Manual Unidad 2 Psicología Social y Comunitaria

 

 

_sbi`l`kçh Y`ibhl y I`gumbthrbh Gbrbhg Ahiqudlbmd J`zh Jhgbhm 

Ghmuhl ’  Tmbjhj  Tmbjhj 6

   

Çmjbid Bmtr`juiibùm ................................................................................ ............................................................. 9  @rkhmbzhibùm jd lh Hsbkmhturh  ................................................................................................. .......... :  Tmbjhjds jbjèitbihs .................................................................................. ........................................ :  Zbdgp` gçmbg` jd dstujb` ............................................................................................. .................. :  TMBJHJ 61 Jbhkmùstbi` s`ibhl i`gumbthrb` d bmvdstbkhibùm bmvds tbkhibùm jd l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds  4  Jbhkrhgh jd `rkhmbzhibùm ............................................................ ............................................................ .................................................. 4  Zdgh m.¿ 81 _r`ids` jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm  ......................................................................................... 5  8.8. Dl pr`ids` jd lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm  ....................................................... ....................................................... ........................................ 5  8.6. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y ihtdk`rbzhibùm  .................................................... ...................................... 8?  8.9. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y rdlhibùm n`rbz`mthl  .................................................................... ................ 88  8.:. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y rdlhib`mds jd p`jdr  ................................  ................................ ................................................ 86  Zdgh m.¿ 61 Jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl  ....................................................... ....................................................... ...................................... 89  6.8. Kuçh phrh jdshrr`llhr um jbhkmùstbi` jd sbtuhibùm  ......................................................... 89  6.6. @tr` g`jdl` phrh e`rgulhr dl jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl1  ................................................. 84  6.9 Tm g`jdl` jd jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl  ................................................................................ 84  Zdgh m.¿ 91 Jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` ......................................................................................... 69  9.8. Jbhkmùstbi` _hrtbibphtbv` ........................................................................................................ 69  Zdgh m.¿ :1 Ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds ......................................................... ...................................... 9?  :.8. Yhluj Gdmthl  ......................................................... ................................................................. ..... 9?  :.6 Yhluj Gdmthl I`gumbthrbh ................................................................................................ ....... 99  Jd lh td`rçh h lh prèitbih  ......................................................................... ...................................... 9;  Kl`shrb` jd lh Tmbjhj 6  ............................................................ ............................................................ ........................................................... 92  Fbflb`krheçh jd lh Tmbjhj 6  ................................................................................................. ................ :8 

6

Ghmuhl

   

Bmtr`juiibùm Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds um dldgdmt` eumjhgdmthl dm dl trhfha` i`gumbthrb`3 pdrgbtd i`m`idrsd y dsthfldidr vçmiul`s s`frd l`s iuhlds sd i`mstrubrèm lh i`mebhmzh, dl rdi`m`ibgbdmt` y dl rdspdt` gutu`. Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds um pr`ids` jd ihrèitdr s`ib`i`kmbtbv` dm dl iuhl l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s d bmtdrm`s bmbibhm ` pr`eumjbzhm su i`m`ibgbdmt` gutu` ihpthmj` y hprdmjbdmj` hspdit`s jd lh iulturh jd ihjh krup` h lh vdz qud sd dmiudmtrhm pumt`s i`gumds jd rdedrdmibh, sd dvhlñhm l`s bmtdrdsds jd ihjh um` y jdshrr`llhm e`rghs jd i`gumbihibùm, jdsiufrdm pdiulbhrbjhjds lbmküçstbihs y sd jdshrr`llh um pr`ydit` i`gphrtbj` (G`mtdr`, 6??:). Ludk`, jd dstd prbgdr pr`ids` sd dsthfldid dl jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl y phrtbibphtbv` qud pdrgbtbrè lh bjdmtbebihibùm jd lhs mdidsbjhjds y pr`fldghs dm shluj gdmthl phrh su p`stdrb`r bmtdrvdmibùm. Vdi`m`ibdmj` lhs e`rthldzhs y rdiurs`s i`m l`s qud iudmthm l`s krup`s s`ibhlds bjdmtbebihj`s phrh su p`stdrb`r hf`rjhad. Ebmhlgdmtd, lh prdsdmtd umbjhj bmiluyd dm sus hphrthj`s dl dstujb` jd lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm i`g` pr`ids` trhmsvdrshl, dl dsthfldibgbdmt` jdl jbhkmùstbi` thmt` sbtuhib`mhl i`g` phrtbibphtbv` y ebmhlgdmtd lh bjdmtbebihibùm jd l`s rdiurs`s dm t`j`s su mbvdlds phrh pr`g`vdr lh phrtbibphibùm i`gumbthrbh dm lh s`luibùm jd sus prbmibphlds jbebiulthjds. Dl hut`r

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

9

   

@rkhmbzhibùm jd lh Hsbkmhturh Vdsulthj` jd hprdmjbzhad jd lh hsbkmhturh  Hl ebmhlbzhr lh hsbkmhturh, dl dstujbhmtd sdrè ihphz jd bjdmtbebihr l`s pr`ids`s psbi`s`ibhlds fèsbi`s y l`s dldgdmt`s qud sufyhidm dm lh bmtdrhiibùm jd lh pdrs`mh i`m dl gdjb` s`ibhl, hjqubrbr g`jdl`s tdùrbi`s phrh bmtdrvdmbr gdjbhmtd dl ghmda` jd dstrhtdkbhs jd prdvdmibùm d bmtdrvdmibùm s`ibhl i`gumbthrbh.

Tmbjhjds jbjèitbihs  TMBJHJ 8

TMBJHJ 6

TMBJHJ 9

TMBJHJ :

Fhsds tdùrbihs jd lh psbi`l`kçh s`ibhl y psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh.

Jbhkmùstbi` s`ibhl i`gumbthrb` d bmvdstbkhibùm jd l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds.

E`rgulhibùm jd hitbvbjhjds s`ibhlds i`gumbthrbhs.

Eumjhgdmt`s s`ibhlds jdl i`gp`rthgbdmt` nughm`.

Vdsulthj` jd hprdmjbzhad

Vdsulthj` jd hprdmjbzhad

Vdsulthj` jd hprdmjbzhad

Vdsulthj` jd hprdmjbzhad

Hl ebmhlbzhr lh umbjhj, dl dstujbhmtd sdrè ihphz jd bjdmtbebihr lhs fhsds tdùrbihs qud jbdr`m `rbkdm h lh psbi`l`kçh s`ibhl y psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh phrh lh i`gprdmsbùm jd l`s i`melbit`s psbi`s`ibhlds dm l`s iuhlds sd prdtdmjd bmtdrvdmbr.

Hl ebmhlbzhr lh umbjhj, dl dstujbhmtd sdrè ihphz jd bjdmtbebihr l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds bmtdrvbmbdmtds phrh gbmbgbzhr l`s ehit`rds jd rbdsk` dm umh pr`fldgètbih s`ibhl, h trhvâs jd um jbhkmùstbi` s`ibhl-i`gumbthrb`.

Hl ebmhlbzhr lh umbjhj, dl dstujbhmtd sdrè ihphz jd bjdmtbebihr lhs ehsds jd um pr`ids` jd bmtdrvdmibùm s`ibhl y i`gumbthrbh, p`tdmibhmj` l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds jd l`s krup`s i`gumbthrb`s e`ihlbzhj`s.

Hl ebmhlbzhr lh umbjhj, dl dstujbhmtd sdrè ihphz jd bjdmtbebihr lh i`midptuhlbzhibùm jd pr`ids`s s`ibhlds qud dxplbihm dl i`gp`rthgbdmt` nughm` phrh um hf`rjhad dspdiçebi` y `p`rtum` dm l`s pr`fldghs jd shluj gdmthl.

Zbdgp` gçmbg` jd dstujb`

:

TMBJHJ 8

TMBJHJ 6

TMBJHJ 9

TMBJHJ :

85 n`rhs

85 n`rhs 

85 n`rhs 

85 n`rhs 

Ghmuhl

   

TMBJHJ 61 Jbhkmùstbi` s`ibhl i`gumbthrb` d bmvdstbkhibùm jd l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds  Jbhkrhgh jd `rkhmbzhibùm

Jbhkmùstbi` s`ibhl i`gumbthrb` d bmvdstbkhibùm jd l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds

_r`ids` jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm

Jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

Jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`

Ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds

4

   

Zdgh m.¿ 81 _r`ids` jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm  Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds dl prbgdr phs`, phrh bmbibhr lhs hiib`mds i`gumbthrbhs, bgplbih um hidrihgbdmt` s`ibhl dmtrd ehiblbthj`rds y p`flhj`rds. Yd i`gbdmzh h jhr umh bmtdrhiibùm i`msthmtd i`m «dl `tr`³ phrh i`m`idrsd, m` s`l` jd l`s ehiblbthj`rds nhibh lh i`gumbjhj, sbm` thgfbâm jdsjd lh i`gumbjhj nhibh l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s qud lldkhm h trhfhahr i`m dll`s. Dstd i`m`ibgbdmt` gutu` pdrgbtd br i`mstruydmj` dl prdsdmtd1 dl hquç y hn`rh jd lh dxpdrbdmibh i`gñm. H trhvâs jd dstd i`mthit` sd dsthfldidm lhz`s qud pdrgbtd lh bjdmtbebihibùm jd ihphibjhjds l`ihlds, rdi`m`ibdmj` l`s hspdit`s jd lh iulturh jd ihjh p`flhibùm, qud hyujdm h dmtdmjdr lh nbst`rbh y su dstbl` jd rds`luibùm jd i`melbit`s. Dstd pumt` ds dl dldgdmt` ilhvd phrh qud lhs hiib`mds i`gumbthrbhs tdmkhm s`stdmbfblbjhj dm dl tbdgp` (_TI_, 6?84).

8.8. Dl pr`ids` jd lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ehgblbhrbzhibùm  Dl hmèlbsbs jd lh pr`fldgètbih, jdsjd lh gbsgh i`gumbjhj y jdsjd jbedrdmtds èmkul`s, pdrgbtd i`m`idr y rdi`m`idr qud lh nbst`rbh m` dgpbdzh i`m m`s`tr`s, sbm` qud nhm dxbstbj` `trhs bmstbtuib`mds qud hf`rjhr`m dsh u `trhs jbebiulthjds. _`r dll`, ds bgp`rthmtd i`m`idr lhs hiib`mds rdhlbzhjhs i`m hmtdrb`rbjhj dm lh i`gumbjhj y rdsihthr sus hprdmjbzhads, l`kr`s y jbebiulthjds3 bmilus` shfdr jùmjd sd rdumçhm, h quâ n`rh, quâ hitbvbjhjds rdhlbzhfhm. Z`j` dll` ds sbkmbebihtbv` p`rqud pdrgbtd e`ihlbzhr dl plhm jd hiibùm d bjdmtbebihr ihrhitdrçstbihs jdl krup` i`m dl qud sd trhfhahrè. Jdsjd dl ghri` jd lh psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh, sd plhmtdh qud dl trhfha` i`m lh i`gumbjhj jdsiufrd qud lh ndtdr`kdmdbjhj jdl krup` ds eumjhgdmthl p`rqud jdsjd hllç sd kdsthm i`midpib`mds d bjdhs3 hsç i`g` pr`ids`s qud rdqubdrdm sdr iudstb`mhj`s y hmhlbzhj`s. Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm pdrgbtd i`m`idr gès, bgplbih hmhlbzhr lhs rdlhib`mds jd p`jdr hl bmtdrb`r jd lh i`gumbjhj, bjdmtbebihr l`s krup`s vulmdrhflds y l`s sbldmibhj`s, pdrgbtd dsthr hl thmt` jd qubâmds s`m l`s lçjdrds jd lh i`gumbjhj qud m` mdidshrbhgdmtd s`m l`s qud rdprdsdmthm lh v`z jd t`j`s y qud sbm nhfdr sbj` dldkbj`s phrh `iuphr um ihrk` pñflbi` s`m l`s qud vhm dgdrkbdmj` dm lhs hshgfldhs hs hgfldhs y qud tbdmdm um hgplb` p`jdr jd i`mv`iht`rbh (G`mtdr`, 6??:).

5

Ghmuhl

   

Ds jdibr, ds um pr`ids` ghy`r jd i`m`ibgbdmt` y pr`eumjbzhibùm jd lhs ihrhitdrçstbihs dxtdrmhs d bmtdrmhs jdl krup`. Dm dstd sdmtbj` lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm fusih i`m`idr y dmtdmjdr, ghs m` s`luib`mhr. Ds hqudl g`gdmt` dm dl qud sd kdmdrh dl dmiudmtr` dmtrd sufadtbvbjhjds1 lh jd lh i`gumbjhj i`m lh jd l`s ehiblbthj`rds. Ds p`sbfld qud dm dstd hmèlbsbs sd rdhlbid lh i`gphrhibùm jdsjd lh p`flhibùm dmtrd mdidsbjhj sdmtbjh y mdidsbjhj bmstbtuib`mhl, lhs iuhlds m` sd i`mdithm mdidshrbhgdmtd, pdr` qud pdrgbtdm dl jbèl`k` dmtrd lhs dxpdithtbvhs jd l`s jbedrdmtds hit`rds phrh ph rh lldkhr h um i`msdms` dm dl plhm jd hiibùm3 jd thl ghmdrh qud m` sd kdmdrdm dxpdithtbvhs ghy`rds h lhs qud sd pudjdm trhfhahr jdsjd dl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r. Ds bgp`rthmtd tdmdr dm iudmth qud l`s târgbm`s i`m qud m`s jbrbkbg`s h lh i`gumbjhj m` jdfdm sdr l`s jdl ldmkuhad ibdmtçebi`3 p`r dl i`mtrhrb`, jdfdm sdr eèiblds jd dmtdmjdr. Nhy qud jdsiufrbr l`s iùjbk`s lbmküçstbi`s y m` lbmküçstbi`s i`m l`s qud sd dxprdsh lh i`gumbjhj, lhs e`rghs y ihmhlds jd i`gumbihibùm qud pr`juidm sdmtbj` s`ibhl dmtrd dll`s. Hsbgbsg`, ds bgp`rthmtd fusihr um hgfbdmtd qud pdrgbth rdhlbzhr lhs hiib`mds i`gumbthrbhs h trhvâs jd umh i`gumbihibùm elubjh, dgpètbih y jbrdith phrh qud l`s gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj sd sbdmthm sdkur`s y pr`tdkbj`s y jd dstd g`j` i`gdmzhr h rdhlbzhr um pr`ids` jd ihgfb` (da.1 dl shlùm i`gumhl, dl phrqud, lh ihsh jd hlkubdm, dti.). Dstd jbèl`k` d bmtdrihgfb` pdrgbtd dmi`mtrhr y e`gdmthr lh rdlhibùm jd i`mebhmzh, lh iuhl pdrgbtd kdmdrhr um vçmiul` qud prdidjd hl trhfha` i`gumbthrb` qud p`stdrb`rgdmtd sd rdhlbzhrè jd ghmdrh i`maumth. Tmh jd lhs dstrhtdkbhs pr`pudsths dm l`s pr`ydit`s jd bmtdrvdmibùm ds i`mthr i`m umh fbtèi`rh dm lh qud sd rdkbstrdm lhs prbgdrhs bgprdsb`mds jdl rdi`rrbj` dm lhs i`gumbjhjds, jdsjd su hspdit` eçsbi`, sus rdjds s`ibhlds, dstbl`s jd i`gumbihibùm (bjdmtbebihr bme`rghmtds, jbsiurs`s, rdlhib`mds d bmtdrhiib`mds dm lh i`gumbjhj). Hsbgbsg`, sd rdkbstrhrèm1  

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Lhs jbedrdmtds nbst`rbhs s`frd lh irdhibùm jd lh i`gumbjhj, prbmibphlds hit`rds d bmstbtuib`mds qud phrtbibphr`m3

 

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°Iùg` sd vbvd dl jçh h jçh0 j çh0 hitbvbjhjds y rutbmhs3

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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°Xubâmds bmtdrhitñhm i`m lh p`flhibùm jd ghmdrh vbsbfld d bmvbsbfld03

 

Lh

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i`mebkurhibùm

jd

vçmiul`s

bmtdrpdrs`mhlds,

bmtdrkruphlds,

bmtdrbmstbtuib`mhlds3  

Lh pdridpibùm y lh rdlhibùm i`m lhs `rkhmbzhib`mds3

 

Dl sdmtbj` jd pdrtdmdmibh qud tbdmd lh i`gumbjhj3

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•

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Lh `rkhmbzhibùm, lbjdrhzk`s y g`vbgbdmt`s qud sd vbdmdm jhmj` dm lh p`flhibùm.

 

Bjdmtbebihibùm jd lhs mdidsbjhjds y rdiurs`s3

 

L`s jdshaustds dmtrd dxpdithtbvhs y i`mjbib`mds jd vbjh.

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Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds um i`mthit` qud bgplbih um pr`ids` pr `ids` i`kmbtbv` dm dl iuhl sd «hprdmjd³ y thgfbâm sd rdjdebmdm lhs rdlhib`mds dmtrd dmt rd l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s y lh p`flhibùm3 phshmj` jd g`jdl`s hsbstdmibhlbsths h g`jdl`s jd pr`g`ibùm jd ihphibjhjds y e`rthldzhs. Dm dstd sdmtbj`, lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm bgplbih dmi`mtrhr ehit`rds dm i`gñm i`m lh p`flhibùm phrh qud dl trhfha` sd rdhlbid jd ghmdrh mhturhl y dm hgfbdmtds iùg`j`s phrh t`jhs lhs phrtds. Dst` ehiblbth lh kdmdrhibùm jd i`mebhmzh phrh i`m`idr l`s bmtdrdsds rdhlds, mdidsbjhjds y pr`fldgètbihs jd l`s p`flhj`rds y phrh i`gdmzhr h plhmtdhr um `fadtbv` jd trhfha` i`gphrtbj`. Dm dstd pr`ids` jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm thgfbâm sd bjdmtbebihm prdaubib`s y dstdrd`tbp`s i`m l`s qud lh p`flhibùm y l`s ehiblbthj`rds dxtdrm`s bmkrdshm h lh rdlhibùm, i`g` p`r dadgpl`1 «dl qud vbdmd jd heudrh shfd gès³, «dl dxpdrt` trhd gès hyujh³, ` «s`m jdghsbhj`s l`s pr`fldghs y m` sd pudjdm s`luib`mhr³, «t`j` sç sd pudjd³... Dsths bjdhs tbdmdm j`s dedit`s dm l`s hit`rds bmv`luirhj`s. Dl prbgdr` sdrè lh hitbvhibùm jd lhs hiib`mds, s`frd t`j` dm lhs/`s ehiblbthj`rds, bjdmtbebièmj`sd p`sturhs jd `gmbp`tdmibh1 «t`j` l` pudj`, t`j` sd pudjd³ ` sdmtbgbdmt`s jd phrhlbzhibùm p`r l` dxidsbv` jd lh thrdh erdmtd h l`s p`i`s rdiurs`s dxbstdmtds1 «ds um ghldsthr guy pr`eumj`, m` p`jrdg`s nhidr mhjh³. Dl sdphrhr tbdgp` phrh qud ehiblbthj`rds y i`gumbjhj sd i`m`zihm y i`gbdmidm dl i`mthit` ds ilhvd, p`r dll` sd sukbdrd pr`g`vdr dl jbèl`k` y lh dsiuinh phrh dsthfldidr dl tbp` t bp` jd vçmiul` i`m dl iuhl sd jhrè j hrè lh rdlhibùm. Dl prbgdr g`vbgbdmt` ds dl phshr jd um r`l jd «dxpdrt`s³ h «ehiblbthj`rds³,

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Ghmuhl

   

t`ghmj` jbsthmibh jd lhs adrhrquçhs i`gumds dsthfldibjhs dmtrd hkdmtd bmtdrm` y dxtdrm`, l` iuhl bgplbih um ihgfb` jdl phpdl jdsjd dl hkdmtd dxtdrm`. I`m dll`, lh vbsbùm jdsjd lh i`gumbjhj nhibh dl pr`edsb`mhl sd trhmse`rgh y pdrgbtd jhr iudmth jdl i`gpr`gbs` i`gphrtbj` p`r lh i`mstruiibùm jd umh vbsbùm i`gñm. Dm kdmdrhl, lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds lh plhthe`rgh phrh dl d l jdshrr`ll` y e`rgulhibùm jdl plhm i`gumbthrb`. Yb fbdm p`r iudstb`mds gdt`j`lùkbihs sd dsthfldid um pdrb`j` jd j`s h trds gdsds gds ds dm pr`gdjb` phrh rdhlbzhrl`3 dstd ds trhmsvdrshl t rhmsvdrshl h t`jh lh bmtdrvdmibùm, puds lh i`gumbjhj ihgfbh h l` lhrk` jdl trhfha` i`maumt`. Dmtrd lhs prbmibphlds hitbtujds bjdmtbebihjhs dm l`s dqubp`s ehiblbthj`rds, sd dmiudmtrh lh jd dmthflhr trht` trh t` hutâmtbi` y rdspdtu`s` i`m lh i`gumbjhj. Dst Dst` ` bgplbih m` `erdidr rdlhib`mds qud ufbqudm h lh p`flhibùm dm um r`l jd gbmusvhlçh, mb plhmtdhrsd lh bjdh jd «vhg`s h `rjdmhr l` jds`rjdmhj`³, yh qud dll` sbtñh hl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r dm umh p`sbibùm jd supdrb`rbjhj, dsthfldibdmj` adrhrquçhs i`m ghtbids «ndr`bi`s³ qud trhmsgbtd lh bjdh jd qud lh i`gumbjhj «m` ds l` qud jdfdrçh sdr p`r l` thmt` nhy qud hituhr, yh!³. Dsth Ds th sbtuhibùm m`s rdgbtd h lh ebkurh dm lh qud dxbstd umh vçitbgh qud tbdmd qud sdr rdsihthjh y um nâr`d qud shfd iùg` s`luib`mhrl`, pdrturfhmj` lh p`sbfblbjhj jd vdr dm lh p`flhibùm sus rdiurs`s y ihphibjhjds phrh s`luib`mhr sus jbebiulthjds (Jd lh Hljdh y Ldwc`wbiz, 8222). Ds bgp`rthmtd qud dm dsth dthph jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm sd bmtdmtd i`m`idr hl ghy`r mñgdr` jd hit`rds bmv`luirhj`s y dvbthr nhidr hlbhmzhs i`m hlkum` dm dspdibhl h ebm jd ehiblbthr dl plhmtdhgbdmt` jd umh gdth i`maumth qud ludk` jdrbvhrè dm um plhm jd hiibùm i`m t`jh lh i`gumbjhj. Dst` thgfbâm bgplbih um dseudrz` p`r phrtd jdl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r qud fusih dmtdmjdr lhs jbmègbihs bmtdrmhs jd lh i`gumbjhj dm su i`mtdxt` phrh bjdmtbebihr lhs pr`fldgètbihs y sus p`sbflds ihushs.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

2

   

Dsth dthph jd ehgblbhrbzhibùm i`miluyd i`m lh e`rghibùm jd um dqubp` l`ihl qud hsugh lh rdsp`mshfblbjhj jd rdhlbzhr lh ehiblbthibùm dm su i`gumbjhj. Dst`s dqubp`s l`ihlds trhfhahrèm aumt` i`m dl d l dqubp` ehiblbthj`r dxtdrm`, sdrèm l`s i`-ehiblbthj`rds jd t`j` dl pr`ids` i`gumbthrb`3 sd dmihrkhrèm jd i`plhmbebihr lhs hitbvbjhjds y, hl ebmhlbzhr ihjh hitbvbjhj, i`-dvhluhrèm l` rdhlbzhj`. DADY JD LH EHGBLBHVBQHIBÙM Dl dmiudmtr` °Xubâmds s`g`s0 °Xubâmds s`m0 _rdsdmthib`mds gutuhs

Dl i`mstrubr mudvhs trhghs jd bmtdrrdlhibùm

Dl rdspdthr y vhl`rhr hl `tr`

Yd utblbzhm l`s gdjb`s phrh i`m`idrsd I`gumbjhj Ehiblbthj`rds (dmiudmtr`s, i`mvdrshib`mds, vbsbths, j`iugdmt`s, dti.) 

Eudmtd1 Zrhfha` i`m pdrs`mhs hedithjhs p`r vb`ldmibh p`lçtbih (_TI_, 6?84).

8.6. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y ihtdk`rbzhibùm  -  Z`j`s l`s sdrds nughm`s tbpbebihm y irdhm ihtdk`rçhs phrh p`jdr `rjdmhr dl gumj`, dsthfldidr rdlhib`mds, pr`juibr sbkmbebihj`s y i`mstrubrm`s h m`s`tr`s gbsg`s. -  Yd i`mstruydm ihtdk`rçhs h phrtbr jd mudstrhs “jbedrdmibhs‗ yh qud jbinh

i`mstruiibùm ds um pr`ids` jbhlùkbi`. -  Dsths ihtdk`rçhs nhm sbj` i`mstrubjhs h trhvâs jd jbvdrs`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s

(ehgblbh, bmstbtuib`mds y gdjb`s jd i`gumbihibùm) y s`m bmtdrb`rbzhjhs jd ghmdrh sufadtbvh d bmi`msibdmtd.

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Ghmuhl

   

Dstdrd`tbp`s Ds umh rdprdsdmthibùm gdmthl sbgplbebihjh qud prdsdmth ihrhitdrçstbihs sdmibllhs, eèiblgdmtd pdribfbjhs y i`gphrtbjh p`r um hgplb` mñgdr` jd pdrs`mhs. Yd rdjuid h umh pdrs`mh h ds`s rhsk`s, sd dxhkdrhm, sd sbgplbebihm y sd bmsthlhm. Dl dstdrd`tbp` rdjuid, dsdmibhlbzh, mhturhlbzh y ebah lh jbedrdmibh.

_rdaubib`s Mudstrhs dg`ib`mds bmeluydm y hedithm lh ghmdrh iùg` sdmtbg`s, pdmshg`s, hituhg`s y m`s rdlhib`mhg`s. Dl prdaubib`mdkhtbvh ds umh ihrkh deditbvh qud pudjd sdr jbrbkbjh jbrdithgdmtd h um krup` i`g` um t`j` ` h um bmjbvbju` p`r su pdrtdmdmibh h dsd krup`. 

Eudmtd1 G`jdl`s jd bmtdrvdmibùm dm _sbi`l`kçh I`gumbthrbh (_TI_, 6?85) 

8.9. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y rdlhibùm n`rbz`mthl  Kdmdrhr um pr`ydit` i`maumt` i`m l`s gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj, bgplbih pr`g`vdr rdlhib`mds n`rbz`mthlds dmtrd l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s (ehiblbthj`rds jd pr`ids`s) y l`s hkdmtds bmtdrm`s (gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj), bmi`rp`rhmj` dl rdspdt` p`r lh iulturh, lhs irddmibhs, e`rghs jd rdlhibùm y dstdrd`tbp`s y prdaubib`s.

Eudmtd1 G`jdl`s jd bmtdrvdmibùm dm _sbi`l`kçh I`gumbthrbh (_TI_, 6?85)

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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8.:. Ehgblbhrbzhibùm y rdlhib`mds jd p`jdr   Dl hmèlbsbs jd lhs rdlhib`mds jd p`jdr ds um dldgdmt` eumjhgdmthl dm lh bmtdrvdmibùm i`gumbthrbh. Lh rdlhibùm vdrtbihl pr`juid dxilusbùm y jbsirbgbmhibùm s`ibhl, dvhluhr lh p`sbibùm dm lh qud sd hf`rjh dl dsphib` i`gumbthrb` pdrgbtd pr`g`vdr rdlhib`mds n`rbz`mthlds qud dsthfldidm dl rdspdt` y dl gutu` i`m`ibgbdmt`. “M`s`tr`s‗ 

“L`s `tr`s‗ 

-  Dgphtçh d bjdmtbebihibùm i`m l`s

-  Bmi`g`jbjhj, bmsdkurbjhj, hsi`,

jdgès gbdgfr`s. -  L` “hidpthfld‗. 

gbdj` y `jb` h l`s gbdgfr`s jdl “`tr`‗ krup`. 

-  L` “m`rghl‗. 

-  L` bmhidpthfld.

-  L` i`rrdit` y dstèmjhr.

-  L` pht`lùkbi`. -  L` bmi`rrdit` y jbedrdmtd.

Eudmtd1 G`jdl`s jd bmtdrvdmibùm i`gumbthrbh (_TI_, 6?84)

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Ghmuhl

   

Zdgh m.¿ 61 Jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl Dl jbhkmùstbi` jd sbtuhibùm e`rgh phrtd jd lh prbgdrh dthph jdl j dl pr`ids`1 lh plhmdhibùm3 ds umh lhf`r bgprdsibmjbfld jdmtr` jd lhs hitbvbjhjds jd pr`krhghibùm dm shluj pñflbih. Ds lh dadiuibùm jd umh gdt`j`l`kçh qud pdrgbtd lh jdtdiibùm jd jbvdrshs pr`fldgètbihs y su bgp`rthmibh rdlhtbvh, hsç i`g` l`s ehit`rds qud lh jdtdrgbmhm (Tmbvdrsbjhj jdl Trukuhy, 6?8>). Dl pr`pùsbt` ds bjdmtbebihr l`s pr`fldghs jdtdithj`s dm târgbm`s jd su1

h.  Mhturhldzh.  _`r dadgpl` dmedrgdjhjds ` pr`fldghs jd jbvdrsh çmj`ld. f.  Ghkmbtuj. _rdvhldmibh, bmibjdmibh, g`rthlbjhj, ldthlbjhj ` p`ridmthads sdkñm vhrbhflds jd p`flhibùm, dsphib` y tbdgp`.

i.  Zrhsidmjdmibh.   Bgphit` s`ibhl ` di`mùgbi`. _ârjbjhs p`r dmedrgdjhj, bmihphibjhj ` gudrtd, jbsgbmuibùm dm lh pr`juiibùm y/` pr`juitbvbjhj.

j.  Uulmdrhfblbjhj.   Vdiurs`s jbsp`mbflds phrh prdvdmbr, i`mtr`lhr ` drrhjbihr dl pr`fldgh.

6.8. Kuçh phrh jdshrr`llhr um jbhkmùstbi` jd sbtuhibùm   -  M`gfrd. Bjdmtbebihr jd ghmdrh prdibsh lh p`flhibùm `fadtbv` (umbvdrs` jd trhfha`), dl lukhr y lh edinh jd rdhlbzhibùm. -  Vdsugdm (p`flhibùm jd rdedrdmibh, `fadtbv`s jdl jbhkmùstbi` y pdrb`j`

jd dadiuibùm). -  Jbhkmùstbi` kdmdrhl (jdsirbpibùm jd lh sbtuhibùm)1 bjdmtbebihr l`s

pr`fldghs qud hedithm hl `fadt` jd dstujb`.

6.8.8 Hspdit`s kd`krèebi`s 8.  Tfbihibùm, dxtdmsbùm y lçgbtds. 6.  Vdiurs`s mhturhlds. 9.  Djhe`l`kçh (i`gp`sbibùm, tbp`s y eudmtds jd i`mthgbmhibùm), `r`krheçh, t`p`krheçh. :.  Nbjr`l`kçh (eudmtds jd hfhstdibgbdmt`, eudmtds jd i`mthgbmhibùm). 4.  Ilbght`l`kçh. 5.  Ehumh y el`rh (prdsdmibh jd ehumh m`ibvh, plhkhs, vdit`rds, eudmtds jd i`mthgbmhibùm). ;.  Hspdit`s p`lçtbi` ’  hjgbmbstrhtbv`s.  hjgbmbstrhtbv`s. >.  Hspdit`s s`ib`iulturhlds.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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2.  Jbvbsbùm p`lçtbih. 8?.  @rkhmbzhibùm p`lçtbih y hjgbmbstrhtbvh. 88.  Hspdit`s jdg`krèebi`s. 86.  Dstruiturh p`flhib`mhl. 89.  Jbmègbih jd lhs p`flhib`mds. 8:.  Hspdit`s s`ib` ’  di`mùgbi`s.  di`mùgbi`s. 84.  Djuihibùm. 85.  Ubvbdmjh, urfhmbzhibùm. 8;.  Vdiurs`s.

6.8.6 Hitbvbjhjd Hitbvbjhjdss pr`juitbvh pr`juitbvhs1 s1 8.  _rbmibphlds hitbvbjhjds jd pr`juiibùm. 6.  _r`krhghs jd hp`y` h ebmhmibhgbdmt`. 9.  Gdjb`s y vçhs jd i`gumbihibùm. :.  Hspdit`s shmbthrb`s. 4.  Yhluj pñflbih (g`rfblbjhj, g`rthlbjhj, mhthlbjhj). 5.  Vdiurs`s y sdrvbib`s jd shluj. ;.  _r`krhghs jd shluj.

6.8.9 Jbhkmùstb Jbhkmùstbi` i` phrtbiulhr1 -  Bjdmtbebihr y jdsirbfbr t`j`s hqudll`s ehit`rds qud dstâm bmeluydmj`

s`frd lh sbtuhibùm jdl `fadt` jd dstujb`. -  _`flhibùm suadt` jd dstujb`. -  Dstruiturh y jbmègbih p`flhib`mhl. -  Hspdit`s jd pr`juiibùm y pr`juitbvbjhj. -  Ybstdghs pr`juitbv`s. -  Mñgdr` y supdrebibd jd lhs umbjhjds pr`juitbvhs. -  Ybtuhibùm jd shluj. -  Vdiurs`s y sdrvbib`s.

8:

Ghmuhl

   

6.6. @tr` g`jdl` phrh e`rgulhr dl jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl1   Jbhkmùstbi` jd Mdidsbjhjds Jdsirbpibùm jd lh sbtuhibùm jd shluj1 Mbvdl jd shluj1 -  Bmjbihj`rds jd g`rfblbjhj, mhthlbjhj, g`rthlbjhj, dti., i`midpibùm jd

lh shluj. -  Nèfbt`s y i`stugfrds. I`gp`rthgbdmt`s y hitbtujds, i`stugfrds jdl

lukhr. -  Ihrhitdrçstbihs jdg`krèebihs (iuèmt`s s`m vhr`mds y guadrds, iuèmt`s

s`m mbø`s y hjult`s, mbvdl jd bmstruiibùm). -  Vdjds y sbstdghs jd hp`y` s`ibhl. s `ibhl. -  Mñgdr` y krup`s jd hut`hyujh, lukhrds jd dsphribgbdmt`, ds phribgbdmt`, krup`s

`rkhmbzhj`s jd lh i`gumbjhj, dti. (°quâ tbdmd lh i`gumbjhj phrh qud hyujd h lh s`luibùm jd sus pr`fldghs0) pr `fldghs0) -  Ybstdghs jd phrtbibphibùm dm lh i`gumbjhj. -  Vdiurs`s s`ib`di`mùgbi`s kdmdrhlds (dgpld`, jdsdgpld`, vbvbdmjh,

bmerhdstruiturh y dqubphgbdmt`). -  Vdiurs`s s`ibhlds y jd shluj (hiidsbfblbjhj, jbsp`mbfblbjhj, `rkhmbzhibùm

y i`gpdtdmibh, i``rjbmhibùm1 hkdmtds bmtdrm`s y dxtdrm`s). -  Dvhluhibùm hgfbdmthl (sudl`, hbrd, el`rh, ehumh1 ihrhitdrçstbihs qud tbdmd

lh i`gumbjhj).

6.9 Tm g`jdl` jd jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl  B.  JHZ@Y KDMDVHLDY I`gumbjhj 1 Lh Dspdrhmzh ’  Inblih.  Inblih. _hrtbibphmtds

1 Guadrds jdl i`gbtâ jdl vhs` jd ldind.

BB. JDYHVV@LL@ JDYHVV@LL@ JD I@MZDMBJ@Y h)  Hspdit`s kdmdrhlds jd lh i`gumbjhj1 Tfbihibùm Kd`krèebih jdl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf` y dl fhrrb` Lh Dspdrhmzh Dl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf`, sd dmiudmtrh ufbihj` dm lh sbdrrh idmtrhl jdl phçs, dm dl lhj` m`rtd jdl jbstrbt` jd Nuhmihy`, nhibh lh `rbllh bzqubdrjh jdl rç` Ghmthr` h 9,649 gdtr`s s`frd dl mbvdl jdl ghr, y h 86¿ ?9‒ 8:‒‒ L.Y.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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y ;4¿ 86‒ 44‒‒ L.@. jd K.

Irdhibùm _`lçtbih Dl Zhgf` ds um` jd l`s 6; jbstrbt`s jd lh _r`vbmibh jd Nuhmihy`, irdhj` dl 89 jd M`vbdgfrd jd 82:9 i`m i `m lh Ldy M± 2>:; sbdmj` _rdsbjdmtd jd lh Vdpñflbih Ghmudl _rhj` Tkhrtdind, y su prbgdr Hlihljd J`m Dl`y I`riudrh @rfdk`z`.

Dxtdmsbùm y Hltbtujds Dl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf`, tbdmd umh supdrebibd tdrrbt`rbhl jd ;9.45 Cg6, qud vbdmd h sdr dl 6.?5;92% jdl tdrrbt`rb` pr`vbmibhl (9,;2:.8? cg6), y dl ?.?8249% jdl tdrrbt`rb` rdkb`mhl (9;,555.22 Cg6).

Lçgbtds _`r dl m`rtd1 Xudfrhjh N`mjh y dl jbstrbt` jd Yhm Hkustçm jd Ihahs. _hshmj` p`r l`s lukhrds jdm`gbmhj`s Vhurh y Vèinhi nhsth lldkhr h lh Nhibdmjh Ghrhmi`inh. _`r dl dstd1 phrtbdmj` jd Ghrhmi`inh y phshmj` p`r lh Nhibdmjh Hyinhmh nhsth lldkhr h lh Iugfrd jd Nuhythphllhmh, j`mjd mhid dl rç` Ynullihs. _`r dl Yur1 dl rç` Ynullihs nhsth su jdsdgf`ihjurh dm dl rç` Ghmthr`. _`r dl @dstd1 dl rç` Ghmthr`.

Ilbgh y Zdgpdrhturh Jdfbj` h su lhtbtuj, Dl Zhgf` jdfdrçh tdmdr um ilbgh tr`pbihl. Ybm dgfhrk`, lh prdsdmibh jd lh I`rjblldrh jd l`s Hmjds y lh hltbtuj jd lh

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Ghmuhl

   

ibujhj (9.642 gsmg) ihushm umh sdrbh vhrbhibùm dm dl ilbgh. Dl Zhgf` tbdmd um ilbgh tdgplhj` jurhmtd t`j` dl hø`, vhrbhmj` dmtrd 68± y -4± I.

_`flhibùm Jdmsbjhj _`flhib`mhl. Ds jd 8225.9 Nhf./Cg6. _`flhibùm jdl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf`. Dm dl iuhjr` Mr`. ?8 sd pudjd hprdibhr um irdibgbdmt` jd lh p`flhibùm, dst` sd jdfd fèsbihgdmtd hl irdibgbdmt` i`gdribhl y urfhmçstbi`. Zhgfbâm h lh i`midmtrhibùm jd bmstbtuib`mds djuihtbvhs jd sdiumjhrbh y supdrb`r.

Eudmtd1 _lhm jd Jdshrr`ll` I`midrthj` jdl Jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf` - 6?8:

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

8;

   

_`flhibùm p`r Krup`s jd Djhj y Ydx`

Eudmtd1 _lhm jd Jdshrr`ll` I`midrthj`  ’  Jbstrbt`  Jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf` - 6?8:

_`flhibùm p`r Idmtr`s _`flhj`s1 Lh p`flhibùm jdl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf` jd hiudrj` hl Idms` Mhib`mhl 6??;1 ^B _`flhibùm y UB Ubvbdmjh, dstè hkruphj` p`r èrdhs urfhmhs y rurhlds i`msbjdrhj`s i`g` idmtr`s p`flhj`s. Dl sbkubdmtd iuhjr` gudstrh jbinh jbstrbfuibùm1

8>

Ghmuhl

   

FVDUD VDYDØH NBYZÙVBIH @rbkdm y Dv`luibùm jdl Jbstrbt` Dm lh `frh “Nbst`rbh jd Nuhmihy`‗, jd @sihr @. Inèvdz, sd

ghmbebdsth qud jhjh lh f`mjhj jdl ilbgh jdl vhlld jdl jd l Ghmthr` dm l` qud n`y ds dl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf`, phrh dl jdsihms` jd lh I`gbtbvh bgpdrbhl, sd dsthfldibù um “thgf`‗, p`sbfldgdmtd,

thgfbâm hmtds jd htrhvdshr dl rç` Yçgbihs, sd nhfrçh i`mstrubj`

hlkñm phlhib`, phrh dl jdsihms` jdl g`mhrih y qud lh shøh jdstruit`rh jd l`s i`mqubsthj`rds ` lh hiibùm jdl tbdgp` nhm f`rrhj` sus nudllhs. Dl nbst`rbhj`r A`sâ Uhrhllhm`s dm su `frh “Nuhmihy` “Nuhmih y` Yçmtdsbs jd su Nbst`rbh rdebdrd rdebdr d qud l`s hyllus qud dm dl sbkl` ^UB e`rghfhm dl “i`gñm‗ jdl dmt`mids pudfl` jd Nuhmihy`,

dmtrd `tr`s eudr`m1 Hyll` Nuhghmghrih, Hyll` Ihahs, Hyllh Zhgf`, Hyll` Huqubghrih, Hyll` Kuhlhn`y` y Hyll` _lhtdr`s. Dst`s Hyll`s jd bmjb`s jd rhzh nuhmih y qudinuh, tdmçhm sus pudfldibll`s jbspdrs`s dm lhs i`lbmhs ` dm l`s pr`g`mt`rb`s idrihm`s hl pdrçgdtr` hituhl jd lh p`flhibùm jd Nuhmihy`, htrhvdshjh p`r 9 rbhinudl`s  ’   Ynullihs  ’  Rhmhgh   Rhmhgh y Inblih, phshfh hsbgbsg` dl ihgbm` Vdhl jd l`s Bmihs. Gès thrjd dst`s Hyll`s sd i`mvbrtbdr`m dm fhrrb`s, i`m tdrrdm`s lhfrhmtç`s y jd phst`rds. L`s p`flhj`rds sd umçhm phrh jdedmjdr sus bmtdrdsds i`gumds. Lh umbjhj thgfbâm sd fhshfh dm lh rdlbkbùm prdjbihjh p`r l`s erhblds, dl bjb`gh qudinuh, lhs i`stugfrds `rbkbmhrbhs y lhs bgpudsths p`r lh Bkldsbh. _`stdrb`rgdmtd, l`s p`flhj`rds p`flhj`rds e`rgh e`rghr`m r`m lhs ihpbllhs dm l`s fhrrb` fhrrb`s. s.

Dl ZZhgf` hgf`

dmt`mids, vh dgdrkbdmj` i`g` um fhrrb` pr`puls`r y sus p`flhj`rds i`mstbtuydm lh Y`ibdjhj Vdlbkb`sh “Iruz jd Dl Zhgf`‗.

Dsth bmstbtuibùm hkruphfh h l`s ibujhjhm`s jd fhrrb`. Yus edstbvbjhjds tdmçhm lukhr dl 8r` jd ghy` jd ihjh hø`. Bkuhlgdmtd, dllh, dm rdprdsdmthibùm jdl vdibmjhrb`, drh dl ñmbi` idmtr` jd i`maumibùm jd l`s p`flhj`rds. I`m erdiudmibh sd jbrbkçh hl Hlihljd jd Nuhmihy`, phr qud htdmjbdrh hlkumhs `frhs jd fbdm i`lditbv` dm su sdit`r. Hsç, dm 82:?, s`lbibth dl Hlihljd jd Nuhmihy`, lh e`rghibùm jd umh hvdmbjh i`m èrf`lds `rmhgdmthlds, ehr`lds, fhmihs, phvbgdmthibùm y `trhs `frhs. _`r hqudl tbdgp`, dl fhrrb`

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i`mthfh i`m dl I`ldkb` Yhldsbhm`, umh Dsiudlh Dldgdmthl jd Uhr`mds, `trh jd mbøhs y lh Dsiudlh Gbxth Ahp`mdsh. L`s g`rhj`rds s`lbibthfhm, hjdgès, lh bmi`rp`rhibùm dm dl sdm` jd lh i`gumh nuhmihçmh, jd l`s kdmubm`s rdprdsdmthmtds jdl fhrrb`, lh s`ibdjhj rdlbkb`sh dsthfh i`me`rghjh p`r Ubidmtd _`rt`ihrrdr` i`g` prdsbjdmtd.

Lh pr`juiibùm jd l`s hmdx`s Lh pr`juiibùm jd ll`s `s hmdx` hmdx`ss ds guy vhrbhjh y dm dl sbkubdmtd iuhjr` sd pudjd hprdibhr l`s jbvdrs`s pr`juit`s qud sd `erdidm1

f)  Frdvd nbst`rbh jdl Fhrrb` Lh Dspdrhmzh Hspdit`s Kdmdrhlds jd lh I`gumbjhj Dl i`gbtâ pdrtdmdid hl jbstrbt` jd Dl Zhgf`, sd dmiudmtrh dm dl hmdx` jd Dspdrhmzh Hlth h 8? gbmut`s jdl idmtr` jd lh ibujhj i`m vbhad dm i`lditbv` y/` i`gfb. Yu hitbvbjhj di`mùgbih prb`rbthrbh ds lh dlhf`rhibùm jd lhjrbll`s dm lh z`mh, hjdgès tbdmdm hitbvbjhjds jd i`gdribhlbzhibùm jd pr`juit`s i`g` i`gbjh, ihrmds, vdrjurhs, dmtrd `tr`s. Dm l`s sdit`rds pr`juitbv`s p`tdmibhlbjhjds jdl hmdx` thgfbâm sd jdshrr`llh jds hrr`llh lh I`mediibùm jd thqudhj`s i`m f`rjhj`s sdkñm pdjbj` jdl ilbdmtd, irbhmzh jd iuyds h mbvdl ehgblbhr, `trh jd lhs hitbvbjhjds ds lh hkrbiulturh sdgfrhmj` phph, in`il` y nhfhs.

6?

Ghmuhl

   

Jdsjd l`s hø`s 2?‒ sd jdm`gbmhfh Iluf jd Ghjrds, h phrtbr jdl

hø` 6??? dgpdzhr`m h e`rghr phrtd jdl I`gbtâ jdl Uhs` jd Ldind, dm dsd tbdgp` lhs rdumb`mds eumib`mhfhm dm lh ihsh jd lh Yrh. Aulbh dm dl phshad Ndr`çmhs Z`ldj`. H phrtbr jd lh bme`rghibùm jd lhs gbsghs fdmdebibhrbhs sd pus` rdihujhr dl m`gfrd jd lhs sdø`rhs qud `iuphr`m lh prdsbjdmibh jdl vhs` jd ldind, lhs qud m`gfrhr`m dm dl sbkubdmtd `rjdm1 Yrh. K`yh ‒2?. Yrh. Ydlgbrh. Yrh. Fdhtrbz. Yrh. Aulbh Xubs`ihl. Yrh. Ghrbs`l Zdrrdr`s. Yrh. Dspdrhmzh Yhghmbdk` (Nhid 9 hø`s). Yrh. Dstdr Xubø`mds. V`shrb` Fusthghmtd. Y`mbh Hrhkùm (Hituhlgdmtd). Lhs edinhs jd rdumbùm s`m sdghmhlds y sd jhm l`s jçhs audvds jd :1?? h 41?? p.g. (jdsjd nhid hlkum`s hø`s htrès). L`s tdghs trhthj`s dm sus rdumb`mds dstèm rdlhib`mhj`s h l`s bme`rgds jd lh jbstrbfuibùm jd lh ldind.

Jurhmtd t`j`s dst`s hø`s nhm rdibfbj` inhrlhs jd shluj i`g`1 _lhmbebihibùm ehgblbhr, shluj fuihl y vb`ldmibh i`mtrh lh guadr,

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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hut`dstbgh jd lhs lhs ghjrds y l`s mbø`s. @rbdmthibùm psbi`lùkbi psbi`lùkbih hy `rbdmthibùm ldkhl dm dl pr`ydit` qud jdshrr`llù lh @MK IH_Y. Zhgfbâm sd nhm ihphibthj` dm hitbvbjhjds i`g`1 ghmuhlbjhjds, (6?84) in`i`lhtdrçh y i`ibmh, tdabj`s h phlbt`, ir`indt, hlg`nhjhs, i`abmds, pdluinds, inhlbmhs k`rrhs. Jd hiudrj` h lh bme`rghibùm pr`p`rib`mhjh p`r lh pr`g`t`rh jd lh Gumbibphlbjhj jd Dl Zhgf` jdl _r`krhgh jdl Uhs` jd Ldind, sd `ftbdmdm l`s sbkubdmtds jht`s rdldvhmtds1 qud dl I`gbtâ jd Dspdrhmzh

Hlth

iudmth

i`m

4:

fdmdebibhrbhs

bmsirbths

y

dgphjr`mhjhs qud bmiluyd heblbhib`mds jd mbø`s, kdsthmtds y lhithmtds. Hl ñltbg` thlldr jd i`ibmh rdhlbzhj` dl ñltbg` audvds, hsbstbdr`m um t`thl jd 6? ghgès, sdkñm rdebdrd sùl` hsbstdm iuhmj` nhy thlldrds. Yd dstèm rdhlbzhmj` thlldrds jd i`ibmh, thgfbâm ihgphøhs jd sdmsbfblbzhibùm s`frd shluj, i`mtr`l jd phphmbi`lh`u krhtubt`, h l`s jbdz jçhs jd lh dvhluhibùm sd lds dmtrdkhm l`s rdsulthj`s dm sus pr`pb`s j`gbiblb`s. Zrhfhahm dm i``rjbmhibùm i`m lh VDMBDI phrh lh dmtrdkh jd l`s JMB. Zhgfbâm hp`yhm h pdrs`mhs jd lh tdridrh djhj. Lhs guadrds sd `rkhmbzhm phrh dl pdrb`j` jd sus rdumb`mds jurhmtd dl gds, dl gumbibpb` iugpld lh lhf`r jd supdrvbsbùm jd lh dmtrdkh jd l`s pr`juit`s dm sus n`khrds.

66

Ghmuhl

   

Zdgh m.¿ 91 Jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`  9.8. Jbhkmù Jbhkmùstbi` stbi` _hrtbibphtbv`  I`msbstd dm lh rdi`ldiibùm y dl hmèlbsbs sbstdgètbi`s jd bme`rghibùm h ebm jd jdtdrgbmhr sb hlk` dstè ihgfbhmj`, dl jbhkmùstbi` ds gès qud umh dvhluhibùm qud sd rdhlbzh umh s`lh vdz3 lh bme`rghibùm jdfd rdi`ldithrsd i`m bmtdrvhl`s rdkulhrds qud sdhm hjdiuhj`s phrh dl tdgh y m` sup`mkhm khst`s dxidsbv`s. Lh bme`rghibùm sd hmhlbzh y l`s rdsulthj`s sd dvhlñhm y sd ushm dm lh t`gh jd jdibsb`mds. Dl jbhkmùstbi` ds umh ndrrhgbdmth jd trhfha` i`gumbthrb` qud ehiblbth lh bjdmtbebihibùm jd mdidsbjhjds-pr`fldghs y rdiurs`s i`m l`s qud iudmth umh i`gumbjhj phrh ludk` e`rgulhr um plhm jd hiibùm i`gumbthrb` i`m dl iuhl trhfhahr s`frd l`s pr`fldghs adrhrqubzhj`s.

Dl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` sd hplbih h hitbvbjhjds jd g`mbt`rd` qud sup`mdm lh phrtbibphibùm jd pdrs`mhs pr`pbhs jd lh i`gumbjhj qud m` iudmthm i`m ihphibthibùm pr`edsb`mhl dspdibhlbzhjh y qud tbdmdm jbstbmt`s krhj`s jd i`m`ibgbdmt`, dxpdrbdmibh, r`lds s`ibhlds d bmtdrdsds. _hrh ehiblbthr um pr`ids` jd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` ds bmjbspdmshfld phrtbr jdl jbèl`k`, bjdmtbebihr lhs jbvdrkdmibhs, ehv`rdidr ehv `rdidr lh mdk`ibhibùm y g`vblbzhr nhibh l`s i`msdms`s jd l`s jbvdrs`s hit`rds jd lh i`gumbjhj. Dst` bgplbih dl us` jd gdt`j`l`kçhs qud pr`gudvhm h l`s phrtbibphmtds dxprdshr, i`gphrtbr y hmhlbzhr dl i`m`ibgbdmt` l`ihl dm sus i`mjbib`mds s`ib`hgfbdmthlds, psbi`lùkbihs y dg`ib`mhlds i`m dl ebm jd pr`fldghtbzhr, plhmdhr y hituhr (Kbl, 6??;). Dstd i`m`ibgbdmt` pdrgbtd h lh i`gumbjhj t`ghr jdibsb`mds fhshjhs dm dl hmèlbsbs kdmdrhj` p`r dll`s gbsg`s, i`m gbrhs h lh trhmse`rghibùm s`ibhl (Fhlièzhr, 6??93 Erdbrd, 8226).

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

69

   

9.8.8 Ihrhitdrçstbihs jdl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` Dl jbhkmùstbi` i`gumbthrb` phrtbibphtbv` sd ihrhitdrbzh p`r sdr1  

•

HMHLÇZBI@1  Nhid p`sbfld dl hmèlbsbs jd lhs mdidsbjhjds dspdiçebihs y phrtbiulhrds jd iuhlqubdr sdit`r jd lh i`gumbjhj3 pdrgbtd rdvhl`rbzhr l`s dldgdmt`s p`sbtbv`s qud dxbstdm dm lh gbsgh.

 

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YDMIBLL@1 Ybrvd phrh `ftdmdr bme`rghibùm ñtbl jd umh ghmdrh eèibl, sbdgprd y iuhmj` lh i`gumbjhj jbsp`mkh jd jht`s `rjdmhj`s y sbstdghtbzhj`s.

 

•

_HVZBIB_HZBU@1 _r`iurh lh phrtbibphibùm jd t`jhs lhs pdrs`mhs bmv`luirhjhs dm lh s`luibùm jd l`s pr`fldghs qud hedithm h lh i`gumbjhj.

 

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I@G_V@GBY@1 Hl rdhlbzhr l`s trhfha`s jdl jbhkmùstbi` sd vhm t`ghmj` hiudrj`s, gbsg`s qud dghmhm jdl sdmtbr i`gumbthrb`, l` iuhl i`mlldvh h i`gpr`gdtdr h l`s gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj i `gumbjhj y lhs jdpdmjdmibhs qud phrtbibphm h iugplbrl`s.

 

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BMILTRDMZD1 Yd pr`gudvd lh phrtbibphibùm jd t`j`s l`s usuhrb`s jd l`s rdiurs`s mhturhlds, tdmkhm ` m` jdrdin`s hkrhrb`s s`frd dll`s3 sd bgpulsh lh phrtbibphibùm jd `rkhmbzhib`mds jd lh s`ibdjhj ibvbl, eumib`mhrb`s pñflbi`s y hsds`rds qud bmibjdm dm lh i`gumbjhj y ehiblbtdm dl pr`ids` jd jbsiusbùm, rdeldxbùm y i`msdms` dmtrd t`j`s l`s hit`rds bmv`luirhj`s.

 

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ÑZBL1 Hpr`vdinh t`jh lh bme`rghibùm jbsp`mbfld phrh i`m`idr phrtd jd lh rdhlbjhj jd lh i`gumbjhj y sus pr`fldghs. pr `fldghs.

9.8.6 Fdmdebib`s jdl jbhkmùstbi` i`gumbthrb` Dl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` ds um dadribib` jd rdi`m`ibgbdmt` jd lhs i`mjbib`mds prdsdmtds dm umh i`gumbjhj, pdrgbtbdmj` h sus nhfbthmtds tdmdr l`s fdmdebib`s sbkubdmtds1

6:

Ghmuhl

   

- 

_drgbtd qud l`s gbdgfr`s jd umh i`gumbjhj sd rdlhib`mdm dm bkuhljhj jd i`mjbib`mds, e`gdmthmj` lh phrtbibphibùm jd t`jhs lhs pdrs`mhs sbm qud hlkumh sd qudjd q udjd hl ghrkdm.

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Ds umh dsiudlh jd bmtdr-hprdmjbzhad1 um`s hprdmjdm jd `tr`s y vbidvdrsh, pdrgbtbdmj` i`gprdmjdr lh jbmègbih jdl jdshrr`ll`

l`ihl. -  _r`p`rib`mh bme`rghibùm rdldvhmtd jd lh sbtuhibùm jd lh l`ihlbjhj (lçmdh jd fhsd) qud sdrvbrè phrh dvhluhib`mds prdsdmtds y euturhs. - 

Vdspdth l`s i`m`ibgbdmt`s y vhl`rh l`s shfdrds jd lh p`flhibùm i`g` pumt` jd phrtbjh, hebrghmj` lh bjdmtbjhj jdl krup` i`m su iulturh y sus trhjbib`mds.

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Ehv`rdid lh jdg`irhtbzhibùm jd lh t`gh jd jdibsb`mds i`gumbthrbhs.

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Tshr tâimbihs sdmibllhs, lñjbihs y iulturhlgdmtd pdrtbmdmtds.

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Tsh dl gbsg` bjb`gh l`ihl, ldmkuhad sdmibll`, rdspdthr sbldmib`s, dti.

- 

Ybrvd i`g` bmstrugdmt` jd jbvulkhibùm jd lh bme`rghibùm dmtrd l`s gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj qud phrtbibphm.

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Hyujh h irdhr p`lçtbihs hidrthjhs, debihids y debibdmtds jd trhfha` t rhfha` i`gumbthrb`.

- 

_drgbtd jdstbmhr dl us` jd l`s rdiurs`s pr`pb`s dm lh s`luibùm jd l`s pr`fldghs prb`rbthrb`s qud heditdm h lh p`flhibùm.

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I`hjyuvh h gda`rhr dl hiids` y lh utblbzhibùm jd l`s fbdmds y sdrvbib`s pñflbi`s p`r phrtd jd lhs i`gumbjhjds. i `gumbjhjds.

9.8.9. Bjdmtbebihibùm jd l`s rdiurs`s jd lh i`gumbjhj Tm` jd l`s prbmibphlds rdt`s qud htrhvbdshm l`s dqubp`s jd ehiblbthj`rds i`m p`ih dxpdrbdmibh ds lh bjdmtbebihibùm jd rdiurs`s rdiurs `s jd lh i`gumbjhj, dspdibhlgdmtd iuhmj` lds t`ih trhfhahr i`m i`gumbjhjds dm i`mjbib`mds jd vulmdrhfblbjhj dxtrdgh.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

64

   

Dadgpl` jd bjdmtbebihibùm jd rdiurs`s jd umh i`gumbjhj1

Vdiurs`s jd mudstrh i`gumbjhj Mhturhlds

Zbdrrhs, rç`s, el`rh. Ehumh

Ghtdrbhlds

Bmerhdstruiturh, sdrvbib`s pñflbi`s, dqubphgbdmt` i`lditbv`s d bmjbvbjuhlds, shlùm i`gumhl, dti.

Zâimbi`s

_r`edsb`mhlds, ndrrhgbdmths pr`edsb`mhlds, i`gumhlds, pr`idjbgbdmt`s i`gumhlds, dti.

Ebmhmibdr`s

_rdsupudst`s phrtbibphtbv`s, bmkrds`s, hn`rr`s, dti.

Bmstbtuib`mhlds

Dsththlds, gumbibphlds, rdkb`mhlds, s`ibdjhj ibvbl, dti.

Nughm`s

Lçjdrds hitbv`s, phrtbibphibùm jd t`jh lh i`gumbjhj, rdsp`mshfblbjhj,

pumtuhlbjhj,

i`gpr`gbs`

hkdmtds

i`gumhl,

pr`fldgètbihs adrhrqubzhjhs p`r lh i`gumbjhj, vbsbùm euturh jd lh i`gumbjhj i`msdmsuhjh, fudm nug`r, dxpdrbdmibh jd trhfha` i`gumbthrb`. Eudmtd1 Zrhfha` i`m pdrs`mhs hedithjhs p`r vb`ldmibh p`lçtbih (6?84)

9.8.: Ehsds jdl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` Lhs ehsds jdl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` rdqubdrdm i`ms`lbjhr l` yh trhfhahj` dm lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm, ds jdibr, nhfdr i`mthithj` i `mthithj` hl dqubp` l`ihl i`m dl `fadtbv` jd dsthfldidr rdlhib`mds jd i`mebhmzh phrh dmtdmjdr dl i`mtdxt`, y prb`rbzhr tdghs qud surahm dm lhs sdsb`mds jd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`. Hjdgès, dst` pdrgbtd hl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r y hl dqubp` l`ihl prdphrhr lh gdt`j`l`kçh, tâimbihs y hitbvbjhjds i`m l`s iuhlds sd rdhlbzhrèm lhs prbgdrhs rdumb`mds. - 

_lhmdhgbdmt` jd lhs sdsb`mds jd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`. Dm dsth ehsd sd prdphrh dl plhm jd trhfha` jd ihgp`, t`ghmj` dm iudmth t`jh lh bme`rghibùm rdihfhjh hmtdrb`rgdmtd. Yd dlhf`rh um ihldmjhrb` jd hitbvbjhjds, dl iuhl hyujhrè h rdhlbzhr lhs i``rjbmhib`mds d bmvbthr h l`s jbedrdmtds krup`s jd lh i`gumbjhj phrh qud phrtbibpdm dm l`s prbgdr`s dmiudmtr`s  ’ sbm sbm qud dst` bmtdrebdrh dm sus pr`pbhs hitbvbjhjds lhf`rhlds.

65

Ghmuhl

   

_hrh dll`, dl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r y dl dqubp` l`ihl rdhlbzhrèm um dmshy` jd ihjh umh jd lhs hitbvbjhjds h dadiuthr. Dst` pdrgbtbrè qud dl krup` i`m`zih dl ghmda` jd lh tâimbih y hmhlbid sb rdhlgdmtd pudjd eumib`mhr dm lh i`gumbjhj i`m qud trhfhahrè. - 

Dadiuibùm jd lhs sdsb`mds jd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`. L`s prbgdr`s dmiudmtr`s bmiluydm hiib`mds jd bjdmtbebihibùm jd bme`rghibùm ilhvd, jd hiudrj` i`m lh gdt`j`l`kçh sdldiib`mhjh (thlldrds, krup`s jd jbsiusbùm, dmtrdvbsths, dti.) sd rdhlbzhm rdumb`mds qud hsdkurdm lh phrtbibphibùm jd l`s jbedrdmtds krup`s dm lhs sdsb`mds plhmtdhjhs phrh dl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`. Dm dsth ehsd, sd pudjd nhidr us` jd bmstrugdmt`s jbvdrs`s i`g` thradths, phpdl`tds, s`ib`jrhghs, dsqudghs, jbhkrhghs, jbfua`s, lçmdhs jd tbdgp`, tâimbihs lñjbihs i`g` dl sdgèe`r`, dti. qud hyujdm h rdi`ldithr lh bme`rghibùm. H i`mtbmuhibùm, sd prdsdmthm hlkumhs prdkumths qud p`jrçhm hyujhr dm dstd pr`ids` jd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` y qud ds bgp`rthmtd t`ghr dm i`msbjdrhibùm1

•

 

°Iùg` vdg`s lh lh shluj gdmthl jd mudstrh i`gumbjhj0 (pr`fldghs, mdidsbjhjds)

•

 

°Xuâ pr`fldghs dm dmi`mtrhg`s0 i`mtrhg`s0 °Iuèlds s`m l`s krup`s vulmdrhflds0

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°Xuâ thm krhvds s`m0

•

 

°Xuâ l`s ghmtbdmdm hitbv`s0 °Xuâ l`s hkrhvh0 °Iuèmj`0

•

 

°Xuâ sd nhid‒ °Iùg` l` rdsudlvdm0 °Xubâmds sd bmv`luirhm0  bmv`luirhm0  

•

 

°Iuèlds s`m l`s `fstèiul`s0

•

 

°Xuâ sd pudjd nhidr0

•

 

°Iùg` dgpdzhg`s0

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

6;

   

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Zhfulhibùm y hmèlbsbs. _hrh dsth ehsd, ds mdidshrb` jdebmbr y ihrhitdrbzhr l`s krup`s qud i`gp`mdm lh i`gumbjhj1 sus r`lds, mbvdl jd phrtbibphibùm, `iuphibùm, i`gpr`gbs`s qud hsugdm dm dl krup`, dmtrd `tr`s. Hsç thgfbâm, dm dsth ehsd sd `rkhmbzh t`jh lh bme`rghibùm rdihfhjh dm dl jbhkmùstbi` phrh hmhlbzhrlh, adrhrqubzhrlh y jhrld umh bmtdrprdthibùm h lh luz jd l` suidjbj` jurhmtd lhs sdsb`mds. Z`jh dsth ehsd ds rdhlbzhjh p`r dl dqubp` ehiblbthj`r dxtdrm` y dl dqubp` i``rjbmhj`r l`ihl h trhvâs jdl hmèlbsbs y lh rdeldxbùm, y lhs prdkumths jdl dadribib` jd adrhrqubzhibùm.

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Dadribib` jd adrhrqubzhibùm. Yd jdtdrgbmh iuèl ds dl pr`fldgh ` sbtuhibùm qud sd prdtdmjd ihgfbhr, hilhrhmj` qubâmds s`m l`s krup`s gès vulmdrhflds (guadrds, aùvdmds, mbøhs y mbø`s, hjult`s ghy`rds, vçitbghs, dmt`rm` ehgblbhr jd lhs vçitbghs, dti.). Yd jdfdm tdmdr dm i`msbjdrhibùm l`s mbvdlds jd krhvdjhj ` urkdmibh qud sd pdribfd jdl pr`fldgh3 su rdlhibùm i`m `tr`s pr`fldghs y i`msdiudmibhs i `msdiudmibhs jdl gbsg`, hsç i`g` t`jhs lhs ihrhitdrçstbihs qud sd pudjhm hilhrhr. Dl dadribib` jd adrhrqubzhibùm mdidsbth dsthfldidr irbtdrb`s qud prdvbhgdmtd nhyhm sbj` jbsiutbj`s i`m lh i`gumbjhj. Yd pudjdm hsbkmhr vhl`rds mugârbi`s (8 phrh dl gès krhvd y thl vdz 4 phrh dl gdm`s krhvd), ` i`l`rds, ` ldtrhs, ` thgfbâm sd pudjd ushr dl mñgdr` jd v`t`s phrh bjdmtbebihr iuèl ds dl tdgh i`m ghy`r bgp`rthmibh  adrèrqubih phrh lh p`flhibùm. Ludk`, sd plhmtdh umh i`ms`lbjhibùm i `ms`lbjhibùm ` rdsugdm, jd thl ghmdrh qud dl rdsulthj` ebmhl jd lh adrhrqubzhibùm rdi`ah lh prd`iuphibùm gès sdmtbjh p`r lh i`gumbjhj y m` s`l` lh prd`iuphibùm jdl krup` qud dadrid gès p`jdr dm lh i`gumbjhj. Hlkumhs tâimbihs qud sd sudldm utblbzhr s`m lhs sbkubdmtds1

6>

Ghmuhl

   

Yd pudjdm ushr thradths r`ahs, hghrbllhs y vdrjds

Ydgèe`r`

phrh adrhrqubzhr, lhs r`ahs sdrbhm tdghs gès rdldvhmtds phrh hf`rjhr. Dm um phpdlùkrhe` sd pudjd trhzhr umh lçmdh

Lçmdh jdl tbdgp`

i`m l`s prbmibphlds nbt`s phrh lh p`flhibùm y sd vhm krhebihmj` dvdmt`s bgp`rthmtds y gdths h lhs qud sd qubdrdm lldkhr. Dm ihjh ihrtulbmh sd pudjd dsirbfbr um

Adrhrqubzhibùm p`r

pr`fldgh y sd `rkhmbzhm dm e`rgh jd pbrègbjd

thradths

phrh vbsuhlbzhr iuèlds s`m l`s pr`fldghs jd fhsd y iuèlds s`m l`s pr`fldghs gès vbsbflds ( pumth jdl bidfdrk) Yd sdldiib`mhm l`s pr`fldghs gès bgp`rthmtds y

Y`ib`jrhghs

sd jrhghtbzhm phrh ludk`, dmtrd t`j`s, dldkbr dl gès rdldvhmtd.

Eudmtd1 Zrhfha` i`m pdrs`mhs hedithjhs p`r lh vb`ldmibh p`lçtbih (_TI_, 6?84)

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Uhlbjhibùm y dlhf`rhibùm jdl bme`rgd ebmhl jdl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`. Tmh vdz qud sd nh rdhlbzhj` lh rdeldxbùm y dl hmèlbsbs jd l` dmi`mtrhj` dm lh i`gumbjhj, sd lldvhm dst`s rdsulthj`s h umh mudvh sdsbùm i`m dl krup`. Jbinh sdsbùm tbdmd i`g` ebm qud lhs y l`s phrtbibphmtds rdeldxb`mdm y i`rr`f`rdm sb dl jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` rdeldah l` qud ghmbedsthr`m ` sb ds mdidshrb` prdibshr `tr`s hspdit`s. Hsbgbsg`, sd vudlvd h rdvbshr lh adrhrqubzhibùm jd lh pr`fldgètbih phrh p`jdr jdebmbr lhs prb`rbjhjds jd hiibùm y hsdkurhr l`s i`gpr`gbs`s y lh i`-rdsp`mshfblbjhj.  H phrtbr jd dstd jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`, phr tbibphtbv`, sd i`mebkurh l` qud sdrè dl plhm jd hiibùm i`gumbthrb`, p`r l` qud sd pr`krhghm rdumb`mds i`m lh i`gumbjhj, bjdmtbebihmj` dl hp`y` l`kçstbi` d bmilus` lh i`jbrdiibùm dm lhs sdsb`mds i`gumbthrbhs, qud sdrèm hsugbjhs p`r ihjh umh jd lhs phrtds bmv`luirhjhs dm dstd pr`ids`.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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Zdgh m.¿ :1 Ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds  Lh psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh tbdmd i`g` `fadt` dl dstujb` jd l`s ehit`rds psbi`s`ibhlds qud pdrgbtdm jdshrr`llhr, e`gdmthr y ghmtdmdr dl i`mtr`l y p`jdr qud l`s bmjbvbju`s pudjdm dadridr s`frd su hgfbdmtd bmjbvbjuhl y s`ibhl, phrh s`luib`mhr pr`fldghs qud l`s hqudahm y l`krhr ihgfb`s dm ds`s hgfbdmtds y dm lh dstruiturh s`ibhl.

:.8. Yhluj Gdmthl  Lh shluj gdmthl dstè rdlhib`mhjh i`m dl jdsplbdkud jd lhs jbvdrshs ihphibjhjds nughmhs dm l`s jbedrdmtds g`gdmt`s jd lh vbjh. Dstè hs`ibhjh h lh p`sbfblbjhj jd jbseruthr y jdrbvhr shtbsehiibùm jd lhs i`shs qud nhidg`s, sdhm krhmjds ` pdqudøhs. Yup`md i`mstrubr y jdshrr`llhr vçmiul`s hitbv`s, trhmse`rghj`rds jd lh rdhlbjhj, qud m`s pdrgbthm htdmjdr mudstrhs mdidsbjhjds y rdsp`mshfblbzhrm`s p`r mudstr` pr`pb` fbdmdsthr psçqubi` y dl jd l`s jdgès. Ds thgfbâm lh nhfblbjhj jd i`m`idr lhs ihphibjhjds, lbgbthib`mds y iùg` dsths bmtdrhitñhm i`m lhs jdtdrgbmhmtds s`ibhlds, di`mùgbihs y iulturhlds. Lh shluj gdmthl -gès qud um dsthj`ds thj`- ds um pr`ids` jbmègbi`, pr`juit` jdl bmtdraudk` dmtrd dl dmt`rm` y dl jdsplbdkud jd lhs jbvdrshs ihphibjhjds nughmhs thmt` jd l`s bmjbvbju`s i`g` jd l`s krup`s y i`lditbv`s qud e`rghm lh s`ibdjhj. L` jbmègbi` thgfbâm bmiluyd lh prdsdmibh jd i`melbit`s dm lh vbjh jd lhs pdrs`mhs, hsç i`g` lh p`sbfblbjhj jd her`mthrl`s jd ghmdrh i`mstruitbvh. Bgplbih um pr`ids` jd fñsqudjh jd sdmtbj` y hrg`mçh, qud sd dmiudmtrh çmtbghgdmtd lbkhj` h lh ihphibjhj jd hut`-iubjhj`, dgphtçh y i`mebhmzh qud sd p`md dm audk` dm lh rdlhibùm i`m lhs jdgès pdrs`mhs, hsç i`g` i`m dl rdi`m`ibgbdmt` jd lh i`mjbibùm pr`pbh y hadmh- jd sdr suadt`s jd jdrdin`. Vdsulth bgp`rthmtd dmehtbzhr qud lh shluj gdmthl tbdmd qud sdr dmtdmjbjh m` s`l` i`g` lh ihphibjhj jdl bmjbvbju` phrh hjhpthrsd h lh rdhlbjhj, sbm` qud ds mdidshrb` bmilubr su phrtbibphibùm y dxpdrbdmibh sufadtbvh dm l`s pr`ids`s jd trhmse`rghibùm jd su dmt`rm`. Dstd pr`ids`, i`g` yh sd nh gdmib`mhj`, tbdmd qud vdr i`m lh rdlhibùm jbmègbih dmtrd dl gumj` sufadtbv` (hedit`s, sdmtbgbdmt`s, vhl`rds, pdmshgbdmt`s, sudø`s, tdg`rds, ehmthsçhs, dxpdithtbvhs, dti.) y dl dmt`rm` s`ib`iulturhl (ehgblbh, trhfha`, jdghmjhs jd lh rdhlbjhj, r`lds s`ibhlds, rdsp`mshfblbjhjds, thrdhs i`tbjbhmhs, dti.).

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Lh shluj gdmthl ds um i`midpt` i`mstbtubj` p`r umh jbgdmsbùm s`ib`iulturhl, jd jdshrr`ll` y jd jdrdin`. Nh jdahj` jd sdr dmtdmjbjh ñmbihgdmtd i`g` lh husdmibh jd dmedrgdjhj gdmthl phrh e`ihlbzhr su hiibùm dm dl ègfbt` jd lh shluj pñflbih, i`mstbtuyâmj`sd dm dad trhmsvdrshl jdl jdshrr`ll` nughm` y s`ibhl. I`g` jbgdmsbùm s`ib`iulturhl, lh shluj gdmthl dstè hs`ibhjh hl i`m`ibgbdmt` jd lh iulturh jd lhs pdrs`mhs y sus i`gumbjhjds, jd sus ihrhitdrçstbihs, sus ihphibjhjds y sus lbgbthib`mds dm dstrdinh rdlhibùm i`m lhs jdtdrgbmhmtds nbstùrbihs, s`ibhlds, di`mùgbihs y iulturhlds dxbstdmtds. Lhs pdrs`mhs e`rghg`s phrtd jd umh i`gumbjhj, um i`lditbv`, um phçs3 p`r dmjd, mudstrh shluj gdmthl s`l` pudjd sdr dmtdmjbjh h phrtbr jdl i`m`ibgbdmt` y i`gprdmsbùm jd lhs pr`pbhs rdlhib`mds d nbst`rbh y jd lh p`sbfblbjhj jd tdmdr umh gbrhjh irçtbih jd dst`s hspdit`s. Lhs rdlhib`mds i`m dl gdjb` hgfbdmtd y dl dmt`rm` dmt `rm` iulturhl s`m jdtdrgbmhmtds phrh lh shluj s hluj gdmthl. L` qud dm um i`mtdxt` p`jrçh i`msbjdrhrsd i`g` hjdiuhj` ` bmhjdiuhj`, dm `tr` i`mtdxt` tdmjrè `trh i`mm`thibùm y sdmtbj`. Dl i`mtdxt` s`ib`iulturhl ds bmjbs`lufld jd lh pr`juiibùm jd sufadtbvbjhjds y vbidvdrsh. Lh shluj gdmthl dstè çmtbghgdmtd rdlhib`mhjh i`m dl i`midpt` jd jdshrr`ll` nughm`. Ds jdibr, i`m dl rdsulthj` jd um pr`ids` dm dl qud sd i`mstruydm rdlhib`mds heditbvhs bmtdrpdrs`mhlds, ehgblbhrds, s`ibhlds d nbstùrbihs. Lh shluj gdmthl m` ds um fbdm ` um j`m qud sd hjqubdrd jd ghmdrh phsbvh ` qud vbdmd i`m lh mhturhldzh. Yd trhth jd um pr`ids` jd jdshrr`ll` jd lh sufadtbvbjhj y jd lhs rdlhib`mds s`ibhlds, dm lhs qud lh m`ibùm jd i`melbit` y lh irbsbs sd bmi`rp`rhm i`g` hlk` bmndrdmtd h lh i`mjbibùm nughmh. Dstè hs`ibhjh h lh ihphibjhj jd trhmse`rghr lh rdhlbjhj irdhtbvhgdmtd hmtd l`s ihgfb`s y jbebiulthjds, fusihmj` mudvhs sçmtdsbs jd sdmtbj` h l`s pr`ydit`s jd vbjh ` jdshrr`ll`. Hl nhflhr jd shluj gdmthl m`s rdedrbg`s thgfbâm h um jdrdin` nughm`. Lh shluj gdmthl ds um jdrdin` eumjhgdmthl. Vdi`m`id, lh ldkbtbgbjhj jd lhs pdrs`mhs jd i`mthr i`m lhs i`mjbib`mds ehv`rhflds phrh dl jdshrr`ll` jd sus hkdmibhs y nhfblbjhjds nughmhs. Z`jhs lhs pdrs`mhs tbdmdm dl jdrdin` jd mhidr, irdidr y jdshrr`llhrsd dm um hgfbdmtd qud pr`vdh i`mjbib`mds ehv`rhflds phrh su jdsdmv`lvbgbdmt`. Ds jdibr, i`mjbib`mds ehv`rhflds phrh dmi`mtrhr umh bmtdkrhibùm dmtrd lhs pdridpib`mds, sdmtbgbdmt`s, pdmshgbdmt`s y dl g`j` dm dl qud m`s rdlhib`mhg`s i`m l`s jdgès. Dm dsd sdmtbj`, p`jdg`s

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sufrhyhr qud lh p`frdzh, lh vb`ldmibh, lh jbsirbgbmhibùm y lh i`rrupibùm htdmthm i`mtrh dl jdrdin` jd lhs pdrs`mhs h lh shluj gdmthl -yh qud kdmdrhm bmsdkurbjhj, bmjuidm hltdrhib`mds dm lh hprdibhibùm jd l`s ndin`s, dm dl sbstdgh jd vhl`rds y dm lh bmsdribùm dm lh i`gumbjhj- hl kdmdrhr sbtuhib`mds jd ghldsthr y suerbgbdmt` dg`ib`mhl qud `fsthiulbzhm dl jdshrr`ll` pdrs`mhl y i`lditbv`. 

:.8.8 Ihrhitdrçstb Ihrhitdrçstbihs ihs H mbvdl bmjbvbjuhl, lh shluj gdmthl bgplbih, dmtrd `tr`s hspdit`s1 -  Lh hsumibùm jd um pr`ydit` jd vbjh pdrs`mhl, h phrtbr jdl

rdi`m`ibgbdmt` jd lhs pr`pbhs hkdmibhs y lbgbthib`mds. -  Lh ihphibjhj jd hut`-iubjhj`, dgphtçh, t`ldrhmibh y i`mebhmzh dm

lh rdlhibùm i`m lhs jdgès pdrs`mhs. -  Lh

ehiulthj jd p`stdrkhr bgpuls`s, jdsd`s, krhtbebihib`mds

bmgdjbhths hl gdjbhr um pdmshgbdmt` kubhj` p`r vhl`rds y prbmibpb`s ehgblbhrds, s`ibhlds y iulturhlds bmtdrb`rbzhj`s. -  Dl rdi`m`ibgbdmt` jd lh jbedrdmibh y lçgbtds dmtrd dl gumj` sufadtbv`

y lh pdridpibùm i`msdmsuhjh jd lh rdhlbjhj. -  Lh hiibùm irdhtbvh y trhmse`rghj`rh jdl gdjb`, kdmdrhj`rh jd

i`mjbib`mds ehv`rhflds phrh dl jdshrr`ll` jd l`s rdiurs`s pdrs`mhlds. -  Lh ihphibjhj jd jbserutd y jd fusihr sdmtbj` h lh vbjh

H mbvdl ehgblbhr, lh shluj gdmthl bgplbih, dmtrd `tr`s hspdit`s1 -  Tm sbstdgh jd rdlhib`mds ehgblbhrds qud pr`p`rib`md h sus gbdgfr`s

sdkurbjhj y um s`p`rtd i`msbstdmtd dm dl iuhl pudjhm jdshrr`llhr sus ihphibjhjds nughmhs. -  Tmh rdlhibùm ehgblbhr i`m lçgbtds ilhr`s dmtrd sus gbdgfr`s y sus suf-

sbstdghs, qud jdtdrgbmh l`s g`j`s jd rdlhibùm, hiids hiids` ` y prbvhibjhj dmtrd l`s ehgblbhrds. -  Tm hiudrj` dmtrd l`s gbdgfr`s jd umh ehgblbh dm iuhmt` h

rdsp`mshfblbjhjds, ihphibjhjds, bmeludmibh y lçgbtds. -  Tm krhj` jd hjdiuhibùm jd l`s gbdgfr`s i`m sus r`lds, l`s iuhlds

s`m rdi`m`ibj`s y vhl`rhj`s p`r l`s jdgès gbdgfr`s jdl sbstdgh ehgblbhr. -  Tm lbjdrhzk` deditbv` qud ghmtdmkh dl fhlhmid jd lhs

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ihphibjhjds, rdsp`mshfblbjhjds d bmeludmibhs3 qud g`mbt`rdd l`s lçgbtds3 qud ehv`rdzih lh mdk`ibhibùm mdk `ibhibùm y dl jbèl`k` dm sbtuhib`mds jd i`melbit`s3 qud pr`gudvh dl jdshrr`ll` jdl sbstdgh ehgblbhr3 qud dsthfldzih g`jdl`s jd rdedrdmibh, dmtrd `tr`s. H mbvdl s`ibhl, lh shluj gdmthl bgplbih, dmtrd `tr`s hspdit`s1 -  Tm tdabj` jd rdlhib`mds s`ibhlds qud vbmiuld, `rkhmbid d bmtdkrd h

umh vhrbdjhj jd hit`rds s`ibhlds, p`sbfblbthmj` hltdrmhtbvhs y `p`rtumbjhjds phrh ihmhlbzhr dl p`tdmibhl trhmse`rghj`r jd

bmjbvbju`s,

ehgblbhs,

krup`s,

`rkhmbzhib`mds,

bmstbtuib`mds

y

i`gumbjhjds. -  Tmh i`lditbvbjhj kdmdrhj`rh jd bmstbtuib`mds, g`jdl`s jd

rdedrdmibh, sçgf`l`s, mhrrhtbvhs i`gphrtbjhs, qud pr`pbibdm um sdmtbj` jd pdrtdmdmibh i`m vçmiul`s bmilusbv`s y s`lbjhrb`s, qud rdeldadm um sdmtbj` jd bjdmtbjhj h l`s jbvdrs`s krup`s s`ib`iulturhlds qud lh i`gp`mdm.

-  Tm Dsthj` khrhmtd jd prbmibpb`s jdg`irètbi`s y jd l`s jdrdin`s

nughm`s, qud, i`g` phrtd jd lh s`ibdjhj, rdi`m`zih y ehiblbtd l`s dsphib`s y pr`ids`s jd phrtbibphibùm ibujhjhmh. -  Tm Dsthj` qud trhfhad p`r rdjuibr l`s mbvdlds jd p`frdzh, lh ihrdmibh

jd sdrvbib`s fèsbi`s, lh bgpumbjhj y lh dxilusbùm qud vbvdm hgplb`s sdit`rds jd lh p`flhibùm.

:.6 Yhluj Gdmthl I`gumbthrbh  Lh shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh i`msbstd dm dl gda`rhgbdmt` phulhtbm` jd lhs i`mjbib`mds jd vbjh i`gumhl y jd lh shluj gdmthl jd lh i`gumbjhj, gdjbhmtd hitbvbjhjds bmtdkrhjhs y plhmbebihjhs jd pr`tdiibùm y pr`g`ibùm pr `g`ibùm jd lh shluj gdmthl, jd prdvdmibùm jd ghldsthrds y pr`fldghs psbi`s`ibhlds y jd rdiupdrhibùm y rdphrhibùm jd l`s vçmiul`s pdrs`mhlds, ehgblbhrds y i`gumhlds jhøhj`s y qudfrhj`s p`r lh p`frdzh, lhs rdlhib`mds jd bmdqubjhj y j`gbmhibùm y dl pr`ids` vbvbj` jurhmtd dl i`melbit` hrghj` bmtdrm`. Z`j` dst` i`m lh i`gprdmsbùm, dl hiudrj` y lh phrtbibphibùm hitbvh jd lh i`gumbjhj. Lh shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh hf`rjh l`s pr`fldghs jd shluj gdmthl jd umh ghmdrh bmtdkrhl, i`l`ihmj` dm dl idmtr` jd su htdmibùm lhs i`mjbib`mds dg`ib`mhlds y s`ibhlds dm lhs qud sd dmiudmtrhm lhs pdrs`mhs, ehgblbhs y i`gumbjhjds. Jdsjd hllç, sd plhmtdhm pr`pudsths jd

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bmtdrvdmibùm qud sd `rbdmtdm h lh rdiupdrhibùm y e`rthldibgbdmt` jd lhs rdlhib`mds s`ibhlds qud sd bjdmtbebihm i`g` erhkgdmthjhs. _`r `tr` lhj`, fusih y trhfhah p`r dl dgp`jdrhgbdmt` jd lh s`ibdjhj, s `ibdjhj, vhld jdibr, m` sùl` p`rqud l`s jdrdin`s ibujhjhm`s y dl jd lh shluj sdhm phrtd jd lh rdhlbjhj, sbm` thgfbâm fusih kdmdrhr i`mjbib`mds phrh qud l`s ibujhjhm`s, jd ghmdrh `rkhmbzhjh, sdhm pr`thk`mbsths jd hiib`mds p`lçtbihs y s`ibhlds qud i`mtrbfuyhm h gda`rhr sus i`mjbib`mds jd vbjh. Hl nhflhr jd shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh, thgfbâm sd bmiluydm vhrbhflds rdedrbjhs h hspdit`s jd pht`l`kçh, qud dxidjdm vhrbhflds bmjbvbjuhlds y qud tbdmdm qud vdr i`m umh pr`fldgètbih jd shluj pñflbih y jd `rjdm p`lçtbi` y s`ibhl. _`r dsth rhzùm, lh bmtdrvdmibùm dxbkd mudvhs gbrhjhs qud bmi`rp`rdm vhrbhflds s`ibhlds, p`lçtbihs, iulturhlds, jd kâmdr`, jd dtmbibjhj, dti. L`s dme`quds qud bgplbih dl trhfha` dm shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh jhm iudmth thgfbâm jd su dspdibebibjhj1 jdrdin`s nughm`s, psbi`s`ibhl, bmtdriulturhlbjhj y jd kâmdr`. Dm `trhs phlhfrhs, h phrtbr jd dst`s dme`quds sd pdrgbtd umh i`gprdmsbùm d bmtdrvdmibùm gès hi`rjd y prdibsh erdmtd h l`s hspdit`s jd shluj gdmthl qud m`s i`mv`ihm. i `mv`ihm.

Ihrhitdrçstbihs Lhs bmtdrvdmib`mds jd shluj gdmthl dm lhs i`gumbjhjds fusihm pr`g`vdr ihgfb`s dm lh i`gumbjhj, h mbvdlds jd1 i`mjbib`mds s`ibhlds jd vbjh, vçmiul`s y rdlhib`mds, hsç i`g`, dm lh ghmdrh jd “hprdibhrsd ` jd gbrhrsd‗,

thmt` jd lh i`gumbjhj i`g` jd l`s qud ehiblbthm dst`s pr`ids`s. L` iuhl sup`md lh phrtbibphibùm hitbvh jd l`s jbedrdmtds krup`s dxbstdmtds dm lhs z`mhs, i`m um dme`qud qud bmiluyh lhs jbedrdmtds v`ids. Jd dsth ghmdrh sd pr`pbibh qud l`s krup`s gbm`rbthrb`s ` dxilubj`s jdl dadribib` jdl p`jdr tdmkhm hiids` h dstd, ds jdibr, sbkmbebih kdmdrhr ihgfb`s p`lçtbi`s dm lh i`gumbjhj. _hrh dll`, sd fhsh dm lh bjdmtbebihibùm y e`rthldibgbdmt` jd l`s rdiurs`s y hkdmibhs jd lh i`gumbjhj. Dm dsd sdmtbj` i`mtrbfuyd hl hebhmzhgbdmt` jdl “sdmtbj` jd lh i`gumbjhj‗, hsç i`g` jd lh p`sbfblbjhj jd

nbst`rbhrsd y jd pr`juibr mudvhs e`rghs jd sbkmbebihj`s s`frd sç y s`frd su dmt`rm`. Yd plhmtdh um trhfha` dm shluj gdmthl qud vd h lh i`gumbjhj i`g` suadt` jd bmtdrvdmibùm y m` i`g` `fadt` jd lh gbsgh. Ds jdibr, lh

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bmtdrvdmibùm jd shluj gdmthl dm lhs i`gumbjhjds plhmtdh qud lh p`flhibùm sdh i`hut`rh jd l`s pr`ydit`s h bgpldgdmthrsd3 dsthfldid umh rdlhibùm jd “s`ib`s‗ phrh dl hlihmid jd l`s `fadtbv`s i`gumds, thmt` jd lh i`gumbjhj

i`g` jd lh dxpdrbdmibh plhmtdhjh. L` iuhl sup`md dsthfldidr gdihmbsg`s jd jdibsbùm i`lditbvh s`frd l`s plhmds h rdhlbzhsd y pr`ids`s kdmdrhj`s, hrrbfhmj` h pr`pudsths i`midrthjhs. _`r thmt`, bgplbih dl rdspdt` h l`s jbedrdmtds mbvdlds jd `rkhmbzhibùm l`ihl y h lh pr`g`ibùm jd lh phrtbibphibùm hitbvh jd l`s jbedrdmtds krup`s dxbstdmtds dm lhs z`mhs, i`m um irbtdrb` jd bmilusbùm. Jd dstd g`j`, sd pr`pbibh qud l`s krup`s gbm`rbthrb`s ` dxilubj`s jdl dadribib` jdl p`jdr dm lh i`gumbjhj tdmkhm hiids` h âstd. Lh phrtbibphibùm jd l`s jbedrdmtds gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj sd rdhlbzh -i`g` sd gdmib`mù jdsjd lh dlhf`rhibùm y i`midrthibùm jd lh pr`pudsth y jurhmtd sus jbedrdmtds ehsds1 jbhkmùstbi`, bmtdrvdmibùm y dvhluhibùm jdl pr`ydit`3 dst` hsdkurh lh s`stdmbfblbjhj jd l`s pr`ids`s l`ihlds jdshrr`llhj`s. Yd shfd qud lh bmsdribùm jd um`s “`tr`s‗ (hkdmtds dxtdrm`s ’   dqubp`s jd trhfha`) kdmdrh jbedrdmtds rdlhib`mds hl bmtdrb`r jd lh i`gumbjhj. M`s prdkumthg`s p`r dadgpl` °quâ tbp` jd rdlhibùm sd rdpr`juid dmtrd lh i`gumbjhj y l`s `tr`s0 Dm dsd sdmtbj` um jbsdø` phrtbibphtbv` m` ds bme`rghr hl `tr` jd lhs rdklhs jd audk` sbm` qud ds dsthfldidr lhs m`rghs jd rdlhibùm y hiudrj`s i`m lh i`gumbjhj. Ds um pr`ids` jd bmtdrhiibùm dmtrd i`gumbjhj y hkdmtds dxtdrm`s, dm lh qud gutuhgdmtd sd bmeluydm. Ds rdi`gdmjhfld qud l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s tdmkhm um i`m`ibgbdmt` s`frd dl i`mtdxt`, lhs rdprdsdmthib`mds s`ibhlds, l`s dldgdmt`s l`ihlds, hsç i`g` um i`m`ibgbdmt` jd lh i`sg`vbsbùm jd lh p`flhibùm y, phrtbiulhrgdmtd, s`frd l`s jbsiurs`s, i`midpib`mds y i`mstruiib`mds hlrdjdj`r jdl pr`ids` jd shluj y dmedrgdjhj qud tbdmd lh i`gumbjhj, hsç i`g`, jd lhs prèitbihs l`ihlds phrh shmhr, fusihr y ghmtdmdr lh shluj. Lhs rdlhib`mds ihrh h ihrh, dl rdspdt` h l`s hiudrj`s, lh i`gumbihibùm elubjh, lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm i`m dl gumj` l`ihl y lh i`midrthibùm ehv`rdidm dl dsthfldibgbdmt` jd vçmiul`s jd j d i`mebhmzh y irdjbfblbjhj i`m lh p`flhibùm. Dm dsd sdmtbj`, ds bgp`rthmtd rdi`rjhr qud t`jh mhrrhtbvh jd sç gbsg` sd i`mstruyd dm lh rdlhibùm i`m dl `tr`. _`r dll`, m` p`jdg`s pdrjdr jd vbsth hl hkdmtd dxtdrm` y su sufadtbvbjhj. Lhs bmtdrhiib`mds qud sd jhm jurhmtd dl trhfha` jd ihgp` s`m s `m sbtuhib`mds hrtbebibhlds, p`r l` qud ds id idmtrhl mtrhl

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dl hmèlbsbs jdsjd l`s pr`ids`s y m` sùl` jdsjd l`s i`mtdmbj`s3 jd hllç, qud sd jdfdm bmi`rp`rhr dm dl hmèlbsbs lhs i`mjbib`mds i `mjbib`mds fha` lhs iuhlds sd trhfhah, hsç i`g` lh rdidpibùm y lh bmtdrsufadtbvbjhj irdhjh y rdirdhjh dm dl dmiudmtr` dmtrd pr`edsb`mhl y i`gumbjhj. Hl gbsg` tbdgp` qud rdi`m`idg`s dl vhl`r jd lh i`gumbjhj - lh vbjh i`lditbvh qud p`sbfblbth dl jdshrr`ll` jdshr r`ll` - sd rdi`m`id thgfbâm lh idmtrhlbjhj jd lhs pdrs`mhs i`g` suadt`s pr`thk`mbsths jd sus pr`ids`s jd ihgfb` y dl phpdl pr`g`t`r jd jdshrr`ll` jd umh i`gumbjhj shlujhfld. Lh bmtdrhiibùm ds gutuh1 jd lh i`gumbjhj hl bmjbvbju` y jdl bmjbvbju` h lh i`gumbjhj. Ds eumjhgdmthl phrtbr jdl rdi`m`ibgbdmt` jd lh mdidsbjhj y lh jdghmjh jd lhs pdrs`mhs y i`gumbjhjds, hsç i`g` jd l`s prbmibpb`s jd dqubjhj y s`lbjhrbjhj, y jd lh bgp`rthmibh jd lh jdibsbùm p`lçtbih phrh jbrbkbr hiib`mds qud htbdmjhm dsth pr`fldgètbih jd lh ghmdrh gès bmtdkrhl p`sbfld. Dst` qubdrd jdibr thgfbâm, bmi`rp`rhr su i`mtdxt` jd vbjh, dl iuhl dstè dstrdinhgdmtd rdlhib`mhj` h lh bjdmtbjhj y lhs p`sbfblbjhjds jd jdshrr`ll` eutur`. _`r `tr` lhj`, h mudstr` aubib`, lhs e`rghs jd suerbgbdmt` bmsthlhjhs ` l`s ghldsthrds irùmbi`s, s`m dxprdsb`mds jd lhrkhs nbst`rbhs jd p`stdrkhibùm, dxilusbùm, jd mbmkumd`, ghltrht`, `rehmjhj, husdmibh jd `p`rtumbjhjds, dti., qud rdqubdrdm sdr dxplbibthjhs, hsugbjhs y gbrhjhs irçtbihgdmtd. Âsths sd rdpr`juidm dm lh sufadtbvbjhj jdl bmjbvbju`, i`g` thgfbâm dm lhs rdlhib`mds s`ibhlds hl bmtdrb`r jd lh i`gumbjhj, hsç i`g` dm lh rdlhibùm qud ghmtbdmd âsth i`m dl dmt`rm` ghy`r - llègdsd phçs, rdkbùm, i`mtbmdmtd.

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Jd lh td`rçh h lh prèitbih  -  Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm i`mtrbfuyd h trhfhahr i`m umh i`gumbjhj sd jdfd tdmdr

umh vbsbùm mdutrh jd lh sbtuhibùm jd dstujb`, yh qud sb tdmdg`s prdaubib`s mdkhtbv`s jd lh i`gumbjhj dll`s sdmtbrèm dl rdinhz` y sb sd kdmdrhm dxpdithtbvhs brrhib`mhlds y sufadtbvhs m` sd i`msbjdrhrèm lhs vdrjhjdrhs mdidsbjhjds jdl krup` s`ibhl bjdmtbebihj` j`mjd sd jdshrr`llhrè lh bmtdrvdmibùm i`gumbthrbh.  - 

Lh ehgblbhrbzhibùm ds um pr`ids` qud pdrgbtd lh irdhibùm irdhi bùm jd vçmiul`s dmtrd l`s hkdmtds dxtdrm`s d bmtdrm`s qud ehiblbthm um hidrihgbdmt` kdmubm` y `fadtbv` dmtrd hgfhs phrtds. Dstd hidrihgbdmt` hutâmtbi` pdrgbtbrè dl r`gpbgbdmt` j fhrrdrhs jd prdaubib`s y irddmibhs drrùmdhs y i`mtrbfubrèm h lh e`rgulhibùm jd umh pr`pudsth i`maumth dm dl jdshrr`ll` jd hiib`mds i`gumbthrbhs. 

-  Dl jbhkmùstbi` i`mlldvh um i`maumt` jd hitbvbjhjds qud pdrgbtdm lh

bjdmtbebihibùm jd mdidsbjhjds y/` pr`fldghs jd lh i`gumbjhj ` p`flhibùm dspdiçebih qud dstèm fhshj`s dm lhs mdidsbjhjds jd bme`rghibùm jd l`s jbstbmt`s mbvdlds jdl sbstdgh s`ibhl.  -  Dl jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl ds dl i`m`ibgbdmt` hpr`xbghj` jd lhs jbvdrshs

pr`fldgètbihs jd umh p`flhibùm `fadtbv`, h phrtbr jd lh bjdmtbebihibùm d bmtdrprdthibùm jd l`s ehit`rds y hit`rds qud jdtdrgbmhm su sbtuhibùm, um hmèlbsbs j sus pdrspditbvhs y umh dvhluhibùm d vhluhibùm jd lh gbsgh.  -  Dm l` rdlhib`mhj` h l`s rdiurs`s pdrs`mhlds, thgfbâm sd jdshrr`llh dl

jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv` phrh bjdmtbebihr aumt` h lh p`flhibùm `fadtbv` l`s prbmibphlds rdiurs`s pdrs`mhlds, s`ibhlds, ehgblbhrds y i`gumbthrb`s qud i`mtrbfuydm h lh gbmbgbzhibùm jd pr`fldghs s`ibhlds dm dl krup` s`ibhl bjdmtbebihj`. -  L`s rdiurs`s i`m l`s qud iudmth dl krup` s`ibhl, s`m umh ndrrhgbdmth

eumjhgdmthl dm lh i`msdiuibùm jd `fadtbv`s y dm lh jbsgbmuibùm jd l`s pr`fldghs jd shluj gdmthl bjdmtbebihj`s dm lh i`gumbjhj. -  Lh pr`g`ibùm jd lh shluj gdmthl y lh shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh dm l`s gdjb`s

e`ihlbzhj`s pdrgbtbrè dl e`rthldibgbdmt` y t`gh jd jdibsb`mds hidrthj`s qud

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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i`mtrbfuyh h umh gda`r ihlbjhj jd vbjh y p`r thmt` h lh jbsgbmuibùm jd ihs`s jd hlt` rbdsk` s`ibhl. -  Lh shluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh dme`ih sus `fadtbv`s dm sus ehit`rds jd

pr`tdiibùm, l` iuhl pdrgbtd jdsidmtrhlbzhr sus e`rthldzhs dm trhfha` i`maumt` dsthfldibdmj` gdths h gdjbhm` y lhrk` plhz`. L`s hkdmtds bmtdrm`s hsugdm h trhvâs jdl i`gpr`gbs` y lh phrtbibphibùm hitbvh lh p`sbfblbjhj jd g`jbebihr lhs i`mjbib`mds jbeçiblds phrh gda`rhr sus dsphib`s ehgblbhrds y s`ibhlds, dsthfldibdmj` qud lhs mdidsbjhjds y pr`fldghs l`s hedithm i`g` i`gumbjhj y m` h tçtul` bmjbvbjuhl.

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Ghmuhl

   

Kl`shrb` jd lh Tmbjhj 6  I I`gpr`gbs` Ydkñm G`mtdr` (6??:), ds lh i`mibdmibh y dl sdmtbgbdmt` jd rdsp`mshfblbjhj y `flbkhibùm rdspdit` trhfha`h lh y pdrs`mh l`s `fadtbv`s jd um krup`, pr`ydit` ` ihush, qudjdl i`mjuid h hi`gphøhr, hituhri`gumbjhj, y rdsp`mjdr hmtd dll`s p`r lhs hiib`mds lldvhjhs h ihf`.

J Jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mh sbtuhib`mhll Jd hiudrj` h Ibdmibh y Yhluj (6?89), ds hqudl p`r gdjb` jdl iuhl sd rdhlbzh lh bjdmtbebihibùm, jdsirbpibùm, hmèlbsbs y dvhluhibùm jd lh sbtuhibùm jd umh dgprdsh u `rkhmbzhibùm dm um g`gdmt` jdtdrgbmhj`. jdtdr gbmhj`. I`g` thl, i`msbjdrh l`s rdsulthj`s `ftdmbj`s p`r lh `rkhmbzhibùm y l`s i`mtrhsth i`m l`s qud âsth sd plhmtù bmbibhlgdmtd i`g` gbsbùm. Yu `fadt` ds jdtdithr l`s hspdit`s qud pudjdm ` jdfdm sdr gda`rhj`s ` e`rthldibj`s, phrh hjhpthr lh dstrhtdkbh jd lh dgprdsh y hausthr su eumib`mhgbdmt`. Jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtb phrtbibphtbv` v` Ydkñm Ihahl (6?82), ds um gât`j` jd phrtbibphibùm ibujhjhmh jbsdøhj` phrh `ftdmdr lhs `pbmb`mds y lh phrtbibphibùm jd krup`s jd usuhrb`s, n`khrds y `tr`s hit`rds l`ihlds. Dl `fadtbv` ds lh rdi`ldiibùm y hmèlbsbs y hmèlbsbs jd bme`rghibùm s`frd bmm`vhib`mds tdim`lùkbihs, bmtdrvdmib`mds jd jdshrr`ll` ` pr`pudsths jd rdiurs`s ` p`lçtbihs jd us` jd lh tbdrrh qud hedith h umh i`gumbjhj ` rdkbùm.   E Ehit`rds jd rbdsk` Ydkñm lh @GY (6??6), um ehit`r jd rbdsk` ds iuhlqubdr rhsk`, ihrhitdrçstbih ` dxp`sbibùm jd um bmjbvbju` qud hugdmtd su pr`fhfblbjhj jd suerbr umh dmedrgdjhj ` ldsbùm. _  _hrtbibphibùm Ydkñm G`mtdr` (6??:), ds jdebmbjh i`g` um pr`ids` `rkhmbzhj`, i`lditbv`, lbfrd, bmiluydmtd, dm dl iuhl nhy umh vhrbdjhj jd hit`rds, jd hitbvbjhjds y jd krhj`s jd i`gpr`gbs`, qud dstè `rbdmthj` p`r vhl`rds y `fadtbv`s i`gphrtbj`s, dm iuyh i`msdiuibùm sd pr`juidm trhmse`rghib`mds i`gumbthrbhs d bmjbvbjuhlds. V  Vdiurs` Jd hiudrj` h lh Ihah jd Ndrrhgbdmths I`gumbthrbhs (6?8;), um fbdm jd lh i`gumbjhj ds iuhlqubdr i`sh qud pudjh sdr utblbzhjh phrh gda`rhr lh ihlbjhj jd lh vbjh dm lh i`gumbjhj, pudjd sdr umh dstruiturh eçsbih ` um lukhr, pudjd sdr um mdk`ib` y gbdgfr`s jd lh i`gumbjhj. 

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

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Y Yhluj gdmthl Ydkñm Gdjlbmd_lus (6?82), lh shluj gdmthl bmiluyd mudstr` fbdmdsthr dg`ib`mhl, psbi`lùkbi` y s`ibhl. Hedith lh e`rgh dm qud pdmshg`s, sdmtbg`s y hituhg`s iuhmj` dmerdmthg`s lh vbjh. Zhgfbâm hyujh h jdtdrgbmhr iùg` ghmdahg`s dl dstrâs, m`s rdlhib`mhg`s i`m l`s jdgès y t`ghg`s jdibsb`mds. Lh shluj gdmthl ds bgp`rthmtd dm t`jhs lhs dthphs jd lh vbjh, jdsjd lh mbødz y lh hj`ldsidmibh nhsth lh hjultdz.  Yhluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh Ydkñm HGHVDY (6??5), i`msbstd dm dl gda`rhgbdmt` phulhtbm` jd lhs i`mjbib`mds jd vbjh i`gumhl y jd lh shluj gdmthl jd lh i`gumbjhj, gdjbhmtd hitbvbjhjds bmtdkrhjhs y plhmbebihjhs jd pr`tdiibùm y pr`g`ibùm jd lh shluj gdmthl, jd prdvdmibùm jd ghldsthrds y pr`fldghs psbi`s`ibhlds y jd rdiupdrhibùm y rdphrhibùm jd l`s vçmiul`s pdrs`mhlds, ehgblbhrds y i`gumhlds jhøhj`s y qudfrhj`s p`r lh p`frdzh, lhs rdlhib`mds jd bmdqubjhj y j`gbmhibùm y dl pr`ids` vbvbj` jurhmtd dl i`melbit` hrghj` bmtdrm`. 

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Fbflb`krheçh jd lh Tmbjhj 6  HGHVDY (6??5). Yhluj gdmthl i`gumbthrbh dm dl d l _drñ1 hp`rtds tdgètbi`s phrh dl trhfha` i`m p`flhib`mds. Lbgh ’  _drñ1  _drñ1 Krup` jd Zrhfha` jd Yhluj Gdmthl jd lh I``rjbmhj`rh Mhib`mhl jd Jdrdin`s Nughm`s. Fhlièzhr, E. (6??9). Bmvdstbkhibùm-hiibùm phrtbibphtbvh1 hspdit`s i`midptuhlds y jbebiulthjds jd bgpldgdmthibùm. Eumjhgdmt`s dm Nughmbjhjds, ;(>), 42-;;. Fbflb`tdih Mhib`mhl jd Gdjbibmh jd l`s DD.TT. (6?82). Yhluj Gdmthl. Gdjlbmd_lus. V`icvblld _bcd, TYH1 Jdphrtgdmt `e Ndhltn hmj Nughm Ydrvbids Mhtb`mhl Bmstbtutds `e Ndhltn. Fudlkh, Y. (6??;). Dl dgp`wdrgdmt1 lh p`tdmibhibùm jdl fbdmdsthr jdsjd lh psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh. Dm G. Kbl, _sbi`l`kçh s`ibhl y fbdmdsthr1 umh hpr`xbghibùm bmtdrjbsibplbmhr . (pp. 84:  ’   8;9). Dsphøh1 Tmbvdrsbjhj Qhrhk`zh. Idmtr` phrh lh shluj y jdshrr`ll` i`gumbthrb`. (6?8;). Bjdmtbebihr l`s fbdmds y rdiurs`s jd lh i`gumbjhj. Ihah jd Ndrrhgbdmths I`gumbthrbhs. Tmbvdrsbjhj jd Chmshs. Jd lh Hljdh, D. y Ldwc`wbiz, B. (8222). Lh sufadtbvbjhj ndr`bih, um `fstèiul` dm lhs prèitbihs i`gumbthrbhs jd lh shluj. Vdiupdrhj` jd1 nttp1//dldmhjdlhhljdh.i`g.hr/tdxt`s/hrtçiul`s.ntg Jbhkmùstbi` phrtbibphtbv`1 jdebmbibùm, pr`ids`s y fdmdebib`s. (6?82). Dm1 lbjdedr.i`g. Vdiupdrhj` jd nttps1//www.lbedjdr.i`g/jbhkm`stbi`phrtbibphtbv`/ I`msulthj`1 85 jd dmdr` jd 6?6?. Jbhkmùstbi`. (6?89). Dm1 Ybkmbebihj`s.i`g. Jbsp`mbfld dm1 nttps1//www.sbkmbebihj`s.i`g/jbhkm`stbi`/ nttps1//www.sbkmbebihj`s.i`g/jb hkm`stbi`/ I`msulthj`1 85 jd dmdr` jd 6?6?. G`mtdr`, G. (6??:). Bmtr`juiibùm h lh psbi`l`kçh i`gumbthrbh. Jdshrr`ll`, i`midpt`s y pr`ids`s (8ª dj.). Fudm`s Hbrds ’  Hrkdmtbmh1  Hrkdmtbmh1 _hbjùs. @GY

(6??6). Dm1 ehit`rds jd rbdsk`. Vdiupdrhj` jd nttps1//www.wn`.bmt/t`pbis/rbscPehit`rs/ds/ I`msulthj`1 85 jd dmdr` jd 6?6?. _`mtbebibh Tmbvdrsbjhj Ihtùlbih jdl _drñ. (6?84). Zrhfha` i`m pdrs`mhs hedithjhs p`r lh vb`ldmibh p`lçtbih (8ª. dj.). Lbgh1 Ghdstrçh dm _sbi`l`kçh I`gumbthrbh.

Tmbvdrsbjhj Mhib`mhl jdl Trukuhy. (6?8>). Vdhlbzhibùm jd um jbhkmùstbi` sbtuhib`mhl. _r`krhgh djuihtbv` gâjbi` ibruahm`. G`mtdvbjd`  ’   Trukuhy1 Dxpdrbdmibh djuihtbvh s`ib`hmtr`p`l`kçh.

Tmbvdrsbjhj I`mtbmdmthl | Ghmuhl

   

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