Manual Volvo PDF

VOLVO ARTICULATED HAULERS

PERFORMANCE MANUAL HOW TO CALCULATE PERFORMANCE ED 11

Performance Manual Volvo Articulated Haulers

Edition 11

1 Purpose and layout of the book .................. 4 2 Profitability in bulk transport of materials 5 3 Volumes and densities ..................................... 6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Bank, loose and compacted volumes ..............6 Density .....................................................................7 Swell ........................................................................8 Table of different material weights ....................9

9 Loading time for different loading equipment ........................................... 57 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

Loading times for wheel loaders .................... 58 Loading times for hydraulic excavators ......... 59 Loading times for hydraulic excavators, front shovels ........................................................ 61 Loading times for crawler loaders .................. 62 Loading times for draglines ............................. 63

4 Calculation of load volume ...........................10

10 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping area ...................................................... 64

5 Excavation classes ............................................11

11 Tables ..................................................................... 66

6 Operating conditions .......................................12 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

Rolling resistance ............................................... 12 Rolling resistance table .................................... 12 Grades .................................................................. 13 Total resistance .................................................. 13 Measuring grades ............................................... 15 Curves .................................................................. 15 Ground structure ................................................ 17 Hauling long stretches downhill ...................... 21 Traction ................................................................. 22 Load-bearing capacity of the ground ............. 23 Lowest acceptable ground-bearing capacity. 26

7 Calculation of machine performance ......27 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14

Work cycle of transport machines .................. 27 Loading ................................................................. 28 Work at loading area ......................................... 28 Traveling loaded ................................................. 29 Traveling unloaded ............................................. 32 Maneuvering to dump and dumping .............. 36 Maneuvering for loading ................................... 38 Productive time ................................................... 39 Production ........................................................... 40 Production calculation ...................................... 40 The right number of transport machines ....... 43 Hourly cost .......................................................... 44 Example of hourly cost calculation ................. 49 Calculation of cost per production unit ......... 51

8 Maneuvering times ...........................................53 8.1 8.2 8.3

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Time needed for maneuvering at loading area ......................................................... 53 Time needed for maneuvering at dump area and dumping .................................. 54 Turning around in tunnels ................................. 56

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8

Material weights and swell factor ................... 66 Excavation classes ............................................ 67 Ground structure classes ................................. 67 Rolling resistance and coefficient of traction for different surfaces .......................... 67 Load-bearing capacity of the ground ............ 68 Grade conversion table .................................... 68 Measurement units and conversion ............... 69 Transformation between travel time and speed ........................................................... 70

12 Formulas ............................................................... 71 14 A25D Specification and Performance .... 73 14.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16

Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ..... 73 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires ............................................. 74 Weights ............................................................... 75 Body ..................................................................... 75 Body volumes .................................................... 76 Ground pressure and cone index .................. 77 Drive ...................................................................... 77 Transmission ....................................................... 77 Travel speed ....................................................... 77 Steering system ................................................. 77 Frame and bogie ................................................ 77 Engine .................................................................. 78 Brakes .................................................................. 78 Cab ....................................................................... 78 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ........................... 79 Operating on slopes ......................................... 79 Diagram................................................................. 80 Rimpull - Retardation ........................................ 84

Performance Manual 15 A30D Specification and Performance .... 87 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16

Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded 87 Weights ................................................................88 Body ......................................................................88 Body volumes ......................................................89 Ground pressure and cone index ...................90 Drive ......................................................................90 Transmission .......................................................90 Travel speed ........................................................90 Steering system ..................................................90 Frame and bogie ................................................90 Engine ...................................................................91 Brakes ...................................................................91 Cab ........................................................................91 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ..............................92 Operating on slopes ..........................................92 Diagram .................................................................93 Rimpull - Retardation .......................................97

16 A35D Specification and Performance .... 99 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16

Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded....................................99 Weights ............................................................. 100 Body ................................................................... 100 Body volumes ................................................... 101 Ground pressure and cone index ................ 102 Drive ................................................................... 102 Transmission .................................................... 102 Travel speed ..................................................... 102 Steering system ............................................... 102 Frame and bogie ............................................. 102 Engine ................................................................ 103 Brakes ................................................................ 103 Cab ..................................................................... 103 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ........................... 104 Operating on slopes ....................................... 104 Diagram .............................................................. 105 Rimpull - Retardation ...................................... 109

17 A40D Specification and Performance . 111 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16

Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded .................................111 Weights ..............................................................112 Body ....................................................................112 Body volumes ...................................................113 Ground pressure and cone index .................114 Drive ....................................................................114 Transmission .....................................................114 Travel speed ......................................................114 Steering system ................................................114 Frame and bogie ..............................................114 Engine .................................................................115 Brakes ................................................................115 Cab .....................................................................115 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance............................116 Operating on slopes .......................................116 Diagram...............................................................117 Rimpull - Retardation .......................................121

C-model Diagrams................................................. 123 18.16 18.16 18.16 18.16

A25C Diagrams ...............................................123 A30C Diagrams ................................................127 A35C Diagrams ................................................131 A40 Diagrams....................................................135

Special Vehicles ..................................................... 140 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1

A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions 140 A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions...........143 A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........145 A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........147

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/ Tunneling ............................................................ 149

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1 Purpose and layout of the book This book is intended as an aid for planners, estimators and machine owners in forecasting the cycle time, production and cost for performing bulk movement of materials with Volvo articulated haulers. The result gained by using the book can be regarded as fully reliable, providing that the nature of the ground and other factors are correctly evaluated and that the operator is of normal competence. Since working conditions vary so widely between different operating sites, it has not been possible to take into account all the factors affecting performance and cost; therefore, we cannot accept responsibility for any differences that may arise between calculations and actual results. To make proper use of this book, a certain amount of experience in the planning of bulk movement of materials, time studies and technical terms occurring in the business is necessary. Metric units of measure are in normal type, followed by U.S. units of measure in bold type face. In this publication decimals are indicated with a point (.) and comma (,) is used to divide thousands.

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2 Profitability in bulk transport of materials Many different types of machines can be used for the bulk transport of materials, the hauling distance generally being of decisive importance. The existence of, or proposed road network, load carrying capacity of the ground, availability of suitable base courses, the amount of material to be transported and the loading equipment are factors which rule the choice of machine for carrying out the work most efficiently and profitably.

Articulated haulers are most profitable where: • Operating conditions call for good negotiability. • The haul route is good, but the loading or dump areas become so soft and slippery in wet weather that other types of haulers get bogged down. • The load or dump areas are so restricted that on highway dumptrucks and rigid haulers have to turn or backup for long distances. • The road is so narrow that on highway dumptrucks, rigid haulers and scrapers are only able to pass each other at special passing points, while the articulated haulers can meet and pass everywhere, using the terrain beside the road.

• The material is such that sufficient traction is available for scrapers to load themselves. To obtain maximum profitability in the bulk transport of materials, it is necessary to match the correct loading equipment and optimum number of transport machines with the desired transport volume per unit of time and the total volume of material to be transported. If a quantity of less than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported a short distance of about 200 m 650 ft., this can generally be done in a shorter time with a couple of articulated haulers. If no road exists and the ground has sufficient loadbearing capacity, it is usually cheaper not to build a special road for this short job but instead to run slowly off-road and use one or two additional articulated haulers. If the quantity of more than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported over a long distance of approximately 1,000 m 3,300 ft., it is usually cheaper to build a special road and keep it in good condition. This allows the transport machines to run at high speed and means that fewer are needed. Part of the total cost will then be reflected by the road and road maintenance instead of by machines and operators.

On highway dumptrucks are most profitable where:

This book enables an estimate to be made of the performance of Volvo articulated haulers under different conditions.

• Public roads are used for distances of more than 500 m 1650 ft. The loading and dump areas are level and sufficiently large to permit turning around without loss of time, and that loading and dumping can continue without periodical interruption by inclement weather conditions.

By calculating different alternatives and estimating the cost of the alternatives offered, it is possible to make theoretical calculations for the optimum combination of loading equipment, transport machines, road and road maintenance.

Rigid haulers are most profitable where:

By fully utilizing the specific properties of the articulated hauler it is possible to:

• Quantities in excess of 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3 have to be moved on the same road. The road must be built on firm ground and have a width of 2.2 times that of the machine. Furthermore, the distance should exceed 1000 m 3300 ft. in one way direction, and the loading time should be less than 1.5 minutes. Operation must be possible in wet weather.

Scrapers are most profitable where: • The ground is dry, has a high bearing capacity but is easy to excavate and free from stones and boulders. • The excavation is made in a cut, and the dumping is performed on an embankment. • The transported volume is large, at least 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3.

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• reduce costs for building and maintaining loading areas • reduce costs for building dump areas • reduce the need for dozers at the dump areas • reduce costs for building and maintaining haul roads

3 Volumes and densities 3.1 Bank, loose and compacted volumes

In the earthmoving industry, volumes can be expressed in different ways, depending on which stage of excavation the material is in. In this section the most common ones; bank, loose and compacted volume will be explained.

Bank volume Loose volume Compacted volume

Fig. 1

Bank volume (Bm3, Byd3) is the undisturbed material in the ground, before excavation. Note that the volume that is actually excavated often is somewhat larger than the one calculated from drawings. Loose volume (Lm3, Lyd3) is the volume of the material when it is loaded on the transport machine. The loose volume is larger than the bank volume since the material expands when excavated. This difference is called swell.

Compacted volume (Cm3, Cyd3) is the volume of the material after leveling and compaction on the site. This volume is smaller than the loose and can be either larger or smaller than the bank volume depending on the material properties. As for bank volumes, it is important to note that the actual filled volume often is larger than the volume calculated from drawings. The graph below shows an example of how the volume of material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 2).

Volume

Transport Leveling and compaction

Loose

Swell

Compacted Loading

Bank

Blasting

Fig. 2 Volume variation during excavation and transport

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3.2 Density The relationship of the weight of a material to its volume is called density. Density =

We i ght ----------------------Volume

Density is expressed in kg/m3 Ib/yd3.

Density and swell of a material vary with grain size and moisture content. To make an accurate determination of density and swell, measurements have to be made on the site, but rough estimates can be made from table 3.4. The graph below shows an example of how the density of a material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 3).

Density of the same material may be different depending on whether it is in the bank, loose or compacted form. The difference is noted by using the same abbreviations as for volumes, e.g. 1700 kg/Lm3 2870 lb/Lyd3 means that one loose cubic yard (meter) of the material weighs 1700 kg 2870 lb.

Density

Blasting Bank Loading Compacted Loose

Leveling and compaction

Fig. 3 Density variation during excavation and transport

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3.3 Swell When soil and rock materials are loaded into a dumper, the volume increases due to expansion of the material. This increase is called swell. This is usually expressed as a swell-factor which is the loose volume divided by the bank volume, see below, but it can also be expressed as a percentage. For conversions between bank and loose forms the following formulas are used: Swell =

Loose volume Bank volume

Volume changes: Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell Bank volume =

Loose volume Swell

Density changes: Loose density =

Bank density Swell

Bank density = Loose density x Swell

EXAMPLE: Dry clay has a bank density of 1700 kg/Bm3 2870 lb/Byd3 and the swell-factor 1.3 (it swells 30%). What is the weight of 1 Lm3 1 Lyd3? Loose density =

1700 1.3

= 1308 kg/Lm3 2208 lb/Lyd3

What is the weight of a full load in a 16.5 m3 21.6 yd3 dumper body? Load weight = Load volume x Loose density = 16.5 Lm3 x 1308 kg/Lm3 = 21,600 kg = 21.6 Lyd3 x 2208 lb/Lyd3 = 47,726 lbs If 75,000 Bm3 98,100 Byd3 are to be excavated, how many Lm3 Lyd3 are to be transported? Loose volume = 75,000 Bm3 x 1.3 = 97,500 Lm3 98,100 Byd3 x 1.3 = 127,530 Lyd3

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3.4 Table of different material weights MATERIAL Ashes, soft coal with slagg Bauxite Brick Cement Caliche Clay: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet compacted Coal: anthracite bitumous ignite Concrete: dry wet Copper ore Earth: dry wet + sand and gravel + 25% stone loam Granite Gravel: dry moist, wet Gypsum: blasted crushed Iron ore: Hematite Limonite Magnetite Kaolin Lime Limestone: blasted loose, crushed marble Mud: dry (close) wet (moderately comp.) Rock: hard well blasted + stone crushed Sandstone Sand: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet Shale: soft rock riprock Slag Slate Top soil Traprock

lb/Byd3 1010–1520 3200 – 2950 3790 2870 3790 2870 3030 3370 2190–2610 1850 2110 3200–4210 – 3200 2870 3200 3030 3370 2530 4380–5060 2870 3710 4890 5230 4720–6570 8600–11800 4720–6570 2870 – 4380 – 4550 3710–5060 5060–5900 4800 4800 4210 3200 3540 3200 3710 3030 2950 5060 4720 2360 5060

These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc. 9

kg/bm3 600–900 1900 – 1750 2250 1700 2250 1700 1800 2000 1300–1550 1100 1250 1900–2500 – 1900 1700 1900 1800 2000 1500 2600–3000 1700 2200 2900 3100 2800–3900 5100–7000 2800–3900 1700 – 2600 – 2700 2200–3000 3000–3500 2850 2850 2500 1900 2100 1900 2200 1800 1750 3000 2800 1400 3000

lb/Lyd3 840–1350 2360 2700–3200 2440 2110 2190 2700 2360 2530 2870 1690–2020 1350 1520 2360–3030 3620 2700 2190 2700 2700 2700 2110 2780–3030 2530 3370 2700 3030 3880–5390 3880–5390 3880–5390 2190 1350 2700 2530 2700 3030–4210 4210–4890 2850 2850 2530 2870 3200 2870 3370 2190 2110 2950 3540 1690 3370

kg/lm3 500–800 1400 1600–1900 1450 1250 1300 1600 1400 1500 1700 1000–1200 800 900 1400–1800 2150 1600 1300 1600 1600 1600 1250 1650–1800 1500 2000 1600 1800 2300–3200 2300–3200 2300–3200 1300 800 1600 1500 1600 1800–2500 2500–2900 1700 1700 1500 1700 1900 1700 2000 1300 1250 1750 2100 1000 2000

Swell 1.1 1.3 – 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 – 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7-2.2 1.2 1.3 – 1.6 – 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5

Tests must be carried out to determine exact material characteristics

4 Calculation of load volume The load capacity is expressed in tons sh ton. The load is expressed in m3 yd3, struck load SAE and heaped load SAE. (SAE Standard 3741a.) The struck load volume of a hauler body represents the actual volume enclosed within the walls of the load space as restricted by a straight line running along the upper edges of the sides. The struck load volume is expressed in m3 yd3 to one decimal place. For a hauler body open at one end, the volume at this end is restricted by a line running from the lower rear edge of the open end at an upward and inward slope of 1:1.

The heaped load volume of a hauler body represents the sum of the struck load volume and the volume enclosed by four surfaces at an inward and upward slope of 2:1 from the upper edges of the sides and ends and their load carrying extensions. For a hauler body with an open end, the slope of 2:1 for heaped load volume originates from the upper edge of the 1:1 slope as used for determining the struck load volume. For a load space having a struck load volume of less than 10 m3 10 yd3, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest half m3 yd3. For a load space having a struck load volume of 10 m3 10 yd3 or more, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest whole m3 yd3.

Fig. 4

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5 Excavation classes Different materials have different excavation characteristics and therefore require a varying amount of power and time in order to loosen them for digging. To determine the performance of the loading machine, it is necessary to assess the excavation characteristics of the material to be moved.

Soil types can be grouped in five excavation classes: Class 1 = little resistance to loosening and high degree of bucket filling, i.e. high performance of loading equipment. Class 5 = high resistance to loosening and small degree of bucket filling, i.e. low performance of loading equipment, under normal conditions. Blasting or ripping is required for excavation of class 5 material.

Classification guidance table: CLASS

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1

Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.

2

Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.

3

Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content well blasted.

4

Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.

5

Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.

6 Operating conditions 6.1 Rolling resistance When operating the hauler, energy is absorbed by the deformation of tires and ground. An example of this is rutting. The restraining effect this has on the machine is called rolling resistance.

6.2 Rolling resistance table (The table is appropriate for Volvo articulated haulers.) The rolling resistance is affected by several factors, such as: • type of soil • condition of the ground • moisture content • tire load • diameter and width of the wheel Tables are used for practical assessment of the rolling resistance of the traveling surface, where the rolling resistance is shown as a percentage of the Gross Machine Weight (GMW). Rolling resistance %

Type of traveling surface

Sinkage of tires cm in.

Coefficient of traction

Concrete, dry

2

–

–

0.8 – 1.0

Asphalt, dry

2

–

–

0.7 – 0.9

Macadam

3

–

–

0.5 – 0.7

Gravel road, compacted

3

–

–

0.5 – 0.7

Dirt road, compacted

3

4

1.6

0.4 – 0.6

Dirt road, firm rutted

5

6

2.4

0.3 – 0.6

Stripped arable land, firm, dry

6

8

3.2

0.6 – 0.8

Soil backfill, soft

8

10

4.0

0.4 – 0.5

Stripped arable land, loose, dry

12

15

6.0

0.4 – 0.5

Woodland pastures, grassy banks

12 – 15

15 – 18

6–7

0.6 – 0.7

Sand or gravel, loose

15 – 30

18 – 35

7 – 14

0.2 – 0.4

Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous

16

20

8.0

0.1 – 2.0

Stripped arable land, sticky wet

10 – 20

12 – 25

5 – 10

0.1 – 0.4

Clay loose, wet

35

40

16

0.1 – 0.2

Ice

2

–

–

0.1 – 0.2

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6.3 Grades Grade resistance is caused by the fact that as the machine moves forward it is also lifted to a higher level. Calculation of the necessary rimpull is done by splitting the force of gravity into vectors. See Fig. 5.

Resistance to grade

The resistance is usually expressed as a percentage of the GMW. In order to run uphill, therefore, a tractive effort corresponding to the grade percentage times the GMW is needed. Since the grade resistance is shown as a percentage of the GMW in the same way as the rolling resistance, both values can be added together or subtracted from each other.

Force normal to ground

Gross machine weight (GMW)

Fig. 5

6.4 Total resistance Total resistance = rolling resistance + grade resistance

ÿ

The grade resistance is positive (+) uphill and negative (–) downhill. In our example, the “Site Summary”, we are describing positive grade with , negative grade withÿ and flat ground with Ÿ Uphill

Downhill

Grade resistance

=

2%

–2%

Rolling resistance

=

8%

8%

Total resistance

=

10%

6%

By adding the rolling resistance and grade resistance and using a graph showing the time needed for traveling at different total resistance, it is possible to calculate how long it will take to cover a particular distance with loaded or unloaded machines. Note: There is one graph for a loaded machine and another one for an unloaded machine.

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EXAMPLE: A fully loaded Volvo A25D has to travel up a hill 200 m 656 ft. with a grade of 2%. The rolling resistance is 8%. How long will it take? Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 6), follow a vertical line until intersecting the 10% line. Then follow a horizontal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.90 minutes. Return trip (unloaded): Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 7), follow a vertical line until intersecting the 6% line. Then follow a horizontal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.22 minutes.

Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded. Total resistance Ground structure

Time in min.

40%

3.0

35%

30% 28% 26%

2.5 24%

2.0

22% 1.0

20% 18%

1.5

16% 14% 12% 10%

1.0

8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%

0.5

0.0–0.4 Distance in m

0 0

20

40

60

80

0

100

120

140

160

300

180

200

in ft.

Fig. 6

600

Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded. Time in min.

40%

1.0

1.4 1.2

35%

30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20%

1.0 0.8

18%

0.6

0.8

16% 14% 12% 10%

0.4

0.6

0.4 8% 4%-6% 2%

0.2

0.0–0.2

0 0 0

20

40

60

80

100 300

120

140

160

180 600

200

Distance in m in ft.

Fig. 7

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6.5 Measuring grades Grades are measured by means of an inclinometer. Any attempt to estimate grades without some form of accurate measurement usually results in large errors; so a suitable instrument should always be used. There are several different instruments on the market which register the grades in percentage and degrees. One example is shown in Figure 8. This particular instrument is used as follows:

Stand at the bottom of the grade and look through the instrument. Have an assistant whose height at eye level is almost the same as your own stand at the top of the hill. Sight the instrument as shown in the sketch and read the percentage scale off the instrument at the index mark.

Fig.8

6.6 Curves

EXAMPLE:

Curves can be taken at different speeds depending on the radius. When taking a curve, the speed of the machine should not be higher than that which permits ground grip and lateral acceleration to stay well within the limits of stability and comfort.

Radius: 20 m 66 ft.

To determine the traveling time through a particular curve, it is necessary to know the curve radius and arc length. From the graph (Fig. 10) it is possible to read off the time required to negotiate curves of different radius and arc lengths.

Fig. 9

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Arc length: 50 m 164 ft. Travel time: 0.19 min. Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with different arc length and radius.” • Follow a vertical line from 50 m 164 ft. on the distance axis up to line 3, radius 20 m R65.6 ft. • Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time axis and read off the time needed for passing the curve. • The time = 0.19 min.

Total time through curves with different arc length and radius. Time in min.

1

2

3

4

5

6

LINE

RADIUS

Distance in m in ft.

Fig. 10

Calculation of radius In cases when the radius is unknown, use the following formula for calculation (Fig. 9:1). EXAMPLE: Arc length: 70 m 229 ft. Angle: 100° Travel time: 0.18 min. r=

360 x b 360 x 70 = = 40.1 m α x 2π 100 x (2 x 3.14)

Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with different arc length and radius.” r=

360 x b α x 2π

Fig. 9:1

r=

radius in m

b=

arc length in m

α=

angle in degrees

π=

3.14

• Follow a vertical line from 70 m 229 ft. on the distance axis up to line 5 radius 40 m 131 ft. • Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time axis and read off the time needed for passing the curve. • The time = 0.18 min.

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6.7 Ground structure It is not always the rolling resistance, gradient or sharpness of curves that determine the speed of the machine. Roughness of the surfaces of the loading area, haul route and dump area also affect how the speed of the vehicle can be utilized. The roughness does not have to be particularly severe to subject both operator and machine to high stresses due to shaking and vibration.

The operator instinctively adapts the speed to a level which is easy on both the machine and himself. This speed varies with the roughness of the surface and comfort and safety of different machines. Depending on the size and nature of the obstacles, the running surface can be classified in the following ground structure class:

. Group

Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 ft. Ground structure class

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1. Hard ground with solid obstacles i.e. gravel road Size of obstacles in cm in.

0–2

2–3

3–4

4–6

6 – 10

10 – 30

0 – 0.8

0.8 – 1.2

1.2 – 1.6

1.6 – 2.4

2.4 – 4.0

4 – 12

2. Soft ground with soft obstacles i.e. wet clay Size of obstacles in cm in.

0–3

3–4

4–6

6 – 10

10 – 30

30 – 40

0 – 1.2

1.2 – 1.6

1.6 – 2.4

2.4 – 4.0

4 – 12

12 – 16

Description of ground structure classes The photographs indicate the ground structure class, the length of the test surfaces (5 m = 5.5 yd) and the wheel track spacing (2.5 m = 8.2 ft).

Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstacles

Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstacles

The traveling surface is hard and stony, e.g. a gravel or dirt road of such a nature that the obstacles are not greatly affected and retain their original size.

The traveling surface is of soft nature, e.g. clay, backfill, dirt road or similar, where the traffic has compacted the material. Underlying stones, rocks, etc. form ridges and ruts, and due to its construction and characteristics, the machine can also form pot holes and obstacles itself. The nature of such a traveling surface may vary from time to time during the work.

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Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstacles

Class 0.0

Class 0.6

• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–2 cm 0–0.8 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 4–6 cm 1.6–2.4 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread, e.g. small stones and similar.

Class 0.2

Class 0.8

• Height or depth of obstacles = 2–3 cm 0.8–1.2 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 6–10 cm 2.4–4.0 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

Class 0.4

Class 1.0

• Height or depth of obstacles = 3–4 cm 1.2–1.6 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

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Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstacles

Class 0.0

Class 0.6

• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–3 cm 0–1.2 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 6–10 cm 2.4–4.0 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not to be “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread.

Class 0.2

Class 0.8

• Height or depth of obstacles = 3–4 cm 1.2–1.6 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

Class 0.4

Class 1.0

• Height or depth of obstacles = 4–6 cm 1.6–2.4 in.

• Height or depth of obstacles = 30–40 cm 12–16 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

19

Volvo articulated haulers can run over solid obstacles with a height or depth of 40 cm 16 in. without causing damage to the machine. However, it is recommended that the height of solid obstacles should not exceed 30 cm 12 in. To determine the time it takes to run a Volvo A25D over different surface structure classes, use the graphs in Fig. 6 or 7. These graphs also show the traveling time needed to pass different total resistances.

EXAMPLE: On a stretch of hard gravel road, you have estimated the height of the obstacles to be 6 – 10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. spaced at less than 5 m 5.5 yd. The stretch is 200 m 656 ft. long. How much time does it take a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch? 1. Surface structure class for obstacles 6-10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. = 0.8. 2. Stretch length = 200 m 656 ft. 3. Use the graph in Fig. 6. Follow a vertical line from 200 m 656 ft. on the distance axis to the 0.8 line (dashed). Then follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the travel time: 0.42 minutes, on the time axis. It takes 0.42 minutes for a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch if the total resistance is below 5%.

30 cm 12 in. Fig.11

20

6.8 Hauling long stretches downhill When operating on downhill grades, you can be forced to keep the total speed down by using the retarder system.

To determine the travel time on such a stretch, use the graph “Travel time at different negative total resistance.”

This especially applies to stretches longer than 50–100 m 150–300 ft. where the wheelbrakes could experience fading due to overheating. EXAMPLE: A 280 m 919 ft. long stretch with a –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance with a loaded Volvo A25D. The surface structure is 0.6. How long is the required traveling time? 1. –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance gives –12% total resistance. The table in, Fig. 12, shows that we follow line 3 in the graph. 2. We enter the graph at 200 m 656 ft. on the distance axis and follow a line vertically to the line marked 3. From this point, go horizontally to the time axis and read off the traveling time: 0.73 minutes. Enter the time graph at 80 m 264 ft. and go vertically to line 3. Go left to the time axis and read of the traveling time: 0.27 minutes. The total traveling time for 280m 920 ft. is 0.73 + 0.27 = 1.0 minutes. 3. We check the travel time needed to drive 280 m over ground structure 0.6 in Fig. 6 and find this shorter.

The graph is used as follows: 1. Find the gear that can be used in the table. 2. Enter the graph at the distance. Go vertically to the line of the chosen gear, and from this intersection move horizontally to the desired travel time axis. 3. Check if the surface structure on the stretch gives a longer travel time.

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with hydraulic retarder and exhaust brake Time in min.

1

2.0 1.8

LINE

1 2 3 4 5 6

1.6 1.4 1.2

LOADED

26% – 26% – 14% 14% – 10% 10% – 7% 7% – 5% 5% –

UNLOADED

30% – 30% – 21% 21% – 15% 15% – 12% 12% –

2

1.0 0.8

3

0.6

4

0.4

5 6

0.2 0 Fig.12

21

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Distance in m in ft.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

6.9

Traction

The tractive force of the machine is transmitted to the ground by the wheels. The limit of the tractive force transmitted by a wheel is set by the ground conditions, the design, condition and inflation of the tire and the load on the wheel. The traversability of the complete machine is also affected by weight distribution, differential locks and the number of driven wheels or the number of wheels with ground contact at the moment.

As a measure of the highest possible traction a wheel can transmit to the ground, the “coefficient of traction” is used. This is defined as the highest possible tractive force divided by the load of the wheel. A coefficient of traction around 0.1–0.2 corresponds to a surface of very slippery wet clay or wet ice, and 0.7–0.9 corresponds to an asphalt surface. A table of traction coefficients can be found in Section 6.2.

EXAMPLE: What total resistance can a Volvo articulated hauler negotiate if the coefficient of traction is 0.2? See Fig. 13. Draw a vertical line from coefficient of traction 0.2 until it intersects the diagonal line in the graph. Read out the total resistance on the resistance scale, in this example 20%.

Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance. Total resistance

All-wheel drive differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0 Fig. 13

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 Coefficient of traction

22

6.10 Load-bearing capacity of the ground The method described below for determining the loadbearing capacity of the ground can only serve as a guide. It is possible to establish certain important factors, but experience and judgement must determine whether a machine is able to cross a particular stretch of ground or if it is possible to choose another route or take other preliminary actions such as clearing obstacles, reinforcing the riding surface, etc. The load-bearing capacity of the ground varies for different types of soils and depends on weather conditions, ground moisture content, etc. and represents a function for the ability of the ground to resist shearing forces. This can be determined by means of a cone penetrometer (see Fig. 14) and is expressed as the cone index of the ground. This can alter depending on the loading or the extent to which the ground is disturbed during use. Alterations in weather conditions naturally cause wide variations in the load-bearing capacity of the ground and thereby its negotiability. In wet weather fine-grained soils absorb a lot of moisture, thereby making it more fluid, reducing the load-bearing capacity.

The cone penetrometer is an instrument used for determining the traversability of the soil. It consists of a round rod with a 30° tapered point, a coil spring and a graduated scale. When the point is pressed into the ground the coil spring is compressed proportionately to the force needed to overcome the resistance of the ground. The force needed for the point to sink down slowly through the surface layer of the ground is thus directly proportional to the resistance and tenacity of the soil and can be read off on the scale. This value indicates the strength of the ground and is known as its cone index.

The cone penetrometer described here is obtainable from Volvo Articulated Haulers, Växjö, Sweden, and the values mentioned herein always refer to this particular cone penetrometer.

Volvo cone penetrometer

Cone penetrometer values obtained on a particular occasion only apply to that specific occasion or to similar conditions and cannot be used under other circumstances or for other stretches of land. Depending on the cone index of the ground, its loadbearing capacity can be divided into five classes, where class 1 represents very good load-bearing capacity and class 5 very poor. The cone index of most interest lies between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable machines, such as wide-tracked crawler tractors, can run on ground with cone indexes as low as 30–50 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity). Rigid dump trucks require cone a index above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity). CLASS

Cone index value

Very good bearing capacity

> 90

Good bearing capacity

70–90

Moderate bearing capacity

50–70

Poor bearing capacity

30–50

Very poor bearing capacity

< 30

23

Fig. 14

Normal ground profile In normal ground the cone index readings will be more or less the same in different places. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.

Abnormal ground profile An abnormal ground profile is characterized by big differences in cone index values. The lowest cone index is used to estimate the traversability of the area. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.

Ground with a soft surface layer and hard sub-structure The resistance of the sub-structure layer and the soft surface layer together must not give a larger sinkage than the ground clearance of the machine. If a large sinkage occurs, the machine will only be able to move along very slowly, meaning an increase in fuel consumption, tire wear and costs, as well as a decrease in performance. The cone index is measured in the harder soil under the soft layer.

15 – 25 cm 6 – 10 in.

Fig. 15

Fig. 14:1

24

Ground with a hard surface layer and soft sub-structure

cone index is lower than 50, measurements need only be made to establish the limits of the area concerned.

The upper layer of the ground usually has a covering of vegetation which contributes to the load-bearing capacity, or a fairly hard and compacted surface which has the same effect. If the top layer can be kept during continuous hauling, the cone index is measured in this. If not, it is measured in the sub-structure, see Fig. 16.

In all cases, the traction of the traveling surface must be sufficient to permit the machine to move.

15 – 25 cm 6 – 10 in.

If there is sufficient space, you can, by changing the path, increase the possible number of crossings. As the rolling resistance is reduced when changing the path, a higher velocity is thus ensured.

It is only necessary to take a few readings on areas with a cone index of more than 70. If the readings come within 50–70, it is necessary to make several measurements to guarantee that the area is fully covered. At least three readings should be taken at each measuring point. If the

Fig. 16

. Load-bearing classes of ground 5 – Very Poor

4 – Poor

3 – Moderate

2 – Good

1 – Very good

No movement of materials recommended without ground reinforcement.

No movement of materials recommended without ground reinforcement.

About 1 – 15 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.

About 15 – 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.

More than 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.

Cone index

Cone index

Cone index

Cone index

Cone index

< 30

30–50

50–70

70–90

> 90

Frozen ground The cone penetrometer cannot be used for assessing the load-bearing capacity of frozen ground, but the frost in the ground contributes to a high load-bearing capacity. If the cone index for a particular level area is greater than that of the machine, it is possible to make repeated runs without much risk. On the other hand, if the index is less than that of the machine there will be a danger of the machine getting bogged down even after a few runs.

25

26

55 50 >30

60

66

67

70

75

77

79

85

90

95

100

A30D 6X6 30/65 R25

A40D 6X6 875/65 R29 A35D 6x6 800(775) 65R29

A25D 6x6 23.5R25

A40D 6x6 29.5R25

A30D 6x6 23.5R25

Volvo Articulated Haulers

Lowest acceptable ground-bearing capacity.

A35D 6X6 26.5R25

A25D 4x4 23.5R25 29.5R25

68-85 T GMW 4x2 18.00-33 21.00-35

20-30 T GMW 6x6 11.00-20 12.00-22.5

20-35 T GMW 6x4 12.00-20

Class 4 – 5 Poor

Class 3 Moderate

Class 2 Good

Class 1 Very good

7 Calculation of machine performance 7.1 Work cycle of transport machines It is always possible to divide a work cycle that is continuously repeated during the work day into the following stages: • Loading • Traveling loaded • Maneuvering for dumping • Dumping • Traveling unloaded • Maneuvering for loading When calculating the performance of transport machines, the time needed for each of the steps is first calculated. After which the times are added together, thereby giving the time required for the total work cycle.

Loading Traveling loaded

Maneuvering

Maneuvering

Dumping

Fig. 17

27

Traveling unloaded

7.2 Loading When calculating the number of buckets that can be loaded on the transport machine, it is first necessary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The tables under Section 9 show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment. The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3,

i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine. When it is known how many buckets are required on the dumper, it is possible to calculate the loading time. The loading time of the articulated hauler is measured from when it has stopped under the loader bucket, until travel begins.

EXAMPLE: A contractor and a quarry owner have an A25D articulated hauler with a body volume of 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd.3 The machine is to be loaded with wet earth, material of excavation class 1. A Volvo EC 460 excavator is used for the loading. To find the appropriate excavator bucket volume for different material class, see section 9.2, Fig. 47. Follow the line across to the column “Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class.” Under class 1, it is found that the average volume per bucket load in this material with the machine fully utilized is 2.9 Lm3 3.8 Lyd3 (this volume is used in Fig. 21 as an example of “practical bucket volume”). The number of buckets that can be loaded in the dumper body can now be calculated as follows: 15 = 5.2 2.9 Although the volume is not quite right, as soon as the excavator operator has learned to estimate how much the dump truck can negotiate, he will adapt the bucket load so that 6 passes give a full load.

7.3 Work at loading area When hauler B has received its last bucket, hauler A should be standing as shown in the sketch. Hauler B starts traveling loaded, while the loader fills the first bucket. Hauler B then passes by dumper A, which is reversed into position for loading. Hauler A stops immediately before the position for loading and waits until the loader has moved with the loaded

bucket raised to where the loader operator wishes the hauler to stand. Hauler A then reverses under the bucket. The time for loading the first bucket is measured from when the hauler has stopped until the first bucket has been emptied. The time is 0.1 minute for wheeled loaders, crawler loaders and excavators and 0.2 minute for draglines. For subsequent bucket loads, the hauler has to stand for a time corresponding to the cycle time of the loader, times the remaining number of buckets.

. EXAMPLE:

A

In the preceding example it was found that with a Volvo EC 460, six bucket loads in earth-moving class 1 gave a full dumper load. How long will the loading time be? Looking again at the table on fig. 47, follow the line opposite EC 460 across to the column headed “Cycle time in minutes in excavation class,” it is found under class 1 that the time for filling a full bucket load is 0.28 minutes. The loading time can now be calculated as follows: Bucket load 1 = 0.10 Min.

B

11 m Fig. 18

Bucket load 2 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 3 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 4 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 5 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 6= 0.28 Min. Loading time = 1.5 Min. This loading time is used in the example in Fig. 21. The loading time for wheel loaders, crawler loaders and draglines is calculated in a similar manner, see tables under Sec. 9.

28

7.4 Traveling loaded The time needed for traveling loaded naturally depends on the speed that can be maintained throughout the whole distance. As mentioned in Section 6, the speed depends on the various terrain factors, such as ground structure, rolling resistance, gradients and curves. The speed can also be restricted by other activities on the site, such as other machines or narrow passages. In order to calculate the travel time, it is first necessary to describe the total travel distance and divide it into sections with regard to the various terrain factors. A special form, Site Summary, can be used for this purpose, see Fig. 20.

Fig. 19 The total travel distance is divided into sections

29

Other general information concerning the jobsite is also entered on the form, including space for a sketch. The form can also be used for calculating the necessary travel time. The methods used for measuring the various terrain factors and for calculating the time required for covering stretches of different length have previously been explained in Section 6. The time needed for covering each strech of the route is now calculated, and by adding these times together, the total time for running loaded can be obtained.

30

Bank

Road section

Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment

Fill factor

Rolling resistance %

TOTAL resistance unloaded, % Coefficient of traction

Curve radius m or yd. Ground structure class Note

Travel time min.

Lengt m or yd.

Grade % loaded

unloaded

Fleet production

Number of haulers

Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour

Cycles per hour

Total cycle time

Planned activities

Maneuvering to load

Traveling unloaded

Dumping time

Maneuvering to dump

Traveling loaded

Loading time

PRODUCTION

Productive time minutes per hour

Operating hours per year

Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes

Transport machine

HAULER

Date:

Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3

TOTAL resistance loaded, %

Form filled in by:

Working shift per year

LOADER

Loose

Earth with sand and gravel

Jobsite:

Loading equipment

Swell factor

Density

Excavation class

Material

Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3

Company:

SITE SUMMARY

Fig. 20

EXAMPLE: A haul route consists of four streches as shown in Fig. 21. How long will it take to cover the whole distance with a fully-loaded Volvo A25D? From the graph in Fig. 22, it can be seen that the coefficient of traction will not cause any problems on any of the sections. On the other hand, it cannot be clearly seen whether it is the gradient plus rolling resistance, ground structure class or curves that restrict the speed on the sections. It is therefore necessary to calculate the time for all these factors and then choose the longest one.

Strech A – B

Strech C – D

Length = 305 m 1001 ft.

Length = 20 m 66 ft.

Total resistance = 13%

Total resistance = 2%

Ground structure class = 0.4

Ground structure class = 0.2

From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:

From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:

• At 13% resistance = 1.7 min. (200+105 gives 1.1+0.6 = 1.7 min.)

• At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min.

• At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.40 min.

Curve radius = 10 m 33 ft.

The longest time is used

• From graph in Fig. 25, travel

Travel time for strech A – B loaded is 1.7 min.

time due to curve radius = 0.11 min.

Strech B – C

The longest time is used

Length = 400 m 1312 ft.

Travel time for strech C – D loaded is 0.11 min.

Total resistance = 2% (read off at the lowest resistance in the graph)

Strech D – E

Ground structure class = 0.2 From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded: • At 2% total resistance = 0.50 min. (200+200 gives 0.25+0.25 = 0.50 min.) • At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech B – C loaded is 0.50 min.

• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min.

Length = 90 m 295 ft. Total resistance = 13% Ground structure class = 0.8 From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded: • At 13% total resistance = 0.50 min. • At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.20 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech D – E loaded is 0.50 min. Total travel time loaded: Strech

Time

A–B

1.70 min.

B–C

0.50 min.

C–D

0.11 min.

D–E

0.50 min. 2.81 min.

31

7.5 Traveling unloaded The time needed for traveling unloaded is calculated in a similar manner as for traveling loaded. Remember that uphill stretches will now be downhill and vice versa if the same route is used for the return trip. If a different route is used, it will be necessary to make a new description for the return trip. EXAMPLE: Using the same example as shown in Fig. 21, how long will it take to cover the whole distance with an unloaded Volvo A25D?

Strech C – B

Strech E – D

Total resistance = 4% (read off at the

Length = 90 m 295 ft.

lowest resistance in the graph)

Total resistance = 7%

Ground structure class = 0.2

Ground structure class = 0.8

From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:

From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:

• At 4% resistance = 0.48 min. (200+200 gives 0.24+0.24 = 0.48 min.)

• At 7% total resistance = 0.15 min. • At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.28 min. The longest time is used Traveling time for strech E – D unloaded is 0.28 min.

Strech D – C Length = 20 m 66 ft. Total resistance = 2% Ground structure class = 0.2 From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded: • At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min. • At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min. Curve radius = 10 m 11 yd. • From graph in Fig. 25, travel time due to curve radius = 0.11 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech D – C unloaded is 0.11 min.

Length = 400 m 1312 ft.

• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech C – B unloaded is 0.48 min.

Strech B – A Length = 305 m 1001 ft. Total resistance = 1% Ground structure class = 0.4 From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded: • At 1% total resistance (read off at the lowest total resistance in the graph) = 0.34 min. (200+105 gives 0.22+0.12 = 0.34 min.) • At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.48 Min. (200+105 gives 0.32+0.16 = 0.48 min.) The longest time is used Travel time for strech B – A unloaded is 0.48 min. Total travel time unloaded: Strech

Time

E–D

0.28 min.

D–C

0.11 min.

C–B

0.48 min.

B–A

0.48 min. 1.35 min.

Note 1: There may be other factors apart from the terrain that restricts the running speed. On a confined construction site with a large number of people and machines, this has to be taken into consideration when calculating the travel time. This can be noted in the “Note” column.

Note 2: The graphs include a time allowance for acceleration and braking. Therefore it is not necessary to pay particular attention to the entry and exit speeds on the various sections when calculating the travel time for the whole distance.

32

Company: Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3 Material

1,600

Loose

Excavation class Density Swell factor

75,000

1.2

1,900

1

Earth, wet

Bank

LOADER

Jobsite:

SITE SUMMARY Form filled in by:

Date:

HAULER

Transport machine

Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes

Working shift per year

Operating hours per year

Volvo EC460 2.4

Loading equipment Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3

Productive time minutes per hour

A25D

15

Road strech

305

Lengt m or yd.

-1

6

Grade %

2

3

7

Rolling resistance %

2

2

13

2

4

1

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3

Coefficient of traction

–

10

–

–

Curve radius m or yd.

0.8

0.2

0.2

0.4

Ground structure class

0.50

0.11

0.50

1.70

loaded

0.28

0.11

0.48

0.48

unloaded

Maneuvering to load

Traveling unloaded

Dumping time

Maneuvering to dump

Traveling loaded

Loading time

2.81

1.50

PRODUCTION

A–B 400 0

7

2.9

1.2

Travel time min.

Fill factor

Note

0.28

TOTAL resistance unloaded, %

Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment TOTAL resistance loaded, %

B–C 20

13

1.35

C–D

10

Planned activities

3

1.35

90

2.81

D–E 815 m

Total cycle time

Cycles per hour

Number of haulers

Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour

Fleet production

Fig. 21

33

Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance. Total resistance

All-wheel drive with diffrential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 Fig. 22

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Coefficient of traction

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded. Total resistence Ground structure

Time in min.

40%

3.0

35%

30% 28% 26%

2.5 24%

2.0

22% 1.0

20% 18%

1.5

16% 14% 12% 10%

1.0

8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%

0.5 0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Fig. 23

0

300

200

0.0–0.4 Distance in m in ft.

600 34

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded. Total resistence Ground structure

Time in min.

40%

1.0

1.4

35%

1.2

30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20%

1.0 0.8

18%

0.6

0.8

16% 14% 12% 10%

0.4

0.6

0.4 8% 4%-6% 2%

0.2

0.0–0.2

0 Fig. 24

Distance in m

0

20

40

60

80

0

100

120

140

160

300

180

200

in ft.

600

Travel time through curves with different length and radius. Time in min.

1

0.5

2

3

4

5

6

LINE

1 2 3 4 5 6

0.4

RADIUS

5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 Fig. 25

0 0

35

50 150

100 300

150 450

200 600

250 750

Distance in m in ft.

7.6 Maneuvering to dump and dumping Since the working cycle steps “turning and maneuvering for dump” and “dumping” take place immediately after each other, they can be combined under the heading “dumping” and given a total time for both operations. Dumping can be done in different ways, but the quickest one should naturally be used to achieve the highest possible production. Time requirements for the different cases are found in Section 8.

Case 1 The sketch shows the most common dumping procedure. The time is counted from when the hauler has stopped at “A” until return travel begins.

Fig. 26

Case 2 The hauler can be used for compacting loose materials in wet conditions. The operator reverses straight into the material and then dumps the load. The advantage of this method is that a large amount of material can be deposited on a relatively small surface. If necessary, final leveling of the material can be carried out when dry. A tailgate can be used if the material is free from large stones.

Fig. 27

A 36

Case 3 If a dozer is used for leveling the dump area, the material should be deposited in a pile, as shown in the sketch. Normally the operator of the dozer indicates where the load is to be spotted. The dump area is normally flat.

Fig. 28

Case 4 Thanks to their good off-road traveling characteristics, Volvo articulated haulers can be utilized for dumping as shown here. The advantage of this method is that a narrow embankment can be built up quickly since there are no haulers blocking the area while maneuvering to dump. This method allows a high flow of machines and gives a short dumping time.

Fig. 29

37

7.7 Maneuvering for loading Case 1 Normally the articulated hauler is turned and reversed to the loading area. Due to their off-road mobility, Volvo haulers can drive through slopes and ditches to carry out this maneuver. The articulated hauler frame steering enables the machine to turn to one side to make room for the loaded hauler to leave.

11 m Fig. 30

Case 2 If the available space at the load area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged in such a way that the haulers can drive around. Due to their articulated frame steering, Volvo haulers can be lined up next to the hydraulic excavator.

Fig. 31

38

7.8 Productive time Productive time is the actual time the transport unit works effectively during every hour. This time is important because from this time the machine performance is estimated, see Section 7.9. If the transport unit were to work at 100% efficiency, then it would be working 60 minutes every hour throughout the working day. However, it is not possible to work with a machine with such efficiency due to unavoidable factors like occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations, machine breakdown, machine service, maintenance and other delays of varying duration. The amount of “unavoidable” job delays is of course to a certain extent depending on how the jobsite is planned and organized. The productive time is usually expressed as the average number of minutes per hour the machine works. Estimation of the productive time can be achieved by carrying out work studies on the site concerned. This estimation will be relatively accurate as all the factors involved in the production will be measured. If the job has not yet started, and the operation is still in the planning stage, the productive time has to be estimated using experience gained from previous similar applications and by using the following formula.

t x 60 (min/h) t+U T (min/hour) is the productive time the transport unit works on average every hour. FORMULA

T=

t is the cycle time of one transport unit, including load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities. Planned activities should include such items as weighing the load and other delays that occur every cycle, i.e. when using a single track haul route with selected passing places. U is the unavoidable, irregular job delays expressed in minutes per machine cycle. This includes time for occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations and other work on the site which may affect the performance of the transport unit. This also includes time for service and maintenance when these occur during the actual working shift. Note: The unavoidable job delays do not account for longer delays due to weather, major overhauls or repairs. You must account for such factors based on experience and local conditions. Operating time F = cycle time + unavoidable delays. U = unavoidable job delays. Operating hours/years = operating hour/day x working days/year.

EXAMPLE: In the following example the load has to be weighed, but no ticket is required. The transport unit is driven onto the weigh-bridge, weighed with load and driven off. The estimated time being 0.30 minutes.

Unavoidable job delays can only be estimated. We estimated total unavoidable job delays to be 1.75 minutes per cycle. Productive time per hour will be:

Cycle time (t) will be:

T=

Load time

1.50

Haul time

2.81

Maneuvering to dump and dumping

0.50

Return time

1.35

Maneuvering for loading

0.40

Planned activity

0.30

Total cycle time

6.86

The estimated cycle time (t) will be 6.86 min.

39

t t+U

x 60 min/h

t = 6.86 min. U = 1.75 min. T=

6.86 min. 6.86 min. + 1.75 min.

x 60 min/h

T = 48 Estimated productive time per hour T = 48 min/h.

7.9 Production Having estimated the number of minutes per hour – productive time – a transport unit works every hour, it is now possible to estimate the hourly performance of a transport unit, or any number of transport units, assuming that they all have identical load volumes, productive times and cycle times. The production is estimated using the formula: P=Q x

T t

P the production per hour expressed in Bm3 Byd3 or Lm3 Lyd3 or tonnes tons. Q load volume or weight. T the productive time in minutes/hour (refer to Section 7.8). t the cycle time, including – load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities. T t

= the number of cycles/h.

EXAMPLE: What would the estimated production of one transport unit be when the load volume is 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd3, the hourly productive time is 48 minutes and the cycle time is 6.86 min?

P = 15 x

48 6.86

P = 105

The estimated hourly production of the transport unit will be 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h.

7.10 Production calculation We will now finish calculating the example started in Section 7.4 and at the same time continue to fill in the calculation form.

In order to calculate the loading time, it is necessary to indicate the type of loading equipment, bucket volume and cycle time of the loading equipment.

Information concerning company, material and loading equipment

Information concerning transport machine

On the top and left side of the calculation form (see Fig. 32) there is some general information regarding the jobsite, material and loading equipment. This starts with the name of the company and jobsite and then the total amount of material to be moved, which is usually given in bank volume. Fill in the type of material “Earth wet”, density 1900 kg/Bm3 3200 lb/Byd3, swell factor 1.2 and excavation class 1 (already filled in).

On the top right side of the calculation form, fill in the date and name of the person filling in the form. This is followed by the type of transport machine and its body volume. Then the load volume, both bank and loose, and the load weight. Finally fill in the number of hours in each shift and the productive time in min/h.

40

Sketch of jobsite

Maneuvering for loading

In the middle of the form at the top, there is space for a sketch showing details of the jobsite. This should indicate the extent of the transport route and how it is divided into various subsections. It should also indicate how to turn and maneuver when loading and dumping.

The time needed for turning around and maneuvering for loading is estimated to 0.40 minutes (Section 8.1, Case 1).

Description of haul route On the bottom left side of the form a description is given of the haul route strech, where the length, grade, rolling resistance, total resistance, coefficient of traction, curve radius and ground structure class are shown for each strech. The note column is used for noting (e.g.) other site activities which could limit the travel speed.

Planned activities The planned activites are estimated to be 0.30 minutes per cycle.

Cycle time The times for sub-operations are then added. Loading time

= 1.50 min.

Traveling loaded

= 2.81 min.

Maneuvering to dump and dumping

= 0.50 min.

A description of the various terrain factors and how they are assessed is given in Section 6.

Traveling unloaded

= 1.35 min.

Maneuvering for loading

= 0.40 min.

Calculation of travel time and production

Planned activities

= 0.30 min.

When all of the above information has been filled in, start calculating the travel time and eventually finish with the production section located on the bottom right part of the form.

Cycle time

= 6.86 min.

Loading time

P=Qx

From Sections 7.2 and 7.3 we have the number of buckets to load the hauler and the loading time. The loading time is 1.50 min., which we filled in earlier.

If the productive time is 48 minutes per hour worked, we obtain: T 48 = = 7.0 complete cycles per hour. t 6.86

Traveling with load The time for traveling loaded was fully explained for each strech of the route in Section 7.4. It is necessary to check the coefficient of traction and other factors to make sure that the machine can, in any case, traverse the section concerned. If not, the transport route must be altered or some other suitable measure taken. Any terrain factors likely to limit the travel speeds must be considered and the travel time calculated using the graphs in Fig. 23-25. The travel times over the various route sections are then added together. The times have already been entered both under the column “Travel time min. loaded” in the middle of the form and in the production summary on the right.

Maneuvering to dump and dumping The time needed for turning and maneuvering to dump and dumping is estimated to be 0.50 minutes (Section 8.2, Case 1). Here we do not distinguish between the two suboperations but enter 0.50 minutes on the form.

Traveling unloaded The time for traveling unloaded is calculated in the same way as for traveling loaded (Section 7.5).

41

Production T t

By multiplying the number of cycles per hour by the load volume and load weight, we obtain the transported volume and weight per hour.

Load volume Bank volume =

Loose volume Swell factor

=

15 = 12.5 Bm3 1.2

Load mass Bank volume x Bank density 12.5 Bm3 x 1900 kg/Bm3 = 23.8 t 26.4 sh ton.

Performance 12.5 Bm3 x 7/h = 88 Bm3/h 115 Byd3/h 15 Lm3 x 7/h = 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h 23.8 t. x 7/h = 167 t/h 185 sh ton/h

Number of haulers To find the right number of haulers, we are refering to section 7.11. N=

t (Transp) n x t (Load)

=

6.86 6 x 0.28

= 4.1

42

1,600

Ground structure class Note

Travel time min.

305

400

20

90

Road strech

A–B

B–C

C–D

D–E

815 m

Lengt m or yd.

3

0

1

6

Grade %

10

2

3

7

Rolling resistance %

13

2

2

13

7

2

4

1

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3

–

10

–

–

0.8

0.2

0.2

0.4

2.81

0.50

0.11

0.50

1.70

loaded

1.35

0.28

0.11

0.48

0.48

unloaded

7 Cycles per hour

Fleet production

Number of haulers

4

167

105

88

6.86 Total cycle time

Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour

0.30

0.40

1.35

0.50

2.81

Planned activities

Maneuvering to load

Traveling unloaded

Dumping time

Maneuvering to dump

Traveling loaded

Loading time

1.5

Curve radius m or yd.

0.28 Coefficient of traction

PRODUCTION

2.9

Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment

48

1.2

Fill factor

1600

200

23.8

15

12.5

15

A25D

Productive time minutes per hour

Working shift per year

Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes

Transport machine

HAULER

Date:

Operating hours per year

TOTAL resistance unloaded, %

Form filled in by:

2.4

TOTAL resistance loaded, %

Jobsite:

Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3

Volvo EC460

1.2

1,900

1

Earth, wet

75,000

Bank

LOADER

Loading equipment

Swell factor

Density

Loose

Excavation class

Material

Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3

Company:

SITE SUMMARY

Fig. 32

7.11 The right number of transport machines How do you find the number of transport machines that matches the size of the loading equipment? It is very rare that the production of the transport machines and the loading equipment is exactly the same. Usually one of the cases below occurs.

Calculation of the number of transport machines The number of transport machines that matches the loading equipment is calculated with the formula: t (transp) N= n x t (load) N = the number of transport units

Oversized transport equipment

t (transp) = the cycle time of the transport units

This will result in transport machines waiting at the loading area. This is followed by a decreased work pace as the operators find it better to drive a little bit slower instead of waiting at the loading area. If there is a shortage of time, this might still be the best choice since the overall production is somewhat higher in this case.

n = the number of buckets on a load

Oversized loading equipment This is preferred as it gives the loading unit time to do clean-up work at the loading area, and it is possible for the transport units to keep a high pace if the loader is always waiting with the bucket raised when they return to be loaded. This is also more economical since only one unit is not fully utilized instead of the whole fleet of transport machines. EXAMPLE: In our example in Fig. 32 t (transp) = 6.86 min. n = 6 buckets t (load) = 0.28 min. The suitable number of machines is: N=

t (transp) n x t (load)

=

6.86 6 x 0.28

= 4.1

As we prefer to have the loading equipment (EC 460) a bit oversized, we choose four A25D’s.

43

t (load) = the cycle time of the loader Instead of comparing transport unit cycle time with loading time, we can get the same result if we compare loader production with production of one transport unit using this formula: P (loader) N= P (transp) N = number of transport units P (loader) = loader production per hour P (transp) = production per hour for one transport unit

7.12 Hourly cost Two forms are used in calculating the hourly cost of the machine, “Hourly cost calculation” (Fig. 33-34). The hourly cost arrived at by this calculation represents a net cost for the machine which must be added to management and administration costs. An addition must also be made for the machine owner’s profit.

e) Depreciation cost This is the yearly drop in value of the machine during the depreciation time. The total drop in value represents the purchase price excluding tires (b), minus the residual value (d), divided by the number of years in which the machine is depreciated (c).

A new cost calculation, adjusted for the local conditions and with up-to-date prices etc., is made for every new contract.

f) Interest

We will now go through the forms step-by-step to show how the calculation is made.

g) Interest cost

Form “Hourly cost calculation” Fig. 33. This example is for representation only.

Conditions Enter the type of work and whether payment is made by the hour or piecework, etc.

Machine type Apart from showing the type of machines, a note should also be made if the machine is provided with any extra equipment. Such extra equipment increases the purchase price of the machine and also the hourly cost.

The interest obtainable if the money had been otherwise invested. For the sake of simplicity, this is taken as being the average yearly interest during the depreciation time. It is calculated as the interest on the purchase price plus the residual value divided by two, which must be added to the interest on the remaining value. The interest cost for borrowed money has to be calculated separately.

h) Machine tax Enter the annual machine tax. Note: Articulated haulers can be operated legally on-road in some European countries only.

i) Insurance Enter the total annual insurance premiums paid for the machine.

j) Fuel cost

a) Purchase price

The price per liter/gallon paid for fuel.

The delivery price paid by the customer.

k) Fuel consumption

b) Purchase price excluding tires

The fuel consumption in liters/gallons per hour. Note that the fuel consumption varies depending on the type of work and how hard the machines are run.

Since tire wear is regarded as a separate cost item, the purchase price of a set of tires is deducted from the purchase price of the machine. The purchase price of a set of tires is entered under item “n”.

c) Depreciation time This largely depends on how hard the machine is to be used. Machines used in normal work are usually depreciated in 8,000–10,000 hours, which in a single-shift operation represents 6–7 years.

l) Oil cost This is the average price which has to be paid for different types of oils, grease and filters.

m) Oil consumption This includes consumption per hour of all oils, grease and filters.

d) Residual value This is the value of the machine at the end of the depreciation time, i.e. the price which could be obtained for it if sold. Here local conditions must be considered, as used equipment values vary widely around the world. Factors which have great influence on residual value are the number of hours on the machine at the time of sale or trade, the type of jobs and the operating conditions in which it worked and the physical condition of the machine.

44

n) Tires Enter the cost of a complete set of tires.

o) Lifetime of tires

Factors for assessing the life of tires on transport machines

This is shown in hours. The lifetime of tires can vary considerably with differences in haul road, speed etc. Material conditions are critical in estimating the lifetime of the tires, particularly when working in rock or other abrasive materials. As an optimum, the lifetime for a set of radial tires is 7000 hours and 9000 hours for a set of low profile tires. These figures, however, have to be reduced depending on the operating conditions.

Wheel position

p) Repair and maintenance

No overload 10% overload 20% overload

Repair costs include the cost of spare parts, mechanics wages and shop costs. Maintenance costs include washing down, daily inspections and periodic service. Repair and maintenance costs can vary considerably depending on the type of work, operating method and age of the machine. The best way to arrive at these costs is to keep accurate statistics. These costs are normally calculated as a percentage of the purchase price during the depreciation period.

Drive axle: Continuous four wheel drive (6x4) Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)

1.0 0.9

Inflation pressure Pressure recommended for given load With 10% under inflation

1.0 0.9

Load 1.0 0.9 0.8

Speed (average) 16 km/h 10 mph 32 km/h 20 mph

1.0 0.9

Operator’s experience More than 6 months Less than 6 months

1.0 0.9

Terrain or site road condition

The following model for estimation of the maintenance costs is based upon purchase price and gives the total maintenance cost during the depreciation period.

Well-maintained site road with smooth gravel Poorly-maintained site road with ungraded gravel Scattered blasted rock

The model is recommended when making rough calculations in connection with machine purchases and prognosis of machine cost. It should be used carefully, as the purchase price in some countries can be strongly affected by transport costs, duties and taxes, etc.

Maintenance of loading and unloading areas Excellent Poor

1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9

Curves None or smooth Sharp

1.0 0.9

Grades Continuous four wheel drive (6x4) No exceeding 6% Exceeding 6% Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)

0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0

EXAMPLE: A Volvo A25D is equipped with radial tires.

This gives the following equation:

What is the expected life time of the tires on the driving wheels?

0.9 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 1.0 = 0.59

• Recommended inflation pressure

On this operation, the expected lifetime of the tires will be 0.59 x 7000 = 4130 hours.

• Overload 10% • Poorly maintained site road with ungraded gravel • Poorly maintained loading and unloading areas • Smooth curves • Grades not exceeding 6% • Average speed about 32 km/h 20 mph • Skilled operator

45

q) Operator cost This includes all costs for the operator during the year such as base wages, travel expenses, employee benefits and insurance contributions.

r) Operating hours per year

Model for calculation of maintenance cost Repair and maintenance cost during the depreciation period in percent of the purchase price Depreciation time, hours

Operating hours per year = the no. of operating hours per shift x the no. of shifts per year.

Repair and maintenance cost, % of purchase price C-series

D-series

4000 6000

6 12

4 8

8000 10000

20 35

13 25

12000 14000

48 65

34 46

Correction factors Jobsite

EXAMPLE:

Very good conditions Good conditions; mixed hauling clay, sand Normal conditions; gravel pits, road building Difficult conditions; mines, quarries Very difficult conditions

A quarry owner is going to buy a Volvo A25D. What maintenance cost should our contractor and quarry owner calculate with, assuming that he mainly uses the machine in the quarry. He uses experienced operators, maintains his machines according to recommendations and has a service organization of his own. The depreciation period is 12,000 hours.

Operator

The purchase price is 1,500,000.

D-series, no daily maintenace Recommended Poor Very poor

The percentage the quarry owner must calculate with is: 34 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.05 = 42.8 The total maintenance cost is: 0.428 x 1,500,000 = 642,000 or if spread out per operating hour: 642,000/12,000 = 53.50

Operator experience:

more than 1 year 6 months to 1 year less than 6 months

0.75 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2

Daily maintenance 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3

Repair and maintenance Service contract with authorized VCE workshop Authorized VCE workshop Own service organization Use of other outside shop facilities

0.9 1.0 1.05 1.15

46

Hourly cost calculation Conditions: Machine type:

a

Purchase price

b

Purchase price excluding tires

c

Depreciation time

d

Residual value

e

Depreciation cost

f

Interest

g

Interest cost

h

Machine tax

i

Insurance

per year

j

Fuel price

per l per gal

k

Fuel consumption

l/h gph

l

Oil price

per l per qt

m

Oil consumption

l/h qt per hour

n

Cost of a set of tires

o

Lifetime of tires

h

p

Repairs and maintenace

per year

q

Operator cost

per year

r

Operating hours

per year

Fig. 33

47

years per year

b–d -------------c

% f ----------- x 100

a+d -------------2

per year

Hourly cost calculation

Machine type:

A

Fixed cost per hour Depreciation

e --r-

Interest cost

g ---r

Machine tax

h --r-

Insurance

i r

Total fixed cost B

Variable cost per hour Fuel

j×k

Oil grease and filters

l×m

Tires

n --o

Repair and maintenance p --r

Total variable cost C

q r

Operator cost --- per hour Total costs per hour

A+B+C

Fig. 34

Fixed cost, i.e. the total cost of the machine whether it’s working or not.

The oil cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (l) by the consumption (m).

The depreciation cost per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly depreciation cost (e) by the number of operating hours per year (r).

The tire cost is obtained by dividing the price of a set of tires (n) by the lifetime of the tires (o).

The interest per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly interest cost (g) by the number of operating hours per year (r). The tax and insurance costs are obtained in a similar manner by dividing the yearly taxes (h) and yearly insurance premiums (i) by the number of operating hours per year. Variable costs depend on how much the machine is run and how hard it is used. The fuel cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (j) by the consumption (k).

Repair and maintenance costs are obtained by dividing the yearly cost (p) by the number of operating hours (r). The operator cost is obtained by dividing the yearly cost (q) by the number of operating hours (r). By adding all these costs we obtain the cost of the machine per hour. As previously mentioned, this cost does not include administration costs or the machine owner’s profit.

48

7.13 Example of hourly cost calculation Hourly cost calculation Conditions: Earthmoving in road construction Machine type:

A25D

a

Purchase price

1,500,000

b

Purchase price excluding tires

1,405 000

c

Depreciation time

d

Residual value

e

Depreciation cost

f

Interest

g

Interest cost

h

Machine tax

i

Insurance

per year

j

Fuel cost

per l per gal

k

Fuel consumption

l/h gph

20

l

Oil cost

per l per qt

15

m

Oil consumption

l/h qt per hour

0.3

n

Cost of a set of tires

o

Lifetime of tires

h

p

Repairs and maintenance

per year

85,600

q

Operator cost

per year

320,000

r

Operating hours

per year

1600

years

300,000 per year

b–d -------------c

% f ----------- x 100

a+d -------------2

per year

158,000 10 90,000 20,000* 5000 2.50

95,000

Fig. 35 *Articulated Haulers can be used legally on-road only in some European contries.

49

7

4130

Hourly cost calculation

A25D

Machine type:

A

Fixed cost per hour Depreciation

e --r-

98.75

Interest cost

g ---r

56.25

Machine tax

h --r-

12.50

Insurance

i r

3.10

Total fixed cost B

170.60

Variable cost per hour Fuel

j×k

50.00

Oil grease and filters

l×m

4.50

Tires

n --o

23.00

Repair and maintenance p

75.60

--r

C

Total variable cost

131

Operator cost --- per hour

q r

200.00

Total costs per hour

501.60

A+B+C

Fig. 36

The hourly cost of one hauler is 502. In our example, we needed 4 haulers, so the total hourly cost of the haulers is 4 x 502 = 2008. The hourly cost of the excavator is calculated in the same way. To avoid repeating ourselves, we assume that the result of this calculation was 900 for the Volvo EC 460. The total hourly cost for our fleet is then 2008 + 900 = 2908. Note in Fig. 36 those items that are important when calculating the total hourly cost and those that have less significance:

Fuel consumption and tire wear largely depend on the type of work the machine is used for, but much can be gained by running the machine correctly and using the correct type of tires. Repair and maintenance are heavy items which demand particular attention. Repair and maintenance costs can be reduced by using proper operating methods, conscientious daily maintenance and periodical service. This also reduces unexpected and expensive breakdown times as well as increasing the service life of the machine. Repair costs increase with the age of the machine.

Depreciation and interest are heavy items, but since the depreciation time and interest rate are generally fixed at the time of purchase, it is difficult to influence these costs afterwards.

50

7.14 Calculation of cost per production unit We must now coordinate the performance calculation described in Section 7.10 with the hourly cost calculation in Section 7.13. It is not sufficient to only look at the performance or the hourly cost. We have to look at the cost of the work performed, i.e. cost per transported unit. A calculation can have different purposes. It concerns: • Machine purchase. By comparing alternative machine types, it is possible to choose the most suitable machines for carrying out the work. • Machine distribution. A large contractor may have several different machine types and different types of work to be performed. By suitable calculation he can decide which machines should be placed on which jobs so the total cost of the job can be reduced to a minimum. • Cost forecast. Before starting a job it is desirable to calculate how much it will cost, as it may form the basis for a bid. Whatever the purpose, the calculation procedure is always the same: • Production calculation • Hourly cost calculation • Coordination of production and hourly cost to arrive at a cost for the work to be performed.

51

For the sake of simplicity, we disregard that there are sometimes limiting factors which mean that a certain type of machine must be chosen even though it may not be the most profitable one. However, in the majority of cases, it is the profitability expressed in cost per production unit which is the decisive factor in choosing types of machines for a particular job: The cost per produced unit is calculated from the following formula: C K= P where: K = the cost per unit C = the hourly cost P = the production per hour

EXAMPLE: We assume the production example in Section 7.10 applies to the same hourly cost example in Section 7.13. Production per hour: 352 Bm3 (4 haulers x 88 Bm3) 460 Byd3 (4 haulers x 115 Byd3) The total hourly cost for our fleet: 2908 2908 352

The cost per Bm3: K = The cost per Byd3: K =

2908 460

= 8.26/Bm3 = 6.32/Byd3

We are trying to estimate the cost of a contract that includes transporting 75,000 Bm3 98,040 Byd3. The results of the production and hourly cost calculations can now be summarized in a table: Type of machine Number of machines Performance

3

Bm /h Byd3/h

Cost per hour Cost per

Bm3 Byd3

Volvo A25D

Volvo EC 460

Total system

1

4

1

5

88 115

352 460

352 460

352 460

502

2 008

900

2 908

5.70 4.36

5.701) 4.36

2.562) 1.95

8.25 6.31 619,5003)

Total cost

2134)

Duration of work, hours This summary shows how much the whole operation will cost and how long it will take. It is assumed that the transport machines do not interfere with each other, and that the loading capacity is matched to the number of machines used.

1) 2 008 = 5.70 352 2) 900 = 2.56 352 3) 75,000 x 8.26 = 619,500 4) 75,000 = 213 352

Fig. 37 Note: Values are rounded off

52

8 Maneuvering times 8.1 Time needed for maneuvering at loading area Case 1 The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from point A (stop before reversing) to point B (loading position). For a reversing distance of more than 10 m 33 ft. additional allowance should be made for each meter yard.

Needed time Type

from A to B, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes

A25D

0.40

0.01

A30D

0.40

0.01

A35D

0.40

0.01

A40D

0.40

0.01

11 m Fig. 38

Case 2 If the available space at the loading area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged so that the haulers can drive into loading position without stopping and reversing. With its articulated frame steering, the hauler can position itself next to the excavator, eliminating the maneuvering time.

Fig. 39

53

8.2 Time needed for maneuvering at dump area and dumping Case 1 The operation includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until the return transport begins. Due to its good off-road characteristics and maneuverability, the hauler can generally be turned around directly on the dump area. Should the road be so narrow that the machine has to be reversed for a longer distance, an additional allowance must be made for each meter yard exceeding the first 10 m 33 ft.

Type

Needed time from A to B including dumping, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes

A25D

0.50

0.01

A30D

0.50

0.01

A35D

0.50

0.01

A40D

0.50

0.01

B Fig. 40

A

Case 2 The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until return transport begins.

Type

Needed time from A to B including dumping, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes

A25D

0.50

0.01

A30D

0.50

0.01

A35D

0.50

0.01

A40D

0.50

0.01

B

A

Fig. 41

54

Case 3

.

This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.

Type

Needed time, in minutes

A25D

0.25

A30D

0.25

A35D

0.25

A40D

0.25

Fig. 42

.

Case 4 This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.

Fig. 43

55

Type

Needed time, in minutes

A25D

0.30

A30D

0.30

A35D

0.30

A40D

0.30

8.3 Turning around in tunnels In the table below you find the time needed to turn around Volvo articulated haulers in tunnels. Turning time in minutes and number of reversals.

. Tunnel width

13 m

43 ft.

12 m

39 ft.

11 m

36 ft.

10 m

33 ft.

9.5 m

31 ft.

Time Minutes

No. of reversals

Time Minutes

No. of reversals

Time Minutes

No. of reversals

Time Minutes

No. of reversals

Time Minutes

No. of reversals

A25D 4x4

0.5

1

0.7

2

–

–

–

–

A25D 4x4 with turn-around equipment

0.4

–

0.4

–

0.4

–

0.4

–

A25D 6x6

0.5

1

0.9

2

–

–

–

–

–

–

A30D 6x6

0.5

1

0.9

2

–

–

–

–

–

–

A35D 6x6

0.9

2

1.2

3

–

–

–

–

–

–

A40D 6x6

0.9

2

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Fig. 44

. Fig. 44b

56

9 Loading time for different loading equipment When calculating the number of bucket loads which can be accomplished on the transport machine, it is first necessary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The following tables show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment. The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3, i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine.

57

9.1 Loading times for wheel loaders Assumptions: • Loading with wheel loader carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.

4m 13 ft.

6–7m 20 – 23 ft. 3 – 10 m 19 – 33 ft.

3–5m 10 – 16 ft.

Fig. 45

Wheel loader

Basic bucket m3 yd3

Output SAE 1349 net kW hp

Weight kg lbs.

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

L50D

1.2 1.6

71 96

8,500 18,739

1.4 1.8

1.2 1.6

1.2 1.6

–

– 0.35 0.43 0.55

–

–

L70D

1.6 2.1

90 122

11,000 24,250

1.9 2.5

1.8 2.3

1.6 2.1

–

– 0.35 0.43 0.52

–

–

L90D

2.2 2.9

113 154

15,000 33,069

2.7 3.5

2.5 3.3

2.4 3.1

2.2 2.9

– 0.37 0.45 0.57 0.67

–

L120E

3.3 4.3

165 224

19,000 41,888

3.7 4.8

3.4 4.4

3.4 4.3

3.3 3.9

– 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.62

–

L150E

3.8 5.0

199 270

24,000 52,910

4.0 5.2

3.8 5.0

3.8 5.0

3.8 4.6

– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58

–

L180E

4.4 5.7

221 300

27,000 59,525

4.8 6.3

4.6 4.6 6.0 5.75

4.4 5.5

– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58

–

L220E

4.9 6.4

259 352

31,300 69,004

5.4 10.5

5.2 9.0

4.9 8.6

4.6 8.6

– 0.38 0.45 0.52 0.58

–

L330E

6.5 8.5

370 503

51,000 112,435

8.0 10.5

6.6 9.0

6.6 8.6

6.6 8.6

– 0.43 0.48 0.58 0.67

–

58

9.2 Loading times for hydraulic excavators Assumptions: • Excavation depth is roughly equal to the length of the dipper arm.

45°

• A skilled operator. • Excavator and haulers are well matched.

Exc. class

Fill factor

1

1.2

2

1.0

3

0.8

4

0.6

2–4m 5 – 12 ft.

Fig. 46

Slew angle 45 degrees Excavator

Excavator weight t sh t

Hauler placed below the excavator Bucket m3 yd3

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

EC 210B

20.5 – 21.9 22.8 – 24.3

1.0 1.3

1.2 1.6

1.0 1.3

0.8 1.0

0.6 0.8

– 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.23

–

EC 240B

23.5 – 24.9 25.5 – 27.6

1.2 1.6

1.4 1.9

1.2 1.6

1.0 1.3

0.7 0.9

– 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25

–

EC 290B

27.8 – 29.6 31.0 – 32.9

1.5 2.0

1.8 2.4

1.5 2.0

1.2 1.6

0.9 1.2

– 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27

–

EC 360B

35.1 – 38.1 39.0 – 42.3

1.7 2.2

2.0 2.7

1.7 2.2

1.4 1.8

1.0 1.3

– 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.30

–

EC 460B

44.3 – 46.0 49.2 – 51.5

2.4 3.1

2.9 3.8

2.4 3.1

1.9 2.5

1.4 1.9

– 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32

–

EC 650 Not in production

64.9 – 66.8 72.3 – 74.2

3.3 4.3

4.0 5.2

3.3 4.3

2.6 3.4

2.0 2.6

– 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35

–

EC 650 ME Not in production

64.9 – 66.8 72.0 – 74.2

4.4 5.7

5.3 6.9

4.4 5.7

3.5 4.6

2.6 3.4

– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.35

–

59

Assumptions: • Excavation depth is roughly equal to the length of the dipper arm. • A skilled operator. • Excavator and haulers are well matched.

Excavation class

90°

Fill factor

1

1.2

2

1.0

3

0.8

4

0.6 2–4m 5 – 12 ft.

Fig. 47

Hauler placed on the same level as the excavator

Slew angle 90 degrees Excavator

Excavator weight t sh t

Bucket m3 yd3

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

EC 210B

20.5 – 21.9 22.8 – 24.3

10 1.3

1.2 1.6

1.0 1.3

0.8 1.0

0.6 0.8

– 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.29

–

EC 240B

23.5 – 24.9 25.5 – 27.6

1.2 1.6

1.4 1.9

1.2 1.6

1.0 1.3

0.7 0.9

– 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.31

–

EC 290B

27.8 – 29.6 31.0 – 32.9

1.5 2.0

1.8 2.4

1.5 2.0

1.2 1.6

0.9 1.2

– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32

–

EC 360B

35.1 – 38.1 39.0 – 42.3

1.7 2.2

2.0 2.7

1.7 2.2

1.4 1.8

1.0 1.3

– 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.35

–

EC 460B

44.3 – 46.0 49.2 – 51.5

2.4 3.1

2.9 3.8

2.4 3.1

1.9 2.5

1.4 1.9

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.37

–

EC 650 Not in production

64.9 – 66.8 72.3 – 74.2

3.3 4.3

4.0 5.2

3.3 4.3

2.6 3.4

2.0 2.6

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38

–

EC 650 ME Not in production

64.9 – 66.8 72.0 – 74.2

4.4 5.7

5.3 6.9

4.4 5.7

3.5 4.6

2.6 3.4

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38

–

60

9.3 Loading times for hydraulic excavators, front shovels Assumptions: • Loading with front shovel carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.

3–5m 10 – 16 ft.

90° – 180°

Fig. 48

Front shovel output SAE kW hp

Approx. weight kg lbs

1

61

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

190 260

40,000 88,180

2.7 3.5

2.7 3.5

2.5 3.3

2.5 3.3

–

0.35

0.37

0.40

0.47

–

280 380

60,000 132,280

3.8 5.0

3.8 5.0

3.5 4.6

3.5 4.6

–

0.39

0.41

0.44

0.53

–

300 410

40,000 154,380

4.5 5.9

4.5 5.9

4.0 5.2

4.0 5.2

–

0.41

0.43

0.45

0.54

–

430 585

40,000 242,510

6.5 8.5

6.5 8.5

6.0 7.8

6.0 7.8

–

0.42

0.44

0.47

0.56

–

640 870

40,000 396,830

10.0 13.1

10.0 13.1

9.0 11.8

9.0 11.8

–

0.46

0.48

0.51

0.60

–

9.4 Loading times for crawler loaders Assumptions: • Loading with crawler loader carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.

3–5m 10 – 16 ft.

Fig. 49

Crawler loader output SAE kW hp

Approx. weight kg lbs

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

75 102

12,000 26,400

1.5 2.0

1.4 1.8

1.3 1.7

1.2 1.6

–

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.58

–

100 136

16,000 35,270

1.9 2.5

1.7 2.2

1.6 2.1

1.4 1.8

–

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.58

–

150 204

22,000 48,500

2.7 3.5

2.5 3.3

2.4 3.1

2.1 2.75

–

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.58

–

200 272

35,000 77,160

4.1 5.4

3.8 5.0

3.6 4.7

3.2 4.2

–

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.58

–

62

9.5 Loading times for draglines Assumptions: • Loading with dragline carried out as shown in sketch. • Skilled operator.

3–5m 10 – 16 ft. 90° – 180°

10 – 20 m 33 – 66 ft.

Fig. 50

Dragline output SAE kW hp

Approx. weight kg lbs

1

63

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

66 90

18,000 39,680

0.8 1.0

0.7 0.9

–

–

–

0.40

0.40

–

–

–

66 90

16,000 35,270

0.8 1.0

0.7 0.9

–

–

–

0.40

0.40

–

–

–

112 152

26,000 57,320

1.6 2.1

1.4 1.8

–

–

–

0.45

0.45

–

–

–

10 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping area If the dump area is to be leveled, a crawler dozer is used. A crawler dozer can also be used at the loading site to loosen and move the material to the loader.

The performance also varies depending on the type of material. Broken rock with large fragmentation is more difficult to move than round stones of medium size.

Here we only deal with crawler dozers and articulated haulers at the dump area. The dozing distance can be kept short since the articulated haulers are able to transport the material to the edge of the site even if it is soft. This means that the work of the crawler dozer is principally to move the material a short distance over the edge of the fill, while at the same time leveling the spoil bank.

The performance when moving broken rock with large fragmentation is therefore read at the lower part of the respective shaded areas opposite the appropriate moving distance. Wet clay is more difficult to move than slightly moist clay, so the performance is also read at the lower part of the shaded area.

Voids and ruts in the area can also be filled in if the load is placed where the roughness starts and then leveled off with the crawler dozer. The graph (Fig. 51) shows how the performance of the crawler dozer varies with the dozing distance. The performance also varies depending on the skill of the operator. In the graph, it is assumed that the machine is operated by an experienced person. Lyd3

1800

Note that three different machine sizes are given on the graph so you can decide which one is the most suitable. If the material is moved downhill, the performance is read at the upper part of the shaded area. If conditions are judged to be normal, the performance is read in the middle of the shaded area. The graph is plotted on the assumption that the working time is 60 min/h.

Lm3

1400 1300

1600 1400

1200 1100 1000

1200 1000

Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 22.5 t 25 sh ton

900 800 700

800 600

600

Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 17 t 19 sh ton

500 400

400 200

300 Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton

200 100 0

m

0

5 10

10 20

30

15 40

50

20 60

25 70

80

30 90

ft.

100 Fig. 51

64

EXAMPLE: Material is to be moved to form a spoil bank and pushed over the edge of the bank. The amount to be transported is 128 Bm3 167 Byd3 or 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3. On the average, the material is to be dumped 5 m 16 ft. from the edge. The material consists of gravel. Using the graph in Fig. 51, we can now choose the most suitable size of crawler dozer. Looking at the graph: at a transport distance of 5 m 16 ft. we follow vertically upwards to the shaded area “Crawler dozer. Total weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton.” The material to be moved is easily handled, and the dump area is level so we look at the upper edge of the shaded area. Then running horizontally to the left, we can read a value of 260 Lm3 340 Lyd3. This represents the performance of the machine in this material when used effectively for 60 minutes per hour. In our example, it is assumed that the machine is used effectively for 50 minutes per hour. Performance =

260 x 50 60

= 216

This means that the performance of the crawler dozer will be 216 Lm3 282 Lyd3/h. Since the amount to be transported is 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3/h a 6.3 t 7 sh ton crawler dozer can be utilized.

65

11 Tables MATERIAL Ashes, soft coal with clinkers Bauxite Brick Cement Caliche Clay: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet compacted Coal: anthracite bitumous ignite Concrete: dry wet Copper ore Earth: dry wet + sand and gravel + 25% stone loam Granite Gravel: dry moist, wet Gypsum: blasted crushed Iron ore: Hematite Limonite Magnetite Kaolin Lime Limestone: blasted loose, crushed marble Mud: dry (close) wet (moderately comp.) Rock: hard well blasted + stone crushed Sandstone Sand: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet Shale: soft rock riprock Slag Slate Top soil Traprock

11.1 Material weights and swell factor lb/Byd3 1010–1520 3200 – 2950 3790 2870 3790 2870 3030 3370 2190–2610 1850 2110 3200–4210 – 3200 2870 3200 3030 3370 2530 4380–5060 2870 3710 4890 5230 4720–6570 8600–11800 4720–6570 2870 – 4380 – 4550 3710–5060 5060–5900 4800 4800 4210 3200 3540 3200 3710 3030 2950 5060 4720 2360 5060

kg/bm3 600–900 1900 – 1750 2250 1700 2250 1700 1800 2000 1300–1550 1100 1250 1900–2500 – 1900 1700 1900 1800 2000 1500 2600–3000 1700 2200 2900 3100 2800–3900 5100–7000 2800–3900 1700 – 2600 – 2700 2200–3000 3000–3500 2850 2850 2500 1900 2100 1900 2200 1800 1750 3000 2800 1400 3000

lb/Lyd3 840–1350 2360 2700–3200 2440 2110 2190 2700 2360 2530 2870 1690–2020 1350 1520 2360–3030 3620 2700 2190 2700 2700 2700 2110 2780–3030 2530 3370 2700 3030 3880–5390 3880–5390 3880–5390 2190 1350 2700 2530 2700 3030–4210 4210–4890 2850 2850 2530 2870 3200 2870 3370 2190 2110 2950 3540 1690 3370

kg/lm3 500–800 1400 1600–1900 1450 1250 1300 1600 1400 1500 1700 1000–1200 800 900 1400–1800 2150 1600 1300 1600 1600 1600 1250 1650–1800 1500 2000 1600 1800 2300–3200 2300–3200 2300–3200 1300 800 1600 1500 1600 1800–2500 2500–2900 1700 1700 1500 1700 1900 1700 2000 1300 1250 1750 2100 1000 2000

Swell 1.1 1.3 – 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 – 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7-2.2 1.2 1.3 – 1.6 – 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5

These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc. Tests must be carried out to determine exact density. 66

11.2 Excavation classes CLASS

1

Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.

2

Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.

3

Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content, well blasted.

4

Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.

5

Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.

11.3 Ground structure classes Group

Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 yard Ground structure class

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1. Hard ground with solid obstacles, i.e. gravel road. Size of obstacles in cm in.

0–2

2–3

3–4

4–6

6 – 10

10 – 30

0 – 0.8

0.8 – 1.2

1.2 – 1.6

1.6 – 2.4

2.4 – 4.0

4 – 12

2. Soft ground with soft obstacles, i.e. wet clay. Size of obstacles in cm in.

0–3

3–4

4–6

6 – 10

10 – 30

30 – 40

0 – 1.2

1.2 – 1.6

1.6 – 2.4

2.4 – 4.0

4 – 12

12 – 16

11.4 Rolling resistance and coefficient of traction for different surfaces Rolling resistance %

Type of surface

Sinkage of tires cm in.

Coefficient of traction

Concrete, dry

2

–

–

0.8 – 1.0

Asphalt, dry

2

–

–

0.7 – 0.9

Macadam

3

–

–

0.5 – 0.7

Gravel road, compacted

3

–

–

0.5 – 0.7

Dirt road, compacted

3

4

1.6

0.4 – 0.6

Dirt road, firm rutted

5

6

2.4

0.3 – 0.6

Stripped arable land, firm, dry

6

8

3.2

0.6 – 0.8

Earth backfill, soft

8

10

4.0

0.4 – 0.5

Stripped arable land, loose, dry

12

15

6.0

0.4 – 0.5

Woodland pastures, grassy banks

12 – 15

15 – 18

6–7

0.6 – 0.7

Sand or gravel, loose

15 – 30

18 – 35

7 – 14

0.2 – 0.4

Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous

16

20

8.0

0.1 – 2.0

Stripped arable land, sticky wet

10 – 20

12 – 25

5 – 10

0.1 – 0.4

Clay, loose, wet

35

40

16

0.1 – 0.2

Ice

2

–

–

0.1 – 0.2

67

11.5 Load-bearing capacity of the ground The cone indices of most interest come between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable dozers such as wide-tracked crawler dozers can run on ground with a cone index between 3050 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity). Rigid haulers require cone indices above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity).

. CLASS

Cone index value

Very good bearing capacity

> 90

Good bearing capacity

70 – 90

Moderate bearing capacity

50 – 70

Poor bearing capacity

30 – 50

Very poor bearing capacity

< 30

11.6 Grade conversion table Grade %

slope

angle

%

slope

angle

1:2000

0.27°

30

1:3.3

16.7°

1

1:100

0.6

31

1:3.2

17.2

2

1:50

1.2

32

1:3.1

17.7

3

1:33.3

1.7

33

1:3

18.2

4

1:25

2.3

34

1:3

18.8

5

1:20

2.9°

35

1:2.9

19.3°

6

1:16.7

3.4

36

1:2.8

19.8

7

1:14.3

4

37

1:2.7

20.2

8

1:12.5

4.6

38

1:2.6

20.6

9

1:11.1

5.2

39

1:2.5

21.2

10

1:10

5.7°

40

1:2.5

21.8°

11

1:9.1

6.3

41

1:2.4

22.2

12

1:8.3

6.8

42

1:2.4

22.8

13

1:7.7

7.4

43

1:2.3

23.2

0.5

14

1:7.3

8

44

1:2.3

23.8

15

1:6.7

8.5°

45

1:2.2

24.2°

16

1:6.25

9.1

56

1:2.2

24.7

17

1:5.9

9.7

57

1:2.1

25.2

18

1:5.6

10.2

48

1:2.1

25.6

19

1:5.3

10.8

49

1:2

26.1

20

1:5

11.3°

50

1:2

26.6°

21

1:4.8

11.9

55

1:1.8

28.8

22

1:4.6

12.4

60

1:1.7

31

23

1:4.3

12.9

65

1:1.5

33

24

1:4.2

13.3

70

1:1.4

35

25

1:4

14°

75

1:1.3

36.8°

26

1:3.8

14.6

80

1:1.25

38.7

27

1:3.7

15.1

85

1:1.2

40.3

28

1:3.6

15.6

90

1:1.1

42

29

1:3.4

16.2

95

1:1.1

43.5

1:1

45°

100

EXAMPLE: 20% = 1:5 = 11.3° 1 11.3° 5

68

11.7 Measurement units and conversion Multiply

mile, statute (m)

By

1.609

To obtain

1 mile

=

1760 yd

1 fl oz

=

1.80 in3

km

1 yd

=

3 ft

1 sh ton

=

2000 lb

1 lg ton

=

2240 lb

1 lb

=

16 oz, avdp

1 ps

=

550 ft lb/s

1 atmosph

=

14.7 lb/in2

yard (yd)

0.9144

m

1 pie

=

12 in

foot (ft)

0.3048

m

1 sq mile

=

640 acres

inch (in)

0.0254

m

1 acre

=

43.560

sq mile

2.590

km3

ft2

ft2

=

144 in2

1 ft3

=

7.48 gal liq

1 gal

=

231 in3

acre

0.4047

ha

ft2

0.0929

m2

in2

6.452

cm2

yd3

0.765

m3

ft3

0.0283

m3

in2

0.0164

l

mile/h

1.61

km/h

US gallon

3.785

l

Imp. gallon

4.5455

l

long ton (lg ton)

1.016

t

short ton (sh ton)

0.907

t

pound (lb)

0.4536

kg

ounce (oz)

28.35

g

fluid oz (fl oz)

29.57

cm3

lb/in2

0.0703

kg/cm2

0.0689

bar

1.014

PS, hk, cv

horsepower (hp)

0.7457

kW

lb/yd3

0.5929

kg/m3

lb/sq in (psi)

6897.228

Pa

69

1

4 quarts liq 1 quart

=

32 fl oz

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0

0

Time in min.

300

100

1 2

200

3

600

900

2

11.8 Transformation between travel time and speed

SITE SUMMARY

70

300

4

1200

400

3 5

1500

500

25 30 35 40 50

16 18 20

14

12

10

9

8

7

6 km/h

Fig. 52

in ft.

Distance in m

25 30

20

15

12

10

8

7

6

5

4

mile/h

12 Formulas Weight and densities

Calculation of radius Cases when the radius is unknown. Use the following formula for calculation:

Density = Weight Volume Loose volume Swell = Bank volume

r=

360 x b α x 2π

Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell Loose volume Bank volume = Swell Bank density Loose density = Swell

r = radius in m b = arc. length in m α = angle in degrees

π = 3.14

Bank density = Loose density x Swell Actual payload = Loose density x Load volume

Resistance Total resistance = Rolling resistance + grade resistance The grade resistance is: Rimpull =

+ uphill – downhill GMV x total resistance 100

Production calculations The number of buckets per load: Load volume n= Bucket volume Productive time: t x 60 T= t+U Production formula: T=

t x 60 t+U

The number of transport machines that match the loading equipment: N=

T (transp) or N = n x t (load)

Cost per unit: T K= t

71

P (loader) P (transp)

Where: C

= the cost per hour

K

= the cost per unit

N

= the ideal number of transport mchines relative to the loading equipment

n

= number of buckets per load

P

= production per hour

Q

= load volume or weight

T

= productive time in minutes per hour

t

= cycle time in minutes

t (load)

= loader cycle time in minutes

t (transp) = transport machine cycle time in minutes U

= unavoidable job delays in minutes per cycle

14

A25D Specification and Performance

14.1

Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ............ 73

14.1

Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires ..................................................................... 74

14.2

Weights ................................................................................ 75

14.3

Body ...................................................................................... 75 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 75 Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B)............................. 75 Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C)............................... 75 Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) .... 75 Exhaust gas heating (option) ....................................................... 76 Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 76

14.4

Body volumes ................................................................. 76 Body volume A25D 6x6 ................................................................ 76

14.5 14.6

Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 77 Drive ...................................................................................... 77 Volvo A25D 6x6.............................................................................. 77 Volvo A25D 4x4.............................................................................. 77

14.7

Transmission .................................................................... 77

14.8

Travel speed...................................................................... 77

14.9

Steering system .............................................................. 77

14.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 77 14.11 Engine................................................................................... 78 14.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 78 14.13 Cab......................................................................................... 78 14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 79 14.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 79 14.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 80 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded....................................................................... 80 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded .................................................................. 81 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25D...................................................................................... 82 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 83

Rimpull - Retardation.................................................... 84

72

14 A25D Specification and Performance 14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded Pos

Metric

Imp.

A

8 939 mm

A1

4 954 mm

29'4'' 16'3''

A2

4 558 mm

14'11'' 13'10''

B

4 219 mm

C

3 470 mm

11'5''

C1

3 332 mm

10'11''

C2

1768 mm

5'10''

D

2766 mm

9'1''

E

1210 mm

4'0''

F

4254 mm

13'11''

H

1919 mm

6'4''

I

495 mm

1'7''

J

2794 mm

9'2''

K

2416 mm

7'11''

L

773 mm

2'6''

M

5176 mm

17'0''

N

7092 mm

23'3''

N1

3197 mm

10'6''

O

3130 mm

10'3''

P

2930 mm

9'7''

R

637 mm

2'1''

R1 U

664 mm

2'2''

3317 mm

10'11''

V

2374 mm

7'9''

W

3117 mm

10'3''

X

461 mm

1'6''

X1 X2

585 mm

1'11''

886 mm

2'11''

Y

2258 mm

7'5''

Z

2859 mm

9'5''

a1 a2

23,1°

23.1°

a3

45°

59°

Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 / 29.5R25 tires

73

14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires Pos

Metric (mm) A25D

A30D

Imperial (Feet) A25D

A30D

A

10 220

10 297

33'6''

33'9''

A1

4 954

4 954

16'3''

16'3''

A2

5 764

6 002

18'11''

19'8''

B

5 152

5 339

16'11''

17'6''

C

3 428

3 428

11'3''

11'3''

C1

3 318

3 318

10'11''

10'11''

C2 C3

1 768

1 768

5'10''

5'10''

3 760

3 834

12'4''

12'7''

D

2 764

2 764

9'1''

9'1''

E

1 210

1 210

3'12''

3'12'' 13'8''

F

4 175

4 175

13'8''

G

1 670

1 670

5'6''

5'6''

H

1 610

1 688

5'3''

5'6'' 1'12''

I

608

608

1'12''

J

2 778

2 856

9'1''

9'4''

K

2 102

2 181

6'11''

7'2''

L

677

686

2'3''

2'3''

M

6 559

6 592

21'6''

21'8''

N

8 105

8 105

26'7''

26'7''

N1

4 079

4 037

13'5''

13'3''

O

2 700

2 900

8'10''

9'6''

P

2 490

2 706

8'2''

8'11''

R

512

513

1'8''

1'8''

R1

634

635

2'1''

2'1'' 10'10''

U

3 257

3 310

10'8''

V

2 258

2 216

7'5''

7'3''

V*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5''

W

2 859

2 941

9'5''

9'8''

W*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

X

456

456

1'6''

1'6''

X1 X2

581

582

1'11''

1'11''

659

659

2'2''

2'2''

Y

2 258

2 216

7'5''

7'3''

Y*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5''

Z

2 859

2 941

9'5''

9'85''

Z*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

a1

23,5°

23,5°

23.5°

23.5°

a2 a3

74°

70°

74°

70°

45°

45°

45°

45°

A25D: Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires

74

14.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.

Wear plates (option) (A)

Volvo A25D 4x4

Volvo A25D 6x6 (23.5/29.5R25 tires) (23.5R25 tires)

Operating weight, unloaded

If the body is to be used for continuous forced loading of rock or other abrasive material only, wear plates should be used. Weight A25D 6x6:

950 kg 2100 lbs.

20,723

Weight A25D 4x4:

1230 kg 2712 lbs.

21,560

47,531

Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B)

7,165

1,980

4,365

An underhung tailgate with operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.

20,750

45,746

22,020

48,545

24,000

52,910

24,000

52,910

Front

15,650

34,502

14,140

31,173

Rear

27,820

61,333

31,420

69,268

Total

43,470

95,835

45,560

100,441

Front

12,400

27,337

12,160

26,808

Rear

7,070

15,587

9,400

Total

19,470

42,924

Front

3,250

Rear Total

Payload

Total weight

14.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C) On machines provided with an underhung tailgate, it is possible to fit an overhung tailgate. This overhung tailgate is intended for use when carrying gravel, sand and loose clay material. The design of the tailgate does not permit handling of large rocks and solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed. * The tailgates cannot be used together with the body extensions fitted in some markets.

Fig. B

Fig. A

75

Fig. C

Fig. D

Exhaust gas heating (option)

Side extensions (option)

By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.

Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 24,000 kg 52,911 lb. (A25D 6x6).

14.4 Body volumes Acc. to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Volvo A25D 4x4

Volvo A25D 6x6

Standard body:

9.5

12.4

11.7

15.3

13.0

17.0

15.0

19.6

struck

-

-

12.0

15.7

heaped

-

-

15.3

20.0

struck

-

-

12.1

15.8

heaped

-

-

15.6

20.4

struck heaped with underhung tailgate:

with overhung tailgate:

Body volume A25D 6x6 Depending on side extension.

Metr. ton per m3

Body volume (cbm) 20

1.20

UH+OH Tailgate

19

1.26

UH Tailgate Std. body

18

1.33

17

1.41

16

1.50

15

1.60

14

1.71

0

100

200

300

400

500

Side extension (mm)

76

14.5 Ground pressure and cone index

14.8 Travel speed

Ground pressure of a loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A25D 4x4

Unloaded Front Rear

125 kPa 18.2 psi 49 kPa 7.2 psi

Loaded

Volvo A25D 6x6

Unloaded

159 kPa 23.1 psi

123 kPa 17.9 psi

144 kPa 20.9 psi

194 kPa 28.1 psi

47 kPa 6.9 psi

159 kPa 23.1 psi

Cone index 80

Forward km/h mile/h

Loaded

70

A25D 6x6 and 4x4

53

33

Reverse km/h mile/h

13

8

14.9 Steering system Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering as standard.

14.6 Drive Volvo A25D 6x6

14.10 Frame and bogie

Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

Separate frames for front unit and rear unit, joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stresses on the frame members.

Volvo A25D 4x4 Continuous 4x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal in drop box and transversal in both axles.

14.7 Transmission Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. Hydraulic retarder as standard.

77

The bogie permits a freedom of wheel movement of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stresses. The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

14.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine. Manufacturer

Volvo

Model

D10BADE2**

Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

33.3 r/s 228 kW 227 kW

2000 rpm 310 hp 309 hp

Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

22.5 r/s 1375 Nm 1365 Nm

1350 rpm 1014 lb ft 1007 lb ft

Cylinder volume

9.6 l

586 in3

Fuel consumption Low Medium High

l/h 13 – 17 17 – 23 23 – 29

D10BACE2*

Fuel consumption load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

US gal/h 3.4 – 4.5 4.5 – 6.1 5.8 – 7.6

* NAFTA / ** EU

14.12 Brakes

14.13 Cab

Service brakes: Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry disc brakes.

Approved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heatinsulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Airconditioning as an option.

Parking brake:

Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.

Hydraulic retarder as standard.

78

14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistance

All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

14.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A25D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45% for a Volvo A25D 6x6/4x4, and downhill the Volvo A25D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.

45%

Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.

15%

79

0.4

0.5

Coefficient of traction

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0

0

Time in min.

20

40

60

80 300

100

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

120

40%

A25D, loaded

140

160

35%

600

180

0.0–0.4

1.0

200

in ft.

Distance in m

8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%

14% 12% 10%

16%

20% 18%

22%

24%

26%

30% 28%

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A25D

14.16 Diagram

80

Diagram Volvo A25D

100 300

200 600

300

A25D, unloaded

900

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0 0

1200

400

1500

Total resistance Ground structure

1.0

Total resistance

40%

35%

30% 28%

26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 0.8 16%

in ft.

Distance in m

14% 12% 10% 0.6 8% 0.4 6% 0.0–0.2 2%-4%

500

81

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

50

150

0

0

Time in min.

1

300

100

2

450

3

150

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25D

4

600

200

5

6

750

250

5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.

1 2 3 4 5 6

in ft.

Distance in m

RADIUS

LINE

Diagram Volvo A25D

82

Diagram Volvo A25D

Loaded

Unloaded

80

Line

200

60

30% – 30% – 21% 21% – 15% 15% – 12% 12% –

40

26% – 26% – 14% 14% – 10% 10% – 7% 7% – 5% 5% –

20 100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

Time in min.

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0 0

100

120 400

140 500

A25D with retarder and exhaust brake

300

160

180

600

1

200

2

3

4

5 6

Distance in m

in ft.

83

Diagram Volvo A25D

Rimpull - Retardation RIMPULL 1. Rimpull in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %.

Rimpull

Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.

RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders) 1. Braking effort in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

A25D

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.

Max. retarding performance Continuous

84

85

15

A30D Specification and Performance

15.1

Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded ............................................................................. 87

15.2

Weights ................................................................................ 88

15.3

Body ...................................................................................... 88 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 88 Underhung tailgate (option) (B) .................................................. 88 Overhung tailgate (option) (C) .................................................... 88 Exhaust gas heating (option) ....................................................... 88 Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 88

15.4

Body volumes................................................................... 89 Body volumes.................................................................................. 89

15.5

Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 90

15.6

Drive ...................................................................................... 90

15.7

Transmission .................................................................... 90

15.8

Travel speed...................................................................... 90

15.9

Steering system .............................................................. 90

15.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 90 15.11 Engine................................................................................... 91 15.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 91 15.13 Cab......................................................................................... 91 15.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 92 15.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 92 15.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 93 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, loaded....................................................................... 93 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, unloaded .................................................................. 94 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30D...................................................................................... 95 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 96

Rimpull - Retardation ................................................. 97

86

15 A30D Specification and Performance 15.1 Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded Pos

Metric (mm) A25D

A30D

Imperial (Feet) A25D

A30D

A

10 220

10 297

33'6''

A1

4 954

4 954

16'3''

33'9'' 16'3''

A2

5 764

6 002

18'11''

19'8'' 17'6''

B

5 152

5 339

16'11''

C

3 428

3 428

11'3''

11'3''

C1

3 318

3 318

10'11''

10'11''

C2

1 768

1 768

5'10''

5'10''

C3

3 760

3 834

12'4''

12'7''

D

2 764

2 764

9'1''

9'1''

E

1 210

1 210

3'12''

3'12''

F

4 175

4 175

13'8''

13'8''

G

1 670

1 670

5'6''

5'6''

H

1 610

1 688

5'3''

5'6''

I

608

608

1'12''

1'12''

J

2 778

2 856

9'1''

9'4''

K

2 102

2 181

6'11''

7'2''

L

677

686

2'3''

2'3''

M

6 559

6 592

21'6''

21'8''

N

8 105

8 105

26'7''

26'7''

N1 O

4 079

4 037

13'5''

13'3''

2 700

2 900

8'10''

9'6''

P

2 490

2 706

8'2''

8'11'' 1'8''

R

512

513

1'8''

R1

634

635

2'1''

2'1''

U

3 257

3 310

10'8''

10'10''

V

2 258

2 216

7'5''

7'3''

V*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5''

W

2 859

2 941

9'5''

9'8''

W*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

X

456

456

1'6''

1'6''

X1

581

582

1'11''

1'11'' 2'2''

X2

659

659

2'2''

Y

2 258

2 216

7'5''

7'3''

Y*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5'' 9'85''

Z

2 859

2 941

9'5''

Z*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

a1

23,5°

23,5°

23.5°

23.5°

a2

74°

70°

74°

70°

a3 45° 45° 45° A25D: Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires

87

45°

15.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.

Wear plates (option) (A)

Volvo A30D 6x6

Volvo A30D 6x6

If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.

750(30)/65R25 tires

23.5R25 tires

Weight:

1000 kg 2200 lbs.

Underhung tailgate (option) (B)

Operating weight, unloaded Front

12,500

27,557

12,300

27,116

Rear

10,560

23,280

10,160

22,398

Total

23,060

50,837

22,460

49,514

Front

4,940

10,891

4,740

10,450

Rear

23,060

50,837

22,660

49,956

Total

28,000

61,728

27,400

60,405

Front

14,990

33,047

14,790

32,606

Rear

36,070

79,519

35,670

78,637

Total

51,060

112,556

50,460

111,245

Payload

Total weight

15.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

An underhung tailgate with an operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.

Overhung tailgate (option) (C) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option) By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.

Side extensions (option) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 28,000 kg 61,728 lbs.

Fig. B

Fig. A

Fig. C

88

15.4 Body volumes According to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body: Struck

13.6

17.8

Heaped

17.5

22.9

Struck

13.8

18.0

Heaped

18.0

23.5

Struck

14.0

18.3

Heaped

18.1

23.7

with underhung tailgate:

with overhung tailgate:

Body volumes Depending on side extension.

23

Metr. ton per m3

Body volume (cbm)

1.21

UH+OH Tailgate

22

1.27

UH Tailgate Std. body

21

1.33

20

1.40

19

1.47

18

1.56

17

1.64

0

100

200

300

Side extension (mm)

89

400

500

15.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A30D 6x6

Tires

23.5R25

Unloaded Front

124.8 kPa 18.0 psi

Rear

51.5 kPa 7.4 psi

Cone index

750(30)/65R25

Loaded

Unloaded

150.0 kPa 21.8 psi

101 kPa 14.6 psi

181.0 kPa 26.3 psi

43 kPa 6.2 psi

70

Loaded 121 kPa 17.5 psi 146 kPa 21.2 psi 60

15.6 Drive

15.9 Steering system

Continous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.

15.7 Transmission

Separate frames for front unit and rear unit are joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.

Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up in all gears. Single stage design dropbox. Hydraulic retarder with variable retarder power is standard.

15.8 Travel speed Forward:

53 km/h 33 mph

Reverse:

13 km/h 8 mph

15.10 Frame and bogie

The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

90

15.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine. Manufacturer

Volvo

Model

D10BABE2**

D10BAAE2*

Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

33.3 r/s 242 kW 241 kW

2000 rpm 329 hp 328 hp

Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

22.5 r/s 1420 Nm 1410 Nm

1350 rpm 1047 lbf ft 1040 lbf ft

Cylinder volume

9.6 l

S586 in3

Fuel consumption Low Medium High

l/h 16 – 20 l/h 20 – 25 l/h 26 – 32 l/h

US gal/h 4.2 – 5.3 5.3 – 6.6 6.6 – 8.5

Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

* NAFTA / ** EU

15.13 Cab

15.12 Brakes Service brakes:

Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry disc brake system.

Parking brake:

Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.

Hydraulic retarder integrated in the transmission.

91

Approved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Airconditioning as an option.

15.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistence

All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 Coefficient of traction

15.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A30D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A30D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.

45% Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.

15% 92

Diagram Volvo A30D

15.16 Diagram

100

40%

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

3.0

80

A30D, loaded

120

35%

140

160

30%

Total resistance Ground structure

26%

28%

Total resistance

180

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

14%

12% 10%

8%

6%

200

in ft.

Distance in m

0.0–0.4

4% 0.6 2%

0.8

18% 1.0 16%

20%

24%

60

2.5

40

600

22%

20

300

2.0

0 0

93

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0

0

Time in min.

20

40

60

80 300

100

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

120

140

A30D, unloaded

160

600

180

40% 1.0

0.6

0.8

200

in ft.

Distance in m

0.0–0.2

8% 0.4 2%-6%

12% 10%

16% 14%

18%

20%

30% 28% 26% 24% 22%

35%

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A30D

94

Diagram Volvo A30D

50

1

300

100

2

450

3

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30D

0

150

Time in min.

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0

150

4

600

5

200

6

LINE

1 2 3 4 5 6

750

in ft.

Distance in m

16 ft. 33 ft. 66 ft. 98 ft. 131 ft. 164 ft.

RADIUS

5m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m

250

95

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0

0

Time in min.

100

40

23% – 23% – 13% 13% – 9% 9% – 7% 7% – 5% 5% –

1 2 3 4 5 6

20

Loaded

Line

200

60

80

29% – 29% – 20% 20% – 15% 15% – 11% 11% –

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

300

100

400

120

140 500

A30D with retarder and exhaust brake

160

600

180

1

200

5 6

4

3

2

in ft.

Distance in m

Diagram Volvo A30D

96

Diagram Volvo A30D

Rimpull - Retardation RIMPULL 1. Rimpull in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %.

Rimpull

Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.

RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders) 1. Braking effort in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

Max. retarding performance Continuous

97

4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.

16

A35D Specification and Performance

16.1

Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded ............................................................................. 99

16.2

Weights ..............................................................................100

16.3

Body ....................................................................................100 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 100 Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 100 Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 100 Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 100

16.4

Body volumes.................................................................101

16.5

Ground pressure and cone index ........................102

16.6

Drive ....................................................................................102

16.7

Transmission ..................................................................102

16.8

Travel speed....................................................................102

16.9

Steering system ............................................................102

16.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................102 16.11 Engine.................................................................................103 16.12 Brakes ................................................................................103 16.13 Cab.......................................................................................103 16.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................104 16.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................104 16.16 Diagram ............................................................................105 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, loaded.................................................................... 105 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, unloaded ............................................................... 106 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35D................................................................................... 107 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 108

Rimpull - Retardation..................................................109

98

16 A35D Specification and Performance 16.1 Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded Pos

Metric (mm) A35D

A40D

Imperial (feet) A35D

A40D

A

11 167

11 310

36'6''

37'1''

A2

6 224

6 428

20'4''

19'8''

B

5 527

5 730

16'9''

21'1''

C

3 681

3 746

12'1''

12'3''

C1

3 560

3 626

11'7''

11'9''

C2

1 768

1 768

5'8''

5'8''

C3

3 987

4 093

13'1''

13'4''

D

3 101

3 100

10'2''

10'2''

E

1 276

1 279

4'2''

4'2''

F

4 501

4 451

14'8''

14'6''

G

1 820

1 940

6'0''

6'4''

H

1 757

1 823

5'8''

6'0''

I

728

646

2'39''

2'12''

J

2 912

3 075

9'6''

10'0''

K

2 302

2 492

7'6''

8'2''

L

915

906

3'0''

2'97''

M

7 242

7 384

23'8''

24'2''

N

8 720

8 863

28'6''

29'1''

N1

4 397

4 238

14'4''

13'9''

O

3 103

3 268

10'2''

10'7''

P

2 870

3 078

9'4''

10'1''

R

584

654

1'92''

2'15''

R1

670

751

2'2''

2'46''

U

3 528

3 590

11'6''

11'8''

V

2 515

2 636

8'3''

8'7''

V*

2 625

-----

8'6''

-----

W

3 208

3 432

10'5''

11'3''

W *)**

3 410

3 570

11'2''

11'7''

X

572

617

1'88''

2'02''

X1

606

639

1'99''

2'1''

X2

720

765

2'36''

2'51''

Y

2 515

2 636

8'3''

8'7''

Y*

2 625

-----

7'4''

-----

Z

3 208

3 432

10'5''

11'3''

Z*)**

3 410

3 570

11'2''

11'7''

a1

23°

25°

23°

25°

a2

70°

70°

70°

70°

a3

45°

45°

45°

45°

A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 A40D: Unloaded machine with 29.5R29 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires **) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires

C

C1 K a1

L

X2 E

D

I F

G

O P

C2

X1

R1

X Y Z

R V W

N N1 a3

A

99

M

a2

B

A2

H

J

16.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.

Wear plates (option) (A) If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.

Volvo A35D 6x6

Service weight

Weight: 1200 kg 2645 lbs.

Front

15,320

33,774

Rear

12,980

28,616

Total

28,300

62,390

Front

2,380

5,401

Rear

30,050

66,247

Total

32,500

71,649

Payload

Total weight Front

17,770

39,175

Rear

43,030

94,863

Total

60,800

134,038

16.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

Fig. A

Fig. C

Overhung tailgate (option) (B) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option) This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.

Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 32,500 kg 71,650 lbs.

Fig. B

100

16.4 Body volumes Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body: Struck Heaped with overhung tailgate: Struck Heaped

15.2 20.0

19.9 26.1

15.5 20.7

20.3 27.1

Body volumes A35D Depending on side extension.

. Metr. ton per m3

Body volume (cbm)

27

Tailgate

26

1.27

Std. body

25

1.32

24

1.38

23

1.43

22

1.5

21

1.57

20

1.65

19 0

101

100

200

300

Side extension (mm)

400

500

16.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A35D 6x6

Tires

26.5R25

Unloaded Front

128 kPa 18.6 psi

Rear

54 kPa 7.8 psi

Cone index

775/65R29

Loaded

Unloaded

149 kPa 21.6 psi

110 kPa 15.9 psi

180 kPa 26.1 psi

46 kPa 6.6 psi

75

Loaded 128 kPa 18.6 psi 153 kPa 22.2 psi 65

16.6 Drive

16.9 Steering system

Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.

16.7 Transmission

Separate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.

Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.

16.8 Travel speed Forward:

56 km/h 35 mph

Reverse:

14 km/h 9 mph

16.10 Frame and bogie

The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

102

16.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB. Manufacturer

Volvo

Model

D12C ADE2**

D12C ABE2*

Engine output SAE J1349 Net

30 r/s 289 kW

1800 rpm 393 hp

Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross

20 r/s 1950 Nm

1200 rpm 1438 lbf ft

Cylinder volume

12 l

732 in3

Fuel consumption Low Medium High

l/h 18 – 24 l/h 24 – 31 l/h 31 – 41 l/h

US gal/h 4.7 – 6.3 6.3 – 8.2 8.2 – 10.8

Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well-maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

* NAFTA / ** EU

16.12 Brakes

16.13 Cab

Service brakes: Two-circuit, dry-disc brake system.

Approved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Air-conditioning as an option.

Parking brake:

Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.

Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.

103

16.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Resistance total

All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 Coefficient of traction

16.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A35D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A35D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.

45% Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.

15% 104

Diagram Volvo A35D

16.16 Diagram

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

A35D, loaded

Total resistance Ground structure

Total resistance

Distance in m

in ft.

105

Time in min.

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

A35D, unloaded

in ft.

Distance in m

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A35D

106

Diagram Volvo A35D

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35D

Time in min.

LINE

RADIUS

Distance in m

in ft.

107

Time in min.

Line

Loaded

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

A35D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake

in ft.

Distance in m

Diagram Volvo A35D

108

Diagram Volvo A35D

10 00

RIMPULL

x

1

lb

kp

x

10 00

Rimpull - Retardation 1. Rimpull in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %. NMW

45

90

A35D / D12

40

80

GMW

4

Rimpull

50%

35

70

30

40%

60 25

50

30%

20

40

15

30

20%

10

20

10% 10

5

0

0 0

5

0

10

5

15

20

10

25

15

30 km/h

35

20 mph

40

45

25

50

55

30

35

20

30

50

70

2

40 50 kg x 1000

60

90 110 lb x 1000

130

70

150

3

Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.

10 00 x

1

1. Braking effort in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.

kp

lb

x

10 00

RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic retarder and VEB)

NMW

35

A35D

70

30

GMW 50%

4

Low range Max. retarding performance High range Max. retarding performance 40%

Continuous

60

25 50 30%

20 40

15

20%

30

20

10 10%

10

5

0

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

20

30

km/h 0

5

10

15

20

mph

109

40

50

60

70

kg x 1000 25

2

30

35

50

70

90

110

lb x 1000

130

3

150

17

A40D Specification and Performance

17.1

Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded ...........................................................................111

17.2

Weights ..............................................................................112

17.3

Body ....................................................................................112 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 112 Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 112 Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 112 Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 112

17.4

Body volumes.................................................................113

17.5

Ground pressure and cone index ........................114

17.6

Drive ....................................................................................114

17.7

Transmission ..................................................................114

17.8

Travel speed....................................................................114

17.9

Steering system ............................................................114

17.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................114 17.11 Engine.................................................................................115 17.12 Brakes ................................................................................115 17.13 Cab.......................................................................................115 17.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................116 17.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................116 17.16 Diagram .........................................................................117 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, loaded.................................................................... 117 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, unloaded ............................................................... 118 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40D................................................................................... 119 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 120

Rimpull - Retardation..................................................121

110

17 A40D Specification and Performance 17.1 Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded Pos

Metric (mm) A35D

A40D

Imperial (feet) A35D

A40D

A

11 167

11 310

36'6''

37'1''

A2

6 224

6 428

20'4''

19'8''

B

5 527

5 730

16'9''

21'1''

C

3 681

3 746

12'1''

12'3''

C1

3 560

3 626

11'7''

11'9''

C2

1 768

1 768

5'8''

5'8''

C3

3 987

4 093

13'1''

13'4''

D

3 101

3 100

10'2''

10'2''

E

1 276

1 279

4'2''

4'2''

F

4 501

4 451

14'8''

14'6''

G

1 820

1 940

6'0''

6'4''

H

1 757

1 823

5'8''

6'0''

I

728

646

2'39''

2'12''

J

2 912

3 075

9'6''

10'0''

K

2 302

2 492

7'6''

8'2''

L

915

906

3'0''

2'97''

M

7 242

7 384

23'8''

24'2''

N

8 720

8 863

28'6''

29'1''

N1

4 397

4 238

14'4''

13'9''

O

3 103

3 268

10'2''

10'7''

P

2 870

3 078

9'4''

10'1''

R

584

654

1'92''

2'15''

R1

670

751

2'2''

2'46''

U

3 528

3 590

11'6''

11'8''

V

2 515

2 636

8'3''

8'7''

V*

2 625

-----

8'6''

-----

W

3 208

3 432

10'5''

11'3''

W *)**

3 410

3 570

11'2''

11'7''

X

572

617

1'88''

2'02''

X1

606

639

1'99''

2'1''

X2

720

765

2'36''

2'51''

Y

2 515

2 636

8'3''

8'7''

Y*

2 625

-----

7'4''

-----

Z

3 208

3 432

10'5''

11'3''

Z*)**

3 410

3 570

11'2''

11'7''

a1

23°

25°

23°

25°

a2

70°

70°

70°

70°

a3

45°

45°

45°

45°

A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 A40D: Unloaded machine with 29.5R29 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires **) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires

B

C

C1 K a1

L

X2 E

D

I F

G

O P

C2

X1

R1

X Y Z

R V W

N N1 a3

A

111

M

a2

A2

H

J

17.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.

Wear plates (option) (A) If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.

A40D 6x6

Service weight

Weight: 1800 kg 3970 lbs.

Front

16,300

33,935

Rear

14,970

33,003

Total

31,270

68,938

Front

2,870

8,327

Rear

34,130

75,242

Total

37,000

81,570

Payload

Total weighl Front

19,170

42,262

Rear

49,100

108,245

Total

68,270

150,507

17.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

Fig. A

Fig. C

Overhung tailgate (option) (B) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option) This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.

Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 37,000 kg 81,571 lbs.

Fig. B

112

17.4 Body volumes Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body: Struck Heaped with overhung tailgate: Struck Heaped

16.9 22.5

22.1 29.4

17.2 23.2

22.5 30.3

Body volumes A40D Depending on side extension. 30

Metr. ton per m3

Body volume (cbm) Tailgate

29

1.28

Std. body

28

1.32

27

1.37

26

1.42

25

1.48

24

1.54

23

1.61

22 0

113

100

200

300

Side extension (mm)

400

500

17.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A40D 6x6

Tires

29.5R25

Unloaded Front

115 kPa 16.7 psi

Rear

53 kPa 7.7 psi

Cone index

875/65R29

Loaded

Unloaded

135 kPa 19.6 psi

100 kPa 14.5 psi

172 kPa 24.9 psi

47 kPa 6.8 psi

71

Loaded 118 kPa 17.1 psi 150 kPa 21.7 psi 60

17.6 Drive

17.9 Steering system

Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.

17.7 Transmission

Separate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.

Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.

17.8 Travel speed Forward:

55 km/h 34 mph

Reverse:

14 km/h 9 mph

17.10 Frame and bogie

The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and three shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

114

17.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB. Manufacturer

Volvo

Model

D12C ACE2**

D12C AAE2*

Engine output SAE J1349 Net

30 r/s 313 kW

1800 rpm 420 hp

Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross

20 r/s 2100 Nm

1200 rpm 1549 lbf ft

Cylinder volume

12 l

732 in3

Fuel consumption Low Medium High

l/h 19 – 26 26 – 34 34 – 48

US gal/h 5.0 – 6.9 6.9 – 9.0 9.0 – 12.7

Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance. .

* NAFTA / ** EU

17.12 Brakes Service brakes:

Parking brake:

Two-circuit, multiple wet-disc brake system. The brake system is continuously force cooled by an external cooling system with separate oil. Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.

Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.

115

17.13 Cab Approved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Air-conditioning as an option.

17.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistance

All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Coefficient of traction

17.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A40D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A40D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.

45%

Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.

15%

116

Diagram Volvo A40D

17.16 Diagram

Time in min.

20

40

60

80 300

100

35%

140

A40D, loaded

120

40%

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

3.0

2.5

2.0 1.5

1.0

0.5 0 0 0

160

180

600

Total resistance Ground structure

Total resistance

30%

28%

26%

24% 22%

20%

18% 16% 1.0 14% 12%

10%

8%

6%

in ft.

Distance in m

0.0–0.4

4% 0.8 0.6 2%

200

117

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0

0

Time in min.

20

40

60

80 300

100

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

120

140

A40D, unloaded

160

600

180

200

0.8

0.0–0.2

in ft.

Distance in m

2%

0.4

12% 10% 8% 0.6

14%

16%

22% 20% 18%

24%

26%

4%-6%

1.0 40% 35% 30% 28%

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A40D

118

Diagram Volvo A40D

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo

Time in min.

A40D

LINE

RADIUS

Distance in m

in ft.

119

0

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0

20

40

60

80 300

100

120

140

160

180

2L - 1H

600

200

in ft.

Distance in m

5L - 4H 6L - 5H 6H

4L - 3H

3L

40% – 30% – 40% 24% – 30% 18% – 24% 13% – 18% 0% – 13%

Unloaded

0.8

33% – 23% – 33% 18% – 23% 13% – 18% 11% – 13% 8% – 11% 6% – 8% 0% – 6%

Loaded

1L

2H

1 low 2 low/1 high 2 high 3 low 4 low/3 high 5 low/4 high 6 low/5 high 6 high

Line

A40D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Time in min.

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

Diagram Volvo A40D

120

Diagram Volvo A40D

Rimpull - Retardation 10 00 x

10 00

kp

x lb

RIMPULL

1

1. Rimpull in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %. NMW

45

90

A40D / D12

40

80

GMW

4

Rimpull

50%

35

70

30

40%

60 25

50

30%

20

40 15

30

20%

10

20

10% 10

5

0

0 0

5

0

10

5

15

20

10

25

15

30 km/h

35

20 mph

40

45

25

50

30

55

20

35

30

50

70

2

40 50 kg x 1000

60

90 110 lb x 1000

130

70

150

3

Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.

10 00 x

1. Braking effort in metric ton.

2. Speed in km/h.

3. Machine weight in metric ton.

4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.

kp

lb

x

10 00

RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic retarder and VEB)

1

NMW

35

GMW 50%

A40D

70

30

4

Low range Max. retarding performance High range Max. retarding performance 40%

Continuous

60

25 50 30%

20 40

15

20%

30

20

10 10%

10

5

0

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

20

30

0

5

10

15

20

mph

121

40

50

60

70

kg x 1000

km/h 25

2

30

35

50

70

90

110

lb x 1000

130

3

150

Specification and Performance C-model Diagrams .....................................................................123 18.16 A25C Diagrams..............................................................123 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, loaded.................................................................... 123 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, unloaded ............................................................... 124 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25C .................................................................................. 125 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 126

18.16 A30C Diagrams..............................................................127 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, loaded.................................................................... 127 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, unloaded ............................................................... 128 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30C .................................................................................. 129 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 130

18.16 A35C Diagrams..............................................................131 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, loaded.................................................................... 131 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, unloaded ............................................................... 132 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35C .................................................................................. 133 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 134

18.16 A40 Diagrams.................................................................135 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, loaded ....................................................................... 135 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, unloaded .................................................................. 136 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40...................................................................................... 137 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40 with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 138

Special Vehicles...........................................................................140 19.1 A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions.......140 19.2 Weights............................................................................. 142 19.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 142

20.1

A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions ................143 20.2 Weights............................................................................. 144 20.4 Body volumes................................................................... 144 20.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 144

21.1

A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................145 21.2 Weights............................................................................. 146 21.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 146

22.1

A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................147 21.2 Weights............................................................................. 148 21.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 148

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling .........................................................149 122

C-model Diagrams

18.16 A25C Diagrams

40%

35%

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

5.0

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0

28%

A25C, loaded

30%

300

26%

1200

24%

400

22%

1500

Total resiistance Ground structure

0.0–0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Total resistance

20%

8%

6%

4%

2%

500

in ft

Distance in m

10%

12%

14%

18%

900

4.5

200 600

16%

100 300

4.0

0 0

123

100

200 900

300 1200

400

0

300

600

1500

500

in ft

Distance in m

1.0

0

26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 0.8 16%

30% 28%

35%

40%

1.0

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

0.5

0

A25C, unloaded

14% 12% 10% 0.6 8% 0.4 6% 0.0–0.2 2%-4%

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Time in min.

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Diagram Volvo A25C

124

Diagram Volvo A25C

150

50

1

300

100

2

450

3

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25C

Time in min.

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 0

150

4

600

5

200

6

LINE

RADIUS

in ft

Distance in ft

5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.

250

1 2 3 4 5 6

750

125

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0

0

Time in min.

31% – 17% – 31% 11% – 17% 8% – 11% 5% – 8% 0% – 5%

1L 2L/1H 3L/2H 4L/3H 5L/4H 5H

300

100

Loaded

Line

600

200

39% – 24% – 39% 17% – 24% 11% – 17% 0% – 11%

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

900

300 1200

400

A25C with retarder and exhaust brake

1500

500

in ft

Distance in m

5L/4H 5H

4L/3H

3L/2H

2L/1H

1L

Diagram Volvo A25C

126

Diagram Volvo A30C

18.16 A30C Diagrams

100

40%

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

3.0

80

35%

140

A30C, loaded

120

160

30%

180

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Total resiistance Ground structure

Total resistance

28%

26%

14%

12% 10%

8%

6%

200

in ft

Distance in m

0.0–0.4

4% 0.6 2%

0.8

18% 1.0 16%

20%

24%

60

2.5

40

600

22%

20

300

2.0

0 0

127

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0

0

Time in min.

20

40

60

80 300

100

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

120

140

A30C, unloaded

160

600

180

40% 1.0

0.6

0.8

200

in ft

Distance in m

0.0–0.2

8% 0.4 2%-6%

12% 10%

16% 14%

18%

20%

30% 28% 26% 24% 22%

35%

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A30C

128

Diagram Volvo A30C

150

50

1

300

100

2

450

3

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30C

Time in min.

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 0

150

4

600

5

200

6

LINE

1 2 3 4 5 6

750

Distance in ft

16 ft. 33 ft. 66 ft. 98 ft. 131 ft. 164 ft.

RADIUS

5m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m

250

in ft

129

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0

0

Time in min.

100

40

23% – 23% – 13% 13% – 9% 9% – 7% 7% – 5% 5% –

1 2 3 4 5 6

20

Loaded

Line

200

60

80

29% – 29% – 20% 20% – 15% 15% – 11% 11% –

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

300

100

400

120

140 500

A30C with retarder and exhaust brake

160

600

180

1

200

5 6

4

3

2

in ft

Distance in m

Diagram Volvo A30C

130

Diagram Volvo A35C

18.16 A35C Diagrams

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

A35C, loaded

Total resiistance Ground structure

Total resistance

Distance in m

in ft

131

0.2

Time in min.

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

A35C, unloaded

in ft

Distance in m

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A35C

132

Diagram Volvo A35C

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35C

Time in min.

LINE

RADIUS

Distance in ft

in ft

133

Time in min.

Line

Loaded

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

A35C with retarder and exhaust brake

in ft

Distance in m

Diagram Volvo A35C

134

Diagram Volvo A40

18.16 A40 Diagrams

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

Time in min.

A40, loaded

Total resiistance Ground structure

Total resistance

Distance in m

in ft

135

Time in min.

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo

A40, unloaded

in ft

Distance in m

Total resistance

Total resistance Ground structure

Diagram Volvo A40

136

Diagram Volvo A40

Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40

Time in min.

LINE

RADIUS

Distance in ft

in ft

137

Time in min.

Line

Loaded

Unloaded

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo

A40 with retarder and exhaust brake

in ft

Distance in m

Diagram Volvo A40

138

139

Special Vehicles 19.1

A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions B1

C

B

H

L

C1 a1

K

X2

E F A

G

I

140

Pos

A25D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 TC42

TC50

TC52

TC54

TC59

A

9 410

10 210

10 410

10 610

11 110

9 356

10 156

10 356

10 556

11 056

A1

4 420

5 220

5 420

5 620

6 120

4 420

5 220

5 420

5 620

6 120

B

4 520

5 320

5 520

5 720

6 220

4 520

5 320

5 520

5 720

6 220

B1 B2

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

C

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 381

3 381

3 381

3 381

3 381

C1

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 271

3 271

3 271

3 271

3 271

C2

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

D

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

E

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

F

4 175

4 975

5 175

5 375

5 875

4 175

4 975

5 175

5 375

5 875

G

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

H

410

450

455

465

475

410

450

455

465

475

I

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

J

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

K

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 353

1 353

1 353

1 353

1 353

L

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

M

365

365

365

365

365

315

315

315

315

315

N

7 980

9 110

9 390

9 670

10 360

7 995

9 125

9 405

9 685

10 375

N1

4 070

4 870

5 070

5 270

5 770

4 055

4 855

5 055

5 255

5 755

V

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

V1

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

V2

720

720

720

720

720

705

705

705

705

705

W

2 859

2 859

2 859

2 859

2 859

2 888

2 888

2 888

2 888

2 888

TC52

TC54

TC59

TC42

X2

659

659

659

659

659

705

705

705

705

705

a1 a3

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

Pos

A30D TC Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 TC42

141

A25D TC Unloaded machine with 650/65R25

TC50

TC50

TC52

TC54

TC59

A30D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 TC42

TC50

TC52

TC54

TC59

A

9 410

10 210

10 410

10 610

11 110

9 410

10 210

10 410

10 610

11 110

A1

4 420

5 220

5 420

5 620

6 120

4 420

5 220

5 420

5 620

6 120

B

4 520

5 320

5 520

5 720

6 220

4 520

5 320

5 520

5 720

6 220

B1 B2

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

C

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

3 428

C1

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

3 318

C2

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

1 768

D

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

2 764

E

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

1 210

F

4 175

4 975

5 175

5 375

5 875

4 175

4 975

5 175

5 375

5 875

G

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

1670

H

410

450

455

465

475

410

450

455

465

475

I

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

835

J

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

1 444

K

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

1 400

L

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

1 005

M

380

380

380

380

380

365

365

365

365

365

N

8 021

9 151

9 431

9 711

10 401

7 980

9 110

9 390

9 670

10 360

N1

4 029

4 829

5 029

5 229

5 729

4 070

4 870

5 070

5 270

5 770

V

2 216

2 216

2 216

2 216

2 216

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

2 258

V1

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

974

V2 W

615

615

615

615

615

720

720

720

720

720

2 941

2 941

22 941

2 941

2 941

2 859

2 859

2 859

2 859

2 859

X2

659

659

659

659

659

659

659

659

659

659

a1

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

23.5°

a3

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

45°

19.2 Weights 19.5 Ground pressure

Weights

Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.

Tires

At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

A25D TC42

A25D TC50

A25D TC52

A25D TC54

A25D TC59

A25D

23.5R25 650/65R25

23.5R25 650/65R25

23.5R25 650/65R25

23.5R25 650/65R25

23.5R25 650/65R25

23.5R25 650/65 R25

Operating weight unloaded Front

Tires Unloaded

11 800 kg

11 980 kg

12 020 kg

12 070 kg

12 170 kg

Front

123 kPa 48 kPa

Rear

5 540 kg

5 660 kg

5 690 kg

5 720 kg

5 800 kg

Rear

Total

17 340 kg

17 640 kg

17 710 kg

17 790 kg

17 970 kg

Loaded

28 220 kg

27 920 kg

27 850 kg

27 770 kg

27 590 kg

Front

144 kPa

Rear

159 kPa

Front

14 140 kg

14 140 kg

14 140 kg

14 140 kg

14 140 kg

Rear

31 420 kg

31 420 kg

31 420 kg

31 420 kg

31 420 kg

Total

45 560 kg

45 560 kg

45 560 kg

45 560 kg

45 560 kg

Payload incl. superstructure Total weight

Weights

Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.

Tires

At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

A30D TC42

A30D TC50

A30D TC52

A30D TC54

A30D TC59

750/65R25

750/65R25

750/65R25

750/65R25

750/65R25

Operating weight unloaded

A30D TC Tires

750/65R25

Unloaded

Front

12 020 kg

12 2000 kg

12 240 kg

12 290 kg

12 390 kg

Front

101 kPa

Rear

5 980 kg

6 100 kg

6 130 kg

6 1600 kg

6 240 kg

Rear

43 kPa

Total

18 000 kg

18 300kg

18 370 kg

18 4500 kg

18 630 kg

Loaded

32 5300 kg

32 230 kg

32 160 kg

32 080 kg

31 900 kg

Front

121 kPa

Rear

121 kPa

Payload incl. superstructure Total weight Front

14 990 kg

14 990 kg

14 990 kg

14 990 kg

14 990 kg

Rear

36 070kg

36 070kg

36 070kg

36 070kg

36 070kg

Total

51 060 kg

51 060 kgg

51 060 kg

51 060 kg

51 060 kg

Optional 23.5R25 tires, reduces weight /axle with 220 kg and increases payload with 660 kg.

142

20.1 Pos

A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions Metric (mm) A25D

A30D

Imperial (Feet) A25D

A30D

A

10 220

10 297

33'6''

33'9''

A1

4 954

4 954

16'3''

16'3''

A2

5 764

6 002

18'11''

19'8''

B

5 152

5 339

16'11''

17'6''

C

3 428

3 428

11'3''

11'3''

C1

3 318

3 318

10'11''

10'11''

C2

1 768

1 768

5'10''

5'10''

C3

3 760

3 834

12'4''

12'7''

D

2 764

2 764

9'1''

9'1''

E

1 210

1 210

3'12''

3'12''

F

4 175

4 175

13'8''

13'8''

G

1 670

1 670

5'6''

5'6''

H

1 610

1 688

5'3''

5'6''

I

608

608

1'12''

1'12'' 9'4''

J

2 778

2 856

9'1''

K

2 102

2 181

6'11''

7'2''

L

677

686

2'3''

2'3''

M

6 559

6 592

21'6''

21'8''

N

8 105

8 105

26'7''

26'7''

N1

4 079

4 037

13'5''

13'3''

O

2 700

2 900

8'10''

9'6''

P

2 490

2 706

8'2''

8'11'' 1'8''

R

512

513

1'8''

R1 U

634

635

2'1''

2'1''

3 257

3 310

10'8''

10'10'' 7'3''

V

2 258

2 216

7'5''

V*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5''

W

2 859

2 941

9'5''

9'8''

W*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

X

456

456

1'6''

1'6''

X1

581

582

1'11''

1'11''

X2

659

659

2'2''

2'2''

Y

2 258

2 216

7'5''

7'3''

Y*

-----

2 258

-----

7'5''

Z

2 859

2 941

9'5''

9'85''

Z*

-----

2 859

-----

9'5''

a1

23,5°

23,5°

-----

-----

a2 a3

74°

70°

-----

-----

45°

45°

-----

-----

A25D: Unloaded machine with 23,5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23,5R25 tires

143

20.2 Weights 20.4 Body volumes 20.5 Ground pressure Weights

Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.

At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

Tires

A25D

A30D

23.5R25

750/65R25

Operating weight unloaded

A25D Tires

23.5R25

Load Capacity A30D

750/65R25

A25D

A30D

23.5R25

Unloaded

Std. Body

Front

12 160 kg

12 500 kg

Front

123 kPa

101 kPa

127 kPa

Rear

9 400 kg

10 560 kg

Rear

48 kPa

43 kPa

54 kPa

Total

21 560 kg

23 060 kg

Loaded

Payload

24 000 kg

28 000 kg

Total weight

Body volume according to SAE 2:1.

Front

144 kPa

121 kPa

152 kPa

Rear

159 kPa

146 kPa

183 kPa

24 000 kg

28 000 kg

Body, struck

Load capacity

11,7 m3

13,6 m3

Body, heaped

15,0 m3

17,5 m 3

Body, struck

12,0 m3

13,8 m3

Body, heaped

15,3 m3

18,0 m3

With underhung tailgate

Front

14 140 kg

14 990 kg

Rear

31 420 kg

36 070 kg

With overhung tailgate

Total

45 560 kg

51 060 kg

Body, struck

12,1 m3

14,0 m3

Body, heaped

15,6 m3

18,1 m3

With over and under hung tailgate Body, struck Body, heaped

12,1 m3

--

3

--

15,6 m

144

21.1 Pos

A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions Metric (mm)

Imperial (feet)

A25D

A25D

A

11 153

36'7''

B

6 058

19'11''

C

3 428

11'3''

C*

3 373

11'1''

C1

3 318

10'11''

C1*

3 263

10'8''

C2

1 768

5'10''

D

2 764

9'1''

E

1 210

3'12''

F

4 975

16'4''

G

1 670

5'6''

H

1 744

5'9''

K

1 790

5'10''

K*

1 684

5'6''

L

578

1'11''

L*

510

1'8''

M

6 594

21'8''

M*

6 429

21'1''

N

9 110

29'11''

N1

4 870

16'0''

O

2 566

8'5''

V

2 258

7'5''

W

2 859

9'5''

X

456

1'6''

X*

412

1'4''

X1

581

1'11''

X1*

537

1'9''

X2

659

2'2''

X2*

615

2'0''

Y

2 258

7'5''

Z

2 859

9'5''

a1

23,5°

23.5°

a2 a2 *

60°

60°

57,5°

57.5°

45°

45°

a3

M B a2

C C 1

K

a1

X2 E

D

F

G

O

X1

X

V W

Y Z

N

N1

Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 * Low version with 650/65R25

a3

A

145

L

H

21.2 Weights 21.5 Ground pressure Weights

Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.

At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

A25D Tires

23.5R25

Operating weight unloaded

Load Capacity

Tires

A25D

23.5R25

Unloaded

ISO Container 20ft

Front

12 160 kg

Front

123 kPa

Rear

9 400 kg

Rear

48 kPa

Total

21 560 kg

Loaded

Payload

24 000 kg

Total weight Front

14 140 kg

Rear

31 420 kg

Total

45 560 kg

* Total weight including container.

A25D

Front

144 kPa

Rear

159 kPa

Load capacity*

24 000 kg

146

22.1

A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions

Pos

Metric (mm)

Imperial (feet)

A

11 167

36'6''

A2

6 224

20'4''

B

5 527

16'9''

C

3 681

12'1''

C1

3 560

11'7''

C2

1 768

5'8''

D

3 101

10'2''

E

1 276

4'2''

F

4 501

14'8''

G

1 820

6'0''

H

1 757

5'8''

I

728

2'39''

K

2 302

7'6''

L

915

3'0''

M

7 242

23'8''

N

8 720

28'6''

N1

4 397

14'4''

O

3 103

10'2''

R

584

1'92''

R1

670

2'2''

V

2 515

8'3''

V*

2 625

8'6''

W

3 208

10'5''

W*

3 410

11'2''

X

572

1'88''

X1

606

1'99''

X2

720

2'36''

Y

2 515

8'3''

Y*

2 625

7'4''

Z

3 208

10'5''

Z*

3 410

11'2''

a1 a2

23°

23°

49°

49°

a3

45°

45°

B

C C 1 K a1

L

X2

E F

D

G

C2

X1

O

R1

X

Y Z

R

V W

N

A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires

N1 a3

A2 A

147

M

I

H

21.2 Weights 21.5 Ground pressure

Weights

Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.

A35D Tires

Load Capacity

At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

26.5R25*

Operating weight unloaded

A35D Tires

26.5R25

A35D 775/65R29

Unloaded

ISO Container 20 ft

Front

15 120 kg

Front

128 kPa

107 kPa

Rear

10 830 kg

Rear

46kPa

38 kPa

Total

25 950 kg

Loaded

Payload

32 500 kg

Front

139kPa

116 kPa

Rear

178 kPa

148 kPa

Total weight Front

16 440 kg

Rear

42 000 kg

Total

58 400 kg

Load capacity

32 500 kg

*) A35D with tires 775/65R29, add 200 kg /axle.

148

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling

149

150

151

Under our policy of continuous product development and improvement, we reserve the right to change specifications and design without prior notice. The illustrations do not necessarily show the standard version of the machine.

Ref. No. 21 3 669 5024 Printed in Växjö 2003.03