7 5. Pujn jst nj nj prbx au mguvjù mguvjù nge`t`b nge`t`brj rj 7

5;

1. _jma`mt _jma`mt egfkbjm egfkbjm aj fgbs n` f`bsgm f`bsgm jst-jnnj jst-jnnj rjstâj rjstâj vba vbaj j7 :. Aur`mt ejttj pârbgaj, pârbgaj, ajs tr`vùx tr`vùx aj râdjetbgm râdjetbgm gmt-bns gmt-bns âtâ jxâeutâs jxâeutâs 7 4. Ejs tr`vùx tr`vùx sgmt-bns sgmt-bns susejptbkn susejptbknjs js aj d`brj ec`mijr ec`mijr nj prbx prbx aj nge`tbgm nge`tbgm 7 Ub njs tr`vùx aj râdjetbgm jddjetuâs sgmt aj m`turj ï jxpnbqujr njs âvgnutbgms aj prbx egmst`tâs, ajs egrrjetbgms aj n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ agbvjmt ìtrj `ppnbquâjs pgur rjtrguvjr nj kgm prbx aj râdârjmej. Nj qujstbgmm`brj (pìj subv`mt) pjrfjt aj rjpgrtjr njs bmdgrf`tbgms egnnjetâjs. _gur ec`quj v`rbâtâ, jnnj jst âabtâj ec`quj fgbs ù mgfkrj a‒ìjmts bffgkbnbjrs rjtjmus. Nj qujstbgmm`brj sj prâsjmtj egffj subt < - Mgf Mgf au pgbm pgbmtt a‒gk a‒gksj sjrv rv`t `tbg bgm m < bn s‒ì s‒ìbtbt au mg mgf f aj n‒ìj n‒ìjmt mt bf bffgk fgkbnbnbj bjrr gu aj n‒ì n‒ìjm jmej ej bffgkbnbãrj. - E`rètârbstb E`rètârbstbqujs qujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj < bn s‒ìbt s‒ìbt aj prâebsjr s‒bn s‒ìb s‒ìbtt a‒umj pjrsgmmj pcysbquj pcysbquj

gu fgr`nj jt aj prâebsjr sb jnnj pjut ìtrj rjtrguvâj ï um jmargbt dbxj gu mgm. R rjpgrtjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms iâgir`pcbqujs mâejss`brjs ï s` nge`nbs`tbgm. - Egaj Egaj au _T < bmabqujr bmabqujr nj egaj egaj au typj aj pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. Bn s‒ìbt s‒ìbt beb a‒um typj < « @ut @utrjs rjs

pgbmt aj vjmtj ¸. - E`rèt E`rètârb ârbstb stbquj qujss gknbi`tg gknbi`tgbrj brjss aj n` v`r v`rbât bâtâ â < bn s‒` s‒ìbt ibt ajs e`rètâ e`rètârbs rbstbq tbqujs ujs pcysbqu pcysbquj j aj n`

v`rbâtâ. Mj sjrgmt p`s egmejrmâjs njs e`rètârbstbqujs aj nge`nbs`tbgm. - E`rètârbstb E`rètârbstbqujs qujs au ngijfjmt < y rjpgrtjr rjpgrtjr tgutj bmdgrf`tbgm p`rtbeunbãrj p`rtbeunbãrj qub pjrfjttr`bt pjrfjttr`bt ùx

ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej a‒`pprâebjr n‒âvgnutbgm au prbx rjnjvâj. - _rbx F-0 < prbx aj n‒`mebjm nge`t`brj. nge`t`brj. - _rbx F < prbx prbx au mguvjù nge`t`brj. - Gksjrv`tbgms Gksjrv`tbgms < y rjpgrtjr rjpgrtjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms rjn`tbvjs ï n` aurâj a‒bmgeeup`tbgm a‒bmgeeup`tbgm aj n`

f`bsgm, njs tr`vùx aj râdjetbgm jddjetuâj, jte.

55

PZJUQBGMM@B[J @IJMQU BFFGKBNBJ[U @mmâj Fgbs

Mgf au pgbmt a‒gksjrv`tbgm

Egaj jmquìtjur <

E`rètârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Mgf Jmquìtjur < Egaj supjrvbsjur <

Egaj _T

Mgf Uupjrvbsjur <

M¿ _T

Bmtbtunâ aj n` v`rbâtâ

E`rètârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ

Gfbssbgms Egaj v`rbâtâ

M¿

E`r `rè èttâr ârbbstbq bqu ujs ajs ajs ngijfj ijfjm mts

_rbx F-0

_rbx F

0 ; 5 1 : 4 9 3 2 0? 00 0; 05 01 0: Gksjrv`tbgms

51

Gksjr sjrv`t v`tbgms gms

U`bsbj ajs agmmâjs <

N` sjegmaj v`rbâtâ jst tr`btâj egffj um « t`rbd ¸ gu umj v`rbâtâ `vje umj sjunj sârbj. _gur ec`quj v`rbâtâ, v`rbât â, umj sjunj agmmâj jst s`bsbj p`r fgbs. Bn s‒ìbt aj n‒bmabej n‒bmabej fgyjm fjmsujn e`neunâ ï p`rtbr aj n` djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn. _gur n‒`mmâj aj k`sj n‒bmabej sjr` bmbtb`nbsâ ï 0??. Jm a‒ùtrjs, tjrfjs, n‒bmbtb`nbs`tbgm ajs v`rbâtâs typjs aj ngijfjmt agmmj nbju ï erâ`tbgm, pgur ec`quj typj, aj ajux v`rbâtâs agmt n‒umj ùr` um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj sârbj jt n‒ùtrj umj sjunj sârbj. _gur n` prjfbãrj v`rbâtâ, ej sgmt njs fgmt`mts ajs ngyjrs qub sjrgmt s`bsbs 8 pgur n` sjegmaj ej sgmt njs bmabejs, e`neunâs ï p`rtbr aj n` f`qujttj Jxejn qub sgmt s`bsbs. _gmaâr`tbgm <

Njs pgmaâr`tbgms aj ec`quj typj aj ngijfjmt pgurr`bjmt ìtrj gktjmujs ï p`rtbr aj n‒JAF gu tgutj ùtrj ùt rj sgurej sgurej egffj egffj njs rjejmsjfjm rjejmsjfjmts ts iâmârù iâmârùxx aj pgpun` pgpun`tbgm tbgm jt aj n‒c n‒c`kb `kbt`t. t`t. Bn dùar` dùar` jmsubt jmsubtj j ecjr ec jrecj ecjrr ï âe âen` n`tjr tjr ejtt ejttj j pgmaâ pgmaâr` r`tbtbgm gm jmtr jmtrj j njs njs ajux ajux v` v`rbâ rbâtâ tâs. s. N` enâ enâ aj râp`r râp`rtbt tbtbgm bgm aj ajvr` vr` ìt ìtrj rj sgbimjusjfjmt âtuabâj. Jm jddjt, sb n‒gm egmsbaãrj, sur M ngijfjmts, gm ` M 0 nj mgfkrj aj ngijfjmts `vje nj fìfj geeup`mt tgutj n‒`mmâj, jt M-M 0, nj mgfkrj aj ngijfjmt ec`mij`mts a‒geeup`mts. Jm d`bs`mt `kstrètbgm ajs mbvjùx ajs ngyjrs (qub ajvr`bjmt ìtrj pnus gu fgyjms cgfgiãmjs), `ngrs, nj pgbas aj n` prjfbãrj v`rbâtâ sjr` M0/M jt nj pgbas aj n` sjegmaj v`rb v`rbâtâ âtâ au typj jst (M-M0)/M. Ejs v`njurs M, M0 pgurrgmt ìtrj gktjmujs ï p`rtbr aj n‒jxpngbt`tbgm ajs r`ppgrts tjecmbqujs aj n‒JAF gu tgutj ùtrj sgurej.

Dbecj 5 < Ujrvbej aj tânâpcgmbj _rbmebpjs jt aâdbmbtbgm < Gm utbnbsj nj prbmebpj qu'bn y ` ajs egmsgff`tjurs-typjs qub ècãtjmt aj n` fìfj d`égm njs sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj (dbxj gu fgkbnj) jt njs `ddjetjmt ï ajs `ppjns qub pjuvjmt ìtrj sebmaâs jm "cjurj mgrf`nj fìfj gpâr`tjur", "cjurj erjusj fìfj gpâr`tjur", "cjurj mgrf`nj, zgmj 0", jte. Ejs `ppjns, su subv bv`m `mtt aj ajss aj ajst stbm bm`t `tbg bgms ms jt ajs ajs zg zgmj mjss eg egms mstbtbtu tujm jmtt mg mgss v` v`rb rbât âtâs âs.. Ub n‒gm n‒gm aâ aâdbdbmb mbtt tr trgb gbss zg zgmj mjss iâgir`pcbqujs jxtârbjurjs (\gmj 0 < @utrjs p`ys aj n‒ZJFG@ 8 \gmj ; < _`ys `drbe`bms cgrs zgmj ZJFG@ 8 \gmj 5 < [jstj au fgmaj), njs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs pjuvjmt ìtrj < -

@ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, fìfj gpâr`tjur 8

-

@ppjn cjurj erjusj, fìfj gpâr`tjur 8

-

@ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur vjrs um ùtrj 8

-

@ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur vjrs vjrs \gmj 0 8

-

@ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur vjrs vjrs \gmj ; 8

-

@ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur vjrs \gmj 5.

Gm pjut funtbpnbjr njs v`rbâtâs jm dgmetbgm aj n` egfpnjxbtâ ajs gddrjs.... Nj prbx jddjetbd egmstbtuj pgur mgus beb n` k`sj aj egfp`r`bsgm jt mgm p`s njs prbx aâen`râs gu gddbebjns. Njs v`rbâtâs agmmjmt nbju ï n` erâ`tbgm aj sârbjs agmt nj mgfkrj aâpjma au mgfkrj a'gpâr`tjurs aj tânâpcgmbj tânâpc gmbj fgkbnj (5 a`ms n'jxjfpnj), n'jxjfpnj), _gur um p`ys `vje trgbs gpâr`tjurs aj tânâpcgmbj fgkbnj jt trgbs zgmjs iâgir`pcbqujs, njs sârbjs sj prâsjmtjmt egffj subt < T`rbâtâ 0 < -

@ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

@ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

@ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur 5 8

T`rbâtâ ; < -

@ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

@ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

@ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur 5 8

5:

T`rbâtâ 5 < -

@ppjn gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 5 8

-

Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; vjrs gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; vjrs gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 5 8

-

Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

Gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs Gpâr`tjur ;.

T`rbâtâ 5, v`rbâtâ 1 jt v`rbâtâ : 8 -

@ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs \gmj S 8

-

@ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur ; vjrs \gmj S 8

-

@ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs \gmj S

Ajs à`pt`tbgms à`pt`tbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj râ`nbsâjs, râ`nbsâjs, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj pgur prjmarj jm egfptj njs `ppjns aj tânâpcgmj fgkbnj vjrs njs tânâpcgmjs dbxjs.

Fbsj jm pnèj < _gur fjttrj jm pnèj n` fâtcgagngibj, bn dùt rjecjrecjr njs bmdgrf`tbgms subv`mtjs < -

njs prgdbns-typj prgdbns-typjss ajs egmsgff`tjurs. egmsgff`tjurs. Ej prgdbn pjut ìtrj jstbfâ jstbfâ ï p`rtbr p`rtbr a‒umj jmquìtj nâiãrj

-

ùprãs ajs egmsgff`tjurs aj sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj 8 n` p`rt ajs abddârjmt abddârjmtjs js egff`majs egff`majs (p`s dgreâfjmt dgreâfjmt njs e`rtjs) e`rtjs) a`ms nj ecbddrj ecbddrj a‒`dd`b a‒`dd`brj rj aj n‒jmtrjprbsj

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jt n` p`rt ajs f`recâs aj ec`quj ec`quj gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur gu irgupj a'gpâr`tjurs a'gpâr`tjurs (a`ms (a`ms nj e`s ajs e`kbmjs tânâpcgmbqujs).

Egnnjetj, s`bsbj jt tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs < Ajux ânâfjmts pjuvjmt ec`mijr a`ms nj tjfps< nj prbx umbt`brj jt njs kgmus èegraâs. N` s`bsbj jt nj tr`btjfjmt ajs sjrvbejs sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj tânâpcgmbj fgkbnj sj d`bt ï p`rtbr aj n` djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn. Gm prjma jm egfptj, a`ms njs tr`btjfjmts, njs « kgmus ¸ c`kbtujns `bmsb quj ajs kgmus spâebùx èegraâs ngrs a‒âvâmjfjmts gu a`ms nj eàrj aj str`tâibjs egffjreb`njs ajs gpâr`tjurs. _`r mbvjù aj egff`maj, gm rjecjrecj njs bmdgrf`tbgms subv`mtjs < -

prbx gddbebjn a‒umj fbmutj aj egffumbe`tbgm egffumbe`tbgm 8

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Kgmus c`kbtujn c`kbtujn < pgur pgur ec`quj ajstbm`tbg ajstbm`tbgm m ajs `ppjns, mgfkrj mgfkrj aj lgurs aj kgmus. kgmus. U‒bn m‒y ` p`s p`s aj kgmus spâeb`n, ej mgfkrj jst âi`n ù mgfkrj aj lgurs au fgbs fgbms njs lgurs aj kgmus spâeb`n 8

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Kgmus spâeb`n < pgur ec`quj ajstbm`tbgm ajs `ppjns, mgfkrj aj lgurs aj kgmus.

Ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sgmt gktjmujs sgbt ù mbvjù ajs gpâr`tjurs tânâpcgmbqujs, sgbt ù mbvjù ajs `kgmmâs, `kgmmâ s, ngrsquj njs kgmus sgmt `mmgmeâs. @uprãs ajs `kgmmâs, `kgmmâs, n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs agbt sj d`brj ï tgut tjfps. Jm dbm aj fgbs, gm rjnãvj njs fìfjs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms ùprãs aj n‒gpâr`tjur n‒gpâr`tjur pgur egmdbrfjr. N` f`qujttj pjrfjt aj e`neunjr ùtgf`tbqujfjmt nj prbx umbt`brj aj ec`quj v`rbâtâ, p`r gpâr`tjur. Bn mj rjstj qu‒ï njs s`bsbr a`ms n‒`ppnbe`tbgm. Zmj djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn agbt ìtrj prâvu pgur ec`quj gpâr`tjur aj tânâpcgmbj, dbxj gu fgkbnj. A`ms ejrt`bms ejrt`b ms e`s aj n` tânâpcgmbj tânâpcgmbj dbxj ù Uâmâi`n, Uâmâi`n, bn pjut ìtrj mâejss`brj a'ân`kgrjr a'ân`kgrjr umj f`qujttj qujnquj pju abddârjmtj tgut jm rjspjet`mt n` pcbngsgpcbj iâmâr`nj.

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Dbecj 1< Jù/ ânjetrbebtâ _rbmebpj < Ugbt um p`ys a`ms njqujn n‒ânjetrbebtâ (gu n‒jù) jst dèturâj sjngm trgbs tr`mecjs aj t`bnnjs Q0, Q; jt Q5, dèturâjs ùx prbx umbt`brjs _0, _;, _5. @ ejs prbx, s‒`lgutjmt nj egøt aj n‒`kgmmjfjmt E jt ejnub aj n` nge`tbgm nge`tb gm au egfptjur egfptjur N jt abvjrs dr`b jt t`xjs. Uj egmtjmtjr aj rjnjvjr nj prbx ajs trgbs tr`mecjs (gu a‒umj, gu aj ajux) jst bmsuddbs`mt < sb n` t`bnnj ajs tr`mecjs ec`mij, ejn` m‒jst p`s prbs jm egfptj a`ms nj rjnjvâ. Ub nj prbx aj n‒`kgmmjfjmt gu ejnub aj n` nge`tbgm jst fgabdbâ, ejn` mj sj tràubt p`s mgm pnus a`ms nj rjnjvâ. _gur fjsurjr nj prbx aj n‒ânjetrbebtâ, bn jst agme mâejss`brj a‒bmtrgaubrj n` mgtbgm aj egmsgff`tbgm dbetbvj. Jm râ`nbtâ, ejttj egmsgff`tbgm m‒` rbjm aj dbetbd, e‒jst pnutñt nj fâmìj qub jddjetuj ejttj egmsgff`tbgm qub jst dbetbd. _gur ej d`brj, mgus `nngms rjprjmarj rjprjmarj n` tjecmbquj aj n‒âec`mtbnn n‒âec`mtbnngmmìj. gmmìj. N‒umbvjrs N‒umbvjrs jst egmstbtuâ a‒ùt`mt aj sârbjs « ânjetrbebtâ ¸ qu‒bn y ` aj egmsgff`tbgms ânjetrbqujs aj fâmìjs. Gm v` jm nbfbtjr nj mgfkrj jm um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒bmtjrv`nnjs jt njur `ddjetjr umj pgmaâr`tbgm jm dgmetbgm ajs râsunt`ts aj n‒jmquìtj aâpjmsjs ajs fâmìjs.

Fbsj jm pnèj < _gur fjttrj jm pnèj n` fâtcgagngibj, gm sebmaj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâmìjs jm bmtjrv`nnjs. _gur ec`q ec `quj uj bm bmtj tjrv` rv`nnnnj j aj egmsg egmsgff` ff`tbtbgm gm,, gm jstb jstbfj fj nj ec ecbdbddrj drj a‒ a‒`dd `dd`b `brj rj râ râ`n `nbs bsâ â p` p`rr n‒gpâ n‒gpâr` r`tju tjur, r, gu abrjet abrjetjfjm jfjmt, t, n` p`rt p`rt aj f`recâ f`recâ aj n‒jmtr n‒jmtrjprb jprbsj sj a`ms nj ecbddrj ecbddrj a‒`dd`b a‒`dd`brj rj tgt tgt`n `n râ`nbs râ`nbsâ â ùprãs ùprãs ajs fâmìjs.

Egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs Njs agmmâjs ï egnnjetj ec`quj fgbs sgmt < -

njs prbx umbt`brjs aj ec`quj tr`mecj 8

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njs kgrmjs kgrmjs gu gu nbfbtjs nbfbtjs aj ec`quj tr`mecj 8

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njs ùtrjs egøts < t`xj egffum`n, rjajv`mej, jte.

Dbecj : < @utrjs t`rbds N` spâebdbebtâ au tr`btjfjmt ajs t`rbds, jmtjmau a`ms um sjms n`rij egffj njs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs agmt njs prbx, `ppnbquâs ï n‒jmsjfknj aj n` pgpun`tbgm au ec`fp aj n‒bmabej ec`mij ï ajs a`tjs egmmujs, jst quj n` a`tj au ec`mijfjmt aj prbx jst prbsj jm egfptj pgur nj e`neun au prbx fgyjm au fgbs. Bn s‒ìbt p`r jxjfpnj ajs prbx ajs lgurmùx qugtbabjms. N` v`rbâtâ jst aâdbmbj egffj tjnnj.sgmt F`bs, nj prbx a`ms s`bsb jst prbx fgyjm e`neunâ ù prgr`tàutjfpgrbs. @ussb, njs sârbjs egrrjspgma`mtjs en`ssâjs njs nj e`rmjts aj n` ajrmbãrj sjf`bmj fgbs aj egnnjetj. egnnj etj. Jm pnus au prbx, gm rjnãvj âi`njfjmt n` a`tj aj ec`mijfjmt ec`mijfjmt aj t`rbds.

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Manuel Du Superviseur

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