ManualUsuarioSizer5.0 Rev0 2018 PDF

 

 

@njunb  k kg  W Wsunr ol  

www.sozgrgbgftrof.fl`

ojhlMsozgrgbgftrof.fl` vgjtnsMsozgrgbgftrof.fl` vgjtnsM sozgrgbgftrof.fl`  

 

 

 

Ojkofg [g`îtofl

6

Àjkofg [g`îtofl Àjkofg [g`îtofl ..................................................................... .............................................................................................. ........................................... .................. 6  Ojtrlkuffoöj ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ........................................... ................. 1  Lranjoznfoöj kgb `njunb ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ...................................... ............ 1  Fljvgjols utoboznkls gj gb `njunb ....................... ................................................ ................................................... .......................... 9  Nbfnjfg ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... ?   @ökubl kg Fljkuftlrgs ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .......................................... ................ ?  @ökubl kg Finrlbns y Fnjnboznfoljgs ...................... ................................................ ............................................. ................... >=  @ökubl kg Kosgþl kg @nbbn kg [ogrrns ......... ................................... ................................................... ............................... ...... >= >=   F n p à t u b l > ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... >>  Ojstnbnfoöj y rgaostrl kgb Vostg`n ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ................................. ....... >>  Ugquosotls kg ojstnbnfoöj. .................... .............................................. .................................................... ........................................ .............. >>  Ojstnbnfoöj................................................................. .......................................................................................... ............................................. .................... >5 

Gcgfufoöj kgbsostg`n prlarn`n ................... ............................................ ................................................... ............................................. ................... >7   Ugaostrl kgb ................................. .......................................................... ................................................... .................................... .......... >1 >1  F n p à t u b l 5 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... >?  Gbg`gjtls kgb prlarn`n ...................................... ............................................................... ................................................... ................................. ....... >?  Gbg`gjtls Agjgrnbgs ...................... ............................................... ................................................... ............................................. ................... >?  Enrrns kg igrrn`ogjtns y kg ggstnkl stnkl ............................................... ....................................................................... ........................ 5=  Ugtàfubn................................................ Ugtàfubn...................... .................................................... .................................................... ........................................ .............. 5>  Fljsubtns ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 55  Xgjtnjns kg fnpturn ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ............................................. ................... 55 

@gjsncgs kgb sostg`n ................................... ............................................................ ................................................... ................................ ...... 56 56   F n p à t u b l 6 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... 57 

Lpgrnfoljgs prlygftls ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ............... Frgnfoöj kgflj prlygftls .... ............................. ................................................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 57 57  Npgrturn kg prlygftls ......................... ................................................... .................................................... ........................................ .............. 51  Aunrknr uj prlygftl. ...... ............................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 59   Aunrknr uj u j prlygftl flj ltrl jl`erg ............................ .................................................... ........................................ .............. 5?  Fgrrnr uj prlygftl neogrtl ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................... .......... 5?  Fn`eonr fljtrnsgþn ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ............................................. ................... 5? 5?   F n p à t u b l ; ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... 6>  Fnpturn kg kntls ........ ................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ......................... 6>  Ughgrgjfons.................................................................... ............................................................................................. ........................................ ............... 6>  Jlr`ns Npbofnebgs .................. ............................................ .................................................... ................................................... ............................. 6;  Kntls Agjgrnbgs ................. ........................................... ................................................... .................................................. ................................ ....... 6?  Kntls kg Forfuotls ...................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................. ;9 

 

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@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Ugsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs ... ............................ ................................................... .................................................... ................................ ...... ;9  Fljsubtn kg tnebns .................. ............................................ .................................................... ................................................... ............................. 7= 7=   F n p à t u b l 7 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ................................. ....... 7>  Fnpturn kg Forfuotls....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ............................ ... 7>   @ltlrgs ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ........................................ .............. 8= 

[rnjshlr`nklr ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 8; Fgjtrl kg Fljtrlb kg @ltlrgs (FF@) ................................................ ....................... ............................................. .................... 87  Nbo`gjtnklrgs ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .................................................... .............................. 8?  Finrlbns ........................ .................................................. .................................................... .................................................... .................................... .......... 17  [uel Fljkuot ....................................... ................................................................. ................................................... ........................................ ............... 9>   Kuftl ................................................... ............................................................................. .................................................... ........................................ .............. 97  Norg ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................. ................... ?8  @gjsncgrl ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... .................................... .......... ?1  Ugnboznr Fîbfubls plr Flrtlforfuotl....................... ................................................ ............................................... ...................... >=6  Fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg gquopls ....................... ................................................. ...................................... ............ >=8  ]ugstn n togrrn kg pnjtnbbn kg fljkuftlrgs......................................... fljkuftlrgs.......................................................... ................. >=9  Kntls Nkofoljnbgs ................................ .......................................................... .................................................... ...................................... ............ >> >>>>  Fîbfubls ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................. ........ >>6  Vgbgffoöj pgrsljnboznkn k grsljnboznkn g fljkuf fljkuftlrgs tlrgskgplr Wsunrol ................. ........................................... ............................................... ..................... Vgbgffoöj pkg gspgfohofnfoöj...................................................... gspgfohofnfoöj............................ .............................. .... >>; >>7 >>7    F n p à t u b l 8 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... >>1  Fnpturn kg Finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls ................. ........................................... ........................................... ................. >>1  Fnpturn kg Finrlbns y Fnjnboznfoljgs .................................................... ................................................................ ............ >5=  Nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs ........................................... >57  Nsoajnfoöj kg finrlbns pnrn njîbosos ........................ ................................................. ........................................... .................. >51  Nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n finrlbns y fnj fnjnboznfoljgs nboznfoljgs ......................... ........................................... .................. >5?  Vgbgffoöj y bbgjnkl bbgjn kl kg finrlbns fi nrlbns y fn fnjnboznfoljgs jnboznfoljgs .... ............................. ........................................... .................. >6> 

Vgbgffoöj y bbgjnkl kg fnjnboznfoljgs ........................................... ................................................................ ..................... >69 >69  

F n p à t u b l 1 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... >;>  Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs kg Fljkuftlrgs ....................... ................................................. ....................................... ............. >;>  Vgbgffoöj kg k g gspgfohofnfoljgs plr usu usunrol nrol .................................................. .......................................................... ........ >;1 

Vgbgffoöj pgrsljnboznkn p grsljnboznkn kg gspgfohofnfoöj...................................................... gspgfohofnfoöj.......................................................... .... >;1 >;1   F n p à t u b l 9 ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... >7>  Fîbfubl kg @nbbns kg togrrns ........... ..................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................ >7>  Fnpturn kg @nbbns....................... ................................................. .................................................... ............................................... ..................... >7>  Kosgþl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrns ....................................................................... ............................................................................... ........ >7;  Nrrgabl ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ...................................... ............ >77  Narganr y gbo`ojnr vnrobbns gj gb nnrrgabl rrgabl................................................... ............................................................... ............ >79  Narganr Xnrobbns ............................................ ..................................................................... .................................................. .............................. ..... >7?  Gbo`ojnr Xnrobbns .......................... .................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... >8=   Fnrnftgràstofns kgb tgrrgjl ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................. ........ >8>   Ugsostovoknk ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... >85 

 

Ojkofg [g`îtofl

7

]nrî`gtrls gbïftrofls pnrn gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrns................................. >8;  Fîbfubl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrns....................... ................................................. .................................................... .............................. .... >88  @g`lron kg fîbfubl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrns................................... togrrns............................................................ ......................... >81 >81   F n p à t u b l ? ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... >8?  Ugplrtgs y lpfoljgs kgb prlarn`n...................... ................................................ .................................................... ............................... ..... >8?  Ugplrtgs ........................ .................................................. .................................................... .................................................... .................................. ........ >8?  Ncustgs kgb ssostg`n ostg`n ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ........................................... ................. >15  Ugspnbkl kg prlygftls .................... ............................................. ................................................... ........................................... ................. >11  Ugstnebgfg fl`prgsoöj. ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ...................................... ............ >19  Fn`eonr kntls ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... .......................... >1?  O`plrtnr prlygftl ............................. ...................................................... ................................................... ........................................... ................. >1?  Gspgfohofnfoljgs ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................................... ...................... >9= 

Fnbfubnklrn............................................................... ........................................................................................ ........................................... .................. >9> >9>   F n p à t u b l >= ........................ ................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... >95  @g`lrons kgsfroptovns ................ .......................................... .................................................... ................................................... .............................. ..... >95  @g`lron kg fîbfubl pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fn fnboerg boerg kg forfuotls gj encn tgjsoöj. tgjsoöj . ... >96  Lecgtovl ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ....................................... ............. >96  Nbfnjfg ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ....................................... ............. >96  Ensgs kg kosgþl ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................................... ........................... >96   Kntls Agjgrnbgs fljsokgrnkls pnrn kosgþl ...................... ................................................ ................................... ......... >9;  Gcg`pbl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr ...................... ............................... ......... >9;  Gcg`pbl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn uj `ltlr ..................... ............................................ ....................... >99  Gcg`pbl kg fîbfubl pnrn uj nbo`gjtnklr l gquopl pnqugtg ................................... ................................... >?7  @g`lron kg fîbfubl pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg kg forfuotls gj `gkon tgjsoöj . >?9  Lecgtovl ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ....................................... ............. >?9  Nbfnjfg ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... ....................................... ............. >?9  Ensgs kg kosgþl ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................................... ........................... >?9   Kntls agjgrnbgs ffljsokgrnkls ljsokgrnkls pnrn kkosgþl osgþl .......... .................................... ................................................ ...................... >??  Gcg`pbl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr ...................... ............................... ......... >??  Gcg`pbl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn uj `ltlr ..................... ............................................ ....................... 5=7 

Gcg`pbl kg fîbfubl pnrn uj gquopl pnqugtg .......................... .................................................... ............................... ..... 5>= 5>=   F n p à t u b l >> ......................... .................................................. ................................................... .................................................... ............................... ..... 5>7  Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ....................................... ............. 5>7 5>7    N p ï j k o f g ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ................................... ......... 55> 55>   Fljhoaurnfoöj kg Qojklws ........................... ................................................... .................................................... ....................................... ............. 55>  Fljhoaurnfoöj kgb `ljotlr ... ............................ ................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 55>   Fljhoaurnfoöj kg bls jó`grls ................. ........................................... .................................................... .................................. ........ 556  Fljhboftls y nfbnrnfoljgs ..................... ............................................... .................................................... ...................................... ............ 55;  Àjkofg Njnbàtofl ............................................................. ...................................................................................... ................................................ ....................... 551 

 

8

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Ojtrlkuffoöj Gb prlarn`n pnrn bn Kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg Fnboerg kg Fljkuftlrgs Gbïftrofls Vozgr Gbgftrof  hug kosgþnkl y kgsnrrlbbnkl pnrn hnfobotnr bls prlfgsls kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj Encn y @gkon [gjsoöj flj ensg gj bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 ö gj gb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg gkofoöj 5=>1. Bn so`pbohofnfoöj kgb prlfgsl togjg fl`l hujkn`gjtl gb g`pbgl kg ujn ensg kg kntls qug fljcujtn tlkn bn ojhlr`nfoöj jgfgsnron pnrn bn rgnboznfoöj kg fîbfubls g ojflrplrn kgjtrl kg bn böaofn kg lpgrnfoöj tlkls bls frotgrols npbofnebgs pnrn ujn flrrgftn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gbïftrofls. Gjtrg sus projfopnbgs fnrnftgràstofns sg gjfugjtrnj3   Kosgþl tltnb`gjtg gj gspnþlb. •  Fnpturn hîfob, ojtuotovn y nutl`ntoznkn. •  G`osoöj kg rgplrtgs rgplrtgs kg kntls kg for forfuotls fuotls y rgsubtnkls, flj bn plsoeoboknk kg gxplrtnfoöj n nrfiovls kg tgxtl. •  Wtobgràns pnrn gb `njtgjo`ogjtl kg prlygftls y kgb sostg`n `os`l. •  Nyukn gj bàjgn kgskg gb prlarn`n. •  Voj bà`otg kg forfuotls n fnbfubnr. •

Lranjoznfoöj  k kgb  ` `njunb   ]nrn uj `njgcl öpto`l kgb `njunb, gstg sg kovokg gj kls pnrtgs3   Lpgrnfoöj kgb sostg`n3 Gj gstn pnrtg sg lrogjtn nb prlfgsl kg ojstnbnfoöj kgb prlarn`n, bn frgnfoöj kg prlygftls kg topl Vozgr Gbgftrof, fnpturn kg forfuotls, agjgrnfoöj kg rgplrtgs y igrrn`ogjtns pnrn gb `njtgjo`ogjtl kg bls prlygftls frgnkls. •  @g`lrons tïfjofns3 tïfjofns3 Gj gstn pnrtg sg nelrknrîj bns kgsfropfoljgs tgörofns qug aleogrjnj nb prlarn`n, nsà fl`l kg suagrgjfons y slbufoljgs kg prlebg`ns qug pukogrnj prgsgjtnrsg nb utoboznr gstg prlarn`n. •

 

9

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Flj v gjols  u utoboznkls  g gj  g gb  ` `njunb   ]nrn hojgs prîftofls gstg `njunb utoboznrî bls soauogjtgs fljvgjols3 Funjkl sg `gjfol `gjfoljg3 jg3

Vg inrî rghgrgjfon n3

Gb prlarn`n ö gb sostg`n. Qojklws. Infgr fbof. Infgr klebg fbof. @gjó ]rojfopnb @gju5...

Lpro`or T[GFBNP T[GFBNP

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Vozgr Gbgftrof vgrsoöj Y.Y, @ofrlslht® Qojklws ?7, ?9, 5=== ö J[ ;.=, Y], Qojklws Xostn, Qojklws 1.=, Qojklws 9.=. Bn nffoöj kg lpro`or ujn vgz gb eltöj ozquogrkl kgb `lusg  Bn nffoöj kg lpro`or kls vgfgs gb eltöj ozquogrkl kgb `lusg. Or nb `gjó projfopnb. N fljtojunfoöj | sgbgffoljnr gb `gjó >, kgjtrl kgb funb sgbgffoljnr gb `gjó 5... Bn nffoöj kg prgsoljnr ujn kg bns tgfbns kg hujfoöj kg TGVFP, Qojklws, TGJ[GUP, TH>P, gtf.

plr

gcg`pbl3

 

Nbfnjfg

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bfnjfg

@ökubl  k kg  F Fljkuftlrgs   Gb `ökubl kg fljkuftlrgs sgbgffoljn gb fnboerg kg fljkuftlrgs fljgftnkls gj forfuotls kg Flrrogjtg Nbtgrjn flj ujn tgjsoöj `îxo`n kg 67,=== vlbts pnrn bls kohgrgjtgs topls kg fnrans. Vozgr Gbgftrof sgbgffoljn gb fnboerg kg fljkuftlrgs gj encn tgjsoöj, pnrn fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg nosbn`ogjtl kg 8=³, 17³ y ?=³ F. ]nrn fljkuftlrgs gj `gkon tgjsoöj pugkgj sgbgffoljnrsg fljkuftlrgs kg ?=³, >=7³, >7=³, 5==³ y 57=³ F.

Gb fîbfubl sg rgnbozn fljsokgrnjkl ójofn`gjtg ? kohgrgjtgs topls kg fnrans3 @ltlrgs, [rnjshlr`nklrgs, Fnpnfotlrgs, Gquopls ]nqugtg, Aróns, Forfuotls kg nbu`ernkl, [rnzn tïr`ofn y Forfuotls kg fljtrlb. Bls fljkuftlrgs fljsokgrnkls pnrn gb fîbfubl plkrîj sgr kg 8 topls3 `ljlplbnrgs, `ljlplbnrgs nr`nkls, `ljlplbnrgs gj fljhoaurnfoöj trïelb, fljkuftlrgs tropbgx, troplbnrgs, troplbnrgs nr`nkls y fljkuftlrgs kgsjukls. Bn hoblslhàn kg kosgþl pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs sg ensn gj bls projfopols gstnebgfokls gj bns jlr`ns JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 l Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5=>1. Jl gs pnrtg kgb nbfnjfg bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs encl jlr`ns KOJ l XKG jo encl fljsok grn grnfoljgs foljgs Gurlpgns l kg ltrns rgaubnfoljgs kgb `ujkl.

Gb fnboerg kgb hojnb`gjtg kgegrî flj jlr`nb, bls frotgrols kg3 fnpnfoknk kg fljkuftlr fljkuffoöj,sgbgffoljnkl `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj enclfu`pbor lpgrnfoöj `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug (söbl pnrn gb fnsl kg `ltlrgs), nkg`îs kgb frotgrol plr flrtl forfuotl (lpfoljnb pnrn encn tgjsoöj) y bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn (lpfoljnb). Gb prlarn`n togjg bn fnpnfoknk kg rgnboznr fîbfubls kg fljkuftlrgs fljsokgrnjkl tgjsoljgs kohgrgjtgs gj fnkn forfuotl kg sgr jgfgsnrol. Nso`os`l, pugkg fljsokgrnr kohgrgjtgs topls kg fnjnboznfoljgs. Gb prlarn`n agjgrn kohgrgjtgs topls kg rgplrtgs qug kgtnbbnj bls kntls su`ojostrnkls nsà fl`l bls kovgrsls hnftlrgs kg fîbfubl utoboznkls.

 

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@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

@ökubl  k kg  F Finrlbns y  F Fnjnboznfoljgs   Gb `ökubl kg sgbgffoöj kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs bg pgr`otg sgbgffoljnr gb njfil nkgfunkl kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn y gb koî`gtrl kg tuel fljkuot. Bn sgbgffoöj kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn fu`pborîj flj bls bojgn`ogjtls kgb nrtàfubl 6?5 kg bn jlr` jlr`nn lhofonb `gxofnjn JL JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 @-==>-VGKG-5=>5 y kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg. Gb topl kg jlr`n n g`pbgnr pnrn gb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj sg kghojorî plr gb usunrol gj bn sgffoöj kg kntls agjgrnbgs kgb prlarn`n. Funjkl sg tgjanj sostg`ns kg slplrtg topl finrlbn prgkghojokls l ojstnbnfoljgs kg tuel fljkuot ojstnbnkls, sg fugjtn flj bn plsoeoboknk kg kgtgr`ojnr gb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl kgb tuel fljkuot l slplrtg pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn. Kgeokl n qug gj gb fîbfubl kg plrfgjtncgs kg bbgjnkl l gj bn sgbgffoöj kg njfils l koî`gtrls sg nslfonj bls kntls kg fljkuftlrgs n finrlbns y tuel tuel fljkuot gs plsoebg letgjgr rgplrtgs kg rutgl kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn uj prlygftl. Bn hoblslhàn kg sgbgffoöj kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn y tuel fljkuot sg ensn gj bls projfopols gstnebgfokls gj bns jlr`ns JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 l Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5=>1. Jl gs pnrtg kgb nbfnjfg bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs encl jlr`ns OGF, KOJ KOJ l XK XKG G jo encl fl fljso jsokgrnfolj kgrnfolj gs Gurlpgns.

Bn sgbgffoöj kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn sg rgnbozn pnrn finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn, topl fnjnb vgjtobnkl, hljkl söbokl, hljkl vgjtobnkl y `nbbn. Bn kghojofoöj kgb koî`gtrl y îrgn kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg letogjg kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr gs uj rgaostrl kljkg sg fljfgjtrn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg gstg gbg`gjtl, kg ïstn gs plsoebg letgjgr bn kgsfropfoöj kgb fljkuftlr, gb koî`gtrl, îrgn kgb fljkuftlr. ]lr bl tnjtl kgrovnkl kgrovnkl kg gstn oojhlr`nfoöj jhlr`nfoöj sg pugkgj letgjgr bostns kg `ntgronbgs kg bls forfuotls kgb prlygftl.

@ökubl  k kg  K Kosgþl  k kg  @ @nbbn  k kg  [ [ogrrns   Gb `ökubl kg kosgþl kg `nbbn kg togrrns bg pgr`otg rgnboznr gb fîbfubl kg pltgjfonbgs kg tlqug y kg pnsl pgr`osoebgs pnrn ujn pgrsljn kg 7= ö 1= Da. Ugnbozn gb fîbfubl kg bn rgsostgjfon kg bn `nbbn kg togrrn pnrn sugbls kg rgsostovoknk ujohlr`g l sugbls kg instn 5 fnpns kg kohgrgjtg rgsostovoknk. Ugnbozn gb fîbfubl kgb ojfrg`gjtl kg pltgjfonb agjgrnkl gj bn `nbbn (Arlujk ]ltgjtonb Uosg l A]U) nsà fl`l gb fîbfubl kgb pltgjfonb kg tlqug y kg pnsl agjgrnkls plr bn `nbbn kurnjtg bn fljkuffoöj kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn. Bls fîbfubls slj rgnboznkls kg nfugrkl flj bns eugjns prîftofns kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9=. Bns `g`lrons tïfjofns kgsfroptovns kgtnbbnj bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb prlfgko`ogjtl kg fîbfubl nsà fl`l bns gfunfoljgs y rghgrgjfons npbofnkns gj gb kosgþl.

 

 

Fnpàtubl

>  Ojstnbnfoöj y rgaostrl kgb Vostg`n

]nrn uj öpto`l hujfoljn`ogjtl kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof, nsgaórgsg qug bn fl`putnklrn gj bn funb sg ojstnbnrî fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls `àjo`ls kg slhtwnrg y inrkwnrg qug n fljtojunfoöj sg gstnebgfgj.

Ugquosotls  k kg  oojstnbnfoöj.     ]F flj prlfgsnklr ]gjtou` n 17 @Iz l supgrolr. •  @ofrlslht® Qojklws ?7   l plstgrolr, l Qojklws J[  ;.= (Vgrvofg ]nfd 6) l plstgrolr, l Qojklws Y], l Qojklws 5===, Qojklws Xostn, Qojklws 1 y Qojklws 9.=  •  ]ugrtl WVE •  Nb `gjls 6= @ @ee boergs kg gspnfol gj kosfl kurl. •  >8 @E kg `g`lron UN@. •  @lusg l eogj ltrl kosplsotovl sgþnbnklr pnrn Qojklws. •  @ljotlr XAN l kg rgslbufoöj supgrolr. •  Wjoknk kg FK-UL@ l ujoknk kg 6 ° kg nbtn kgjsoknk. •

 

>5

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Ojstnbnfoöj   Gb prlarn`n sg kostro kostroeuyg euyg plr `gkol kg uj FK qug fljtogjg3 Gb prlarn`n kg ojstnbnfoöj, @njunb kg usunrol y nrfiovls kg nyukn, nkg`îs kg bns npbofnfoljgs nkofoljnbgs y nftunboznfoljgs qug su sostg`n lpgrntovl pugkn rgqugror pnrn bn flrrgftn gcgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n. ]nrn rgnboznr bn ojstnbnfoöj kgb prlarn`n flj gb FK3 >. O@]LU[NJ[G3 Fogrr Fogrrgg tlkns nqugbbns npbofnfoljgs qug gstïj gj llpgrnfoöj pgrnfoöj y qug inanj usl kg bbnvgs kg prltgffoöj (Inrkdgys) 5. Ojsgrtg gb kosfl gj bn ujoknk kg bgfturn kg su fl`putnklrn y gspgrg ujls ojstnjtgs pnrn qug ojofog gb prlfgsl kg ojstnbnfoöj kgb prlarn`n. 6. Vo in trnjsfurrokl `îs kg uujj `ojutl y bn ojstnbnfoöj jl in ojofonkl, kgskg gb gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws sgbgffoljg su ujoknk kg kosfl y blfnbofg gb nrfiovl Vgtup.gxg. ;. Voan bns ojstruffoljgs kgb nsostgjtg kg ojstnbnfoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl >. Ugquosotls kg Ojstnbnfoöj

>6

Gj bn pnjtnbbn kg  Nfugrkl kg bofgjfon  bgn bns fljkofoljgs kgb nfugrkl y sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj  Nfgptl gb nfugrkl  pnrn qug sg ineobotg gb eltöj Voauogjtg. Fljtojóg flj bn ojstnbnfoöj fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg o`nagj.

Gb prlarn`n Voz Vozgr gr Gbgftro Gbgftro f gj su vgrsoö j stnjk nbljg  gstî kosgþnjkl pnrn trnencnr flj uj slbl usunrol flj gb nffgsl n trnvïs kg bn bbnvg WVE. Gj bn vgrsoöj kg Ugk fugjtn flj uj gstrufturn Fbogjtg/Vgrvoklr, plr bl qug bn ojstnbnfoöj sg kgegrî rgnboznr tnjtl gj gb sgrvoklr fl`l gj bns gstnfoljgs kg trnencl. ]nrn `nylrgs kgtnbbgs fljs ubtg gb fnpàtubl3 Ojstnbnfoö Ojstnbnfoöj j kg Voz Vozgr gr Gbg Gbgftr ftrof of gj Ug Ugk. k.

Nb tgr`ojnr kg ojstnbnr bls nrfiovls kg gcgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n sg ojstnbnj nbaujns npbofnfoljgs nkofoljnbgs pnrn gb `njgcl kg bns ensgs kg kntls y kg bls fljtrlbnklrgs kg bn bbnvg kg prltgffoöj kgb prlarn`n. ]lr bl qug sg `lstrnrî bn o`nagj ojkofnkn n fljtojunfoöj3

 

>;

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

]lstgrolr`gjtg sg `lstrnrî uj funkrl kg koîblal slbofotnjkl gb bgjauncg kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bls fljtrlbnklrgs kg bn bbnvg kg prltgffoöj fl`l sg `ugstrn3

Vgbgffoljg gb okol`n W.V. Gjabosi y gspgrg instn qug fljfbuyn gb prlfgsl. Gstg prlfgsl pugkg tnrknr nbaujls `ojutls. Nb fljfbuor flj bn ojstnbnfoöj ojsgrtg bn bbnvg kg prltgffoöj gj gb zöfnbl kgb pugrtl WVE kg su gquopl.

O@]LU[NJ[G3 Fogrrg tlkns nqugbbns npbofnfoljgs qug gstïj gj lpgrnfoöj y qug inanj inan j u sl kg bbnvgs kg prltgffoöj (Inrkdgys) (Inrkdgys)

Nb tgr`ojnr bn ojstnbnfoöj sg inerî frgnkl uj jugvl arupl kg prlarn`ns bbn`nkl Vozgr Gbgftrof, gb funb sg gjfljtrnrnj bls nffgsls korgftls nb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof y n bn nyukn kggj ïstg.

 

Fnpàtubl >. Ugquosotls kg Ojstnbnfoöj

>7

O@]LU[NJ[G3   Bn bbnvg kg prltgffoöj kgeg gstnr flblfnkn gj gb pugrtl WVE kg su gquopl kur njtg tlkn bn g gcgfufoöj cgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n. 

G cgfufoöj  k kgb  p prlarn`n   Gxostgj kovgrsns hlr`ns kg gcgfutnr gb prlarn`n kgskg Qojklws3 >. Ojtrlkuzfn bn bbnvg kg prltgffoöj (inrkdgy) gj gb pugrtl WVE kg su fl`putnklrn 5. Vgbgffoljg gb eltöj Ojofol  kg bn enrrn kg tnrgns kg Qojklws 4 kgb `gjó kgspbgankl sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj ]rlarn`ns.  Gstg `ugstrn uj sue`gjó flj

nbaujls kg bls prlarn`ns kospljoebgs gj su gquopl4 kgb sue`gjó `lstrnkl sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj flj gb jl`erg kg Vozgr Gbgftrof 4 flj gstl npnrgfgrî uj óbto`l sue`gjó flj kls lpfoljgs, Nyukn kg Vozgr Gbgftrof y Vozgr Gbgftrof, ïstg óbto`l infg rghgrgjfon nb prlarn`n nb sgbgffoljnrbl y infgr fbof, gcgfutn bn npbofnfoöj y `ugstrn bn pnjtnbbn kg prgsgjtnfoöj kgb prlarn`n. Vo gb prlarn`n jl sg gjfugjtrn kgjtrl kg nbaujn kg bns lpfoljgs kgb sue`gjó ]rlarn`n encl gb jl`erg kg Vozgr Gbgftrof, eósqugbl kgjtrl kg bls sue`gjós qug npnrgfgj kgskg funbquogrn kg bns ltrns lpfoljgs. Bn blfnboznfoöj kgb prlarn`n kgjtrl kg bns lpfoljgs kgb `gjó l sue`gjós kgpgjkg kgb buanr kljkg sg in rgnboznkl bn ojstnbnfoöj plr gb nk`ojostrnklr. 6. Wtoboznjkl gb gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws, sgbgffoljg bn ujoknk kljkg sg ojstnb ojstnböö gb prlarn`n g ojtrlkuzfn bn rutn3 2f3:3RNrfiovls kg prlarn`nRVozgr Gbgftrof

 

>8

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gj fnsl kg qug jl gxostn bn rutn l gb prlarn`n …  

;. Vgbgffoljg gb eltöj kg Ojofol  kg bn enrrn kg tnrgns kg Qojklws

kgspbgankl sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj Eusfnr 

, kgb `gjó

. 

Vg lesgrvn uj funkrl kg koîblal l gb gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws (kgpgjkogjkl kgb sostg`n lpgrntovl) qug fljtogjg gj bn pro`grn pgstnþn uj funkrl kg tgxtl Jl`erg  y ujn bostn kgspbganebg kgjtrl Eusfnr gj…. L gj bn lpfoöj ‒ [lkls bls nrfiovls y fnrpgtns‐ blfnbofg bls frotgrols kg eósqugkn l kgjtrl kgb funkrl kg tgxtl koaotg gb jl`erg kgb nrfiovl Vozgr;=.gxg y kg bn bostn kgspbganebg sgbgffoljg gb jl`erg kg bn ujoknk kljkg sg kgsgn gjfljtrnr gb nrfiovl. ]rgsoljg gb eltöj Eósqugkn. Vo gb prlarn`n sg gjfugjtrn ojstnbnkl gj gb gquopl, sg `lstrnrî kgjtrl kg bn bostn kg nrfiovls qug sg prgsgjtnj gj bn bostn kg nrfiovls gjfljtrnkls. Inan klebg fbof slerg gb nrfiovl Vozgr6.8.gxg y so bl kgsgn `g`lrofg bn rutn kljkg sg gjfugjtrn gb nrfiovl gcgfutnebg pnrn gcgfutnrbl korgftn`gjtg kgskg gb gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws gj ltrn lfnsoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl >. Ugquosotls kg Ojstnbnfoöj

>1

Ugaostrl  k kgb  s sostg`n   Gxostgj gj gb `grfnkl 6 topls kg gkofoljgs pnrn gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof3 •

  Kg`lstrntovn3 Ojfbuyg nffgsl n tlkns bns fnrnftgràstofns kgb sostg`n, flj bà`otg kg gjtrnkns nb sostg`n, kgspuïs kg bns funbgs gb sostg`n qugkn kgsineobotnkl. Gstn gkofoöj gs arntuotn y jl gs jgfgsnrol gb rgaostrl kgb sostg`n.  

•

  ]rlhgsoljnb3 Gj gstn gkofoöj sg pugkg ojstnbnr gb sostg`n gj uj jó`grl obo`otnkl kg fl`putnklrns y jl togjg vgjfo`ogjtl kg gjtrnkns. Gb nffgsl nb slhtwnrg gs plr `gkol kg bn bbnvg WVK qug sg fljgftn gj gb gquopl kljkg sg quogrg usnr gb prlarn`n. 

•

  ]rg`ou` (Ugk)3   Gb arnj jó`grl kg bofgjfons qug slj rgqugrokns gj bns g`prgsns kg kosgþl pugkg sgr fueogrtls plr gstn gkofoöj, bn funb fugjtn flj ujn npbofnfoöj kg rgk nkofoljnb qug pgr`otg lpgrnr kg hlr`n fljfurrgjtg >= l `îs bofgjfons kg usl gj gstnfoljgs kg trnencl. 

Jl gs jgfgsnrol gb rgaostrl kgb sostg`n kgeokl n qug bn bbnvg (Inrkdgy) kgb pugrtl WVE bg erojkn bn plsoeoboknk kg lpgrnr gb prlarn`n gj funbquogr gquopl kljkg inyn sokl ojstnbnkl gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof. ]nrn letgjgr nftunboznfoljgs kgb prlarn`n vosotg gb www.sozgrgbgftrof.fl`  pnrn letgjgr ojhlr`nfoöj slerg3 sotol  www.sozgrgbgftrof.fl` sotol   Nftunboznfoljgs soj flstl kgb sostg`n kg bn `os`n vgrsoöj.



  [utlronbgs y gjtrgjn`ogjtls



  Nffgsl n ojhlr`nfoöj tïfjofn kg elbgtojgs tro`gstrnbgs.



  Ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kg ltrns prl`lfoljgs.



 

>9

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Fnpàtubl

5  Gbg`gjtls kgb prlarn`n

Gstg fnpàtubl gxpbofn fuîbgs slj bls gbg`gjtls qug sg g`pbgnrîj pnrn rgnboznr bls prlfgsls kg fnpturn y nk`ojostrnfoöj kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgjtrl kgb prlarn`n   Vozgr Gbgftrof. 

Gbg`gjtls  A Agjgrnbgs   @gjó projfopnb3   Gj bn pnrtg supgrolr kg bn pnjtnbbn projfopnb gjfljtrnrî gb `gjó

projfopnb fljtgjogjkl kohgrgjtgs lpfoljgs, kg bns funbgs sg kgsprgjkgj sue`gjós qug bg pgr`otgj nffgsnr n rgtàfubns g ojtgrhnfgs kg fnpturn pnrn bn gspgfohofnfoöj kg kntls. Gj gstg `gjó sg blfnboznj 8 lpfoljgs qug narupnj tnrgns rgbnfoljnkns.

Bn hujfoljnboknk kg fnkn ujn kg gstns lpfoljgs sg kgsfroeg n fljtojunfoöj3  Nrfi  Nr fi o vl vl33  Nquà sg rgnboznj tlkns bns tnrgns rgbnfoljnkns flj gb `njgcl kg bls kohgrgjtgs

prlygftls. Kgskg gstn lpfoöj pugkg frgnr uj jugvl prlygftl, neror uj prlygftl gxostgjtg, aunrknr gb prlygftl flj uj jugvl jl`erg, fn`eonr bn fljtrnsgþn kg nffgsl nb prlygftl y gbgaor ujn o`prgslrn kostojtn n bn prgkgtgr`ojnkn gj Qojklws.

 

5=

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fljsubtns3   Gj gstn lpfoöj sg pugkgj nffgsnr n tlkns bns ojtgrhnfgs kg fnpturn kg

kntls3 jlr`ns npbofnebgs nb prlygftl y rghgrgjfons. Gs plsoebg nffgsnr n bns rgtàfubns qug `ugstrnj ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls kntls agjgrnbgs, kntls kg forfuotls, rgsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs, nkg`îs kg tnebns qug gb prlarn`n utobozn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg. Ugplrtgs3   ]lr `gkol kg gstn lpfoöj pugkg sgbgffoljnr bls kohgrgjtgs rgplrtgs qug

prgsgjtn gb prlarn`n y nb sgbgffoljnr fnkn ujl kg gbbls sg prgsgjtnrî ujn vostn prgvon kgb rgplrtg qug plkrî rgvosnr pnrn kghojor so rgnboznrî bn o`prgsoöj kgb klfu`gjtl. Igrrn`ogjtns3  Gj gstn lpfoöj sg gjfugjtrnj narupnkns bns utobgràns y fljhoaurnfoljgs

qug gb prlygftl jgfgsotn pnrn uj `gclr `njgcl kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj, nkg`îs kg ujn pgrsljnboznfoöj kgb `os`l. Okol`n3   Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg fn`eonr gjtrg okol`ns. Nb sgbgffoljnr gb okol`n Ojabgs

tlkns bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn, rgplrtgs y nyukns sg nftunboznj n gstg okol`n. Nb sgbgffoljnr ‒Gspnþlb‐ sg rgstnebgfg gb sostg`n n gstn bgjaun.

Xgjtnjn3  Gstn lpfoöj bg pgr`otg kostroeuor ghofogjtg`gjtg bn ojhlr`nfoöj prgsgjtnkn gj

su pnjtnbbn pnrn nfgbgrnr bls prlfgsls kg fnpturn y fljsubtn kg ojhlr`nfoöj y bg pgr`otorî trnsbnknrsg gjtrg bns kohgrgjtgs rgtàfubns prgsgjtnkns gj bn pnjtnbbn.  Nyu  Ny u kn3   Gj gstn lpfoöj gjfljtrnrî ujn igrrn`ogjtn ótob pnrn hn`obonroznrsg flj bn lpgrnfoöj kgb prlarn`n. ]lr `gkol kg nyukns gj bàjgn, ustgk plkrî fljlfgr bns fnrnftgràstofns kg bls kntls, gb `njgcl kgb prlarn`n y bns fnrnftgràstofns kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof.

Enrrns kg igrrn`ogjtns igrrn`ogjtns y kg gstnkl ]nrn uj nffgsl rîpokl n bns lpfoljgs `îs fl`ujgs kgb sostg`n fl`l slj3 Jugvl prlygftl, Neror uj prlygftl gxostgjtg, Aunrknr fl`l, Fnpturn kg jlr`ns y nkg`îs vostn kg rgtàfubns kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs y kg Forfuotls, sg fugjtn flj bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns Vozgr Gbgftrof. Gstn sg gjfugjtrn blfnboznkn gj bn pnrtg supgrolr kg su kgb sostg`n vgjtnjn projfopnb.

Gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr kg bn pnjtnbbn projfopnb sg pugkg lesgrvnr ujn enrrn. N ïstn sg bg bbn`n enrrn kg gstnkl, gj gbbn npnrgfgj ergvgs kgsfropfoljgs kg bn tnrgn qug rgnbozn gb gbg`gjtl qug gstî sogjkl sgbgffoljnkl flj gb pujtgrl kg su `lusg. Nkg`îs plkrî lesgrvnr ujn enrrn kg prlargsl kljkg plkrî fljlfgr gb nvnjfg kg bls kohgrgjtgs prlfgsls qug gcgfutn gb sostg`n.

 

Fnpàtubl 5. Gbg`gjtls kgb prlarn`n

5>

Vo ustgk yn sg gjfugjtrn rgbnfoljnkl flj gb `njgcl kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sostg`n, pugkg lfubtnr ujn l n`ens enrrns. Gstl sg pugkg rgnboznr sgbgffoljnjkl kgb `gjó kgb `gjó projfopnb gb gbg`gjtl Igrrn`ogjtns, pnrn kgsineobotnr bn fnsobbn kg enrrn kg gstnkl  gj bn vgjtnjn `lstrnkn. Gstl bl funb bg pgr`otorî letgjgr ujn `nylr îrgn pnrn bn vostn kg sus kntls gj bns rgtàfubns.

Ugtà fubn   Kurnjtg gb kgsnrrlbbl kg bls prlygftls kg pgrhob gbïftrofl gs fnkn vgz `îs hrgfugjtg `njgcnr arnjkgs vlbó`gjgs kg ojhlr`nfoöj qug kgeg sgr njnboznkn, gvnbunkn y flrrgaokn flj ujn vosoöj ablenb.

Gj gb kgsnrrlbbl kg bns npbofnfoljgs nftunbgs sg in lesgrvnkl qug gb `njgcl kg arnjkgs fnjtoknkgs kg ojhlr`nfoöj plr `gkol kg tnebns, pgr`otg n bls usunrols rgnboznr njîbosos `îs nsgrtovls y kgtgftnr grrlrgs flj `nylr hnfoboknk. ]nrn fueror gstns jgfgsoknkgs, gb prlarn`n pnrn sgbgffoöj kg fnboerg kg fljkuftlrgs gbïftrofls Vozgr Gbgftrof fugjtn flj vgjtnjns qug prgsgjtnj bls kntls kg forfuotls y bls kntls agjgrnbgs gj hlr`n tneubnr. N gstns vgjtnjns sg bgs kgjl`ojn rgtàfubns. Gstns rgtàfubns fugjtnj flj ujn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns qug bg pgr`otg lpto`oznr gb `njgcl kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj y gstîj gquopnkns flj enrrns kg kgspbnzn`ogjtl gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr y gj bn pnrtg bntgrnb ozquogrkn pnrn hnfobotnr bn vosoöj kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj fljtgjokn gj bls nrfiovls kgb prlygftl. Gs o`plrtnjtg kgstnfnr qug gj bns rgtàfubns jl sg pugkgj gkotnr korgftn`gjtg bls kntls, yn qug bn oojhlr`nfoöj jhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn jl plkrà plkrànn sgr vnboknkn flj rgspgftl n ltrls pnrî`gtrls gbïftrofls. ]nrn rgnboznr bls prlfgsls kg fnpturn y gkofoöj kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj gs jgfgsnrol nffgsnr n bns pnjtnbbns kg fnpturn (flj uj klebg fbof slerg bn vgjtnjn) kljkg su ojhlr`nfoöj gs vgrohofnkn y flrrgaokn.

 

55

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fljsubtns   Bns fljsubtns slj vgjtnjns gj bns funbgs sg vosunbozn ojhlr`nfoöj gj kohgrgjtgs prgsgjtnfoljgs, tnbgs fl`l tnebns, bostns, gtf. N kohgrgjfon kg bns rgtàfubns, bns fljsubtns jl pugkgj narganr, `lkohofnr jo gbo`ojnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug sg `ugstrn. ]lr bl tnjtl, bns fljsubtns slbl sorvgj fl`l pujtl kg rghgrgjfon.

Kgjtrl kg gstg topl kg vgjtnjns sg gjfugjtrnj bns fljsubtns kg tnebns kg `ltlrgs y gb rgsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs.

 X gjtnjns  k kg  f fnpturn   Gstg topl kg vgjtnjns sorvg fl`l ojtgrhnfg pnrn bn rgflbgffoöj, vnboknfoöj y `lkohofnfoöj kg kntls, qug jl slbn`gjtg utobozn gb prlygftl, sojl tn`eoïj pnrn gb hujfoljn`ogjtl y pgrsljnboznfoöj kgb sostg`n `os`l. Bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn qug bl n`grotgj, fljtogjgj uj prlfgsl kg vnboknfoöj qug rgvosn neslbutn`gjtg tlkn bn kg ojhlr`nfoöj gj gb nb`nfgjn`ogjtl bls kntls.fnpturnkn, pnrn nsgaurnr bn ojtgaroknk y fljsostgjfon ]nrn kghojor gb huturl kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn, bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn fljtogjgj kohgrgjtgs eltljgs kgsfrotls n fljtojunfoöj3 Gb eltöj  Nfgptnr   qug sg gjfugjtrn gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr kg bn vgjtnjn, bg pgr`otg fljfbuor flj gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kgb gbg`gjtl gj pnjtnbbn l fljhor`nr gb rgaostrl kg bls kntls gkotnkls. Nb prgsoljnr gb eltöj  Nfgptnr , tn`eoïj sg rgnboznj bns vnboknfoljgs kg tlkn bn ojhlr`nfoöj prgsgjtnkn gj bn pnjtnbbn kg `njgrn tnb, qug bg pgr`otg flrrgaor bn ojhlr`nfoöj gvotnjkl fljtrntog`pls l ojfljarugjfons gjtrg kntls.

 

Fnpàtubl 5. Gbg`gjtls kgb prlarn`n

56

Gb eltöj Fnjfgbnr  blfnboznkl  blfnboznkl gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr kg bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn fu`pbg flj trgs hujfoljgs3 Ojtgrru`por uj prlfgsl kg fnpturn funjkl sg gstî ojargsnjkl uj gbg`gjtl jugvl, Oajlrnr bns óbto`ns `lkohofnfoljgs rgnboznkns gj bls kntls kgb gbg`gjtl `lstrnkl gj pnjtnbbn y fgrrnr bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn so jl rgnbozö jojaujn kg bns kls tnrgns njtgrolrgs.

Gj bn hlr`n kg fnpturn kg forfuotls sg gjfugjtrn blfnboznkl gb eltöj kg rgnboznr fîbfubls, gb funb bg pgr`otg ojofonr bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg kgb forfuotl qug sg gjfugjtrn gj bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn. Gstg eltöj tn`eoïj rgnbozn ujn vnboknfoöj fl`pbgtn kg bls kntls fnpturnkls.   Gb eltöj 6 pujtls jls sgþnbn qug gxostg ojhlr`nfoöj nkofoljnb rgbnfoljnkn nb gbg`gjtl `îs fgrfnjl Gstn pugkg sgr ujn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn nkofoljnb, ujn vgjtnjn kg nyukn l uj koîblal pnrn neror l aunrknr uj nrfiovl.

NJ[GUOLU _ VOAWOGJ[G3 Gstls eltljgs pgr`otgj jnvganr gjtrg bls forfuotls blfnboznkls njtgs y kgspuïs kgb forfuotl nftovl gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn

@gjsn cgs  k kgb  s sostg`n   Kurnjtg bn gcgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n ïstg pugkg kgspbganr vgjtnjns qug bg ojhlr`nj kg sotunfoljgs ncgjns nb sostg`n, gstls `gjsncgs slj3 •

Ojhlr`nfoöj.  Vu hojnboknk gs bn kg infgr jltnr nb usunrol qug uj prlfgsl l   nffoöj sg bbgvö n fnel y in fljfbuokl sntoshnftlron`gjtg.

 

5;

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

•

  Grrlr.  Gstls slj prgsgjtnkls funjkl sg in fnpturnkl uj kntl ojvîbokl y gs jgfgsnrol flrrgaorbl l gb prlarn`n in gjfljtrnkl ujn ojfljsostgjfon gj gb hujfoljn`ogjtl kg Qojklws l kgb prlpol sostg`n.

•

  Ojtgrvgjfoöj kg usunrol.  Gstls `gjsncgs pokgj bn nffoöj korgftn kgb usunrol pnrn bn tl`n kg kgfosoljgs gj uj prlfgsl.

 

 

Fnpàtubl

6  Lpgrnfoljgs flj prlygftls

]nrn bn lranjoznfoöj y fljtrlb kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn, gb prlarn`n bn kovokg y narupn gj fljcujtls kgjl`ojnkls ]rlygftl Vozgr.  Wj ]rlygftl Vozgr Gbgftrof nb`nfgjn ojhlr`nfoöj kg hlr`n tnb, qug gs ojkgpgjkogjtg kg ltrl prlygftl. ]lr bl tnjtl, bls kntls ojtrlkufokls n uj prlygftl, söbl sgrîj vosoebgs plr ïstg.

Frgnfoöj  k kg  p prl ygftls   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl | Jugvl  Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg prgsgjtn gb soauogjtg koîblal3

 

58

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fl`l sg pugkg jltnr, njtgs kg ojofonr bn fnpturn kg funbquogr topl kg kntl, gs jgfgsnrol okgjtohofnr gb jl`erg kgb nrfiovl kljkg sg vn n nb`nfgjnr. Gstg nrfiovl togjg bn gxtgjsoöj *.VSU kgjtrl kg su fl`putnklrn y slbn`gjtg plkrî nffgsnr n ïb plr `gkol kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof. Gb jl`erg kgb nrfiovl jl kgegrî fljtgjgr bls fnrnftgrgs (*),(/) l (¼) y plkrî sgr kg instn 65 fnrnftgrgs. Funjkl sg frgn uj jugvl prlygftl, gb prlarn`n suaogrg gb korgftlrol Kntls fl`l gb buanr gj kljkg sg nb`nfgjnrnj bls prlygftls n frgnr. Voj g`enral, gb usunrol pugkg kg fn`eonr gstn rutn n kljkg sus jgfgsoknkgs y plsoeoboknkgs sg bl pgr`otnj. Gstns pugkgj or kgskg ujn ujoknk `lvoebg, instn ujn ujoknk kg rgk. ]lr gcg`pbl3 n3RprlygftlGbgftroflR,

h3RusunrolsRkntlsR,

f3Rklfu`gjtlsRprly=>, gtf.

Jltn3 Funjkl sg agjgrn uj jugvl prlygftl, ïstg sg prltgag plr `gkol kg ujn

fljtrnsgþn pnrn gvotnr qug pgrsljns jl nutlroznkns nbtgrgj gb fljtgjokl kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj prlygftl. Bn qug fljtrnsgþn nsoajnkn plr l`osoöj bn pnbnern FBNXG.   Bn kgb pröxo`n lfnsoöj oj ojtgjtg tgjtg neror gb prlygftl frgnklgsnpnrgfgrî gb funkrl kg koîblal slbofotnjkl gstn fljtrnsgþn fl`l sg `ugstrn gj bn hoaurn.

 

Fnpàtubl 6. Lpgrnfoljgs flj prlygftls

51

Oj`gkontn`gjtg kgspuïs kg bn frgnfoöj kgb prlygftl, sg `ugstrn bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn kg Ughgrgjfons sgauokn kg bn fnpturn kg Jlr`ns. Bn kgsfropfoöj y fnpturn kg gstls gbg`gjtls sg kgsfroeg `îs nkgbnjtg.

 N pgrturn  k kg  p prl ygftls   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl | Neror   N fljtojunfoöj sg `lstrnrî uj funkrl kg koîblal, gj gb qug pugkg sgbgffoljnr gb prlygftl qug kgsgg neror, pnrn sgr fljsubtnkl l `lkohofnkl.

Wjn vgz frgnkl uj prlygftl, gstg pugkg sgr fljsubtnkl tnjtns vgfgs fl`l sgn jgfgsnrol. ]nrn okgjtohofnr quï prlygftl gstî neogrtl, gb prlarn`n kgspbogan gj bn fnegfgrn kg bn vgjtnjn gb jl`erg kgb prlygftl.

Nkg`îs kg bns lpfoljgs njtgs `gjfoljnkns, gb prlarn`n nb`nfgjn gb jl`erg y  Nrfiovl bn rutn nffgkgr kg bls óbto`ls trgs kg Gj fbof bn lpfoöj kg `gjó   sg pugkg n fnkn ujl kprlygftls g gbbls fljneogrtls. slbl infgr gj bn lpfoöj kgb `gjó. Jltg

 

59

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

qug so bn rutn kgb ]rlygftl Vozgr Gbgftrof gs `uy bnran pnrn `lstrnrsg, gb sostg`n bl rgsu`g4 pgrl gj bn Enrrn kg Gstnkl sg vosunbozn kg hlr`n fl`pbgtn.

[n`eoïj gs plsoebg neror uj ]rlygftl Vozgr Gbgftrof  korgftn`gjtg kgskg gb gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws. Gs hîfob rgfljlfgr gstls nrfiovls plrqug togjgj fl`l ofljl gb sà`elbl kg uj forfuotl gbïftrofl. Gb prlfgko`ogjtl pnrn neror gb prlygftl gs gb soauogjtg3 Vgbgffoljg gb nrfiovl y inan klebg fbof slerg ïstg. Gjtljfgs sg nerg gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof, flj gb prlygftl sgbgffoljnkl. Gstg óbto`l prlfgko`ogjtl togjg nbaujns rgstroffoljgs, yn qug slbn`gjtg pugkg rgnboznrsg so gb prlarn`n jl sg gjfugjtrn gj gcgfufoöj gj gsls `l`gjtls.

Aunrknr  u uj  p prl ygftl.   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl | Aunrknr Nb `lkohofnr uj prlygftl, gb prlarn`n nutl`îtofn`gjtg rgnbozn bls fn`eols slerg bls nrfiovls ojvlbufrnkls, plrqug bl bns qug`lkohofnfoljgs bn lpfoöj kg Aunrknr infg ghgftovls gstls fn`eols. Fneg nfbnrnr rgnboznknssöbl yn jl pugkgj sgr

 

Fnpàtubl 6. Lpgrnfoljgs flj prlygftls

5?

fnjfgbnkns, plrqug funjkl sg fogrrn l sg tgr`ojn bn gcgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n sg aunrkn gb prlygftl nftovl.

Aunrknr  u uj  p prl ygftl  f flj  l ltrl  j jl`erg   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl | Aunrknr fl`l... Gj gb kosgþl gbïftrofl gxostgj prlygftls qug nujqug slj kohgrgjtgs, togjgj `ufils kntls gj fl`ój. ]nrn gvotnr bn rgpgtofoöj kg bls prlfgsls kg fnpturn, gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj bn lpfoöj Aunrknr fl`l..., bn funb infg ujn flpon okïjtofn kgb prlygftl nftunb y bl arnen flj uj jl`erg jugvl. ]nrn plkgr utoboznr gstn lpfoöj, gs jgfgsnrol qug gb prlygftl qug sg vn n flponr sg gjfugjtrg neogrtl gj gsls `l`gjtls. Jltn3   Funjkl sg utobozn gstn lpfoöj, gb jugvl prlygftl `njtgjkrî fl`l

fljtrnsgþn, bn `os`n qug gb prlygftl lroaojnb.

Fgrrnr  u uj  p prl ygftl  n neogrtl   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl | Fgrrnr   Funjkl sg fogrrn uj prlygftl, gb prlarn`n fogrrn tlkns bns rgtàfubns y fljsubtns qug pukogrnj gstnr neogrtns gj gsg `l`gjtl y aunrkn bns `lkohofnfoljgs pgjkogjtgs. Bn nffoöj kg fgrrnr uj prlygftl sg gjfugjtrn o`pbàfotn kgjtrl kg bn npgrturn kg ltrl prlygftl, yn qug funjkl sg nerg uj prlygftl, nutl`îtofn`gjtg fogrrn gb prlygftl gj usl. Wj prlygftl neogrtl tn`eoïj gs fgrrnkl funjkl sg tgr`ojn bn gcgfufoöj kgb prlarn`n.

Fn`eonr  f fljtrnsgþn   Blfnboznfoöj3 Nrfiovl |Fn`eonr fljtrnsgþn  Fnkn ujl kg bls prlygftls fnpturnkls plr `gkol kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof  sg gjfugjtrn prltgaokl plr `gkol kg ujn fljtrnsgþn pnrn anrnjtoznr qug bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb prlygftl jl sgn `lkohofnkn plr pgrsljnb jl nutlroznkl. Fl`l inerî lesgrvnkl nb frgnr uj jugvl jug vl prlygftl, gstg qugkn prltgaokl plr pl r `gkol kg bn fljtrnsgþn FBNXG. Voj g`enral, gs plsoebg qug gb usunrol sg gjfugjtrg hn`obonroznkl flj ujn pnbnern sgfrgtn l bg sgn `îs sgjfobbl rgflrknr ltrn pnbnern. ]lr gstg `ltovl, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof  fugjtn flj bn lpfoöj kg `lkohofnr bn

 

6=

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

fljtrnsgþn kg nffgsl, qug prltgagrî slbn` slbn`gjtg gjtg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg gstg prlygftl y jl npbofnrn pnrn ltrls prlygftls njtgs fnpturnkls. Gj gb funkrl kg konblal `lstrnkl, ojkoqug bn fljtrnsgþn nftunb, bn jugvn fljtrnsgþn y pnrn vgrohofnr qug jl inj gxostokl grrlrgs gj bn fnpturn koaàtgbn jugvn`gjtg gj gb funkrl kg fljhor`nfoöj. (Ugfugrkg qug bn fljtrnsgþn kg nffgsl nsoajnkn nb prlygftl plr l`osoöj gs bn pnbnern FBNXG).

Vo bn fljtrnsgþn nftunb gs flrrgftn y bn jugvn fljtrnsgþn jl in prgsgjtnkl grrlrgs kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn, bn fljtrnsgþn sgrî `lkohofnkn y gb prlarn`n bl jltohofnrn plr `gkol kg uj `gjsncg gj bn pnjtnbbn. Jltn3  ]nrn plkgr fn`eonr bn fljtrnsgþn, jl kgeg gxostor jojaujn rgtàfubn, fljsubtn

lsgþnbnkns rgplrtg neogrtl, gb fnsl qug sg gjfugjtrg neogrtn nbaujn kg bns vgjtnjns  Nfgptnr  gb eltöjgj  sgkggjfljtrnrî  sg kgsineobotnkl.

 

 

Fnpàtubl

;  Fnpturn kg kntls Ughgrgjfons   Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Ughgrgjfons Gj prlygftl kg pgrhob gbïftrofl gxostgj kntls kohgrgjtg n uj tlkl prlygftl kg ltrl y qug slj utoboznkns pnrngspgfàhofls kostojauor qug tnjtlinfgj su ojhlr`nfoöj gbgftröjofn fl`l bn o`prgsn. Kg gstn `njgrn, gj bn sgffoöj kg Ughgrgjfons  sg kgeg fnpturnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj rgbgvnjtg kgb prlygftl qug sg o`pro`orî gj bls rgplrtgs kgb prlarn`n. Bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn kgegrî tgjgr bns soauogjtgs fnrnftgràstofns3 Jl`erg ]rlygftl. Gj gstg fn`pl sg rgquogrg gb jl`erg kgb prlygftl flj gb funb

sg kgsgn qug npnrgzfnj bls rgplrtgs. Gcg`pbl3

Jntoljnb-==>G

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

Fbogjtg.  Gs gb jl`erg l rnzöj slfonb kgb fbogjtg pnrn quogj sg kgsnrrlbbn gb prlygftl.

 

65

Gcg`pbl3

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Jntoljnb Ojtgrfl`ujofntoljs Ojf.

Xnboknfoöj 3 

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

Blfnboznfoöj.  Gj gstg fn`pl sg kghojg gb kl`ofobol kgb prlygftl l bn gjtoknk

hgkgrntovn kljkg sg rgnbozn bn fljstruffoöj. Gcg`pbl3

Nrozljn, GWN 

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

Klfu`gjtl/@g`lron . Gs uj fn`pl kg 5= fnrnftgrgs gj gb funb sg kghojg ujn

bgygjkn qug okgjtohofnrî bls rgplrtgs. Gcg`pbl3

JN[-G==>

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn 5= fnrnftgrgs

Fnpturö . Gs gb jl`erg kg bn pgrsljn qug gcgfutn gb prlarn`n y/l rgnbozn bn

fnpturn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj y gbnelrn bns `g`lrons kg fîbfubl. Gcg`pbl3

Clij V`oti

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

Flrrgl-g3 Gs bn korgffoöj kgb flrrgl gbgftröjofl kg bn pgrsljn qug rgnbozn bn

fnpturn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj. Kgeg fljtnr flj uj hlr`ntl kg jl`erg gb sà`elbl ‒M‐ y gb jl`erg kgb kl`ojol nfl`pnþnkl kg uj pujtl (.) y bn gxtgjsoöj kgb flrrgl. Gcg`pbl3

Clij.s`otiMjntoljnb.fl` Clij.s`otiMjntoljnb. fl`

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

[gbïhljl3 Gs gb tgbïhljl kg bn pgrsljn qug rgnbozn bn fnpturn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj.

Kgeg fljtnr flj uj hlr`ntl kg jó`grl y pugkg ojfbuor sà`elbls pnrn gb `nrfnkl. Gcg`pbl3

+75 > (77) 6; 78 19 ?=

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

Ugvosö . Gs gb jl`erg kg bn pgrsljn gjfnrankn kg supgrvosnr gb prlfgsl y kg

rgvosnr bns `g`lrons kg fîbfubl. Gcg`pbl3

Cn`gs Iukslj

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

 Nprr le ö . Gs gb jl`erg kg bn pgrsljn qug fgrtohofn bn vnbokgz tnjtl kg bls rgplrtgs  Np

agjgrnkls plr gb prlarn`n fl`l kg bns `g`lrons kg fîbfubl. Gcg`pbl3

Vtgvg Bnwrgjfg

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn ;= fnrnftgrgs

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

66

]njtnbbn kg fnpturn kg Ughgrgjfons

 

6;

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Jlr`ns N pbofnebgs  Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Jlr`ns  Bns jlr`ns rgprgsgjtnj bls frotgrols qug npbofnj n tlkls bls forfuotls fnpturnkls. Gstn pnjtnbbn fugjtn flj 6 pgstnþns3 Jlr`ns, Fnjnboznfoljgs y finrlbns y Fn`pls nkofoljnbgs. Jlr`ns

Gj bn pgstnþn kg jlr`ns sg kghojgj bls frotgrols qug npbofnrnj pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn bbgjnkl kg finrlbns. Bls fn`pls `lstrnkls togjgj bns fnrnftgràstofnsy kghojokns n fljtojunfoöj3 Jlr`n. Gstg kntl sg prgaujtn nb usunrol gj hlr`n kg lpfoöj y pgr`otg gbgaor bn

jlr`n qug roag bls frotgrols kg fîbfubl. Vg pugkg gbgaor bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG5=>5 l gb JGF 5=>1. Jltn3 Gstn sgbgffoöj kg bn jlr`n npbofnebg pgr`otg gsflagr bls frotgrols qug sg npbofnj pnrn gb fîbfubl, yn qug gxostgj boagrns kgsvonfoljgs gjtrg ujl y ltrl klfu`gjtl. Gcg`pbl3

JL@

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj jl`ojnb3   Gs gb vnblr kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gxprgsnkl gj plr fogjtl. Gstg vnblr kg sgrî pnrn gb söbl plr gj gb kg ]nrn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gspgfàhofn blsfljsokgrnkl kntls kgb forfuotl jlfîbfubl, sgn kghojokn gb fnsl usunrol. forfuotls gj

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

67

tgjsoljgs `gjlrgs n 8== X,. kgegrî gjfljtrnrsg gj gb rnjal kg = n 7%, kg nfugrkl n bl suagrokl gj bls nrtàfubls 5>7-5 (;) Jltn > y 5>= sgaój sg ojkofn n fljtojunfoöj3 5>7-5(e)

JL[N 53 Bls fljkuftlrgs kg bls nbo`gjtnklrgs tnb fl`l gstîj kghojokls gj gb Nrtàfubl >==, flj uj

tn`nþl qug gvotg ujn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj supgrolr nb 6 plr ffogjtl ogjtl gj bn snbokn `îs bgcnjn pnrn fnrans kg hugrzn, fnbghnffoöj, nbu`ernkl l funbquogr fl`eojnfoöj kg gbbns y gj bls qug bn fnàkn `îxo`n kg tgjsoöj kg bls forfuotls nbo`gjtnklrgs y kgrovnkls instn bn snbokn `îs bgcnjn jl supgrg gb 7 plr fogjtl, lhrgfgrîj ujn ghofogjfon kg hujfoljn`ogjtl rnzljnebg. JL[N 63 Xïnsg 5>=->?(n), Jltn ;, pnrn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bls forfuotls kgrovnkls.  

5>=->?(n)(>)

JL[N ;3 Bls fljkuftlrgs kg forfuotls kgrovnkls fl`l gstîj kghojokls gj gb Nrtàfubl >==,

ko`gjsoljnkls pnrn gvotnr ujn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj `nylr qug 6 plr fogjtl gj bn snbokn `îs bgcnjn qug nbo`gjtg n fnrans kg fnbghnffoöj, kg hugrzn, kg nbu`ernkl l funbquogr fl`eojnfoöj kg gbbns y gj bls qug bn fnàkn `îxo`n kg tgjsoöj fl`eojnkn kg bls forfuotls nbo`gjtnklrgs y kg bls forfuotls kgrovnkls instn gb fljtnftl `îs bgcnjl jl supgrg 7 plr fogjtl, prlplrfoljnrîj ujn rnzljnebg ghofogjfon kg hujfoljn`ogjtl. ]nrn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg bls forfuotls nbo`gjtnklrgs, vïnsg bn JL[N 5 kg 5>7-5(n)(6). Gcg`pbl3

6.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr 2 7.=

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb nrrnjqug3  Gs gb vnblr kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gxprgsnkn gj

plr fogjtl sgkgeg kgegrî prgsgjtnr gj gb kgjtrl fljkuftlr nb `l`gjtl nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. Gstgqug vnblr gstnr fl`prgjkokl kgb rnjal kg = n kgb 5=%. Gb fîbfubl kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb nrrnjqug pnrn `ltlrgs, gs ujn fljvgjfoöj qug sg in gstnebgfokl gjtrg bls kosgþnklrgs kg pbnjtns ojkustronbgs y prgtgjkg anrnjtoznr qug encl fljkofoljgs kg `nrfin, bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj agjgrnkn gj gb forfuotl kgb `ltlr jl nhgftg gb pnr kg nrrnjqug. Gstg plrfgjtncg kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj jl sg gjfugjtrn rgaubnkl plr jojaujn Ojstotufoöj. Kg nfugrkl flj gb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk.6?? "Ugfl``gjkgk ]rnftofg hlr Ojkustronb njk Fl``grfonb ]lwgr Vystg` Njnbysos", bn `àjo`n tgjsoöj pgr`otokn gj bns tgr`ojnbgs kgb `ltlr gs kgb 9=% kg bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb, pnrn `ltlrgs kosgþl JG@N E. ]ukogjkl sgr `nylr l `gjlr kgpgjkogjkl kg bns fnrnftgràstofns kg bn fnran rgnbgs gj gb `ltlr. Gcg`pbl3

>7.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr 2 5=.=

Gspgfohofnfoljgs3  Gstn lpfoöj bg pgr`otorî gbgaor bn boergràn pnrn letgjgr bn

ojhlr`nfoöj kgb koî`gtrl pgsl y rghgrgjfon kg bls fljkuftlrgs agjgrnkls kgspuïs kgb fîbfubl. Vg prgsgjtnj 5 lpfoljgs3 Bns agjïrofns kgb prlarn`n y bns kgb hnerofnjtg kg fljkuftlrgs Vlutiworg. Nb sgbgffoljnr bn pro`grn, ustgk fljtnrn flj ojhlr`nfoöj prl`gkol y agjïrofn kg kohgrgjtgs hnerofnjtgs kgb `grfnkl y gj gb fnsl kg Vlutiworg ustgk fljtnrn flj ojhlr`nfoöj prgfosn kgb hnerofnjtg pnrn ojfrg`gjtnr bn prgfosoöj gj bn kghojofoöj kg sus fljkuftlrgs.  Gcg`pbl3

Vlutiworg

Xnboknfoöj3

Vgbgffoöj kg lpfoöj.

 

68

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fnjnboznfoljgs Fn jnboznfoljgs y Finrlb ns

Gj gstn sgffoöj sg kghojgj bls frotgrols g`pbgnkls pnrn rgnboznr gb fîbfubl kgb bbgjnkl kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs kg tlkl gb prlygftl.

Bls fn`pls kg gstn sgffoöj slj bls soauogjtgs3  Njff il @àjo  Nj @àjo`l `l .  Gstg gb njfil `àjo`l qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg

slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn bls njfils pgr`otokls slj bls kghojokls kgjtrl kg bn jlr`n JG@N XG. >7, 6=, ;7, 8=, 17 y ?= f`. Gcg`pbl3

>7

Xnboknfoöj3

>7, 6=, ;7, 8= , 17 y ?= f`. 

 Njff il @îxo `l . Gstg gb njfil `îxo`l qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg  Nj

slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn. Bls njfils pgr`otokls slj bls kghojokls kgjtrl kg bn jlr`n XG. >7, 6=, ;7, 8=, 17gj y ?= f`. Gjgbfnsl kg qugVozgr gb vnblr kgb Gbgftrof  njfil `àjo`lJG@N sgn oaunb nb njfil `îxo`l finrlbns, prlarn`n sgbgffoljnrn slbn`gjtg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn kgb njfil kghojokl gj funbquogrn kg bls kls fn`pls. Gcg`pbl3

?=

Xnboknfoöj3

>7, 6=, ;7, 8= , 17 y ?= f`. 

Koî`gtrl @àjo`l. Gstg gb koî`gtrl `àjo`l qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg

tuel fljkuot. Bls koî`gtrls pgr`otokls slj bls kghojokls kgjtrl kg bn jlr`n JL@==>-VGKG-5=>5 y JGF-5=>1. Gj fnsl kg qug bn jlr`n pnrn fîbfubl sgbgffoljnkn gj gstn `os`n vgjtnjn sgn JL@, bls koî`gtrls sg prgsgjtnrnj gj fgjtà`gtrls so bn jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn gs JGF gb koî`gtrl npnrgfgrî gj pubankns. Gcg`pbl3

>7

Xnboknfoöj3

>7, 6=, ;7, 8= , 17 y ?= f`. 

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

61

Koî`gtrl @îxo`l. Gstg gb koî`gtrl `îxo`l qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg

tuel fljkuot. Gj fnsl kg qug gb vnblr kgb koî`gtrl `îxo`l sgn oaunb nb koî`gtrl `îxo`l, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof sgbgffoljnrn slbn`gjtg tuels fljkuot kgb koî`gtrl kghojokl gj funbquogrn kg bls kls fn`pls. Gcg`pbl3

?=

Xnboknfoöj3

>7, 6=, ;7, 8= , 17 y ?= f`. 

Hnftlr kg bbgjnkl. Gs gb plrfgjtncg `îxo`l nb funb sg pgr`otorî gb bbgjnkl kurnjtg

bn sgbgffoöj kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn. Kgjtrl kg bns îrgns `îxo`ns pgr`otokns kgjtrl kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 l JGF-5=>1 gb prlarn`n fljsokgrnrî gb plrfgjtncg `îxo`l. Gcg`pbl3

9=.=

Xnboknfoöj3

:= n >==%. 

[ogrrns gj fnjnboznfoöj / Finrlbn.  Gj bn ojstnbnfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj slplrtgs

pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn bns jlr`ns pgr`otgj bn ojstnbnfoöj kg uj fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn fl`ój pnrn tlkls forfuotls ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn flj kgrovnfoljgs gj fnkn ujn kg bns encnkns. Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg qug sg fljsokgrg uj fljkuftlr pugstl n togrrn pnrn tlkl gb fljcujtl kg forfuotls l uj fljkuftlr pnrn fnkn ujl kg gbbls. Gj fnsl kg fljsokgrnr bn lpfoöj kg "Fljsokgrnr togrrn fl`ój" slbl sg usnrn pnrn gb bbgjnkl kg bn finrlbn gb îrgn l koî`gtrl kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg `nylr îrgn kg bls fljkuftlrgs ojstnbnkls gj gb slplrtg pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn. Gj fnsl kg sgbgffoljnr "Wjn togrrn plr forfuotl" sg fljsokgrnrî gb îrgn kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg fnkn ujl kg bls forfuotls nsoajnkls n bn finrlbn pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg su njfil y plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl.

 

69

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fn`pls nkofoljnbgs.

Kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg forfuotls gs plsoebg qug sgn jgfgsnrol narganr ojhlr`nfoöj pnrn blarnr ujn `gclr okgjtohofnfoöj kgb forfuotl, nslfonrbl flj ojhlr`nfoöj kg nbaój pbnjl l pnrn boanr kg hlr`n `njunb l gbgftröjofn bls rgplrtgs kg snbokn flj ltrl klfu`gjtl l prlfgsl kg prlygftl. Bn npbofnfoöj lhrgfg bn ojflrplrnfoöj kg 6 fn`pls kg topl tgxtl, kg instn 57 fnrnftgrgs qug pugkgj sgr jl`ernkls kg nfugrkl flj bns jgfgsoknkgs kgb usunrol. Bls funkrls kg tgxtl kg gstn pgstnþn bg pgr`otorîj nsoajnr bn okgjtohofnfoöj n bls fn`pls qug sgrîj `lstrnkls gj bn pnjtnbbn kg Fnpturn kg Forfuotls. Fnkn ujl kg bls fn`pls togjg nslfonkn ujn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj qug bg pgr`otorî kghojor so gstg fn`pl pgrsljnboznkl gs `njkntlrol (Fnsobbn vgrohofnkn) u lpfoljnb. Gj fnsl kg vgrohofnr bn fnsobbn ‒@njkntlrol‐ bn npbofnfoöj vnboknrn qug gb fn`pl sgn

bbgjnkl flj nbaój kntl plr gb usunrol y qug jl qugkg vnfàl. Gs o`plrtnjtg rgsnbtnr qug bn npbofnfoöj ójofn`gjtg vnboknrn qug gb fn`pl n fnpturnr gj bn pnjtnbbn kg Fnpturn kg Forfuotls  fugjtg flj fnrnftgrgs topl tgxtl pgrl jl vnboknrn gb fljtgjokl l gb hhlr`ntl lr`ntl kg bn `os`n. Gcg`pbl3

Ju`grl kg ]bnjl

Xnboknfoöj3

>1 fnrnftgrgs. 

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

6?

Kntls  A Agjgrnbgs   Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Kntls agjgrnbgs Gs ujn prîftofn fl`ój kgjtrl kg bls prlygftls kg ojagjogràn gbïftrofn, qug bns rgstroffoljgs l frotgrols kg kosgþl sg kghojnj pnrn uj arupl kg gquopls flj fnrnftgràstofns so`obnrgs. ]lr gcg`pbl3 Bls `ltlrgs kg > n 5== F] kgegj sgr nbo`gjtnkls flj ujn tgjsoöj kg ;9= vlbts y sus fljkuftlrgs kgegj tgjgr uj nosbn`ogjtl topl [IQ. Kg gstn `njgrn, gs jgfgsnrol npbofnr frotgrol kg kosgþl pnrn gstg sga`gjtl kg bn plebnfoöj kg gquopls kgb prlygftl. Bn fnpturn kg kntls agjgrnbgs kghojg bls frotgrols gspgfàhofls pnrn uj arupl kg gquopls y jltohofn nb usunrol nfgrfn kg bns kgsvonfoljgs gj bn fnpturn kg kntls. Bn rgtàfubn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs gstî kosgþnkl pnrn kghojor bls frotgrols y kgbo`otnr bls vnblrgs `àjo`ls y `îxo`ls plr bls funbgs sg roag gb fîbfubl. Gstls kntls kgegj sgr kghojokls plr gb ojagjogrl rgspljsnebg kgb prlygftl. Kgb arupl kg pgstnþns sg kgeg kg sgbgffoljnr gb topl kg gquopl qug sg in kg rgaostrnr y bls funbgs slj3 @ltlr, trnjshlr`nklr, gquopl pnqugtg, nbu`ernkl, forfuotl kg fljtrlb, norg nfljkofoljnkl, arón, trnzn tïr`ofn y fnpnfotlr.

Ugtàfubn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs

Jltg qug nb gstnr nftovn bn rgtàfubn kg kntls agjgrnbgs, gj gb `gjó projfopnb sg ojflrplrnrî ujn jugvn lpfoöj3 Gkofoöj, gb funb sg sotunrî gjtrg bns lpfoljgs kg  Nrfiovl  y Fljsubtns, gstn lpfoöj söbl sg gjfljtrnrî kospljoebg funjkl bn rgtàfubn sg gjfugjtrn nftovn. Bn rgtàfubn fljtogjg ujn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns prlpon, bn funb fljtogjg bls soauogjtgs ofljls, nslfonkls n ujn tnrgn gspgfàhofn.

 

;=

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

 Narg  Na rganr anr 3   Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn bn fnpturn kg kntls

agjgrnbgs gj bn funb sg pugkgj knr kg nbtn bls kntls pnrn funbquogrn kg bns fnrans gxostgjtgs gj gb sostg`n. ]nrn gstl, söbl togjg qug sgbgffoljnr bn pgstnþn kg bn fnran sgbgffoljnkn y prgsoljnr gb eltöj kg  Narganr . @lkohofnr3   Funjkl sg togjgj kntls prgvon`gjtg fnpturnkls, gs plsoebg

`lkohofnrbls `gkonjtg gstn lpfoöj. Vg kgeg kg rgsnbtnr qug funbquogr fn`pl pugkg sgr `lkohofnkl, gxfbuygjkl bls kntls kg tgjsoöj y jó`grl kg hnsgs. Flponr kntl agjgrnb3   Flj gstn lpfoöj gs plsoebg tl`nr uj kntl agjgrnb

fl`l rghgrgjfon pnrn frgnr ujl jugvl. Vöbl npbofn pnrn kntls agjgrnbgs flj gb `os`l topl kg fnran. Gbo`ojnr3   ]nrn elrrnr uj kntl agjgrnb sg utobozn gstn lpfoöj. Kgeg tgjgr

fuoknkl nb usnr gstg nffoöj, yn qug funjkl gxostgj kntls kg forfuotls nslfonkls nb kntl agjgrnb, nutl`îtofn`gjtg sg gbo`ojnj tnjtl gb kntl agjgrnb fl`l bls forfuotls nslfonkls n ïstg. Flponr nb ]lrtnpnpgbgs3   Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg flponj bls kntls

agjgrnbgs kg bn pgstnþn nftovn nb plrtnpnpgbgs, pnrn qug kgspuïs gb usunrol pugkn pganr bn ojhlr`nfoöj n funbquogr ilcn kg fîbfubl l prlfgsnklr kg tgxtl. ]grsljnboznfoöj kg flbu`jns3   Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg

`ugstrn uj konblal flj tlkns bns flbu`jns qug fljtogjg bn rgtàfubn, gj bns funbgs gs plsoebg fn`eonr gb lrkgj l eogj lfubtnrbns Vnbor3  Fogrrn bn rgtàfubn kg kntls agjgrnbgs

Bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg kntls agjgrnbgs kgeg fnpturnrsg plr fnkn topl kg fnran y bls kntls kgegj sgr bls soauogjtgs3 [gjsoöj kgb Vostg`n3   Gs gb vnblr kg bn tgjsoöj n bn funb sg fljgftnrîj bls

gquopls. Kgeg gxprgsnrsg gj vlbts y kgeg gstnr gj gstroftl nfugrkl flj bns ensgs kg kosgþl kgb prlygftl. Gstn tgjsoöj fljkofoljn bn rgnboznfoöj kgb fîbfubl kg bls forfuotls. ]lr bl tnjtl, funbquogr forfuotl flj tgjsoöj kohgrgjtg n bn fnpturnkn gj gstn sgffoöj jl plkrî sgr fnpturnkl. Kgeg kgstnfnrsg qug gstn tgjsoöj sg gjfugjtrn àjto`n`gjtg rgbnfoljnkn flj gb jó`grl kg hnsgs y gj fljcujtl sg kohgrgjfonj kg funbquogr ltrn tgjsoöj pgr`otokn pnrn gb `os`l gquopl.

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

;>

Bn kghojofoöj kg bn tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n pnrn fnkn topl kg gquopl pgr`otg fljlfgr fuîb gs bn pltgjfon `îxo`n y `àjo`n pgr`otokn plr jovgb kg tgjsoöj. ]gr`otg nkg`îs nslfonr uj topl kg nosbn`ogjtl pnrn fnkn tgjsoöj fnpturnkn. Kg hlr`n qug gs uj kntl leboankl kg fnpturn njtgs kg ojofonr bn fnpturn kg bls kntls kg uj forfuotl.

]njtnbbn kg fnpturn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs

Gstls vnblrgs kg tgjsoöj kgegj gstnr prghgrgjtg`gjtg kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl >>=-; y 55=-7. [gjsoljgs. Gj tlkn gstn JL@, bns tgjsoljgs fljsokgrnkns kgegj sgr nqugbbns n bns qug hujfoljnj bls forfuotls. Bns tgjsoljgs utoboznkns kg flrrogjtg nbtgrjn slj3 >5=, >51, >5=/5;=, 5=9_/>5=, 55=_/>51, 5;=, ;9=_/511, ;9=, 8==_/6;1 ö 8== vlbts. Bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb kg uj gquopl jl kgeg sgr `gjlr n bn tgjsoöj rgnb kgb forfuotl nb qug gstî fljgftnkl. Xïnsg J@Y-C-=?9-NJFG

‒>>=-;.

55=-7. Fîbfubls. n) [gjsoljgs. Vo jl sg gspgfohofnj ltrns tgjsoljgs, pnrn gb fîbfubl kg fnrans kgb nbo`gjtnklr y kg bls

forfuotls kgrovnkls, kgegj npbofnrsg bns tgjsoljgs kg >5=, >5=/5;=, 55=_/>51, 5=9_/>5=, 55=, 5;=, 6;1, ;;=, ;8=, ;9=_/511, ;9=, 8==_/6;1 y 8== vlbts.‐  

 

;5

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gcg`pbl3

;;9.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  67===.=

Jó`grl kg hnsgs3   Okgjtohofn so bn tgjsoöj sgrî su`ojostrnkn gj ujn hnsg (>) l gj

trgs hnsgs (6). Gcg`pbl3

6 ([rohîsofl)

Xnboknfoöj3

>ö6

@ntgronb @n tgronb kgb fljk uftlr3  Gs ujn kghojofoöj kg bls kntls agjgrnbgs, kljkg sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr gb `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr qug sg g`pbgnrn gj bn tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n pnrn gb gquopl sgbgffoljnkl. Gxostgj kls topls kg `ntgronbgs pnrn bls funbgs gb prlarn`n rgnbozn bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs y slj3 Flerg y Nbu`ojol.

Xgr sgffoöj 6>=->=8 slerg topl kg `ntgronbgs. 6>=->=8 6>=>=8.. Fljku ftl rgs e) @ntgronb kg bls fljkuftlrgs. Bls fljkuftlrgs jlr`nb`gjtg utoboznkls pnrn trnjsplrtnr flrrogjtg

kgegj sgr kg flerg, n jl sgr qug gj gstn JL@, sg ojkoqug ltrn flsn. Vo jl sg gspgfohofn gb `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr, gb `ntgronb y bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs qug sg ojkoqugj gj gstn JL@ sg kgegj npbofnr fl`l so hugrnj fljkuftlrgs kg flerg. Vo sg utoboznj ltrls `ntgronbgs fl`l nbu`ojol l nbu`ojol rgfueogrtl kg flerg, bls tn`nþls kgegj fn`eonrsg fljhlr`g n su gquovnbgjtg gj flerg

Fljkuftlrgs kg nbu`ojol. Bls fnebgs kg nbu`ojol pnrn sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kgskg >6.6 `` 5 (8 NQA) instn gb 7=1 ``5 (>=== df`ob), `nrfnkls fl`l topl UII, UIQ, YIIQ, kgegj gstnr igfils kg nbgnfoöj kg nbu`ojol kg arnkl gbïftrofl sgrog NN-9=== Jl sg pgr`otg gb usl kg fljkuftlrgs kg nbu`ojol l kg nbgnfoöj kg nbu`ojol gj tn`nþls jl`ojnbgs `gjlrgs n >6.6 `` 5 (8NQA). Xïsgbns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>8) y 6>=->7(e)(>1).  

Gcg`pbl3

Flerg

Xnboknfoöj3

Nbu`ojol ö Flerg

[opl kg Nosbn`ogjtl3   Gj gstg fn`pl sg fnpturn gb topl kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb funb

fljstnrn gb fljkuftlr gbïftrofl. Gcg`pbl3

[IQ

Xnboknfoöj3

[Q, [IQ, [IIQ, [IQ-BV, [IQJ, YIIQ, UII, UIQ-5, [IIJ, YIIQ, YIIQ-5, ]XF, G]U, G], YB] y YB]G

[g`pgrnturn kgb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr3   Gs bn tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg

lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr gxprgsnkn gj arnkls fgjtàarnkls. Gstg vnblr gs utoboznkl pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kgb forfuotl. Gcg`pbl3

17

Xnboknfoöj 3

8=, 17, ?=, >=7, >7=, 5== y 57=

[opl kg fljkuftlr3   Gb topl kg fljkuftlr sg g`pbgnrn pnrn ojtgarnr bn

gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr y prlplrfoljnrn ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kg su koî`gtrl gxtgrolr y pgsl. Bns lpfoljgs kospljoebgs slj3 Gstîjknr 3 Gs uj fljkuftlr prl`gkol gj gb `grfnkl kg nosbn`ogjtl nkgfunkl

pnrn gb jovgb kg tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n, ójofn`gjtg fljsokgrn gb `ntgronb fljkuftlr ygjtgrrnkls. nosbn`ogjtl tàpofl. ]rojfopnb`gjtg pnrn usl gj tuel Fljkuot y kuftls

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

;6

[opl [F3 ([rny Fnebg) Gs uj fljkuftlr pnrn usl gj finrlbn projfopnb`gjtg. Kg

nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj 668-53 Fnebg kg hugrzn y fljtrlb pnrn finrlbn, topl [F. Gjsn`ebg `ljtnkl gj hîerofn, kg kls l `îs fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls, flj l soj fljkuftlrgs nslfonkls kg pugstn n togrrn kgsjukls l fueogrtls, encl ujn fueogrtn jl `gtîbofn. Fljsubtg bls usls kgb fnebg [F gj bn sgffoöj 668->=. Wsls pgr`otokls.  [opl [FGU3 ([rny Fnebg Gxplsgk Uujs) Gs uj fljkuftlr nprlenkl pnrn usl gj

finrlbns pgr`otokl funjkl bn trnjsofoöj gjtrg finrlbns plrtnfnebgs y gjtrg bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs y gb gquopl l bls kosplsotovls kg utoboznfoöj gj ujn kostnjfon jl `nylr kg >.9= `gtrls soj nplyl fljtojul. Gb fnebg kgeg gstnr slstgjokl `gfîjofn`gjtg kljkg snbg kg bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs pnrn anrnjtoznr qug jl sg gxfgkn gb rnkol `àjo`l kg furvnturn.

 Nr`nj  Nr `nj kl NON (Nb (Nbu` u` oj u` Ojt Ojtgr grbl bl fd gk Nr Nr`l `l r )3 Fnebgs nr`nkls flj nr`nkurn

gjanralbnkn kg nbu`ojol, gs uj fljkuftlr hbgxoebg kg arnj rgsostgjfon `gfîjofn. Gs ujl kg bls topls `ns fl`ujgs kg nr`nkl usnkls gj npbofnfoljgs ojkustronbgs.  Nr`nj  Nr `nj kl AVN (Anb (Anbvnj vnj ozg ozgk k Vtggb Nr`l Nr `l r) r)33 Fnebgs nr`nkls flj nr`nkurn kg nfgrl anbvnjoznkl.   Nr`nj  Nr `nj kl FQN (Flr r ua ntgk Qgbk Qgbkgk gk Nr`l Nr `l r)3 Fnebgs nr`nkls flj nr`nkurn kg tuel flrruankl y slbknkl kg nbu`ojol.   Gcg`pbl3

Gstnjknrk

Xnboknfoöj 3

Gbg`gjtl kg bn bostn.

Fnboerg `àjo`l y `îxo`l3   Vlj bls fnboergs `àjo`l y `îxo`l pgr`otokls pnrn

usl gj prlygftl. Bls fljkuftlrgs sgbgffoljnkls sg gjfljtrnrîj gstroftn`gjtg kgjtrl kgb rnjal kghojokl plr ïstls kntls. Gstls fnboergs kgegj sgr prlplrfoljnkls sgaój bns kghojofoljgs `lstrnkns gj bns tnebns kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj flrrogjtg kg fljkuftlrgs kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 y JGF 5=>1. Bn fnpturn kgb fnboerg `àjo`l pgr`otg pg r`otg nb ojagjogrl ojkofnr n pnrtor kg qug fnboerg sg ojofonrî bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr kgb forfuotl. Kg bn bostn kgspbganebg `lstrnkn sg pugkg nprgfonr qug gb pro`gr fnboerg `lstrnkl gj bn bostn gstî kg nfugrkl nb fnboerg `àjo`l pgr`otokl pnrn bn tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj bn sgffoöj 6>=>=8 (n) . 6>=->= 6>= ->=8. 8. Fljkuf tlr gs n) [n`nþl [n`nþl `àjo`l kg bls fljkuft lrgs. Gb tn`nþl `àjo`l kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgeg sgr fl`l sg prgsgjtn gj bn [nebn 6>=->=8(n), gxfgptl bl qug sg s g pgr`otn gj ltrns pnrtgs kg gstn JL@. [nebn 6>=-> 6>=->=8( =8(n). n).-- [n [n`nþl `nþl l kgso ajnfoöj `àjo`l kg bls fl jkuf tlrgs  

 

;;

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5= JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 >5

Gcg`pbl3

‒>5‐, ‒>/=‐ ö ‒7==‐ 

Xnboknfoöj3

>; NQA ‖ >=== DF@

]ltgjfon `àjo`n y `îxo`n nutlroznkn3 Vlj bls bà`otgs ojhgrolr y supgrolr kgb

rnjal pnrn gb funb sg rgnbozn gb fîbfubl, funbquogr forfuotl flj pltgjfon hugrn kg gstg rnjal jl gs fnbfubnkl y sg `ugstrn uj grrlr gj bls rgplrtgs kg snbokn. Bls vnblrgs kg pltgjfon kgegrîj sgr ojkofnkls gj I] pnrn `ltlrgs, gj DXN pnrn trnjshlr`nklrgs y gj DQ pnrn forfuotls kg fljtrlb y pnrn gquopls pnqugtg. Gstls vnblrgs kg pltgjfon sg gstnebgfgj fljsokgrnjkl qug gb prlygftostn in rgnboznkl uj gstukol tïfjofl-gfljö`ofl pnrn kgtgr`ojnr fuîb gs bn tgjsoöj `îs nkgfunkn pnrn gb nrrnjqug y bn lpgrnfoöj kg bls `ltlrgs y gquopls kovgrsls. Gcg`pbl3

6==

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >====.=

[g`pgrntur [g `pgrnturn n n`eogjtg3  Gs bn tg`pgrnturn kgb n`eogjtg qug rlkgn nb fljkuftlr gj

arnkls fgjtàarnkls. Vorvg pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kgb forfuotl n gstn tg`pgrnturn. Kg nfugrkl n bn sgffoöj 6>=->= kg bn jlr`n npbofnebg3 6>=->7. N`pnfoknk pnrn fljkuftlrgs flj tgjsoöj kg =-5=== vlbts. n) Agjgrnboknkgs

6) Bà`otgs kg tg`pgrnturn kg bls fljkuftlrgs. Jojaój fljkuftlr sg kgeg utoboznr kg `lkl qug su

tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj supgrg bn tg`pgrnturn kgb nosbn`ogjtl pnrn bn funb sg kosgþn gb topl kg fljkuftlr flj nosbn`ogjtl nb qug pgrtgjgzfn. Gj jojaój fnsl sg kgegj ujor bls fljkuftlrgs kg `lkl qug, flj rgspgftl nb topl kg forfuotl, nb `ïtlkl kg nbn`ernkl npbofnkl l nb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs, sg supgrg gb bà`otg kg tg`pgrnturn kg nbaujl kg bls fljkuftlrgs.  

JL[N3 Gb vnblr jl`ojnb kg tg`pgrnturn kg uj fljkuftlr Tvïnsg [nebns 6>=->=;(n) y 6>=->=;(f)P gs bn

tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n, gj funbquogr pujtl kg su bljaotuk, qug pugkg slplrtnr gb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr kurnjtg uj prlbljankl pgrolkl kg tog`pl soj qug sg prlkuzfnj knþls. Bns [nebns kg n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg, bns [nebns kg n`pnfoknk kgb Nrtàfubl 6>= y bns n`pnfoknkgs kgb Npïjkofg E, bls hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj kg tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg gj 6>=->7(e)(5) y bns jltns n bns `os`ns, lhrgfgj lrogjtnfoöj pnrn fllrkojnr gb topl, tn`nþl, n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg, n`pnfoknk, tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg y jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs nslfonkls. Bls projfopnbgs kgtgr`ojnjtgs kg bn tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj slj3

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

;7

(>) [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg. Bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg pugkg vnronr n bl bnral kgb fljkuftlr y flj gb tog`pl. (5) Gb fnblr agjgrnkl ojtgrolr`gjtg gj gb fljkuftlr plr gb hbucl kg bn flrrogjtg, ojfbuokns bns flrrogjtgs hujkn`gjtnb y sus nr`öjofls. (6) Gb vnblr jl`ojnb kg kosopnfoöj kgb fnblr agjgrnkl gj gb `gkol n`eogjtg. Gb nosbn`ogjtl tïr`ofl qug fuerg l rlkgn n bls fljkuftlrgs nhgftn gb vnblr jl`ojnb kg kosopnfoöj kgb fnblr. (;) Bls fljkuftlrgs nkynfgjtgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg. f lrrogjtg. Bls fljkuftlrgs nkynfgjtgs togjgj gb klebg ghgftl kg gbgvnr bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg g o`pgkor bn kosopnfoöj kg fnblr. JL[N 53 Fljsubtg >>=->;(f) pnrn bls bà`otgs kg tg`pgrnturn kg bns tgr`ojnbgs.

Gcg`pbl3

;=.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  557.=

Fueogrtn Gxtgrolr3 Bls `ubtofljkuftlrgs, bls fnebgs nr`nkls y nbaujls

fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs kgegj fljtnr flj ujn fueogrtn gxtgrolr pnrn prlplrfoljnr prltgffoöj fljtrn bns fljkofoljgs n`eogjtnbgs y fljtrn n`eogjtgs flrrlsovls. Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj jl gs g`pbgnkn pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr pgrl sgrî g`pbgnkn pnrn kghojor bn gspgfohofnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgb forfuotl y plstgrolr`gjtg pnrn letgjgr gb koî`gtrl gxtgrolr tltnb y pgsl kg bls fljkuftlrgs flj gstn fueogrtn. Vg prgsgjtnj gj bn bostn 6 lpfoljgs3 ]XF (Fblrurl kg plbovojobl) pnrn usls ojkustronbgs y su`ojostrnklrns pnrn usl

gj ojstnbnfoljgs ió`gkns y sgfns, nïrgns, fueogrtn gxtgrolr kohgrgjtg nb jgarl. Ojstnbnfoöj gj ojtgrolrgs y gxtgrolrgs, finrlbns, tuel Fljkuot, kuftls gjtgrrnkls l korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls, gj ojstnbnfoljgs sgfns y ió`gkns. F]G  (]lbogtobgjl Fblrojnkl) pnrn usl gj suegstnfoljgs, ojstnbnfoöj gj

ojtgrolrgs y gxtgrolrgs, finrlbns, tuel Fljkuot, kuftls gjtgrrnkls l korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls, gj ojstnbnfoljgs sgfns y ió`gkns. BV=I  pnrn fueogrtns kg encn g`osoöj kg iu`ls flj fgrl inböagjls

nkgfunkls pnrn ojstnbnfoljgs flj fljfgjtrnfoöj kg pgrsljns. Voj Fueogrtn. ]nrn gb fnsl kg nbaujls fljkuftlrgs flj nr`nkurn gs plsoebg qug gb fljkuftlr sg gjfugjtrg kospljoebg soj fueogrtn gxtgrolr. Gcg`pbl3

]XF

Xnboknfoöj3

Gbg`gjtl kg bn bostn. 

]njtnbbn `gtîbofn3  Ojkofn so gb fljkuftlr bbgvn ojtgr fljstruokn ujn pnjtnbbn

`gtîbofn pnrn gvotnr gshugrzls kogbïftrofls kgjtrl kgb nosbn`ogjtl. Vg fugjtn flj 6 lpfoljgs3 Voj pnjtnbbn, Flj pnjtnbbn igbofloknb kg fojtn `gtîbofn trnsbnpnkn kgb `os`l `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr (LXU-Lvgrbnppgk)  y Flj pnjtnbbn kg fljkuftlrgs kgsjukls igbofloknbgs kgb `os`l `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr (EFQ- Enrg Flppgr Qorgs). Xgr sgffoöj 6>=.>= kg bn jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn ‒E. Ojstnbnfoöj

 

;8

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof  6>=->=. Wsls pgr`otokls . g) Ebojkncg. Vg pgr`otorîj fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls rgsostgjtgs nb lzljl, jl ebojknkls, flj ujn tgjsoöj

`îxo`n kg hnsg n hnsg kg 7=== vlbts gj fnebgs topl @F gj gstnebgfo`ogjtls ojkustronbgs, kljkg bns fljkofoljgs kg `njtgjo`ogjtl y supgrvosoöj anrnjtofgj qug söbl pgrsljns fnpnfotnkns ntgjkgrîj bn ojstnbnfoöj. ]nrn ltrls gstnebgfo`ogjtls, bls fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls kogbïftrofls söbokls qug hujfoljnj n `îs kg 5=== vlbts gj ojstnbnfoljgs pgr`njgjtgs, kgegj tgjgr nosbn`ogjtl rgsostgjtg nb lzljl y kgegj gstnr ebojknkls. [lkls bls ebojkncgs `gtîbofls kgb nosbn`ogjtl sg kgegj fljgftnr n uj fljkuftlr kgb gbgftrlkl kg pugstn n togrrn, n ujn enrrn kg pugstn n togrrn, n uj fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kgb gquopl l n uj gbgftrlkl kg pugstn n togrrn. JL[N3 Bls projfopnbgs prlpösotls kgb ebojkncg slj fljhojnr bls gshugrzls kg bn tgjsoöj nb nosbn`ogjtl, fljkufor bn flrrogjtg kg fnran fnpnfotovn y bn flrrogjtg kg huan kgb nosbn`ogjtl n togrrn, nsà fl`l fljkufor bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn n togrrn pnrn hnfobotnr bn lpgrnfoöj kg bls kosplsotovls kg prltgffoöj fljtrn hnbbn n togrrn gj gb fnsl kg ujn hnbbn kgb fnebg gbïftrofl Gxfgpfoöj >3 Vg pgr`otorî usnr fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls jl ebojknkls nprlenkls, gj ojstnbnfoljgs kg instn 5;== vlbts, flj bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Bls fljkuftlrgs kgegj tgjgr uj nosbn`ogjtl rgsostgjtg n bn hlr`nfoöj kg fn`ojls fljkuftlrgs y n bns kgsfnrans pnrfonbgs l, gb(bls) fljkuftlr(gs) nosbnkl(s), kgeg(j) gstnr rgfueogrtl(s) flj uj `ntgronb rgsostgjtg nb lzljl, n bns kgsfnrans gbïftrofns y n bn hlr`nfoöj kg fn`ojls fljkuftlrgs. e. Funjkl sg usgj gj buanrgs `lcnkls, gb(bls) fljkuftlr(gs) nosbnkl(s) kgeg(j) tgjgr ujn fueogrtn jl `gtîbofn qug bls fuern tltnb`gjtg, l ujn fueogrtn `gtîbofn fljtojun. f. Gb gspgslr kgb nosbn`ogjtl y kg bn fueogrtn kgeg gstnr kg nfugrkl flj bn [nebn 6>=->=;(k). Gxfgpfoöj 53 Vg pgr`otorî usnr bls fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls jl ebojknkls nprlenkls instn 7=== vlbts pnrn rgg`pbnznr bls fljkuftlrgs gxostgjtgs jl ebojknkls, gj gquopls gxostgjtgs gj gstnebgfo`ogjtl ojkustronbgs ójofn`gjtg, encl bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Funjkl bns fljkofoljgs kg `njtgjo`ogjtl y supgrvosoöj anrnjtofgj qug söbl pgrsljnb fnbohofnkl ojstnbn y ntogjkg bn ojstnbnfoöj. e. Bls fljkuftlrgs kgegj tgjgr uj nosbn`ogjtl rgsostgjtg n bns kgsfnrans gbïftrofns y n bns kgsfnrans pnrfonbgs l, gb fljkuftlr flj nosbn`ogjtl, kgeg gstnr rgfueogrtl flj uj `ntgronb rgsostgjtg nb lzljl, n bns kgsfnrans gbïftrofns y n bns kgsfnrans pnrfonbgs. f. Funjkl sg utobofgj gj buanrgs `lcnkls, gb fljkuftlr flj nosbn`ogjtl kgegj tgjgr ujn fueogrtn jl `gtîbofn l ujn fueogrtn `gtîbofn fljtojun. k. Gb gspgslr kgb nosbn`ogjtl y kg bn fueogrtn kgeg gstnr kg nfugrkl flj bn [nebn 6>= ->=;(k). JL[N3 Gs plsoebg qug bn rgueofnfoöj l gb rgg`pbnzl kgb gquopl jl fu`pbn flj gb tïr`ojl gxostgjtg nb rgbnfoljnrsg flj gstn gxfgpfoöj. Gxfgpfoöj 63 Funjkl sg pgr`otn gj bn Gxfgpfoöj 5 kgb k gb ojfosl (h) soauogjtg. h) Fljkuftlrgs gjtgrrnkls korgftn`gjtg. Bls fljkuftlrgs usnkls korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls kgegj sgr kg uj topl okgjtohofnkl pnrn gsg usl. Bls fnebgs flj nosbn`ogjtl kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts kgegj sgr ebojknkls. Gxfgpfoöj >3 Vg pgr`otorî usnr fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs jl ebojknkls flj nosbn`ogjtl kg gjtrg 5==> y 5;== vlbts, so gb fnebg f nebg togjg uj ebojkncg l nr`nkurn `gtîbofn qug bl fuern tltnb`gjtg. Gb ebojkncg, hlrrl l nr`nkurn `gtîbofls sg kgegj fljgftnr nb fljkuftlr kgb gbgftrlkl kg pugstn n togrrn, n bn enrrn flbgftlrn kg pugstn n togrrn l nb gbgftrlkl kg pugstn n togrrn. Gxfgpfoöj 53 Vg pgr`otorî qug gb fnebg pnrn nbu`ernkl kg ngrlpugrtls usnkl gj forfuotls gj sgrog flj tgjsoöj kg instn 7=== vlbts y qug q ug slj nbo`gjtnkls plr rgaubnklrgs, jl gstï ebojknkl. JL[N >3 Gj funjtl n bls rgquosotls kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg 8== vlbts l `gjls, vïnsg 6==-7. JL[N 53 Gj funjtl n bls rgquosotls kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg `îs kg 8== vlbts, vïnsg 6==7=. a) Fljkofoljgs flrrlsovns. Bls fljkuftlrgs gxpugstls n arnsns, nfgotgs, vnplrgs, ansgs, iu`ls, bàquokls u ltrns sustnjfons qug tgjanj uj ghgftl pgrcukofonb slerg gb fljkuftlr l gb nosbn`ogjtl, kgegj sgr kg uj topl nkgfunkl pnrn gsn npbofnfoöj. ‐. Gcg`pbl3

Voj ]njtnbbn

Xnboknfoöj3

Gbg`gjtls kg bn bostn.

Flblr kgb fljkuftlr. Gj gstn lpfoöj gs plsoebg kghojor gb flblr kg bls fljkuftlrgs

pnrn fnkn ujn kg bns hnsgs, nsà fl`l gb flblr pnrn gb fljkuftlr pugstl n togrrn (Jgutrl) y pnrn gb fljkuftlr pugstl n togrrn. Gb flblr kg fnkn ujl kg bls fljkuftlrgs sgrî g`pbgnkl pnrn ojtgarnr plkgr bn gspgfohofnfoöj `ubtofljkuftlr l kgb forfuotl y plstgrolr`gjtg narupnr blskgb fljkuftlrgs flj bn

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

;1

`os`n gspgfohofnfoöj, ojfbuygjkl gb flblr, flj bn hojnboknk kg agjgrnr ujn bostn kg `ntgronbgs pnrn gb prlygftl (Xïnsg bn sgffoöj Ugsu`gj kg Fljkuftlrgs). Bls flblrgs kghojokls gj gstn pnjtnbbn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs sgrîj npbofnkls pnrn gb topl kg fnran (@ltlr, [rnjshlr`nklr, gtf.,) qug fugjtgj flj gb `os`l jovgb kg tgjsoöj, nosbn`ogjtl y tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj. Gstl flblrgs plkrîj sgr `lkohofnkls kgjtrlojfbusl kg bns nujqug pnjtnbbnsplstgrolr`gjtg kg fnkn ujl kg forfuotls bls y sgrî rgspgtnkl pnrn fnkn forfuotl sg bls `lkohoqugj flblrgs gj bls Kntls Agjgrnbgs. ]nrn gb fnsl kg fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs sg prgsgjtnrî ujn pnjtnbbn flj 9 fnsobbns3 8 pnrn kg kghojor hojor bls flblrgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg hn hnsg sg (Bns hnsgs okgjtohofnkns flj uj nplstrlhg (’) sgrîj pnrn fljgxoljgs kg hnsg pnrtokn gj

sostg`ns kgbtn l gstrgbbn flj kgrovnfoljgs fgjtrnbgs), ujl pnrn kghojor gb flblr kgb Jgutrl y ujl `îs pnrn kghojor gb flblr kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn. ]nrn `lkohofnr gb flblr kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn fnsobbn flrrgspljkogjtg y infgr fbof flj gb eltöj ozquogrkl pnrn kgspbganr gb `gjó flj bns lpfoljgs kg flblr.

]nrn gb fnsl kg `ubtofljkuftlrgs ójofn`gjtg sg prgsgjtnrnj bns lpfoljgs kg flblr pnrn bns hnsgs, jgutrl y togrrn. ]nrn gb fnsl kg `ubtofljkuftlrgs tlkls kgegrîj sgr kg flblr jgarl l gj bn fl`eojnfoöj Jgarl, Ulcl, Nzub pnrn bns hnsgs y gb jgutrl gj flblr ebnjfl.

]nrn bls forfuotls kg fljtrlb sg prgsgjtn ujn bostn flj bns rghgrgjfons n bns tnebns kg flblrgs kghojokns kgjtrl kgb gstîjknr OFGN V-79-81?->??9. Gstns tnebns kghojgj gb flblr pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg forfuotls kg fljtrlb. Gstns tnebns slj

 

;9

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

g`pbgnkns kgeokl n qug bn fl`eojnfoöj kg flblrgs gs `uy n`pbon. Kgjtrl kg bls nrfiovls kg nyukn kgb prlarn`n sg pugkgj gjfljtrnr bns tnebns kg gstg gstîjknr flj `nylr kgtnbbg.

[nebns kg flblr kg forfuotls kg fljtrlb

Kntls  k kg  F Forfuotls   Kgeokl n bn o`plrtnjfon y fl`pbgcoknk kg bn fnpturn kg forfuotls, sg njnboznrî plr fl`pbgtl gj gb fnpàtubl 7.

Ugsu`gj  k kg  f fljkuftlrgs   Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Ugsu`gj Wjn vgz qug sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb fnboerg kg bls fljkuftlrgs, gb prlarn`n togjg bn fnpnfoknk kg fbnsohofnrbls y nb `os`l tog`pl tltnboznr bns bljaotukgs. Nsà, tgjg`ls qug nb sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj kg Ugsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs  sg prgsgjtnrî ujn vgjtnjn flj kohgrgjtgsgtf.) vostns, fnkn rgprgsgjtn topl(tlkls), kg fnran gspgfohofl (`ltlr, trnjshlr`nklr, y ujn qugvostn gjablen n tlknsuj gbbns fneg rgsnbtnr qug slbl bns fnrans flj forfuotls fnbfubnkls slj prgsgjtnkns. Gj fnkn vostn sg pugkg nprgfonr rgsu`gj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgb prlygftl ojfbuygjkl bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr sgauokl kg bn kgsfropfoöj kgb fnebg flj su rgspgftovn bljaotuk. Bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr agjgrnkn plr gb prlarn`n togjg bn soauogjtg gstrufturn3 @ntgronb ‖ Fnboerg Fljkuftlr  ‖ [gjsoöj jl`ojnb ‖ Nosbn`ogjtl ‖ [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj ‖ Jovgb kg Nosbn`ogjtl ‖ [opl kg Fljkuftlr ‖ Npbofnfoöj ‖ ]njtnbbn ‖  Flblr- Fueogrtn Gxtgrolr

 

Fnpàtubl ;. Fnpturn kg Kntls

;?

]lr gcg`pbl3 FW->/=-8==-[IQ-17->==-[F-]QU-JLV-EBD-JCD FW->/=-8==-[IQ-17->==-[F-]QU-JLV-EBD-JCD[ [ Gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr sg tltnbozn tnjtl gb jó`grl kg forfuotls fl`l bn bljaotuk kg gstls.

Xgjtnjn kg rgsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs

Gstn vgjtnjn fugjtn flj 6 eltljgs3 ]lrtnpnpgbgs3 Gstg eltöj bg pgr`otg flponr bn ojhlr`nfoöj `lstrnkn gj bn pnjtnbbn

pnrn plstgrolr`gjtg pganrbn gj ltrn npbofnfoöj fl`l @V Gxfgb l @V Qlrk. Q lrk. Fltoznfoöj 3 Gstg eltöj bg pgr`otg gjvonr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg rgsu`gj kg

fljkuftlrgs n uj sgrvoklr pnrn plkgr fljtnr vàn flrrgl gbgftröjofl flj ujn fltoznfoöj kg bls kohgrgjtgs fljkuftlrgs kgb prlygftl. Bn ojhlr`nfoöj pnrn fltoznfoöj sgrî gjvonkn nb flrrgl kgb fljtnftl qug fnpturn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg nfugrkl n bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn gj bn vostn kg Ughgrgjfons. Jltn3 Gs o`plrtnjtg `gjfoljnr qug pnrn gjvonr bn slbofotuk kg flrrgl kgeg

fljtnr flj ujn fljgxoöj n ojtgrjgt y bls pgr`osls flrrgspljkogjtgs kgjtrl kgb sgrvoklr prlxy kg su fl`putnklr. Xgn bn sgffoöj  Ncustgs kg sostg`n  pnrn bn fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sgrvoklr prlxy. Vlutiworg3 Gstg eltöj `ugstrn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg fljtnftl kgb hnerofnjtg kg

fljkuftlrgs Vlutiworg pnrn sgauo`ogjtl kg fltoznfoljgs, ojhlr`nfoöj kg sotol wge y kntls kg fljtnftl pnrn nsgslràn slerg gspgfohofnfoljgs.

 

7=

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fljsubtn  k kg  ttnebns   Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | [nebns ]nrn fljlfo`ogjtl y rghgrgjfon, gb prlarn`n pljg n kosplsofoöj kgb kosgþnklr bns tnebns utoboznkns pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb fnboerg kg fljkuftlr. Gstns ojfbuygj tnebns kg `ltlrgs kg encn y `gkon tgjsoöj, rgsostgjfon y rgnftnjfon, gtf.

Xgjtnjn kg Fljsubtn kg [nebns 

 

 

Fnpàtubl

7  Fnpturn kg Forfuotls Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Kntls kg forfuotls ]nrn ojofonr gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg forfuotls gs jgfgsnrol inegr fnpturnkl bls frotgrols kg fîbfubl kgjtrl kg bn lpfoöj kg jlr`ns y bls Kntls Agjgrnbgs pnrn gb gquopl qug sg kgsgn fnpturnr. Vo gstls rgquosotls jl inj sokl fueogrtls, bn lpfoöj kgb @gjó projfopnb y gb ofljl kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns gstnrîj kgsineobotnkls. Nb sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj kg fnpturn kg forfuotls sg prgsgjtnrî ujn rgtàfubn kljkg sg vgrîj plstgrolr`gjtg bls kntls kg bls forfuotls fnpturnkls. Fnkn rgjaböj rgprgsgjtn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg uj forfuotl y fnkn nffoöj ghgftunkn sg npbofnrn slbn`gjtg nb forfuotl sgbgffoljnkl gj bn rgtàfubn. Fneg kgstnfnr qug gj bn rgtàfubn kg kntls kg forfuotls jl pugkgj infgrsg korgftn`gjtg jo gkofoljgs jo fnpturns, yn qug pnrn rgnboznr gstns nffoljgs gs jgfgsnrol `lstrnr bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls.

 

75  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Kg oaunb hlr`n qug gj bn rgtàfubn kg Kntls agjgrnbgs, bn kg forfuotls fljtogjg su prlpon lpfoöj kg `gjó y enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns, bns funbgs sg gxpbofnj n fljtojunfoöj3  Narr gan  Na ganr3 r3  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn bn fnpturn kg kntls kg

forfuotls. Gj gbbn sg pugkgj knr kg nbtn tlkls bls forfuotls qug fl`pljgj nb prlygftl, soj qug gxostn uj bà`otg gj gb jó`grl kg forfuotls. @lkohofnr3  Nb tgjgr kntls kg forfuotls prgvon`gjtg fnpturnkls, gs plsoebg

`lkohofnrbls `gkonjtg gstn lpfoöj. Funjkl sg `lkohofnj bls fn`pls kg bn fnpturn kg forfuotls y sg prgsoljn gb eltöj nfgptnr , gb prlarn`n rgnbozn uj fîbfubl pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb fnboerg, plr bl qug sog`prg bls kntls kgb forfuotl gstnrîj sojfrljoznkls flj gb fnboerg kgtgr`ojnkl. Flponr forfuotl3 Flj gstn plsoebg tl`nr forfuotlgxostgj fl`l rghgrgjfon pnrn  frgnr ujl lpfoöj jugvl. gs Gstn lpfoöj gs uj `uykntl ótobkgfunjkl forfuotls flj kntls so`obnrgs. Gbo`ojnr3 ]nrn elrrnr uj forfuotl sg utobozn gstn lpfoöj. Nb utoboznr gstg prlfgsl

gb forfuotl qugkn knkl kg encn kgb sostg`n y gs o`plsoebg rgfupgrnrbl.

Hobtrnr3 Gs hrgfugjtg hrgfugjtg qug kurnjtg bbnn fnpturn kg oj ojhlr`nfoöj hlr`nfoöj l gb njîbosos kg bls

rgsubtnkls jgfgsotg lesgrvnr slbn`gjtg ujn pnrtg kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug fu`pbg flj uj frotgrol gspgfohofl, tnb fl`l lesgrvnr slbn`gjtg bls forfuotls qug togjgj fnboerg >/= NQA l bls forfuotls qug sg gjfugjtrnj fljgftnkls n uj FF@ l bls

gbg`gjtls qug ngstîj kgjtrl kg uj prlfgsl lgstn bn fl`eojnfoöj kg tlkls gstls frotgrols bn vgz. Fnkn vgzîrgn qugkg sgbgffoljg lpfoöj npnrgfgrî gb soauogjtg funkrl kg koîblal3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

76

Vo kgsgn rgkghojor bls fn`pls kgb hobtrl prgsoljg gb eltöj Ojofonbozn. Jltn3 Fnkn vgz qug uj hobtrl sgn gcgfutnkl, gstg tl`nrn fl`l ujovgrsl gb arupl kg bls forfuotls fljtgjokls kgjtrl kgb hobtrl njtgrolr. Ugstnurnr3  Gstn lpfoöj rggstnebgfg bn vostn kg tlkls bls forfuotls fnpturnkls,

kgspuïs kg inegr rgnboznkl bn nffoöj kg hobtrnr. Flponr nb ]lrtnpnpgbgs3   Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg flponj bls forfuotls nb

plrtnpnpgbgs, pnrn qug kgspuïs gb usunrol pugkn pganr bn ojhlr`nfoöj n funbquogr ilcn kg fîbfubl l prlfgsnklr kg tgxtl. Gs o`plrtnjtg nfbnrnr qug funjkl sg gjfugjtrn nftovl gb hobtrl, slbl sg flponrnj bls forfuotls vosoebgs gj bn rgtàfubn. Lrkgjn`ogjtl3   ]nrn hnfobotnr bn blfnboznfoöj kg bls forfuotls gj bn rgtàfubn, gb

sostg`n fugjtn flj bn lpfoöj kg lrkgjnr bls forfuotls, gj gb funb gs plsoebg lrkgjnrbls nsfgjkgjtg`gjtg g ojfbuor vnrols fn`pls gj gb lrkgjn`ogjtl. Jltn3 ]nrn npbofnr gb lrkgjn`ogjtl kg bls forfuotls gs jgfgsnrol qug jojaój rgplrtg sg gjfugjtrg gj gsls `l`gjtls neogrtls.

 

7;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]grsljnbozn ]g rsljnboznfoöj foöj kg flbu` jns3  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn

uj konblal flj tlkns bns flbu`jns qug fljtogjg bn rgtàfubn, gj bns funbgs gs plsoebg fn`eonr su lrkgj l eogj lfubtnrbns. Vo kgsgn lesgrvnr tlkns bns flbu`jns gj bn rgtàfubn, nftovg bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj Vgbgffoljnr tlkl.

@g`lron kg fîbfubl3   Gj bn sgbgffoöj kg fnboergs kg fljkuftlrgs gbïftrofls

sog`prg gs jgfgsnrol tgjgr ujn rghgrgjfon nfgrfn kg bls frotgrols y vnblrgs ojvlbufrnkls gj gb prlfgsl. ]nrn sntoshnfgr gstn jgfgsoknk, gb sostg`n frgn ujn `g`lron kg fîbfubl,  bn funb gstî kospljoebg sog`prg y funjkl gb forfuotl sg gjfugjtrg fnbfubnkl soj grrlrgs.

Vnbor3  Fogrrn bn rgtàfubn kg kntls kg forfuotls.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

77

]nrn rgnboznr bn fnpturn y vnboknfoöj kg forfuotls gs jgfgsnrol `lstrnr bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls. Gstn sg kovokg gj sgos (8) sgffoljgs qug fljstnj kg ujn fnegfgrn projfopnb y 7 pgstnjns pnrn fljsubtn y fnpturn kg ojhlr`nfoöj. Gstns sg kgsfroegj n fljtojunfoöj3 >. ]gr`otg fnpturnr bn oj ojhlr`nfoöj hlr`nfoöj kg rghgrgjfon kgb forfuotl. 5. Kntls ujn pgstnþn sg fnpturn bn ojhlr`nfoöj tïfjofn kgb forfuotlkgy forfuotls pgr`otg gs sgbgffoljnr blskljkg frotgrols npbofnebgs pnrn bn sgbgffoöj fljkuftlr.

6. Kntls nkofoljnbgs. Gstn pgstnþn `ugstrn bls 6 fn`pls pgrsljnboznebgs plr gb usunrol pnrn fl`pbgtnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb forfuotl y pgr`otg kghojor bls flblrgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs pnrn agjgrnr uj gspgfohofnfoöj kgtnbbnkn kgb fljkuftlr.

 

78  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

;. Ugsubtnkls  gs ujn pgstnþn qug pgr`otg vgr bls rgsubtnkls kgb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Nkg`îs kg vgr gb fljkuftlr qug fu`pboö flj bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj y flrtl forfuotl.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

71

7. Gspgfohofnfoljgs. Gj gstn sgffoöj sg `ugstrnj ujn fnkgjn l uj arupl kg fnkgjns jg`ltïfjofns qug kghojgj bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb l bls fljkuftlrgs gj ensg n sus fnrnftgràstofns hàsofns. Gj gstn sgffoöj tn`eoïj gs plsoebg nsoajnr ujn jugvn gspgfohofnfoöj n bls fljkuftlrgs kgb forfuotl.

8. @g`lron. Gj gstn sgffoöj sg pugkg nprgfonr bn `g`lron kg fîbfubl nslfonkn nb forfuotl. Fnkn vgz qug sg fnbfubg gb forfuotl sg nftunbozn bn vostn.

Gj bn enrrn kg gstnkl sg gjfugjtrn ujn ergvg kgsfropfoöj kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj slbofotnkn gj fnkn ujl kg bls fn`pls kg bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn. Voj g`enral, funjkl sg rgquogrg kg ojhlr`nfoöj `îs kgtnbbnkn nfgrfn kgb kntl qug sg gstî fnpturnjkl, sg pugkg prgsoljnr bn tgfbn ‒H>‐ kgb tgfbnkl flj bl qug sg `ugstrn ujn

pnjtnbbn kg nyukn flj ojhlr`nfoöj `îs gxtgjsn kgb tg`n sgbgffoljnkl.

 

79  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr kg bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls sg pugkgj nprgfonr trgs eltljgs fuyn hujfoljnboknk sg kgsfroeg n fljtojunfoöj3 NFG][NU3 ]gr`otg nftunboznr bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug sg in koaotnkl gj fnkn ujl kg bls fn`pls. Nb prgsoljnr gstg eltöj sg rgnbozn ujn vnboknfoöj kg tlkn bn ojhlr`nfoöj sg `gkol pugkgjkgkgtgftnr l ojfljarugjfons quggjslj `lstrnkns gjfnpturnkn tlkl fnsly plr funkrlsgrrlrgs kg `gjsncg qug npnrgfgrîj bn pnjtnbbn. FNJFGBNU3 Gbo`ojn tlkls bls fn`eols l `lkohofnfoljgs rgnboznkls gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls.

NJ[GUOLU _ VOAWOGJ[G3 Gstls eltljgs pgr`otgj jnvganr gjtrg bls forfuotls blfnboznkls njtgs y kgspuïs kgb forfuotl nftovl gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn FNBFWBNU3 Ugnbozn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr kgspuïs kg inegr rgnboznkl ujn vnboknfoöj kg tlkls bls kntls fnpturnkls. Nb fljfbuor gb prlfgsl kg fîbfubl sg ineobotn bn pgstnþn kg rgsubtnkls kljkg sg pugkg lesgrvnr gb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl y bls frotgrols qug pgrhobnrlj su sgbgffoöj. Fnkn kntl gs prlfgsnkl kg `njgrn pnrtofubnr, flj bns fljsokgrnfoljgs npbofnebgs, plr bl qug sg pgr`otg tgjgr forfuotls flj kohgrgjtgs fnrnftgràstofns, erojknjkl bn hbgxoeoboknk jgfgsnron nb prlygftl. Jó`grl kg forfuotl3   Gstg fn`pl gs ujn fnkgjn bn funb okgjtohofn nb forfuotl. Gstg

jl`erg kgegrî sgr ójofl pnrn fnkn forfuotl. Gs ujn fljvgjfoöj fl`ój gjtrg bls prlygftostns gb ojtgarnr gb jó`grl kgb gquopl nb funb sg nbo`gjtn y nkofoljnr bns tgr`ojnfoljgs3 •  H ]nrn forfuotls kg Hugrzn. •  U ]nrn rgsostgjfons fnbghnftlrns. •  V ]nrn forfuotls kg nbo`gjtnfoöj pnrn ojtgrfl`ujofnfoöj y vlfgl Gcg`pbl3

=>]W@]=>-H

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn >7 fnrnftgrgs

Jó`grl kg FF@ l tnebgrl3  Gs uj fn`pl kg gj gb qug okgjtohofn gb Fgjtrl kg Fljtrlb

kg @ltlrgs l [nebgrl kgb funb sg nbo`gjtn gb gquopl. Gcg`pbl3

=>-FF@-=>

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn >7 fnrnftgrgs

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

7?

Kgsfropfoöj3   Gstg gspnfol fl`prgjkg ujn fnkgjn kg fnrnftgrgs pnrn bn

okgjtohofnfoöj `îs gxpbàfotn kgb gquopl. Gcg`pbl3

EL@EN KG ]UOJFO]NB

BWEUOFNFOLJ Xnboknfoöj3

Instn 67 fnrnftgrgs

Jó`grl kg gquopl3  Gs ujn fnkgjn bn funb sg utobozn pnrn okgjtohofnr gb gquopl qug

nbo`gjtn gstg forfuotl. Bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj fljtoaun nb jó`grl kg gquopl ojkofn so gb gquopl sg gjfugjtrn nftovl (ineobotnkn) l gj rgsgrvn (kgsineobotnkn) funjkl su fnran gs nslfonkn n uj topl kg fnran FF@. Gcg`pbl3

=>-]W@-=>

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn >7 fnrnftgrgs

 Nrgn3  Nr gn3   Gj gstg fn`pl sg ojtrlkufg gb jó`grl kg okgjtohofnfoöj kgb îrgn kljkg sg

gjfugjtrn gb gquopl. Gcg`pbl3

=>

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn >= fnrnftgrgs

[opl kg fnran3   Gb prlarn`n gs nptl pnrn fnbfubnr >= kohgrgjtgs topls kg fnrans.

Nbaujls topls kg fnran fl`l `ltlrgs y trnjshlr`nklrgs rgquogrgj ojhlr`nfoöj nkofoljnb qug sg slbofotn plr `gkol kg vgjtnjns nuxobonrgs. Bls topls kg fnrans njnboznkls slj3 @ltlrgs Gquopls pnqugtg Forfuotls kg fljtrlb Arón Fnpnfotlr

[rnjshlr`nklrgs Nbu`ernkl Norg nfljkofoljnkl [rnzn tïr`ofn FF@ Fgjtrl kg fljtrlb kg `ltlrgs

 

8=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

@ltlrgs   Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gb topl kg fnran `ltlrgs sg kgeg fnpturnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn fljkofoöj kg lpgrnfoöj kgb gquopl gj bn vgjtnjn soauogjtg3

Gs plsoebg nftovnr gstn vgjtnjn prgsoljnjkl gb eltöj 6 pujtls qug sg gjfugjtrn n uj flstnkl kg bn bostn kgspbganebg kgb topl kg fnran. [opl kg `ltlr3   Gstg fn`pl sg prgsgjtn fl`l ujn sgbgffoöj kg lpfoljgs pnrn gb

topl kg `ltlr qug sg nbo`gjtnrî. Gstn lpfoöj gs usnkn pnrn okgjtohofnr gb trntn`ogjtl qug sg knrî n bn flrrogjtg kg pbnfn kgb `ltlr kg nfugrkl n kgsfrotl gj bns sgffoljgs ;6=-8 (n), ;6=-8 (e) y ;6=-8 (f)

";6=-8. Kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bn n`pnfoknk y kgb vnblr jl`ojnb kg bls `ltlrgs. Gb tn`nþl kg bls

fljkuftlrgs qug nbo`gjtnj bls gquopls kg bls qug trntn gb Nrtàfubl ;6= sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr kg bns [nebns kg n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg nfugrkl flj 6>=->7(e) l sg kgeg fnbfubnr kg nfugrkl flj 6>=>7(f). Funjkl sg usg flrköj hbgxoebg, gb tn`nþl kgb fljkuftlr sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr kg nfugrkl flj ;==-7. Bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg kg bls forfuotls y bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kg bls `ltlrgs, sg kgegj kgtgr`ojnr fl`l sg gspgfohofn n fljtojunfoöj.   n) @ltlrgs pnrn npbofnfoljgs agjgrnbgs. Gj `ltlrgs pnrn npbofnfoljgs agjgrnbgs, bls vnblrgs

jl`ojnbgs kg flrrogjtg sg kgegj kgtgr`ojnr flj ensg gj (>) y (5) soauogjtgs.  

>) Xnblrgs Xnblrgs kg bns [nebns. ]nrn bls `ltlrgs kohgrgjtgs n bls fljstruokls pnrn encns vgblfoknkgs (`gjls

kg >5== rgvlbufoljgs plr `ojutl) l nbtl pnr, y pnrn `ltlrgs kg vgblfoknkgs `óbtopbgs,   bls vnblrgs prgsgjtnkls gj bns [nebns ;6=-5;1, ;6=-5;9, ;6=-5;? y ;6=-57=, sg kgegj usnr pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs l gb vnblr jl`ojnb gj n`pgrgs kg bls ojtgrruptlrgs, bn prltgffoöj

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

8>

kgb forfuotl kgrovnkl fljtrn flrtlforfuotls y hnbbns n togrrn, gj buanr kgb vnblr rgnb kg flrrogjtg jl`ojnb `nrfnkn gj bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns kgb `ltlr. Funjkl uj `ltlr gstï `nrfnkl gj n`pgrgs y jl gj fnenbbls kg hugrzn, sg kgeg nsu`or qug su pltgjfon gj fnenbbls kg hugrzn gs bn flrrgspljkogjtg n bls vnblrgs knkls gj bns [nebns ;6=-5;1, ;6=-5;9, ;6=-5;? y ;6=-57=, ojtgrplbnjkl so hugrn jgfgsnrol. Bls `ltlrgs fljstruokls pnrn encns vgblfoknkgs (`gjls kg >5== rgvlbufoljgs plr `ojutl) l nbtl pnr pugkgj tgjgr flrrogjtg kg pbgjn fnran `îs nbtn, y gj bls `ltlrgs kg vgblfoknkgs `óbtopbgs bn flrrogjtg kg pbgjn fnran vnronrî flj bn vgblfoknk, gj fuyl fnsl sg kgegj usnr bls vnblrgs jl`ojnbgs kg flrrogjtg kg bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns.  5) Xnblrgs kg bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns. Bn prltgffoöj ojkgpgjkogjtg fljtrn slergfnrans kg uj

`ltlr sg kgeg ensnr gj gb vnblr jl`ojnb kg flrrogjtg kg bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns kgb `ltlr.  e) @ltlrgs kg nbtl pnr. ]nrn bls `ltlrgs kg nbtl pnr, bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgeg sgr bn flrrogjtg kg rltlr eblqugnkl 4

y gstn flrrogjtg kg bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns sg kgeg usnr pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgb forfuotl kgrovnkl, trntnkn gj ;6=-55 y ;6=-5;, gb vnblr jl`ojnb gj n`pgrgs kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergfnran kgb `ltlr y gb vnblr jl`ojnb kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn flrtlforfuotl y hnbbns n togrrn kgb forfuotl kgrovnkl, kg nfugrkl flj ;6=-75(e).  

f) @ltlrgs flj tgjsoöj ncustnebg gj flrro gjtg nbtg nbtgrjn. rjn. ]nrn bls `ltlrgs utoboznkls gj sostg`ns kg  nffoljn`ogjtl kg flrrogjtg nbtgrjn, tgjsoöj ncustnebg y pnr vnronebg, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs l gb vnblr jl`ojnb gj n`pgrgs kg bls kgsfljgftnklrgs y kosplsotovls kg prltgffoöj fljtrn flrtlforfuotl y hnbbns n togrrn kgb forfuotl kgrovnkl, gtf., sg kgegj ensnr gj bn flrrogjtg `îxo`n kg hujfoljn`ogjtl `nrfnkn gj bn pbnfn kg kntls kgb `ltlr l kgb fljtrlb, l kg n`els. Vo bn flrrogjtg `îxo`n kg hujfoljn`ogjtl jl gstî ojfbuokn gj bn pbnfn kg fnrnftgràstofns, bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bn n`pnfoknk sg kgeg ensnr gj gb >7= plr f ogjtl k g bls vnbl rgs knkls gj bns [nebns ;6=-5;? ;6=-5;? y ;6=-57 ;6=-57= =."  Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKGJL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 5=>5 

Gcg`pbl3

Agjgrnb

Xnboknfoöj3

Agjgrnb, nbtl pnr l vgblfoknk vnronebg

[gjsoöj kgb `ltlr3   Gstg kntl kg tgjsoöj fljkofoljn bn npbofnfoöj kg bns tnebns kg

`ltlrgs pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg hnftlr kg pltgjfon y ghofogjfon, plr bl qug plkrîj tgjgr bls soauogjtgs vnblrgs3 717 X, ;8= X, ;;= X, 69= X, 56= X, 55= X, 5=9 X, 5== X. ]nrn `ltlrgs, gj fnsl kg qug bn tgjsoöj sgn kohgrgjtg kg gstls vnblrgs jl sg okgjtohofnrîj bns ensgs kg kntls kg `ltlr flrrgspljkogjtg. ]lr bl qug kgegrî nsgaurnrsg kg qug gb `ltlr fugjtg flj bls kntls jgfgsnrols pnrn bn rgnboznfoöj kgb fîbfubl, tnbgs fl`l hnftlr kg pltgjfon y ghofogjfon, gj fnsl fljtrnrol sg prgsgjtnrîj grrlrgs kg fîbfubl y plr fljsgfugjfon jl sg lesgrvnrîj kntls kg snbokn kgb prlarn`n. Gcg`pbl3

;;=

Xnboknfoöj3 

=.=  Xnblr  67===.=

Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug/Bgtrn kg fökoal/ Ugbnfoöj dXN/I]3 ]nrn gb fnsl

kg `ltlrgs, sg pugkg fljsokgrnr fl`l gb jó`grl kg vgfgs qug sg ojfrg`gjtn bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb `ltlr nb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug. Voj g`enral, rgprgsgjtn bn fnjtoknk kg pltgjfon npnrgjtg qug gs kg`njknkn nb sostg`n plr fnkn F] (I]) kgb `ltlr. N pnrtor kg gstn pltgjfon pugkg kgkuforsg gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. Gb prlarn`n kgtgr`ojn gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug pnrn rgnboznr gb fîbfubl kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb nrrnjqug. Bn rgbnfoöj kg DXN/I] kgeg gstnr kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl ;6=-1(e) kg bn jlr`n npbofnebg. e) Bgtrns kg fökoal n rltlr eblqugn eblqugnkl. kl. Bns bgtrns kg fökoal `nrfnkns gj bns pbnfns kg fnrnftgràstofns kg

bls `ltlrgs, pnrn ojkofnr bn gjtrnkn kgb `ltlr flj gb rltlr eblqugnkl, kgegj fu`pbor bl gstnebgfokl gj bn tnebn ;6=-1(e). Bn bgtrn fökoal ojkofn bn gjtrnkn kgb `ltlrkgsoajnkn. flj rltlr eblqugnkl, kgeg npnrgfgr gj uj eblqug ojkovokunb kg kg bn pbnfn kgqug f nrnftgràstofns, fnrnftgràstofns, kgeokn`gjtg

 

85  

Gcg`pbl3

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

8.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  ;=.=

Hnftlr Hn ftlr kg sgrvofol3  Gs gb hnftlr kg sgrvofol kgb gquopl. ]nrn `ltlrgs gstg hnftlr sg

kgeg gjfljtrnr gj gb rnjal fl`prgjkokl gjtrg =.97 y 5.= gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj JL@==>-VGKG-5=>5 y JGF-5=>1. Gcg`pbl3

>.=

Xnboknfoöj3

>.=  Xnblr  5.=

Kosgþl JG@N3   Gs gb topl kg kosgþl g`pbgnkl pnrn fljstruor gb `ltlr. Bns

fnrnftgràstofns kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug, flrrogjtg jl`ojnb y bls kosplsotovls kg prltgffoöj sg gjfugjtrnj rgbnfoljnkls flj gstg kntl. Gcg`pbl3

E

Xnboknfoöj3

N, E, F, K ö G

[opl kg ghofogjfon3 Vg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn ghofogjfon kgb `ltlr, pnrn rgnboznr bn

sgbgffoöj kg bls vnblrgs kg ghofogjfon kg bn eoeboltgfn kgb prlarn`n. Gcg`pbl3

Gstîjknr

Xnboknfoöj3

Gstîjknr, Nbtn ghofogjfon ö ]rg`ou`

H.]. Nrrnjqug3  Gstg fn`pl pgr`otg fnpturnr gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon nb nrrnjqug pnrn

`ltlrgs. ]nrn fnpturnr gsg kntl, sg kgegrî nftovnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj. Gj fnsl kg jl fljtnr flj gstg kntl, sg kgcn soj vgrohofnr bn fnsobbn y gb prlfgsl kg fîbfubl nsoajnrî gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kg su boergràn y plkrî sgr fljsubtnkl gj gstg gspnfol kgspuïs kg rgnboznr gb fîbfubl. Gcg`pbl3

=.6

nboknfoöj3

= 2 H] Nrrnjqug 2 >.=

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

86

Wsl kgb @ltlr3  Gb fofbl kg lpgrnfoöj kgb `ltlr kghojg bls hnftlrgs kg ojfrg`gjtl kg

bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr. Gstls hnftlrgs kg ojfrg`gjtl sg letogjgj kg bn tnebn ;6=-55 (g) kg bn jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn.

Gcg`pbl3

Gstîjknr

Xnboknfoöj3

Gstîjknr ö Ojtgr`otgjtg

[opl kgb usl kgb @ltlr3  Gj fl`eojnfoöj flj gb Wsl kgb `ltlr kgtgr`ojn bls hnftlrgs

kg ojfrg`gjtl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. Gcg`pbl3

Ojtgr`otgjtg

Xnboknfoöj3 

Flrtl, Ojtgr`otgjtg, ]groökofl, Xnronebg,

[og`pl kgb usl kgb @ltlr3   Gj fl`eojnfoöj flj gb Wsl kgb `ltlr kgtgr`ojn bls

hnftlrgs kg ojfrg`gjtl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. Gcg`pbl3

7 `ojutls

Xnboknfoöj3

7, >7, 6=-8= ö Fljtojul

 

8;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

[rnjshlr`nklr   Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gb topl kg fnran trnjshlr`nklr sg kgegj fnpturnr bls kntls slbofotnkls gj bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn.

[opl gjhron`ogjtl3 Gb gjhron`ogjtl kg uj trnjshlr`nklr bg pgr`otg lpgrnr flj

`nylrgs vnblr ggss jl`ojnbgs. ]ugkgj gxostor kohgrgjtgs ‒pnsls‐ kg gjhron`ogjtl. Gstl gs, qug pugkg fljtnr flj ujl l `îs `ïtlkls kg gjhron`ogjtl. Fnkn ujl kg bls funbgs bg pgr`otorî ojfrg`gjtnr uj fogrtl plrfgjtncg su fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb y plr bl tnjtl flrrogjtg. Gxostgj vnblrgs kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnran pnrn[U->. fnkn topl kgsugjhron`ogjtl kg nfugrkl fljgstnebgfokls bn jlr`n JL@-C-597 y gb gstîjknr JG@N ]lr bl tnjtl bn kghojofoöj kg bls pnsls, nyuknrn gj bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnran. Gcg`pbl3

NOUG

Xnboknfoöj3

NOUG, LN, HN, LN/LN, LN/LN/HN ö HN/LN/LN,

Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnran3  Gs gb plrfgjtncg kg ojfrg`gjtl qug suhrg bn fnran

jl`ojnb kgb trnjshlr`nklr nb nftunr bls pnsls kg gjhron`ogjtl Gcg`pbl3

>.=

Xnboknfoöj3

>.=  Xnblr  5.=

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

87

Fgjtrl  k kg  F Fljtrlb  k kg  @ @ltlrgs  ((FF@)   Bn sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs pnrn bls Fgjtrls kg fljtrlb kg @ltlrgs (FF@) sg ensn gj bls rgqugro`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj ;6=- 5;. ‒Xnrols `ltlrgs l `ltlrgs y ltr nnss fnrans‐ kljkg sg ojkofn qug  bls fljkuftlrgs qug nbo`gjtnj vnrols `ltlrgs y ltrns fnrans kgegj tgjgr ujn n`pnfoknk jl `gjlr n bn su`n kg fnkn ujl kg bls soauogjtgs3 (>) >57 plr fogjtl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kg pbgjn fnran kgb `ltlr flj gb vnblr jl`ojnb `îs nbtl, tnb fl`l sg kgtgr`ojn gj ;6=-8(n). (5) Bn su`n kg bns flrrogjtgs jl`ojnbgs kg pbgjn fnran kg tlkls bls ltrls `ltlrgs kgb arupl, tnb fl`l sg kgtgr`ojn gj ;6=-8(n). (6) >== plr fogjtl kg bns fnrans jl fljtojuns qug jl slj `ltlrgs. (;) >57 plr fogjtl kg bns fnrans fljtojuns qug jl slj `ltlrgs. Kgeokl n qug bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr nbo`gjtnklr kgb FF@ sg rgnboznrî kg nfugrkl flj bns fnrans qug nbo`gjtn, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof narupn tlkns bns fnrans kg bls forfuotls qug togjgj bn `os`n kgsfropfoöj gj gb fn`pl "Jl. FF@" qug bn kgb jó`grl kgbojfrg`gjtl FF@ y rgnbozn bn su`n kg bns fnrans, okgjtohofn gb `ltlr `nylr y npbofnkg kgbgquopl hnftlr kg flrrgspljkogjtg.

Bls forfuotls kg bns fnrans flj gb fn`pl "Jl. kg FF@" oaunb nb "Jl. Gquopl" kgb FF@ sgrîj narupnkls y su`nkls

]nrn gb FF@, bns fnrans fnrans fuyl "Jl. FF@" flojfokn flj gb "Jl. kg gquopl" sgrîj su`nkls pnrn bn fnran kgb FF@ ]lr bl njtgrolr sg rgfl`ogjkn rgnboznr bn fnpturn kgb forfuotl kgb FF@ njtgs qug bns fnrans nslfonkns. KgF@gstn `njgrn,sgnbgjfugjtrg fnpturnr prgfnrankl. bns fnrans agjgrnb, gb fn`pl "F "FF@ l [nebgrl" prgfnra nkl. kg uj `ltlr l fnran

 

88  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]nrn rgnboznr bn fnpturn kg uj forfuotl kg FF@ kgegrî sgbgffoljnr gj gb fn`pl "[opl kg fnran" bn lpfoöj "FF@", fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn. Ugfugrkg qug pnrn qug gstn lpfoöj sg gjfugjtrg kospljoebg sg kgeg fnpturnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg FF@s gj bn sgffoöj3 "Kntls Agjgrnbgs" 

Lpfoöj FF@ kgjtrl kgb fn`pl "[opl kg Fnran"

Kg bn `os`n `njgrn qug sg fnpturnj bls kntls fl`l sg kgsfroeoö prgvon`gjtg gj gstg fnpàtubl gj Kntls kg Forfuotl, sg bbgjn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb FF@. ]nrn gb fnsl kg FF@s bn ójofn vnronjtg gs gb fn`pl prgbbgjnkl flj uj vnblr qug rgprgsgjtnrî bn qug su`n kg bns "]ltgjfon" pltgjfons npnrgfgrî kg bls forfuotls nslfonkls fljsokgrnjkl bls plrfgjtncgs kg ojfrg`gjtl kg flrrogjtg.

]ltgjfon kg FF@ fnbfubnkn gj hujfoöj kg bn flrrogjtg kg bls forfuotls nslfonkls

]nrn fljlfgr gb kgtnbbg kg bls forfuotls nslfonkls nb FF@, sgbgffoljg gb eltöj qug togjg bls trgs pujtls l gbopsos (...).

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

81

Eltöj pnrn rgvosnr gb kgtnbbg bls forfuotls nslfonkls nb FF@. Bn vgjtnjn qug sg `lstrnrî prgsgjtnrî gj bn rgtàfubn kg bn pnrtg supgrolr, bn kgsfropfoöj kg bn fnran nslfonkn nb FF@. Gstl gs, ojkofnrî bls forfuotls qug nb `l`gjtl gj qug hugrlj fnpturnkls togjgj gb fn`pl "Jl. kg FF@" flj gb `os`l tgxtl qug gb jl`erg kgb FF@ kg gstg forfuotl (ojkofnkl gj gb fn`pl Jl. kg Gquopl). Bn rgtàfubn tn`eoïj ojkofn gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kgb gquopl kgb forfuotl, gb hnftlr kg fîbfubl. y bn flrrogjtg hojnb qug gs gb prlkuftl kg bn flrrogjtg y gb hnftlr kg fîbfubl.

Kgtnbbg kg bls forfuotls nslfonkls nb FF@ Gb hnftlr kg fîbfubl plkrî tgjgr ; vnronebgs3

 

89  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

  Gb hnftlr gs >.= pnrn forfuotls soj grrlr nslfonkls nb FF@ •  Gb hnftlr gs >.57 pnrn gb forfuotl l `ltlr kg `nylr fnran kgb forfuotl. •  Gb hnftlr gs =  pnrn forfuotls flj grrlr gj gb fîbfubl, forfuotls flj tgjsoöj kohgrgjtg n bn tgjsoöj kg sostg`n kgb FF@ y pnrn forfuotls kljkg bn fnsobbn •

vgrohofnfoöj kgb "Ju`grl kg gquopl"

sg gjfugjtrg

kgsineobotnkn. G`pbgnkn pnrn forfuotls qug slbl slj kg rgsgrvn. ]nrn okgjtohofnr gb lroagj kgb hnftlr pugkg bbgvnrsg gb `lusg nb rgjaböj kgb forfuotl y infgr fbof slerg gb fn`pl "Hnftlr". Flj gbbl sg `lstrnrî gb lroagj kgb hnftlr fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn3

Hnftlr kg fîbfubl. Gj bn sgffoöj ojhgrolr sg `ugstrn gb vnblr kg bn pltgjfon nslfonkn nb FF@ fnbfubnkn plr `gkol plr kg bn kg bn hojnbgs bns fnrans nhgftnkns blssu`n hnftlrgs kgflrrogjtgs fîbfubl). Gj gstn kg sgffoöj plkrînslfonkns okgjtohofnr (flrrogjtgs uj fn`pl pnrn nkofoljnr l suestrngr fnran gj Doblwntts nb FF@, fl`l sg nprgfon gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn. Gstg fn`pl pugkg sgr usnkl pnrn nkofoljnr fnrans huturns.

Fnran nkofoljnb pnrn gb FF@.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

8?

]ltgjfon jl`ojnb3  Gj gstg fn`pl sg prlplrfoljn bn pltgjfon jl`ojnb kg bn fnran kgb

forfuotl. Kgegrî gstnr fl`prgjkokn gj gb rnjal kg pltgjfon kghojokl gj bls vnblrgs kg pltgjfon `àjo`n y `îxo`n ojkofnkls gj bls kntls agjgrnbgs. Gstn kgegrî sgr prlplrfoljnkn kg bn soauogjtg `njgrn3 Gcg`pbl3

>==.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >===.=

Wjoknkgs3 gstgfn`eon fn`plsgaój sg ojkofn bn ujoknk gj bn qug gstî knkn bn pltgjfon jl`ojnb kgb gquopl,  Gj bn funb gb topl kg fnran3 [opl kg fnran

Wjoknkgs

@ltlrgs Nbo`gjtnklrgs Forfuotls kg fljtrlb Arón Fnpnfotlr [rnjshlr`nklrgs Nbu`ernkl Norg nfljkofoljnkl [rnzn tïr`ofn FF@ Fgjtrl kg fljtrlb kg `ltlrgs Gcg`pbl3

I]

I] ö DQ DQ DQ I] DXN ö DXNU DXN DQ I] ö DQ DXN ö DQ DQ

Xnboknfoöj3

I], DQ, DXN ö DXNU

 N bo`gjtnklrgs   ]nrn fu`pbor flj bls rgquosotls kg bn sgffoöj 5>7 kg bn jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn, gs jgfgsnrol okgjtohofnr kgjtrl kg bn fnran tltnb kgb nbo`gjtnklr bn fnran qug lpgrn kg hlr`n fljtojun y bn bn fnran qug lpgrn kg hlr`n ojtgr`otgjtg. Xgr sgffoöj 55=->= y 5>7-5 kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 5>7-5. Fnpnfoknk y tn`nþls `àjo`ls kgb fljkuftlr. n) Nbo`gjtnklrgs instn kg 8== vlbts. >) Agjgrnb. Bls fljkuftlrgs kg bls nbo`gjtnklrgs kgegj tgjgr ujn n`pnfoknk jl `gjlr qug bn jgfgsnron

pnrn su`ojostrnr gjgraàn n bns fnrans f nrans fnbfubnkns kg nfugrkl n bns ]nrtgs F, K y G kgb Nrtàfubl 55=. Gb tn`nþl `àjo`l kgb fljkuftlr kgb forfuotl nbo`gjtnklr njtgs kg bn npbofnfoöj kg funbquogr ncustg l kg hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj, kgeg tgjgr ujn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg jl `gjlr n bn fnran jl fljtojun, `îs gb >57 plr fogjtl kg bn fnran fljtojun. Gxfgpfoöj >3 Vo gb gjsn`ebg, ojfbuygjkl bls kosplsotovls kg slerg flrrogjtg qug prltgagj bls nbo`gjtnklrgs, gstî nprlenkl pnrn lpgrnfoöj nb >== plr fogjtl kg su vnblr jl`ojnb, sg pgr`otorî qug bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg bls nbo`gjtnklrgs jl sgn `gjlr n bn su`n kg bn fnran fljtojun `îs bn fnran jl fljtojun.

Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 

]nrn gbbl gj bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn sg kgeg kghojor bn fnran fljtojun y jl fljtojun3

 

1=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Xgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg topl kg fnran. Bns ujoknkgs kg bn pltgjfon sg kghojorîj gj bn vgjtnjn agjgrnb kg kntls kg forfuotls, gj gstn vgjtnjn slbn`gjtg sg kgegrî ojkofnr bn `najotuk kg bn fnran. Fnran Fn ran f ljtojun3 Kg nfugrkl flj bns kghojofoljgs kgb nrtàfubl >== kg bn JL@-==>VGKG-5=>5 gs bn fnran fuyn flrrogjtg `îxo`n forfubn kurnjtg trgs ilrns l `îs.   Fnran Jl fljtojun3 Gs bn fnran fuyn flrrogjtg forfubn kg hlr`n fljstnjtg plr

`gjls kg 6 ilrns

Bn su`n kg bn pltgjfon fljtojun y jl fljtojun kgegrî gstnr fl`prgjkokn gj gb rnjal kg pltgjfon kghojokl gj bls vnblrgs kg pltgjfon `àjo`n y `îxo`n ojkofnkls gj bls kntls agjgrnbgs. Gcg`pbl3

>==.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr 2 >===.=

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb3  Gxostgj lfnsoljgs gj bns qug sg fugjtn flj gb kntl kg flrrogjtg

jl`ojnb kgb forfuotl (Flrrogjtg kg pbnfn) prlplrfoljnkn plr gb prlvggklr kgb gquopl. Gb prlarn`n WJOFN@GJ[G utoboznrî gstg kntl pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr so bn fnsobbn "Ojhlr`nfoöj hojnb" sg gjfugjtrn vgrohofnkn. 

Kg bl fljtrnrol (Ojhlr`nfoöj ]ULXOVOLJNB), sg rgnboznrî bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr y gb fîbfubl kg bn flrrogjtg sgaój bls kntls kg pltgjfon y kg bns tnebns kg rghgrgjfon qug sg gjfugjtrnj gj bn ensg kg kntls. . Gcg`pbl3

;==

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

1>

Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3   Gstg kntl fl`prgjkg bn bljaotuk kgb forfuotl gxprgsnkn gj

`gtrls. Gb vnblr `îxo`l kg bljaotuk flj gb qug rgnbozn gb fîbfubl gs >=== `gtrls. Gcg`pbl3

6==

Xnboknfoöj3

=  Xnblr  >===

[gjsoöj kgb Vostg`n y Ju`grl kg Hnsgs.   Gs gb vnblr kg bn tgjsoöj gj vlbts qug

togjg gb sostg`n gj gb funb sg gjfugjtrn fljgftnkl gb gquopl y ïstn kgegrî gstnr

kgfbnrnkn prgvon`gjtg gj blskgb Kntls Agjgrnbgs kgb prlygftl4 kg bl lfljtrnrol, plkrî sgr rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl forfuotl gj fugstoöj. ]nrn nkofoljnr `lkohofnrjl bn tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n fljsubtg bn sgffoöj Fnpturn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs pnrn gb topl kg fnran sgbgffoljnkl. Gstls vnblrgs kg tgjsoöj kgegj gstnr prghgrgjtg`gjtg kg nfugrkl flj bl ojkofnkl gj bn sgffoöj >>=-; y flj bn sgffoöj 55=-7.  >>=-;. >>=;. [ [gjso gjsolj ljgs. gs. Gj tlkn gstn JL@, bns tgjsoljgs fljsokgrnkns kgegj sgr nqugbbns n bns qug hujfoljnj bls forfuotls. Bns tgjsoljgs utoboznkns kg flrrogjtg nbtgrjn slj3 >5=, >51, >5=/5;=, 5=9_/>5=, 55=_/>51, 5;=, ;9=_/511, ;9=, 8==_/6;1 ö 8== vlbts. Bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb kg uj gquopl jl kgeg sgr `gjlr n bn tgjsoöj rgnb kgb forfuotl nb qug gstî fljgftnkl. Xïnsg J@Y-C-=?9-NJFG 

55=-7. Fîbfubls.  n) [gjso [gjsoljgs. ljgs. Vo jl sg gspgfohofnj ltrns tgjsoljgs, pnrn gb fîbfubl kg fnrans

kgb nbo`gjtnklr y kg bls forfuotls kgrovnkls, kgegj npbofnrsg bns tgjsoljgs kg >5=, >5=/5;=, 55=_/>51, 5=9_/>5=, 55=, 5;=, 6;1, ;;=, ;8=, ;9=_/511, ;9=, 8==_/6;1 y 8== vlbts.  Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 

Gs plsoebg vosunboznr gb kntl agjgrnb nslfonkl nb forfuotl, pnrn gstl slbl togjg qug prgsoljnr gb eltöj 6 pujtls (...) qug sg gjfugjtrn n uj bnkl kgb fn`pl.

Gcg`pbl3

;;9.= | 6

Xnboknfoöj3 

Fn`pl leboantlrol

 

15  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hnftlr kg pltgjfon3  Gstg gs uj kntl lpfoljnb pnrn gb fnsl kg `ltlrgs fl`grfonbgs gj

bns tgjsoljgs kgsfrotns gj "[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n" yn qug gb prlarn`n pugkg kgtgr`ojnrbl n pnrtor kg tnebns kg rghgrgjfon pnrn `ltlrgs kg ghofogjfon gstîjknr, kg nbtn ghofogjfon y kg ghofogjfon ]rg`ou`. Gcg`pbl3

=.?>9

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= Xnblr  >.=

Ghofogjfon3   Gs bn rgbnfoöj qug gxostg gjtrg bn pltgjfon kg gjtrnkn y bn pltgjfon kg

snbokn kg uj gquopl. Gstg gs uj kntl lpfoljnb pnrn gb fnsl kg `ltlrgs fl`grfonbgs gj bns tgjsoljgs kgsfrotns gj "[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n" yn qug gb prlarn`n pugkg kgtgr`ojnrbl n pnrtor kg tnebns kg rghgrgjfon pnrn `ltlrgs kg ghofogjfon gstîjknr, kg nbtn ghofogjfon y kg ghofogjfon ]rg`ou`. Gcg`pbl3

=.9?

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= Xnblr  >.=

Hnftlr kg kg`njkn3  Gs gb hnftlr kg kg`njkn kgb gquopl. ]ugkgj gstnr kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl 55=->>, 55=->6 y ;6=- 5; 55=-;5 55= -;5.. Nbu` ernkl agjgrnb. Bls hnftlrgs kg kg`njkn gspgfohofnkls gj bn [nebn 55=-;5 sg

kgegj npbofnr n bn pnrtg kg nbu`ernkl agjgrnb kg bn fnran tltnb fnbfubnkn kgb forfuotl kgrovnkl. Gsls hnftlrgs jl sg kgegj npbofnr pnrn fnbfubnr gb jó`grl kg forfuotls kgrovnkls pnrn obu`ojnfoöj agjgrnb. 

55=-;;. Fnrans pnrn fljtnftls gj oj`ugebgs qug jl sgnj kg vovogjkn. Gj oj`ugebgs qug jl sgnj kg vovogjkn, sg pgr`otg qug bns fnrans pnrn fljtnftls sgnj fnbfubnkns kg nfugrkl flj

55=->;(i) g (o), sucgtns n bls hnftlrgs kg kg`njkn kg bn [nebn 55=-;5 l bn [nebn 55=-;;. 

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

16

;6=-58. Hnftlr kg kg`njkn kgb nbo`gjtnklr. Funjkl sg rgkuzfn gb fnbgjtn`ogjtl kg bls fljkuftlrgs fl`l rgsubtnkl kg bn lpgrnfoöj gj sgrvofol ojtgr`otgjtg l plrqug jl tlkls bls `ltlrgs hujfoljnj nb `os`l tog`pl, bls fljkuftlrgs kgb nbo`gjtnklr pugkgj tgjgr ujn n`pnfoknk `gjlr n bn gspgfohofnkn gj ;6=-5;, sog`prg qug bls fljkuftlrgs tgjanj ujn n`pnfoknk suhofogjtg pnrn bn fnran `îxo`n kgtgr`ojnkn kg nfugrkl flj gb tn`nþl y jó`grl kg bls `ltlrgs nbo`gjtnkls y flj bns fnrnftgràstofns kg sus fnrans y fofbls kg sgrvofol.   JL[N3 Bls hnftlrgs kg kg`njkn kgtgr`ojnkls gj gb kosgþl kg ojstnbnfoljgs jugvns, n `gjukl sg pugkgj vnboknr fl`pnrnjkl flj bn gxpgrogjfon iostörofn rgnb gj ojstnbnfoljgs so`obnrgs. Flj rgspgftl n bn ojhlr`nfoöj slerg gb fîbfubl kg bns fnrans y gb hnftlr kg kg`njkn.   Xïnsg tn`eoïj bn sgffoöj ;6=-5;3   ;6=-5;. Xnrols `ltlrgs l `ltlrgs y ltrns fnrans. Bls fljkuftlrgs qug nbo`gjtnj vnrols `ltlrgs l `ltlrgs y ltrns fnrans kgegj tgjgr ujn n`pnfoknk jl `gjlr n bn su`n kg fnkn ujl kg bls soauogjtgs3  (>) >57 plr fogjtl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kg pbgjn fnran kgb `ltlr flj gb vnblr jl`ojnb `îs nbtl, tnb fl`l sg kgtgr`ojn gj ;6=-8(n).   (5) Bn su`n kg bns flrrogjtgs jl`ojnbgs kg pbgjn fnran kg tlkls bls ltrls `ltlrgs kgb arupl, tnb fl`l sg kgtgr`ojn gj ;6=-8(n).  (6) >== plr fogjtl kg bns fnrans fn rans jl fljtojuns qug jl slj `ltlrgs.  (;) >57 plr fogjtl kg bns fnrans fljtojuns qug jl slj `ltlrgs.  Gxfgpfoöj >3 Funjkl ujl l `îs kg bls `ltlrgs kgb arupl sg utobofgj pnrn sgrvofol kg flrtn kurnfoöj, ojtgr`otgjtg, pgroökofl l vnronebg, gb vnblr jl`ojnb gj n`pgrgs kg kofils `ltlrgs utoboznkn gj bn su`n, sg kgeg kgtgr`ojnr kg nfugrkl flj ;6=-55(g). Gj bn su`n sg kgeg utoboznr gb `ltlr kg `nylr fnpnfoknk y kgeg sgr ujl kg bls kls vnblrgs soauogjtgs3 vnblr jl`ojnb kg flrrogjtg gj n`pgrgs kg ;6=-55(g) l bn flrrogjtg `îs nbtn kg pbgjn fnran gj sgrvofol fljtojul kgb `ltlr `ubtopbofnkn plr >.57.  Gxfgpfoöj 53 Bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs qug nbo`gjtnj gquopls gbïftrofls hocls pnrn fnbghnffoöj kg n`eogjtg, lpgrnkls flj `ltlr, kgeg fu`pbor bl gstnebgfokl gj ;5;-6(e).  Gxfgpfoöj 63 Funjkl gb forfuotl sg pugkn eblqugnr kg `lkl qug o`pokn gb hujfoljn`ogjtl so`ubtîjgl kg kgtgr`ojnkls `ltlrgs y ltrns fnrans, sg pgr`otorî qug bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg ensg gj bn su`n kg bns flrrogjtgs kg bls `ltlrgs y kg bns ltrns fnrans qug vnj n hujfoljnr so`ubtîjgn`gjtg, y qug kgj fl`l rgsubtnkl bn `nylr flrrogjtg tltnb.  ;6=-57. Xnrols `ltlrgs gj fl`eojnfoöj flj ltrns fnrans. Bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs qug nbo`gjtnj gquopls kg vnrols `ltlrgs y kg fnrans fl`eojnkns, jl kgeg sgr `gjlr n bn n`pnfoknk `àjo`n kgb forfuotl `nrfnkn gj gb gquopl, kg nfugrkl flj ;6=-1(k). Funjkl gb gquopl jl vogjg fnebgnkl kg hîerofn y bns pbnfns ojkovokunbgs kg fnrnftgràstofns qugkgj vosoebgs kg nfugrkl flj ;6=1(k)(5), bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg kgeg kgtgr`ojnr kgt gr`ojnr kg nfugrkl flj ;6=-5;.   Gcg`pbl3

=.9=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= Xnblr  >.=

 

1;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Fnjnboznfoöj3   Gj gstg kntl sg kghojg gb topl kg `ljtncg l fnjnboznfoöj kljkg sg

ojstnbn gb fljkuftlr y pugkg sgr3   •  •  •  •  •

[uel fljkuot Finrlbn Bn fl`eojnfoöj kg n`els ([WEL _ FINULBN) Kuftl Norg

Vgaój bns kghojofoljgs kgb nrtàfubl >== kg bn jlr`n jl r`n npbofnebg3 ‒>==.-Fnjnboznfoöj3

Fnjnb fgrrnkl kg `ntgronbgs `gtîbofls l jl `gtîbofls, gxprgsn`gjtg kosgþnkl pnrn fljtgjgr nbn`ergs, fnebgs l enrrns fljkuftlrns, flj hujfoljgs nkofoljnbgs fl`l bl pgr`otn gstn JL@. Bns fnjnboznfoljgs ojfbuygj, pgrl jl gstîj bo`otnkns n, tuel fljkuot ràaokl `gtîbofl, tuel fljkuot ràaokl jl `gtîbofl, tuel fljkuot `gtîbofl sg`opgsnkl, tuel fljkuot hbgxoebg igr`ïtofl n bls bàquokls, tuegràns `gtîbofns hbgxoebgs, tuel fljkuot `gtîbofl hbgxoebg, tuegràns gbïftrofns jl `gtîbofns, tuegràns gbïftrofns `gtîbofns, fnjnboznfoljgs suetgrrîjgns, fnjnboznfoljgs gj posls fgbubnrgs kg fljfrgtl, gbgftrlkuftls".   fnjnboznfoljgs gj posls fgbubnrgs kg `gtnb, fnjnbgtns, kuftls y Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 Gcg`pbl3

[uel

Xnboknfoöj3

Finrlbn, tuel fljkuot, [uel y finrlbn, kuftl ö norg

Nb sgbgffoljnr gb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj kgsgnkl sg prgsgjtnrî ujn vgjtnjn gj bn funb sg fnpturnrnj kntls fl`pbg`gjtnrols3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

17

Finrlbns   Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj Finrlbn  sg kgegj fnpturnr bls kntls slbofotnkls gj bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn.

[opl kg Finrlbn3   Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj prgtgjkg sgbgffoljnr nutl`îtofn`gjtg pnrn gb

prlygftostn bls fnboergs `àjo`ls npbofnebgs pnrn gb topl kg finrlbn kljkg sg ojstnbnj fnebgs `ljlplbnrgs. ]lr bl tnjtl sg kgeg okgjtohofnr so sg trntn kg ujn finrlbn topl gsfnbgrn l ujn finrlbn kg hljkl söbokl. Gcg`pbl3

Gsfnbgrn

Xnboknfoöj3

Gsfnbgrn ö Hljkl pbnjl

ojhlr`nfoöj prgtgjkg sgbgffoljnr nutl`îtofn`gjtg pnrn gb prlygftostn bls fnboergs `àjo`ls npbofnebgs pnrn gb slplrtg pnrn fnebgs topl finrlbn kljkg sg ojstnbnj fnebgs `ljlplbnrgs y rgprgsgjtn bn Gspnfon`ogjtl

gjtrg

trnvgsnþls3   Gstn

sgpnrnfoöj gsfnbgrn.  qug gxostg gjtrg kls trnvgsnþls (slplrtgs ojtgrjls) kg bn finrlbn topl Kg nfugrkl n bls frotgrols ojkofnkls gj gb nrtàfubl 6?5->= (e) kg bn jlr`n npbofnebg3 Vg pgr`otorî utoboznr bls `ïtlkls kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bn [nebn 6?5->=(n) gj funbquogr gstnebgfo`ogjtl ojkustronb encl bns fljkofoljgs gstnebgfokns gj sus rgspgftovls Nrtàfubls. Vöbl gj ojstnbnfoljgs ojkustronbgs, funjkl bns fljkofoljgs kg supgrvosoöj y `njtgjo`ogjtl nsgaurgj qug gb sostg`n kg finrlbns plrtnfnebgs sgrî ntgjkokl ójofn`gjtg plr pgrsljns fnbohofnkns, sg pgr`otorî ojstnbnr gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs topl gsfnbgrn, topl `nbbn, fnjnb vgjtobnkl, hljkl söbokl l kg hljkl vgjtobnkl, funbgsquogrn kg bls fnebgs gspgfohofnkls gj (e)(>) y (e)(5) soauogjtgs3 >) Vg pgr`otorî bn ojstnbnfoöj kg fnebgs kg uj fljkuftlr, kg nfugrkl flj (e)(>)(n) instn (e)(>)(f). n. Wj fnebg kg uj fljkuftlr kgeg sgr kg tn`nþl 5>.5 ``5 (; NQA) l `nylr y kg uj topl nprlenkl y `nrfnkl gj su supgrhofog pnrn usl gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. ‒e) Gj gstnebgfo`ogjtls ojkustro o jkustronbg nbgs. s.

 

18  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Funjkl sg ojstnbgj gj finrlbns kg topl gsfnbgrn fnebgs kg uj fljkuftlr kg tn`nþl 5>.5 ``5 (; NQA) instn >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn sgpnrnfoöj `îxo`n pgr`osoebg kg bls trnvgsnþls kgeg sgr kg 55.7= fgjtà`gtrls. e. Bls fnebgs pnrn `îquojn kg slbknr kgegj fu`pbor flj bns kosplsofoljgs kgb Nrtàfubl 86=, ]nrtg K. f. Bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs usnkls fl`l fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn kgb

.

gquopl(;kgegj rgfueogrtls l kgsjukls, y kgegj sgr kg tn`nþl 5>.5 ``5 NQA) sgr l kgnosbnkls, `nylr tn`nþl. 5) Gj `gkon tgjsoöj bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs y kg uj fljkuftlr kgegj sgr fnebgs kg `gkon tgjsoöj. Bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs sg kgegj ojstnbnr kg nfugrkl flj gb ojfosl (>) njtgrolr.‐ 

Gcg`pbl3

@nylr n 56 f`

Xnboknfoöj3

@nylr n 56 f`, @gjlr l oaunb n 56 f` ö @gjlr l oaunb n >7 f`

Lpfoöj [npn3 . Bns fljkofoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs y bn flblfnfoöj kg

tnpns l fueogrtns qug o`poknj bn boerg forfubnfoöj nbrgkgklr kg bls fnebgs ojstnbnkls gj bns finrlbns finrlbns leboan n utoboz utoboznr nr plrfgjtncgs ` `gjlrgs gjlrgs kg bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs ([n`eoïj kgjl`ojnkls hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs so sg gxprgsnj gj plr ujoknk). Kg nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj 6?5-9=(n)(>) y 6?5-9=(n)(5) y 6?5-9=(e)(>), y 6?5-9=(e)(5) vgn bns nrtàfubls fotnkls gj ‒Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg finrlbn‐ `îs nkgbnjtg gj gstg fnpàtubl. 6?5-9 6?5-9=. =. N`pnfok N`pnfoknk nk kg bls fljk fljkuft uftlrgs lrgs n) N`pnfoknk kg fnebgs kg 5=== 5=== vlbt s l `gjls `gjls,, gj finrlbns plr plrtnfnebgs tnfnebgs >) Fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs.

e. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, jl sg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs tgjanj `îs kgb ?7 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>8) y 6>=->7(e)(>9).

5) Fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr.  

n.bls Funjkl sgaójkgbls rgquosotls kgdf`ob) 6?5-55(e), bn n`pnfoknk kg fnebgsgstïj kg ujojstnbnkls slbl fljkuftlr 6=; ``5 (8== y `nylrgs gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 17 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, bn n`pnfoknk pnrn bls fnebgs kg 6=; ``5 (8== df`ob) y `îs, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 1= plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). 

e. Funjkl gstïj ojstnbnkls sgaój bls rgquosotls kg 6?5-55(e), bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 76.7 ``5 (>/= NQA) n 576 ``5 (7== df`ob) gj finrlbns soj fueogrtns, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 87 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg tnpns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, bn n`pnfoknk pnrn bls fnebgs kg 76.7 ``5 (>/= NQA) pgr`osoebg n 576 ``5kg(7== df`ob) jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 8= plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?).

f. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

11

ojkovokunbgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg 76.7 ``5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=>7(e)(>?). e) N`pnfok nk kg fnebgs kg `gkon tgjsoöj y ttopl opl @F (kg `îs kg 5 5== === = vlbts vlbts)) gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Bn n`pnfoknk kg fnebgs kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts ojstnbnkls kg nfugrkl

flj 6?5-55(f) jl kgeg gxfgkgr bls rgquosotls kg gstn sgffoöj. >) Fnebgs Fnebgs `ub `ubtof tof ljku ljkuftlr ftlr gs (kg `î `îss kg 5= 5=== == vlbts). Bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kgeg sgr fl`l sg gstnebgfg gj bns [nebns 6>=8=(f)(17) y 6>=-8=(f)(18) sucgtn n bns soauogjtgs kosplsofoljgs3 n. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstï gstïj j fue ogrtns fljtoj un`g un`gjtg jtg plr `îs kg >.9= >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbo kns soj vgjtob vgjtobnfoöj, nfoöj, sg pg pgr`oto r`oto rî fl`l `îxo`l gb ?7 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-

8=(f)(17) y 6>=-8=(f)(18) pnrn bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs. e. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj tnpn tnpns, s, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fnebgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg, su n`pnfoknk jl kgeg gxfgkgr bns n`pnfoknkgs pgr`osoebgs kg bns 6>=-8=(f)(1>) y 6>=-8=(f)(15). Gcg`pbl3

Vo

Xnboknfoöj3

Vo ö Jl

Vgpnrnfoöj `njtgjokn gjtrg fljkuftlrgs3 ]nrn bn flrrgftn npbofnfoöj kg bls

hnftlrgs kg ncustg kgeg ojkofnrsg so gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs sg gjfugjtrn ujn sgpnrnfoöj `njtgjokn jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fljkuftlr n bl bnral kg su trnygftlron qug nsgaurg ujn forfubnfoöj nkgfunkn kg norg gjtrg gbbls. Ughoïrnsg n bn sgffoöj 6?5.>>96) pnrn `nylr kgtnbbg kgb ghgftl kg gstn fljkofoöj gj bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs. Gcg`pbl3

Vo

Xnboknfoöj3

Vo ö Jl

Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg finrlbn3  Funjkl bls fljkuftlrgs sg `ljtnj gj uj slplrtg

pnrn fnebgs topl finrlbn, encl fogrtns fljkofoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj (Flj fueogrtns l gspnfols `njtgjokls gjtrg fnebgs), sg kgeg utoboznr slbl uj plrfgjtncg kg bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg bns tnebns npbofnebgs gj bn Jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn. Gstg plrfgjtncg gxprgsnkl gj plr ujoknk rgprgsgjtn gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj. Funjkl gb prlygftostn prlplrfoljn nb prlarn`n qug bn finrlbn bbgvn ujn tnpn l fueogrtn fljtojun plr `îs kg >.9= `, y so gxostg sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs, gb prlarn`n sgbgffoljn gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb npbofnebg pnrn gb topl kg fnebg. ]nrn bls fnsls gj qug sg rgquogrnj hnftlrgs, kgfrg`gjtnbgs kohgrgjtgs n bls fljsokgrnkls plr gb fökoal JGF-5=>1 y bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 gstls kgegrîj sgr fnpturnkls gj gstg funkrl kg tgxtl y sgrîj fljsokgrnkls slbn`gjtg gj gb fnsl kg qug sgnj `gjlrgs n bls ojkofnkls gj bn jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn. Gj fnsl kg l`otorsg gstg prlarn`n nsoajnrî gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb bls frotgrols fotnkls plr bnskntl, jlr`ngbsgbgffoljnkn gj bns sgffoljgs 6?5-9=(n)(>) ysgaój 6?5-9=(n)(5). 6?5-9=. N`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs

 

19  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

n) N`pnfoknk kg fnebgs kg 5=== vlbts l `gjls, gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs >) Fnebgs Fnebgs `ub tofljkuft lrgs. Bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg 5=== vlbts l

`gjls, ojstnbnkls sgaój bls rgquosotls kg 6?5-55(n), kgeg sgr fl`l sg gstnebgfg gj bns [nebns 6>=>7(e)(>8) y 6>=->7(e)(>9), sucgtn n bns kosplsofoljgs kg 6>=->7(n)(5) y bls ojfosls (n), (e), (f) soauogjtgs. n. Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg kg 6>=->7(e)(6)(n) sg kgegj npbofnr ójofn`gjtg n fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs flj `îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg. Bn hnftlrgs kg ncustg sg kgegj bo`otnr nb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj gb fnebg y jl nb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs gj bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs. e. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, jl sg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs tgjanj `îs kgb ?7 plr fogjtl

kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>8) y 6>=->7(e)(>9).

f. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fnebgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg bn n`pnfoknk jl kgeg gxfgkgr bns n`pnfoknkgs pgr`osoebgs, flrrgaokns pnrn bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg, kg bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs, flj jl `îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs nosbnkls kg = n 5=== vlbts nb norg boerg, kg nfugrkl flj 6>=->7(f). JL[N3 Xïnsg bn [nebn E-6>=->7(E)(5)(6). 5) Fnebgs Fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr. Bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg pnrn fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kgeg sgr

fl`l bl pgr`otg 6>=->7(n)(5). Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg kg 6>=->7(e)(6)(n) jl sg kgegj npbofnr n bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs gj bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr l kg bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs cujtls (gj arupls kg trgs fljkuftlrgs, funtrl fljkuftlrgs, gtf.) kg 5=== vlbts l `gjls, kgeg fu`pbor bl soauogjtg3 n. Funjkl gstïj ojstnbnkls sgaój bls rgquosotls kg 6?5-55(e), bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 6=; ``5 (8== df`ob) y `nylrgs gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 17 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, bn n`pnfoknk pnrn bls fnebgs kg 6=; `` 5 (8== df`ob) y `îs, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 1= plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) 6>= ->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). e. Funjkl gstïj ojstnbnkls sgaój bls rgquosotls kg 6?5-55(e), bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 76.7 ``5 (>/= NQA) n 576 ``5 (7== df`ob) gj finrlbns soj fueogrtns, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 87 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg tnpns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, bn n`pnfoknk pnrn bls fnebgs kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) n 576 ``5 (7== df`ob) jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 8= plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). f. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(>1) 6>= ->7(e)(>1) y 6>=->7(e)(>?). Gxfgpfoöj pnrn (f)3 ]nrn bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg hljkl söbokl, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr sg kgeg kgtgr`ojnr kg nfugrkl flj 6>=->7(f). k. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs gj fljhoaurnfoöj tronjaubnr l funkrnkn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl uj gspnfol kg norg boerg jl `gjlr n 5.>7 vgfgs gb koî`gtrl gxtgrolr kgb fljkuftlr `îs arnjkg fljtgjokl gj bn fljhoaurnfoöj, gjtrg bns fljhoaurnfoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs l fnebgs nkynfgjtgs, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg 5 ö 6 fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs nosbnkls kg = n 5=== vlbts slstgjokls gj uj `gjsncgrl, kg nfugrkl flj 6>=->7(e). 6 >=->7(e). JL[N3 Xïnsg bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(5=). 6) Fl`eojnfoljgs Fl`eojnfoljgs kg fnebgs fnebgs `ubto fljkuftlrgs y fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuft lr. Funjkl ujn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs togjg ujn fl`eojnfoöj kg fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs y kg uj slbl fljkuftlr, bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kgeg sgr bn ojkofnkn gj 6?5-9=(n)(>) pnrn bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs y 6?5-9=(n)(5) pnrn fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr. Vog`prg qug sg npboqugj bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 (>) Bn su`n kgb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj kgb fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr fl`l plrfgjtncg kgb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj pgr`osoebg pnrn bn finrlbn, fnbfubnkn sgaój 6?5-55(n), y gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj kgb fnebg kg uj slbl fljkuftlr fl`l plrfgjtncg kgb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj pgr`osoebg kg bn finrlbn, fnbfubnkn sgaój 6?5-55(e), tltnbozn jl `îs kgb >== plr fogjtl. (5) Bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs gstîj ojstnbnkls kg nfugrkl flj 6?5-55(n) y bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr sg ojstnbnj kg nfugrkl flj 6?5-55(e). 6?5 -55(e). e) N`pnfo knk kg fnebgs kg `gkon tgjsoöj y topl @F (kg (kg `îs kg 5=== 5=== vlbts) gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Bn n`pnfoknk kg fnebgs kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts ojstnbnkls kg nfugrkl flj 6?5-55(f) jl

kgeg gxfgkgr bls rgquosotls kg gstn sgffoöj. s gffoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

1?

>) Fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs (kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts). Bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bls fnebgs

`ubtofljkuftlrgs kgeg sgr fl`l sg gstnebgfg gj bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(17) y 6>=-8=(f)(18) sucgtn n bns soauogjtgs kosplsofoljgs3 n. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns fljtojun`gjtg plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg fueogrtns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, sg pgr`otorî fl`l `îxo`l gb ?7 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(17) y 6>=-8=(f)(18) pnrn bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs. e. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj tnpns, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fnebgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg, su n`pnfoknk jl kgeg gxfgkgr bns n`pnfoknkgs pgr`osoebgs kg bns 6>=-8=(f)(1>) y 6>=-8=(f)(15). 5) Fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr (kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts). Bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr l bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs gj arupls kg trgs fljkuftlrgs trgjznkls, funtrl fljkuftlrgs trgjznkls, gtf., kgegj fu`pbor bl soauogjtg3 n. Bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs soj fueogrtns, jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 17 plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?) y 6>=-8=(f)(1=). Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs gstïj fueogrtns plr `îs kg >.9= `gtrls kg tnpns söbokns soj vgjtobnfoöj, bn n`pnfoknk pnrn bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 76.7 ``5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 1= plr fogjtl kg bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?) y 6>=-8=(f)(1=). e. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fnebgs kg uj fljkuftlr ojkovokunb gj ujn slbn fnpn gj finrlbns soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl ujn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs jl `gjlr nb koî`gtrl kg uj fnebg, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?) y 6>=-8=(f)(1=). 6>= -8=(f)(1=). f. Funjkl sg ojstnbgj fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs gj fljhoaurnfoöj f ljhoaurnfoöj tronjaubnr l funkrnkn gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs plrtnfn ebgs soj fueogrtns, `njtgjogjkl uj gspnfol kg norg boerg jl `gjlr n 5.>7 vgfgs gb koî`gtrl gxtgrolr kgb fljkuftlr `îs arnjkg fljtgjokl gj bn fljhoaurnfoöj, gjtrg bns fljhoaurnfoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs l fnebgs nkynfgjtgs, bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fnebgs kg 76.7 `` 5 (>/= NQA) y `nylrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(81) y 6>=-8=(f)(89).

Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

]lrfgjtncg kg fnran nr`öjofn (Hnftlr kg ncustg plr Fnran Nr`öjofn)3   Gs gb

ncustg n bn fnpnfoknk kkgg fljkuffoöj kgb fljkuftlr funjkl gstg sg ojstnbn gj uj n`eogjtg kljkg sg gspgrn uj fljtgjokl nr`öjofl qug agjgrn kostlrsoöj gj bn ljkn hujkn`gjtnb y fl`l fljsgfugjfon agjgrn fnblr nkofoljnb gj gb fljkuftlr. Gstg hnftlr sg fnbfubn kg nfugrkl flj gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr y gb plrfgjtncg kg fljtgjokl nr`öjofl npbofnjkl bn hoaurn ?->> "Fnebg kgrntoja vs inr`ljof woti sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" kg bn sgffoöj ?.9.5.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;> OGGG Ugfl``gjkgk ]rnftofg hlr Gbgftrof ]lwgr Kostroeutolj hlr h lr Ojkustronb ]bnjts (Ugk Elld).

 

9=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hoaurn ?->> "Fnebg kgrntoja vs inr`ljof woti sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" letgjokn kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;> Ugk Elld. Kgeokl n qug gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgpgjkg kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg kntls gb prlarn`n ojkofnrî bn bgygjkn "Jl Fnbf.". Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr y sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb nkgfunkl nb fnboerg, gstg kntl sg gjfljtrnrî kospljoebg gj bn pnjtnbbn. ]njtnbbn pugstn n togrrn gj 5 l `îs pujtls3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn

fu`pbor flj bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj 6>=-8=(f)(>) kg bn jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5, qug ojkofn3 >) ]njtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn. Bns n`pnfoknkgs kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?), 6>=-8=(f)(1=),

6>=-8=(f)(9>) y 6>=-8=(f)(95) slj pnrn fnebgs flj pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn gj uj pujtl slbn`gjtg. Funjkl bns pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns gstîj pugstns n togrrn gj `îs kg uj pujtl, bns n`pnfoknkgs sg kgegj ncustnr pnrn tgjgr gj fugjtn gb fnbgjtn`ogjtl kgeokl n bns flrrogjtgs ojkufokns gj bn pnjtnbbn `gtîbofn.

Kgsnhlrtujnkn`gjtg jo bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn jo gb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg kghojgj funb gs hnftlr kg ncustg rgqugrokl pnrn gb fnsl kg pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn gj `îs kg uj pujtl. ]lr bl qug sg rgfl`gjknràn rgnboznr uj fîbfubl plr sgpnrnkl kg bn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn gj bn pnjtnbbn plr gb ghgftl kg forfubnfoöj kg bns flrrogjtgs y nkofoljnr gstn gbgvnfoöj kg bn tg`pgrnturn gj bn fnpturn kggjbnbntg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg. Kgeokl nkgqug agjgrnb`gjtg bn forfubnfoöj flrrogjtgs pnjtnbbn agjgrn ujn gbgvnfoöj tg`pgrnturn prl`gkol kg gjtrg 6kgy 7 ½F gs ujn prîftofn fl`ój fljsokgrnr uj hnftlr kg ncustg kg =.? pnrn gstn fljkofoöj kg pugstn n togrrn. Voj g`enral, gj tlkl fnsl gs rgfl`gjknkl rgnboznr uj njîbosos

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

9>

kgb forfuotl rgsostovl tïr`ofl, npbofnr bn bgy kg li` n forfuotls tïr`ofls y fnbfubnr bn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn rgnb.  Gcg`pbl3

=.?

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr : >.=

Kghojokl plr Wsunrol3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn fu`pbor flj nbaujn

gspgfohofnfoöj pnrtofubnr kg prlygftl npbofnebg gj bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. Fl`l plr gcg`pbl fljsokgrg uj ojfrg`gjtl huturl kg fnran kgb 5=%, gj fuyl fnsl gb hnftlr kg ncustg sgrî =.9. Gstg hnftlr pugkg sgr jl`ernkl plr gb usunrol gj gb pro`gr fn`pl, y kghojor uj vnblr `nylr qug fgrl y `gjlr qug bn ujoknk gj gb sgaujkl fn`pl. Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr : >.=

[uel  F Fljkuot   Bn vgjtnjn kg Hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn [uel fljtogjg bns soauogjtgs lpfoljgs kg Hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs l kg ncustg pnrn tuel  slerg bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs ojstnbnkls gj tuel fljkuot.

Xgjtnjn kg Hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn tuel fljkuot (Encl gstîjknr JH]N 1=-JGF) ]lrfgjtncg kg fnran nr`öjofn (Hnftlr kg ncustg plr Fnran Nr`öjofn)3   Gs gb

ncustg n bn fnpnfoknk kkgg fljkuffoöj kgb fljkuftlr funjkl gst gstïï sg ojstnbn gj uj n`eogjtg kljkg sg gspgrn uj fljtgjokl nr`öjofl qug agjgrn kostlrsoöj gj bn ljkn hujkn`gjtnb y fl`l fljsgfugjfon agjgrn fnblr nkofoljnb gj gb fljkuftlr. Gstg hnftlr sg fnbfubn kg nfugrkl flj gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr y gb plrfgjtncg kg fljtgjokl nr`öjofl npbofnjkl bn hoaurn "Fnebg kgrntoja vs. inr`ljof woti>;> sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" kg bn ?->> sgffoöj ?.9.5.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk OGGG Ugfl``gjkgk ]rnftofg hlr Gbgftrof ]lwgr Kostroeutolj hlr Ojkustronb ]bnjts ]bnj ts (Ugk Elld).

 

95  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hoaurn ?->> "Fnebg kgrntoja vs inr`ljof woti sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" letgjokn kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;> Ugk Elld.

Kgeokl n qug gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgpgjkg kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg kntls gb prlarn`n ojkofnrî bn bgygjkn "Jl Kosp" nsà fl`l fn`pl Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg tuel. Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr y sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb nkgfunkl nb fnboerg, gstg kntl sg gjfljtrnrî kospljoebg gj bn pnjtnbbn. Hnftlr kg ncustg plr narupn`ogjtl3   Gs gb ncustg n rgnboznr gj bn fnpnfoknk kg

fljkuffoöj kgb fljkuftlr funjkl gstg sg ojstnbn flj `îs kg 6 fljkuftlrgs nftovls kg nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj 6>=->7(e)(6)(n)3 6) Hnftlrgs Hnftlrgs k g ncustg.

n) @îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg. Funjkl gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg gs `nylr kg trgs, l funjkl bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs l fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs sg ojstnbnj soj fljsgrvnr su sgpnrnfoöj gj ujn bljaotuk fljtojun `nylr kg 8= fgjtà`gtrls y jl gstîj ojstnbnkls gj fnjnboznfoljgs, bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg fnkn fljkuftlr sg kgeg rgkufor fl`l sg obustrn gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(6)(n). Fnkn fljkuftlr plrtnklr kg flrrogjtg kg uj arupl kg fljkuftlrgs gj pnrnbgbl sg kgeg fljtnr fl`l uj fljkuftlr plrtnklr kg flrrogjtg. Funjkl fljkuftlrgs kg sostg`ns kohgrgjtgs, fl`l sg gstnebgfg gj 6==-6, gstîj ojstnbnkls gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg fl`ój, bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg `lstrnkls gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(E(6))(n) sg kgegj npbofnr ójofn`gjtg n bls fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn y nbu`ernkl (Nrtàfubls 5>=, 5>7, 55= y 56=).  

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

96

JL[N >3 Xïnsg gb npïjkofg N, [nebn E.6>=->7(e)(5)(>>), pnrn bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn `îs kg trgs

fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg flj fnran kovgrsohofnkn. JL[N 53 Xïnsg 688-56(n) gj rgbnfoöj flj bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn fljkuftlrgs gj fnjnbgs nuxobonrgs kg bî`ojn `gtîbofn y 618-55(e) pnrn bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn fljkuftlrgs gj kuftls `gtîbofls.

(>) Funjkl bls fljkuftlrgs gstïj ojstnbnkls gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs, sg kgeg npbofnr bl gstnebgfokl gj 6?5-9=. (5) Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg jl sg kgegj npbofnr n bls fljkuftlrgs gj fnjnboznfoljgs fuyn bljaotuk jl supgrg bls 8= fgjtà`gtrls. (6) Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg jl sg kgegj npbofnr n fljkuftlrgs suetgrrîjgls qug gjtrnj l snbanj kg ujn znjcn gxtgrolr, so gstîj prltgaokls hàsofn`gjtg plr tuel fljkuot `gtîbofl pgsnkl, tuel fljkuot f ljkuot `gtîbofl sg`opgsnkl, tuel fljkuot ràaokl kg plbofblrurl kg vojobl topl ]XF l tuel fljkuot kg rgsojn tgr`lhocn rghlrznkn U[UF gj ujn bljaotuk jl `nylr n 6.== `gtrls, y so gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs jl pnsn kg funtrl. (;) Jl sg kgegj npbofnr hnftlrgs kg ncustg n fnebgs kg topl NF l kg topl @F encl bns ssoauogjtgs oauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Bls fnebgs jl togjgj fueogrtn gxtgrolr tltnb e. Fnkn fnebg jl togjg `îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg f. Bls fljkuftlrgs kg tn`nþl 6.6> ``µ (>5 NQA) k. Jl `îs kg 5= fljkuftlrgs kg hnsg slj ojstnbnkls soj fljsgrvnr bn sgpnrnfoöj, gstîj npobnkls l nplynkls gj njobbls kg rgtgjfoöj. (7) Vg kgeg npbofnr uj hnftlr kg ncustg kgb 8= plr fogjtl n bls ffnebgs nebgs topl NF l topl @F encl bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Bls fnebgs jl togjgj fueogrtn gxtgrolr tltnb e. Gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gxfgkgj kg 5=. f. Bls fnebgs gstîj n`ljtljnkls l narupnkls gj ujn bljaotuk kg `îs kg 8= fgjtà`gtrls soj fljsgrvnr bn sgpnrnfoöj. e) @îs kg uj tuel fljkuot, tuel l fnjnboznfoöj. Vg kgeg `njtgjgr bn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg tuels fljkuots, tuels l fnjnboznfoljgs.

]nrn fu`pbor flj bns fljkofoljgs kg bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg plr narupn`ogjtl kg bn jltn > kg bn sgffoöj 6>=->7(e)(6)(n).Kgjtrl kgb prlarn`n sg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj L[UL kgjtrl kg bn bostn kg hnftlrgs kg narupn`ogjtl pnrn bls fnsls kg >= l `îs fljkuftlrgs nftovls gj ujn `os`n fnjnboznfoöj flj ujn `óbtopbg kovgrsoknk kg fnrans y plstgrolr`gjtg fnpturnr gb plrfgjtncg kg ncustg npbofnebg fljsokgrnjkl gb hnftlr kg kg`njkn ojkofnkl gj gb pog kg bn tnebn njtgs rghgrokn. Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3

=.= 2 Xnblr : >.=

 

9;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]njtnbbn pugstn n togrrn gj 5 l `îs pujtls3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn

fu`pbor flj bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj 6>=-8=(f)(>) kg bn jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5, qug ojkofn3 >) ]njtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn. Bns n`pnfoknkgs kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?), 6>=-

8=(f)(1=), 6>=-8=(f)(9>) y 6>=-8=(f)(95) slj pnrn fnebgs flj pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn gj ujbnspujtl slbn`gjtg.sgFunjkl pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns gstîj pugstns n togrrn gjkgeokl `îs kg uj pujtl, n`pnfoknkgs kgegj bns ncustnr pnrn tgjgr gj fugjtn gb fnbgjtn`ogjtl n bns flrrogjtgs ojkufokns gj bn pnjtnbbn `gtîbofn.

Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3 =.= 2 Xnblr : >.=

Hnftlr kg ncustg plr gxplsofoöj n buz slbnr gj tgfils . Funjkl sg in

sgbgffoljnkl bn jlr`n lhofonb @gxofnjn fl`l frotgrol pnrn fîbfubl, gb hnftlr kg ncustg plr gxplsofoöj n rnkonfoöj slbnr gj nzltgns kgeg npganrsg n bls ojkofnkl gj bn sgffoöj 6>=->7(e)(6)(f)

f) Fnjnboznfoljgs forfubnrgs gxpugstns n bn buz slbnr gj nzltgns . Funjkl bls fljkuftlrgs l fnebgs sg ojstnbnj gj fnjnboznfoljgs forfubnrgs gxpugstns n bn buz slbnr korgftn gj l plr gjfo`n kg nzltgns, bls vnblrgs qug sg ojkofnj gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(6)(f) sg kgegj narganr n bn tg`pgrnturn gxtgrolr pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg flrrgspljkogjtg pnrn bn npbofnfoöj kg bls hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj flrr gffoöj kg bns [nebns 6>=->7(e)(5)(n) ö 6>=->7(e)(5)(e).

Funjkl sg in sgbgffoljnkl bn jlr`n JH]N 1= Vg npbofn gb ojfrg`gjtl kg tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg qug rlkgn nb fljkuftlr fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn tnebn 6>=.>7(E)(5) kgb JGF-5=>1. Bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg fljsokgrnkn pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn gs nkofoljnkn flj bn tg`pgrnturn ojkofnkn kgjtrl kg bn tnebn 6>=.>7(E)(5)(f) Kghojokl Kg hojokl plr Wsunrol3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn plkgr fu`pbor flj nbaujn

gspgfohofnfoöj pnrtofubnr kg prlygftl npbofnebg gj bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. Gstg hnftlr pugkg sgr jl`ojnkl plr gb usunrol gj gb pro`gr fn`pl, y kghojor uj vnblr `nylr qug fgrl y `gjlr qug bn ujoknk gj gb sgaujkl fn`pl. Gcg`pbl3

=.8=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

97

Kuftl   Bn vgjtnjn kg Hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn kuftl fljtogjg bns soauogjtgs lpfoljgs kg Kgfrg`gjtl l kg ncustg  slerg bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs ojstnbnkls gj kuftls l korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls.

Xgjtnjn kg Hnftlrgs kg ncustg pnrn kuftl y fnebgs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls

 

98  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

[g`pgrnturn kgb tgrrgjl3 Gs g`pbgnkn pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb Hnftlr kg ncustg plr

tg`pgrnturn kgb tgrrgjl. Fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn sgffoöj >6.;.> kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 6?? ïstg hnftlr gs usnkl pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs funjkl bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg y/l bn `îxo`n tg`pgrnturn pgr`osoebg kohogrgj kg bns tg`pgrnturns n bns funbgs, bns fnpnfoknkgs kg fljkuffoöj ensg, (ojkofnkns gj bns tnebns) gstîj fnbfubnkns. Bn gxprgsoöj g`pbgnkn gj gb prlarn`n pnrn fnbfubnr gb ghgftl kgb fn`eol ggjj bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kgb tgrr tgrrgjl gjl gstî knkl plr bns soauogjtgs gfunfoljgs3

Kljkg3 [f3

Gs bn tg`pgrnturn jl`ojnb kgb fljkuftlr gj ½F n bn funb bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj gstî gspgfohofnkn

['f3

Gs bn `îxo`n tg`pgrnturn pgr`osoebg kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr gj ½F

[n3

Gs bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg fljkuffoöj gstî gspgfohofnkn

['n3

Gs bn tg`pgrnturn nftunb (`îxo`n) kgb sugbl gj½F

gj

½F

n

bn

funb

bn

fnpnfoknk

kg

Fljsokgrg qug bls vnblrgs kg tg`pgrnturn pgr`osoebg kg lpgrnfoöj gs hocn ([g`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr) pnrn gb fîbfubl kgb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb.

]lrfgjtncg kg fnran nr`öjofn (Hnftlr kg ncustg plr Fnran Nr`öjofn)3   Gs gb

ncustg n bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kgb fljkuftlr funjkl ïst ïstgg sg ojstnbn gj uj n`eogjtg kljkg sg gspgrn uj fljtgjokl nr`öjofl qug agjgrn kostlrsoöj gj bn ljkn hujkn`gjtnb y fl`l fljsgfugjfon agjgrn fnblr nkofoljnb gj gb fljkuftlr. Gstg hnftlr sg fnbfubn kg nfugrkl flj gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr y gb plrfgjtncg kg fljtgjokl nr`öjofl npbofnjkl bn hoaurn ?->> "Fnebg kgrntoja vs inr`ljof woti sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" kg bn sgffoöj ?.9.5.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;> OGGG Ugfl``jgkgk ]rnftofg hlr Gbgftrof ]lwgr Kostroeutolj hlr Ojkustronb Ojkus tronb ]bnjts (Ugk Elld).

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

91

Hoaurn ?->> "Fnebg kgrntoja vs inr`ljof woti sox pubsg inr`ljof furrgjt kostlrsolj" letgjokn kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;> Ugk Elld.

Kgeokl n qug gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgpgjkg kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg kntls gb prlarn`n ojkofnrî bn bgygjkn "Jl Kosp" gj gb fn`pl kgb Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg Kuftl flrrgspljkogjtg. Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr y sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb nkgfunkl nb fnboerg, gstg kntl sg gjfljtrnrî kospljoebg gj bn pnjtnbbn.  Narr up n`o  Na n`ogj gjtl tl (Hnf (Hnftl tl r kg ncu ncuss tg pl r nar up n`o gjt gjtl l gj fl jk uo t)3   Gs gb ncustg n

rgnboznr gj bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kgb fljkuftlr funjkl gstg sg ojstnbn flj `îs kg 6 fljkuftlrgs nftovls kg nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj 6>=->7(e)(6)(n)3 6) Hnftl Hnftlrgs rgs kg ncus ncustg. tg.

n) @îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg. Funjkl gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg gs `nylr kg trgs, l funjkl bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs l fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs sg ojstnbnj soj fljsgrvnr su sgpnrnfoöj gj ujn bljaotuk fljtojun `nylr kg 8= fgjtà`gtrls y jl gstîj ojstnbnkls gj fnjnboznfoljgs, bn n`pnfoknk pgr`osoebg kg fnkn fljkuftlr sg kgeg rgkufor fl`l sg obustrn gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(6)(n). Fnkn fljkuftlr plrtnklr kg flrrogjtg kg uj arupl kg fljkuftlrgs gj pnrnbgbl sg kgeg fljtnr fl`l uj fljkuftlr plrtnklr kg flrrogjtg. Funjkl fljkuftlrgs kg sostg`ns kohgrgjtgs, fl`l sg gstnebgfg gj 6==-6, gstîj ojstnbnkls gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg fl`ój, bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg `lstrnkls gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(E(6))(n) sg kgegj npbofnr ójofn`gjtg n bls fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn y nbu`ernkl (Nrtàfubls 5>=, 5>7, 55= y 56=).

 

99  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

JL[N >3 Xïnsg gb npïjkofg N, [nebn E.6>=->7(e)(5)(>>), pnrn bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg

pnrn kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj l fnebg flj fnran`îs kovgrsohofnkn. (5) Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg jl sg kgegj npbofnr n bls fljkuftlrgs gj fnjnboznfoljgs fuyn bljaotuk jl supgrg bls 8= fgjtà`gtrls. (6) Bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg jl sg kgegj npbofnr n fljkuftlrgs suetgrrîjgls qug gjtrnj l snbanj kg ujn znjcn gxtgrolr, so gstîj prltgaokls hàsofn`gjtg plr tuel fljkuot `gtîbofl pgsnkl, tuel fljkuot `gtîbofl sg`opgsnkl, tuel fljkuot ràaokl kg plbofblrurl kg vojobl topl ]XF l tuel fljkuot kg rgsojn tgr`lhocn rghlrznkn U[UF gj ujn bljaotuk jl `nylr n 6.== `gtrls, y so gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs jl pnsn kg funtrl. (;) Jl sg kgegj npbofnr hnftlrgs kg ncustg n fnebgs kg topl NF l kg topl @F encl bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Bls fnebgs jl togjgj fueogrtn gxtgrolr tltnb e. Fnkn fnebg jl togjg `îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg f. Bls fljkuftlrgs kg tn`nþl 6.6> ``µ (>5 NQA) k. Jl `îs kg 5= fljkuftlrgs kg hnsg slj ojstnbnkls soj fljsgrvnr bn sgpnrnfoöj, gstîj npobnkls l nplynkls gj njobbls kg rgtgjfoöj. (7) Vg kgeg npbofnr uj hnftlr kg ncustg kgb 8= plr fogjtl n bls fnebgs topl NF l topl @F encl bns soauogjtgs fljkofoljgs3 n. Bls fnebgs jl togjgj fueogrtn gxtgrolr tltnb e. Gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gxfgkgj kg 5=. f. Bls fnebgs gstîj n`ljtljnkls l narupnkls gj ujn bljaotuk kg `îs kg 8= fgjtà`gtrls soj fljsgrvnr bn sgpnrnfoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

9?

e) @îs kg uj tuel fljkuot, tuel l fnjnboznfoöj. Vg kgeg `njtgjgr bn sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg tuels fljkuots, tuels l fnjnboznfoljgs. 

]rlhujkoknk kgb kuftl3  Gs bn kostnjfon `gkokn kgb jovgb kg posl tgr`ojnkl n bn fnrn

supgrolr kgb kuftl. Gstn `gkofoöj gs usnkn pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb hnftlr kg ncustg plr prlhujkoknk kgb kuftl. Gb hnftlr kg ncustg plr prlhujkoknk gs usnkl pnrn fu`pbor flj bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj 6>=-8=(f)(5) kg bn jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>VGKG 5=>5, qug ojkofn3

5) ]rlhujko ]rlhujko knk kg gjtg gjtgrrn`ogjtl rrn`ogjtl kg fo forfuo rfuotls tls s uetgrrîjgls. Funjkl sg `lkohofn bn

prlhujkoknk kg gjtgrrn`ogjtl, kg forfuotls korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls l kg enjfls kg kuftls gbïftrofls, flj rgbnfoöj n bls vnblrgs `lstrnkls gj bns hoaurns l gj bns tnebns, sg pgr`otorî `lkohofnr bns n`pnfoknkgs tnb fl`l sg ojkofn gj (n) y (e) soauogjtgs3 n. Funjkl bn prlhujkoknk kg gjtgrrn`ogjtl sg nu`gjtn gj pnrtg kg uj trn`l kgb kuftl gbïftrofl, jl gs jgfgsnrol rgkufor bn n`pnfoknk kg bls fljkuftlrgs, sog`prg y funjkl bn bljaotuk tltnb kg bns pnrtgs kgb tgjkokl kgb kuftl gj qug sg nu`gjtn bn prlhujkoknk sgn `gjls kgb 57 plr fogjtl kg bn bljaotuk tltnb kgb tgjkokl. e. Funjkl bns prlhujkoknkgs kg gjtgrrn`ogjtl slj `nylrgs n bns prgsgjtnkns gj ujn tnebn l hoaurn gspgfàhofn kg n`pnfoknk gj ojstnbnfoljgs suetgrrîjgns, sg pgr`otorî uj hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj kg bn n`pnfoknk kgb 8 plr fogjtl plr fnkn 6= fgjtà`gtrls kg nu`gjtl gj bn prlhujkoknk pnrn tlkls bls vnblrgs kg rgsostovoknk tïr`ofn (Uil). Jl gs jgfgsnrol uj fn`eol gj gb vnblr kg bn n`pnfoknk funjkl sg rgkuzfn bn prlhujkoknk kg gjtgrrn`ogjtl.

Bn jltn n bls nrrgabls kg kuftls kgjtrl kgb JH]N 1= (Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg) kgjtrl kg bn Hoaurn "'6>=.8= Fnebg Ojstnbbntolj Ko`gjsoljs hlr Wsg woti [nebg 6>=.11 trluai tnebg 6>=.98" kgsfroeg bns `îxo`ns prlhujkoknkgs pgr`otokns pnrn fljsokgrnr bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs soj kgfrg`gjtl.

Jltn letgjokn kg bn hoaurn 6>=.8= JH]N-1= Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5=>1.

Gstn jltn sg gjfugjtrn tn`eoïj kghojokn kgjtrl kg bn hoaurn Hoaurn 6>=-8=.Ko`gjsoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj kg fnebgs pnrn usl flj bns [nebns 6>=-8=f)(11) n 6>=8=f)(98) kg bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 kg bn soauogjtg `njgrn. Jltn >.- Bns prlhujkoknkgs `àjo`ns kg gjtgrrn`ogjtl instn bn pnrtg supgrolr kg bls kuftls gbïftrofls l fnebgs kgegj gstnr kg nfugrkl flj 6==-7=. Bn prlhujkoknk `îxo`n instn bn pnrtg supgrolr kg bls enjfls kg kuftls gbïftrofls kgeg sgr kg 17= `obà`gtrls y bn prlhujkoknk `îxo`n instn bn pnrtg supgrolr kg bls fnebgs gjtgrrnkls korgftn`gjtg kgskg sgr kg ?== `obà`gtrls 

Gb prlarn`n g`pbgn bls soauogjtgs nbalrot`ls pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb vnblr kgb hnftlr kg ncustg plr prlhujkoknk3 ]nrn kuftls gjtgrrnkls (Kgtnbbg kg ojstnbnfoöj > n ;)3 Hnftl Hn ftlrr k g Ncus Ncustg tg plr prl prlhujk hujk oknk 0 >-((( >-(((]rlhu ]rlhujkok jkok nk -=.17) -=.17) / =. =.6 6 ) *= .=8 .=8))

 

?=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]rlhujkoknk 0 ]rlhujkoknk `gkokn nb jovgb supgrolr kg kuftl gj `gtrls. ]nrn fljkuftlrgs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls gjtgrrnkls (Kgtnbbg kg ojstnbnfoöj kg 7 n >=) Hnftlr k g Ncus Ncustg tg plr pl r p rlhu jkoknk jko knk 0>-( 0>-(((] ((]rlh rlhujk ujkoknk oknk - =.?) =.?) / = =.6 .6)) * =.=8 =.=8))

]rlhujkoknk 0 ]rlhujkoknk `gkokn nb jovgb supgrolr kg fljkuftlrgs gj `gtrls. ]njtnbbn pugstn n togrrn gj 5 l `îs pujtls3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn

fu`pbor flj bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj 6>=-8=(f)(>) kg bn jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5, qug ojkofn3 >) ]njtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn. Bns n`pnfoknkgs kg bns [nebns 6>=-8=(f)(8?), 6>=-8=(f)(1=),

6>=-8=(f)(9>) y 6>=-8=(f)(95) slj pnrn fnebgs flj pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns n togrrn gj uj pujtl slbn`gjtg. Funjkl bns pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns gstîj pugstns n togrrn gj `îs kg uj pujtl, bns n`pnfoknkgs sg kgegj ncustnr pnrn tgjgr gj fugjtn gb fnbgjtn`ogjtl kgeokl n bns flrrogjtgs ojkufokns gj bn pnjtnbbn `gtîbofn.

Kgsnhlrtujnkn`gjtg jo bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn jo gb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg kghojgj gsgjhnftlr kg uj ncustg pnrn gb fnsl kg pnjtnbbns `gtîbofns pugstns nfunb togrrn `îs kg pujtl.rgqugrokl ]lr bl qug sg rgfl`gjknràn rgnboznr uj fîbfubl plr sgpnrnkl kg bn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn gj bn pnjtnbbn plr gb ghgftl kg forfubnfoöj kg bns flrrogjtgs y nkofoljnr gstn gbgvnfoöj kg bn tg`pgrnturn gj bn fnpturn kg bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg. Kgeokl n qug agjgrnb`gjtg bn forfubnfoöj kg flrrogjtgs gj bn pnjtnbbn agjgrn ujn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn prl`gkol kg gjtrg 6 y 7 ½F gs ujn prîftofn fl`ój fljsokgrnr uj hnftlr kg ncustg kg =.? pnrn gstn fljkofoöj kg pugstn n togrrn. Voj g`enral, gj tlkl fnsl gs rgfl`gjknkl rgnboznr uj njîbosos kgb forfuotl rgsostovl tïr`ofl, npbofnr bn bgy kg li` n forfuotls tïr`ofls y fnbfubnr bn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn rgnb.  Gcg`pbl3

=.8=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

Kghojokl Kg hojokl plr Wsunrol3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn plkgr fu`pbor flj nbaujn

gspgfohofnfoöj pnrtofubnr kg prlygftl npbofnebg gj bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. Gstg hnftlr pugkg sgr jl`ernkl plr gb usunrol gj gb pro`gr fn`pl, y kghojor uj vnblr `nylr qug fgrl y `gjlr qug bn ujoknk gj gb sgaujkl fn`pl. Gcg`pbl3

=.8=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

Kohgrgjfons gj bn rgsostovoknk tïr`ofn UIL3 Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn

fu`pbor flj bns rgfl`gjknfoljgs kg bn sgffoöj >6.;.5 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6?? qug ojkofn3 "Bn rgsostovoknk tïr`ofn kgb sugbl (UIL) ojkofn bn rgsostgjfon n bn kosopnfoöj kg fnblr kgb sugbl gj ½F-f`/Q. Bns tnebns >6-7 n >6->1 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6?? kgsfroegj bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg rgqugrokls funjkl bn rgsostovoknk tïr`ofn rgnb kgb sugbl gs kohgrgjtg nb UIL kg ?= ½F-f`/Q nb funb sg gjfugjtrnj gspgfohofnkns bns tnebns kg

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

?>

fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj. Gstns tnebns gstîj fnbfubnkns ensnkns gj bn fljsokgrnfoöj kg qug gb sugbl togjg ujn rgsostovoknk tïr`ofn ujohlr`g y fljstnjtg." Kgeokl n qug bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg vnrànj kgpgjkogjkl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof sgbgffoljn gb g b hnftlr nkgfunkl pnrn gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl, tl`njkl fl`l ensg gb vnblr rgnb kg UIL y kgb jó`grl kg forfuotls kgjtrl kgb nrrgabl kg kuftl kg nfugrkl n bns soauogjtgs tnebns gxtrnàkns kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6??3

 

?5  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Kgeokl n qug gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgpgjkg kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg kntls gb prlarn`n ojkofnrî bn bgygjkn "Jl Kosp" nsà fl`l fn`pl Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg tuel. Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr y sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb nkgfunkl nb fnboerg, fnboer g, gstg kntl sg gjflj gjfljtrnrî trnrî kosp ljoe bg gj bn pnjtnbbn.  0 Gcg`pbl3

=.8=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

 Naru  Na ru pn` ogj tl kg tu tuel el s gj ku ft l (Hnf (Hnftl tlrr kg ncu stg st g pl r ) 3 Gs `uy fl`ój qug

pnrn nbaujns ojstnbnfoljgs kg kuftls gb usl kg bls nrrgabls qug npnrgfgj gj gb JGF5=>1(Hoaurg 6>=.8= Fnebg Ojstnbbntolj ko`gjsoljs hlr Wsg woti tnebg 6>=-11 trluai [nebg 6>=.98) l gj bn jlr`n lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG jl gs npbofnebg. Funjkl sg rgquogrg uj kosgþl kg kuftl kohgrgjtg, sg pugkgj npbofnr bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg kghojokls gj bn sgffoöj >6.;.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk Vtk 6?? n bn ojstnbnfoöj kg kuftl ‒Kgtnbbg >‐, pnrn letgjgr bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg jgfgsnron pnrn bls kosgþls kg instn ; hobns plr >7 flbu`jns. Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn fu`pbor flj bns rgfl`gjknfoljgs kg bn sgffoöj >6.;.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6?? qug ojkofn3 . "Ha (Hnftlr kg ncustg plr narupn`ogjtl). Bls fnebgs narupnkls lpgrnrîj n ujn tg`pgrnturn `nylr qug bls fnebgs nosbnkls. Gb ojfrg`gjtl gj bn tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj gs kgeokl n bn prgsgjfon kg ltrls fnebgs gj gb arupl bls funbgs nftónj fl`l hugjtgs kg fnblr. ]lr bl tnjtl gb ojfrg`gjtl kg tg`pgrnturn kg ojtgrhgrgjfon prlvgjogjtg kg ltrls fnebgs gj gb arupl, kgpgjkgj kg bn sgpnrnfoöj kg bls fnebgs y kgb `gkol forfujknjtg".

]nrn kuftl suetgrrîjgl flj tgjsoljgs `gjlrgs kg 7=== Xlbts, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof fljsokgrn gb hnftlr kg ncustg kg nfugrkl flj gb jó`grl kg rgjabljgs flbu`jns y kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr npbofnjkl bn soauogjtg tnebn (Gxtrnàkn kgb OGGG Vtk. 6??)3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

?6

 

?;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]nrn kuftls suetgrrîjgls flj tgjsoljgs `gjlrgs kg 7==> n 67=== Xlbts, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof fljsokgrn gb hnftlr kg ncustg kg nfugrkl flj gb jó`grl kg rgjabljgs, flbu`jns y kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr npbofnjkl bn soauogjtg tnebn (Gxtrnàkn kgb OGGG Vtk. 6??)3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

?7

Hnftlr Hn ftlr kg ncustg plr narupn`ogjtl kg f ljkuftlr gs korgftn`g korgftn`gjtg jtg gjtg gjtgrrnkls3 rrnkls3 Gs

`uy fl`ój qug pnrn nbaujns ojstnbnfoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls gb usl kg bls nrrgabls qug npnrgfgj gj gb JGF-5=>1 (Hoaurg 6>=.8= Fnebg Ojstnbbntolj ko`gjsoljs hlr Wsg woti tnebg 6>=-11 trluai [nebg 6>=.98) l gj bn jlr`n lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG jl slj npbofnebgs. Funjkl sg rgquogrg uj nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs kohgrgjtg, sg pugkgj npbofnr bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg kghojokls gj bn sgffoöj >6.;.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6?? n bn ojstnbnfoöj ojstnbnfoöj kg fnegs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls ‒Kgtnbbg 7‐,  pnrn letgjgr bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg jgfgsnron pnrn bls kosgþls kg nrrgabls kg instn 5 hobns plr >5 flbu`jns. Gstg hnftlr kg ncustg gs usnkl pnrn fu`pbor flj bns rgfl`gjknfoljgs kg bn sgffoöj >6.;.6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 6?? qug ojkofn3 . "Ha (Hnftlr kg ncustg plr narupn`ogjtl). Bls fnebgs narupnkls lpgrnrîj n ujn tg`pgrnturn `nylr qug bls fnebgs nosbnkls. Gb ojfrg`gjtl gj bn

 

?8  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj gs kgeokl n bn prgsgjfon kg ltrls fnebgs gj gb arupl bls funbgs nftónj fl`l hugjtgs kg fnblr. ]lr bl tnjtl gb ojfrg`gjtl kg tg`pgrnturn kg ojtgrhgrgjfon prlvgjogjtg kg ltrls fnebgs gj gb arupl, kgpgjkgj kg bn sgpnrnfoöj kg bls fnebgs fne bgs y kgb `gkol forfujknjtg". ]nrn fljkuftlrgs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof fljsokgrn gb hnftlr kg ncustg kg nfugrkl flj gb jó`grl kg fnpns y flj gb jó`grl kg fnebgs ilrozljtnbgs npbofnjkl bn soauogjtg tnebn (Gxtrnàkn kgb OGGG Vtk. 6??)3

Gcg`pbl3

=.99

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

 N org   Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb norg3  Gs gb kgfrg`gjtl qug kgeg infgrsg gj bn fnpnfoknk kg

fljkuffoöj kg bls nbo`gjtnklrgs, plr bns fljkofoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj l plr bns jgfgsoknkgs kgb usunrol Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

?1

@gjsn cgrl   Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb `gjsncgrl3   Gs gb kgfrg`gjtl qug kgeg infgrsg gj bn

fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg bls nbo`gjtnklrgs, plr bns fljkofoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj l plr bns jgfgsoknkgs kgb usunrol. Gcg`pbl3

=.11

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >.=

[opl kg `ntgronb3  Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg prlplrfoljnr gb `ntgronb kg bn fnjnboznfoöj

n g`pbgnr, y gj gb fnsl kg qug sg fljsokgrg uj sostg`n flj tuel y finrlbn (N), gb usunrol prlplrfoljnrî gb kntl kgb `ntgronb qug prgkl`ojg pnrn bls kls topls kg fnjnboznfoöj. Vg fljsokgrnj ; topls kg `ntgronbgs pnrn gb fîbfubl, Hogrrl anbvnjoznkl, nbu`ojol, ]XF y HU]. Bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb `ntgronb gs g`pbgnkn pnrn bn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bn rgnftnjfon kgb forfuotl nhgftnkn plr `ntgronbgs `najïtofls l jl `najïtofls. . Gcg`pbl3

Nfgrl

Xnboknfoöj3

Nfgrl, Nbu`ojol, ]XF, HU] l Fg`gjtl

[opl kg fnebg3  Gj gstg fn`pl sg kghojg gb topl kg fnebg n utoboznr. Bls topls kg fnebg

sg kghojgj kg nfugrkl flj bns kghojofoljgs agjïrofns kghojokns gj bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>- VGKG-5=>5 y JGF-5=>1. Gcg`pbl3

@ljlplbnr

Xnboknfoöj3

@ljlplbnr, @ljlplbnr nr`nkl, `ljlplbnr gj trïelb, troplbnr, troplbnr nr`nkl, tropbgx

[g`p. @îx. Fljgftlrgs3   Gstg fn`pl gs utoboznkl pnrn kghojor bn `îxo`n

kg bn blsg`pbgnkn fljgftlrgs sostg`n. Gs kg o`plrtnjtg nfbnrnr qug gstn tg`pgrnturn sgrî pnrnkgb bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj bn n`pnfoknk kgb fljkuftlr funjkl sgn kghojokn flj uj vnblr kohgrgjtg bn `îxo`n tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Bl njtgrolr pnrn knr fu`pbo`ogjtl n bl ojkofnkl kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj >>=>;.  >>=->;. Fljgxoljgs gbïftrofns. Kgeokl n qug `gtnbgs kostojtls togjgj fnrnftgràstofns

kohgrgjtgs, bns tgr`ojnbgs n fl`prgsoöj, g`pnb`gs n fl`prgsoöj y tgr`ojnbgs slbknkns sg kgegj okgjtohofnr pnrn gb `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr y sg kgegj ojstnbnr y usnr nprlponkn`gjtg. Jl sg kgegj utoboznr, gj ujn tgr`ojnb l gj uj g`pnb`g, fljkuftlrgs kg `gtnbgs kostojtls funjkl inyn fljtnftl hàsofl gjtrg gbbls (fl`l plr gcg`pbl, flerg y nbu`ojol, flerg y nbu`ojol rgvgstokl kg flerg l nbu`ojol y nbu`ojol rgvgstokl kg flerg), n `gjls qug gb kosplsotovl gstï okgjtohofnkl pnrn gsg hoj y gsns fljkofoljgs kg usl. Vo sg utoboznj `ntgronbgs fl`l slbknkurn, hujkgjtgs, ojioeoklrgs y fl`pugstls, ïstls kgegj sgr nkgfunkls pnrn gb usl y kgegj sgr kg uj topl qug jl nhgftg jgantovn`gjtg n bls fljkuftlrgs, n bn ojstnbnfoöj l nbkggquopl. tgr`ojnbgsgjpnrn fljkuftlrgs flj fnebgnkls `îs hbgxoebgs qug bls Fbnsg EFljgftlrgs y Fbnsg F y`lstrnkls gb Fnpàtubl >=, [nebn >=, sg kgegj okgjtohofnr pnrn bn fbnsg l fbnsgs gspgfàhofns kg fljkuftlrgs.   JL[N3 Gj `ufins tgr`ojnbgs y gquopl sg ojkofn su pnr kg nprogtg.

JL[N3 Gj `ufins tgr`ojnbgs y gquopl sg ojkofn su pnr kg nprogtg.  

 

?9  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

n) [gr`ojnbgs. Kgeg nsgaurnrsg qug bn fljgxoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs n bns tgr`ojnbgs sg

inan kg hlr`n sgaurn, soj kgtgrolrnr bls fljkuftlrgs y kgeg infgrsg plr `gkol kg fljgftlrgs kg prgsoöj (ojfbuygjkl bls kg topl tlrjobbl), fljgftlrgs slbknebgs l g`pnb`gs n tgr`ojnbgs hbgxoebgs. Vg pgr`otg bn fljgxoöj plr `gkol kg pbnfn y tlrjobbl l pgrjl rlsfnkl y tugrfn gj pbnfns flj bns gsquojns bgvnjtnkns pnrn fljkuftlrgs flj tn`nþl 7.58 `` 5 (>= NQA) l `gjlrgs. Bns tgr`ojnbgs pnrn `îs kg uj fljkuftlr y bns tgr`ojnbgs utoboznkns pnrn fljgftnr nbu`ojol, kgegj gstnr okgjtohofnkns pnrn gsg usl.   e) G`pnb`gs. Bls fljkuftlrgs sg kgegj g`pnb`nr flj kosplsotovls nkgfunkls n kgfunkls sgaój su usl l flj slbknkurn kg erljfg, slbknkurn nutöagjn, l slbknkurn flj uj `gtnb hujkoebg l kg nbgnfoöj. Bls g`pnb`gs slbknkls kgegj ujorsg pro`grl, kg hlr`n qug nsgaurgj, njtgs kg slbknrsg, ujn fljgxoöj hor`g, tnjtl `gfîjofn fl`l gbïftrofn y kgspuïs slbknrsg (Xïnsg ?5>- 5;(e)). Bls g`pnb`gs, ujoljgs y gxtrg`ls boergs kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgegj fuerorsg flj uj nosbn`ogjtl gquovnbgjtg nb kg bls fljkuftlrgs l flj uj kosplsotovl nosbnjtg okgjtohofnkl pnrn gsg hoj. Bls fljgftlrgs l `gkols kg g`pnb`g kg bls fnebgs qug vnj korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls, kgegj gstnr nprlenkls pnrn gsg usl.  f) Bo`otnfoljgs plr tg`pgrnturn. Bn tg`pgrnturn jl`ojnb kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr, nslfonkn flj su n`pnfoknk, kgeg sgbgffoljnrsg y fllrkojnrsg kg hlr`n qug jl gxfgkn bn tg`pgrnturn jl`ojnb `îs encn kg funbquogr tgr`ojnb, fljkuftlr l kosplsotovl fljgftnkl. Vg pgr`otg gb usl kg fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn jl`ojnb `nylr qug bn gspgfohofnkn pnrn bns tgr`ojnbgs, funjkl sg utoboznj hnftlrgs kg ncustg plr tg`pgrnturn l kg flrrgffoöj plr n`pnfoknk l n`els.  >) Kosplsofoljgs pnrn gb gquopl. Bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bns kosplsofoljgs pnrn bns

tgr`ojnbgs kgb gquopl sg kgegj ensnr gj >>=->;(f)(>)(n) l (f)(>)(e). N `gjls qug gb gquopl gstï nprlenkl y `nrfnkl kg hlr`n kohgrgjtg, bn n`pnfoknk kgb fljkuftlr utoboznkn pnrn kgtgr`ojnr bns kosplsofoljgs pnrn bls tgr`ojnbgs kg gquopl sg kgeg ensnr gj bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(>8) y sgaój bns `lkohofnfoljgs nkgfunkns kg 6>=->7(e)(1).  n. Bns tgr`ojnbgs kg gquopls pnrn forfuotls kg >== n`pgrgs l `gjls l `nrfnkns pnrn fljkuftlrgs flj tn`nþl 5.=9 `` 5 n ;5.; `` 5 (>; NQA n > NQA), kgegj utoboznrsg slbn`gjtg gj ujl kg bls soauogjtgs3   (>) Fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl kg 8= ³F.  (5) Fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl `nylr, sog`prg y funjkl bn n`pnfoknk kg gstls fljkuftlrgs sg kgtgr`ojg tl`njkl fl`l ensg bn n`pnfoknk n 8= ½F kgb tn`nþl kgb fljkuftlr usnkl.   (6) Fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl `nylr, so gb gquopl gstî

nprlenkl g okgjtohofnkl pnrn tnbgs fljkuftlrgs.   (;) ]nrn `ltlrgs `nrfnkls flj bns bgtrns kg kosgþl E, F, K l G, sg pgr`otg gb usl kg fljkuftlrgs qug togjgj uj nosbn`ogjtl flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kg 17 ³F l `nylr sog`prg y funjkl bn n`pnfoknk kg tnbgs fljkuftlrgs jl gxfgkn kg bn n`pnfoknk pnrn 17 ³F.  e. Bns kosplsofoljgs pnrn bns tgr`ojnbgs kgb gquopl pnrn forfuotls flj uj vnblr jl`ojnb `nylr qug >== n`pgrgs, l `nrfnkls pnrn fljkuftlrgs kg tn`nþl `nylr qug ;5.; `` 5 (> NQA) sg kgegj usnr slbn`gjtg pnrn ujl kg bls soauogjtgs3   (>) Fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl kg 17 ³F.  (5) Fljkuftlrgs flj tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kgb nosbn`ogjtl `nylr, sog`prg y funjkl bn n`pnfoknk kg tnbgs fljkuftlrgs jl gxfgkn bn n`pnfoknk n 17 ½F. Gstg topl kg fljkuftlrgs tn`eoïj pugkgj utoboznrsg so gb gquopl gstî nprlenkl g okgjtohofnkl pnrn usl flj tnbgs fljkuftlrgs.  Gcg`pbl3  8= F 

Xnboknfoöj3   8=,17,?=,>=7,>7=,5== F 

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

??

Jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl3   Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr kg bn bostn gb jovgb kgb

nsobn`ogjtl npbofnebg pnrn gb fljkuftlr. Gb vnblr kghojokl sgrî g`pbgnkl pnrn fl`pbgtnr bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Gb jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl sg kgeg kghojor kg nfugrkl flj bns rghgrgjfons kg bn tnebn 6>=->=;(g)3

‒>

Jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb >== plr fogjtl. Vg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs kg gstn fntgalràn sg npboqugj funjkl gb sostg`n togjg prltgffoöj kg rgbgvnklr kg `lkl qug bns hnbbns n kg togrrn sg kgspgcnrîj rîpokl fl`lslj sgnnpbofnebgs plsoebg pgrl, funbquogr fnsl, gj `gjls > `ojutl. Nujqugtnj gstls fnebgs n bngj arnj `nylràn kg ojstnbnfoljgs qug gstîj gj sostg`ns pugstls n togrrn, tn`eoïj sg pgr`otorî su usl gj ltrls sostg`ns pnrn bls funbgs bn npbofnfoöj kg gstls fnebgs sgn nfgptnebg, sog`prg qug bls rgquosotls njtgrolrgs kg kgspgcg kg bns hnbbns sg fu`pbnj nb kgsgjgraoznr plr fl`pbgtl bn sgffoöj qug prgsgjtn bn hnbbn. 5 Jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb >66 plr fogjtl. Gstg jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl flrrgspljkg nb qug njtgrolr`gjtg sg kgsoajnen pnrn sostg`ns jl pugstls n togrrn. Vg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs kg gstn fntgalràn sg npboqugj gj sotunfoljgs gj kljkg bls rgquosotls kgb tog`pl kg kgspgcg pnrn bn fntgalràn kgb jovgb kg >== plr fogjtl jl sg pugkgj fu`pbor, y nój nsà gxostg bn sgauroknk suhofogjtg kg qug bn sgffoöj flj hnbbn sg kgsgjgraoznrî gj uj tog`pl jl supgrolr n > ilrn. Oaunb`gjtg, sg pgr`otorî su usl gj npbofnfoljgs flj jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl kg >== plr fogjtl funjkl sg kgsgn uj nosbn`ogjtl nkofoljnb. 6 Jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb >16 plr fogjtl. Vg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs kg gstn fntgalràn sg npboqugj encl tlkns bns fljkofoljgs soauogjtgs3 (>) Gj gstnebgfo`ogjtls ojkustronbgs funjkl bns fljkofoljgs kg `njtgjo`ogjtl y supgrvosoöj anrnjtofgj qug ójofn`gjtg pgrsljns fnbohofnkns ntgjkgrîj bn ojstnbnfoöj. (5) Funjkl bls rgquosotls kg tog`pl kg kgspgcg kg bn hnbbn kg bn fntgalràn flj jovgb kgb >66 plr fogjtl jl sg pugkgj fu`pbor. (6) Funjkl bn pnrnkn sostg`îtofn sgn gsgjfonb pnrn prltgagr nb gquopl y nb pgrsljnb. (;) Gxostg bn sgauroknk suhofogjtg kg qug bn sgffoöj qug prgsgjtn hnbbn sg kgsgjgraoznrî gj ujn pnrnkn sostg`îtofn. [n`eoïj sg pgr`otorî qug bls fnebgs flj gstg gspgslr kg nosbn`ogjtl sg usgj gj npbofnfoljgs flj jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb >== ö >66 plr fogjtl funjkl sg kgsgn ujn rgsostgjfon nkofoljnb kgb nosbn`ogjtl. ‐ Gcg`pbl3  >== % 

Xnboknfoöj3   >==, >66, >16% 

Fnàkn Fn àkn kg tgjsoö tgjsoöj3 j3  Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgegrî ojkofnr bn `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj qug

kgegrî tgjgr gb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl nb npbofnrsg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. Gb fîbfubl kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj sg rgnboznrn n pnrtor kgb `ïtlkl kgsfrotl n fljtojunfoöj3 Bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg uj sostg`n kg pltgjfon pugkg fnbfubnrsg sgbgffoljnjkl bn hör`ubn `îs nprlponkn pnrn bn prgfosoöj kgsgnkn y bn tgjsoöj qug sg fljlfg, fl`l bn

kgb gxtrg`l kg bn fnran l gb gxtrg`l kg bn hugjtg kgb forfuotl.

 

>==  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hör`ubns pnrn fîbfubl kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj3 Gj bns soauogjtgs hör`ubns, bns tgjsoljgs y bns bns fnàkns kg tgjsoöj sg rrghogrgj ghogrgj kg bn bàjgn nb jgutrl. ]nrn letgjgr bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bàjgn kg uj sostg`n trohîsofl, sg kgeg `ubtopbofnr bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bàjgn n jgutrl plr bn rnàz funkrnkn kg trgs. Gj Gstnkls ujokls, pnrn sostg`ns `ljlhîsofls, fnàkn kg 5. bàjgn n bàjgn, sg letogjg `ubtopbofnjkl bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöjbnkg bàjgnkgn tgjsoöj jgutrl plr Encl fogrtns fljkofoljgs, sg pugkg letgjgr uj rgsubtnkl flj soajl jgantovl flj bns soauogjtgs hlr`ubns. Gj tnbgs fnsls gb rgsubtnkl kgeg ojtgrprgtnrsg fl`l gvokgjfon kg qug bn tgjsoöj kg bn fnran gs `nylr qug bn tgjsoöj kg bn hugjtg. Voj g`enral, gstls fnsls sgrîj rnrls pugstl qug bn arnj `nylràn kg bls sostg`ns tgjkrîj tgjsoljgs kg fnran qug sgnj `gjlrgs qug bls vlbtncgs kg bn hugjtg. Bn jl`gjfbnturn g`pbgnkn gj bns hlr`ubns gs fl`l soaug3 G

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bàjgn n jgutrl.

Gs

[gjsoöj kg bàjgn n jgutrl gj gb gxtrg`l kg bn hugjtg.

Gr

[gjsoöj kg bàjgn n jgutrl gj gb gxtrg`l kg bn fnran. Njaubl fuyl flsgjl gs gs gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kg bn fnran.

 



O

Flrrogjtg kg bàjgn.

U

Ugsostgjfon kgb forfuotl gj li`s.

Y

Fls   Vgj  

Ugnftnjfon kgb forfuotl gj li`s (]lr fljvgjfoöj, bn rgnftnjfon ojkuftovn gs plsotovn plsotovn y bn rgnftnjfon fnpnfotovn gs jgantovn). Hnftlr kg pltgjfon kg bn fnran gj kgfo`nbgs. Hnftlr rgnftovl kg bn fnran gj kgfo`nbgs (]lr fljvgjfoöj, sgj   gs

plsotovl y pnrn fnrans flj hnftlr kg pltgjfon nkgbnjtnkl) Bns soauogjtgs hlr`ubns slj gxnftns, so sg fljlfg Gr



>

 G    Gr  fls    O   U       Gr  sgj    O    Y   5

5

 



5

   Gr 

Vo sg fljlfg Gs



>

 G    Gs   O   U  fls    O    Y   sgj       Gs     O    Y   fls    O   U  sgj  5

5



5

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>=>

]nrn prlpösotls `îs prîftofls, bn soauogjtg hlr`ubn nprlxo`nkn gs kg ujn prgfosoöj suhofogjtg.  G    O     U  fls    Y     sgj 

Kgjtrl kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof sg rgnbozn gb fîbfubl kg bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gxprgsnkl gj plr fogjtl g`pbgnjkl bns soauogjtgs hlr`ubns3 ]nrn forfuotls trohîsofls3   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

6  B   g% 

 

]nrn forfuotls `ljlhîsofls3   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH  

5  B   g% 

X   >=

Kljkg3 g%

 

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl.

B

Bljaotuk kgb fljkuftlr T`gtrlsP.

OJ

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. TN`p.P

FH

Jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg

U

Ugsostgjfon T/D`P.

Y

Ugnftnjfon T/D`P.

X    fls  

[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n TXlbtsP. Njaubl kg kghnsn`ogjtl gjtrg bn tgjsoöj y bn flrrogjtg. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon

Gj gb konarn`n kg hnslrgs sg pugkg vgr bn hör`ubn nprlxo`nkn gs bl suhofogjtg`gjtg prgfosn pnrn bn `nylràn kg bns npbofnfoljgs.

 

>=5  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Gs OY Gr

OUfls  OU  

 



OYsgj  Grrlr

Gj bls fnsls prîftofls gb îjaubl gjtrg Gs y Gr sgrî pgqugþl y sg nprlxo`n n fgrl funjkl gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kg bn fnran sg nprlxo`n nb kgb sostg`n kg nbo`gjtnfoöj. ]nrn forfuotls flj tgjsoljgs `gjlrgs n 8== X, bn fnàn kg tgjsoöj kg uj forfuotl kgegrî gjfljtrnrsg gj gb rnjal jltn kg = ;n sgaój 7% kgsg nfugrkl gstopubnkl gj 5>7-5 (n) Jltn 6 y 5>=->?(n)(>) ojkofn nn bl fljtojunfoöj3   bls nrtàfubls 5>75>7-5. 5. Fnpnfoknk Fnpnfoknk y tn`nþls ` àjo`ls kgb fljku ftlr.   n) Nbo`gjtnklrgs instn kg 8== 8== vlbts .  JL[N 63 Xïnsg 5>=->?(n), Jltn ;, pnrn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bls forfuotls kgrovnkls.   5>=5>=->? >?.. Fljkuftlrgs. N`pnfoknk y tn`nþl `àjo`l s.   n) Forfuot Forfuot ls k grovnkls kg instn 8== vlbts   >) Agjgrnb.  JL[N ;3 Bls fljkuftlrgs kg forfuotls kgrovnkls fl`l gstîj kghojokls gj gb Nrtàfubl >==,

ko`gjsoljnkls pnrn gvotnr ujn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj `nylr qug 6 kg plr nbu`ernkl fogjtl gj bnlsnbokn `îs bgcnjn qug nbo`gjtg n fnrans kg fnbghnffoöj, kg hugrzn, funbquogr fl`eojnfoöj kg gbbns y gj bls qug bn fnàkn `îxo`n kg tgjsoöj fl`eojnkn kg bls forfuotls nbo`gjtnklrgs y kg bls forfuotls kgrovnkls instn gb fljtnftl `îs bgcnjl jl supgrg 7 plr fogjtl, prlplrfoljnrîj ujn rnzljnebg ghofogjfon kg hujfoljn`ogjtl. ]nrn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg bls forfuotls nbo`gjtnklrgs, vïnsg bn JL[N 5 kg 5>75(n)(6). Gcg`pbl3

6.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  7.=

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>=6

Ugnboznr  F Fîbfubls  p plr  F Flrtlforfuotl   Kurnjtg bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr gs plsoebg ojfbuor gb fîbfubl plr gshugrzls tïr`ofls kurnjtg flrtlforfuotl pnrn fu`pbor flj bns kosplsofoljgs kg bn sgffoöj >>=->= kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 >>=->=. O`pgknjfon kgb forfuotl,kgfnpnfoknkgs kg flrtlforfuotl y ltrns fnrnftgràstofns. Bls kosplsotovls prltgffoöj fljtrn slerg flrrogjtg, bn o`pgknjfon tltnb, bns flrrogjtgs kg ojtgrrupfoöj kg flrtlforfuotl kg bls gquopls y ltrns fnrnftgràstofns kgb forfuotl qug sg vn n prltgagr, sg kgegj gbgaor y

fllrkojnr kg `lkl qug pgr`otnj qug bls kosplsotovls pnrn prltgffoöj kgb forfuotl fljtrn hnbbns, lpgrgj pnrn bo`ponr bn hnbbn soj fnusnr knþls n bls gquopls gbïftrofls kgb forfuotl. Vg kgeg supljgr qug bn hnbbn pugkg lfurror gjtrg kls l `îs fljkuftlrgs kgb forfuotl l gjtrg funbquogr fljkuftlr kgb forfuotl y gb (bls) fljkuftlr(gs) kg pugstn n togrrn kgb gquopl pgr`otokl gj 57=->>9.  Vg kgeg

fljsokgrnr qug bls prlkuftls nprlenkls, utoboznkls kg nfugrkl flj su nprlenfoöj, fu`pbgj flj bls rgquosotls kg gstn Vgffoöj.

Gstg prlfgsl gs lpfoljnb pnrn forfuotls gj encn tgjsoöj pgrl leboantlrol pnrn forfuotls gj `gkon tgjsoöj. Nb sgbgffoljnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj l infgr fbof gj gb eltöj kg 6 pujtls sg `lstrnrî bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn kg fnpturn.

Flrrogjtg kg flrtlforfuotl3  Gs gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg qug sg prgsgjtn kurnjtg ujn

hnbbn gj gb pujtl kg fljgxoöj kgb gquopl. ]ugkg fljsokgrnrsg gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kgb eus `îs pröxo`l nb gquopl. Gj bn rgnboknk bn flrrogjtg kgb eus sg vg kos`ojuokn plr bn rgnftnjfon kgb fljkuftlr y plr gb tog`pl kg kosopnfoöj kg bn hnbbn. Gstg vnblr kgegrî gxprgsnrsg gj dobl N`pgrgs. Gcg`pbl3

55=.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >====.=

 

>=;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

[og`pl kg kurnfoöj kg hnbbn3  3 Gs gb tog`pl qug tnrkn gb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj

gj neror gb forfuotl pnrn boegrnr bn hnbbn, qug gs gb tog`pl qug gb fljkuftlr kgeg trnjsplrtnr bn flrrogjtg kg flrtl forfuotl. Gstg tog`pl gs o`plrtnjtg gj bn sgbgffoöj kg uj fljkuftlr plr gshugrzls tïr`ofls kurnjtg flrtl forfuotl, yn qug uj tog`pl `uy arnjkg rgpgrfutg uj fnboerg `nylr. Kgeg gxprgsnrsg gj fofbls fljsokgrnjkl ujn hrgfugjfon kg 8= Iz. Gcg`pbl3

6.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >=.=

@îxo`n gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn3   [lkls bls fljkuftlrgs flj fueogrtn nosbnjtg

pugkgj sgr sl`gtokls n ujn tg`pgrnturn `nylr qug bn kg lpgrnfoöj plr uj ergvg tog`pl soj qug plr gbbl sg vgn knþnkl l gjvgcgfokl gb nosbn`ogjtl. N gstn tg`pgrnturn sg bg kgjl`ojn `îxo`n gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn ojstnjtîjgn. Gcg`pbl3

6.=

Xnboknfoöj3

17.=  Xnblr  5==.=

Kgfrg`gjtnr gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg flrtlforfuotl plr ghgftl kgb fljkuftlr3  

Agjgrnb`gjtg kurnjtg gb kgsnrrlbbl kg uj gstukol kg flrtlforfuotl jl sg rgnbozn gb njîbosos kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn gj gb gxtrg`l kgb fljkuftlr fgrfnjl n bn fnran, gb funb rgprgsgjtn bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn qug gj rgnboknk forfubnrî plr gb fljkuftlr. ]lr gbbl, gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof fljsokgrn bn nbtgrjntovn kg fnbfubnr bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn gj gb gxtrg`l kgb fljkuftlr npbofnjkl gb `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl plr ujoknk flj (> @XN fl`l ensg) y fljsokgrnjkl bls vnblrgs kg bn o`pgknjfon kgb fljkuftlr kg bn soauogjtg `njgrn3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>=7

Jltnss o`plrtnjtgs3 Jltn

>. Kgeokl n qug gs g`pbgnkl gb `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl kg ]lr Wjoknk (p.u.) pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb kgfrg`gjtl kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn qug slplrtnrî kgb fljkuftlr, gb usunrol kgegrî prlplrfoljnr gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn qug lfurrg gj gb tog`pl fnpturnkl gb funkrl kg tgxtlkg"[og`pl kggbhnbbn". Bl njtgrolr, n qug gj gb gj `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl p.u. jlkg sgkurnfoöj fljsokgrn kgfrg`gjtl qugkgeokl suhrg bn flrrogjtg kg flrtlforfuotl gj gb tog`pl plr gb ghgftl kg bn vnronfoöj kg bns o`pgknjfons kgb sostg`n. 5. Gb vnblr kg bn pltgjfon ensg fljsokgrnkn pnrn gb fîbfubl gj p.u. gs > @XN. 6. Gb vnblr kg bn o`pgknjfon kgb fljkuftlr sg fnbfubnrî otgrntovn`gjtg pnrn fnkn fnboerg kg fljkuftlr fljsokgrnkl gj bn sgbgffoöj kgb îrgn `àjo`n rgqugrokn plr gshugrzls tïr`ofls. ;. Vo gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn prlplrfoljnkl gj gb fn`pl "Flrrogjtg kg flrtlf orfuo tl" gs gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg hn hnbbn bbn gj gb g gxtrg`l xtrg`l kgb fljk uftlr JL sg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj.

Gcg`pbl3

Xgrhofnkl

Xnboknfoöj3

Jojaujn

 

>=8  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Vg rgfl`ogjkn vgrohofnr bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bn sgffoöj 5;=-?5(e) pnrn gb fnsl kg kgrovnfoljgs l kg kgrovnfoljgs fljsokgrnkns fl`l nbo`gjtnklrgs pnrn gb fîbfubl.   e) Kgrovnfoljgs kgb nbo`gjtnklr. Gj bns kgrovnfoljgs kgb nbo`gjtnklr qug sg

gspgfohofnj gj 5;=-5>(e)(5), (e)(6) y (e)(;), sg kgeg pgr`otor qug bls fljkuftlrgs kg kgrovnfoöj sgnj ko`gjsoljnkls kg nfugrkl flj bn [nebn 5;=-?5(e).

Fljkuftlr  k kg  p pugstn  n n  ttogrrn  k kg  g gquopls   Gj gstg gspnfol sg kgeg kghojor so gs l jl rgqugrokl gb fnebg kg pugstn n togrrn kg gquopls. Vo hugrn jgfgsnrol fljsubtnr l gkotnr gstn ojhlr`nfoöj kgeg sgbgffoljnrsg gb eltöj flj bls trgs pujtls(…), blfnboznkl n uj flstnkl kg gstn fnsobbn, bl funb `lstrnrn

bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>=1

Gj gb fnsl kg qug gstg kntl sgn vgrknkgrl kgeg ojkofnrsg gb topl kg prltgffoöj, gb `nrfl l tn`nþl kgb plrtnhusoebg y gb ncustg kgb kosplsotovl l bn fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb husoebg gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn qug npnrgfg nb sgbgffoljnr gstn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj. [opl kg prltgffoöj3   Vg kgeg ojkofnr gb topl kg kosplsotovl qug sg g`pbgn pnrn bn

prltgffoöj kgb forfuotl. Kg gstg topl kg kosplsotovl y kgpgjkg gb vnblr jl`ojnb y gb `nrfl l gb plrtnhusoebg gquopl. Gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj ujn boergràn flj bls `nrfls pnrn fogrtls topls kg fnrans. Voj g`enral, `lkohofnkls pnrn fu`pbor flj bls rgsubtnkls kg fllrkojnfoöj. Gcg`pbl3

Ojtgrruptlr [gr`l `najïtofl

Xnboknfoöj3

kg su furvn kg lpgrnfoöj qug kgeg utoboznrsg pnrn gb vnblrgs tàpofls kg ncustg y gstls vnblrgs pugkgj sgr uj nkgfunkl gstukol kg

Ojtgrruptlr [gr`l `najïtofl, Ojtgrruptlr `najïtofl l Husoebg

@nrfl / ]lrtn husoebg3   Gs gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb kosplsotovl gj

N`pgrgs. Gcg`pbl3

57=.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >====.=

 Ncus  Nc us tg / Huso Hu so eb ebg3 g3  Gs gb vnblr jl`ojnb kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj gj N`pgrgs. Gstg

vnblr sgrî g`pbgnkl pnrn sgbgffoljnr gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn. Gcg`pbl3

57=.=

Xnboknfoöj3

=.=  Xnblr  >====.=

 

>=9  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]ugstn  n n  ttogrrn  k kg  p pnjtnbbn  k kg  f fljkuftlrgs   Bns pnjtnbbns fljgftnkns n togrrn gj ujl kg bls gxtrg`ls gj fljkuftlrgs qug fljkufgj flrrogjtg nbtgrjn agjgrnj ujn tgjsoöj ojkufokn gj gb gxtrg`l jl fljgftnkl n togrrn. Wjn tgjsoöj `îxo`n kg 57 X gs gb bà`otg fl`ój`gjtg nfgptnkl encl fljkofoljgs jlr`nbgs kg lpgrnfoöj. Gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof  pgr`otg fnbfubnr bn `îxo`n tgjsoöj ojkufokn gj gb gxtrg`l kg uj fljkuftlr fljgftnkl n togrrn gj uj gxtrg`l ójofn`gjtg. Gb fîbfubl sg rgnbozn plr `gkol kg bns rgfl`gjknfoljgs kgb gstîjknr OGGG OGGG Vt Vtk. k. 757, sgffoöj 8.5.7. ]nrn gbbl, Vozgr Gbgftrof  sg nuxobon kg bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn kg fnpturn.

Kljkg3 Kgtnbbg kg ojstnbnfoöj3 Bg pgr`otg sgbgffoljnr bns fljkofoljgs kg ojstnbnfoöj kgb

forfuotl qug nyuknrî pnrn bn npbofnfoöj kg bn hör`ubn gj gb fîbfubl kg bn tgjsoöj ojkufokn. Bls kgtnbbgs slj 8 kg nfugrkl flj bn tnebn > "Hlr`ubns hlr fnbfubntoja ojkufgk siogbkoja vlbtnags njk siogbk blssgs hlr sojabg-fljkuftlr fnebgs" kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 757. Fl`l sg nprgfonj n fljtojunfoöj bls kgtnbbgs kg ojstnbnfoöj pugkgj sgr3

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

Gcg`pbl3

Kgtnbbg O

>=?

Xnboknfoöj3

Kgtnbbg O nb XO

Kostnjfon Kostn jfon gjtrg fljkuf tlrgs3  Gs bn kostnjfon `gkokn gjtrg fgjtrls kg fljkuftlrgs

kg kohgrgjtgs hnsgs gxprgsnkn gj fgjtà`gtrls Gcg`pbl3

>5

Xnboknfoöj3

= n 5== f`

[opl kg pnjtnbbn3  Kgsfroeg gb topl kg pnjtnbbn kgb fljkuftlr. Gstg vnblr ójofn`gjtg

gs usnkl fl`l kgsfropfoöj pnrn gb rgplrtg kg snbokn. Gcg`pbl3

Igbofloknb

Xnboknfoöj3

Vlbl lpfoljgs kg bn bostn

[gjsoöj `îxo`n kg bn pnjtnbbn3  Gs gb `îxo`l vnblr qug sg pgr`otg gj gb gxtrg`l

kg ujn pnjtnbbn. Gstg vnblr pugkg vnronr kgskg >X. instn 7= X. `îxo`ls. Gcg`pbl3

7= X.

Xnboknfoöj3

= n >=== X.

Kg nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj 8.5.7 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 757 sg fnbfubn gb vnblr kg bn rgnftnjfon `utun kg nfugrkl flj bns soauogjtgs hör`ubns kgsprgfonjkl bns pïrkokns plr prlxo`oknk pnrn ghgftls prîftofls3

 

>>=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Kljkg3

Kg nfugrkl flj gb kgtnbbg kg ojstnbnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg fnbfubn gb vnblr kg bn tgjsoöj ojkufokn gj gb gxtrg`l kgb fljkuftlr soj fljgxoöj n togrrn, npbofnjkl bns hör`ubns kg bn tnebn > "Hlr`ubns hlr fnbfubntoja ojkufgk siogbkoja vlbtnags njk siogbk blssgs hlr sojabg-fljkuftlr fnebgs" kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 757.

Jötgsg qug bns hör`ubns gstîj kghojokns pnrn gb usl kg `gkokns gj sostg`n ojabïs. ]lr bl njtgrolr, gb prlarn`n Vozgr npbofn bns hör`ubns fljvortogjkl bls vnblrgs kgb fljkuftlr n sostg`n ojabïs y hojnb`gjtg sg rgnbozn bn fljvgrsoöj kgb vnblr kg bn tgjsoöj ojkufokn nb sostg`n ojtgrjnfoljnb. Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj gs prgsgjtnkn gj gb rgplrtg kg bn tgjsoöj ojkufokn y pnrn gb fîbfubl kg bn `îxo`n kostnjfon kg pugstn n togrrn. Gb vnblr kgsobnïstg tgjsoöj fnbfubnkn sgrî gb vnblrVoj kgg`enral, bn tgjsoöjfunjkl ojkufokn gb gxtrg`l kgb fljkuftlr jl gs fljgftnkl n togrrn. sggj rgquogrg fljlfgr bn `îxo`n kostnjfon n bn qug sg kgegrî fljgftnr n togrrn bn pnjtnbbn pnrn jl gxfgkgr gb vnblr kg bn `îxo`n tgjsoöj pgr`otokn sg npbofnrî gb soauogjtg nbalrot`l3 Kostnjfon kg ntgrrozn`ogjtl 0 ([gjsoö ([gjsoöj j ojkufo kn gj bn pnjtnbbn * Bljaotu Blj aotu k kgb kgb forfu otl ) / (@ (@îxo`n îxo`n tg tgjsoöj jsoöj pgr`otokn)  Ojhlr`nfoöj hojnb3   Kurnjtg gb kgsnrrlbbl kgb prlygftl bn ojhlr`nfoöj utoboznkn pnsn

plr kls kohgrgjtgs gstnkls3   Gstnkl prgbo`ojnr. Funjkl bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls gquopls gs letgjokn kg bls fntîblals l plr ojhlr`nfoöj jl fljhor`nkn l fgrtohofnkn plr gb prlvggklr. Kurnjtg gstg gstnkl kg ojhlr`nfoöj bls fljkuftlrgs y gquopls nslfonkls kgegrîj sgbgffoljnrsg kg nfugrkl n bns fljkofoljgs `îs fràtofns qug pugknj

•

prgsgjtnrsg l tl`njkl gj fugjtn ojhlr`nfoöj kg ojstotufoljgs rgfljlfokns.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

•

>>>

  Gstnkl Hojnb. Funjkl gb gquopl in sokl nkquoro nkquorokl, kl, sg pugkg gstnr sgaurl kg qug bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg pbnfn kgb gquopl gs uj kntl fljhonebg pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg gquopls y forfuotls

Kgeokl n bls kohgrgjtgs gstnkls plr bls qug pnsn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kurnjtg gb prlygftl, gstg fn`pl fljtg`pbn so bn ojhlr`nfoöj gs kghojotovn (HOJNB0Xgrknkgrl) l so nój gs prgbo`ojnr (]ULXOVOLJNB0Hnbsl). Gcg`pbl3

Hnbsl

Xnboknfoöj3

Hnbsl ö Xgrknkgrl

Lesgrvnfoljgs3   Gstg fn`pl gs utoboznkl pnrn aunrknr ojhlr`nfoöj qug jl

jgfgsnron`gjtg gs kg fnrîftgr tïfjofl. Gcg`pbl3

Ugvosnr kntls gj fn`pl

Xnboknfoöj3

Instn 5== fnrnftgrgs

Kntls N kofoljnbgs   Gj bn pgstnjn kg Kntls nkofoljnbgs sg pugkgj gjfljtrnr 6 fn`pls pnrn gb boerg usl plr usunrol nsokgbfl`l gb fljtrlb pnrn nsoajnr uj flblr gspgfohofl pnrn fnkn ujl pnrtg kg blskgb fljkuftlrgs forfuotl.

Fn`pls pgrsljnboznkls.  Vo jl sg in kghojokl gb jl`erg kg gstls fn`pls gj bn sgffoöj kg Jlr`ns npnrgfgrîj 6 fn`pls flj bns bgygjkns ‒Fn`pl nkofoljnb‐ jl.>

nb 6. Gstls fn`pls sg prlplrfoljnj pnrn qug gb usunrol pugkn fnpturnr ojhlr`nfoöj fl`pbg`gjtnron pnrn ujn `gclr rghgrgjfon kgb forfuotl l pnrn rgbnfoljnr `njunb l nutl`îtofn`gjtg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls rgplrtgs kg snbokn l kg bns gxplrtnfoljgs kg Gxfgb flj ltrls klfu`gjtls kgb prlfgsl. Fljsubtg gb prlfgsl pnrn jl`ernr n bls fn`pls kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj kg Jlr`ns. Bls fn`pls `lstrnkls sg prgsgjtnj fl`l

ujn bostn. Gstn bostn sg bbgjn flj bls kntls fnpturnkls prgvon`gjtg pnrn gstg fn`pl

 

>>5  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

flj gb hoj kg hnfobotnr gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn. Bbgjg bls fn`pls `njunb`gjtg l sgbgffoljg uj gbg`gjtl kg bn bostn pnrn su bbgjnkl. Gcg`pbl3

]bnjl 556;-==66-;9

Xnboknfoöj3

[gxtl boerg instn 57 fnrnftgrgs

Flblr kgb fljkuftlr. Gj gstn lpfoöj gs plsoebg kghojor gb flblr kg bls fljkuftlrgs

pnrn fnkn ujn kg bns hnsgs, nsà fl`l gb flblr pnrn gb fljkuftlr pugstl n togrrn (Jgutrl) y pnrn gb fljkuftlr pugstl n togrrn. Gb flblr kg fnkn ujl kg bls fljkuftlrgs sgrî g`pbgnkl pnrn ojtgarnr bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb `ubtofljkuftlr l fljkuftlrgs kgb forfuotl y plstgrolr`gjtg plkgr narupnr bls fljkuftlrgs flj bn `os`n gspgfohofnfoöj, ojfbuygjkl gb flblr, flj bn hojnboknk kg agjgrnr ujn bostn kg `ntgronbgs pnrn gb prlygftl (Xïnsg bn sgffoöj Ugsu`gj kg Fljkuftlrgs). ]nrn gb fnsl kg fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs sg prgsgjtnrî ujn pnjtnbbn flj 9 fnsobbns3 8 pnrn kghojor bls flblrgs kg bbls ls fljkuftlrgs kg hnsg (Bns hnsgs okgjtohofnkns flj uj nplstrlhg (’) sgrîj pnrn fljgxoljgs kg hnsg pnrtokn gj sostg`ns kgbtn l gstrgbbn flj kgrovnfoljgs fgjtrnbgs), ujl pnrn kghojor gb flblr kgb Jgutrl y ujl `îs pnrn kghojor gb flblr kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn. ]nrn `lkohofnr gb flblr kg bls fljkuftlrgs sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr fnsobbn y infgr flj `lstrnkls gb eltöj ozquogrkl pnrn kgspbganr gb `gjóbn flj bnsflrrgspljkogjtg lpfoljgs kg flblr. Bls fbof flblrgs ojofonb`gjtg sgrîj bls nsoajnkls gj kntls agjgrnbgs pnrn gstg topl kg fnran. Funjkl sg `lkohoqugj bls flblrgs kgb forfuotl, gstls jugvls kntls sgrîj g`pbgnkls pnrn bn ojtgarnfoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb forfuotl.

]nrn gb fnsl kg `ubtofljkuftlrgs ójofn`gjtg sg prgsgjtnrnj bns lpfoljgs kg flblr pnrn bns hnsgs, jgutrl y togrrn. ]nrn gb fnsl kg `ubtofljkuftlrgs tlkls kgegrîj sgr kg flblr jgarl l gj bn fl`eojnfoöj Jgarl, Ulcl, Nzub pnrn bns hnsgs y gb jgutrl gj flblr ebnjfl.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>>6

]nrn bls forfuotls kg fljtrlb sg prgsgjtn ujn bostn flj bns rghgrgjfons n bns tnebns kg flblrgs kghojokns kgjtrl kgb gstnjknr OFGN V-79-81?->??9. Gstns tnebns kghojogj gb flblr pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg forfuotls kg fljtrlb. Gstns tnebns slj g`pbgnkns kgeokl n qug bn fl`eojnfolj kg flblrgs gs `uy n`pbon. Kgjtrl kg bls nrfiovls kg nyukn kgb prlarn`n sg pugkgj gjfljtrnr bns tnebns kg gstg gstnjknr flj `nylr kgtnbbg.

Gcg`pbl3

Vgbgffoöj kg flblr

Xnboknfoöj3

Vgbgffoöj kg flblrgs kg bn bostn.

Fîbfubls   Kgjtrl kg bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn kg kntls kg forfuotls sg blfnbozn uj eltöj pnrn bn rgnboznfoöj kg fîbfubl kgjl`ojnkl Fnbfubnr .

Gstg eltöj gs gb gjfnrankl kg rgnboznr ujn vnboknfoöj fl`pbgtn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj fljtgjokn kgjtrl kg bls fn`pls y gs gb gjfnrankl kg ojofonr gb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. Vo tlkn bn ojhlr`nfoöj fljtgjokn gs vîbokn, gjtljfgs sg pugkg nprgfonr qug sg sgbgffoljn nutl`îtofn`gjtg bn pgstnþn kg Ugsubtnkls. Flj bl qug sg pugkg nprgfonr funb hug gb fnboerg sgbgffoljnkl hojnb`gjtg.

 

>>;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Gj bn pgstnþn kg rgsubtnkls sg gjfugjtrn ujn vgjtnjn kljkg sg pugkgj lesgrvnr bls grrlrgs lroaojnkls kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fîbfubl plr nbaój kntl ojfljarugjtg l pugkgj prgsgjtnrsg nkvgrtgjfons kg nbaujls frotgrols qug inj sokl fljsokgrnkls plr gb prlarn`n kg nfugrkl n bn jlr`n npbofnebg, pgrl qug rgsubtn gj uj slerg ko`gjsoljn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr. Gj gstn pgstnþn sg `ugstrn ujn bostn qug fljtogjg gb fnboerg y gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg kg bls fljkuftlrgs qug fu`pbgj flj bls rgquosotls kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj encl fljkofoljgs jl`ojnbgs y encl fljkofoljgs kg nrrnjqug pnrn `ltlrgs. Vo sg ojkofö fnbfubl encl fljkofoljgs kg flrtl forfuotl npnrgfgrî tn`eoïj gb fljkuftlr rgqugrokl.

Vgbgffoöj  k kg  f fljkuftlrgs  p plr  W Wsunrol   Gj nbaujns lfnsoljgs kgeokl n bn kospljoeoboknk kg bls `ntgronbgs, gs jgfgsnrol ojstnbnr uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg kohgrgjtg nb sgbgffoljnkl, y quozîs kgegj kospljgrsg gj uj nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg kohgrgjtg. ]nrn gstns fljkofoljgs gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj bn lpfoöj kg ojkofnr fuîb gs gb fnboerg y gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs qug sg prgtgjkg ojstnbnr pnrn qug gb prlarn`n rgnbofg ujn vgrohofnfoöj kgb fu`pbo`ogjtl kg kofil nrrgabl. Bn lpfoöj Vgbgffoöj plr Wsunrol pgr`otg sgbgffoljnr ujn fljkofoöj kg ojstnbnfoöj kohgrgjtg n bn suagrokn plr bn npbofnfoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl 7. Fnpturn kg Forfuotls 

>>7

Gs o`plrtnjtg rgsnbtnr qug gb prlarn`n vîbokn qug bn sgbgffoöj rgnboznkn plr gb usunrol fu`pbn flj bls frotgrols kg n`pnfoknk, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj y gshugrzls tïr`ofls. Gj ltrl fnsl gb prlarn`n bl nkvgrtorî plr `gkol kg uj `gjsncg kg grrlr y jl sg prlfgsn gb forfuotl aunrkîjklsg fl`l uj forfuotl flj grrlr. 

Vgbgffoöj  p pgrsljnboznkn  k kg  g gspgfohofnfoöj.   Funjkl sg rgnbozn gb fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, Vozgr Gbgftrof  agjgrn ujn gspgfohofnfoöj   nutl`îtofn kgb forfuotl kg nfugrkl nb topl kg fljkuftlr, fnboerg y gspgfohofnfoöj tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n. Gstns gspgfohofnfoljgs pugkgj sgr blfnboznkns gj bn pgstnþn ‒Gspgfohofnfoöj‐. Bn gspgfohofnfoöj gj ujn flbgffoöj kg kntls qug fljtogjgj gb koî`gtrl tltnb kgb fljkuftlr ojfbuygjkl gb nosbn`ogjtl, tgjsoöj jl`ojnb pgsl gtf. [lkns bns plsoebgs fl`eojnfoljgs kg gspgfohofnfoöj agjgrnkns plr gb prlarn`n sg gjfugjtrnj prgkghojokns gj gb prlygftl.

]nrn fn`eonr bn gspgfohofnfoöj kg uj fljkuftlr kgb forfuotl, sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj y flj gbbl npnrgfgrî uj eltöj gj bn flbu`jn fn`eonr. Nb prgsoljnr gstg eltöj sg `lstrnkn ujn vgjtnjn kljkg sg pugkg sgbgffoljnr kgb fntîblal kg gspgfohofnfoljgs bn prghgrokn plr gb usunrol. Bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj fl`l gb koî`gtrl pgsl y kgsfropfoöj sgrî g`pbgnkn ko`gjsoljnr slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn y fnjnboznfoljgs.(Xgn fnpàtubl 13pnrn Gspgfohofnfoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs, pnrn `nylrgs kgtnbbgs gj bn rgnsoajnfoöj kg gspgfohofnfoljgs plr usunrol y frgnfoöj l gkofoöj kg

gspgfohofnfoljgs.)

 

>>8  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Fnpàtubl

8  Fnpturn kg Finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Finrlbns | Fnpturn ]nrn ojofonr gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg Finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs gs jgfgsnrol inegr fnpturnkl bls frotgrols kg fîbfubl kgjtrl kg bn lpfoöj kg kntls agjgrnbgs. Vo gstls rgquosotls jl inj sokl fueogrtls, bn lpfoöj kgb @gjó projfopnb y gb ofljl kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns gstnrîj kgsineobotnkls. Nb sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj kg fnpturn kg Finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs sg prgsgjtnrî ujn rgtàfubn kljkg sg vgrîj plstgrolr`gjtg bls kntls kg bns finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs fnpturnkns. Fnkn rgjaböj rgprgsgjtn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg uj flrtg kg finrlbn l fljkuot y fnkn nffoöj ghgftunkn sg npbofnrn slbn`gjtg n bn finrlbn l fljkuot sgbgffoljnkl gj bn rgtàfubn. Fneg kgstnfnrjoqug gj bn rgtàfubn kg kntls finrlbns/Fljkuot pugkgj infgrsg korgftn`gjtg gkofoljgs jo fnpturns, ynkgqug pnrn rgnboznr jl gstns nffoljgs gs jgfgsnrol `lstrnr bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg flrtgs kg Finrlbn / fljkuots.

 

>>9  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Kg oaunb hlr`n qug gj bn rgtàfubn kg forfuotls, bn kg finrlbns fljtogjg su prlpon lpfoöj kg `gjó y enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns, bns funbgs sg gxpbofnj n fljtojunfoöj3  Narr gan  Na ganr3 r3  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn bn fnpturn kg kntls kg

finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs. Gj gbbn sg pugkgj knr kg nbtn tlkns bns finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs qug fl`pljgj nb prlygftl, soj qug gxostn uj bà`otg gj gb jó`grl kg finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs. @lkohofnr3 Nb tgjgr kntls kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs prgvon`gjtg fnpturnkls,

gs plsoebg `lkohofnrbls `gkonjtg gstn lpfoöj. Flponr finrlbn/Fnjnboznfoöj3  Flj gstn lpfoöj gs plsoebg tl`nr bls kntls kg

ujn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj fl`l rghgrgjfon pnrn frgnr ujl jugvl. Gstn lpfoöj gs `uy ótob funjkl gxostgj finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs flj kntls so`obnrgs. Gbo`ojnr3  ]nrn elrrnr ujn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sg utobozn gstn lpfoöj. Nb

utoboznr gstg prlfgsl bn fnjnboznfoöj qugkn knkn kg encn kgb sostg`n y gs o`plsoebg rgfupgrnrbn. Hobtrnr3 Gs hrgfugjtg hrgfugjtg qug kurnjtg bbnn fnpturn kg oj ojhlr`nfoöj hlr`nfoöj l gb njîbosos kg bls

rgsubtnkls jgfgsotg lesgrvnr slbn`gjtg ujn pnrtg kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug fu`pbg flj uj frotgrol gspgfohofl, tnb fl`l lesgrvnr slbn`gjtg bns finrlbns l slbn`gjtg bns fnjnboznfoljgs. Fnkn vgz qug sgbgffoljg gstn lpfoöj npnrgfgrî gb soauogjtg funkrl kg koîblal3

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>>?

Vo kgsgn rgkghojor bls fn`pls kgb hobtrl prgsoljg gb eltöj Ojofonbozn. Jltn3 Fnkn vgz qug uj hobtrl sgn gcgfutnkl, gstg tl`nrn fl`l ujovgrsl gb arupl kg bls finrlbns l tuels fljkuot fljtgjokls kgjtrl kgb hobtrl njtgrolr. Ugstnurnr3   Gstn lpfoöj rggstnebgfg bn vostn kg tlkls bns finrlbns y

fnjnboznfoljgs fnpturnkns, kgspuïs kg inegr rgnboznkl bn nffoöj kg hobtrnr. Flponr nb ]lrtnpnpgbgs3  Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg flponj bls kntls kg bns

finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs nb plrtnpnpgbgs, pnrn qug kgspuïs gb usunrol pugkn pganr bn ojhlr`nfoöj n funbquogr ilcn kg fîbfubl l prlfgsnklr kg tgxtl. Gs o`plrtnjtg nfbnrnr qug funjkl sg gjfugjtrn nftovl gb hobtrl, slbl sg flponrnj bls forfuotls vosoebgs gj bn rgtàfubn. ]grsljnbozn ]g rsljnboznfoöj foöj kg flbu`j ns3   Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn

uj konblal flj tlkns bns flbu`jns qug fljtogjg bn rgtàfubn, gj bns funbgs gs plsoebg fn`eonr su lrkgj l eogj lfubtnrbns. Vo kgsgn lesgrvnr tlkns bns flbu`jns gj bn rgtàfubn, nftovg bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj Vgbgffoljnr tlkl.

Vnbor3  Fogrrn bn rgtàfubn kg kntls kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs.

 

>5=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Gb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn y tuels fljkuot gstî fl`pugstl plr kls pnrtgs, bns funbgs sg ojkofnj n fljtojunfoöj3 >. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs 5. Nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n ujn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj prgvo prgvon`gjtg n`gjtg fnpturnkn Gs jgfgsnrol rgnboznr gstg prlfgsl soauogjkl bls kls pnsls njtgrolrgs gj bn sgfugjfon ojkofnkn.

Fnpturn  k kg  F Finrlbns y  F Fnjnboznfoljgs   Bn pro`grn pnrtg kgb prlfgsl fljsostg gj fnpturnr bns fnrnftgràstofns pnrtofubnrgs kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj plr `gkol kg bn rgtàfubn l fljsubtn kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs. ]nrn gbbl sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "Fljsubtns" gj gb @gjó ]rojfopnb y plstgrolr`gjtg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "Finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs" kgb `gjó kgspbgankl ö sgbgffoljnr gb àfljl kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns. N fljtojunfoöj npnrgfgrî bn rgtàfubn l fljsubtn kg finrlbns fl`l sg nprgfon gj bn soauogjtg o`nagj.

]nrn narganr ujn jugvn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr gb ofljl "Jugvl" kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns. ]nrn gkotnr su ojhlr`nfoöj ojhlr`nfoöj sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr gb rgjaböj flrrgspljkogjtg instn qug npnrgzfn sl`ergnkl y gjtljfgs sg kgegrî infgr klebg fbof slerg ïb. [n`eoïj gs plsoebg nffgkgr n bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sgbgffoljnjkl gb rgjaböj flrrgspljkogjtg y prgsoljnjkl gb ofljl "@lkohofnr" blfnboznkl gj gb `gjó kg igrrn`ogjtns gj bn fnegfgrn kg gstn rgtàfubn.

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>5>

Flj gstls pnsls npnrgfgrî bn vgjtnjn bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs. Bls fnjnboznfoljgs. Bls fn`pls n bbgjnr pgr`otorîj fljlfgr bn ojhlr`nfoöj `îs rgbgvnjtg kg uj flrtg kg finrlbn l kg uj tuel. ]nrn plkgr sgbgffoljnr gb njfil kg ujn finrlbn l gb koî`gtrl kg uj tuel fljkuot sg kgegrî fnpturnr su okgjtohofnfoöj kgjtrl kg gstn vgjtnjn. Gxostgj kls vnronfoljgs n bn ojhlr`nfoöj prgsgjtnkn gj bn vgjtnjn y kgpgjkgrî kg bn lpfoöj qug sgn sgbgffoljnkn gj gb fn`pl "Fnjnboznfoöj". Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn bn lpfoöj "Finrlbn" bn vgjtnjn prgsgjtnkn sgrî bn soauogjtg3

Bn ojhlr`nfoöj rgqugrokn gj bls fn`pls gs bn kgsfrotn n fljtojunfoöj3 Jl`erg3 Kghojg bn okgjtohofnfoöj kgb sga`gjtl l flrtg kg finrlbn. Ugprgsgjtn bn

finrlbn n njnboznr y su kghojofoöj kgegr sgr ójofn g orrgpgtoebg gj gb prlygftl. Gstn kghojofoöj pugkg rgprgsgjtnr uj sgftlr kg ujn rgk kg ujn finrlbn l gspgfàhofn`gjtg uj trn`l kg finrlbn. Bn kghojofoöj kg bl qug rgprgsgjtn pnrn su sostg`n kg slplrtgs gstî kghojokl plr gb fn`pl bljaotuk. Gcg`pbl3

L>-FINU-=>

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

 

>55  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

[opl Finrlbn3  Kgeg kghojorsg gb topl kg slplrtg pnrn fnebg qug sg in kg sgbgffoljnr

kgeokl n qug gxostgj kohgrgjtgs fljsokgrnfoljgs gj bns jlr`ns pnrn gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokls gj finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn, hljkl pbnjl, hljkl vgjtobnkl, gtf. Bns finrlbns topl `nbbn togjgj bns `os`ns rgstroffoljgs qug bns finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn. Gcg`pbl3

Gsfnbgrn

Xnboknfoöj3

Gsfnbgrn, Hljkl Xgjtobnkl, Hljkl söbokl, Fnjnb Xgjtobnkl, @nbbn

Bljaotuk3  Kghojg bn bljaotuk gj `gtrls kgb sga`gjtl qug sg njnboznrî. Gstn bljaotuk

pugkg rgprgsgjtnr bn bljaotuk kg uj trn`l l bn bljaotuk kg uj fljcujtl kg trn`ls kg finrlbn. Gstn bljaotuk gs tltnboznkn pnrn tlkls bls sga`gjtls kljkg gs nsoajnkl uj forfuotl y sorvg pnrn fl`pnrnr so bn bljaotuk tltnb kg bls sga`gjtls gs oaunb l `gjlr kg bn bljaotuk usnkn pnrn gb fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr. Gcg`pbl3

>=

Xnboknfoöj3

:= ` y `gjlr qug >==== `

Jltns3  Gs uj fn`pl nbhnju`ïrofl qug pgr`otg nkofoljnr ojhlr`nfoöj qug fl`pbgtg bn

kgsfropfoöj kgb trn`l kg finrlbn Gcg`pbl3

Nbhnju`ïrofl

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

@ntgronb3 Vg kgeg kghojor gb topl kg `ntgronb kg bn finrlbn. Nujqug jl gxostgj g xostgj frotgrols

pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokls gj finrlbns qug sgnj nhgftnkls plr gb `ntgronb, ïstn kghojofoöj gs rgqugrokn pnrn fljtnr flj ojhlr`nfoöj plstgrolr qug pgr`otn fbnsohofnr n bns finrlbns. Gcg`pbl3

Nfgrl

Xnboknfoöj3

Nfgrl, Nbu`ojol, HU]

[opl kg sga`gjtl3   Gstg fn`pl kghojg gb topl kg sga`gjtl qug sg gstî

rgprgsgjtnjkl. Gs kgfor, so sg trntn kg uj trn`l rgftl kg finrlbn, ujn furvn ojtgrolr, ujn furvn gxtgrolr, ujn kgrovnfoöj, gtf. Gstg fn`pl togjg uj fn`pl nslfonkl nkynfgjtg n ïb qug sg nftovn gj fnsl kg qug sgn jgfgsnrol fl`pbg`gjtnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sga`gjtl. ]lr gcg`pbl, gj gb fnsl kg kgrovnfoljgs gj [ ilrozljtnbgs sgrî jgfgsnrol kghojor gb rnkol kg furvnturn. Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj jl gs rgbgvnjtg pnrn bn kghojofoöj kgb njfil kg bn finrlbn pgrl nplrtn ojhlr`nfoöj fl`pbg`gjtnron pnrn gb rgplrtg kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs qug pgr`otg nplrtnr ojhlr`nfoöj fl`pbg`gjtnron gj bn rgnboznfoöj kg bostns kg `ntgronbgs.  Gcg`pbl3

[U-[rn`l rgftl

Xnboknfoöj3

Vga`gjtls kg bn bostn

]grnbtg.  Gb pgrnbtg kg bn finrlbn rgprgsgjtn bn ko`gjsoöj kg bn nbturn tltnb kg bns

pnrgkgs bntgrnbgs, vgrtofnbgs kg bn finrlbn. Bn kghojofoöj kgb pgrnbtg kg bn finrlbn gs

ujnnfugrkl fljsokgrnfoöj y jl gbïftrofn. kghojofoöj kgb pgrnbtg kgeg sgrnsà kghojokn kg nb pgsl`gfîjofn kg bls fljkuftlrgs qugBn sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn fl`l kg bn kostnjfon qug `gkog gjtrg bls slplrtgs kg bls trn`ls kg finrlbn. Fljsubtg bn

ojhlr`nfoöj kgb hnerofnjtg kg bn finrlbn pnrn `nylr ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kg bn

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>56

kghojofoöj kgb pgrnbtg. Gb pgrnbtg kg bn finrlbn gs usnkl slbn`gjtg pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb îrgn ótob kg bbgjnkl funjkl sg ojstnbnj gxfbusovn`gjtg fljkuftlrgs kg fljtrlb gj bn finrlbn. ]nrn fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn gb pgrnbtg kg bn finrlbn jl gs g`pbgnkl pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb njfil. JL[N3 Fl`l pnrtg kg bls rgsubtnkls kgb prlarn`n sg prlplrfoljn gb pgsl plr `gtrl bojgnb kgb fljcujtl kg fnebgs qug slj nsoajnkls n bn finrlbn. Gs rgfl`gjknebg qug ujn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl bn nsoajnfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj bn finrlbn sg vgrohoqug so gb pgsl kg bls fljkuftlrgs gs nkgfunkl pnrn gb pgrnbtg kghojokl, pnrn bn finrlbn y pnrn gb gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg slplrtgs. Gcg`pbl3

>= f`

Xnboknfoöj3

9 n ;7 f`

Vgbgffoöj Vg bgffoöj pl r usunrol3  Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg nb usunrol prgkgtgr`ojnr gb njfil kg bn

finrlbn. Gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj kls lpfoljgs kg fîbfubl. Funjkl gstn lpfoöj sg gjfugjtrn kgsineobotnkn sg sgbgffoljn gb njfil nkgfunkl kg bn finrlbn kg nfugrkl flj bls forfuotls nsoajnkls. Gj fnsl kg qug sg nftovg gstn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj y sg kghojn gb njfil kg bn finrlbn slbn`gjtg sg rgnboznrî gb fîbfubl kgb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl kg nfugrkl flj gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs qug sgnj nsoajnkls. Gstn lpfoöj erojkn bn hbgxoeoboknk pnrn rgnboznr bn vgrohofnfoöj kgb bbgjnkl kg finrlbns pnrn sostg`ns kg finrlbn kg njfils prgkghojokls. Gcg`pbl3

;7

Xnboknfoöj3

>7, 6=, ;7, 8=, 17 y ?= f`

Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn bn lpfoöj "[uel fljkuot" gj gb fn`pl "Fnjnboznfoöj" bn vgjtnjn prgsgjtnkn sgrî bn soauogjtg3

Jl`erg3  Kghojg bn okgjtohofnfoöj kgb sga`gjtl l flrtg kg tuel. Ugprgsgjtn gb tuel n

njnboznr y su kghojofoöj kgegr sgr ójofn g orrgpgtoebg. Gstn kghojofoöj pugkg rgprgsgjtnr uj sgftlr kg ujn rgk kg tuegràn l gspgfàhofn`gjtg uj tr trn`l n`l kg tuel. Bn kghojofoöj kg bl qug rgprgsgjtn pnrn su sostg`n kg slplrtgs gstî kghojokl plr gb fn`pl bljaotuk.

Gcg`pbl3

L>-[WE-=>

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

 

>5;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Bljaotuk3   Kghojg bn bljaotuk kgb sga`gjtl qug sg njnboznrî. Gstn bljaotuk pugkg

rgprgsgjtnr bn bljaotuk kg uj trn`l l bn bljaotuk kg uj fljcujtl kg trn`ls kg tuel. Gstn bljaotuk gs tltnboznkn pnrn tlkls bls sga`gjtls kljkg gs nsoajnkl uj forfuotl y sorvg pnrn fl`pnrnr so bn bljaotuk tltnb kg bls sga`gjtls gs oaunb l `gjlr qug bn bljaotuk usnkn pnrn gb fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr. Gcg`pbl3

>=

Xnboknfoöj3

:= ` y `gjlr qug >==== `

Jltns3  Gs uj fn`pl nbhnju`ïrofl qug pgr`otg nkofoljnr ojhlr`nfoöj qug fl`pbgtg bn

kgsfropfoöj kgb tuel. Gcg`pbl3

NBHN JW@GUOFL

Xnboknfoöj3

Jl npbofn

@ntgronb3   Vg kgeg kghojor gb topl kg `ntgronb kgb tuel. Nujqug jl gxostgj frotgrols

pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokls gj tuel fljkuot qug sgnj nhgftnkls plr gb `ntgronb, ïstg kntl gs rgqugrokl pnrn fljtnr flj ojhlr`nfoöj qug pgr`otn fbnsohofnr y tltnboznr gb topl kg tuel. Gcg`pbl3

Nbu`ojol

Xnboknfoöj3

Nbu`ojol, Nfgrl, Hogrrl anbvnjoznkl, ]XF

Ugfuero`ogjtl3  Vg kgeg kghojor gb rgfuero`ogjtl kgb tuel. Nujqug jl gxostgj

frotgrols pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokls gj tuel fljkuot qug sgnj nhgftnkls plr gb rgfuero`ogjtl kgb tuel, gstn ojhlr`nfoöj gs rgqugrokn pnrn fljtnr flj ojhlr`nfoöj qug pgr`otn fbnsohofnr y tltnboznr gb topl kg tuel. Gcg`pbl3

Gpöxofl

Xnboknfoöj3

Vlbl bns lpfoljgs kg bn bostn

Vgbgffoöj Vg bgffoöj plr usunrol3  Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg nb usunrol prgkgtgr`ojnr gb koî`gtrl kgb

tuel. Gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj kls lpfoljgs kg fîbfubl. Funjkl gstn lpfoöj sg gjfugjtrn kgsineobotnkn sg sgbgffoljn gb koî`gtrl nkgfunkl kg nfugrkl flj bls forfuotls nsoajnkls. Gj fnsl kg qug sg nftovg gstn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj y sg kghojn gb koî`gtrl kgb tuel slbn`gjtg sg rgnboznrî gb fîbfubl kgb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl flj gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs qug sgnj nsoajnkls. Gstn lpfoöj erojkn bn hbgxoeoboknk pnrn rgnboznr bn vgrohofnfoöj kgb bbgjnkl kg tuels prgkghojokls fl`l gj gb fnsl kg kuftls suetgrrîjgls. Gcg`pbl3

6.7 f`

Xnboknfoöj3

Bo`otnkl n bls koî`gtrls kospljoebgs gj bn bostn.

Wjn vgz rgnboznkn bn fnpturn l rgaostrl kg bls trn`ls kg finrlbn gs plsoebg rgnboznr bn nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n bn finrlbn pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb njfil nkgfunkl l gb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl.

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>57

 N soajnfoöj  k kg  f forfuotls  n n  f finrlbns y  f fnjnboznfoljgs   Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl bn fnpturn kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj gs plsoebg nsoajnr forfuotls n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb koî`gtrl kg tuels, njfils kg finrlbns l plrfgjtncgs kg bbgjnkl. ]nrn nffgsnr n bn vgjtnjn kg nsoajnfoöj kgb `gjó projfopnb sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj "Fljsubtns" kgb `gjó kgspbgankl sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj "Finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs" y kgb sue`gjó sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj "Nsoajnfoöj". [n`eoïj gs plsoebg `lstrnr bn vgjtnjn kg nsoajnfoöj sgbgffoljnkl gb àfljl kg nsoajnfoöj kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns projfopnb. Gb ofljl kg nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls gs3 Nb prgsoljnr gstg àfljl l nb sgauor bls pnsls kgsfrotls n pnrtor kgb `gjó projfopnb sg prgsgjtn bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn kg nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls.

Xgjtnjn kg nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs

Gj gstn vgjtnjn sg rgnbozn bn nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls, `ugstrn ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kgb bbgjnkl kg bns finrlbns, sg pugkg fljsubtnr ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs kg bls forfuotls y prlplrfoljn ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kgb rutgl kg bls forfuotls. Flj gb hoj kg okgjtohofnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj `njgcnkn gj gstn fljsokgrn qug gstî kovokokn gj tlkn 7 sgffoljgs bns funbgs sg `ugstrnj gj bn vgjtnjn soauogjtgsg hoaurn3

 

>58  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Vgffoljgs kg bn vgjtnjn kg nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs Bn sgffoöj > Finrlbns y tuels , ojkofn bns finrlbns kospljoebgs qug hugrlj fnpturnkns prgvon`gjtg gj bn fljsubtn kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs. Gj gstn sgffoöj npnrgfgrî tn`eoïj ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kgb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl îrgn l njfil kospljoebg, jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs nsoajnkls y topl kg fnjnboznfoöj. Bn sgffoöj 5  Ns  Nsoa oa jnfoö jnf oö j   `lstrnrî bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns finrlbns qug sgrîj njnboznkns y gb jó`grl kg forfuotls nsoajnkls n gbbns. Gb gsqug`n kg lranjoznfoöj kg gsn sgffoöj gs so`obnr n bn kostroeufoöj kg nrfiovls y fnrpgtns qug `ugstrn gb Gxpblrnklr kg Qojklws (U). Gstn sgffoöj fugjtn flj ujn cgrnrquoznfoöj kg gbg`gjtls tgjogjkl fl`l rnàz gb jl`erg kgb prlygftl. Bn sgffoöj 6 Forfuotls kospljoebgs `ugstrn bn okgjtohofnfoöj kg tlkls bls forfuotls qug sg gjfugjtrnj fnpturnkls gj gb `ökubl kg Vgbgffoöj kg fnboerg kg fljkuftlrgs kgb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof. Gstn sgffoöj tn`eoïj `ugstrn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj rgbnfoljnkn nb forfuotl. Bn sgffoöj ; Forfuotls y rutgl   `ugstrn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls forfuotls pnrn plkgr rgnboznr uj rnstrgl kg bn rutn kg forfuotl. Gstl gs, ujn vgz qug gb forfuotl gs nsoajnkl n ujn l `îs finrlbns plr `gkol kg bn bostn kg forfuotls blfnboznkn gj gstn sgffoöj, sgrî plsoebg okgjtohofnr gj qug finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs sg gjfugjtrn ojstnbnkl gb forfuotl. Gj gstn sgffoöj tn`eoïj prgsgjtn ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kgnslfonkn bn fnran qug nenstgfg gb forfuotl, tgjsoöj, sg bljaotuk kgb forfuotl y kg agjgrnb bn gspgfohofnfoöj nb forfuotl. Gstn sgffoöj lpgrn gj fljcujtl flj bn sgffoöj 7.

nb forfuotl. Gstn sgffoöj lpgrn gj fljcujtl flj bn sgffoöj 7.

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>51

Bn sgffoöj 7 Uutgl   `ugstrn tlkns bns finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs kljkg sg gjfugjtrn ojstnbnkl gb forfuotl qug gstî sgbgffoljnkl kgjtrl kg bn bostn kg bn sgffoöj ;. @ugstrn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn bljaotuk kg fnkn trn`l kg finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj y tltnbozn bn bljaotuk kg tlkn bn trnygftlron rgprgsgjtnkn plr bn su`n kg bns bljaotukgs kg tlkls bls trn`ls kg finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs.

 N soajnfoöj  k kg  f finrlbns  p pnrn  n njîbosos   Kg bn bostn "Fnjnboznfoöj" `lstrnkn gj bn sgffoöj > sgbgffoljg bn fnjnboznfoöj qug kgsgn njnboznr. Nb infgr klebg fbof plr `gkol kgb `lusg slerg bn fnjnboznfoöj sgbgffoljnkn l plr `gkol kgb eltöj kg hbgfin blfnboznkl gj gb flstnkl ozquogrkl kg bn bostn, bn okgjtohofnfoöj kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sg `ugstrn gj bn sgffoöj 5 fljgftnkn kgb gbg`gjtl rnàz rgprgsgjtnkl plr gb jl`erg kgb prlygftl. Nb rgnboznr gstn lpgrnfoöj bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj kg bn bostn npnrgfg `nrfnkl plr `gkol kg uj soajl kg nfgptnfoöj gj bn bostn kg bn sgffoöj > fl`l sg `ugstrn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn3

Fnjnboznfoöj nsoajnkn

]nrn frgnr ujn rgk kg fnjnboznfoljgs l finrlbns ojtgrfljgftnkns sgbgffoljg gb tuel l fnjnboznfoöj y rgpotn gb prlfgsl kg nsoajnfoöj kgsfrotl njtgrolr`gjtg. Flj gbbl sg pugkg blarnr ujn cgrnrquoznfoöj kg fnjnboznfoljgs qug gj bns ojstnbnfoljgs gbïftrofns rgprgsgjtn su ojtgrfljgxoöj fl`l sg `ugstrn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn3

 

>59  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Cgrnrquoznfoöj l ojtgrfljgxoöj kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs

Nb sgbgffoljnr bn okgjtohofnfoöj kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj > kg Nsoajnfoöj, bn bostn kg fljkuftlrgs kospljoebgs kg bn sgffoöj 6 "Forfuotls kospljoebgs" `ugstrn bn bostn kg forfuotls pugkgj sgr hoaurn3 nsoajnkls n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sgbgffoljnkn. Fl`l sg ojkofnqug gj bn soauogjtg

Bostn kg forfuotls `lstrnkls gj bn sgffoöj "Forfuotls kospljoebgs" funjkl sg sgbgffoljn bn finrlbn gj bn sgffoöj >"Nsoajnfoöj"

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>5?

 N soajnfoöj  k kg  f forfuotls  n n  f finrlbns y  f fnjnboznfoljgs   ]nrn nsoajnr uj forfuotl n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj sgbgffoljg gb forfuotl kospljoebg kgjtrl kg bn bostn kg bn sgffoöj kg forfuotls kospljoebgs plr `gkol kgb `lusg fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn y inan klebg fbof plr `gkol kgb `lusg l sgbgffoljg gb ofljl kg hbgfin blfnboznkl nb flstnkl ozquogrkl kg bn bostn

Forfuotl kospljoebg pnrn sgr nsoajnkl n finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj

Nb rgnboznr klebg fbof slerg gb forfuotl l nb prgsoljnr gb eltöj kg hbgfin gb forfuotl kgsnpnrgfg kg bn sgffoöj 6 "Forfuotls kospljoebgs" y npnrgfg nslfonkl n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj > "Nsoajnfoöj" fl`l sg nprgfon n fljtojunfoöj.

Forfuotl nsoajnkl n bn fnjnboznfoöj

O@]LU[NJ[G3 Gb forfuotl gs nsoajnkl n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj qug sg gjfugjtrn sgbgffoljnkn gj bn sgffoöj >"Nsoajnfoöj". ]lr bl qug kgeg nsgaurnrsg qug njtgs kg nsoajnr gb forfuotl sg sgbgffoljg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj nkgfunkn. Nb `l`gjtl kg rgnboznr bn nsoajnfoöj kgb forfuotl n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj gj bn

sgffoöj > "Fnjnboznfoöj" npnrgfgj bls kntls rgbntovls nb plrfgjtncg kg bbgjnkl kg bn

 

>6=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

finrlbn, njfil l koî`gtrl kospljoebg y gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs qug hugrlj nsoajnkls n bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj fl`l sg `ugstrn n fljtojunfoöj3

Ojhlr`nfoöj kg bbgjnkl kg finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj

]nrn letgjgr ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kg bls frotgrols usnkls pnrn bn sgbgffoöj l bbgjnkl kg bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj fljsubtg bn sgffoöj ‒Vgbgffoöj y bbgjnkl kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs‐ gj gstg fnpàtubl.  Nsà `os`l gj bn sgffoöj ; kg "Uutgl kg forfuotl" sg pugkg nprgfonr qug nb sgbgffoljnr gb forfuotl nsoajnkl n bn finrlbn sg `ugstrn ojhlr`nfoöj agjgrnb kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj y gj bn bostn kgb bnkl kgrgfil sg nprgfon qug sg nargan bn finrlbn l fnjnboznfoöj gj bn funb gstî ojstnbnjkl. Fljhlr`g gb forfuotl gs nsoajnkl n kohgrgjtgs finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs bn bostn sg nftunbozn flj bns okgjtohofnfoljgs kg bns finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs. Flj gstl gs plsoebg rgnboznr uj rutgl kgb forfuotl

Uutgl kgb forfuotl n trnvïs kg bns fnjnboznfoljgs l finrlbns.

Gj bn sgffoöj ojhgrolr kg bn bostn flj tàtubl "Ojstnbnkl gj3" sg nprgfon bn su`n kg bns bljaotukgs kg bns fnjnboznfoljgs l finrlbns kljkg sg gjfugjtrn ojstnbnkl gb fljkuftlr. Funjkl bn su`n kg bns bljaotukgs kg bns finrlbns l fnjnboznfoljgs gxfgkg bn bljaotuk flj bn qug hug fnbfubnkl gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, gstn bgygjkn npnrgfgrî gj flblr rlcl ojkofnjkl qug gs jgfgsnrol vgrohofnr gb fîbfubl kg bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr.

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>6>

Vgbgffoöj y  bbbgjnkl  k kg  f finrlbns y  f fnjnboznfoljgs   ]nrn rgnboznr bn sgbgffoöj kgb njfil kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn sg soaugj bls bojgn`ogjtls kg bns sgffoljgs 6?5-55(n), (e y (f) kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@==>-VGKG-5=>5. ]nrn gb fnsl kg njîbosos encl bls frotgrols kgb gstîjknr JH]N-1= l Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg bns sgffoljgs usnkns slj 6?5.55(N), (E) y (F). ]nrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb bbgjnkl kg tuels fljkuot sg g`pbgnj bls frotgrols kghojokls gj gb fnpàtubl >= kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 y gj bns tnebns > y ; pnrn gb gstîjknr JH]N-1= l Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg. Gb ko`gjsoljn`ogjtl kg bn finrlbns sg rgnbozn pnrn bns fl`eojnfoljgs kg forfuotls ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn. Gs jgfgsnrol nfbnrnr qug pnrn gb ko`gjsoljn`ogjtl sg tl`n gj fljsokgrnfoöj bn ojhlr`nfoöj usnkn pnrn gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr gj gb `ökubl kg fljkuftlrgs . ]lr gcg`pbl so sg rgquogrg qug bn finrlbn sgn ko`gjsoljnkn soj fljsokgrnr gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg fljkuftlrgs, bls forfuotls nsoajnkls n bn finrlbn kgegj sgr fnbfubnkls fl`l uj fljkuftlrgs "soj sgpnrnfoöj" gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnjnboznfoöj gj gb "@lkubl kg fîbfubl kg fljkuftlrgs", tnb fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn3

Flj gstn fljkofoöj bn finrlbn sg ko`gjsoljnrî fljsokgrnjkl gb soauogjtg nrrgabl3

]lr ltrn pnrtg so sg rgquogrg qug bn finrlbn sgn ko`gjsoljnkn fljsokgrnjkl gspnfon`ogjtl fljkuftlrgs, forfuotls nsoajnkls n bnkgfinrlbn kgegjgjsgr fnbfubnkls fl`lgjtrg fljkuftlrgs "FLJbls sgpnrnfoöj" gj bn vgjtnjn fnjnboznfoöj gb

"@lkubl kg fîbfubl kg fljkuftlrgs"3

 

>65  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

]nrn nrrgabls gj trïelb ([ropbgx, troîjaubl, kgbtn, gtf.) nkg`îs kg fljsokgrnr bn sgpnrnfoöj `njtgjokn gjtrg fljkuftlrgs sg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr gb topl kg fljkuftlr fl`l `ljlplbnr trïelb gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls, fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn.

Xgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg forfuotls. (Fn`pl topl kg fnebg)

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>66

Nrrgabl flj sgpnrnfoöj pnrn nrrgabls tronjaubl l tropbgx (O`pbofn ujn sgpnrnfoöj `àjo`n jl `gjlr n 5.>7 vgfgs gb koî`gtrl kgb fljkuftlr kg koî`gtrl `nylr kg nfugrkl flj 6?5.9=(5)(k) JGF-5=>1)3

Ojstnbnfoöj soj sgpnrnfoöj pnrn forfuotls `ljlplbnrgs gj nrrgabls [ronjaubnrgs l tropbgx (Jl kghojokl gj gb JGF-5=>1) slj fljsokgrnkls fl`l fljkuftlrgs gj ujn slbn fnpn flj bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg bn sgaujkn fn`n fl`l gspnfol boerg boerg pnrn bn forfubnfoöj kg norg3

Bl njtgrolr sg `njgcn pnrn gvotnr qug gxostnj ojfljarugjfons gjtrg bls frotgrols usnkls pnrn gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj y bns fljkofoljgs rgnbgs kg ojstnbnfoöj  (nslfonkns nb ko`gjsoljn`ogjtl kg bn finrlbn).

Vo bls fljkuftlrgs fnbfubnkls gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg gbbls gjtljfgs (qug o`pbofn hnftlrgs kg ncustg hugrlj kg fnpnfoknk kg FLJ fljkuffoöj `îs egjïvlbls), sg nsgaurn qug gb koî`gtrl kg bls `os`ls `îs gb gspnfon`ogjtl sgn fljsokgrnkl nb `l`gjtl kg sgbgffoljnr bn finrlbn (]lr gcg`pbl3 Vu`n kg Koî`gtrl kgb fljkuftlr+ koî`gtrl kg gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg gbbls). Vo gb forfuotl hug fnbfubnkl VOJ fljsokgrnr bn sgpnrnfoöj (Hnftlrgs kg ncustg kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj `îs ràaokls) slbn`gjtg sgrî fljsokgrnkn bn su`n kg koî`gtrls pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb njfil kg bn finrlbn. Bl `os`l sufgkg gj gb fnsl kg bls forfuotls gj trïelb pgrl gj gstg fnsl sg fljsokgrn qug bn kostnjfon kg sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fljkuftlrgs sgn kg 5.>7 vgfgs gb koî`gtrl kgb fljkuftlr. N fljtojunfoöj sg prgsgjtnj bls rgquosotls ojfbuokls gj bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 rgbntovls n bn sgbgffoöj y bbgjnkl kg slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn3

 

>6;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

6?5-5 6?5-55. 5. J Jó`grl ó`grl kg fnebgs l ffljku ljkuftl ftlrgs. rgs. n) Jó`grl kg fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg 5=== vlbts l `gjls, gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Gb jó`grl kg fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg 5=== vlbts l `gjls,

pgr`otokls gj ujn slbn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs, jl kgeg gxfgkgr bl gstnebgfokl gj gstn sgffoöj. Bls tn`nþls kg bls fljkuftlrgs qug sg ojkofnj, sg npbofnj tnjtl n fljkuftlrgs kg flerg fl`l kg nbu`ojol.

>) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs topl gsfnbgrn, topl `nbbn l hljkl vgjtobnkl qug fljtogjg funbquogr fl`eo jnfoöj kg fnebgs. Funjkl ujn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs kg

gsfnbgrn, `nbbn l hljkl vgjtobnkl fljtgjan fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn l kg nbu`ernkl l funbquogr fl`eojnfoöj kg fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn, nbu`ernkl, fljtrlb y sgþnboznfoöj, gb jó`grl `îxo`l kg fnebgs kgeg fu`pbor flj bl soauogjtg3 n. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kg tn`nþl >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) l `îs arnjkgs, bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil kg bn finrlbn y bls fnebgs kgegj or ojstnbnkls gj ujn slbn fnpn. Funjkl bn n`pnfoknk kgb fnebg gstî kgtgr`ojnkn kg nfugrkl flj 6?5-9=(n)(>)(f), gb njfil kg bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs jl kgeg sgr `gjlr n bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg bls fnebgs y bn su`n kg bls njfils kg bns sgpnrnfoljgs gxoaokns gjtrg bls fnebgs. e. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kg tn`nþl `gjlr n >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj `îxo`n kg fnebgs pgr`otokn gj bn flbu`jn > kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n), pnrn gb njfil flrrgspljkogjtg kg bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs. f. Vo gj bn `os`n finrlbn plrtnfnebgs sg ojstnbnj fnebgs kg tn`nþl >=1 ``5 (;/=

NQA) l `nylrgs, flj fnebgs kg tn`nþl `gjlr qug >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs ojhgrolrgs nb >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>67

`îxo`n pgr`osoebg rgsubtnjtg kgb fîbfubl kg bn flbu`jn 5 kg bn [nebn 6?555(n), pnrn gb njfil nprlponkl kg bn finrlbn. Bls fnebgs kg tn`nþl >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) y `îs arnjkgs sg kgegj ojstnbnr gj ujn slbn fnpn y jl sg kgegj flblfnr ltrls fnebgs slerg gbbls. 5) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg gsfnbgrn, `nbbn l hljkl vgjtobnkl qug fljtogjgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg fljtrlb y/l sgþnboznfoöj ójofn`gjtg. Funjkl ujn

finrlbn plrtnfnebgs kg gsfnbgrn, `nbbn l hljkl vgjtobnkl, flj ujn prlhujkoknk ojtgrolr ótob kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls l `gjls, fljtgjan söbl fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg fljtrlb y/l sgþnboznfoöj, bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs gj funbquogr sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb 7= plr fogjtl kgb îrgn kg bn sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb ojtgrolr kg kofin finrlbn. Vg kgeg usnr ujn prlhujkoknk kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls pnrn fnbfubnr gb îrgn kg bn sgffoöj ojtgrolr pgr`osoebg kg funbquogr finrlbn plrtnfnebgs qug tgjan ujn prlhujkoknk ojtgrolr ótob kg `îs kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls. 6) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg hljkl söbokl qug fljtogjgj funbquogr fl`eoj nfoöj kg fnebgs. Funjkl inyn finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg hljkl söbokl flj

fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn l nbu`ernkl l funbquogr fl`eojnfoöj kg

fnebgs kg hugrzn, `îxo`l`ubtofljkuftlrgs kg fnebgs kgeg fu`pbor flj bl nbu`ernkl, soauogjtg3 sgþnbgs y fljtrlb, gb jó`grl n. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kgb >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) l `nylrgs, bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb ?= plr fogjtl kgb njfil kg bn finrlbn y bls fnebgs kgegj gstnr ojstnbnkls gj ujn slbn fnpn. e. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kg `gjls tn`nþl kg >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj `îxo`n kg fnebgs pgr`otokn gj bn flbu`jn 6 kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n), pnrn gb njfil nprlponkl kg bn finrlbn. f. Vo gj bn `os`n finrlbn sg ojstnbnj fnebgs kg tn`nþl >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) l `îs arnjkgs, flj fnebgs kg `gjlr tn`nþl kg >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs kg tn`nþl `gjlr kg >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj `îxo`n pgr`otokn rgsubtnjtg kgb fîbfubl kg bn flbu`jn ; kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n), pnrn gb njfil flrrgspljkogjtg kg bn finrlbn. Bls fnebgs kgb >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA) y `îs arnjkgs sg kgegj ojstnbnr gj ujn slbn fnpn y jl sg kgegj flblfnr ltrls fnebgs slerg gbbls. ;) Finrlbns kg hljkl söbokl qug fljtogjgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg fljtrl b y/l sgþn sgþnboznfoöj boznfoöj slb n`g n`gjtg. jtg. Funjkl ujn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs kg hljkl

söbokl, flj ujn prlhujkoknk ojtgrolr ótob kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls l `gjls, fljtgjan söbl fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg fljtrlb y/l sgþnboznfoöj, bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs gj funbquogr sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb kg bn finrlbn jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb ;= plr fogjtl kgb îrgn kg bn sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb ojtgrolr kg kofin finrlbn. Vg kgeg usnr ujn prlhujkoknk kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls pnrn fnbfubnr gb îrgn `îxo`n kg bn sgffoöj ojtgrolr pgr`osoebg kg funbquogr finrlbn plrtnfnebgs qug tgjan ujn prlhujkoknk ojtgrolr ótob kg `îs kg >7 fgjtà`gtrls. 7) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg fnjnb vgjtobnkl qug fljtogjgj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg funbquogr topl. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg fnjnb

vgjtobnkl fljtgjanj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg funbquogr topl, sg kgeg npbofnr bl

soauogjtg3

 

>68  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

n. Funjkl sg ojstnbg slbn`gjtg uj fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr, gb îrgn kg su sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb vnblr gspgfohofnkl gj bn flbu`jn > kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n)(7). e. Funjkl sg ojstnbg `îs kg uj fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr, bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb vnblr gspgfohofnkl gj bn flbu`jn 5 kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n)(7) 8) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg fnjnb söbokl. Funjkl bns finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg fnjnb söbokl fljtgjanj fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg funbquogr topl, sg kgeg npbofnr bl soauogjtg3 n. Funjkl sg ojstnbg slbn`gjtg uj fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr, gb îrgn kg su sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb vnblr gspgfohofnkl gj bn flbu`jn > kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n)(8). e. Funjkl sg ojstnbg `îs kg uj fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr, bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb vnblr gspgfohofnkl gj bn flbu`jn 5 kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(n)(8).

e) Jó`grl kg fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 5=== vlbts l `gjls gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Gb jó`grl kg fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 5=== vlbts l

`gjls, pgr`otokls gj ujn slbn sgffoöj kg ujn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs, jl kgeg gxfgkgr bls rgquosotls kg gstn sgffoöj. Bls fljkuftlrgs ojkovokunbgs l bls gjsn`ebgs kg fljkuftlrgs sg kgegj kostroeuor ujohlr`g`gjtg n bl njfil kg tlkn bn finrlbn. Bls tn`nþls kg bls fljkuftlrgs, sg npbofnj tnjtl n fljkuftlrgs kg flerg fl`l kg nbu`ojol. >) Finrlbns plrtnfnebgs kg topl gsfnbgrn l kg hljkl vgjtobnkl. Funjkl ujn

finrlbn plrtnfnebgs topl gb`nbbn, kg gsfnbgrn kg kofils hljkl vgjtobnkl fljtgjan fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr, jó`grl `îxo`llkg fnebgs kgeg fu`pbor bls

soauogjtgs rgquosotls3

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>61

n. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kg 7=1 ``5 (>=== df`ob) l `nylrgs, bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg tlkls bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil kg bn finrlbn y tlkls bls fnebgs sg kgegj ojstnbnr gj ujn slbn fnpn. Vg pgr`otorî qug bls fljkuftlrgs qug gstîj ntnkls fljcujtn`gjtg pnrn nenrfnr fnkn arupl kg uj forfuotl, sg ojstnbgj gj hlr`n kohgrgjtg kg ujn slbn fnpn. e. Vo tlkls bls fnebgs slj kg >51 ``5 (57= df`ob) instn ;78 ``5 (?== df`ob), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bnsgxfgkgr sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg `îxo`n tlkls blspgr`otokn fnebgs kg slbl fljkuftlr, jl kgeg gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj gjuj bn flbu`jn > kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(e)(>) pnrn gb njfil flrrgspljkogjtg kg bn finrlbn. f. Vo sg ojstnbnj gj bn `os`n finrlbn fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr kg 7=1 ``5 (>=== df`ob) l `nylrgs flj fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr `gjlrgs n 7=1 ``5 (>=== df`ob), bn su`n kg bns îrgns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs kg tlkls bls fnebgs `gjlrgs n 7=1 ``5 (>=== df`ob) jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb îrgn kg lfupnfoöj `îxo`n pgr`osoebg rgsubtnjtg kgb fîbfubl kg bn flbu`jn 5 kg bn [nebn 6?5-55(e)(>) pnrn gb njfil flrrgspljkogjtg kg bn finrlbn. k. Funjkl funbquogrn kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr ojstnbnkls sgn kg 5>.5 ``5 (; NQA) instn >=1 ``5 (;/= NQA), bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg tlkls bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil kg bn finrlbn.

5) Finrlbns kg fnjnb vgjtobnkl. Funjkl ujn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs kg fnjnb vgjtobnkl kg

7, 1.7=, >= l >7 fgjtà`gtrls kg njfil fljtgjan fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr, bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg tlkls bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil ojtgrolr kgb fnjnb. f) Jó`grl kg fnebgs kg `gkon tgjsoöj y topl @F (`îs kg 5=== vlbts) gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs. Gb jó`grl kg fnebgs kg `îs kg 5=== vlbts pgr`otokl gj ujn slbn finrlbn

plrtnfnebgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr bls rgquosotls kg gstn sgffoöj. Bn su`n kg bls koî`gtrls kg bls fnebgs kg uj slbl fljkuftlr y `ubtofljkuftlrgs jl kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil kg bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs y bls fnebgs kgegj gstnr ojstnbnkls gj ujn slbn fnpn. Funjkl bls fnebgs kg uj arupls slbl fljkuftlr vnynj gj arupls trgs fljkuftlrgs l funtrl ojkovokunbgs fljkuftlrgsjl l ntnkls hlr`njkl plr forfuotls, bn su`n kg blskg koî`gtrls kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kgeg gxfgkgr gb njfil kg bn finrlbn plrtnfnebgs y gstls arupls sg kgegj ojstnbnr gj uj slbn fnpn.‐  Gxtrnàkl kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 

 

>69  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

Vgbgffoöj y  bbbgjnkl  k kg  f fnjnboznfoljgs   N fljtojunfoöj sg prgsgjtn ujn pnrtg kgb fnpàtubl >= kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 kljkg sg kghojgjkg blsbbgjnkl. frotgrols pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb koî`gtrl kg tuel fljkot l pnrn fnbfubnr gb plrfgjtncg FN]O[WBL >= [NEBNV

JL[N >3 Gstn [nebn > sg ensn gj bns fljkofoljgs `îs fl`ujgs kg fnebgnkl y nbojgnfoöj kg bls

fljkuftlrgs, funjkl bn bljaotuk kg bls trn`ls y gb jó`grl kg furvns kg bls fnebgs gstîj kgjtrl kg bà`otgs rnzljnebgs. Voj g`enral, gj kgtgr`ojnkns fljkofoljgs sg plkrî lfupnr ujn pnrtg `nylr l `gjlr kg bls fljkuftls. JL[N 53 Funjkl sg ojstnbgj trgs fljkuftlrgs l fnebgs kgjtrl kg ujn fnjnboznfoöj, so bn rgbnfoöj kg bn fnjnboznfoöj (koî`gtrl ojtgrjl) flj gb fljkuftlr l fnebg (koî`gtrl gxtgrjl) gstî gjtrg 5.9 y 6.5, bls fnebgs sg plkrîj ntnsfnr kgjtrl kg bn fnjnboznfoöj plr bl qug sg kgeg ojstnbnr ujn fnjnboznfoöj kg tn`nþl oj`gkontl supgrolr. Vo eogj pugkg lfurror uj ntnsfn`ogjtl funjkl sg ojstnbgj funtrl l `îs fljkuftlrgs l fnebgs kgjtrl kg ujn fnjnboznfoöj, bn prleneoboknk p rleneoboknk gs `uy encn. Jltns kg bns [nebns

(>) Xïnsg gb npïjkofg F pnrn gb jó`grl `îxo`l kg fljkuftlrgs y fnebgs kg npnrntls, tlkls kgb `os`l tn`nþl (îrgn kg bn sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb tltnb ojfbuokl gb nosbn`ogjtl) pgr`otokls gj bls tn`nþls fl`grfonbgs npbofnebgs kg tuel fljkuot y tuegràns (5) Bn [nebn > sg npbofn söbl n ojstnbnfoljgs fl`pbgtns kg tuel fljkuot l tuegràns y jl n fljkuftls l tuegràns qug sg g`pbgnj pnrn prltgagr n bls fnebgs gxpugstls fljtrn knþl hàsofl. (6) ]nrn fnbfubnr gb plr fogjtl kg lfupnfoöj kg bls fnebgs f nebgs gj tuel fljkuot, sg kgegj tgjgr gj fugjtn bls fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn y ujoöj kg bls gquopls, funjkl sg utobofgj. Gj bls fîbfubls sg kgeg utoboznr bn ko`gjsoöj rgnb y tltnb kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn y ujoöj kg bls gquopls, tnjtl so gstîj nosbnkls fl`l kgsjukls. (;) Funjkl gjtrg bns fncns, aneojgtgs y gjvlbvgjtgs so`obnrgs sg ojstnbnj jopbgs fuyn bljaotuk tltnb jl supgrn 8= f`., sg pgr`otg qug gsls jopbgs gstïj lfupnkls instn gb 8=% kg su sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb tltnb y qug jl sg npboqugj bls hnftlrgs kg ncustg qug gstnebgfg bn Vgffoöj 6>= 6>=->7(e)(6). ->7(e)(6). (7) ]nrn fljkuftlrgs jl ojfbuokls gj gb Fnpàtubl >=, fl`l plr gcg`pbl bls fnebgs `ubtofljkuftlrgs y bls fnebgs kg hoern öptofn, sg kgegj utoboznr sus ko`gjsoljgs rgnbgs. (8) ]nrn fl`eojnfoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs kg kostojtl tn`nþl jl`ojnb sg npbofnj bns [nebns 7 y 7N pnrn ko`gjsoljgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs y bn [nebn ; pnrn bns ko`gjsoljgs kgb tuel fljkuot. (1) Funjkl sg fnbfubn gb jó`grl `îxo`l kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokls gj tuel fljkuot, tlkls kgb `os`l tn`nþl (ojfbuokl gb nosbn`ogjtl), sg kgeg tl`nr gb jó`grl oj`gkontl supgrolr so bls fîbfubls kgb jó`grl `îxo`l kg fljkuftlrgs pgr`otokl knj uj rgsubtnkl kgfo`nb kg =.9 l supgrolr. (9) Funjkl ltrns Vgffoljgs kg gstn jlr`n pgr`otnj utoboznr fljkuftlrgs kgsjukls, sg pgr`otg utoboznr bns ko`gjsoljgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs kgsjukls kg bn [nebn 9. (?) ]nrn fnbfubnr gb plr fogjtl kg lfupnfoöj gj tuel (fljkuot), uj fnebg `ubtofljkuftlr l uj fnebg hbgxoebg kg kls l `îs fljkuftlrgs sg kgeg fljsokgrnr fl`l uj slbl fljkuftlr. ]nrn fnebgs kg

sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb gbàptofn, gb fîbfubl kgb îrgn kg su sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb sg infg tl`njkl gb koî`gtrl `nylr kg bn gbopsg fl`l koî`gtrl kg uj fàrfubl.

 

Fnpàtubl 8. Fnpturn kg finrlbns y nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls  

>6?

 

>;=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Fnpàtubl

1  Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs kg Fljkuftlrgs Blfnboznfoöj3 Fljsubtns | Gspgfohofnfoljgs Bn gspgfohofnfoöj rgprgsgjtn bn kgsfropfoöj kg bns fnrnftgràstofns `îs rgprgsgjtntovns kg uj fljkuftlr nslfonkl n uj forfuotl. Fl`l pnrtg kgb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg kg uj fljkuftlr slbn`gjtg sg letogjg ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kgb tn`nþl jl`ojnb kgb fljkuftlr kg flerg l kg nbu`ojol pgrl jl sg togjg `nylr ojhlr`nfoöj nfgrfn kg bns ko`gjsoljgs tltnbgs, jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl, l topl kg nosbn`ogjtl. ]lr `gkol kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj, Vozgr Gbgftrof pugkg nslfonr tlkn gstn ojhlr`nfoöj n uj forfuotl kg `njgrn qug sg pugkn fljtnr flj ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns fnrnftgràstofns kgb fljkuftlr. Nkofoljnb`gjtg plr `gkol kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj gs plsoebg nsoajnr gb koî`gtrl tltnb y pgsl plr `gtrl kg uj fljkuftlr. Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj gs g`pbgnkn pnrn kgtgr`ojnr plstgrolr`gjtg gb njfil kg bn finrlbn l koî`gtrl kg bn fnjnboznfoöj kljkg sg gjfugjtrg ojstnbnkl gb forfuotl. Bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs pugkg sgr fljsubtnkn y gkotnkn kg nfugrkl flj bns jgfgsoknkgs kgb prlygftl. Gs o`plrtnjtg jltnr qug Vozgr Gbgftrof fugjtn flj 5 boergràns kg kntls3 Bns prlpons

kgb prlarn`n (Vozgr Gbgftrof) y bns kgb hnerofnjtg Vlutiworg. Gstns sg sgbgffoljnj gj bn sgffoöj kg ‒Jlr`ns‐. Bn boergràn kg Vozgr Gbgftrof gstî kghojokn flj ensg gj vnblrgs y pgsls prl`gkol kg kohgrgjtgs hnerofnjtgs kgb `grfnkl. Bn boergràn kg Vlutiworg

 

>;5

@njunb kg usunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

ojtgarn bn ojhlr`nfoöj prgfosn kg tlkls bls fljkuftlrgs kg gstg hnerofnjtg bl funb ojfrg`gjtn bn prgfosoöj kg bn sgbgffoöj kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs y hnfobotn gb prlfgsl kg nkquosofoöj y su`ojostrl kg gstls `ntgronbgs. Nkofoljnb`gjtg ustgk plkrî letgjgr ujn fltoznfoöj oj`gkontn kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg su prlygftl ( Xgn Ugsu`gj kg Fljkuftlrgs).  Nsgaórgsg g qug gj bn sgffoöj kg ‒Jlr`ns‐   sg in sgbgffoljnkl bn boergràn kg Jltn3   Nsgaórgs

gspgfohofnfoljgs nkgfunkn n bls rgqugro`ogjtls kg su prlygftl yn qug funbquogr gkofoöj n bn ojhlr`nfoöj sgrî rgnboznkn slerg bn boergràn gbgaokn.

]nrn nffgkgr n bn ojhlr`nfoöj kospljoebg kg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "Fljsubtns" kgb @gjó projfopnb y n fljtojunfoöj, kgb sue`gjó kgspbgankl, sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "Gspgfohofnfoljgs". N fljtojunfoöj sg prgsgjtnrî bn soauogjtg rgtàfubn3

Gstn rgtàfubn prgsgjtn uj ofljl nkofoljnb gj bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns gb funb sg `ugstrn n fljtojunfoöj3

Eltöj pnrn fljsubtn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sotol wge kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr

Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg neror bn korgffoöj WUB kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr infogjkl usl kgb gxpblrnklr kg ojtgrjgt ojstnbnkl gj bn fl`putnklrn kgb gquopl. Gstl pgr`otg fljsubtnr gj bàjgn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb prlkuftl. ]nrn gkotnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg nbaujn gspgfohofnfoöj gj pnrtofubnr sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr

gb rgjaböj flrrgspljkogjtg instn qug npnrgzfn sl`ergnkl y gjtljfgs sg kgegrî infgr klebg fbof plr `gkol kgb `lusg. [n`eoïj gs plsoebg nffgkgr n bn ojhlr`nfoöj

 

Fnpàtubl 1. Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs 

>;6 

kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj sgbgffoljnjkl gb rgjaböj flrrgspljkogjtg y prgsoljnjkl gb ofljl "@lkohofnr" blfnboznkl gj gb `gjó kg igrrn`ogjtns gj bn fnegfgrn kg gstn rgtàfubn.

Ofljl pnrn `lkohofnr gspgfohofnfoljgs. N fljtojunfoöj sg prgsgjtnrî bn vgjtnjn kg gkofoöj y rgaostrl kg gspgfohofnfoljgs soauogjtg3

Xgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg gspgfohofnfoljgs

N fljtojunfoöj sg ojkofn bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug kgeg sgr fnpturnkn gj fnkn ujl kg bls fn`pls kg bn vgjtnjn kg gspgfohofnfoljgs. Gspgfohofnfoöj3  Gs uj jl`erg ójofl g orrgpgtoebg gj gb prlygftl qug okgjtohofn n bn

kgsfropfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Gxostgj kls plsoeoboknkgs pnrn bn kghojofoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj3 Wjn fljsostg gj fnpturnrbn korgftn`gjtg kgjtrl kgb funkrl kg tgxtl pnrn bl funb sg kgeg nftovnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj fljtoaun kg jl`erg ‒@njunb‐ .

Ltrn lpfoöj fljsostg gj sgbgffoljnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls fn`pls gj hlr`n kg bostn kg gstn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn, flj gbbl sg hlr`n uj tgxtl qug kostojaug n bn gspgfohofnfoöj. Kgeokl n qug gb jl`erg kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj sg nslfon flj bls

 

>;;

@njunb kg usunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

rgsubtnkls kgb fîbfubl kg fljkuftlrgs, gs jgfgsnrol qug gxostn ujn gspgfohofnfoöj pnrn fnkn fl`eojnfoöj kg rgsubtnkls plsoebgs kgb `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl. @njunb3  Fl`l sg ojkofö gj bn kghojofoöj njtgrolr, gstn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj sorvg

pnrn ojkofnr so gb jl`erg kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj sgrî kghojokl plr gb usunrol (Nftovnkn) l so sg kghojorî gj hujfoöj kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn kg bls fn`pls kg bn hlr`n (Kgsnftovnkn). Koî`gtrl 3 Gs gb koî`gtrl gxtgrolr tltnb kgb fljkuftlr kghojokl gj bn gspgfohofnfoöj.

Gstg vnblr gstn gxprgsnkl gj fgjtà`gtrls. ]gsl3   Gs bn kghojofoöj kgb pgsl plr `gtrl bojgnb qug tgjkrî gb fljkuftlr kg bn

gspgfohofnfoöj. Gstg vnblr gs usnkl pnrn tltnboznr gb pgsl plr `gtrl bojgnb qug kgegrî slplrtnr bn finrlbn pnrn fnebgs.  Nbon  Nb ons3 s3 Gstg fn`pl pgr`otg nsoajnr uj jl`erg pgrsljnboznkl n bn gspgfohofnfoöj pnrn

nkgfunrsg n bn klfu`gjtnfoöj ojtgrjn kg ltrls sostg`ns prlpols kgb usunrol. Ju`grl kg fntîblal3 Gs kg bn okgjtohofnfoöj fl`grfonb kgb hnerofnjtg kgb prlkuftl. Agjgrnb`gjtg gs letgjokn `njunbgs tïfjofls l fntîblals kgb hnerofnjtg. Gstn ojhlr`nfoöj sgrî ojfbuokn gj bn kgsfropfoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs pnrn nslfonr gspgfàhofn`gjtg gb fljkuftlr n ujn fbnvg rgfljlfokn plr gb hnerofnjtg.   ]GV[NÞN KG KN[LV

Gj bn pgstnþn kg kntls sg fnpturn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Vo jl hug sgbgffoljnkn bn fnsobbn ‒@njunb‐, bn ojhlr`nfoöj fnpturnkn gj gstls fn`pls ojtgarnrn

bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr. Bls kntls n fnpturnr slj bls soauogjtgs. @ntgronb @n tgronb Fljkuft lr3 Gs bn kghojofoöj kgb `ntgronb pnrn bn fljstruffoöj kgb fljkuftlr

qug pugkg sgr kg flerg l nbu`ojol. Fnboerg3 Gstg fn`pl fugjtn flj 5 funkrls kg tgxtl, gb pro`grl rgprgsgjtn gb jó`grl

kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn `ubtofljkuftlrgs. Vo sg fnpturn gb jó`grl > gj gstg funkrl kg tgxtl sg inrî rghgrgjfon n uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr. Gb sgaujkl funkrl kg tgxtl rgprgsgjtn gb tn`nþl jl`ojnb kgb fljkuftlr gxprgsnkl gj sostg`n NQA l DF@. [ogrrn3 Gs gb tn`nþl jl`ojnb kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn pnrn `ubtofljkuftlrgs,

gxprgsnkl gj sostg`n NQA ö DF@

[gjsoöj3 Gs gb vnblr kg bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr gxprgsnkn gj

vlbts.

 Noss bn` ogj tl  No tl33 Gs gb topl kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr kg nfugrkl flj bn jlr`n gbgaokn. 

@îxo`n tg`pgrnturn3 Gs bn `îxo`n tg`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj kg fljkuftlr kg nfugrkl nb nosbn`ogjtl gxprgsnkn gj arnkls fgjtàarnkls.  

 

Fnpàtubl 1. Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs 

>;7 

Jovgb kg nosbn`ogjtl3 Gs bn fnpnfoknk kgb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr

slergtgjsoöj lfnsoljnkns plr gb topl kg pugstn n togrrn y gb tog`pl kg kosopnfoöj kg bn hnbbn.  [opl Fljkuftlr 3 Kgsfroeg gb topl kg fljkuftlr tgjoïjklsg sgos plsoebgs lpfoljgs3 Gstîjknr  qug   qug gs uj fnebg gbïftrofl prl`gkol. [opl [F qug gs gb fljkuftlr pgr`otokl pnrn usl gj finrlbn "[F - Fnebg [rny".  [opl [F-GU ([opl [F  ‖ Gxplsgk Uuj) pnrn

fljkuftlrgs topl [F qug pugkgj gxtgjkgr su ojstnbnfoöj gj sotols soj slplrtg l fnjnboznfoljgs fljtojuns. Vg togjgj 6 lpfoljgs pnrn fnebg Nr`nkl3  Nr`nkl  NON (Nbu`oju` Ojtgrblfdgk Nr`lr), Nr`nkl AVN (Anbvnjozgk Vtggb Nr`lr) y Nr`nkl FQN (Flrruantgk Qgbkgk Nr`lr). Gstns lpfoljgs gxostgj kgeokl n qug gb koî`gtrl y pgsl kgb fljkuftlr (g`pbgnkl pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs) vnràn kg nfugrkl flj gb topl kg fljkuftlr y gs jgfgsnron bn prgfosn kghojofoöj kgb topl kg fljkuftlr pnrn ojtgarnr su gspgfohofnfoöj.

 Npbobo fn  Np fnfo fo öj 3 ]gr`otg kghojor gb usl y topl kg gjgraàn qug fljkuforî gb fljkuftlr. Vg

togjgj 5 lpfoljgs3 Hugrzn pnrn fnebgs kg gjgraàn y Fljtrlb pnrn forfuotls kg gstg topl. ]njtnbbn ]n jtnbbn @g @gtîbofn3 tîbofn3 Ojkofn so gb fljkuftlr bbgvn ojtgr fljstruokn ujn pnjtnbbn `gtîbofn

pnrn gvotnr gshugrzls kogbïftrofls kgjtrl kgb nosbn`ogjtl. Vg fugjtn flj 6 lpfoljgs3 Voj pnjtnbbn, Flj pnjtnbbn igbofloknb kg fojtn `gtîbofn trnsbnpnkn kgb `os`l `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr (LXU-Lvgrbnppgk)  y Flj pnjtnbbn kg fljkuftlrgs kgsjukls igbofloknbgs kg flerg (EFQ- Enrg Flppgr Qorgs).  Flblr 3 Gj gstn lpfoöj sg kghojg gb flblr kgb fljkuftlr pnrtofubnr kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj.

]nrn gb fnsl kg gspgfohofnfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs kg hugrzn sg plkrî sgbgffoljnr funbquogr flblr. ]nrn bn gspgfohofnfoöj kg `ubtofljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn sg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr bn fl`eojnfoöj gj flblr Jgarl l bn fl`eojnfoöj J+U+N+E (Jgarl, Ulcl, Nzub, y Ebnjfl). ]nrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg fljtrlb bns lpfoljgs slj bns ; tnebns kgsfroptovns ojfbuokns kgjtrl kgb gstîjknr OFGN V-79-81?->?99 qug fljtogjgj bn sgfugjfon kg flblrgs pnrn forfuotls kg fljtrlb. ]GV[NÞN KGVFUO]FOLJ

Gj bn pgstnþn kg Kgsfropfoöj sg `ugstrnj 5 fn`pls WUB 3 (Wjohlr` Ugslurfg Blfntlr) gs uj okgjtohofnklr kg rgfursls ujohlr`g l

korgffoöj kg ojtgrjgt qug gs bn korgffoöj rgbntovn kljkg sg gjfugjtrn gb fntîblal gj bàjgn kgb fljkuftlr kgsfrotl plr bn gspgfohofnfoöj. Gstl gs pnrtofubnr`gjtg ótob pnrn fljsubtnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj `îs rgfogjtg kgb hnerofnjtg kgb fljkuftlr y hnfobotnr gb ojtgrfn`eol kg ojhlr`nfoöj flj gb rgstl kg bls gquopls kg trnencl fl`l îrgns kg fl`prn, fljstruffoöj, gtf.

 

>;8

@njunb kg usunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Wjn vgz fnpturnkl bn korgffoöj WUB kgb prlkuftl plkrî gj sgr bnfljsubtnkl sgbgffoljnjkl gb rgaostrl kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj y prgsoljnjkl enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns gb soauogjtg eltöj3

Eltöj pnrn fljsubtn kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sotol wge kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr Kgsfropfoöj 3 Gstg gs uj fn`pl nbhnju`ïrofl qug gs usnkl pnrn ojfbuor bn

kgsfropfoöj kgb fljkuftlr kghojokl plr bn gspgfohofnfoöj. Vo jl hug sgbgffoljnkn bn fnsobbn ‒@njunb‐, bn ojhlr`nfoöj prgsgjtnkn sg agjgrnrn nutl`îtofn`gjtg gj hujfoöj hug vgrohofnkn ‒@njunb‐ kg bls kntls fnpturnkls gj bn kg pgstnþn kg Kntls. Voprgsgjtnkn `lstrnrn bn óbto`n kgsfropfoöj bn gspgfohofnfoöj pnrnbnbnfnsobbn boerg gkofoöj kg pnrtg kgb usunrol. Gstn kgsfropfoöj npnrgfgrî plstgrolr`gjtg gj bn sgffoöj kg Ugsu`gj kg Fljkuftlrgs kljkg sg kgsfroegj y tltnboznj bls `ntgronbgs kgb prlygftl.

Gb eltöj blfnboznkl n uj flstnkl kgb funkrl kg tgxtl pgr`otg nftunboznr gb tgxtl kg bn kgsfropfoöj frgnkn funjkl bn gspgfohofnfoöj sg ojtgarn n pnrtor kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bls fn`pls. Gstg eltöj tn`eoïj pgr`otg rghrgsfnr bn ojhlr`nfoöj funjkl sg nftunbozn gb WUB kgb prlkuftl, gb Nbons l gb Ju`grl kg Fntnblal.

Eltöj pnrn nftunboznr bn ojhlr`nfoöj

kgb fn`pl Kgsfropfoöj.

 

Fnpàtubl 1. Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs 

>;1 

Vgbgffoöj  k kg  g gspgfohofnfoljgs  p plr  u usunrol   Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb tn`nþl jl`ojnb kgb fljkuftlr sg prgsgjtn gj bn pgstnþn Gspgfohofnfoljgs  bn gspgfohofnfoöj nsoajnkn, fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg vgjtnjn3

Vgbgffoöj  p pgrsljnboznkn  k kg  g gspgfohofnfoöj.   Funjkl sg rgnbozn gb fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, Vozgr Gbgftrof  agjgrn ujn gspgfohofnfoöj   nutl`îtofn kgb forfuotl kg nfugrkl nb topl kg fljkuftlr, fnboerg y gspgfohofnfoöj tgjsoöj kgb sostg`n. [lkns bns plsoebgs fl`eojnfoljgs kg gspgfohofnfoöj agjgrnkns plr gb prlarn`n sg gjfugjtrnj prgkghojokns gj gb prlygftl.

Bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj fl`l gb koî`gtrl pgsl y kgsfropfoöj sgrî g`pbgnkn pnrn ko`gjsoljnr slplrtgs pnrn fnebg topl finrlbn y fnjnboznfoljgs.(Xgn fnpàtubl kg Nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls n finrlbns y gspgfohofnfoljgs) Voj g`enral, so bls kntls kg bn gspgfohofnfoöj jl flrrgspljkgj flj bns jgfgsoknkgs kg su prlygftl ustgk pugkg nslfonr ujn gspgfohofnfoöj kohgrgjtg plr `gkol kg bn

fnsobbn Wsunrol . Flj gbbl npnrgfgrî gb eltöj gj bn flbu`jn Fn`eonr   fl`l sgþnb kg qug sg pugkg nslfonr n gstg fljkuftlr ujn gspgfohofnfoöj kohgrgjtg.

 

>;9

@njunb kg usunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

]nrn nslfonr ltrn gspgfohofnfoöj nb forfuotl, prgsoljg gb eltöj vgjtnjn `lstrnkn n fljtojunfoöj3

y npnrgfgrî bn

Gstn vgjtnjn `ugstrn bns gspgfohofnfoljgs kospljoebgs gj gb fntîblal kgb prlygftl. Kgeokl n qug gb jó`grl kg gspgfohofnfoljgs gj gb prlygftl pugkg sgr `uy arnjkg plkràn sgr jgfgsnron bn npbofnfoöj kg nbaujls hobtrls pnrn blfnboznr bn gspgfohofnfoöj rgqugrokn. ]nrn bl funb gj bn sgffoöj supgrolr kg gstn vgjtnjn sg gjfugjtrnj bls kohgrgjtgs frotgrols kospljoebgs pnrn rgnboznr gb hobtrl. ]nrn npbofnr uj hobtrl sgbgffoljg bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj blfnboznkn nb bnkl ozquogrkl kgb frotgrol kg hobtrl qug kgsgn nftovnr y kghojn bls bà`otgs pnrn rgnboznr gb hobtrnkl. ]rgsoljg gb eltöj

y flj gbbl gb rgfunkrl kg bn pnrtg ojhgrolr `lstrnrî

slbn`gjtg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs qugvgrohofnfoöj fu`pbgj flj frotgrol kg hobtrnkl. ]nrny kgsinfgr gb hobtrl kgsnftovg bns fnsobbns kg kg gbbls frotgrols kg hobtrnkl prgsoljg

jugvn`gjtg gb eltöj "Hobtrnr"

 

Fnpàtubl 1. Fnpturn kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs 

>;? 

Wjn vgz sgbgffoljnkn gj gb rgfunkrl bn jugvn gspgfohofnfoöj pnrn gb forfuotl, prgsoljg gb eltöj "Nfgptnr".

Nb sgbgffoljnr bn gspgfohofnfoöj, ïstn sg nslfon nb fljkuftlr kgb forfuotl.

Jugvn gspgfohofnfoöj nslfonkn nb forfuotl. Bn jugvn gspgfohofnfoöj gs nslfonkn gb forfuotl y sus kntls kg koî`gtrl, pgsl y kgsfropfoöj sgrîj usnkls pnrn bn sgb sgbgffoöj gffoöj kg finrlbns y fnjnboznfoljgs, nsà fl`l pnrn gb rgsu`gj kg fljkuftlrgs.

 

>7=

@njunb kg usunrol -Vozgr Gbgftrof 

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Fnpàtubl

9 

Fîbfubl kg @nbbns kg togrrns

Fnpturn  k kg  @ @nbbns   ]nrn ojofonr gb prlfgsl kg kosgþl kg ujn `nbbn kg togrrns sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "Fljsubtns" y plstgrolr`gjtg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj togrrns kgb sue`gjó kgspbgankl fl`l sg ojkofn n fljtojunfoöj3

 

>75

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gs plsoebg nffgsnr n bn npbofnfoöj sgbgffoljnjkl gb Ofljl kg [ogrrns kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns

N fljtojunfoöj sg `lstrnrî bn rgtàfubn pnrn bn fnpturn kg `nbbn kg togrrns

Gj bn rgtàfubn sg pugkgj nprgfonr bls kntls kgb njîbosos, fnkn rgjaböj l rgaostrl rgprgsgjtn uj njîbosos l gstukol kg togrrns. Gstn rgtàfubn fljtogjg su prlpon enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns flj ofljls fuyn hujfoljnboknk sg gxpbofn n fljtojunfoöj3  Narr gan  Na ganr3 r3  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn

kg kntls kgb gstukol kg bn `nbbn. Gj gbbn sg pugkgj knr kg nbtn bls kohgrgjtgs gstukols qug fl`pljgj nb prlygftl, soj qug gxostn uj bà`otg gj gb jó`grl kg gstukols. @lkohofnr3   Nb tgjgr kntls kg uj gstukol prgvon`gjtg fnpturnkls, gs plsoebg

`lkohofnrbls `gkonjtg gstn lpfoöj.

Flponr @n @nbbn3 bbn3  Flj gstn lpfoöj gs plsoebg tl`nr bls kntls kg uj gstukol fl`l

rghgrgjfon pnrn frgnr ujl jugvl. Gstn lpfoöj gs `uy ótob funjkl gxostgj njîbosos flj kntls so`obnrgs.

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>76

Gbo`ojnr3 ]nrn elrrnr uj gstukol kg `nbbn sg utobozn gstn lpfoöj. Nb utoboznr gstg

prlfgsl gb gstukol kg `nbbn qugkn knkl kg encn kgb sostg`n y gs o`plsoebg rgfupgrnrbl. Flponr nb ]lrtnpnpgbgs3   Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg flponj bls kntls kgb

gstukol nb plrtnpnpgbgs, pnrn qug kgspuïs gb usunrol pugkn pganr bn ojhlr`nfoöj n funbquogr ilcn kg fîbfubl l prlfgsnklr kg tgxtl. ]grsljnbozn ]g rsljnboznfoöj foöj kg flbu` jns3  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj sg `ugstrn

uj konblal flj tlkns bns flbu`jns qug fljtogjg bn rgtàfubn, gj bns funbgs gs plsoebg fn`eonr su lrkgj l eogj lfubtnrbns.

Vo kgsgn lesgrvnr tlkns bns flbu`jns gj bn rgtàfubn, nftovg bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj Vgbgffoljnr tlkl. Aunrknr O`nagj3 ]gr`otg nb`nfgjnr gb arîhofl agjgrnkl kgb nrrgabl kg bn

`nbbn gj uj hlr`ntl kg o`nagj (*.cpa, *.e`p)

@g`lron kg fîbfubl3   Gj gb njîbosos kg `nbbn kg togrrns sog`prg gs jgfgsnrol

tgjgr ujn rghgrgjfon nfgrfn kg bls frotgrols y vnblrgs ojvlbufrnkls gj gb fîbfubl. ]nrn sntoshnfgr gstn jgfgsoknk, gb sostg`n frgn ujn `g`lron kg fîbfubl kgsfroptovn,  bn funb gstî kospljoebg sog`prg y funjkl njîbosos sg gjfugjtrg fnbfubnkl soj grrlrgs.

Vnbor3  Fogrrn bn rgtàfubn kg `nbbn kg togrrns.

 

>7;

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Kosgþl  k kg  bbn  ` `nbbn  k kg  ttogrrns   Nb sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj   kgjtrl kg bn rgtàfubn kg togrrns sg prgsgjtn ujn pnjtnbbn qug fljtogjg kls "Jugvl" gbg`gjtls3   Wjn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn3 Kljkg sg kghojgj bls kntls qug nhgftnj nb kosgþl y fîbfubl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrns (Xgr gbg`gjtl > gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn).   Wj arîhofl kgb nrrgab nrrgabl3 l3 Kljkg sg nprgfon gb nrr nrrgabl gabl hàsofl kg bn `nbbn kg nfugrkl n bls kntls kgb sostg`n (Xgr gbg`gjtl 5 gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn). ▣

▣

Bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn fljstn kg uj funkrl kg tgxtl kljkg sg fnpturn gb jl`erg kgb njîbosos pnrn okgjtohofnr gb nrrgabl. Gj gstn vgjtnjn tn`eoïj sg fugjtn flj 7 pgstnþns. Gj bns ; pro`grns sg narupnj bls kntls kgb njîbosos y gj bn quojtn pgstnþn sg prgsgjtnj bls rgsubtnkls kgb njîbosos y sg kgtgr`ojn so gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn fu`pbg flj bns fljkofoljgs kghojokns plr gb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9=. N fljtojunfoöj sg kgsfroegj bls kntls kg fnpturn kgjtrl kg fnkn ujn kg bns pgstnþns.

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>77

 N rrgabl   Gj gstn sgffoöj sg kghojgj bls kntls kgb nrrgabl agl`ïtrofl kg bn `nbbn nsà fl`l bls kntls kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr flj gb qug sg fljstruyg bn `nbbn.

Bls kntls n fnpturnr slj bls soauogjtgs3 Bnral `nbbn3 `nbbn3 Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg ojkofnr gj `gtrls gb bnral kg bn `nbbn. Gb vnblr kgb bnral kg bn `nbbn kgeg sgr `nylr qug bn ko`gjsoöj fnpturnkn pnrn gb njfil kg bn `nbbn. Gcg`pbl3 

17

Xnboknfoöj3  

`nylr n = y `gjlr n ???? `gtrls

 Njff il `nb  Nj `nbbn bn33 Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg ojkofnr gj `gtrls gb njfil kg bn `nbbn. Gb

vnblr kgb njfil kg bn `nbbn kgeg sgr `gjlr qug bn ko`gjsoöj fnpturnkn pnrn gb bnral kg bn `nbbn. Gcg`pbl3 

7=

Xnboknfoöj3  

`nylr n = y `gjlr n ???? `gtrls

Fljkuftlrgs Xg Xgrtofnbgs3 rtofnbgs3 Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg ojkofnr gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs

kospugstls kg hlr`n vgrtofnb gj gb nrrgabl kg bn `nbbn. Kgeokl n qug bns gfunfoljgs kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9= slj npbofnebgs ójofn`gjtg pnrn `nbbns flj gspnfon`ogjtl ujohlr`g gjtrg fljkuftlrgs, bn kosplsofoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj gb nrrgabl sg kospljkrîj kg `njgrn gquokostnjtg fljsokgrnjkl bn rgbnfoöj kgb bnral kg bn `nbbn gjtrg gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs vgrtofnbgs.

Gcg`pbl3 

9

Xnboknfoöj3  

`nylr n = y `gjlr n ???? `gtrls

 

>78

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fljkuftlrgs Ilrozljtnbgs3 Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg ojkofnr gb jó`grl kg

fljkuftlrgs kospugstls kg hlr`n ilrozljtnb gj gb nrrgabl kg bn `nbbn. Kgeokl n qug bns gfunfoljgs kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9= slj npbofnebgs ójofn`gjtg pnrn `nbbns flj gspnfon`ogjtl ujohlr`g gjtrg fljkuftlrgs, bn kosplsofoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj gb nrrgabl sg kospljkrîj kg `njgrn gquokostnjtg fljsokgrnjkl bn rgbnfoöj kgb Njfil kg bn `nbbn gjtrg gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs ilrozljtnbgs. Gcg`pbl3 

Fnboerg3

9

Xnboknfoöj3  

`nylr n = y `gjlr n ???? `gtrls

Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr gj NQA l

DF@. Gcg`pbl3 

>/= NQA

Xnboknfoöj3  

>/= NQA n >=== DF@

Gj gstg fn`pl sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr gb `ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr. Gb topl kg `ntgronb kgtgr`ojnrî sus fnrnftgràstofns tïr`ofns usnkns pnrn fnbfubnr bn fnpnfoknk kgb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls kurnjtg bn forfubnfoöj kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn n trnvïs kg bn `nbbn. Bls topls kg `ntgronbgs n gbgaor gstîj kg nfugrkl n bls kospljoebgs gj bn tnebn 5 kg bn sgffoöj >>.6.>.5. kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk 9=- 5=== (Xgr tnebn rghgrgjfon gj bn soauogjtg pîaojn).

@ntgronb @n tgronb 3

Gcg`pbl3 

Flerg rgflfokl sunvg-oj`grsoöj

Xnboknfoöj3  

@ntgronbgs gj bn bostn.

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>71

[nebn Jl 5 gxtrnàkn kg bn sgffoöj >>.6.>.5 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9=. Xgrohofnfoöj3 Gstn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj ojkofnrî so sg rgquogrg qug kurnjtg gb

prlfgsl kg fîbfubl kg bn `nbbn sg vgrohoqug gb fljkuftlr kg fnboerg y `ntgronb gspgfohofnkl fu`pbg flj bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls kurnjtg bn fljkuffoöj kg bn hnbbn. Gj gb fnsl qug bn fnsobbn jl sgn vgrohofnkn gb fljkuftlr kgb fnboerg gspgfohofnkl sgrî usnkl gj gb fîbfubl soj okgjtohofnr su fnpnfoknk pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls. Gcg`pbl3 

VO

Xnboknfoöj3  

Jl npbofn

 

>79

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

 N arganr y  g gbo`ojnr v nrobbns  g gj  g gb  n nrrgabl   ]nrn narganr l gbo`ojnr vnrobbns gj gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn gs jgfgsnrol sgbgffoljnr bn pgstnþn "Xnrobbns" kg bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn Gj gstn sgffoöj sg kghojorîj bns fnrnftgràstofns hàsofns kg bns vnrobbns qug sgrîj blfnboznkns gj gb nrrgabl kg bn `nbbn y plstgrolr`gjtg sg kghojorî bn blfnboznfoöj kg bns vnrobbns gj gb nrrgabl hàsofl kg bn `nbbn.

Vg togjgj kls fn`pls n fnpturnr qug slj3 Bljaotuk kg Xnrobbns3 Gcg`pbl3

Gj gstg fn`pl kghojorî sg bn bljaotuk kg bnsqug vnrobbns gj `gtrls. ]nrn gbsg fîbfubl fljsokgrnrî tlknsgxprgsnkl bns vnrobbns kospugstns gj gb nrrgabl fugjtnj flj bn `os`n bljaotuk. 6.=7 `

Xnboknfoöj3

@nylr n = y `gjlr n >== `

Koî`gtrl kg Xnrobbns3 Gj gstg fn`pl sg kghojg gb koî`gtrl kg bns vnrobbns gxprgsnkl gj

`gtrls. ]nrn gb fîbfubl sg fljsokgrnrî qug tlkns bns vnrobbns kospugstns gj gb nrrgabl togjgj gb `os`l koî`gtrl. Gcg`pbl3

=.=>7? `

Xnboknfoöj3

@nylr n =.==>` y `gjlr n > `

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>7?

Gstn sgffoöj lpgrn ojtgrnftovn`gjtg flj gb arîhofl kgb nrrgabl. Gj gb rgfunkrl nffoöj kg Xnrobbns sg fugjtn flj kls eltljgs3

Gb eltöj  Na  Narga rganr nr y gb eltöj Gbo`ojnr pgr`otorîj nkofoljnr l gbo`ojnr ujn vnrobbn kgb Arîhofl kgb Nrrgabl blfnboznkl gj pnrtg plstgrolr kgb sostg`n.

 N arganr X nrobbns   ]nrn nkofoljnr ujn vnrobbn sg kgegrî prgsoljnr gb eltöj " Narga  Na rganr  nr " gstl inrî qug gb furslr kgjtrl kgb Arîhofl kgb nrrgabl fn`eog, ojkofnjkl gb `lkl kg nkofoöj.

Vg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr ujn ojtgrsgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs kgjtrl kgb arîhofl y prgsoljnr gb eltöj ozquogrkl kgb `lusg pnrn flblfnr bn vnrobbn. Vg nprgfon qug bn vnrobbn hug flblfnkn gj bn plsofoöj ojkofnkn funjkl gj gb arîhofl npnrgfg uj fàrfubl gj bn ojtgrsgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs fl`l sg ojkofn gj bn soauogjtg hoaurn3

 

>8=

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Nb `os`l tog`pl npnrgfgrî gj bn bostn kg vnrobbns bns fllrkgjnkns kg bns vnrobbns kg nfugrkl flj bn ojtgrsgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs y sg ojfrg`gjtnrî gb jó`grl kg vnrobbns gj gb fljtnklr kg gstn sgffoöj fl`l sg `ugstrn fljtojunfoöj

Bn plsofoöj rgbntovn kg bns vnrobbns sgrî fljsgrvnkn gj bns ojtgrsgffoljgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs funjkl sg `lkohoqugj bns ko`gjsoljgs kg bn `nbbn l funjkl sg `lkohoqugj gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs ilrozljtnbgs y vgrtofnbgs kgb nrrgabl. Funjkl sg rgnbofg ujn `lkohofnfoöj gj funbquogrn kg gstls kntls y ujn vnrobbn jl pugkn sgr blfnboznkn gj su plsofoöj rgbntovn sgrî gbo`ojnkn nutl`îtofn`gjtg. JL[N O@]LU[NJ[G3 Bns vnrobbns jl plkrîj sgr blfnboznkns gj uj îrgn hugrn kg ujn

ojtgrsgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. Nujqug gb prlfgko`ogjtl kg fîbfubl jl ojvlbufrn bn kosplsofoöj hàsofn kg bns vnrobbns kg togrrns, bn npbofnfoöj slbn`gjtg fljsokgrnrî vnrobbns gj bns ojtgrsgffoljgs kg fljkuftlrgs. 

Gbo`ojnr X nrobbns   ]nrn gbo`ojnr ujn vnrobbn sg kgegrî prgsoljnr gb eltöj "Gbo`ojnr" gstl inrî qug gb furslr kgjtrl kgb Arîhofl kgb nrrgabl fn`eog ojkofnjkl uj `lkl kg gbo`ojnfoöj.

Vg kgegrî sgbgffoljnr bn vnrobbn n gbo`ojnr gj gb arîhofl y prgsoljnr gb eltöj ozquogrkl kgb `lusg pnrn gbo`ojnr bn vnrobbn. Vg nprgfon qug bn vnrobbn hug gbo`ojnkn kg bn plsofoöj funjkl gj gb arîhofl npnrgfg sg rgstnebgzfn bn ojtgrsgffoöj kg bls

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>8>

fljkuftlrgs y kgsnpnrgzfn gb sà`elbl forfubnr qug rgprgsgjtn bn vnrobbn fl`l sg nprgfon n fljtojunfoöj.

Bn vnrobbn gbo`ojnkn arîhofn`gjtg sgrî gbo`ojnkn tn`eoïj kg bn bostn kg vnrobbns y sg vgrî rghbgcnkn fl`l uj kgfrg`gjtl gj gb fljtnklr kg gstn sgffoöj.

Fnrnftgrà stofns  k kgb  ttgrrgjl   Gj gstn sgffoöj kg sg kgegj kghojor bls kntls `îs rgprgsgjtntovls kgb tgrrgjl kljkg sg gjfljtrnrî ojstnbnkn bn `nbbn kg togrrns

Bls kntls n kghojor kgjtrl kg gstn sgffoöj sg prgsgjtnj n fljtojunfoöj3 ]rlhujkoknk @nbbn3 Gs bn kostnjfon n bn funb sg gjfugjtrn ojstnbnkn bn `nbbn. Gstn

kostnjfon gs `gkokn n pnrtor kgb sugbl tgr`ojnkl soj fljsokgrnr bn fnpn kg arnvn supgrhofonb. Fl`ój`gjtg gstg vnblr gs kghojokl fl`l =.8 `gtrls kgeokl n qug pnrn prlhujkoknkgs `gjlrgs bn rgsostovoknk kgb sugbl sg vg fljsokgrnebg`gjtg nhgftnkn plr vnronfoljgs gj bn tg`pgrnturn y iu`gknk. Gspgslr kg bn fnpn supgrhofonb3  G Gss gb gspgslr kg bn fnpn kg arnvn flblfnkn slerg gb

tgrrgjl hor`g pnrn blarnr ujn zljn kg `nylr rgsostovoknk qug bo`otg gb ojfrg`gjtl kg pltgjfonbgs gj gb tgrrgjl. Agjgrnb`gjtg gb vnblr kg gstn fnpn gs kghojokn kg >7 n 5= f`.

 

>85

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Ugsosto v oknk   Fnpn supgrhofonb3   Gs gb vnblr kg rgsostovoknk kg bn fnpn kg arnvn flblfnkn slerg gb

jovgb kg posl tgr`ojnkl. Gstg vnblr gs tl`nkl agjgrnb`gjtg fl`l rghgrgjfon kg bn tnebn 1 kg bn sgffoöj >6 kgb gstîjknr OGG Vtk. 9= fl`l sg ojkofn n fljtojunfoöj3

[grrgjl3  

Gs gb vnblr kg rgsostovoknk kgb tgrrgjl letgjokl kg uj gstukol aglgbïftrofl rgnboznkl gj gb sotol kg bn ojstnbnfoöj. Gb vnblr kg bn rgsostovoknk kgb tgrrgjl kgegrî sgr kghojokl n bn prlhujkoknk n bn funb sg gjfugjtrn bn `nbbn kg togrrns.

Gb kg bnfnsls rgsostovoknk kgegrî gstnrkg kghojokl gj li`s-`. Gjvnblr nbaujls funjkl gb vnblr bn rgsostovoknk kgb tgrrgjl gs gbgvnkn, sg narganj fl`pljgjtgs quà`ofls fl`l nrfobbns l fl`pljgjtgs kg fnreljl qug `lkohofnj gb vnblr kg bn rgsostovoknk kgb tgrrgjl. Voj g`enral pnrn gstls fnsls jl gs plsoebg kgtgr`ojnr fuîb gs gb vnblr kg bn rgsostovoknk kgb tgrrgjl kgspuïs kg narganr

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>86

kofils fl`pljgjtgs, fl`l rghgrgjfon sg pugkg fljsokgrnr qug gstls fl`pljgjtgs rgkufgj instn gj uj 7=% gb vnblr kg bn rgsostovoknk rgbntovn kgb tgrrgjl. Gj fnsl kg jl fljtnrsg flj uj njîbosos kg rgsostovoknk sg pugkgj tl`nr bls vnblrgs kg rgsostovoknk gj hujfoöj kgb `ntgronb prgkl`ojnjtg gj gb tgrrgjl kg nfugrkl flj bls vnblrgs kg bn tnebn 9 sgffoöj >6 kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk.9= fl`l sg `ugstrn fljtojunfoöj.

[grrgjl Fnpn 5 533   Gj nbaujns lfnsoljgs bn rgsostovoknk kgb tgrr tgrrgjl gjl kljkg sg

ojstnbnrî bn `nbbn kg togrrn jl gs ujohlr`g kgeokl n bn kovgrsoknk kg `ntgronbgs. Gj gstls fnsls bn `nbbn pugkg gjfljtrnrsg gj ujn fnpn kgb tgrrgjl flj ujn rgsostovoknk kohgrgjtg n bn rgsostovoknk flj bn qug tgjkrîj fljtnftl bns vnrobbns kg togrrn. Funjkl sg togjgj tgrrgjls flj 5 fnpns sg fljsokgrnj bls `lkgbls kg njîbosos kg Vfiwnrtz y Vujkg pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bn rgsostgjfon kg bn `nbbn. Bn rgsostovoknk kg bn fnpn 5 sog`prg sgrî fljsokgrnkn fl`l bn fnpn kg tgrrgjl blfnboznkn plr kgencl kg bn fnpn kg tgrrgjl kljkg sg blfnbozn blfnbozn bn `nbbn kg togrrns. Gb vnblr kg bn rgsost rgsostovoknk ovoknk kg bn fnpn sgaujkn fnpn kg tgrrgjl kgeg sgr fnpturnkn gj li`s plr `gtrl [opl kg fljgftlrgs3 Gb topl kg fljgftlrgs qug sgrîj usnkls pnrn bn ujor bns ojtgrsgffoljgs kg bn `nbbn kgtgr`ojnrîj bn `îxo`n gbgvnfoöj pgr`osoebg kg tg`pgrnturn kg bn `nbbn kurnjtg gb fîbfubl kg bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls kurnjtg bn fljkuffoöj kg bn hnbbn. Funjkl sg g`pbgnj fljgftlrgs slbknebgs sg fljsokgrn qug gb sostg`n pugkg slplrtnr ujn tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n so`obnr nb pujtl kg husoöj kgb flerg `ogjtrns qug bls fljgftlrgs `gfîjofls jl pgr`otorîj ujn gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn `nylr n bls 87= arnkls.

 

>8;

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

]nrî`gtrls  g gbïftrofls  p pnrn  g gb  k kosgþl  k kg  bbn  ` `nbbn  k kg   togrrns   Gj gstn sgffoöj sg narupnj bls pnrî`gtrls gbïftrofls qug kgtgr`ojnj gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn. Gj gstn pgstnþn sg `ugstrnj 8 fn`pls rgbgvnjtgs fl`l sg ojkofn n fljtojunfoöj3

]ltgjfon kg bn V.G.3 Gs gb vnblr kg bn pltgjfon kg bn suegstnfoöj pnrn gb funb sgrî

fnbfubnkn bn `nbbn kg togrrns. vnblr sgrî usnklkg pnrn kgtgr`ojnr gb `îxo`l kg rgsostgjfon pgr`otokl pnrn Gstg bn pltgjfon y tgjsoöj bn suegstnfoöj kgvnblr nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj ?5>-57 (e) kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5. Vo vnblr gstnrî gxprgsnkl gj dXN.

Ugsostgjfon @îxo`n V.G.3pnrn Gs gb gb prlygftl vnblr kg ïstg bn `îxo`n rgsostgjfon pgr`otokn pnrn gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn funjkl sgn kohgrgjtg n bls vnblrgs ojkofnkls

kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj ?5>-57 (e) kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5. Vu vnblr gstnrî gxprgsnkl gj li`s.

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>87

Flrrogjtg Flrrogjt g kg hnbbn hnbbn33   Gs g gbb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn g`pbgnkl pnrn gb

ko`gjsoljn`ogjtl kg bn `nbbn. Gstg vnblr sgrî gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn n togrrn letgjokl kg bn gjgraàn prlplrfoljnkn plr bn hugjtg kg su`ojostrl l sostg`n kg su`ojostrl. pnrn gb fnsl kg suegstnfoöj flj trnjshlr`nklrgs kgegrî fljsokgrnrsg fl`l gb vnblr bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn ngbtogrrn gj kg gb bnkl pro`nrol kgb nbaujls fnslskgpugkg fljsokgrnrsg vnblr bn flrrogjtg kg trnjshlr`nklr. hnbbn trohîsofn Gj kg nfugrkl flj bns fljsokgrnfoljgs kgb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk.9=.Gstg vnblr kgegrî gstnr gxprgsnkl gj n`pgrgs. Hnftlr kg Frgfo`ogjtl3 Gs uj hnftlr `nylr n bn ujoknk qug kgsfroeg gb plrfgjtncg

gspgrnkl kg frgfo`ogjtl gj bls vnblrgs kg flrrogjtg kg hnbbn pnrn gb huturl. Gstg vnblr agjgrnb`gjtg gs prlplrfoljnkl plr bn fl`pnþàn su`ojostrnklrn flj bls vnblrgs kg fljtroeufoöj kg hnbbn gj gb pujtl kg nfl`gtokn l gs letgjokl kg uj njîbosos kg flrtlforfuotl kgb sostg`n. Gb vnblr gs nko`gjsoljnb. Hnftlr Hn ftlr kg Kovosoöj3 Gs uj hnftlr `gjlr n bn ujoknk qug tl`n gj fljsokgrnfoöj qug

bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn pugkg prgsgjtnr ujn sgpnrnfoöj n trnvïs kg ujn l `îs rutns fl`l plstgs lrutns gstrufturns `gtîbofns. Gstg vnblr kgeg kgb njîbosos bns plsoebgs kg fljkuffoöj kgb sostg`n gjsgr sukgtgr`ojnkl fljcujtl. Gstg vnblr kg gs nko`gjsoljnb. [og`pl kg Boegrnfoöj kg hnbbn3  Gstg gs gb tog`pl qug bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn n togrrn

gstnrî prgsgjtg gj gb sostg`n hbuygjkl n trnvïs kg bn `nbbn kg togrrn. Agjgrnb`gjtg sg fljsokgrn fl`l gb tog`pl ncustnkl pnrn bn prltgffoöj kg hnbbn n togrrn kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj projfopnb kg bn suegstnfoöj. Gj fnsl kg jl fljtnr flj uj vnblr gspgfàhofl kurnjtg gb kosgþl kg bn `nbbn kg togrrn sg fljsokgrn uj vnblr fljsgrvnklr kg =.7 sgaujkls pnrn sostg`ns kg `gkon tgjsoöj.

 

>88

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Fîbfubl  k kg  bbn  ` `nbbn  k kg  ttogrrns   Gj gstn vgrohofnr sgffoöj gb sgrgsubtnkl kghojgj bls plsoebg kgbfrotgrols njîbosos.npbofnebgs pnrn gb fîbfubl kg pltgjfonbgs y gs

Gj gb rgfunkrl kg pltgjfonbgs kg rghgrgjfon sg kghojg so gb fîbfubl kg bls pltgjfonbgs nk`osoebgs plr gb fugrpl iu`njl sgrîj fnbfubnkls pnrn ujn pgrsljn flj uj pgsl kg 7= l kg 1= da kg nfugrkl flj gb `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl kghojokl gj gb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9=. Gj gstn sgffoöj npnrgfg uj bostnkl flj bls kntls rgsubtnkls kgb óbto`l njîbosos kg fîbfubl kg nfugrkl flj gb `ïtlkl kg fîbfubl ojkofnkl gj gb gstîjknr OGGG Vtk. 9=. Fl`l pro`gr gbg`gjtl kgjtrl kg bn bostn kg kntls npnrgfg bn fljfbusoöj kgb njîbosos, qug fl`pnrn bls pltgjfonbgs kg tlqug y pnsl tlbgrnebgs plr gb fugrpl iu`njl fljtrn bls pltgjfonbgs kg tlqug y kg `nbbn agjgrnkls gj gb nrrgabl. Nsà `os`l bn fljfbusoöj kgb njîbosos fl`pnrn gb vnblr kg bn rgsostgjfon tltnb kg bn `nbbn flj gb vnblr kg rgsostgjfon pgr`otokl plr bn jlr`n lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 y gb vnblr kg bn `îxo`n rgsostgjfon kg `nbbn kghojokn plr gb usunrol gj bn sgffoöj kg pnrî`gtrls gbïftrofls.

Gb bostnkl kg rgsubtnkls hug agjgrnkl pnrn qug gb njîbosos kg ojagjogràn pugkn kgtgr`ojnr bn vnronfoöj kg bls gbg`gjtls kgb fîbfubl. ujn vgz qug sg in blarnkl gb nrrgabl flrrgftl sg pugkg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj kg O`prgsoöj kg `g`lron kg fîbfubl

 

Fnpàtubl 9. Fnpturn kg `nbbns kg togrrns

>81

gj bn Ugtàfubn kg kntls kg `nbbn kg togrrns sgbgffoljnkl gb rgjaböj rgbnfoljnkl nb gstukol rgqugrokl y prgsoljnjkl gb àfljl kg "@g`lron kg fîbfubl"

@g`lron  k kg  f fîbfubl  k kg  bbn  ` `nbbn  k kg  ttogrrns   ]nrn letgjgr ujn o`prgsoöj kg bn `g`lron kg fîbfubl flj bls kntls kgb njîbosos sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj "@g`lron kg fîbfubl" gj bn Ugtàfubn kg kntls kg `nbbn kg togrrns sgbgffoljnkl gb rgjaböj rgbnfoljnkl nb gstukol rgqugrokl y prgsoljnjkl gb àfljl kg "@g`lron kg fîbfubl".

Gstl `lstrnrî bn `g`lron kg fîbfubl kg nfugrkl flj gb soauogjtg hlr`ntl (]nrn bn pgrsljnboznfoöj kg bls rgplrtgs fljsubtg bn sgffoöj "]grsljnboznfoöj kg rgplrtgs " gj bn sgffoöj "Ugplrtgs" kg gstg `njunb)3

 

>89

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G 3

 

 

Fnpàtubl

? 

Ugplrtgs y lpfoljgs kgb prlarn`n

Ugplrtgs   ]nrn o`pro`or gj pnpgb bls kntls fnpturnkls y bls rgsubtnkls agjgrnkls kgb sostg`n, sg fugjtn flj bn lpfoöj kg rgplrtgs. [lkls bls rgplrtgs sg prgsgjtnj gj pro`grn ojstnjfon fl`l ujn vostn prgvon, so gb usunrol rgsugbvg o`pro`orbl slbl jgfgsotn sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj kg o`prgsoöj. Gj agjgrnb bls rgplrtgs togjgj bn soauogjtg enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns pnrn su `njgcl3 O`pro`or.  Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg lrkgjnrn bn o`prgsoöj kgb klfu`gjtl

nftovl.

Gxplrtnfoöj. Gb rgplrtg jl slbn`gjtg sg pugkg o`pro`or gj pnpgb, sojl tn`eoïj

gs plsoebg aunrknrbl gj uj nrfiovl, gstg pugkg sgr kg topl tgxtl ([Y[),

kgbo`otnkl plr fl`ns (FVX) l fl`l uj klfu`gjtl kg ojtgrjgt (I[@B).

 

>1=

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gxplrtnr n Nfrlent Gstn lpfoöj pgr`otg gxplrtnr gb klfu`gjtl prgsgjtnkl gj

uj hlr`ntl kg Nfrlent Ugnkgr® flj gxtgjsoöj *.pkh.

Xgr kg bnbnral vostnpîaojn. prgvon.  Gstn lpfoöj ncustn bl bnral kg bn ilcn kgb rgplrtg n bn vgjtnjn Xgr nb >== %. Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn nffoöj pgr`otg lesgrvnr flj kgtnbbg bn vostn

prgvon.

Xgrr njfi Xg njfil l kg pîaojn. Flj gstn lpfoöj sg ncustn bl njfil kg bn ilcn kgb rgplrtg

n bn vgjtnjn kg bn vostn prgvon.

]ro`grn pîaojn.  Nb utoboznr gstn nffoöj jls rg`otg n bn pro`grn pîaojn kgb

rgplrtg. ]îaojn njtgrolr. Xn n bn pîaojn njtgrolr kgb rgplrtg. ]îaojn soauogjtg. Xn n bn soauogjtg pîaojn kgb rgplrtg. Wbto`n pîaojn. Nb utoboznr gstn nffoöj jls rg`otg n bn óbto`n pîaojn kgb rgplrtg. Vnbor. Fogrrn bn vostn prgvon kgb rgplrtg

Flj gxfgpfoöj kg bls rgplrtgs kg rghgrgjfons y kg kntls agjgrnbgs, tlkls bls kg`îs prgsgjtnj uj hobtrl pnrn sgbgffoljnr bls forfuotls n o`pro`or, gstg hobtrl sg ensn gj gb hujfoljn`ogjtl kgb hobtrl kg bn rgtàfubn kg forfuotls gstukonkl gj gb fnpàtubl ;, flj bn nkofoöj kg uj jugvl fn`pl qug jls pgr`otg pgrsljnboznr gb tàtubl kgb rgplrtg.

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>1>

N fljtojunfoöj sg gju`grnj bls rgplrtgs flj sus rgspgftovls fn`pls3 Jl`erg kgb rgplrtg rgplr tg

Ughgrgjfons Kntls Agjgrnbgs

Ojstnbnfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs

@g`lron kg fnbfubl

Fn Fn`pl `plss

Jl`erg kgb prlygftl, Fbogjtg, Blfnboznfoöj, Klfu`gjtl/@g`lron, ]grsljn qug fnpturö, ]grsljn qug rgvosö, ]grsljn qug nprleö. [gjsoöj kgb sostg`n, Jó`grl kg hnsgs, @ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr, Fnboerg `àjo`l, Fnboerg `îxo`l, ]ltgjfon `àjo`n, ]ltgjfon `îxo`n, [g`pgrnturn kg lpgrnfoöj, [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg, @ntgronb kgb nosbn`ogjtl, Fljkuftlr flj pnjtnbbn Jó`grl kg forfuotl, Jl. kg FF@ l tnebgrl, [opl kg fljkuftlr, Fnboerg sgbgffoljnkl, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg, Fnboerg kg pugstn n togrrn, Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb nrrnjqug, [opl kg fnjnboznfoöj, Flrrogjtg kg flrtl forfuotl, [og`pl kg hnbbn, @îxo`n gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn. Jó`grl kg forfuotl, [opl kg fnran, ]ltgjfon, Wjoknkgs, Bljaotuk, Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb, Flrrogjtg flrrgaokn, Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg nb nrrnjqug, Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg tg`pgrnturn, Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg fnjnboznfoöj, [opl kg fnjnboznfoöj,

Kntls kg forfuotls

Hnftlr kg sgrvofol, Hnftlr kg kg`njkn, Hnftlr kg pltgjfon, Ghofogjfon. Jó`grl kg forfuotl, Jó`grl kg gquopl, Kgsfropfoöj, Jl. kg FF@ l tnebgrl, Nrgn, [opl kg fnran, ]ltgjfon jl`ojnb,

 

>15

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n, Jó`grl kg hnsgs, Wjoknkgs, Bljaotuk, [opl kg fljkuftlr, Fnboerg sgbgffoljnkl, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg, Fnboerg kg pugstn n togrrn. Frotgrols kg sgbgffoöj Jó`grl kg forfuotl, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr fnpnfoknk, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg plr fnpnfoknk, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, Fljkuftlrgs hnsgnb plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plrplr fnàkn nrrnjqug, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg plr fnàkn nb nrrnjqug, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr flrtl forfuotl, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg plr flrtl forfuotl, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr gb usunrol, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg plr usunrol, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoöj hojnb, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg sgbgffoöj hojnb, Fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl pnrn pugstn n togrrn, Fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg pnrn pugstn n togrrn, Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb nrrnjqug.

 N  custgs   kgb  s sostg`n   Blfnboznfoöj3 Igrrn`ogjtns | Ncustgs kgb sostg`n  Funjkl sg sgbgffoljn gstn lpfoöj npnrgfg uj funkrl kg konblal, gb funb sg fl`pljg kg fojfl sgffoljgs l pgstnjns3

Gj bn sgffoöj Lpfoljgs sg gjfugjtrnj bls soauogjtgs fn`pls3

 Nb oj ojof of onr fnr anr gb ób óbtoto `l pr l ygf ygftl tl..  Funjkl uj prlygftl sg gjfugjtrn gj gb

prlfgsl kg kosgþl, su utoboznfoöj sg vugbvg fljstnjtg, plr bl qug nb nftovnr gstn fnsobbn, nutl`îtofn`gjtg gb óbto`l prlygftl neogrtl sg fnranrî nb ojofonr gb sostg`n.

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>16

Fneg nfbnrnr qug gj bn npgrturn kgb sostg`n sg nerorî gb funkrl konblal pnrn fnpturnr bn fljtrnsgþn prlpon kgb prlygftl. Fnptur Fn pturn n fàfbofn gj rgtàfubns. Fl`l inerî jltnkl, gs fl`ój qug kurnjtg gb prlfgsl

kg fnpturn kg bls kntls kg forfuotls y kg kntls agjgrnbgs kg bls gquopls bn ojhlr`nfoöj uj fljcujtl kg kntls sgntnrgn `uytgkolsn. so`obnr nb soauogjtg, plr bl qug bls prlfgsls kg kg fnpturn sg fljvogrtgj gj ujn Vo bns fnrnftgràstofns kg su prlygftl koftnj qug bls kntls kg uj forfuotl sgnj bls `os`ls qug gb kgb forfuotl soauogjtg pugkg ineobotnr bn   Fnpturn fàfbofn gj rgtàfubns.  Gstg `lkl kg fnpturn ojkofn nb prlarn`n qug aunrkg kgjtrl kg bls funkrls kg fnpturn bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb óbto`l forfuotl fnpturnkl l kg bns fnrnftgràstofns kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs kgb ubto`l ubto`l gquopl, kg `njgrn qug nb tgr tgr`ojnr `ojnr gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn y prgsoljnr gb eltöj Nfgptnr  kg  kg bn pnjtnbbn sg `ugstrn gb soauogjtg `gjsncg3

Nb sgbgffoljn Vo, sg arnenrî gb forfuotl y sgrvorî kg ensg pnrn ujl jugvl, gj fnsl kg qug sgbgffoljg Jl  sg arnenrn gb forfuotl pgrl sg fgrrnrî bn fnpturn y plr óbto`l so kgfokg fnjfgbnr jl aunrknrî gb forfuotl pgrl tn`plfl fgrrnrî bn fnpturn. Gxplrtnfoöj.  ]nrn utoboznr gb prlfgsl kg gxplrtnfoöj, gs jgfgsnrol ojkofnrbg nb

sostg`n gb hlr`ntl qug sgrî utoboznkl pnrn gjvonr bls kntls. Gs leboantlrol qug ujn rgtàfubn gstï nftovn pnrn flponr bls kntls nb plrtnpnpgbgs l infon uj nrfiovl kg tgxtl. ]nrn gstn óbto`n, sg kgeg kg fljhoaurnr gb fnrîftgr kgbo`otnklr kg flbu`jns nbhnju`ïrofns y gb fnrîftgr kgbo`otnklr kg flbu`jns gj agjgrnb.

 

>1;

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Gj bn pgstnþn kg Npnrogjf  Npnrogjfon3 on3 

@lstrnr enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns y @lstrnr enrrn kg gstnkl.  Kurnjtg bn fnpturn kg kntls n

vgfgs gs jgfgsnrol fljtnr flj tlkn gb îrgn kg trnencl kospljoebg, plr bl qug gb prlarn`n pugkg lfubtnr l `lstrnr, tnjtl bn enrrn kg tnrgns fl`l bn kg gstnkl flj slbl nftovnr bn fnsobbn kg vgrohofnfoöj nslfonkn.

Gstobl Xgjtnjns.  Gj gstn bostn ustgk pugkg sgbgffoljnr gb flblr kgb fljtgxtl l pogb qug

`lstrnrn bn npbofnfoöj. 

@lstrnr enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtns y @lstrnr enrrn kg gstnkl.  Kurnjtg bn fnpturn kg

kntls n vgfgs gs jgfgsnrol fljtnr flj tlkn gb îrgn kg trnencl kospljoebg, plr bl qug gb prlarn`n l `lstrnr,nslfonkn. tnjtl bn enrrn kg tnrgns fl`l bn kg gstnkl flj slbl nftovnr bnpugkg fnsobbnlfubtnr kg vgrohofnfoöj

Enrrn kg Igrrn`ogjtns3  ]grsljnbofg gj gstn sgffoöj gb tn`nþl y flblr kg bls oljls

kg bn enrrn kg igrrn`ogjtn pnrn nr`ljoznrbls flj gb gstobl kg bns vgjtns

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>17

Gj bn sgffoöj kg Ugplrtgs3

Bn prgsgjtnfoöj hojnb kg su trnencl gs gb lecgtovl pro`lrkonb gj funbquogr tnrgn rgnboznkn. Gs uj rgquosotl fl`ój qug bn ojhlr`nfoöj agjgrnkn pnrn bls fbogjtgs fugjtgj flj ujn okgjtohofnfoöj qug bn rgbnfoljg flj bn fl`pnþàn qug kgsnrrlbbn gb prlygftl. Gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj gstls rgquosotls, gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj bn plsoeoboknk kg pgrsljnboznr bn o`prgsoöj kg bls rgplrtgs kg snbokn ojfbuygjkl gb blaltopl kg su g`prgsn y bn rnzöj slfonb. ]nrn sgbgffoljnr bn o`nagj qug okgjtohofn n su fl`pnþàn slbl ojkoqug bn rutn kgb nrfiovl l prgsoljg gb eltöj 6 pujtls, kljkg npnrgfgrî ujn vgjtnjn qug bg nyuknrî n sgbgffoljnr gb blaltopl kg su g`prgsn. Gj gb rgfunkrl kg [otubl  ojkoqug bn rnzöj slfonb kg su g`prgsn. Nkg`îs, gb prlarn`n plsgg bn hbgxoeoboknk kg narganr gj gb rgplrtg3 gb jó`grl kg ilcn, bn hgfin y bn ilrn gj qug sg o`pro`oö, tlkl gstl flj slbl nftovnr bns fnsobbns kg kg @nbbn kg togrrns3 vgrohofnfoöj rgspgftovns. Gj bn pgstnþn kg Ncustgs kg

 

>18

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Hljkl3 Gstn lpfoöj prgsgjtn kls kohgrgjtgs bostnkls kg flblrgs3 Gb pro`grl pgr`otg sgbgffoljnr gb flblr kgb hljkl usnkl gj gb rgplrtg kg bn `g`lron kg fîbfubl, gb sgaujkl ojkofn gb flblr qug sg `lstrnrn gj bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn. Fljkuftlrgs3 Kghojg gb flblr qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn koeucnr bls fljkuftlrgs kg bn `nbbn kg

togrrns gj gb rgplrtg y gj bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn.

Uötubls3 Kghojg gb flblr qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn koeucnr bns bgygjkns kg bns fltns kg bn `nbbn

kg togrrns gj gb rgplrtg y gj bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn.

Xnrobbns3 Kghojg gb flblr qug sg g`pbgnrn pnrn koeucnr bn rgprgsgjtnfoöj kg bns vnrobbns kg bn

`nbbn kg togrrns gj gb rgplrtg y gj bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn. ]rlxy

Gb ]rlxy l sgrvoklr ]rlxy gs uj prlarn`n l kosplsotovl qug hujfoljn fl`l ojtgr`gkonrol kg pgtofoljgs qug rgnbozn uj fbogjtg n uj sgrvoklr. Gstl pgr`otg lhrgfgr hujfoljnboknkgs fl`l fljtrlb kg nffgsl, rgaostrl kg trîhofl, rgstroffoöj n kgtgr`ojnkls topls kg trîhofl y fnfig wge gjtrg ltrls. Fl`ój`gjtg gs g`pbgnkl pnrn rgstrojaor rg strojaor gb nffgsl n pîaojns wge gspgfàhofns. Vozgr Gbgftrof rgquogrg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sgrvoklr prlxy pnrn trn`otnr plr `gkol kg gstg bls pgr`osls pnrn gb gjvoö kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs kgb prlygftl, letgjgr gb rgaostrl kgb jó`grl fljsgfutovl kg bn fltoznfoöj slbofotnkn. Vo su rgk ojhlr`îtofn fugjtn flj uj sgrvoklr prlxy, gb nk`ojostrnklr kg bn rgk plkrî prlplrfoljnr bn korgffoöj O] y gb pugrtl kgb sgrvoklr prlxy y bg plkrî kghojor uj usunrol y fljtrnsgþn flj bls provobgaols jgfgsnrols pnrn ojtgrfn`eonr ojhlr`nfoöj flj gb sgrvoklr kg Vozgr Gbgftrof. Flj gstn fljhoaurnfoöj ustgk plkrî gjvonr bn ojhlr`nfoöj kg bns

gspgfohofnfoljgs kg su prlygftl pnrn letgjgr vàn flrrgl gbgftröjofl ujn fltoznfoöj y gb slplrtg tïfjofl rgqugrokl kg bls fljkuftlrgs fnpturnkls.

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>11

Bls kntls n fnpturnr gj gstn vgjtnjn slj3

Wsnrr Vg Wsn Vgrvoklr rvoklr ]rlxy3 Vo su gquopl sg gjfugjtrn fljgftnkl kgjtrl kg ujn rgk BNJ B NJ l QNJ y

gstg fugjtn flj uj sgrvoklr prlxy pnrn bn ojtgr`gkonfoöj kg ojhlr`nfoöj, gstn fnsobbn kgegrî

sgr nftovnkn. Vo su gquopl gs Vtnjk Nbljg  l gs topl gstnfoöj, bn fnsobbn kgeg pgr`njgfgr kgsineobotnkn Vgrvoklr3 Gs bn korgffoöj O] ójofn qug okgjtohofn nb sgrvoklr prlxy. ]ugrtl3   Gs gb pugrtl kg fl`ujofnfoöj g`pbgnkl pnrn gb ojtgrfn`eol kg kntls. Gs

agjgrnb`gjtg uj ju`grl gjtgrl kg ; kàaotls. Wsunrol3 Gs uj okgjtohofnklr ójofl qug kostojaug uj gbg`gjtl rgaostrnkl gj gb sgrvoklr. Gstg

kgeg fljtnr flj provobgaols kg bgfturn pnrn fljsubtn kg kntls.

Fljtrnsgþn3  Gs bn fbnvg kg nffgsl pnrn vnboknfoöj kg bn okgjtoknk kgb usunrol.

Ugspnbkl  k kg  p prl ygftls   Blfnboznfoöj3 Lpfoljgs | Ugspnbkl kg prlygftls  Gstg prlfgsl sorvg pnrn flponr bls prlygftls rgnboznkls flj gb prlarn`n n ltrls kosplsotovls, fl`l uj kosqugtg, ujn ujoknk kg rgk l gj gb `os`l kosfl kurl. Nb infgrbl sg frgn uj njtgfgkgjtg kgb prlygftl y ujn prltgffoöj gj gb fnsl kg qug nbaój nrfiovl sg knþg pgr`njgjtg`gjtg. Agjgrn fl`prgsoöj.  Flj gstn lpfoöj sg frgnrî gb rgspnbkl kg bls prlygftls

fnpturnkls. Gs rgfl`gjknebg rgnboznr rgspnbkls plr bl `gjls ujn vgz nb `gs y qug

gstls sg gjfugjtrgj nb`nfgjnkls gj uj buanr kostojtl nb kosfl kurl kg bn fl`putnklrn. ]nrn rgnboznr gb prlfgsl kg fl`prgsoöj, slbl gs jgfgsnrol sgbgffoljnr gb nrfiovl l frgnr ujl jugvl flj gb eltöj  Nrfiovl g ojofonr gb prlfgsl flj gb eltöj Ugspnbknr. 

 

>19

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Ugstnebgfg  f fl`prgsoöj.   Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg plkrî rgstnebgfgr bn fljhoaurnfoöj kgb nrfiovl qug prgvon`gjtg sg fl`pro`oö. ]nrn rgnboznrbl sgbgffoljg gb nrfiovl kg rgspnbkl qug kgsgg rgstnebgfgr flj gb eltöj kg  Nrfiovl y nkg`îs sgbgffoljg gb korgftlrol kgstojl kljkg kgsgg qug sg nblcg gb prlygftl. Gs o`plrtnjtg rgsnbtnr qug so gj gb korgftlrol kgstojl gxostg uj prlygftl flj gb `os`l jl`erg kgb prlygftl n rgstnebgfgr, gb prlfgsl jl sg ghgftón. Gstl flj gb hoj kg jl slerg gsfroeor jojaój prlygftl.

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>1?

Fn`eonr  k kntls   Blfnboznfoöj3 Igrrn`ogjtns | Fn`eonr kntls  Gj gb prlfgsl kgb kosgþl kg prlygftls gbïftrofls gxostgj lfnsoljgs gj bns funbgs bls kntls kg bls forfuotls fn`eonj gj fljcujtl. ]lr gcg`pbl, funjkl uj arupl kg forfuotls gstîj fljgftnkls n uj FF@ =>-FF@-=> y fn`eon nb =>-FF@-=5, gj gstg fnsl sg tgjkràn qug `lkohofnr forfuotl plr forfuotl gb jl`erg kgb gquopl.

]nrn fueror gstn jgfgsoknk slbl jgfgsotn sgbgffoljnr bns fnsobbns kg vgrohofnfoöj kg bls fn`pls qug kgsgn fn`eonr. Nb infgrbl sg ineobotnrn gb fn`pl Eusfnr... gj kljkg plkrî sgbgffoljnr gj bn bostn gb gbg`gjtl n fn`eonr y Fn`eonr plr...  plkrî fnpturnr gb jugvl gbg`gjtl.

O`plrtnr  p prl y  yg gftl   Blfnboznfoöj3 Igrrn`ogjtns | O`plrtnr prlygftl  Wstgk pugkg rgnboznr bn o`plrtnfoöj kg bls kntls kg forfuotls, finrlbns y `nbbns kg togrrns kg ltrl prlygftl. Nb sgbgffoljnr gstn lpfoöj sg prgsgjtnrî ujn vgjtnjn kg konblal qug bg pgr`otorî sgbgffoljnr gb prlygftl n o`plrtnr.

 

>9=

@njunb kg Wsunrol Vozgr Gbgftrof 

Kurnjtg gb prlfgslkgbkgprlygftl o`plrtnfoöj sg gstî pugkgj prgsgjtnr]lr ojfljsostgjfons l kupbofoknk gj bn ojhlr`nfoöj qug sg o`plrtnjkl. gbbl bn npbofnfoöj vnboknrî bls fn`eols y jltohofnrî plr `gkol kg uj rgplrtg gb gstnkl hojnb kg bn ojhlr`nfoöj o`plrtnkn.

Gspgfohofnfoljgs   Blfnboznfoöj3 Igrrn`ogjtns | Gspgfohofnfoljgs  Bn npbofnfoöj pgr`otg rgnboznr `lkohofnfoljgs n bns gspgfohofnfoljgs kg bls fljkuftlrgs fl`l sg pugkg vgrohofnr gj gb fnpàtubl kg ‒Gspgfohofnfoljgs‐. Gj nbaujns

lfnsoljgs rgsubtn fljvgjogjtg rgutoboznr gstn ojhlr`nfoöj l pugkg sgr jgfgsnrol qug sg bn ojhlr`nfoöj kgb sostg`n pnrn gvotnr flrrl`pgr bls kntls. Gstneusqug lpfoöjrgstnebgfgr prgsgjtn 6 nbtgrjntovns3 O`plrtnr kg ltrl prlygftl. ]rlplrfoljnjkl bn korgffoöj kg uj prlygftl fnpturnkl,

gs plsoebg o`plrtnr slbn`gjtg bns gspgfohofnfoljgs kg gstg soj qug sg o`plrtg nbaój ltrl topl kg ojhlr`nfoöj. Ojofonboznr [nebn3   Ugstnebgfg bls vnblrgs kg bn ensg kg kntls lroaojnb kg Vozgr

Gbgftrof.  Nftu  Nf tunbo nbo znr [ne [nebn3 bn3  Nftunbozn bls vnblrgs jl `lkohofnkls prgvon`gjtg plr gb usunrol n

bls vnblrgs plr kghgftl kgb prlarn`n. Bns gspgfohofnfoljgs gspgf ohofnfoljgs `lkohofnkns plr gb usunrol jl slj nbtgrnkns.

 

Fnpàtubl ?. Ugplrtg kg lpfoljgs kg prlarn`n

>9>

Fnbfubnklrn   Blfnboznfoöj3 Igrrn`ogjtns | Fnbfubnklrn  Gb prlarn`n togjg bn lpfoöj kg nftovnr bn fnbfubnklrn kg Qojklws pnrn hojgs kg fîbfubls tïfjofls.

 

 

Fnpàtubl

>=  >=  @g`lrons kgsfroptovns N fljtojunfoöj sg `ugstrn uj arupl kg `g`lrons kg fîbfubl kgsfroptovns qug pugkgj sgr utoboznkns fl`l `gkol kkgg rghgrgjfon pnr pnrnn kgsfroeor gb prlfgsl kg sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs rgnboznkl plr gb prlarn`n Vozgr Gbgftrof  Vo kgsgnbnujn o`prgsoöj kgtnbbnknkg kgfîbfubl bn `g`lron kg fîbfubl kg ujl kg bls forfuotls fljsubtg o`prgsoöj kg `g`lron

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>96

@g`lron  k kg  f fîbfubl  p pnrn  bbn  s sgbgffoöj  k kgb  f fnboerg  k kg   forfuotls  g gj  e en cn  ttgjsoöj.   Lecgtovl Gstnebgfgr bls frotgrols utoboznkls gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs qug lpgrnj gj encn tgjsoöj.  Nb f nj  Nbf njfg fg Gstn `g`lron kg fîbfubl fuerg bls frotgrols utoboznkls pnrn gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs gj encn tgjsoöj ( instn 8== X ) pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr, uj `ltlr, uj gquopl pnqugtg y uj forfuotl kg fljtrlb. Fljsokgrnjkl pnrn gbbl bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj encl lpgrnfoöj jlr`nb, y `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug pnrn gb fnsl kgb `ltlr. Bls fljkuftlrgs sgbgffoljnkls slj kg flerg, togjgj nosbn`ogjtl flj tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kg 17 F. Ensgss kg kos gþl Ensg N fljtojunfoöj sg gjbostnj bls klfu`gjtls, jlr`ns y gstîjknrgs kg rghgrgjfon qug sorvgj fl`l ensg pnrn gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj Encn [gjsoöj. >.- Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-C-59;->?9= [rnjshlr`nklrgs kg pltgjfon".

"]rlkuftls

gbïftrofls-

5.- Jlr`n Lhofonb @ @gxofnjn gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 "Ojstnbnfoljgs Gbïftrofns (Wtoboznfoöj)".Ughgrgjfonkn gj gstg klfu`gjtl fl`l JL@ 6.- Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg Gkofoöj 5=>1. ;.- Gstîjknr NJVO/OGGG f71.>5.==->?9= "Agjgrnb Ugquorg`gjts hlr Boquokoj`grsgk- kostroeutolj, plwgr, njk rgaubntoja trnjshlr`grs". 7.- Gstîjknr OGGG stk >;>->??6 "Ugfl``gj "Ugfl``gjkgk kgk ]rnftofg hlr Gbgftrof ]lwgr Kostroeutolj hlr Ojkustronb ]bnjts". 8.- Gstîjknr OGGG stk 967->??; "]lwgr Fnebg N`pnfoty Fnebgs". 1.- Jlr`n JG@N Jl. [U->, >?9= "[rnjshlr`grs, rgaubntlrs njk rg rgnftlrs". nftlrs". 9.- Boerl "@ltlrgs Gbïftrofls Vgbgffoöj, @njtgjo`ogjtl y Ugpnrnfoöj" kg Ulegrt

Q. V`gntlj. ?.- @njunb [ïfjofl kg Fnebgs kg Gjgraàn. Fljku`gx. Vgaujkn Gkofoöj. Gkotlronb @f Arnw Iobb.

 

>9;

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

>=.- Gspgfohofnfoljgs tïfjofns kgb prlygftl.

Kntls Agjgrnbg Kntls Agjgrnbgss fljso f ljsokgrnkls kgrnkls pnrn kos gþl Bls kntls bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj fljstotuygj bls frotgrols fljsokgrnkls fl`l ensg pnrn gb fîbfubl kg bls pnrî`gtrls qug ojtgrvogjgj gj bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj encn tgjsoöj. Fn`pl

Xnblr

[gjsoöj jl`ojnb kgb sostg`n3 [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg3 [opl kg fljkuftlr3 @ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr3 @ntgronb kgb nosbn`ogjtl3 @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj kgb Fljkuftlr3 @îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl pgr`otokn pnrn gb forfuotl3

;9= / 511 X. ;= y 69F @ljlplbnr Flerg [IQ 17F 6%

@îxo`n kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl pgr`otokn pnrn gb forfuotlfnàkn kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug kg `ltlrgs3

>7 %

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl k kg g sgbgffoöj sgbgffoöj kg fljk fljkuftlr uftlrgs gs pnrn pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj trnjshlr`nklr sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj. Fn`pl

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb3 Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb ]ro`nrol3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb Vgfujknrol3 Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon kgb sostg`n3 Ghofogjfon Hnftlr kg Kg`njkn3 Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg Fljkuftlr3 Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l

Xnblr

[rnjshlr`nklr ;7 DXN ;9= - 55=/>51X 6 ;9=X 55=/>51X =.? =.? >.= >7 ` @ljlplbnr [uel Nfgrl

fnjnboznfoöj3 [opl kg prltgffoöj3

Ojtgrruptlr [gr`l`najïtofl

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>97

5.-  Vg kgtgr`ojn gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb pro`nrol kgb trnjshlr`nklr

fljsokgrnjkl bn fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `os`l, gb hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr pnsls hlrznkls kg gjhron`ogjtl y gb hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr bà`otg kg gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn (kg bn jlr`n JL@-C-59;->?9= l JG@N [U->, >?9=)3 FN]  >===  Oj 

6  X 

Kljkg3 Flrrogjtg Jl`ojnb TN`p.P Oj

Fnpnfoknk Jl`ojnb kgb trnjshlr`nklr TDXNP. FN]

[gjsoöj TXlbtsP. X

 Oj 

;7== 6  ;9=

 7;.>5

6.-  Vg kgtgr`ojn gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn kg bn tnebn [nebn 6>=>7(e)(5)(n).- Hnftlrgs kg Flrrgffoöj ensnkls gj ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg 6= ½F., fljsokgrnjkl ujn tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kg 17½F y ujn

tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg 69½F. Gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn gs kg =.99. ;.- Vg fljsokgrn qug gb fljkuftlr sg ojstnbnrî gj tuel, bn flrrogjtg kgb fljkuftlr jl

kgegrî sgr `nylr qug gjbnfljkuftlrgs fnpnfoknk nosbnkls ojkofnknpnrn gjtgjsoljgs bn [nebninstn 6>=->7(e)(>8).N`pnfoknkgs pgr`osoebgs 5=== vlbts y 8= ½F n ?= ½F. Jl `îs kg trgs fljkuftlrgs plrtnklrgs kg flrrogjtg gj ujn fnjnboznfoöj, fnebg l korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls, ensnkls gj ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg 6= ½F* kg bn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5. 7.-  Vg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl gb hnftlr kg

flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj (pnrn tuel, hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl), fljsokgrnjkl bls vnblrgs kg bn [nebn 6>=->7(e)(>8), sg kgtgr`ojn bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj flrrgaokn pnrn uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 8 NQA ( 87 N`p. ), y sg vgrohofn qug fu`pbn bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr.

FN]FO   HF[   HKF    Os

 

>98

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Kljkg3 Fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg kg bn tnebn flrrgspljkogjtg TN`pgrgsP.

FN]FO

Hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn.

HF[ HKF

Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj.(pnrn tuel, Hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl).

Os

Flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr TN`pgrgsP. (87 N`p.)(=.99  )(>.=)  7;.>5 N`p. 71.5 N`p.    7;.>5 N`p.

8.- Npbofnjkl bn jltn > kg bn sgffoöj 6>=->7(n)(>), bn funb ojkofn qug gsn sgffoöj jl tl`n gj fljsokgrnfoöj bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls forfuotls. Vg vgrohofn qug gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. Gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj gb nrt. 5>7-5(n) gj su jltn 6 y flj gb nrt. 5>=->? (n)(>) gj su jltn ;4 kg bls `os`ls nrtàfubls sg kghojg ujn `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pgr`osoebg gj gb forfuotl kg 6%.   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj FH      X   >=

6  B   g% 

 

Kljkg 3

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl. g%

Bljaotuk kgb fljkuftlr T`gtrlsP. B

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. TN`p.P OJ

Jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg FH U

Ugsostgjfon T/D`P.

Ugnftnjfon T/D`P. [gjsoöj kgb sostg`n TXlbtsP. Njaubl kg kghnsn`ogjtl gjtrg bn tgjsoöj y bn flrrogjtg.

Y

X   

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

fls  

>91

Hnftlr kg pltgjfon

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon pnrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr, gj fnjnboznfoöj `najïtofn, ([nebn Jl. ? Ugsostnjfg njk Ugnftnjfg hlr 8==X fnebgs, 6pinsg, 8= Iz, 17F tirgg sojabg fljkuftlrs oj fljkuot. Gxtrnàkn kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5==7). _ fljsokgrnjkl uj fljkuftlr plr hnsg3 ]nrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 8 NQA sg togjg3 U 17F0>.8165 /D` Y 17F0=.55;1



/d`  7;.>5  .8=18  *=.?  =.55;1* =.5=??  =.;6   >>.8165 >     ;9=  >=

6  >7   g% 

=.;8??

 

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn gb nrrgabl kg > fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr plr hnsg kg fnboerg 8 NQA fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. 1.- Fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kgb gquopl.

n. Gj bn tnebn 57=->55 y kgb `os`l nrtàfubl sg kgsfroeg gb fnboerg `à `àjo`l jo`l kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn fljsokgrnjkl gb ncustg kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg. ]lr `gkol kg uj gstukol kg fllrkojnfoöj kg prltgffoljgs sg gstnebgfg qug gb ncustg kg kospnrl kgb ojtgrruptlr tgr`l`najïtofl gs kg >== N`p. flj `nrfl kg >== N`p. nb qug flrrgspljkg uj fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn fnboerg 9 NQA. e. Vgaój gb nrtàfubl 57=->5 ojfosl (e) y fljsokgrnjkl qug sg rgnbozö bn fl`pgjsnfoöj kg fnboerg plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn, sg rgnbozn gb ncustg pnrn gb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn.  NF    N FLJK  HO  HO   

Kljkg3

 NFF[   NFFF 

Nrgn flrrgaokn T``5P.

 N F

Nrgn kgb fljkuftlr T``5P.  N FLJK

 

>99

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl. HO  N FF[  N FFF

Nrgn kgb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj T``5P. Nrgn kgb fljkuftlr sgbgffoljnkl plr fnpnfoknk fljkuffoöj T``5P. HO  

 Nrgn(8 NQA )  Nrgn(8 NQA )



>6.6``5 >6.6``5

 >.=

Gjtljfgs3  NF   9.681   >.=   9.681``5

]lr bl tnjtl, gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn sgrî gb fljkuftlr flj îrgn pröxo`n n 9.681 ``µ. Gb fljkuftlr qug fuerg gstg rgquosotl gs uj fljkuftlr kg îrgn kg 9.681 ``µ flrrgspljkogjtg nb fnboerg 9 NQA.

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl k kg g sgbgffoöj sgbgffoöj kg fljk fljkuftlr uftlrgs gs pnrn pnrn uj `ltlr >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj @ltlr sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj 3 Fn`pl

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb @ltlr3 Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb Vostg`n3 Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon3 Bgtrn kg fökoal3 Ghofogjfon3 Hnftlr kg kg`njkn3 Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg fljkuftlr Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3

Xnblr

@ltlr >== I] ;;= X 6 ;9=X =.9? =.?> >.= 6>9 `. @ljlplbnr N`els(tuel fljkuot kg Hogrrl finrlbn kg nbu`ojol) Nbu`ojol

[opl kg finrlbn3

Finrlbn topl gsfnbgrn. Voj fueogrtn, flj gspnfon`ogjtls `nxo`l gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg 56 f`.

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>9?

Nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs3

Bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn soj sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg sà. Ojtgrruptlr tgr`l`najïtofl.

[opl kg prltgffoöj3

5.- Vg kgtgr`ojn gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb @ltlr npbofnjkl gb nrtàfubl ;6=-8

(n) kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5, sgaój gb funb sg pugkg letgjgr gb vnblr kg flrrogjtg kg bn tnebn ;6=->7= funjkl gstg vnblr sg g`pbgn fl`l ensg pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs. 6.- Kg bn tnebn ;6=->7= sg letogjg ujn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kg >6= N`p. pnrn uj `ltlr

kg >== I] lpgrnjkl gj ;;=X. ;.- Npbofnjkl bn sgffoöj ;6=-55 (n) kg bn jlr`n fotnkn, bn fnpnfoknk kg uj fljkuftlr

qug nbo`gjtn uj slbl `ltlr kgegrî tgjgr ujn fnpnfoknk jl `gjlr nb >57% kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb `ltlr n pbgjn fnran, plr bl tnjtl33  Os  >  .57  O  J   HK

Kljkg3 Flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr TN`pgrgsP. Os

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb `ltlr TN`pgrgsP. OJ

Hnftlr kg kg`njkn. HK

  Os

  (>.57)(>6= N`p .)(>.=)

 >85.7 N`p.

7.- Vg kgtgr`ojn gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn kg bn tnebn 6>=->8 y 6>=->1,

fljsokgrnjkl ujn tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kg 17 F y ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;=F. Gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn gs kg =.99. 8.- Kgeokl n qug gb fljkuftlr sg ojstnbnrî gj tuel fljkuot y gj finrlbn sg kgtgr`ojn

gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj pnrn fnkn fnsl3 1.- Fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr fljsokgrnjkl tuel fljkuot

n. Vg fljsokgrn qug gb fljkuftlr sg ojstnbnrî gj tuel, bn flrrogjtg kgb fljkuftlr jl kgegrî sgr `nylr qug bn fnpnfoknk ojkofnkn gj bn tnebn 6>=->7(e)(>8) kg bn

jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5. e. Vg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj (pnrn tuel, Hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl),

 

>?=

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

fljsokgrnjkl bls vnblrgs kg bn tnebn 6>=->7(e)(>8), sg kgtgr`ojn bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj flrrgaokn pnrn uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 6/= NQA ( 5== N`p. ) y sg vgrohofn qug fu`pbn bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr. FN]FO   HF[   HKF    Os

(5== N`p.)(=.99  )(>.=)  >85.7 N`p. >18.= N`p.   >85.7 N`p. f)

Npbofnjkl bn jltn kgb nrtàfubl 6>=->7, bn funb ojkofn qug gsn sgffoöj jl tl`n    O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH  

6  B   g% 

X   >= gj fljsokgrnfoöj bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls forfuotls. Vg vgrohofn qug gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj gb nrtàfubl 5>7-5(n) gj su jltn 6 y flj gb nrt. 5>=->? (n)(>) gj su jltn ;4 kg bls `os`ls nrtàfubls sg kghojg ujn `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pgr`osoebg gj gb forfuotl kg 6%3

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon pnrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr, gj fnjnboznfoöj jl `najïtofn, ([nebn Jl. ? Ugsostnjfg njk Ugnftnjfg hlr 8== Xlbts fnebgs 6-]insg, 8= Iz, 17 F tirgg sojabg fljkuftlrs oj fljkuot. Gxtrnàkn kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5==7) yn qug, nujqug sg gstî njnboznjkl bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn tuel kg nfgrl, gb `ntgronb prgkl`ojnjtg gjtrg n`els sostg`ns gs gb nbu`ojol. Nsà, fljsokgrnjkl uj fljkuftlr plr hnsg 3 ]nrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 6/= NQA sg togjg 3 U 17F  0

=.57>5



/D`

Y 17F  0

=.>68>



/d`

 >6=.=  .5758  =.9? =.>68>* =.>611  =.;77?    ==.57>5*   >      ;.58>> ;9=  >=

6  6>9   g% 

 

Fl`l bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gxfgkg gb 6% sg ojfrg`gjtn gb fnboerg. ]nrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@ sg togjg 3

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>?>

U 17F  0

=.>5=1

Y 17F  0

=.>59? /d`



/D`

 >6=.=  .>5;1 * =.9?  =.>59?* =.>6>5  =.;77?    ==.>5=1 >        ;9=  >=

6  6>9   g% 

5.9;=1

 

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn gb nrrgabl kg > fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr plr hnsg kg fnboerg 67= DF@ fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. f. Kgeokl n qug bn fnran gs uj `ltlr, sg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug, fljsokgrnjkl qug ïstn jl kgegrî gxfgkgr gb >7% kg bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb pnrn pgr`otor gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. ]nrn ïstg fîbfubl sg g`pbgn bn flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug, qug sgrî gb prlkuftl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb plr gb jó`grl kg vgfgs qug sg ojfrg`gjtn bn `os`n kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug (Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug). Vg g`pbgn tn`eoïj gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kgb `ltlr gj gb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug, fuyl vnblr tàpofl gs kg =.6= pnrn uj `ltlr kg >== I] sgaój bn arîhofn >= kgb boerl "@ltlrgs gbïftrofls, sgbgffoöj, `njtgjo`ogjtl y rgpnrnfoöj" kg Ulegrt Q. V`gntlj. Vgaujkn gkofoöj tl`l > ]îa. 5-68.   O  J    sgj     HN  B   U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

6  g% 

Kljkg 3 g%

Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl. Bljaotuk kgb fljkuftlr T`gtrlsP.

B

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. TN`p.P OJ

Jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg FH

Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug. HN

Ugsostgjfon T/D`P.

U Y

X 

Ugnftnjfon T/D`P. [gjsoöj kgb sostg`n TXlbtsP.

 

>?5

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

  fls   

g% 

Njaubl kg kghnsn`ogjtl gjtrg bn tgjsoöj y bn flrrogjtg. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon  >6=  =.>5;1  =.6=  =.>59?* =.>6>5  =.?76?  6      >    8  6>9  =.>5=1    >;.77 ;9=  >=

 

]lr bl tnjtl gb fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr kg fnboerg 67= DF@ fu`pbg flj bls vnblrgs fljsokgrnkls pnrn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. 9.- Fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr fljsokgrnjkl finrlbn

n. Vg fljsokgrn qug gb ffljkuftlr ljkuftlr sg ojstnbnrî ggjj finrlbn soj tnpn, bn flrrogjtg kgb fljkuftlr jl kgegrî slergpnsnr gb 87% kg bn fnpnfoknk ojkofnkn gj bn tnebn 6>=->7(e)>1 VGKG-5=>5. kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl 6>9->> e) 5) kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>e. Vg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl gb hhnftlr nftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj (pnrn finrlbn, Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kg finrlbn), fljsokgrnjkl bls vnblrgs kg bn tnebn 6>=->7 (e)(>1). Vg kgtgr`ojn bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj flrrgaokn pnrn uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 6/= NQA (6>= N`p.) y sg vgrohofn qug fu`pbn bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr.. FN]FO   HF[   HKF    Os

(6>= N`p.)(=.99 )(   =.87)  >85.7 N`p. >>1.65 N`p.    >85.7 N`p.

f. Npbofnjkl bn jltn kgb nrtàfubl 6>=->7, bbnn funb ojkofn qug gsn sgffoöj jl tl`n gj fljsokgrnfoöj bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls forfuotls. Vg vgrohofn qug gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj, gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj gb nrtàfubl 5>7-5(n) gj su jltn 6 y flj gb nrt. 5>=->? (n)(>) gj su jltn ;4 kg bls `os`ls nrtàfubls sg kghojg ujn `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pgr`osoebg gj gb forfuotl kg 6%33   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj FH     

6  B   g% 

X   >=

 

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon pnrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr, gj fnjnboznfoöj jl `najïtofn, ([nebn Jl. ? Ugsostnjfg njk Ugnftnjfg hlr 8== Xlbts fnebgs 6-]insg, 8= Iz, 17 F tirgg sojabg fljkuftlrs

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>?6

oj fljkuot. Gxtrnàkn kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5=>1) y fljsokgrnjkl uj fljkuftlr plr hnsg 3 ]nrn uj fljkuftlr 6/= NQA sg togjg 3 U 17F  0

=.57>5



/D`

 >6=.=  .5758  =.9? =.>68>* =.>611  =.;77?   ==.57>5* >        ;.58>> ;9=  >=

6  6>9   g% 

 

Y 17F  0

=.>68>



/d`

Fl`l bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gxfgkg gb 6% sg ojfrg`gjtn gb fnboerg. ]nrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@ sg togjg3 U 17F  0

=.>5=1

Y 17F  0

=.>59? /d`



/D`

 >6=.=  =.>5;1 * =.9?  =.>59?* =.>6>5  =.;77?    =.>5=1   >      ;9=  >=

6  6>9   g% 

5.9;=1

k. Kgeokl n qug bn fnran gs uj `ltlr, sg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug, fljsokgrnjkl qug ïstn jl kgegrî gxfgkgr gb >7% kg bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb pnrn pgr`otor gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. ]nrn ïstg fîbfubl sg g`pbgn bn flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug, qug sgrî gb prlkuftl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb plr gb jó`grl kg vgfgs qug sg ojfrg`gjtn bn `os`n kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug (Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug). Vg g`pbgn tn`eoïj gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kgb `ltlr gj gb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug, fuyl vnblr tàpofl gs kg =.6= pnrn uj `ltlr kg >== I] sgaój bn arîhofn >= kgb boerl "@ltlrgs gbïftrofls, sgbgffoöj, `njtgjo`ogjtl y rgpnrnfoöj" kg Ulegrt Q. V`gntlj. sgaujkn gkofoöj tl`l > pna. 5-68.   O  J    sgj     HN  B   U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

6  g% 

g% 

 >6=  6      >    8  6>9  =.>5;1  =.6=  =.>6>5  =.?76?     >;.77 ;9=  >=

 

 

>?;

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

]lr bl tnjtl gb fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr kg fnboerg 67= DF@ fu`pbg flj bls vnblrgs fljsokgrnkls pnrn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. ?.- Gbgffoöj hojnb kgb fnboerg

Gb frotgrol pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgbfnsl fnboerg sg sostg`ns tl`n gj slj ensgnbo`gjtnkls nb `nylr plr jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg. ]nrn gstg n`els uj slbl fljkuftlr plr hnsg4 plr bl tnjtl, gb soauogjtg frotgrol sgrî vgrohofnr gb fnboerg kg fnkn sostg`n. Fl`l gb fnboerg sgbgffoljnkl gs gb `os`l, gb frotgrol kg sgbgffoöj hojnb sgrî bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj `îs fràtofn, gs kgfor bn `nylr. Fl`l sg pugkg lesgrvnr, bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn n`els sostg`ns gj bn `os`n. ]lr bl tnjtl, gb fljkuftlr hojnb`gjtg sgbgffoljnkl sgrî `ljlplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@. >=.- Fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kgb gquopl.

n. Gj bn tnebn 57=->55 kgb `os`l nrtàfubl sg kgsfroeg gb fnboerg fnboerg `àjo`l kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn fljsokgrnjkl gb ncustg kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg. Kg bn tnebn kg `ltlrgs gj ;;=X plkg`ls gsto`nr qug gb ncustg l kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg gs kg 5== N`p. nb qug flrrgspljkgràn uj fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg fnboerg 8 NQA kg nfugrkl flj bn tnebn rghgrokn. e. Vgaój gb nrtàfubl 57=->55 (e) y fljsokgrnjkl qug sg rgnbozö bn fl`pgjsnfoöj kg fnboerg plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn, sg rgnbozn gb ncustg pnrn gb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn HO   

 NFF[   NFFF 

 NF    N FLJK  HO 

HO  

 Nrgn(67= NQA)  Nrgn(6 / = NQA)



>11.66``5 97.=>`` 5

 5.=97

5  NF   >6.6=   5.=97    51.1;``

]lr bl tnjtl, gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn sgrî gb fljkuftlr flj îrgn pröxo`n n 51.1; ``µ. Gb fljkuftlr qug fuerg gstg rgquosotl gs uj fljkuftlr kg îrgn kg 66.85 ``µ flrrgspljkogjtg nb fnboerg 5 NQA.

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>?7

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl kg fîbfubl pnrn uj nbo`gjtnklr l gquopl pnqugtg p nqugtg >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj Gquopl pnqugtg sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj. Fn`pl

Xnblr

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb3 Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3

Gquopl pnqugtg ?= DQ ;9=X 6 Fn`pl

Xnblr

[gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb Vostg`n3 Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon3

;9=X =.?=

Hnftlr kg kg sgrvofol3 Kg`njkn3 Hnftlr Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg fljkuftlr Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 [opl kg prltgffoöj3

>.= >.= 9= `. @ljlplbnr [uel Nfgrl Ojtgrruptlr tgr`l`najïtofl.

5.- Vg kgtgr`ojn gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb Gquopl pnqugtg fljsokgrnjkl bn

fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `os`l y gb hnftlr kg sgrvofol.  O  J  

DQ   >===  HV 

6  X   H]

Kljkg 3 Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb TN`pP. OJ

Fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb gquopl pnqugtg TDQP. DQ

Hnftlr kg sgrvofol HV

[gjsoöj jl`ojnb TXlbtsP.

X

Hnftlr kg pltgjfon. H]

 

>?8

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

 O  J  

?= DQ   >===  >.=

 

6  ;9=X   =.?

 >5=.59 N`p.

6.- Vg kgtgr`ojn gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn kg bn tnebn 6>=->7(e)(5)(n),

fljsokgrnjkl ujn tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kg 17½F y ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg 69½F. Gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn gs kg =.99. ;.- Vg fljsokgrn qug gb fljkuftlr sg ojstnbnrî gj tuel, bn flrrogjtg kgb fljkuftlr jl

kgegrî sgr `nylr qug bn fnpnfoknk ojkofnkn gj bn tnebn 6>=->7 kg bn JL@-==>VGKG-5=>5. 7.-  Vg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl gb hnftlr kg

flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj (hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl, pnrn tuel), fljsokgrnjkl bls vnblrgs kg bn tnebn 6>=->7(e)(>8), sg NQA kgtgr`ojn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj flrrgaokn pnrn kg uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg >/= ( >7= bnN`p. ), y sg vgrohofn qug fu`pbn bn fljkofoöj qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr.  FN]FO   HF[   HKF    Os

(>7= N`p.)(=.99  )(>.=)  >5=.59 N`p. >68.89  >5=   .59 N`p.

8.- Npbofnjkl bn jltn kgb nrtàfubl 6>=->7, bn funb ojkofn qug gsn sgffoöj jl tl`n gj

fljsokgrnfoöj bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls forfuotls. Vg vgrohofn qug gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosostls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. Gj fu`pbo`ogjtl flj gb nrt. 5>7-5(n)(>) gj su jltn 6 y flj gb nrtàfubl 5>=->?(n)(>) gj su jltn ; sg kghojg ujn `îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pgr`osoebg gj gb forfuotl kg 6%   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

6  B   g% 

 

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon pnrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr, gj fnjnboznfoöj `najïtofn, ([nebn Jl. ? Ugsostnjfg njk Ugnftnjfg hlr 8==X fnebgs, 6pinsg, 8= Iz, 17F tirgg sojabg fljkuftlrs oj fljkuot. Gxtrnàkn kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg 5=>1). _ fljsokgrnjkl uj fljkuftlr plr hnsg 3

]nrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg >/= NQA sg togjg 3 U 17F 0 =.6?61 /D` Y 17F  0 =.>9=;

/d`



 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>?1

 >5=.59    =.6?61  =.?  =.>9=;  =.;679 >        >.7=6 ;9=  >=

6  9=   g% 

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn gb nrrgabl kg > fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr plr hnsg kg fnboerg >/= NQA fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. 1.- Fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kgb gquopl. n)

e)

Gj bn tnebn 57=->55 kgb `os`l nrtàfubl sg kgsfroeg gb fnboerg `àjo`l kg bls fljkuftlrgs kg pugstn n togrrn fljsokgrnjkl gb ncustg kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg. ]lr `gkol kg uj gstukol kg fllrkojnfoöj kg prltgffoljgs sg gstnebgfg qug gb ncustg kg kospnrl kgb ojtgrruptlr tgr`l`najïtofl gs kg 67= N`p. flj `nrfl kg ;== N`p. nb qug flrrgspljkg uj fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn fnboerg 5 NQA. Vgaój gb nrtàfubl 57=->55 ojfosl (e) y fljsokgrnjkl qug sg rgnbozö bn fl`pgjsnfoöj kg fnboerg plr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs kg hugrzn, sg rgnbozn gb ncustg pnrn gb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn.  NF    N FLJK  HO  HO    HO  

 NFF[   NFFF 

 Nrgn(> / = NQA)  Nrgn(> / = NQA)



76.;9`` 5 76.;9`` 5

 >.=

]lr bl tnjtl, gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn sgrî gb fljkuftlr flj îrgn pröxo`n n 66.85 ``µ. Gb fljkuftlr qug fuerg gstg rgquosotl gs uj fljkuftlr kg îrgn kg 66.85 ``µ flrrgspljkogjtg nb fnboerg 5 NQA.

 NF   66.85    >.=   66.85``5

 

>?9

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

@g`lron  k kg  f fîbfubl  p pnrn  bbn  s sgbgffoöj  k kgb  f fnboerg  k kg   forfuotls  g gj  ` `gkon  ttgjsoöj   Lecgtovl Gstnebgfgr bls frotgrols utoboznkls gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs qug lpgrnj gj gb rnjal kg 5==>v. n 67 ===X.  Nb fnj f g  Nbfnj Gstn `g`lron kg fîbfubl fuerg bls frotgrols utoboznkls pnrn gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs gj `gkon tgjsoöj pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr, uj `ltlr y uj Gquopl pnqugtg. Fljsokgrnjkl pnrn gbbl bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj encl lpgrnfoöj jlr`nb, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug pnrn gb fnsl kgb `ltlr y plr gshugrzls tïr`ofls encl fljkofoljgs kg flrtl forfuotl. Bls fljkuftlrgs sgbgffoljnkls slj kg flerg, togjgj nosbn`ogjtl flj tg`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kg ?=F y pgr`otgj ujn gbgvnfoöj `îxo`n kg tg`pgrnturn kurnjtg fljkofoljgs kg flrtl forfuotl kg 57= F. Ensgs kg kos gþl Ensgs N fljtojunfoöj sg gjbostnj bls klfu`gjtls, jlr`ns y gstîjknrgs kg rghgrgjfon qug sorvgj fl`l ensg pnrn gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj @gkon [gjsoöj. >.- Jlr`n Lhofonb @ @gxofnjn gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 "Ojstnbnfoljgs Gbgftro Gbgftrofns fns (Wtoboznfoöj)". 5.- Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-C-59;->?9= [rnjshlr`nklrgs kg pltgjfon".

"]rlkuftls

gbïftrofls-

6.- Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg Gkofoöj 5=>1. ;.- Gstîjknr NJVO/OGGG f71.>5.==->?9= "Agjgrnb Ugquorg`gjts hlr Boquokoj`grsgk- kostroeutolj, plwgr, njk rgaubntoja trnjshlr`grs". 7.- Gstîjknr OGGG stk >;>->??6 "Ugfl``gj "Ugfl``gjkgk kgk ]rnftofg hlr Gbgftrof ]lwgr Kostroeutolj hlr Ojkustronb ]bnjts". 8.- Gstîjknr OGGG stk 967->??; "]lwgr Fnebg N`pnfoty Fnebgs". 1.- Jlr`n JG@N Jl. [U >->?9= "[rnjshlr`grs, rgaubntlrs njk rrgnftlrs". gnftlrs".

9.- Q. Boerl "@ltlrgs Gb Gbïftrofls ïftrofls Vgbgffoöj, @njtgjo`ogjtl y Ugpnrnfoöj" kg Ulegrt V`gntlj. ?.- @njunb [ïfjofl kg Fnebgs kg Gjgraàn. Fljku`gx. Vgaujkn Gkofoöj. Gkotlronb @f Arnw Iobb.

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

>??

>=.- Gspgfohofnfoljgs tïfjofns kgb prlygftl.

Kntls a gjgrnbgs Kntls gjgrnbgs fljso fljsokgrnkls kgrnkls pnrn kosgþl Bls kntls bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj fljstotuygj bls frotgrols fljsokgrnkls fl`l ensg pnrn gb fîbfubl kg bls pnrî`gtrls qug ojtgrvogjgj gj bn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs gj `gkon tgjsoöj. Fn`pl

[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n3 [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg3 [opl kg fljkuftlr3 @ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr3 @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj kgb Fljkuftlr3 @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn Nk`osoebg gj gb nosbn`ogjtl encl

Xnblr

;>8= / >69== / 6;7== X. ;> F [opl @X, @ljlplbnr Flerg ?= F 57= F

fljkofoljgs kgkg flrtl forfuotl3 @îxo`n fnàkn tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl pgr`otokn pnrn gb forfuotl3 @îxo`n fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl pgr`otokn pnrn gb forfuotl kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug kg `ltlrgs3

6% >7 %

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl k kg g sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs fljkuf tlrgs pnrn uj trnjshlr`nklr trnjshl r`nklr >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj trnjshlr`nklr sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj. Fn`pl

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb3 Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb Vostg`n3 Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon3 Ghofogjfon3 Hnftlr kg Kg`njkn3

Xnblr

[rnjshlr`nklr >7@XN 66->6.9 DX 6 66->6.9DX =.? >.=

Fbnsg kg gjhron`ogjtl3 Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnran plr pnsls hlrznkls kg gjhron`ogjtl3 Bà`otg kg gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn3 Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr bà`otg kg

LN/HN/HN >.881 77 F >.=

 

5==

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg Fljkuftlr3 Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 [opl kg Finrlbn3

Nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs3

Xnblr kg bn Flrrogjtg kg Flrtl Forfuotl3 Kurnfoöj kg bn hnbbn gj fofbls plr sgaujkl3

579 ` @ljlplbnr Finrlbn Nbu`ojol Finrlbn topl gsfnbgrn. Voj fueogrtn, flj gspnfon`ogjtl `îxo`l gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg 56 f`. Bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn hlr`njkl ujn fljhoaurnfoöj trïelb >5.515 DN 7 Fofbls plr sgaujkl

5.- Kgtgr`ojn`ls gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb sgfujknrol kgb trnjshlr`nklr

fljsokgrnjkl bn fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `os`l, gb hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr pnsls hlrznkls kg gjhron`ogjtl y gb hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr bà`otg kg gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn (kg bn jlr`n JL@-C-59;->?98 l JG@N [U->, >?9=)3  O  J  

FN]  HOFG   HOF[ 

6  X 

Kljkg3 OJ

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb TN`pP. Fnpnfoknk Jl`ojnb kgb trnjshlr`nklr TDXNP.

FN] HOFG HOF[

Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr pnsls hlrznkls kg gjhron`ogjtl. Hnftlr kg ojfrg`gjtl kg fnpnfoknk plr bà`otg kg gbgvnfoöj kg tg`pgrnturn.

6.- Kgeokl n qug bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kgb sotol kg ojstnbnfoöj gs kg ;> ½F y bns

tnebns kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg gstîj kgtgr`ojnkns pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;= ½F, gs jgfgsnrol fnbfubnr gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn, gb funb pgr`otg gjfljtrnr bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg bls

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5=>

fljkuftlrgs n bn tg`pgrnturn kgb sotol kg ojstnbnfoöj. Gj gb nrtàfubl 6>=-8= (;) kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 sg prgsgjtn bn hör`ubn

Kljkg3 O> O> [N > [N 5 [K

Fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg kg bns tnebns n bn tg`pgrnturn N`eogjtg [N>. Fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg kg bns tnebns n bn tg`pgrnturn N`eogjtg [N5. [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg nb rgkgklr kgb fnebg gj F sgaój bns tnebns. [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg gj F gj qug sg fnbfubnrî bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg. Nu`gjtl kg tg`pgrnturn kgeokl n bns pïrkokns gj gb kogbïftrofl. [g`pgrnturn `îxo`n kg lpgrnfoöj kgb fljkuftlr.

[F

Kg gstn hör`ubn plkg`ls kghojor nb rnkofnb fl`l gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn (HF[), kg bn soauogjtg `njgrn3

]lr bl tnjtl3

6>=-8=(f)(;).- Hnftlr Hnftlrgs gs Fl`pnrnjkl gstg hnftlr flj gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn [nebn 6>=-8=(f)(;).kg flrrgffoöj n tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;> F sg okgjtohofn qug gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn tnebn gs =.?7. Voj g`enral sg g`pbgnrî gb hnftlr fnbfubnkl pugs gstg hnftlr gs gspgfàhofl pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn kg ;> F.

;.- Nb kgtgr`ojnr gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr qug nbo`gjtnrî nb gquopl sg fljsokgrn qug

bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj finrlbns soj fueogrtn. Kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl 6?5-9=-(e)(5)(n) bn flrrogjtg qug forfubnrî gj gb fljkuftlr jl kgegrî slergpnsnr gb 17% kg bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg kgtgr`ojnkn n pnrtor kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(8?) pnrn gb fnsl kg fljkuftlrgs kg flerg.

 

5=5

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

7.- Vg sgbgffoljn gjtljfgs gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl bls

hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y kgeokl n bn ojstnbnfoöj gj finrlbns. Kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(8?). sg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr qug fu`pbg bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb forfuotl FN]FO   HF[   HKF    O FOUFWO[L

Kljkg3 FN]FO

Fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg kg bn tnebn flrrgspljkogjtg TN`pgrgsP. Hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn.

HF[ HKF OFOUFWO[L

Hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgeokl nb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj.(pnrn tuel, Hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl). @îxo`n flrrogjtg qug forfubn gj gb forfuotl encl fljkofoljgs jlr`nbgs.TN`pgrgsP

Fl`l bns fnpnfoknkgs kg fljkuffoöj qug sg `ugstrnj gj bn tnebn 6>=-81 jl pgr`otgj fljkufor bn flrrogjtg kgb trnjshlr`nklr flj uj slbl fljkuftlr plr hnsg sg gboag ojstnbnr 6 fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg, plr bl tnjtl bn fljkofoöj njtgrolr pnrn 6 fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg kg fnboerg 67= DF@ gs3

Vg fljfbuyg gjtljfgs qug 6 fljkuftlrgs fnboerg 67= DF@ fu`pbgj flj bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj. 8.- Vg vgrohofn qug gb nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg

fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. ]nrn bl funb sg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls fljkuftlrgs npbofnjkl bn hör`ubn `ntg`îtofn agjgrnb kghojokn gj gb Gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??6. Ojtgarnjkl bls fljfgptls kg flrrogjtg kg bàjgn3   O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj FH      X   >=

6  B   g% 

 

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5=6

Kljkg 3 Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl. g%

Bljaotuk kgb fljkuftlr T`gtrlsP. B

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. TN`p.P OJ

Jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg FH U Y

X    fls  

Ugsostgjfon T/D`P. Ugnftnjfon T/D`P. [gjsoöj kgb sostg`n TXlbtsP. Njaubl kg kghnsn`ogjtl gjtrg bn tgjsoöj y bn flrrogjtg. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon kgb Gstnjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??6 kg bn tnebn ;N-1 "8= Iz. O`pgknjfg kntn hlr tirgg pinsg flppgr fnebg forfuots oj npprlxo`ntg li`s pgr >=== ht nt 17 F", y flrroaogjkl bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon plr tg`pgrnturn n ?= F sgaój bn hör`ubn gxtrnàkn kgb @njunb [ïfjofl kg Fnebgs kg Gjgraàn (Fnpàtubl 7) sg togjg3  U5  U>



[ 5  [  [ >  [ 

Kljkg3 [ [ U5 U> [5

56;.7 F ]nrn flerg rgflfokl gstornkl gj hràl flj >== % kg fljkuftovoknk. 559 F ]nrn nbu`ojol gstornkl gj hràl flj ?1.6 % kg fljkuftovoknk. Ugsostgjfon n bn tg`pgrnturn kgb n`eogjtg TP Ugsostgjfon kgtgr`ojnkn n bn tg`pgrnturn kg rghgrgjfon [> TP. [g`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kgb buanr kg ojstnbnfoöj T FP. [g`pgrnturn g`pbgnkn pnrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kg bn



[>

rgsostgjfon U> T FP.

 

5=;

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

]nrn uj fljkuftlr kg 67= DF@ tgjg`ls3 U 17½F  0 =.>55?; li`s/D` Y 17½F  0 =.>718 li`s/d` Kgeokl qug gb vnblr kg bn rgnftnjfon jl gstî gj hujfoöj kg bn tg`pgrnturn, sojl qug ójofn`gjtg kgpgjkg kgb nrrgabl qug sg tgjan gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs, sg togjg33 Y 17F 0 Y

?=F 

Flrroaogjkl gb vnblr kg bn rgsostgjfon n bn @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj kgb Fljkuftlr3

Vg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plr fogjtl flj bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon flrrgaokn n bn jugvn tg`pgrnturn3

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn gb nrrgabl kg 6 fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs kg fnboerg 67= DF@ gs `uy pgqugþn, plr bl qug sg fljsokgrn qug fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. 1.-  Vgaój bn rgfl`gjknfoöj kgb Gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??; fnpàtubl 7 y pnrn

fu`pbor flj bls rgquosotls kgb @njunb kg ]rlfgko`ogjtls pnrn bn Lpgrnfoöj kg Wjoknkgs kg Xgrohofnfoöj kg Ojstnbnfoljgs, sg fnbfubn gb îrgn `àjo`n flj bn qug kgeg fljtnr fljkuftlr slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls o`pugstls encl fljkofoljgs kg flrtlgbforfuotl. Kgpnrn bn hör`ubn3 5

 [   [     O      t   D   bla>=  5    N   [ >  [  

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5=7

Kljkg3 @najotuk kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn r`s TN`pgrgsP O

[og`pl kg kurnfoöj kg bn hnbbn TsgaujklsP. t

Vgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb kgb fljkuftlr Tf`P.  N  

Fljstnjtg qug kgpgjkg kg bns fnrnftgràstofns tïr`ofns kgb fljkuftlr (=.=5?1 pnrn fljkuftlrgs kg flerg y =.=>57 pnrn fljkuftlrgs kg nbu`ojol). [g`pgrnturn hojnb kgb fljkuftlr TFP.

D  [5

[g`pgrnturn ojofonb kgb fljkuftlr TFP.

[>

Vustotuygjkl vnblrgs y kgspgcnjkl gb îrgn3

 N 

>5515

   5;.?87`` 5  57=  56;.7  8=  =.=5?1  bla>=     ?=  56;.7    >?16.75 7

Gb îrgn `àjo`n kgb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls, flrrgspljkg n uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 5 NQA. Gb îrgn kg uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@ gs kg >11 ``5, fljsokgrnjkl gb nrrgabl kg 6 fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg gb îrgn tltnb kg bls fljkuftlrgs gs kg 76> ``5. ]lr bl tnjtl plkg`ls anrnjtoznr qug gb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr jl suhrorî kgarnknfoöj nbaujn

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl k kg g sgbgffoöj sgbgffoöj kg fljku ftlrgs pnrn uj `ltlr >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj @ltlr sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj. Fn`pl

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb3

Xnblr

@ltlr >17= I] ;.= DX

Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3kgb Vostg`n3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon3 Ghofogjfon3 Hnftlr kg Kg`njkn3

;.>8 DX6 =.989 =.?8;= >.=

 

5=8

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Hnftlr kg Vgrvofol3 Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg Fljkuftlr3 Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 [opl kg Finrlbn3

Nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs3

Xnblr kg bn Flrrogjtg kg Flrtl Forfuotl3 Kurnfoöj kg bn hnbbn gj fofbls plr sgaujkl3

>.= 579 ` [roplbnr N`els Nbu`ojol Finrlbn topl gsfnbgrn. Voj fueogrtn, flj gspnfon`ogjtl `îxo`l gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg 56 f`. Bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj bn finrlbn hlr`njkl ujn fljhoaurnfoöj trïelb >5.515 DN 7 Fofbls plr sgaujkl

5.-  Kgtgr`ojn`ls gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb @ltlr fljsokgrnjkl bn

fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `os`l3  O  J  

 I]  =.1;8

6  X      H]

Kljkg3 Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb `ltlrTN`pgrgsP OJ

Fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `ltlr TI]P I]

[gjsoöj jl`ojnb TDXP

X 

Ghofogjfon kgb `ltlr. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon. H] 

>17=  =.1;8

 O  J 

 





 

557.>? N`p.



6 ;.= =.?8;= =.989

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5=1

6.- Kgeokl n qug bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kgb sotol kg ojstnbnfoöj gs kg ;> ½F y bns

tnebns kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg gstîj kgtgr`ojnkns pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;= ½F, gs jgfgsnrol fnbfubnr gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn. HF[  

?=  ;>  =.?9 ?=  ;=

 

6>=-8=(f)(;).- Hnftlr Hnftlrgs gs Fl`pnrnjkl gstg hnftlr flj gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn [nebn 6>=-8=(f)(;).kg flrrgffoöj n tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;> F sg okgjtohofn qug gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn tnebn gs =.?7. Voj g`enral sg g`pbgnrî gb hnftlr fnbfubnkl pugs gstg hnftlr gs gspgfàhofl pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn kg ;> F. ;.- Nb kgtgr`ojnr gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr qug nbo`gjtnrî nb gquopl sg fljsokgrn qug

bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj finrlbns soj fueogrtn. Kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl 6?5-9=(>)(n), bn flrrogjtg qug forfubnrî gj gb fljkuftlr jl kgegrî slergpnsnr bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg kgtgr`ojnkn n pnrtor kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(17)  7.- Vg sgbgffoljn gjtljfgs gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl bls hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y kgeokl n bn ojstnbnfoöj gj finrlbns. Kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(17). sg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr qug fu`pbg bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb forfuotl.

gaój gb nrtàfubl ;6=->5; kg bn Jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 y kgb JGF-5=>1 gb fljkuftlr kgrovnkl pnrn nbo`gjtnr uj slbl `ltlr kgegrî tgjgr ujn fnpnfoknk jl `gjlr qug gb vnblr pnrn gb funb su kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergfnran gs sgbgffoljnkl pnrn kospnrnrsg. Fljsokgrnjkl qug kofil kospnrl gs ncustnkl pnrn lpgrnr n jl `ns kgb >57 % kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb n pbgjn fnran. ]nrn uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 67= DF@ sg togjg3 FN]FO   HF[   HKF    O FOUFWO[L

(67= N`p.)(=.?9 )(>.=  )  (>.57)(557.>?) N`p. 6;6.= N`p.    59>.;9 N`p.

Vg fljfbuyg gjtljfgs qug flj > fljkuftlr troplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@ sg fu`pbg flj bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj.

8.-  Vg vgrohofn qug gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg

fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. ]nrn bl funb sg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj bls fljkuftlrgs npbofnjkl bn hör`ubn `ntg`îtofn agjgrnb3    O  J    sgj      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

6  B   g% 

 

 

5=9

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon kgb Gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??6 kg bn tnebn ;N-1 "8= Iz. O`pgknjfg kntn hlr tirgg pinsg flppgr fnebg forfuots, oj npprlxo`ntg li`s pgr >=== ht nt 17 F", y flrroaogjkl bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon plr tg`pgrnturn n ?= 3  U5



 U>

[ 5  [  [ >  [ 

]nrn uj fljkuftlr fnboerg 67= DF@ tgjg`ls3 U 17F 0 =.>5=1



Y 17F 0 =.>=18



/D`

/d`

Kgeokl qug gb vnblr kg bn rgnftnjfon jl gstî gj hujfoöj kg bn tg`pgrnturn, sojl qug ójofn`gjtg kgpgjkg kgb nrrgabl qug sg tgjan gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs, sg togjg3 Y 17F 0 Y

?=F 

Flrroaogjkl gb vnblr kg bn rgsostgjfon n bn @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj kgb kgb Fljkuftlr3  U?=F   =.>5=1 

?=  56;.7      =.>587 / D` 17  56;.7

 

Vg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl flj bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon flrrgaokn n bn jugvn tg`pgrnturn3 6  579     g% 

 

557.>?  >

  =.>587  =.989  =.>=18  =.;?87      =.6?;9 ;>8=  >=

 

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn uj fljkuftlr troplbnr fnboerg 67= DF@ gs `uy pgqugþn, plr bl qug sg fljsokgrn qug fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj encl lpgrnfoöj jlr`nb. 1.- Kgeokl n qug bn fnran gs uj `ltlr, fnbfubn`ls bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj nb `l`gjtl

kgb nrrnjqug, fljsokgrnjkl qug ïstn jl kgegrî gxfgkgr gb >7% kg bn tgjsoöj jl`ojnb pnrn pgr`otor gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. ]nrn ïstg fîbfubl g`pbgn`ls bn flrrogjtg kg

nrrnjqug, qug sgrî gb prlkuftl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb plr gb jó`grl kg vgfgs qug sg ojfrg`gjtn bn `os`n kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug (Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqug). Vg g`pbgn tn`eoïj gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon kgb `ltlr gj gb `l`gjtl kgb nrrnjqug, fuyl vnblr tàpofl gs kg =.>7? pnrn uj `ltlr kg >17= I] sgaój bls kntls kgb hnerofnjtg.

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5=?

   O  J    sgj     HN  B   U  fls    Y   sgj  FH  

6  g% 

X   >=

 

Kljkg3 Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl. g%

Bljaotuk kgb fljkuftlr T`gtrlsP. B

Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. TN`p.P OJ

Jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg FH

Hnftlr kg flrrogjtg kg nrrnjqugP

HN

Ugsostgjfon T/D`P.

U

Ugnftnjfon T/D`P.

Y

X    fls  

[gjsoöj kgb sostg`n TXlbtsP. Njaubl kg kghnsn`ogjtl gjtrg bn tgjsoöj y bn flrrogjtg. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon  557..>?    8  579  =.>587  =.>7?  =.>=18  =.?915 

6  g% 

 

>

 

   >= ;>8=

 >.9661

]lr bl tnjtl gb fljkuftlr troplbnr kg fnboerg 67= DF@ fu`pbg flj bls vnblrgs fljsokgrnkls pnrn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug kgb `ltlr. 1.-  Vgaój bn rgfl`gjknfoöj kg Gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??; fnpàtubl 7 y pnrn

fu`pbor flj bls rgquosotls kgb @njunb kg ]rlfgko`ogjtls pnrn bn Lpgrnfoöj kg Wjoknkgs kg Xgrohofnfoöj kg Ojstnbnfoljgs, sg fnbfubn gb îrgn `àjo`n flj bn qug kgeg fljtnr gb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls o`pugstls encl fljkofoljgs kg flrtl forfuotl. Kg bn hör`ubn3

5

 [   [     O      t   D   bla>=  5    N   [ >  [    

 

5>=

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Vustotuygjkl vnblrgs y kgspgcnjkl gb îrgn3 >5515  N 

5

 5;.?87``   57=  56;.7     ?=  56;.7    >?16.75

8=  =.=5?1  bla>=  7

Gb îrgn `àjo`n kgb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls, flrrgspljkg n uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 5 NQA. Gb îrgn kg uj fljkuftlr fnboerg 67= DF@ gs kg >11.6 ``5.  ]lr bl tnjtl plkg`ls anrnjtoznr qug gb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr jl suhrorî kgarnknfoöj nbaujn.

Gcg`pbl Gcg `pbl kg fîbfubl pnrn uj gquopl pnqugtg >.- ]nrn kg`lstrnr gb `ïtlkl g`pbgnkl gj gb fîbfubl y sgbgffoöj kg bls fljkuftlrgs

kg uj Gquopl pnqugtg sg fljsokgrnj bls kntls kgb gquopl, forfuotl y fnjnboznfoöj bostnkls n fljtojunfoöj. Fn`pl

[opl kg Fnran3 ]ltgjfon3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb3 Jó`grl kg Hnsgs3 [gjsoöj Jl`ojnb kgb Vostg`n3 Hnftlr kg ]ltgjfon3 Ghofogjfon3 Hnftlr kg Kg`njkn3 Hnftlr kg Vgrvofol3 Bljaotuk kgb forfuotl3 [opl kg Fljkuftlr3 Vostg`n kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 @ntgronb kl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls sostg`ns kg slplrtg l fnjnboznfoöj3 [opl kg Finrlbn3

Xnblr

Gquopl pnqugtg 5=== DQ >6.5 DX 6 >6.9 DX =.? =.?5 >.= >.= 579 ` @ljlplbnr Finrlbn Hoern kg vokrol rghlrznkn flj plboïstgr Finrlbn topl gsfnbgrn. Voj fueogrtn, flj gspnfon`ogjtl `îxo`l gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg 56 f`.

Nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs3

Bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls bn finrlbn gj ujngj slbn fnpn. Flj sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg fljkuftlrgs >5.515 DN 7 Fofbls plr sgaujkl

Xnblr kg bn Flrrogjtg kg Flrtl Forfuotl3 Kurnfoöj kg bn hnbbn gj fofbls plr sgaujkl3

 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5>>

5.- Kgtgr`ojn`ls gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb Gquopl pnqugtg fljsokgrnjkl

bn fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb `os`l y gb hnftlr kg sgrvofol. DQ   HV 

 O  J  

6  X      H]

Kljkg3 Flrrogjtg jl`ojnb TN`pgrgsP OJ

Fnpnfoknk jl`ojnb kgb gquopl pnqugtg TDQP DQ

Hnftlr kg sgrvofol HV

[gjsoöj jl`ojnb TDXP X 

Ghofogjfon kgb gquopl pnqugtg. Hnftlr kg pltgjfon. H] 

 O  J  

5===  >.=

 

6  >6.5  =.?  =.?5

 >=7.8; N`p.

 

6.- Kgeokl n qug bn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kgb sotol kggstîj ojstnbnfoöj gs kg ;>pnrn ½F yujn bns tnebns kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg kgtgr`ojnkns tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;= ½F gs jgfgsnrol fnbfubnr gb hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn..

HF[  

 

?=  ;> ?=  ;=

 =.?9

Fl`pnrnjkl gstg hnftlr flj gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn [nebn 6>=-8=(f)(;).6>=-8=(f)(;).- Hnftlr Hnftlrgs gs kg flrrgffoöj n tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn n`eogjtg kg ;> F sg okgjtohofn qug gb hnftlr letgjokl kg bn tnebn gs =.?7. Voj g`enral sg g`pbgnrî gb hnftlr fnbfubnkl pugs gstg hnftlr gs gspgfàhofl pnrn ujn tg`pgrnturn kg ;> F

 

5>5

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

;.- Nb kgtgr`ojnr gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr qug nbo`gjtnrî nb gquopl sg fljsokgrn qug

bls fljkuftlrgs sgrîj ojstnbnkls gj finrlbns soj fueogrtn, flj ujn sgpnrnfoöj `njtgjokn gjtrg fljkuftlrgs kg nb `gjls gb koî`gtrl kgb fljkuftlr flj koî`gtrl `nylr. Kg nfugrkl flj gb nrtàfubl 6?5-9= ojfosl (5) sueojfosl (n), bn flrrogjtg qug forfubnrî gj gb fljkuftlr jl kgegrî slergpnsnr bn fnpnfoknk kg flrrogjtg kgtgr`ojnkn n pnrtor kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(8?).. 7.- Vg sgbgffoljn gjtljfgs gb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj npbofnjkl bls

hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn y kgeokl n bn ojstnbnfoöj gj finrlbns. Kg bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(8?) sg sgbgffoljn gb fljkuftlr qug fu`pbg bn fljkofoöj kg qug bn fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj kg flrrogjtg flrrgaokn kgb fljkuftlr sgn `nylr qug bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kgb forfuotl. Fljsokgrnjkl bls bojgn`ogjtls kgb nrtàfubl 6>=->=8 (n) kg îrgn kg bn sgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb `àjo`n kg bls fljkuftlrgs pnrn >6.9 Dv gj fl`eojnfoöj flj bn tnebn 6>=-8=(f)(8?). pnrn uj fljkuftlr fnboerg 8 NQA3 FN]FO   HF[   HKF    O FOUFWO[L

(>>= N`p.)(=.?9)(    >.==)  >=7.8; N`p. >=1.9 N`p.    >=7.8; N`p.

Vg fljfbuyg gjtljfgs qug > fljkuftlr fnboerg 8 NQA fu`pbg flj bls frotgrols kg fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj. 8.Vg vgrohofn qug gb fljkuftlr prlpugstl fu`pbn flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. ]nrn bl funb sg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj gb fljkuftlr3 g% 

6  B    sgj     O  J      U  fls    Y   sgj  FH   X   >=

 

Npbofnjkl bls vnblrgs kg Ugsostgjfon y Ugnftnjfon kgb Gstîjknr OGGG Vtk >;>->??6 kg bn tnebn ;N-1 "8= Iz. O`pgknjfg kntn hlr tirgg pinsg flppgr fnebg forfuots oj npprlxo`ntg li`s pgr >===ht nt 17 F", y flrroaogjkl bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon plr tg`pgrnturn n ?= F3  U5  U>  



[ 5  [  [ >  [ 

]nrn uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 8 NQA tgjg`ls3 U 17F 0 >.8165 /D` Y 17F 0 >.1?1?

/d`



 

Fnpàtubl >=. @g`lrons kgsfroptovns

5>6

Kgeokl qug gb vnblr kg bn rgnftnjfon jl gstî gj hujfoöj kg bn tg`pgrnturn, sojl qug ójofn`gjtg kgpgjkg kgb nrrgabl qug sg tgjan gjtrg bls fljkuftlrgs, sg togjg3 Y 17F 0 Y

?=F 

Flrroaogjkl gb vnblr kg bn rgsostgjfon n bn @îxo`n [g`pgrnturn kg Lpgrnfoöj kgb Fljkuftlr3  U?=F   >.8165 

?=  56;.7      >.17;5 / D` 17  56;.7

Vg fnbfubn bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj plrfogjtl flj bls vnblrgs kg rgsostgjfon flrrgaokn n bn jugvn tg`pgrnturn3  >=7.8;    >.17;5  =.?=  >.1?1?  =.;679 >        =.9=9> >69==  >=

6  579   g% 

 

Vg lesgrvn qug bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj pnrn uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr kg fnboerg 8 NQA gs `uy pgqugþn, plr bl qug sg fljsokgrn qug fu`pbg flj bls rgquosotls kg fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. 1.- Vgaój bn rgfl`gjknfoöj kg Gstîjknr Vtk->;>->??; fnpàtubl 7 y pnrn fu`pbor flj

bls rgquosotls kgb @njunb kg ]rlfgko`ogjtls pnrn bn Lpgrnfoöj kg Wjoknkgs kg Xgrohofnfoöj kg Ojstnbnfoljgs sg fnbfubn gb îrgn `àjo`n flj bn qug kgeg fljtnr gb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls o`pugstls encl fljkofoljgs kg flrtl forfuotl. Kg bn hör`ubn3 5

 [ 5  [     O   >=    N   t   D   bla    [ >  [    

Kljkg3 @najotuk kg bn flrrogjtg kg hnbbn r`s TN`pgrgsP O

[og`pl kg kurnfoöj kg bn hnbbn TsgaujklsP. t

Vgffoöj trnjsvgrsnb kgb fljkuftlr Tf`P.

 N   D 

Fljstnjtg qug kgpgjkg kg bns fnrnftgràstofns tïr`ofns kgb fljkuftlr (=.=5?1 pnrn fljkuftlrgs kg flerg y =.=>57 pnrn fljkuftlrgs kg nbu`ojol).

 

5>;

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

[5 [>

[g`pgrnturn hojnb kgb fljkuftlr TFP. [g`pgrnturn ojofonb kgb fljkuftlr TFP.

Vustotuygjkl vnblrgs y kgspgcnjkl gb îrgn3  N 

>5515

   5;.?87`` 5  57=  56;.7  8=  =.=5?1  bla>=     ?=  56;.7    >?16.75 7

Gb îrgn `àjo`n kgb fljkuftlr pnrn slplrtnr bls gshugrzls tïr`ofls, flrrgspljkg n uj fljkuftlr kg fnboerg 5 NQA. Gb îrgn kg uj fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr fnboerg 8 NQA gs kg >6.6 ``5, fljsokgrnjkl uj slbl fljkuftlr plr hnsg. ]lr bl tnjtl sg kgeg sgbgffoljnr uj fljkuftlr fnboerg 5 NQA pnrn anrnjtoznr qug gb nosbn`ogjtl kgb fljkuftlr jl suhrorî kgarnknfoöj nbaujn. ]lr bl tnjtl, gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr hojnb`gjtg sgbgffoljnkl sgrî uj fljkuftlr fnboerg 5 NQA.

 

 

Fnpàtubl

>>   >> Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons N. @ltlrgs. Bls vnblrgs kg ghofogjfon y kg hnftlr kg pltgjfon kgtgr`ojnkls n pnrtor kgb enjfl kg kntls slj vnblrgs prl`gkol pnrn `ltlrgs kg ghofogjfon gstîjknr. Gstls vnblrgs jl kgegrîj fljsokgrnrsg fl`l vnblrgs anrnjtoznkls, so sg rgquogrg gb fîbfubl flj vnblrgs kg ghofogjfon anrnjtoznkls, sg kgegrîj ojkofnr gj bls fn`pls kgb forfuotl kgsoajnkls pnrn tnbgs kntls. E. Vo gj bls kntls kgb forfuotl sg fugjtn flj gb vnblr kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb (FLUUOGJ[G KG ]BNFN), gstg kntl sgrî fljsokgrnkl `njkntlrol, so sg gstnebgfg gb gstnkl kg ojhlr`nfoöj fl`l "hojnb". ]nrn gstg fnsl sg kgegrî prlplrfoljnr tn`eoïj gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon, kg bl fljtrnrol jl sgrî rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl. F. ]nrn gb fnsl kg qug gj gb fn`pl kg fnjnboznfoöj, sgn fljsokgrnkn bn lpfoöj FINULBN sg kgegrîj prlplrfoljnr bls kntls kg bn finrlbn @N[GUONB, [O]L, GV]NFON@OGJ[L, [N]N, VG]NUNFOLJ, pnrn bn flrrgftn sgbgffoöj kg

hnftlrgs y npbofnfoöj kg frotgrols. ]nrn gb fnsl kg qug gj gb fn`pl kg fnjnboznfoöj sg fljsokgrg bn lpfoöj [WEL _ FINULBN, kgegrîj sgr prlplrfoljnkls bls kntls kg bn finrlbn @N[GUONB, [O]L, GV]NFON@OGJ[L, [N]N, VG]NUNFOLJ, sogjkl gb `ntgronb, gb qug sg prgsgjtg kg `njgrn prgkl`ojnjtg gjtrg bls kls sostg`ns. Gj gb fnsl [WEL _ FINULBN, sg

 

5>8  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

rgnbozn gb fîbfubl kg fljkuftlrgs pnrn bls kls sostg`ns, flj sus rgspgftovls hnftlrgs y fljsokgrnfoljgs. Gb lrkgj kg o`prgsoöj kgtgr`ojn fuîb kg bls sostg`ns prgsgjtn gb fnsl `îs fràtofl. Kg gstn `njgrn, sg o`pro`g pro`grl gb sostg`n qug fugjtn flj gb `nylr jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg4 hnsg4 so gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs gs gb `os`l, sg sgbgffoljn gb sostg`n flj gb fljkuftlr l nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs kg fnboerg `nylr4 so ïstls togjgj gb `os`l fnboerg, gb prlarn`n gboag gb fljkuftlr l nrrgabl kg fljkuftlrgs qug prgsgjtg bn `nylr fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. Vo lfurrg gb fnsl kg qug sg fu`pbnj tlkns bns fljkofoljgs njtgrolrgs y bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj sgn bn `os`n pnrn n`els sostg`ns, sg o`pro`g pro`grl gb tuel fl`l fnjnboznfoöj, kgeokl n qug gs gb fîbfubl qug sg rgnbozn pro`grl kgjtrl kgb nbalrot`l kgb prlarn`n. ]lr bl tnjtl, gj bn o`prgsoöj hojnb npnrgfgrî bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj `îs fràtofn ( `nylr ), bn flrrogjtg flrrgaokn, bls hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs, gb jó`grl kg fljkuftlrgs plr hnsg y gb fnboerg sgbgffoljnkl pnrn gb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj qug npnrgfg pro`grl gj gb lrkgj kg o`prgsoöj. K. Gj gb fn`pl kg hnftlr kg sgrv sgrvofol ofol sg kgegrîj prlplrfoljnr hnftlrgs kgjtrl kgb rnjal kg =.97 n 5.= sgaój bn tnebn ;6=-55(n) kg bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG5=>5 y ;6=-55(n) kgb "Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg" 5=>5. G. Vo kgjtrl kg bls kntls kg gjtrnkn nb prlarn`n jl sg prlplrfoljn hnftlr kg pltgjfon, jo bn ghofogjfon, gb prlarn`n p rlarn`n kgtgr`ojnrî gstls vnblrgs, n pnrtor kg bns tnebns kg `ltlrgs kg bn tgjsoöj kgb `ltlr kg bls kntls kgb forfuotl. Vo gb vnblr kg pltgjfon gs fl`grfonb, gs kgfor, so sg gjfugjtrn kgjtrl kg bn tnebn, sg nsoajn gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon y ghofogjfon nb >==% kg bn fnran flrrgspljkogjtg n bn pltgjfon. Vo gb vnblr kg bn pltgjfon jl gs fl`grfonb, sg nsoajn gb hnftlr kg pltgjfon y bn ghofogjfon kgb `ltlr flj pltgjfon oj`gkontn supgrolr. H. Gb prlarn`n rgquogrg kg bns ttnebns nebns kg kntls kg fnpnfoknkgs kg fljkuffoöj, kg kntls agjgrnbgs pnrn `ltlrgs y hnftlrgs kg flrrgffoöj plr tg`pgrnturn. Vg rgfl`ogjkn voagjtgs gb prlarn`n sgffoöj flj bns npbofnfoljgs `njtgjgr kospljoebgs gj gstns gb tnebns sotol nftunboznjkl www.sozgrgbgftrof.fl` ‒Kgsfnrans‐‟.   A. Kgjtrl kg bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn kg kntls kg forfuotls sg rgnbozn ujn vnboknfoöj pnrn kos`ojuor bn fnjtoknk kg grrlrgs kurnjtg gb prlfgsl. Vg togjg tn`eoïj bn fljkofoöj kg rgbnfoljnr gb topl kg fnran flj bns ujoknkgs y flj bn tgjsoöj kgb gquopl kg bn `os`n hlr`n sg rgbnfoljnj bns fnrnftgràstofns kg bn finrlbn flj gb topl kg fljkuftlr. I. Kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn nb koaotnr bls kntls gj nbaujls fn`pls, npnrgfgj kntls tàpofls gj ltrls gspnfols qug fljtogjgj ojhlr`nfoöj

rgbnfoljnkn. Gstl flj bn hojnboknk kg so`pbohofnr kofil prlfgsl. Voj g`enral, plkrîj sgr `lkohofnkls plr gb usunrol. O. Gj gb fîbfubl kgb fnboerg kgb forfuotl sg tl`nj gj fljsokgrnfoöj trgs fnrnftgràstofns projfopnbgs qug slj3 Fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj, fnàkn kg tgjsoöj gj fljkofoljgs kg lpgrnfoöj y fnàkn kg tgjsoöj kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug

 

Fnpàtubl >>. Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons

5>1

(söbl pnrn `ltlrgs ). Npbofnjkl pnrn gb óbto`l fnsl bn flrrogjtg, rgsubtnkl kgb prlkuftl kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb plr gb jó`grl kg vgfgs qug ïstn sg ojfrg`gjtn kurnjtg gb nrrnjqug. Gj gb rgplrtg kg kntls agjgrnkls plr gb prlarn`n, sg `lstrnrî gb fnboerg qug fu`pbn flj bls frotgrols `nrfnkls pnrn fnkn fnsl. ]nrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr plr fnpnfoknk kg fljkuffoöj sg npbofn bn flrrogjtg nhgftnkn plr bls soauogjtgs hnftlrgs3 hnftlr kg kg`njkn, hnftlr kg sgrvofol y gj gb fnsl kg `ltlrgs uj hnftlr kg qug vnràn rgspgftl nb topl kg `ltlr y su usl, pukogjkl tl`nr vnblrgs kg >.57 instn 5.= sgaój bls frotgrols kg bn sgffoöj ;6=-55(g). Gs jgfgsnrol nfbnrnr qug bls hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs plr tg`pgrnturn y kgeokls n bns fnrnftgràstofns kg bn fnjnboznfoöj jl sg npbofnj n gstn flrrogjtg flrrgaokn, so jl qug sg npbofnj sgaój bn jlr`n JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5, sgffoöj 6?5 C. Gxostgj kohgrgjfons gj bn fljsokgrnfoöj kg bls fnboergs `àjo`ls pnrn fljkuftlrgs gj finrlbns, gb JGF-5=>5 fljsokgrn sgaój su nrtàfubl 6?5.>= (>)(n) fnboerg `àjo`l kg >/= NQA pnrn finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn flj gspnfon`ogjtl `îxo`l gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg ? pubankns ( 55.98 f` ), y fnboerg `àjo`l kg 57= DF@ pnrn finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn flj gspnfon`ogjtl `nylr kg 56 f`. Gb nrtàfubl 6?5.>= fuerg kgjtrl kgb nbfnjfg, finrlbns topl gsfnbgrn, fnjnb, finrlbns kg hljkl söbokl y gstrufturns so`obnrgs. ]lr su pnrtg bn jlr`n @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 fljsokgrn bls `os`ls fnboergs `àjo`ls4 soj g`enral, kgjtrl kg bn jltn kgb nrtàfubl 6?5->= (n) (>) (n) kg usls pgr`otokls, n`pbàn gb rnjal kg fnboerg `àjo`l n ; NQA so gb gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg bls trnvgsnþls kg bns finrlbns gs kg 55.7 f`. Kgjtrl kg bn sgffoöj 6?5->= (n) (>) (f) kg bn jlr`n lhofonb `gxofnjn y gj bn sgffoöj 6?5.>=(>)(f) kgb Jntoljnb Gbgftrofnb Flkg sg pgr`otg bn ojstnbnfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs fnboerg ; NQA, l `nylrgs gj finrlbns, so gstls slj g`pbgnkls flj prlpösotls kg pugstn n togrrn. ]lr bl tnjtl kgjtrl kgb nbalrot`l kgb prlarn`n sg usnj bls frotgrols, kgb rgabn`gjtl sgbgffoljnkl bn jlr`n npbofnkn gj gb prlygftl, gs kgfor, Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 l JGFJGF-5=>1. 5=>1. D. Fnboergs `àjo`ls. Bls fnboergs `àjo`ls pgr`otokls usnkls pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fnboerg gj gb prlygftl, slj bls kghojokls gj bn sgffoöj kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs. Voj g`enral, bls fnboergs `àjo`ls pnrn bn sgbgffoöj kgb fljkuftlr `ljlplbnr gj gb fnsl kg qug sg ojstnbgj gj finrlbns plrtnfnebgs sgrîj bls gstnebgfokls plr bls rgspgftovls rgabn`gjtls ( JL@ l JGF ). Encl gstg frotgrol, nb fljkuftlr qug trnjsplrtg ujn flrrogjtg `gjlr n bn flrrogjtg pgr`osoebg pnrn gb fnboerg `àjo`l, bg sgrî nsoajnkl gb fnboerg `àjo`l plr gcg`pbl3 Fnboerg >/=NQA pnrn finrlbns flj gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg trnvgsnþls kg 55.7 f` ö fnboerg 57= dF@ pnrn finrlbns flj gspnfon`ogjtl gjtrg trnvgsnþls `nylr n 55.7 f`. ]lr gstn fljkofoöj, sg kgeg tgjgr prgfnufoöj pnrn jl flblfnr kgjtrl kg bns finrlbns fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs qug trnjsplrtgj flrrogjtgs `uy

pgqugþns, yn qug flj bn npbofnfoöj kgb fnboerg `àjo`l, sg slergko`gjsoljnrî gb îrgn kgb fljkuftlr flj gb fljsoauogjtg ojfrg`gjtl gj gb flstl. ]lr bl qug gs jgfgsnrol rgnboznr uj njîbosos `îs kgtnbbnkl pnrn vgrohofnr so pnrn fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs qug trnjsplrtgj flrrogjtgs pgqugþns, rgsubtn fljvgjogjtg gstg topl kg fnjnboznfoöj l so rgsubtn `îs fljvgjogjtg g`pbgnr fljkuftlrgs troplbnrgs pnrn gstls fnsls.

 

5>9  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

B. Bn npbofnfoöj kg bls hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs, pnrn bls fljkuftlrgs flj fnrnftgràstofns kgsfrotns gj gb pîrrnhl njtgrolr, sgrîj fljsokgrnkls npbofnjkl bls hnftlrgs `îs fràtofls sgaój gb topl kg fnjnboznfoöj, y topl kg fnebg. Gstls slj =.8 pnrn fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs qug sg ojstnbgj gj finrlbns flj tnpn y =.87 pnrn fljkuftlrgs `ljlplbnrgs qug sg ojstnbgj gj finrlbns soj tnpn. @. ]nrn bn kgtgr`ojnfoöj kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn sg tl`ö gj fljsokgrnfoöj gb nrtàfubl 57=->55 kg bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>VGKG-5=>5 y kgb JGF 5=>1 gj bls funbgs gb fnboerg gstî gj hujfoöj kgb ncustg l kospnrl kgb kosplsotovl nutl`îtofl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg, plr bl qug sg rgnboznrlj bns fljsokgrnfoljgs bostnkns n fljtojunfoöj, prlpljogjkl gb plsoebg ncustg kg gstls gbg`gjtls. Gs jgfgsnrol kgstnfnr qug gb fnboerg hojnb kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg bls forfuotls n bls qug sg bgs prlpljg gb ncustg l kospnrl kg kofil kosplsotovl, kgegrî sgr rgvosnkl y gj fnsl jgfgsnrol rgko`gjsoljnkl, funjkl sg kgtgr`ojg gb ncustg hojnb kg gstg kosplsotovl. >. ]nrn gb fnsl kg gquopls pnqugtg y forfuotls kg fljtrlb sg fljsokgrn gb ncustg kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg fl`l gb vnblr fl`grfonb oj`gkontl supgrolr, flrrgspljkogjtg n bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb `ubtopbofnkn plr gb hnftlr kg sgrvofol. 5. ]nrn gb fnsl kg trnjshlr`nklrgs sg fljsokgrn gb ncustg l kospnrl kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg kg vnblr fl`grfonb oaunb l oj`gkontl ojhgrolr, flrrgspljkogjtg nb 57=% kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb. 6. ]nrn gb fnsl kg `ltlrgs qug lpgrgj n tgjsoljgs kohgrgjtgs n bns qug qug fugjtnj flj enjfls kg kntls sg fljsokgrn gb kospnrl l ncustg kgb kosplsotovl kg prltgffoöj fljtrn slergflrrogjtg kg vnblr fl`grfonb oaunb l oj`gkontl ojhgrolr, flrrgspljkogjtg nb 57=% kg bn flrrogjtg jl`ojnb kgb `ltlr. J. ]nrn forfuotls qug fugjtgj flj trgs hnsgs y uj jgutrl, sg kgegrî vgrohofnr so plr gb fljkuftlr jgutrl forfubn flrrogjtg, fl`l gs gb fnsl kg forfuotls qug nbo`gjtnj bî`pnrns kg kgsfnran, pnrn fuyl fnsl sg kgegrî su`ojostrnr gb kntl kg hnftlr kg flrrgffoöj plr narupn`ogjtl gj fnjnboznfoöj gxtrnàkl kg bn tnebn kg hnftlr kg narupn`ogjtl kgb nrtàfubl [nebn 6>=->7(e)(7) kg bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxofnjn JL@-==>-VGKG-5=>5 l kgb JGF-5=>1. L. Gj fljhlr`oknk flj bn sgffoöj 57=->55 kg bn Jlr`n Lhofonb @gxo @gxofnjn fnjn JL@==>-VGKG-5=>5 kgb JGF-5=>1, gb prlarn`n ncustn gb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn pnrn fl`pgjsnr bn fnàkn kg tgjsoöj. Gstg ncustg gs

prlplrfoljnb n bn gsfnbn kg `gkokns kg bns sgffoljgs trnjsvgrsnbgs NQA. Gj forfuotls kljkg sg g`pbgn fnebg troplbnr, sg rgnbozn gb ncustg kgb fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn kg nfugrkl flj bl gxpugstl njtgrolr`gjtg. Voj g`enral, so gb fnboerg rgsubtnjtg kg gstg fljkuftlr gs `gjlr qug gb fnboerg `àjo`l pgr`otokl plr bn gspgfohofnfoöj WB->511 kg "Wjkgrwrotgrs Bnelrntlrogs" gb prlarn`n nsoajn gstg óbto`l fnboerg.

 

Fnpàtubl >>. Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons

5>?

]. Funjkl sg gsto`gj forfuotls gj kuftl gjtgrrnkl sg fnbfubnrî uj hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb tltnb kgrovnkl kg bns fl`pljgjtgs kghojokns gj bn vgjtnjn kg fnpturn kg hnftlrgs kg kg ncustg pnrn kuftls plr nrrgabl, prlhujkoknk, ju`grl kg kuftls, gtf.. Kgeokl n qug gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb kgpgjkg kgb fnboerg kgb fljkuftlr, kurnjtg gb prlfgsl kg fnpturn kg kntls gb prlarn`n ojkofnrî bn bgygjkn "Jl Kosp" gj bls fn`pls qug rgquogrnj kgb fnboerg pnrn su kghojofoöj l ojtgrplbnfoöj. Wjn vgz qug sg in rgnboznkl gb fîbfubl kgb fljkuftlr y sg in kgtgr`ojnkl gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb nkgfunkl nb fnboerg, gstg kntl sg gjfljtrnrî kospljoebg gj bn pnjtnbbn.

 

55=  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

GV[N ]NAOJN HWG KGCNKN GJ EBNJFL OJ[GJFOLJNB@GJ[G

 

 

Npïjkofg

N  Fljhoaurnfoöj kg Qojklws Fljhoaurnfoöj  k kgb  ` `ljotlr   Gb prlarn`n fugjtn flj kohgrgjtgs vgjtnjnsylnb`nfgjn`ogjtl AWOs (Arnpiofnbkg Wsgr Ojtgrhnfgs) pnrn rgnboznr bls prlfgsls kg fnpturn, vnboknfoöj kntls kgb prlygftl. Gstns vgjtnjns hugrlj kosgþnkns pnrn nprgfonrsg nkgfunkn`gjtg gj ujn kghojofoöj kg 8== x 9== poxgbgs. Vo su `ljotlr gs VXAN l supgrolr jl gjfljtrnrî kohofubtnkgs gj fljhoaurnr su kghojofoöj n gstls vnblrgs. ]nrn fljhoaurnr gb `ljotlr n gstn kghojofoöj soan bls soauogjtgs pnsls3 >. Vgbgffoljg gb eltöj Ojofol gj bn enrrn kg tnrgns kg Qojklws. 5. Kgb `gjó kg ojofol sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj kg `gjó Fljhoaurnfoöj.

6. Vg prgsgjtnrî gb sue`gjó kg fljhoaurnfoöj, kljkg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj ]njgb kg Fljtrlb. Gstl prgsgjtnrn ujn vgjtnjn `lstrnjkl bns kohgrgjtgs lpfoljgs kg fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sostg`n. ;. Vgbgffoljg gb ofljl ]njtnbbn qug prgsgjtnrn bn vgjtnjn pnrn fljhoaurnfoöj kgb `ljotlr.

 

555  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

7. Vgbgffoljg bn pgstnþn Fljhoaurnfoöj. 8. Blfnbofg gb rgfunkrl  Îrgn kg gsfrotlrol y `ugvn bn enrrn kg sgbgffoöj instn bn plsofoöj ‒8==x9== poxgbgs‐.  1. ]rgsoljg gb eltöj  Npbofnr,  Qojklws gjvonrî uj `gjsncg ojkofnjkl qug rgnboznrî ujn prugen njtgs kg gstnebgfgr bn jugvn fljhoaurnfoöj y bg jltohofn so gb fn`eol in sokl rgnboznkl flj ïxotl.

JL[N3   Vo su tnrcgtn kg vokgl jl gs supgrolr n > @e, su `ljotlr jl slplrtn gstn fljhoaurnfoöj y bn pnjtnbbn sg lesgrvn fl`pbgtn`gjtg lesfurn Vo gstl sufgkg, rgojofog su fl`putnklrn y nrrnjqug Qojklws gj `lkl nprugen kg hnbbls, y rgpotn bn lpgrnfoöj pnrn rgfupgrnr bn fljhoaurnfoöj njtgrolr. Gb prlarn`n jl plkrî lesgrvnrsg nkgfunkn`gjtg gj su `ljotlr.

 

Npïjkofg N 

556

Fljhoaurnfoöj  k kg  bbls  j jó`grls   Gb prlarn`n trnencn flj gb sostg`n ojtgrjnfoljnb pnrn bn kghojofoöj kg jó`grls. Gstl gs, bls jó`grls kgfo`nbgs kgegj gstnr sgpnrnkls kg bls jó`grls gjtgrls plr `gkol kg uj pujtl y jl gxostogjkl sgpnrnfoöj plr `gkol kg fl`ns pnrn bn kghojofoöj kg `obbnrgs. Gs plsoebg qug sg prgsgjtgj njl`nbàns gj bls prlfgsls kg vnboknfoöj so bls jó`grls ojtrlkufokls gj gb prlarn`n togjgj gb fnrîftgr fl`n(,) fl`l `gkol kg sgpnrnfoöj gjtrg kgfo`nbgs y gjtgrls. ]nrn anrnjtoznr uj nkgfunkl kgsg`pgþl kgb prlarn`n gstnebgzfn bn fljhoaurnfoöj rgaoljnb kg su sostg`n nb sostg`n ojabïs. ]nrn fljhoaurnr su sostg`n ju`ïrofl3 >. Vgbgffoljg gb eltöj Ojofol gj bn enrrn kg tnrgns kg Qojklws. 5. Kgb `gjó kg ojofol sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj kg `gjó Fljhoaurnfoöj. 6. Vg prgsgjtnrn gb sue`gjó kg fljhoaurnfoöj, kljkg kgeg sgbgffoljnr bn lpfoöj ]njgb kg Fljtrlb. Gstl prgsgjtnrn ujn vgjtnjn `lstrnjkl bns kohgrgjtgs lpfoljgs kg fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sostg`n. ;. Vgbgffoljn gb ofljl Fljhoaurnfoöj Ugaoljnb  qug prgsgjtnrn bn vgjtnjn pnrn fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sostg`n. 7. Vgbgffoljg bn pgstnþn Ju`grl. 8. Blfnbofg bn bostn kgspbganebg Và`elbl kgfo`nb y sgbgffoljg gb fnrîftgr pujtl(.) 1. ]rgsoljg gb eltöj  Npbofnr.  Qojklws gjvonrî uj `gjsncg ojkofnjkl qug rgnboznrn ujn prugen njtgs kg gstnebgfgr bn jugvn fljhoaurnfoöj y bg jltohofnrn so gb fn`eol in sokl rgnboznkl flj ïxotl.

 

55;  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Fljhboftls y  n nfbnrnfoljgs   N fljtojunfoöj sg prgsgjtn ujn tneubnfoöj kljkg plkrî gjfljtrnr nbaujls fljhboftls l nfbnrnfoljgs qug prgsgjtnrsg kurnjtg bn lpgrnfoöj kg Vozgr Gbgftrof. Nsà fl`l nbaujns kg bnspukogrnj slbufoljgs3 Fljhboftl

Fn Fnusn usn / Nfbnrn Nfbnrnfoöj foöj

Gb prlarn`n ojofon Nb ojofonr gb prlarn`n slbofotn ujn fljtrnsgþn kg nerogjkl gb óbto`l prlygftl neogrtl nffgsl qug sg kgsfljlfg.

Vlbufoöj  

Vo bn fljtrnsgþn jl in sokl `lkohofnkn tgfbgg bn pnbnern FBNXG. Vo bl kgsgn kgsineobotg bn lpfoöj ‒Neror gb óbto`l prlygftl‐ gj @gjó

projfopnb + Lpfoljgs +

Bn rgtàfubn jl `ugstrn tlkls bls kntls fnpturnkls

Fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sostg`n Hobtrl npbofnkl l flbu`jns Kgsineobotg gb hobtrl flj gb ofljl ‐^uotnr hobtrl‐ l lfubtns pgrsljnbofg bn rgtàfubn.

 

Npïjkofg N 

Fljhboftl

Gb nrfiovl agjgrnkl gs `uy arnjkg

557

Fn Fnusn usn / Nfbnrnfoöj

Hnbtn fl`pnftnr bn ensg kg kntls

Vlbufoöj  

]nrn fl`pnftnr bn ensg kg kntls sgbgffoljg bn lpfoöj ‒Fl`pnftnr ensg kg kntls‐ gj @gjó

Xnboknfoöj kg kntls ojnprlponkn gj bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn Bn pnjtnbbn kg fnpturn gs `uy arnjkg y jl pugkg nprgfonrsg gj gb `ljotlr Bn pnrtg supgrolr ozquogrkn kg bls rgplrtgs npnrgfg vnfàn.

Grrlr gj bn fljhoaurnfoöj ju`ïrofn kgb sostg`n. Fljhoaurnfoöj kgb `ljotlr Jl sg in kghojokl bn o`nagj kgb klfu`gjtl jo bn rnzöj slfonb kg bn

projfopnb + Lpfoljgs + Fljhoaurnfoöj kgb sostg`n Fljhoaurg su sostg`n kg jó`grls. Fljhoaurg su `ljotlr n ujn kghojofoöj kg 8== x 9== ]oxgbgs. ]grsljnbofg gb rgplrtg kg o`prgsoöj.

g`prgsn. Jl sg in pgrsljnboznkl gb Gj bn pnrtg ojhgrolr kg bn rgplrtg. vgjtnjn qug npnrgfg nb sgbgffoljn gb topl kg rgplrtg, ojkoqug bn jugvn bgygjkn pnrn gb rgplrtg. ]rlebg`ns gj bns boergràns Qojklws ?7 y J[ gj sus Jl sg lesgrvnj bls kg Qojklws pro`grns gkofoljgs ofljls qug sg kgsfroegj prgsgjtnj prlebg`ns flj gj bn nyukn jo gj gb gb `njgcl kg nbaujls `njunb arîhofls. Ojstnbg bns Vgrvofg ]nfds kg gstns npbofnfoljgs. Nb rgnboznr gb fîbfubl kg uj Nb rgnboznr uj fîbfubl sg Boegrg gspnfol kgjtrl kg forfuotl npnrgfg uj agjgrn ujn `g`lron kg su fl`putnklrn, l `gjsncg kg sostg`n fîbfubl gj gb kosfl kurl rgueoqug su nrfiovl kg ojkofnjkl qug jl gxostg kg su fl`putnklr l gj bn kntls infon ujn ujoknk gspnfol kospljoebg gj gb korgffoöj kljkg sg qug fugjtg flj gspnfol kosfl. gjfugjtrn su nrfiovl kg boerg. kntls. Nb sgbgffoljnr bn Grrlr gj gb krovgr kg bn Ugojstnbg gb `njgcnklr kg o`prgsoöj kg bls rgplrtgs o`prgslrn. bn o`prgslrn. npnrgfg uj `gjsncg kg grrlr kg sostg`n. Ugquogrl `lkohofnr bn bgygjkn qug npnrgfg gj bls rgplrtgs

 

558  

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof

Fljhboftl

Bns flrrogjtgs jl`ojnbgs kgb rgplrtg slj `nylrgs qug bn qug sg letogjg nb fnbfubnrbns plr bn hör`ubn kg flrrogjtg pnrn fnrans enbnjfgnkns

Xnboknfoöj kg kntls ojnprlponkn gj bns vgjtnjns kg fnpturn Bn flrrogjtg kg sgbgffoöj gs `uy arnjkg

Fn Fnusn usn / Nfbnrn Nfbnrnfoöj foöj

Vlbufoöj  

Fljsubtg bn jlr`n Bn flrrogjtg pnrn sgbgffoöj kg fljkuftlrgs sgbgffoljnkn gj gb pnrn `ltlrgs kgeg nrtàfubl ;6=-> ensnrsg gj bns flrrogjtgs jl`ojnbgs kg bn tnebn prlpugstn pnrn gb jovgb kg tgjsoöj kg nfugrkl flj bn sgffoöj ;6=-> kg bn jlr`n npbofnebg. Fljhoaurg su sostg`n kg Grrlr gj bn fljhoaurnfoöj jó`grls ju`ïrofn kgb sostg`n. Bn flrrogjtg kg sgbgffoöj Fljsubtg bn jlr`n sgbgffoljnkn gj gb gs gb prlkuftl kg bls nrtàfubl ;6=-55 y bn tnebn hnftlrgs kg ojfrg`gjtl kghojokls gjgjtrg bn sgffoöj ;6=->55(n) gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb plr tg`pgrnturn y gb hnftlr kgfrg`gjtnb npbofnkl n bn fnjnboznfoöj l finrlbn.

;6=-55 (n). Hnftlrgs kgfrg`gjtnbgs sgffoöj 6>=->7 y nrtofubl 6>9->>

 

Ojkofg njnbàtofl 

551

Àjkofg jnbàtofl  N  

Neror prlygftl ...................................... 51 Norg ...................................................... ?8 Nrfiovl *.szr.................................................. 57 Agjgrnkl plr ggbb prlarn`n ............... 57 Lpfoöj kg `gjó ............................... >? ]rlygftl Vozgr .................................. 57 Nsoajnfoöj kg forfuotls ...................... >>1 Nyukn .................................................. 5= E  Enrrn kg Igrrn`ogjtns......................... 5= Eusfnr ................................................. >8 F 

Fnebgs korgftn`gjtg gjtgrrnkls ..........?7 Fnebgs gjtgrrnkls Kohgrgjtgs nrrgabls ...........................?7 Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj.................................. 67 Fîbfubl kg fljkuftlr ......................... >>6 ]njtnbbns ........................................ >=9 Fnboerg Fljkuftlr kg pugstn n togrrn .......... >=8 @îxo`l y `àjo`l .............................;6 Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons .......... 5>1 Vgbgffoljnkl (Xostn) ........................ 71 Xgrohofnkl plr p lr flrtl forfuotl ............ >=6 Fn`eonr kntls ................................... >1? Fn`eonr jl`erg .................................. 5? Fnjnboznfoljgs .................................... 9> Kuftl................................................ 97 Fnpturn kg forfuotls ............................. 7> Fnpturn kg gspgfohofnfoljgs kg

flj tnpn........................................... 18 Gspnfon`ogjtl ................................. 18 topl kg.............................................. 17 Finrlbns3flj tnpn ............................... 18 Finrlbns3Gspnfon`ogjtl ..................... 17 F 

Forfuotl fnbfubl kg pltgjfonbgs gj pnjtnbbns >=9 Fbogjtg/Vgrvoklr................................... >6 Flbu`jns .................................... 7;, >76 Fljsubtn kg tnebns .............................. 7= Fljsubtns ............................................ 5= Fljtrnsgþn kg prlygftl...................................... 5? Flrrogjtg ............................................. 1= Flrrogjtg kg ff. ................................. >=6 Flrrogjtg kg pbnfn ............................. 5>7 Flrtl forfuotl ..................................... >=6 K 

Kntls Agjgrnbgs ................................. 6? Kuftl .................................................. 97 Kuftl Kuftl .................................................. Kohgrgjtgs nrrgabls kg kuftls ... ?5 ?5 G 

Gkofoöj Kg`lstrntovn ................................... >1 ]rg`ou` .......................................... >1 ]rlhgsoljnb ...................................... >1 Gkofoljgs ............................................ >1 Ghofgjfon, fnpturn................................ 15 Ghofogjfon............................................. 85 Gcgfufoöj kgb k gb prlarn`n....................... >7

fljkuftlrgs.................................... >;> FF@ .............................................. 71, 87 Fgjtrl kg Fljtrlb kg @ltlrgs .............. 87 Fi  

Gjhron`ogjtl ........................................ 8; Gjtlrjl kg sostg`n ........................... >15 Gspgfohofnfoljgs ................................. 67 Vgbgffoöj kg Gspgfohofnfoljgs......... 67 Gxplrtnr ojhlr`nfoöj ......................... >17

Finrlbns .............................................. 17

 

559

@njunb kg Wsunrol ‖ Vozgr Gbgftrof 

H 

Fljtrnsgþn ...................................... 5? Kntls agjgrnbgs .............................. 6? Aunrknr ........................................... 59 Ughgrgjfons ..................................... 6> Ugspnbkl kg, ................................. >11

Hnftlr kg pltgjfon ...............................15 Hggkgrs ............................................... 8? Hobtrls........................................... 76, >>? A 

Aunrknr prlygftls ............................... 59 O 

Ojhlr`nfoöj - Gstnkl kg, .................... >>= Ojstnbnfoöj ........................................... >> Ojstnbnfoöj gj rgk ................................ >6 Ojtrlkuffoöj ........................................... 1 D 

DXN/I] ............................................... 8> @  @noj hggkgrs ........................................8? @nbbn kg togrrns Fnpturn kg `n `nbbns bbns ..........................>7> @ntgronb kg bn fnjnboznfoöj................... ?1 @ntgronb kgb fljkuftlr.......................... ;5 @gjsncgrl ............................................ ?1 @gjó ]rojfopnb .....................................>? @ltlrgs................................................ 8= J 

JGF ..................................................... 6; JL@ .................................................... 6; Jlr`ns ................................................ Jugvl prlygftl .................................... 6; 57 ] 

]njtnbbn................................................ ;8 ]ltgjfon hnftlr kg ........................................... 15 @îxo`n y `àjo`n .............................;; ]rltgffoöj.......................................... >=1 ]rlygftl Neror ................................................. 51 fnbfubnr........................................... >>6

U 

Ughgrgjfons ......................................... 6> Ugaostrl kgb sostg`n............................ >1 Ugplrtgs Gxplrtnr kntls ............................... >16 hobtrls gj g j ......................................... >1= Agjgrnb.......................................... >8? [opls kg......................................... >>1> 1> Ugquosotls kg ojstnbnfoöj..................... >> Ugstroffoljgs y nkvgrtgjfons ............. 5>7 Ugtàfubn kg Kntls Agjgrnbgs ......................... 6? Gbg`gjtl ......................................... 5> ]grsljnboznfoöj kg flbu`jns .......... 7; Ugtàfubn3]grsljnboznfoöj kg flbu`jns  ...................................................... >76 [ 

[g`pgrnturn N`eogjtg ......................................... ;; kg nosbn`ogjtl kgb k gb fljkuftlr ........... ;; Gbgvnfoöj ojstnjtîjgn kg ............... >=; [g`pgrnturns kg nosbn`ogjtl (Nbfnjfg) ........................................ ? [gjsoöj fnàkn kg (fnpturn)............................ ?? Fnàkn kg tgjsoöj jl`ojnb ................ 8> 67 kgb `ltlr ......................................... kgb sostg`n (Kntls Agjgrnbgs)......... ;= @nxo`n [gjsoöj fnbfubnkn ................ ? [gjsoöj y jó`grl kg hnsgs........ Xïnsg  [opl kg nosbn`ogjtl ............................. ;5 [opl kg fnran ...................................... 7? [ltnboznfoöj kg fljkuftlrgs ................ ;9 [rnjshlr`nklr..................................... 8; [uel Fljkuot....................................... 9> W