Manual Tecnico Sobre Micro-Generacion Hidroelectrica

 

Qf`vars`lbl la Kdstb Y`kb Nbkuotbl la @fgaf`arêb Askuaob la @fgaf`arêb Aoàktr`kb

JBFQBO \ÀKF@KD [DIYA J@KYDGAFAYBK@ÛF E@LYDAOÀK\Y@KB 

pdr  Mb`ja Kbskbfta ^`flbs Ibse`r Ao-Geaoobo` Ru`rûs

Nairard, 988;

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - @fl`ka

@FL@KA  LA KDF\AF@LD[= Yasujaf ............................................................................................................ ..................................................... ............................................................................................... ........................................ 2 Kbpêtuod 2. Nuflbjaftds............................................................................................... Nuflbjaftds........................................ ................................................................................... ............................ 9 Kobs`n`kbk`ûf la obs j`krd-e`lrds.................................................... j`krd-e`lrds .......................................................................................................... ...................................................... 9 Kbpêtuod 9. \uri`fbs E`lrâuo`kbs ............................................................................................................. ............................................................. ................................................ ; Kr`tar`ds la kobs`n`kbk`ûf......................................................... kobs`n`kbk`ûf ...................................................................................................................... ............................................................... ; Xdr kdjd l`skurra ao bgub af ob turi`fb turi`fb ............................................................................................ ............................................................. ............................... ; \uri`fbs la bkk`ûf ....................................................................................................................... ......................................................... ................................................................ < \uri`fbs Xaotdf .............................................................................................................. ...................................................... ................................................................... ........... < \uri`fbs \urgd ........................................................................................................... ................................................... ....................................................................... ............... < \uri`fb la Noumd Kruzbld ..................................................... ......................................................................................................... .................................................... 1 \uri`fbs la Yabkk`ûf ................................................................................................................... .................................................... ................................................................. > \uri`fbs Nrbfk`s ............................................................. ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................ > \uri`fbs Cbpobf y la eào`ka.......................................................... eào`ka ...................................................................................................... ............................................ 7 Xdr su vaodk`lbl aspakên`kb ............................................................................................................... .............................................................. ................................................. 5 Kr`tar`ds la saoakk`ûf .................................................................................................................. .................................................... ...................................................................... ........ 22 Boturb lao sbotd ......................................................................................................... .................................................. .............................................................................. ....................... 22 Kbulbo............................................................................................ Kbulbo..................................... ......................................................................................................... .................................................. 2< ^aodk`lbl aspakên`kb ..................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .................................................................. 21 Kbv`tbk`ûf................................................................................................. Kbv`tbk`ûf.......................................... .............................................................................................. ....................................... 21 ^aodk`lbl la rdtbk`ûf.............................................................................................................. rdtbk`ûf............................................... ....................................................................... ........ 27 ^aodk`lbl la ajibobj`aftd ............................................................................................................ ........................................................ .................................................... 27 Kbpêtuod ;. Gafarbldras .......................................................................................................................... ............................................................. ............................................................. 25 Gafarbldras la kdrr`afta kdft`fub ...................................................................................................... ............................................................... ....................................... 20 [`stajb la axk`tbk`ûf ...................................................................................................................... ............................................................. ......................................................... 98 Jbftaf`j`aftd ...................................................... .............................................................................................................. .......................................................................... .................. 9; Bvarêbs lao botarfbldr botarfbldr ................................................................................................................. ....................................................... .......................................................... 9; Ibtarêbs......... Ibtarêbs................................................................ ................................................................................................................. ............................................................................ .................. Kbpbk`lbl ....................................................... ................................................................................................................... ............................................................................. ................. 9; 9< \`pds la Ibtarêbs..................................................... Ibtarêbs ............................................................................................................ .................................................................... ............. 9< Ibtarêbs la Xodjd pbrb Butdjûv`oas ...................................................................................... ..................................................... ................................. 9< Ibtarêbs la Xodjd ‟Laap Kykoa‚ ............................................................................................ .................................................. .......................................... 9< Ibtarêbs la Fêquao ......................................................... ................................................................................................................... .......................................................... 91 Nufk`dfbj`aftd la obs Ibtarêbs la Xodjd .................................................................................. ...................................................... ............................ 9> Kdftrdobldr la Kbrgb ........................................................... .................................................................................................................. ....................................................... 97 @fvarsdras ..................................................... .................................................................................................................. ................................................................................... ...................... 97 Qsd y iafan`k`ds ......................................................... .................................................................................................................. ................................................................. ........ 95 \`pds la @fvarsdras y Ndrjbs la Dflb ................................................................... ....................................................................................... .................... 95 L`jafs`dfbj`aftd ............................................................................................................. ..................................................... ................................................................. ......... 90 Gafarbldras sêfkrdfds ........................................................................................................................ .......................................................... .............................................................. ;8 Axk`tbk`ûf ................................................................................................................. Axk`tbk`ûf..................................................... ................................................................................... ....................... ;2 Axk`tbtr`kas rdtbt`vbs rdtbt`vbs la kdrr`afta kdft`fub ............................................................. ................................................................................ ................... ;2 Axk`tbtr`kas la kdrr`afta botarfb s`f askdi`oobs......................... askdi`oobs............................................................................ ................................................... ;2 v

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - @fl`ka Axk`tbtr`kas astât`kbs ................................................................................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................... ;2 Gafarbldras bsêfkrdfds......................................................... bsêfkrdfds....................................................................................................................... .............................................................. ;9 L`spds`k`ûf lao gafarbldr kdf raspaktd b ob turi`fb................................................................... turi`fb ........................................................................... ........ ;9 Xrdkal`j`aftd pbrb ob saoakk`ûf saoakk`ûf lao gafarbldr .................................................................................. ................................................................. ................. ;; Bspaktds iâs`kds .......................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................... ........ ;; Kâokuod prao`j`fbr la ob ob pdtafk`b la gafarbk`ûf ............................................................................ ........................................................................ .... ;; ^aodk`lbl fdj`fbo lao g`rd lao rdtdr .............................................................................................. ................................................... ........................................... ;< ^dotbma af ods tarj`fboas lao gafarbldr .......................................................................................... ..................................................... ..................................... ;< [`stajb la kdftrdo lao gafarbldr .................................................................................................... ........................................................ ............................................ ;< An`k`afk`b la ods aqu`pds...................................................... aqu`pds ................................................................................................................. ........................................................... ;1  Fýjard la uf`lblas b `fstbobr ........................................................................................................ ......................................................... ............................................... ;1 Kbpêtuod Xrdtakk`ûf t`arrb-astbtdr ........................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ........................................................... ;> Yatdrfd la afargêb ........................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................... ........ ;> Xrdtakk`dfas pbrb s`stajbs s`fkrûf`kds.......................................................................... s`fkrûf`kds....... ........................................................................................ ..................... ;7 Kbpêtuod 1. [`stajbs la Kdftrdo.............................................. Kdftrdo ...................................................................................................... ................................................................ ........ ;0 Yaguobldras la vaodk`lbl...................................................................................... vaodk`lbl.......................... .......................................................................................... .............................. j y ;,9 j la l`âjatrd, bkdpoblb b uf gafarbldr bsêfkrdfd b trbvàs la uf juot`po`kbldr. Ods kdfluktds e`lrâuo`kds t`afaf ufbs l`jafs`dfas juy supar`dras b obs raquar`lbs pdr ods bprdvakebj`aftds kdf sbotds la jal`b y grbf boturb, od qua kdfooavb ob rabo`zbk`ûf la `jpdrtbftas trbibmds la dirb k`v`o, kuyd kdstd ooagb b suparbr bo la ods grupds tturid-gafarbld urid-gafarbldras. ras. Xbrb raluk`r ao kdstd godibo (dirb k`v`o + aqu`pds), y af pbrt`kuobr raluk`r ao vdoujaf la dirb k`v`o, sa ebf kdfkai`ld uf k`artd fýjard la kdfn`gurbk`dfas qua ebf ooagbld b sar kdfs`larblbs kdjd koâs`kbs. \dlbs aoobs ebkaf usd la ufd la ods lds t`pds la turi`fbs 22

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - Kbpêtuod 9. \uri`fbs E`lrbýo`kbs

bpo`kbioas b astds sbotds= ob cbpobf y ob saj`-cbpobf. Ods kr`tar`ds la saoakk`ûf sdf i`af kdfdk`lds =     

Edrqu`oob la kbulboas b turi`fbr Boturb la sbotd Fbturboazb lao tarrafd Kr`tar`ds Kdstd la jal`dbji`aftboas ob jbfd la dirb (nuflbjaftbojafta `jpbktd v`subo y sdfdrd)

Obs kdfn`gurbk`dfas sa l`narafk`bf af kdjd ao noumd btrbv`asb ob turi`fb (rbl`bo d bx`bo), af ao s`stajb la k`arra lao pbsd la bgub (kdjpuartb, l`str`iu`ldr d s`nûf) y af ao t`pd la juot`po`kbldr juot`po`kb ldr (afgrbfbmas pbrboaods, raafvêd af âfguod, afgrbfbmas ap`k`kod`lboas). ap`k`kod`lboas). \biob F¸;. Kdfn`gurbk`dfas la l`varsbs turi`fbs \`pd la kdfn`gurbk`ûf Noumd [`stajb la k`arra \`pd la juot`po`kbldr N`gurb Cbpobf d saj`-Cbpobf rbl`bo kdjpuartb pbrboaod >.27 vart`kbo [aj`-Cbpobf vart`kbo af rbl`bo s`nûf pbrboaod >.25 s`nûf [aj`-Cbpobf `fvarsb af rbl`bo s`nûf pbrboaod >.20 s`nûf [aj`-Cbpobf `fko`fblb af bx`bo s`nûf ap`k`kod`lbo >.98 s`nûf Cbpobf af [ laobfta bx`bo l`str`iu`ldr pbrboaod >.92 Cbpobf af [ `fvart`lb bx`bo l`str`iu`ldr pbrboaod >.99 Cbpobf kdf raafvêd b 08½ bx`bo kdjpuartb kûf`kd >.9; [aj`-Cbpobf raafvêd b 08½ bx`bo kdjpuartb kûf`kd >.9< [aj`-Cbpobf af pdzd bx`bo kdjpuartb ap`k`kod`lb ap`k`kod`lboo >.91

Obs n`gurbs laskr`tbs pdr ao kublrd bftar`dr sa laskr`iaf b kdft`fubk`ûf=

29

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - Kbpêtuod 9. \uri`fbs E`lrbýo`kbs

N`gurb F¸5. Kdfn`gurbk`dfas la obs turi`fbs 

Ods k`arras la s`nûf sdf n`bioas, akdfûj`kds y, lblb su vaodk`lbl la k`arra, `jp`laf ao ajibobj`aftd ajibobj`a ftd la ob turi`fb, pard sdf juy ru`ldsds. Ob sdouk`ûf `labo lasla ao puftd la v`stb la `jpbktd v`subo y sûf`kd as ob la ufb kbsb la jâqu`fbs aftarrblb d saj`aftarrblb qua sdod as nbkt`ioa kdf ufb kdfn`gurbk`ûf kdfn`gurbk`ûf la turi`fb af [, turi`fb `fko`fblb kdf raafvêd b 08½ d turi`fb af pdzd. Ob sdouk`ûf kdf raafvêd b 08½, parj`ta ut`o`zbr uf gafarbldr b 2188 rpj, stbflbrl, ibrbtd y pdkd vdouj`fdsd, ajpoabfld uf juot`po`kbldr la ldioa atbpb (raluktdr pobfatbr`d y kûf`kd) af ao qua ob vaodk`lbl raobt`vbjafta aoavblb lao ama, b ob aftrblb lao sagufld, nbk`o`tb ao l`saòd la ods p`òdfas kûf`kds. Ob sdouk`ûf af [ astâ s`afld ýot`jbjafta juy ut`o`zblb, bufqua ao `fkdfvaf`afta la qua`fvart`lb ao ama la ob turi`fb ao kdfluktd  n`gurbqua >.99btrbvasbr la sbo`lbprasaftb (d la aftrblb s` ob [ sa prasaftb kdjd af obt`afa ) od qua prdvdkb ufb pàrl`lb la kbrgb af bisdoutd lasprak`bioa, kdjd pruaib uf astul`d rak`afta, sagýf ao kubo af uf bprdvakebj`aftd kdf uf sbotd la < j y uf kbulbo fdj`fbo la 9< j;/sag, ob kdfn`gurbk`ûf kdf raafvêd b 08½ t`afa uf rafl`j`aftd godibo, aftra uf ;% y uf 1% supar`dr bo la ob kdfn`gurbk`ûf af [. Blajâs, kdjd juastrbf obs  n`gurbs >.99 y >.9; ods vdoýjafas, tbftd la axkbvbk`ûf kdjd la edrj`gûf sdf juy `fnar`dras af ob kdfn`gurbk`ûf kdf raafvêd b 08½ qua af ob kdfn`gurbk`ûf af [. Ob kdfn`gurbk`ûf af pdzd prasaftb ob vaftbmb la qua ods pr`fk`pboas ûrgbfds jakâf`kds sdf nâk`ojafta bkkas`ioas, kdf od qua sa nbk`o`tb ob `fspakk`ûf y ao jbftaf`j`aftd, aspak`bojafta af od qua raspaktb bo bkdpobj`aftd turi`fb juot`po`kbldr, juot`po`kbldr prdp`bjafta l`ked y gafarbldr. Bo tafar uf jbydr kbulbo (uf ;8% jâs qua obs cbpobf la ama vart`kbo) ob turi`fb as jâs paquaòb y ob dirb k`v`oaspakên`kd jâs safk`oob. 2;

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - Kbpêtuod 9. \uri`fbs E`lrbýo`kbs

Xuastd qua ufb turi`fb la ldioa raguobk`ûf t`afa uf kbulbo jêf`jd tàkf`kd lao 98%, y ufb la s`jpoa raguobk`ûf lao 8 Ez ;888 ;>88 2> ;71 88 798 9< 918 ;88 188 >88 9> 9;2 977 1>88 pbrb pdtafk`bs jbydras. Ob gafarbk`ûf b ;58 ^ t`afa ob vaftbmb la pdlar ajpoabr kdjd trbfsndrjbldras lao grupd, trbfsndrjbldras fdrjbo`zblds la l`str`iuk`ûf, y la pdlar axtrbar lao sakuflbr`d, ob pdtafk`b fakasbr`b pbrb ods sarv`k`ds bux`o`bras la ob kaftrbo. Kubfld sa gafarb af botb tafs`ûf ob pdtafk`b pbrb ods sarv`k`ds bux`o`bras sa axtrba la ob oêfab b trbvàs la uf trbfsnd B\/I\.

GAFAYBLDYA[ LA KDYY@AF\A KDF\@FQB  Ao pr`fk`p`d la dparbk`ûf la ods gafarbldras la LK as juy s`j`obr b ods gafarbldras la BK (N`gurb F½28). Ob brjblurb lao gafarbldr la LK g`rb aftra lds pdods la kbjpd n`mds, ob kdrr`afta af ob brjblurb sa juava af ufb l`rakk`ûf lurbfta ob j`tbl la kblb ravdouk`ûf, y af ob dtrb l`rakk`ûf lurbfta ob dtrb j`tbl. Xbrb prdluk`r uf noumd kdfstbfta la kdrr`afta af ufb l`rakk`ûf kdft`fub, af uf bpbrbtd latarj`fbld, as fakasbr`d l`spdfar la uf jal`d pbrb `fvart`r ao noumd la kdrr`afta nuarb lao gafarbldr ufb vaz lurbfta kblb ravdouk`ûf. Af obs jâqu`fbs bft`gubs astb `fvars`ûf sa ooavbib b kbid jal`bfta uf kdfjutbldr, uf bf`ood la jatbo pbrt`ld jdftbld sdira ao ama la ufb brjblurb. Obs lds j`tblas lao bf`ood sa b`sobibf aftra sê y sarvêbf kdjd idrfas la ob idi`fb. Obs askdi`oobs n`mbs la jatbo d la kbriûf sa jbftafêbf af kdftrb lao kdfjutbldr, qua bo g`rbr kdfaktbib aoàktr`kbjafta ob idi`fb b ods kbioas axtarfds. Kubfld ob brjblurb g`rbib, kblb askdi`oob astbib af kdftbktd la ndrjb botarfbt`vb kdf obs j`tblas lao kdfjutbldr, kbji`bfld ob pds`k`ûf af ao jdjaftd af ao qua ob kdrr`afta `fvartêb su l`rakk`ûf laftrd la ob idi`fb la ob brjblurb. Bsê sa prdlukêb uf noumd la kdrr`afta la ufb l`rakk`ûf af ao k`rku`td axtar`dr bo qua ao gafarbldr astbib kdfaktbld.

N`gurb F½28. Gafarbldr aoàktr`kd LK 

20

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - Kbpêtuod ;. Gafarbldras

Ods gafarbldras la kdrr`afta kdft`fub nufk`dfbf fdrjbojafta b vdotbmas ibstbfta ibmds pbrb av`tbr obs ke`spbs qua sa prdlukaf aftra obs askdi`oobs y ao kdfjutbldr b vdotbmas botds. Ao pdtafk`bo jâs botd lasbrrdoobld pbrb asta t`pd la gafarbldras suaoa sar la 2.188 ^ af bpo`kbk`dfas yb ibstbfta grbflas. Af bogufbs jâqu`fbs jâs jdlarfbs astb `fvars`ûf sa rabo`zb usbfld bpbrbtds la pdtafk`b aoaktrûf`kb, kdjd pdr amajpod rakt`n`kbldras la l`dld. Ods gafarbldras kdft`fub sa `jbfas kobs`n`kbf qua lausbf pbrb prdpdrk`dfbr kdrr`aftalalakdrr`afta kbjpd qua axk`ta ods lao sagýf j`sjd.aoQfjàtdld gafarbldr axk`tbld af sar`a t`afa su kbjpd af sar`a raspaktd b ob brjblurb. Qf gafarbldr la axk`tbld af lar`vbk`ûf, t`afa su kbjpd kdfaktbld af pbrboaod b ob brjblurb. Qf gafarbldr la axk`tbld kdji`fbld t`afa pbrta la sus kbjpds kdfaktblds af sar`a y pbrta af pbrboaod. Ods lds ýot`jds t`pds la gafarbldras t`afaf ob vaftbmb la suj`f`strbr uf vdotbma raobt`vbjafta kdfstbfta, ibmd kbrgbs aoàktr`kbs vbr`bioas. Ao gafarbldr axk`tbld af sar`a sa usb sdira tdld pbrb suj`f`strbr ufb kdrr`afta kdfstbfta b vdotbma vbr`bioa. Qf jbgfatd as uf gafarbldr paquaòd la kdrr`afta kdft`fub kdf uf kbjpd jbgfàt`kd parjbfafta. Astds t`pds la gafarbldras yb fd sdf la grbf usd sûod kubfld sa trbibmbf pbrb prdpdrk`dfbr afargêb pbrb aqu`pds la vaodk`lbl vbr`bioa. Ods bvbfkas af obs nuaftas la afargêb la LK kdf ods rakt`n`kbld r akt`n`kbldras ras la s`o`k`d ebf raluk`ld ao jarkbld pbrab ods gafarbldras la LK, pr`fk`pbojafta pdr obs p`azbs la raajpobzd y rapbrbk`ûf.

[@[\AJB LA AUK@\BK@ÛF  Ob nufk`ûf pr`fk`pbo lao s`stajb la axk`tbk`ûf as suj`f`strbr afargêb af ndrjb la vdotbma y kdrr`afta l`raktb bo kbjpd gafarbldr, krabfld ao kbjpd jbgfàt`kd. Bsê j`sjd, ao s`stajb la axk`tbk`ûf kdjprafla ao aqu`pd la kdftrdo y prdtakk`ûf, qua raguob ob prdlukk`ûf aoàktr`kb lao gafarbldr. Af ao l`saòd la ods s`stajbs kdjpoamds la trbfsj`s`ûf la afargêb, obs kbrbktarêst`kbs la lasajpaòd y prdtakk`ûf lao s`stajb la axk`tbk`ûf laiaf avboubrsa kdf tbftd ku`lbld kdjd obs kbrbktarêst`k kbrbktarêst`kbs bs la l`saòd lao aqu`pd. Ao vdotbma la axk`tbk`ûf as uf nbktdr asafk`bo af ao kdftrdo la ob sbo`lb lao gafarbldr. Qfb kbrbktarêst`kb lasabioa la uf s`stajb la axk`tbk`ûf as qua asta sab kbpbz la prdluk`r kdf rbp`laz botds f`vaoas la vdotbma la axk`tbk`ûf laspuàs la uf kbji`d af ao vdotbma tarj`fbo. Blajâs lao vdotbma qua sa raqu`ara af ao aqu`pd sa fakas`tb qua ob raspuastb sab la jbfarb râp`lb y b ods f`vaoas qua sa raqu`ara. Ax`staf vbr`ds s`stajbs la axk`tbk`ûf ao kubo sa kobs`n`kbf sagýf ob nuafta la afargêb lao axk`tbldr=    

Gafarbldr la LK kdf kdfjutbldr kdfjutbldr Gafarbldr la BK y rakt`n`kbldras astbk`dfbr`ds Gafarbldr la BK af y rakt`n`kbldras rdtbtdr`dsy(s`f askdi`oob askdi`oobs) s) (axk`tbk`ûf \rbfsndrjbldras ao gafarbldr pr`fk`pbo rakt`n`kbldras (axk`tbk`ûf astât`kb) 98

 

Jbfubo \àkf`kd sdira J`krdgafarbk`ûf E`lrdaoàktr`kb - Kbpêtuod ;. Gafarbldras

Af ob n`gurb s`gu`afta juastrb uf l`bgrbjb asquajât`kd la uf gafarbldr la LK=

N`gurb F½22. L`bgrbjb asquajât`kd la uf gafarbldr la LK 

Ob afargêb la axk`tbk`ûf sa tdjb lao kdfjutbldr af ao rdtdr lao gafarbldr lao rdtdr y sa bpo`kb bo kbjpd rdtbtdr`dpr`fk`pbo lao gafarbldr pr`fk`pbo b trbvàs ods bf`oods vdotbma la sbo`lb lao gafarbldr sa kdftrdob jal`bfta ufla raguobldr lakdoaktdras. vdotbma quaAovbrêb ob axk`tbk`ûf lao astbtdr lao gafarbldr la LK. Af ob N`gurb F½29  sa juastrb la jbfarb asquajât`kb ao s`stajb rakt`n`kbldr astbk`dfbr`d. Ao s`stajb axk`tbldr la BK t`afa uf kbjpd rdtbtdr`d, bo `gubo qua ao gafarbldr pr`fk`pbo. Ob sbo`lb lao axk`tbldr sa tdjb la ods lavbfblds astbk`dfbr`ds la ob brjblurb y sa kdfv`arta b LK jal`bfta ods rakt`n`kbldras la l`dld la s`o`k`d y sa bpo`kb bo kbjpd rdtbtdr`d lao gafarbldr la LK, axkaptd qua ob axk`tbk`ûf ebk`b ao kbjpd rdtbtdr`d lao axk`tbldr sa trbfsn`ara b trbvàs la ods bf`oods kdoaktdras. Asta t`pd la s`stajb sa ajpoab af ods gafarbldras la jâs la