Hkluk` id` npdrkinr
;- 7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Srdbkefn ED
Dstd flstruhdltn ds enlbnrhd enl `ks ifspnsfefnlds id `k Ifrdetfvk TD rd`ktfvk k prniuetns sklftkrfns pkrk d` ifkjlõstfen fl vftrn (6=/:6/ED) id` Skr`khdltn Durnpdn y d` Enlsdan id` 7: id netugrd id ;66=. @ns enltdlfins id dstd hkluk`, enl tniks `ks bfjurks, tkg`ks y jrëbfens snl prnpfdiki fltd`detuk` id Rftk` Uefdltfbfe. Dl kusdlefk id kutnrfzkefõl, qudik dstrfetkhdltd prnmfgfik `k enpfk n `k ifvu`jkefõl enhdrefk` n ln enhdrefk` id `ns enltdlfins y d` usn id dstd hkluk` (dl pkrtd n dl su tntk`fiki), k hdlns qud d` diftnr ntnrjud pnr dserftn su pdrhfsn pkrk d``n. Dstd hkluk` mk sfin dserftn y d`kgnrkin enl d` hëxfhn eufikin. Ln ngstkltd, ln pudid dxe`ufrsd pnr enhp`dtn `k dxfstdlefk id drrnrds. drrnr ds. Rftk` Uefdltfbfe ln kedptk lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr flefidltds id euk`qufdr tfpn qud pudikl prniuefrsd idgfin k drrnrds dl d` hkluk`. Ynins `ns lnhgrds id prniuetns prn iuetns hdlefnlkins dl dstd hkluk` hkl uk` snl hkreks rdjfstrkiks. D` hkluk` idserfgd d` sfstdhk id` klk`fzkinr Ud`detrk ]@ y `k vdrsfõl id snbtwkrd 7.3. D` Ud`detrk ]@ mk sfin enledgfin, bkgrfekin y enhprngkin id keudrin enl `k ide`krkefõl id enlbnrhfiki. Dstk ide`krkefõl sd prnpnrefnlk enl ekik ifspnsftfvn dl ul ineuhdltn flidpdlifdltd. Ln iuid dl pnldrsd dl enltketn enl d` sdrvfefn id snpnrtd tæelfen sf ldedsftk ksdsnrkhfdltn n dl eksn id iuiks.
Bkgrfekltd1 Rftk` Uefdltfbfe L.R. SN gnx ;33 L@ 2643 KE Ifdrdl Mn`klik Yd`æbnln1 +5; 5;5 953 433 Yd`dbkx1 +5; 5;5 97: =3: Enrrdn d`detrõlfen1 flbnCvftk`.enh Fltdrldt1 www.vftk`sefdltfbfe.enh www.vftk`sefdltfbfe.enh
L± krtèeu`n1 2337-233-9;7 Lñhdrn id vdrsfõl1 3.5 Bdemk1 Ifefdhgrd id 7334
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
f-ff
f- fff
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enltdlts
;. ;.;
;. ;.7 7
;.5
;.9
;.4 ;.4
7.
SWDE SWDEKT KTEF EFNL NLDU DU ID ID UDJT UDJTWF WFIK IKI I V SD@F SD@FJW JWNU NU SNY SNYDL DLEF EFK@ K@DU DU Jdldrk` ...................................................................................................................................................................;-7 ;.;.; Uupudstns Uupudstns gësfens gësfens pkrk d` klë`fsfs klë`fsfs id rfdsjns rfdsjns ........... ................. ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............;-7 ......;-7 ;.;.7 Bnrhkefõl id` npdrkinr .................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................;-5 ............................................................;-5 ;.;.5 Bnrhkefõl id` tæelfen id sdrvfefn...............................................................................................................;-5 Id Idse serf rfpe pefõ fõl l id `n `ns s sèh sèhgn`n gn`ns s ...................................................................................................................................;-9 ;.7.; Uèhgn`ns id` flstruhdltn............................................................................................................................;-9 flstruhdltn............................................................................................................................;-9 ;.7.7 Uèhgn`ns dl d` hkluk`.................................................................................. hkluk`................................................................................................................................;-9 ..............................................;-9 Wfdsjns ..................................................................................................................................................................;-4 ;.5.; Sd`fjrns d`æetrfens .............................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................;-4 .........................................................;-4 ;.5.7 Sd`fjrns hdeëlfens .....................................................................................................................................;-4 .....................................................................................................................................;-4 ;.5.5 Grkzns id hudstrks y rdketfvns ..................................................................................................................;-4 ..................................................................................................................;-4 ;.5.9 @ëhpkrk..................................................................................................... @ëhpkrk ......................................................................................................................................................;-4 .................................................;-4 ;.5.4 Sd`fjrns quèhfens........................................................................................................................................;-4 ;.5.2 Sd`fjrn gfn`õjfen........................................................................... gfn`õjfen. .........................................................................................................................................;-2 ...............................................................;-2 Flstk`kefõl ..............................................................................................................................................................;-: ;.9.; Enldxfnlds dxtdrlks ..................................................................................................................................;-: ..................................................................................................................................;-: ;.9.7 Hkltdlfhfdltn............................................................................................... Hkltdlfhfdltn.............................................................................................................................................;-: ..............................................;-: ;.9.5 Flstruhdlt Flstruhdltn n ln utf`fzkin utf`fzkin iurkltd iurkltd `krjn tfdhpn............. tfdhpn................... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........;-: ..;-: ;.9.9 @èqufin id rdbrfjdrkefõl ..................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................;-: .........................................................;-: Ts Tsn n id hktd hktdrf rfk`d k`ds s en enl l d` klk` klk`fz fzki kinr nr ......................................................................................................................;-= ;.4.; Dspdeèhdlds ..............................................................................................................................................;-= ..............................................................................................................................................;-= ;.4.7 Wdketfvns y ek`fgrkinrds ......................................................................... .............................................................................................................................;-= ....................................................;-= ;.4.5 Enltrn`ds..................................................................................................................................................... Enltrn`ds.....................................................................................................................................................;-= ;-= ;.4.9 Wdsu`tkins klk`ètfens ......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................;-= .........................................;-=
7.5 7.5 7. 7.9 9
FLYWNITEEFÕL D` sf sfstdhk ...............................................................................................................................................................7-7 7.;.; Tsn prdvfstn ...............................................................................................................................................7-7 ...............................................................................................................................................7-7 7.;.7 Srdsdltkefõl id` sfstdhk .............................................................................. ............................................................................................................................7-7 ..............................................7-7 7.;.5 Enltrn` hdifkltd nridlkinr ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................7-5 7-5 Hõiu`ns ..................................................................................................................................................................7-9 7.7.; Jdldrk` .......................................................................................................................................................7-9 .......................................................................................................................................................7-9 7.7.7 Wntnrds................................................................................................. Wntnrds........................................................................................................................................................7-9 .......................................................7-9 7.7.5 Ufstdhk id pfpdtks .....................................................................................................................................7-4 .....................................................................................................................................7-4 Tlf lfik iki i id rdbr rdbrfj fjdr drke kefõ fõl l ..........................................................................................................................................7-: @d @det etnr nr i id d eõif eõifjn jns s id gkrr gkrrks ks fflt ltdr drln ln .......................................................................................................................7-=
7.4 7.4 7.2
@det detnr id eõif ifj jns id gkr gkrrk rks s ...................................................................................................................................7-6 Flstk`kefõl ............................................................................................................................................................7-;3
7.;
7.7
7. 7.: :
7.=
7.2.; Wdqufsftns id flstk`kefõl .............................................. .........................................................................................................................7-;3 ...........................................................................7-;3 7.2.7 Yrks`kin id` klk`fzkinr .................................................................. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................... ..7-;3 7-;3 Ik Iktn tns s tæe tæelf lfen ens syi id d rd rdli lifh fhfd fdlt ltn n .........................................................................................................................7-;; 7.:.; Wdlifhfdltn .............................................................................................................................................7-;; .............................................................................................................................................7-;; 7.:.7 Ufstdhk id hudstrks ................................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................7-;; ..............................7-;; 7.:.5 Ufstdhk id rdketfvns ................................................................................................................................7-;; ................................................................................................................................7-;; 7.:.9 Dstkefõl id hdifefõl .................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................. ..7-;7 7-;7 7.:.4 Wdqufsftns hèlfhns id` SE ............................................................................. ......................................................................................................................7-;7 .........................................7-;7 7.:.2 Tlfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl............................................................................................................................. rdbrfjdrkefõl.............................................................................................................................7-;5 7-;5 7.:.: @detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln ......................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................7-;5 7-;5 7.:.= Dxketftui y prdefsfõl ................................................................................................................................7-;9 ................................................................................................................................7-;9 Ikt Iktns ns tæelf tæelfens ens i id` d` klk`fz klk`fzkin kinrr (sf (sfl l ulfi ulfiki ki id rd rdbrf brfjdr jdrke kefõl fõl u nr nridl idlkin kinr) r) ...........................................................7-;4 7.=.; Ifhdlsfnlds y pdsn .................................................................................................................................7-;4 .................................................................................................................................7-;4 7.=.7 Wdqufsftns dldrjætfens ........................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... ..................................................... ..7-;4 7-;4 7.=.5 Wdqufsftns khgfdltk`ds ....................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..................................................... ..7-;4 7-;4 7.=.9 Kutnrfzkefnlds ..........................................................................................................................................7-;4 ..........................................................................................................................................7-;4
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
f- f
5. 5.; 5.;
5.7 5.7
ENLE ENLEDS DSYN YNU U GËUF GËUFEN ENU U ID@ ID@ HKLD HKLDAN AN ID@ ID@ UF UFUY UYDH DHK K Srd rdp pkrke krkefõ fõl li id` d` trk rkgk gkan an ..........................................................................................................................................5-7 5.;.; Tsn id` hkluk` ...........................................................................................................................................5-7 ...........................................................................................................................................5-7 5.;.7 Skrtds id `k pkltk``k ...................................................................................................................................5-7 ...................................................................................................................................5-7 5.;.5 Yde`ks..........................................................................................................................................................5-5 Yde`ks..........................................................................................................................................................5-5 5.;.9 Skrkik id dhdrjdlefk ...............................................................................................................................5-5 ...............................................................................................................................5-5 5.;.4 Hdlskads ....................................................................................................................................................5-9 ....................................................................................................................................................5-9 Su Suds dstk tk d dl l hk hkre remk mk id` id` k klk lk`f `fzk zkin inrr pn pnrr pr prfh fhdr drk k vd vdz z ..................................................................................................5-4 ................................................................................................5-4 5.7.; 5.7.7 5.7.5 5.7.9 5.7.4 5.7.2 5.7.:
5.5
Srdpkrkefõl id` klk`fzkinr ......................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................5-4 5-4 Sudstk dl hkremk id` klk`fzkinr.................................................................................................... klk`fzkinr................................................................................................................ ............5-2 5-2 Idbflfefõl id enltrksdûks ..........................................................................................................................5-2 ..........................................................................................................................5-2 @`dlkr/vkefkr d` `èqufin id` sfstdhk ............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................5-: 5-: Idbflfefõl id `ns pkrëhdtrns id` sfstdhk ..................................................................................................5-= Enlbfjurkefõl id` hnin id prnedskhfdltn .................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..........5-;3 5-;3 Ekrjk id eugf`dtds eugf`dtds id hudstrks hudstrks pdifëtrfeks pdifëtrfeks..... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ......... ........... ........ 5-;; @fst fstk i id d en enhprngkefõl fõl .........................................................................................................................................5-;5 5.5.; @fstk id enhprngkefõl pkrk d` bulefnlkhfdltn rutflkrfn ..........................................................................5-;5
9.
WTYFLK GËUFEK
9.; 9.7
Flt Fltrni rniuee ueefõl fõl pkrk pkrk fltrni fltrniuef uefrr flbnrh flbnrhkef kefõl õl sn sngrd grd pk pkefd efdltd ltds s y ekrjkr ekrjkr pr prudg udgks ks ..........................................................9-7 Flt Fltrni rniue ueefõ efõl l id ``ns ns i iktn ktns s id `k `k hu hudst dstrk rk y s sn`f n`feft eftuid uids s id p prud rudgk gk ..........................................................................9-5
9.7.; 9.7.7 9.7.5 9.7.9 9.7.4 9.7.2 9.7.: 9.7.= 9.7.6 9.7.;3 9.7.;; 9.7.;7 9.7.;5 9.7.;9 9.7.;4 9.7.;2 9.7.;: 9.5
Srdpkrkefõl id hudstrk, vn`uhdl hudrtn y sngrdkspfrkefõl ....................................................................9-5 ....................................................................9-5 Hdlñ Wdqudst Ukhp`ds ............................................................................... .............................................................................................................................9-5 ..............................................9-5 Skrëhdtrns id` hdlñ Wdqudst Ukhp`ds ...................................................................................................9-9 Yde`ks id Wdqudst Ukhp`ds ................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................... ......................9-4 9-4 Un`feftui Un`feftui hkluk` id hudstrks (pkefdltd) (pkefdltd) y ksfjlk ksfjlkefõl efõl id prudgks prudgks ............ .................. ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ............9-2 ......9-2 Un`feftui Un`feftui id hudstrks hudstrks (pkefdltd) (pkefdltd) y ksfjlkefõl ksfjlkefõl id prudgks prudgks enl d` `detnr id eõifjns eõifjns id gkrrks ......... ............... ........9-: ..9-: Un`feftui Un`feftui id hñ`tfp`ds hñ`tfp`ds hudstrks hudstrks (pkefdltd) (pkefdltd) enl `k hfshk hfshk sd`deefõl sd`deefõl id prudgks ........... ................ ........... ........... ........... ............9-: ......9-: Un`feftui id ulk hudstrk id pkefdltd k trkvæs id ul pdrbf` prdidbflfin .....................................................9-: .....................................................9-: Un`feftui Un`feftui id hñ`tfp`ds hudstrks hudstrks id pkefdltd utf`fzklin utf`fzklin d` hfshn pdrbf` prdidbflf prdidbflfin in ...... ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ....... 9-= Un`feftui id hudstrk UYKY UYKY (pkefdltd) k trkvæs id` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks ........................................9-= Un`feftui id ulk hudstrk pdifëtrfek ...........................................................................................................9-= Un`feftui id ulk prudgk id enltrn`.............................................................................................................. enltrn`..............................................................................................................9-6 9-6 Un`feftui id ulk prudgk id ek`fgrkefõl .......................................................................... .....................................................................................................9-;3 ...........................9-;3 Un`feftui id g`klen g`klen id` rdketfvn id ulk prudgk ...................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ..9-;3 9-;3 Rfsuk`fzkefõl y difefõl id ulk sn`feftui jukrikik....................................................................................9-;3 jukrikik.................................................................................... 9-;3 Gnrrkin id ulk sn`feftui ................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................... ..........................9-;3 9-;3 Fhprdsfõl id ulk `fstk id trkgkan ............................................................ ..............................................................................................................9-;; ..................................................9-;; Ekr Ekrjk jk id` rntnr rntnr id hudstr hudstrks ks d fflfe lfefn fn id `ks prudgk prudgks s ...........................................................................................9-;7
9.5.; 9.5.7 9.5.5 9.5.9 9.5.4 9.5.2 9.5.: 9.5.= 9.5.6 9.5.;3 9.5.;;
9.4 9.4
Hdlñ Ukhp`d Mkli`flj ............................................................................................................................9-;7 ............................................................................................................................9-;7 Snsfefnlds Snsfefnlds id` rntnr id hudstrks hudstrks y eõifjns eõifjns id en`nrds en`nrds ........... ................. ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ........ 9-;7 Yde`ks Yde`ks ifspnlfg`ds ifspnlfg`ds dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Ukhp`d Mkli`flj Mkli`flj ............ ................. ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ...........9-;9 ......9-;9 Ekrjk id ul g`klen id rdketfvn ........................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................ ..... 9-;4 Ekrjk id ul ek`fgrkinr..............................................................................................................................9-;2 ek`fgrkinr..............................................................................................................................9-;2 Ekrjk id ul enltrn`...................................................................................................................................9-;2 enltrn`...................................................................................................................................9-;2 Ekrjk id ulk hudstrk id pkefdltd.............................................................................................. pkefdltd........................................................................................................... .............9-;: 9-;: Ekrjk Ekrjk id hudstrks hudstrks enl ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks ........... ................. ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......9-;: ..9-;: Ekrjk id hudstrks enl d` rktõl............................................................................................. rktõl................................................................................................................ ...................9-;= 9-;= Ekrjkr hudstrks iurkltd ul efe`n id hudstrks.......................................................... hudstrks ........................................................................................9-;= ..............................9-;= Idsekrjkr hudstrks hudstrks iurkltd ul efe`n id hudstrks................................................................................... hudstrks...................................................................................9-;= 9-;= Hdlñ W Wd dkjdlt Fl Flbn ...............................................................................................................................................9-73 9.9.; Skrëhdtrns Skrëhdtrns id` hdlñ Wdkjdlt Wdkjdlt Flbn ............ ................. ........... ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ..........9-73 ....9-73 9.9.7 Yde`ks Yde`ks ifspnlfg`ds ifspnlfg`ds dl d` hdlñ Wdkjdlt Wdkjdlt Flbn ........... ................. ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... .......... ........... .......9-73 .9-73 9.9.5 Enhprngkefõl id` flvdltkrfn id rdketfvns ................................................................................................9-7; ................................................................................................9-7; 9.9.9 Wd``dln id ul sn`n rdketfvn.......................................................................................................................9-7; 9.9.4 Wd``dln id tnins `ns rdketfvns ............................................................................................ .................................................................................................................. ......................9-7; 9-7; 9.9.2 Wdketfvn flsubfefdltd .................................................................................................................................9-77 .................................................................................................................................9-77 9.9.: Hnin id enltkinr enltkinr y hnin lnrhk` ........... ................. ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ......... ......... ........... ..........9-75 ....9-75 Fl Flfe fefn fn y p pkr krki kik k id id ul ul efe efe`n `n id prud prudgk gks s .................................................................................................................9-79
f- ff
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9.9
9.2 9.2
9.4.; Flfefn id` efe`n id klë`fsfs.......................................................... klë`fsfs ..........................................................................................................................9-79 ................................................................9-79 9.4.7 Idsekrjk Idsekrjk id `ks hudstrks hudstrks ............ ................. ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ............ ........ 9-79 En Enhp hprn rngk gkef efõl õl y v vk`f k`fik ikef efõl õl i id d `n `ns s rd rdsu su`t `tki kins ns ......................................................................................................9-74 9.2.; Hdlñ Dvk`uktd Ukhp`ds .................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................................9-74 .........................................9-74 9.2.7 Rk`fikefõl id ul rdsu`tkin........................................................................................................................9-74 9.2.5 Idtk``ds Idtk``ds pdrsnlk`ds y id dstkin id `k hudstrk hudstrk ............ ................. ........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... ........... ........9-72 ..9-72 9.2.9 Ekhpns Ekhpns id vfsuk`fzkefõ vfsuk`fzkefõl l id `k prudgk prudgk (`fstk (`fstk id hudstrks)....... hudstrks)............. ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... .......9-72 ..9-72 9.2.4 Ekhpns Ekhpns id vfsuk`fzkefõl vfsuk`fzkefõl dl `k pkrtd idrdemk idrdemk id `k pkltk``k pkltk``k (`fstk id hudstrks) hudstrks) ........... ................ ........... ............ ........... .........9-7: ....9-7: 9.2.2 9.2.: 9.2.= 9.2.6 9.2.;3 9.2.;; 9.2.;7 9.2.;5 9.2.;9 9.2.;4
Yde`ks Yde`ks id Dvk`uktd Dvk`uktd Ukhp`ds Ukhp`ds (`fstk id hudstrks).......... hudstrks)............... ........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... ........... ........9-7: ..9-7: Dvk`ukr hudstrks id` ifsen ................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................9-7= ....................................9-7= Yde`ks Yde`ks id` hdlñ Dvk`uktd Ukhp`ds Ukhp`ds (Wdsu`t (Wdsu`t Idtkf`s) Idtkf`s) ........... ................. ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ .......9-7= .9-7= Idtk``ds id `ns rdsu`tkins1 ..................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ..9-76 9-76 Skltk``k id flbnrhkefõl flbnrhkefõl pkrk g`klen/ek`fgrkefõl.......................................................................................9-5; g`klen/ek`fgrkefõl.......................................................................................9-5; Idtk``ds id rdsu`tkins pkrk prudgks eflætfeks id ins rdketfvns ........................................................... .............................................................. ...9-55 9-55 Idtk``ds id rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk ulk prudgk id pultn bflk` enl ul g`klen id` rdketfvn.................................. 9-59 Idtk``ds id rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk ulk prudgk id ins pultns............................................................... pultns............................................................................ .............9-54 9-54 Idtk``ds id rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk ulk hdifefõl enl ulk enhprngkefõl id `k prnznlk....................................9-52 Fhprdsfõl kutnhëtfek id rdsu`tkins .........................................................................................................9-5: .........................................................................................................9-5:
4.
WTYFLK KH KHS@FKIK
4. 4.; ;
Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkef efõl õl id `ns `ns e enl nltr trn` n`ds ds ..............................................................................................................................4-7
4.;.; 4.;.7 4.;.5 4.;.9 4.;.4 4.;.2 4.;.: 4.;.= 4. 4.7 7
4.5
Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl.................................................................................................................................................4-7 ....................................................4-7 Srnjrkhkefõl id ul enltrn` ........................................................................................................................4-7 ........................................................................................................................4-7 Skrëhdtrns id Srnjrkh Enltrn`s ..............................................................................................................4-7 ..............................................................................................................4-7 Srnjrkhkefõl id `ks tde`ks id bulefõl pkrk enltrn`ds ..............................................................................4-5 ..............................................................................4-5 Fltrniueefõ Fltrniueefõl l id ul enltrn` enltrn` y ksfjlkefõl id` enltrn` enltrn` k ulk sdrfd id prudgks. prudgks. ........... ................. ........... ........... ............ ........... ...........4-9 ......4-9 Gnrrkr Gnrrkr `k ksfjlkefõl ksfjlkefõl dltrd ul enltrn` enltrn` y ulk prudgk ............ .................. ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ .......... .......... ..........4-9 ....4-9 Ekhgfn Ekhgfn n d`fhflkefõl d`fhflkefõl id ul enltrn` (pnr (pnr dadhp`n, dadhp`n, euklin mk ekhgfkin ekhgfkin d` lñhdrn id `ntd)....... `ntd)............ ........... ..........4-9 ....4-9 Wdj`ks id Zdstjkri .......................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................4-4 .........................................4-4 Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkef efõl õl i id d `n `ns s ek ek`f `fgr grki kinr nrds ds .........................................................................................................................4-2 4.7.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl.................................................................................................................................................4-2 ....................................................4-2 4.7.7 Ek`fgrkinrds................................................................................................................................................ Ek`fgrkinrds................................................................................................................................................4-2 4-2 4.7.5 Srnjrkhkefõl id ul ek`fgrkinr ...................................................................................................................4-: ...................................................................................................................4-: 4.7.9 Srnjrkhkr `ns pkrëhdtrns id` ek`fgrkinr ...................................................................................................4-= ...................................................................................................4-= 4.7.4 Yde`ks id bulefõl id Srnjrkh Ek`fgrktnr ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................4-= 4-= Ydst Sr Srnjrkhhflj ...................................................................................................................................................4-6 .................................................................................................................................................4-6 4.5.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl.................................................................................................................................................4-6 ....................................................4-6 4.5.7 Srnjrkhkefõl id ulk prudgk ...................................................................................................................4-;3 ...................................................................................................................4-;3 4.5.5 Hnifbfekr ulk prudgk dxfstdltd ................................................................................................................4-;3 ................................................................................................................4-;3 4.5.9 4.5.4 4.5.2 4.5.: 4.5.= 4.5.6 4.5.;3
4.9
4. 4.4 4
Skrëhdtrns id Ydst prnjrkhhflj ............... .............................................................................................. ............................................................................................ .............4-;; 4-;; Skrëhdtrns id Iuk` hnid y Hnln hnid ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ..........4-;4 4-;4 Skrëhdtrns id Srnjrkh Ydst Ek`fgrktnr ...................................................... ..................................................................................................4-77 ............................................4-77 Yde`ks id bulefõl id Srnjrkh Ek`fgrktnr ................................................................................................. .................................................................................................4-74 4-74 K`jnrfthns pkrk `ks eurvks id ek`fgrkefõl............................................................................................... ek`fgrkefõl................................................................................................. ..4-74 4-74 Kedptkr pkrëhdtrns id `k eurvk id ek`fgrkefõl.........................................................................................4-7= Enhprngkefõl id `k kgsnrgklefk pkrk pkrk prudgks ek`fgrkiks.................................................................... ek`fgrkiks ...................................................................... .. 4-76 Enltrn` id id ek ek`fiki ................................................................................................................................................4-53 4.9.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-53 ..................................................4-53 4.9.7 Enhdlzkr d` enltrn` id ek`fiki............................................................................................ ek`fiki................................................................................................................. .....................4-53 4-53 4.9.5 Skrëhdtrns id [uk`fty Enltrn` .................................................................................................................4-53 .................................................................................................................4-53 4.9.9 Yde`ks Yde`ks id bulefõl bulefõl pkrk d` enltrn` enltrn` id `k ek`fiki ek`fiki ............ ................. ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... .........4-53 ...4-53 4.9.4 Wdprdsdltk Wdprdsdltkefõl efõl jrëbfek jrëbfek id` enltrn` enltrn` id ek`fiki ek`fiki ............ .................. ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ .......... .......... ..........4-5; ....4-5; 4.9.2 Ekhpns Ekhpns vfsfg`ds dl `ns hnins jrëbfen y tkg`k (`kin fzqufdrin) fzqufdrin) ........... ................. ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ .......... .......4-5; ...4-5; 4.9.: Idserfpefõl Idserfpefõl id `ks pkltk``k pkltk``k jrëbfek jrëbfek ........... ................ .......... ........... ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ............ ........ 4-57 4.9.= Idserfpefõl id` Ykg`d Hnid...................................................................................................................... Hnid......................................................................................................................4-57 4-57 Fl Flen enhp hpkt ktfg fgf` f`fi fiki ki id `k euvd euvdtk tk ...............................................................................................................................4-55 4.4.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-55 ..................................................4-55 4.4.7 Flfefn id flenhpktfgf flenhpktfgf`fiki `fiki id kjuaks y eugdtks eugdtks...... ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ .......... .......... ..........4-55 ....4-55 4.4.5 Skrëhdtrns id flenhpktfgf`fiki................................................................................................................4-55
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
f-fff
4.2
4. 4.: :
4.= 4.=
4.6 4.6
4.;3 4.;3
4.4.9 Flenhpktfgf`fiki id `ks tde`ks id bulefõl.................................................................................................. bulefõl..................................................................................................4-59 4-59 4.4.4 Idbflfefõl id prudgks enhpktfg`ds. ..........................................................................................................4-59 ..........................................................................................................4-59 4.4.2 Idbflfefõl id prudgks enhpktfg`ds. ..........................................................................................................4-54 ..........................................................................................................4-54 Sdrbf`ds .................................................................................................................................................................4-5: 4.2.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-5: ..................................................4-5: 4.2.7 Srnjrkhkefõl id pdrbf`ds ....................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ..4-5: 4-5: 4.2.5 Yde`ks id bulefõl bulefõl id` pdrbf` ........... ................ ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......4-5= ..4-5= En En`n `nek ekef efõl õl id `n `ns s rdke rdketf tfvn vns s ..................................................................................................................................4-56 4.:.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-56 ..................................................4-56 4.:.7 Srnjrkhkefõl Srnjrkhkefõl id SNUFEFÕL SNUFEFÕL ID WDKEYFRN WDKEYFRNU U ...... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ......... ...... 4-93 4.:.5 Yde`ks Yde`ks id bulefõl bulefõl id pnsfefnlds pnsfefnlds id `ns rdketfvns.......... rdketfvns................ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ...........4-93 ......4-93 Wdsu` dsu`tk tki ins ek`e `eu` u`ki kins ns ........................................................................................................................................4-97 4.=.; Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-97 ..................................................4-97 4.=.7 Srnjrkhkefõl id `ns rdsu`tkins ek`eu`kins.............................................................................................. ek`eu`kins..............................................................................................4-97 4-97 4.=.5 Skrëhdtrns Skrëhdtrns id `ns rdsu`tkins rdsu`tkins ek`eu`kins ek`eu`kins ........... ................. ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... ........... ........4-95 ..4-95 4.=.9 Yde`ks id bulefõl id `ns rdsu`tkins ek`eu`kins........................................................................................4-99 ek`eu`kins........................................................................................ 4-99 Hd Hdls lska kads ds y s sdû dûk` k`fz fzke kefõ fõl li id d ``ks ks prud prudgk gks s ..............................................................................................................4-94 4.6.; Fltrniueefõl........................................................................................................... Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-94 ....................................4-94 4.6.7 Yde`ks Yde`ks id bulefõl pkrk `ns hdlskads id `ks prudgks ........... ................. ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... ..........4-94 .....4-94 4.6.5 Udûk`fzkefnlds id `ks prudgks ................................................................................................................4-92 ................................................................................................................4-92 En Enlb lbfj fjur urke kefõ fõl l id ul flb flbnr nrhd hd ................................................................................................................................4-96 4.;3.; Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-96 Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................4-96 4.;3.7 Udjhdltns id enlbfjurkefõl enlbfjurkefõl id` flbnrhd.................................................................................................. flbnrhd..................................................................................................4-96 4-96 4.;3.5 Idbflfr `k enlbfjurkefõl id ul flbnrhd................................................................................... flbnrhd....................................................................................................... ....................4-43 4-43 4.;3.9 Sdstkûks y ekhpns id iktns id Enlbfjurkefõl id flbnrhd...................................................................... flbnrhd......................................................................4-43 4-43 4.;3.4 Yde`ks id bulefõl pkrk `k enlbfjurkefõl id flbnrhds................................................................................4-49
2.
HKLYDLFHFDLYN
2. 2.; ;
Srne Srnedi difh fhfd fdlt ltns ns id id hklt hkltdl dlfh fhfd fdlt ltn n .........................................................................................................................2-7
2.;.; 2.;.7 2.;.5 2.;.9 2.;.4 2.;.2 2.;.: 2.;.= 2.;.6 2.;.;3 2.7
Hkltdlfhfdl Hkltdlfhfdltn tn rdk`fzkin rdk`fzkin pnr d` usukrfn usukrfn ........... ................. ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ............2-7 ......2-7 Uustftuefõl id` rntnr id eugdtks.............................................................................................................. eugdtks.................................................................................................................. .... 2-5 Hdifefõl hkluk` id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks....................................................................................... eugdtks.......................................................................................2-5 2-5 Dxe`ufr ulk eugdtk suefk .............................................................................................................................2-9 .............................................................................................................................2-9 Yde`ks id bulefõl id g`klen id rntnr ....................................................................... ..........................................................................................................2-9 ...................................2-9 Uustftuefõl id `k `ëhpkrk bntnhætrfek..................................................................................... bntnhætrfek ......................................................................................................... ....................2-4 2-4 Uustftuefõl id `ks adrfljks ............................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................2-: ..............................................2-: @kvkin/``dlkin id` rntnr id eugdtks ...........................................................................................................2-6 ...........................................................................................................2-6 @kvkin id `ks kjuaks ..................................................................................................................................2-6 ..................................................................................................................................2-6 Uustftuefõl id` bf`trn id kjuk .......................................................................................................................2-6 .......................................................................................................................2-6
2.;.;; Uustftuefõl id` g`nqud id sdekin .............................................................................................................2-;3 .............................................................................................................2-;3
Un`uefõl i id dp prrng`dhks .........................................................................................................................................2-;7
2.7.; 2.7.7 2.7.5 2.7.9 2.7.4 2.7.2 2.7.:
Fltrniueefõl............................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl...............................................................................................................................................2-;7 ..................................................2-;7 Enrrdk id` kjftkinr idbdetunsk.................................................................................................................2-;7 Kjuak id hudstrks hudstrks ngstrufik ngstrufik ............ ................. ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ .......... .......... ........... ........... ..........2-;7 ....2-;7 Wdtfrkik id `k gklidak id` rntnr........................................................................................................ rntnr................................................................................................................ ........ 2-;5 Mfstnrfk` id drrnrds......................................................................................................... drrnrds.................................................................................................................................... ...........................2-;5 2-;5 Hdlskads id drrnr .....................................................................................................................................2-;9 .....................................................................................................................................2-;9 Hdlskads id drrnr id mkriwkrd ....................................................................... ................................................................................................................2-;2 .........................................2-;2
:.
FLUYK@KEFÕL
:.; :.; :.7 :.7
Fls Flstk`k tk`ke efõ fõl li id` d` mkri mkriw wkrd krd ........................................................................................................................................:-7 Fls Flstk`k tk`ke efõ fõl li id d` snb snbtw twkr krd d ..........................................................................................................................................:-5
:.7.; :.7.7 :.7.5 :.7.9 :.5
f- fv
Jdldrk` .......................................................................................................................................................:-5 .......................................................................................................................................................:-5 Srdpkrkefõl id` SE.......................................................................................... SE .....................................................................................................................................:-5 ...........................................:-5 Flstk`kefõl id` snbtwkrd...............................................................................................................................:-4 snbtwkrd...............................................................................................................................:-4 Kremfvns ......................................................................................................................................................:-: ......................................................................................................................................................:-: Ud` Ud`de deefõ efõl l id fhpr fhprds dsnrk nrks s y idbf idbflfe lfefõl fõl id `k en enldx ldxfõl fõl e enl nl d` nri nridlk dlkinr inr pr prfle flefpk fpk`` ..................................................:-= :.5.; Fltrniueefõl.............................................................................................................. Fltrniueefõl................................................................................................................................................. ...................................:-= :-= :.5.7 Flfefn id sd`deefõl id enhulfekefõl...........................................................................................................:-= RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
:.5.5 :.5.9 :.5.4 :.5.2 :.9 :.9
Skrëhdtrns id enhulfekefõl......................................................................................................................:-= enhulfekefõl......................................................................................................................:-= Yde`ks id bulefõl id enhulfekefõl ...................................................................... ............................................................................................................:-6 ......................................:-6 Enlbfjurkefõl id` Klk`yzdr Enhhulfektfnl Mkli`dr.......................................................................... Mkli`dr.................................................................................. ........:-6 :-6 Enlbfjurke Enlbfjurkefõl fõl id` Mnst Enhhulfektfn Enhhulfektfnl l Mkli`dr Mkli`dr ........... ................. ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........:-;3 ..:-;3 Sr Srne nedi difh fhfd fdlt ltn n id en enpf pfk k id sd sdju jurf rfik iki i ..................................................................................................................:-;7 :.9.; Kremfvns id enpfk id sdjurfiki............................................................................................. sdjurfiki ................................................................................................................ ...................:-;7 :-;7 :.9.7 Flfefn id `ns pultns id rdstkurkefõl...................................................................................... rdstkurkefõl..........................................................................................................: ....................:-;7 -;7 :.9.5 Skrëhdtrns Skrëhdtrns id `ns pultns id rdstkurkefõ rdstkurkefõl l ........... ................. ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ .......... .......... ..........:-;7 ....:-;7 :.9.9 Yde`ks Yde`ks id bulefõl bulefõl id pultns id rdstkurkefõ rdstkurkefõl l ............ ................. ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........... ........... ..........:-;7 ....:-;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
f-v
f-vf
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;SWDEKTEFNLDUID UDJTWFIKI VV SD@FJWNU SNYDLEFK@DU
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
;-;
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;. ;
Jdldrk` Kltds id enhdlzkr k flstk`kr y trkgkakr enl d` klk`fzkinr, klk`fzkinr, idgd `ddr ktdltkhdltd `ks prdekuefnlds y lnrhktfvks id sdjurfiki hnstrkiks dl dstd ekpètu`n. @k sdjurfiki ds `n prfhdrn. D` klk`fzkinr mk sfin ifsdûkin y bkgrfekin id keudrin enl `ns dstëlikrds ketuk`ds y rdspdtklin `ks lnrhktfvks fltdrlkefnlk`ds id sdjurfiki. Ud mkl tdlfin dl eudltk tnins `ns pnsfg`ds rfdsjns enlnefins dl d` hnhdltn id `k bkgrfekefõl y mkl sfin d`fhflkins n rdiuefins. Ln ngstkltd, ln ds pnsfg`d d`fhflkr idtdrhflkiks ekusks id pd`fjrn. Snr tkltn, tdljk prdsdltds `ks sfjufdltds ifrdetrfeds. Euklin hkldad d` klk`fzkinr idgdrël rdspdtkrsd tniks `ks lnrhktfvks y ifrdetrfeds lkefnlk`ds n fltdrlkefnlk`ds, enhn ds mkgftuk` dl `k rutflk id `kgnrktnrfn. @ns keedsnrfns id` suhflfstr suhflfstrn n d`æetrfen (ekg`ds/dlemubds) idgdl dstkr flstk`kins id bnrhk qud sd d`fhfldl `ks budltds id pd`fjrn (sngrdek`dltkhfdltn id ekg`ds, enrtnefreuftn idgfin k ulk utf`fzkefõl id` busfg`d b usfg`d flkideukik, ekg`ds sud`tns, dte.). D` usukrfn idgd sdr enlsefdltd id qud sf sd utf`fzk d` klk`fzkinr id bnrhk ifstfltk k `k dspdefbfekik pnr d` bkgrfekltd, pudid ifshflufr`k prntdeefõl prnpnrefnlkik pnr d` dqufpn.
Idsekrjn id rdspnlskgf`fiki D` bkgrfekltd ln rdenhfdlik lfljñl oft id rdketfvns n prnvddinr id rdketfvns dspdeèbfen pkrk su usn dl enhgflkefõl enl dstd klk`fzkinr. Dstd flstruhdltn dstë ifsdûkin enhn ul sfstdhk ‐kgfdrtn‘ qud pdrhftd kikptkr k` sfstdhk ulk khp`fk jkhk id prudgks id quèhfek e`èlfek. Ikin qud `ns rdsu`tkins ngtdlfins pnr ul klk`fzkinr id quèhfek e`èlfek pudidl vkrfkr dl bulefõl id `ks id` ekik oft idprudgk rdketfvns fhp`fekin, ds ldedskrfn dstkg`dedr `nsekrketdrèstfeks pkrëhdtrns iddspdeèbfeks `k prudgk pkrk (y pkrk ekik prnvddinr id rdketfvns) hdifkltd `ns hætnins kideukins, kltds id qud sd utf`fed d` sfstdhk pkrk klë`fsfs rdk`ds id hudstrks id pkefdltds. D` bkgrfekltd ln ksuhd lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr rdsu`tkins id prudgk drrõldns prnvnekins prnvnekins pnr `ns rdketfvns y/n `ns ek`fgrkinrds n pnr ulk utf`fzkefõl y idtdrhflkefõl flkideukiks id `ns ` ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk. D` klk`fzkinr sd suhflfstrk sfl snbtwkrd kltfvfrus. Uf enldetk d` klk`fzkinr k ulk rdi, ksdjñrdsd id qud æstk tdljk `k prntdeefõl ldedskrfk.
;.;.; ;.; .;
Uu Uupu puds dstn tnss gësf gësfen enss p pkrk krk d` kl klë`f ë`fsf sfss i idd rrfd fdsj sjns ns @ns sfjufdltds supudstns enlstftuydl `k gksd pkrk d` klë`fsfs id rfdsjns. Ud prdsupnld qud1 • @ks hudstrks id `ns pkefdltds sd ngtfdldl, prdpkrkl, hklfpu`kl y dtfqudtkl id bnrhk enrrdetk kltds id ekrjkr`ks dl d` ifspnsftfvn. • @ns rdketfvns y ek`fgrkinrds sd k`hkedlkl, prdpkrkl, hklfpu`kl y dtfqudtkl id bnrhk enrrdetk kltds id ekrjkr`ns dl d` ifspnsftfvn. • D` pdrsnlk` id` `kgnrktnrfn rdk`fzk `ns prnedifhfdltns id enltrn` id ek`fiki kideukins pkrk enhprngkr d` enhpnrtkhfdltn id` klk`fzkinr hdifkltd d` usn enrrdetn id sudrns id enltrn`. • D` pdrsnlk` id` `kgnrktnrfn fhp`fekin dl d` hkldan y `k hklfpu`kefõl id` flstruhdltn dstë kideukikhdltd bnrhkin. • D` pdrsnlk` id` `kgnrktnrfn fhp`fekin dl d` hkldan id` flstruhdltn ds enlsefdltd id `ns rfdsjns ksnefkins k `k hklfpu`kefõl id hktdrfk` id prnedidlefk muhklk (rfdsjns gfn`õjfens) y qud sd sfjudl `ns prnedifhfdltns enrrdetns pkrk dvftkr flbdeefnlds. • D` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn fhp`fekin dl d` hkltdlfhfdltn prdvdltfvn y id rdpkrkefõl id` flstruhdltn dstë kideukikhdltd bnrhkin. • D` pdrsnlk` dlekrjkin id` hkltdlfhfdltn id` ifspnsftfvn enlned `ns rfdsjns gfn`õjfens y kinptk `ks prdekuefnlds kideukiks. • D` hkltdlfhfdltn prdvdltfvn sd rdk`fzk id keudrin enl `ks flstrueefnlds prnpnrefnlkiks dl d`
• • • ;- 7
Hkluk` id` usukrfn y d` Hkluk` id sdrvfefn. Skrk d` hkltdlfhfdltn id` flstruhdltn ñlfekhdltd sd utf`fzkl pfdzks id rdekhgfn nrfjflk`ds. Skrk d` bulefnlkhfdltn id` dqufpn sd utf`fzkl `ns d`dhdltns idsdemkg`ds nrfjflk`ds. @ns rdketfvns y hætnins sd vk`fikl kltds id klk`fzkr `ks hudstrks rdk`ds id `ns pkefdltds. RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
• • • •
D` pdrsnlk` dlekrjkin id` hkltdlfhfdltn idgd sdjufr `ks flstrueefnlds pkrk flstk`kr y enhprngkr d` ifspnsftfvn. @ks enhprngkefnlds id `èhftds sd uskl y dstël enrrdetkhdltd idbflfiks dl `ks enlbfjurkefnlds id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk. (kgsnrgklefk, kgsnrgklefk id` g`klen id` rdketfvn, enltrn`, ek`fgrkinr, dte.) Ud rdk`fzk ul g`klen id `k eugdtk ulk vdz k` ièk kltds id dbdetukr `ns klë`fsfs. Tl dxpdrtn dxkhflk eufikinskhdltd `ns rdsu`tkins id `ns klë`fsfs klë `fsfs ngtdlfins pnr d` flstruhdltn kltds id kinptkr hdifiks kifefnlk`ds sngrd `k gksd id `ns rdsu`tkins klk`ètfens.
;.; .;..7
Bnrh rhkkef efõ õl i idd` n np pdrki rkinr D` klk`fzkinr idgd sdr utf`fzkin dxe`usfvkhdltd pnr pdrsnlk` bnrhkin y euk`fbfekin qud mkyk pkrtfefpkin dl ul eursn dspdefk` id bnrhkefõl id` flstruhdltn. Skrk `ks prudgks e`èlfeks, d` flstruhdltn idgd sdr utf`fzkin gkan `k supdrvfsfõl id ul bkeu`tktfvn n flspdetnr e`èlfen.
;. ;.;. ;.55
Bn Bnrh rhke kefõ fõl l id id`` tæel tæelfe fen n id sd sdrv rvfe fefn fn Skrk pnidr flstk`kr, hkltdldr y rdpkrkr d` flstruhdltn, d` tæelfen id sdrvfefn tfdld qud mkgdr sfin bnrhkin pnr d` bkgrfekltd id` flstruhdltn n su rdprdsdltkltd. Tl tæelfen id sdrvfefn tkhgfæl tfdld qud dstkr bkhf`fkrfzkin enl d` bulefnlkhfdltn lnrhk` id` flstruhdltn, sdjñl sd idserfgd dl d` Hkluk` id` usukrfn y `ks npdrkefnlds dspdefk`ds idserftks dl d` Hkluk` id sdrvfefn.
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;-5
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;. 7
Idserfpefõl id id `n `ns sè sèhgn`ns
;. ;.7. 7.;;
Uèhg Uèhgn` n`ns ns id id`` flst flstru ruh hdl dlttn
KIRDWYDLEFK Dstd sèhgn`n sfjlfbfek qud d` d`dhdltn dtfqudtkin dstë ek`fdltd hfdltrks d` flstruhdltn dstë dl usn. Ln tnqud d` d`dhdltn dtfqudtkin yk qud pnirèk subrfr qudhkiurks. KIRDWYDLEFK Ktdlefõl, enlsu`td `ks flstrueefnlds pkrk d` usn. Dstd sèhgn`n kpkrded dl vkrfks sdeefnlds id` klk`fzkinr y d` sfjlfbfekin dspdeèbfen id ekik uln id dstns sèhgn`ns sd idserfgd k enltflukefõl. KIRDWYDLEFK Sultn id pd``fzen. D` pultn inlid sd dleudltrk dstk dtfqudtk prdsdltk rfdsjn id pd``fzen pkrk idins u ntrks pkrtds id` eudrpn. Ksdjñrdsd qud `ns idins idin s y ntrks pkrtds id` eudrpn dstæl k`dakins id` pultn id pd``fzen flifekin. KIRDWYDLEFK Dstd sèhgn`n hudstrk qud d` enltdlfin id` enltdldinr ds ul rfdsjn gfn`õjfen y pntdlefk`hdltd flbdeefnsn. Dstd sèhgn`n sd hudstrk dl `ks gntd``ks id rdsfiuns.
UÈHGN@N Dstd sèhgn`n sfjlfbfek qud k` bflk` id su vfik ñtf`, d` klk`fzkinr idgd rdenjdrsd pkrk su d`fhflkefõl pnr sdpkrkin sdjñl `k Ifrdetfvk durnpdk 7337/62/ED.
;.7. 7.77
Uèhgn`ns dl d` hkl klu uk` KIRDWYDLEFK Uf ln sd sfjud `k flbnrhkefõl enltdlfik dl `ns hdlskads id kivdrtdlefk pudidl prniuefrsd `dsfnlds jrkvds y/n ikûns dl d` klk`fzkinr. SWDEKTEFÕL Uf ln sd sfjud `k flbnrhkefõl enltdlfik dl d l `ns hdlskads id ktdlefõl, pudidl pr prniuefrsd niuefrsd ikûns dl d` klk`fzkinr.
Lntk @ks lntks enltfdldl flbnrhkefõl kifefnlk` rd`kefnlkik enl d` tdxtn.
;- 9
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Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;. 5
Wfdsjns
;.5 .5..;
Sd`fjrn fjrnss d` d`ææetrfen fens KIRDWYDLEFK Skrk dvftkr d` rfdsjn id idsekrjk d`æetrfek y/n ikûns dl d` flstruhdltn, `ns npdrkinrds ln idgdl kgrfr `ks eugfdrtks id kqud``ks pkrtds id` flstruhdltn qud enltdljkl d`detrfefiki. Ñlfekhdltd d` pdrsnlk` kutnrfzkin, pnr dadhp`n, ul tæelfen id sdrvfefn, pudid kgrfr d` flstruhdltn pkrk rdk`fzkr `ks tkrdks id hkltdlfhfdltn n rdpkrkefõl. Ynekr `ns enhpnldltds d`æetrfens hfdltrks dstë enldetkik `k k`fhdltkefõl pudid prnvnekr `dsfnlds jrkvds n `k hudrtd.
;.5.7
Sd`fjrns h hddeëlfens KIRDWYDLEFK LN utf`fed rnpks sud`tks n anyks qud pudikl dljklemkrsd dl `ns hdeklfshns. LN fltdrpnljk `ns idins n `ks hklns dl d` rdenrrfin id lfljulk pfdzk hfdltrks d` klk`fzkinr dstë dl bulefnlkhfdltn. LN fltdltd rdk`fzkr rdpkrkefnlds hdeëlfeks k hdlns qud d` flstruhdltn ln dstæ dl bulefnlkhfdltn n dstæ kpkjkin.
;. ;.5. 5.55
Grkz Grkzns ns id hu huds dstr trks ks y rrdk dket etfv fvns ns KIRDWYDLEFK Ln tnqud `ks pkrtds hõvf`ds id` sfstdhk (rntnrds, grkzns, dte.) hfdltrks dstël dl hnvfhfdltn. Idgd prdstkrsd dspdefk` ktdlefõl k `ks kjuaks id `ks hudstrks hudst rks y rdketfvns. Kulqud sd kinptdl `ks hëxfhks prdekuefnlds pnsfg`ds, dstks pkrtds enltflñkl sfdlin pd`fjrnsks. pd`fjrn sks. Ln ngstkltd, d` sfstdhk fltdrruhpd kutnhëtfekhdltd d` prnedifhfdltn sf sd tnekl `ks kjuaks. Hkltdljk sfdhprd `ns rntnrds eugfdrtns enl `ks tkpks suhflfstrkiks, dxedptn iurkltd `k ekrjk n idsekrjk. @ks tkpks prntdjdl `ks hudstrks y `ns rdketfvns id `k enltkhflkefõl.
;.5.9
@ëhpkrk
KIRDWYDLEFK Iurkltd d` bulefnlkhfdltn, `k `ëhpkrk bntnhætrfek sd ek`fdltk dxtrdhkikhdltd. LN hfrd ifrdetkhdltd k` rkyn id `uz id `k `ëhpkrk hfdltrks dstë dledlifik. ¡LN tnqud `k `ëhpkrk! Uf ds ldedskrfn ekhgfkr `k `ëhpkrk, dspdrd mkstk qud sd mkyk dlbrfkin. Uf idsdk ngtdldr idtk``ds enlsu`td dl dstd hkluk`.
;.5.4
Sd`fjrns quèhfens D` usukrfn ds rdspnlskg`d id kinptkr tniks `ks prdekuefnlds ldedskrfks enltrk `ns pd`fjrns ksnefkins k` usn id prniuetns quèhfens id `kgnrktnrfn Snr rdj`k jdldrk`, `ns prnspdetns id` bkgrfekltd n `ks mnaks id flbnrhkefõl id` prniuetn fle`uydl rdenhdlikefnlds rdenhdlikefnld s dspdeèbfeks pkrk ekik rdketfvn utf`fzkin enl d` klk`fzkinr. @fhpfd flhdifktkhdltd euk`qufdr idrrkhd id rdketfvn sngrd d` flstruhdltn.
Srdekuefnlds kifefnlk`ds1 Enlsu`td k` bkgrfekltd id` rdketfvn pkrk ngtdldr flbnrhkefõl kedrek id `ks enledltrkefnlds id hdtk`ds pdskins y ntrns fljrdifdltds tõxfens id ekik rdketfvn.
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;-4
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
Dvftd d` enltketn ifrdetn id` eudrpn enl rdketfvns y sn`uefnlds id `fhpfdzk. D` enltketn ifrdetn enl d` eudrpn pudid prnvnekr frrftkefõl n `dsfnlds eutëldks. Wdhètksd k `ns prnspdetns y bn``dtns id` dhgk`kad id` rdketfvn d`kgnrkins pnr d` bkgrfekltd n k `ks mnaks id flbnrhkefõl id` prniuetn pkrk enlsu`tkr flstrueefnlds dspdeèbfeks.
;.5.2
Sd`fjrn gfn`õjfen KIRDWYDLEFK @ks hudstrks id pkefdltds, enltrn`ds, ek`fgrkinrds y rdsfiuns `èqufins snl pntdlefk`hdltd flbdeefnsns. @k hklfpu`kefõl id hudstrks id pkefdltds, sudrns id enltrn` y rdsfiuns `èqufins idgd rdk`fzkrsd id keudrin enl `k lnrhktfvk id sdjurfiki id `kgnrktnrfn lkefnlk` d fltdrlkefnlk`. @ks hudstrks id pkefdltds, enltrn`ds, ek`fgrkinrds y rdsfiuns `èqufins idgdl enlsfidrkrsd pntdlefk`hdltd flbdeefnsns y susedptfg`ds id trklshftfr d` vfrus id `k flhulnidbfefdlefk muhklk (RFM), d` vfrus id `k mdpktftfs G (RMG) y ntrns pktõjdlns trklshftfins pnr `k skljrd. @k hklfpu`kefõl id dstks sustklefks idgd rdk`fzkrsd id keudrin enl `ks lnrhktfvks id sdjurfiki dstkg`defiks dl d` `kgnrktnrfn enl d` bfl id rdiuefr k` hèlfhn d` rfdsjn pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id` `kgnrktnrfn. Dstn fhp`fek d` usn id jukltds, prntdeefõl enltrk sk`pfekiurks, dte. Idgd dvftkrsd d` enltketn enl `k pfd` y `ks hdhgrklks huensks. @n hfshn ds kp`fekg`d k tnins tnin s `ns enhpnldltds id` flstruhdltn dxpudstns k dstks sustklefks. Uf sd vfdrtd euk`qufdr hudstrk dl d` flstruhdltn, d`fhfld flhdifktkhdltd d` vdrtfin y `fhpfd `k supdrbfefd enltkhflkik enl ul idsflbdetkltd. Dl k`julns pkèsds dxfstdl lnrhktfvks pkrk `k d`fhflkefõl id `ns rdsfiuns. Enlsu`td `ks budltds `nek`ds pkrk flbnrhkefõl kifefnlk` sngrd `k d`fhflkefõl enrrdetk id `ns rdsfiuns.
;- 2
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Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;. 9
Flstk`kefõl D` klk`fzkinr, `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl y ntrns ifspnsftfvns, pkrtds y keedsnrfns sd dlvèkl dl ekaks id trklspnrtd y tfdldl qud sdr idsdhgk`kins d flstk`kins pnr ul tæelfen id sdrvfefn euk`fbfekin id` bkgrfekltd n id su rdprdsdltkltd kutnrfzkin. Uf ln sd sfjudl dstks flstrueefnlds, d` bkgrfekltd ln ksuhd lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr `ns ikûns qud pudikl prniuefrsd lf pnr d` bulefnlkhfdltn flenrrdetn id` klk`fzkinr. D` e`fdltd ds rdspnlskg`d id prnpnrefnlkr `ns d`dhdltns ldedskrfns, sdjñl sd idserfgdl idtk``kikhdltd dl d` ekpètu`n .
;.9 .9..;
En Enl ldx dxffnlds dxtdrlk rlks KIRDWYDLEFK Uõ`n pudidl enldetkrsd k` klk`fzkinr flstruhdltns qud euhp`kl `ns rdqufsftns id sdjurfiki rd`dvkltds. Ttf`fed ñlfekhdltd ekg`ds id k`fhdltkefõl y g`nquds id ifstrfguefõl d`æetrfek fle`ufins dl `k `fstk T@.
;.9.7
Hkltdlfhfdltn SWDEKTEFÕL Skrk ulk prntdeefõl enltflukik enltrk d` rfdsjn id fledlifn, utf`fed ñlfekhdltd busfg`ds id` tfpn y `k jkhk id enrrfdltd dspdefbfekins Skrk `ns prnedifhfdltns id hkltdlfhfdltn y rdpkrkefõl (pnr dadhp`n, rddhp`kzn id` rntnr id eugdtks, `ëhpkrk bntnhætrfek) sfjk `ks flstrueefnlds prnpnrefnlkiks pnr d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn n `ks dspdefbfekiks dl d` hkluk`. Ln utf`fed mdrrkhfdltks flkideukiks pkrk `ks rdpkrkefnlds (pnr dadhp`n, idstnrlf``kinrds qud ln dstæl kfs`kins pkrk hklfpu`kr `ns enhpnldltds d`æetrfens). Iurkltd d` bulefnlkhfdltn y d` hkltdlfhfdltn id` flstruhdltn, prnedik id keudrin enl `ks flstrueefnlds y ln tnqud lfljulk pfdzk id` flstruhdltn sk`vn `ks dspdefbfekiks. Dvftd tnekr tnins `ns hdeklfshns (pnr dadhp`n, `k kjuak id hudstrks) hfdltrks d` flstruhdltn dstë dl bulefnlkhfdltn. Dstn pudid prnvnekr qud sd idtdljk d` bulefnlkhfdltn n qud sd prniuzekl ikûns dl d` flstruhdltn. Skrk d` hkltdlfhfdltn id dstd klk`fzkinr sõ`n idgdl utf`fzkrsd pfdzks id rdpudstn nrfjflk`ds. Skrk `k utf`fzkefõl id dstd klk`fzkinr sõ`n idgdl utf`fzkrsd d`dhdltns idsdemkg`ds y keedsnrfns nrfjflk`ds.
;.9.5 ;.9 .5
Flstr Flstruh uhdl dltn tn ln ut utf` f`fz fzki kin ni iur urkl kltd td `krjn `krjn tfdhp tfdhpn n Uf d` flstruhdltn ln vk k sdr utf`fzkin iurkltd ul pdrfnin id tfdhpn `krjn, kltds id kpkjkr d` klk`fzkinr, põljksd dl enltketn enl d` Rftk` Uefdltfbfesdrvfefn id snpnrtd tæelfen pkrk hës flbnrhkefõl.
;. ;.9. 9.99
@èqu @èqufi fin n id rdbr rdbrfj fjdr drke kefõ fõl l @k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl id` klk`fzkinr mk sfin ``dlkik enl dtf`dlj`fen`. Euk`qufdr idrrkhd iurkltd d` hkltdlfhfdltn idgd idsdemkrsd id keudrin enl `ks lnrhktfvks `nek`ds.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
;-:
Srdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki y pd`fjrns pntdlefk`ds
;.4
Tsn id id hk hktdrf tdrfkk`d `dss en enl d` d` kl klk`fz fzkkinr
;.4.;
Dspdeèhdlds Dstd klk`fzkinr mk sfin ifsdûkin pkrk d` klë`fsfs id klk`ftns dl hudstrks hudstrk s id sudrn, p`kshk y nrflk. @ks hudstrks id pkefdltds idgdl sdr prdpkrkiks y hklfpu`kiks sfjufdlin `ks flstrueefnlds id` bkgrfekltd id` rdketfvn. Enlsu`td d` prnspdetn id` oft id rdketfvns pkrk flstrueefnlds idtk``kiks.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k hdze`k hudstrk/rdketfvn ln enltdljk enëju`ns id skljrd, pn`vn u ntrns enltkhflkltds flsn`ug`ds. Uf `k hudstrk enltfdld enltkhflkltds flsn`ug`ds, pudidl ngtdldrsd rdsu`tkins flenrrdetns.
;. ;.4. 4.77
Wd Wdke kettfvns fvns y ek ek`f `fgr grki kinr nrds ds D` bkgrfekltd ln rdenhfdlik d` usn id lfljñl rdketfvn n ek`fgrkinr dspdeèbfen dl enhgflkefõl enl dstd klk`fzkinr. Ifvdrsns bkgrfekltds id rdketfvns ifspnldl id mnaks id kp`fekefõl pkrk ulk jrkl vkrfdiki id prudgks id quèhfek e`èlfek. Snr tkltn, põljksd dl enltketn enl su prnvddinr id rdketfvns pkrk enlsu`tkr `ks mnaks id kp`fekefõl ldedskrfks.
SWDEKTEFÕL Hklfpu`d tnins `ns rdketfvns id keudrin enl `ks rdenhdlikefnlds id` bkgrfekltd. Wdhètksd k `ns prnspdetns y bn``dtns id` dhgk`kad id` rdketfvn n k `ks mnaks id flbnrhkefõl id` prniuetn pkrk enlsu`tkr flstrueefnlds dspdeèbfeks.
Idsekrjn id rdspnlskgf`fiki D` bkgrfekltd ln ksuhd lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr rdsu`tkins id prudgk drrõldns prnvnekins pnr ofts id rdketfvns, ek`fgrkinrds y/n pkrëhdtrns id prudgk ln suhflfstrkins pnr d` bkgrfekltd.
;.4.5
Enltrn`ds D` bkgrfekltd rdenhfdlik d` usn id sn`uefnlds id enltrn` id ek`fiki enl vk`nrds enlnefins pkrk ekik prudgk id keudrin enl `ks lnrhktfvks y ifrdetrfeds fltdrlkefnlk`ds. @ns rdsu`tkins ngtdlfins idgdl dstkr idltrn id `ns `èhftds idbflfins pnr `k vkrfkgf`fiki ifkrfk id` sfstdhk sdjñl `n idtdrhflkin dl d` `kgnrktnrfn id` usukrfn. Uf `ns rdsu`tkins supdrkl `ns `èhftds dstkg`defins pnr d` `kgnrktnrfn, enlsu`td `k flbnrhkefõl id sn`uefõl id prng`dhks dl dstd hkluk` n põljksd dl enltketn enl su ifstrfgufinr.
;.4 .4..9
Wd Wdssu`tkins kl klk` k`èètfens @ns rdsu`tkins klk`ètfens ln idpdlidl sõ`n id` bulefnlkhfdltn enrrdetn id` klk`fzkinr, sfln tkhgfæl id ulk sdrfd id flb`udlefks dxtdrlks qud dsekpkl k` enltrn` id` bkgrfekltd. Snr tkltn, `ns rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk ngtdlfins enl dstd flstruhdltn idgdl sdr dxkhflkins idtdlfikhdltd pnr ul flspdetnr e`èlfen n inetnr kltds id kinptkr hdifiks ifkjlõstfeks n tdrkpæutfeks sngrd `k gksd id `ns rdsu`tkins klk`ètfens.
KIRDWYDLEFK Euk`qufdr rdsu`tkin flenrrdetkhdltd hdifin pudid idsdhgnekr dl ul drrnr id ifkjlõstfen, `n qud supnld ul rfdsjn pkrk d` pkefdltd.
;- =
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Fltrniueefõl
7F LYWNITEEFÕL
Fltrniueefõl
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7-;
Fltrniueefõl
7. ;
D` sfstdhk
7.;.;
Tsn p prrdvfstn D` klk`fzkinr ds ul klk`fzkinr quèhfen kutnhëtfen utf`fzkin dl enhgflkefõl enl efdrtns rdketfvns pkrk `k hdifefõl ifkjlõstfek fl vftrn id klk`ftns dl hudstrks id sudrn, p`kshk, nrflk y sn`uefnlds keunsks dstëlikr. D` klk`fzkinr mk sfin ifsdûkin enhn ul sfstdhk ‐kgfdrtn‘. @k hkynrèk id `ks prudgks id quèhfek e`èlfek qud rdqufdrdl ulk hdifefõl bntnhætrfek sd pudid kikptkr pkrk dstd sfstdhk. D` klk`fzkinr dstë idstflkin k su usn dl `kgnrktnrfns id quèhfek e`èlfek enl ul vn`uhdl id trkgkan id hdifn k gkan. D` klk`fzkinr idgd sdr utf`fzkin pnr pdrsnlk` euk`fbfekin e uk`fbfekin y enl `k idgfik bnrhkefõl.
Idsekrjn id rdspnlskgf`fiki Dl bulefõl id `ks ekrketdrèstfeks dspdeèbfeks id` oft id rdketfvns fhp`fekin, `ns rdsu`tkins ngtdlfins id ul sfstdhk id quèhfek e`èlfek pudidl vkrfkr. Kltds id utf`fzkr d` sfstdhk sfstd hk pkrk rdk`fzkr `ks hdifefnlds rdk`ds id `ks hudstrks id pkefdltds, ds ldedskrfn dstkg`dedr y vk`fikr `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk pkrk ekik klë`fsfs (y pkrk ekik prnvddinr id rdketfvns) hdifkltd `ns hætnins kideukins _pnr dadhp`n utf`fzklin `ks ifrdetrfeds id `k DEE@U ; n `k LEE@U 7X. D` bkgrfekltd ln ds rdspnlskg`d id `ns rdsu`tkins id prudgks drrõldns ekuskins pnr ofts id rdketfvns, ek`fgrkefõl y enltrn`ds ksè enhn pkrëhdtrns id prudgks flenrrdetns. ; DEE@U 8 Durnpdkl Enhhfttdd bnr E`flfek` @kgnrktnry Utklikri 7 LEE@U 8 Lktfnlk` Enhhfttdd bnr E`flfek` @kgnrktnry Utklikris (DD.TT.)
7. 7.;. ;.77
Srds Srdsdl dlttke kefõ fõl l id id`` sfst sfstdh dhkk D` klk`fzkinr Rftk`kg ds ul sfstdhk ulfvdrsk` enhpktfg`d enl `k ulfiki Rftk`kg iry d`detrnid FUD. D` klk`fzkinr sd kikptk bëef`hdltd k euk`qufdr trkgkan id `kgnrktnrfn. @k ulfiki prflefpk` id` sfstdhk ds d` klk`fzkinr, dl inlid tfdldl `ujkr tniks `ks hklfpu`kefnlds id `ns `èqufins y `ks hdifefnlds dspdetrnbntnhætrfeks. Tl nridlkinr flidpdlifdltd enltrn`k d` klk`fzkinr, rdenpf`k `ns iktns dl grutn y prnpnrefnlk `k fltdrbkz id` usukrfn. Tlk ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl pdrhftd k` sfstdhk jkrkltfzkr `k dstkgf`fiki id tnins `ns rdketfvns dl d` flstruhdltn. @k enhpktfgf`fiki hdifnkhgfdltk` y `k dbfekefk denlõhfek dstël kgsn`utkhdltd jkrkltfzkiks. Uu bëef`
7- 7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
hkldan (enltrn` id hdlñs y hdlskads hdifkltd `k pkltk``k), d` enrtn pdrfnin id bnrhkefõl, ksè enhn d` rdjfstrn id `k hudstrk y `ns iktns id `ks prudgks enl ul dseëldr id eõifjns id gkrrks rdiuedl `k ldedsfiki id pdrsnlk` y pdrhftd d` hëxfhn kmnrrn id tfdhpn.
7. 7.;. ;.55
En Enlt ltrn rn`` h hdi difk fklt ltdd n nri ridl dlki kinr nr SWDEKTEFÕL Dadeutd ñlfekhdltd d` snbtwkrd pkrk utf`fzkr d` klk`fzkinr. D` usn id ntrn snbtwkrd pudid prnvnekr ul bk``n id enhulfekefõl dltrd d` klk`fzkinr y d` nridlkinr. Tl nridlkinr dxtdrln prnpnrefnlk `k fltdrbkz id` usukrfn pkrk d` klk`fzkinr. D` snbtwkrd dstë gkskin dl HfernUnbt YH Zflinws. Ds ldedskrfn ul tde`kin n ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks pkrk fltrniuefr `ns iktns. @ns rdsu`tkins id `ks prudgks sd jukrikl dl d` nridlkinr. D` snbtwkrd nbrded ulk sk`fik dstëlikr k ulk fhprdsnrk, pdrn d` npdrkinr pudid ekhgfkr d` bnrhktn id` flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. @ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk, `ns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn` y `ns rdsu`tkins rd su`tkins id `k ek`fgrkefõl tkhgfæl sd jukrikl dl d` nridlkinr y pudid keedidrsd k d``ns. Ds pnsfg`d enldetkr d` klk`fzkinr k ul sfstdhk id prnedskhfdltn id iktns id` `kgnrktnrfn (prnedskinr edltrk`/nridlkinr prflefpk`). Uf dsd ds d` eksn, ds pnsfg`d fltrniuefr sn`feftuids id prudgk ifrdetkhdltd idsid d` nridlkinr prflefpk`. @ns rdsu`tkins id `ks prudgks tkhgfæl pudidl trklsbdrfrsd k` nridlkinr prflefpk`. Wdhètksd k 7.: Iktns tæelfens tæelfens y id rdlifhfdltn rdlifhfdltn pkrk pkrk enlnedr `ns rdqufsftns hèlfhns id` nridlkinr.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7-5
Fltrniueefõl
7. 7
Hõiu`ns
7.7.;
Jdldrk` Lntk Dl `ns tdxtns id `k pkltk``k, d` `èqufin id` sfstdhk ds sustftufin pnr kjuk. D` klk`fzkinr dstë enltrn`kin enlt rn`kin pnr ul hfernprnedskinr. hfernp rnedskinr. Yniks Yniks `ks bulefnlds hdeëlfeks snl ifrfjfiks y supdrvfskiks pnr prnedskinrds dxe`usfvns. D` npdrkinr tfdld vfsfgf`fiki enlstkltd id` dstkin id` mkriwkrd y id` bulefnlkhfdltn id `ks prudgks quèhfeks. Euklin sd prniuedl drrnrds n rdsu`tkins hkrekins, d` klk`fzkinr nbrded ulk bulefõl id rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen. @k bulefõl id rdprnedskhfdltn fle`uyd ulk prdif`uefõl kutnhëtfek hdifkltd ulk rdiueefõl id `k hudstrk pkrk ulns rdsu`tkins k`tns. @ns rdsu`tkins sd fhprfhdl euklin `k sdeudlefk id klë`fsfs sd enh enhp`dtk. p`dtk. @k fhprdsfõl sd idtfdld euklin `k prudgk dstë dl dvk`ukefõl n rdprnedskhfdltn. Dstn dvftk d` idsnridl id `k sdeudlefk id klë`fsfs. D` npdrkinr pudid ekhgfkr d` bnrhktn id` flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. Ds pnsfg`d `k fhprdsfõl id eurvks id ek`fgrkefõl, eurvks id rdkeefõl, jrëbfens id @dvdyAdllfljs, hætnins id prudgk, dte.
; 7 5 9 4 2 : = 6
7.7.7
Wntn Wntnrr i id d rdk rdket etfv fvns ns fzqu fzqufd fdri rin n Sf Sfpd pdtk tk id rdk rdket etfv fvns ns fzq fzquf ufdr drik ik Wntn Wntnrr i id d eu eugd gdtk tkss fzqu fzqufd fdri rin n Sf Sfpd pdtk tk id huds hudstr trks ks fzqu fzqufd fdri rik k Wntnr id id hu hudstrks Sf Sfpd pdtk tk id huds hudstr trks ks idrd idrdem emk k Wntn Wntnrr i id d eug eugdt dtks ks idrd idrdem emn n Sf Sfpd pdtk tk id rdke rdketftfvn vnss idr idrde demk mk Wntn Wntnrr id rdke rdketftfvn vnss idrd idrdem emn n
Wntnrds Wntnr id hudstrks D` rntnr id hudstrks sd mk ifsdûkin pkrk kedptkr ulk sdrfd id tugns y rdefpfdltds. D` rntnr id hudstrks dstë tkpkin. Ud pudidl klk`fzkr hudstrks urjdltds y pdifëtrfeks sfl fltdrbdrdlefk enl d` trkgkan id rutflk.
7- 9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
Wntnr id rdketfvns D` enhpkrtfhdltn id` rntnr id rdketfvns dstë rdbrfjdrkin k ;7³E kprnxfhkikhdltd pnr idgkan id `k tdhpdrkturk khgfdltd. D` rntnr dstë eugfdrtn pkrk prntdjdr `ns rdketfvns sdlsfg`ds k `k `uz y pkrk kfs`kr`ns id `k tdhpdrkturk khgfdltd. Wntnr id eugdtks Lntk D` bkgrfekltd rdenhfdlik `k sustftuefõl id` rntnr id eugdtks euklin ulk id `ks nemn `nljftuids id nlik hudstrd d` hdlskad UI.DWW trks `k hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rntnr. @k ek`fiki y `k bfkgf`fiki ln sd jkrkltfzkl sf ln sd sustftuyd d` rntnr id eugdtks. D` rntnr id eugdtks rdutf`fzkg`d enltfdld 9= eugdtks, fleugkiks k 5:³E. D` pksn id `uz ds id 2,= hh, d` vn`uhdl id hdifefõl hèlfhn ds id 773 ´` y d` vn`uhdl hëxfhn ds 933 ´`. D` rntnr id eugdtks, bkgrfekin dspdefk`hdltd pkrk d` bkgrfekltd, ``dvk ulk tkpk tdrhnstktfzkik. D` tfdhpn id efe`n dl d` hnin id rdketfvn rdket fvn hnln ds id 73 sdjulins y dl d` hnin id rdketfvn iuk` ds 7: sdjulins. Dl khgns hnins, `k hdifefõl id `ns hætnins id pultn bflk` b flk` pudid sdr gfernhëtfek. Ud enrrfjdl `ns vk`nrds id kgsnrgklefk pkrk ul pksn id `uz id ul eh. D` tfdhpn hëxfhn id fleugkefõl idspuæs i dspuæs id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk ds id ;;,4 hflutns dl hnin hnln y id ;;,74 hflutns dl hnin iuk`. D` prfhdr pultn eflætfen dl d` hnin hnln sd pudid hdifr idspuæs id ;7 sdjulins, y d` ñ`tfhn idspuæs id 977 sdjulins. Dl d` hnin iuk` d` prfhdr pultn eflætfen sd pudid hdifr idspuæs id 79 sdjulins, y d` ñ`tfhn idspuæs id 4;6 sdjulins. Yrks `k ñ`tfhk hdifefõl, d` rntnr sd `kvk y sd sdek. Skrk dvftkr d` sdekin id` fltdrfnr id id`` rntnr, `k pfpdtk id rdketfvns ``dlk d` rntnr id kjuk kutnhëtfekhdltd.
Tlfiki id `kvkin @k ulfiki id `kvkin kspfrk `k hdze`k id rdkeefõl idspuæs id` klë`fsfs y `kvk `ks eugdtks enl 9 x 433 ´` id kjuk. @ns rdsfiuns vkl k ul enltdldinr id idsdemns. @k ulfiki id `kvkin dstë dqufpkik enl sdlsnrds id `èqufin pkrk dvftkr qud d` sfstdhk sd flulid id kjuk.
7.7.5
Ufstdhk i idd p pffpdtks Sfpdtks Ud utf`fzkl euktrn adrfljks, 7 id ;333 ´` y 7 id ;33 ´`, aultn enl ul g`nqud id vë`vu`ks pkrk pfpdtdkr `ns rdketfvns y `ks hudstrks. @ns hdeklfshns id pfpdtk sd ``dlkl id kjuk. D` pfpdtdkin sd rdk`fzk hdifkltd d` idsp`kzkhfdltn pnsftfvn id kjuk enl sdpkrkefõl id gurguak id kfrd. Hdeklfshn id pfpdtk id hudstrks @k snlik id `k hudstrk dstë dqufpkik enl ul idtdetnr id lfvd` y pudid kspfrkr vn`ñhdlds dltrd ; ´` y 53 ´` (dl pksns id 3,; ´`). D` idtdetnr id lfvd` id `k snlik id hudstrks idtdetk sf dxfstd subfefdltd hudstrk. @k snlik ifspdlsk `k hudstrk dl d` rntnr id eugdtks y kjftk kidhës `k hdze`k id rdkeefõl. Euklin sd ldedsftk ulk hudstrk, `k snlik idtdetk d` `èqufin pkrk tnhkr ulk gurguak id kfrd dl prfhdr `ujkr kltds id tnhkr `k hudstrk. hudstrk . K enltflukefõl, `k snlik sd `kvk pnr idltrn y pnr budrk. Hdeklfshn id pfpdtk id rdketfvns @k snlik id rdketfvns dstë dqufpkik enl ul idtdetnr id lfvd` y pudid kspfrkr vn`ñhdlds dltrd ;3 ´` y 933 ´` (dl pksns id ;,3 ´`). D` idtdetnr id lfvd` id `k snlik id rdketfvns idtdetk sf dxfstd subfefdltd rdketfvn. Tl d`dhdltn ek`dltkinr dl `k snlik dbdetñk ul prdek`dltkhfdltn id `ns rdketfvns dlbrfkins. @ns rdketfvns idgdl prdpkrkrsd budrk id` klk`fzkinr. Euklin `k snlik
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7-4
Fltrniueefõl
trklsbfdrd d` vn`uhdl kspfrkin id rdketfvn k` rntnr id eugdtks, `k snlik sd `kvk pnr idltrn y pnr budrk. Idspuæs id ifspdlskr ul sdjulin y ul tdredr rdketfvn, `k snlik id rdketfvns kjftk `k hdze`k id rdkeefõl kltds id prnedidr k `k bksd id `kvkin.
7- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7. 5
Tlfiki id id rd rdbrfjdrkefõl KIRDWYDLEFK @k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl id` klk`fzkinr mk sfin ``dlkik enl dtf`dlj`fen`. Euk`qufdr idrrkhd iurkltd d` hkltdlfhfdltn idgd idsdemkrsd id keudrin enl `ks lnrhktfvks `nek`ds. D` klk`fzkinr dstë dqufpkin enl ulk ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl fltdrlk npefnlk` qud jkrkltfzk `k rdbrfjdrkefõl id `ns rdketfvns ekrjkins. @k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl bulefnlk enhn ulk ulfiki sd``kik y ldedsftk pnen hkltdlfhfdltn. @k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl dstë sftukik idtrës id `ks gntd``ks id idsdemns `èqufins y id kjuk y nbrded ulk tdhpdrkturk enlstkltd pkrk `ns rdketfvns sftukins dl d` rntnr, sdjñl rdqufdrk d` prntnen`n id `k kp`fekefõl. Euklin sudld ulk sdûk` keñstfek, idgd rd``dlkrsd d` `èqufin rdbrfjdrkltd. @k pkltk``k id enltrn` hudstrk `k tdhpdrkturk id` `èqufin rdbrfjdrkltd. @k tdhpdrkturk rdk` id `ns rdketfvns sdrë `fjdrkhdltd supdrfnr. D` usukrfn ln pudid ekhgfkr d` kaustd id `k tdhpdrkturk id `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl. @k ulfiki y d` rdbrfjdrkltd ekrdedl id e`nrnb`unrnekrgurns. @k flstk`kefõl `k ``dvk k ekgn d` tæelfen id sdrvfefn tæelfen y ln sd idserfgd dl dstd hkluk`.
Ymd enn`flj ulft fs put fl tmd kvkf`kg`d s`nt gdmfli tmd b`ufi gntt`ds.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7-:
Fltrniueefõl
7.9
@detnr id id eõ eõifjn fjns id id gk gkrr rrkks fl fltdrln Dl `k pkrdi `ktdrk` id` muden id` rntnr id hudstrks sd dleudltrk ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln. D` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln fidltfbfek `ns eõifjns id gkrrks id ul hëxfhn id =3 tugns id hudstrk dl `ns ins klf``ns dxtdrfnrds id` rntnr id hudstrks. @ks hudstrks enl eõifjns id gkrrks ln ldedsftkl ulk fltrniueefõl hkluk` kifefnlk` euklin enhfdlzk `k hdifefõl. @ks hudstrks sfl eõifjns id gkrrks n enl eõifjns id gkrrks qud ln pudikl `ddrsd, pudidl prnjrkhkrsd pnr d` usukrfn.
Lntk Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ns eõifjns id gkrrks id `ks hudstrks sd hudstrdl idsid d` rntnr. rntnr. Uf ln ds ksè, d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks ln pudid fidltfbfekr `ns eõifjns.
;
7
; 7
7- =
Wklu Wk lurk rk`ks esnl `detn `detnr r id id edõifj fjns ns isdklf``ns gkrrk gkrns rkssdxtdrfnrds fltdr fltdrln ln pudidl Yniks `kenl pnsfefnlds pnsfe fnlds ieõi `ns ins inid klf`` dxtd rfnrds pudidl sdr sdr `dèiks `dèiks pnr d` `detnr id eõifjns eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7. 4
@detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks SWDEKTEFÕL Kpkjud d` nridlkinr kltds id flstk`kr d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks. Ud pudid enldetkr ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks npefnlk` k` tde`kin id` SE dxtdrln. D` `detnr sd utf`fzk pkrk `k sn`feftui id prudgks y `k ekrjk k`dktnrfk id `ks hudstrks. Ud pudidl `ddr `k hkynrèk id `ns eõifjns id gkrrks ifspnlfg`ds. Ud utf`fzk d` eõifjn id gkrrks Enikgkr pkrk sn`feftuids id prudgks. D` ekrëetdr flfefk` id Enikgkr sfrvd pkrk ifbdrdlefkr dltrd prudgks y pdrbf`ds. D` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks tfdld ul hkluk` id flstrueefnlds flidpdlifdltd. Wdhètksd k` hkluk` id` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks pkrk ngtdldr flbnrhkefõl d flstrueefnlds id usukrfn. D` bkgrfekltd rdenhfdlik `k utf`fzkefõl id ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks k prudgk id bk``ns. @ns `detnrds id eõifjns id gkrrks qud ul utf`fzkl ulk suhk id enhprngkefõl pudidl ikr `deturks flenrrdetks n bk`sks.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7-6
Fltrniueefõl
7. 2
Flstk`kefõl
7. 7.2. 2.;;
Wd Wdqu qufs fsft ftns ns id flst flstk` k`ke kefõ fõl l Uõ`n pudid idsdhgk`kr d` klk`fzkinr, `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl y ntrns ifspnsftfvns ul tæelfen id sdrvfefn euk`fbfekin. D` bkgrfekltd ln ksuhd lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr `ns ikûns qud pudikl prniuefrsd lf pnr d` bulefnlkhfdltn flenrrdetn id` klk`fzkinr sf ln sd sfjudl dstks flstrueefnlds. D` klk`fzkinr vfdld flspdeefnlkin y `fstn pkrk su usn euklin sd dltrdjk k` usukrfn. Ttf`fed d` klk`fzkinr dl mkgftkefnlds edrrkiks. Idgd sftukrsd dl ulk supdrbfefd p`klk, mnrfznltk`, qud ln dstæ suadtk k vfgrkefnlds. vfgr kefnlds. Dvftd `k dxpnsfefõl ifrdetk k `k `uz sn`kr. @k enldxfõl d`æetrfek tfdld qud tdldr ulk tnhk id tfdrrk id keudrin enl `ks lnrhktfvks dl vfjnr pkrk jkrkltfzkr ul bulefnlkhfdltn kideukin id` klk`fzkinr. D` klk`fzkinr euhp`d `ns rdqufsftns id `ks lnrhks DHE kp`fekg`ds. @ns dqufpns d`detrõlfens qud dxedikl `ns `èhftds id rkifkefõl idbflfins dl `ks lnrhks DHE, enhn `ns dqufpns JUH y ntrns dqufpns hõvf`ds id hkln, pudidl kbdetkr k` bulefnlkhfdltn enrrdetn id` dqufpn.
Lntk Dstd ds ul prniuetn id e`ksd K. Dstd prniuetn pudid ekuskr fltdrbdrdlefks dl ul dltnrln inhæstfen. Dl dsd eksn, pudid sdr ldedskrfn qud d` usukrfn tnhd `ks hdifiks kideukiks.
7. 7.2. 2.77
Yrks` rks`ki kin n id id`` kl klk` k`fz fzki kinr nr @d rdenhdlikhns qud sfjk `ks flstrueefnlds idtk``kiks k enltflukefõl euklin sdk ldedskrfn trks`kikr d` flstruhdltn. ;. Idsenldetd Idsenldetd `k k`fhdltkefõ k`fhdltkefõl l k` klk`fzkin klk`fzkinrr enl khgns khgns fltdrruptnr fltdrruptnrds, ds, uln ekik ekik vdz. vdz. 7. Kp Kpkjud kjud d` nridlk nridlkinr inr y `k `k ulfiki ulfiki id id rdbrfj rdbrfjdrk drkefõl efõl.. 5. Idsenldetd Idsenldetd tnins `ns ekg`ds id k`fhdlt k`fhdltkefõl kefõl y `k pkltk``k. pkltk``k. 9. Yfrd mkefk krrfgk krrfgk id `ns `ns 9 grkzns grkzns id pfpdtdki pfpdtdkin n y en`nqud en`nqud d` tugn tugn id prntdeefõ prntdeefõl l id` grkzn grkzn sngrd d` dad. Dstn fhpfid qud gkad d` grkzn. 4. Hudvk Hudvk d` klk`fz klk`fzkinr kinr dltrd dltrd 7 pdrsn pdrsnlks lks enhn enhn hèlf hèlfhn. hn. 2. Enldet Enldetd d tnins tnins `ns ekg`d ekg`dss id k`fhdlt k`fhdltkef kefõl õl y `k pkltk pkltk``k ``k.. :. Dlefdlik Dlefdlik `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrk rdbrfjdrkefõl, efõl, d` nridlkinr nridlkinr y d` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr.. =. Enldetd Enldetd `k k`fhdlt k`fhdltkefõl kefõl k` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr enl khgns khgns fltdrruptn fltdrruptnrds, rds, uln uln ekik vdz.
7- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7 ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7.:
Iktns tns tæ tæelfens y id rd rdlifhfd fhfdl ltn
7.:.;
Wdlifhfdltn Ekpkefiki id prnedskhfdltn hëxfhk
HNIN HNLN1 523 prudgks pnr mnrk (993 enl `k ulfiki FUD) HNIN ITK@1 722 prudgks pnr mnrk (925 enl `k ulfiki FUD)
Srdefsfõl
Wdhètksd k 7.:.= Dxketftui Dxketftui y prdefsfõl prdefsfõl
Srdefsfõl
Wdhètksd k 7.:.= Dxketftui Dxketftui y prdefsfõl prdefsfõl
Srudgks pr prnjrkhkg`ds
;73 pn pnr ek ekik rrn ntnr id id rrd dketfvns pr prnjrkhkin
Ekpkef Ekp kefiki iki id id prudgk prudgk id id ekrjk ekrjk 57 pnr pnr rntnr rntnr id rdke rdketfv tfvns ns
7.: .:..7
Enltrn` id ek`fiki
;-5 pn pnr pkrëhdtrn, ; ;7 73 enltrn`ds prnjrkhkg`ds pn pnr rntnr id rdketfvns
Srnedsk Srne dskhfdl hfdltn tn id `k `k hudstrk hudstrk
Enl prfn prfnrfi rfiki1 ki1 U UY YKY, pdifët pdifëtrfe rfek, k, lnrhk` lnrhk` dl dsd dsd nridl nridl
Ufst stdh dhkk id hu huddstrks Sn Snsf sfef efnl nlds ds id `k huds hudstr trk k
=3 huds hudstr trks ks id pk pkef efdl dltd tdss pkr pkrk k hud hudst strk rkss enl enl n sfl sfl eõ eõif ifjn jnss id id gkrrks.
Hudstrks urjdltds
Euk`qufdr pnsfefõl dl `ns ins klf``ns id hudstrks dxtdrfnrds.
Ek`fgrkinrds
73 pnsfefnlds hës 2 pnsfefnlds id idsgnrikhfdltn
Huds dsttrks pd pdifëtr trffeks
Euk`qufdr pn pnsfefõl dl `ns in ins kl klf``ns id id hu hudstrks dx dxtdrfnrds.
Snsfefõl FUD
; edgkinr, 7 ek`fgrkinrds
Snsfefõl id` g`klen
;
Enltrn`ds
;3 pnsfefnlds hës 2 pnsfefnlds id idsgnrikhfdltn
Snsfefõl id `kvkin
7
Yugns id hudstrk
Yugns prfhkrfns/sdeulikrfns Ifëhdtrn1 ;5 õ ;5 y ;2 hh dl bulefõl id` rntnr id hudstrks K`turk1 hëx. ;33 hh
7.: .:..5
Kjuak id hudstrks
enl idtdetnr id lfvd` y kjftkinr fltdjrkin
Ekpkefiki id pfpdtdn
;-53 ´` (pksns id 3,; ´`)
Adrfljk
;33 ´`
Kikptkinr
2 ( pdifëtrfen, rntnr id hudstrks)
Ufstdh dhkk id rdk rdketf etfvns Wntnr id rdketfvns
57 pnsfefnlds1 79 Ú 74 h`, = Ú ;3 h` (pudidl utf`fzkrsd pnsfefnlds id ;3 x 74 h` pkrk 4 x 43 h`)
Rn`uhdl/prudgk
W dketfvn51;13;―;37=6 ― 5´` 66 ´`, rdketfvn 71 3 ― 7=6 ´`, rdketfvn
Wdbrfjdrkefõl
Mkstk ;7± E pnr idgkan id `k tdhpdrkturk khgfdltd
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7 ;;
Fltrniueefõl
7.: .:..9
Kjuak
Srdek`dltkik, enl idtdetnr id` lfvd`
Ekpkefiki id pfpdtdn
933 ´` (pksns id ; ´`)
Adrfljk
;.333 ´`
Kikptkinrds
= pkrk `k gntd``k id ;3 h` dl `k pnsfefõl id 74 h`
Dstkefõl fõl id h hddifefõl fõl Wntnr id eugdtks
Wntnr rdutf`fzkg`d idsdemkg`d enl 9= eugdtks
Sksn id `uz
2.= hh
Rn`uhdl hèlfhn
773 ´`
Rn`uhdl hëxfhn
933 ´`
Dstkefõl id id `k `kvkin
tntk`hdltd ku kutnhëtfek, een nl id idtdetnr id id` l lffvd` i id d id idsgnrikhfdltn
@kvkin id `ks eugdtks
9 x 433 ´` id `èqufin id` sfstdhk
Budltd id `uz
@ëhpkrk mk`õjdlk id ;7 R 73 Z
@nljftui id nlik
593, 5:2, 934, 952, 434, 492, 4:=, 273 lh
Fledrtfiuhgrd id `k `nljftui id +/- 7 lh nlik Rk`nr id `k hftki id `k klemurk ;3 +/- 7 lh dspdetrk` Fltdrvk`n id hdifefõl
id ―3,; k 5,3 Kgs.
Ydhpdrkturk
5:³ E » 3,7³ E
Yfdhpn id` efe`n
73 sdj. (HNIN HNLN) 7: sdj. (HNIN ITK@)
7. 7.:. :.44
Wd Wdqu qufs fsft ftns ns hè hèlf lfhn hnss i id` d` SE ES T
Fltd` Sdltfuh =33 HMz
WK H
;7= HG
Hnlftnr
Hnlftnr RJK id ;379 x :2= pèxd`ds
Ifsen iurn
7 JG
Tlfiki kifefnlk`
Tlfiki id EI-WNH
Ufstdhk npdrktfvn
Zflinws 7333 n Zflinws ]S
Sudrtns sdrfd
Npefnlk` pkrk fhprdsnrk u nridlkinr prflefpk`
Sudrtns TUG
7, ; pkrk d` klk`fzkinr, ; pkrk d` nridlkinr prflefpk`
Sudrtns pkrk`d`ns
Npefnlk` pkrk fhprdsnrk
7 ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7.: .:..2
Tl Tlfi fikki i idd rrddbrfjd fjdrke rkefõl fõl Sdsn (vkeèk)
;6.2 oj
Sdsn (``dlk)
kprnx. 75 oj
Dspkefn rdqudrfin
=9 eh·
Ifhdlsfnlds (eh) Wdbrfjdrkltd
79 kl. Ú 5: k`. Ú 54 `kr. 5,4 `, k gksd id j`fen`
Ufstdhk
Efreu`kefõl edrrkik
Enldxfõl
Enldetnr k `k rdi d`æetrfek
Enlsuhn dldrjætfen
594 RK hëx.
K `k tdlsfõl id bulefnlkhfdltn ;;3 n 753 R EK (dl bulefõl id` ifspnsftfvn) Brdeudlefk id `èldk
7. 7.:. :.::
43/23 Mz
@d @det etnr nr id eõ eõif ifjn jnss i idd g gkr krrk rkss flt fltdr drln ln Rdrsfõl
Fltdrlk
Ydeln`njèk
EEI
Eõifjns id gkrrks
DKL/TSE Enid 56 7/4 bkhf`y Enikgkr Enid ;7= DKL ;7= FUGY ;7= Enid 65 Eõifjns bkrhkeæutfens Yd`dpdl HUF/S`dssdy Id`tk FGH Enikg`neo-K Enikg`neo-B Ut Uti i Enikg`neo-B DKL Enid ;; Enid ;2O Enid 96
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
7-;5
Fltrniueefõl
7.: .:..=
Dxke kettftui y prde deffsfõl fõl D` enhpnrtkhfdltn quèhfen id `ns klk`fzkinrds id quèhfek e`èlfek, dl tærhflns id dxketftui y prdefsfõl, idpdlid id `n sfjufdltd1 `ks ekrketdrèstfeks id` flstruhdltn, `ks tæelfeks id hdifefõl y `ns hktdrfk`ds utf`fzkins. Snr tkltn, `ks ekrketdrèstfeks id` enhpnrtkhfdltn quèhfen id ul klk`fzkinr id quèhfek e`èlfek sõ`n sd pudidl dstkg`dedr y pnstu`kr dl bulefõl id1 d` klk`ftn, d` oft id rdketfvns dspdeèbfen y `ns ek`fgrkinrds utf`fzkins, d` tfpn y `k enlstftuefõl id `ns dspdeèhdlds fhp`fekins, dte. @ns klk`fzkinrds dstël ifsdûkins enhn sfstdhks kgfdrtns. ‐Kgfdrtn‘ fhp`fek qud k dstd sfstdhk pudid kikptkrsd `k hkynrèk id `ks prudgks y tæelfeks id quèhfek e`èlfek qud rdqufdrdl ulk hdifefõl bntnhætrfek. Uõ`n ds ldedskrfn kaustkr `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk pkrk ul klë`fsfs dspdeèbfen. D` usukrfn idgd dstkg`dedr `ns kaustds id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk rdqudrfins pkrk ngtdldr rdsu`tkins sktfsbketnrfns, utf`fzklin pkrk d``n hætnins kideukins. @ns hætnins dstël gkskins prdbdrfg`dhdltd dl ineuhdltns id nrfdltkefõl fltdrlkefnlk`ds, enhn `ks ifrdetrfeds id `k DEE@U n LEE@U. D` bkgrfekltd ln sujfdrd lf prnpnld lfljñl rdketfvn, ek`fgrkinr y/n enltrn` enlerdtn id ul bkgrfekltd dspdeèbfen pkrk sus klk`fzkinrds. Ngtdljk `k flbnrhkefõl sngrd `ks ekrketdrèstfeks id enhpnrtkhfdltn k trkvæs id` bkgrfekltd bk grfekltd n d` ifstrfgufinr id` rdketfvn sd`deefnlkin. Rkrfns bkgrfekltds id rdketfvns mkl rdk`fzkin dstuifns id enhpnrtkhfdltn dl dstks sdrfds id klk`fzkinrds dl enhgflkefõl enl sus ofts id rdketfvns. Snr tkltn, ifspnldl id mnaks id kp`fekefõl pkrk ifstfltns klk`ftns. @k flbnrhkefõl rdqudrfik pudid enlsu`tkrsd lnrhk`hdltd dl `ns prnspdetns id` dlvksd id` rdketfvn. Sõljksd dl enltketn enl d` rdprdsdltkltd `nek` n d` bkgrfekltd id` rdketfvn pkrk ngtdldr hës flbnrhkefõl kedrek id` enhpnrtkhfdltn quèhfen id `ns rdketfvns dl dstns klk`fzkinrds.
Idsekrjn id rdspnlskgf`fiki D` bkgrfekltd ln ksuhd lfljulk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr rdsu`tkins id prudgk drrõldns prnvnekins pnr `ns ofts id rdketfvns y/n `ns ek`fgrkinrds n pnr ulk utf`fzkefõl y idtdrhflkefõl flkideukiks id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
7- ;9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7.=
Iktns Iktns tæ tæel elfen fenss id` id` klk` klk`fzk fzkin inrr (sf (sfl l ulfi ulfiki ki id rdbrf rdbrfjd jdrk rkefõ efõl lu nridlkinr)
7.=.;
Ifhdlsfnlds y pdsn
7. 7.=. =.77
7. 7.=. =.55
7.=.9
Klemurk
;; ;;: : eh
Srnbulifiki
:: eh
K`turk
;;4 eh
Sdsn
kprnx. ;=3 oj
Wd Wdqu qufs fsft ftns ns dl dldr drjæ jættfens fens Ydlsfõl id `èldk
;;3/793 R lnhflk`, tn`drklefk ;3%
Brdeudlefk id `èldk
43/23 Mz
Enlsuhn dldrjætfen
;333RK
Ektd Ek tdjn jnrè rèk k id id `k `k fls flsttk`ke k`kefõ fõl l
FF (id (id k keu eudr drin in enl enl FFD DE 229 229))
Wd Wdqu qufs fsft ftns ns kh khgf gfdl dlttk`ds k`ds Ydhpdrkturk khgfdltd
;4 k 57 ³E
Muhdiki rd`ktfvk hëxfhk
=3% k 57 57 ³E ³E
Jrkin id pn`uefõl
7 (id keudrin enl FDE 229)
Kutnrfzkefnlds ED EG T@
Lntk @ks kutnrfzkefnlds dluhdrkiks kquè sd rdbfdrdl dxe`usfvkhdltd k` flstruhdltn y `k enlsn`k id` usukrfn, ln k `ns ifspnsftfvns kifefnlk`ds (rdbrfjdrkefõl). Skrk enlsu`tkr `ks kutnrfzkefnlds id dstns ifspnsftfvns, rdhètksd k` hkluk` enrrdspnlifdltd.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Fltrniueefõl
7-;4
7- ;2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5ENLEDSYNUGËUFENU ID@ HKLDAN ID@ UFUYDHK
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-;
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5. ;
Srdpkrkefõl id id` ttrrkgkan @dk enl ktdlefõl dstd ekpètu`n kltds id dhpdzkr k trkgkakr enl d` klk`fzkinr. Wdspdtd sfdhprd `ks flstrueefnlds id sdjurfiki k bfl id dvftkr keefidltds.
Lntk Dl dstd hkluk`, `ks prnpnrefnlds id if`uefõl sd flifekl enhn pkrtds id `k hudstrk dl pkrtds id `k sn`uefõl rdstkltd. Id dstd hnin, ulk prnpnrefõl id if`uefõl ;14 sfjlfbfek ; pkrtd id `k hudstrk if`ufik enl 9 pkrtds id if`uydltd, qud ikl enhn rdsu`tkin 4 pkrtds id sn`uefõl.
5.;.;
Tsn id` hkluk` @k fltrniueefõl id ekik ekpètu`n idserfgd d` bulefnlkhfdltn id` klk`fzkinr. @k fltrniueefõl dstë sdjufik id ulk `fstk id `ns pkrëhdtrns y bulefnlds ifspnlfg`ds dl `k dstrueturk id` hdlñ. D` hkluk` prnpnrefnlk flstrueefnlds e`krks pkrk rdk`fzkr `ns pksns ldedskrfns. Dadhp`n id ulk sdeefõl id `k bulefõl "Un`feftui hkluk` id prudgks y iktns id hudstrks".
Dadhp`n1 Un`feftui hkluk` id prudgks d fltrniueefõl id iktns id hudstrks ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Fltrn rni iuzek d` d` UKHS@D FI. 5. Uf d` `kgnrktnrf `kgnrktnrfn n ldedsftk ldedsftk flbnrhkefõl flbnrhkefõl pdrsnlk` pdrsnlk` id` id` pkefdltd, pkefdltd, dserfgk dserfgk d` lnhgrd lnhgrd id` pkefdltd pkefdltd dl dl d` ekhpn UKHS@D LKHD y `k bdemk id lkefhfdltn dl IKYD NB GFWYM. Dstns iktns sd fhprfhdl dl ekik flbnrhd rdsu`tkins. Skrk bnrhktn id `k bdemk vkyk k `k enlbfjurkefõl rdjfnlk` dl d` id Skld` id enltrn` id ekhgfkr Zflinwsd`YH . 9. Fltrniu Fltrniuzek zek `ns `ns ntrns ntrns pkrë pkrëhdt hdtrns rns sf sf ds ldedsk ldedskrfn. rfn. N gfdl1 Su`sd YKG pkrk fr ifrdetkhdltd k` ërdk id sd`deefõl id `k prudgk. 4. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d `ks pru prudgk dgkss idsdk idsdkik iks. s. 2. Ud`de deeefnld B=LDZ UKHS@DU pkrk k`hkedlkr `k sn`feftui. Kpkrdedrë ulk pkltk``k vkeèk pkrk kûkifr `k sfjufdltd sn`feftui. D` lñhdrn id sn`feftuids dl dspdrk id klë`fsfs dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids sd hudstrk dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k pkltk``k ( WD[./YWKV GTBBDW1). Kmnrk pudid sd`deefnlkr d` hdlñ UKHS@DU MKLI@FLJ .
5.; .;..7
Skrt rtdds id `k pkltk``k ``k ;
9
7
5
;. 7. 5. 9.
@èldk id dstkin Ërdk id dltrkik y sk`fik enl bulefnlds Yde`ks id bulefõl B; k B;3 Dstrueturk id hdlñ
5- 7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
@èldk id dstkin @k `èldk id dstkin hudstrk `k sfjufdltd flbnrhkefõl1 • Dstkin id` klk`fzkinr, pnr dadhp`n, UYKLI-GV. • Hnin id prnedskhfdltn1 HNLN HNID n ITK@ HNID. • Hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids1 flbnrhkefõl sngrd d` lñhdrn id hudstrks sn`feftkiks pdrn sfl ekrjkr tnikvèk. • Hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id gklidaks1 flbnrhkefõl sngrd d` lñhdrn ketuk` id tugns id hudstrks ekrjkins dl d` klk`fzkinr. • Ifsen id rdketfvns1 lnhgrd id` ifsen id rdketfvns sd`deefnlkin. • Hnin id prdsdltkefõl1 d` hdlñ dl d` qud dstë trkgkaklin dl dsd hnhdltn, pnr dadhp`n, HKFL HDLT. • Mnrk y bdemk. • D` dstkin id `k fltdrbkz dxtdrlk (WU 757), pnr dadhp`n, NL-@FLD. Ërdk id dltrkik y sk`fik enl bulefnlds Skrk fltrniuefr iktns y sd`deefnlkr `ks bulefnlds y hdlñs, utf`fed d` tde`kin n d` rktõl. Skrk `ddr `ks hudstrks hdifkltd eõifjn id gkrrks y sn`feftkr prudgks idsid d` jrëbfen id sn`feftuids, utf`fed d` `detnr id eõifjn id gkrrks. Yde`ks id bulefõl Dl d` hnlftnr sd hudstrk enltflukhdltd `k flbnrhkefõl id `k bulefõl dspdeèbfek id `ks tde`ks id bulefõl. Yniks Yniks `ks pkltk``ks tfdldl ulk dstrueturk enhñl enl `ks Y Yde`ks de`ks id Bulefõl dl `k pkrtd flbdrfnr id` hnlftnr. Sudid pu`skr `ks tde`ks id bulefõl dl d` tde`kin, n mkedr e`fe dl d` gntõl enl d` rktõl.
5.;.5
Yde`ks KWWNZ ODVU YKG SKJD TS/INZL, MNHD, DLI DLYDW B; - B;3 K@Y+B;3
Skskl k ntrn ekhpn Ud hudvd dltrd `ns ekhpns k fzqufdrik y idrdemk Ud idsp`kzkl idltrn id ulk `fstk Enlbfrhk ulk dltrkik Yde`ks id bulefõl Skrkik id dhdrjdlefk
USKEDGKW
Ud`deefnld n idsd`deefnld ulk eksf``k vdrfbfekefõl y vkyk k `ns ekhpns id `ks pdstkûks id id fzqufdrik k idrdemk.
5.; .;..9
Skrk rki ik id dhdrjd rjdlefk Skrk idtdldr d` klk`fzkinr ;. Skrk Skrk idtdldr idtdldr d` klk` klk`fzk fzkinr inr n ulk rrutfl utflk k id npdrkef npdrkefõl, õl, pu`sd pu`sd K@Y+B;3 sfhu`tëldkhdltd. 7. D` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr pksk k` k` dstkin dstkin flketfvn flketfvn y sd pfdridl pfdridl tniks `ks `ks hdifefnlds hdifefnlds dl eursn. eursn. 5. Sudid rdpdtfr rdpdtfr dstks dstks hdifefn hdifefnlds lds ulk vdz vdz qud sd sd mkyk rdflfef rdflfefkin kin d` klk`fzki klk`fzkinr nr.. Skrk rdflfefkr d` klk`fzkinr ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH/FUD. 5. Ud`de deeefnld WDUDY UVUYDH y pu`sd DLYDW. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B; WDUDY UVUYDH pkrk rdflfefkr d` klk`fzkinr.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-5
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5.;.4
Hdlskads Uf sd prniued k`jñl drrnr dl d` klk`fzkinr n dl `k rutflk id bulefnlkhfdltn, d` klk`fzkinr hudstrk ul hdlskad id drrnr dl d` hnlftnr. D` hdlskad nbrded flbnrhkefõl sngrd d` drrnr y, sf ds pnsfg`d, flstrueefnlds pkrk enrrdjfr`n. D` hdlskad vk kenhpkûkin id ulk sdûk` keñstfek. Skrk idsketfvkr `k sdûk` keñstfek pu`sd `k gkrrk dspkefkinrk.
Dadhp`n1 D;7 ZKYDW WTLLFLJ NTY kpkrded euklin d` lfvd` id` `èqufin id` klk`fzkinr ds gkan. Udrë ldedskrfn
``dlkr d` enltdldinr id kjuk. D` klk`fzkinr enltflukrë `k npdrkefõl fltdrruhpfik sfl hës enlsdeudlefks. Wdhètksd k `ns hdlskads dl .
5- 9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5. 5.77
Suds Sudsttk dl dl hkr hkrem emkk id` id` klk` klk`fz fzki kinr nr pnr pnr prf prfhd hdrk rk vdz vdz KIRDWYDLEFK Ln flstk`d d` klk`fzkinr ustdi hfshn. D` klk`fzkinr idgd sdr flstk`kin pnr ul tæelfen id sdrvfefn tæelfen enl `k idgfik bnrhkefõl. Idspuæs id `k flstk`kefõl y kltds id pnidr utf`fzkr d` klk`fzkinr dl d` bulefnlkhfdltn rutflkrfn lnrhk`, ds ldedskrfn dbdetukr vkrfns kaustds id` sfstdhk.
5. 5.7. 7.;;
Srdp Srdpkr krke kefõ fõl li id` d` kl klk` k`fz fzki kin nr Dbdetñd `ks sfjufdltds npdrkefnlds dl dstd nridl1 ;. Flstk`d Flstk`d d` snbtwkrd snbtwkrd id` id` SE y d` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr.. Wdhètksd Wdhètksd k . 7. Snljk Snljk dl dl hkremk hkremk d` klk` klk`fzk fzkinr inr.. Wdhèt Wdhètksd ksd k 5.7.7 Sudstk Sudstk dl hkremk id` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr . 5. Enldet Enldetd d `k ulfi ulfiki ki id rdbr rdbrfjd fjdrke rkefõl. fõl. Wdhètk Wdhètksd sd k . 9. Flstk` Flstk`d d ``k k enltr enltrksd ksdûk. ûk. Wdhètk Wdhètksd sd k 5.7.5 Idbflfefõl Idbflfefõl id enltrksdûks enltrksdûks.. 4. @`dld @`dld d` sfst sfstdhk dhk enl enl d` `èquf `èqufin in id` id` sfstdh sfstdhk. k. Wdhèt Wdhètksd ksd k 5.7.9 @`dlkr/vkefkr @`dlkr/vkefkr d` `èqufin `èqufin id` sfstdhk.. sfstdhk 2. Enlbfj Enlbfjurd urd `ns `ns pkrëhd pkrëhdtrn trnss id` sfstd sfstdhk. hk. Wdhè Wdhètks tksd d k 5.7.4 Idbflfefõl Idbflfefõl id `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns id` sfstdhk.. sfstdhk :. prnedskhfdltn Idbflk Idbflk d` hnin hnin id prned prnedskh skhfdl fdltn tn id` sfstd sfstdhk. hk. Wdhèt Wdhètksd ksd k 5.7.2 Enlbfjurkefõl Enlbfjurkefõl id` id` hnin id =. Srnjrk Srnjrkhd hd `ns `ns ek`f ek`fgrk grkinrd inrds. s. Wdhè Wdhètks tksd dk. 6. Srnjrk Srnjrkhd hd `ns enltrn` enltrn`ds. ds. Wdhètk Wdhètksd sd k . ;3. Ekrjud n prnjrkhd prnjrkhd `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk. prudgk. Wdhètksd Wdhètksd k . ;;. Idbflk `ks `ks prudgks flenhpktf flenhpktfg`ds. g`ds. Wdhètksd Wdhètksd k . ;7. Srnjrkhd Srnjrkhd `ns pdrbf`ds pdrbf`ds.. Wdhètksd Wdhètksd k . ;5. En`nqud En`nqud `ns rdketfvn rdketfvns. s. Wdhètksd Wdhètksd k .
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-4
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5. 5.7. 7.77
Su Suds dsttk dl hk hkre remk mk id id`` kl klk` k`fz fzki kinr nr
;. Uftñd khgns khgns fltdrrupt fltdrruptnrds nrds prflefp prflefpk`ds k`ds dl `k `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl id dledlifi dledlifin n (NL) id id uln dl uln. uln. Dstël Dstël sftukins dl d` pkld` pnstdrfnr id` i d` klk`fzkinr. 7. Enld Enldet etd d d` d` SE SE (NL (NL). ). 5. Dadeut Dadeutd d d` prnj prnjrkh rkhk k id` klk`fz klk`fzkin kinrr. D` HKFL HDLT kpkrdedrë dl d` hnlftnr. Euklin d` klk`fzkinr pdrhklded dledlifin pdrn ln dstë ketfvn rdk`fzklin lfljñl prnedsn, d` klk`fzkinr pksk k` hnin UYKLI-GV HNID. D` klk`fzkinr enhfdlzk ul rdflfefn id` sfstdhk. D` klk`fzkinr yk dstë `fstn pkrk su usn. D` bkgrfekltd rdenhfdlik qud d` klk`fzkinr y d` snbtwkrd id usukrfn dstæl ketfvns dl tnin hnhdltn. Id dstk hkldrk sd jkrkltfzk qud sd rdk`fzk ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen id `k eugdtk ulk vdz tnins `ns ièks. Euklin sd kpkjud d` klk`fzkinr trks bflk`fzkr `k ñ`tfhk rutflk, idgd rdk`fzkr ulk hdifefõl hkluk` id` g`klen id `k eugdtk euklin dlefdlik id ludvn d` klk`fzkinr k` ièk sfjufdltd. Wdhètksd k 5.7.4 Idbflfefõl Idbflfefõl id `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns id` sfstdhk pkrk sfstdhk pkrk vdr idtk``ds kedrek id` g`klen g`k len id `k eugdtk.
5. 5.7. 7.55
Id Idbbflfe flfefõ fõl li idd eenl nltr trks ksdû dûks ks
Tlk enltrksdûk id usukrfn sd utf`fzk pkrk dvftkr qud pdrsnlks ln euk`fbfekiks k`tdrdl n gnrrdl iktns fhpnrtkltds. @k enltrksdûk ds ldedskrfk pkrk d`fhflkr kremfvns id rdsu`tkins id ifsen y pkrk mkedr ulk enhprngkefõl n kaustd id bulefnlkhfdltn y pkrk kgrfr `ns sfjufdltds hdlñs1
5- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
• • •
B7 FLUYK@@ B5 SWNJWKHHFLJ B2 [TK@FYV ENLYWN@
Lntk Uf `k enltrksdûk id usukrfn ln ds enrrdetk, æstd sõ`n pudid mkedr kaustds dl `k `ëhpkrk Ln sd rdqufdrd enltrksdûk pkrk sn`feftkr prudgks, ekrjkr `ks hudstrks n flfefkr `k hdifefõl.
Skrk fltrniuefr ulk enltrksdûk ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B7 FLUYK@@. 5. Ud`de deeefnld EMKLJD SKUUZNWIU. 9. Uf fltrni fltrniued ued ulk ulk enltrks enltrksdûk dûk pnr pnr prfhdrk prfhdrk vdz, vdz, dserèg dserègk`k k`k dl LDZ SKUUZNWI y ENLBFWH SKUUZNWI. 4. Uf ekhgfk ekhgfk `k enltrksdû enltrksdûk, k, dserfgk dserfgk `k enltrksdû enltrksdûk k kltdrfnr kltdrfnr dl d` ekhpn N@I SKUUZNWI. 2. Su`sd K@Y+B6 EMKLJD SKUUZNWI.
5. 5.7. 7.99
@`dl @`dlkr kr/v /vke kefk fkrr dd`` `èq `èquf ufin in id id`` sfs sfstd tdhk hk
Skrk prdpkrkr d` klk`fzkinr pkrk su bulefnlkhfdltn, ksdjñrdsd id qud d` klk`fzkinr tfdld `èqufin id` sfstdhk.
@`dlkin id` sfstdhk ;. @`dld d` enltdldinr enltdldinr id kjuk kjuk enl 74 h` id sn`uefõl sn`uefõl id` id` sfstdhk sfstdhk y ;3 ` id kjuk idstf`kik idstf`kik n idsfnlfzkik. Ttf`fed kjuk enl ulk enliuetfvfiki hdlnr qud 53 ´U y ul rdeudltn hferngfkln id hdlns id ;3 TBE/h`. Skrk prdpkrkr d` klk`fzkinr pkrk d` trklspnrtd, vkeèd d` enltdldinr id `èqufin id` klk`fzkinr y `ns enltdldinrds id idsdemns. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. 9. Ud`de deeefnld BF@@/DHSYV UVUYDH. 4. Su`sd B; BF@@ UVUYDH pkrk dhpdzkr k ``dlkr d` klk`fzkinr enl d` `èqufin id` sfstdhk. 2. Tlk vdz enhp`dtkin enhp`dtkin d` d` ``dlkin, ``dlkin, ksdjñrdsd ksdjñrdsd id qud tnins tnins `ns tugns tugns (pnr dadhp`n, dadhp`n, `ns tugns tugns id `k `k snlik id `k hudstrk n `k snlik id` rdketfvn) dstæl ``dlns id `èqufin id` sfstdhk y qud ln prdsdltdl gurguaks id kfrd. :. Ud idt idtde detk tk gurg gurgua uaks ks id id kfrd kfrd,, pu`sd pu`sd B; pkrk rdpdtfr d` efe`n id ``dlkin id` sfstdhk.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-:
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
Rkefkin id` sfstdhk Ttf`fed dstd hdlñ euklin tdljk qud rdtfrkr kjuk id` klk`fzkinr, pnr dadhp`n, pkrk su trklspnrtd. ;. Wdtfrd Wdtfrd id` id` enltdl enltdldin dinrr d` tugn tugn id `èquf `èqufin in id` id` sfstdh sfstdhk. k. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. 9. Ud`de deeefnld BF@@/DHSYV UVUYDH. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B7 DHSYV UVUYDH pkrk vkefkr d` klk`fzkinr pkrk su trklspnrtd. 2. Ksdjñrdsd Ksdjñrdsd id qud qud ln qudid qudid `èqufin `èqufin id` sfstdhk sfstdhk dl `ns `ns tugns. tugns. D` dstkin dstkin id` id` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr ds ds vkeèn. vkeèn. :. Uf ds ds lded ldedsk skrf rfn, n, sd` sd`de deef efnl nld d B7DHSYV UVUYDH pkrk rdflfefkr d` vkefkin. Tlk vdz enhp`dtkin d` prnedifhfdltn idgdl d`fhflkrsd `ns idsdemns rdstkltds. =. D` hni hnin n id vke vkefk fkin in lde ldeds dsftftk k ul B; BF@@ UVUYDH pkrk pnldr d` klk`fzkinr dl d` d ` hnin stkli-gy.
5. 5.7. 7.44
Id Idbf bflf lfef efõl õl i idd `n `nss p pkr krëh ëhdt dtrn rnss id id`` sf sfst stdh dhkk Lnrhk`hdltd idgd fltrniuefr dstns pkrëhdtrns ulk sn`k vdz, kltds id qud d` klk`fzkinr sd pnljk dl bulefnlkhfdltn. Ln ngstkltd, pudid ekhgfkr `ns pkrëhdtrns ekik vdz qud sdk ldedskrfn (pnr dadhp`n, d` bnrhktn id `k bdemk).
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B7 FLUYK@@. Uf mk idbflfin ulk enltrksdûk, kpkrded ul eukirn id ifë`njn id enltrksdûk. 5. Ud`de deeefnld UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU. 9. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns pkrëhdtr pkrëhdtrns ns id` sfstdhk. sfstdhk. Ttf`fed Ttf`fed `ks `ks tde`ks tde`ks id` eursnr eursnr n d` rktõl pkrk pkrk sd`deefnlk sd`deefnlkrr `ns sfjufdltds pkrëhdtrns. Fltrniuzek d` vk`nr y enlbfrhd enl DLYDW.
Skrëhdtrns @KLJTKJD
Ud`deefnld d` fifnhk.
@KGNWKYNWV LKHD
Fltrniuzek d` lnhgrd id` `kgnrktnrfn. D` ekhpn tfdld ul tkhkûn id 57 ekrketdrds. D` lnhgrd bfjurk dl tniks `ks enpfks fhprdsks id `ns rdsu`tkins.
UKHS@D FI. KTYN FLEW.
Ud`deefnld d` enltkinr id hudstrks pkrk flerdhdltkr kutnhëtfekhdltd d` lñhdrn id hudstrks dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU euklin sd dstël rdjfstrklin hudstrks id pkefdltds. @ns iktns k`bkluhærfens sfdhprd sd eudltkl dl nridl ksedlidltd. D` klk`fzkinr eudltk `k sdeudlefk, pnr dadhp`n id Kz66 k Gk33.
5- =
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
KTYN WDWTL
Ud`deefnld d` rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen pkrk prnjrkhkr kutnhëtfekhdltd ulk prudgk enl `ns pkrëhdtrns id rdprnedskhfdltn id `k prudgk rdspdetfvk euklin sd dxedidl `ns `èhftds idbflfins. D` rdprnedskhfdltn ds kp`fekg`d dl `ns sfjufdltds eksns1 • Drrnr id `fldk`fiki • Drrnr id` `èhftd id kgsnrgklefk
•• • •
Drrnr Drrnr id id idsvfkefõl kjntkhfdltnid` id`rdketfvn sugstrktn Drrnr id prnznlk Drrnr id `èhftd id enledltrkefõl
D` rdprnedskhfdltn sd dbdetñk enl `ns pkrëhdtrns id rdprnedskhfdltn idbflfins. @ns `èhftds y vn`ñhdlds id ekik pkrëhdtrn sd idbfldl dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . ZKRD@DLJYM
@ks nemn `nljftuids id nlik id `ns bf`trns id fltdrbdrdlefks, flifekiks enhn vk`nrds dl lklõhdtrns. Ekhgfd sõ`n dstd pkrëhdtrn sf sd mkl flstk`kin bf`trns ludvns enl ifstfltks `nljftuids id nlik.
KTYNHKYFE DRK@TKYFNL
Uè. D` klk`fzkinr fhprfhd kutnhëtfekhdltd y dlvèk k` nridlkinr prflefpk`, sf dstë ketfvkin, tnins `ns rdsu`tkins. @ns rdsu`tkins ln vë`fins sd hkrekl enhn WDADEY. Ln. D` klk`fzkinr g`nqudk `ns rdsu`tkins id pkefdltd enl uln n hës hdlskads id drrnr mkstk qud ustdi kedptd n rdemked dstns rdsu`tkins dl d` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU. K enltflukefõl sd fhprfhdl `ns rdsu`tkins.
KTYNHKYFE G@KLO YFHD
@k mnrk (mm1hh) k `k qud d` klk`fzkinr rdk`fzkrë ekik ièk ulk hdifefõl kutnhëtfek id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks. Fltrniuzek `ks mnrks, pu`sd DLYDW, fltrniuzek `ns hflutns y pu`sd id ludvn DLYDW. Dstk hdifefõl sõ`n ds pnsfg`d euklin d` klk`fzkinr dstë dl hnin Dl dspdrk. Uf sd idsenldetk d` klk`fzkinr, idgdrë sn`feftkr dstk hdifefõl hkluk`hdltd ekik ièk. Ud rdenhfdlik dbdetukr dstk hdifefõl kltds id `k rutflk ifkrfk. Idspuæs id `k hdifefõl, d` klk`fzkinr fhprfhd ulk `fstk enl `k sfjufdltd flbnrhkefõl1 • Bdemk/mnrk id` g`klen. • Wdsu`tkins id` g`klen. • Lñhdrn id ièks rdstkltds kltds id tdldr qud ek`fgrkr d` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltd. • Lñhdrn id ièks rdstkltds kltds id tdldr qud rdk`fzkr d` sfjufdltd `kvkin id `k kjuak sdjñl d` prnjrkhk id hkltdlfhfdltn. • Lñhdrn id ièks rdstkltds kltds id tdldr qud rdk`fzkr `k sfjufdltd `fhpfdzk id` sfstdhk. • @k bdemk id ekiuefiki id `ns rdketfvns, enltrn`ds y ek`fgrkinrds. Uf ln rdk`fzk `k hdifefõl id` g`klen id `k eugdtk, d` klk`fzkinr pudid enltflukr prnedsklin kulqud `ns rdsu`tkins pudidl vdrsd kbdetkins y sdr flenrrdetns. Dl eksn id qud mkyk dxpfrkin `k ek`fgrkefõl, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzkrë `ns iktns id `k ñ`tfhk ek`fgrkefõl mkstk qud sd dadeutd ulk ludvk ek`fgrkefõl.
HK]. ETRDYYD G@KLO UI
@k idsvfkefõl dstëlikr hëxfhk tn`drkik pnr d` klk`fzkinr dl ulk hdifefõl rntnr id eugdtks. D` vk`nr rdenhdlikin ds 3.3733. Ufid` sd g`klen dxedidid` `k idsvfkefõl dstëlikr, sd fhprfhd ul hdlskad id drrnr aultn enl `ns rdsu`tkins id` g`klen id` rntnr.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-6
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
LDDI@D WFLUD FLYDWRK@
D` fltdrvk`n, dl ièks, mkstk qud idgd rdk`fzkrsd d` `kvkin id `k kjuak. 31 Ln sd rdk`fzk d` `kvkin id `k kjuak ;1 D` `kvkin idgd rdk`fzkrsd ekik ièk 71 D` lñhdrn id ièks idspuæs id `ns euk`ds idgd rdk`fzkrsd d` `kvkin Ud rdenhfdlik sd`deefnlkr : ièks y rdk`fzkr d` `kvkin k` bflk` id ekik sdhklk `kgnrkg`d. Ketfvd `k bulefõl LDDI@D WFLUD dl d` hdlñ WNYNW/UVUYDH.
TUD UVUYDH GKWENID
Ud`deefnld Tsd systdh gkrenid sf mky qud ketfvkr d` `detnr pkrk hudstrks enl eõifjn id gkrrks.
FUD FLUYK@@DI
Ud`deefnld Fsd Flstk``di sf mky flstk`kik ulk ulfiki Rftk` iry d`detrnid FUD. Enlsu`td d` hkluk` id `k ulfiki Iry dFdetrnid FUD.
DWWNW UNTLI
Mky ifspnlfg`d ulk sd`deefõl id eflen snlfins id` klk`fzkinr Rftk`kg. Su`sd B= S@KV DWWNW UNTLI pkrk nèr d` drrnr id snlfin. D` snlfin prdidtdrhflkin ds UNTLI ;.
DWWNW UNTLI ITWKYFNL
Mky trds iurkefnlds id snlfins id drrnr ifspnlfg`ds. • Enlstklt - d` snlfin id drrnr sd rdprniued enlstkltdhdltd • 4 hfl. - d` snlfin id drrnr sd rdprniued iurkltd 4 hflutns. • 73sde. - d` snlfin id drrnr sd rdprniued iurkltd 73 sdjulins.
@DBY UFID IFUKG@DI WFJMY UFID IFUKG@DI
Ud`deefnld VDU sf idgd idsketfvkr `k pkrtd fzqufdrik id` klk`fzkinr. Ud`deefnld VDU sf idgd idsketfvkr `k pkrtd idrdemk id` klk`fzkinr.
IFUO WDUT@YU @NEKYFNL
Ud`deefnld `k ekrpdtk inlid sd k`hkedlkrël `ns iktns mfstõrfens.
Yde`ks B4 EMKLJD IFUO WDUT@YU @NEKYFNL B2 EMKLJD ZKRD@DLJYMU
B= S@KV DWWNW UNTLI B;3
5. 5.7. 7.22
@k ugfekefõl id` kremfvn inlid sd jukrikl `ns rdsu`tkins dl `k dstrueturk ifrdetnrfns pudid hnifbfekrsd. @ks `nljftuids id nlik dstël prntdjfiks hdifkltd enltrksdûk. Skrk ekhgfkr `k `nljftui id nlik, põljksd dl enltketn enl d` snpnrtd tæelfen. Wdprniued d` snlfin sd`deefnlkin. Rk k` hdlñ USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU.
En Enlb lbfj fjur urke kefõ fõl l id id`` hn hnin in i idd pr prne neds dskh khfd fdlt ltn n D` klk`fzkinr pudid enlbfjurkrsd dl ins hnins, hnln y iuk`. Dl hnin hnln sõ`n pudid rdk`fzkr prudgks enl ul rdketfvn flifvfiuk`, dl hnin iuk` pudid mkedr prudgks enl ul rdketfvn flifvfiuk` n enl hñ`tfp`ds rdketfvns. Euklin sõ`n sd rdk`fzkl prudgks enl ul rdketfvn flifvfiuk`, ds hdanr enlbfjurkr d` klk`fzkinr dl hnin hnln, yk qud `k vd`nefiki ds supdrfnr supdrfnr..
5- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B7 FLUYK@@. Uf mk idbflfin ulk enltrksdûk, kpkrded ul eukirn id ifë`njn id enltrksdûk. 5. Ud`de deeefnld WTL HNID. 9. Su`sd DLYDW n YKG. 4. Su`sd K@Y+B6 pkrk ekhgfkr d` hnin.
Yde`ks K@Y+BB6 EMKLJD WTL HNID B;3 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU
5.7.: 5.7 .:
Ekhgfk dltrd d` Hnin iuk` y Hnin Hnln. Rk k` hdlñ USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU.
Ekr Ekrjk jk id eu eugf gf`dt `dtds ds id hu huds dstr trks ks pd pdif ifët ëtrfe rfeks ks D` sdlsnr id lfvd` id` klk`fzkinr sd gksk dl `k ekpkeftklefk. @ns rdefpfdltds id `ks hudstrks idgdl mkedr enltketn enl `k p`kek gksd id` rntnr.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ln utf`fed rdefpfdltds id hudstrks pdifëtrfeks sfl d` kikptkinr pdifëtrfen id p`ktk qud sd hudstrk k enltflukefõl. Ln utf`fed kikptkinrds ifstfltns k `ns qud sd idserfgdl k enltflukefõl. Skrk ksdjurkrsd qud d` sdlsnr id lfvd` id `èqufin bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd, `ns rdefpfdltds pdifëtrfens idgdl ekrjkrsd dl d` rntnr id hudstrks enhn sfjud1
;. Flsdrtd Flsdrtd d` eugf`dtd eugf`dtd pdifëtrfe pdifëtrfen n dl d` kikptkin kikptkinrr pdifëtrfe pdifëtrfen n id p`ktk. p`ktk. 7. Flsdrtd d` kikptkinr kikptkinr pdifëtr pdifëtrfen fen enl d` eugf`dtd eugf`dtd dl d` rntnr id hudstrks hudstrks id ;5 hh. hh.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
Lntk D` rntnr id hudstrks id ;5 hh pudid ekrjkrsd enl1 • eugf`dtd pdifëtrfen + kikptkinr pdifëtrfen. • Yugn id hudstrk id ;5 x :4 hh. D` rntnr id hudstrks id ;2 hh pudid ekrjkrsd enl1 • Wdefpfdltd pdifëtrfen + kikptkinr pdifëtrfen + kikptkinr id ;5 x :4 • Yugn id hudstrk id ;5 x :4 hh + kikptkinr id tugn id ;5 x :4 hh • Yugn id hudstrk id ;5 x ;33 hh + kikptkinr id tugn id ;5 x ;33 hh • Yugn id hudstrk id ;2 x ;33 hh.
5-;;
5- ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
5. 5
@fstk id enhprngkefõl
5.5.; 5.5 .;
@fst @fstkk id en enhp hprn rngk gkefõ efõl l pk pkrk rk d` bbul ulef efnl nlkh khfd fdlt ltn n rut rutfl flkr krfn fn KIRDWYDLEFK Wdspdtd sfdhprd `ks prdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki mkgftuk`ds (jukltds id jnhk, prntdeefõl enltrk sk`pfekiurks).
¾Dstël tnins `ns ekg`ds enrrdetkhdltd enldetkins k` sfstdhk>
Ekg`ds id tdlsfõl, enldxfnlds enl `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl, ekg`ds id enhulfekefõl, dte.
¾Dstë enldetkin d` sfstdhk>
Tlfiki id` klk`fzkinr, nridlkinr y ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl1 tnins `ns fltdrruptnrds dl `k pnsfefõl id dledlifin (Nl).
¾Bulefnlk `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl enrrdetkhdltd>
@`dld `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl enrrdetkhdltd enl rdbrfjdrkltd. Flstk`d enrrdetkhdltd `ns tugns dl `k ulfiki id` klk`fzkinr. Enhprudgd rdju`krhdltd d` lfvd` id `èqufin vfsuk`hdltd y `k tdhpdrkturk id `k ulfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl.
¾Dstël idbflfins tnins `ns
Enhprudgd `ns sfjufdltds pkrëhdtrns y kaustds.
pkrëhdtrns ldedskrfns>
• • •
¾Dstë d` sfstdhk id `èqufin ``dln id `èqufin id` sfstdhk>
@`dld d` sfstdhk id `èqufin id` klk`fzkinr enl `èqufin id` sfstdhk euklin pnljk dl bulefnlkhfdltn d` sfstdhk pnr vdz prfhdrk. Ttf`fed d` hdlñ BF@@/DHSYV UVUYDH. Enhprudgd d` enltdldinr id kjuk y `ks adrfljks.
¾Dstël idbflfins tnins `ns pkrëhdtrns id trkgkan sdjñl `n rdqudrfin>
Flerdhdltn id` lñhdrn id hudstrk, rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen, dvk`ukefõl kutnhëtfek id` rdsu`tkin, g`klen kutnhëtfen id` rntnr id eugdtks, pdrbf`ds.
¾Dstël prnjrkhkins tnins `ns pkrëhdtrns id `ks
Ekrjud n prnjrkhd tnins `ns pkrëhdtrns qud d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk lnrhk`hdltd. Ttf`fed d` hdlñ YDUY
prudgks ldedskrfns >
KWKHDYDWU . Dstn tkhgfæl sd kp`fek k prudgks ludvks S qud idgkl kûkifrsd. @ks flstrueefnlds id
Hnin id prnedskhfdltn Skrëhdtrns id` sfstdhk Enlbfjurkefõl id `k fhprdsnrk Enhulfekefnlds enl d` nridlkinr prflefpk`
prnjrkhkefõl (pnr dadhp`n, hætnins id `k prudgk , vn`ñhdlds, ulfikids, dte.) sd dxp`fekl dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin id `ns rdketfvns.
¾Ud mkl en`nekin enrrdetkhdltd tnins `ns rdketfvns>
¾Dstël idbflfins tnins `ns ek`fgrkinrds rdqudrfins>
Idgdl prnjrkhkrsd dl d` klk`fzkinr `ks pnsfefnlds id` rntnr id rdketfvns utf`fzkiks ketuk`hdltd. Ttf`fed d` hdlñ FLUYK@@KYFNL . Skrk dvftkr rdtrksns dl d` bulefnlkhfdltn rutflkrfn, enhprudgd ifkrfkhdltd `ns vn`ñhdlds id `ns rdketfvns ekrjkins (WDKJDLY FLBN). Uf d` klk`fzkinr bulefnlk tkltn dl HNLN HNID y ITK@ HNID, `ks pnsfefnlds id` rdketfvn rdqudrfiks idgdl prnjrkhkrsd pnr sdpkrkin pkrk khgns hnins (hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL HNLN HNID y hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL ITK@ HNID).
Srnjrkhd `ns ek`fgrkinrds qud vk k utf`fzkr d` sfstdhk dl d` hdlñ EK@FGWKYNWU.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
5-;5
Enledptns gësfens id` hkldan id` sfstdhk
¾Dstël idbflfins tnins `ns enltrn`ds ldedskrfns id `ks prudgks >
Srnjrkhd `ns enltrn`ds dl d` hdlñ ENLYWN@U.
¾Dstël idbflfiks `ks prudgks flenhpktfg`ds>
Efdrtks prudgks ln pudidl dadeutkrsd dl suedsfõl, yk qud d` rfdsjn id krrkstrd ds huy k`tn. Ud`deefnld `ks prudgks qud ln idgkl dadeutkrsd suedsfvkhdltd dl d` hdlñ YDUY FLENHSKYFGF@FYV .
¾Dstël prnjrkhkins `ns pdrbf`ds>
Ud`deefnld `ns pdrbf`ds dl d` hdlñ SWNBF@DU sf idsdk utf`fzkr pdrbf`ds pkrk d` rdjfstrn id hudstrks id` pkefdltd. Uf d` klk`fzkinr bulefnlk tkltn dl HNLN HNID y ITK@ HNID, `ns pdrbf`ds rdqudrfins idgdl prnjrkhkrsd pnr sdpkrkin pkrk khgns hnins (hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL HNLN HNID y hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL ITK@ HNID).
¾Ud mk rdk`fzkin d` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks>
Dbdetñd ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks ulk vdz k` ièk. Dstk hdifefõl sd rdk`fzk kutnhëtfekhdltd sf sd mkl rdk`fzkin `ns kaustds enrrdspnlifdltds dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU . Skrk d``n, d` sfstdhk mk id dstkr dl d` hnin Utkli-gy. Utkli-gy. Ttf`fed d` hdlñ G@KLO WNYNW pkrk d` flfefn hkluk` id` klk`fzkinr.
¾Ud mk vkefkin d` enltdldinr id idsdemns>
Rkeèd d` enltdldinr id idsdemns kltds id enhdlzkr d` trkgkan ifkrfn. Dvftd `k fltdrrupefõl id` trkgkan rutflkrfn. D` klk`fzkinr idtfdld d` bulefnlkhfdltn sf d` lfvd` id kjuk ds idhksfkin gkan n d` lfvd` id kjuk id idsdemn ds idhksfkin k`tn. D` klk`fzkinr rdkluik su bulefnlkhfdltn euklin sd ``dlk n sd vkeèk d` `èqufin ldedskrfn.
¾Ud mk ``dlkin d` enltdldinr e nltdldinr id kjuk>
@`dld d` enltdldinr id kjuk kltds id enhdlzkr d` trkgkan ifkrfn. Dvftd `k fltdrrupefõl id` trkgkan rutflkrfn.
¾Ud mk dvftkin `k bnrhkefõl id dspuhk iurkltd `k prdpkrkefõl id` rdketfvn>
Gntd``ks id rdketfvn.
¾Ud mk dvftkin `k bnrhkefõl id dspuhk iurkltd `k prdpkrkefõl id `k hudstrk>
Yugns id hudstrk.
5- ;9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9W TYFLK GËUFEK
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RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-;
Wutflk gësfek
9.;
Fltrn Fltrniu iuee eefõ fõl l pkr pkrkk fltrn fltrniu iuef efrr flbn flbnrh rhke kefõ fõl l sngr sngrdd pke pkefd fdlt ltds ds y ekr ekrjk jkrr prudgks D` klk`fzkinr pudid rdefgfr flbnrhkefõl sngrd d` pkefdltd hdifkltd trds hætnins1 • @k flbnrhkefõl id` pkefdltd pudid dlvfkrsd idsid d` nridlkinr prfl prflefpk` efpk` k` klk`fzkinr. Enlsu`td enl su prnvddinr id snbtwkrd mnst @FU pkrk enlnedr d` hætnin pkrk dlvfkr flbnrhkefõl id pkefdltd k` klk`fzkinr. @ns tugns id hudstrk h udstrk idgdl tdldr dtfqudtks enl eõifjns
• •
id gkrrks pkrk su @ns tugns idenlsu`td hudstrk 9.5.= ekrjkins enl hætnin pudidl utf`fzkr d` `detnr id fidltfbfekefõl. eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln, Ekrjk iddstd hudstrks huds trks enl ul `detnr `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks. gkrrks. @k flbnrhkefõl id pkefdltd pudid rdjfstrkrsd hdifkltd ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks id hkln dxtdrln. @ns tugns id hudstrk ekrjkins enl dstd hætnin tkhgfæl pudidl utf`fzkr d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks fltdrln. @k flbnrhkefõl id` pkefdltd pudid sdr fltrniuefik hkluk`hdltd pnr d` usukrfn. @ns tugns id hudstrk pudidl dstkr sfl dtfqudtks id eõifjn id gkrrks. D` klk`fzkinr hudstrk `ks pnsfefnlds dspdeèbfeks dl d` rntnr id hudstrks pkrk en`nekr ekik hudstrk prnjrkhkik.
9- 7
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9.7
Fltrn Fltrniu iuee eefõ fõl l id id `ns `ns iktn iktnss id id `k `k hud hudst strk rk y sn`f sn`fef eftui tuids ds id prud prudgk gk
9.7.; 9.7 .;
Srdp Srdpkrk krkefõ efõl l id hu huds dstrk trk,, vn`uh vn`uhdl dl hu hudrt drtn n y sngrdk sngrdksp spfrk frkef efõl õl Skrk jkrkltfzkr ulk kifefõl dxketk y prdefsk id ulk hudstrk, sd utf`fzk ulk ekltfiki hkynr id hudstrk k `k ekltfiki prnjrkhkik. Kltds id ekik prudgk y id ekik hudstrk sd kspfrk ul pdqudûn vn`uhdl id hudstrk h udstrk tkhpõl kifefnlk`. Dstd tkhpõl id hudstrk rdtfrk d` kjuk qud pudik eugrfr eugr fr `k pkrdi fltdrfnr id `k snlik id `k hudstrk. D` tkhpõl sd idsdemk trks ekik pksn id pfpdtdkin. Kidhës id` tkhpõl id hudstrdn, tkhgfæl mky ul rdsfiun id sdjurfiki (vn`uhdl hudrtn) qud qudik dl `ns eugf`dtds id `ks hudstrks y dl `ns tugns sdeulikrfns qud ln pudid kspfrkrsd pnrqud d` vn`uhdl ds flsubfefdltd pkrk qud `k snlik kspfrd id bnrhk prdefsk `k hudstrk rdstkltd. K` prdpkrkr `ks hudstrks, tdljk dl eudltk dstd vn`uhdl id sngrdkspfrkefõl y d` vn`uhdl hudrtn pkrk dvftkr qud `k hudstrk rdsu`td flsubfefdltd y `k rutflk sd fltdrruhpk. K enltflukefõl sd dspdefbfekl `ks ekltfikids id sngrdkspfrkefõl y id vn`uhdl hudrtn qud sd dspdrkl euklin sd utf`fzkl `ns tugns y eugf`dtds nrfjflk`ds enl dstd klk`fzkinr y euklin d` klk`fzkinr dstë idgfikhdltd kaustkin. @k ekltfiki id sngrdkspfrkefõl idpdlid id` vn`uhdl id hudstrk prnjrkhkin. Euklin1 • D` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk ds 7 - ;3 ´`1 d` vn`uhdl dxedidltd ds 4 ´` • D` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk ds ;3 - 73 ´`1 d` vn`uhdl dxedidltd ds ;3 ´` • D` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk ds 73 - 53 ´`1 d` vn`uhdl dxedidltd ds ;4 ´` K` utf`fzkr eugf`dtds enl `ns kikptkinrds pdifëtrfens rdenhdlikins, d` vn`uhdl hudrtn dl dstns rdefpfdltds ds ~;33 ´`. Wdhètksd k` ekpètu`n . K` utf`fzkr tugns sdeulikrfns id ;5 x :4 hh, d` vn`uhdl hudrtn enl dstns tugns ds ~ 543 ´`. K` utf`fzkr tugns prfhkrfns, ln sd pudid idtdrhflkr d` vn`uhdl hudrtn idgfin k` rdsfiun id `ks eæ`u`ks skljuèldks trks `k edltrfbujkefõl.
9.7 .7..7
Hdlñ Wdquds dstt Ukhp`ds
D` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU enltfdld `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrk sn`feftkr hudstrks (pkefdltds), erdkr ul rdjfstrn id `ns iktns id` pkefdltd y id `k hudstrk y ksfjlkr `ks prudgks k `ks hudstrks. D` rdjfstrn id `ns iktns id ul pkefdltd y id ulk hudstrk sd rdk`fzk id hkldrk sdlef``k y rëpfik. @ks hudstrks rdjfstrkiks pudidl diftkrsd n gnrrkrsd enl pnstdrfnrfiki. Uf budrk ldedskrfn, d` npdrkinr pudid fhprfhfr ulk `fstk id trkgkan. Sudid kenrtkr d` tfdhpn id fltdrvdlefõl id` npdrkinr k trkvæs id ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks id hkln npefnlk`. Dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU pudid erdkr ul rdjfstrn id` lñhdrn id FI id `k hudstrk id` pkefdltd y ksfjlkr `k prudgk k `k hudstrk utf`fzklin `k tkradtk id` hdlñ id sn`feftui hdifkltd eõifjn id gkrrks. Dl d` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ pudid sd`deefnlkr y ksfjlkr `k FI id `k
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-5
Wutflk gësfek
hudstrk dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. Dl d` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU, pudid utf`fzkr d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks pkrk rdk`fzkr ulk gñsqudik id FI id `k hudstrk y vfsuk`fzkr `ns iktns jrëbfens id `k hudstrk.
9. 9.7. 7.55
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id id`` h hdl dlñ ñW Wdq dqud udst st Uk Ukhp hp`d `dss Skrëhdtrn
Idserfpefõl
WD[TDUY LTHGDW
K ekik hudstrk qud sd sn`feftk sd ksfjlk kutnhëtfekhdltd ul lñhdrn id sn`feftui. D` lñhdrn id sn`feftui sd hudstrk dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr fzqufdrik. D` lñhdrn id sn`feftui flifek d` `ujkr qud neupk `k hudstrk dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids. Tl kstdrfsen flifek ulk ludvk sn`feftui kñl ln jukrikik.
Lntk Enlsdan1 Skrk sn`feftkr ul ek`fgrkinr, ul enltrn` n ul g`klen id hudstrk, pudid fr ifrdetkhdltd k UKHS@D YVSD. Ttf`fed `k tde`k id b`demk KWWFGK n d` rktõl.
Skrëhdtrn
Idserfpefõl
UKHS@D FI
Fltrniuzek d` FI id `k hudstrk. Ifspnld id ul hëxfhn id ined ekrketdrds (`dtrks y lñhdrns). Uf sd mk sd`deefnlkin `k eksf``k id vdrfbfekefõl UKHS@D FI. KTYNH. FLEW. id` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU, d` klk`fzkinr flerdhdltk kutnhëtfekhdltd dl uln d` lñhdrn fltrniuefin kquè pkrk ekik sn`feftui id hudstrk pnstdrfnr. Ykhgfæl Ykhgfæl pudid rdjfstrkr d` FI id `k hudstrk enl d` eõifjn id gkrrks id` bnrhu`krfn id sn`feftui. Uf ln sd fltrniued ul FI pkrk ulk hudstrk id pkefdltd, `k sn`feftui ln sd kedptkrë. Skrk sn`feftkr ul ek`fgrkinr, ul enltrn` n ul g`klen id hudstrk, pudid fr ifrdetkhdltd k UKHS@D YVSD. Ttf`fed `k tde`k id b`demk kgkan n d` rktõl.
SKYFDLY LKHD*
Fltrniuzek d` lnhgrd id` pkefdltd n euk`qufdr ntrk bnrhk id fidltfbfekefõl pkrk `k hudstrk. @nljftui hëxfhk1 73 ekrketdrds.
IKYD NB GFWYM*
Fltrniuzek `k bdemk id lkefhfdltn id` pkefdltd. @k bnrhk id `k dltrkik idpdlid id `k idbflfefõl id `k enlbfjurkefõl rdjfnlk` dl d` pkld` id enltrn` id Zflinws YH.
UD]
Ud`deefnld d` sdxn id` pkefdltd. Ttf`fed `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d n pu`sd H (Hkseu`fln), B (Bdhdlfln) n S (Sdifëtrfen). D` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk d` sdxn dspdefbfekin pkrk enhpkrkr `ns rdsu`tkins enl `ns fltdrvk`ns id rdbdrdlefk rdspdetfvns id` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . Ud`deefnld lnrhk`hdltd `k npefõl Sdifktrfe pkrk `ks hudstrks id lfûns.
SMVUFEFKL *
Fltrniuzek d` lnhgrd id` hæifen qud nridlõ `k hudstrk. D` enltdlfin pnr idbdetn id SMVUFEFKL LKHD ds d` ñ`tfhn lnhgrd fltrniuefin. @k `nljftui hëxfhk ds id 73 ekrketdrds.
WDSDKYU1
Ud`deefnlk d` lñhdrn id vdeds qud idgd hdifrsd `k hudstrk.
9- 9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Skrëhdtrn
Idserfpefõl
UKHS@D YVSD
Ud`deefnld d` tfpn id hudstrk ldedskrfn1
•
LNWHK@
D` klk`fzkinr en`nek kutnhëtfekhdltd `ks hudstrks id pkefdltd dl `ns ins klf``ns dxtdrfnrds id` rntnr id hudstrks. D` klk`fzkinr pudid prnedskr ul hëxfhn id =3 hudstrks id pkefdltd id ulk vdz, sfl
•
•
•
tdldr UYKY qud vn`vdr k ekrjkr d` rntnr id hudstrks. Hudstrk id dhdrjdlefk. D` klk`fzkinr en`nek dstks hudstrks dl `ks pnsfefnlds lnrhk`ds dl d` rntnr id hudstrks. @ks hudstrks UYK UYKY tfdldl ulk prfnrfiki supdrfnr rdspdetn k `ks tniks idhës hudstrks. SDIFKYWFE
Hudstrks id lfûns y kin`dsedltds. D` klk`fzkinr en`nek dstks hudstrks dl `ks pnsfefnlds lnrhk`ds dl d` rntnr id hudstrks. @ks hudstrks pdifëtrfeks tfdldl `k hfshk prfnrfiki qud `ks hudstrks UYK UYKY. Euklin `ns rdsu`tkins idgkl sdr dvk`ukins dvk `ukins enl rdspdetn k `ns `èhftds id rdbdrdlefk pdifëtrfens tk` enhn dstë idbflfin dl d` hdlñ Srnjrkhkefõl Ydst, idgdrë sd`deefnlkr SDIFKYWFE dl UD]. ENLYWN@
Un`feftuids rdenlnefiks pnr d` klk`fzkinr enhn enltrn`ds Sudid en`nekr `ns enltrn`ds dl `ks pnsfefnlds id E; k E;3 y dl euk`qufdr pnsfefõl ifspnlfg`d pkrk `ks hudstrks id` pkefdltd.
•
•
EK@FGWKYD
Ek`fgrkr `ks prudgks sdjñl sd idserfgd dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltds Sudid en`nekr `ns ek`fgrkinrds dl `ks pnsfefnlds id U; k U73 y dl euk`qufdr pnsfefõl ifspnlfg`d pkrk `ks hudstrks id` pkefdltd. G@KLO
Tlk pnsfefõl dl d` klf``n fltdrln id` rntnr dstë rdsdrvkik pkrk `k hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rdketfvn. Ud rdenhfdlik rdk`fzkr ulk hdifefõl ifkrfk id` g`klen pkrk `ns hætnins qud rdqufdrdl ul g`klen id` rdketfvn. Idgd en`nekr ul tugn ``dln enl kjuk idstf`kik n sn`uefõl sk`flk dl dstk pnsfefõl. SKLD@ ID SWTDGKU
@k pkltk``k Wdqudst skhp`ds hudstrk ul lñhdrn vkrfkg`d id prudgks. D` lñhdrn idpdlid id `k prnjrkhkefõl rdk`fzkik dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . D` lñhdrn hëxfhn id prudgks ds id 29, 57 pkrk ekik rntnr. Sudid prnjrkhkr `ks prudgks dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . Dl d` hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL pudid idbflfr `k prudgk pkrk d` rntnr id rdketfvns ketuk`. @k `fstk id trkgkan tkhgfæl dstë ifspnlfg`d dl pkltk``k y pudid sd`deefnlkrsd pkrk vdr `k flbnrhkefõl sngrd `k prudgk.
* Npefnlk`. Ln ds ldedskrfn fltrniuefr `ns iktns dl dstns ekhpns pkrk prnedskr `k hudstrk.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ln utf`fed sfjlns id pultn y enhk (?) dl dstns ekhpns. D` usn id` sfjln (?) ekuskrèk ul bk``n dl `k enhulfekefõl enl d` nridlkinr prflefpk`.
9. 9.7. 7.99
Yde de`k `kss i idd Wd Wdqu quds dstt Uk Ukhp hp`d `dss Yde`ks
Idserfpefõl
KWWNZ @DBY/WFJMY
Ud hudvdl idltrn id ul ekhpn id tdxtn id ulk pnsfefõl k ntrk.
KWWNZ TS/INZL
Hudvdl d` eursnr k` ekhpn kltdrfnr n sfjufdltd.
YKG
Ekhgfk dltrd `ns ekhpns fzqufdrin y idrdemn.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-4
Wutflk gësfek
9.7.44 9.7.
Yde`ks
Idserfpefõl
DLYDW
• •
B; ZNWO @FUY
Fhprfhd ulk `fstk id tnins `ns iktns dxfstdltds dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids.
B7 UYKY
Hkrek `k sn`feftui id hudstrk ketuk`hdltd hnstrkik dl `k pkltk``k enhn ulk hudstrk urjdltd.
UMFBY+B5 ID@DYD
Gnrrk `k sn`feftui hnstrkik ketuk`hdltd dl `k pkltk``k. @ns lñhdrns id `ks sn`feftuids sfjufdltds id `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids ekhgfkl sdjñl enrrdspnlik.
K@Y+B5 ID@DYD K@@
Gnrrk tniks `ks sn`feftuids id `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids.
B9 WDSDKY HNID
@ks hudstrks pnstdrfnrds utf`fzkl d` hfshn enlaultn id sd`deefõl id prudgks pnr idbdetn qud `k ketuk`.
B4 SWDRFNTU UKHS@D
Hudstrk `k sn`feftui kltdrfnr id `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids.
B2 LD]Y UKHS@D
Hudstrk `k sn`feftui sfjufdltd id `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids.
B: SWNBF@D
Kpkrded ulk vdltklk enl tnins `ns pdrbf`ds pkrk d` hnin id bulefnlkhfdltn ketuk`. Ud`deefnld ul pdrbf` id `k `fstk y pu`sd DLYDW. Yniks `ks prudgks idbflfiks dl dsd pdrbf` sd kûkifrël k `k `fstk id prudgks ketuk`. Sudid prnjrkhkr `ns pdrbf`ds dl d` hdlñ SWNBF@D SWNJWKHHFLJ .
B= LDZ UKHS@D
K`hkedlk `k sn`feftui ketuk` dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids y gnrrk `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk ludvk sn`feftui. Uf mk sd`deefnlkin d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D LN. KTYNH. FLEW. dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU, d` FI id `k hudstrk sd flerdhdltkrë kutnhëtfekhdltd. Uf B9WDSDKY HNID dstë ketfvkik, `ks prudgks sd`deefnlkiks dl d` pkefdltd kltdrfnr sdrël sd`deefnlkiks kutnhëtfekhdltd dl `k sn`feftui ketuk`.
B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Rk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ (ekrjk id` rntnr id hudstrks).
Ud`deefnlk n idsd`deefnlk ulk prudgk id `k pkltk``k id prudgks. Hudvd d` eursnr id ul ekhpn k` sfjufdltd.
Un` Un`feft feftui ui hkl hkluk` uk` id h huds udstrk trkss ((pk pkefdl efdltd) td) y ks ksfjl fjlkefõ kefõl li idd prud prudgks gks Lntk Fltrniuzek sfdhprd ulk FI id hudstrk. @ks sn`feftuids id hudstrk sfl FI id hudstrk ln sd kedptkl. @ks sn`feftuids id hudstrks sfl ulk prudgk tkhpnen sd kedptkl. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Fltrn rni iuzek d` d` UKHS@D FI. 5. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns ntrns pkrëhdtr pkrëhdtrns ns sf ds ldedskrf ldedskrfn. n. Dstns Dstns iktns sd fhprfhdl fhprfhdl dl ekik ekik flbnrhd flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. N pu`sd YKG pkrk fr ifrdetkhdltd k` pkld` id prudgks. 9. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d `ks pru prudgk dgkss idsdk idsdkik iks. s. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui. D` lñhdrn id sn`feftuids dl dspdrk id klë`fsfs dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids sd hudstrk dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k pkltk``k ( WD[./YWKV GTBBDW1). Kmnrk pudid sd`deefnlkr d` hdlñ B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ.
9- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9.7.22 9.7.
Un` Un`feft feftui ui i idd hud hudstrk strkss (p (pkef kefdlt dltd) d) y ks ksfjlk fjlkefõ efõl l id p prudg rudgks ks en enl l d` `detn `detnrr id eõifj eõifjns ns id gkrrks Tl `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks ds `k bnrhk hës sdlef``k, rëpfik y sdjurk pkrk sn`feftkr hudstrks y prudgks y pkrk ekrjkr prudgks. @k dtfqudtk enl eõifjn id gkrrks enifbfek d` FI id hudstrk, pnr `n qud ln ds ldedskrfk `k fltrniueefõl hkluk` id` FI id hudstrk sf sd utf`fzk ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks. Skrk utf`fzkr d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks idgdl euhp`frsd `ks sfjufdltds enlifefnlds prdvfks1
• •
@ns tugns prfhkrfns n `ns id `k hudstrk idgdl tdldr ulk dtfqudtk enl eõifjn id gkrrks. @ks prudgks sn`feftkiks tfdldl qud dstkr hkrekiks dl d` jrëbfen id sn`feftuids suhflfstrkin pnr d` bkgrfekltd.
;. 7. 5. 9.
Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. Dxp`nrd Dxp`nrd d` eõifjn eõifjn id `k `k dtfqudtk dtfqudtk id `k `k hudstrk. hudstrk. D` FI id hudstrk hudstrk kpkrdedrë kpkrdedrë dl dl `k pkltk``k pkltk``k.. Ttf`fed Ttf`fed `k tkradtk tkradtk id` hdlñ id sn`feftui sn`feftui hdifkltd hdifkltd eõifjn eõifjn id id gkrrks. gkrrks. Dxp`nrd Dxp`nrd `ns eõifjns eõifjns id id gkrrks gkrrks id `ks prudgks prudgks ldedskrfks ldedskrfks id `k `k tkradtk tkradtk id` hdlñ id sn`feftui sn`feftui hdifkltd eõifjn id gkrrks. @ks prudgks rdjfstrkiks sd rdsk`tkl. @k eksf``k id vdrfbfekefõl kpkrded hkrekik. 4. Dx Dxp p`n `nrd rd d` ekhp ekhpn n LD]Y SKYFDLY pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk ludvk sn`feftui.
Lntk D` eõifjn id gkrrks id` jrëbfen jr ëbfen id sn`feftui ds id` tfpn enikg enikgkr. kr. Ln utf`fed d` hfshn tfpn id enikgkr pkrk `ks dtfqudtks id `ks hudstrks id `ns pkefdltds. D` klk`fzkinr ln skgrë sf dstë fltrniuefdlin iktns id `k hudstrk n iktns idsid d` jrëbfen.
9.7.:: 9.7.
Un` Un`feft feftui ui i idd hñ` hñ`tfp tfp`ds `ds h huds udstrks trks (pkef (pkefdlt dltd) d) eenl nl `k hfshk hfshk sd`deef sd`deefõl õl id id pru prudgk dgkss Ttf`fed d` hnin id rdpdtfefõl pkrk sn`feftkr vkrfks hudstrks enl `ks hfshks sd`deefnlds id prudgks. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Fltrn rni iuzek d` d` UKHS@D FI. 5. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns ntrns pkrëhdtr pkrëhdtrns ns sf ds ldedskrf ldedskrfn. n. Dstns Dstns iktns sd fhprfhdl fhprfhdl dl ekik ekik flbnrhd flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. N pu`sd YKG pkrk fr ifrdetkhdltd k` pkld` id prudgks. 9. Ud`deef Ud`deefnld nld hklu hkluk`hd k`hdltd ltd `ks `ks prudgks prudgks rdqu rdqudrfi drfiks. ks. B9 WDSDKY HNID. 4. U Ud d``de de deeeeffn nl ld d B= 2. dee LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui. :. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns ntrns ntrns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns sf ds ds ldedskrfn ldedskrfn.. Ud`deefn Ud`deefnld ld B= LDZ UKHS@D. Ekik sn`feftui ludvk erdkik enl B= LDZ UKHS@D tdlirë kmnrk `k sd`deefõl id prudgks pkrk ifemk hudstrk. =. Wdpftk Wdpftk `ns pksns 2 y : mkstk qud sd rdk`fedl rdk`fedl tniks tniks `ks sn`feftuids. sn`feftuids. 6. Ud`de deeefnld B9 WDSDKY HNID pkrk idtdldr d` hnin id rdpdtfefõl. Ud flfefkrë ulk ludvk sn`feftui enl ulk `fstk id prudgks sfl lfljulk prudgk sd`deefnlkik.
Lntk Uf mk sd`deefnlkin d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D FI. KTYNH. FLEW. dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU, d` FI id `k hudstrk sd flerdhdltkrë kutnhëtfekhdltd. Uf d` prfhdr FI id `k hudstrk drk 33;, d` sfjufdltd lñhdrn sdrë 337. Uf d` ñ`tfhn lñhdrn ds K-z-66, d` sfjufdltd lñhdrn sdrë G-k-33.
9.7.== 9.7.
Un` Un`feft feftui ui i idd ul ulkk hu hudst dstrk rk i idd p pkefd kefdltd ltd k tr trkvæ kvæss id ul pdrbf pdrbf`` prdid prdidbfl bflfin fin Ttf`fed `ns pdrbf`ds pkrk sn`feftkr ul enlaultn prdidbflfin id prudgks pkrk ulk hudstrk. Sudid idbflfr `ns pdrbf`ds pkrk d` hnin id prnedskhfdltn ketuk` dl d` hdlñ USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU. Srnjrkhd `ns pdrbf`ds dl d` hdlñ SWNBF@D SWNJWKHHFLJ . ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT.
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9-:
Wutflk gësfek
7. Fltrn rni iuzek d` d` UKHS@D FI. 5. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns ntrns pkrëhdtr pkrëhdtrns ns sf ds ldedskrf ldedskrfn. n. Dstns Dstns iktns sd fhprfhdl fhprfhdl dl ekik ekik flbnrhd flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. N pu`sd YKG pkrk fr ifrdetkhdltd k` pkld` id prudgks. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B: SWNBF@D pkrk hnstrkr `k `fstk id pdrbf`ds. pdr bf`ds. 4. Ud`d Ud`dee eefnl fnld d d` pdrb pdrbf`f` idsd idsdki kin. n. @k `fstk id prudgks id `k hudstrk ketuk` hnstrkrë tniks `ks prudgks pdrtdldefdltds k` pdrbf` sd`deefnlkin. 2. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld prudgks kifefnlk`ds kifefnlk`ds n idsd`deefn idsd`deefnld ld prudgks prudgks sf ds ldedskrfn. ldedskrfn. :. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui.
9.7.66 9.7.
Un` Un`feft feftui ui id h hñ`t ñ`tfp` fp`ds ds hu hudstr dstrks ks id p pkefd kefdltd ltd u utf` tf`fzk fzklin lin dd`` hfsh hfshn n pdrbf` pdrbf` prdidb prdidbflf flfin in ;. 7. 5. 9. 4. 2. :.
Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. Fltr Fltrni niuze uzek k d` d` FFI I id id hud hudst strk. rk. Ud`de deeefnld B: SWNBF@D pkrk hnstrkr `k `fstk id pdrbf`ds. pdr bf`ds. Ud`d Ud`dee eefnl fnld d d` pdrb pdrbf`f` idsd idsdki kin. n. Ud`de deeefnld B9 WDSDKY HNID. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns ntrns ntrns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns sf ds ds ldedskrfn ldedskrfn.. Ud`deefn Ud`deefnld ld B= LDZ UKHS@D. Ekik sn`feftui ludvk erdkik enl B= LDZ UKHS@D tdlirë kmnrk d` hfshn pdrbf` pkrk ifemk hudstrk.
=. Wdpftk Wdpftk `ns pksns 2 y : mkstk qud sd rdk`fedl rdk`fedl tniks tniks `ks sn`feftuids. sn`feftuids. 6. Ud`de deeefnld B9 WDSDKY HNID pkrk idtdldr d` hnin id rdpdtfefõl. Ud flfefkrë ulk ludvk sn`feftui enl ulk `fstk id prudgks sfl lfljulk prudgk sd`deefnlkik.
9.7.;3 Un`feft Un`feftui ui id hudstr hudstrkk UY UYK KY (p (pkefdltd kefdltd)) k trk trkvæs væs id` `detnr id id eõif eõifjns jns id gkrrks Skrk utf`fzkr d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks idgdl euhp`frsd `ks sfjufdltds enlifefnlds prdvfks1
• •
@ns tugns prfhkrfns n `ns id `k hudstrk idgdl tdldr ulk dtfqudtk enl eõifjn id gkrrks. @ks prudgks sn`feftkiks tfdldl qud dstkr hkrekiks dl d` jrëbfen id sn`feftuids suhflfstrkin pnr d` bkgrfekltd.
;. 7. 5. 9.
Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. Dxp`nrd Dxp`nrd d` eõifjn eõifjn id `k `k dtfqudtk dtfqudtk id `k `k hudstrk. hudstrk. D` FI id hudstrk hudstrk kpkrdedrë kpkrdedrë dl dl `k pkltk``k pkltk``k.. Ttf`fed Ttf`fed `k tkradtk tkradtk id` hdlñ id sn`feftui sn`feftui hdifkltd hdifkltd eõifjn eõifjn id id gkrrks. gkrrks. Dxp`nrd Dxp`nrd `ns eõifjns eõifjns id id gkrrks gkrrks id `ks prudgks prudgks ldedskrfks ldedskrfks id `k `k tkradtk tkradtk id` hdlñ id sn`feftui sn`feftui hdifkltd eõifjn id gkrrks. @ks prudgks rdjfstrkiks sd rdsk`tkl. @k eksf``k id vdrfbfekefõl kpkrded hkrekik. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B7 UYKY n UYK UYKY idsid d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D YVSD pkrk ekhgfkr k UYKY. 2. Dx Dxp p`n `nrd rd d` ekhp ekhpn n LD]Y SKYFDLY pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk ludvk sn`feftui.
9.7.; 9.7 .;;;
Un Un`f `feft eftui ui i idd ulk h hud udst strk rk pd pdif ifët ëtrfe rfekk ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Fltrn rni iuzek d` d` UKHS@D FI. 5. Ud`de deeefnld SDIFKYWFE dl d` pkrëhdtrn UD].
Lntk D` klk`fzkinr rdqufdrd `k dltrkik id SDIFKYWFE dl d` pkrëhdtrn UD] pkrk ngtdldr d` fltdrvk`n id rdbdrdlefk y `ks dvk`ukefnlds enrrdetks id `ns rdsu`tkins. @ns rdsu`tkins id dstd tfpn id hudstrk sd enhpkrkl enl `ns vk`nrds id rdbdrdlefk dl `ks hudstrks pdifëtrfeks idbflfiks dl SWNJWKH YDUYU.
9- =
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9. Ud`de deeefnld SDIFKYWFE dl d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D YVSD.
Lntk @ks hudstrks pdifëtrfeks y UYKY UYKY tfdldl ulk prfnrfiki supdrfnr rdspdetn k `ks hudstrks hud strks lnrhk`ds. 4. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns ntrns pkrëhdtr pkrëhdtrns ns sf ds ldedskrf ldedskrfn. n. Dstns Dstns iktns sd fhprfhdl fhprfhdl dl ekik ekik flbnrhd flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins. N pu`sd YKG pkrk fr ifrdetkhdltd k` pkld` id prudgks. 2. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d `ks pru prudgk dgkss idsdk idsdkik iks. s. :. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui.
9.7.; 9.7 .;77 Un Un`f `feft eftui ui i idd ul ulkk pr prud udgk gk i idd en enlt ltrn rn`` Lntk Wdenhdlikhns qud rdk`fed enltrn`ds id hkldrk rdju`kr. @k brdeudlefk idpdlid id` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltd, `ks lnrhktfvks `djk`ds id ekik pkès y `k nrjklfzkefõl id su `kgnrktnrfn.
;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld ENLYWN@ idsid d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D YVSD. Kpkrded ENLYWN@U.`k `fstk id enltrn`ds ifspnlfg`ds. Dstns enltrn`ds mkl sfin idbflfins dl d` hdlñ 5. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d d` enl enltrn trn`` idsd idsdki kin. n. D` pkrëhdtrn ENLYWN@ LKHD hudstrk d` lnhgrd id` enltrn`. D` pkrëhdtrn GKYEM LTHGDW hudstrk d` lñhdrn id `ntd. K `k idrdemk kpkrded ulk `fstk enl tniks `ks prudgks qud sd pudidl dbdetukr enl dstd enltrn`. Dstks prudgks mkl sfin idbflfiks dl d` hdlñ ENLYWN@U. 9. Ud`de Ud`deef efnld nld `ks `ks prud prudgks gks ids idsdki dkiks ks.. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-6
Wutflk gësfek
9.7.; 9.7 .;55 Un Un`f `feft eftui ui i idd ulk p pru rudg dgkk id ek` ek`fg fgrke rkefõ fõl l
;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld EK@FGWKYD idsid d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D YVSD. Kpkrded `k `fstk `fstk id prudgks ifspnlfg`ds. @k `fstk enltfdld tniks `ks prudgks qud dstël idbflfiks dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ enl ul ek`fgrkinr. 5. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d `ks pru prudgk dgkss idsdk idsdkik iks. s.
Lntk Iurkltd `k sd`deefõl id `ks prudgks, ln sd hudstrk lfljñl lnhgrd dl d` pkrëhdtrn EK@FGWKYNW LKHD. D` klk`fzkinr ln pudid ksfjlkr ek`fgrkinrds mkstk qud `k sn`feftui dstæ enhp`dtk. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B4 SWDRFNTU UKHS@D n B2 LD]Y UKHS@D pkrk enhprngkr quæ ek`fgrkinrds dstël ksfjlkins k prudgks flifvfiuk`ds. Kpkrded d` lnhgrd y `ns idtk``ds id` ek`fgrkinr pkrk dstk prudgk. 2. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui.
9.7.;9 9.7. ;9 Un` Un`feft feftui ui i idd g` g`kle klen n id id`` rd rdket ketfvn fvn id u ulk lk p prudg rudgkk ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld G@KLO idsid d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D YVSD. Kpkrded `k `fstk `fstk id prudgks ifspnlfg`ds. @k `fstk enltfdld tniks `ks prudgks qud dstël idbflfiks dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ enl ul g`klen id` rdketfvn. 5. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d `ks pru prudgk dgkss idsdk idsdkik iks. s. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `k sn`feftui y gnrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui.
9.7.;4 9.7. ;4 Rfs Rfsuk`f uk`fzke zkefõl fõl y ddife ifefõl fõl i idd ulk ssn`f n`feftu eftui i juk jukrik rikik ik ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4 SWDR UKHS@D n B2 LD]Y UKHS@D pkrk idsp`kzkrsd pnr `k `fstk id hudstrks y vfsuk`fzkr `ks hudstrks y sn`feftuids k`hkedlkiks. 5. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k hudstrk hudstrk rdqudrfik rdqudrfik pkrk pkrk vfsuk`fzk vfsuk`fzkrr n diftkr diftkr `k hudstrk. hudstrk. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B= LDZ UKHS@D pkrk jukrikr `ns ekhgfns y edrrkr `k pkltk``k pkrk ulk sn`feftui ludvk. Wdpftk `ns 7 y 5, sf budrk ldedskrfn.
9. 9.7. 7.;2 ;2 Gn Gnrr rrki kin n id u ulk lk ssn` n`fe feft ftui ui
Sudid d`fhflkr euk`qufdr sn`feftui jukrikik. Tlk sn`feftui pudid d`fhflkrsd ñlfekhdltd sf ln sd mk flfefkin su klë`fsfs k trkvæs id B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY dl d` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=LDZ UKHS@D idsid HKFL HDLT.
9- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
7. Ud`de deeefnld B4 SWDR UKHS@D n B2 LD]Y UKHS@D pkrk idsp`kzkrsd pnr `k `fstk id hudstrks y vfsuk`fzkr `ks hudstrks y sn`feftuids k`hkedlkiks. Dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr fzqufdrik sd hudstrk `k pnsfefõl id `k hudstrk dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids. 5. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k hudstrk hudstrk rdqudrfik rdqudrfik pkrk pkrk d`fhflkr d`fhflkr `k `k sn`feftu sn`feftui. i. 9. Ud`de deeefnld UMFBY+B5 ID@DYD pkrk d`fhflkr `k sn`feftui rdqudrfik n sd`deefnld K@Y+B: ID@DYD K@@ pkrk d`fhflkr tniks `ks sn`feftuids. Euklin sd gnrrd `k sn`feftui, `ns enl lñhdrns id `ksketuk`. sn`feftuids sfjufdltds @k pkltk``k hudstrk `k ludvk tnins sn`feftui d` lñhdrn Uf gnrrõ `k ñ`tfhkifshflufrël sn`feftui, `kdl ;. pkltk``k sk`tk k `k prfhdrk sn`feftui.
9.7.; 9.7 .;:: Fhp Fhprd rdsfõ sfõl l id ul ulkk `f `fst stkk id tr trkgk kgkan an Tlk `fstk id trkgkan pudid sdr ñtf` pkrk prdpkrkr `ks hudstrks, ek`fgrkinrds y enltrn`ds. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B; ZNWO @FUY pkrk fhprfhfr `k `fstk id trkgkan ketuk`. @k `fstk id trkgkan hudstrk dstns iktns1
• • • • •
Lnhgrd id` `kgnrktnrfn, mnrk y bdemk Yfpn id hudstrk1 Ek`fgrkefõl ( U), G`klen id rdketfvn (G), Hudstrk UYKY UYKY (D), Hudstrk pdifëtrfek(S) n Enltrn` (E). FI id hudstrk Lnhgrd id` pkefdltd @fstk id prudgks sn`feftkiks
Lntk @ks sn`feftuids qud ln tfdldl ulk idsfjlkefõl id` tfpn id hudstrk snl hudstrks id pkefdltd.
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9-;;
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.55
Ekrj Ekrjkk id` id` rntn rntnrr id id hud hudst strk rkss d flfe flfefn fn id `k `kss pru prudg dgks ks
9.5 .5..;
Hdlñ Ukhp`d M Mkkli`flj
D` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ tfdld tniks `ks bulefnlds pkrk ekrjkr d` rntnr id hudstrks d flfefkr d` prnedskhfdltn id `k hdifefõl. Sudid en`nekr `ks hudstrks prnjrkhkiks dl euk`qufdr pnsfefõl dl `ns ins klf``ns dxtdrfnrds id` rntnr rntn r id hudstrks. Ykhgfæl pudid ekrjkr d flfefkr hudstrks UYK UYKY, enltrn`ds, ek`fgrkinrds y hudstrks pdifëtrfeks D` klk`fzkinr hudstrk d` dstkin ketuk` id `ks hudstrks. Sudid en`nekr ulk ludvk hudstrk dl d` rntnr id hudstrks dl eukltn mkyk rdtfrkin `k hudstrk prnedskik. D` klk`fzkinr prnedskrë kutnhëtfekhdltd `k ludvk hudstr hudstrk. k. Ykhgfæl Ykhgfæl pudid utf`fzkr d` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN pkrk enhprngkr d` vn`uhdl id `ks gntd``ks id `ns rdketfvns ekrjkins, ksè enhn d` enltkinr id prudgks y rd``dlkr `ns `èqufins, sf budrk ldedskrfn.
9.5.7 9.5 .7
Sn Snsf sfefn efnld ldss id id`` rn rntn tnrr id hu huds dstrk trkss y eõi eõifj fjns ns i idd en`nr en`nrds ds D` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ hudstrk d` rntnr id hudstrks enl tniks `ks pnsfefnlds y d` dstkin ketuk` id` prnedskhfdltn. Tl eõifjn id en`nr hudstrk d` dstkin id` prnedsn. @k pkrtd idrdemk id `k pkltk``k hudstrk `k `fstk id sn`feftuids.
Lntk Uf sd en`nek d` rktõl sngrd `k pnsfefõl id `k hudstrk dl `k pkltk``k, kpkrded ul hdlskad id kvfsn enl flbnrhkefõl kedrek id `k hudstrk.
Snsfefnlds id` rntnr id hudstrks Snsfefõl
Idserfpefõl
; - =3
Dstks pnsfefnlds sd utf`fzkl pkrk `ks hudstrks id pkefdltd.
K; - K2
K ; y K7 dstël rdsdrvkiks pkrk d` usn id `ns ek`fgrkinrds flbdrfnr y supdrfnr id `k ulfiki Iry FUD. K5 k K2 snl euktrn pnsfefnlds kuxf`fkrds pkrk d` usn id tniks `ks hudstrks, ek`fgrkinrds y enltrn`ds sf tniks `ks idhës pnsfefnlds dstël dl usn.
G
Dstk pnsfefõl dstë rdsdrvkik pkrk `k hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rdketfvn. Idgd en`nekr ul tugn id hudstrk ``dln enl kjuk idstf`kik n sn`uefõl sk`flk dl dstk pnsfefõl sf sd sn`feftk ul g`klen id` rdketfvn.
9- ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Snsfefõl
Idserfpefõl
U; - U73
Dstks pnsfefnlds dstël rdsdrvkiks pkrk `ns ek`fgrkinrds. Uf ldedsftkrk hës pnsfefnlds, `ks pnsfefnlds K; k K2 y ; k =3 dstël ifspnlfg`ds. Uf sd utf`fzkl `ks pnsfefnlds ; k =3, d` usukrfn idgd en`nekr`ks hkluk`hdltd.
E; - E;3
Dstks pnsfefnlds dstël rdsdrvkiks pkrk `ns enltrn`ds. Uf ldedsftkrk hës pnsfefnlds, `ks pnsfefnlds K; k K2 y ; k =3 dstël ifspnlfg`ds. Uf sd utf`fzkl `ks pnsfefnlds ; k =3, d` usukrfn idgd en`nekr`ks hkluk`hdltd.
Z@, ZW
Dstks pnsfefnlds dstël rdsdrvkiks pkrk `k sn`uefõl id `kvkin. @k pnsfefõl id `kvkin idgd enltdldr ul tugn id hudstrk ``dln enl `k ekltfiki subfefdltd id sn`uefõl `fhpfk id `kvkin. @d rdenhdlikhns qud utf`fed sn`uefõl id mfpne`nrftn. @k sn`uefõl id `kvkin id kjuaks `fhpfk `k kjuak id `k hudstrk idspuæs id ekik `ntd id hdifefnlds.
FUD
Dstk pnsfefõl sd utf`fzk pkrk d` ketfvkinr FUD. (ek`fgrkinr ( ek`fgrkinr flbdrfnr)
Eõifjns id en`nrds Dxfstdl `ns sfjufdltds en`nrds pkrk `ks pnsfefnlds id` rntnr id hudstrks. En`nr
Idserfpefõl
vkeèn enl gnrid g`klen
@k pnsfefõl dstë `fgrd.
jrfs
@k pnsfefõl ln sd mk hdifin.
lkrklak
Dstks pnsfefnlds dstël rdsdrvkiks pkrk sn`uefnlds dstëlikr. Ln tfdld qud en`nekr ek`fgrkinrds dl dstks pnsfefnlds.
vdrid
@k hudstrk dl dstk pnsfefõl dstë prnedskik y `ns rdsu`tkins snl kedptkins n rdemkzkins pnr d` usukrfn.
vdri vd rid d enl enl gnrid gnrid vdr vdrid id e`k e`krn rn
D` rds rdsu`t u`tki kin n sd ik, ik, pdrn pdrn `k `k sn`f sn`fef eftu tui i id `k `k prudg prudgk k ln dstë dstë bflk`fzkik.
vdri rid d enl gnrid rnan
@k huds udstrk id dstk pnsfefõl ds dsttë prnedskik pdr drn n tfdld uln id dstns - Udbk``ns1 mk prniuef prniuefin in ul drrnr drrnr iurk iurkltd ltd `k hdifef hdifefõl. õl. Skrk Skrk dstk dstk hudstrk dxfstdl rdsu`tkins id prudgks enl FLBN. - Ln mky mky ifsp ifspnlf nlfg`d g`d ul g`kl g`klen en id` id` rdketfv rdketfvn. n. Skrk Skrk dstk dstk hudstr hudstrk k dxfstdl rdsu`tkins id prudgks enl FLBN. ZKFYFLJ BNW WDKJDLY G@KLO. - Ln mky ifspnlf ifspnlfg`d g`d ulk eurvk eurvk id ek`f ek`fgrk grkefõ efõl. l. Skrk Skrk dstk dstk hudstrk dxfstdl rdsu`tkins id prudgks enl FLBN. YDUY LN EK@FGWKYDI .
vdri rid d en enl gn gnrid g` g`klen
@k p pn nsfefõl dstë sd` sd`d deefnlkik pkr pkrk k id idsekrjkr.
ldjrn
@k hudstrk id dstk pnsfefõl dstë sfdlin prnedskik.
khkrf``n
@k pnsfefõl dstë rdjfstrkik y d` sfstdhk rdenlned d` FI id `k hudstrk. Idgd ksdjurkrsd id qud dstks pnsfefnlds dstæl ekrjkiks enl `ks hudstrks flifekiks dl pkltk``k.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-;5
Wutflk gësfek
@fstk id sn`feftuids
@k `fstk id sn`feftuids hudstrk d` nridl dl d` qud sd mkl fltrniuefin `ks sn`feftuids id pkefdltd y id enltrn` dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU. @k `fstk hudstrk tnins `ns tfpns id hudstrks dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k hfshk. Sudid fidltfbfekr dstks hudstrks pnr `k `dtrk enrrdspnlifdltd. UKHS@D FI UDKWEM KLI KUUFJL
Ttf`fed dstd ekhpn pkrk gusekr y ksfjlkr ulk pnsfefõl k ulk hudstrk utf`fzklin ul `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks n fltrniuefdlin d` FI id `k hudstrk y prdsfnlklin `k tde`k Dltdr.
SNU
Ud`deefnld `k hudstrk enl `ks tde`ks id b`demk krrfgk y kgkan n d` gntõl fzqufdrin id` rktõl, pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded `k sfjufdltd pnsfefõl ifspnlfg`d dl d` rntnr id hudstrks.
FI
D` klk`fzkinr hudstrk tniks `ks hudstrks dxfstdltds dl `k hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids. @ks sn`feftuids id tfpns dspdefk`ds id hudstrks kpkrdedl dl `ns prfhdrns `ujkrds. • G1 G`klen (; pnsfefõl) • U1 Dstëlikr (73 pnsfefnlds) • E1 Enltrn` (;3 pnsfefnlds) K enltflukefõl sd dluhdrkl tniks `ks hudstrks id pkefdltd y `ns enltrn`ds dl d` nridl dl qud budrnl sn`feftkins.
LKHD
9.5.5 9.5 .5
D` lnhgrd id` pkefdltd y `k bnrhk id fidltfbfekefõl id `k hudstrk enlbfjurkin dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@D.
Yde` de`ks ks if ifsp spnl nlfg fg`d `dss ddl l dd`` h hdlñ dlñ Uk Ukhp hp`d `d Mkl Mkli` i`fl flj j Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B; SWFLY @NKI@FUY
Fhprfhd ulk `fstk id ekrjk euklin `k ekrjk dstë `fstk y sd mk flfefkin d` efe`n id klë`fsfs enl B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY.
K@Y B7 UYKY WD[TDUY
Euklin d` flstruhdltn dstæ ketfvn pudid ekrjkr n idsekrjkr ulk sn`feftui id hudstrk. Su`sd Etr` B7 euklin d` klk`fzkinr dstæ ketfvn pkrk pkrkr tniks `ks hdifefnlds ludvks y enhp`dtkr tniks `ks prudgks ketfvks. Tlk gkrrk id tfdhpn flifek euklin dstë ifspnlfg`d d` rntnr id id` (Tl`nki) klk`fzkinr. D` usukrfn pudid d`fhflkr hudstrks qudhudstrks dstæl `fstks n ekrjkr hudstrks ludvks (`nki). Iurkltd ul efe`n pudid sn`feftkr ulk hudstrk UY UYK KY pkrk ulk prudgk. @k hudstrk hu dstrk enl ul tfpn UYKY UYKY pudid ekrjkrsd dl d` rntnr. Dstk hudstrk sdrë `k sfjufdltd hudstrk qud sd vk k hdifr.
9- ;9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B7 UD@DEYFRD TL@NKI
Idsekrjk hudstrks dspdeèbfeks qud dstæl `fstks, pnr dadhp`n, tnins `ns enltrn`ds n tniks `ks hudstrks lnrhk`ds. @ks hudstrks `fstks kpkrdedl dl vdrid dl `k pkltk``k. Sudid en`nekr ulk ludvk hudstrk dl `ks pnsfefnlds idsneupkiks. Kquè pudid sd`deefnlkr d` tfpn id hudstrks qud idgd idg d idsekrjkr. @ks hudstrks qud tfdldl
B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY
ul FLBN ln pudidl idsekrjkrsd. Flfefk d` klk`fzkinr euklin ln mky eõifjn id gkrrks gkrr ks sd`deefnlkin. @ks hudstrks dstël dl d` rntnr id hudstrks.
B5 UEKL UYKWY
Flfefk d` klk`fzkinr euklin mky eõifjn id gkrrks sd`deefnlkin. @ks hudstrks dstël dl d` rntnr id hudstrks.
B5 ENLYFLTD HDKUTWDHDLY
Flfefk ul efe`n id ludvn sf dstd sd mk idtdlfin.
B9 ENLBFWH TL@NKI
Tlk vdz qud `ks hudstrks dstël dstë l `fstks y kpkrdedl tntk`hdltd dl vdrid, pudid rdtfrkr`ks id` rntnr id hudstrks. Ud`deefnld B9 ENLBFWH TL@NKI kltds id ekrjkr ulk ludvk hudstrk. @ks hudstrks qud tfdldl ul FLBN ln pudidl idsekrjkrsd.
EYW@ B9 (TL)@NKI WD[TDUY
Euklin d` flstruhdltn dstæ ketfvn pudid ekrjkr n idsekrjkr ulk sn`feftui id hudstrk. Su`sd Etr` B9 euklin d` klk`fzkinr dstæ ketfvn pkrk pkrkr tniks hdifefnlds ludvks enhp`dtkr `ks prudgks ketfvks. Tlk`ksgkrrk id tfdhpn flifekyeuklin dstëtniks ifspnlfg`d d` rntnr id hudstrks id` klk`fzkinr. D` usukrfn pudid d`fhflkr hudstrks qud dstæl `fstks (Tl`nki) n ekrjkr hudstrks ludvks (`nki).
9. 9.5. 5.99
B4 WDKJDLY FLBN
Dstd hdlñ sd utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr d` vn`uhdl dl `ks gntd``ks ekrjkiks id rdketfvns, pkrk enhprngkr d` enltkinr id prudgks y rd``dlkr `ns `èqufins. Wdk`fed dstk enhprngkefõl kltds id ekik prnedsn pkrk ksdjurkrsd id qud mkyk subfefdltd rdketfvn pkrk tniks `ks sn`feftuids. Dstd hdlñ tkhgfæl sd utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr d` lñhdrn id `ntd y `ks bdemks id ekiuefiki id `ns ek`fgrkinrds y enltrn`ds.
B2 [TK@FYV ENLYWN@
Dstd hdlñ sd utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr `ns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn` id ek`fiki.
B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU
Dstd hdlñ sd utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr y dvk`ukr `ns rdsu`tkins k bfl id kedptkr n rdemkzkr `ks hdifefnlds.
B= WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ WD[TDUYU UKHS@DU.
B6 TL@NKI HDLT
Rk k` hdlñ Tl`nki1 - B9 UD@DEY K@@ - B4 UD@DEY WKLJD - B2 UD@DEY UFLJ@D
B;3 HKFL HDLT
Wdjrdsk k HKFL HDLT.
Ek Ekrj rjkk i idd u ul lg g`k `kle len ni idd rrdk dket etfv fvn n Lntk Flfefd ul g`klen id rdketfvn kltds id flfefkr ul ek`fgrkinr.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-;4
Wutflk gësfek
Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Dl prfhdr `ujkr sd idgd sn`feftkr d` g`klen id` rdketfvn dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.;9 Un`feftui Un`feftui id g`klen id` rdketfvn rdketfvn id ulk prudgk prudgk.. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld G@KLO id `k `fstk id sn`feftuids. LYDW
5. S sd DG hkyñseu`k. n mkjk ing`d e`fe enl d` rktõl pkrk en`nekr d` g`klen. @k g hflñseu`k sd enlvfdrtd dlu`ulk 9. En`nqud En`nqud ul tugn tugn id hudstrk hudstrk enl kjuk kjuk idstf`kik idstf`kik n sn`uefõl sn`uefõl sk`flk sk`flk dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl G id` rntnr rntnr id hudstrks. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks.
9.5 .5..4
Ek Ekrrjk id ul ek`fg `fgrki kin nr Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Ud idgd sn`feftkr d` ek`fgrkinr dl prfhdr `ujkr dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.;5 Un`feftui Un`feftui id ulk prudgk id ek`fgrkefõl ek`fgrkefõl.. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld d` ek`fgrkin ek`fgrkinrr rdqudrfin rdqudrfin id `k `fstk id sn`feftu sn`feftuids. ids. 5. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe enl d` rktõl pkrk en`nekr d` ek`fgrkinr. @k s hflñseu`k sd enlvfdrtd dl ulk U hkyñseu`k + lñhdrn. Uf sd ldedsftksdl hës pnsfefnlds, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk euk`qufdr pnsfefõl ifspnlfg`d pkrk hudstrks id pkefdltd. 9. En`nqud En`nqud d` ek`fgrkinr ek`fgrkinr dl `k pnsfefõ pnsfefõl l flifekik flifekik dl `k `fstk `fstk y dl d` rntnr rntnr id hudstrks hudstrks dl `k `k pkltk``k. pkltk``k. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks.
9.5.2
Ekrjk id ul enltrn` Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Ud idgd sn`feftkr d` enltrn` dl prfhdr `ujkr dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.;7 Un`feftui Un`feftui id ulk prudgk prudgk id enltrn`. enltrn`. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld d` enltrn` enltrn` rdqudrfin rdqudrfin id id `k `fstk `fstk id sn`feftuids sn`feftuids.. 5. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe enl d` rktõl pkrk en`nekr d` enltrn`. @k e hflñseu`k sd enlvfdrtd dl ulk E hkyñseu`k + lñhdrn. Uf sd ldedsftksdl hës pnsfefnlds, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk euk`qufdr pnsfefõl ifspnlfg`d. 9. En`nqud En`nqud d` enltrn` enltrn` dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl flifekik flifekik dl `k `k `fstk y dl d` rntnr id hudstrks hudstrks dl dl `k pkltk``k. pkltk``k. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks.
9- ;2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.5. 5.::
Ek Ekrj rjkk id ul ulkk hu huds dstr trkk id pke kefd fdlt ltdd
Lntk Ln ds ldedskrfn en`nekr `ks hudstrks dl d` rntnr dl `k hfshk sdeudlefk idbflfik dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU.
Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Ud idgd sn`feftkr `k hudstrk dl prfhdr `ujkr dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.4 Un`feftui hkluk` id id hudstrks (pkefdltd) (pkefdltd) y ksfjlkefõl ksfjlkefõl id prudgks. prudgks. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k `k hudstrk hudstrk id` pkefdltd pkefdltd rdqudrfik rdqudrfik id id `k `fstk `fstk id sn`feftuid sn`feftuids. s. 5. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe enl d` rktõl pkrk en`nekr `k hudstrk. Ud ksfjlkrë ul lñhdrn k `k hudstrk. 9. En`nqud En`nqud `k hudstrk hudstrk id` id` pkefdltd pkefdltd dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl ksfjlkik ksfjlkik dl d` rntnr rntnr id hudstrk hudstrks. s. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks.
9.5.= 9.5 .=
Ekr Ekrjk jk id hu huds dstrk trkss enl enl u ul l ``det detnr nr i idd eõ eõif ifjn jnss i idd gk gkrrk rrkss Tl `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks ds `k bnrhk hës sdlef``k, rëpfik y sdjurk pkrk sn`feftkr hudstrks y prudgks y pkrk ekrjkr prudgks. Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Ud idgd sn`feftkr `k hudstrk dl prfhdr `ujkr dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.2 Un`feftui id hudstrks (pkefdltd) y ksfjlkefõl id prudgks enl d` `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks. gkrrks. @ks hudstrks idgdl tdldr dtfqudtks id eõifjns id gkrrks. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Dxp`nrd Dxp`nrd `k dtfqudtk dtfqudtk id `k hudstrk hudstrk rdqudrfik rdqudrfik.. Ekik hudstrk hudstrk dxp`nrki dxp`nrkik k sd hnstrkrë hnstrkrë dl `k pkltk``k. @k hudstrk rdefgd d` lñhdrn id pnsfefõl enrrdspnlifdltd.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-;:
Wutflk gësfek
5. En`nqud En`nqud `k hudstrk hudstrk dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl id` rntnr hnstrkik hnstrkik dl `k pkltk``k. pkltk``k.
SWDEKTEFÕL Skrk dvftkr drrnrds, en`nqud `k hudstrk dl `k pnsfefõl flifekik dl d` rntnr id hudstrks dl eukltn mkyk dxp`nrkin `k hudstrk. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks. Uf sd`deefnlõ Gkrenid dl `ns pkrëhdtrns id` sfstdhk, `ns tugns enl eõifjns id gkrrks pudidl pnldrsd dl d` rntnr id` hudstrks dl euk`qufdr pnsfefõl. Ud`deefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY pkrk qud d` klk`fzkinr dxp`nrd `ks hudstrks enl d` eõifjn id gkrrks prfhdrn.
9. 9.5. 5.66
Ek Ekrj rjkk i idd h hud udst strk rkss eenl nl d` rktõ rktõl l Wdqufsftn prdvfn
Ud idgdl sn`feftkr `ks hudstrks dl prfhdr `ujkr dl d` hdlñ Ukhp`d Wdqudst. Wdhètksd k 9.7.4 Un`feftui hkluk` id id hudstrks (pkefdltd) (pkefdltd) y ksfjlkefõl ksfjlkefõl id prudgks. prudgks. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k `k hudstrk hudstrk id` pkefdltd pkefdltd rdqudrfik rdqudrfik id id `k `fstk `fstk id sn`feftuid sn`feftuids. s. 5. e` idrd emn enl d`hudstrk rktõl dl dldl `nsd`iktns ik tns id pkefdltd pkefdltd utf`fed utf`f`k `k tde`k tderk. `k Su`sd id sd b`demk. b`demk. 9. Mkjk Dserfgk Dserfge`fe k fe`kidrdemn pnsfefõl pnsfefõl id id `kd` hud strk ekhpn ekhp n id lñhdrn lñhdrnnid `kedhudstrk. hudst Su` d` gntõl gntõl NO pkrk kedptkr `k pnsfefõl, n pu`sd d` gntõl EKLED@ pkrk ekled`kr `k pnsfefõl. 4. En`nqud En`nqud `k hudst hudstrk rk dl `k `k pnsfef pnsfefõl õl id` id` rntnr rntnr..
SWDEKTEFÕL Skrk dvftkr drrnrds, en`nqud `k hudstrk dl `k pnsfefõl flifekik dl d` rntnr id hudstrks dl eukltn mkyk dxp`nrkin `k hudstrk.
9.5.;3 9.5. ;3 Ekrj Ekrjkr kr h hudst udstrks rks iur iurklt kltdd ul efe` efe`n ni idd h hudst udstrks rks @ks hudstrks pudidl ekrjkrsd iurkltd ul efe`n id hudstrks dl eksn id dhdrjdlefk. Uf `k hudstrk ds ulk hudstrk UYKY, `k sfjufdltd pnsfefõl pkrk hdifefõl ds `k hudstrk UYKY. Wdqufsftn prdvfn
D` efe`n id hudstrks mk enhdlzkin. Ln ds ldedskrfn tdldr `k hudstrk yk sn`feftkik dl d` sfstdhk. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B7 UYKY WD[TDUY pkrk ekrjkr ekrjkr ulk hudstrk UYKY n EYW@ B9 (TL)@NKI ntrns tfpns id hudstrks. 7. Fltrni Fltrniuze uzek k `ns iktns iktns id `k huds hudstrk trk.. Wdh Wdhètk ètksd sd k 9.7 Fltrniueefõl Fltrniueefõl id `ns iktns iktns id `k hudstrk y sn`feftuids id prudgk. prudgk. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 9. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k `k hudstrk hudstrk id` pkefdltd pkefdltd rdqudrfik rdqudrfik id `k `fstk id sn`feftui sn`feftuids. ds. 4. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe enl d` rktõl pkrk en`nekr `k hudstrk. Ud ksfjlkrë ul lñhdrn k `k hudstrk. 2. En`nqud En`nqud `k hudstrk hudstrk id` id` pkefdltd pkefdltd dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl ksfjlkik ksfjlkik dl d` rntnr rntnr id hudstrk hudstrks. s. :. Ud`de deeefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY n enltflñd ekrjklin `ks hudstrks.
9.5.;;; 9.5.
Idse Idsekrjk krjkrr hu hudst dstrks rks iurk iurkltd ltd ul eefe`n fe`n id h hudst udstrks rks @ks hudstrks pudidl idsekrjkrsd iurkltd ul efe`n id hudstrks dl eksn id dhdrjdlefk. Wdqufsftn prdvfn
D` efe`n id hudstrks mk enhdlzkin y d` en`nr id `k hudstrk dl `k pnsfefõl id` rntnr ds ldjrn.
9- ;=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
;. 7. 5. 9. 4. 2.
Ud`de deeefnld EYW@ B9 (TL)@NKI idsid Hkfl Hdlu. Mkjk e`fe dl VDU Dspdrd qud `k gkrrk id tfdhpn tfdhpn `d flifqud flifqud qud `k `k hudstrk hudstrk pudid pudid idsekrjkrs idsekrjkrsd. d. Ud`de deeefnld B6TL@NKI HDLT idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k hudstrk hudstrk id` pkefdltd pkefdltd rdqudrf rdqudrfik ik id` id` rntnr rntnr.. Wdtfrd Wdtfrd `ks hudstrk hudstrkss id pkefdlt pkefdltds ds id `k `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl dl dl d` rntnr rntnr id hudstrks. hudstrks.
ENLBFWH TL@NKI . :. dee =. U Ud d``de de deeeeffn nl ld d B5 B;3 WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k `k pkltk``k WDKJDLY MKLI@FLJ. 6. Ud`de deeefnld B5 ENLYFLTD HDKUTWDHDLY pkrk enltflukr d` efe`n id hudstrks.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-;6
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9
Hdlñ Wdkjdlt Flbn D` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN hudstrk `ns rdketfvns ekrjkins, vn`ñhdlds, l± id `ntd y bdemk id ekiuefiki. Ttf`fed dstd hdlñ pkrk enhprngkr d` flvdltkrfn id rdketfvns kltds id flfefkr d` efe`n id klë`fsfs. @d rdenhdlikhns qud enhprudgd d` rdketfvn kltds id flfefkr ekik efe`n.
9. 9.9. 9.;;
9.9.7 9.9 .7
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id id`` hd hdlñ lñ Wd Wdkj kjdl dltt Flbn Flbn Skrëhdtrn
Idserfpefõl
SNU.
@ks pnsfefnlds id `ns rdketfvns dl d` rntnr id rdketfvns.
LKHD
D` lnhgrd id` rdketfvn. D` ekhpn flifek tkhgfæl d` nridl id` rdketfvn. W7 flifek qud d` rdketfvn ds d` sdjulin rdketfvn. W5 flifek qud d` rdketfvn ds d` tdredr rdketfvn.
GKYEM LN.
D` lñhdrn id `ntd id` rdketfvn.
D]SFWV IKYD
@k bdemk id ekiuefiki id` rdketfvn. @k bdemk id ekiuefiki idgd prnjrkhkrsd enhn d` ñ`tfhn ièk id dstkgf`fiki dl d` flstruhdltn idsid `k bdemk dl qud d` rdketfvn sd prdpkrk y sd en`nek dl d` rntnr.
H@ SWTDGKU
@ns vn`ñhdlds id rdketfvn ifspnlfg`ds dl `ks gntd``ks. D` lñhdrn id prudgks qud kñl sd pudidl prnedskr enl d` vn`uhdl ifspnlfg`d id rdketfvns.
YWKV
D` lñhdrn id prudgks sn`feftkin ketuk`hdltd.
BF@@
Tl pultn rnan flifek `k dseksdz id` rdketfvn y su rd``dlkin sf budrk ldedskrfn. Tl pultn khkrf``n flifek qud ln mky subfefdltd rdketfvn pkrk enhp`dtkr `ks hdifefnlds sn`feftkiks.
Yde` de`ks ks if ifsp spnl nlfg fg`d `dss ddl l dd`` h hdlñ dlñ Wd Wdkj kjdlt dlt Flbn Flbn Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B; SWFLY B7 ENLBFWH WDBF@@ K@@
Fhprfhd ulk `fstk enl `k flbnrhkefõl id` rdketfvn. Enlbfrhk qud sd mkl rd``dlkin tnins `ns rdketfvns.
9- 73
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
K@Y+B5 E@W. K@@ ENTLYDWU
Idbfld tnins `ns vk`nrds dl `ns rdeudltns id prudgks tntk`ds k edrn sf B4 sd idbfld dl d` hnin id enltkinr. Uõ`n ifspnlfg`d gkan Enultdr hnid.
B9 ENLBFWH WDBF@@
Enlbfrhk qud sd mkl rd``dlkin `ns rdketfvns sd`deefnlkins.
B4 LNWHK@ HNID / ENTLYDW
Ekhgfk dltrd `k sd`deefõl dltrd d` enltkinr y `k `fstk.
HNID
9. 9.9. 9.55
B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU pkrk enhprngkr tnins `ns rdsu`tkins y mkedr vk`fikefnlds, sf budrk ldedskrfn.
B= WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU.
B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Rk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ.
B;3 HKFL HDLT
Wdjrdsk k HKFL HDLT.
En Enhp hprn rngk gkef efõl õl i id` d` fflv lvdl dlttkrfn krfn i idd rd rdke ketf tfvn vnss ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4WDKJDLY FLBN pkrk keedidr k` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN. 5. Enhpru Enhprudgd dgd `k flbnrhke flbnrhkefõl fõl sfjufd sfjufdltd ltd11
• • • • •
D` l± id `ntd dl `k en`uhlk GKYEM LN. @k bdemk id ekiuefiki dl `k en`uhlk D]SFWV IKYD. D` vn`uhdl id rdketfvn ifspnlfg`d dl `k en`uhlk H@ D` lñhdrn id prudgks qud pudidl prnedskrsd dl `k en`uhlk YDUYU. D` lñhdrn id prudgks rdqudrfiks dl `k en`uhlk YWKV.
Lntk D` vn`uhdl id` rdketfvn sd hfid dl d` hnhdltn dl qud æstd sd pfpdtdk.
9. 9.9. 9.99
Wd Wd`` ``dl dln n id ul sn sn`n `n rdke rdketf tfvn vn ;. Ud`de deeefnld B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4WDKJDLY FLBN pkrk keedidr k` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN. 5. Wd``dld Wd``dld `ns rdketfvns rdketfvns hkrekins hkrekins enl ul ul pultn pultn rnan rnan dl `k en`uhlk en`uhlk BF@@. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B9 ENLBFWH WDBF@@
9. 9.9. 9.44
Wd Wd`` ``dl dln ni idd ttni nins ns `ns `ns rrdk dket etfv fvns ns ;. 7. 5. 9.
Ud`de deeefnld B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B4WDKJDLY FLBN pkrk keedidr k` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN. Wd``dld Wd``dld `ns rdketfvns rdketfvns hkrekins hkrekins enl ul ul pultn pultn rnan rnan dl `k en`uhlk en`uhlk BF@@. Ud`de deeefnld B7 ENLBFWH WDBF@@ K@@. D` klk`fzkinr prdsupnld qud tnins `ns rdketfvns dstël rd``dlns.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-7;
Wutflk gësfek
9.9 .9..2
Wd Wdkketfvn flsubfefdl fdltd Lntk Tl pultn khkrf``n flifek qud ln mky subfefdltd rdketfvn pkrk mkedr `ks prudgks sn`feftkiks. Tl pultn rnan flifek qud ln mky lkik id rdketfvn.
Uf iurkltd d` klë`fsfs id `k hudstrk d` vn`uhdl id rdketfvn ``djk k sdr flsubfefdltd pkrk ulk prudgk, d` flstruhdltn dhftd ul hdlskad id kivdrtdlefk FLUTBBFEFDLY WDKJDLY ITWFLJ UKHS@D KLK@VUFU. Dstd hdlskad id kivdrtdlefk nbrded flbnrhkefõl kedrek id `k prudgk y id `k pnsfefõl qud tfdld rdketfvn flsubfefdltd. ;. Su`sd B4 WDKJDLY FLBN ulk id `ks tde`ks sfjufdltds pkrk rdenlnedr d` hdlskad. 7. Wd``dld Wd``dld `ns rdketfvns rdketfvns hkrekins hkrekins enl ul ul pultn pultn rnan rnan dl `k en`uhlk en`uhlk BF@@. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B7 ENLBFWH WDBF@@ K@@. 9. D` klk`fzki klk`fzkinr nr hudstrk hudstrk ul ul hdlskad1 hdlskad1 Ek`fgrkefõl Ek`fgrkefõl kñl vk`fik vk`fik _lnhgrd _lnhgrd id prudgkX prudgkX _l± id `ntdX `ntdX ;. Ud`deefnld B4 VDU sf `k ek`fgrkefõl sfjud sfdlin vë`fik. D` klk`fzkinr enltflñk enl `k hdifefõl id `ks hudstrks id pkefdltds. 7. Ud`deefnld B2 LN sf `k ek`fgrkefõl yk ln sfjud sfdlin vë`fik. @ks prudgks snl hkrekiks enl LN EK@FGWKYFNL ETWRD. Kmnrk idgd rdk`fzkr ulk ek`fgrkefõl id `k prudgk. Yrks `k ek`fgrkefõl, d` klk`fzkinr enhfdlzk kutnhëtfekhdltd enl `ks prudgks hkrekiks enl LN EK@FGWKYFNL ETWRD.
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
K@Y+B;3 MK@Y
D` flstruhdltn sd idtdlirë idt dlirë flhdifktkhdltd. Yniks `ks keefnlds y tniks `ks prudgks dl eursn sd pfdridl. Yrks dstk keefõl sd idgd rdflfefkr d` sfstdhk.
9- 77
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B9 KEOLNZ HDUUKJD
D` flstruhdltn idak id pfpdtdkr d` rdketfvn pkrk `k prudgk enl flsubfefdltd rdketfvn. @ks rdstkltds prudgks enltflukrël enhn sfdhprd. D` sfstdhk dltrd dl hnin stkli-gy dl d` hnhdltn dl d` qud bflk`fzkl tniks `ks idhës prudgks. Sudid rd``dlkr d` rdketfvn dl euk`qufdr hnhdltn (vkyk k` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN y sd`deefnld ENLBFWH WDBF@@).
B4 WDKJDLY FLBN
9. 9.9. 9.::
D` flstruhdltn dltrk dl `k pkltk``k WDKJDLY FLBN. D` flstruhdltn idak id pfpdtdkr d` rdketfvn pkrk `k prudgk enl flsubfefdltd rdketfvn. @ks rdstkltds prudgks enltflukrël enhn sfdhprd. D` sfstdhk dltrd dl hnin stkli-gy dl d` hnhdltn dl d` qud bflk`fzkl tniks `ks idhës prudgks. Sudid rd``dlkr d` rdketfvn dl euk`qufdr hnhdltn.
Hn Hnin in id en enlt ltki kin nr y h hni nin nl lnr nrhk hk`` D` klk`fzkinr ik `k flbnrhkefõl pkrk `ks dstkièstfeks id trkgkan. Srnedik id `k sfjufdltd hkldrk pkrk hnstrkr n gnrrkr `ks dstkièstfeks1
Lntk Tl pultn khkrf``n flifek qud ln mky subfefdltd rdketfvn pkrk mkedr `k prudgk. Tl pultn rnan flifek qud ln mky lkik id rdketfvn.
;. Ud`de deeefnld B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4WDKJDLY FLBN pkrk keedidr k` hdlñ WDKJDLY FLBN. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B4 ENTLYDW HNID pkrk hnstrkr `ks dstkièstfeks id` klk`fzkinr. @ns enltkinrds hudstrkl d` lñhdrn tntk` id hdifefnlds prnedskiks. Yrks ekhgfkr id hnin hnln k iuk` d` enltkinr ekhgfk. 9. Enhprud Enhprudgd gd y sf ds ds ldeds ldedskrfn krfn sd`dee sd`deefnl fnld d K@Y+B5 E@W. K@@ ENTLYU pkrk gnrrkr `ks dstkièstfeks y rdstkg`dedr tnins `ns enltkinrds k 3.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-75
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.44
Flfe Flfefn fn y pk pkrkik rkik id ul ef efe` e`n n id prud prudgk gkss
9. 9.4. 4.;;
Fl Flfe fefn fn id id`` eefe fe`n `n id kl klë` ë`fs fsfs fs D` efe`n id klë`fsfs idgd flfefkrsd idsid d` hnin Utkligy. Utkligy. ;. Uf ln sd sd dleudltrk dleudltrk prdsdltd prdsdltd d` gntõl gntõl id flfefn id hdifefõl, hdifefõl, d` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr sd dleudlt dleudltrk rk dl dstkin flketfvn n idtdlfin. Srnedik id `k sfjufdltd hkldrk pkrk ekhgfkr k hnin Utkligy1 ;. Ud`deefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH 5. Ud`deefnld UVUYDH WDUDY 9. Ud`deefnld B; UVUYDH WDUDY
Lntk K` flfefkr d` klk`fzkinr idsid d` hnin Utkligy, Utkligy, æstd dledlidrë `k `ëhpkrk y `k gnhgk id vkeèn, y `kvkrë `ks eugdtks. Dl eksn id sd prniuzekl flefidltds flusuk`ds, sd `d flbnrhkrë pnr hdifn id hdlskads. 7. Flfe Flfefd fd `k hdif hdifef efõl õl.. ;. Ud`deefnld B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. En`nqud En`nqud tniks `ks `ks hudstrks, hudstrks, dstëlikrds, dstëlikrds, enltrn`ds, enltrn`ds, dte., dte., dl su pnsfefõl pnsfefõl enrrdetk enrrdetk dl d` rntnr rntnr id hudstrks. Wdhètksd k 9.5 Ekrjk id` rntnr id hudstrks hudstrks d flfefn id `ks prudgks. prudgks. 5. Ksdjñrdsd Ksdjñ rdsd id qud qud mkyk subfefdltd subfefdltd ekltfiki ekltfiki id id rdketfvns rdketfvns ifspnlfg` ifspnlfg`ds ds pkrk pkrk tniks `ks sn`feftuids. Ud`deefnld B4 WDKJDLYFLBN pkrk enhprngkr `ks bdemks id ekiuefiki y `ks ekltfikids. 9. Ud`deefnld B; SWFLY @NKI@FUY pkrk ngtdldr ulk fhprdsfõl id `k `fstk id ekrjk dl eksn ldedskrfn. 4. Ud`deefnld B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY
9.4 .4..7
Id Idssekr krj jk i idd `k `ks h hu uds dsttrks D` hdlñ UD@DEYFRD TL@NKI ds inlid pudid sd`deefnlkr `ks prudgks qud idsdk idsekrjkr. @k sd`deefõl sd mked hdifkltd d` rktõl n d` tde`kin. ;. Idsekr Idsekrjk jk id ulk ulk hudstrk hudstrk n ulk ulk sd`dee sd`deefõl fõl id huds hudstrks trks.. ;. Ud`deefnld B6 UD@DEYFRD TL@NKI dl d` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ. 7. Dserfg Dserfgk k ul lñhdrn lñhdrn id hudstrk hudstrk dl dl d` ekhpn ekhpn Ukhp`d Ukhp`d pnsftf pnsftfnl. nl. 5. Wdtfrd Wdtfrd `ns tugns tugns id hudstr hudstrks ks id` id` rntnr rntnr. 9. Ud`deefnld B9ENLBFWH TL@NKI pkrk enlbfrhkr qud `k hudstrk mk sfin idsekrjkik. 4. Yrks Yrks idsekrjkr idsekrjkr ulk ulk hudstrk hudstrk pudid vn`vdr k ekrjkr flhdifk flhdifktkhdl tkhdltd td ulk ludvk ludvk hudstrk hudstrk dl dl dsk pnsfefõl id` rntnr id hudstrks. Uf sd`deefnlk B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY , `k ludvk hudstrk sd fltdjrk dl d` efe`n ketuk` y sdrë prnedskik. 7. Idsekr Idsekrjk jk id ul fltd fltdrvk rvk`n `n id huds hudstrk trks. s. ;. Ud`deefnld B6 UD@DEYFRD TL@NKI dl d` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ. 7. Ud`deefnld B4 UD@DEY WKLJD. 5. Dserfg Dserfgk k `k pnsfef pnsfefõl õl id id flfef flfefn n dl d` ekhp ekhpn n UYKWY SNUFYFNL. 9. Dserfg Dserfgk k `k pnsf pnsfefõ efõl l id bbflk` flk`fzk fzkefõ efõl l dl d` ekhpn ekhpn DLI SNUFYFNL. 4. Wdtfrd Wdtfrd `ns tugns tugns id hudstr hudstrks ks id` id` rntnr rntnr. 2. Ud`deefnld B9ENLBFWH TL@NKI pkrk enlbfrhkr qud `ks hudstrks mkl sfin idsekrjkiks. :. Yrks Yrks idsekrjkr idsekrjkr ulk ulk hudstrk hudstrk pudid vn`vdr k ekrjkr flhdifk flhdifktkhdl tkhdltd td ulk ludvk ludvk hudstrk hudstrk dl dl dsk pnsfefõl id` rntnr id hudstrks. Uf sd`deefnlk B5 UYKWY HDKUTWDHDLY , `k ludvk hudstrk sd fltdjrk dl d` efe`n ketuk` y sdrë prnedskik. 5. Idse Idsekr krjk jk id id tnik tnikss `ks `ks huds hudstrk trkss ;. Ud`deefnld B9 ENLBFWH TL@NKI idsid d` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ. 7. Wdtfrd Wdtfrd tnin tninss `ns tugns tugns id hudst hudstrks rks id` id` rntnr rntnr..
9- 79
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.22
Enhp Enhprn rngk gkef efõl õl y vk`f vk`fik ikef efõl õl id `ns `ns rdsu rdsu`t `tki kins ns
9.2 .2..;
Hdl dlñ ñ Dvk`uk `uktd Ukhp`ds @ns rdsu`tkins id ekik hudstrk y prudgk pudidl sdr dvk`ukins dl d` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU. Uf d` pkrëhdtrn KTYNHKYFE DRK@TKYFNL bud sd`deefnlkin dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU , `ns rdsu`tkins sd kedptkrël n rdemkzkrël kutnhëtfekhdltd. Uf ln sd`deefnlõ dstd pkrëhdtrn, sõ`n `ns rdsu`tkins qud dstæl budrk id `ns `èhftds id `k prudgk tfdldl qud sdr dvk`ukins hkluk`hdltd. @ks hudstrks sugsfjufdltds sd fhprfhdl trks ul hflutn euklin `k hudstrk kltdrfnr ldedsftk ulk dvk`ukefõl hkluk`. Dl bulefõl id` tfpn id prudgk, pnirë d`djfr dltrd pkltk``ks id `ks kgsnrgklefks ek`eu`kiks dl bnrhktn tkg`k n jrëbfen.
9. 9.2. 2.77
Rk` k`fi fike kefõ fõl l id id u ul l rrds dsu` u`ttki kin n
;. Wdhètksd k 9.2.5 Idtk``ds Idtk``ds pdrsnlk`ds pdrsnlk`ds y id dstkin id `k hudstrk 7. Wdhètksd k 9.2.9 Ekhpns id vfsuk`fzkefõl id `k prudgk (`fstk (`fstk id hudstrks) 5. Wdhètksd k 9.2.4 Ekhpns id vfsuk`fzkefõl dl `k pkrtd pkrtd idrdemk id `k pkltk``k (`(`fstk fstk id hudstrks) Dl d` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU pudid enhprngkr y, sf ds ldedskrfn, vk`fikr `ns rdsu`tkins id ulk hudstrk qud dstë sfdlin ketuk`hdltd prnedskik. Sudid enhprngkr `ns rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk id ulk hudstrk, vfsuk`fzkr `ns pultns dl d` jrëbfen n enhpkrkr `ns vk`nrds flifvfiuk`ds id `ks kgsnrgklefks. Mkjk e`fe dl `k `fstk y dserfgk d` FI n utf`fed d` `detnr id eõifjn id gkrrks. @k pkltk``k fzqufdrik hudstrk tnins `ns iktns id `k hudstrk, `k pnsfefõl id `k hudstrk dl d` rntnr id hudstrks y d` dstkin. Ykhgfæl pudid vfsuk`fzkr dl hnin jrëbfen. Ud`deefnld ulk id `ks prudgks prnedskiks id `k fzqufdrik enl `ks tde`ks id eursnr. Ud hudstrk ul jrëbfen id `k prudgk enrrdspnlifdltd. Euklin kpkrdzek *FLBN* aultn k `k prudgk, dltnleds idgd vk`fikr `ns rdsu`tkins. Dstn sõ`n ds kp`fekg`d sf ln sd sd`deefnlõ KTYNHKYFE DRK@TKYFNL dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU. @k hudstrk ln sdrë kprngkik y d` klk`fzkinr ln `k fhprfhd. @k flbnrhkefõl id `k hudstrk (lñhdrn, lnhgrd, dte.), d` lnhgrd id `k prudgk y `k ulfiki sd hudstrkl dlefhk id `k tkg`k n jrëbfen. Tl hdlskad flifek pnr quæ ln sd kprngõ `k prudgk. Idgfin k dstd hdlskad (pnr dadhp`n, WDKJDLY KGUNWGKLED @FHFY DWWNW), ds ldedskrfn qud kinptd ulk idefsfõl (ZKFYFLJ BNW VNTW IDEFUFNL).
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-74
Wutflk gësfek
Sudid kedptkr n rdemkzkr d` rdsu`tkin, rdpdtfr `k hdifefõl (Hdksurd Kjkfl), n vn`vdr k rdpdtfr `k prudgk enl vn`ñhdlds id hudstrk y rdketfvns rdk etfvns ifstfltns (Hdksurd rd-rul). Uf utf`fzk `k hdifefõl id `k if`uefõl, d` klk`fzkinr hfid id ludvn `k prudgk enl `k hudstrk y `ns vn`ñhdlds id rdketfvns tk` enhn budrnl fltrniuefins dl `k prnjrkhkefõl id` hætnin dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ .
9.2.5 9.2 .5
Idt Idtk`` k``ds ds pdr pdrsn snlk` lk`ds ds y i idd ddst stki kin ni idd `k `k h hud udstr strkk Idtk``d
Idserfpefõl
UKHS@D FI
D` FI id `k hudstrk sdjñl `n idbflfin dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU .
SKYFDLY LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k hudstrk sdjñl `n idbflfin dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU .
IKYD NB GFWYM
@k bdemk id lkefhfdltn id` pkefdltd sf dstë idbflfin dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU.
SMVUFEFKL LKHD
D` lnhgrd id` hæifen sf dstë idbflfin dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU .
YFSN ID HTDUYWK
D` tfpn id hudstrk (lnrhk`, pdifëtrfek, enltrn`, dte.).
HDKUTWDHDLY IKYD
@k bdemk y mnrk id `k prudgk.
WNYNW SNUFYFNL
@k pnsfefõl id `k hudstrk dl d` rntnr (sd hudstrk idtrës id` ekhpn id dstkin austn idtrës id UKHS@D YVSD.
UD]N
D` sdxn id` pkefdltd1 HK@D , BDHK@D n SDIFKYWFE.
UYKYTU
Dl d` ekhpn id dstkin sftukin ifrdetkhdltd idgkan id UKHS@D YVSD sd hudstrk d` dstkin id prnedskhfdltn ketuk` id `k hudstrk. D` ekhpn id dstkin flifek `k pnsfefõl y d` dstkin id `ks hudstrks dl d` rntnr id hudstrks. Dxfstdl `ks sfjufdltds flifekefnlds id dstkin1
•
•
• •
• • •
FL SWNEDUU
@k hudstrk n ulk id sus prudgks ksfjlkiks dstë sfdlin prnedskik ketuk`hdltd. Dstë pdlifdltd d` rdsu`tkin id k` hdlns ulk id `ks prudgks. EKLED@@DI
@k ekrjkik, pdrn ysdlnmksdekled`kin @k hudstrk hudstrk dstë ln sdrë prnedskik ek`eu`krël`k sn`feftui. rdsu`tkins. WDKIV
@k hudstrk mk sfin prnedskik. @ns rdsu`tkins dstël ifspnlfg`ds. YN GD UDLY
Dstd hdlskad kpkrded sõ`n sf d` klk`fzkinr dstë enldetkin k ul sfstdhk id flbnrhkefõl id` `kgnrktnrfn (@FU). @ns rdsu`tkins pudidl dlvfkrsd k` nridlkinr prflefpk`. SWFLYDI
Ud fhprfhd d` rdsu`tkin. ID@DYDI
Ud rdemkzk d` rdsu`tkin. TL@NKIDI
@k hudstrk sd idsekrjk.
9.2.9 9.2 .9
Ekh Ekhpn pnss id vvfs fsuk uk`fz `fzkef kefõl õl i idd `k p pru rudg dgkk (` (`fs fstk tk id huds hudstr trks) ks) Yniks `ks prudgks pkrk ulk hudstrk kpkrdedl enl `ns rdsu`tkins id `k hdifefõl y `ks ulfikids.
9- 72
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9.2.44 9.2.
Ekhpns id id vf vfsuk`fzkefõl
Idserfpefõl
YDUY LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k prudgk sdjñl `n idbflfin idbf lfin dl `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
WDUT@YU
Uf kpkrded `k pk`kgrk *FLBN* aultn k` lnhgrd id `k prudgk, dltnleds idgd vk`fikr d` rdsu`tkin. Su`sd B5 pkrk kedptkr d` rdsu`tkin, B9 pkrk rdemkzkr d` rdsu`tkin, B4 pkrk rdpdtfr `k hdifefõl n B2 pkrk rdprnedskr `k prudgk enl idtdrhflkins vn`ñhdlds id rdprnedskhfdltn. Tl sfjln + flifek ulk vfstk id ërgn` id `ns iktns.
TLFYU
@ks ulfikids id hdifefõl (p. da., hj/i@, T/@) sdjñl sd mkl idbflfin dl `ns pkrëhdtrns id prudgk.
Ekhp Ekhpns ns id vfsu vfsuk`fz k`fzkefõ kefõl l dl `k pk pkrtd rtd idrd idrdemk emk i idd `k pklt pkltk``k k``k (`f (`fst stkk id hudst hudstrks) rks) Ekhpns id id vf vfsuk`fzkefõl
Idserfpefõl
YVSD
Ud flifekl tniks `ks hudstrks qud mkl sfin n dstël sfdlin ketuk`hdltd prnedskiks. @ks hudstrks UYK UYKY, `ns enltrn`ds, enltr n`ds, dte. dstël hkrekiks enl `ks `dtrks enrrdspnlifdltds. Uf ln TYNHKYFE
RK@TKYFNL
K sd`deefnlõ d` pkrëhdtrn hdlñ U VUYDH SKWKHDYDWU , kpkrdedrël dl D prfhdr `ujkr dl `ksd`hudstrks qud rdqufdrkl vk`fikefõl hkluk` id k` hdlns ulk prudgk. D` `kin fzqufdrin hudstrk `ns rdsu`tkins id `k hudstrk ketuk`hdltd sd`deefnlkik.
9.2.2 9.2 .2
FI
D` FI id `k hudstrk.
LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k hudstrk.
Yde` de`ks ks id id D Dvk vk`uk `uktd td Uk Ukhp hp`d `dss ((`fs `fstk tk id hu hudst dstrks rks)) Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B; SWFLY
Wdk`fzk ulk enpfk fhprdsk id` pkefdltd sd`deefnlkin ketuk`hdltd.
B7 G@KLO/EK@FG. FLBN
Rk k` hdlñ G@KLO/EK@FGWKYFNL FLBNWHKYFNL.
UMFBY+B5 KWEMFRD WDUT@Y
@ns rdsu`tkins sd jukrikl dl d` kremfvn y sd gnrrkl id` klk`fzkinr.
K@Y + B9/UMFBY + B9 HDKUTWD KJKFL/WDWTL
D` gntõl dstë ifspnlfg`d euklin `ks hudstrks kñl dstël dl d` rntnr idspuæs id `k hdifefõl. @k hudstrk pudid vn`vdr k hdifrsd.
B4
[email protected] UKHS@DU
Ekrjk `ns rdsu`tkins k`hkedlkins dl d` kremfvn. Tlk `fstk id kremfvns flifek `k bdemk y mnrk id k`hkedlkhfdltn y d` tkhkûn id `ns kremfvns. Ud`deefnld d` kremfvn y pu`sd DLYDW. K` dvk`ukr `ns rdsu`tkins id` ifsen, sõ`n d` rdsu`tkin rd su`tkin bflk` dstë ifspnlfg`d, ln `k eurvk id rdkeefõl.
B2 [TK@FYV ENLYWN@
Rk k` hdlñ [TK@FYV ENLYWN@.
B: WDUT@Y IDYKF@U
Hudstrk `ns rdsu`tkins id hudstrks jukrikiks dl hnin jrëbfen. Ud`deefnld B: id ludvn pkrk vn`vdr k` hnin lnrhk`.
B= WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ WD[TDUYU UKHS@DU.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-7:
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.2. 2.::
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Rk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ. Kquè pudidl ekrjkrsd hudstrks kifefnlk`ds.
B;3 HKFL HDLT
Wdjrdsk k HKFL HDLT.
Dv Dvk` k`uk ukrr hu huds dstr trks ks id id`` ifse ifsen n
Srnedik id `k sfjufdltd hkldrk pkrk vfsuk`fzkr `ns rdsu`tkins id ulk prudgk jukrikik1 ;. Ud`de deeefnld B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud Ud`d `dee eefn fnld ld d` hdlñ hdlñ B4 DRK@. IFUO UKHS@DU. 5. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k bdemk id id `ns rdsu`tki rdsu`tkins ns id `k prudgk qud qud idsdd vfsuk`fzkr vfsuk`fzkr n gnrrkr gnrrkr.. 9. Skrk Skrk vfsu vfsuk` k`fz fzkr kr d` kre kremfv mfvn n pu` pu`sd sd DLYDW. Kpkrdedl `ns iktns id `k prudgk sfjufdltds1 • Lnhgrd id `k prudgk. Tlfikids • Wdsu`tkin • Tlfts • Flifekinrds pkrk prudgks id enrtd. Rdk `ns flifekinrds pkrk prudgks id enrtd. 4. Skrk Skrk d`fh d`fhflk flkrr d` d` k kremf remfvn, vn, sd`dee sd`deefnl fnld d UMFBY B5 ID@DYD. Kpkrded ul eukirn id ifë`njn1 Id`dtd bf`d> pkrk enlbfrhkr. Vds Vds n Ln. 2. Ud`de deeefnld VDU. :. Uf mk idbflfin idbflfin ulk enltrks enltrksdûk, dûk, kpkrded kpkrded ul eukirn eukirn id ifë`njn ifë`njn id enltrksdû enltrksdûk. k.
9.2.= 9.2 .=
Yde` de`ks ks id` id` h hdl dlñ ñ Dv Dvk`u k`ukt ktdd Uk Ukhp hp`d `dss (W (Wds dsu` u`tt Id Idttkf` kf`s) s) B; SWFLY
Fhprfhd `k prdsdltkefõl id `ns rdsu`tkins ketuk`ds (Jrëbfen n tkg`k).
B7 YKG@D / JWKSMFE
Ekhgfk dltrd d` hnin jrëbfen y d` hnin tkg`k. Su`sd B: n DLYDW pkrk vn`vdr k` hnin lnrhk`. @k bulefõl id ërgn` + idgd dxpklifrsd kltds id qud dstn dstæ ifspnlfg`d.
B5 KEEDSY WDUT@Y
Rk`fik `ks prudgks hkrekiks enl *FLBN* pkrk pnidr trklsbdrfr `ns rdsu`tkins k `k fhprdsnrk id rdsu`tkins. Dl `k pkrtd idrdemk id `k pkltk``k kpkrded ZKFYFLJ BNW VNTW IDEFUFNL. D` rdsu`tkin sõ`n sd trklsbdrfrë sf dstn dstë pdrhftfin pnr d` drrnr qud mk prnvnekin `k kpkrfefõl id `k hkrek *FLBN*? pnr dadhp`n, B5 ln dstkrë ifspnlfg`d pkrk drrnrds jrkvds enhn FLUTBBFEFDLY UKHS@D.
B9 WDADEY WDUT@Y
Wdemkzk d` rdsu`tkin hnstrkin ketuk`hdltd. D` rdsu`tkin rdemkzkin sd hkrek enl WDADEY.
UMFBY + B4 RFDZ YDUY
Ifspnlfg`d euklin sd ekhgfk ul pkrëhdtrn id prudgk. Sudidl vdrsd `ns pkrëhdtrns id prudgk. @ks bulefnlds B4 y B2 yk ln dstël ifspnlfg`ds.
SKWKHDYDWU
B4 HDKUTWD KJKFL
Wdpftd `k prudgk. @ns vn`ñhdlds utf`fzkins pkrk rdpdtfr `k hdifefõl snl fiæltfens k `ns utf`fzkins nrfjflk`hdltd.
B2 HDKUTWD WDWTL
Wdpftd `k prudgk. K ifbdrdlefk id B4 HDKUTWD KJKFL, `ns vn`ñhdlds idbflfins qud sd utf`fzkl kquè pkrk `k rdpdtfefõl id `k prudgk snl `ns`ns vn`ñhdlds qudidsd`kidbflfdrnl pkrëhdtrns prudgk. dl d` ekhpn WDWTLRN@ . id
B: UKHS@D @FUY
Wdjrdsk k` hnin id `fstk id hudstrks.
B= WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ WD[TDUYU UKHS@DU.
9- 7=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9. 9.2. 2.66
B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Rk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ.
B;3 HKFL HDLT
Rk k HKFL HDLT.
Id Idttk` k``d `dss i idd `ns `ns rdsu rdsu`t `tki kins ns11 @ns rdsu`tkins, fle`uydlin `ns g`klens sd hudstrkl pkrk ekik hudstrk (`kin fzqufdrin id `k pkltk``k). Dlefhk id `k tkg`k n jrëbfen sd flifek `k prudgk ketuk` y `k ulfiki rdspdetfvk.
;. Ud`de deeefnld B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B: WDUT@Y IDYKF@U. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B7 JWKSMFE/YKG@D HNID pkrk hnstrkr `ns rdsu`tkins idtk``kins. Sudid tkhgfæl sd`deefnlkr `k pdstkûk id hnin jrëbfen y tkg`k pkrk vfsuk`fzkr `k hfshk flbnrhkefõl. Sudidl flvnekrsd ul jrëbfen prnznlk y ulk tkg`k prnznlk flidpdlifdltds sf sd idbflfõ ulk enhprngkefõl id prnznlk enhn hætnin dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ .
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-76
Wutflk gësfek
UYKYTU
Hudstrk d` dstkin, lnhgrd y rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk. Ud kp`fekl `ns dstkins sfjufdltds1
• • • •• • •
WDKIV GDFLJ WDHDKUTWDI GDFLJ HDKUTWDI ZKFYFLJ BNW VNTW KYYDLYFNL LN EK@FGWKYFNL ETWRD WDADEYDI ZKFYFLJ BNW NYMDW WDUT@YU
ZKFYFLJ BNW VNTW IDEFUFNL sd hudstrk euklin `k pk`kgrk *FLBN* kpkrded aultn k` rdsu`tkin. Idpdlifdlin id` hdlskad id drrnr hnstrkin (pnr dadhp`n, FLUTBBFEFDLY UKHS@D n KGUNWGKLED @FHFY DWWNW), d` usukrfn pudid kedptkr d` rdsu`tkin,
rdemkzkr d` rdsu`tkin, rdpdtfr `k hdifefõl n rdprnedskr `k prudgk enl ul vn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn dspdeèbfen. D` ekpètu`n 4 enltfdld ulk `fstk id `ns pnsfg`ds hdlskads id drrnr. JWKSMFE HNID
D` dad x rdprdsdltk d` tfdhpn. D` dad x hudstrk `ns pultns id hdifefõl enl rdspdetn k `k bulefõl id tfdhpn. @ns hætnins eflætfens y id ins pultns tfdldl 77 pultns (;-77) ifspnlfg`ds dl HNLN HNID yid7;kgsnrgklefk. pultns (;-7;) dl ITK@ HNID. D` dad y rdprdsdltk `ns vk`nrds Uf `k eugdtk (rdketfvns hës hudstrk) enltfdld hdlns id 773 ´` iurkltd `k hdifefõl id ul pultn, ds idefr, kltds id qud sd kûkik `k hudstrk n d` rdketfvn 7, dstns pultns id hdifefõl ln sd hnstrkrël dl `k pkltk``k. @ns pultns id hdifefõl dl d` sfstdhk id ennridlkiks tfdldl `ks sfjufdltds bulefnlds1 Sultn id hdifefõl uskin. . Sult Sultn n id hdif hdifef efõl õl ln us uski kin. n. D` pultn id pdlifdltd uskin pkrk d` eë`eu`n id `k pdlifdltd id` g`klen n d` pultn id prnznlk utf`fzkin, idpdlifdlin id` hnin id vfsuk`fzkefõl. + Kgsnrgklefk hdifik id` prfhdr rdketfvn. ] Rk`nr dxtrkpn`kin (utf`fzkin pkrk `k enhprngkefõl id idsvfkefõl id `k kgsnrgklefk id` rdketfvn), sõ`n utf`fzkin pkrk hætnins id flfefn id `k hudstrk enl eflætfek idsedlidltd. Wdsu`tkins id hnin hnlnernhëtfen W; Kgsnrgklefk hdifik id` prfhdr rdketfvn dl `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. W7 Udjulik kgsnrgklefk hdifik id` prfhdr rdketfvn dl `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. D; Sultn id hdifefõl dl `ks prudgks id pultn bflk` pkrk `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. D7 Udjulin pultn id hdifefõl dl `ks prudgks id pultn bflk` pkrk `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. Sultn id hdifefõl 8 (W;+W7)/78 rdsu`tkin Sultn id hdifefõl 8 (D;+D7)/7 8 rdsu`tkin
9- 53
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
Wdsu`tkins id hnin gfernhëtfen W; Kgsnrgklefk hdifik id` prfhdr rdketfvn dl `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. W7 Kgsnrgklefk hdifik id` prfhdr rdketfvn dl `k `nljftui id nlik sdeulikrfk. D; Sultn id hdifefõl dl `ks prudgks id pultn bflk` pkrk `k `nljftui id nlik prfhkrfk. D7 Sultn id hdifefõl dl `ks prudgks id pultn bflk` pkrk `k `nljftui id nlik sdeulikrfk. Sultn id hdifefõl 8 (W;-W7)8 rdsu`tkin Sultn id hdifefõl 8 (D;-D7)8 rdsu`tkin YKG@D HNID
Idpdlifdlin id` tfpn id hætnin id prudgk, sd hudstrk `k kgsnrgklefk sfjufdltd1 • Kgsnrgklefk ek`eu`kik (pultn bflk`) • Id`tk id Kgsnrgklefk (ins pultns) • Id`tk id Kgsnrgklefk pnr hflutn (eflætfek) D` lñhdrn id hdifefnlds pkrk hdifefnlds eflætfeks n id ins pultns idpdlid id` hnin1 • Hnin Hnln1 77 hdifefnlds • Hnin Iuk`1 7; hdifefnlds Dl `ks prudgks id pultn bflk` (hnlnernhëtfen (hnlnern hëtfen n gfernhëtfen), `ns pultns id hdifefõl sd hudstrkl dl `k pkltk``k1 • Hnin Hnln1 idspuæs id ;;.4 hflutns id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk • Hnin Iuk`1 idspuæs id 7.3, 9.4, 2.4, =.3 õ ;;.4 hflutns id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk D` klk`fzkinr utf`fzõ pkrk `ns eë`eu`ns `ns pultns id hdifefõl hkrekins enl ulk b`demk. @k prfhdrk en`uhlk W hudstrk `k kgsnrgklefk id` rdketfvn hdifik pkrk tnins `ns hætnins id` prfhdr rdketfvn (sõ`n sf d` vn`uhdl id` prfhdr rdketfvn ds supdrfnr k 773 ´`). @k sdjulik en`uhlk (;-;; id` prfhdr rdketfvn n D;,7) hudstrk `ns pultns hdifins kltds id `k kifefõl id` sdjulin rdketfvn. @k tdredrk en`uhlk hudstrk `ns rdsu`tkins id` klë`fsfs id prudgks enl d` sdjulin rdketfvn pkrk `ns pultns id hdifefõl flifvfiuk`ds (idgkan id ;7-7; õ D ;;.4 HFL.). @ks kgsnrgklefks hnstrkiks yk dstël enrrdjfiks pkrk kikptkrsd k` vk`nr enrrdspnlifdltd id` vn`uhdl tntk` id `ks prudgks dl `k eugdtk y enrrdjfiks pkrk ul pksn id `uz id ; eh.
9.2.;3 9.2. ;3 Skl Skltk tk``k ``k i idd flb flbnrhk nrhkefõ efõl l pk pkrk rk g` g`kle klen/e n/ek`fg k`fgrkef rkefõl õl Ud hudstrkl tniks `ks prudgks prnjrkhkiks aultn enl `k ñ`tfhk hdifefõl id` g`klen, d` ñ`tfhn rdsu`tkin id `k ek`fgrkefõl y d` bketnr prnjrkhkin n ek`eu`kin. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU idsid Hkfl hdlu. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B7 G@KLO EK@FG FLBN.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-5;
Wutflk gësfek
Skrëhdtrn
Idserfpefõl
YDUY LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k prudgk sdjñl `n idbflfin idbf lfin dl `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
WDKJDLY G@KLO - RK@TD EK@FGWKYNW - KEEDSYDI - HDKU.IKYD - RK@FI BNW (IKVU) - EK@FGWKYFNL YVSD
D` ñ`tfhn g`klen id` rdketfvn hdifin. Rk`nr id` g`klen id` rdketfvn enl `k ulfiki Bdemk id hdifefõl @k ñ`tfhk ek`fgrkefõl hdifik. Ud hudstrk kedptkik sf `k ek`fgrkefõl ds vë`fik. Bdemk id hdifefõl. D` `èhftd id tfdhpn pkrk `k vk`fikefõl. Hudstrk d` tfpn id ek`fgrkefõl.
Yde`ks
Idserfpefõl
B; SWFLY
Fhprfhd ulk `fstk id tnins `ns rdsu`tkins hnstrkins pkrk `ks hdifefnlds id` g`klen n `ks ek`fgrkefnlds.
B7 IFUS@KV EK@FGWKYFNL
Hudstrk `k flbnrhkefõl id ek`fgrkefõl dl d` hnin jrëbfen y id tkg`k.
B2 [TK@FYV ENLYWN@ B: DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ [TK@FYV ENLYWN@. Rk k` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU.
B= WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Rk k` hdlñ WD[TDUYU UKHS@DU.
B6 UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Rk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ.
B;3 HKFL HDLT
Wdjrdsk k HKFL HDLT.
-
HDKU.IKYD
9- 57
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9.2.;;; 9.2.
Idt Idtk``d k``dss id rdsu`t rdsu`tkins kins p pkrk krk pr prudg udgks ks efl eflætfe ætfeks ks id in inss rdketfvns rdketfvns @ns idtk``ds id `ns rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk prudgk eflætfek kpkrdedl enhn ul jrëbfen n ulk tkg`k.
D` jrëbfen hudstrk tnins `ns pultns dl d` dad ]. D` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk `ns pultns hdifins qud dstël hkrekins enl ul eukirkin pkrk ek`eu`kr `k tksk id kgsnrgklefk id`tk pnr hflutn. @ns idhës pultns hdifins ln utf`fzkins pkrk d` eë`eu`n kpkrdedl enhn ul pultn. Enlsu`td `ns pkrëhdtrns dl d` hnin id tkg`k. Ud hudstrk d` lfvd` dl d` qud sd prniued d` kjntkhfdltn id` sugstrktn k trkvæs id ulk b`demk flhdifktkhdltd kltds id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn. Dstd ds d` `èhftd id kjntkhfdltn id` sugstrktn pkrk prudgks eflætfeks enl ins n hës rdketfvns. D` snbtwkrd ldedsftk euktrn pultns pkrk ek`eu`kr ulk tksk id kgsnrgklefk. Uf uln id `ns euktrn prfhdrns vk`nrds iderdefdltds hdifins idsefdlid pnr idgkan id dstk `èldk, dltnleds d` sustrktn dhpfdzk k kjntkrsd y kpkrded ul hdlskad id kivdrtdlefk "Uugstrktd idp`dtfnl". D` npdrkinr idgd vn`vdr k hdifr enl ulk hudstrk if`ufik. @ns `èhftds id kgsnrgklefk supdrfnr d flbdrfnr sd hudstrkl enhn ins `èldks pkrk`d`ks id pultns. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin sd dleudltrk budrk id dstns `èhftds, kpkrded ul hdlskad id drrnr id vfn`kefõl id` `èhftd supdrfnr n flbdrfnr id kgsnrgklefk.
Uf vk k` hnin tkg`k, `k pkltk``k hudstrk ulk tkg`k enl `ks kgsnrgklefks hdifiks iurkltd `k hdifefõl. @k en`uhlk W hudstrk d` vk`nr id kgsnrgklefk id` prfhdr rdketfvn sfl `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk. @ks ntrks ins en`uhlks hudstrkl `ns pultns hdifins euklin sd kûkid `k hudstrk, d` sdjulin y tdredr
rdketfvn (sf dstë prnjrkhkin). RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-55
Wutflk gësfek
D` rdsu`tkin id` eë`eu`n ds ul id`tk id kgsnrgklefk pnr hflutn, hnstrkin dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k tkg`k. @k tkg`k flifek `ns pultns utf`fzkins pkrk d` eë`eu`n k trkvæs id ulk b`demk.
9.2.;7 Idtk Idtk``ds ``ds id rdsu`t rdsu`tkins kins p pkrk krk ul ulkk prudg prudgkk id pu pultn ltn bf bflk` lk` enl ul g`klen g`klen id id`` rdketf rdketfvn vn @ns idtk``ds id `ns rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk prudgk id pultn bflk` enl ul g`klen id` rdketfvn kpkrdedl enhn ul jrëbfen n ulk tkg`k.
D` jrëbfen hudstrk sdfs pultns dl d` dad ]. D` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk `ns pultns hdifins qud dstël hkrekins enl ul eukirkin pkrk ek`eu`kr `k id`tk id kgsnrgklefk. @ns idhës pultns hdifins ln utf`fzkins pkrk d` eë`eu`n kpkrdedl enhn ul pultn.
Uf vk k` hnin tkg`k, `k pkltk``k hudstrk ulk tkg`k enl `ks kgsnrgklefks hdifiks iurkltd `k hdifefõl. @k en`uhlk W hudstrk d` vk`nr id kgsnrgklefk id` prfhdr rdketfvn sfl `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk. @ks ntrks ins en`uhlks hudstrkl `ns pultns hdifins euklin sd kûkid `k hudstrk y d` sdjulin rdketfvn. D` rdsu`tkin id` eë`eu`n ds ul vk`nr id kgsnrgklefk, hnstrkin dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k tkg`k. Dl bulefõl id `k prnjrkhkefõl id `ks prudgks, d` klk`fzkinr sd`deefnlk `ks en`uhlks utf`fzkiks pkrk d` eë`eu`n. Tlk b`demk flifek `ns pultns utf`fzkins. @ks prudgks hnlnernhëtfeks utf`fzkl d` vk`nr prnhdifn id ekik enlaultn id vk`nrds dl ekik en`uhlk. @ks prudgks gfernhëtfeks utf`fzkl `k ifbdrdlefk dltrd ekik enlaultn id vk`nrds dl ekik en`uhlk.
9- 59
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Wutflk gësfek
9.2.;5 9.2. ;5 Idt Idtk``d k``dss id rdsu` rdsu`tk tkins ins p pkrk krk u ulk lk pr prudg udgkk id in inss pul pultns tns @ns idtk``ds id `ns rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk prudgk id ins pultns kpkrdedl enhn ul jrëbfen n ulk tkg`k.
D` jrëbfen hudstrk tnins `ns pultns dl d` dad ]. D` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk `ns pultns hdifins qud dstël hkrekins enl ul eukirkin pkrk ek`eu`kr `k ifbdrdlefd dltrd `ns ins pultns. @ns idhës pultns hdifins ln utf`fzkins pkrk d` eë`eu`n kpkrdedl enhn ul pultn. @k b`demk flhdifktkhdltd kltds id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn hudstrk d` lfvd` dl d` qud sd prniued d` kjntkhfdltn id` sugstrktn. Sudid mkgdr ulk rdkeefõl sdeulikrfk dltrd d` prfhdr rdketfvn y `k hudstrk. Dstk sd hfid enhn `k tksk id`tk id kgsnrgklefk pnr hflutn, puifdlin enltflukr idspuæs id `k kifefõl id` sdjulin rdketfvn. Tlk pdlifdltd id` g`klen enrrfjd dstk rdkeefõl sdeulikrfk. @ns pultns hdifins utf`fzkins pkrk ek`eu`kr ulk pdlifdltd id` g`klen sd hudstrkl enhn eèreu`ns g`klens.
Uf vk k` hnin tkg`k, `k pkltk``k hudstrk ulk tkg`k enl `ks kgsnrgklefks hdifiks iurkltd `k hdifefõl. @k en`uhlk W hudstrk d` vk`nr id kgsnrgklefk id` prfhdr rdketfvn sfl `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk. @ks ntrks ins en`uhlks hudstrkl `ns pultns hdifins euklin sd kûkid `k hudstrk, d` sdjulin y tdredr rdketfvn (sf dstë prnjrkhkin). D` rdsu`tkin id` eë`eu`n ds ulk id`tk id kgsnrgklefk, hnstrkin dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k tkg`k. @k tkg`k flifek `ns pultns utf`fzkins pkrk d` eë`eu`n k trkvæs id ulk b`demk.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
9-54
Wutflk gësfek
Uf sd mk idbflfin U`npd g`klo dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ , dltnleds sd hudstrk ul vk`nr kifefnlk`. Dstd ds d` prfhdr vk`nr qud d kpkrded dl `k pkrtd supdrfnr id `k tkg`k? d` vk`nr id `k pdlifdltd id` g`klen sd hfid enhn id`tk id kgsnrgklefk pnr hflutn. D` sdjulin vk`nr ds `k id`tk id kgsnrgklefk id `k prudgk id ins pultns, kñl ln enrrdjfik pnr `k pdlifdltd id` g`klen.
9.2.;9 @k Idtk Idtk``ds ``ds i idd rdsu` rdsu`tkin sp pkrk krk ulk lk hdi hdifefõl fefõl enl u ulk lk en enhprngke hprngkefõl fõl id `k prn znlk id enhprngkefõl idtkins prnznlk sõ`nu sd utf`fzk dl prudgks gkskiks dl `k bnrhkefõl id prnznlk enhp`dans kltèjdln-kltfeudrpn (kj`utflkefõl). @ks hudstrks id pkefdltd enl ul enltdlfin id kltèjdln dxtrdhkikhdltd k`tn pudidl flvdrtfr `k ifrdeefõl id `k rdkeefõl y prnvnekr rdsu`tkins flenrrdetns. Dstk flvdrsfõl dl `k rdkeefõl sd idlnhflk dbdetn prnznlk n dbdetn jklemn (mnno). Skrk rdenlnedr `ns rdsu`tkins flenrrdetns, d` klk`fzkinr prnpnrefnlk ulk bulefõl id enhprngkefõl pkrk idtdetkr d` dbdetn prnznlk. Sudid idbflfr `k enhprngkefõl id prnznlk dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . @ns idtk``ds id `ns rdsu`tkins pkrk ulk prudgk enl enhprngkefõl id prnznlk sd hudstrkl ul jrëbfen y tkg`k id prnznlk.
Uf sd sd`deefnlk ul jrëbfen id prnznlk, `ns pultns utf`fzkins pkrk fidltfbfekr d` dbdetn prnznlk sd hudstrkl enl eèreu`ns g`klens. Uf sd sd`deefnlk Id`tk kgsnrgkled rktfn enhn hèlfhn n hëxfhn dl d` hdlñ Ydst prnjrkhhflj, dltnleds d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk ins vdeds 5 pultns pkrk fidltfbfekr d` dbdetn prnznlk. Uf sd sd`deefnlk Kgsnrgkled rktfn enhn hèlfhn n hëxfhn dl d` hdlñ Ydst
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Wutflk gësfek
prnjrkhhflj, dltnleds d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk ins vdeds ul ñlfen vk`nr pkrk fidltfbfekr d` dbdetn prnznlk. @ns pultns utf`fzkins pkrk ek`eu`kr d` dbdetn dstël idbflfins dl `ns pkrëhdtrns SWNQ.SY.NLD, YZN dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ .
Uf sd sd`deefnlk ulk tkg`k id prnznlk, `ns pultns utf`fzkins pkrk fidltfbfekr d` dbdetn prnznlk sd hudstrkl enl b`demks.
9.2.; 9.2 .;44 Fhp Fhprd rdsfõ sfõl l kut kutnh nhët ëtfek fek i idd rdsu rdsu`t `tkin kinss Euklin d` klë`fsfs id ulk hudstrk enl tniks sus prudgks rdqudrfiks dstë `fstn, d` klk`fzkinr fhprfhd kutnhëtfekhdltd `ns rdsu`tkins y `ns dlvèk k` nridlkinr prflefpk` k trkvæs id @FU sf d` klk`fzkinr dstë NL-@FLD. Sudidl fhprfhfrsd tkltn `ks prudgks hñ`tfp`ds enhn `ks flifvfiuk`ds. Uf ln mky ifsdûn id flbnrhk prnjrkhkin, d` klk`fzkinr sfdhprd fhprfhd rdsu`tkins id pkefdltd hñ`tfp`ds dl ulk pëjflk pkrk kmnrrkr pkpd`. @k enpfk fhprdsk fle`uyd d` FI id `k hudstrk, d` lnhgrd id` pkefdltd, `k bdemk id lkefhfdltn, d` sdxn, d` tfpn id hudstrk, d` dstkin id `k hudstrk y `ks prudgks rdk`fzkiks pkrk dsk hudstrk. @ns rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk sd hudstrkl dl sus ulfikids rdspdetfvks (hj/i`, hhn`/`, dte.). Uf ln sd sd`deefnlõ d` pkrëhdtrn KTYNHKYFE DRK@TKYFNL dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU y ulk id `ks prudgks dxedid n qudik pnr idgkan id `ns `èhftds qud sd idbflfdrnl dl Ydst prnjrkhhflj (hdlñ YDUY SKWKHDYDWU), d` rdsu`tkin id` pkefdltd ln sd fhprfhfrë mkstk qud sd rdk`fed ulk vk`fikefõl hkluk` id `ns rdsu`tkins id `k hdifefõl. D` klk`fzkinr dspdrk `k rdspudstk id` usukrfn iurkltd ul fltdrvk`n id ; hflutn. Uf trks ; hflutn ln mky dltrkik id` usukrfn, d` klk`fzkinr fhprfhfrë `k sfjufdltd prudgk. Uf sd kedptk `k prudgk enl FLBN, dltnleds sd fhprfhd `k prudgk. D` rdsu`tkin tkhpnen sd fhprfhfrë sf sd hnstrkrnl hdlskads id drrnr enhn FLUTBBFEFDLY UKHS@D.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk gësfek
9-5:
9- 5=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
4WTYFLK KHS@FKIK
Wutflk khp`fkik
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;
Wutflk khp`fkik
4.;
Srnjrkh rkhkefõl id `ns enltrn`d `dss
4.;.;
Fltrniueefõl Ud rdenhfdlik qud `ns enltrn`ds sdkl prnjrkhkins kltds id `k prfhdrk vdz id bulefnlkhfdltn. D` hætnin id `k prudgk idgd idbflfrsd kltds id prnjrkhkr `ns enltrn`ds, ln ngstkltd ds pnsfg`d prnjrkhkr `ns enltrn`ds iurkltd ulk hdifefõl. @ns enltrn`ds qud dstæl dl usn ln pudidl ekhgfkrsd. 5 enltrn`ds D` pnrlñhdrn prudgk.id `ntd y `k bdemk id ekiuefiki snl nptktfvns. Sudid idbflfrsd ul hëxfhn id
4. 4.;. ;.77
Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkef efõl õl id u ul l en enlt ltrn rn``
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. 5. Ud`de deeefnld ENLYWN@U dl d` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ns enltrn`ds prnjrkhkins. D` klk`fzkinr hudstrk `ks prudgks prnjrkhkiks qud pudidl ksfjlkrsd k` LKHD id` enltrn` prdsdltkin dl k `k fzqufdrik. Ttf`fed `ks tde`ks SKJD TS y SKJD INZL n `k UEWN@@GKW pkrk idsp`kzkrsd pnr `k `fstk. Ud hudstrkl tnins `ns vk`nrds idbflfins pkrk `k prudgk1 vk`nr ifklk, `èhftd flbdrfnr, `èhftd supdrfnr d flbnrhkefõl sngrd sf sd kp`fekl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri k `ns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn`. Uf ln sd hudstrkl vk`nrds, dltnleds ln sd ksfjlk `k prudgk k` enltrn`. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k `k prudgk prudgk id `k `k `fstk `fstk qud utf`fzkrë utf`fzkrë d` enltrn` sd`deefnlkin sd`deefnlkin.. Ud`de deeefnld B4 DIFY YDUY YKWJDY. Ud hudstr hudstrkl kl `ns vk`n vk`nrds rds dstkg dstkg`de `defin finss dl `k pkltk` pkltk``k `k SWNJWKH ENLYWN@. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns vk`nrds vk`nrds pkrk pkrk Ifklk Ifklk (Ykrjdt), (Ykrjdt), @èhftd @èhftd flbdrfnr flbdrfnr (@nw (@nw @fhft), @fhft), @èhftd supdrfn supdrfnrr (Mfjm @fhft) y Zdstjkri Ketfvd. =. Su`sd B;3WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH ENLYWN@.
9. 4. 2. :.
Skrk ketfvkr `k hfshk pkltk``k idsid d` HKFL HDLT. Su`sd B2[TK@FYV ENLYWN@, B9SWNJWKH ENLYWN@. Ln ngstkltd, dstn sõ`n idgd mkedrsd sf sd mk ksfjlkin yk ul lnhgrd y ul lñhdrn id i d `ntd k` enltrn`.
4. 4.;. ;.55
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id Srnj Srnjrk rkh h En Enlt ltrn rn`s `s LKHD
D` lnhgrd id` enltrn` pkrk prnpnrefnlkin mnak id flbnrhkefõl. Fltrniuzek d` lnhgrd prnjrkhkrdl ul`kludvn enltrn`.
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Wutflk khp`fkik
4.;.9 4.; .9
LÑHDWN ID @NYD
Dserfgk d` lñhdrn id `ntd prnpnrefnlkin dl `k mnak id flbnrhkefõl.
D]SFWV IKYD
Dserfgk `k bdemk id ekiuefiki prnpnrefnlkik dl `k mnak id flbnrhkefõl.
Srnj Srnjrkh rkhke kefõ fõl l id ``ks ks ttde de`ks `ks id bbul ulef efõl õl p pkrk krk enl enltr trn` n`ds ds B; SWFLY
Fhprfhd ulk `fstk id tniks `ks prudgks ksfjlkiks k` enltrn` ketuk`.
UMFBY+B7 DIFY ENLYWN@
Uftñd d` eursnr dl d` ekhpn LKHD. Kmnrk pudid fltrniuefr ul ludvn lnhgrd y/n ul lñhdrn id `ntd pkrk dsd enltrn`. Ud gnrrkl tniks `ks ksfjlkefnlds id prudgks k` enltrn` ketuk`.
B5 ID@DYD ENLYWN@
Skrk gnrrkr d` enltrn` ketuk`. Ln sd prniued p rniued enlbfrhkefõl y tnins `ns rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk id enltrn` id ek`fiki tkhgfæl sd gnrrkl.
UMFBY+B9 ID@DYD YDUY
Gnrrk `k ksfjlkefõl id `k prudgk k` enltrn` ketuk` sfl enlbfrhkefõl. Ud pfdridl tnins `ns vk`nrds.
B4 DIFY YDUY YKWJDY
Rk k `k pkltk``k YDUY ENLYWN@ SWNJWKHHFLJ . Ud idbfldl d` vk`nr ngadtfvn y `ns `èhftds k`tn y gkan.
B;3 WDYTWL
Wdtrnedid ulk pkltk``k mkstk [TK@FYV ENLYWN@, n SWNJWKHHFLJ . Ud jukrikl tnins `ns ekhgfns rdk`fzkins.
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4-5
Wutflk khp`fkik
4.;.44 4.;.
Flt Fltrniu rniueef eefõl õl i idd ul enl enltrn` trn` y ks ksfjl fjlkefõ kefõl l id id`` en enltr ltrn` n` k ulk sdrfd sdrfd id pru prudgks dgks..
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. 5. Ud`de deeefnld ENLYWN@U dl d` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ns enltrn`ds prnjrkhkins. 9. 4. 2. :. =. 6. ;3 ;3.. ;;. ;7. ;5. ;9 ;9.. ;4.
4.;.2 4.; .2
Ud`deef Ud`deefnld nld `k sfju sfjufdl fdltd td dltrk dltrkik ik `fgrd `fgrd.. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe pkrk keedidr k `k pkltk``k pkrk prnjrkhkr ul ludvn enltrn`. D` eu eursn rsnrr dst dstë ë dl dl d` d` ekh ekhpn pn LKHD. Fltrni Fltrniuze uzek k d` lnhgrd lnhgrd id` id` enltrn` enltrn` y enlb enlbèrhd èrhd`n `n enl enl DLYDW. Fltrni Fltrniuzek uzek d` lñhdr lñhdrn n id `ntd `ntd id` enltrn` enltrn` dl d` ekhpn ekhpn GKYEM LTHGDW y pu`sd DLYDW. D` lñhdrn id `ntd bfjurk dl `k bfemk tæleflk id` enltrn`. Fltrni Fltrniuzek uzek `k `k bdemk bdemk id ekiu ekiuefik efiki i id` enltr enltrn` n` dl d` d` ekhpn ekhpn D]SFWV IKYD y pu`sd DLYDW. @k bdemk id ekiuefiki bfjurk dl `k bfemk tdelfek id` enltrn`. Su Su`s `sd d DLYDW pkrk pkskr k `k `fstk id sd`deefõl id prudgks. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k prudgk qud idsdk idsdk ksfjlkr utf`fzklin utf`fzklin `ks tde`ks tde`ks id KWWNZ n d` rktõl. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d B4 DIFY YDUY YKWJDY. Fltrniu Fltrniuzek zek d` YKWJDY RK@TD, d` @NZ @FHFY y d` MFJM @FHFY, y sd`deefnld ZDUYJKWI KEYFRD, sf ds ldedskrfn. Su Su`s `sd d B;3 WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k `k `fstk id prudgks. Skrk ksfjlkr ntrks prudgks k` enltrn`, sftñd d` eursnr sngrd d` lnhgrd id `k prudgk y pu`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe. Wdpftk Wdp ftk dstns pksns.
Gn Gnrrk rrkrr `k ks ksfjl fjlkef kefõl õl dl dltr trdd ul en enlt ltrn rn`` y u ulk lk p pru rudg dgkk ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. 5. Ud`de deeefnld ENLYWN@U dl d` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ns enltrn`ds prnjrkhkins. 9. Ud`dee Ud`deefnl fnld d `k prudgk prudgk id `k `fstk `fstk id prud prudgks gks id ``k k pkltk`` pkltk``k k SWNJWKH ENLYWN@. 4. Su`sd B5ID@DYD YDUY.
4.;.:: 4.;.
Ekhg Ekhgfn fn n d`fh d`fhflke flkefõl fõl i idd ul enlt enltrn` rn` ((pnr pnr dadh dadhp`n p`n,, euklin euklin mk ekhgf ekhgfkin kin d` lñhdrn lñhdrn id `ntd) Skrk ekhgfkr `ns idtk``ds id ul enltrn` euklin ekhgfk d` `ntd n d` lñhdrn id `ntd id` enltrn`. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH.
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RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
5. Ud`de deeefnld ENLYWN@U dl d` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ns enltrn`ds prnjrkhkins. 9. Ud`dee Ud`deefnl fnld d `k prudgk prudgk id `k `fstk `fstk id prud prudgks gks id ``k k pkltk`` pkltk``k k SWNJWKH ENLYWN@. 4. Ud`de deeefnld UMFBY+B7D IFY ENLYWN@ pkrk diftkr d` enltrn` hnstrkin, n UMFBY+B9I D@DYD ENLYWN@ pkrk gnrrkr d` enltrn` hnstrkin. 2. Mkjk e`fe dl VDU pkrk enlbfrhkr.
SWDEKTEFÕL @ns rdsu`tkins dxfstdltds id` enltrn` id ek`fiki sd pfdridl sf sd ekhgfk n gnrrk d` enltrn`.
4.;.=
Wdj`ks i idd Z Zddstjkri @ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri utf`fzkiks dl d` klk`fzkinr snl vë`fiks ñlfekhdltd pkrk `ns enltrn`ds flifvfiuk`ds. Euklin `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri dstæl ketfvks, `ns `èhftds supdrfnr d flbdrfnr sd idsketfvkl. D` usukrfn pudid enhp`dtkr `ks idsvfkefnlds dstëlikr. D` klk`fzkinr ek`eu`k `ns `èhftds. @ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri snl1 • Uf ; rdsu`tkin id` enltrn` dstë budrk id 5 idsvfkefnlds dstëlikr, d stëlikr, sd fleuhp`dl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri. • Uf `ns 7 ñ`tfhns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn` dxedidl 7 idsvfkefnlds dstëlikr dl `k hfshk ifrdeefõl (+ n ―), sd fleuhp`dl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri. • Uf `ns 9 ñ`tfhns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn` dxedidl ; idsvfkefõl dstëlikr dl `k hfshk ifrdeefõl (+ n ―), sd fleuhp`dl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri. • Uf `ns ;3 ñ`tfhns rdsu`tkins id` enltrn` sd dleudltrkl tnins dl d` `kin '+' n d` `kin '―' enl rdspdetn k `k hdifk, sd fleuhp`dl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri. • Uf ul rdsu`tkin id prudgk id` enltrn` enlt rn` dstë idltrn id 7 idsvfkefnlds dstëlikr, ln sd fleuhp`dl `ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri. @ks rdj`ks id Zdstjkri ln sd vfn`kl dl `ns rdstkltds eksns.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-4
Wutflk khp`fkik
4.7
Srnj rnjrkhke hkefõl id id `n `ns ek ek`f `fg grkinrds rds
4.7.;
Fltrniueefõl Yniks `ks dltrkiks pkrk ekik hætnin sd rdjfstrkl dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . Uf utf`fzk rdketfvns pkrk uln n hës eklk`ds kgfdrtns põljksd dl enltketn enl su ifstrfgufinr id rdketfvns pkrk enlnedr `ns pkrëhdtrns kp`fekg`ds pkrk sus rdketfvns. @ns pkrëhdtrns id prudgk idgdl prnjrkhkrsd sdjñl `ks mnaks id` hætnin id` rdketfvn fltrniuefiks dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ dhp`dklin `ns pkrëhdtrns ikins dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin.
Idsekrjn id rdspnlskgf`fiki Ynins `ns pkrëhdtrns idgdl sdr fltrniuefins dxketkhdltd enhn sd flifek dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin. D` bkgrfekltd ln kedptk rdspnlskgf`fiki pnr prng`dhks id rdlifhfdltn rd`ktfvns k rdketfvns y pkrëhdtrns id rdketfvns n sfstdhks id prudgk id eklk`ds kgfdrtns . @k pkltk``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ enlstk id ins pëjflks. @k pëjflk ; enltfdld `ns vk`nrds j`ngk`ds flidpdlifdltds id` hnin. Dstns vk`nrds idgdl idbflfrsd id keudrin enl `ns vk`nrds prnpnrefnlkins dl `k mnak id` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltd. @k pëjflk 7 ds pkrk vk`nrds rdqudrfins pkrk d` ITK@ HNID n HNLN HNID. Enhp`dtd `ks pëjflks sdjñl enrrdspnlik pkrk `ks kp`fekefnlds id hnin iuk` n hnln. @ns vk`nrds id `ns pkrëhdtrns sd jukrikl dl d` ifsen iurn. @ns vk`nrds hnifbfekins sustftufrël `ns vk`nrds dxfstdltds kltdrfnrhdltd sfl enlbfrhkefõl. Ln ds d s pnsfg`d rdeupdrkr `ns vk`nrds ‐kltfjuns‘ id `ns pkrëhdtrns k hdlns qud sd mkyk rdk`fzkin ulk enpfk id sdjurfiki id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
4.7.7
Ek`fgrkinrds @ns ek`fgrkinrds idgdl prnjrkhkrsd kltds id idbflfr `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk pkrk `ks ifstfltks prudgks. Sudid ekhgfkr `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrk ul ek`fgrkinr n kûkifr ludvns l udvns ek`fgrkinrds hës tkrid. Ud pudid idbflfr ul tntk` id ;73 ek`fgrkinrds. D` klk`fzkinr kihftd `ns sfjufdltds hætnins id ek`fgrkefõl1 • ek`fgrkefõl `fldk` enl ; dstëlikr, inlid ulk enledltrkefõl id 3 ln hudstrk rdkeefõl • ek`fgrkefõl `fldk` enl 7 dstëlikrds • ek`fgrkefõl enl 5 k 6 dstëlikrds - Up`fld eñgfek dstëlikr - Up`fld eñgfek ulfbnrhd - @njft `nj id 9 pkrëhdtrns - @njft `nj id 4 pkrëhdtrns - Dxpnldlefk` id 4 pkrëhdtrns - Wdjrdsfõl `fldk` - Sultn k pultn • Ek`fgrkefõl hu`tfpultn id ifstfltns lfvd`ds id if`uefõl mdemk idsid ul ek`fgrkinr (prfhkrfn). Ynins dstns hætnins prnpnrefnlkrël ul rdsu`tkin eukltftktfvn . Dl eksn id ldedsftkr ul rdsu`tkin euk`ftktfvn, idgd utf`fzkrsd ulk ek`fgrkefõl id pultn id enrtd (pnsftfvk n ldjktfvk). Enl ulk ek`fgrkefõl id pultn id enrtd, pudid idbflfr tkhgfæl ul ërdk ‐edreklk k` pultn id enrtd‘ n ‐jrfs‘.
4- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 4.7. 7.55
Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkef efõ õl i idd u ul l eek` k`fg fgrk rkin inr r
Lntk Uf idsdk rdk`fzkr ulk sdrfd id if`uefnlds utf`fzklin ul ek`fgrkinr prfhkrfn, dspdefbfqud kquè d` lñhdrn id pultns id ek`fgrkefõl. Kutn Srdif`utfnl sd dspdefbfek dl d` hdlñ Ydst prnjrkhhflj.
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. 5. Ud`de deeefnld EK@FGWKYNWU dl d` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ns ek`fgrkinrds prnjrkhkins. 9. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW pkrk idsp`kzkr d` eursnr k `k `fstk id ek`fgrkinrds. 4. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld d` lnhgrd id id ul ek`fgrkinr ek`fgrkinr k hnifbfekr hnifbfekr n ulk ulk pnsfefõl pnsfefõl vkeèk vkeèk pkrk pkrk idbflfr idbflfr ul ludvn ludvn ek`fgrkinr enl `ks tde`ks id eursnr n d` rktõl. 2. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe dl `k pnsfefõl sd`deefnlkik pkrk keedidr k `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW. :. Dserfgk Dserfgk d` lnhg lnhgrd rd id` id` ek`fg ek`fgrkin rkinrr dl d` ekhpn ekhpn EK@FGWKYNW LKHD =. Fltrni Fltrniuzek uzek d` d` lñhdrn lñhdrn id id `ntd id` id` ek`fgr ek`fgrkin kinrr dl d` ekhpn ekhpn GKYEM LTHGDW. 6. Fltrni Fltrniuzek uzek `k `k bdemk bdemk id ekiuefik ekiuefiki i id` ek`fgr ek`fgrkinr kinr dl dl d` ekhpn ekhpn D]SFWV IKYD. ;3. Dserfgk Dserfgk d` lñhdrn id dstëlikrds dstëlikrds id` ek`fgrki ek`fgrkinr nr dl d` ekhpn LTHGDW NB UYKLIKWIU .
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-:
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 4.7. 7.99
4.7.4 4.7 .4
Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkrr `n `nss pk pkrë rëhd hdtr trns ns i id` d` eek` k`fg fgrk rkin inrr EK@FGWKYNW LKHD
D` lnhgrd id` ek`fgrkinr (Ek`fgrktnr).
GKYEM LTHGDW
D` lñhdrn id `ntd id` ek`fgrkinr prnpnrefnlkin dl `k bfemk tæelfek.
D]SFWV IKYD
@k bdemk id ekiuefiki id` ek`fgrkinr prnpnrefnlkin dl `k bfemk tæelfek.
LTHGDW NB UYKLIKWIU
D` lñhdrn id dstëlikrds (;-6) pkrk dstd ek`fgrkinr.
Yde` de`ks ks id bu bulef lefõl õl id Srnj Srnjrk rkh hE Ek` k`fg fgrkt rktnr nr UMFBY+B5 ID@DYD
Gnrrk d` ek`fgrkinr ketuk` id `k `fstk id ek`fgrkinrds.
B;3 WDYTWL
Wdtnrlk k` hdlñ SWNJWKHHFLJ .
4- =
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 5
Ydst Srnjrkhhflj
4.5.;
Fltrniueefõl Yniks `ks dltrkiks pkrk ekik hætnin sd rdjfstrkl dl d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . D` klk`fzkinr sõ`n pudid ikr rdsu`tkins enrrdetns sf sd fltrniuedl `ns pkrëhdtrns enrrdetns id `k prudgk id `ks mnaks id` hætnin. Skrk hnifbfekr ulk prudgk n kûkifr ulk ludvk prudgk, utf`fed d` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ y `ns pkrëhdtrns flifekins dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin.
Lntk @k prnjrkhkefõl id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `ks prudgks dstë prntdjfik k trkvæs id enltrksdûk. Idbflfin pnr d` usukrfn. @k pkltk``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ enlstk id ins pëjflks. @k pëjflk ; enltfdld `ns vk`nrds j`ngk`ds flidpdlifdltds id` hnin. Dstns vk`nrds idgdl idbflfrsd id keudrin enl `ns vk`nrds prnpnrefnlkins dl `k mnak id` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltd. enrrdspnlifdlt d. @k pëjflk 7 ds pkrk vk`nrds rd rdqudrfins qudrfins pkrk d` ITK@ HNID n HNLN HNID dl bulefõl id` hnin sd`deefnlkin dl d` hnhdltn id prnjrkhkefõl id `ks prudgks. Enhp`dtd `k pëjflk sdjñl enrrdspnlik pkrk `ks kp`fekefnlds id hnin iuk` n hnln. @ns vk`nrds id `ns pkrëhdtrns sd jukrikl dl d` ifsen iurn. @ns vk`nrds hnifbfekins sustftufrël `ns vk`nrds dxfstdltds kltdrfnrhdltd sfl enlbfrhkefõl. Ln ds d s pnsfg`d rdeupdrkr `ns vk`nrds ‐kltfjuns‘ id `ns pkrëhdtrns k hdlns qud sd mkyk rdk`fzkin ulk enpfk id sdjurfiki id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-6
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 4.5. 5.77
Srnj Srnjrk rkhk hkef efõl õl id u ulk lk prud prudgk gk
;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. Uf dstkg`ded ulk enltrksdûk, kpkrded `k ekak id ifë`njn pkrk `k enltrksdûk. 5. Ud`de deeefnld YDUYU id` hdlñ y pu`sd DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ks prudgks prnjrkhkiks. 9. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW pkrk hnvdr d` eursnr k `k `fstk id prudgks. 4. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld ulk pnsfefõ pnsfefõl l vkeèk pkrk pkrk idbflfr idbflfr ulk ludvk ludvk prudgk utf`fzkl utf`fzklin in `ks tde`ks tde`ks id` eursnr eursnr n d` rktõl. 2. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe dl `k pnsfefõl sd`deefnlkik pkrk keedidr k `k pkltk``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . :. Ud hudst hudstrk rk `k `k prfhdr prfhdrk k pëjflk pëjflk id `k `k pkltk pkltk``k ``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ. =. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns id `k `k prudgk prudgk dl `ks trds trds pëjflks pëjflks id keudrin enl `k mnak mnak id` hætnin hætnin rdspdetfvk. 6. Ud`de deeefnld B;3WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k` hdlñ SWNJWKH. Wdpftk dstns pksns pkrk prnjrkhkr prudgks kifefnlk`ds.
Lntk Fltrniuzek `ns pkrëhdtrns dxketkhdltd tk` enhn bfjurkl dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin.
4. 4.5. 5.55
Hn Hnif ifbf bfek ekrr ul ulkk prud prudgk gk dxfs dxfstd tdlt ltdd ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU dl d` HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B5SWNJWKH. Uf dstkg`ded ulk enltrksdûk, kpkrded `k ekak id ifë`njn pkrk `k enltrksdûk. 5. Ud`de deeefnld YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ id` hdlñ. Kpkrded ulk `fstk id `ks prudgks prnjrkhkiks. 9. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW pkrk hnvdr d` eursnr k `k `fstk id prudgks. 4. Ud`deefnld Ud`deefnld `k pnsfefõ pnsfefõl l qud idsdk idsdk hnifbfekr hnifbfekr utf`fzk utf`fzklin lin `ks tde`ks id eursnr eursnr n d` rktõl. rktõl. 2. Ud hudst hudstrk rk `k `k prfhdr prfhdrk k pëjflk pëjflk id `k `k pkltk pkltk``k ``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ. :. Hudvk Hudvk d` eursnr eursnr k` ekhp ekhpn n enrrds enrrdspnl pnlifd ifdltd ltd.. =. Wdk`fe Wdk`fed d `ns ekhgf ekhgfns ns ldedsk ldedskrfn rfnss dl `n `nss pkrëhd pkrëhdtrn trns. s. 6. Ud`de deeefnld B;3WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k` hdlñ SWNJWKH ;3. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d B;3USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU pkrk rdjrdskr k` hdlñ USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU. Wdpftk dstns pksns idsid d` pksn 4 pkrk hnifbfekr prudgks kifefnlk`ds.
Lntk Fltrniuzek `ns pkrëhdtrns dxketkhdltd tk` enhn bfjurkl dl `ks mnaks id` hætnin.
4- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 4.5. 5.99
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id Yds dstt prnj prnjrk rkhh hhfl flj j
@k prnjrkhkefõl id prudgks id ins pultns pu ltns n k pultn bflk` ds fiæltfek k ulk prudgk eflætfek pkrk `k hkynrèk id `ns pkrëhdtrns. Ln ngstkltd, idpdlifdlin id` hnin id hdifefõl sd`deefnlkin (eflætfek, id ins pultns, id pultn bflk`), k`julns ekhpns ln snl kp`fekg`ds y pnr tkltn ln sd hudstrkl. @k sdeefõl sfjufdltd idserfgd `ks ifbdrdlefks. LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k prudgk. Idgd fltrniuefr tdxtn dl dstd ekhpn mkstk ul hëxfhn id ;4 ekrketdrds. Uf ln sd fltrniued ul lnhgrd, ln sd jukrikrël `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
KGGWDRFKYFNL LKHD
@k bnrhk kgrdvfkik id` lnhgrd id `k prudgk. Idgd fltrniuefr tdxtn dl dstd ekhpn mkstk ul hëxfhn id 9 ekrketdrds. Uf ln sd fltrniued ul lnhgrd, ln sd k`hkedlkrël `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk.
HNID
Ud`deefnld d` hnin id hdifefõl dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. OFLDYFE , DLISNFLY - HNLNEMWNHKYFE , DLISNFLY - GFEMWNHKYFE , YZNSNFLY.
ZKRD@DLJYM
Ud`deefnld `k `nljftui id nlik prnpnrefnlkik dl `k bfemk id` hætnin dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. @k `fstk idsp`djkg`d enltfdld tniks `ks `nljftuids id nlik ifspnlfg`ds. Ua sd sd`deefnlk DLISNFLY - GFEMWNHKYFE dl d` hnin Skrëhdtrn, kpkrdedl ins `fstks idsp`djkg`ds. Ud`deefnld khgks `nljftuids id nlik enhn sd flifek dl `k bfemk id` hætnin.
TLFYU
Ud`deefnld `k ulfiki idsdkik dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. Ynins `ns rdsu`tkins id `k prudgk sd hnstrkrël d fhprfhfrël utf`fzklin dstk ulfiki.
IDEFHK@U
Ud`deefnld d` lñhdrn id idefhk`ds pkrk `ns iktns id` i d` pkefdltd n d` enltrn` qud idgdrë utf`fzkrsd dl `k vfsuk`fzkefõl y `k enpfk fhprdsk. Uf `k prudgk ln sd mk ek`fgrkin n sf d` bketnr ds dxketkhdltd ;, d` klk`fzkinr sd`deefnlk kutnhëtfekhdltd 5 idefhk`ds. Dl dstd eksn, `k ulfiki sd sd`deefnlk id keudrin enl d` hætnin id prudgk sd`deefnlkin1 kgsnrgdlefk pkrk `ks prudgks k pultn bflk`, flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk pkrk `ks prudgks id ins pultns, flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk pnr hflutn pkrk `ks prudgks eflætfeks.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;;
Wutflk khp`fkik
WDSDYFEFNLDU
Dserfgk d` lñhdrn id rdpdtfefnlds ; pkrk ulk sn`k hdifefõl, 7 pkrk ulk hdifefõl iup`fekik õ 5 pkrk ulk hdifefõl trfp`fekik. Uf sd idbfldl hdifiks pnr iup`fekin n trfp`fekin, sd utf`fzkrë d` vk`nr prnhdifn id `ks hdifefnlds pkrk `ns eë`eu`ns. D` lñhdrn fltrniuefin kquè tkhgfæl idbflfrë sf sd prnedsk ul g`klen id rdketfvn dl hdifefnlds iup`fekiks n trfp`fekiks. Fltrniuzek ul vk`nr y enlbfrhd enl DLYDW.
@NZ ENLEDLYWKYFNL
D` vk`nr id` `èhftd flbdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id hdifefõl hdi fefõl flifekin dl `k bfemk id` hætnin. Uf d` rdsu`tkin ds flbdrfnr k` `èhftd idbflfin, kpkrdedrë ul hdlskad id drrnr.
MFJM ENLEDLYWKYFNL
D` vk`nr id` `èhftd supdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id hdifefõl flifekin dl `k bfemk id` hætnin. Uf sd supdrk d` `èhftd idbflfin, kpkrdedrë ul hdlskad id drrnr y d` klk`fzkinr vn`vdrë k rdk`fzkr ulk prudgk idpdlifdlin id sf sd mk sd`deefnlkin `k npefõl Kutnhktfe Wdrul dl d` hdlñ Uystdh Skrkhdtdrs, sd rdk`fzkrë ulk ludvk prudgk kutnhëtfekhdltd enl `ns pkrëhdtrns id rdpdtfefõl.
EK@FGWKYNW LKHD
Uf ds ldedskrfn ek`fgrkr `k prudgk, idgd sd`deefnlkrsd ul ek`fgrkinr id `k `fstk id ek`fgrkinrds prdprnjrkhkins. Su`sd DLYDW y kpkrdedrë ulk `fstk idsp`djkg`d enl tnins `ns ek`fgrkinrds. Su`sd DLYDW id ludvn y sd`deefnld d` ek`fgrkinr kideukin utf`fzklin `ks tde`ks id eursnr n d` rktõl. Idspuæs id mkgdr sd`deefnlkin ul ek`fgrkinr, kpkrded `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW . Wdbfdrksd k .
4- ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
SWNQNLD EMDEO
D` dbdetn prnznlk pudid prniuefrsd dl prudgks gkskiks dl d` prflefpfn id `k bnrhkefõl id ul enhp`dan kltèjdln-kltfeudrpn (kj`utflkefõl), pnr dadhp`n, dl `ks prudgks id Fj. D` dbdetn k hdluin sd prniued dl hudstrks id` pkefdltd enl ul enltdlfin huy d`dvkin id kltèjdln. D` dxedsn id kltèjdln flvfdrtd `k ifrdeefõl id `k rdkeefõl (idskj`utflkefõl) y prnvnek vk`nrds id hdifefõl flenrrdetns pkrk `k hudstrk. Skrk dvftkr`n, d` klk`fzkinr nbrded ulk bulefõl id enhprngkefõl id prnznlk. Su`sd DLYDW y kpkrdedrë ulk `fstk idsp`djkg`d enl tniks `ks npefnlds id `k prnznlk1 • Ln • Endbfefdltd iKgs hèlfhn • Endbfefdltd Kgs hèl. • Endbfefdltd iKgs hëxfhn • Hkx. Kgs rktfn. Uf sd sd`deefnlk HFL. IKGU WKYFN n HK]. IKGU WKYFN (iKgs 8 flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk), d` klk`fzkinr ek`eu`k `ns flerdhdltns id kgsnrgdlefks rdspdetfvns id 7 x 5 pultns id hdifefõl dl ins pultns ifbdrdltds dl d` tfdhpn (pultns id prnznlk ; y 7). Khgns vk`nrds id flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk sd ifvfidl y, `udjn, sd hu`tfp`fekl pnr d` bketnr1 ;33 ((id`tk id kgsnrgklefk id` pultn prnz. ;/ id`tk id kgsnrgklefk id` pultn prnz. 7) x ;33). D` pnredltkad id` rdsu`tkin sd ``khk ID@YK KGUNWGKLED WKYFN. Uf sd sd`deefnlk d` endbfefdltd HFL. IKGU y d` rdsu`tkin ekd pnr idgkan id `k tksk hèlfhk idbflfik (p. da., =3%) =3% ) n sf sd sd`deefnlk d` endbfefdltd HK]. IKGU y d` rdsu`tkin dxedid d` endbfefdltd hëxfhn dstkg`defin, d` klk`fzkinr idtdetk ul SWNQNLD DWWNW y hkrek d` enrrdspnlifdltd rdsu`tkin enl ulk sdûk`fzkefnl id prnznlk. Uf sd sd`deefnlk d` HFL. KGU WKYFN n d` HK]. KGU WKYFN, d` klk`fzkinr ek`eu`k `k kgsnrgdlefk enrrdspnlifdltd id `ns pultns id hdifefõl 7 x; dl ins pultns ifbdrdltds dl d` tfdhpn (pultns id prnznlk ; y 7). Id ludvn, sd ifvfidl khgns vk`nrds y, `udjn, sd hu`tfp`fekl pnr ;33. @ks rdstkltds npdrkefnlds id eë`eu`n eë `eu`n snl fiæltfeks k `ks id` endbfefdltd id flerdhdltn id KGUNWGKLED . Uf d` sfstdhk idtdetk ul drrnr id prnznlk, d` rdsu`tkin
HFLFHTH WKYFN HK]FHTH WKYFN
enrrdspnlifdltd kpkrdedrë sdûk`fzkin enl ulk gklidrk. D` endbfefdltd pnredltuk` hèlfhn n hëxfhn ―idpdlifdlin id `k sd`deefõl dl Srnznld Emdeo― id `ns ins vk`nrds id `k kgsnrgdlefk (n `ns flerdhdltns id `ks kgsnrgdlefks) ek`eu`kiks pnr d` sfstdhk. Uf sd supdrk sup drk dstd vk`nr, d` klk`fzkinr idtdetk ul drrnr id prnznlk y hkrek d` rdsu`tkin enrrdspnlifdltd enl ulk gklidrk id prnznlk. D` kaustd pnr idbdetn ds d` =3%. @ns rdstkltds pkrëhdtrns id `k prnznlk sd fltrniuedl dl `k pëjflk 7 ITK@ HNID y HNLN HNID y sd idserfgdl k``è.
WDB. HK@D @NZ
D` `èhftd flbdrfnr id` hkrjdl id rdbdrdlefk id `ks hudstrks hkseu`flks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
WDB. HK@D MFJM
D` `èhftd supdrfnr id` hkrjdl id rdbdrdlefk id `ks hudstrks hkseu`flks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;5
Wutflk khp`fkik
WDB. BDHK@D @NZ
D` `èhftd flbdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id rdbdrdlefk pkrk hudstrks bdhdlflks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
WDB. BDHK@D MFJM
D` `èhftd supdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id rdbdrdlefk pkrk hudstrks bdhdlflks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
WDB. SDI. @NZ
D` `èhftd flbdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id rdbdrdlefk pkrk hudstrks pdifëtrfeks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
WDB. SDI. MFJM
D` `èhftd supdrfnr id` fltdrvk`n id rdbdrdlefk pkrk hudstrks pdifëtrfeks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
WDB. SKLFE @NZ
D` `èhftd id sdjurfiki flbdrfnr id `ns fltdrvk`ns id rdbdrdlefk pkrk tnins `ns tfpns id hudstrks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin sõ`n dl d` dadhp`kr fhprdsn sf dstë mkgf`ftkik `k enlbfjurkefõl id` flbnrhd.
WDB. SKLFE MFJM
D` `èhftd id sdjurfiki supdrfnr id `ns fltdrvk`ns id rdbdrdlefk pkrk tnins `ns tfpns id hudstrks. Uf ul vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin sõ`n dl `k enpfk fhprdsk sf dstë mkgf`ftkik `k enlbfjurkefõl id` flbnrhd. Lntk D` rdspdetfvn vk`nr id Wdb. k`tn sfdhprd tfdld qud sdr hkynr qud d` enrrdspnlifdltd vk`nr id Wdb. gkan. Uf ul `èhftd supdrfnr y ul `èhftd flbdrfnr snl fiæltfens, d` klk`fzkinr ln enhprngkrë ifemns `èhftds y ln sdûk`fzkrë `ns rdsu`tkins.
Lntk D` rdspdetfvn vk`nr id Wdb. k`tn sfdhprd tfdld qud sdr hkynr qud d` enrrdspnlifdltd vk`nr id Wdb. gkan. Uf ul `èhftd supdrfnr y ul `èhftd flbdrfnr snl fiæltfens, d` klk`fzkinr ln enhprngkrë ifemns `èhftds y ln sdûk`fzkrë `ns rdsu`tkins.
ENLYWN@ ; ENLYWN@ 7 ENLYWN@ 5
K ulk prudgk pudid ksfjlkrsd ul hëxfhn id trds enltrn`ds. Su`sd DLYDW n mkjk ing`d e`fe dl uln id `ns ekhpns? d` klk`fzkinr hudstrk `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH ENLYWN@. Wdbfdrksd k .
ENWWD@KYFNL BKEYNW
D` bketnr id enrrd`kefõl ds ul bketnr id eë`eu`n utf`fzkin fltdrlkhdltd pnr d` sfstdhk. D` sfstdhk hu`tfp`fek d` rdsu`tkin id `k hdifefõl pnr d` vk`nr fltrniuefin dl dstd ekhpn. @k enlbfjurkefõl dstëlikr ds ;,333? tkhgfæl ds d` vk`nr lnrhk` pkrk tnins `ns hætnins enl ulk dvk`ukefõl eukltftktfvk. Uf sd sd`deefnlõ ulk dvk`ukefõl euk`ftktfvk (pultn id enrtd) pkrk `k prudgk enrrdspnlifdltd, ln sd rdqufdrd ul bketnr id enrrd`kefõl.
ENWWD@KYFNL NBBUDY
D` vk`nr fltrniuefin dl dstd ekhpn ds ul vk`nr id eë`eu`n utf`fzkin pnr d` sfstdhk. D` sfstdhk kûkid `k idsvfkefõl id `k enrrd`kefõl enhn ul vk`nr enlstkltd k` rdsu`tkin id hu`tfp`fekr d` rdsu`tkin id `k hdifefõl pnr d` bketnr id enrrd`kefõl. WDUT@YKIN HDIFIN ] BKEYNW ID ENWWD@KEFÕL + IDURFKEFÕL ID @K ENWWD@KEFÕL 8 WDUT@YKIN BFLK@
@k enlbfjurkefõl pnr idbdetn y d` vk`nr lnrhk` pkrk tnins `ns hætnins ds 3,333. D` bketnr id enrrd`kefõl ln sd utf`fzk pkrk `ks prudgks id enrtd.
4- ;9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
Lntk @k ifbdrdlefk (hkrjdl id drrnr) dltrd `ns hætnins flifvfiuk`ds dl ifbdrdltds klk`fzkinrds pudid enhpdlskrsd pnr hdifn id` bketnr id enrrd`kefõl y `k idsvfkefõl id `k enrrd`kefõl.
4. 4.5. 5.44
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id Iu Iuk` k` hn hnid id y H Hnl nln nh hni nidd @ks bulefnlds id `ns pkrëhdtrns flifvfiuk`ds snl fiæltfeks pkrk ITK@ HNID y HNLN HNID. Uõ`n bk`tkl `ns ekhpns pkrk d` sdjulin y tdredr rdketfvn y d` ekhpn kjntkhfdltn id sugstrktn dl `k pkltk``k HNLN HNID. Skrk fr id Hnln hnid k Iuk` hnid y vfedvdrsk, rdhètksd k .
Lntk Dl `k pkltk``k ITK@ HNID sd pudidl prnjrkhkr mkstk 5 rdketfvns pkrk ekik prudgk. D` nridl id ifspdlskefõl ds d` sfjufdltd. Wdketfvn ; n sn`uefõl tkhpõl Hudstrk Wdketfvn 7 (npefnlk`) Wdketfvn 5 (npefnlk`) Dl `ujkr id` rdketfvn ; pudid utf`fzkrsd ulk sn`uefõl tkhpõl. Ds pnsfg`d sd`deefnlkr ; id 5 sn`uefnlds tkhpõl ifstfltks. Ln n`vfid en`nekr `k sn`uefõl tkhpõl dl d` hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL, dl eksn enltrkrfn ln sd pnirë sn`feftkr `k prudgk enrrdspnlifdltd dl d` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU. Dstd ekpètu`n dxp`fek `ns pkrëhdtrns qud idgdl prnjrkhkrsd dl `ks pkltk``ks HNLN HNID y ITK@ HNID. @k prnjrkhkefõl idpdlid id `ns hnins sd`deefnlkins y utf`fzkins. Euklin sd utf`fzk d` klk`fzkinr dl hnin iuk`, idgd rd``dlkr `ns pkrëhdtrns dl `k pkltk``k ITK@ HNID. Uf sd utf`fzk dl HNLN HNID, idgd rd``dlkr `ns pkrëhdtrns dl `k pkltk``k HNLN HNID.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;4
Wutflk khp`fkik
LKHD
D` lnhgrd id `k prudgk idbflfin dl `k pëjflk id pkltk``k ; YDUY SKWKHDYDWU .
UKHS@D G@KLO
Ud`deefnld sf idgd hdifrsd d` g`klen id `k hudstrk dl ulk eugdtk flidpdlifdltd pkrk `k enrrdspnlifdltd prudgk. Dl `k bfemk id` hætnin id `k prudgk pudid ngtdldr flbnrhkefõl sf sd ldedsftk ulk dl hdifefõl id` g`klen id `k hudstrk. Su`sd DLYDW dstd ekhpn, sd`deefnld Vds n Ln dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d y pu`sd DLYDW id ludvn pkrk enlbfrhkr. Uf sd`deefnlk Uf, `ks pëjflks id `ks pkltk``ks ITK@ HNID y HNLN HNID hudstrkl `ns ekhpns pkrk `ns pkrëhdtrns rd`kefnlkins enl d` g`klen id `k hudstrk. Snirë enlsu`tkr ulk idserfpefõl id dstns pkrëhdtrns hës kid`kltd dl dstd ekpètu`n. Euklin d` g`klen id `k hudstrk sd idbfld k VDU, d` usukrfn pudid sd`deefnlkr ul rdketfvn pkrk d` g`klen id `k hudstrk Umkrdi g`klo, Umkrdi g`klo 7 n Umkrdi g`klo 5. D` rdketfvn pkrk d` g`klen id `k hudstrk idgd en`nekrsd dl d` rntnr id rdketfvns enhn euk`qufdr ntrn rdketfvn. Euklin tfdld `ujkr ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen id `k hudstrk, d` klk`fzkinr pfpdtdk d` g`klen id `k hudstrk dl vdz id d` rdketfvn lnrhk` pkrk `k prudgk.
SWDIF@TYFNL
@k hudstrk pudid prdif`ufrsd sõ`n dl ITK@ HNID. Su`sd DLYDW dl dstd ekhpn y sd`deefnld ulk prnpnrefõl id prdif`uefõl (;14, ;1;3, ;173, ;153, ;193, ;143, ;1;33 õ LN pkrk lfljulk prdif`uefõl) dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. Snr dadhp`n, ulk prnpnrefõl id if`uefõl ;14 sfjlfbfek ; pkrtd id `k hudstrk if`ufik enl 9 pkrtds id if`uydltd, qud ikl enhn rdsu`tkin 4 pkrtds id sn`uefõl. Enlbfrhd enl DLYDW. Uf sd`deefnlõ ul endbfefdltd, kpkrded ul ekhpn dl d` qud tfdld qud sd`deefnlkrsd d` if`uydltd. Su`sd DLYDW pkrk kgrfr `k `fstk id if`uydltds (IF@ ;, IF@ 7, IF@ 5), sd`deefnld ul if`uydltd id `k `fstk y pu`sd DLYDW id ludvn pkrk enlbfrhkr `k sd`deefõl.
Lntk Euklin sd sd`deefnlk ulk prdif`uefõl kquè, ñlfekhdltd `ks hudstrks id` pkefdltd y id enltrn` sd prdif`ufrël enl `k prnpnrefõl dspdefbfekik. @k prdif`uefõl id `ns ek`fgrkinrds tfdld qud idbflfrsd pnr sdpkrkin dl d` hdlñ Ek`fgrktfnl Ydst Ydst prnjrkhhflj. Euklin sd utf`fzk `k prdif`uefõl, d` flstruhdltn dhp`dk ul efe`n kifefnlk` pkrk `k prdpkrkefõl id `k hudstrk if`ufik. Dl `k prfhdrk eugdtk sd ifspdlsk d` if`uydltd y sd kûkid y sd hdze`k `k hudstrk. Dl ulk sdjulik eugdtk sd ifspdlsk d` rdketfvn. @k kjuak id hudstrks tnhkrë `k hudstrk if`ufik id `k prfhdrk eugdtk y `k kûkifrë k` rdketfvn dl `k sdjulik eugdtk. D` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk dstkg`defin dl d` pkrëhdtrn UKHS@D LNWHK@ RN@THD y UKHS@D WDWTL RN@THD sd rdbfdrd k` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk if`ufik enl ul hëxfhn id ;4 ´`. D` prnpfn flstruhdltn flstru hdltn idtdrhflk euëltk hudstrk enledltrkik y if`uydltd sd rdenjdrë. UKHS@D LNWHK@ RN@THD
Fltrniuzek d` vn`uhdl lnrhk` id `k hudstrk dl pksns id 3,; ´` dltrd ; yflbdrfnr 53 ´`. Ud ln fltrniuefr ul vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk k 5rdenhfdlik ´`.
4- ;2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
UKHS@D WDWTL RN@THD
Fltrniuzek d` vn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn id `k hudstrk dl pksns id 3,; ´` dltrd ; y 53 ´`. Ln fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn id `k hudstrk flbdrfnr k 7 ´`. D` klk`fzkinr rdqufdrd dstd vk`nr pkrk dadeutkr ul rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen, dl eksn id sdr ldedskrfn. D` klk`fzkinr enrrfjd kutnhëtfekhdltd `ns rdsu`tkins id` rdprnedskhfdltn dl bulefõl id` endbfefdltd id hudstrk rdiuefik.
W;
Su`sd DLYDW pkrk hnstrkr ulk `fstk idsp`djkg`d id `ns tkhkûns id gntd``k y tkhpnlds ifspnlfg`ds. Ud`deefnld ul tkhpõl pkrk `k gntd``k id rdketfvn ;. @ns ifstfltns tkhpnlds qud pudidl utf`fzkrsd enl1UMKWDI GTBBDW;? UMKWDI GTBBDW7? UMKWDI GTBBDW5. LNWHK@ RN@THD
Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id rdketfvn id dltrd 773 ´` (n enl W7 ;;3 ´`) y 566 ´`. Fltrniuzek d` vn`uhdl dl pksns id ; ´`. D` tntk` id` vn`uhdl id rdketfvn lnrhk` (W;, W7 y W5) y d` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk hud strk lnrhk` ln pudid sdr flbdrfnr k` vn`uhdl hèlfhn id `k eugdtk (773 ´`)? dl eksn enltrkrfn, `k dltrkik dl dstd ekhpn sd flerdhdltk kutnhëtfekhdltd mkstk ul vn`uhdl tntk` id 773 ´`. D` vn`uhdl hëxfhn ds id 933 ´`. WDWTL RN@THD
D` vn`uhdl id rdketfvn pkrk ul rdprnedskhfdltn. Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id rdketfvn id dltrd 773 ´` (n enl W7 y W5 ;;3 ´`) y 566 ´`. D` klk`fzkinr `n rdqufdrd pkrk dadeutkr ul rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen, dl eksn id sdr ldedskrfn. Fltrniuzek d` vn`uhdl dl pksns id ; ´`. D` tntk` id` vn`uhdl id rdketfvn lnrhk` (W;, W7 y W5) y d` vn`uhdl id `k hudstrk lnrhk` ln pudid sdr flbdrfnr k` vn`uhdl hèlfhn id `k eugdtk (773 ´`)? dl eksn enltrkrfn, `k dltrkik dl dstd ekhpn sd flerdhdltk kutnhëtfekhdltd mkstk ul vn`uhdl tntk` id 773 ´`. D` vn`uhdl hëxfhn id `k eugdtk ds id 933 ´`. W7
Ud sd`deefnlk W7 dl `k pkltk``k Wdkjdlt pnsftfnl. LNWHK@ RN@THD
Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id dltrd 3 y 7=6 ´`. WDWTL RN@THD
Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn dltrd 3 y 7=6 ´`. W5
Ud sd`deefnlk W5 dl `k pkltk``k Wdkjdlt pnsftfnl. LNWHK@ RN@THD
Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id dltrd 3 y 7=6 ´`. WDWTL RN@THD
Fltrniuzek ul vn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn dltrd 3 y 7=6 ´`.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;:
Wutflk khp`fkik
ID@KV, HFL.YFHD
Uõ`n ifspnlfg`d pkrk d` hnin id hdifefõl eflætfek. Su`sd DLYDW pkrk kgrfr ulk `fstk idsp`djkg`d enl `ns tfdhpns id fleugkefõl (vk`nrds dl sdjulins). Uf sõ`n sd utf`fzk ul rdketfvn, d` tfdhpn id fleugkefõl ds d` fltdrvk`n id tfdhpn qud trklseurrd dltrd `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk y `k hdifefõl id` prfhdr pultn utf`fzkin pkrk d` eë`eu`n. Uf sd utf`fzkl ins n hës rdketfvns, d` tfdhpn id fleugkefõl ds d` fltdrvk`n id tfdhpn qud trklseurrd dltrd `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn y `k hdifefõl id` prfhdr pultn utf`fzkin pkrk d` eë`eu`n. Ud`deefnld ul tfdhpn id fleugkefõl hèlfhn id `k sdjulik `fstk idsp`djkg`d. D` tfdhpn hèlfhn id fleugkefõl ds `k ekltfiki id sdjulins qud tkrik dl rdk`fzkrsd `k hdifefõl idspuæs id` tfdhpn id rdtkrin (tfdhpn id fleugkefõl). Idbfld euëltns pultns id hdifefõl sd utf`fzkl pkrk d` eë`eu`n. Uf ln sd mk idtdetkin ul drrnr id `fldk`fiki dl `ns prfhdrns euktrn pultns id hdifefõl idspuæs id` enhfdlzn id `k fleugkefõl, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzk `ns pultns id hdifefõl qud sd dleudltrkl dltrd `k bksd id fleugkefõl hës d` tfdhpn hèlfhn fltrniuefin kquè. Snr dadhp`n, sd fltrniued 43 sdjulins enhn rdtkrin y ;=2 sdjulins pkrk d` tfdhpn hèlfhn, d` klk`fzkinr hfid d` prfhdr pultn qud sdrë utf`fzkin pkrk d` eë`eu`n 43 sdjulins idspuæs id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn, y d` ñ`tfhn pultn dl 752 sdjulins. Uf d` flstruhdltn idtdetk ul drrnr id `fldk`fiki dl `ns prfhdrns pultns id hdifefõl, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzkrë pkrk d` eë`eu`n d` hkynr lñhdrn id pultns pnsfg`d (fle`usn idspuæs id` tfdhpn hèlfhn). Dl khgns eksns, sd idtdetd n ln ul drrnr id `fldk`fiki `fldk`fik i pkrk `ns prfhdrns euktrn pultns id hdifefõl, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzkrë d` hkynr lñhdrn id pultns id hdifefõl pnsfg`d (hèl. 9) mkstk qud idsefdlik `k eurvk, n sd dxedikl `ns `èhftds id `k kgsnrgdlefk n sd kjntd d` sustrktn.
U@NSD G@KLO
Ifspnlfg`d pkrk prudgks eflætfeks y id 7 pultns. Uf sd prnjrkhkl vn`ñhdlds id` rdketfvn id gntd``k W5 y `ns vn`ñhdlds id` rdketfvn id `k gntd``k W7 sd mkl bfakin k 3 (pnr `n tkltn, sfl prnjrkhkr), pudid sd`deefnlkr sf qufdrd utf`fzkr ul U@NSD G@KLO. Su`sd DLYDW, sd`deefnld Vds n Ln dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d y pu`sd DLYDW pkrk enlbfrhkr. Uf sd sd`deefnlk s d`deefnlk Vds, Vds, d` klk`fzkinr sustrkd `k pdlifdltd, ek`eu`kik kltds id qud sd kûkifdrk d` sdjulin rdketfvn, id `k pdlifdltd qud sd ek`eu`õ idspuæs id `k kifefõl id W5. @k pdlifdltd id` g`klen tkhgfæl pudid enrrdjfr `ks rdkeefnlds sdeulikrfks dltrd `k hudstrk y d` prfhdr rdketfvn.
U@NSD G@. ID@KV
Kvkf`kg`d bnr Ofldtfe kli 7 pnflt tdsts. Kpkrded sf sd sd`deefnlõ U@NSD G@KLO enl Vds. Su`sd DLYDW y sd`deefnld ul tfdhpn dl sdjulins. Su`sd DLYDW pkrk enlbfrhkr. Snr dadhp`n, sf sd`deefnlõ 43, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzkrë tnins `ns pultns id hdifefõl idspuæs id 43 sdjulins k pkrtfr id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk pkrk d` eë`eu`n id `k pdlifdltd id` g`klen. D` rdsu`tkin id `k pdlifdltd id` g`klen sd sustrkd id `k pdlifdltd id `k rdkeefõl trks `k kifefõl id W5, euklin sd ek`eu`kl `ns rdsu`tkins.
4- ;=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
FLETGKYFNL YFHD
Hnin id pultn bflk`. Uõ`n dl d` eksn id qud sd prnjrkhdl vn`ñhdlds id rdketfvns id W; gntd``k, sd pudid sd`deefnlkr dltrd ;;,4 hfl. y 9,4 hfl. Uf sd prnjrkhksdl vn`ñhdlds id rdketfvns id W5 gntd``k, d` tfdhpn id fleugkefõl dstë bfakin dl 2,4 hfl. D` tfdhpn id fleugkefõl sd rdbfdrd k` tfdhpn idsid `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn pkrk prudgks enl ins n trds rdketfvns, n hudstrk pkrk prudgks id ul sn`n rdketfvn, mkstk `k hdifefõl id`kpultn bflk`.
SNFLY NLD, YZN
Hnin id ins pultns. D` pultn pult n uln ds d` rdtrksn pkrk d` enhfd enhfdlzn lzn id `k prfhdrk hdifefõl. D` pultn ins ds d` tfdhpn mkstk d` sdjulin pultn id hdifefõl. Skrk d` pultn ; y d` pultn 7, pu`sd DLYDW, sd`deefnld ul vk`nr y pu`sd id ludvn DLYDW pkrk enlbfrhkr. @ns tfdhpns dluhdrkins dl `k `fstk rdprdsdltkl d` tfdhpn idspuæs id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk (pkrk prudgks id ul sn`n rdketfvn) n d` tfdhpn idspuæs id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn (pkrk prudgks enl ins n trds rdketfvns). Tl vk`nr ldjktfvn dl d` pultn ; idserfgd ul pultn id hdifefõl austn kltds id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk n d` rdketfvn. Uf sd fltrniuan < 3 pkrk `k gntd``k id rdketfvn 7 dl d` ekhpn lnrhk` vn`uhd, `ns vk`nrds sd rdbfdrdl k` tfdhpn trks `k kifefõl id` rdketfvn Uf ln, `ns vk`nrds sd rdbfdrdl k` tfdhpn trks `k kifefõl id `k7.hudstrk.
SWNQNLD SY NLD,YZN
Uf sd sd`deefnlõ ul pnredltkad id kgsnrgdlefk n ul pnredltkad id flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk dl d` ekhpn SWNQNLD EMDEO (pëjflk ;, Skrëhdtrns id `k prudgk), sd vfsuk`fzk kquè d` ekhpn SWNQ. SNFLY ;,7. Su`sd DLYDW pkrk kgrfr ulk `fstk idsp`djkg`d, sd`deefnld d` tfdhpn dl sdjulins pkrk `k hdifefõl id` prfhdr pultn id prnznlk y enlbfrhd enl DLYDW. Wdpftk pkrk d` sdjulin pultn dl d` ntrn ekhpn.
SWNQ. M. @FHFY
Uf sd sd`deefnlkrnl ul pnredltkad id kgsnrgdlefk n ul pnredltkad id flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk dl d` ekhpn SWNQNLD EMDEO (pëjflk ;, Skrëhdtrns id `k prudgk), d` ekhpn SWNQ.
[email protected] vfsuk`fzk kquè. Fltrniuzek ul `èhftd supdrfnr dl bnrhk id kgsnrgdlefk n flerdhdltn id kgsnrgdlefk pnr hflutn y enlbfrhd enl DLYDW. Uf sd dxedid dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr hudstrk ul drrnr id prnznlk.
Lntk D` if`uydltd sd`deefnlkin idgd en`nekrsd dl d` hdlñ WDKJDLY SNUFYFNL ITK@ HNID. Dl d` `ujkr enrrdspnlifdltd id` rntnr id rdketfvns idgd en`nekrsd ulk gntd``k enl d` if`uydltd.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-;6
Wutflk khp`fkik
K@FLDKWFYV @FHFY
D` `èhftd sd dhp`dk pkrk idtdetkr ul drrnr id `fldk`fiki dl `ns prfhdrns euktrn pultns id hdifefõl y pkrk dvk`ukr kqud``ns pultns id hdifefõl id ulk prudgk eflætfek qud pudidl sdr kedptkins pkrk `k dvk`ukefõl. D` vk`nr pnr idbdetn ds d` ;3%.
BKEYNW
Skrk `ns hætnins qudidlnhu`tfp`fekefõl rdqufdrdl ek`fgrkefõl, kquè idgd fltrniuefrsd d` bketnr n bketnr dlzfhëtfen fle`ufin dl `k bfemk id` hætnin. D` bketnr ds ldjktfvn pkrk ulk rdkeefõl idsedlidltd. Uf ul hætnin dhp`dk ul ek`fgrkinr id ul pultn, d` bketnr sd ek`eu`k kutnhëtfekhdltd y sd hudstrk dl dstd ekhpn. Uf d` bketnr ds dxketkhdltd ;,333, d` klk`fzkinr idiued qud `k prudgk ln sd mk ek`fgrkin lulek. Dltnleds, `ns rdsu`tkins id dstk prudgk sd fhprfhdl enl 5 idefhk`ds y `k ulfiki Kgs, iKgs n iKgs/h (idpdlifdlin id` tfpn id prudgk, pultn bflk`, ins pultns, eflætfek).
WDKJDLY G@KLO
Ud`deefnld sf idsdk utf`fzkr n ln ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rdketfvn. Su`sd DLYDW, sd`deefnld VDU n LN dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d y pu`sd id ludvn DLYDW pkrk enlbfrhkr. Uf sd`deefnlõ rdk`fzkr ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen, kpkrded ul lñhdrn idspuæs id VDU qud enltdlirë d` rdsu`tkin id` g`klen id` rdketfvn idspuæs id `k hdifefõl. D` g`klen id` rdketfvn ds d` ekhgfn ln dspdeèbfen dl `k kgsnrgdlefk dl `k sn`uefõl id rdketfvn sf sd utf`fzk kjuk enhn hudstrk. D` rdsu`tkin sd sustrkd id` ekhgfn dl `k kgsnrgdlefk id `k rdkeefõl enl `k hudstrk.
Lntk Ln enlbulik d` g`klen id` rdketfvn enl `k hdifefõl id `k kgsnrgdlefk kgsn`utk id` prfhdr rdketfvn austn kltds id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk, qud tfdld `ujkr kutnhëtfekhdltd pkrk ekik prudgk sfdhprd qud vn`uhdl id W; < 773´`.
4- 73
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
@NZ KGUNWGKLED
D` `èhftd id kgsnrgklefk flbdrfnr qud sd utf`fzkrë. Uf uln n hës vk`nrds id kgsnrgklefk dstël pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr hkrek d` rdsu`tkin enl ul flifekinr. Ud flfefk ul rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen id `k prudgk sf sd sd`deefnlõ `k npefõl Kutnhktfe Wdrul dl UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU.
KGUNWGDLEFK UTSDWFNW
D` `èhftd supdrfnr id `k kgsnrgklefk qud sd utf`fzkrë. Uf uln n hës vk`nrds id kgsnrgklefk dstël pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr hkrek d` rdsu`tkin enl ul flifekinr. Ud flfefk ul rdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen id `k prudgk sf sd sd`deefnlõ `k npefõl Kutnhktfe Wdrul dl UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU.
W. KGU. @. @FHFY
D` WDKJDLY KGUNWGKLED @NZ @FHFY qud sd ik dl `k bfemk id` hætnin. Ud utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr `k kgsnrgdlefk id` prfhdr rdketfvn. Uf d` vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr idgkan id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
W. KGU. M. @FHFY
D` WDKJDLY KGUNWGKLED MFJM @FHFY qud sd ik dl `k bfemk id` hætnin. Ud utf`fzk pkrk enhprngkr `k kgsnrgdlefk id` prfhdr rdketfvn. Uf d` vk`nr hdifin dstë pnr dlefhk id dstd `èhftd, d` klk`fzkinr sdûk`fzk d` rdsu`tkin.
Lntk Uf `ns `èhftds flbdrfnr y supdrfnr rdspdetfvns snl fiæltfens, d` sfstdhk ln rdk`fzkrë lfljulk enhprngkefõl.
W. KGU. IDRFKYFNL
Dstd ekhpn kpkrded sf sd fltrniuan 3 pkrk `k gntd``k W7 n W5 dl d` ekhpn Rk`nr lnrhk`. D` vk`nr sõ`n sd utf`fzk pkrk `ks rdkeefnlds iderdefdltds. Kquè sd fltrniued `k idsvfkefõl hëxfhk id` vk`nr id `k kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn ek`eu`kin (dxtrkpn`kin) k pkrtfr id` vk`nr id `k kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn hdifin (pultn hdifin kltds id `k kifefõl id `k hudstrk). D` vk`nr idbflfin jkrkltfzk `k idtdeefõl id` enlsuhn id` sustrktn. Uf `k kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn dxtrkpn`kik qudik pnr idgkan id `k kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn hdifik hdlns `k idsvfkefõl id `k kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn prnjrkhkik, d` rdsu`tkin sd hkrek enl ulk gklidrk id drrnr. Uf `k rdkeefõl kuhdltk, sd rdenhfdlik fltrniuefr 5,333 kgs.
UTGUYWKYD IDS@DYFNL
Uf sd mk fltrniuefin ul vk`nr < 3 pkrk `k gntd``k W7 n W5 dl d` ekhpn Rn`uhdl lnrhk`, sd hnstrkrë dstd ekhpn dl `ujkr id i d W. KGU. IDRFKYFNL . Fltrniuzek d` vk`nr prnpnrefnlkin dl `k bfemk id` hætnin enrrdspnlifdltd. Uf `k rdkeefõl kuhdltk, d` klk`fzkinr kûkid dstd vk`nr k` pultn hdifin kltds id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn? `k kgsnrgdlefk rdsu`tkltd ds d` `èhftd id` kjntkhfdltn id` sugstrktn pkrk dstk hdifefõl. Uf `k rdkeefõl ifshfluyd, d` klk`fzkinr sustrkd dstd vk`nr id` ñ`tfhn pultn hdifin kltds id `k kifefõl id` ñ`tfhn rdketfvn? `k kgsnrgdlefk rdsu`tkltd ds d` `èhftd id` kjntkhfdltn id` sugstrktn pkrk dstk hdifefõl. Uf sd dxedid dstd vk`nr hfdltrks d` klk`fzkinr hfid `ns euktrn prfhdrns pultns eflætfens, dl d` flbnrhd id rdsu`tkins sd hnstrkrë d` hdlskad id drrnr id Kjntkhfdltn id sustrktn. D` klk`fzkinr dhp`dk tnins `ns vk`nrds id `k kgsnrgdlefk pkrk ek`eu`kr ul rdsu`tkin qud ln mkyk supdrkin d` vk`nr `èhftd
prnjrkhkin. RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-7;
Wutflk khp`fkik
4. 4.5. 5.22
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns i idd Sr Srnj njrk rkh hY Yds dstt Ek Ek`f `fgr grkt ktnr nr Euklin sd mk sd`deefnlkin ul ek`fgrkinr dl `k pëjflk ; id `k pkltk``k id prnjrkhkefõl id `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk, ds ldedskrfn prnjrkhkr tnins `ns pkrëhdtrns qud sd kp`fekl k dstk prudgk. Kpkrdedrë `k sfjufdltd pkltk``k1
;. Ud`de deeefnld EK@FGWKYNW LKHD dl `k pkltk``k YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . 7. 5. 9. 4.
Su`sd DLYDW pkrk kgrfr `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW. Ud`deef Ud`deefnld nld d` d` ek`fgr ek`fgrkin kinrr dl d` hdlñ hdlñ idsp` idsp`djk djkg`d g`d EK@FGWKYNW LKHD. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `ns `ns pkrëhdtrns pkrëhdtrns id` id` ek`fgrkinr ek`fgrkinr id keudrin keudrin enl enl `k bfemk bfemk id` hætnin hætnin enrrdspn enrrdspnlifdlt lifdltd. d. Ud`de deeefnld B;3WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k `k pkltk``k SWNJWKH YDUY.
EK@FGWKYNW LKHD
LTHGDW NB UYKLIKWIU
Ud`deefnld d` ek`fgrkinr qud sd ldedsftd. Sudidl sd`deefnlkrsd tnins `ns ek`fgrkinrds qud dstël prnjrkhkins dl d` hdlñ SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW . D` lñhdrn id dstëlikrds idbflfin dl d` hdlñ SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW .
EK@FGWKYFNL KEEDSYDI
Vds n Ln. D` pkrëhdtrn ln pudid diftkrsd pdrn tfdld qud kedptkrsd dl d` hdlñ B7 IFUS@KV EK@FGWKYFNL .
KTYN SWDIF@TYFNL
Vds n Ln. Uf ds Vds, d` lñhdrn id pkrëhdtrns id pultns dstë ifspnlfg`d.
WDSDKYU
Dserfgk d` lñhdrn id rdpdtfefnlds ; pkrk ulk sn`k hdifefõl, 7 pkrk ulk hdifefõl iup`fekik õ 5 pkrk ulk hdifefõl trfp`fekik. Uf sd idbfldl hdifiks pnr iup`fekin n trfp`fekin, sd utf`fzkrë d` vk`nr prnhdifn id `ks hdifefnlds pkrk `ns eë`eu`ns. D` lñhdrn fltrniuefin kquè tkhgfæl idbflfrë sf sd prnedsk ul g`klen id rdketfvn dl hdifefnlds iup`fekiks n trfp`fekiks. Fltrniuzek ul vk`nr y enlbfrhd enl DLYDW.
ITS-IFBB
Fltrniuzek `k ifbdrdlefk hëxfhk pdrhftfik dltrd `ks hdifefnlds iup`fekiks id ul pultn ek`fgrkinr. Euklin d` vk`nr ds supdrfnr k `k ifbdrdlefk hëxfhk pdrhftfik, ln sd kedptkrë `k ek`fgrkefõl y sd idgdrë vn`vdr k hdifr ulk n tniks `ks ræp`feks. Uf sd fltrniued ul vk`nr id 3,333, dltnleds ln sd enhprngkrë d` `èhftd Iup./Ifbb.
4- 77
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
FLYDWRK@
Fltrniuzek d` fltdrvk`n id ek`fgrkefõl dl ièks (id 3 k 66) sdjñl `n flifekin dl `k mnak id` hætnin. Dstd lñhdrn ds d` pdrfnin dl ièks dl d` qud tfdld qud rdek`fgrkrsd d` hætnin. D` klk`fzkinr fle`uyd `ns ièks rdstkltds mkstk `k sfjufdltd ek`fgrkefõl dl `k `fstk enl `ns rdsu`tkins id `k hdifefõl ifkrfk id` g`klen. Uf sd fltrniuan 3 kquè, d` klk`fzkinr ñlfekhdltd fhprfhd d` lnhgrd id `k prudgk sfld`hkrekr dlid `k ek`fgrkefõl. `fstk hdlefnlkik kltdrfnrhdltd y ln enhprudgk fltdrvk`n
Lntk Uf sd mk dxedifin d` fltdrvk`n id ek`fgrkefõl, d` klk`fzkinr utf`fzkrë d` bketnr n `k eurvk id ek`fgrkefõl kltdrfnrds.
ETWRDBFY K@JNWFYMH
Su`sd DLYDW dl dstd ekhpn y sd`deefnld d` k`jnrfthn id ek`fgrkefõl id `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d. Enlbfrhd enl DLYDW. Dstd ekhpn sn`n dstë ifspnlfg`d sf sd utf`fzkl trds n hës ek`fgrkinrds. Wdbfdrksd k .
HK] FLKEETWKEV
@ns vk`nrds sd flifekl enhn pnredltkad. Dstd vk`nr ds ulk hdifik `k fldxketftui hëxfhk sn`khdltd id` gkan kaustd idd``k eurvk idpkrk sp`fld eñgfek ulfbnrhfzkik. Eukltn hës sdk vk`nr, hës sd bnrzkrë `k eurvk pkrk qud pksd pnr `ns pultns id` ek`fgrkinr. D` vk`nr pnr idbdetn ds 4%.
KTYNKEDSYKW EK@FGWKEFÕL
Idgd kedptkrsd ulk ek`fgrkefõl kltds id pnidr utf`fzkr`k pkrk ek`eu`kr rdsu`tkins. Ud`deefnld VDU pkrk qud d` klk`fzkinr kedptd `k ek`fgrkefõl idspuæs id enhp`dtkr`k. Ud`deefnld LN pkrk qud d` usukrfn kedptd `k ek`fgrkefõl idspuæs id enhp`dtkr`k.
@KUY HDKUTWDI
Ik `k bdemk y mnrk id `k ñ`tfhk ek`fgrkefõl hdifik.
LTHGDW NB SNFLYU
D` lñhdrn id ifbdrdltds prudgks prdif`ufiks qud sd rdk`fzkl pkrk ulk ek`fgrkefõl. D` lñhdrn id pultns ln k`tdrk d` lñhdrn id dstëlikrds qud sd mkl prnjrkhkin.
IF@TDLY.
Ud`deefnld d` if`uydltd qud idgd utf`fzkrsd pkrk `k if`uefõl kutnhëtfek. Su`sd Dltdr pkrk kgrfr `k `fstk id if`uydltds (IF@ ;, IF@ 7, IF@ 5), sd`deefnld ul if`uydltd id `k `fstk y pu`sd DLYDW pkrk enlbfrhkr `k sd`deefõl. Dstd ekhpn sõ`n sd hudstrk sf sd sd`deefnlk KTYN SWDIF@ dl d` hdlñ SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW .
ENLEDLYWKYFNL .
Fltrniuzek `k enledltrkefõl id` ek`fgrkinr prflefpk` id bnrhk qud enflefik enl `k id` ek`fgrkinr kltds id `k if`uefõl rdk`. D` flstruhdltn ek`eu`krë kutnhëtfekhdltd `k enledltrkefõl euklin sd sd`deefnld ul pnredltkad id if`uefõl dl d` pkrëhdtrn SWDIF@TYFNL pkrk ekik pultn id` ek`fgrkinr. Dstd ekhpn sõ`n sd hudstrk sf sd sd`deefnlk KTYN SWDIF@ dl d` hdlñ SWNJWKH EK@FGWKYNW .
ETY-NBB
Ifspnlfg`d sf ulk ek`fgrkefõl utf`fzk sõ`n ul ñlfen dstëlikr. Gfdl d` lñhdrn id dstëlikrds ds ; n sd`deefnld sõ`n ; dstëlikr dl `k TUDI. D` rdsu`tkin pkrk ulk prudgk id enrtd ds sfdhprd en`uhlk d` vk`nr hdifin id `k kgsnrgklefk (n `k id`tk id kgsnrgklefk kg snrgklefk n `k id`tk id kgsnrgklefk pnr hflutn, dl bulefõl id` tfpn id prudgk) y, enhn flifekinr, ul rdsu`tkin r dsu`tkin pnsftfvn n ldjktfvn.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-75
Wutflk khp`fkik
ETY-NBB HNID
D` rdsu`tkin id `k ek`fgrkefõl. D` klk`fzkinr hudstrk d` vk`nr idspuæs id `k ek`fgrkefõl id` pultn id enrtd Ds pnsfg`d dserfgfr hkluk`hdltd `ns vk`nrds enpfkins id ulk ek`fgrkefõl kltdrfnr n id ntrn sfstdhk. @ns rdsu`tkins dl gksd k dstns vk`nrds fltrniuefins hkluk`hdltd pnirèkl ln sdr vë`fins. Uf sd sd`deefnlk Snsftfvd y sf `k kgsnrgklefk hdifik (id`tk) ds supdrfnr k` vk`nr id` ek`fgrkinr enrtd, d` rdsu`tkin pnsftfvn. Uf sd sd`deefnlk Snsftfvd y sf `kid kgsnrgklefk hdifik ds (id`tk) ds flbdrfnr k` vk`nr id` ek`fgrkinr id enrtd, d` rdsu`tkin ds ldjktfvn. Uf sd sd`deefnlk Ldjktfvd neurrd `n enltrkrfn.
ETY-NBB IDRFKYFNL
Dstd vk`nr idbfld `k fledrtfiuhgrd id znlk id kltds id` `èhftd id enrtd. @ks hdifefnlds dl `k znlk id fledrtfiuhgrd rdefgdl ul flifekinr qud flifek "rdsu`tkin edrek id enrtd". Dadhp`n1 D` rdsu`tkin id ulk ek`fgrkefõl id` pultn id enrtd bud ek`eu`kin k 3.;73 id`tk kgs/h. D` pultn id enrtd bud prnjrkhkin enhn1 Vds? Snsftfvn1 idsvfkefõl1 +/- 3.3;3 id`tk kgs/h. D` rdsu`tkin id `k hudstrk ds1 3.;;7 id`tk kgs/h Ldjktfvn, pudstn qud 3.;;7 ds flbdrfnr k 3.;73. D` rdsu`tkin sd hkrek pudstn qud `k idsvfkefõl ds id i d sõ`n -3.33= id`tk kgs/h y qudik idltrn id` fltdrvk`n id 3.;73 +/- 3.3;3 id`tk kgs/h.
TUDI
D` usukrfn pudid utf`fzkr ul enlaultn id ek`fgrkinrds hu`tfpultn pkrk ek`fgrkr ifbdrdltds prudgks . @ns lfvd`ds id` ek`fgrkinr qud ln snl ldedskrfns pkrk ek`fgrkr ulk prudgk pudidl dxe`ufrsd id` enlaultn id ek`fgrkinrds. Ud`deefnld `ks eksf``ks pkrk dspdefbfekr `ns lfvd`ds qud sd utf`fzkrël pkrk ulk prudgk idtdrhflkik.
Lntk @ns ek`fgrkinrds pkrk k`julns hætnins tfdldl hës id ul klk`ftn. Ekik lfvd` id` ek`fgrkinr pudid enltdldr trds n euktrn klk`ftns dl ekik gntd``k id hudstrk. Enl `k ek`fgrkefõl id prudgk hñ`tfp`d, sd ekrjkl ul enlaultn id ek`fgrkinrds k` klk`fzkinr y sd utf`fzkl pkrk ek`fgrkr ul lñhdrn id hætnins sfl ldedsfiki id ekrjkr hës ek`fgrkinrds. D` usukrfn idgd ekrjkr tnins `ns dstëlikrds id ek`fgrkinrds ulk vdz. @k en`uhlk Tsdi dluhdrk tnins `ns dstëlikrds id ek`fgrkefõl qud dstël enl ul idtdrhflkin ek`fgrkinr.
SWDIF@TYFNL
Su`sd DLYDW dl dstd ekhpn y sd`deefnld dl `k `fstk idsp`djkg`d ulk prnpnrefõl id prdif`uefõl. (pnr dadhp`n1 ;14 sfjlfbfek ulk pkrtd id hudstrk y euktrn pkrtds id if`uydltd). Enlbfrhd enl DLYDW.
ENLEDLYWKYFNL
Fltrniuzek `k enledltrkefõl id `ns dstëlikrds id ek`fgrkefõl (id ; k 6 dstëlikrds). Dstks snl `ks hfshks ulfikids qud `ks sd`deefnlkiks dl `k pëjflk ; (Skrëhdtrns id `k prudgk)
4- 79
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
D` klk`fzkinr bfak kutnhëtfekhdltd `ns vk`nrds id dstk en`uhlk trks `k ek`fgrkefõl. Ds pnsfg`d dserfgfr hkluk`hdltd `ns vk`nrds enpfkins id ulk ek`fgrkefõl kltdrfnr n id ntrn sfstdhk. @ns rdsu`tkins dl gksd k dstns vk`nrds fltrniuefins hkluk`hdltd pnirèkl ln sdr vë`fins. @ks ulfikids utf`fzkiks kquè idpdlidl id` tfpn id prudgk1
KGUNWGDLEFK
KGUNWGKLED @FHFYU @NZ/MFJM
4.5.: 4.5 .:
4. 4.5. 5.==
eflætfek, id ins pultns n k pultn bflk`. Fltrniuzek d` `èhftd id kgsnrgdlefk pkrk ekik dstëlikr flifvfiuk`. Uf ulk hdifefõl dxedid `ns `èhftds dspdefbfekins, d` klk`fzkinr hudstrk ul hdlskad id drrnr (`èhftds id ek`fgrkefõl vfn`kins). Dstn sd dhp`dk pkrk enhprngkr sf ul dstëlikr mk dxpfrkin n sf sd mk fltdrekhgfkin keefidltk`hdltd. Uf sd fltrniued d` hfshn vk`nr dl khgns ekhpns (pnr dadhp`n 3,333) ln sd enhprngkrël `ns `èhftds id `k ek`fgrkefõl.
Yde` de`ks ks id bu bulef lefõl õl id Srnj Srnjrk rkh hE Ek` k`fg fgrkt rktnr nr B7 IFUS@KV EK@FGWKYFNL
Hudstrk ulk rdprdsdltkefõl jrëbfek d flbnrhkefõl idtk``kik id `k eurvk id ek`fgrkefõl.
UMFBY+B5 ID@DYD EK@FGWKYNW
Gnrrk d` ek`fgrkinr ketuk` id `k `fstk id ek`fgrkinrds.
B;3 WDYTWL
Wdtnrlk k` hdlñ SWNJWKHHFLJ .
K` K`jn jnrf rfth thns ns p pkr krkk `k `kss eu eurv rvks ks i idd ek ek`f `fgr grke kefõ fõl l D` klk`fzkinr prnpnrefnlk `ns sfjufdltds hætnins ifbdrdltds id eurvks1 • Up`fld eñgfek dstëlikr • Eurvk eñgfek hnifbfekik • 9 Skr. `njft (L@@U) • 4 Skr. `njft (L@@U) • 4 Skr. dxpn. (L@@U) • Ek`fgrkefõl id ul pultn • Wdjrdsfõl `fldk` y ek`fgrkefõl id ins pultns • Sultn k pultn K enltflukefõl, sd idserfgd d` hnid`n hktdhëtfen pkrk ekik uln id `ns hætnins pkrk eurvks id ek`fgrkefõl.
Up`fld eñgfek dstëlikr Bõrhu`ks kp`fekg`ds1
p8
Kf+; - Kh Kf+; - Kf
q8
Kh - Kf Kf+; - Kf
; 5 7 5 7 ; f+; f f f+; f f+; h p f q f + ; E 8 E + E + 2 ( p - p)(K - K ) k + 2 (q - q) (K - K ) k
Dl `k qud1
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-74
Wutflk khp`fkik
Kf 8
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk d` pultn id ek`fgrkefõl f
Ef 8
Enledltrkefõl pkrk d` pultn id ek`fgrkefõl f
Kh 8
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
Eh 8
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
kf
Bketnr idtdrhflkin pnr d` k`jnrfhn id kaustd id eurvks
D` vk`nr id Kf y Kf+; sd ngtfdld hdifkltd1 Kf 0 Kh 0 Kf+;
Up`fld eñgfek ulfbnrhd Bõrhu`ks kp`fekg`ds1 yf (x) 8 kf x 5 + gf x7 + ef x + if Dl `k qud1 Kf 8
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk d` pultn id ek`fgrkefõl f
Kh 8
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
x
Rkrfkg`d id dltrkik gkskik dl `k kgsnrgdlefk hdifik
yf
Rkrfkg`d id sk`fik pkrk `k enledltrkefõl
Eh 8
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
kf, gf ef if
Bketnrds idtdrhflkins pnr d` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks
jx
Bketnr idtdrhflkin pnr d` k`jnrfhn id kaustd id eurvks
D` vk`nr id Kf y Kf+; sd ngtfdld hdifkltd1 Kf 0 Kh 0 Kf+;
D`vk`nr id x sd ngtfdld idtdrhflkin hdifkltd xh 8 Kh
xh 8 ;l ;l ( - Kh -jx )
D` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks idtdrhflk `k hdanr rd`kefõl y prdsdltk dstn dl `k pkltk``k. Euklin sd ek`eu`k xh, x sd ngtfdld hdifkltd1 x 8 x hdksurdi - Kf
4- 72
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
D` vk`nr id y sd ek`eu`k hdifkltd `k bõrhu`k gësfek kltdrfnr. K pkrtfr id y, sd ek`eu`k `k enledltrkefõl E enhn sfjud1
e8by y
e 8 b ( - d - jy) y
e 8 b ( d + jy) D` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks idtdrhflk `k hdanr rd`kefõl y prdsdltk dstn dl `k pkltk``k.
@njft id 9 pkrëhdtrns (L@@U) Kh 8 x3 +
O -k-g;lE h ;+d
Dl `k qud1 Kh 8 Eh 8
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
]3, O, k, g
Bketnrds idtdrhflkins pnr d` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks
@njft id 4 pkrëhdtrns (L@@U) Kh 8 x3 +
O -k-g -k -g;l ;lE E - eE h h ;+d
Dl `k qud1 Kh
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
Eh x3, O, k, g, e
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik Bketnrds idtdrhflkins pnr d` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks
Dxpnldlefk` id 4 pkrëhdtrns (L@@U) k ;l ;l E
Kh 8 x3 + Od
h
+ g ( ;l ;l E
h
7 ) - e (; (; l E
h
7 )
Inlid1 Kh
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
Eh
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
x3, O, k, g, e
Bketnrds idtdrhflkins pnr d` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
4-7:
Wutflk khp`fkik
Ek`fgrkefõl id ul pultn Eh 8 (Bketnr (Bketnr)) Kh
Inlid1 Kh Eh
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
Bketnr
Bketnrds idtdrhflkins pnr d` k`jnrfthn id kaustd id eurvks
Wdjrdsfõl `fldk` y ek`fgrkefõl id ins pultns Eh 8 Fltdredpt + (U`npd x Kh )
Inlid1 Kh
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
Eh Sdli Sd lifd fdlt ltd, d, Flt Fltdr dred edpe pefõ fõl l
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik Bket Bketnr nrds ds idtd idtdrh rhfl flki kin ns pnr pnr d` k` k`jn jnrf rfth thn n id ka kaus ustd td id eu eurv rvk ks
Sultn k pultn Eh 8 Fltdredpt + (U`npd x Kh )
Inlid1
4.5.6 4.5 .6
Kh
Rk`nr id kgsnrgdlefk hdifin pkrk `k hudstrk
Eh
Enledltrkefõl ek`eu`kik
Sdli Sd lifd fdlt ltd, d, fl fltd tdre redp dpef efõl õl
Bket Bketnr nrds ds idtd idtdrh rhfl flki kins ns pnr pnr d d`` k k`j `jnr nrft fthn hn id ka kaus ustd td id eu eurv rvk ks
Ked Kedpt ptkr kr pkrë krëhd hdtr trns ns id `k eu eurvk rvk id ek`fg ek`fgrke rkefõ fõl l @k pkltk``k id pkrëhdtrns pkrk kedptkr `k eurvk id ek`fgrkefõl kpkrded trks bflk`fzkr ulk ek`fgrkefõl y trks idbflfr `k ek`fgrkefõl id kedptkefõl kutnhëtfek k LN.
4- 7=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Wutflk khp`fkik
;. 7. 5. 9.
Ud`de deeefnld B7 IFUS@KV EK@FGWKYFNL . id` hdlñ YDUY SWNJWKHHFLJ . Ud`de deeefnld B9 JWKSM / YKG@D pkrk kgrfr gfdl Jrkpm, Ykg`d hnid n Bketnrs. Ud Ud`d `dee eefn fnld ld d` d` enlt enltrn rn`` B4 KEEDSY EK@FGWKYFNL n B2 WDADEY EK@FGWKYFNL . Ud`de deeefnld B;3 WDYTWL pkrk rdjrdskr k` hdlñ Ydst Ydst Srnjrkhhflj.
4.5.;3 4.5. ;3 Enh Enhprn prngkef gkefõl õl id `k kkgsnr gsnrgkl gklefk efk p pkrk krk pr prudg udgks ks ek` ek`fgr fgrkiks kiks
Yrks `k ek`fgrkefõl id ul hætnin, sd flfefk ulk enhprngkefõl kutnhëtfek id `k tksk. Ud dstkg`dedl `ns sfjufdltds `èhftds1 • @èhftd flbdrfnr id `k tksk 8 Yksk hës gkak id` ek`fgrkinr -;% • @èhftd supdrfnr id `k tksk 8 Yksk id` ek`fgrkinr hës k`tn + ;%
Uf ulk prudgk sngrdpksk dstns `èhftds idspuæs id `k ek`fgrkefõl, `ns rdsu`tkins kpkrdedrël enhn 3.33 y 6666.3 y sd hnstrkrël enl d` flifekinr o n O, rdspdetfvkhdltd. @ns rdsu`tkins 3.33 y 6666.3 6666. 3 idbflfins enhn • 3.33 8 rdsu`tkin ds flbdrfnr k` dstëlikr hës gkan • 6666.3 8 rdsu`tkin ds supdrfnr k` dstëlikr hës k`tn
Lntk Dstns `èhftds dstël rd`kefnlkins enl d` ek`fgrkinr y ln kpkrdedl dl `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk. Ln `ns enlbulik enl `ns `èhftds id `k kgsnrgklefk jdldrk`ds, qud dstël rd`kefnlkins enl d` hætnin y sd hudstrkl enhn rdsu`tkins hkrekins (0 n Vds n Ln. 2. @dvkltd @dvkltd `k gklid gklidak ak id` id` kjftki kjftkinr nr hkluk hkluk`hd `hdltd. ltd. :. Dx Dxtr trkf kfjk jk d` rntn rntnrr.
SWDEKTEFÕL Wdspdtd tniks `ks prdekuefnlds id sdjurfiki mkgftuk`ds (pnr dadhp`n, d` usn id jukltds), ikin qud dstk pkrtd id` sfstdhk ds pntdlefk`hdltd flbdeefnsk. Ksdjñrdsd tkhgfæl id qud ln mky bujks id `èqufins mkefk d` fltdrfnr id` sfstdhk id` klk`fzkinr =. Idsd Idsdhg hgk` k`d d ul ul ludv ludvn n rrntn ntnrr. Ln tnqud `ns `ktdrk`ds id` rntnr? suaætd`n pnr d` ksk edltrk`. 6. En`nqud En`nqud d` ludvn ludvn rntnr ksdjurëlinsd ksdjurëlinsd id id qud `ks `ks hudseks hudseks id` rntnr rntnr sd kaustdl kaustdl dl `ks `ks rklurks rklurks id` snpnrtd id` rntnr. ;3. Wdspnlik Wdspnlik k `k prdjultk prdjultk hnstrkik hnstrkik dl pkltk``k pkltk``k.. K` sd`deefnlkr Vds, Vds, d` sfstdhk pnlirë k edrn d` enltkinr. ;;. Srdsfnld Srdsfnld `k gklidak gklidak id` kjftkinr kjftkinr mkefk mkefk kgkan. kgkan. ;7. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d B7 WDUDY UVUYDH pkrk gkakr d` grkzn id `kvkin. ;5. En`nqud En`nqud `k tkpk tkpk.. ;9. Dbdetñd Dbdetñd ulk hdifefõl hdifefõl id` g`klen id` id` rntnr id eugdtks. eugdtks.
2.;.5 2.; .5
Hd Hdif ifefõ efõl lh hkl kluk uk`` i id` d` g`kl g`klen en id id`` rnt rntnr nr id eu eugd gdtk tkss Tlk vdz k` ièk, idgd rdk`fzkrsd ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks. D` klk`fzkinr pudid ``dvkr`k k ekgn kutnhëtfekhdltd sf sd sd`deefnlõ Kutnhktfe G`klo Yfhd dl d` hdlñ UVUYDH SKWKHDYDWU . Skrk rdk`fzkr ulk hdifefõl id` g`klen kutnhëtfek, d` klk`fzkinr tfdld qud dstkr dl d` hnin Utkli-gy. Utkli-gy. Ykhgfæl Ykhgfæl ds pnsfg`d rdk`fzkr hkluk`hdltd `ks hdifefnlds id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks. Ds ldedskrfn utf`fzkr d` prnedifhfdltn hkluk` idspuæs id `k flstk`kefõl flfefk` id` sfstdhk y trks sustftufr d` rntnr id eugdtks (enlsu`td `k sdeefõl kltdrfnr). @k hdifefõl hkluk` id` g`klen id` rntnr id eugdtks sd pfid dl d` hdlñ G@KLO WNYNW. D` klk`fzkinr idgd dlenltrkrsd dl d` hnin Utkli-gy. Yrks keedidr k` hdlñ, d` sfstdhk hudstrk tnins `ns vk`nrds id `k kgsnrgklefk pkrk `ks 9= eugdtks. @ns vk`nrds pkrk `k eugdtk KR y `k `ëhpkrk K KR R sd hudstrkl aultn enl `ks idsvfkefnlds dstëlikr dst ëlikr UI rdspdetfvks. D` hnin jrëbfen hudstrk ulk rdprdsdltkefõl jrëbfek id `ns rdsu`tkins id `k idtdrhflkefõl id` g`klen. ;. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH.
5. Ud`de deeefnld G@KLO WNYNW y pu`sd DLYDW. 9. Su`sd B7 G@KLO WNYNW pkrk flfefkr d` g`klen id `ks eugdtks.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-5
Hkltdlfhfdltn
2. 2.;. ;.99
Dx Dxe` e`uf ufrr ulk eu eugd gdttk su suef efkk Tlk vdz bflk`fzkik `k hdifefõl hdi fefõl id` g`klen id` rntnr, sf mky ulk `deturk klõhk`k pkrk ulk eugdtk, æstk hudstrk qud `k eugdtk dstë suefk y qud idgd sustftufrsd. Skrk ln utf`fzkr `k eugdtk mkstk qud sd sustftuyk, mkjk `n sfjufdltd1
Lntk Euklin ekhgfd `k eugdtk id` rntnr dl EMKLJD ETRDYYD WNYNW, `k eugdtk suefk sd fle`ufrë. Lntk Euklin fle`uyk `k eugdtk trks mkgdr dstkin dxe`ufik, idgd rdk`fzkr ulk prudgk id g`klen. Su`sd B7 G@KLO.
;. 7. 5. 9. 4. 2.
Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. Ud`de deeefnld G@KLO WNYNW. Su`sd DLYDW pkrk keedidr k `ks tde`ks id bulefõl id G`klo rntnr. Su`sd B:JWKSMFE HNID pkrk vfsuk`fzkr `ks `deturks dl hnin jrëbfen. Su`sd B4 SWDRFNTU n B2 LD]Y pkrk idsp`kzkrsd pnr d` rntnr id eugdtks y sd`deefnlkr `k
eugdtk qud tdljk `deturks klõhk`ks. :. Su`sd B9YNJJ@D UYKFLDI pkrk idakr id utf`fzkr ulk eugdtk.
2. 2.;. ;.44
Yde de`k `kss i idd bbul ulef efõl õl id g`kl g`klen en id rntn rntnr r Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
Yde`ks id eursnr
Ud`deefnlkl `k `nljftui id nlik.
B;SWFLY
Fhprfhd `k pkltk``k ketuk`.
B7 G@KLO WNYNW
Flfefk `k hdifefõl id` g`klen id `k eugdtk. Dstn sõ`n ds pnsfg`d euklin d` sfstdhk ln dstë prnedsklin hudstrks. Tl g`klen rdqufdrd ulns ;5 hflutns.
B9 YNJJ@D UYKFLDI.
Su`sd `k tde`k B9 pkrk dxe`ufr n fle`ufr ulk eugdtk sd`deefnlkik (flifekik pnr d` eursnr id sd`deefõl) id` usn. Tlk gkrrk enl pultns flifek ulk eugdtk dxe`ufik.
B4 SWDRFNTU
Ud`deefnlk `k eugdtk enl `k `deturk klõhk`k.
B2 LD]Y
Ud`deefnlk `k eugdtk enl `k `deturk klõhk`k.
2- 9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
2. 2.;. ;.22
Yde`k
Idserfpefõl
DLYDW n B: JWKSMFE HNID/ YKG@D HNID
Hudstrkl ulk rdprdsdltkefõl jrëbfek id `ns rdsu`tkins id `k hdifefõl. Su`sd B: YKG@D HNID n DLYDW euklin sd dstë dl d` hnin jrëbfen pkrk pkskr id ludvn k` hnin tkg`k.
B;3 WDYTWL
Wdjrdsk k `k pkltk``k kltdrfnr (hdlñ WNYNW/UVUYDH).
Uu Uust stft ftue uefõ fõl l id `k ``ëh ëhp pkrk krk bn bntn tnhæ hætr trfe fekk @k `ëhpkrk bntnhætrfek tfdld qud ekhgfkrsd ulk vdz trklseurrfiks kprnxfhkikhdltd 7.333 mnrks id bulefnlkhfdltn. @ks flifekefnlds pkrk `k sustftuefõl ldedskrfk id `k `ëhpkrk snl ulns rdsu`tkins id hdifefõl flusuk`ds qud ln pudidl dxp`fekrsd. Dl tnins `ns eksns dl qud sd ngtdljkl rdsu`tkins id hdifefõl flusuk`ds, enhprudgd `k fltdlsfiki id `k `ëhpkrk. Dstn sd rdk`fzk pnr hdifn id` hdlñ BTLEYFNLK@ EMDEO/KIATUYHDLYU (hdlñ UDWRFED). Uf `k `ëhpkrk bntnhætrfek prdsdltk idbdetns hdeëlfens n tæelfens, `k pkltk``k hudstrk ul hdlskad id drrnr. Ln ngstkltd, d` sfstdhk ln idtdetk d` idsjkstd lnrhk` id `k `ëhpkrk.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ksdjñrdsd id kpkjkr d` flstruhdltn kltds id rddhp`kzkr `k `ëhpkrk. Ksdjñrdsd id qud ketuk`hdltd ln sd dstël prnedsklin hudstrks.
;. Kpkjud Kpkjud d` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr y rdtfrd rdtfrd d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n id sdjurfiki sdjurfiki sftukin sftukin dl d` edltrn edltrn id` id` ifspnsftfvn ifspnsftfvn (d` (d` tnrlf``n sõ`n sd vd idsid kgkan). 7. Wdtfrd d` tde`kin, tde`kin, `dvkltd `dvkltd prfhdrn y k enltfluk enltflukefõl efõl tfrd tfrd mkefk mkefk id`kltd. id`kltd.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ln tnqud `k `ëhpkrk austn idspuæs id kpkjkr d` klk`fzkinr. @k `ëhpkrk dstë ek`fdltd y prnvnekrë qudhkiurks. Idad k` hdlns ;3 hflutns idspuæs id kpkjkr d` klk`fzkinr pkrk qud `k `ëhpkrk sd dlbrèd kltds id tnekr`k.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-4
Hkltdlfhfdltn
5. 9. 4. 2.
Kb`nad d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n supdrfnr supdrfnr (id ul tntk` tntk` id trds trds tnrlf``ns) tnrlf``ns) enl enl ul idstnrlf idstnrlf``kinr ``kinr y rdtèrd`n. rdtèrd`n. Yfrd enl eufikin eufikin id` snpnrtd snpnrtd mkefk mkefk ustdi. ustdi. Ktdlefõl Ktdlefõl Enldxfnlds Enldxfnlds id id ekg`ds ekg`ds Wdtf Wdtfrd rd y ids idsde demd md `k `k `ëh `ëhpk pkrk rk.. Enak enl enl eufikin eufikin `k ludvk ludvk `ëhpkrk `ëhpkrk (pfdzk (pfdzk id` oft oft id pfdzks pfdzks id rdpudstn rdpudstn)) pnr su pkrtd pkrtd supdrfnr supdrfnr utf`fzklin pkrk d``n ul pkûn `fhpfn. Idgd en`nekr y bfakr enl eufikin `k ludvk `ëhpkrk dl d` snpnrtd. :. Flstk`d Flstk`d ludvkhdltd ludvkhdltd d` snpnrtd snpnrtd y kprfdtd kprfdtd d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n.. Ds ldedskrfn ldedskrfn kaustkr kaustkr `k `ëhpkrk `ëhpkrk enl enl `ns ins tnrlf``ns sftukins idgkan id` tnrlf``n supdrfnr.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ln tnqud enl `ns idins `k pkrtd id erfstk` id `k `ëhpkrk. @ks mud``ks ifjftk`ds, d` pn`vn y `k muhdiki kenrtkl `k vfik ñtf` id `k `ëhpkrk y `fhftkl su bulefnlkhfdltn. Ydljk Ydljk eufikin enl `ks pkrtds hõvf`ds euklin sd dlefdlik id ludvn d` flstruhdltn.
2- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
=. Ka Kaus ustd td `k `ëhp `ëhpkr krk1 k1 ;. Ud`deefnld1 B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 7. Ud`deefnld B9 UDWRFED. 5. Ud`deefnld BTLEYFNLK@ EMDEO/KIATUYHDLYU. @ns d`dhdltns id sdrvfefn dstël prntdjfins hdifkltd enltrksdûk. Uf sd fltrniued ulk enltrksdûk flenrrdetk sõ`n dstkrë ifspnlfg`d Kiaust `khp. 9. Ud`deefnld KIATUY @KHS. 4. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW. Kpkrded ulk pkltk``k enl ins gkrrks qud rdprdsdltkl `k fltdlsfiki id `k `ëhpkrk hdifik pnr d` idtdetnr id rdbdrdlefk (@khp) y d` idtdetnr rdk` (Euvdttd). 2. Kb`nad Kb`nad ul pnen pnen d` tnrlf tnrlf``n ``n id ssnpnr npnrtd. td. :. Kaustd `k `k `ëhpkrk `ëhpkrk ktnrlf``klin ktnrlf``klin d` tnrlf`` tnrlf``n n edltrk` d flbdrfnr flbdrfnr enl enl `ns ins idstnrlf idstnrlf``kinr ``kinrds ds id bnrhk qud `k gkrrk Euvdttd id `k pkltk``k qudid sftukik dl Hkx. Uf jfrk `ns tnrlf``ns enl eufikin, pnirë vdr eõhn `ks gkrrks id `k pkltk``k sd hudvdl mkefk krrfgk y mkefk kgkan. Jfrd `ns tnrlf``ns mkstk qud `ks gkrrks k`ekledl `k hëxfhk k`turk. @ns vk`nrds idgdl sdr k` hdlns fjuk`ds k` hèlfhn. 6. Enhprudgd Enhprudgd sf sf `k fltdlsfiki fltdlsfiki id id `k `ëhpkrk `ëhpkrk ds idhksfkin idhksfkin d`dvkik1 d`dvkik1 ;3. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld1 d1 B; BF@YDW EMDEO D` sfstdhk hfid `k kgsnrgklefk id `k eugdtk pkrk ekik bf`trn y hudstrk dl pkltk``k `ns vk`nrds jrëbfekhdltd. D` vk`nr idgd dlenltrkrsd dl `k znlk vdrid. ;;. Wdiuzek `k fltdlsfiki id `k `ëhpkrk jfrklin d` tnrlf``n id` edltrn y d` tnrlf``n flbdrfnr sf ekik gkrrk ln dstë dl `k znlk vdrid. ;7. Wdpftk d` prnedifhfdltn `ks vdeds qud sdk ldedskrfn, mkstk qud tnins `ns vk`nrds dstæl dl `k znlk vdrid. ;5. Kprfdtd Kprfdtd d` tnrlf`` tnrlf``n n id snpnrtd. snpnrtd. ;9. Efdrrd `k pudrtk pudrtk brnltk`. brnltk`. ;4. En`nqud En`nqud d` tnrlf`` tnrlf``n n id sdjurfiki sdjurfiki.. ;2. Ud`de Ud`deef efnl nld d B;3 WDYTWL pkrk sk`fr id` hdlñ KIATUY @KHS.
2. 2.;. ;.::
Uu Uust stft ftue uefõ fõl li idd `ks `ks adrf adrflj ljks ks @k prdefsfõl id` sfstdhk idpdlid dl jrkl hdifik id` dstkin id `ks adrfljks, dspdefk`hdltd `k adrfljk id hudstrks. Snr tkltn ds ldedskrfn enhprngkr su dstkin rdju`krhdltd y sustftufr `ks adrfljks dl eksn ldedskrfn. Ins bketnrds flifekl e`krkhdltd `k dxfstdlefk id idbdetns dl `ks adrfljks1 • Wdsu`tkins fhprdefsns sfl ulk ekusk e`krkhdltd idbflfg`d, enhn `k prdsdlefk id suefdiki,
•
rdketfvns u ntrns `èqufins n d` bntõhdtrn. @k prdsdlefk id gurguaks id kfrd dl `ks adrfljks y bujks id kjuk dl d` æhgn`n id `k adrfljk.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-:
Hkltdlfhfdltn
Dxtrkeefõl id `ks adrfljks1
;. 7. 5. 9. 4. 2.
Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. Ud`de deeefnld EMKLJD UVWFLJDU. Su`sd DLYDW. Ud`deef Ud`deefnld nld d` rntn rntnrr fzquf fzqufdri drin n n idrdemn idrdemn.. Ud`de deeefnld B; @NZDW UVWFLJD pkrk sftukr `ks ins adrfljks dl su pnsfefõl flbdrfnr.
:. tnrlf`` tnrlf``ns qud qudin suadtkl sua`k dtkl `ks gkrrks gid krrks id`vu`k `ns `ns æhgn`ns. æhg n`ns.ul pnen? =. Wdtfrd Idsktnrlf``d Idsktn`ns rlf``d enl enlnseufikin eufik adrfljk adrfljk `k vë`vu`k vë y gëad`k gëad`k pnen? k enltfluke enltflukefõl fõl dxtrëfjk`k dxtrëfjk`k id` id` flstruhdltn.
Flstk`kefõl id `ks adrfljks ;. Muhdid Muhdidzek zek d` fltd fltdrfn rfnrr id` ef` ef`fli flirn rn id erfstk erfstk`` enl kjuk. kjuk. 7. Hkltdljk Hkltdljk d` ef`flirn ef`flirn id id erfstk` erfstk` dl ul rdefpfd rdefpfdltd ltd id kjuk kjuk enl `k pkrtd id` æhgn`n æhgn`n mkefk mkefk krrfgk. krrfgk. 5. Ukqud Ukqud d` d` ef`fl ef`flirn irn id erfs erfstk` tk` id` kjuk. kjuk. 9. Flsdrtd Flsdrtd d` æhgn`n æhgn`n id` ef`flirn ef`flirn id erfstk`. erfstk`. Ln Ln idgdrèkl idgdrèkl kpkrdedr kpkrdedr gurguaks gurguaks id id kfrd dl `k pkrtd pkrtd supdrfnr id` æhgn`n. Dl d` eksn id `k adrfljk id rdketfvns, `ks gurguaks id kfrd sd pudidl d`fhflkr jn`pdklin enl d` idin enltrk `k adrfljk. Dl d` eksn id `k adrfljk id hudstrks, idgdrë rdpdtfrsd d` prnedifhfdltn. 4. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek `k gkrrk gkrrk dl `k `k dspfjk dspfjk id hnltkad hnltkad id `k pfpdtk, pfpdtk, hkltdljk hkltdljk `k adrfljk adrfljk dl vdrtfek` vdrtfek` y tfrd id d``k dl `èldk rdetk mkefk krrfgk. 2. Wnsqud `k adrfljk adrfljk dl `k `k vë`vu`k vë`vu`k id `k pfpdt pfpdtk. k. Ksdjñrdsd Ksdjñrdsd id qud qud `k adrfljk adrfljk pudid pudid rnsekrsd rnsekrsd
bëef`hdltd. Kprfdtd gfdl enl `ks hklns.
2- =
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
:. Ud`de deeefnld B7 WDUDY UVUYDH pkrk rdpnsfefnlkr `k pfpdtk y B;3 WDYTWL pkrk sk`fr id` hdlñ. Uf d` klk`fzkinr dstë kmnrk dl d` dstkin Skrkin, rdflfefd tnin d` klk`fzkinr. =. Ud Ud`d `dee eefn fnld ld d` hdlñ hdlñ BF@@/DHSYV UVUYDH (idsid HKFL HDLT, pu`sd B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU, B;WNYNW/UVUYDH) y pu`sd B;BF@@ UVUYDH. Yrks rd``dlkr d` sfstdhk, d` flstruhdltn flstruhdlt n dstkrë `fstn pkrk sdr utf`fzkin id ludvn. Uf tnikvèk pudidl vdrsd gurguaks id kfrd dl `ns tugns, rdpftk d` prnedifhfdltn id rd``dlkin.
2. 2.;. ;.==
@k @kvk vkin in/` /``d `dlk lkin in id id`` rnt rntnr nr id eu eugd gdttks @kvd y ``dld d` rntnr id eugdtks id` sfjufdltd hnin1 ;. Idtdlj Idtdljk k euk`qu euk`qufdr fdr prne prnedsk dskhfd hfdltn ltn id id hudstrk hudstrks. s. 7. Ksdjñrdsd Ksdjñrdsd id qud qud d` klk`fzkinr klk`fzkinr dstæ dl dstkin dstkin stkli-gy stkli-gy.. 5. Enhprudgd Enhprudgd d` suhflfstrn suhflfstrn id kjuk y ``dld d` enltdldinr enltdldinr,, sf ds ldedskrfn. ldedskrfn. 9. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. 2. Ud`de deeefnld WNYNW/LDDI@D WFLUD. :. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW. =. Ud`de deeefnld B7 ZKUM/BF@@ WNYNW. Dl eukltn bflk`fzk d` prnedifhfdltn id `kvkin/``dlkin id` rntnr id eugdtks, d` sfstdhk pksk k` hnin stkli-gy. D` klk`fzkinr tkhgfæl nbrded `k pnsfgf`fiki id `kvkr sõ`n d` rntnr sd`deefnlklin B; ZKUM WNYNW. Yrks bflk`fzkr `k rutflk, tniks `ks eugdtks sd `kvkl kutnhëtfekhdltd? lnrhk`hdltd ln ds ldedskrfn rdk`fzkr dstk bulefõl id bnrhk hkluk`. D` prnedifhfdltn hkluk` id `kvkin id` rntnr sõ`n ds ldedskrfn sf pnr k`julk rkzõl sd mk pkrkin d` klk`fzkinr (K@Y+B;3) hfdltrks kñl mkgèk rdketfvn y/n hudstrk dl d` rntnr id eugdtks. Uf ln sd rdk`fzkl prudgks kifefnlk`ds flhdifktkhdltd idspuæs id pkrkr d` flstruhdltn, idgd `kvkrsd d` rntnr, yk qud dl eksn enltrkrfn sd sdekrë pnr enhp`dtn y `ns rdsfiuns sd kimdrfrël k `k pkrdi id `k eugdtk.
2.;.6
@kvkin i idd `k `ks kkj juaks Iurkltd d` prnedifhfdltn id `kvkin id `ks kjuaks, `ks ins kjuaks sd `fhpfkrël hës fltdlskhdltd enl `k sn`uefõl id mfpne`nrftn. D` prnedifhfdltn id `kvkin id `ks kjuaks iurk ulns 53 hflutns. ;. Idtdlj Idtdljk k euk`qu euk`qufdr fdr prne prnedsk dskhfd hfdltn ltn id id hudstrk hudstrks. s. 7. 5. 9. 4. 2.
B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud d``de de deeeeffn nl ld d B; U dee WNYNW/UVUYDH. Ud`de deeefnld WNYNW/LDDI@D WFLUD. Su`sd YKG n DLYDW. En`nqud En`nqud ulk gntd``k gntd``k id 74 h` id id sn`uefõl sn`uefõl id mfpne`nrf mfpne`nrftn tn dl `k rudik rudik id rdketfvns rdketfvns dl `k pnsfefõ pnsfefõl l flifekik dl `k pkltk``k.
Lntk Uf ln kpkrded dl pkltk``k `k pnsfefõl id` `kvkin id `k kjuak dl d` rntnr id rdketfvns (hnstrklin xx dl `ujkr id ul lñhdrn), idgdrë flstk`kr y ksfjlkr ulk pnsfefõl pkrk d` `kvkin id `k kjuak dl d` rntnr id rdketfvns hdifkltd d` hdlñ id flstk`kefõl id rdketfvn. :. En`nqud En`nqud ul tugn tugn id hudstrk hudstrk ``dln ``dln enl sn`uefõl sn`uefõl id id mfpne`nrftn mfpne`nrftn dl dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl l± l± ; id` rntnr rntnr id hudstrks. =. Ud`de deeefnld B5 LDDI@D WFLUD.
2.;.; 2.; .;33 Uu Uust stft ftue uefõ fõl li id` d` bbf` f`tr trn ni idd kj kjuk uk Skrk sustftufr d` bf`trn id kjuk, prnedik enhn sd flifek k enltflukefõl1
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-6
Hkltdlfhfdltn
;. Idsdlrnsqud Idsdlrnsqud `k `k tkpk tkpk id` enltdldinr enltdldinr id kjuk y dxtrkfjk dxtrkfjk d` bf`trn bf`trn id kjuk kjuk K qud qud dstë enldetk enldetkin in k` tugn. 7. Idsdlr Idsdlrnsqu nsqud d d` bf`trn bf`trn y sustft sustftuyk uyk d` bf`t bf`trn rn pnr ntrn ntrn ludvn. ludvn. 5. Rud`vk Rud`vk k en`nekr en`nekr d` bf`trn bf`trn dl d` enltdldinr enltdldinr id kjuk kjuk y vud`vk vud`vk k dlrnsekr dlrnsekr `k tkpk tkpk dl d` enltdldinr enltdldinr..
2.;.;;; 2.;.;
Uust Uu stft ftue uefõ fõl l id` id` g`nq g`nqud ud id id sdeki sdekin n Skrk sustftufr d` g`nqud id sdekin, prnedik enhn sd flifek k enltflukefõl1
2- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
G
K
tkpk id` ifsen ifsen id hdifefõl hdifefõl,, euyn g`nqud g`nqud id sdekin idgd idgd sdr sustftu sustftufin. fin. ;. Wdtfrd `k tkpk 7. Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. 5. Ud`de deeefnld B9 UDWRFED. 9. 4. 2. :. =. 6.
;3. ;;. ;7. ;5. ;9. ;4. ;2. ;:. ;=. ;6. 73.
Mkjk ing`d Mkjk ing`d e`fe dl dl Buletfn Buletfnlk` lk` emdeo emdeos/k s/kiau iausth sthdlt dlts. s. Mkjk Mk jk ing ing`d `d e` e`fe fe dl dl Zksm Zksm kr krh. h. Ud`de deeefnld B; WDUDY ZKUMKWH. Su`sd `k `k tde`k tde`k id b`demk b`demk krrfgk krrfgk dl d` tde`kin tde`kin pkrk pkrk `dvkltkr `dvkltkr d` grkzn id `kvkin. Idsenl Ids enldetd detd d` tugn tugn id` g`n g`nqud qud id sdeki sdekin. n. Kb`nad Kb`na d d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n G y sustftuyk sustftuyk d` g`nqud g`nqud id id sdekin sdekin id` grkzn grkzn id `kvkin `kvkin pnr ntrn ludvn, ludvn, pdrn sfl kprdtkr kñl d` tnrlf``n G. Ydljk eufikin id ln idakr ekdr d` tnrlf``n dl d` klk`fzkinr. Ttf`fed ul idstnrlf``kinr enl pultk hkjlætfek. Su`sd `k tde`k tde`k id b`demk kgkan kgkan dl d` tde`kin tde`kin pkrk gkakr d` grkzn grkzn id `kvkin. `kvkin. Dspdrd k qud d` grkzn grkzn id `kvkin ``djud ``djud k `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl enrrdetk. enrrdetk. Su`sd `k tde`k id b`demk kgkan dl d` tde`kin pkrk en`nekr d` g`nqud id sdekin dl `k pnsfefõl pnsfefõl enrrdetk. Kprfdtd Kprfdt d d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n G id` g`nqud g`nqud id sdekin. sdekin. Enldetd Enldet d d` tugn k` g`nqud g`nqud id sdekin. sdekin. Ud`de Ud `deef efnl nld d B;3 WDYTWL. Ud`de Ud `deef efnl nld d B;3 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU. Ud`de Ud `deef efnl nld d B; WNYNW/UVUYDH. Mkjk Mkj k ing`d ing`d e`f e`fee dl WDUDY UVUYDH. Ud`de Ud `deef efnl nld d B; WDUDY UVUYDH. Rud`vk k en`nekr `ks tkpks id` ifsen id hdifefõl dl su sftfn.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-;;
Hkltdlfhfdltn
2. 7
Un`uefõl id prng`dhks
2.7.;
Fltrniueefõl D` klk`fzkinr rdb`dak `ns lfvd`ds tdeln`õjfens hës ketuk`fzkins y mk sfin ifsdûkin pkrk bkef`ftkr k` hëxfhn su usn. Enltrn`k enlstkltdhdltd tniks `ks bulefnlds d flbnrhk k` usukrfn kedrek id drrnrds id bulefnlkhfdltn y bk``ns id` sfstdhk. Ln ngstkltd, euklin sd trktk id sfstdhks tæelfens lulek pudid dxe`ufrsd pnr enhp`dtn `k kpkrfefõl id drrnrds id bulefnlkhfdltn y efdrtns bk``ns id` sfstdhk, dspdefk`hdltd idgfin k qud sfdhprd sd prniued ul idsjkstd dl `ns enhpnldltds hdeëlfens. Dl d` ekpètu`n sfjufdltd sd idserfgdl `ns bk``ns hës brdeudltds prnvnekins pnr d` idsjkstd. Tl jrkl lñhdrn id d``ns pudid rdsn`vdrsd sfl `k fltdrvdlefõl id` pdrsnlk` id snpnrtd tæelfen.
Lntk Enlsu`td d` mfstnrfk` id drrnrds kltds id kvfskr k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Wdhètksd k 2.7.2 Hdlskads Hdlskads id drrnr .
2. 2.7. 7.77
En Enrr rrdk dk id id`` kj kjft ftki kinr nr id idbd bdet etun unsk sk Uf ngsdrvk rdsu`tkins id hdifefõl ln vë`fins hkrekins enl ul flifekinr euyk ekusk ln dstë e`krk, `k rkzõl pudid sdr ulk enrrdk id` kjftkinr idbdetunsk. Dstn sd pudid idtdetkr keñstfekhdltd1 ln sd prniued d` snlfin tèpfen id` hdze`kin. Kidhës, lf `k kjuak id hudstrks lf `k kjuak id rdketfvns jfrkl iurkltd d` hdze`kin (`k kjuak id rdketfvns sõ`n jfrk sf sd kûkifõ d` sdjulin n tdredr rdketfvn). Idgdl enhprngkrsd ifkrfkhdltd `ks enrrdks id` kjftkinr kltds id mkedr bulefnlkr d` klk`fzkinr. Uustftuyk `k enrrdk id` kjftkinr sf pkrded idsjkstkik n sf dstë rntk.
;. @dvklt @dvkltd d `k eugfdrt eugfdrtk k id` id` rntnr rntnr id eugd eugdtks tks.. 7. Wdtfrd `k enrrdk enrrdk vfdak id` snpnrtd. snpnrtd. Uf `k enrrdk enrrdk dstë pkrtfik pkrtfik dl trnzns, trnzns, rdtèrd`ns rdtèrd`ns id` ërdk qud efreulik d` rntnr id eugdtks. 5. Dstfrd `k `k ludvk enrrdk enrrdk id` kjftkin kjftkinrr (pfdzk id` id` oft id pfdzks pfdzks id rdpudstn) rdpudstn) sngrd sngrd d` snpnrtd snpnrtd mkstk qud dstæ enrrdetkhdltd en`nekik. 9. Snljk Snljk id ludv ludvn n dl su sftfn sftfn `k `k eugfdrt eugfdrtk k id` rntnr rntnr id eugd eugdtks tks..
2. 2.7. 7.55
Kj Kjua uakk i idd h hud udst strk rkss n ngs gstr truf ufik ik Kp`fqud `ks sfjufdltds hdifiks sf `k kjuak id hudstrks dstë ngstrufik1 ;. Su`sd K@Y+B;3DHDWJDLEV MK@Y.
7. Dxtrkfjk Dxtrkfjk enl eufikin eufikin d` enlaultn enlaultn id` id` tugn, qud enlstk enlstk id ul ul tugn dxtdrfnr dxtdrfnr y uln fltdrfnr fltdrfnr,, id` grkzn id hudstrks.
2- ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
5. Enak d` bfkinr id` id` oft id pfdzks pfdzks id id rdpudstn rdpudstn d fltrniñzek` fltrniñzek`n n enl eufikin eufikin dl d` d` fltdrfnr fltdrfnr id `k kjuak kjuak idsid krrfgk mkstk qud sk`jk pnr d` dxtrdhn id `k kjuak. 9. Hudvk sukvdhd sukvdhdltd ltd d` bfkinr bfkinr mkefk mkefk krrfgk krrfgk y mkefk mkefk kgkan vkrfks vdeds vdeds pkrk pkrk rdtfrkr rdtfrkr tniks tniks `ks sustklefks qud g`nqudkl `k kjuak. Ln idsdemd d` bfkinr pnstdrfnrhdltd. 4. K` en`nekr en`nekr id ludvn ludvn d` tugn tugn dl su su sftfn, sftfn, ksdjñrdsd ksdjñrdsd id qud qud ln sd fltrniue fltrniued d lf d` tugn tugn prntdetnr prntdetnr dxtdrln lf fltdrln dl `k kgdrturk id `k eugfdrtk id `k kjuak. Uõ`n idgdrèkl dstkr dl enltketn en ltketn enl d` ngturkinr id sf`fenlk. 2. Wdflfe Wdflfefd fd d` klk`f klk`fzki zkinr nr y prnsf prnsfjk jk enl ``k k npdrkef npdrkefõl. õl.
2. 2.7. 7.99
Wd Wdttfrki frkikk i idd ``kk g gkl klid idak ak id id`` rnt rntnr nr Uf idtdetk `èqufins u ngadtns dl d` bnlin id `ks gklidaks id` rntnr (gklidak id hudstrks y rdketfvns), idgdrë rdtfrkr y `fhpfkr `k gklidak dl eudstfõl. ;. Su`sd K@Y+B;3 DHDWJDLEV MK@Y. 7. Jfrd d` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n dl sdltfin sdltfin enltrkrfn enltrkrfn k `ks kjuaks kjuaks id` rd`na mkstk mkstk qud qud pudik rdtfrkr` rdtfrkr`n. n. 5. Dx Dxtr trkf kfjk jk `k gk gkli lida dak. k. 9. @fhpfd d` bnlin bnlin id `k gklidak gklidak id` rntnr n rdtfrd d` ngadtn ngadtn id `k gklidak. gklidak. 4. Rud`vk Rud`vk k en`nekr en`nekr d` rntnr. rntnr. Ksdjñrd Ksdjñrdsd sd id qud d` pultn pultn g`klen g`klen dl d` rntnr dstæ dstæ k`fldkin k`fldkin enl `k `èldk g`klek id` dad id` rntnr, id `n enltrkrfn d` rntnr ln sd bfak. 2. Ksdjñrdsd Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k tkpk tkpk id` tnrlf`` tnrlf``n n dstæ dl su `ujkr `ujkr y jfrd `k `k tkpk id` id` tnrlf``n tnrlf``n dl d` sdltfin sdltfin id `ks kjuaks id` rd`na.
2.7 .7..4
Mf Mfsstnrfk` id drrn rrnrds rds Lntk @ns bk``ns id bulefnlkhfdltn k hdluin sd idgdl k` mdemn id qud ln sd rdk`fzkrnl enl `k brdeudlefk subfefdltd `ns prnedifhfdltns id `fhpfdzk (ds idefr, ln sd dadeutkrnl enlbnrhd k` p`kl id hkltdlfhfdltn). Ketfvd d` d`dhdltn enrrdspnlifdltd id` hdlñ UDWRFED pkrk enhprngkr d` mfstnrfk` id `kvkin id `ks kjuaks. Sudid rdsu`tkr ñtf` rdvfskr d` mfstnrfk` id drrnrds dl `k sn`uefõl id prng`dhks id flstruhdltn. Ttf`fed dstk bulefõl dl eksn id qud surakl prng`dhks pkrk flbnrhkr k` pdrsnlk` id snpnrtd tæelfen kedrek id quæ tfpn id drrnr sd mk prniuefin (y d` lñhdrn id drrnr).
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-;5
Hkltdlfhfdltn
;. 7. 5. 9.
Ud`de deeefnld B4 USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B9 UDWRFED Ud`de deeefnld DWWNW MFUYNWV Su`sd YKG n DLYDW. Kquè sd ineuhdltk ekik hdlskad id drrnr hnstrkin pnr d` klk`fzkinr. Dl `k pkrtd fzqufdrik id `k pkltk``k sd hudstrk `k bdemk y `k mnrk id` drrnr. @k pkrtd idrdemk hudstrk d` lñhdrn id drrnr enrrdspnlifdltd y ulk idserfpefõl id` drrnr. D` klk`fzkinr tkhgfæl ineuhdltk quæ hdifiks kinptõ d` usukrfn, ds idefr, quæ tde`ks utf`fzõ. Dhp`dd `ks tde`ks id eursnr pkrk idsp`kzkrsd pnr `k `fstk id hdlskads. 4. Ud`de deeefnld B7 SWFLY K@@ pkrk fhprfhfr tnin d` mfstnrfk` id drrnrds.
Yde`ks
2.7.2
B;SWFLY
Fhprfhd d` hdlskad id drrnr sd`deefnlkin fle`uydlin `k bdemk y `k mnrk dl qud sd prniuan.
B7SWFLY K@@
Fhprfhd `k `fstk enhp`dtk id hdlskads id drrnr, fle`ufins `ns iktns id` ñ`tfhn `kvkin id `ks kjuaks y `k ñ`tfhk `fhpfdzk id` sfstdhk. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k fhprdsnrk tfdld subfefdltd pkpd`.
B9UDWRFED
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ UDWRFED.
B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU.
B2[TK@FYV ENLYWN@
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ [TK@FYV ENLYWN@.
B:DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ DRK@TKYD UKHS@DU.
B=WD[TDUY UKHS@DU
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ WD[TDUY UKHS@DU.
B6UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ
Ekhgfk k` hdlñ UKHS@D MKLI@FLJ.
B;3HKFL HDLT
Wdjrdsk k` HKFL HDLT.
Hdlskads id drrnr @ns hdlskads id drrnr hnstrkins pnr d` klk`fzkinr pudidl ifvfifrsd dl ins jrupns1 hdlskads id `ks prudgks hdlskads drrnr id mkriwkrd. Hdlskads idy`ks prudgksid(Flifekinrds) Wdhètksd k .
@ns hdlskads id` flifekinr sd fhprfhdl idtrës id` rdsu`tkin id ulk prudgk. @ns hdlskads id drrnr hkrekins enl ul kstdrfsen (*) dl `k `fstk sfjufdltd tkhgfæl kpkrdedl dl pkltk``k y sd pudidl rdenlnedr pnr ulk sdûk` keñstfek, qud sd pudid pkrkr pu`sklin `k gkrrk dspkefkinrk. Wdhètksd k .
2- ;9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Hkltdlfhfdltn
Hdlskad id drrnr Ekusk Keefõl Rfn`kefõl id `ns kaustds dl `ns Enhprudgd `k hudstrk, rdketfvn y @FLDKWFYV DWWNW `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk. KGUNWGKLED @FHFY DWWNW pkrëhdtrns id `k prudgk WDKJDLY KGUNWGKLED IDRFKYFNL DWWNW WDKJDLY DWWNW G@KLO @FHFY EK@FGWKYFNL EK@FGWK YFNL @FHFY DWWNW ENLYWN@ @FHFY DWWNW WDBDWDLED @FHFY DWWNW WDKJDLY KGUNWGKLED DWWNW * FLUT FLUTBBF BBFEFD EFDLY LY WDKJDL WDKJDLY Y D` fltdrr fltdrrupt uptnr nr id id sdju sdjurfi rfiki ki id `k kjuak id rdketfvns sd ketfvk (gntd``k vkeèk). D` sfstdhk id idtdeefõl id `èqufin id `k kjuak id rdketfvns ln idtdetk `èqufin (bk`tk `k gntd``k n dstë vkeèk). Ln bulefnlk d` sfstdhk id idtdeefõl id `èqufin. * LN LN WD WDKJDLY YK YKODL D` lf lfvd` id id ``dlkin id ``k k gn gntd``k id rdketfvn ds idhksfkin d`dvkin (ds idefr, d` lfvd` id ``dlkin dstë edrek id `k tkpk rnsekik). Ud dstë prniuefdlin dspuhk. * WDKJDLY SFSDYYFLJ @k kjuak id rdketfvns ln puin Ksdjñrdsd id qud sd mk flstk`kin UYNSSDI `fhpfkrsd y pnr tkltn sd mk ME` dl d` rntnr id rdketfvns y qud idtdlfin d` pfpdtdn. `k gntd``k ln dstë vkeèk. * @K @KHS TL TLIDWWKLJD Ud id idtdetk ul ulk sn sngrddsek`k Wdhètksd k` drrnr id mkriwkrd id` enltkinr (< 76 333) @KHS BKF@TWD. iurkltd ulk hdifefõl. * @KHS NRDWWKLJD Ud idtdetk ulk sugdsek`k id` Wdhètksd k` drrnr id mkriwkrd enltkinr enltk inr (0 ;3) iurkltd iurkltd ulk @KHS BKF@TWD. hdifefõl. * @KHS TLIDWWKLJD WDB Ud hfid ulk sngrddsek`k id` Wdhètksd k` drrnr id mkriwkrd EMKLLD@ enltkinr (< 76 333) pkrk d` @KHS BKF@TWD. idtdetnr id rdbdrdlefk iurkltd ulk hdifefõl. Wdhètksd k` drrnr id mkriwkrd * @KHS NRDWWKLJD WDB Ud hfid ulk sugdsek`k id` @KHS BKF@TWD. EMKLLD@ enltkinr (0 ;3) pkrk d` idtdetnr id rdbdrdlefk iurkltd ulk hdifefõl. FLU FLUTBBF TBBFE EFDLY FDLY UKHS KHS@D D` flt fltdr drru rupt ptnr nr id sd sdju jurf rfik iki i id id `k kjuak id hudstrks sd ketfvk (rdefpfdltd id hudstrks vkeèn). D` sfstdhk id idtdeefõl id `èqufin id `k kjuak id hudstrks ln idtdetk `èqufin trks kspfrkr `k hudstrk (idtdeefõl id gurguaks id kfrd).
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2. 2.7. 7.::
Hd Hdls lska kads ds id drrn drrnrr i idd m mkr kriw iwkr krdd @ns hdlskads id drrnr id mkriwkrd sd hudstrkl dl pkltk``k y sd rdenlnedl k trkvæs id ulk sdûk` keñstfek qud pudid idtdldr pu`sklin `k gkrrk dspkefkinrk. K enltflukefõl sd dxp`fekrël `ns hdlskads id drrnr id mkriwkrd hës fhpnrtkltds. @ns drrnrds qud pudid d`fhflkr d` prnpfn usukrfn sd idserfgdl idtk``kikhdltd. Dl jdldrk`, huemns drrnrds prnvnekl k` hfshn tfdhpn ntrns drrnrds. Snr dadhp`n, ul drrnr id` grkzn id `kvkin (D;77) tkhgfæl prnvnek ulk pkrkik id dhdrjdlefk id` sfstdhk (D37). K` sn`uefnlkr d` drrnr hës ngvfn, lnrhk`hdltd idskpkrded tkhgfæl d` ntr ntrn n drrnr.
Hdlskad id drrnr Ekusk @33 Hkstdr gnkri WKH emdeo drrnr @3; Hkstdr gnkri WNH emdeo drrnr @3 @37 7 Uys Uystd tdh h dhdr dhdrjd jdle leyy mk` mk`tt Ud tneõ tneõ kee keefi fidl dltk tk`h `hdl dltd td d` grkzn id hudstrks n rdketfvns, pnr dadhp`n, iurkltd `k hdifefõl. D` klk`fzkinr fltdrruhpd flhdifktkhdltd tniks `ks npdrkefnlds. @35 Eye`d tfhflj prng`dh @34 Ln e`dkl euvdttd
@3: Uystd Uystdh h rdsdt rdsdt flenhp` flenhp`dtd dtd
@;3 Ln vkeuuh
Uf dl d` rntnr id eugdtks ln sd ifspnld id ulk eugdtk `fhpfk (pnr dadhp`n, idgfin k ul drrnr id vkeèn) d` grkzn id `kvkin enl d` g`nqud id sdekin ln sd hudvd mkefk d` bnlin id `k eugdtk pkrk dvftkr `k enltkhflkefõl id` g`nqud id sdekin. Snr tkltn, ln sd ifspnld id ulk eugdtk `fhpfk dl d` klk`fzkinr. Idgfin Idgfin k drrnr drrnrds ds kife kifefnl fnlk`d k`dss d` rdflfefn id` sfstdhk ln bud enhp`dtn.
Keefõl Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d y pu`sd EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. D` klk`fzkinr `d prdjultk sf idgdl rdpdtfrsd `ks hdifefnlds fltdrruhpfiks, euyns rdsu`tkins sd ekled`krnl. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d (pnr dadhp`n, `fhpfd y sdqud hkluk`hdltd d` rntnr, flstk`d uln ludvn n rd``æld`n) y sd`deefnld EYW@+B;3 UVUYDH WDUDY. Uf sd rdpftd d` drrnr, flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen.
D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d y sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY pkrk rdpdtfr d` rdflfefn. Uf sd
rdpftd d` drrnr, flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Gnhgk id vkeèn idbdetunsk. Flbnrhd k` pdrsnlk` id` sdrvfefn Yugns id vkeèn idbdetunsns n tæelfen. pflzkins. Enhprudgd qud `ns tugns qud Udlsnr id vkeèn idbdetunsn n enldetkl d` klk`fzkinr enl `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk n d` hk` kaustkin. D` vkeèn ln ds subfefdltd iurkltd ul pdrfnin klk`fzkinr enl `ks gntd``ks ln dstël kenikins u ngstrufins. supdrfnr k 7,4 sdjulins. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf `k gnhgk id vkeèn bulefnlk kideukikhdltd y sustftuyk `k hdhgrklk n `k gnhgk id vkeèn enhp`dtk sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf dxfstdl bujks dl `ns tugns id vkeèn. Enhprudgd d` sdlsnr id vkeèn y
rdkañstd`n sf ds ldedskrfn.
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Hkltdlfhfdltn
Hdlskad id drrnr @;; Zkstd bu``
@;7 Zk Zktdr ru rullflj nu nut
Ekusk @k sdûk` id ZKUYD BT@@ dstë "k`tk"" iurkltd ; sdjulin (n hës).
Keefõl Rkeèd d` enltdldinr id idsdemns. Enhprudgd sf d` fltdrruptnr b`ntkltd id` enltdldinr id idsdemns bulefnlk kideukikhdltd y sustftñyk`n n
rdpërd`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd `ns ekg`ds. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf `k sdûk` id idtdeefõl id` enltdldinr id idsdemns ``dln dstë prdsdltd dl `k p`kek id` sfstdhk Euklin `k sdûk` dstë prdsdltd, d` prng`dhk pudid idgdrsd k ul bk``n id bulefnlkhfdltn id `k p`kek id` sfstdhk. D` id idtdetnr id id l lffvd` ssu updrfnr Enhprudgd sf mky subfefdltd flifek qud ln mky kjuk dl d` `èqufin id` sfstdhk dl d` enltdldinr id kjuk, kulqud `k enltdldinr id kjuk y rd``æld`n sf gnhgk dstæ dledlifik iurkltd ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf `ns ul pdrfnin supdrfnr k 75 sdjulins.
tugns kjuk tfdldl bujks nn dstël id g`nqudkins y rdpkrd sustftuyk `ns tugns idbdetunsns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id` enltdldinr id` `èqufin id` sfstdhk dstë g`nqudkin y sustftñyk`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Uf sd mk vkefkin d` enltdldinr id idsdemns, hkltdljk d` enltdldinr id kjuk y `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk k ul lfvd` supdrfnr, pkrk jkrkltfzkr qud d` kjuk ``djk k` klk`fzkinr enl hës bkef`fiki. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` efreuftn id idtdeefõl id` lfvd` id `èqufin bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd y rdpërd`n sf ds ldedskrfn.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
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Hdlskad id drrnr @;5 `khp bkf`urd
Ekusk Ud idtdetk ulk sdûk` id sngrddsek`k iurkltd ulk hdifefõl. @k sdûk` id sngrddsek`k id` enltkinr sd jdldrk euklin `k sdûk` id `k
Keefõl Uf sd rdpftd dstd drrnr, enhprudgd sf `k `ëhpkrk dstë bulefnlklin y rddhp`ëed`k sf ds ldedskrfn. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1
bntneæ`u`k ds idhksfkin gkak. Enhprudgd sf `k `ëhpkrk rdefgd Euklin `ns vk`nrds id `ns tdlsfõl y dstë gfdl kaustkik. iktns id` g`klen sdkl Kaustd n rdpkrd d` suhflfstrn id flenrrdetns tkhgfæl, d` kaustd tdlsfõl sf ds ldedskrfn. id jklklefk id ul khp`fbfekinr Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id dltrkik ds flenrrdetn n mky sd`deefnlkin dstë dl d` bf`khdltn ul khp`fbfekinr id dltrkik id `k `ëhpkrk. Dl eksn ldjktfvn, idbdetunsn (dl `k p`kek enhprudgd sf d` trklspnrtd id `k bntnhætrfek). bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd. Idseugrk d` bk``n sfjufdlin d` prnedifhfdltn id kaustd (sughdlñ D@DEYWNLFEU ) id` hdlñ UDWRFED sf `k ekusk id` prng`dhk ds ul khp`fbfekinr id dltrkik kaustkin idbdetunsn n flenrrdetn. Enhprudgd qud `k fltdlsfiki id `k `ëhpkrk ln ds dxedsfvkhdltd k`tk (sfjlns flbflftns dl `ks gkrrks id fltdlsfiki id` hdlñ @KHS KIATUYHDLY ). @;9 Euvdttds tdhp drrnr Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. @;4 rdkjdlt lddi`d tdhp drrnr Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. @;2 enledltrktdi wkstd bu`` Rkeèd d` enltdldinr enltd ldinr npefnlk` id (sõ`n sf dstë flstk`kin d` idsdemns enledltrkins. enltdldinr npefnlk`) Enhprudgd sf d` fltdrruptnr b`ntkltd id` enltdldinr id idsdemns enledltrkins bulefnlk kideukikhdltd. Enhprudgd `ns ekg`ds. @;: flsubbfefdlt wktdr D` idtdetnr id lfvd` flbdrfnr Enhprudgd sf mky subfefdltd flifek qud ln mky kjuk dl d` `èqufin id` sfstdhk dl d` enltdldinr id kjuk. enltdldinr y rd``æld`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf `ns tugns id `èqufin tfdldl bujks n dstël g`nqudkins y rdpërd`ns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id` enltdldinr dstë g`nqudkin y sustftñyk`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` efreuftn id idtdeefõl id` lfvd` id `èqufin id` sfstdhk bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd y rdpërd`n sf ds ldedskrfn. @73 Ukhp`d syr. pns. drrnr
Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr.
@7; Ukhp`d syr. pns. drrnr @77 Ukhp`d vk`vd drrnr
Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr.
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Hdlskad id drrnr @75 Wdkj. syr. pns. drrnr @79 rdkj. syr. pns. drrnr @74 Wdkj. vk`vd drrnr @53 pfpdttnr ;9R bkf`di @5; pfpdttnr 53R bkf`di @57 pfpdttnr flft bkf`di @54 skhp`d syr. rdsdt bkf`di D52 rdkjdlt syr. rdsdt bkf`di @5: pfpdttnr enhhulfektfnl drrnr @93 hdks. ifse ;9R bkf`di @9; hdks. ifse 53R bkf`di @97 hdksurdhdlt ifse drrnr @95 bf`tdr drrnr
@47 hdks. ifse flft bkf`di @44 hdks. ifse rdsdt bkf`di @42 bf`tdr rdsdt bkf`di
@4: hdks. ifse enhhulfektfnl drrnr @23 skhp`d krh ;9R bkf`di @2; skhp`d krh 53R bkf`di @27 skhp`d krh mnrfznltk` drrnr @25 skhp`d krh vdrtfek` drrnr @:7 skhp`d krh flft bkf`di @:4 skhp`d krh rdsdt bkf`di @:2 skhp`d krh rdsdt bkf`di @:: skhp`d krh enhhulfektfnl drrnr
Ekusk
Keefõl Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH
WDUDY.
@=3 rdkjdlt krh ;9R bkf`di @=; rdkjdlt krh 53R bkf`di
Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen.
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Hdlskad id drrnr @=7 rdkjdlt krh mnrfznltk` drrnr @=5 rdkjdlt krh vdrtfek` drrnr @67 rdkjdlt krh flft bkf`di @64 rdkjdlt krh rdsdt bkf`di @62 rdkjdlt krh rdsdt bkf`di @6: rdkjdlt krh enhhulfektfnl drrnr @;33 ifses ;9R bkf`di @;3; ifses 53R bkf`di @;37 rdkjdlt ifse drrnr @;35 skhp`d ifse drrnr @;32 Wdkjdlt ifse rdsdt bkf`di @;3: Wdkjdlt ifse enhulfektd. drrnr @;;3 Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp ;9R bkf`di @;;; Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp 53R bkf`di @;;7 ifses flft bkf`di @;;5 Gd``nws puhp drrnr
Ekusk
Keefõl Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n EYW@+B2 UVUYDH sd`deefnld W DUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY.
Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY.
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Hdlskad id drrnr @;;9 Zktdr nvdrb`nw hdksurdhdlt ifse
Ekusk D` grkzn id `kvkin idtdetk qud d` `èqufin k`eklzk `ns sdlsnrds id idsgnrikhfdltn. ;. D` grkzn id `kvkin ifspdlsk idhksfkik kjuk.
Keefõl Dl d` dstkin stkligy n flketfvd, rdtfrd `k eugfdrtk id `k eugdtk y enltflñd d` bulefnlkhfdltn. ;. Enhprudgd `ns tugns dltrd `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk y `k ulfiki
7. K`julks n tniks `ks kjuaks id `ns grkzns id `kvkin ln kspfrkl enrrdetkhdltd. 5. D` hdlskad sd dlvèk pnr drrnr. Ln mky ulk ekusk dvfidltd.
prflefpk` y dltrd `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk y `ks gntd``ks. 7. Rkyk k` hdlñ Emkljd Wntnr, d`dvd d` grkzn id `kvkin y `fhpfd `ks kjuaks enl ulk vkrf``k id `fhpfdzk. Enhprudgd d` vkeèn y `ks vë`vu`ks 7 y 9. 5. D`dvd d` grkzn id `kvkin y `fhpfd `k pkrtd flbdrfnr id æstd y k`rdidinr id `ns sdlsnrds id idsgnrikhfdltn. Enhprudgd d` sdlsnr id idsgnrikhfdltn. Uustftuyk d` grkzn id `kvkin sf budrk ldedskrfn.
Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` kaustd id` grkzn id `kvkin ds enrrdetn. Enhprudgd sf dxfstdl bk``ns id bulefnlkhfdltn dl `ns sdlsnrds õptfens y rdpërd`ns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` grkzn id `kvkin dstë gfdl kprdtkin. Enhprudgd d` rntnr id eugdtks y @;;4 Ln euvdttds Ln mky rntnr id eugdtks flstk`kin n d` grkzn id `kvkin rdstkg`dzek. dstë idhksfkin gkan pkrk `k Ksdjñrdsd id qud d` rntnr id eugdtks dstë enrrdetkhdltd `deturk id` sdlsnr õptfen. en`nekin. @;77 Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. flft bkf`di drrnr @;74 Zksmkrh rdsdt bkf`di Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Ræksd tkhgfæl D;77 wksmkrh drrnr. @;72 Gd``nws puhp rdsdt bkf`di Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY.
Hdlskad id drrnr W;93 Hkstdr gnkri WKH emdeo drrnr W;9; emdeo Hkstdr drrnr gnkri WNH
Ekusk
Keefõl Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen.
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Hdlskad id drrnr Ekusk W;97 W;9 7 Uystdh Uystdh dhdr dhdrjdl jdley ey mk`t mk`t Ud tneõ tneõ keefid keefidltk ltk`hd `hdltd ltd d` d` grkzn id hudstrks n rdketfvns, pnr dadhp`n, iurkltd `k hdifefõl. D` klk`fzkinr fltdrruhpd flhdifktkhdltd
Keefõl D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d y pu`sd EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. D` klk`fzkinr `d prdjultk sf idgdl rdpdtfrsd `ks hdifefnlds fltdrruhpfiks, euyns rdsu`tkins
sd ekled`krnl. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Uf dl d` rntnr id eugdtks ln sd D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d (pnr ifspnld id ulk eugdtk `fhpfk dadhp`n, `fhpfd y sdqud (pnr dadhp`n, idgfin k ul drrnr hkluk`hdltd d` rntnr, flstk`d uln id vkeèn) d` grkzn id `kvkin ludvn n rd``æld`n) y sd`deefnld enl d` g`nqud id sdekin ln sd EYW@+B;3 UVUYDH WDUDY. Uf sd rdpftd d` drrnr, flbnrhd k` snpnrtd hudvd mkefk d` bnlin id `k tæelfen. eugdtk pkrk dvftkr `k enltkhflkefõl id` g`nqud id sdekin. Snr tkltn, ln sd ifspnld id ulk eugdtk `fhpfk dl d` klk`fzkinr. W;9: Uystdh Uystdh rdsdt flenhp`dtd flenhp`dtd Idgfin Idgfin k drrnrds drrnrds kifefnlk` kifefnlk`ds ds d` D`fhfld d` drrnr sf ds pnsfg`d y rdflfefn id` sfstdhk ln bud sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH
W;95 Eye`d tfhflj prng`dh W;94 Ln e`dkl euvdttd
tniks `ks npdrkefnlds.
enhp`dtn. W;43 Ln vkeuuh
W;4; Zkstd bu``
WDUDY pkrk rdpdtfr d` rdflfefn. Uf sd
rdpftd d` drrnr, flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Gnhgk id vkeèn idbdetunsk. Flbnrhd k` pdrsnlk` id` sdrvfefn Yugns id vkeèn idbdetunsns n tæelfen. pflzkins. Enhprudgd qud `ns tugns qud Udlsnr id vkeèn idbdetunsn n enldetkl d` klk`fzkinr enl `k hk` kaustkin. D` vkeèn ln ds ulfiki id `k gnhgk n d` subfefdltd iurkltd ul pdrfnin klk`fzkinr enl `ks gntd``ks ln supdrfnr k 7,4 sdjulins. dstël kenikins u ngstrufins. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf `k gnhgk id vkeèn bulefnlk kideukikhdltd y sustftuyk `k hdhgrklk n `k gnhgk id vkeèn enhp`dtk sf ds ldedskrfn.
Enhprudgd sf dxfstdl bujks dl `ns tugns id vkeèn. Enhprudgd d` sdlsnr id vkeèn y rdkañstd`n sf ds ldedskrfn. @k sdûk` id ZKUYD BT@@ dstë Rkeèd d` enltdldinr id idsdemns. "k`tk"" iurkltd ; sdjulin (n Enhprudgd sf d` fltdrruptnr hës). b`ntkltd id` enltdldinr id idsdemns bulefnlk kideukikhdltd y sustftñyk`n n rdpërd`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd `ns ekg`ds. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf `k sdûk` id idtdeefõl id` enltdldinr id idsdemns ``dln dstë prdsdltd dl `k p`kek id` sfstdhk Euklin `k sdûk` dstë prdsdltd, d` prng`dhk
pudid idgdrsd k ul bk``n id bulefnlkhfdltn id `k p`kek id` sfstdhk.
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Hdlskad id drrnr W;47 Zktdr tdr rull llfflj nut
Ekusk D` id idtd tdeetnr tnr id lfvd` supdrfnr flifek qud ln mky kjuk dl d` enltdldinr id kjuk, kulqud `k gnhgk dstæ dledlifik iurkltd ul pdrfnin supdrfnr k 74
Keefõl Enhprudgd sf mky subfefdltd `èqufin id` sfstdhk dl d` enltdldinr id kjuk y rd``æld`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf `ns tugns id kjuk tfdldl bujks n
dstël g`nqudkins y rdpkrd n sustftuyk `ns tugns idbdetunsns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id` enltdldinr id` `èqufin id` sfstdhk dstë g`nqudkin y sustftñyk`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Uf sd mk vkefkin d` enltdldinr id idsdemns, hkltdljk d` enltdldinr id kjuk y `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk k ul lfvd` supdrfnr, pkrk jkrkltfzkr qud d` kjuk ``djk k` klk`fzkinr enl hës bkef`fiki. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` efreuftn id idtdeefõl id` lfvd` id `èqufin bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd y rdpërd`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Uf sd rdpftd dstd drrnr, enhprudgd Ud idtdetk ulk sdûk` id sf `k `ëhpkrk dstë bulefnlklin y sngrddsek`k iurkltd ulk rddhp`ëed`k sf ds ldedskrfn. hdifefõl. @k sdûk` id Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. sngrddsek`k id` enltkinr sd jdldrk euklin `k sdûk` id `k Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 bntneæ`u`k ds idhksfkin gkak. Enhprudgd sf `k `ëhpkrk rdefgd tdlsfõl y dstë gfdl kaustkik. Euklin `ns vk`nrds id `ns Kaustd n rdpkrd d` suhflfstrn id iktns id` g`klen sdkl flenrrdetns tkhgfæl, d` kaustd tdlsfõl sf ds ldedskrfn. id jklklefk id ul khp`fbfekinr Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id dltrkik ds flenrrdetn n mky sd`deefnlkin dstë dl d` bf`khdltn id `k `ëhpkrk. Dl eksn ldjktfvn, ul khp`fbfekinr id dltrkik enhprudgd sf d` trklspnrtd id `k idbdetunsn (dl `k p`kek bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd. bntnhætrfek). Idseugrk d` bk``n sfjufdlin d` prnedifhfdltn id kaustd (sughdlñ D@DEYWNLFEU ) id` hdlñ UDWRFED )sf `k ekusk id` prng`dhk ds ul khp`fbfekinr id dltrkik kaustkin idbdetunsn n flenrrdetn. Enhprudgd qud `k fltdlsfiki id `k `ëhpkrk ln ds dxedsfvkhdltd k`tk (sfjlns flbflftns dl `ks gkrrks id fltdlsfiki id` hdlñ @KHS KIATUYHDLY ). Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf
sdjulins.
W;45 `khp bkf`urd
W;49 Euvdttds tdhp drrnr W;44 rdkjdlt lddi`d tdhp drrnr
vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-75
Hkltdlfhfdltn
Hdlskad id drrnr W;42 enledltrktdi wkstd bu`` (sõ`n sf dstë flstk`kin d` enltdldinr npefnlk`)
W;4: ffl lsubbfefdlt wk wktdr
W;23 Ukhp`d syr. pns. drrnr W;2; Ukhp`d syr. pns. drrnr W;27 Ukhp`d vk`vd drrnr W;25 Wdkj. syr. pns. drrnr W;29 rdkj. syr. pns. drrnr W;24 Wdkj. vk`vd drrnr W;:3 pfpdttnr ;9R bkf`di W;:; pfpdttnr 53R bkf`di W;:7 pfpdttnr flft bkf`di W;:4 skhp`d syr. rdsdt bkf`di W;:2 rdkjdlt syr. rdsdt bkf`di W;:: pfpdttnr enhhulfektfnl drrnr W;=3 hdks. ifse ;9R bkf`di W;=; hdks. ifse 53R bkf`di W;=7 hdksurdhdlt ifse drrnr W;=5 bf`tdr drrnr
W;67 hdks. ifse flft bkf`di
Ekusk
D` id idtdetnr id id l lffvd` fl flbdrfnr flifek qud ln mky kjuk dl d` enltdldinr id kjuk.
Keefõl Rkeèd d` enltdldinr enltd ldinr npefnlk` id idsdemns enledltrkins. Enhprudgd sf d` fltdrruptnr b`ntkltd id` enltdldinr id idsdemns enledltrkins bulefnlk kideukikhdltd. Enhprudgd `ns ekg`ds. Enhprudgd sf mky subfefdltd `èqufin id` sfstdhk dl d` enltdldinr y rd``æld`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf `ns tugns id `èqufin tfdldl bujks n dstël g`nqudkins y rdpërd`ns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` bf`trn id` enltdldinr dstë g`nqudkin y sustftñyk`n sf ds ldedskrfn. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` efreuftn id idtdeefõl id` lfvd` id `èqufin id` sfstdhk enrrdetkhdltd y rdpërd`n bulefnlk sf ds ldedskrfn. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. B4
W;64 hdks. ifse rdsdt bkf`di
S u`sd (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH
WDUDY.
2- 79
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Hdlskad id drrnr W;62 bf`tdr rdsdt bkf`di
W;6: hdks. ifse enhhulfektfnl drrnr W733 skhp`d krh ;9R bkf`di W73; skhp`d krh 53R bkf`di W737 skhp`d krh mnrfznltk` drrnr W735 skhp`d krh vdrtfek` drrnr W7;7 skhp`d krh flft bkf`di W7;4 skhp`d krh rdsdt bkf`di
W7;2 skhp`d krh rdsdt bkf`di W7;: skhp`d krh enhhulfektfnl drrnr W773 rdkjdlt krh ;9R bkf`di W77; rdkjdlt krh 53R bkf`di W777 rdkjdlt krh mnrfznltk` drrnr W775 rdkjdlt krh vdrtfek` drrnr W757 rdkjdlt krh flft bkf`di W754 rdkjdlt krh rdsdt bkf`di W752 rdkjdlt krh rdsdt bkf`di W75: rdkjdlt krh enhhulfektfnl drrnr W793 ifses ;9R bkf`di W79; ifses 53R bkf`di W797 rdkjdlt ifse drrnr
W795 skhp`d ifse drrnr
Ekusk
Keefõl Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen sf vud`vd k prniuefrsd d` drrnr. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. S u`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH
WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY.
W792 Wdkjdlt ifse rdsdt bkf`di
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-74
Hkltdlfhfdltn
Hdlskad id drrnr Ekusk W79: Wdkjdlt ifse enhulfektd. drrnr W743 Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp ;9R bkf`di W74; Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp 53R bkf`di W747 ifses flft bkf`di W745 Gd``nws puhp drrnr W749 Zktdr nvdrb`nw hdksurdhdlt ifse
D` grkzn id `kvkin idtdetk qud d` `èqufin k`eklzk `ns sdlsnrds id idsgnrikhfdltn. ;. D` grkzn id `kvkin ifspdlsk idhksfkik kjuk. 7. K`julks n tniks `ks kjuaks id `ns grkzns id `kvkin ln kspfrkl enrrdetkhdltd. 5. D` hdlskad sd dlvèk pnr drrnr. Ln mky ulk ekusk dvfidltd.
Keefõl
Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Dl d` dstkin stkligy n flketfvd, rdtfrd `k eugfdrtk id `k eugdtk y enltflñd d` bulefnlkhfdltn. ;. Enhprudgd `ns tugns dltrd `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk y `k ulfiki prflefpk` y dltrd `k ulfiki id `k gnhgk y `ks gntd``ks. 7. Rkyk k` hdlñ Emkljd Wntnr, d`dvd d` grkzn id `kvkin y `fhpfd `ks kjuaks enl ulk vkrf``k id `fhpfdzk. Enhprudgd d` vkeèn y `ks vë`vu`ks 7 y 9. 5. D`dvd d` grkzn id `kvkin y `fhpfd `k pkrtd flbdrfnr id æstd y k`rdidinr id `ns sdlsnrds id idsgnrikhfdltn. Enhprudgd d` sdlsnr id idsgnrikhfdltn. Uustftuyk d` grkzn id `kvkin sf budrk ldedskrfn. Uõ`n pkrk d` pdrsnlk` id sdrvfefn1 Enhprudgd sf d` kaustd id` grkzn id `kvkin ds enrrdetn.
Enhprudgd sf dxfstdl id bulefnlkhfdltn dl `ns bk``ns sdlsnrds õptfens y rdpërd`ns sf ds ldedskrfn. Enhprudgd sf d` grkzn id `kvkin dstë gfdl kprdtkin. W744 Ln euvdttds Ln mky rntnr id eugdtks Enhprudgd d` rntnr id eugdtks y flstk`kin n d` grkzn id `kvkin rdstkg`dzek. dstë idhksfkin gkan pkrk `k Ksdjñrdsd id qud d` rntnr id `deturk id` sdlsnr õptfen. eugdtks dstë enrrdetkhdltd en`nekin. W727 Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp Flbnrhd k` snpnrtd tæelfen. flft bkf`di drrnr W724 Zksmkrh rdsdt bkf`di Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY.
Ræksd tkhgfæl D;77 wksmkrh
drrnr.
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Hdlskad id drrnr W722 Gd``nws puhp rdsdt bkf`di
Ekusk
W72: Zksmkrh/gd``nws puhp enhh. drrnr
Hdlskad id drrnr 7=3 FUD Lnt prdsdlt
Keefõl Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Su`sd B4 (Updefbfe Wdsdt) n sd`deefnld EYW@+B2 UVUYDH WDUDY. Ekusk @k enldxfõl dltrd `k ulfiki Iry-FUD y d` klk`fzkinr ln ds enhp`dtk.
Keefõl Su`sd B9. Uf d` drrnr ln sd gnrrk, enhprudgd `ks enldxfnlds id ekg`d k `k ulfiki y ksdjñrdsd id qud `k ulfiki dstæ dledlifik.
7=; FUD Uylemrnlfzktfnl drrnr 7=7 Enhhulfektfnl drrnr 7=5 Wdsdt ketfvd 7=9 FUD Krh drrnr D` grkzn FUD dstë dl `k Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` pnsfefõl flenrrdetk iurkltd sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk ulk enhprngkefõl id dstkin. enhp`dtn. Ksdjñrdsd id qud ln mkyk 7=4 FUD Lnt rdkiy
7=: FUD Udqudled drrnr 763 Iktk drrnr 76; FUD Utkrt-up drrnr
763 FUD Iktk drrnr
fltdrbdrdlefk hdeëlfek. Ln tnqud d` grkzn FUD. D` klk`fzkinr sd flfefk iurkltd Su`sd B9 euklin `k ulfiki Iryd` prnedifhfdltn id krrklqud FUD dstæ `fstk pkrk d` id `k ulfiki Iry-FUD. @k bulefnlkhfdltn. D` rdsu`tkin ulfiki Iry-FUD ln dstë `fstk. hnstrkrë d` flifekinr ‐;‘. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k ulfiki IryFUD dstæ `fstk kltds id flfefkr ulk hdifefõl.
Tl enhklin sd dleudltrk dl Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk `k bksd flenrrdetk id ulk sdeudlefk id enhklins. enhp`dtn. Dstd drrnr pudid prniuefrsd Ksdjñrdsd id qud tnins `ns iurkltd `ns efe`ns id `fhpfdzk y lfvd`ds id `èqufins sdkl ek`fgrkefõl. enrrdetns. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ns `èqufins dstæl dl `k pnsfefõl enrrdetk. Ud prniued ul drrnr iurkltd `k Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` ek`fgrkefõl kutnhëtfek k` sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk krrklqud. enhp`dtn. Ksdjñrdsd id qud1 @k gntd``k id rdbdrdlefk tdljk subfefdltd `èqufin. D` tugn id k`fhdltkefõl ln tdljk ulk ngstrueefõl. D` snrgdinr ln tdljk ulk ngstrueefõl. @k gnhgk pdrfstë`tfek bulefnld enrrdetkhdltd. @ks vë`vu`ks id rdbdrdlefk y id
hudstrk bulefnldl enrrdetkhdltd.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
2-7:
Hkltdlfhfdltn
Hdlskad id drrnr 76 767 7 FUD FUD Flsu Flsubb bbfe fefd fdlt lt skh skhp` p`d d
Ekusk Ln mky mky `èq `èquf ufin in id id huds hudstr trk k prdsdltd dl d` sfstdhk.
765 FUD FUD Gugg` Gugg`d d idtdetn idtdetnrr drrnr drrnr @k gnhgk gnhgk id` sfst sfstdhk dhk ln ln bulefnlk enrrdetkhdltd.
Keefõl Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk enhp`dtn. Dxkhfld `ns tugns. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ns tugns ln tdljkl ngstrueefnlds. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k eugdtk id hudstrk tdljk subfefdltd `èqufin id hudstrk. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `k eugdtk id hudstrk dstæ dl `k pnsfefõl enrrdetk. Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk enhp`dtn. Dxkhfld `ns tugns. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ns tugns ln tdljkl ngstrueefnlds. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ks sn`uefnlds id rdketfvns y `ks hudstrks dstæl
dl `ks B9. pnsfefnlds Ln dstël ifspnlfg`ds `ns Su`sd Wdk`fed enrrdetks ulk pkrkik id` pkrëhdtrns pkrk `k ulfiki FUD. sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk enhp`dtn. Ekrjud `ns pkrëhdtrns id `k ulfiki Iry-FUD k æstk. Ksdjñrdsd id ekrjkr tnins `ns pkrëhdtrns dl d` sfstdhk. 764 FUD ek`fgrktfnl ek`fgrktfnl ulkvkf`kg` ulkvkf`kg`d d D` usukrfn usukrfn flfefk ulk hdifefõl hdifefõl Su`sd B9. Wdk`fed ulk pkrkik id` kltds id qud d` sfstdhk dstæ sfstdhk y rdstkg`dzek d` sfstdhk ek`fgrkin. enhp`dtn. Ek`fgrd d` sfstdhk. Ksdjñrdsd id qud d` sfstdhk dstæ ek`fgrkin kltds id flfefkr euk`qufdr prudgk. 769 FUD Skrkhdtdrs ulkvkf`kg`d
762 FUD FUD Flsubbf Flsubbfefd efdlt lt rdbdrd rdbdrdled led Ln mky mky subfefd subfefdltd ltd `è`èquf qufin in id rdbdrdlefk.
Su`sd B9.y rdstkg`dzek Wdk`fed ulk d` pkrkik id` sfstdhk sfstdhk enhp`dtn. Enhprudgd d` lfvd` id `k gntd``k id rdbdrdlefk. Uustftuyk dl eksn ldedskrfn. Dxkhfld `ns tugns. Ksdjñrdsd id qud `ns tugns ln tdljkl ngstrueefnlds.
2- 7=
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
:F LUYK@KEFÕL
Flstk`kefõl
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
:. ;
Flstk`kefõl id` mkriwkrd Skrk utf`fzkr d` klk`fzkinr enl ul SE, ds ldedskrfn enldetkr d` klk`fzkinr k` SE enl d` ekg`d id sdrfd suhflfstrkin.
SWDEKTEFÕL Ln dstkg`dzek enldxfõl euklin d` SE n klk`fzkinr dstæl dledlifins. Sudid neksfnlkr ikûns tkltn k` SE enhn k` klk`fzkinr. ;. Kpkju Kpkjud d d` SE y d` Klk` Klk`fz fzkin kinrr. 7. Enldet Enldetd d d` ekg`d ekg`d TUG TUG k` k` pudrtn pudrtn TUG id` SE.
:-;
:- 7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
:. 7
Flstk`kefõl id` snbtwkrd
:.7.;
Jdldrk` D` snbtwkrd sõ`n idgd sdr flstk`kin pnr k`jufdl bkhf`fkrfzkin enl ZflinwsYH. D` snbtwkrd `n flstk`k d` bkgrfekltd. @k flstk`kefõl id snbtwkrd sõ`n ds ldedskrfk sf sd flstk`k ul SE id sustftuefõl.
Lntk Rftk` Uefdltfbfe L.R. L.R. ln jkrkltfzk d` bulefnlkhfdltn bulefnlkhfdl tn enrrdetn id` prnjrkhk euklin sd flstk`k n ketfvk snbtwkrd id ntrns bkgrfekltds dl d` SE. Ln dadeutd ntrns prnjrkhks iurkltd d` usn id` prnjrkhk id` klk`fzkinr. Wdqufsftns1 • SE sdjñl `n dspdefbfekin dl `k sdeefõl 7.6 id` hkluk` • Ifsen id flstk`kefõl id` klk`fzkinr
:.7.7
Srdpkrkefõl id` SE Skrk `njrkr ul bulefnlkhfdltn õptfhn ds ldedskrfn rdk`fzkr efdrtns kaustds. Ud rdenhfdlik rdk`fzkr`ns tk` y enhn sd idserfgd k enltflukefõl1 Enlbfjurd `k rdsn`uefõl id `k pkltk``k k ;379 x:2= pèxd`ds.
;. Ud`de deeefnld1 UYKWY idsid d` sfstdhk npdrktfvn ZflinwsYH. UDYYFLJU ENLYWN@ SKLD@ IFUS@KV
7. Ud`de deeefnld1 @K SDUYKÛK UDYYFLJU
5. Hudvk Hudvk d` d` enltrn enltrn`` ids`f ids`fzklt zkltd d dl d` ekhp ekhpn n UEWDDL KWDK k ;379 x :2=
9. Su`sd1 NO
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
Idsketfvkefõl id` prntdetnr id pkltk``k D` prntdetnr id pkltk``k idgd idsmkgf`ftkrsd pkrk jkrkltfzkr d` bulefnlkhfdltn hës dstkg`d.
;. Ud`de deeefnld1 UYKWY idsid d` dserftnrfn id ZflinwsYH. UDYYFLJU ENLYWN@ SKLD@ IFUS@KV
7. Ud`de deeefnld1 @k Sdstkûk UEWDDL UKRDW 5. Ud Ud`d `dee eefn fnld ld dl d` ek ekhp hpn n UEWDDL UKRDW1 (Lnld) 9. Su`sd1 NO
:-5
:- 9
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
Npefnlds id dldrjèk
;. Ud`de deeefnld1 UYKWY idsid d` dserftnrfn id ZflinwsYH. UDYYFLJU ENLYWN@ SKLD@ SNZDW NSYFNLU
7. Ud`de deeefnld1 @k Sdstkûk SNZDW UEMDHDU 5. Ud`dee Ud`deefnld fnld dl d` ekhpn ekhpn Snwdr Snwdr semdhds semdhds11 K@ZKVU NL
9. Ud`dee Ud`deefnld fnld dl d` d` ekhpn ekhpn Yurl Yurl nbb nbb hnlf hnlftnr tnr11 LDRDW
4. Ud`dee Ud`deefnld fnld dl d` d` ekhpn ekhpn Yu Yurl rl nbb nbb mkri mkri ifsos1 ifsos1 LDRDW
2. Su`sd1 NO
Lntk Uf su sfstdhk dstë intkin id ul Kmnrrn id dldrjèk kihftfin pnr d` GFNU, tkhgfæl idgdrë kpkjkr dstks ekrketdrèstfeks dl `k Enlbfjurkefõl EHNU (enlsu`td d` hkluk` id` SE pkrk ngtdldr hës flstrueefnlds).
:. :.7. 7.55
Fl Flst stk` k`ke kefõ fõl l id` id` sn snbbtw twkr krdd Srdpkrkefõl SWDEKTEFÕL
Ln flstk`d d` snbtwkrd dl d` SE sf mky ntrns prnjrkhks kgfdrtns. Ksdjñrdsd id qud tnins `ns prnjrkhks dstæl edrrkins. ;. Uk`jk Uk`jk id tnin tninss `ns `ns prnj prnjrkh rkhks ks
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
:-4
Flstk`kefõl
7. Fltrniuzek Fltrniuzek d` EI n d` ifsqudtd ifsqudtd id flstk`k flstk`kefõl efõl enl d` d` snbtwkrd snbtwkrd id` klk`fzk klk`fzkinr inr dl `k ulfiki ulfiki id EIEIWNH n `k ifsqudtdrk id` SE. 5. Uf d` prnjrkhk prnjrkhk id flstk`kefõl flstk`kefõl ln sd kgrd kutnhëtf kutnhëtfekhdlt ekhdltd, d, prnedik prnedik enl enl d` pksn 9 Ud`deefnld1. Ud`deefnld1. Uf d` prnjrkhk sd kgrd, prnedik enl d` pksn 2. 9. Ud`de deeefnld1 YH
UYKWY WTL idsid d` dserftnrfn id Zflinws
.
4. Mkjk Mkjk e`fe e`fe dl Grnwsd Grnwsd y gusq gusqud ud d` krem kremfvn fvn sdtup. sdtup.dxd dxd dl d` d` EI. 2. Uf kpkrded kpkrded `k vdltklk vdltklk krrfgk krrfgk flifekik, flifekik, mkjk mkjk e`fe dl d` gntõl gntõl Ldxt pkrk pkrk kedptkr kedptkr d` enpyrfjmt enpyrfjmt.. Ud hudstrk `k sfjufdltd vdltklk.
:. Ud`de deeefnld1 YVSFEK@
=. Su`sd1 LD]Y
Ud kgrd `k sfjufdltd vdltklk.
6. Enhpr Enhprud udgd gd `ns `ns kau kaustd stdss ketu ketuk` k`ds ds..
;3. Mkjk Mkjk e`f e`fee dl FLUYK@@ pkrk flstk`kr d` snbtwkrd n mkjk e`fe dl GKEO pkrk ekhgfkr `ns kaustds. ;;. Dspdrd k qud qud d` snbtwkrd snbtwkrd tdrhfld tdrhfld id flstk`kr flstk`krsd. sd. ;7. Su`sd dl `k pkltk`` pkltk``k k Flstk``ktfnl Flstk``ktfnl Srnjrkh1 Srnjrkh1 BFLFUM
:- 2
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
:.7.9
Kremfvns @k flstk`kefõl erdk `ns sfjufdltds ifrdetnrfns1 E1PSWNJWKH BF@DUPKLK@VUDW. D` ifrdetnrfn enltfdld tnins `ns kremfvns qud sd hudstrkl dl `k bfjurk. E1PSWNJWKH BF@DUPKLK@VUDWPUYKLIKWI. D` ifrdetnrfn enltfdld tnins `ns kremfvns qud sd hudstrkl dl `k bfjurk.
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
:-:
Flstk`kefõl
:.5
Ud`de Ud`deef efõl õl id fhpr fhprds dsnr nrks ks y idb idbflf flfef efõl õl id `k enld enldxf xfõl õl enl enl d` d` nridlkinr prflefpk`
:.5.;
Fltrniueefõl Uf vk k enldetkrsd d` klk`fzkinr enl ul sfstdhk DIS id `kgnrktnrfn, n sf vk k flstk`krsd ulk fhprdsnrk, idgdl idbflfrsd `ks enldxfnlds y dspdefbfekefnlds id dsns ifspnsftfvns. D` prnjrkhk id` klk`fzkinr id` SE utf`fzk trds prnjrkhks kifefnlk`ds (mkli`drs n hklfpu`kinrds) pkrk enhulfekrsd enl d` klk`fzkinr, `k(s) fhprdsnrk(s) y d` nridlkinr prflefpk` (@FU), rdspdetfvkhdltd. Euklin sd flfefk d` prnjrkhk id` klk`fzkinr mkefdlin e`fe dl d` fenln id` klk`fzkinr dl d` dserftnrfn, sd ketfvkl kutnhëtfekhdltd `ns hklfpu`kinrds klk`prlt.dxd, klk`enh.dxd y klk`mnst.dxd.
Lntk Skrk jkrkltfzkr ul bulefnlkhfdltn dstkg`d id` prnjrkhk id` klk`fzkinr, ksdjñrdsd id qud d` klk`fzkinr dstæ dl dstkin "Utkli-gy" kltds id rdk`fzkr hnifbfekefnlds dl `ns hklfpu`kinrds.
:. :.5. 5.77
Flfe Flfefn fn id sd sd`d `dee eefõ fõl li idd eenh nhul ulfe feke kefõ fõl l
;. 7. 5. 9.
:. :.5. 5.55
Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B7 FLUYK@@. Dserfgk Dserfgk `k enltrksdûk enltrksdûk id id lfvd` lfvd` uln uln dl d` eukirn eukirn id ifë`njn ifë`njn y pu`sd pu`sd DLYDW. Ud`de deeefnld ENHHTLFEKYFNL y pu`sd DLYDW.
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns id en enhu hulf lfek ekef efõl õl SWFLYDW DLKG@DI
Ud`deefnlk ulk fhprdsnrk pkrk tnins `ns pkefdltds. Ud`deefnld Nbb pkrk idsketfvkr `k fhprdsnrk. Sudid sd`deefnlkrsd euk`qufdr fhprdsnrk kihftfik pnr Zflinws.
lnhg lnhgrd rd id fhp fhprdsn rdsnrk rk
@k fhp fhprdsn rdsnrk rk prdi prdidr drtd tdhf hfl lkik kik id id Zfl Zflin inws ws..
SKJD BNWHKY
@k enlbfjurkefõl id pëjflk prdidtdrhflkik id Zflinws.
UVUYDH SWFLYNTYU
Fhprfhd ul d`dhdltn rd`ktfvn k` sfstdhk. G`klen id `k eugdtk y keefnlds id hkltdlfhfdltn enl `k fhprdsnrk sd`deefnlkik. Dstn ds ñtf` euklin d` klk`fzkinr dstë enldetkin k ul sfstdhk @FU y ln ds
ldedskrfn ul flbnrhd id` pkefdltd. SKYFDLY SWFLYNTYU
Fhprfhd `ns flbnrhds id pkefdltd enl `ks fhprdsnrk sd`deefnlkik.
TUD WDSNWY UDYTS
Ttf`fed `k enlbfjurkefõl id flbnrhd id` hdlñ FLUYK@@.
:- =
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
EK@FGWKYFNL SWFLYNTYU
Fhprfhd d` flbnrhd id ek`fgrkefõl euklin sd hfid ulk ek`fgrkefõl ludvk.
ENLYWN@ SWFLYNTYU
Fhprfhd d` flbnrhd id enltrn` ekik vdz qud sd hfid ul ludvn enltrn`.
G@KLO SWFLYNTYU
Fhprfhd d` flbnrhd id` g`klen ekik vdz qud sd hfid ul ludvn
IDRFED FI.
Enhulf Enh ulfeke ekefõl fõl mkgf`f mkgf`ftki tkik k
g`klen. Fltrniued ul eõifjn id euktrn ièjftns enl bflds b flds id fidltfbfekefõl. Y Ynik nik `k flbnrhkefõl dlvfkik k` nridlkinr prflefpk` sd fidltfbfekrë hdifkltd dstd eõifjn. Ud`dee Ud`deefnl fnld d pkrk pkrk mkgf`ft mkgf`ftkr kr `k enhulf enhulfeke ekefõl fõl enl enl ul nridlk nridlkinr inr prfle prflefpk fpk`.`. Idsd`deefnld pkrk idsmkgf`ftkr `k enhulfekefõl enl ul nridlkinr prflefpk`. (Snr idbdetn).
Hnin enhpktfg`d Bnrhktn khp`fkin
:. :.5. 5.99
:.5.4 :.5 .4
Yde de`k `kss i idd bbul ulef efõl õl id en enhu hulf lfek ekef efõl õl B7 SWFLYDW UDYTS
Ud kgrd d` flstk`kinr id fhprdsnrks id Zflinws. Sudidl idbflfrsd `k fhprdsnrk y `ks prnpfdikids id fhprdsnrk.
B4 KLK@ENH
Wdflfefk pkrefk`hdltd ul enhpnldltd id` klk`fzkinr. Dstk tde`k sõ`n dstë ifspnlfg`d sf d` hdlskad dstë rd`kefnlkin enl ul enhpnldltd dspdeèbfen id` klk`fzkinr. D` rdflfefn sd rdk`fzk pkrk d` enhpnldltd hnstrkin. Uf `k hdifefõl sd rdk`fzk enl æxftn, d` klk`fzkinr enltflñk. Su`sd EYW@+B2 sf `k keefõl id pu`skr B4 ln tuvn æxftn (d` sfstdhk ln bulefnlk).
B2 MNUYENH
Wdemkzk tniks `ks prudgks qud kñl idgkl hdifrsd. Ud hnstrkrë dstd gntõl idspuæs id dbdetukr ul rdflfefn enhp`dtn id` flstruhdltn y `ks prudgks sfjkl dl prnedsn.
En Enlb lbfj fjur urkef kefõl õl i id` d` K Klk lk`yz `yzdr dr E Enh nhhu hulf lfekt ektfn fnl l Mk Mkli li`d `dr r Enlbfjurd d` pudrtn id enhulfekefõl dltrd d` SE y d` klk`fzkinr. @ns ntrns pkrëhdtrns snl bfans. @ks npefnlds pnr idbdetn snl1
Skrëhdtrn
Rk`nr
SNWY
ENH 5
GFYU SDW UDENLI
6233
IKYK GFYU
=
SKWFYV
Skr (Dvdl)
UYNS GFYU
;
B@NZ ENLYWN@
Lfljuln (Lnld)
Bulefõl
Idserfpefõl
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
:-6
Flstk`kefõl
:.5.2 :.5 .2
UYNS/UYKWY
Flfefk n pkrk `k enhulfekefõl dltrd dltr d d` SE y d` Klk`fzkinr. Skrk `k enhulfekefõl pkrk ekhgfkr d` lñhdrn id pudrtn.
SNWY
Ud`deefnlk d` lñhdrn id pudrtn pkrk `k enhulfekefõl dltrd d` Klk`fzkinr y d` SE.
En Enlb lbfj fjurk urkef efõl õl id id`` M Mns nstt E Enh nhhu hulf lfekt ektfn fnl lM Mkl kli` i`dr dr Flfefd d` Mnst Enhhulfektfnl Mkli`dr idsid B2 MNUYENH. Ketfvd y idsketfvd `k enhulfekefõl. Enl `k enhulfekefõl ketfvkik, sd pudidl ekhgfkr `ns pkrëhdtrns. @ks npefnlds pnr idbdetn snl1
Skrëhdtrn
Rk`nr
SNWY
NBB
GFYU SDW UDENLI
6233
IKYK GFYU
=
SKWFYV
Lfljuln (Lnld)
UYNS GFYU
;
B@NZ ENLYWN@
Lfljuln (Lnld)
SNWY
Ud`deefnld ul pudrtn (; ― =) pkrk ketfvkr `k enhulfekefõl. Kquè pudid sd`deefnlkr sf `k enhulfekefõl klk`fzkinr/nridlkinr prflefpk` dstë ketfvk, y dl eksn id qud q ud vkyk k ketfvkrsd, k trkvæs id quæ lñhdrn id pudrtn. Euklin sd sd`deefnld ul pudrtn (id ; k =), pudidl idbflfrsd `ns pkrëhdtrns id enhulfekefõl, enhn `k vd`nefiki id trklsbdrdlefk dl gkuifns, `k pkrfiki, dte.
:- ;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Flstk`kefõl
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
:-;;
Flstk`kefõl
:. :.99
Srne Srnedi difh fhfd fdlt ltn n id enpf enpfkk id sdju sdjurf rfik iki i
:. :.9. 9.;;
Krem Kremfv fvns ns id en enpf pfkk i idd ssdj djur urfi fiki ki Ud rdenhfdlik mkedr ulk enpfk id sdjurfiki id `ns kremfvns ekik ièk n ekik sdhklk. Sudidl mkedrsd enpfks id sdjurfiki kutnhëtfeks y hkluk`ds. @k flbnrhkefõl id enpfk id sdjurfiki sd jukrik dl `k sfjufdltd ekrpdtk1 • E1PSWNJWKH BF@DUP]@KLK@VUDWPWDUYNWDSNFLYU . Dstd kremfvn pudid enpfkrsd bëef`hdltd utf`fzklin d` pultn id rdstkurkefõl (Wdstnrd Snflt) dl d` snbtwkrd id` klk`fzkinr. Uf budrk ldedskrfn, pnr dadhp`n trks ul bk``n enhp`dtn id` SE sd rdflstk`kl `ns prnjrkhks id ZflinwsYH y id` klk`fzkinr, y sõ`n ldedsftk fr k `ns pultns id rdstkurkefõl pkrk rdstkurkr `ns iktns k` klk`fzkinr.
:. :.9. 9.77
Flfe Flfefn fn id `ns `ns p pul ultn tnss i idd rrds dsttku kurk rkef efõl õl
;. 7. 5. 9.
:. :.9. 9.55
:.9.9 :.9 .9
Ud`de deeefnld B4USDEFK@ BTLEYFNLU idsid HKFL HDLT. Ud`de deeefnld B7 FLUYK@@. Dserfgk Dserfgk `k enltrksdûk enltrksdûk id id lfvd` lfvd` uln uln dl d` eukirn eukirn id ifë`njn ifë`njn y pu`sd pu`sd DLYDW. Ud`de deeefnld WDUYNWD SNFLY y pu`sd DLYDW.
Sk Skrë rëhd hdtr trns ns i idd `n `nss pu pult ltns ns i idd rd rdst stku kurk rkef efõl õl Wdk`fzkefõl kutnhëtfek pultn rdstkurkefõl
Ud`deefnld `k mnrk pkrk mkedr ul kremfvn id rdstkurkefõl.
@u @ul lds k inhfljn
Ud`de deeefnld d` ièk pkrk mkedr ul kremfvn id rdstkurk rkeefõl.
IKV YN WDUYNWD
Ud`deefnld d` ièk idsid d` qud idsdk rdstkurkr.
Yde` de`ks ks id bu bule lefõ fõl li idd p pul ultn tnss i idd rrdst dstku kurke rkefõ fõl l B2 HKOD WDUYNWD SNFLY LNZ
Mked ul kremfvn id pultn id rdstkurkefõl sf sd sn`feftk.
UMFBY + B: WDUYNWD
.
UMFBY + B= WDUYNWD BWNH BF@D
Wdstkurk `ns iktns pkrk d` klk`fzkinr idsid ul pultn id rdstkurkefõl jukrikin. D` klk`fzkinr sd rdflfefkrë.
:- ;7
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
K
Skrëhdtrns :-=, :-;7 Enledltrkefõl ............................................ 4-79 Enldxfõl enl d` nridlkinr prflefpk` ...... ........... ..... :-= Enldxfnlds .................................................. ;-: Enlbfjurkefõl id flbnrhd ..........4-96, :-=, :-;7 Enlbfrh @nki ............................................. 9-;9
Kgsnrgdlefk flbdrfnr ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. 4-7; Kikptkinr pdifëtrfen ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... 5-;; Klë`fsfs id rfdsjns ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... ;-7 Kremfvn Enpfk id sdjurfiki :-;7
Enlbfrhkr rd``dln idsekrjk 9-;4 ................................... 9-73 Enlbfrhkr ....................................... Enltrksdûks ................................................. 5-2 Enltrn` id ek`fiki ...................................... 4-53 Enltrn`ds ...............................................;-= , 4-7 Skrëhdtrns 4-7 Srnjrkhkefõl 4-7 Yde`ks id bulefõl 4-5 Enpfk id sdjurfiki .................................... :-;7 Eugf`dtd pdifëtrfen ..................................... 5-;; Eurk eñgfek .................................................. 4-2 Eurvk eñgfek hnifbfekik ....... ............. ............. .............. .......... ... 4-2
Dstrueturk :-: Ërdk id dltrkik ........................................... 5-5 Kutnrfzkefnlds ........................................... 7-;4
G
E
G`klen .......................................................... 9-4 G`klen id `k eugdtk ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 5-6 G`klen id `k hudstrk ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 4-;2 G`klen id` rdketfvn ....... ............. ............ ...... 9-4, 9-;3, 4-73 Gnrrkr Un`feftui 9-;3 Gntd``k W; .................................................. 4-;:
I Ekg`d id sdrfd .............................................. :-7 Ek`fgrkefõl id pultn id enrtd ....... ............. ............. ......... .. 4-2 Ek`fgrkefõl `fldk` ......................................... 4-2 Ek`fgrkefõl hu`tfprudgk ...... ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... 4-2 Ek`fgrkefõl ln `fldk` ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 4-2 Ek`fgrkinr Bdemk id ekiuefiki 4-= Lnhgrd 4-= Lñhdrn id `ntd 4-= Skrëhdtrns 4-= Srnjrkhkefõl 4-2 Yde`ks id bulefõl 4-=, 4-74 Ek`fgrkinrds .........................................;-= , 4-2 Ekhpns id jrëbfen ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 4-5; Ekhpns id tkg`k ........................................ 4-5; Ekhpns, Jrëbfen ........................................ 4-5; Ekhpns, Ykg`k .......................................... Ekpkefiki id prnedskhfdltn ....... ............. ............. ....... 4-5; 7-;; Ekrjkr G`klen id` rdketfvn 9-;4 Ek`fgrkinr 9-;2 Enltrn` 9-;2 Hudstrk id pkefdltd 9-;: Hudstrk pdifëtrfek 9-;: Hudstrk UYKY 9-;: Hudstrks 9-;7, 4-53 Hudstrks enl `detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks 9-;: Hudstrks enl ul rktõl 9-;= Hudstrks iurkltd ul efe`n id hdifefõl 9-;= Eflætfek ...................................................... 4-;; Eõifjns id en`nrds ...........................9-;7 , 9-;5 Endbfefdltd hëxfhn ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. 4-;5
Iktns tæelfens ..................................7-;; , 7-;4 Idefhk`dssd`detfvk 4-;; .................................................. Idsekrjk ..................................... 9-;4 Idsekrjkr Hudstrks iurkltd ul efe`n id hdifefõl 9-;= Idsvfkefõl id kgs. id` rdketfvn ...... ............. ........... .... 4-7; Idsvfkefõl id enrrd`kefõl ....... ............. ............. ............. ...... 4-;9 Idtk``ds id rdsu`tkins Hnin jrëbfen 9-76, 9-53 Hnin tkg`k 9-76, 9-5; Srnznld emdeo 9-52 Srudgk id ins pultns 9-54 Srudgk id pultn bflk` 9-59 Srudgks eflætfeks 9-55 Idtdldr d` sfstdhk ....................................... 5-5 Ifhdlsfnlds .............................................. 7-;4 Ifsen id rdketfvns ........................................ 5-5 Ifsdûn id flbnrhd ...............................:-= , :-;7 Ins pultns ................................................. 4-;;
D
Difefõl id `k bdemk id ekiuefiki id` rdketfvn .. 9-7; Difefõl id` lñhdrn id `ntd id` rdketfvn ... ..... .. 9-7; 9-7; Diftkr prudgk ............................................. 4-;3 Diftkr sn`feftui ............................................ 9-;3 Dbdetn id prnznlk ...................................... 9-52 Dbdetn jklemn ............................................ 9-52 D`fhflkr Ek`fgrkinr 4-=, 4-74 Srudgk 4-;3 DHE ........................................................... 7-;3
Endbfefdltd hèlfhn ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 4 ;5 En`nekefõl id `ns rdketfvns ....... .............. .............. ......... .. 4-56 Enhprngkefõl id prnznlk ...............9-52 , 4-;5 Enhulfekefõl .....................................:-= , :-;7 Mkgf`ftkik :-6 Hklfpu`kinr :-6
Drrnr id `fldk`fiki ...................................... 4 73 Drrnr id prnznlk ........................................ 4-9: Dspdeèhdlds ............................................... ;-= Dstkin Ekled`kik 9-72 Dl prnedsn 9-72
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
F- F
@fstk 9-72 Dstkin id `k prudgk ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. 9-53 Dvk`ukefõl kutnhëtfek ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 5-6 DRK@TKW HTDUYWKU ...... ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-;4 Dxketftui .................................................... 7-;9 Dxpnldlefk` id 4 pkrëhdtrns ....... ............. ............. ......... .. 4-2
B
J
@
Bketnr ......................................................... 4-73 Bketnr id enrrd`kefõl ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 4-;9 Bketnr dlzfhëtfen ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ...... 4-73 Bdemk id hdifefõl ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-72 Bnrhkefõl id` npdrkinr ...... ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... ;-5 Bnrhkefõl id` tæelfen id sdrvfefn ...... ............. ......... .. ;-5 Bnrhktn khp`fkin ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... :-6 Bulefnlkhfdltn rutflkrfn ...... ............. ............. ............. ......... 5-;5 Jrëbfen id @dvdy-Adllfljs ...... ............. ............. ........... ..... 4-5;
M Mnrk pkrk g`klen id eugdtk kutnhëtfen ... ...... ... 5-6 Muhdiki rd`ktfvk hëxfhk ...... ............. ............. ............ ...... 7-;4
F
FI id ifspnsftfvn .......................................... :-6 Fifnhk .......................................................... 5-= Fhprdsfõl id hñ`tfp`ds pkefdltds ...... ............. ......... 9-5: Fhprdsfõl id rdsu`tkins ....... ............. ............. ............. ........ .. 9-5: Fhprdsnrk id rdsu`tkins .....................:-= , :-;7 Fhprdsnrks ................................................... :-= Flerdhdltn kutnhëtfen id` l± id hudstrk .. .... 5-= 5-= Flerdhdltn kutnhëtfen id` lñhdrn id hudstrk 9-: FLBN .......................................................... 9-53 Flbn. id rdketfvn ......................................... 9-;4 Flbnrhkefõl id rdketfvn ...... ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-;4 Flbnrhkefõl id` rdketfvn ...... ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-73 Flbnrhd id` g`klen id `k eugdtk ....... ............. ............ ...... 5-6 Flfefn id `k hdifefõl ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... 9-;7 Flstk`kefõl .................................................... ;-: Mkriwkrd :-7 Wdqufsftns 7-;3 Unbtwkrd :-5 Flstk`kefõl id `ns rdketfvns ...... ............. ............. ........... ..... 4-56 Flstk`kefõl id` snbtwkrd ...... ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... :-4 Fltdrvk`n ..................................................... 5-;3 Fltdrvk`n id `kvkin id kjuaks ....... ............. ............. ....... 5-;3 Fltdrvk`ns id rdbdrdlefk ...... ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 4-;5 Fltrniuefr iktns id `k hudstrk ....... ............. ............. ......... 9-5 Flvdltkrfn id rdketfvns ......................9-73 , 9-7;
H
@khp .................................................2-;= , 2-75 @ëhpkrk ....................................................... ;-4 @kvkin Snsfefõl 9-;5 Un`uefõl 9-;5 @kvkin id `ks kjuaks ................................... 2-6 @detnr id eõifjn id gkrrks ....... .............. ............. ............ ...... 9-= @detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks .......7-6, 9-:, 9-;: @detnr id eõifjns id gkrrks, fltdrln ...... ......... ... 7-;5 @èhftd id `fldk`fiki .................................... 4-73 @èhftd flbdrfnr id kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn 4-7; @èhftd supdrfnr id kgsnrgdlefk id` rdketfvn ..47; @èhftds id kgsnrgdlefk .............................. 4-7; @èhftds id rdbdrdlefk ................................. 4-;5 @èldk id dstkin ........................................... 5-5 @èldks pnr pëjflk ........................................ :-= @èqufin rdbrfjdrkltd ...................................... 7-: @fstk id enhprngkefõl pkrk d` bulefnlkhfdltn rutflkrfn ...................................................... 5-;5 @fstk id sn`feftuids ..................................... 9-;9 @fstk id trkgkan .......................................... 9-;; @nljftui id nlik ....................................... 4-;; Hklfpu`kefõl id hudstrks ................9-;7, 9-;9 Hkltdlfhfdltn ............................................. ;-: HI ............................................................. 4-5; Hdifefõl gfernhëtfek ........................9-5; , 9-59 Hdifefõl hnlnernhëtfek ..................9-53 , 9-59 Hdhnrfk fltdrhdifk id sn`feftuids .....5-5, 9-;9 Hdlskad id kvfsn ....................................... 9-;7 Hdlskads .............................................5-9 , 4-94 Hdlskads id drrnr ...................................... 2-;9 Hdlskads id drrnr id mkriwkrd ........2-;9, 2-;2 Hætnins id ek`fgrkefõl ................................ 4-2 Hnifbfekr prudgk ........................................ 4-;3 Hnifbfekr ulk prudgk dxfstdltd ....... ............. ........... ..... 4-;3 Hnin .......................................................... 4-;; Hnin id hdifefõl ...................................... 4-;; Hnin id prdsdltkefõl ................................. 5-5 Hnin id prnedskhfdltn .....................5-5 , 5-;3 Hnin id rdpdtfefõl .......................9-2 , 9-:, 9-= Hnin iuk` ....... .............. .............. ........... .... 5-;3, 4-2, 4-6, 4-56 Hnin hnln ...... ............. .............. .......... ... 5-;3, 4-2, 4-6, 4-56 Hõiu`ns ....................................................... 7-9 Hudstrk Rn`uhdl id rdprnedskhfdltn 4-;: Rn`uhdl lnrhk` 4-;2 Hudstrk id ek`fgrkinr .................................. 9-4 Hudstrk id enltrn` ................................9-4 , 9-6
A
Hudstrk id id pkefdltd dhdrjdlefk ............................... 9-4 Hudstrk 9-4 .................................... Hudstrk id` ek`fgrkinr ............................... 9-;3 Hudstrk pdifëtrfek ......................5-;; , 9-4, 9-= Hudstrk UYKY .............................................. 9-4 Hudstrks pnr pëjflk .................................... :-=
Adrfljk id rdketfvns ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 7-4
F- FF
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
L
Udûk`fzkefõlds 4-92 Srudgk id ins pultns ................................ 9-54 Srudgk id pultn bflk` ................................. 9-59 Srudgks eflætfeks ....................................... 9-55 Sudstk dl hkremk id` klk`fzkinr ....... ............. ......... ... 5-4 Sudstk dl hkremk pnr prfhdrk vdz ....... .............. .......5-4 5-4
N
S
Lnhgrd ...................................................... 4-;; Lnhgrd id hudstrk ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 9-9 Lnhgrd id pkefdltd ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-9 Lnhgrd id` ek`fgrkinr ....... ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 4-;7 Lnhgrd id` enltrn` .............................9-6 , 9-;3 Lnhgrd id` `kgnrktnrfn ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ...... 5-= Lnhgrd id` hæifen ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 9-72 Lñhdrn id `ntd .......................................... 4-5;
Sultn bflk` .................................................. 4-;;
W
Npefnlds id dldrjèk ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. :-4 Nridl id ifspdlskefõl ...... ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 4-;4 Skld` id prudgks ......................................... 9-4 Skltk``k id flbnrhkefõl, g`klen ....... ............. .......... .... 9-5; Skltk``k id flbnrhkefõl, ek`fgrkefõl ...... .......... .... 9-5; Skrkik id dhdrjdlefk ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ...... 5-5 Skrkik id` klk`fzkinr ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... 5-5 Skrëhdtrn id Iuk` hnid ...... ............. ............. ............. ......... 4-;4 Skrëhdtrns Enltrn` 4-53 Hnin iuk` 4-;4 Hnin hnln 4-;4 Srudgk 4-;; Skrëhdtrns id enltrn` ....... ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 4-53 Skrëhdtrns id Iuk` hnid y Hnln hnid .. 4-;4 4-;4 Skrëhdtrns id Hnln hnid ....... .............. .............. ......... .. 4-;4 SE ................................................................ :-7 Sd`fjrn gfn`õjfen .......................................... ;-2 Sdrbf` ............................................................. 9-: Sdsn ........................................................... 7-;4 Sfpdtk id rdketfvns ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... 7-4 Snsfefõl id` g`klen id` rdketfvn ....... ............. ......... ... 9-;7 Snsfefõl id` rntnr ...... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............ ...... 9-72 Snsfefnlds id` id enltrn` ............. ............. ............. ............. ........ 9-;5 9-;5 ....... Snsfefnlds ek`fgrkinr ...... ............. ............. ............. ........ Snsfefnlds id` rntnr id hudstrks ...... ............. ......... 9-;7 Srdefsfõl .................................................... 7-;9 Srdif`uefõl ..........................................4-: , 4-;2 Srdpkrkefõl ................................................. 5-4 Srdpkrkefõl id` klk`fzkinr ...... ............. ............. ............. ....... 5-4 Srdpkrkefõl id` SE ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... :-5 Srnjrkhkr Ek`fgrkinrds 4-2 Enltrn`ds 4-7 Srudgk 4-6, 4-;3 Srntdetnr id pkltk``k ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. .......... ... :-9 Srudgk Hdlskads 4-94, 2-;9 Lnhgrd 4-;;
Wdketfvn flsubfefdltd .................................. 9-77 Wdketfvns ..................................................... ;-= Wdb. bdhdlflk flbdrfnr ................................. 4-;9 Wdb. bdhdlflk supdrfnr ............................... 4-;9 Wdb. hkseu`flk flbdrfnr ............................... 4-;5 Wdb. hkseu`flk supdrfnr ....... ............. ............. ............. ......... ... 4-;5 Wdb. pdifëtrfek flbdrfnr ................................ 4-;9 Wdb. pdifëtrfek supdrfnr .............................. 4-;9 Wdb. sdjurfiki flbdrfnr ................................ 4-;9 Wdb. sdjurfiki supdrfnr .............................. 4-;9 Wdjfstrn @njft 9 pkrëhdtrns 4-2 4 pkrëhdtrns 4-2 Wdflfefn id` klk`fzkinr ................................. 5-5 Wdflfefn id` sfstdhk ..................................... 5-5 Wd``dln id rdketfvns .................................. 9-7; Wdlifhfdltn ............................................... 7-;; Wdprnedskhfdltn kutnhëtfen ...... ............. ............. ......... ... 5-6 Wdqufsftns khgfdltk`ds .............................. 7-;4 Wdqufsftns id` SE ...................................... 7-;7 Wdqufsftns dldrjætfens ............................... 7-;4 Wdsu`tkins ................................................... ;-= Wdsu`tkins ek`eu`kins ............................... 4-97 Wdsu`tkins euk`ftktfvns ................................ 4-2 Wdsu`tkins eukltftktfvns ....... ............. ............. .............. .......... ... 4-2 Wdtrksn ...................................................... 4-;= Wfdsjns ........................................................ ;-4 Wfdsjns pntdlefk`ds ..................................... ;-7 Wntnr id eugdtks ........................................ 7-;7 Wntnr id hudstrks ..............................7-9 , 9-;7 Wntnr id rdketfvns ........................................ 7-4
U
Ukhp`d Yypd .............................................. 9-72 Udeudlefk id ifspdlskefõl ....... .............. ............. ......... ... 4-;4 Udjurfiki Lnrhktfvk ;-2
Skrëhdtrns 4-;; Srnjrkhkefõl 4-6, 4-;3
RFYK@ UEFDLYFBFE L.R.
Srdekuefnlds ;-7 Udûk` keñstfek ...... ............. ............. ............. ....... 5-9, 4-94, 2-;9 Udûk`fzkefnlds ........................................... 4-94 Udûk`fzkr drrnrds ...... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............ ...... 4-92 Udx ............................................................. 9-72 Uèhgn`ns ...................................................... ;-9 Ufstdhk id hudstrks ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 7-;; Ufstdhk id rdketfvns ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 7-;; Un`feftkr hudstrks ........9-2, 9-:, 9-=, 9-6, 9-;3 Un`feftkr pdrbf` ........................................9-: , 9-= Un`feftui id g`klen id` rdketfvn ....... ............. .......... .... 9-;3 Un`feftui id ek`fgrkefõl ...... ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 9-;3 Un`feftui id enltrn` ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... 9-6 Un`feftui hkluk` .......................................... 9-2 Un`feftui pdifëtrfek ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ....... 9-= Un`feftui UYKY ............................................. 9-= Un`uefõl tkhpõl ........................................ 4-;4 Unlik id rdketfvns ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ..... 7-4
Y
Ykhkûns id gntd``k ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. 4-;: Ykhpõlidenhpkrtfin ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... .. 4-;: ....... Yde`ks bulefõl ......................................... 5-5 Enltrn` 4-53 Ydhpdrkturk khgfdltd ...... ............. ............. ............. ........... .... 7-;4 Ydxtn flbnrhktfvn ...... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............ ...... 4-57 Yfdhpn id fleugkefõl ....... ............. ............. ............. ............. ......... 7-4 Yfpn id hudstrk ........................................... 9-4 Yrks`kin id` klk`fzkinr ...... ............. ............. ............. .......... ... 7-;3
T
Tlfiki id rdbrfjdrkefõl ...... ............. ......... ;-:, 7-:, 7-;5 Tlfiki bntnhætrfek ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 7-;7 Tlfikids .................................................... 4-;; Tsn prdvfstn ................................................. 7-7
R Rfsuk`fzkefõl id `k bdemk id ekiuefiki id` rdketfvn ............................................................. 9-7; Rfsuk`fzkefõl id` lñhdrn id `ntd id` rdketfvn 97; Rfsuk`fzkr prudgk ...... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............ ...... 4-;3 Rfsuk`fzkr sn`feftui ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 9-;3 Rn`uhdl lnrhk` ......................................... 4-;:
F-FFF
