Manuel Du Superviseur

 

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0

 

UGFF@B[J EC@_BQ[J 0 _[BMEB_JU AJ N‒BMABEJ N‒BMABEJ C@[FGMBUJ C@[FGMBUJ AJU _[BS @ N@ EGMUGFF@QBGM EGMUGFF@QBGM JQ  @[ECBQJEQZ[J AJU EGMEJ_QU EGMEJ_QU ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 5 B. PZ‒JUQ-EJ PZ‒JUQ-EJ PZ‒ZM PZ‒ZM BMABEJ BMABEJ AJU _[BS @ N@ EGMU EGMUGFF@QBG GFF@QBGM M 7.............. 7.................... ............ ............ ............ ........... ..... 5 B.0. A   DBMBQBGM ...................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ............................................................. 5 B.;. GKLJQ AJ N‒BMABE BMABEJ J AJU AJU _[BS N@ E EGMUG GMUGFF@Q FF@QBGM BGM ......................................................................... 5 B.5. _[BMEB_J A‒  N@KG[@QBGM A‒ZM BMABEJ BMABEJ AJU _[BS N@ EGM EGMUGFF UGFF@QBG @QBGM M ............................................ 5 0.0.1. PZ‒JUQ-EJ PZJ N‒BC_E 7 ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 1 0.0.:. EC@F_ QC G[BPZJ JQ EGZTJ[QZ[J AJ N‒BC_E ........................................................................ : BB. @[ECBQJEQZ @[ECBQJEQZ[J [J AJU EGMEJ_QU EGMEJ_QU < MGFJMEN@QZ[ MGFJMEN@QZ[JU JU ― T@[BJQJU T@[BJQJU ― UJ[BJUUJ[BJU_[GAZBQU JNJFJMQ@B[JU.............................................................................................................. 4 BB.0. T @[B Q U .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 4 BB.;. U   [BJ, EC[GMBPZJ, _[G _[GAZB AZBQ Q N FJMQ FJMQ@B[ @B[J J ........................................................................ .................................................................................. .......... 9 BB.5. MGFJMEN@QZ[J AJU _GBMQU A‒GKUJ[T@QBGM AJU _[BS................................................................. 9 BB.1. NJ EGMEJ_Q AJ _[BS ................................................................................................................... 3 EC@_BQ[J ; [GNJ AZ AZ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ AJ AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ JQ JQ E@NJMA[BJ[ E@NJMA[BJ[ AJU Q[@T@ZS.......... 2 B. [GNJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ Z[ AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ EGNNJEQJ ............ ................. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ...... 2 B.0. _[ _@[@QBGM A AJ J N@ EGNNJEQJ EGNNJEQJ AJU _[BS ................................................................ ....................................................................................... ....................... 2 B.;. EGNNJEQJ AJU _[ _[BS BS AJ EJ[Q@BMJU T@[B Q U EGF_NJSJU EGF_NJSJU ........................................................... 0? B.5. EGMQ[ NJ AJ N@ EG EGNNJE NNJEQJ QJ, UZ[ NJ QJ[[@BM JQ JM KZ[J@Z ........................................................ 0? B.1. UZBT ZBTBB AJ N@ PZ@N PZ@NBQ BQ AJ N‒  EC@MQBNNGMM@IJ AJU _[BS ................................................................ 00 B.:. N‒JS EZQBGM AJU G[A[JU AJ [JECJ[ECJ .......................................................................... .................................................................................. ........ 00 B.4. @ZQ[JU Q[@T@ZS _GMEQZJNU.................................................................... ..................................................................................................... ................................. 05 BB. EJ PZ‒BN D@ZQ _GZ[ _GZ[ JQ[J UZ_J[TBUJ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ Z[ AJ AJ N@ N@ EGNNJEQJ EGNNJEQJ AJU _[BS ........... ................ ........... ........ 05 BBB. TGQ[J [JU_GMU@K [JU_GMU@KNJ NJ NGE@N NGE@N AZ KZ[J@Z KZ[J@Z AJU AJU _[BS _[BS ........... ................. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ......... ... 05 BT. T.

E@NJMA[BJ[ AJU ........................................................................... ..................... Q[@T@BN Q[@T@BN JDDJEQBD JDDJE QBDQ[@T@ZS @T@MQ @T@MQ NJ................................................................................................ A F@[[@IJ F@[[@IJ AJ N@ UZ_J[TBUB UZ_J[TBUBGM........ GM............. ........... ............ ........... ......... .... 05 01 EC@_BQ[J 5 N@ UZ_J[TBUBGM AJU Q[@T@ZS........................................................................ Q[@T@ZS ................................................................................. ......... 0: B. _[BMEB_JU _[BMEB_JU AZ EGMQ[GNJ EGMQ[GNJ AJU Q[@T@ZS Q[@T@ZS ........... ................ ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ 0: BB. NJ UZBTB AJ N‒JMPZJQJZ[ N‒JMPZJQJZ[ UZ[ NJU _GBMQU AJ TJMQJ........... TJMQJ................ ........... ............ ............ ............ ........... .......... ..... 04 BBB. EGMQ[GNJ EGMQ[GNJ AJ QJ[[@BM...... QJ[[@BM ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ .. 04 BBB.0. EGMQ[ NJ @ _[BG[ _[BG[BB.................................................................... .................................................................................................................. .............................................. 04 BBB.;. EGMQ[ NJ @ _GUQJ[BG _GUQJ[BG[B [B ........................................................................ .......................................................................................................... .................................. 09 BT. EGMQ[GNJ JM KZ[J@Z...................................................................... KZ[J@Z ........................................................................................................ .................................. 02 BT.0. NJ EGM ....................................................................................................... ................................. 02 EGMQ[ Q[ NJ AJ N@ _J _JU U J ...................................................................... BT.;. NJ EGMQ[ NJ @ _GUQJ[BG[B _GUQJ[BG[B AJU PZJUQBGMM@B[JU PZJUQBGMM@B[JU.................................................................... ;? EC@_BQ[J 1 _[GKNJFJU EGZ[@MQU [JMEGMQ[JU _JMA@MQ N@ UZ_J[TBUBGM AJ N@ EGNNJE EGN NJEQJ QJ ;; B. _GBMQ AJ TJMQJ DJ[FJ...... DJ[FJ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ .. ;; BB. _[GAZBQU _[GAZBQU F@MPZ@MQU F@MPZ@MQU ............ .................. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ .. ;; BBB. @__@[BQBGM @__@[BQBGM AJ MGZTJNNJU MGZTJNNJU E@[@EQJ[B E@[@EQJ[BUQBPZJ UQBPZJU U AJU AJU _[GAZBQU _[GAZBQU ........... ................. ........... ........... ........ .. ;5 BT. T.

UGNAJU JQ [JFBUJU.............................................................. [JFBUJU............................................................................................................. ............................................... ;5 AJQ@BNN@MQU AJQ@B NN@MQU _JZ EGG_J[ EGG_J[@QBDU @QBDU ......... .............. ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... .......... ..... ;1 EC@_BQ[J : AJGMQGNGIBJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ AJ N‒JMPZJQJ _[BS ......................................... ;:  @MMJSJU........................................................................................................................  @MMJSJU.............................................. ................................................................................................ ...................... ;3  @MMJSJ 0 < PZJUQBGMM@B[JU AJ EGNNJEQJ AJU AGMMJJU ................................................................. ;2  @MMJSJ ; <  DBECJU FJQCGAGNGIBPZJU AJ UZBTB AJ EJ[Q@BMJU T@[BJQJU EGF_NJSJU ..... ........... ........... ........... ........ .. 5;

;

 

Ec`pbtrj 0 _[BMEB_JU Ec`pbtrj _[BMEB_JU AJ N‒BMA N‒BMABEJ BEJ C@[FGMB C@[FGMBUJ UJ AJU AJU _[BS _[BS @ N@ EGMUGFF@QBGM JQ @[ECBQJEQZ[J AJU EGMEJ_QU B.

PZ‒J PZ‒JUQ UQ-E -EJ J PZ‒Z PZ‒ZM M BM BMAB ABEJ EJ AJ AJU U _[ _[BS BS @ N@ EGMU EGMUGF GFF@ F@QB QBGM GM 7

B.0. Aâdbmbtbgm N'b N'bmab mabej ej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff` egmsgff`tbg tbgm m (B_E) (B_E) jst um bmstrufj bmstrufjmt mt aj fjsurj fjsurj aj n'b n'bmdn mdn`tb `tbgm. gm. Bn pjrfjt pjrfjt a'jstbfjr, jmtrj ajux pârbgajs agmmâjs, n` v`rb`tbgm fgyjmmj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts egmsgffâs p`r  njs fâm`ijs. E'jst umj fjsurj symtcâtbquj aj n'âvgnutbgm aj prbx ajs prgaubts, ï qu`nbtâ egmst`mtj. Bn pjut eguvrbr tgus njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs egmsgffâs p`r njs râsbajmts jt mgm râsbajmts. Nj ec`fp iâgir`pcbquj jst nj tjrrbtgbrj m`tbgm`n.

B.;. Gkljt aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm _nusbjurs utbnbs`tbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj d`btjs a‒um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm < •

  Egffj um bmabe`tjur a‒bmajx`tbgm

N‒bmajx`tbgm jst umj prgeâaurj pjrfjtt`mt a‒`uifjmtjr gu aj abfbmujr n` v`njur fgmât`brj aj ejrt`bms ejrt`b ms p`bjfjmts gu aj ejrt`bms ejrt`bms stgehs jm dgmetbgm dgmetbgm ajs fguvjfjmts fguvjfjmts aj ejrt`bms bmabejs bmabejs aj prbx. N‒gkljetbd aj n‒bmajx`tbgm aj rjssgurejs fgmât`brjs pjut ìtrj <  ―    F`bmtbjm au pguvgbr a‒`ec`t  ― 

  F`bmtbjm au mbvj`u aj vbj

Gm pjut `vgbr <  ― 

  Bmajx`tbgm ajs s`n`brjs

 ― 

  Bmajx`tbgm aj ejrt`bms tr`msdjrts sgeb`ux

 ― 

  Bmajx`tbgm ajs bmtârìts, ajs ngyjrs jt a‒`utrjs p`bjfjmts egmtr`etujns

 ― 

  Bmajx`tbgm ajs bfpñts

•

  Egffj aâdn`tjur ajs ir`majurs fgmât`brjs

D`utj aj fbjux, f bjux, gm utbnbsj njs B_E pgur egfp`rjr egfp`rjr ajs v`njurs v`njurs a‒umj `mmâj a‒umj ir`majur ir`majur fgmât` f gmât`brjs brjs `ux v`njurs a‒umj `utrj `mmâj, fìfj sb ejn` mj sj râdãrj p`s dgreâfjmt ï n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâm`ijs. •

  Egffj bmabe`tjur aj n‒bmdn`tbgm

Nj tjrfj  bmdn`tbgm  aâsbimj umj  `uifjmt`tbgm aur`knj, iâmâr`nj, jt `utg-jmtrjtjmuj ajs prbx  ajs kbjms jt ajs sjrvbejs. N'bmdn`tbgm jst `ussb e`r`etârbsâj p`r n'`eergbssjfjmt aj n` ebreun`tbgm aj n` fgmm`bj (f`ssj fgmât`brj). Nj  t`ux a'bmdn`tbgm  jst  iâmâr`njfjmt  fjsurâ ï p`rtbr aj n‒ Bmabe Bmabejj ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm  (B_E). •

  _gur nj p`ss`ij ajs v`njurs `ux vgnufjs ajs egfptjs m`tbgm`ux

•

  Egffj bmabe`tjur ajs tjmsbgms bmdn`tbgmmbstjs

B.5. _rbmebpj a‒ân`kgr`tbgm a‒um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm Egffj gm mj pjut p`s fjsurjr njs prbx aj tgus njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs prâsjmts sur nj f`recâ, gm prgeãaj p`r sgma`ij. N` fjsurj ajs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx s‒jddjetuj sur um âec`mtbnngm rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâm`ijs. Njs cypgtcãsjs aj k`sj aj n` egmstruetbgm aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm sgmt njs subv`mtjs <

5

 

Ugbjmt F kbjms jt sjrvbejs `ecjtâs a`ms umj zgmj agmmâj p`r njs fâm`ijs (âec`miâs jmtrj njs fâm`ijs jt njs vjmajurs) vjmajurs) ï n` pârbgaj ? jt ï n` pârbgaj t.  _ b ? , nj prbx au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj ? jst 8  _ bt  , nj prbx au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj t jst 8 Pb ? , n` qu`mtbtâ âec`miâj au kbjm m¿ b ï n` pârbgaj ? jst 8

N‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm aj n` pârbgaj egur`mtj t p`r r`ppgrt ï n` pârbgaj aj k`sj ? (`ppjnâ bmabej aj N`spjyrjs) jst <  _bt Pb ? B t /? 6 0   ?? 

b

, b v`rb`mt aj 0 ï F.

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Ejt bmabej pjut s‒âerbrj âi`njfjmt sgus n` dgrfj subv`mtj <

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 _b ? Pb ? jt   B bt /?    _ bt   _ b ?  _b ? Pb ? b

A`ms ejttj dgrfun`tbgm, `pp`r`bssjmt < -   Njs bmabejs bmabejs ânâfjmt`brjs ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs âec`miâs   B bt / ?   8

Ec`quj quj egjddbe egjddbebjm bjmtt -   Njs egjddbebjmts egjddbebjmts kuaiât`brjs kuaiât`brjs `tt`ecâs `ux bmabejs ânâfjmt`brjs ânâfjmt`brjs  b? . Ec` kuaiât`brj gu pgmaâr`tbgm rjprâsjmtj n` p`rt egmsgffâj p`r njs fâm`ijs jm kbjm b, p`r  r`ppgrt ï n‒jmsjfknj aj njur egmsgff`tbgm, v`ngrbsâj ï n` pârbgaj ?. Bn s‒`ibt agme aj pgmaâr`tbgms aâtjrfbmâjs ï n` pârbgaj aj k`sj ?.  @bmsb, um u m bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm jst umj jstbf`tbgm dgmaâj sur um âec`mtbnngm aj fâm`ijs pjrfjtt`mt a‒ât`knbr ajs pgmaâr`tbgms, um âec`mtbnngm aj zgmjs a`ms pnusbjurs râibgms (a`ms nj e`s a‒um bmabej ï eguvjrturj eguvjrturj iâgir`pcbquj iâgir`pcbquj m`tbgm`nj), m`tbgm`nj), um âec`mtbnngm âec`mtbnngm aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, um âec`mtbnngm âec`mtbnngm aj kbjms jt sjrvbejs, jt um âec`mtbnngm aj pârbgajs a‒gksjrv`tbgms ajs prbx. Ejt âec`mtbnngm agbt ìtrj rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâm`ijs sgus njs `spjets < prgaubt, pgbmt aj vjmtj, a`tj aj rjnjvâ. @utrjfjmt abt, n‒gm mj prjma jm egfptj quj ejrt`bms prgaubts `ecjtâs a`ms ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj aâtjrfbmâs aâtjrfbmâs jt ï umj a`tj agmmâj. Njs prbx aj ejt âec`mtbnngm sgmt subvbs fjmsujnnjfjmt. Njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx sgmt `ngrs fjsurâjs jt `irâiâjs aj d`égm ï e`neunjr ajs âvgnutbgms fgyjmmjs p`r irgupjs aj prgaubts. N` fgyjmmj ingk`nj e`neunâj jst n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm. Nj rjmguv rjmguvjn jnnj njfjm fjmtt egmtb egmtbmu mu aj ajss prga prgaub ubts ts sur sur nj f`rec f`recâ â `fãmj `fãmj ï pr prge geâaj âajrr ï aj ajss `l `lus ustj tjfjm fjmts ts < ngrsqu‒um prgaubt absp`r`ít, bn jst prgeâaâ ï sgm rjfpn`ejfjmt a`ms n‒âec`mtbnngm 8 ngrsqu‒um mguvj`u prgaubt `pp`r`ít âi`njfjmt, bn agbt ìtrj bmsârâ a`ms nj p`mbjr, sjngm ajs prgeâaurjs prâebsjs aâdbmbjs a`ms nj iubaj fâtcgagngibquj aj n‒BC_E.

0.0.1. Pu‒jst-ej quj n‒BC_E 7 N‒bmabej c`rfgmbsâ ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm (BC_E) bmst`urâ a`ms njs p`ys fjfkrjs aj n‒Zmbgm Jegmgfbquj jt Fgmât`brj Gujst - @drbe`bmj (ZJFG@), sjrt prbmebp`njfjmt ï fjsurjr njs v`rb`tbgms fgyjmmjs aj prbx a`ms njs âegmgfbjs m`tbgm`njs. Bn sjrt ï e`neunjr njs t`ux a‒bmdn`tbgm qub jst um ajs erbtãrjs aj prjfbjr r`mi a`ms nj e`arj aj n` survjbnn`mej funtbn`târ`nj.

1

 

Njs egmejpts jt n` fâtcgagngibj gmt âtâ ân`kgrâs aj f`mbãrj ï abspgsjr aj râsunt`ts utbnjs jt db`knjs.  @bmsb, n` egmsgff`tbgm prbsj jm egfptj jst ejnnj ajs fâm`ijs `drbe`bms mgm `ddjetâs a`ms ajs gri`mbsfjs bmtjrm`tbgm`ux râsba`mt a`ms n` e`pbt`nj. Aj pnus, ejs egmsgff`tbgms agbvjmt `vgbr d`bt n‒gkljt a‒um `ec`t sgus dgrfj fgmât`brj jt sur nj tjrrbtgbrj m`tbgm`n. _`r egmtrj, ejrt`bmjs aâpjmsjs aj egmsgff`tbgm gmt âtâ jxenujs jxenujs e`r prâsjmt`mt prâsjmt`mt trgp aj abddbeuntâs aj rjnjvâs jt/gu egrrjspgma`mt ï umj p`rt bmdbfj ajs aâpjmsjs. @ mgtjr qu‒bn mj d`ut p`s egmdgmarj njs aâpjmsjs aj egmsgff`tbgm jt njs bmvjstbssjfjmts < n‒`ec`t a‒umj f`bsgm jst um bmvjstbssjfjmt, p`s umj egmsgff`tbgm.  @ n‒`vjmbr, jmvbs`iâ njs p`ys n‒ZJFG@ n` eguvjrturj `uxtjstjrrbtgbrjs E' E'js jst-ï t-ï-a -abr brj jbn qu quj j tgus tgus a`ms njs njs fâm`i fâm `ijs js aj m`tb m`tbgm` gm`ux ux sjrgm sja‒âtjmarj rgmtt eg egme mejrm jrmâs âs,, pgur pgur tgutj tgu s nj njss aâpjm aâpm`tbgm`ux. jmsj sjss aj egmsgff`tbgms jddjetuâjs sur n‒jmsjfknj au p`ys.

0.0.:. Ec`fp tcâgrbquj jt eguvjrturj aj n‒BC_E Nj ec`fp tcâgrbquj aj n‒BC_E jst egmstbtuâ ajs aâpjmsjs fgmât`brjs aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj ajs fâm`ijs. N` aâpjmsj fgmât`brj aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj ajs fâm`ijs eguvrj n` aâpjmsj aj egmsgff`tbgm dbm`nj jddjetuâj < -   p`r njs fâm`ijs râsbajmts, bmaâpjma`ffjmt aj njur m`tbgm`nbtâ 8 -   sur nj nj tjrrbtgbrj âegmgfbquj au p`ys 8 -   a`ms ajs gpâr`tbgms fgmât`brjs 8 -   pgur pgur n‒` n‒`equb equbsbt sbtbgm bgm ajs kbjms kbjms jt sjrvbe sjrvbejs js sjrv sjrv`mt `mt ï s`tbsd` s`tbsd`brj brj abrjetjfjm abrjetjfjmtt njs kjsgbms kjsgbms

bmabvbaujns 8 -   `u egurs aj n` pârbgaj âtuabâj.

Ugmt jxenujs au ec`fp tcâgrbquj aj n'bmabej, njs aâpjmsjs subv`mtjs < tr`msdjrtss (egtbs` (egtbs`tbg tbgms ms sgeb`njs sgeb`njs jt bfpñts bfpñts sur nj rjvjmu jt nj p`trbfgbm p`trbfgbmj, j, agms agms jt -   njs tr`msdjrt sguserb sgu serbptb ptbgms, gms, pgurkgb pgurkgbrjs rjs jt ir`tbdb ir`tbdbe`t e`tbgm bgms, s, (sb ejnnjs-e ejnnjs-ebb mj d`ebnbt d`ebnbtjmt jmt p`s ir`majf ir`majfjmt jmt n‒gktjmtbgm a‒um kbjm gu a‒um sjrvbej)) 8 -   njs gpâr`tbgms a'bmvjstbssjfjmt (`ec`ts aj ngijfjmts) 8 -   n‒`ssur`mej-vbj 8 -   njs gpâr`tbgms dbm`mebãrjs jt jfprumts 8 -   njs gpâr`tbgms a'âp`rimj 8 -   njs gpâr`tbgms sur `etbds dbm`mebjrs 8 -   n` erâ`tbgm a‒um `etbd/p`ssbd dbm`mebjr 8 -   njs bfpñts bfpñt s abrjet abrjets, s, njs egtbs`tb egtbs8 `tbgms gms sgeb`njs sgeb`njs,, njs bmtârìts bmtârìts vjrsâs, vjrsâs, njs agms gu pjmsbg pjmsbgms ms vjrsâs ï a'`utrjs fâm`ijs -   nj njss aâ aâpjm pjmsj sjss ï tbtr tbtrj j prgdj prgdjss ssbg bgmmj mmjn,n, mgt`f mgt`ffjm fjmtt a` a`ms ms nj e` e`ar arj j prb prbme mebp bp`n `njfj jfjmt mt aj ajss

jmtrjprbsjs bmabvbaujnnjs. Gmt âtâ âi`njfjmt jxenus jm r`bsgm aj egmvjmtbgms bmtjrm`tbgm`njs jt ajs abddbeuntâs aj subvb < -   njs âec`mijs âec`mijs aj kbjms a'gee`sbgm jmtrj fâm`ijs 8 -   njs prgaubts a‒gee`sbgm a‒gee`sbgm sjfb-aur`knjs sjfb-aur`knjs bfpgrtâs (drbpjrbj, (drbpjrbj, ec`ussurjs ec`ussurjs a‒gee`sbgm, a‒gee`sbgm, jte.),

s`ud njs `eejssgbrjs `utgfgkbnjs 8 -   n'`utgegmsgff` n'`utgegmsgff`tbgm tbgm ajs fâm`ijs (prgaubts `nbfjmt`brjs `nbfjmt`brjs,, sjrvbejs aj ngijfjmt ngijfjmt pgur 

egfptj prgprj, jte.). Njs prbmebp`ux aâd`uts aj eguvjrturj, jm r`bsgm aj njur d`bknj pgbas a`ms n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâm`ijs jt/gu ï e`usj ajs abddbeuntâs a‒jstbf`tbgm ajs aâpjmsjs jt/gu au subvb ajs prbx ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs, pgrtjmt sur  -   njs sjrvbejs suksbab`brjs aj n'jmsjbimjfjmt (e`mtbmj, câkjrijfjmt, jte.),

:

 

-   njs sjrvbejs a'`etbgm sgeb`nj, -   ejrt`bms sjrvbejs rjn`tbds `u ngijfjmt (`ss`bmbssjfjmt), -   ejrt`bms ejrt`bms sjrvbejs sjrvbejs fâabe`ux (ngrsquj (ngrsquj njs aâpjmsjs aâpjmsjs sgmt jm tgt`nbtâ tgt`nbtâ prbsjs jm ec`rij p`r  p`r 

n‒Jt`t gu p`r ajs gri`mbsfjs puknbes a‒`ssur`mej s`mtâ), -   ejrt`bms kbjms pgur njs ngbsbrs jt n` eunturj (cgrtbeunturj jt `mbf`ux a'`irâfjmt). -   njs aâpjmsjs ajs fâm`ijs cgrs aj njur nbju aj râsbajmej.

N‒BC_E N‒BC_ E jst prgaubt prgaubt ï p`rtbr aj ajux typjs aj egnnjetj egnnjetj aj agmmâjs agmmâjs jddjetuâj ec`quj fgbs < -   n` egnnjetj egnnjetj râ`nbsâj sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm p`r um râsj`u a‒jmquìtjurs a‒jmquìtjurs eguv eguvr`mt r`mt n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj au ec`fp

iâgir`pcbquj 8 -   n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ejmtr`nbsâj ejmtr`nbsâj jddjetuâj jddjetuâj p`r ajs e`arjs e`arjs au sjrvbej jm ec`rij ec`rij aj n` prgauetbgm prgauetbgm aj

n‒bmabej a`ms njs Bmstbtuts m`tbgm`ux aj st`tbstbquj.

BB.

@[ECBQ @[ECBQJEQ JEQZ[J Z[J AJU EGM EGMEJ_ EJ_QU QU < MGFJME MGFJMEN@Q N@QZ[J Z[JU U ― T@[BJQJ T@[BJQJU U― UJ[BJU- _[GAZBQU JNJFJMQ@B[JU

Qgus njs prgaubt prgaubtss egmsgffâ egmsgffâss sgmt sgmt en`ssâ en`ssâss sjngm sjngm umj mgfjmen mgfjmen`tu `turj rj jm 0; dgmetbg dgmetbgms ms < n` MEG@ MEG@ (Mgfjmen`turj aj Egmsgff`tbgm Gujst @drbe`bmj). Ec`quj dgmetbgm jst sukabvbsâj jm irgupjs, sgusirgupjs jt pgstjs. Qgut prgaubt egmsgffâ jst `ddjetâ ï um pgstj jt um sjun aj n` mgfjmen`turj MEG@. _`r jxjfpnj, n` kgbtj aj s`rabmjs `pp`rtbjmt `u pgstj xx, sgus-irgupj xx, irgupj xx, dgmetbgm ?0 < @nbfjmt`tbgm. N` nbstj ajs dgmetbgms jt irgupjs utbnbsâs a`ms n‒BC_E dbiurj jm `mmjxj 0.

BB.0. T`rbâtâs Ec`quj pgstj jst rjprâsjmtâ p`r umj gu pnusbjurs v`rbâtâs. Zmj v`rbâtâ jst um jmsjfknj aj prgaubts gu aj sjrvbejs, aâdbmb aj f`mbãrj pnus gu fgbms n`rij jt `pp`rtjm`mt ï um fìfj pgstj. N‒jmsjfknj ajs v`rbâtâs a‒um pgstj jst um âec`mtbnngm aj ej pgstj. Njs v`rbâtâs sgmt aâerbtjs sjngm ajs e`r`etârbstbqujs strueturâjs. Jnnjs ajvr`bjmt sj egfpgsjr aj irgupjs aj kbjms jt sjrvbejs `ussb sbfbn`brjs quj pgssbknj. Ec`quj v`rbâtâ jst egfpgsâj a‒umj gu pnusbjurs sârbjs. N‒jmsjfknj ajs sârbjs a‒umj v`rbâtâ jst suppgsâ rjprâsjmt`tbd aj n` v`rbâtâ. Gm abstbmiuj ajux ir`majs d`fbnnjs aj v`rbâtâs < njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs jt njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs. Zmj v`rbâtâ cgfgiãmj jst umj v`rbâtâ a`ms n`qujnnj njs prgaubts sgmt trãs prgecjs njs ums ajs `utrjs. Zm prgaubt aj ejttj v`rbâtâ pjut `bsâfjmt sj sukstbtujr ï um `utrj aj n` fìfj v`rbâtâ. Nj rbz jm vr`e vjmau `u hbng `u f`recâ jst um jxjfpnj aj v`rbâtâ cgfgiãmj. Njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs pjuvjmt ìtrj aj trgbs typjs < -

G0 sb jnnjs sgmt vjmaujs vjmaujs jm jm umbtâs umbtâs st`ma`ra, st`ma`ra, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj nj hbng, nj nbtrj, nbtrj, jte. jte.

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G; sb jnnjs jnnjs sgmt sgmt vjmauj vjmaujss jm umbtâs umbtâs mgm st`ma` st`ma`ra ra bajmtb bajmtbqujs qujs,, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj n` kgítj kgítj aj aj n`bt Mjstnâ pgur njs `r`ecbajs, jte.

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G5 a`ms a`ms njs `utrj `utrjss e`s. _`r _`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj,, njs tgf`tj tgf`tjss vjmaujs vjmaujs `u t`s, t`s, nj pgunj pgunjtt vbv`mt vbv`mt ï n‒umbtâ, jte.

Njs `utrjs v`rbâtâs sgmt `ppjnâjs câtârgiãmjs. Njs prgaubts qub rjprâsjmtjmt umj v`rbâtâ pjuvjmt ìtrj `ssjz abssjfkn`knjs. N‒`utgfgkbnj c`ut aj i`ffj jst um jxjfpnj aj v`rbâtâ câtârgiãmj. _`rfb njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs, gm abstbmiuj njs v`rbâtâs grabm`brjs, njs t`rbds jt njs ngyjrs. Njs t`rbds sgmt rjn`tbds rjn`tbds ï ajs prbx pr`tbquâs umbdgrfâfjmt umbdgrfâfjmt sur nj tjrrbtgbrj jt d`bs`mt n‒gkljt n‒gkljt a‒umj egnnjetj egnnjetj ejmtr`nbsâj. Njs ngyjrs sgmt njs ngyjrs jddjetbvjfjmt `equbttâs p`r njs fâm`ijs. Bns sgmt subvbs `uprãs a‒`ijmts bffgkbnbjrs pgur njs ngijfjmts ec`mij`mt a‒geeup`mt `bmsb qu‒`uprãs a‒um âec`mtbnngm aj ngijfjmts.

4

 

Njs v`rbâtâs grabm`brjs sgmt tgutjs njs v`rbâtâs qub mj sgmt mb ajs t`rbds, mb ajs ngyjrs. Jnnjs pjuvjmt ìtrj en`ssâjs sjngm a‒`utrjs erbtãrjs âegmgfbqujs egffj p`r jxjfpnj njs « kbjms aur`knjs ¸ sb jnnjs egrrjspgmajmt egrrjsp gmajmt ï ajs prgaubts f`mud`eturâs, f`mud`eturâs, jm iâmâr`n tjecmbqujs, tjecmbqujs, `y`mt umj aurâj aj vbj ngmiuj, ngmiuj, jt egfprjm`mt aj mgfkrjusjs e`r`etârbstbqujs egffj njs `utgfgkbnjs, nj fgkbnbjr, jte. Egmsâqujmejs aj ejttj en`ssbdbe`tbgm < -

nj prbx prbx fgyjm fgyjm ajs sârb sârbjs js a‒umj a‒umj v`rbât v`rbâtâ â cgfgiãmj cgfgiãmj ` um sjms sjms.. Nj hbng hbng aj rbz jm jm vr`e v`ut jm fgyjmmj 59: DED@.

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Nj prbx prbx fgyjm a‒umj a‒umj v`rbât v`rbâtâ â câtârgiã câtârgiãmj mj m‒` p`s aj sj sjms ms < nj prbx fgyjm fgyjm au fgkbnbj fgkbnbjr  r  aj f`bsgm m‒` `ueumj sbimbdbe`tbgm.

BB.;. Uârbj, ecrgmbquj, prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj Zm prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj, jst um `rtbenj `pp`rtjm`mt ï umj v`rbâtâ jt subvb a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj. Bn jst aâerbt aj f`mbãrj trãs prâebsj jt subvb a`ms nj tjfps. Ngrsqu‒um Ngrsqu‒um `rtbenj absp`r`ít, bn jst rjfpn`eâ rjfpn`eâ p`r um `u `utr trj j `rtbe `rtbenj nj.. @ umj ecrgm ecrgmbq bquj uj sueeã sueeãaj aj ag agme me umj umj `u `utrj trj ec ecrgm rgmbq bquj. uj. E‒js E‒jstt ejt jm jmec` ec`ímj ímjfjm fjmtt aj ecrgmbqujs qub jst `ppjnâ sârbj. N` prâebsbgm aj n` ajserbptbgm aj n` ecrgmbquj agbt ìtrj tjnnj qu‒um `ijmt qujnegmquj qujnegmquj au kurj`u ajs prbx agbt pguvgbr rjtrguvjr jx`etjfjmt n‒`rtbenj n‒`rtbenj egrrjspgma`mt ï ejttj ecrgmbquj umbqujfjmt ï tr`vjrs sgm ajserbptbd < pgbmt aj vjmtj, e`r`etârbstbqujs aj n` v`rbâtâ, ajserbptbd  aj n` ecrgmbquj. _gur ajs r`bsgms a‒c`rfgmbs`tbgm au vge`kun`brj `u mbvj`u bmtjrm`tbgm`n, gm ` tjma`mej aâsgrf`bs ï p`rnjr aj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj jm nbju jt pn`ej aj ecrgmbquj. U`ud jxejptbgm, bn mj pjut y `vgbr ajux sârbjs a‒umj fìfj v`rbâtâ a`ms nj fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj.

BB.5. Mgfjmen`turj ajs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx Nj pgbmt aj vjmtj ajs prgaubts pjut ìtrj um d`etjur aj abddârjmej bfpgrt`mtj aj njurs prbx. _`r  jxjfpnj, um egstufj vjmau a`ms um supjrf`recâ pjut `vgbr um mbvj`u jt umj âvgnutbgm aj prbx abddârjmts au fìfj egstufj vjmau a`ms um f`recâ. Bn egmvbjmt agme quj n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj sgbt `ssurâj. N‒jmsjfknj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj aj n` zgmj aj rjnjvâs rjtjmuj jst strueturâ jm en`ssjs cgfgiãm N‒jmsjfknj cgfgiãmjs js gu typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj. A`ms ec`eum aj ejs typjs sgmt fbs jm pn`ej ajs âec`mtbnngms aj pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm. N` mgfjmen`turj ajs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx  jst prâsjmtâj jm ajux mbvj`ux.

Nj mbvj`u « e`tâigrbj aj pgbmts aj vjmtj ¸, ï um ecbddrj, egfprjma ebmq e`tâigrbjs < 0. f`i`sbms f`i`sbms aj aj aât`bn aât`bn spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs 8 ;. f`i`sbms f`i`sbms aj aj aât`bn aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs 8 5. egffjrej cgrs f`i`sbm aj aât`bns aât`bns 1. `utrjs f`i`sbms f`i`sbms jt prjst`t`brjs prjst`t`brjs aj sjrvbejs sjrvbejs 8 :. `u `utr trjs js..

Nj mb mbvj` vj`u u « typj typj aj pg pgbm bmts ts aj vjmt vjmtjj ¸, ï um ecbd ecbddr drj, j, egfp egfpgr grtj tj 2 typj typjss en`s en`ssâ sâss a`ms a`ms njs njs e`tâigrbjs egffj subt < 0.

  F`i`sbms aj aât`bns spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs < 0.0. 0.0. 0.;.. 0.;

Ir`m Ir`mas as f`i` f`i`sb sbms ms 8 Kgutbqu Kgutbqujs js (f`i`sb (f`i`sbm) m) spâeb` spâeb`nbs nbsâs âs

;.

  F`i`sbms aj aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs <

5.

;.0.. ;.0 Uupjrf` Uupjrf`recâ recâss jt cypjrf` cypjrf`recâ recâss 8 ;.;. ;.;. F`i`sbm F`i`sbm aj irgs8 irgs8 f`i`sbm f`i`sbm ï prb prbxx râaubts râaubts 8 ;.5. Fbmb-f`recâ, Fbmb-f`recâ, kgutbquj kgutbquj aj st`tbgm st`tbgm sjrvbej, sjrvbej, hbgsquj, hbgsquj, f`i`sbm aj prgxbfbtâ prgxbfbtâ 8   Egffjrej cgrs f`i`sbm f`i`sbm aj aât`bn 9

 

5.0. 5.;. 5.;. 1.

  _rjst`t`brjs aj sjrvbejs jt `utrjs `utrjs f`i`sbms jt 1.0. 1.0. 1.;.. 1.;

:.

F`i`sbms F`i`sbms aj aât`bn mgm spâeb`nbsâs spâeb`nbsâs (ï n‒bmtârbjur n‒bmtârbjur gu ï n‒jxtârb n‒jxtârbjur jur aj f`recâs) F`re F`recâ câ (guvj (guvjrt rtss gu eguv eguvjr jrts) ts) 8 Ugebât Ugebâtâs âs aj sjrvbej sjrvbejss spâeb` spâeb`nbs nbsâs âs prb prbvâs vâs 8 Ugebât Ugebâtâs âs aj sjrvbej sjrvbejss puknbe puknbess jt p`r`pu p`r`puknb knbes es 8

  @utrjs :.0.Fâm`ij 8 :.;.@utrj :.;. @utrjss pgbmts aj vjmtj m.a.`.

BB.1. Nj egmejpt aj prbx Njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm gmt pgur vge`tbgm aj fjsurjr njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx pur, e'jstï-abrj jm aâi`ij`mt njs jddjts aj ec`mijfjmt aj qu`nbtâ aj prgaubts. Bn y ` abddârjmej aj prbx ngrsquj ajs kbjms gu sjrvbejs, jm tgus pgbmts bajmtbqujs, sgmt vjmaus ï ajs prbx abddârjmts `u fìfj fgfjmt. Abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj pjuvjmt vjmarj jx`etjfjmt nj fìfj prgaubt ï ajs prbx abddârjmts gu nj fìfj prgaubt pjut ìtrj vjmau ï p`rtbr a‒um sjun jt fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj ï ajs e`tâigrbjs abddârjmtjs aj enbjmts ï ajs prbx abddârjmts. Njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm agbvjmt rjmarj egfptj aj n‒jxpârbjmej ajs egmsgff`tjurs `uxqujns bn sj r`ppgrtj jt agbt agme d`brj ât`t ajs prbx quj ejs ajrmbjrs p`bjmt pgur njs kbjms jt sjrvbejs qub jmtrjmt a`ms nj ec`fp aj n‒bmabej. @ussb, njs prbx utbnbsâs a`ms n‒BC_E sgmt njs prbx gddjrts p`r njs vjmajurs gu jddjetbvjfjmt p`yâs p`r njs fâm`ijs (e`s au ngyjr jt ajs sjrvbejs agfjstbqujs) pgur `equârbr ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs bmabvbaujns a`ms nj e`arj a‒gpâr`tbgms fgmât`brjs. Nj prbx prbx a‒ a‒`e `equ qubs bsbtbtbg bgm m rjprâs rjprâsjm jmtj tj nj fgmt` fgmt`mt mt prgpg prgpgsâ sâ p` p`rr nj vj vjma maju jurr gu jddje jddjetbtbvj vjfjm fjmtt p`yâ p`yâ p`r  n‒`ecjtjur `u fgfjmt aj n‒`ec`t ajs prgaubts. Bn egfprjma njs âvjmtujns bfpñts jt t`xjs fgbms njs sukvjmtbgms sur njs prgaubts. Bn tbjmt egfptj ajs râauetbgms aj prbx ajs kbjms jt sjrvbejs bmabvbaujns sb aj tjnnjs râauetbgms < -   pjuvjmt ìtrj `ttrbkuâjs ï n‒`ec`t a‒um kbjm gu a‒um sjrvbej bmabvbaujn 8 -   sgmt sgmt `eejssb `eejssbknj knjss ï n‒jmsjf n‒jmsjfknj knj ajs egmsgff` egmsgff`tju tjurs rs pgtjmt pgtjmtbjn bjnss s`ms s`ms ìtrj `ssgrtbjs `ssgrtbjs aj

egmabtbgms p`rtbeunbãrjs 8 sgmt egmmujs egmmujs aj n‒`ecjtju n‒`ecjtjurr `u fgfjm fgfjmtt gò bn s‒jmi`ij s‒jmi`ij ï `ecjtj `ecjtjrr nj prgaubt prgaubt egmejrmâ egmejrmâ `u -   sgmt vjmajur jt -   sgmt sgmt prgpgs prgpgsâjs âjs `u fgfjmt fgfjmt aj n‒`ec` n‒`ec`tt gu a`ms um aân`b aân`b tjn qu‒jnn qu‒jnnjs js ajvr`bjmt ajvr`bjmt bmdnujme bmdnujmejr  jr 

sjmsbknjfjmt njs qu`mtbtâs quj n‒`ecjtjur jst abspgsâ ï `equârbr. N` aâdbmbtbgm aâdbmbtbgm eguvjrtj p`r nj egmejpt egmejpt aj prbx jxenut < -   njs bmtârìts gu njs sjrvbejs qub vbjmmjmt s‒`lgutjr jm e`s a‒getrgb a‒um erâabt 8 -   njs âvjmtujnnjs âvjmtujnnjs ec`rijs ec`rijs suppnâfjmt`brjs suppnâfjmt`brjs suppgrtâjs suppgrtâjs jm e`s aj aâd`ut aj p`bjfjmt p`bjfjmt a`ms nj

aân`b egmvjmu 8 -   njs râauetbgms aj aj prbx qub mj sgmt p`s `eejssbknjs ï tgus njs egmsgff`tjurs pgtjmtbjns 8 -   njs râauetbgms râauetbgms aj prbx qub mj sgmt sgmt p`s `eejssbknjs `eejssbknjs `u fgfjmt aj n‒`ec`t n‒`ec`t gu a`ms um aân`b

tjn p`r r`ppgrt `u fgfjmt a‒`ec`t qu‒jnnjs sgmt susejptbknjs a‒bmdnujr aj d`égm sbimbdbe`tbvj sur njs qu`mtbtâs quj njs `ecjtjurs sgmt aâsbrjux a‒`equârbr.

3

 

Ec`pbtrj ; [GNJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJ Ec`pbtrj UZ_J[TBUJZ[ Z[ AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ EGNNJEQJ JQ E@NJMA[BJ[ AJU Q[@T@ZS _gur e`neunjr um bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm, bn d`ut fjttrj jm pn`ej, mgm sjunjfjmt um abspgsbtbd  egfpgsâ a‒um jmsjfknj jmsjfknj aj prgaubts prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs ânâfjmt`brjs agmt gm subt njs prbx a`ms um jmsjfknj aj pgbmts aj vjmtj sjngm um e`njmarbjr prâebs ajs agmmâjs prbx f`bsjt bn jst âi`njfjmt bmabspjms`knj aj fjttrj pn`ej um abspgsbtbd aj egmtrñnj ajajn`egnnjetj qu`nbtâ ajs au subvb aj n` qu`nbtâ au abspgsbtbd a`ms jm nj tjfps. Jm jddjt, n` qu`nbtâ st`tbstbquj ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm aâpjma au ecgbx au trbpnjt prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj - pgbmt aj vjmtj - a`tj aj egnnjetj jt ajs egmejpts jt fâtcgagngibjs fbs jm pn`ej. F`bs, umj dgbs nj abspgsbtbd abspgsbtbd fbs f bs jm pn`ej, pn`ej, n` qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ aj n‒bmabej aâpjma jssjmtbjnnjfjmt jssjmtbjnnjfjmt aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs prbx egnnjetâs egnnjetâs jt aj n` ijstbgm ijstbgm auabt abspgsbtbd. abspgsbtbd. @ussb, n` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs ajs prbx, jt sgm subvb sgmt jssjmtbjns a`ms um sjrvbej ec`riâ au e`neun ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm. Egmtr`brjfjmt ï ejrt`bmjs jmquìtjs st`tbstbqujs gò n‒bmdgrf`tbgm pjut ìtrj d`ebnjfjmt rjegmstbtuâj, n` aym`fbquj ajs prbx sur njs f`recâs, jt njs bfpâr`tbds aj aân`b aj prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej rjmajmt bfpgssbknj um egmtrñnj jt umj egrrjetbgm abddârâj ajs prbx. Bn jst agme bmabspjms`knj aj fjttrj jm pn`ej um egmtrñnj egmtbmu jt `etbd ajs tr`v`ux aj tjrr`bm.  @bmsb, njs jxbijmejs aj a j qu`nbtâ au tr`v`bn aj a j egnnjetj ajs aj s agmmâjs agmmâ js jt aj sgm egmtrñnj sgmt pnus p nus ânjvâjs quj pgur a‒`utrjs jmquìtjs st`tbstbqujs. Bn jst agme bmabspjms`knj quj vgus egmaubsbjz vgtrj tr`v`bn `vje kj`uegup aj prgdjssbgmm`nbsfj, aj rbiujur jt aj eânârbtâ. Nj prâsjmt f`mujn jst egméu pgur  vgus `eegfp`imjr a`ms vgtrja`ms tr`v`bn. Ej ec`pbtrj p`ssj rjvuj vgtrj rñnj aj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj jt prâebsj vgtrj tr`v`bn nj e`arj aj n` ec`ímj ajjm prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej.

B.

[GNJ [GNJ AZ UZ UZ_J _J[T [TBU BUJZ JZ[ [ AJ N@ EG EGNN NNJE JEQJ QJ

Njs prbmebp`njs t`ecjs au supjrvbsjur aj n‒jmquìtj prbx sj râsufjmt jm < -

prâp`r`tbgm prâp`r`tbgm aj n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx p`r nnjs js `ijmts jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs 8

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egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx aj ejrt`bmjs ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs egfpnjxjs 8

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egmtrñ egmtrñnj nj aj aj n` egnn egnnjet jetj, j, sur sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm jt jm jm kurj`u kurj`u 8

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subvb subvb aj n` qu`nb qu`nbtâ tâ a aj j n‒âec n‒âec`mtb `mtbnng nngmm`i mm`ij j ajs ajs prbx prbx 8

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jxâeut jxâeutbgm bgm ajs grarjs grarjs aj rjecjre rjecjrecj. cj.

A‒`utrjs tr`v`ux pgmetujns pjuvjmt nub ìtrj egmdbâs.

B.0. _râp`r`tbgm aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx  @v`mt n` ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm pgur egnnjetjr njs prbx ajs prgaubts aj egmsgff`tbgm, um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj tr`v`ux prâ`n`knjs agbvjmt ìtrj râ`nbsâs. Jm jddjt, njs agmmâjs prbx agbvjmt rjfpnbr um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj erbtãrjs pgur ìtrj `eejptâjs < -

njs prbx agbvjmt egrrjspgmarj egrrjspgmarj aj pârbgaj pârbgaj jm pârbgaj pârbgaj `u `u fìfj prgaubt prgaubt gu sjrvbej sjrvbej 8

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njs prbx prbx agbvjmt agbvjmt ìtrj egnnje egnnjetâs tâs a`m a`mss njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj prâebs prâebs bmabqu bmabquâs âs sur njs suppgr suppgrts ts aj egnnjetj 8

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njs prbx agbvjmt ìtrj egnnje egnnjetâs tâs ï ajs a`tjs a`tjs gu gu pârbgaj pârbgaj kbjm kbjm prâebsjs prâebsjs..

 @ussb, nj supjrvbsjur agbt s‒`ssurjr s ‒`ssurjr quj njs egmabtbgms eb-ajssus ebtâjs sgmt rjfpnbjs `v`mt n` egnnjetj. N` prâp`r`tbgm prâp`r`tbgm aj n` egnnjetj egmsbstj egmsbstj ï < -

vârbdbjr vârbdbjr quj quj n‒jmsjfk n‒jmsjfknj nj ajs suppgrts suppgrts aj egnnjet egnnjetj j jst jst abspgmbknj. abspgmbknj.

2

 

g

g

  Njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj, mgt`ffjmt njs qujstbgmm`brjs qujstbgmm`brjs agbvjmt ìtrj p`ssâs jm rjvuj. Ejrt`bms egffjmt`brjs qub y sgmt bmserbts agbvjmt ìtrj jx`fbmâs. Bn pjut s‒`ibr aj djrfjt djrfjtur urj j prge prgec` c`bm bmj j aj pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmt vjmtj, j, aj ab abddb ddbeu euntntâs âs aj eg eggpâ gpâr` r`tbtbgm gm `v `vje je nj ijstbgmm`brj au pgbmt aj vjmtj, jte. Qgus njs e`s agbvjmt ìtrj tr`btâs jt `u kjsgbm ìtrj pgrtâs ï n‒`ttjmtbgm au ecjd aj kurj`u.   Nj mgfkrj aj qujstbgmm`brjs qujstbgmm`brjs agbt ìtrj vârbdbâ. vârbdbâ. Nj supjrvbsjur jst ec`riâ aj rjmarj ab absp spgm gmbk bknj nj tg tgus us njs njs su supp ppgr grts ts aj eg egnnnnje jetj tj,, mg mgt` t`ff ffjm jmtt p` p`rr bfpr bfprjs jssb sbgm gm aj ajss qujstbgmm`brjs.

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gri`mbsjr gri`mb sjrajnjsegnnjetj, suppgrts suppgrtsnjajsupjrvbsjur egnnjetj egnnjetj jmtrj jmtrj abddârjmts abddârjmtsquj `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtjur jmquìtjurs. s. Jm aâkut aâ kutrâp`rtbj aj ec`quj pârbgaj agbtnjs s‒`ssurjr n` ec`rij aj tr`v`bn jst aj f`mbãrj âi`nbt`brj jmtrj njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs. N` egnnjetj jst râ`nbsâj a`ms abddârjmtjs zgmjs iâgir`pcbqujs p`r ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs abddârjmts jt sjngm ajs fâtcgagngibjs âi`njfjmt abddârjmtjs. @ussb, n` râp`rtbtbgm aj n` ec`rij aj tr`v`bn agbt tjmbr egfptj aj ejttj abfjmsbgm iâgir`pcbquj.

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Târbdb Târbdbjr jr quj njs f`târbj f`târbjns ns aj pjsâj dgm dgmetb etbgmm gmmjmt jmt egrrjet egrrjetjfjm jfjmt. t. Tgus Tgus `vjz ï vârbdbjr vârbdbjr n‒ât`t n‒ât`t aj dgmetbgmmjfjmt au pjsgm, aj n` k`n`mej ânjetrgmbquj jt aj sjs pbnjs `bmsb quj ajs `utrjs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs ï n` egnnjetj. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt vgus `ssurjr aj n` abspgmbkbnbtâ ajs f`târbjns rgun`mts pgur `ssurjr n` ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm.

B.;. Egnnjetj ajs prbx aj ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs N` egnnj egnnjetj etj ajs prb prbxx aj ejrt ejrt`b `bms ms kbjms kbjms jt sjrvb sjrvbej ejss mâ mâej ejss ssbtbtj j um umj j gr gri`m i`mbs bs`t `tbg bgm m jt um pj pjrsg rsgmm mmjn jn p`rtbeunbjr. Jm jddjt, sb, pgur n` pnup`rt ajs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs, bn s‒`ibt sbfpnjfjmt aj rjnjvjr njs prbx (jt qu`mtbtâs), pgur a‒`utrjs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs bn jst bmabspjms`knj aj egnnjetjr um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒ânâfj a‒â nâfjmts mts pgur pgur pguvgb pguvgbrr e`neun e`neunjr jr um prb prbxx umbt`b umbt`brj rj egrrjet egrrjet.. _`r `bn `bnnju njurs, rs, pgur pgur ejrt`b ejrt`bms ms (sjrvbe (sjrvbejs js a‒`ssur`mej, sjrvbejs aj egmmjxbgm ï Bmtjrmjt, jte.), n` egnnjetj s‒jddjetuj `uprãs a‒um pjrsgmmjn spâeb`nbsâ, qub mâejssbtj ajs egmm`bss`mejs jt um egfpgrtjfjmt spâebdbqujs ― tjmuj jm p`rtbeunbjr jm vuj aj prâsjrvjr n` eggpâr`tbgm ajs jmquìtâs. A`ms nj e`s aj t`rbds p`r jxjfpnj, pgur njsqujns n` egnnjetj agbt ìtrj jddjetuâj n` ajrmbãrj sjf`bmj au e`njmarbjr `ppnbe`tbd au fgbs aj egnnjetj, njs a`tjs aj ec`mijfjmts aj prbx âvjmtujns agbvjmt ìtrj s`bs s` bsbj bjss jm fìfj fìfj tjfps tjfps quj quj njs njs mguv mguvj`u j`uxx prbx. prbx. _gur _gur a‒ a‒`ut `utrj rjss pr prga gaub ubts ts jt sj sjrv rvbe bejs js ag agmt mt nj njss e`r`etârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs `y`mt umj bmdnujmej sur njs prbx âvgnujmt trãs vbtj, bn jst bmabspjms`knj ï ec`quj egnnjetj aj vârbdbjr ejs e`r`etârbstbqujs. A‒`utrjs fâtcgajs aj subvb spâebdbqujs sgmt aâdbmbjs jm `mmjxj ï ej f`mujn.

B.5. Egmtrñnj aj n` egnnjetj, sur nj tjrr`bm jt jm kurj`u N‒umj ajs prbmebp`njs tëecjs au supjrvbsjur aj egnnjetj egmsbstj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs tr`v`ux râ`nbsâs p`r njs jmquìtjurs sgmt jddjetuâs subv`mt njs bmstruetbgms qub gmt âtâ agmmâjs. Bn mj s‒`ibt p`s a‒umj bmspjetbgm au tr`v`bn ajs jmquìtjurs a`ms nj kut prjfbjr aj njs s`metbgmmjr f`bs kbjm aj s‒`ssurjr aj n` qu`nbt qu`nbtâ â ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs egnnje egnnjetâj tâjs. s. @u tr`vjr tr`vjrss au egm egmtrñ trñnj nj gm bajmtb bajmtbdbj dbj âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt njs abddârj abddârjmts mts prgknãfjs rjmegmtrâs sur nj tjrr`bm jt njs `etbgms aj dgrf`tbgm qub sgmt mâejss`brjs jm vuj a‒`fânbgrjr  njurr pjrdgrf` nju pjrdgrf`mej mej.. Nj egmtrñn egmtrñnj j ajs tr`v`u tr`v`uxx pjrfjt pjrfjt âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt a‒`fânb a‒`fânbgrj grjrr n` fâtcgag fâtcgagngi ngibj bj jt njs bmstruetbgms aj egnnjetj. Ajux egmtrñnjs sgmt jddjetuâs, sur nj tjrr`bm jt jm kurj`u. 0. Uur nj tjrr`bm, tjrr`bm, nj supjrvbsjur supjrvbsjur agbt s‒`ssurjr s‒`ssurjr quj n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs s‒jddjetuj s‒jddjetuj rjn`tbvjfjmt rjn`tbvjfjmt `ux prgaubts aâtjrfbmâs, a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj bmabquâs, subv`mt nj e`njmarbjr dbxâ jt sjngm n` fâtcgagngibj aâdbmbj. _gur ej d`brj, nj supjrvbsjur aâdbmbt, `vje nj rjspgms`knj au sjrvbej, um e` e`njm njmarb arbjr jr aj vbsb vbsbtj tj ajs pg pgbm bmts ts aj vjmt vjmtj. j. Nj su supj pjrvb rvbsj sjur ur eg egmt mtrñn rñnj j n` vâ vâr` r`eb ebtâ tâ aj ajss bmdgrf`tbgms r`fjmâjs p`r n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur, jm jddjetu`mt râiunbãrjfjmt ajs vbsbtjs a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj âec`mtbnngm. ;. Jm kurj`u, bn s‒`ibt s‒`ibt aj egmtrñnjr egmtrñnjr n` vr`bsjfkn`mej vr`bsjfkn`mej ajs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms r`fjmâjs r`fjmâjs p`r njs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìt jmquìtjurs. aj prbx, e`r`etârbstb e`r`etârbstbqujs qujs gu tgutj `utrj bmdgrf`tb gm dgurmbjs. rjn`tbvj `uBn prgaubtjurs. gu `uBn pjut pgbmts‒`ibr aj vjmtj. Nj ajs supjrvbsjur egmtrñnj n` aj egcârjmej ajsbmdgrf`tbgm agmmâjs supjrvbsj âi`njfjmt njs gpâr`tbgms aj pjsâj ajs prbx jm kurj`u. 0?

 

B.1. Uubvb aj n` qu`nbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngmm`ij ajs prbx Nj su supj pjrvb rvbsju sjurr aj n` egnnj egnnjetj etj jst jst ec`ri ec`riâ â aj dgurm dgurmbr br `u ec ecjd jd aj ku kurj rj`u `u tgutj tgutjss nj njss bm bmdgr dgrf`t f`tbg bgms ms mâejss`brjs jm vuj aj f`bmtjmbr n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Jm jddjt, n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm jst egmstrubt sur n` k`sj a‒um âec`mtbnngm aj prbx quj n‒gm egnnjetj tgus njs fgbs. Bn mj s‒`ibt p`s a‒um rjejmsjfjmt jxc`ustbd aj tgus njs prbx prgpgsâs pgur um `rtbenj agmmâ, mb au subvb aj tgus njs `rtbenjs, jmegrj fgbms a‒um subvb ï ec`quj bmst`mt. Njs prbx s`bsbs sgmt k`sâs agme sur um âec`mtbnngmm`ij ï trgbs abfjmsbgms < - umj abfjms abfjmsbgm bgm tjfpgr tjfpgrjnn jnnj j < gm sj dbxj ajs a`tjs a`tjs aj rjnjvâs rjnjvâs a‒um a‒um `rtbenj `rtbenj prâebs prâebs a`ms um pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj 8 -

um umj j ab abfjm fjmsb sbgm gm dgrfj dgrfj aj vjmtj vjmtj < gm ecgbsb ecgbsbtt aj subvrj subvrj njs prbx prbx a‒ a‒um um `rtbenj `rtbenj a`ms a`ms um ejrt` ejrt`bm bm mgfkrj aj typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, rjdnât`mt njs c`kbtuajs a‒`pprgvbsbgmmjfjmt ajs fâm`ijs jm ejs typjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

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umj abfjms abfjmsbgm bgm sp`tb` sp`tb`nj nj jt aj prgaubts prgaubts p`r n`qujnn n`qujnnj, j, gm ecgbsbt ecgbsbt njs `rtben `rtbenjs js a`ms njs njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj vjm tj rjp`rtb rjp`rtbj j a`ms a`ms n‒jsp`e n‒jsp`ej j iâgir`p iâgir`pcbq cbquj uj rjdnât` rjdnât`mt mt njs c`kbtu c`kbtuajs ajs aj egmsgff` egmsgff`tbg tbgm m ajs fâm`ijs jt n` eguvjrturj iâgir`pcbquj aj n‒c`kbt`t ajs fâm`ijs egmejrmâs.

N` qu`nbtâ aj n‒bmabej aâpjma au f`bmtbjm aj n` rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj ejt âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Nj supjrvbsjur agbt p`r jxjfpnj r`ppgrtjr `u kurj`u nj aâvjngppjfjmt a‒um typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj `dbm quj ejttj bmdgrf`tbgm sgbt prbsj jm egfptj pgur rjarjssjr n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx `dbm aj i`rajr ï n‒bmabej e`neunâ nj pguvgbr aj rjdnâtjr n‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx suppgrtâs p`r njs fâm`ijs.

B.:. N‒jxâeutbgm ajs grarjs aj rjecjrecj Zm grarj aj rjecjrecj jst n` rjecjrecj prâ`n`knj a‒`rtbenj jt aj pgbmt aj vjmtj `ssgebâ, jm vuj aj n` erâ`tbgm a‒umj mguvjnnj sârbj. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj jst âfbs a`ms njs e`s subv`mts < -

absp`rb absp`rbtbg tbgm m `mmgmeâ `mmgmeâj j aj prgaub prgaubts ts 8

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djr djrfjtu fjturj rj prgir` prgir`ffâj ffâj aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj 8

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`pp`rbtbgm `pp`rbtbgm aj mguvj`ux mguvj`ux prgaubts prgaubts jt aj mguvj`ux mguvj`ux pgbmts aj vjmtj vjmtj 8

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prgpgsbtbgm prgpgsbtbgm aj prgaubts prgaubts rjfpn`é rjfpn`é`mts `mts mgm mgm `eejptâj `eejptâj p`r nj nj rjspgms`kn rjspgms`knj j aj kurj`u 8

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pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj jmtj aâd` aâd`bnbnn` n`mt mt (pnu (pnuss aj ebmq ebmq `ksj `ksjme mejs js tj tjfp fpg gr` r`bbrj rjss su surr 2 gksj gksjrv rv`t `tbg bgms ms egmsâeutbvjs) 8

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trgbs trgbs `ksjme `ksjmejs js tjfpgr` tjfpgr`brj brjss sueejss sueejssbvj bvjs. s.

Ajv`mt aj tjnnjs sbtu`tbgms, nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx v` n`mejr um grarj aj rjecjrecj a‒um prgaubt jt a‒um pgbmt aj vjmtj gò n‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx au prgaubt pgurr` ìtrj jddjetuâj. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj egmsbstj agme jm um qujstbgmm`brj âabtâ egfprjm`mt ajs bmdgrf`tbgms prâ-rjfpnbs sur njs e`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs (jt njs jxenusbgms) aj n` v`rbâtâ `bmsb quj njs e`r`etârbstbqujs au prgaubt rjfp rjfpn` n`eâ eâ (a (a`m `mss nj e` e`ss aj rjfp rjfpn` n`ej ejfj fjmt mt). ). Njs Njs bm bmdg dgrf rf`t `tbg bgms ms ï rj rjec ecjr jrec ecjr jr pg pgrt rtjm jmtt su surr nj njss e`r`etârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs jt egfpnâfjmt`brjs ajs prgaubts egrrjspgma`mt ï n` v`rbâtâ. N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj pgrtj âi`njfjmt sur njs e`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj a`ms njqujn nj prgaubt jst trguvâ. _nusbjurs grarjs aj rjecjrecj pjuvjmt ìtrj n`meâ pgur nj fìfj prgaubt. Jm dgmetbgm ajs bmdgrf`tbgms quj vgus r`fãmjrjz, nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u aâebajr` au ecgbx au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj `aâqu`t qub sjr` bmsârâj a`ms n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prgaubts ï subvrj.

00

 

N‒grarj aj rjecjrecj rjvìt n` dgrfj subv`mtj <

G[A[J AJ [JECJ[ECJ M¿WWWW/WW/ Mufârg supjrvbsjur

Mufârg jmquìtjur

Bm Bmtb tbtu tunâ nâ aj n` v`rb v`rbât âtââ

E`r` E`r`et etâr ârbs bstb tbqu qujs js aj n` sârb sârbjj rj rjfp fpn` n`eâ eâjj

«Bmtbtunâv`r¸

«Mgfsjr0¸  W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W   W  «Mgfsjr;¸

E`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ

«E`rGknbi`tgbrjs¸

Jxenusbgms

«Jxenusbgms¸

 

E`r`etârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj rjfpn`é`mt M¿  pats

Fga`nbtâs

Q`bnnj

 

Qypj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj sguc`bt`knj

E`r`etârbstbqujs egfpnâfjmt`brjs au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj rjfpn`é`mt

`njur

Fga`nbtâs

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Egunjur  

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irbsj

0

;

Njs zgmjs jm irbsâ sgmt njs ec`fps prâ-rjfpnbs.

0;

E`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Qypj _T

Fga`nbtâs

`njur

3

Uur ruj Mgm f`rec`maj

 

B.4. @utrjs tr`v`ux pgmetujns A‒`utrjs tr`v`ux pgmetujns pjuvjmt ìtrj egmdbâs `u supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj p`r nj rjspgms`knj au sjrvbej. Bn pjut s‒`ibr aj fbssbgm aj supjrvbsbgm a`ms njs ejmtrjs râibgm`ux aj egnnjetj gu aj n` dgrf`tbgm ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs gu au rjfpn`ejfjmt a‒um jmquìtjur bmabspgmbknj. A`ms ej e`arj, nj supjrvbsjur agbt ìtrj jm fjsurj aj râpgmarj `ux sgnnbebt`tbgms agmt bn pjut d`brj n‒gkljt. Bn agbt ìtrj `u d`bt au fâtbjr a‒`ijmt jmquìtjur, f`ítrbsjr p`rd`btjfjmt nj tr`v`bn ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs.

BB.

EJ PZ‒BN PZ‒BN D@ZQ D@ZQ _GZ[ _GZ[ JQ[J JQ[J UZ_ UZ_J[T J[TBUJ BUJZ[ Z[ AJ N@ EGN EGNNJE NJEQJ QJ AJU _[BS _[BS

_gur ìtrj um kgm supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx, vgus ajvrjz `vgbr umj trãs kgmmj egmm`bss`mej au tr`v`bn tr`v`bn a‒`ijmt a‒`ijmt jmquìtjur, jmquìtjur, umj kgmmj kgmmj egmm`b egmm`bss`m ss`mej ej aj n` egffjreb egffjreb`nb `nbs`tb s`tbgm gm ajs prgaubts prgaubts aj n‒bmabej, ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj jt ajs prgaubts jux-fìfjs. Tgus ajvjz `ussb `vgbr kj`uegup aj kgms sjms, `vgbr aj n‒jsprbt erbtbquj jt um sjms ânjvâ au aât`bn jt ajs rjspgms`kbnbtâs. N` ec`ímj aj prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej mj agbt sguddrbr a‒`ueum rjt`ra. @ussb, vgus ajvjz ìtrj trãs gri`mbsâ a`ms vgtrj tr`v`bn jt abspgmbknj ï tgut fgfjmt. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt `vgbr  ajs egfpâtjmejs aj k`sj jm `rbtcfâtbquj, e`r bn sjr` mâejss`brj quj vgus pubssbjz ìtrj jm fjsurj a‒bajmtbdbjr tgut aj subtj um ejrt`bm prbx qub sjfknjr`bt mj p`s egrrjspgmarj `ux `utrjs. Tgtrj tr`v`bn egmsbstj prbmebp`njfjmt ï vgus `ssurjr quj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx s‒jddjetuj sjngm njs prb prbmeb mebpjs pjs `rrìtâs `rrìtâs p`r nj rjspgms rjspgms`kn `knj j au kurj`u kurj`u ajs prbx. Bn mj s‒`ibr` s‒`ibr` p`s aj s`metbg s`metbgmmj mmjrr f`bs a‒bajmtbdbjr njs jrrjurs `dbm aj dgrfunjr njs kjsgbms aj dgrf`tbgm jt a‒`ppgrtjr `ppubs jt egmsjbns `ux `ijmts jmquìtjurs. @ ej tbtrj, vgus ajvrjz `vgbr um sjms ânjvâ aj n‒âegutj au prgec`bm, `vgbr umj kgmmj e`p`ebtâ aj egffumbqujr pgur vgus d`brj egfprjmarj p`r `utrub. Tgus sjrjz `ppjnâ ï ab`ngiujr `vje njs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, pgur njs egmv`bmerj aj n‒bfpgrt`mej aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx. @ussb, vgus ajvjz `vgbr um sjms `biu au pn`bagyjr jt f`btrbsjr njs gkljetbds aj n‒bmabej jt s` fâtcgagngibj iâmâr`nj aj egmstruetbgm jt aj e`neun.

BBB.

TGQ TGQ[J [J [JU [JU_GM _GMU@ U@KNJ KNJ NGE@N NGE@N AZ KZ[ KZ[J@ J@Z Z AJU _[BS _[BS

Tgus tr`v`bnnjz sgus n` rjspgms`kbnbtâ a‒um rjspgms`knj nge`n au kurj`u ajs prbx. Ej rjspgms`knj ` n` ec`rij aj iârjr tgutj n` ec`bmj aj prgauetbgm, `nn`mt aj n` prâp`r`tbgm ï n` s`bsbj jt `ux tr`btjfjmts aj ajss agmmâ agmmâjs js.. U`ec U`ecjz jz qu‒jm qu‒jm pnus pnus ajs egmt egmtrñn rñnjs js quj vg vgus us jddje jddjetu tujrj jrjz, z, a‒ a‒`u `utrj trjss eg egmt mtrñn rñnjs js sgmt sgmt âi`njfjmt jddjetuâs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx. Ej ajrmbjr vgus ajf`majr` aj tjfps ï `utrj aj rjvârbdbjr ejrt`bms qujstbgmm`brjs gu aj ajsejmarj sur nj tjrr`bm. Nj rjspgms`knj m`tbgm`n prgaubt n‒bmabej jt nj abddusj ï n‒jmsjfknj ajs utbnbs`tjurs. Bn jst âi`njfjmt ec`riâ aj aâdbmbr n` fâtcgagngibj aj egnnjetj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts. @ussb, tgutjs njs abddbeuntâs quj vgus nj ec`qu tjrr`bm egmm`bss`mej ajusvgtrj Tgus Tgus rjmegmtrjrjz `u `urjz rjz ï prgau prgsur aubrj brj ec` quj jagbvjmt lgur lgur umìtrj r`ppg r`ppgrtâjs pgrt rt ajïn`n` eg egnn nnje jetj tj qu quj j vg vgus egffu egfrjspgms`knj fumb mbqu qujz jz ï nge`n. vg vgtrj trj rjspgms`knj (ed. p`ij 03). Ec`quj lgur, vgus `vjz âi`njfjmt ï rjeujbnnbr sjs bmstruetbgms. Tgus `urjz Tgus `urjz ejrt`bm ejrt`bmjfjm jfjmtt ï jmrbec jmrbecbr br njs bmstrue bmstruetbg tbgms ms aj egnnjet egnnjetj j dgurmbj dgurmbjs. s. F`bs F`bs ejn` ejn` agbt agbt sj d`b d`brj rj umbqujfjmt sgus n` rjspgms`kbnbtâ au rjspgms`knj aj kurj`u.

BT.

E@NJ E@NJMA MA[B [BJ[ J[ AJU AJU Q[ Q[@T @T@ @ZS

 @dbm a‒`vgbr umj eguvjrturj s`tbsd`bs`mtj ajs abddârjmts lgurs au fgbs, gm aâdbmbt um e`njmarbjr aj n` egnnjetj ajs prbx ajs abddârjmts prgaubts. _gur njs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs, bn s‒`ibt aj lgurs aj sjf`bmjs dbxâjs. _gur njs v`rbâtâs câtârgiãmjs, njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs gmt n` pgssbkbnbtâ a‒gri`mbsjr n` egnnjetj ajs prbx a‒um prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj ï n‒bmtârbjur a‒umj sjf`bmj. Jm aâkut aj ec`quj `mmâj, um e`njmarbjr aj n` egnnj egnnjetj etj jst iâmârâ. iâmârâ. Jm prbmebpj, prbmebpj, ec`quj trbfjstrj, umj sjf`bmj jst egms`erâj ï n` râ`nbs`tbgm a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj tr`v`ux jm kurj`u jt pgur nj rjpgs ajs jmquìtjurs.

05

 

Njs qujstbgmm`brjs a‒um fgbs sgmt rjp`rtbs jmtrj njs qu`trj sjf`bmjs au fgbs. _gur ec`quj `ijmt jmquìt jmq uìtjur, jur, n‒j n‒jmsj msjfknj fknj ajs qujstb qujstbgmm` gmm`brj brjss aj n` sjf`b sjf`bmj mj jst `ppjnâ `ppjnâ um e`rmjt. e`rmjt. Ec`quj Ec`quj e`rmjt e`rmjt egfprjma agme < -

n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj ajs ajs qujstbgmm`brj qujstbgmm`brjss ajs prgaubt prgaubtss ajs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs câtârgiã câtârgiãmjs mjs ï egnnjetj egnnjetjrr `u egurs egurs aj n` sjf`bmj 8

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n‒jmsjfknj n‒jmsjfknj ajs ajs qujstbgmm`b qujstbgmm`brjs rjs ajs ajs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs cgfgiãmjs cgfgiãmjs,, st`ma`ra st`ma`ra jt mgm st`ma`ras st`ma`ras ï egnnjetjr  egnnjetjr  pjma`mt njs lgurs prâebs aj n` sjf`bmj.

Zmj p`rtbj aj vgtrj tr`v`bn egmsbstj ï jddjetujr njs tgurmâjs ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs, `v`mt gu `prãs njur p`ss`ij a`ms njs abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj aj n` sjf`bmj, `dbm aj egmtrñnjr quj njs prbx qu‒bns `urgmt ï r`fjmjr egrrjspgmajmt jddjetbvjfjmt ï ej quj vgus `urjz egmst`tâ vgus-fìfj. Tgus `vjz agme ï gri`mbsjr gri`mbsjr vgtrj prgprj tgurmâj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj sjngm um e`njmarbjr e`njmarbjr bmaâpjma`mt bmaâpjma`mt aj ejnub ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs. Tgus ajvjz ejpjma`mt d`brj jm sgrtj quj vgtrj p`ss`ij a`ms um pgbmt aj vjmtj agmmâ mj sgbt p`s trgp ângbimâ aj ejnub aj n‒jmquìtjur. n‒jmquìtjur.

T.

Q[@ Q[@T@B T@BN N JDD JDDJEQ JEQBD BD @T@MQ @T@MQ NJ AÂF@ AÂF@[[@ [[@IJ IJ AJ N@ UZ_ UZ_J[T J[TBUBG BUBGM M

 @v`mt nj aâf`rr`ij jddjetbd au egmtrñnj, vgus ajvjz bfpâr`tbvjfjmt nbrj, egfprjmarj jt f`btrbsjr  tgutjs njs bmstruetbgms au tr`v`bn aj n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur. Ejs bmstruetbgms sgmt egmtjmujs a`ms nj F`mujn aj n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt f`btrbsjr njs gkljetbds aj n` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs jt njs prbmebpjs aj n‒âec`mtbnngmm`ij ajs prbx. Tgus `urjz ï egmtrñnjr nj tr`v`bn ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs sjngm um e`njmarbjr kbjm ât`knb. @ussb, vgus ajvjz kbjm egmm`ítrj ej e`njmarbjr `bmsb quj n` nge`nbs`tbgm ajs abddârjmts pgbmts aj vjmtj jt ajs prgaubts agmt vgus `vjz n` ec`rij. @ ej tbtrj, vgus ajvjz jddjetujr ajs ajsejmtjs sur nj tjrr`bm `vje vgs `ijmts jmquìtjurs pgur bajmtbdbjr njs pgbmts aj vjmtj jt prgaubts quj ej ajrmbjr ` n` ec`rij aj egnnjetjr njs prbx.

01

 

Ec`pbtrj Ec`pb trj 5 N@ UZ_J[TBUBG UZ_J[TBUBGM M AJU Q[@T@ZS Q[@T@ZS Njs tr`v`ux aj egmtrñnj sj aârgunjmt jm ajux pc`sjs < -

umj prjfbãr prjfbãrj j pc`sj qub egmsbs egmsbstj tj ï s‒`ssu s‒`ssurjr rjr quj n` egnnjet egnnjetj j s‒jddjetu s‒jddjetuj j sjngm nj e`njmar e`njmarbjr  bjr  ât`knb,, `uprãs ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj dbxâs jt sjngm n` fâtcgagngibj ât`knb fâtcgagngibj ân`kgrâj. Bn s‒`ibt au egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm.8 Ej egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm pjut sj aâegfpgsjr jm egmtrñnj ` prbgrb jt jm egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb

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n` ajuxbãf ajuxbãfj j pc`sj qub egmsbs egmsbstj tj ï s‒`ssu s‒`ssurjr rjr quj njs bmdgrf` bmdgrf`tbg tbgms ms egnnjet egnnjetâjs âjs p`r njs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtjurs sgmt egmdgrfjs `ux bmstruetbgms jt ï `ssbstjr ï n` pjsâj ajs prgaubts pgur jm `ssurjr n` kgmmj qu`nbtâ.

A‒`utrjss egmtrñ A‒`utrj egmtrñnjs njs sjrgmt jmegrj jxâeutâs jxâeutâs p`r nj rjspgms rjspgms`kn `knj j au kurj`u kurj`u nge`n, nge`n, sur n` k`sj k`sj ajs bmdgrf`tbgms quj vgus `urjz v`nbaâjs.

B.

_[BM _[BMEB EB_J _JU U AZ EG EGMQ MQ[G [GNJ NJ AJ AJU U Q[ Q[@ @T@ZS T@ZS

Nj egmtrñnj ajs tr`v`ux jst k`sâ sur nj prbmebpj quj njs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm sgmt e`neunâs sur n` k`sj a‒umj « v`rb`tbgm aj prbx purj ¸, e'jst-ï-abrj ï qu`nbtâ aj prgaubt gu aj sjrvbej egmst`mt. U‒bn s‒`vãrj quj nj prgaubt ` egmmu ajs ec`mijfjmts aj qu`nbtâ a‒umj pârbgaj ï umj `utrj, susejptbknj aj fgabdbjr sgm prbx gu mbvj`u aj s`tbsd`etbgm au enbjmt, `ngrs bn egmvbjmt aj prgeâajr `u tr`btjfjmt aj ej ec`mijfjmt aj qu`nbtâ aj sgrtj ï gktjmbr umj v`rb`tbgm aj prbx qub jm jxenuj njs jddjts. Qrgbs e`s pjuvjmt sj prâsjmtjr < -

Nj prgaubt prgaubt gu nj nj sjrvbej sjrvbej jst jx`etjfjm jx`etjfjmtt nj fìfj, fìfj, f`bs nj prbx prbx ` âvgnuâ. âvgnuâ. Bn s‒`ibt a‒umj v`rb`tb v`rb`tbgm gm aj prbx purj. Ejttj v`rb`tbgm jst prbsj tjnnj qujnnj a`ms nj e`neun aj n‒bmabej.

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nj prgaubt prgaubt gu nj sjrvbe sjrvbej j m‒jst pnus pnus jx`etjfj jx`etjfjmt mt nj fìfj, fìfj, nj prbx ` âi`njfjm âi`njfjmtt ec`miâ. ec`miâ. Bn y ` beb ajux jddjts qu‒bn d`ut bsgnjr < g

g

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  n‒j n‒jddjt ddjt prbx < ï qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ egmst`mt egmst`mtj, j, nj prbx au prgaub prgaubtt `ur`bt `ur`bt âvgnuâ a`ms umj ejrt`bm ejrt`bmj j prgpgrtbgm prgpgr tbgm au d`bt ajs d`etjurs nbâs `u f`recâ 8   n‒jddjt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ < n‒`uifjmt`tbgm n‒`uifjmt`tbgm (k`bssj) (k`bssj) au prbx au prgaubt pjut ìtrj aø ï n‒`fânbgr`tbgm n‒`fânbgr`tbgm (aâtârbgr`tbgm) aj s` qu`nbtâ (a`ms nj sjms e`r`etârbstbqujs tjecmbqujs).

Nj prgaub prgaubtt gu nj sjrvbej sjrvbej m‒jst m‒jst pnus jx`et jx`etjfjm jfjmtt nj fìfj, fìfj, f`bs nj prbx prbx m‒` p`s âvgnuâ âvgnuâ.. Ub n‒jddjt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ qu`nb tâ m‒jst p`s mun, `ngrs nj prbx pur ` k`bssâ gu ` `uifjmtâ `uifjmtâ qu`ma fìfj.

A‒`utrjs fgabdbe`tbgms quj pjuvjmt egmm`ítrj njs prgaubts gu sjrvbejs pjuvjmt prgvjmbr aj < - fgabdbe fgabdbe`tb `tbgms gms aj qu`mtb qu`mtbtâ tâ prgpgsâ prgpgsâj j ï n‒`ec`t n‒`ec`t.. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, qu`ma qu`ma n` kgutjbnnj kgutjbnnj aj Ege` Ege` Egn` p`ssj aj 55 en ï 5? en 8 -

fgabdbe`tbgm fgabdbe`tbgm aj n‒jfk`nn` n‒jfk`nn`ij ij au prgaubt. prgaubt. N‒jfk`nn N‒jfk`nn`ij `ij a‒um prgaubt prgaubt pjut p`ssjr p`ssjr aj pn`stbquj pn`stbquj ï um jfk`nn`ij jm `nufbmbuf, ej qub pjut bmaubrj um ec`mijfjmt aj prbx 8

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fgabdbe fgabdbe`tb `tbgm gm ajs egmabtbg egmabtbgms ms aj vjmtj vjmtj au prgaubt. prgaubt. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, ngrsqu ngrsquj j nj vjmajur vjmajur prgpgsj prgpgsj trgbs prgaubts pgur n` v`njur aj ajux.

Nj egmtrñnj jst k`sâ âi`njfjmt sur nj prbmebpj quj, bm dbmj, nj prbx rjnjvâ p`r n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur jst v`nbaâ ` prbgrb sb njs abddârjmts egmtrñnjs egmtrñnjs m‒`ppgrtjmt p`s ajs ânâfjmt ânâfjmtss aj prjuvj au egmtr`brj. _rjfbjr  f`bnngm a`ms n` ec`ímj aj egmtrñnj, vgus `vjz agme umj ir`maj rjspgms`kbnbtâ a`ms n` v`nba`tbgm ajs agmmâjs egnnjetâjs.

0:

 

BB.

NJ UZB UZBTB TB AJ N‒JMPZ N‒JMPZJQJ JQJZ[ Z[ UZ[ NJU _GBMQU _GBMQU AJ TJMQJ TJMQJ

N‒um ajs fgyjms aj subvrj nj tr`v`bn ajs jmquìtjurs egmsbstj ï `eegfp`imjr aj tjfps ï `utrj njs jmquìtjurs aur`mt njur rjnjvâ. Ub vgus egfptjz `eegfp`imjr um `ijmt ec`riâ au rjnjvâ ajs prbx, vgus ajvjz jm bmdgrfjr ejnub-eb ï n‒` n‒`v`m v`mej ej `dbm `dbm a‒gri`m a‒gri`mbsj bsjrr njs fga`nbt fga`nbtâs âs aj vgtrj vgtrj rjmegmt rjmegmtrj. rj. Jm iâmâr`n iâmâr`n,, vgus vgus m‒ìtjs m‒ìtjs p`s prâsjmt prâsjmt pjma`mt tgutj n` aurâj aj n` egnnjetj f`bs p`ssjz qujnqujs cjurjs ï n‒gksjrvjr a`ms um jmargbt prâebs prâ ebs.. @bmsb, @bmsb, bn pjut pjut ìtr ìtrj j sguc`b sguc`bt`k t`knj nj a‒gksj a‒gksjrvjr rvjr nj rjn rjnjvâ jvâ aj ejrt`bm ejrt`bmss prgaub prgaubts ts (p`r (p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj njs prgaubts sgufbs ï f`rec`ma`ij) gu n` egnnjetj a`ms ejrt`bms pgbmts aj vjmtj a`ms njsqujns jnnj pgsj pjut-ìtrj prgknãfj. N‒jmquìtjur fgabdbjr` sgm tr`ljt jm egmsâqujmej sb kjsgbm.  @v`mt aj prgeâajr ï um subvb, vgus ajvjz râ`nbsjr um tr`v`bn prâp`r`tgbrj aj vârbdbe`tbgm. Tgus âtuabj âtu abjrjz rjz p`r jxjfpn jxjfpnj j njs ajserb ajserbptb ptbgms gms,, njs prb prbx, x, n‒cbst n‒cbstgrb grbquj quj ajs prb prbxx jt njs egajs egajs ajs prgaub prgaubts ts gksjrvâs ï n‒jmargbt ecgbsb. Ej typj aj vârbdbe`tbgm vgus pjrfjt aj vgus d`brj umj kgmmj baâj aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs rjnjvâs `v`mt aj vgus rjmarj sur nj tjrr`bm, jt pjut vgus bmabqujr sur qujns agf`bmjs vgus ajvjz vgus egmejmtrjr. N‒umj aj vgs prbmebp`njs dgmetbgms jst aj vjbnnjr ï ej quj n‒jmquìtjur subvj njs prgeâaurjs jt njs bm bmst stru ruet etbg bgms ms ât ât`k `knbnbjs js jt eg egnnnnje jetj tj njs njs prbx prbx `vje `vje eg egfp fpât âtjm jmej ej.. Kbjm Kbjm qu quj j vg vgtr trj j rñ rñnj nj mj sg sgbt bt p` p`ss mâejss mâe jss`br `brjfjm jfjmtt ejnub ejnub a‒um a‒um dgrf`tj dgrf`tjur, ur, vgus vgus pguvjz pguvjz,, ngrsqu ngrsquj j vgus vgus rjnjvjz rjnjvjz umj jrrjur, jrrjur, prgdbt prgdbtjr jr aj n‒gee`sbgm pgur agmmjr ajs egmsjbns. Bn d`ut âi`njfjmt quj n‒jmquìtjur `bt n` pgssbkbnbtâ aj vgus pgsjr  ajs qujstbgms aur`mt nj prgejssus aj subvb. Gutrj n‒`eegfp`imjfjmt aj n‒jmquìtjur, vgus pguvjz jmtrjprjmarj a‒`utrjs tëecjs sur pn`ej, p`r  jxjfpnj rjejmsjr njs pgbmts aj vjmtj gu âtuabjr um prgaubt p`rtbeunbjr. @prãs umj vbsbtj aj subvb, vgus ajvjz râabijr um r`ppgrt qub prâsjmtj aj d`égm aât`bnnâj njs gksjrv`tbgms quj vgus `vjz d`btjs ngrsquj vgus `vjz `eegfp`imâ n‒jmquìtjur. Ej r`ppgrt egmtbjmar` um râsufâ aj vgs egmst`t`tbgms, umj nbstj ajs fjsurjs ï prjmarj jt n` nbimj aj egmaubtj quj vgus prâegmbsjz. Tgus pguvjz egmsjbnnjr qu‒um jmquìt jmq uìtjur jur rjégbv rjégbvj j a`v`mt` a`v`mt`ij ij aj dgrf`tbg dgrf`tbgm m sur ejrt`b ejrt`bms ms `spjets `spjets ajs rjn rjnjvâ jvâs. s. Ej r`ppgrt r`ppgrt sjrvbr sjrvbr` ` jmsubtj aj pgbmt aj aâp`rt ï vgtrj prgec`bmj vbsbtj. Ngrsquj n‒gm trguvj ajs sgnutbgms ï ajs prgknãfjs a‒grarj iâmâr`n, bn d`ut njs d`brj egmm`ítrj ï tgus njs `ijmts ec`riâs aj rjnjvjr njs prbx, jm puknb`mt um kunnjtbm gu umj vjrsbgm râvbsâj ajs bmstruetbgms p`r jxjfpnj.

BB BBB. B.

EGMQ EGMQ[G [GNJ NJ AJ QJ[[ QJ[[@ @BM

Nj egmtrñnj aj tjrr`bm vbsj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs prbx egnnjetâs p`r njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs egrrjspgmajmt < -

`ux prgaub prgaubts ts aâer aâerbts bts sur nj qujstbg qujstbgmm` mm`brj brj 8

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`ux a`tjs a`tjs gu sjf`bmj sjf`bmjss bmabqu bmabquâs âs 8

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`u pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj vjmtj bmabq bmabquâ uâ sur sur nj nj qujstb qujstbgmm gmm`brj `brj..

 @ussb, njs egmtrñnjs quj vgus `urjz ï jddjetujr jd djetujr sur nj tjrr`bm egmsbstjrgmt ï < -

vâ vârb rbdbdbjr jr a` a`ms ms njs njs pgbm pgbmts ts aj vj vjmt mtj j quj quj njs njs pr prga gaub ubts ts aâer aâerbt btss su surr nj njss qu qujs jstbtbgm gmm` m`br brjs js sg sgmt mt jddjetbvjfjmt vjmaus jt quj njs e`r`etârbstbqujs au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj m‒gmt p`s ec`miâ 8

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vgus vgus `ssurjr `ssurjr quj njs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs egnnjet egnnjetjmt jmt jddjetb jddjetbvjfj vjfjmt mt njs prbx a`ms a`ms njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj qub njurs sgmt `ddjetâs. @bmsb, bn s‒`ibr` pgur vgus aj rjnjvjr njs prbx aj ejs prgaubts jt aj egfp`rjr ejs prbx ï ejux rjnjvâs p`r n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur jmquìtjur 8

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vârbdbjr vârbdbjr quj n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs prbx sj aârgunj aârgunj sjngm nj e`njmarbjr e`njmarbjr ât`knb. ât`knb. Tgus ajvjz vgus vgus `ssurjr  `ssurjr  `uprãs au rjspgms`knj au pgbmt aj vjmtj gu au r`ygm quj vgtrj `ijmt jmquìtjur jst kbjm p`ssâ ï n` a`tj bmabquâj sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Qgut âe`rt jmtrj n` a`tj aj p`ss`ij sur nj qujstbgmm`brj aj n‒jmquìtjur jt n` a`tj aj p`ss`ij quj vgus `vjz rjnjvâ `uprãs au tjm`mt au pgbmt aj vjmtj agbt ìtrj râpjrtgrbâ.

BBB.0. Egmtrñnj ` prbgrb Tgus ajvjz ajs ajsejmtjs surrjspgms`knjs nj tjrr`bm `ussb pgssbknj. aj ajsejmtj mj jddjetujr agbt ìtrj egmmu quj aj vgs ajsguvjmt sjrvbej. quj Qgutjdgbs, njs Tgtrj `ijmtse`njmarbjr jmquìtjurs agbvjmt ìtrj bmdgrfâs quj ejs ajsejmtjs sur nj tjrr`bm s‒jddjetujmt râiunbãrjfjmt. 04

 

_gur jddjetujr jddbe`ejfjmt ejs egmtrñnjs aj tjrr`bm, vgus `urjz ï kbjm egmm`ítrj nj prgir`ffj aj egnnjetj ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs. Jm jddjt, pgur `ssurjr quj njs egmst`t`tbgms quj vgus `urjz d`btjs sgmt pjrtbmjmtjs, vgtrj lgur aj p`ss`ij sur nj tjrr`bm agbt ìtrj nj pnus prgecj pgssbknj aj ejnub aj n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur. @ussb, vgus ajvrjz ân`kgrjr vgtrj e`njmarbjr aj ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm `vje sgbm. Tgus Tgus aj ajvr vrjz jz d`brj d`brj jm sgrtj sgrtj qu quj j a` a`ms ms um trbfj trbfjst strj, rj, vg vgus us p` p`ssb ssbjz jz a` a`ms ms ec ec`q `quj uj pg pgbm bmtt aj vj vjmt mtj j âec`mtbnngm. Ub vgus `vjz p`r jxjfpnj ï vgtrj ec`rij 5?? pgbmts aj vjmtj, d`btjs jm sgrtj ï vbsbtjr `u fgbms 0?? p`r fgbs, e'jst-ï-abrj jmvbrgm 1 p`r lgur guvr`knj. Tgtrj vbsbtj ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj agbt s‒jddjetujr ï n‒`baj a‒um qujstbgmm`brj, nj fìfj quj pgur n‒`ijmt jm jmqu quìt ìtjur jur.. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz rjnjv rjnjvjr jr nj prbx prbx au prgau prgaubtbt,, vâ vârb rbdbj dbjrr nj njss e` e`r` r`et etârb ârbstb stbqu qujs js aj ajss prgaub prgaubts ts (e`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs, e`r`etârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs jt e`r`etârbstbqujs egfpnâfjmt`brjs) jt njs e`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj (typj, `utrjs e`r`etârbstbqujs). Ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sjrgmt jmsubtj egfp`râjs ï ejnnjs r`fjmâjs p`r njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs.

BBB.;. Egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb Tgus `vjz âi`njfjmt ï vârbdbjr, ` pgstjrbgrb, quj njs qujstbgmm`brjs gmt âtâ rjfpnbs egrrjetjfjmt p`r  njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs. @ ej tbtrj, vgus `urjz ï rjp`ssjr a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj pgur egmtrñnjr quj njs prbx sur njs qujstbgmm`brjs egrrjspgmajmt ï ejux pr`tbquâs p`r nj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Ej egmtrñnj agbt ìtrj d`bt pju `prãs n` pârbgaj aj egnnjetj pgur âvbtjr qu‒umj âvgnutbgm ajs prbx âvjmtujnnjfjmt survjmuj a`ms n‒bmtjrv`nnj mj pgsj ajs prgknãfjs. Bn jst bfpgrt`mt quj nj supjrvbsjur  ec`riâ ajs egmtrñnjs ` pgstjrbgrb ajf`maj n` pjrfbssbgm ajs egffjré`mts `v`mt a‒bmtjrvjmbr jt rjspjetj njs erbtãrjs iâmâr`ux aj egnnjetj. _jma`mt ejs ajsejmtjs aj tjrr`bm, vgus ajvjz vgus `ssurjr quj njs prgaubts subvbs sgmt kbjm vjmaus jt qu‒bn m‒y ` p`s a‒`utrjs prgaubts âqubv`njmts pnus `ecjtâs p`r njs fâm`ijs. Ub e‒jst nj e`s, vgus ajvjz jm bmdgrfjr njs ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej qub vgus bmabqujrgmt n` aâf`recj ï subvrj pgur bmtâirjr  nj prgaubt a`ms nj p`mbjr.  @ n` dbm aj ec`quj lgurmâj aj vbsbtj aj tjrr`bm, vgus `urjz ï arjssjr um r`ppgrt aj supjrvbsbgm. Tgus `urjz ï bmabqujr < -

njs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj vjmtj vbsbtâ vbsbtâss 8

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njs prgaubt prgaubtss gu sjrvbej sjrvbejss egmtrñn egmtrñnâs âs 8

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njs `mgf`nb `mgf`nbjs js egmst` egmst`tâj tâjss 8

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njs prgpgsb prgpgsbtbg tbgms ms aj aj fjsurj fjsurj gu a‒`etbg a‒`etbgm m ï prjmarj prjmarj..

Zm jxjfpn`brj aj n` dbecj aj supjrvbsbgm jst prâsjmtâ ï n` p`ij subv`mtj. _gur ec`quj pgbmt aj vjmtj vbsbtâ, vgus `urjz ï bmabqujr n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur `ddjetâ, njs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs, n` a`tj aj p` p`ss ss`i `ij j aj n‒n‒jm jmqu quìt ìtju jur. r. Tg Tgus us bmab bmabqu qujr jrjz jz njs njs `mgf `mgf`n `nbj bjss qu quj j vg vgus us `v `vjz jz rj rjnj njvâ vâjs js jt nj njss rjegff`ma`tbgms gu `etbgms ï jmtrjprjmarj. Zmj pn`ij jst n`bssâj jm k`s aj p`ij `dbm quj vgus y bmserbvbjz tgutj `utrj bmdgrf`tbgm utbnj ï n` ijstbgm aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prbx < rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ au prgaubt, au pgbmt aj vjmtj, `pp`rbtbgm aj mguvj`ux prgaubts, jte.

09

 

[@__G[Q AJ UZ_J[TBUBGM Mgf supjrvbsjur < M¿ qujstbgm m`brj

A`tj aj egmtrñnj <

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj vbsbtâ

Mgf `ijmt jmquìtjur  `ddjetâ

Ubim`turj <

A`tj aj p`ss`ij aj n‒jmquìtjur 

Nbkjnnâ au prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj

 @mgf`nbjs egmst`tâjs

[jegff`ma`tbgms

Gksjrv`tbgms jt rjegff`ma`tbgms iâmâr`njs

03

 

BT BT..

EG EGMQ MQ[G [GNJ NJ JM KZ[J KZ[J@ @Z

Nj egmtrñnj jm kurj`u egmsbstj ï s‒`ssurjr quj njs agmmâjs egnnjetâjs egnnjetâjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs mj sgmt p`s jrrgmâjs jt sgmt egcârjmtjs `vje n` sârbj cbstgrbquj. Bn sj aâegfpgsj jm ajux pc`sjs < nj egmtrñnj aj n` pjsâj jt nj egmtrñnj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs.

BT.0. Nj egmtrñnj aj n` pjsâj A`ms njs f`recâs `drbe`bms `drbe`bms jt ejrt`bms typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, njs prgaubts mj sgmt p`s vjmaus vjmaus a`ms ajs qu`mtbtâs st`ma`ra bajmtbqujs a‒um t`s ï n‒`utrj. E‒jst p`r jxjfpnj nj e`s au igfkg dr`bs, aj n‒`ttbâhâ, au fbn, ajs pgunjts aj ec`br, jte. Gm abt quj ej sgmt ajs v`rbâtâs vjmaujs jm umbtâ mgm st`ma`ra. _gur gktjmbr ajs prbx fgyjms umbt`brjs qub pjrfjttjmt umj egfp`r`bsgm a`ms nj tjfps, njs `i `ijm jmts ts jmquì jmquìtju tjurs rs `ecãt `ecãtjm jmtt umj umj ejrt ejrt`b `bmj mj qu`mt qu`mtbtbtâ â aj ej ejss prgau prgaubtbts. s. A‒umj A‒umj f`mbã f`mbãrj rj iâ iâmâr mâr`n `nj, j, n‒jmquìtjur `ecãtj umj qu`mtbtâ agmmâj, dbxâj a`ms nj qujstbgmm`brj, `uprãs a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj vjmajurs abddârjmts.. Ec`quj t`s `ecjtâ d`bt jmsubtj n‒gkljt a‒umj pjsâj pgur gktjmbr nj prbx umbt`brj (e'jst-ï-abrj (e'jst-ï -abrj nj prbx a‒umj umbtâ (nj hi, nj i, nj nbtrj, jte.) au prgaubt. prgaubt. A`ms ejrt`bms ejrt`bms e`s, njs prgaubts prgaubts sgmt pjsâs abrjetjfjmt abrjetjfjmt `u f`recâ f `recâ irëej `u pjsgm (e`s aj pgunjt pgunjt gu aj fgutgm) Tgtrj tëecj egmsbstj egmsbstj ï vgus `ssurjr quj < -

njs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs gmt `ecjtâ nj mgfkrj mgfkrj aj t`s bmabquâs bmabquâs sur njurs njurs qujstbgmm qujstbgmm`brjs `brjs 8

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njs `ec`ts sj sgmt jddjetuâs jddjetuâs `uprãs ajs vjmajurs vjmajurs abddârj abddârjmts mts 8

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ec`quj t`s jst jst bmabvbau`nb bmabvbau`nbsâ, sâ, e'jst-ï-ab e'jst-ï-abrj rj quj n‒gm n‒gm agbt agbt ìtrj jm jm fjsurj a‒`ttrbkujr a‒`ttrbkujr ï ec`quj t`s n` sgffj egms`erâj ï sgm `ec`t 8

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njs qu`mtbtâ qu`mtbtâss `ecjtâs `ecjtâs egrrjspgma egrrjspgmajmt jmt ï ej qub jst jst bmserbt bmserbt sur njs qujstbgm qujstbgmm`brjs m`brjs 8

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njs rjnjv rjnjvâs âs jt n` pjsâj pjsâj s‒jddjet s‒jddjetujm ujmtt ï umj cjurj egmvj egmvjm`kn m`knj. j. N` aurâj aurâj jmtrj nj rjnjv rjnjvâ â jt n` pjsâj pjs âj agbt agbt ìtrj ìtrj n` pnus pnus egurtj egurtj pgssbkn pgssbknj. j. Jm jddjt, jddjt, pgur pgur ejrt`bm ejrt`bmss prgaubt prgaubtss pârbss` pârbss`knj knjss p`r  jxjfpnj, bn `rrbvj quj pnus nj tjfps p`ssj, pnus nj prgaubt pjra ejrt`bmjs sukst`mejs gu sj aâegfpg aâe gfpgsj, sj, ej qub fbmbfbsj fbmbfbsj njs fjsurjs aj qu`mtb qu`mtbtâs tâs jddjetu jddjetuâjs âjs jm kurj`u. kurj`u. _gur _gur ejs prgaubts, njs pjsâjs agbvjmt ìtrj jddjetuâjs `u pnus tñt.

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njs sgffjs `nnguâjs `nnguâjs ï n` egnnjet egnnjetj j gmt gmt âtâ luabebjusjfjm luabebjusjfjmtt utbnbsâj utbnbsâjs. s.

Ejs egmtrñnjs sgmt jssjmtbjns jssjmtbjns pgur `ssurjr quj n` prâebsbgm rjecjrecâj `u tr`vjrs aj n` fâtcgagngibj fâtcgagngibj pjut ìtrj `ttjbmt. Jm jddjt, njs prbx umbt`brjs aj ejs prgaubts pguv`mt âvgnujr jm dgmetbgm aj d`etjurs abvjrs tjns quj n‒bfprâebsbgm a`ms n` egmstbtutbgm aj n` qu`mtbtâ sguc`btâj p`r nj vjmajur (qub bmaubt ajs qu`mtbtâs abddârjmts a‒um t`s ï n‒`utrj `uprãs a‒um fìfj vjmajur), njs d`etjurs aj f`recâ gu n` pgnbtbquj aj f`rij aj ec`quj vjmajur, bn jst mâejss`brj a‒`vgbr pnusbjurs fjsurjs aj t`s pgur `ssurjr  um prbx umbt`brj qub sgbt db`knj. Pujnqujs e`s aj mgm-rjspjet aj n` fâtcgagngibj <

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_gur ajs ajs r`bsgms r`bsgms abvjrsjs, abvjrsjs, bn `rrbvj `rrbvj quj quj njs jmquìtju jmquìtjurs rs `ecãtjmt `ecãtjmt nj mgfkrj mgfkrj aj t`s dbxâ `uprãs a‒um fìfj vjmajur. Ejeb mj rjspjetj p`s n` fâtcgagngibj jt mj dgurmbt p`s umj kgmmj bmabe`tbgm au prbx umbt`brj au f`recâ. Bn jst d`ebnj aj aâejnjr ejs e`s jm jx`fbm`mt n` qu`nbtâ gu n‒jfk`nn`ij au prgaubt < a`ms ejs e`s-nï, njs abddârjmts t`s sj rjssjfknjmt âtr`mijfjmt.

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Bn `rrbvj `rrbvj âi`njfjmt âi`njfjmt quj quj ajs t`s t`s `ecjtâs `ecjtâs `uprãs `uprãs aj vjmajur vjmajurss abddârjmts abddârjmts sgbjmt sgbjmt râumbs râumbs jm um t`s umbquj jstnub-fìfj jmsubtj aâp`rt`iâ ngrs aj pjsâj au prgaubt. bmtrgaubt `bmsb um kb`bs jt qub erââj `rtbdbebjnnjfjmt ajsn`prbx umbt`brjs qub mj N‒jmquìtjur egrrjspgmajmt p`s ï n` râ`nbtâ au f`recâ.

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_gur ajs ajs r`bsgms r`bsgms a‒âegmgfbj a‒âegmgfbj,, bn `rrbvj `rrbvj quj quj njs qu`mtbtâs qu`mtbtâs `ecjtâjs `ecjtâjs mj egrrjspgmajmt egrrjspgmajmt p`s ï ej ej qub jst bmserbt a`ms nj qujstbgmm`brj aj egnnjetj. _`r jxjfpnj, `u nbju a‒`ecjtjr ajs t`s aj pgbssgm a‒jmvbrgm ?,: hi, n‒jmquìtjur `ecãtj ajs t`s a‒jmvbrgm ?,;:hi. Gm m‒jst pnus jm prâsjmej aj n` fìfj v`rbâtâ. Bn d`ut `vgbr ï n‒jsprbt quj pnus n` qu`mtbtâ jst d`bknj, pnus n‒jrrjur  nbâj ï n‒bfprâebsbgm aj n‒`pp`rjbn aj fjsurj jst ir`maj. Nj prbmebpj jst quj njs qu`mtbtâs `ecjtâjs egrrjspgmajmt `pprgxbf`tbvjfjmt `ux qu`mtbtâs c`kbtujnnjfjmt `ecjtâjs p`r njs fâm`ijs fgyjms. Ub njs fgmt`mts `nnguâs pgur n` egnnjetj tjmajmt ï ìtrj bmsuddbs`mts pgur umj

02

 

kgmmj egnnjetj, vgus ìtjs ec`riâs a‒jm bmdgrfjr vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurj`u pgur quj ajs -

fjsurjs sgbjmt prbsjs pgur `lustjr ï n` c`ussj nj kuaijt aj egnnjetj. Njs sgffjs sgffjs `nnguâjs `nnguâjs ï n` n` egnnjetj egnnjetj sgmt sgmt aâtgurmâjs aâtgurmâjs vjrs a‒`utrjs a‒`utrjs utbnbs`tbgm utbnbs`tbgms. s. Ejn` pjut pjut `rrbvjr  `rrbvjr  ngrsquj njs jmquìtjurs aâen`rjmt um ejrt`bm fgmt`mt aâpjmsâ `ngrs quj njs e`neuns d`bts sur n` k`sj ajs t`s agmmjmt um `utrj fgmt`mt. Tgus ajvjz egmdbrfjr njs aâen`r`tbgms d`btjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs jm jddjetu`mt njs e`neuns mâejss`brjs sur n` k`sj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs aj egnnjetj jt ajs prgaubts qub sgmt prâsjmtâs pgur n` pjsâj.

BT.;. Nj egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb ajs qujstbgmm`brjs Nj egmtrñnj ` pgstjrbgrb pgstjrbgrb ajs qujstbgmm`brj qujstbgmm`brjss ` pgur gkljt, a‒umj p`rt, aj s‒`ssurjr quj njs prbx egnnjetâs egnnjetâs sgmt egcârjmts `vje njs agmmâjs cbstgrbqujs jt a‒`utrj p`rt ï egnnjetjr jt tr`btjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms quj njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs `ur`bjmt mgtâ sur njurs suppgrts aj egnnjetj. Ngrs a‒um egmtrñnj  ` pgstjrbgrb,  gm pjut prgeâajr ï umj sârbj aj tjsts `dbm aj aâtjetjr < - umj abddârjmej abddârjmej aj prbx ‑ sb nj prbx prbx egmtrñnâ egmtrñnâ jst jst abddârjmt, abddârjmt, nj supjrvb supjrvbsjur sjur agbt agbt vârbdbjr vârbdbjr `uprãs `uprãs ajs egffjré`mts ` ec`miâ nj rjnjvâ bmbtb`n8 umj ajserbptb ajserbptbgm gms‒bnbmsuddbs`mt bmsu ddbs`mtj jajpubs au prgaubt prgaubt ‑ ec`qu ec`quj j prgaubt prgaubt agbt ìtrj aâdbmb aâdbmb aj f`mbãrj umbquj aj d`égm ï ej qu‒um `utrj jmquìtjur pubssj rjfpn`ejr n‒jmquìtjur c`kbtujn, jm e`s aj f`n`abj p`r jxjfpnj8 - umj jrrjur jrrjur sur sur nj prgaubt prgaubt rjnjvâ ‑ sb umj umj t`bnnj t`bnnj bmegrrjetj bmegrrjetj ` âtâ ecgbsbj p`r jxjfpnj8 jxjfpnj8 -   ajs prgaubts prgaubts jmrjibst jmrjibstrâs râs p`r jrrj jrrjur ur egffj ât`mt f`mqu`mt f`mqu`mtss gu jm rupt rupturj urj tjfpgr`br tjfpgr`brj j aj stgeh. -

Egmtrñnj aj egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs

Nj egmtrñnj aj egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs quj vgus `urjz ï d`brj jst um egmtrñnj aj prjfbjr mbvj`u. A‒`utrj A‒` utrjss egmtrñ egmtrñnjs njs sjrgmt sjrgmt âi`njfj âi`njfjmt mt jddjetu jddjetuâs. âs. Bn s‒`ibt s‒`ibt pgur pgur vgus vgus aj vgus vgus `ssurjr `ssurjr quj njs prb prbxx egnnjetâs dgurmbssjmt umj âvgnutbgm qub m‒jst p`s trgp `typbquj (trgp dgrtj gu trgp d`bknj) a‒um fgbs sur 

n‒`utrj. [`ppjngms quj pgur ec`quj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj jst `ssgebâ umj dgurecjttj a‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx. Ejttj dgurecjttj bmabquj quj nj prbx au prgaubt nj fgbs jm egurs mj agbt p`s aâp`ssjr aj x;% (ìtrj jm ajssguss aj x0%) nj prbx au fgbs prâeâajmt. ajssgu prâeâajmt. _gur njs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs s`bsgmmbãrjs, s`bsgmmbãrjs, n` egfp`r`bsgm egfp`r`bsgm sj d`bt p`r  r`ppgrt `u prbx au fìfj fgbs aj n‒`mmâj prâeâajmtj. Ejrt`bmjs âvgnutbgms `typbqujs pjuvjmt sj lustbdbjr < sgnaj, sgrtbj aj sgnaj, gpâr`tbgm egffjreb`nj, jte. A`ms ejs e`s, vgtrj tëecj egmsbstj ï vgus `ssurjr quj ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sgmt tr`mserbtjs sur nj qujstb quj stbgmm gmm`br `brj. j. A`ms A`ms nj e`s egmtr` egmtr`brj brj,, vgu vguss ajvjz ajvjz vgus vgus `pprge `pprgecjr cjr aj n‒` n‒`ijmt ijmt jmquìt jmquìtjur jur pgur pgur nub ajf`majr ajs jxpnbe`tbgms sur ejttj dgrtj âvgnutbgm au ajrmbjr fgbs p`r r`ppgrt `u fgbs prâeâajmt. Ub sjs jxpnbe`tbgms mj sgmt p`s egmv`bme`mtjs, vgus ajvrjz vgus rjmarj sur nj pgbmt aj vjmtj `vje nub pgur gktjmbr n` kgmmj bmdgrf`tbgm. MK <  N` rjajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm agbt ìtrj d`btj nj pnus tñt pgssbknj. A‒`utrjs A‒`utr js âvgnutbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj aujs ï ajs ec`mijfjmts a`ms njs e`r`etârbstb e`r`etârbstbqujs qujs au prgaubt. prgaubt. Ajux e`s pjuvjmt sj prâsjmtjr < -

nj ec`mijfjmt ec`mijfjmt aj e`r`etârbst e`r`etârbstbquj bquj egmejrmj egmejrmj njs e`r`etârb e`r`etârbstbquj stbqujss v`rb`knjs v`rb`knjs `y`mt `y`mt umj bmdnujmej bmdnujmej sur njs prbx (ET0). Bn s‒`ibt a‒um ec`mijfjmt aj prgaubt ânâfjmt`brj. A`ms ej e`s, bn y ` um jddjt jddjt qu qu`n `nbtbtâ â qu‒b qu‒bnn d`ut d`ut tr` tr`btj btjr. r. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz a`ms a`ms um pr prjfb jfbjr jr tj tjfps fps vg vgus us `s `ssu surj rjrr qu quj j nj ec`mijfjmt s‒bfpgsj. Tgus ajvjz rjnjvjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms mâejss`brjs `uprãs aj n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur jt vgus jm râdârjr ï vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurj`u pgur n` fâtcgaj aj tr`btjfjmt ï gpârjr.

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Nj ec`mijfjm ec`mijfjmtt aj e`r`etâ e`r`etârbs rbstbq tbquj uj egmejrmj egmejrmj njs e`r`etâr e`r`etârbst bstbqu bqujs js v`rb`knj v`rb`knjss m‒`y`mt m‒`y`mt p`s umj bm bmdndnujm ujmej ej sur sur njs njs prbx prbx (ET; (ET;). ). Tgus Tgus ajvj ajvjzz a`ms a`ms um prjfbj prjfbjrr tj tjfps fps vg vgus us `s `ssu surj rjrr qu quj j nj ec`mijfjmt s‒bfpgsj. U‒bn y ` um prgaubt âqubv`njmt a`ms nj fìfj pgbmt aj vjmtj, bn d`ut rjnjvjr nj prbx aj ej prgaubt `bmsb quj sjs e`r`etârbstbqujs qub sjrgmt prbs jm egfptj a`ms nj mguvj`u qujstbgmm`brj qub sjr` âabtâ pgur n` egnnjetj au fgbs prgec`bm. U‒bn m‒y ` p`s aj prgaubt âqubv`njmt, vgus ajvjz vgus jm râdârjr ï vgtrj ecjd aj kurj`u qub aâebajr` s‒bn jst mâejss`brj mâejss `brj aj rjqu`nbdbjr rjqu`nbdbjr n` ET; jm ET0 gu mgm jt vgus bmabqujr` n` aâf`recj ï subvrj. subvrj. ;?

 

Egnnjetj ajs bmdgrf`tbgms sur njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj

Njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj sjrvjmt prbmebp`njfjmt ï egnnjetjr njs agmmâjs sur njs prbx ajs prgaubts (â (âi` i`nj njfjm fjmtt nj njss qu qu`mt `mtbtbtâs âs pg pgur ur njs njs v`rbâ v`rbâtâ tâss cgfgi cgfgiãm ãmjs js vj vjmau maujs js jm umbtâ umbtâ mg mgm m st st`ma `ma`r `ra) a).. Bns Bns egmtbjmmjmt âi`njfjmt um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj qujstbgms qub `bajmt ï egfprjmarj jt ï tr`btjr ejrt`bms prgknãfjs p`rtbeunbjrs tjns quj njs âvgnutbgms `typbqujs ajs prbx, njs e`s aj djrfjturj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, jte. Bns egmtbjmmjmt jmdbm ajs jsp`ejs nbkrjs qub pjrfjttjmt `ux jmquìtjurs aj egmsbimjr tgutj bmdgrf`tbgms qu‒bns luijmt utbnjs ï njurs supârbjurs cbâr`recbqujs < djrfjturj prgir`ffâj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj, ec`mijfjmt aj prgprbât`brj, duturj sgnaj, jte. Jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj, vgus ìtjs nj prjfbjr f`bnngm a`ms n` ec`ímj aj tr`btjfjmt aj ejs agmmâjs qu`nbt`tbvjs. Tgus ajvjz ï ej tbtrj p`regurbr n‒jmsjfknj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs rjfpnbs p`r  njs njs `ijmt `ijmtss jmquì jmquìtj tjur urss qub sgmt sgmt sgus sgus vgtr vgtrj j rjspg rjspgms ms`k `kbnbnbtbtâ. â. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz râpjr râpjrtg tgrbj rbjrr tgutj tgutjss nj njss bmdgrf`tbgms rjpgrtâjs sur nj qujstbgmm`brj jt jm d`brj um prjfbjr tr`btjfjmt. -

s‒bn s‒`ibt a‒umj a‒umj ajf`maj ajf`maj a‒`ppub a‒`ppub pgur pgur tr`btjr tr`btjr um e`s e`s abddbebnj abddbebnj (e`s au egaj egaj egmsunt`tb egmsunt`tbgm gm Eg p`r  p`r  jxjfpnj), vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr ej e`s jt vgus jmtrjtjmbr `vje n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur a`ms njs fjbnnjurs Nj prgknãfj bajmtbdbâ n` sgnutbgm tr`btâj agbvjmt ìtrj egmsbimâ a`mspubssj vgtrj r`ppgrt ajaân`bs. supjrvbsbgm pgur quj vgtrj jt supârbjur cbâr`recbquj jm sgbt bmdgrfâ jt qu‒bn âvjmtujnnjfjmt râpjreutjr vgtrj sgnutbgm ï n‒jmsjfknj ajs âqubpjs 8

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U‒bn U‒bn s‒`ibt s‒`ibt a‒ânâfj a‒ânâfjmts mts a‒bmdgrf` a‒bmdgrf`tbg tbgms ms qu`nbt`tb qu`nbt`tbvjs vjs,, ejs bmdgrf`tb bmdgrf`tbgms gms agbvjmt agbvjmt ìtr ìtrj j râpjrtgr râpjrtgrbâj bâjss a`ms vgtrj r`ppgrt qub sjr` tr`msfbs ï vgtrj rjspgms`knj aj kurj`u `dbm quj tgutj `etbgm utbnj sgbt jmi`iâj.

_`r jxjfpnj, sb n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur r`ppgrtj umj bmdgrf`tbgm au typj < « nj pgbmt aj vjmtj sjr` djrfâ a`ms ajux fgbs ¸, vgtrj r`ppgrt agbt egmtjmbr n` nbimj subv`mtj < -

nj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj m¿0;5; m¿0;5;,, aj typj typj S sjr` djrfâ djrfâ a`ms a`ms ajux ajux fgbs. fgbs. A`ms ej pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj, vjmtj, gm subt njs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subv`mts < _0, _;, _5.

Nj rjspg rjspgms` ms`knj knj au kurj` kurj`u, u, `prã `prãss jx`fj jx`fjm m aj vgtrj vgtrj r` r`pp ppgr grt, t, vg vgus us bmabqu bmabqujr` jr` `n `ngrs grs nj njss `e `etbtbgm gmss ï jmtrjprjmarj (p`r jxjfpnj « ecjrecjr um _T aj typj S gò sgmt vjmaus njs prgaubts _0, _;, _5 ¸, gu `ngrs < « ecjrecjr a`ms njs pgbmts aj vjmtj âec`mtbnngm njs pgbmts aj vjmtj qub vjmajmt âi`njfjmt njs prgaubts prgaub ts _0, _; jt _5 ¸).

;0

 

Ec`pbtrj 1 _[GKNJFJU Ec`pbtrj _[GKNJFJU EGZ[@MQU EGZ[@MQU [JMEGMQ[J [JMEGMQ[JU U _JMA@MQ _JMA@MQ N@ UZ_J[TBUBGM AJ N@ EGNNJEQJ Ej quj vgus `vjz `pprbs lusqu'beb a`ms ej f`mujn vgus pjrfjttr` a`ms umj n`rij fjsurj aj râ`nbsjr, `vje sueeãs vgtrj fbssbgm aj supjrvbsjur supjrvbsjur aj n‒jmquìtj n‒jmquìtj prbx. F`bs bn y `ur` ajs sbtu`tbgms sbtu`tbgms qub n`bssjrgmt n`bssjrgmt pjrpnjxjs vgs `ijmts jmquìtjurs. Ejs ajrmbjrs sj râdârjrgmt `ngrs ï vgus pgur tr`btjr ejs e`s. N` prâsjmtj sjetbgm tr`btj aj n` pnup`rt aj ejs sbtu`tbgms.

B.

_GBM BMQ Q AJ TJMQJ DJ[FJ

Bn jxbstj ajux e`s aj djrfjturj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Bn pjut s‒`ibr aj < -

djr djrfjtu fjturj rj prgvbsg prgvbsgbrj brj aj pgb pgbmt mt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. A`ms A`ms ej e`s, n` egnnjet egnnjetj j jst pgssbk pgssbknj nj sb n` aurâj aurâj aj n` djrfjt djrfjtur urj j js jstt bmdâ bmdârb rbju jurj rj ï um fgbs. fgbs. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz ag agme me aj ajf`m f`maj ajrr ï vg vgtr trj j jmquì jmquìtj tjur ur aj rjtgurmjr `u pgbmt aj vjmtj ï n` a`tj prgpbej. A`ms nj e`s egmtr`brj, vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr n` sbtu`tbgm jt aâebajr jm dgmetbgm ajs p`r`fãtrjs subv`mts < g

  typj aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

g

  drâqujmej a‒`ksjmej tjfpgr`brj ajs prgaubts subvbs subvbs a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

g

  râiun`rbtâ râiun`rbtâ aj n` djrfjturj djrfjturj au pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj a`ms nj p`ssâ p`ssâ 8

g

  mgfkrj aj prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs a`ms a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj 8

g

  ajirâ aj drâqujmt`tbgm au pgbmt aj vjmtj p`r njs egmsgff`tjurs.

Ub nj pgbmt aj vjmtj m‒` l`f`bs pgsâ aj prgknãfj a`ms nj p`ssâ, ejn` ajvr`bt bmebtjr ï nj egmsjrvjr. A`ms nj e`s egmtr`brj, bn v`uar` fbjux ecjrecjr ï nj rjfpn`ejr. -

djr djrfjtu fjturj rj aâdbmbtb aâdbmbtbvj vj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. A`ms ej e`s, vgus vgus ajvrjz râpjrtg râpjrtgrbjr rbjr n‒jmsj n‒jmsjfknj fknj ajs ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs subvbs a`ms nj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Tgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr n‒bfp`et aj ejttj djrfjturj sur n‒âec`mtbnngmm`ij a‒um pgbmt ajvgus vuj typj ajvgus pgbmtdbxjr aj vjmtj jt a‒um pgbmtajaj vuj iâgir`pcbquj. Jm dgmetbgm aj ejs ânâfjmts, ajvjz um typj aj pgbmt vjmtj jt rj rjec ecjre jrecj cjrr um pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmt vjmtj j prâeb prâebss qub vg vgus us pj pjrfj rfjtt ttj j sg sgbtbt aj f`bmtj f`bmtjmb mbrr n` fìfj fìfj rjprâsjmt`tbvbtâ aj n‒âec`mtbnngm, sgbt aj n‒`fânbgrjr.

BB BB..

_[GA _[GAZB ZBQU QU F@ F@MP MPZ@ Z@MQ MQU U

Zm prgknãfj trãs drâqujmt jst nj d`bt qu'um jmquìtjur egmst`tj qu'um prgaubt aj s` nbstj m'jst pnus jm r`ygm nj lgur bmabquâ pgur n` egnnjetj. Ejttj sbtu`tbgm pjut `vgbr trgbs prbmebp`njs v`rb`mtjs < -   nj prgaubt pjut ìtrj tjfpgr`brjfjmt tjfpgr`brjfjmt jm rupturj a`ms um gu gu pnusbjurs pgbmts pgbmts aj vjmtj

(p`rr jx (p` jxjfp jfpnj nj,, jm r`bs r`bsgm gm a'um a'um rjt` rjt`ra ra aj nbvr nbvr`b `bsgm sgm `e `eeu eusâ sâ p` p`rr nj dg dgurm urmbs bssj sjur ur). ). N‒ N‒`i `ijmt jmt jmquìtjur ` n` pgssbkbnbtâ aj sukstbtujr nj prgaubt f`mqu`mt p`r um prgaubt sbfbn`brj jt n‒bmabqujr sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Tgus ajvrjz vârbdbjr quj nj prgaubt rjfpn`é`mt jst kbjm âqubv`njmt `u prgaubt rjfpn`eâ. N‒âqubv`njmej d`bt râdârjmej n` dgbs `u prbx ajs ï sjs e`r`etârbstbqujs f`bs âi`njfjmt ï n‒utbnbtâ quj nj ïegmsgff`tjur pjutajux tbrjrprgaubts, aj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs prgaubts. Dgrfjnnjfjmt, ajux prgaubts sgmt âqubv`njmts sb nj egmsgff`tjur jst bmabddârjmt a`ms nj ecgbx ajs ajux prgaubts. Jm a‒`utrjs tjrfjs, bn tbrj n` fìfj s`tbsd`etbgm aj n` egmsgff`tbgm aj n‒um gu aj n‒`utrj prgaubt. -   nj prgaubt prgaubt ajvbjmt ajvbjmt bmabspgmbknj bmabspgmbknj aj f`mbãrj f`mbãrj aâdbmbtbvj aâdbmbtbvj. N‒`ijmt jmquìtjur ajvr` a‒`kgra

vârbdbjr quj ej prgaubt m‒jst p`s jddjetbvjfjmt vjmau a`ms a‒`utrjs pgbmts aj vjmtj. Ub nj prgaubt jst vjmau a`ms a‒`utrjs pgbmts aj vjmtj aj fìfj typj, bn egnnjetjr` sgm prbx jt ajvr` n‒bmabqujr en`brjfjmt sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. Ub nj prgaubt jst jddjetbvjfjmt bmabspgmbknj

;;

 

aj f`mbãrj aâdbmbtbvj, bn sj râdârjr` ï vgus pgur aâebajr aj n` aâf`recj ï `agptjr. U`ecjz quj < g

g

g

g

  nj prgaubt prgaubt rjfpn`é rjfpn`é`mt `mt agbt ìtr ìtrj j aj prâ prâdârj dârjmej mej nj pnus pnus prgecj prgecj pgssbknj pgssbknj au prgaubt prgaubt rjfpn`eâ 8   nj typj aj pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj a`ms njqujn bn ajvr` ajvr` ìtrj subvb agbt agbt `vgbr aj prâdârjmej prâdârjmej njs fìfjs e`r`etârbstbqujs quj n‒`mebjm pgbmt aj vjmtj 8   nj prgaubt prgaubt rjfpn` rjfpn`é`m é`mtt ajvr` ajvr` ìtr ìtrj j `ussb `ussb rjprâsj rjprâsjmt` mt`tbd tbd aj n` egmsgff egmsgff`tb `tbgm gm ajs fâm` fâ m`ij ijss quj quj nj prga prgaub ubtt rjfp rjfpn` n`eâ eâ.. Bn ag agbt bt ìt ìtrj rj kbjm kbjm vj vjma mau u a` a`ms ms sg sgm m pg pgbm bmtt a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx 8   bn agbt rjspjetjr njs njs e`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ qub nub jst r`tt`ecâ.

-   nj prgaubt prgaubt ` âtâ rjfpn`eâ p`r um prgaubt prgaubt sbfbn`brj, sbfbn`brj, f`bs f`bs mgm bajmtbquj. bajmtbquj. Ejttj sbtu`tbgm sbtu`tbgm

sj prgaubt sguvjmt `vje ajs vìtjfjmts jt ajs kbjms aur`knjs gò njs fgaãnjs m‒gmt sguvjmt qu qu‒u ‒umj mj aurâj aurâj aj vbj vbj egffj egffjreb reb`n `nj j egurtj egurtj.. Zm ecjfbs ecjfbsbj bjrr pg pgur ur a` a`fjs fjs pj pjut ut `v `vgb gbrr s` egfpgsbtbgm jm tbssu p`ssjr aj 2?% aj egtgm jt aj 0?% aj r`ygmmj ï 4?% aj egtgm jt 1?% aj r`ygmmj, p`r jxjfpnj. Gu kbjm, umj f`ecbmj ï n`vjr pjut vgbr s` vbtjssj aj rgt`tbgm p`ssjr aj 0??? t/fm ï 00?? t/fm. Aj tjns ec`mijfjmts aj spâebdbe`tbgms jmtr`ímjmt c`kbtujnnjfjmt umj `uifjmt`tbgm aj prbx. Tgus ajvjz ajf`majr quj n‒jmquìtjur egnnjetj, sur um fìfj fgbs (nj fgbs prâeâajmt p`r jxjfpnj), nj prbx ajs ajux prgaubts aj sgrtj ï ej quj nj ecjd aj kurj`u pubssj jstbfjr njs jddjts qu`nbtâ. Nj prgaubt rjfpn`é`mt pgurr`bt `ngrs ìtrj `eejptâ jt rjfpn`ejr aâdbmbtbvjfjmt nj prgaubt absp`ru.

MK < Qgutjs njs dgbs qu‒um `ijmt jmquìtjur agbt rjnjvjr nj prbx a‒um prgaubt aj sukstbtutbgm, bn agbt s‒`arjssjr ï sgm supjrvbsjur, qub nub abr` s'bn jst `eejpt`knj gu mgm. N` aâebsbgm dbm`nj sjr` prbsj p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx.

BBB.

@__@[BQBGM @__@[BQBGM AJ MGZTJNNJU MGZTJNNJU E@[@ E@[@EQJ[BU EQJ[BUQBPZJ QBPZJU U AJU _[GAZBQU _[GAZBQU

Bn `rrbvj râiunbãrjfjmt quj njs e`r`etârbstbqujs ajs prgaubts ec`mijmt a`ms nj tjfps. Aj mguvjnnjs e`r`etârbstbqujs (ET0 gu ET;) bfpgrt`mtjs pjuvjmt `pp`r`ítrj, jm pnus aj ejnnjs ej qub sgmt sur nj qujstbgmm`brj. N` ajserbptbgm sur nj qujstbgmm`brj pjut `pp`r`ítrj bmsuddbs`mtj pgur tr`mecjr a`ms ejrt`bmjs sbtu`tbgms. Bn pjut s‒`ibr sbfpnjfjmt a‒umj fbsj ï lgur aj n` ajserbptbgm strueturâj gu `ngrs a‒umj sbtu`tbgm aj rjfp rjfpn` n`ej ejfj fjmt mt aj v` v`rb rbât âtâ â gu aj sâ sârb rbjs js.. Tg Tgus us ajvj ajvjzz rj rjnj njvj vjrr ej ejss sbtu sbtu`t `tbg bgms ms jt jm `v `vbs bsjr jr nj njss ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej qub ajvrgmt prjmarj njs aâebsbgms qub egmvbjmmjmt.

BT BT..

UG UGNA NAJU JU JQ [J [JFB FBUJ UJU U

_nusbjurs f`rec`mabsjs sgmt vjmaujs p`r s`bsgm gu ï n‒gee`sbgm aj sgnajs gu `utrjs, jt njs k`s prbx pr`tbquâs pjuvjmt `vgbr umj bmebajmej sur n` fgyjmmj fjmsujnnj ajs prbx ajs prgaubts `ecjtâs p`r njs fâm`ijs. Jm ajcgrs ajs sgnajs `mmujnnjs, bn jxbstj njs abvjrsjs dgrfjs aj râauetbgm, qub sgmt sguvjmt gddjrtjs ï n` enbjmtãnj. enbjmtãnj. Ejs pr`tbqujs pr`tbqujs gmt pnus sguvjmt egurs a`ms njs supjrf`recâs supjrf`recâs quj a`ms a'`utrjs a'`utrjs typjs aj pgbmts aj vjmtj, jt sjfknjmt ìtrj jm vgiuj. @u mgfkrj ajs jxjfpnjs aj ej typj aj r`k`bs, gm egfptj ej qub subt, jxenusbgm d`btj ajs egmsbim`tbgms aj kgutjbnnjs qub mj agbvjmt p`s ìtrj prbsjs jm egfptj a`ms nj prbx < -   Njs râauetbgms râauetbgms gddjrtjs ï ajs irgupjs irgupjs rjstrjbmts rjstrjbmts tjns quj njs pjrsgmmjs rjtr`btâjs rjtr`btâjs gu `ux

fjfkrjs a'um irgupj gri`mbsâ tjn qu'um symabe`t. Ejs râauetbgms aj prbx sjrgmt bimgrâjs 8

-   Njs râauetbgms râauetbgms `eegraâjs `eegraâjs sur ajs `rtbenjs `rtbenjs jmagff`iâs jmagff`iâs gu au d`bt aj njur pârjfptbgm. pârjfptbgm. Jnnjs Jnnjs

sgmt bm`eej sgmt bm`eejpt` pt`knj knjs, s, e`r njs prg prgaub aubts ts sgmt sgmt a'umj a'umj qu`nbtâ qu`nbtâ bmdârb bmdârbjurj jurj ï ejnnj ejnnj ajs prgaub prgaubts ts spâebdbâs 8 -   Njs gddrjs gddrjs au ijmrj ijmrj "5 pgur nj prbx aj ;" (jt sbfbn`b sbfbn`brjs) rjs).. Jnnjs sjrgmt sjrgmt bimgrâjs bimgrâjs gu tr`btâjs tr`btâjs

egmdgrfâfjmt `ux rãinjs `ppnbquâjs `ux e`s aj rjfpn`ejfjmt aj prgaubts 8 -   Njs gddrjs au ijmrj ijmrj "x ir`tubtjfjmt ir`tubtjfjmt gddjrt pgur pgur tgut `ec`t aj y". Jnnjs Jnnjs sjrgmt bimgrâjs bimgrâjs gu

tr`btâjs egmdgrfâfjmt `ux rãinjs `ppnbquâjs `ux e`s aj rjfpn`ejfjmt aj prgaubts 8 ;5

 

-   Njs egupgms egupgms aj "râauetbg "râauetbgm m sur `ec`t" `ec`t" `tt`ec `tt`ecâs âs ï um prgaubt prgaubt agmmâ mj sjrgmt sjrgmt p`s prb prbss jm

egfptj, ï fgbms qu'bns mj sgbjmt gddjrts ï tgus njs enbjmts `u fgfjmt aj n‒`ec`t n‒`ec`t 8 -   Njs rjfbsjs p`r p`r qu`mtbtâ qu`mtbtâ sjrgmt âi`njfjmt âi`njfjmt bimgrâjs. bimgrâjs. _`r jxjfpnj, jxjfpnj, nj prbx `ddbecâ `ddbecâ au hi aj vb`maj aj kŕud jst aj 0:?? D ED@, f`bs sb vgus `ecjtjz pnus aj : hi, vgus p`yjz sjunjfjmt 05?? D ED@. Nj prbx aj 0:?? DED@ ajvr` ìtrj rjnjvâ, pubsquj njs `ec`ts ï prbx dgrd`bt`brj mj sgmt p`s prbs jm egfptj pgur nj rjnjvâ ajs prbx, e`r bns mj sgmt p`s egmdgrfjs `ux spâebdbe`tbgms au prgaubt.

@ ec`quj dgbs qu‒um jmquìtjur r`ppgrtj umj tjnnj sbtu`tbgm, vgus ajvrjz nub pgsjr tgutjs njs qujstbgms utbnjs pgur vgus `ssurjr quj ejs râauetbgms mj sgmt p`s jxenujs. @ ec`quj sgrtbj aj sgnaj, njs prbx gmt tjma`mej ï `uifjmtjr. Aj tjnnjs `uifjmt`tbgms agbvjmt ìtrj sbim`nâjs sur nj qujstbgmm`brj p`r nj egaj < « sgrtbj aj sgnaj ¸.

T.

AJ AJQ@ Q@BN BNN@ N@MQ MQU U _J _JZ Z EG EGG_ G_J[@ J[@QB QBDU DU

Bn y ` ajaj trãs dgrtjs ec`mejs njs jmquìtjurs ajs aât`bnn`mts (prgprbât`brjs iâr`mts f`i`sbm, jte.) qub quj rjdusjmt aj eggpârjrrjmegmtrjmt `vje n'jmquìtj. Jddgrejz-vgus ï jxpnbqujra‒ât`n, ï ejs ajrmbjrs quj vgus m'ìtjs p`s n‒"jspbgm" a‒um `utrj aât`bnn`mt, mb um bmspjetjur aj n‒Ât`t qub vârbdbj n` qu`nbtâ aj njurs prgaubts gu njs prbx qu'bns pr`tbqujmt, quj mb njurs mgfs mb njurs prbx m'`pp`r`ítrgmt a`ms `ueumj puknbe`tbgm. Abtjs-njur quj njurs mgfs, `arjssjs, jt tgus njs aât`bns egmejrm`mt njurs prgaubts sgmt strbetjfjmt egmdbajmtbjns. Njs rjmsjbimjfjmts sjrgmt sjunjfjmt `lgutâs `ux agmmâjs sbfbn`brjs egnnjetâjs ecjz a‒`utrjs aât`bnn`mts pgur aâtjrfbmjr ajs fgyjmmjs jt ajs âvgnutbgms. Jm gutrj, vgus ajvjz njur jxpnbqujr nj kbjm dgmaâ aj ejttj jmquìtj jt n‒utbnbtâ aj n‒bmabej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm pgur n` kgmmj egmaubtj aj n` pgnbtbquj âegmgfbquj jt njs `dd`brjs. Ub, `prãs tgut ejn`, nj aât`bnn`mt aât`bnn`mt rjdusj tgulgurs aj eggpârj eggpârjr, r, m‒jss`yjz p`s aj prgngmijr prgngmijr n` abseussbgm abseussbgm gu aj vgus absputjr `vje nub. [jtbrjz-vgus pgnbfjmt, jt prâp`rjz um r`ppgrt ebregmst`mebâ pgur vgtrj

rj rjspg spgms ms`kn `knj j aj ku kurj` rj`u. u. Bma Bmabq bquj ujzz nub nub a`ms a`ms nj r`ppg r`ppgrt rt vg vgss suiij suiijstb stbgm gmss jt prgpg prgpgsb sbtbtbgm gmss pg pgur ur nj rjfpn`ejfjmt au pgbmt aj vjmtj.

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Ec`pbtrj : AJGMQGNGI Ec`pbtrj AJGMQGNGIBJ BJ AZ UZ_J[TBUJZ UZ_J[TBUJZ[ [ AJ AJ N‒JMPZ N‒JMPZJQJ JQJ _[BS Egnnjetjr njs agmmâjs sur njs prbx jst umj gpâr`tbgm egfpnjxj, qub suppgsj qu‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒jmquìtjurs jddjetujmt um tr`v`bn egmsbaâr`knj sur nj tjrr`bm. N‒gpâr`tbgm rjqubjrt umj pn`mbdbe`tbgm jt umj ijs ijstbg tbgm m fâtc fâtcgab gabquj qujss ajs ajstbm tbmâjs âjs ï i`r i`r`mtb `mtbrr quj njs agm agmmâj mâjss rjeu rjeujbn jbnnbj nbjss sgm sgmtt egm egmdgrfj dgrfjss `ux bmstruetbgms agmmâjs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx.  @ ejttj dbm, njs jmquìtjurs agbvjmt ìtrj kbjm jmtr`ímâs, jmtr` ímâs, e`r bn d`ut s‒`ssurjr qu‒bns qu ‒bns egfprjmmjmt egfkbjm bn bfpgrtj aj ecgbsbr egmvjm`knjfjmt njs prgaubts agmt gm jmtjma subvrj njs prbx a`ms nj tjfps. Fìfj sb n` egmtbmubtâ jst nj prbmebpj aj k`sj pgur nj e`neun ajs bmabejs ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm, pgur  pguvgbr râ`nbsjr ajs egfp`r`bsgms a‒umj pârbgaj ï n‒`utrj, n` d`égm aj prjmarj jm egfptj n` njmtj fgabdbe`tbgm aj n‒âvjmt`bn ajs prgaubts ï n`qujnnj njs jmquìtjurs sgmt egmdrgmtâs jst a‒umj bfpgrt`mej prbfgrab`nj pgur n` qu`nbtâ jt n` db`kbnbtâ aj n‒BC_E. Ejrt`bms prgaubts pjuvjmt absp`r`ítrj jt ajvgbr ìtrj rjfpn`eâs p`r a‒`utrjs, f`bs bn pjut `ussb ìtrj sguc`bt`knj aj mj pnus tjmbr egfptj aj ejrt`bms prgaub prg aubts ts `v` `v`mt mt fìfj qu‒ qu‒bns bns `bj `bjmt mt tgt` tgt`njfj njfjmt mt abs absp`ru p`ru,, s‒b s‒bns ns gmt ejss ejssâ â a‒ì a‒ìtrj trj rjp rjprâsj râsjmt` mt`tbd tbds. s. Njs jmquìtjurs agbvjmt kâmâdbebjr a‒umj dgrf`tbgm `a`ptâj jt rjejvgbr ajs bmdgrf`tbgms jt ajs bmstruetbgms trãs en`brjs, aj vgtrj p`rt gu aj n` p`rt au rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx, sur n` d`égm aj prgeâajr. Ajs bmstruetbgms en`brjs sgmt âi`njfjmt mâejss`brjs pgur d`brj jm sgrtj quj ejs jmquìtjurs rjnãvjmt njs kgms prbx jm e`s aj sgnajs, a‒gddrjs spâeb`njs gu a‒`utrjs ebregmst`mejs jxejptbgmmjnnjs. Ub nj  rñnj aj n'jmquìtjur jst trãs bfpgrt`mt ï ejt jddjt, vgtrj rñnj aj supjrvbsjur aj n` egnnjetj jst prbfgrab`n e`r e‒jst vgus qub ìtjs nj i`r`mt aj n` qu`nbtâ ajs agmmâjs qub sjrgmt utbnbsâjs a`ms njs e`neuns. Tgus ìtjs âi`njfjmt i`r`mt aj n` qu`nbtâ aj tgutjs njs gpâr`tbgms aj rjfpn`ejfjmt jt aj fbsj ï lgur aj n‒âec`mtbnngm jt, a‒umj f`mbãrj iâmâr`nj, aj tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms dgurmbjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs.

jmquìtjurs. Nj supjrvbsjur agbt rjspjetjr ejrt`bmjs rãinjs `u egurs aj sjs tr`v`ux. Ejs rãinjs gmt âtâ, pgur n` pnup`r pnu p`rtt prâsjmt prâsjmtâjs âjs a`ms a`ms njs sjetbg sjetbgms ms prâeâaj prâeâajmtj mtjs. s. Beb Beb,, mgus mgus njs `vgms `vgms symtcât symtcâtbsâ bsâjs js pgur pgur vgus vgus pjrfjttrj aj njs fâfgrbsjr egrrjetjfjmt < 0. Lgujr nj rñnj aj d`ebnbt`tju d`ebnbt`tjurr `uprãs ajs `ijmts jmquìtjurs jmquìtjurs < F`ítrbsjr F`ítrbsjr egrrjetjfjmt egrrjetjfjmt nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn jt njs bmstruetbgms agmmâjs `ux `ijmts jmquìtjurs 8 ;. Lgujr nj nj rñnj aj d`ebnbt`tj d`ebnbt`tjur ur `uprãs ajs ajs rjspgms`knjs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt pgbmt aj vjmtj vjmtj 8 5. Lgujr Lgujr nj rñn rñnj j aj d`ebnbt` d`ebnbt`tjur tjur `uprãs `uprãs au rjspgm rjspgms`k s`knj nj au kurj`u ajs prbx < Dgurmbr Dgurmbr tgutjs tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms utbnjs ï n` fbsj ï lgur aj n‒âec`mtbnngm ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs 8 1. Gri`mb Gri`mbsjr sjr nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn ajs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtj jmquìtjurs urs agmt bn ` n` ec`rij ec`rij jt `ssurjr `ssurjr n` abspgmb abspgmbkbn kbnbtâ btâ aj n‒jmsjfknj ajs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs 8 :. Jtrj Jtrj egmst` egmst`ffjm ffjmtt sur nj tjrr`bm tjrr`bm jt vbsbtj vbsbtjrr `u fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj trbfjstrj ec`quj ec`quj pgbmt aj vjmtj agmt bn ` n` ec`rij 8 4. _`reg _`regurb urbrr ec`q ec`quj uj suppg suppgrt rt aj egnn egnnje jetj tj jt s‒`s s‒`ssu surjr rjr,, a` a`ms ms nj njss aâ aân` n`bs bs eg egmv mvjm` jm`kn knjs js,, aj n` egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs dgurmbjs 8 9. [jspjetjr [jspjetjr jt d`brj d`brj rjspjetjr rjspjetjr njs njs aân`bs. aân`bs.

Ejs rãinjs sgmt prâsjmtâjs eb-`prãs. Jnnjs gmt pgur kut a'umbdgrfbsjr n` egmaubtj aj tgus d`ej ï ejrt`bmjs sbtu`tbgms.  Tgus m'câsbtjrjz p`s ï dgrfunjr tgutj prgpgsbtbgm vbs`mt ï njs `etu`nbsjr gu njs p`rd`brj. 0. Lguj Lgujrr nj rñ rñnj nj aj d`ebn d`ebnbt` bt`tj tjur ur `upr `uprãs ãs aj ajss `ijm `ijmts ts jmqu jmquìtj ìtjur urs. s.   Tgus Tgus ìt ìtjs js nj pr prjfb jfbjr  jr  bmtjrng bmtjrngeut eutjur jur ajs `ijmts `ijmts jmquìtj jmquìtjurs urs pn`eâs pn`eâs sgus sgus vgtrj vgtrj rjspgms rjspgms`kbn `kbnbtâ btâ.. Jm ej sjms, sjms, ejs ajrmbjrs ajvrgmt trguvjr `uprãs aj vgus tgut nj sgutbjm jt n‒`baj mâejss`brj agmt bns gmt kjsgbm. Tgus ìtjs um ecjd a‒âqubpj jt jm t`mt quj tjn vgus ajvjz bmspbrjr egmdb`mej ï vgs ânâfjmts. Tgus ajvjz njs sgutjmbr, njs fgtbvjr. Tgus ajvjz ìtrj jm fjsurj aj njur `ppgrtjr tgut `ppub tjecmbquj < `ussb, bn jst jssjmtbjn quj vgus f`ítrbsjz egrrjetjfjmt nj tr`v`bn jt nj f`mujn aj n‒`ijmt jmquìtjur. Tgtrj tëecj aj supjrvbsjur mj sbimbdbj p`s quj vgus ìtjs um bmspjetjur  ;:

 

ec`riâ aj prjmarj qujnqu‒um jm d`utj. F`bs vgus ajvjz pnutñt ecjrecjr ï i`r`mtbr i`r`mtbr jt `fânbgrjr  `fânbgrjr  n` qu`nbtâ ajsp`s agmmâjs quj njs`ux jmquìtjurs egnnjetjmt. U`ecjz tëecj aj s`metbgm mj vgus rjvbjmt f`bs bmegfkj rjspgms`knjs aj kurj`u ï qubquj vgusn`rjmajz egfptj. ;.   Lgujr nj rñnj aj d`ebnbt`tjur `uprãs ajs rjspgms`knjs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. @prãs njs `ijmts jmquìtjurs qub sgmt tgut nj tjfps jm egmt`et `vje njs pgbmts aj vjmtj a`ms njsqujns bns subvjmt n‒âvgnutbgm ajs prbx ajs prgaubts, vgus ìtjs nj prjfbjr rjspgms`knj ï qub n‒gm s‒`arjssjr` pgur  râinjr ejrt`bms prgknãfjs `vje njs rjspgms`knjs aj pgbmt aj vjmtj. Nj e`s nj pnus drâqujmt quj vgus `urjz ï tr`btjr jst nj e`s aj rjdus aj eggpâr`tbgm a‒um tjm`mt aj r`ygm gu aj kgutbquj. U`ecjz quj vgus mj pguvjz p`s gknbijr um tjm`mt aj kgutbquj ï vgus dgurmbr umj bmdgrf`tbgm db`knj. Tgus ajvjz, `v`mt aj vgus rjmarj `u pgbmt aj vjmtj, rjeujbnnbr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms mâejss`brjs (prgaubts subvbs, a`tj aj erâ`tbgm ajs sârbjs, egfpgrtjfjmts p`ssâs au aât`bnn`mts, jte.) jt prjmarj rjmajz-vgus `vje nj rjspgms`knj au pgbmt aj vjmtj. Tgus ajvjz ìtrj nj pnus egrrjet pgssbknj. C`kbnnjz-vgus egmvjm`knjfjmt, fumbssjz-vgus aj tgus njs ageufjm age ufjmts ts mâejss mâejss`br `brj j (e`rtj (e`rtj prgdjss prgdjssbgm bgmmjn mjnnj, nj, pn`qujt pn`qujttj tj sur n‒BC_E n‒BC_E,, jte.). jte.). Ugyjz Ugyjz pgsâ, pgsâ, jxpnbqujz nj kbjm-dgmaâ aj n‒jmquìtj prbx jt dgurmbssjz nub tgus njs ageufjmts mâejss`brjs. Jxpnbqujz nub njs en`usjs aj egmdbajmtb`nbtâ jt aj n‒jmquìtj. Jm ajrmbjr rjssgrt sjunjfjmt âvgqujz nj e`r`etãrj gknbi`tgbrj aj n‒jmquìtj. Ub, f`nirâ tgut, bn rjdusj, rjtbrjz-vgus pgnbfjmt tgut jm nj rjfjreb`mt a‒`vgbr `eejptâ `eejptâ aj vgus rjejvgbr. rjejvgbr. [âabijz [âabijz vgtrj r`ppgrt jm prgpgs`mt njs sgnutbgms

5. Lgujr Lgujr nj rñnj aj d`ebnbt`tjur d`ebnbt`tjur `uprãs `uprãs au rjspgms`knj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u kurj`u ajs prbx. Nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u kurj`u ajs prb prbxx jst rjspgms`k rjspgms`knj nj aj tgus tgus njs `spjets `spjets fâtcgag fâtcgagngi ngibqu bqujs js egmejrm egmejrm`mt `mt n` egnnjetj ajs prbx. Bn egmégbt ejs fâtcgagngibjs jt agmmj ajs bmstruetbgms sur n` k`sj aj sjs egmm`bss`mejs sur njs f`recâs. U`ecjz quj vgus ìtjs, jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur, sgm prjfbjr  fgyjm a‒gktjmbr ajs bmdgrf`tbgms jm vuj aj fjttrj ï lgur njs fâtcgagngibjs jt njs bmstruetbgms rjn`tbvjs ï n` egnnjetj. @ussb, vgus ajvjz f`ítrbsjr njs `spjets jssjmtbjns au tr`v`bn qu‒bn ` ï d`brj jt nub dgurmbr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms aj tjrr`bm utbnjs < g

  ï n` fbsj ï lgur lgur aj n‒âec`m n‒âec`mtbn tbnngm ngm ajs prgaubts prgaubts ânâfjmt ânâfjmt`br `brjs js < rjprâsj rjprâsjmt`t mt`tbvb bvbtâ tâ ajs

prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs, ajs pgbmts aj vjmtj, aj n‒jsp`ej iâgir`pcbquj aj egnnjetj, jte. g

g

g

  ï n` fbsj ï lgur ajs e`r`etârbstbq e`r`etârbstbqujs ujs ajs prgaubts, prgaubts, jt mgt`ffjmt `u tr`btjfjmt tr`btjfjmt ajs e`s aj rjfpn`ejfjmt 8   ï n` fbsj ï lgur lgur ajs bmstruetbg bmstruetbgms ms aj egnnjetj egnnjetj 8   `u tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs f`mqu`mtjs.

U`ecjz quj vgus pguvjz ìtrj bmvbtâs ï p`rtbebpjr ï n‒âec`mtbnngmm`ij ajs sbtjs jt ajs prgaubts ânâfjmt`brjs. Tgus pguvjz vârbdbjr quj njs sbtjs a`ms njsqujns gm prgpgsj aj rjnjvjr njs prbx egfpgrtjmt um âvjmt`bn vgunu aj f`i`sbms, gu âfjttrj um `vbs sur n` sbtu`tbgm âegmgfbquj qub prâv`ut sur ejs sbtjs jt sur njs zgmjs âvjmtujnnjfjmt a`mijrjusjs.

1. Gri`mbsjr Gri`mbsjr nj tr`v`bn tr`v`bn ajs `ijmts jmquìtjur jmquìtjurss agmt bn ` n` ec`rij ec`rij jt `ssurjr n` abspgmbkbn abspgmbkbnbtâ btâ egnnjetj tj ajs agmmâjs rjqubjrt rjqubjrt umj  N‒gpâr`tbgm aj egnnje aj n‒jmsjfknj ajs f`târbjns mâejss`brjs.  N‒gpâr`tbgm pn`mbdbe`tbg pn`mb dbe`tbgm m jt umj ijstbg ijstbgm m fâtcgab fâtcgabqujs qujs ajstbmâjs ï i`r`mt i`r`mtbr br quj njs agmmâjs rjeujbn rjeujbnnbjs nbjs sgmt egmdgrfjs `ux bmstruetbgms agmmâjs p`r nj rjspgms`knj au kurj`u ajs prbx. Ejs bmstruetbgms sgmt pgur n` pnup`rt `utgf`tbsâjs a`ms n‒`ppnbe`tbgm aj prgauetbgm ajs BC_E. Ejpjma`mt, vgus ìtjs aj rjmarj gpâr`tbgmmjnnj ejttj gri`mbs`tbgm. Tgus ajvjz vgus `ssurjr a‒umj râp`rtbtbgm âqubt` âqu bt`knj knj ajs qujs qujstbg tbgmm` mm`brjs brjs jmt jmtrj rj njs `ij `ijmts mts jmqu jmquìtj ìtjurs. urs. Tgu Tguss ajv ajvjz jz âi` âi`njfj njfjmt mt vgu vguss `ssurjr quj njs tr`ljts ajs jmquìtjurs sgmt kbjm ân`kgrâs jt quj njs suppgrts aj egnnjetj rjfpnbs sgmt `ecjfbmâs `u kurj`u a`ms njs aân`bs rjqubs. Tgus Tgus ajvjz ajvjz vgus vgus `ssu `ssurj rjrr quj quj n‒jms n‒jmsjfk jfknj nj ajs ajs ân ânâfj âfjmt mtss mâ mâej ejss` ss`br brjs js ï n` eg egnnnnje jetj tj js jstt abspgmbknj abspgm bknj jt dgmetbgmmjn. dgmetbgmmjn. Tgus ajvjz vârbdbjr vârbdbjr râiunbãrjfjmt n‒ât`t ajs f`târbjns aj pjsâj. @ n` dbm aj ec`quj fgbs, vgus ajvjz `pprìtjr n‒jmsjfknj ajs qujstbgmm`brjs jt vgus `ssurjr quj njs tr`v`ux jm bmst`mej `u egurs au fgbs gmt âtâ jddjetuâs. Tgus ajvjz âi`njfjmt fgkbnbsjr  njs rjssgurejs dbm`mebãrjs `uprãs au rjspgms`knj aj kurj`u jt vgus `ssurjr râiunbãrjfjmt qu‒jnnjs sgmt suddbs`mtjs.

:. Jtrj egmst`ffj egmst`ffjmt mt sur nj tjrr`bm jt vbsbtjr `u fgbms fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj trbfjstrj ec`q ec`quj uj pgbmt aj vjmtj agmt bn ` n` ec`rij.   Jm t`mt quj supjrvbsjur a‒um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒jmquìtjurs, vgus ajvjz ìtrj ï tgut fgfjmt jm fjsurj aj nge`nbsjr njs pgbmts a‒gksjrv`tbgm ajs prbx jt

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egmm`í egm m`ítrj trj p`rd`b p`rd`btjfj tjfjmt mt n‒jmsj n‒jmsjfknj fknj ajs prgaub prgaubts ts ânâfjmt ânâfjmt`br `brjs js subvbs subvbs.. U`ecjz U`ecjz qu‒um qu‒um `ijmt `ijmt jmquìtjur pjutvgtrj ìtrj prgprj tjfpgr`brjfjmt agme ìtrj aj nj rjn`yjr. D`btjs prgir`ffjbmabspgmbknj. aj tr`v`bn ajTgus sgrtj ajvjz qu‒`u fgbms umj jm dgbsfjsurj p`r trbfjstrj ec ec`q `quj uj pg pgbm bmtt aj vj vjmt mtj j sg sgbt bt vbsb vbsbtâ tâ jt quj quj vg vgus us `y `yjz jz rj rjnj njvâ vâ nj pr prbx bx aj ec ec`q `quj uj pr prga gaub ubtt ânâfjmt`brj. 4.   _`regurbr _`regurbr ec`quj ec`quj suppgrt aj egnnjetj jt s‒`ssurjr, s‒`ssurjr, a`ms njs aân`bs egmvjm`knjs, egmvjm`knjs, aj n` egcârjmej ajs agmmâjs dgurmbjs.  N` qu`nbtâ jst um `spjet bfpgrt`mt au rjnjvâ ajs prbx. Zm rjnjvâ aj qu`nbtâ pjrfjt ï um bmstbtut aj st`tbstbquj a‒`vgbr egmdb`mej a`ms n‒bmabej qu‒bn prgaubt jt aj s‒`ssurjr quj njs v`rb`tbgms aj prbx gksjrvâjs sgmt râjnnjs jt mgm p`s nj râsunt`t a‒jrrju a‒j rrjurs rs ajs jmquìtj jmquìtjurs. urs. Tgtrj tëecj tëecj jssjmt jssjmtbjn bjnnj nj jst aj vgus vgus `ssurj `ssurjrr quj njs agmmâjs agmmâjs dgurmbjs p`r njs jmquìtjurs mj rjmdjrfjmt p`s a‒jrrjur. Tgus ajvjz, ï ej tbtrj, p`regurbr  n‒jmsjfknj ajs agmmâjs tr`msfbsjs p`r um jmquìtjur `v`mt qu‒jnnjs mj rjmtrjmt a`ms nj prgejssus aj e`neun aj n‒bmabej. U‒bn s‒`ibt aj qujstbgmm`brjs pcysbqujs, vgus ajvjz jx`fbmjr  ec`quj qujstbgmm`brj `v`mt n` s`bsbj.

9. [jspjetjr [jspjetjr jt d`brj rjspjetjr rjspjetjr njs aân`bs. aân`bs. U`ecjz quj quj n` abddusbgm abddusbgm aj n‒bma n‒bmabej bej ajs prbx ï n` egmsgff`tbgm mj agbt sguddrbr a‒`ueum rjt`ra. Ajs a`tjs aj abddusbgm sgmt `rrìtâjs ajvjz d`brjquj jm sgrtj quj n`jmquìtjurs ec`ímj aj kbjm ï n‒`v`mej jt egmmujs ajsa‒`ueum utbnbs`tjurs. prgauetbgm aj n‒bmabej mj sguddrj rjt`ra. Tgus D`btjs jm sgrtj njs `ijmts râ`nbs râ` nbsjmt jmt njur tr`v`bn tr`v`bn `vje nj f`xbfuf f`xbfuf aj eânârb eânârbtâ. tâ. D`btjs D`btjs jm sgrtj sgrtj âi`njfj âi`njfjmt mt quj vgtrj egmtrñnj mj erâj ajs rjt`ras bfpgrt`mts a`ms nj tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs. Tgus ajvjz agme ìtrj trãs gri`mbsâ jt trãs prg`etbd aj sgrtj ï `eeufunjr nj f fgbms gbms pgssbknj pgssbknj aj rjt`ra.

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@MMJSJU

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@MMJSJ 0 < Pujstbgmm`brjs aj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CJQJ[GIJMJU  @mmâj (0) Egaj jmquìtjur (;) Mgf Jmquìtjur (5) Egaj supjrvbsjur (1) Mgf Uupjrvbsjur (:)

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Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj (4)

 

E`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj (9)

 Qypj pgbmt aj vjmtj (3) Mufârg pgbmt aj vjmtj (2) Bmt mtbt btun unââ aj n` v` v`rrbât bâtâ (0?) (0?)

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«Bmtbtunâv`r¸

«Mgfsjr0¸ (05`)  W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W  «Mgfsjr;¸ (05k)

E`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ (00)

«E`rGknbi`tgbrjs¸

Gfbssbgms (0;) Egaj v`rbâtâ (01)

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«Gfbssbgms¸

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Mufârg sârbj (0:) Uubvb a`ms BC_E24 (Gub60)

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Egaj aj pgsbtbgm au prgaubt (;0)

Egaj aj rjfpn`ejfjmt aj n` sârbj (;;)

«UubvbBC_E¸

Gksjrv`tbgms (;5)

Fgbs (;?)

0 ; 5 1 : 4 9 3 2 0? 00 0;

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PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CGFGIJMJU UZBTBJU JM AJCG[U AJU F@[ECJU  @mmâj (0) Egaj jmquìtjur (;) Mgf Jmquìtjur (5) Egaj supjrvbsjur (1) Mgf Uupjrvbsjur (:) Mufârg e`rmjt

 Qypj _T (3)

 

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj (4)

 

E`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj (9)

Mgf jt e`r`etârbstbqujs aj n` v`rbâtâ <

  Egaj aj n`  v`rbâtâ

M¿   Zm Zmbtâs sârbj

Pu`mtbtâ

 

_rbx

Mufârg _T  (2)

 

Fgbs Egaj aj pgsbtbgm aj  prbx au prgaubt

Gksjrv`tbgms sur prgaubts

Gksjrv`tbgms sur pgbmts aj vjmtj

5?

 

PZJUQBGMM@B[J T@[BJQJU CGFGIJMJU MGM UQ@MA@[A G;/G5 F@[ECJU Egaj aj n'jmquìtjur <

Mgf au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Mgf aj n'Jmquìtjur < Egaj au supjrvbsjur < Mgf au Uupjrvbsjur <

E`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Fgbs aj Egnnjetj < Mufârg e`rmjt

 

[jnjvâ 0

Egaj v`rbâtâ

M¿ sârbj

 

Mgf aj n` v`rbâtâ (0?‒)

??0?0-[bz ï ngmis ir`bms

??0?0-[bz ï ngmis ir`bms

 

 

Qypj pgbmt aj vjmtj

E`r`etârbstbqujs v`rb`knjs s`ms bmdnujmej sur njs prbx (00‒

[bz ï ngmis ir`bms, Fgaj aj prâsjmt`tbgm au prgaubt < vjmau(j) jm vr`e, Pu`mtbtâ < 0 Hbng, Qypj < ir`bm ngmi, Qypj aj ir`bm < Kn`me, _`rt aj rbz krbsâ < Qrãs d`bknj (>5%). [bz ï ngmis ir`bms, Fgaj aj prâsjmt`tbgm au prgaubt < vjmau(j) jm vr`e, Pu`mtbtâ < 0 Hbng, Qypj < ir`bm ngmi, Qypj aj ir`bm < Kn`me, _`rt aj rbz krbsâ < Qrãs d`bknj (>5%).

Zmbtâ (;5)

_rbx Pu`mtbtâ   (;?‒) (;1)

hi

hi

50

[jnjvâ ;

_r _rbx bx

Pu Pu`m `mtb tbtâ tâ

M¿ pgbmt aj jmtj

[jnjvâ 5

_r _rbx bx

Pu Pu`m `mtb tbtâ tâ

 

Egaj aj pgsbtbgm au prgaubt

Egaj aj rjfpn`ejfjmt aj n` sârbj

M6 gksjrv`tbgm mgrf`nj8 < @ksjmej tjfpgr`brj8 A6 `ksjmej aâdbmbtbvj8 J< prgknãfj aj egnnjetj8 U< jmtrâj jm sgnaj8 [< sgrtbj aj sgnaj8 Eg< egmsunt`tbgm

M6 Gksjrv`tbgm mgrf`nj B6 rjfpn`ejfjmt sur nj fìfj _T _T T < sur um _T aj fìfj fìfj typj F < sur um um pgbmt aj vjmtj aj typj abddârjmt

 

@MMJSJ ; < dbecjs fâtcgagngibqujs aj subvb aj ejrt`bmjs v`rbâtâs egfpnjxjs Dbecj 0 < Ngijfjmt dbxj A‒umj f`mbãrj iâmâr`nj, njs ngijfjmts sgmt aâerbts sjngm ajs e`r`etârbstbqujs spâebdbqujs au këtbs < mgfkrj aj ec`fkrj, f`târb`ux f`târb`ux utbnbsâ, jxbstjmej aj egurs, jxbstjmej jxbstjmej a‒um r`eegrajfjmt ânjetrbquj ânjetrbquj gu `u râsj`u a‒j`u egur`mtj, jte. Jm pnus aj ejs e`r`etârbstbqujs, a‒`utrjs ânâfjmts agbvjmt ìtrj prbs jm egfptj < typj aj qu`rtbjr. qu`rtbjr. Ejrt`bms Ejrt`bms ânâfjmts aj n‒jmvbrgmmjfj n‒jmvbrgmmjfjmt mt pcysbqujs pcysbqujs au ngijfjmt susejptbknjs susejptbknjs aj lustbdbjr umj râvbsbgm ajs prbx ec`mijmt, bn egmvbjmt aj njs rjnjvjr `dbm aj prjmarj jm egfptj âvjmtujnnjfjmt n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ. Nj subvb au ngijfjmt dbxj sj d`bt `uprãs au nge`t`brj gu a‒umj `ijmej bffgkbnbãrj ec`riâj p`r nj prgprbât`brj aj n` ijstbgm au egmtr`t aj nge`tbgm. Mgtjz ejpjma`mt qu‒bn mj s‒`ibt p`s au subvb au ngijfjmt a‒um nge`t`brj dbxj a`ms nj tjfps, f`bs bn s‒`ibt au subvb au ngijfjmt, qujn quj sgbt nj nge`t`brj qub s‒y trguvj. Ec`quj ngijfjmt jst vbsbtâ `u fgbms umj dgbs p`r trbfjstrj. Nj prbx pjut ìtrj rjnjvâ abrjetjfjmt `uprãs au nge`t`brj p`r tânâpcgmj. @ssurjz-vgus tgutjdgbs aj d`brj umj ajsejmtj sur nj tjrr`bm `u fgbms umj dgbs p`r `m. Ub um nge`t`brj qubttj n` f`bsgm, bn egmvbjmt aj nj sbim`njr. N‒`ksjmej aj nge`t`brj v` ìtrj tr`btâ egffj umj `ksjmej tjfpgr`brj. Zmj `ksjmej prgngmiâj (supârbjur ï trgbs fgbs) a‒um nge`t`brj `u mbvj`u a‒um ngijfjmt dbxj agbt ejpjma`mt ìtrj sbim`nâ `dbm q‒um ec`mijfjmt aj ngijfjmt pubssj ìtrj gpârâ. Ngrsqu‒um k`bnnjur bmtãirj umj f`bsgm qub ât`bt prâeâajffjmt jm nge`tbgm, ej ngijfjmt sjr` tr`btâ egffj umj absp`rbtbgm aj prgaubt. N` egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs bmtjrvbjmt jm aâkut au fgbs. Qgut ec`mijfjmt aj prbx qub mj rjmtrj p`s jm `ppnbe`tbgm `u egurs au fgbs mj agbt p`s ìtrj prbs jm egfptj. F`bs n‒bmdgrf`tbgm agbt ìtrj r`ppgrtâj. Jnnj sjr` prbsj jm egfptj ï n` a`tj ï n`qujnnj jnnj jmtrj jm `ppnbe`tbgm.

Dbecj ; < Ngijfjmt `uprãs ajs `ijmts bffgkbnbjrs  @dbm aj prjmarj jm egfptj n` aym`fbquj au f`recâ ajs ngijfjmts `u mbvj`u aj mguvj`ux egmtr`ts aj k`bn, njs typjs aj ngijfjmt sgmt subvbs `uprãs ajs `ijmts bffgkbnbjrs. Njs `ijmts bffgkbnbjrs pjuvjmt ìtrj < -   ajs `ijmejs `ijmejs bffgkbnbãrjs bffgkbnbãrjs ec`riâjs ec`riâjs aj n` ijstbgm ijstbgm aj egmtr`t egmtr`t aj k`bn 8 -   gddrjur gu ajsajbmtjrfâab bmtjr fâab`brj `brjs s (pjrsgm (pjrsgmmj mjec`fp pcysbq pcysbquj) uj) ec`riâ ec`riâj j aj d`b d`brj rj rjmegmt rjm rjr ajf`majur ajf`manbfbtâ jur jt f`bsgm aj nge`tbgm. Nj a‒`etbgm aj ejs ajrmbjrs jstegmtrjr iâmâr`njfjmt ï

um qu`rtbjr gu umj egffumj. N‒bmdgrf`tbgm tr`btâj m‒jst p`s nj mbvj`u au prbx aj nge`tbgm f`bs n` abddârjmej, jmtrj ajux a`tjs agmmâjs. _gur um typj aj ngijfjmt ngijfjmt agmmâ, njs qujstbgms qujstbgms ï pgsjr ï n‒`ijmt bffgkbnbjr bffgkbnbjr sgmt < -   Pujstbgm Pujstbgm prânbfbm`brj prânbfbm`brj < pgur ej typj aj ngijfjmt, ngijfjmt, egfkbjm aj pjrsgmmjs pjrsgmmjs `vjz-vgus pn`eâ

a`ms nj fgbs 7 ngijfjmt < -   _gur ec`quj ngijfjmt 0. Pujnnjs Pujnnjs sgmt sgmt njs e`r`etârbstbqu e`r`etârbstbqujs js au ngijfjmt ngijfjmt 7  @ssurjz-vgus quj ejs e`r`etârbstbqujs rjspjetjmt kbjm njs e`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n` v`rbâtâ. ;. Pujn ât`bt ât`bt nj prbx prbx aj nge`tbgm nge`tbgm aj n‒`mebjm n‒`mebjm nge`t`br nge`t`brj j7 5. Pujn jst nj nj prbx au mguvj`u mguvj`u nge`t`b nge`t`brj rj 7

5;

 

1. _jma`mt _jma`mt egfkbjm egfkbjm aj fgbs n` f`bsgm f`bsgm jst-jnnj jst-jnnj rjstâj rjstâj vba vbaj j7 :. Aur`mt ejttj pârbgaj, pârbgaj, ajs tr`v`ux tr`v`ux aj râdjetbgm râdjetbgm gmt-bns gmt-bns âtâ jxâeutâs jxâeutâs 7 4. Ejs tr`v`ux tr`v`ux sgmt-bns sgmt-bns susejptbkn susejptbknjs js aj d`brj ec`mijr ec`mijr nj prbx prbx aj nge`tbgm nge`tbgm 7 Ub njs tr`v`ux aj râdjetbgm jddjetuâs sgmt aj m`turj ï jxpnbqujr njs âvgnutbgms aj prbx egmst`tâs, ajs egrrjetbgms aj n‒jddjt qu`nbtâ agbvjmt ìtrj `ppnbquâjs pgur rjtrguvjr nj kgm prbx aj râdârjmej. Nj qujstbgmm`brj (p`ij subv`mt) pjrfjt aj rjpgrtjr njs bmdgrf`tbgms egnnjetâjs. _gur ec`quj v`rbâtâ, jnnj jst âabtâj ec`quj fgbs `u mgfkrj a‒`ijmts bffgkbnbjrs rjtjmus. Nj qujstbgmm`brj sj prâsjmtj egffj subt < -   Mgf Mgf au pgbm pgbmtt a‒gk a‒gksj sjrv rv`t `tbg bgm m < bn s‒`i s‒`ibtbt au mg mgf f aj n‒`ij n‒`ijmt mt bf bffgk fgkbnbnbj bjrr gu aj n‒`i n‒`ijm jmej ej bffgkbnbãrj. -   E`r`etârbstb E`r`etârbstbqujs qujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj < bn s‒`ibt s‒`ibt aj prâebsjr s‒bn s‒`ib s‒`ibtt a‒umj pjrsgmmj pcysbquj pcysbquj

gu fgr`nj jt aj prâebsjr sb jnnj pjut ìtrj rjtrguvâj ï um jmargbt dbxj gu mgm. R rjpgrtjr  tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms iâgir`pcbqujs mâejss`brjs ï s` nge`nbs`tbgm. -   Egaj Egaj au _T < bmabqujr bmabqujr nj egaj egaj au typj aj pgbm pgbmtt aj vjmtj. vjmtj. Bn s‒`ibt s‒`ibt beb a‒um typj < « @ut @utrjs rjs

pgbmt aj vjmtj ¸. -   E`r`et E`r`etârb ârbstb stbquj qujss gknbi`tg gknbi`tgbrj brjss aj n` v`r v`rbât bâtâ â < bn s‒` s‒`ibt ibt ajs e`r`etâ e`r`etârbs rbstbq tbqujs ujs pcysbqu pcysbquj j aj n`

v`rbâtâ. Mj sjrgmt p`s egmejrmâjs njs e`r`etârbstbqujs aj nge`nbs`tbgm. -   E`r`etârbstb E`r`etârbstbqujs qujs au ngijfjmt < y rjpgrtjr rjpgrtjr tgutj bmdgrf`tbgm p`rtbeunbãrj p`rtbeunbãrj qub pjrfjttr`bt pjrfjttr`bt `ux

ijstbgmm`brjs aj n‒bmabej a‒`pprâebjr n‒âvgnutbgm au prbx rjnjvâj. -   _rbx F-0 < prbx aj n‒`mebjm nge`t`brj. nge`t`brj. -   _rbx F < prbx prbx au mguvj`u nge`t`brj. -   Gksjrv`tbgms Gksjrv`tbgms < y rjpgrtjr rjpgrtjr tgutjs njs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms rjn`tbvjs ï n` aurâj a‒bmgeeup`tbgm a‒bmgeeup`tbgm aj n`

f`bsgm, njs tr`v`ux aj râdjetbgm jddjetuâj, jte.

55

 

PZJUQBGMM@B[J @IJMQU BFFGKBNBJ[U  @mmâj Fgbs

Mgf au pgbmt a‒gksjrv`tbgm

Egaj jmquìtjur <

E`r`etârbstbqujs au pgbmt aj vjmtj

Mgf Jmquìtjur < Egaj supjrvbsjur <

Egaj _T  

Mgf Uupjrvbsjur <

M¿ _T  

Bmtbtunâ aj n` v`rbâtâ

 

E`r`etârbstbqujs gknbi`tgbrjs aj n`  v`rbâtâ

Gfbssbgms Egaj v`rbâtâ

M¿

E`r `r`e `ettâr ârbbstbq bqu ujs ajs ajs ngijfj ijfjm mts

_rbx F-0

_rbx F

0 ; 5 1 : 4 9 3 2 0? 00 0; 05 01 0: Gksjrv`tbgms

51

Gksjr sjrv`t v`tbgms gms

 

U`bsbj ajs agmmâjs <

N` sjegmaj v`rbâtâ jst tr`btâj egffj um « t`rbd ¸ gu umj v`rbâtâ `vje umj sjunj sârbj. _gur ec`quj v`rbâtâ, v`rbât â, umj sjunj agmmâj jst s`bsbj p`r fgbs. Bn s‒`ibt aj n‒bmabej n‒bmabej fgyjm fjmsujn e`neunâ ï p`rtbr aj n` djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn. _gur n‒`mmâj aj k`sj n‒bmabej sjr` bmbtb`nbsâ ï 0??. Jm a‒`utrjs, tjrfjs, n‒bmbtb`nbs`tbgm ajs v`rbâtâs typjs aj ngijfjmt agmmj nbju ï erâ`tbgm, pgur ec`quj typj, aj ajux v`rbâtâs agmt n‒umj `ur` um ejrt`bm mgfkrj aj sârbj jt n‒`utrj umj sjunj sârbj. _gur n` prjfbãrj v`rbâtâ, ej sgmt njs fgmt`mts ajs ngyjrs qub sjrgmt s`bsbs 8 pgur n` sjegmaj ej sgmt njs bmabejs, e`neunâs ï p`rtbr aj n` f`qujttj Jxejn qub sgmt s`bsbs. _gmaâr`tbgm <

Njs pgmaâr`tbgms aj ec`quj typj aj ngijfjmt pgurr`bjmt ìtrj gktjmujs ï p`rtbr aj n‒JAF gu tgutj `utrj `ut rj sgurej sgurej egffj egffj njs rjejmsjfjm rjejmsjfjmts ts iâmâr`u iâmâr`uxx aj pgpun` pgpun`tbgm tbgm jt aj n‒c n‒c`kb `kbt`t. t`t. Bn d`uar` d`uar` jmsubt jmsubtj j ecjr ec jrecj ecjrr ï âe âen` n`tjr tjr ejtt ejttj j pgmaâ pgmaâr` r`tbtbgm gm jmtr jmtrj j njs njs ajux ajux v` v`rbâ rbâtâ tâs. s. N` enâ enâ aj râp`r râp`rtbt tbtbgm bgm aj ajvr` vr` ìt ìtrj rj sgbimjusjfjmt âtuabâj. Jm jddjt, sb n‒gm egmsbaãrj, sur M ngijfjmts, gm ` M 0  nj mgfkrj aj ngijfjmts `vje nj fìfj geeup`mt tgutj n‒`mmâj, jt M-M 0, nj mgfkrj aj ngijfjmt ec`mij`mts a‒geeup`mts. Jm d`bs`mt `kstr`etbgm ajs mbvj`ux ajs ngyjrs (qub ajvr`bjmt ìtrj pnus gu fgyjms cgfgiãmjs), `ngrs, nj pgbas aj n` prjfbãrj v`rbâtâ sjr` M0/M jt nj pgbas aj n` sjegmaj v`rb v`rbâtâ âtâ au typj jst (M-M0)/M. Ejs v`njurs M, M0 pgurrgmt ìtrj gktjmujs ï p`rtbr aj n‒jxpngbt`tbgm ajs r`ppgrts tjecmbqujs aj n‒JAF gu tgutj `utrj sgurej.

Dbecj 5 < Ujrvbej aj tânâpcgmbj _rbmebpjs jt aâdbmbtbgm < Gm utbnbsj nj prbmebpj qu'bn y ` ajs egmsgff`tjurs-typjs qub `ecãtjmt aj n` fìfj d`égm njs sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj (dbxj gu fgkbnj) jt njs `ddjetjmt ï ajs `ppjns qub pjuvjmt ìtrj sebmaâs jm "cjurj mgrf`nj fìfj gpâr`tjur", "cjurj erjusj fìfj gpâr`tjur", "cjurj mgrf`nj, zgmj 0", jte. Ejs `ppjns, su subv bv`m `mtt aj ajss aj ajst stbm bm`t `tbg bgms ms jt ajs ajs zg zgmj mjss eg egms mstbtbtu tujm jmtt mg mgss v` v`rb rbât âtâs âs.. Ub n‒gm n‒gm aâ aâdbdbmb mbtt tr trgb gbss zg zgmj mjss iâgir`pcbqujs jxtârbjurjs (\gmj 0 < @utrjs p`ys aj n‒ZJFG@ 8 \gmj ; < _`ys `drbe`bms cgrs zgmj ZJFG@ 8 \gmj 5 < [jstj au fgmaj), njs v`rbâtâs v`rbâtâs pjuvjmt ìtrj < -

  @ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, fìfj gpâr`tjur 8

-

  @ppjn cjurj erjusj, fìfj gpâr`tjur 8

-

  @ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur vjrs um `utrj 8

-

  @ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur vjrs vjrs \gmj 0 8

-

  @ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur vjrs vjrs \gmj ; 8

-

  @ppjn a‒um gpâr`tjur vjrs \gmj 5.

Gm pjut funtbpnbjr njs v`rbâtâs jm dgmetbgm aj n` egfpnjxbtâ ajs gddrjs.... Nj prbx jddjetbd egmstbtuj pgur mgus beb n` k`sj aj egfp`r`bsgm jt mgm p`s njs prbx aâen`râs gu gddbebjns. Njs v`rbâtâs agmmjmt nbju ï n` erâ`tbgm aj sârbjs agmt nj mgfkrj aâpjma au mgfkrj a'gpâr`tjurs aj tânâpcgmbj tânâpc gmbj fgkbnj (5 a`ms n'jxjfpnj), n'jxjfpnj), _gur um p`ys `vje trgbs gpâr`tjurs aj tânâpcgmbj fgkbnj jt trgbs zgmjs iâgir`pcbqujs, njs sârbjs sj prâsjmtjmt egffj subt < T`rbâtâ 0 < -

  @ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

  @ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

  @ppjn cjurj mgrf`nj, gpâr`tjur 5 8

T`rbâtâ ; < -

  @ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

  @ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

  @ppjn cjurj erjusj, gpâr`tjur 5 8

5:

 

T`rbâtâ 5 < -

  @ppjn gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; 8

-

  Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 5 8

-

  Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; vjrs gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

  Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur ; vjrs gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 5 8

-

  Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs Gpâr`tjur Gpâr`tjur 0 8

-

  Gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs Gpâr`tjur ;.

T`rbâtâ 5, v`rbâtâ 1 jt v`rbâtâ : 8 -

  @ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 0 vjrs \gmj S 8

-

  @ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur ; vjrs \gmj S 8

-

  @ppjn gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur 5 vjrs \gmj S

Ajs `a`pt`tbgms `a`pt`tbgms pjuvjmt ìtrj râ`nbsâjs, râ`nbsâjs, p`r jxjfpnj jxjfpnj pgur prjmarj jm egfptj njs `ppjns aj tânâpcgmj fgkbnj vjrs njs tânâpcgmjs dbxjs.

Fbsj jm pn`ej < _gur fjttrj jm pn`ej n` fâtcgagngibj, bn d`ut rjecjrecjr njs bmdgrf`tbgms subv`mtjs < -

  njs prgdbns-typj prgdbns-typjss ajs egmsgff`tjurs. egmsgff`tjurs. Ej prgdbn pjut ìtrj jstbfâ jstbfâ ï p`rtbr p`rtbr a‒umj jmquìtj nâiãrj

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`uprãs ajs egmsgff`tjurs aj sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj 8   n` p`rt ajs abddârjmt abddârjmtjs js egff`majs egff`majs (p`s dgreâfjmt dgreâfjmt njs e`rtjs) e`rtjs) a`ms nj ecbddrj ecbddrj a‒`dd`b a‒`dd`brj rj aj n‒jmtrjprbsj

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  jt n` p`rt ajs f`recâs aj ec`quj ec`quj gpâr`tjur gpâr`tjur gu irgupj a'gpâr`tjurs a'gpâr`tjurs (a`ms (a`ms nj e`s ajs e`kbmjs tânâpcgmbqujs).

Egnnjetj, s`bsbj jt tr`btjfjmt ajs agmmâjs < Ajux ânâfjmts pjuvjmt ec`mijr a`ms nj tjfps< nj prbx umbt`brj jt njs kgmus `eegraâs. N` s`bsbj jt nj tr`btjfjmt ajs sjrvbejs sjrvbejs aj tânâpcgmbj tânâpcgmbj fgkbnj sj d`bt ï p`rtbr aj n` djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn. Gm prjma jm egfptj, a`ms njs tr`btjfjmts, njs « kgmus ¸ c`kbtujns `bmsb quj ajs kgmus spâeb`ux `eegraâs ngrs a‒âvâmjfjmts gu a`ms nj e`arj aj str`tâibjs egffjreb`njs ajs gpâr`tjurs. _`r mbvj`u aj egff`maj, gm rjecjrecj njs bmdgrf`tbgms subv`mtjs < -

  prbx gddbebjn a‒umj fbmutj aj egffumbe`tbgm egffumbe`tbgm 8

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  Kgmus c`kbtujn c`kbtujn < pgur pgur ec`quj ajstbm`tbg ajstbm`tbgm m ajs `ppjns, mgfkrj mgfkrj aj lgurs aj kgmus. kgmus. U‒bn m‒y ` p`s p`s aj kgmus spâeb`n, ej mgfkrj jst âi`n `u mgfkrj aj lgurs au fgbs fgbms njs lgurs aj kgmus spâeb`n 8

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  Kgmus spâeb`n < pgur ec`quj ajstbm`tbgm ajs `ppjns, mgfkrj aj lgurs aj kgmus.

Ejs bmdgrf`tbgms sgmt gktjmujs sgbt `u mbvj`u ajs gpâr`tjurs tânâpcgmbqujs, sgbt `u mbvj`u ajs `kgmmâs, `kgmmâ s, ngrsquj njs kgmus sgmt `mmgmeâs. @uprãs ajs `kgmmâs, `kgmmâs, n` egnnjetj egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs agmmâjs agbt sj d`brj ï tgut tjfps. Jm dbm aj fgbs, gm rjnãvj njs fìfjs bmdgrf`tbgms bmdgrf`tbgms `uprãs aj n‒gpâr`tjur n‒gpâr`tjur pgur egmdbrfjr. N` f`qujttj pjrfjt aj e`neunjr `utgf`tbqujfjmt nj prbx umbt`brj aj ec`quj v`rbâtâ, p`r gpâr`tjur. Bn mj rjstj qu‒ï njs s`bsbr a`ms n‒`ppnbe`tbgm. Zmj djubnnj aj e`neun Jxejn agbt ìtrj prâvu pgur ec`quj gpâr`tjur aj tânâpcgmbj, dbxj gu fgkbnj. A`ms ejrt`bms ejrt`b ms e`s aj n` tânâpcgmbj tânâpcgmbj dbxj `u Uâmâi`n, Uâmâi`n, bn pjut ìtrj mâejss`brj a'ân`kgrjr a'ân`kgrjr umj f`qujttj qujnquj pju abddârjmtj tgut jm rjspjet`mt n` pcbngsgpcbj iâmâr`nj.

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Dbecj 1< J`u/ ânjetrbebtâ _rbmebpj < Ugbt um p`ys a`ms njqujn n‒ânjetrbebtâ (gu n‒j`u) jst d`eturâj sjngm trgbs tr`mecjs aj t`bnnjs Q0, Q; jt Q5, d`eturâjs `ux prbx umbt`brjs _0, _;, _5. @ ejs prbx, s‒`lgutjmt nj egøt aj n‒`kgmmjfjmt E jt ejnub aj n` nge`tbgm nge`tb gm au egfptjur egfptjur N jt abvjrs dr`b jt t`xjs. Uj egmtjmtjr aj rjnjvjr nj prbx ajs trgbs tr`mecjs (gu a‒umj, gu aj ajux) jst bmsuddbs`mt < sb n` t`bnnj ajs tr`mecjs ec`mij, ejn` m‒jst p`s prbs jm egfptj a`ms nj rjnjvâ. Ub nj prbx aj n‒`kgmmjfjmt gu ejnub aj n` nge`tbgm jst fgabdbâ, ejn` mj sj tr`aubt p`s mgm pnus a`ms nj rjnjvâ. _gur fjsurjr nj prbx aj n‒ânjetrbebtâ, bn jst agme mâejss`brj a‒bmtrgaubrj n` mgtbgm aj egmsgff`tbgm dbetbvj. Jm râ`nbtâ, ejttj egmsgff`tbgm m‒` rbjm aj dbetbd, e‒jst pnutñt nj fâm`ij qub jddjetuj ejttj egmsgff`tbgm qub jst dbetbd. _gur ej d`brj, mgus `nngms rjprjmarj rjprjmarj n` tjecmbquj aj n‒âec`mtbnn n‒âec`mtbnngmm`ij. gmm`ij. N‒umbvjrs N‒umbvjrs jst egmstbtuâ a‒`ut`mt aj sârbjs « ânjetrbebtâ ¸ qu‒bn y ` aj egmsgff`tbgms ânjetrbqujs aj fâm`ijs. Gm v` jm nbfbtjr nj mgfkrj jm um ejrt`bm mgfkrj a‒bmtjrv`nnjs jt njur `ddjetjr umj pgmaâr`tbgm jm dgmetbgm ajs râsunt`ts aj n‒jmquìtj aâpjmsjs ajs fâm`ijs.

Fbsj jm pn`ej < _gur fjttrj jm pn`ej n` fâtcgagngibj, gm sebmaj n` egmsgff`tbgm ajs fâm`ijs jm bmtjrv`nnjs. _gur  ec`q ec `quj uj bm bmtj tjrv` rv`nnnnj j aj egmsg egmsgff` ff`tbtbgm gm,, gm jstb jstbfj fj nj ec ecbdbddrj drj a‒ a‒`dd `dd`b `brj rj râ râ`n `nbs bsâ â p` p`rr n‒gpâ n‒gpâr` r`tju tjur, r, gu abrjet abrjetjfjm jfjmt, t, n` p`rt p`rt aj f`recâ f`recâ aj n‒jmtr n‒jmtrjprb jprbsj sj a`ms nj ecbddrj ecbddrj a‒`dd`b a‒`dd`brj rj tgt tgt`n `n râ`nbs râ`nbsâ â `uprãs `uprãs ajs fâm`ijs.

Egnnjetj ajs agmmâjs Njs agmmâjs ï egnnjetj ec`quj fgbs sgmt < -

  njs prbx umbt`brjs aj ec`quj tr`mecj 8

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  njs kgrmjs kgrmjs gu gu nbfbtjs nbfbtjs aj ec`quj tr`mecj 8

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  njs `utrjs egøts < t`xj egffum`n, rjajv`mej, jte.

Dbecj : < @utrjs t`rbds N` spâebdbebtâ au tr`btjfjmt ajs t`rbds, jmtjmau a`ms um sjms n`rij egffj njs prgaubts jt sjrvbejs agmt njs prbx, `ppnbquâs ï n‒jmsjfknj aj n` pgpun`tbgm au ec`fp aj n‒bmabej ec`mij ï ajs a`tjs egmmujs, jst quj n` a`tj au ec`mijfjmt aj prbx jst prbsj jm egfptj pgur nj e`neun au prbx fgyjm au fgbs. Bn s‒`ibt p`r jxjfpnj ajs prbx ajs lgurm`ux qugtbabjms. N` v`rbâtâ jst aâdbmbj egffj tjnnj.sgmt F`bs, nj prbx a`ms s`bsb jst prbx fgyjm e`neunâ `u prgr`t`autjfpgrbs.  @ussb, njs sârbjs egrrjspgma`mtjs en`ssâjs njs nj e`rmjts aj n` ajrmbãrj sjf`bmj fgbs aj egnnjetj. egnnj etj. Jm pnus au prbx, gm rjnãvj âi`njfjmt n` a`tj aj ec`mijfjmt ec`mijfjmt aj t`rbds.

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