Manual Topicos Avanzados de Calidad.

 

 

 Ec  E ctir a c;  \ðpa`gs Cvcbzclgs Li @cdalcl. Lg`ibti;  [email protected]. C. Dabcris Hðeiz Zctra`ac.  Cdu  C due ebc; bc;  Cdvcrclg Firbcbliz Zirdc Huclcdupi. @crrirc;  Abhibairåc Ib Zrg`isgs y Gpirc`agbis  Ablustracdis.

H r clg y hr hrup upg g; AZGA 1º@.  Ec  E cbu buc cd Ybal Yba lcl 3; A btr btr glu` u```a ðb c dc tigr å c li sa st sti iecs.

_iybgsc,\cecudapcs

30/:>/?:?3

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Yba bal lcl 3; A btr btr glu``a u``a ðb c dc tigr å c li sa stiecs.

?

 

 

\iec \ie c3 3;; Abtrglu``aðb Abtrglu`` aðb c dc tigrå tigråc cl li i sas s as ti tiec ecss ;    C oairtgs oa irtgs ;  

Dgs sastiecs coairtgs sgb dgs `gbkubtgs istru`turclgs qui

ecbtaibib ubc ridc`aðb ridctavceibti `gbstcbti `gb id eilag ib qui istãb abeirsgs, is li`ar, `gb su `gbtixtg. Istc ridc`aðb `gb id eilag aepc`tc tcbtg ib id sastiec `geg ib i idd eil eilag, ag, is li`ar qu qui i i istãb stãb eutuceibti `gbla`agbclgs.  

@irrclgs;   Dgs sastiecs

`irrclgs sgb

cquiddgs

qui

taibib

ub

`gepgrtceaibtg cutðbgeg, y bg taibib ubc abtirc``aðb `gb gtrgs chibtis nåsa`gs satuclgs nuirc li ád. Bg ixasti ubc ridc`aðb li `cuscdalcl ba ubc `grridc`aðb `gb bclc qui istã pgr nuirc, y pgr dg tcbtg puilib sgorivavar ib ocsi c sus prgpags ei`cbasegs li nub`agbceaibtg.    C os trc`tgs ;

Pgb cquiddgs qui istãb `gepuistgs pgr alics, `gb`iptgs y

ðrlibis. Zgr ikiepdg, ub sastiec costrc`tg coairtg is id sgntwcri li ubc `geputclgrc `gbi`tclc c Abtirbit.  

i dieibtgs abtirridc`agbclgs qui @gb`ritgs;  Pi rinairi c tglg `gbkubtg li idieibtgs istá `gepuistg li `gscs, gokitgs g siris qui tibhcb ixastib`ac nåsa`c. Zgr ikiepdg; id sastiec li `cóiråcs li ubc `csc, libtrg li ubc `aulcl. Id sastiec istã `gepuistg pgr gokitgs ricdis (`cógs, hrangs, lischôis) y istã ridc`agbclg c ub `gbtixtg ecygr, qui is dc prgvasaðb li chuc `grraibti li dc `aulcl.

 

Då eati li nrgbt nrgbtirc; irc; Ib tigråc li sastiec, dc nrgbtirc g dåeati li ub sastiec

is ubc dåbic (ricd y/g `gb`iptucd) qui sipcrc id sastiec li su ibtgrbg g suprcsastiec. Dc nrgbtirc li ub sastiec linabi quá qu á is dg qui pirtibi`i cd sastiec y quá is dg qui bg. Dg qui bg pirtibi`i cd sastiec puili sir pcrti li su 0

 

 

suprcsastiec g lari`tceibti bg sir pcrti. Istcodi`ir id dåeati li ub sastiec puili sir sib`addg `ucblg fcy dåeatis nåsa`gs ricdis y si taibi oaib ib `dcrg `uãd is id gokitavg lid sastiec c istulacr.  

Idieibtgs; Dgs idieibtgs qui `gepgbib ub PAP\IEC sgb ibtrclc,

scdalc, prg`isg, ceoaibti, ritrgcdaeibtc`aðb. Dcs ibtrclcs sgb dgs idieibtgs li qui id sastiec puili laspgbir pcrc su prgpag prgvi`fg. Dcs scdalcs sgb dgs gokitavgs risuidtgs lid sastiec= dg qui ásti si prgpgbi, yc `gbsihualg. Id prg`isg dg ngrecb dcs «pcrtis½ lid sastiec, dgs c`tgs ispi`åna`gs. Zcrc litireabcrdgs is bi`iscrag pri`ascr dcs easagbis, tcrics y c`tavalclis qui id sastiec lioi ricdazcr pcrc dghrcr id prglu`tg lisiclg. Pgb easagbis dgs idieibtgs prab`apcdis qui si lioib ricdazcr pcrc dghrcr dgs risudtclgs lid sastiec. Pgb nub`agbis dgs idieibtgs qui lioib fc`irsi pcrc ricdazcr `clc ubc li dcs easagbis. Pgb tcrics dcs c`tavalclis qui lioib fc`irsi pcrc ricdazcr `clc ubc li dcs nub`agbis. Id ceoaibti `gepribli tglg cquiddg qui, istcblg «nuirc½ lid `gbtrgd lid sastiec, litireabc `ðeg gpirc id easeg. Abtihrc dcs `gscs qui sgb `gbstcbtis g lclcs= id sastiec bg puili fc`ir bclc `gb rispi`tg c sus `crc`tiråsta`cs g su `gepgrtceaibtg. Dc ritrgcdaeibtc`aðb (niil-oc`m) cocr`c dc abngrec`aðb qui si orablc c pcrtar lid lisiepióg lid prglu`tg, dc `ucd pireati `ucblg fc`ac g`urralg ubc lisvac`aðb lid pdcb, litireabcr pgr quá si prglukg y dgs ckustis qui siråc ri`geiblcodi fc`ir. Bclai puili kc`tcrsi li fcoir istapudclg dgs gokitavgs hibircdis `grri`tgs g ubc linaba`aðb `grri`tc lid eilagceoaibti g ubc linaba`aðb pri`asc li dgs ri`ursgs, ba ubc linaba`aðb linabatavc li dgs `gepgbibtis.

<

 

 

Zgr dg tcbtg, ubc li dcs tcrics lid sastiec fc li sir dc li orablcr abngrec`aðb qui pireatc cd cleabastrclgr abngrecrsi li `uãblg sgb irrðbigs dgs `gb`iptgs lid sastiec y quá ckustis lioirã ricdazcr ib id easeg.    P uos a s tie tiecs cs;;  Pi

ibtaibli pgr suosastiecs c `gbkubtgs li idieibtgs y

ridc`agbis qui rispgblib c istru`turcs y nub`agbis ispi`acdazclcs libtrg li ub sastiec ecygr. Ib táreabgs hibircdis, dgs suosastiecs taibib dcs easecs prgpailclis qui dgs sastiecs (sabirhac) y su lidaeatc`aðb is ridctavc c dc pgsa`aðb lid gosirvclgr li sastiecs y cd eglidg qui tibhc li ástgs. Lisli isti ãbhudg si puili fcodcr li suosastiecs, sastiecs g supirsastiecs, ib tcbtg ástgs pgsicb dcs `crc`tiråsta`cs sastáea`cs (sabirhac).    P upr c

s as tiec tiecss ;   Yb suprcsastiec g supirsastiec, is id sastiec qui

abtihrc c dgs sastiecs lisli id pubtg li vastc li pirtibib`ac. Ib gtrcs pcdcorcs, is ub sastiec ecygr qui `gbtaibi sastiecs eibgris. Ib tigråc li sastiecs, dgs bavidis li grhcbazc`aðb (g kircrquåcs) si rinairib rinairi b cd grlib ib lastabtgs bavidis li grhcbazc`aðb li dgs sastiecs eãs saepdis c dgs eãs `gepdikgs

\iec \ie c ?; @ gb`iptg gb`iptg li prg`is g y su su i ibngqui bngqui c s as tiec iecs ;  P a s tiec tiec;;  Zglråcegs ib`gbtrcr lavirscs linaba`agbis li sastiec, pirg lioiegs

`gbsalircr qui tglcs iddcs istãb liscrrgddclcs li ecbirc abtuatavc lioalg cd quifc`ir lacrag ib buistrcs valcs, sab ieocrhg, pgliegs tibir ubc alic qui lis`raoc c ub sastiec `geg ub `gbkubtg li idieibtgs qui abtirc`tûcb `gb ub gokitavg `geûb. \glg sastiec istã abtihrclg pgr gokitgs g ubalclis chrupclcs li tcd ecbirc qui, `gbstatuyc ub tglg dðha`g y nub`agbcd, qui is ecygr qui dc suec li iscs ubalclis. 

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Ybc ieprisc li bihg`ags is ub sastiec, sus pcrtis istãb riprisibtclcs pgr dcs nub`agbis li eir`clgti`bac, gpirc`agbis, nabcbzcs, it`., pirg dc ieprisc `geg sastiec puili dghrcr ecygris dghrgs `geg ub tglg qui dgs qui pglråc ricdazcr `clc ubc li sus pcrtis ablavalucdis. Ybc sgdc nub`aðb bg is `cpcz li prglu`ar cdhg pgr så easec. Ybc ieprisc bg puili viblir id prglu`tg qui bg puili idcogrcr. Bg sarvi li bclc ncora`cr ub prglu`tg qui bg puili viblirsi. @ucblg dcs lavirscs pcrtis li ub sastiec trcockcb ib `gbkubtg, si gotaibi ub ini`tg sabárha`g ib id `ucd id prglu`tg lid sastiec is ecygr qui dc suec li dcs `gbtraou`agbis ablavalucdis li sus pcrtis. Ixastib sastiecs `uygs idieibtgs y gokitavgs sgb euy lastabtgs, pirg taibib id easeg tapg li abtirc``aðb, isti tapg li sastiec si la`i qui sgb istru`turcdeibti i stru`turcdeibti sieikcbtis. Dcs `gb`dusagbis qui si gotaibib cd istulacr ubg li istgs sastiecs, si puilib cpda`cr c gtrg. Id Ibngqui li Pastiecs; Is ub isquiec eitglgdðha`g qui sarvi `geg huåc pcrc dc sgdu`aðb li prgodiecs, ib ispi`acd fc`ac cquiddgs qui surhib ib dc lari``aðb g cleabastrc`aðb li ub sastiec, cd ixastar ubc las`ripcb`ac ibtri dg qui si taibi y dg qui si lisic, su prgodieãta`c, sus `gepgbibtis y su sgdu`aðb. Id ibngqui li sastiecs sgb dcs c`tavalclis qui litireabcb li tireabcb ub gokitavg hibircd y dc kustana`c`aðb li `clc ubg li dgs suosastiecs, dcs eilalcs li c`tuc`aðb y istãblcris ib táreabgs lid gokitavg hibircd, id `gbkubtg `gepditg li suosastiecs y sus pdcbis pcrc ub prgodiec ispi`åna`g. Id prg`isg li trcbsngrec`aðb li ub absueg (prgodieãta`c) ib ub prglu`tg (c``agbis pdcbana`clcs) riquairi li dc `ric`aðb li ubc eitglgdghåc grhcbazclc ib tris hrcblis suosastiecs;   Ngreudc`aðb lid prgodiec



>

 

 

  Alibtana`c`aðb y lasióg li sgdu`agbis



  @gbtrgd li risudtclgs



Istg abla`c qui dgs dabiceaibtgs oãsa`gs li trcockg sgb;   Id liscrrgddg li `gb`iptgs y dabiceaibtgs pcrc istula istulacr cr dc ricdalcl `geg



ub sastiec (ngreudc`aðb lid eglidg `gb`iptucd).   Id liscrrgddg li isquiecs eitglgdðha`gs pcrc graibtcr id prg`isg li



sgdu`aðb li prgodiecs ib sus lastabtcs ncsis.   Id liscrrgddg li tá`ba`cs y eglidgs pcrc cpgycr dc tgec li li`asagbis, cså



`geg pcrc gotibir y   cbcdazcr dc abngrec`aðb riquiralc.



Id ibngqui li sastiecs taibi `geg prgpðsatg fc`ir nribti c dgs prgodiecs `clc viz eãs `gepdikgs qui pdcbticb dc ti`bgdghåc y dcs grhcbazc`agbis eglirbcs, prgodiecs qui pgr su bcturcdizc riocscb buistrc abtua`aðb y pcrc dg qui is nublceibtcd `gepriblir su istru`turc y prg`isg (suosastiec, ridc`agbis, ristra``agbis lid eilag ceoaibti, it`.). Dc Bi`isalcl lid Ibngqui li Pastiecs; Id rczgbceaibtg `geûb pcrc p crc kustana`cr dc bi`isalcl lid ibngqui li sastiecs, `gbsasti ib siócdcr qui ib dc c`tucdalcl si ibnribtcb eûdtapdis prgodiecs ib dc lari``aðb li sastiecs `clc viz eãs `gepdikgs. Istc `gepdikalcl si lioi c qui dgs idieibtgs g pcrtis lid sastiec ockg istulag istãb åbtaeceibti ridc`agbclgs yc qui id sastiec easeg abtirc`tûc ib id eilag ceoaibti y `gb gtrgs sastiecs. Yb ikiepdg is id trcbspgrti, `uyg istulag ddivc c `gbsalircr bg sðdg iquapg, abnrcistru`turc, liecblc y gpirc`aðb, sabg tceoaáb vcracodis lid ibtgrbg tcb lavirscs `geg ti`bgdghåc, `gbtceabc`aðb, bgrectavalcl, sihuralcl, rigrlibc`aðb y usg lid suidg, nc`taoadalcl nabcb`airc, it`.

8

 

 

Id bûeirg li ikiepdgs li isti tapg puili cepdacrsi nã`adeibti (ubc ieprisc, ub `ibtrg li cocstg, g ub sastiec li abngrec`aðb) i ab`dusg ddivcrsi c bavidis ec`rg cd `atcr dc istri`fc vab`udc`aðb qui ixasti ibtri nc`tgris `geg pgorizc, lidab`uib`ac, ilu`c`aðb, scdul, iepdig, prglu`tavalcl, abndc`aðb, vgtgs idi`tgrcdis, it`. Zrg`isg li Pgdu`aðb li Zrgodiecs utadazcblg id Ibngqui li Pastiecs;

Puosastiec Ngreudc`aðb lid Zrgodiec; \aibi `geg nub`aðb id alibtana`cr dgs prgodiecs prisibtis y dgs privasaodis pcrc id nuturg, clieãs li ixpda`cr dc rczðb li su ixastib`ac y pcrc su `gepribsaðb si lavali li dc sahuaibti ecbirc;   Zdcbticeaibtg li dc prgodieãta`c.



  Abvistahc`aðb li dg ricd.



  Ngreudc`aðb li dg lisiclg.   Ivcduc`aðb y lachbðsta`g.





Puosastiec Alibtana`c`aðb y Lasióg li Pgdu`agbis; Pu prgpðsatg is pdcbticr y  kuzhcr dcs pgsaodis ngrecs li abtirvib`aðb, cså `geg dc idcogrc`aðb li dgs prghrcecs, prisupuistgs y lasiógs riquiralgs r iquiralgs pcrc pcscr c dc ncsi li iki`u`aðb, i ki`u`aðb, isti pubtg istã lavalalg ib;   Hibirc`aðb y ivcduc`aðb li cdtirbctavcs.





  Ngreudc`aðb li ocsis istrctáha`cs.   Liscrrgddg li dc sgdu`aðb.



Puosastiec @gbtrgd li _isudtclgs; \glg pdcb istrctihac g prghrcec istã sukitg c ckustis g ripdcbticeaibtgs cd liti`tcr irrgris, irrgr is, geasagbis, `ceoags ib id eilag ceoaibti, vcrac`agbis ib dc istru`turc li vcdgris, it`. Q isti pubtg istã lavalalg li dc sahuaibti ecbirc; ecbir c;   Zdcbic`aðb lid `gbtrgd.



  Ivcduc`aðb li risudtclgs y clcptc`aðb.



6

 

 

Yba bal lcl ?;

 Paa stiecs li `cda lcl   P

. 1

 

 

\iec \ie c 3; A btrglu`` btrglu``aðb aðb cd P as tiec tiec li H istaðb is taðb li @ cdalcl; dalcl;  Courtg (3116, p. 39) ib su daorg cleabastrc`aðb pgr `cdalcl, eib`agbc qui —is

isib`acd fc`ir dgs eikgris isnuirzgs, pirg liscngrtubclceibti, ástgs pgr så sgdgs, bg dghrcb id gokitavg―. \cdis isnuirzgs pcrc  qui sicb ini`tavgs riquairib

li dc graibtc`aðb qui dgs ib`ceabi ib dc lari``aðb `grri`tc. Ybc ecbirc li dghrcrdg is liscrrgddcblg ub PH@ cli`uclg c dcs bi`isalclis li dc ieprisc. Dc histaðb li dc `cdalcl `geg dg eib`agbc _uaz-@cbidc (?::) taibi —aepc`tg istrctáha`g ib dc ieprisc y riprisibtc ubc gpgrtubalcl `gepitatavc, pgbaiblg ispi`acd ábncsas ib id eir`clg y ib dcs bi`isalclis lid `daibti―. Cså,

id sastiec li `cdalcl fc`i qui dcs c`tavalclis qui si liscrrgddib si ricdazcb oaib c dc praeirc viz li ddivcrdcs c `cog y bg si prgluz`cb irrgris. _uaz- @cbidc (?::) gpabc qui —istc is dc tcric lid dalirczhg istrctáha`g pcrc dc `cdalcl. Id pglir, dc

rispgbscoadalcl y dgs `geprgeasgs `gepcrtalgs bg sahbana`cb bclc sa dgs eaieorgs li dc pdcbtaddc vcb ib ubc lari``aðb y dgs lari`tavgs ib gtrc―. Zgr tcbtg,

dc `cdalcl aepda`c qui tglgs si lioib liscrrgddcr `geg dåliris, bg sðdg `geg hiribtis. Pgrgfcb (311 >1 . APG/\P 3>111111111111111111.3, ICSN y CPS. AC\N (Abtirbctagbcd Cutgegtavi \csm Ngr`i) is dc grhcbazc`aðb abtirbc`agbcd ockg dc `ucd si fc `gb`ioalg dc Bgrec APG \P 3>1111111 Istru`turclc ib dgs sahuaibtis pubtgs tgeclgs `geg ocsi li dc APG 1::3;?:39 y ? Cbixgs; Cbixg C (Zdcb li @gbtrgd) y Cbixg O (Oaodaghrcnåc-Pupdieibtg  Cutgegtraz).

 

Gokitg

y

`cepg

li

cpda`c`aðb  

_inirib`acs bgrectavcs

•  Abtrglu``aðb

 

\áreabgs y linaba`agbis

•  Gokitg y @cepg li cpda`c`aðb

 

@gbtixtg

•  _inirib`acs Bgrectavcs

dc

Grhcbazc`aðb

•  \áreabgs y linaba`agbis •  @gbtixtg li dc Grhcbazc`aðb

 

•  Dalirczhg

 

Cpgyg

•  Zdcbana`c`aðb

 

Gpirc`aðb

•  Cpgygs

 

Ivcduc`aðb

Dalirczhg   Zdcbana`c`aðb

•  Gpirc`aðb •  Ivcduc`aðb lid lisiepióg

li

lid

Lisiepióg  

Eikgrc

•  Eikgrc

?6

 

 

_ispgbscoadalcl `grpgrctavc

 

Histaðb li raishgs

 Cprgoc`aðb

lid

prglu`tg

Zdcbis li `gbtabhib`ac

 

Ispi`ana`c`agbis li abhibairåc

 

Zdcb li @gbtrgd  Cbãdasas sastiec li

 

@ratirags li c`iptc`aðb

 

@crc`tiråsta`cs ispi`acdis

@gbtrgd prglu`tg bg

 

_ivasaðb li riquasatgs

`gbngrei

 

^irana`c`aðb y vcdalc`aðb

Eátglgs c pruioc li

lid lasióg

irrgr

 

eila`aðb (EPC)

Zrgtgtapgs

D c Bgr ec @dãusudc <  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>. @gbtixtg li dc grhcbazc`aðb. @gbg`aeaibtg li dc grhcbazc`aðb y su `gbtixtg; ·Suaábis sgb sus pcrtis abtirisclcs7 ·@uãdis sgb sus bi`isalclis y ixpi`tctavcs7 •  Pi fc li linabar id CD@CB@I li dc `irtana`c`aðb tibaiblg ib `uibtc id

`gbtixtg, y li ngrec eãs litcddclc. Pi ab`duyi dcs nub`agbis li cpgyg, uoa`clcs ib id satag g nuirc li ád (tcdis `geg dgs `ibtrgs li lasióg, dcs gna`abcs `grpgrctavcs li dc `gepcóåc y dgs `ibtrgs li lastraou`aðb. •  Dcs ix`dusagbis pireatalcs si ridc`agbcb `gb dgs riquasatgs riquasatgs li lasióg y

liscrrgddg lid prglu`tg. •  Dc grhcbazc`aðb lioi istcodi`ir, lg`ueibtcr, aepdieibtcr y ecbtibir ub

sastiec li histaðb li dc `cdalcl (Ab`dualg id prg`isg lg`ueibtclg pcrc dc Histaðb li dc Pihuralcl lid Zrglu`tg).

?1

 

 

@dãusudc 9  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>. Dalirczhg Dc Cdtc Lari``aðb li dc `gepcóåc lioi liegstrcr dalirczhg y `geprgeasg c trcvás li dcs sahuaibtis c``agbis;  

Csihurãblgsi li dc abtihrc`aðb li dgs riquasat riquasatgs gs lid sastiec li histaðb li dc `cdalcl ib dgs prg`isgs li bihg`ag li dc Grhcbazc`aðb.

 

Linabaiblg dc Zgdåta`c li @cdalcl.

 

Istcodi`aiblg rgdis, rispgbscoadalclis y cutgralclis.

0:

 

 

 

Zrgegvaiblg id usg lid ibngqui c prg`isgs (Luióg lid prg`isg) y id pibsceaibtg ocsclg ib raishgs.  

_ispgbscoadalcl @grpgrctavc (Zgdåta`c li privib`aðb li dc `grrup`aðb, ub `ðlahg li `gblu`tc pcrc dgs iepdiclgs, y ubc ub c pgdåta`c li is`cdceaibtg áta`g).

@dãusudc >  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>. Zdcbana`c`aðb Dc pdcbana`c`aðb is dc itcpc eãs aepgrtcbti, puis li iddc lipibli id áxatg li dc aepdieibtc`aðb lid sastiec.  Cdhubgs li dgs fatgs `råta`gs sgb;  

_aishgs y gpgrtubalclis. C``agbis pcrc dddivcr divcr c `cog.   C``aðb privibtavc pcrc dc idaeabc`aðb li dcs `cuscs li bg `gbngrealclis pgtib`acdis.  

Istcodi`aeaibtg li gokitavgs istrctáha`gs li dc histaðb li dc @cdalcl y dc aepgrtcb`ac li `geuba`crdgs cd pirsgbcd.

 

Zdcb li @gbtabhib`ac.

 

Zdcbana`c`aðb li dgs ``ceoags. ceoags. Dgs `ceoags si lioib ddivcr c `cog li ecbirc pdcbana`clc y sastieãta`c.

@dãusudc 8  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>.  Cpgyg Id Pastiec li Histaðb si nublceibtc ib id usg ina`aibti li dgs ri`ursgs;  

_i`ursgs; Fuecbgs, Abnrcistru`turcs y Ceoaibti pcrc dc gpirc`aðb li dgs prg`isgs, li sihuaeaibtg y eila`aðb (Cbãdasas lid sastiec li Eila`aðbEPC), `gbg`aeaibtgs grhcbazctavgs. 03

 

 

 

Dcogrctgrag Abtirbg y ixtirbg (_i`geiblcodi C`rilatc`aðb APG 38:?9).  

@gepitib`ac. Pi fc li l litireabcr itireabcr dc `gepitib`ac bi`iscrac li dcs pirsgbcs qui ricdazcb ub trcockg qui cni`tc cd lisiepióg y ina`c`ac lid sastiec, suo`gbtrctc`aðb ab`dualc.

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Pi fc li prgpgr`agbcr cd pirsgbcd, ngrec`aðb pcrc su puistg li trcockg (si lioi ab`duar dc ngrec`aðb ib dgs riquasatgs lid `daibti).

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_iquasatgs ispi`åna`gs ridctavgs c dc `gepitib`ac lid culatgr abtirbg y lid culatgr li sihublc pcrti.

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\gec li @gb`aib`ac li pgdåta`c, gokitavgs pirtabibtis, su `gbtraou`aðb cd áxatg y dcsaepda`c`agbis li lisvacrsi li dg privastg. Egtavc`aðb lid pirsgbcd.

Abngrec`aðb lg`ueibtclc (Ecygr ndixaoadalcl) Lg`ueibtc`aðb lid sastiec li histaðb li dc `cdalcl Ecbucd li @cdalcl Ispi`ana`c`agbis li abhibairåc (pdcbgs, ecbucdis lid prgviilgr…). •  @gbtrgd li dc `gbnahurc`aðb li dgs prglu`tgs ncora`clgs •  _ivasaðb li dcs ispi`ana`c`agbis tá`ba`cs; libtrg li dgs 3: låcs fãoadis

pgstiragris c dc ri`ip`aðb li dc bgtana`c`aðb lid `ceoag ib dcs bgrecs/ispi`ana`c`agbis li abhibairåc. •  C`tucdazc`aðb lid pdcb li `gbtrgd li prglu``aðb, lid CENI, it`. •  _ihastrg li dc ni`fc ib qui si aepdieibtc ub `ceoag ib dc prglu``aðb.

@dãusudc 6  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>. Gpirc`aðb  Cquå si ib`uibtrcb cdhubcs li dcs `dãusudcs eãs aepgrtcbtis li dc bgrec;

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Zdcbana`c`aðb y @gbtrgd Gpirc`agbcd.

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Dgs riquasatgs y dcs ispi`ana`c`agbis tá`ba`cs lid prglu`tg lid `daibti.

 

Dgs riquasatgs li dghåsta`c.

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Dc nnc`taoadalcl c`taoadalcl li dc ncora`c`aðb.

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Dc pdcbana`c`aðb lid prgyi`tg.

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Dgs `ratirags li c`iptc`aðb.

Litireabc`aðb li dgs riquasatgs pcrc ddgs gs prglu`tgs y sirva`ags (Nc`taoadalcl li dc ncora`c`aðb).

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Lasióg y liscrrgddg li dgs prglu`tgs y sirva`ags (Liscrrgddg li prglu`tgs `gb Pgntwcri).

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@gbtrgd li ddgs gs prglu`tgs y sirva`ags sueabastrclgs ixtirbceibti (Ivcduc`aðb

lid raishg lid prgviilgr ixtirbg y liscrrgddg lisc rrgddg lid PH@ lid prgviilgr ixtirbg).   Zrglu``aðb y pristc`aðb lid sirva`ag (Zdcb li `gbtrgd= Ecbtibaeaibtg prglu`tavg tgtcd).  

Daoirc`aðb li dgs prglu`tgs y sirva`a sirva`ags. gs.

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@gbtrgd li dgs idieibt idieibtgs gs li scdalc li prg`isg, prglu`tgs y dgs sirva`ags bg `gbngreis.

Zdcbana`c`aðb li dc _icdazc`aðb lid Zrglu`tg y lid Zrg`isg

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@ dãus dãus udc 1  ‐ AC \N 3>11. ?:3>. Ivcduc`aðb lid lisiepióg Ybc viz aepdieibtclg id sastiec li histaðb, dc bgrec ixahi ub sihuaeaibtg pirecbibti y rivasagbis piraðla`cs pcrc eikgrcr su lisiepióg;   Pihuaeaibtg,

eila`aðb, cbãdasas y ivcduc`aðb li prg`isgs y Pctasnc``aðb lid

`daibti.  

Culatgråcs abt abtirbcs irbcs c abtirvcdgs pdcbana`clgs.

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_ivasaðb lid Pastiec pgr ddc c Lari``aðb. Pi fcb li linabar dcs ibtrclcs y scdalcs li dc rivasaðb.

@ dã dãus us udc 3:  ‐ AC \N 3>11. >.  Eikgrc Dc `gepcóåc lioi csihurcrsi li eikgrcr `gbtabuceibti dc ina`c`ac y dc ina`aib`ac li dgs prg`isgs.  

Bg `gbngrealclis y c``agbis `grri`tavcs yc bg cpcri`ib `geg tcd, dcs c``agbis privibtavcs.

 

Eikgrc `gbtabuc

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Yba bal lcl 0; \ á`ba `ba `cs `cs l li i  sg  s gdu`a ðb li  prr godiecs.  p

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\iec \ie c 3; A btrglu``aðb btrglu``a ðb c dc dcss tá`ba tá`ba`cs `cs li sgdu s gdu`a `aðb ðb li prgodie prgodiec cs ; 6L,  9X, 3F, 3F , S@ Fa s tgry tgry;;  

6L; Dcs G`fg las`apdabcs pcrc dc risgdu`aðb li prgodiecs (ib abhdás Iahft Las`apdabis

Zrgodie Pgdvabh) is ub eátglg lasióclg pcrc ib`gbtrcr dc `cusc rcåz li ub prgodiec, alicr ubc sgdu`aðb c `grtg pdczg p dczg i aepdieibtcr ubc sgdu`aðb c dcrhg dcr hg pdczg qui ivati dc ri`urrib`ac lid easeg. \ceoaáb is `gbg`alc `geg eitglgdghåc li dcs 6 g li ngrec corivaclc `geg 6L. Id grahib li istc eitglgdghåc si ctraouyi c Ngrl Egtgr @gepcby, ib 3168, quaib istcblcrazg id prg`isg pcrc risgdvir prgodiecs `gepdikgs ib ubc si`uib`ac li 6 pcsgs sastieãta`gs ib id ecbucd tatudclg «\ice Graibtil Zrgodie Pgdvabh½, la`fg lg`ueibtg `ceoag dcs pirspi`tavcs li risgdu`aðb li dgs prgodiecs, li ub ibngqui `grri`tavg, c ub ibngqui eãs privibtavg. Id gokitavg lid eátglg is idaeabcr g eabaeazcr id raishg li dc riab`alib`ac li dgs irrgris, cd tgecr c``agbis tcbtg ib dgs ini`tgs ivalibtis li dgs prgodiecs, `geg ib sus `cuscs rcå`is. @clc pcsg is libgeabclg —las`apdabc―, puis id áxatg li prg`isg lipibli li dc

sabirhac y `geprgeasg li `clc ubc li dcs pirsgbcs abvgdu`rclcs. Pa oaib surhað `geg ubc istrctihac pcrc laseabuar dcs bg `gbngrealclis li prg`isgs y prglu`tgs qui si fc`åcb fc `åcb ripitatavcs `gb id pcsg li dgs cógs cógs,, fgy pgr fgy is ub eátglg ini`tavg dghrcr eikgrcs sustcb`acdis ib tglgs dgs prg`isgs. Ib såbtisas, 6L is ubc rutc grlibclc qui trcbsatc ub iquapg eudtalas`apdabcrag, `gepuistc pgr 6 pcsgs prilinabalgs pcrc alibtana`cr y lis`raoar ub prgodiec, cbcdazcr li sus `cuscs, litireabcr y pdcbana`cr id `gbkubtg li c``agbis qui pireatcb dghrcr sgdu`aðb ini`tavc, virana`cr id risudtclg li dc sgdu`aðb y ritrgcdaeibtcr c dgs abvgdu`rclgs, pcrc eikgrcr id cpriblazcki y dc ngrec li cpda`cr id eátglg ib `a`dgs pgstiragris, y c su viz eikgrcr dc histaðb sastáea`c li dgs prgodiecs.

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  9X;  9X ;

Dc 9X+F is ubc eitglgdghåc li cbãdasas iepriscracd qui `gbsasti ib `gbtistcr

sias prihubtcs oãsa`cs; quá (XFC\), pgr quá (XFQ), `uãblg (XFIB), lðbli (XFI_I), quaáb (XFG) y `ðeg (FGX). Istc rihdc `riclc pgr Dcsswidd (3181) puili `gbsalircrsi `geg ubc dastc li virana`c`aðb eilacbti dc `ucd is pgsaodi hibircr istrctihacs pcrc aepdieibtcr ubc eikgrc. Fgy ib låc dcs iepriscs lioib sir `clc viz eãs ina`aibtis y ini`tavcs, li ecbirc li gptaeazcr dc `cdalcl y id pri`ag li dgs sirva`ags g prglu`tgs qui orablc c sus `daibtis pcrc sir `gepitatavcs y cså ecbtibir g cueibtcr su ddihclc cd eir`clg. Ybc ngrec li eikgrcr istgs pcrãeitrgs is eilacbti dc cpda`c`aðb li dc eikgrc ib sus prg`isgs. Dc eikgrc puili cpda`crsi `geg —`ceoags rcla`cdis― g —piquiógs `ceoags―. Dc praeirc gp`aðb puili cpda`crsi ib pg`cs g`csagbis, eaibtrcs qui dc

sihublc gp`aðb is cpda`codi ib ngrec riatirclc ib ub easeg prg`isg. Is dc libgeabclc —eikgrc `gbtabuc―.   

3F; 9X 3F (quaáb, quá, lðbli, `uãblg, pgr quá, `ðeg) is ub eátglg li fc`ir

prihubtcs c`ir`c li ub prg`isg g ub prgodiec csuealg pcrc eikgrcr. @uctrg li dgs li X (quaáb, quá, lðbli, `uãblg) y dc F si iepdic pcrc `gepriblir dgs litcddis, cbcdazcr dcs abnirib`acs y id kua`ag pcrc ddihcr c dgs fi`fgs nublceibtcdis y dcs li`dcrc`agbis li huåc pcrc ddihcr c dc costrc``aðb. Dc ûdtaec X (pgr quá) si prihubtc `gb nri`uib`ac `ab`g vi`is dg qui ubg puili prgnublazcr pcrc ddihcr c dc isib`ac li ub

prgodiec.

 

S@ Fas tgry; Ib istc easec dåbic, bgs ib`gbtrcegs `gb id `gb`iptg li S@

Ptgry, g tceoaáb libgeabclg rutc g fastgrac li dc `cdalcl, qui is ispi`acdeibti `gbg`alg ib Dctabgceára`c.  @gb S@ Ptgry, si ous`c idaeabcr dc `cusc rcåz li ub prgodiec, prg`urcblg ubc `gbstcb`ac li fãoatgs libtrg li dc grhcbazc`aðb. @gb iddg, bg sðdg idaeabcegs id grahib

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li dc ab`alib`ac, sabg qui, clieãs, ivatcegs id prgodiec, eilacbti dc clgp`aðb li prg`isgs abbgvclgris y pdcbic`aðb. Ib linabatavc, eikgrcblg dc grhcbazc`aðb y istcodi`aiblg ouibcs prã`ta`cs ib id `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl. Zgr tcbtg, is ispi`acdeibti aepgrtcbti pcrc cquiddcs qui tibhcb ub Pastiec li Histaðb @cdalcl ocsclg ib dc bgrec APG 1::3 aepdcbtclg. Id S@ Ptgry is cpda`codi c vcracs li l i dcs itcpcs lid `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl. Istcs sgb; •  Zdcbana`c`aðb l li i dc `cdalcl; ib istc itcpc lid `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl, S@ Ptgry

si utadazc pcrc dc `ric`aðb li istãblcris li sctasnc``aðb li pirsgbcs. •  Ecbtibaeaibtg li dc `cdalcl; sa sarvi rvi pcrc `gbsirvcr dgs istãblcris cbtiragris,

pcrc ivatcr liravc`agbis li dc `cdalcl (hibircr y ecbtibir id istãblcr li `gbtrgd li `cdalcl). •  Eikgrc l li i dc `cdalcl; cpgrtc ddc c ab abbgvc`aðb bgvc`aðb c trcvás lid rilari``agbceaibtg li

prg`isgs, `ricblg buivgs istãblcris. Zubtgs `dcvi li S@ Ptgry ib id `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl •  Ib id `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl ricdazclg c trcvás lid eátglg S@ Ptgry si sahui

ubc sastieãta`c istru`turclc. Zirg pcrc qui ástc tibhc áxatg, ixastib ubc sirai li pubtgs `dcvi ib id S@ Ptgry; •  @gbsalircr fi`fgs y lctgs, likcblg li dclg dcs ispi`udc`agbis. •  @gbsalircr bg sðdg dc eilac, sabg tceoaáb dc laspirsaðb. •  @gbsihuar dc aepda`c`aðb li tglgs dgs abtihrcbtis li dc grhcbazc`aðb, y ib

ispi`acd, li dgs rispgbscodis li `gbtrgd `cdalcl. •  Pi lioi `gbsalircr id prg`isg ahucd li aepgrtcbti qui id risudtclg. •  Ytadazcr id `a`dg ZL@C `geg huåc pcrc pdcbana`cr. •  Istcblcrazcr, yc qui sðdg li istc ecbirc, si gotiblrãb eikgrcs lurclircs. •  Idaeabcr id eailg cd `ceoag g c iquavg`crsi. •  Egtavc`aðb.

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Pi puili gosirvcr, qui `gbsalirc `geg iki virtiorclgr lid `gbtrgd li dc `cdalcl eilacbti S@ Ptgry, dc prã`ta`c, id ibscyg y irrgr y, pgr ibli, dc abbgvc`aðb.

\iec ?; Cpda`c`aðb li dcs tá`ba`cs li sgdu`aðb li prgodiecs; 6L,  9X, 3F, 3F , S@ Fa s tgry tgry;;   6L;

·@ðeg cpda`cr dcs 6L7

6L pcrti li dc prieasc li ·`ðeg si s i lioi risgdvir ub prgodiec7, y bg sgdg ib `ðeg si risuidvi, ib isti sibtalg id `a`dg li dc risgdu`aðb si suolavali ib lgs `a`dgs, ub `a`dg li liti``aðb y ub `a`dg li privib`aðb. Id `a`dg li liti``aðb `gepribli dc `ric`aðb lid iquapg li eikgrc, id cbãdasas lis`raptavg lid prgodiec y dc pdcbana`c`aðb y iki`u`aðb li sgdu`agbis tiepgrcdis qui idaeabcb dgs ini`tgs ectiracdazclgs lid irrgr, isti `a`dg ous`cr ubc rispuistc abeilactc (pcsgs lid 3 cd 0). Id `a`dg li dc privib`aðb, vc ub pg`g eãs cd grahib lid prgodiec y c dcs c``agbis qui puilib tgecrsi pcrc privibar su ricpcra`aðb, pcrc iddg aepda`c ub cbãdasas eãs fgdåsta`g lid prgodiec, su `gbtixtg, dgs nc`tgris li vcracoadalcl qui hibircrgb la`fg ini`tg, pgr iddg ab`duyi ub pcsg li cbãdasas li `cuscs rcå`is, ib lgbli si virana`c dc `grridc`aðb li dgs eátglgs, ecquabcs, eilag ceoaibti, ectiracdis, eila`agbis y id nc`tgr fuecbg ib id prgodiec c privibar, y ib ocsi c istgs risudtclgs si pdcbana`cb y iki`utcb dcs c``agbis qui idaeabib isgs ng`gs li irrgris (`cuscs rcå`is), isti `a`dg ous`c ubc sgdu`aðb ssgstibaodi gstibaodi qui privibhc dc rriab`alib`ac iab`alib`ac li dgs irrgris (pcsgs lid < cd 6).  C `gbtabuc`aðb, ixpda`criegs `clc ubc li dgs pcsgs li dcs 6 Las`apdabcs;