Manual Semiologia Médica

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rueãrkf 3.  K`trfhuçâf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 :.  Ëtkbc Eëhkbc ............................... .............. ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ........................... .......... 7 2.  ^rf`tuãrkf .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ; 8.  Zdocçâf Eëhkbf d ^cbkd`td ................................................................................................................................................................. 3> 4.  Jkfssdgurc`çc .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3: 9.  C`ce`dsd ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38 7.  Dbtfsbfpkc ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 .. Dxced 3> Dxced Iåskbf hf Xòrcx ................................................................................................................................................................................. :< 33.. Dxced 33 Dxced hf ^rdbfrhkf ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 3:.. Dxced 3: Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Bkrbuoctòrkf ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 32.. DDxced 32 xced hfs Ok`if`fhfs ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 38. Dxced 38. Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Zdspkrctòrkf ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 34.. DDxced 34 xced Iåskbf hf Cjhfed ......................................................................................................................................................................... 82 39.. Dxced 39 Dxced hf Rkstdec @drvfsf ..................................................................................................................................................................... 43 37. Ecrblc 37. Ecrblc fu Dqukoåjrkf Hk`êekbf ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 3.. DDxced :> xced hf Rkstdec D`hòbrk`f ................................................................................................................................................................ 78 :3.. Dxced :3 Dxced hc Xkrdfkhd .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 ::.. Dxced :: Dxced hc ^crctkrdfkhd ^crctkrd fkhd .............. ............................... ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................................ ............... 79 :2. Dxced :2. Dxced hf ^ë Hkcjëtkbf.............................................................................................................................................................................. 77 :8.. Dxced :8 Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Gd`kturk`ãrkf ..................................................................................................................................................... :4.. Dxced :4 Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Gd`ktco Ecsbuok`f ........................................................................................................................................ 3 28.. OOdsôds 28 dsôds Doded`tcrds ......................................................................................................................................................................................3>4 24.. Rupfrtd 24 Rupfrtd Jãskbf hd Ykhc .........................................................................................................................................................................3>; 29. Ec`fjrcs 29. Ec`fjrcs hd D`gcsgf ...........................................................................................................................................................................333 27.. Bf`skhdrcçôds 27 Bf`skhdrcçôds Ik`cks ................................................................................................................................................................................332

 

 

 

K`trfhuçâf Foã dstuhc`td, dssd ectdrkco ifk idktf bfe euktf bcrk`lf d hdhkbcçâf bfe f k`tuktf hd cmuhcr vfbí `f edolfr pcrc fs sdus dstuhfs. F fjmdtkvf hdod ë sk`tdtkzcr c sdekfofgkc jãskbc hfs prk`bkpcks skstdecs cjfrhchfs `c edhkbk`c. F ectdrkco bf`tde 332 pãgk`cs hd bf`tdýhf, d ë tftcoed`td vfotchf pcrc c`ce`dsd d f dxced iåskbf hfs skstdecs, coëe hd bf`tdr vãrkfs futrfs tòpkbfs k`kbkcks hc sdekfofgkc, tfhf jcsdchf `cs prk`bkpcks oktdrcturcs hd Rdekfofgkc Eëhkbc, bfef fs okvrfs hf Bdoef Bdod`f ^frtf.

Zdidrí`bkcs Jkjokfgrãikbcs= •  Rdekfofgkc Eëhkbc  - Bdoef Bdod`f ^frtf - 7ª Dhkçâf. :>32. Dhktfrc Guc`cjcrc

Affgc`. •  GFOHEC@, Odd1 CTRKDOOF, Hd``ks. Bdbko Edhkbk`c K`tdr`c. :8. dh. Rcu`hdrsDosdvkdr, :>3:.

Dssd ectdrkco ifk brkchf pfr Nrdsuey`hfedh (Cokbkc Eftc). Sucoqudr hývkhc, fu pcrc ecks k`ifrecçôds, d`trd de bf`tctf bfe f d-ecko= rdsuey`hfedhNgecko.bfe fu pdof pdriko `f K`stcgrce= Nrdsuey`hfedh. Rdrã ue prczdr rdspf`hdr vfbí. @âf hkstrkjuc fu rdd`vkd dstd prfhutf, cpd`cs bfepcrtkold cs k`ifrecçôds bfe sdus cekgfs, pcrc qud dods pfssce chqukrkr bfekgf   Odejrc`hf qud fs rdbursfs cobc`çchfs bfe dstd ectdrkco sâf tfhfs pcrc cmuhcr c ed ifrecr `c icbuohchd hd edhkbk`c!

Dspdrf qud dssd ectdrkco td eftkvd d td icçc bfedçcr c cecr c sdekfofgkc eëhkbc, uec hcs edolfrds pcrtds hc edhkbk`c ♤ Jf`s Dstuhfs! Css.= NZdsuey`hfedh

9

 

 

Ëtkbc Eëhkbc F qud ë Ëtkbc6

Ë cqukof qud pdrtd`bd cf bcrãtdr fu efhf hd sdr1 ë c bf`hutc sdgu`hf c EFZCO, de qud ví cs ctktuhds pdoc ZC]ÂF.

k`fjsdrvê`bkc KE^ZTHÍ@BKC= prdbcuçôds `dbdssãrkcs1

hcs

KE^DZÅBKC= icotc hd bcpcbktcçâf1 F qud ë Jkfëtkbc6

Dsscs ctktuhds pfhde sdr= • 

Bf`sbkd`tds ‒ k`hkvåhuf

• 

Yfou`tãrkcs ‒ sfbkdhchd

‟Jkfëtkbc `chc ecks ë hf qud fs hdvdrds

hf sdr luec`f pcrc bfe f futrf sdr luec`f d hd tfhfs pcrc bfe c luec`khchd―. ‒ C`hrë Bf`td-Rpf`vkood

Ycofrds qud hdik`de f qud=

  Ëtkbc=

hdvdrds, hkrdktfs, vkrtuhds, cotdrkhchd1   Efrco= rdspdktf î rdgrc1 odgksocçâf, bfstueds,   Hkrdktf=



STDZF ‒ ^FRRF ‒ HDYF ^frqud `de tuhf qud du qudrf du pfssf

murkspruhí`bkc, ctf `dgfbkco1

@de tuhf qud du pfssf du hdvf1

^ZK@BK^KCOKREF=

D `de tuhf qud du hdvf du qudrf.

  Mustkçc= hkstrkjukçâf hd jd`diåbkfs

F qud ë c efrco6



Ë cqukof qud ë trc`sektkhf hd gdrcçâf pcrc gdrcçâf (lãjktfs, bfstueds, trchkçôds...), de qud ví cs ctktuhds pdofs YCOFZDR.

^rk`båpkfs iu`hced`tcks (prk`bkpcks)

 F STD Ë ËXKBC EËHKBC6 EËHKBC6

Ë c bf`hutc eëhkbc bd`trchc `c pdssfc d`idrec. • 

Zdspdktc c hkg`khchd ‒  rdbf`ldbd fs sd`tked`tfs efrcks d rdokgkfsfs1 • 

Zdbf`ldbd fs vcofrds ‒  rdbf`ldbd cs `dbdsskhchds ectdrkcks.  F STD CBF@XDBD @C ^ZÃXKBC HD TEC EDHKBK@C ZTKE6

@DGOKGÍ@BKC= `dbdssãrkfs1

fekssâf

kepcrbkco1   Jd`dikbí`bkc= prfburcr iczdr f jde1   Cutf`fekc= hdbksâf k`hkvkhuco1   @âf ecodikbí`bkc= dvktcr hc`fs.

hd

ctfs

hd lcjkokhchds grchucçâf, Crt. 4=  cs`f ctkvkhchds jcsdchcs bf`ldbked`tf, d ctktuhds, tde pfr ik`cokhchd, prdpcrcr f dstuhc`td hd edhkbk`c pcrc f iuturf dxdrbåbkf hc prfikssâf eëhkbc. Dsscs ctkvkhchds hdvde jd`dikbkcr f pcbkd`td, f dstuhc`td, c k`st. hd d`sk`f d c sfbkdhchd, gucrhc`hf cjsfoutf rdspdktf pdof sdr luec`f. Crt.94= ...hdvd rdspdktcr cs `frecs hcs k`stktukçôds f`hd ë rdcokzchf sdu

cprd`hkzchf, qud dstdmce hd cbfrhf bfe chdshd odgksocçâf, `âf gdrde 7

 

sktucçôds hd fprdssâf d hdsicvfrdbked`tf, d `âf ikrce sdus hkrdktfs.

icrecbíutkbf, sde cutfrkzcçâf odgco fu dxbdhd`hf-old fs okektds=

Crt.99= ...zdocr pdof pctrkeø`kf ectdrkco hcs k`stktukçôds f`hd hdsdepd`lc sucs ctkvkhchds.

^d`c ‒ hdtd`çâf, hd 9 edsds c : c`fs.

bkvko, pd`co d Crt.97=  ...rdspf`hd chek`kstrctkvced`td pdoc k`stktukçâf hd d`sk`f pfr hc`fs bcuschfs cf pcbkd`td. Crt.9=  ... ikbc hd f hkrdktf hd rdkvk`hkbcr d dxkgkr chdquchcs bf`hkçôds hd d`sk`f.

Hdvdrds d prfkjkçôds (prk`bkpcks)

Ë vdhchf cf dstuhc`td hd edhkbk`c= Crt. ::=  cssk`cr rdbdktcs eëhkbcs, prdsbrkçôds fu ifr`dbdr ctdstchfs eëhkbfs sde c supdrvksâf d cssk`cturc hf eëhkbf

qud f frkd`tc. Crt. :2= cbuepokbkcr-sd, hd qucoqudr ifrec, bfe cqudods qud dxdrbde kodgcoed`td c edhkbk`c. BÒHKGF ^D@CO

Hdbrdtf Odk `.:.7 hd hdzdejrf hd 3;8> Crt. :% fu c sfouçâf gokbdrk`chc.



  C`tkssdpskc Bkrýrgkbc Fu ^rdpcrf ^rë-

Fpdrctòrkf=

Ttkokzc-sd c`tkssëptkbf bfe cçâf jcbtdrkbkhc fu jcbtdrkfstãtkbc qud krã cgkr `c iofrc rdskhd`td hc pdod   k`hkbchfs pcrc prfiksskf`cks d pcrc pdod fu eubfsc hf pcbkd`td de ãrdcs f`hd sdrâf rdcokzchfs prfbdhked`tfs k`vcskvfs fu bkrýrgkbfs.



  @âf tfqud de `chc cpòs ocvcr cs

eâfs, cpd`cs `f pcbkd`td1

Ë iu`hced`tco sdgukr f pcssf c pcssf î rksbc, pfks lã c gcrc`tkc hd uec jfc okepdzc hcs eâfs.

^cssf c pcssf hc ocvcgde hcs eâfs



  Kepfrtc`td=  `f bcsf hd tfr`dkrcs bfe

bf`tctf ec`uco pcrc idblced`tf, sdeprd utkokzd pcpdo tfcolc. 32

 

 

C`ce`dsd Hdik`kçâf

4. 

Rk`tfecs jde k`vdstkgchfs d jde bfeprdd`hkhfs tfr`c f dxced iåskbf ecks fjmdtkvf1

9. 

C bcusc ecks irdqud`td hd drrf hkcg`òstkbf ë uec lkstòrkc bok`kbc eco bf`bdjkhc1

7. 

Fjtkhcs cs qudkxcs, docjfrcr f hdsd`rfocr ofgkbf hfs cbf`tdbked`tfs 5 rcbkfbå`kf bok`kbf1

.  F tdepf hdhkbchf c c`ce`dsd hkstk`gud f eëhkbf bfepdtd`td hf k`bfepdtd`td. Bfepf`d`tds Dssd`bkcks Hc C`ce`dsd KHD@XKIKBCÇÂF 



 



 

cs

Xctf d pdrspkbãbkc pcrc fjtd`çâf hd hchfs dstkgectkzc`tds fu hkstýrjkfs1 Bukhchf bfe khdkcs prdbf`bdjkhcs1

  @fed - `âf utkokzcr rftuocçôds fu

    

`uedrcr fs pcbkd`tds1 Khchd - bchc grupf dtãrkf tde suc pròprkc hfd`çc1 Rdxf - prdvcoí`bkc hd hdtdrek`chcs hfd`çcs quc`tf cf gí`drf d rcçc1 Zcçc / dt`kc Dstchf bkvko - futrfs... u`kâf dstãvdo, sdpcrchfs... ^rfikssâf - pfhd tdr rdocçâf bcusco



 



cgrcvc`td hc hfd`çc ctuco1 d   fu Ofbco hd `csbked`tf, prfbdhí`bkc efrchkc1

38

 



  Zdokgkâf - efhf hd d`xdrgcr c vkhc

d fs prfjodecs.

K@XDZZFGCXFZKF RK@XFECXFOFGKBF (KR)=

hc LHC, tcejëe hd`fek`chc hd C`ce`dsd dspdbkco fu rdvksâf hfs skstdecs1   Ýtko pcrc rdbf`ldbdr d`idrekhchds sde rdocçâf bfe f quchrf sk`tfectfoògkbf `c LHC1 

STDK\C ^ZK@BK^CO (S^)=   F qud eftkvfu c bf`suotc6   ^fr qud f(c) ed prfburfu6





  F qud f(c) sd`lfr(c) dstã sd`tk`hf6

Dx.= ‟bcgc`dkrc―1 ‟hfr `f pë hc jcrrkgc―1 ‟jcohdc`hf―... 

@ÂF Ë CBDKXF ZFXTOFR HKCG@ÒRXKBFR! Dx.= ‟k`icrtf―1 ‟hdrrced―1 ‟prdssâf cotc―...  

  Bfepoded`tf

Lkstfrkc (L^^)=

^ctfoògkbc

^rdgrdssc

Gdstcçâf d `csbked`tf1 Hdsd`vfovked`tf pskbfeftfr d `durco1 Hdsd`vfovked`tf sdxuco1 Hfd`çcs sfirkhcs pdof pcbkd`td1 Codrgkcs1 Bkrurgkcs1 Xrcuectksefs1 Xrc`siusôds sc`guå`dcs1 Lkstfrkc fjstëtrkbc1 Ycbk`cs1 Edhkbced`tfs de usf.

rdcokzchfs1   Odr c lkstfrkc dsbrktc pcrc f pcbkd`td, pcrc qud pfssc bf`ikrecr fu bfrrkgkr cogf, fu cbrdsbd`tcr `fvc k`ifrecçâf.

                     

RK@XFEC GTKC= gdrcoed`td, c qudkxc ecks of`gc, fu sk`tfec ecks hdstcbchf (S^).

LKRXFZKC ICEKOKCZ ^ZDGZDRRC (LI^)=

LKRXFZKC HC HFD@ÇC CXTCO (LHC)=   @âf k`huzkr rdspfstcs1   Cpurcr dvfouçâf, dxceds d trctced`tfs 

DRSTDEC ^CZC C@COKRD HD TE RK@XFEC=

3.  :.  2.  8.  4.  9. 

K`kbkf - ‟quc`hf c hfr surgku6―   Bcrcbtdråstkbc hf sk`tfec - ‟f`hd hòk6―1 ‟c hfr c`hc6―1 ‟quc`tf tdepf hurc6― ‟bfef ë dssc hfr6―.  Ictfrds hd edolfrc d pkfrc - ‟f qud edolfrc c hfr6―1 ‟f qud pkfrc c hfr6―.  Zdocçâf bfe futrcs qudkxcs - ‟vfbí dstã tfssk`hf6―1 ‟vfbí tde icotc hd cr6―.  Dvfouçâf - ‟dssc hfr euhfu `fs ýotkefs 2 hkcs6―  Rktucçâf ctuco - ‟bfef dstã c hfr cgfrc6―. 

 



Bf`skhdrc c cvcokcçâf hf dstchf hd scýhd pcsschf d prdsd`td pdssfcks d icekokcrds, qud k`ioud`bkce `f prfbdssf scýhd-hfd`çc. Lkstfrkc ikskfoògkbc d sfbkco (lis)=

@dstd ktde, k`vdstkgc-sd f dstkof hd vkhc hf pcbkd`td=   Coked`tcçâf1 ctuco   Fbupcçâf 

      

 

   

d

fbupcçôds

c`tdrkfrds1 Ctkvkhchds iåskbcs1 Tsf hd tcjcbf1 Tsf hd jdjkhcs cobfòokbcs1 Tsf hd c`cjfokzc`tds d c`idtcek`cs. Lcjktcçâf. 34

 

 

Dbtfsbfpkc F qud ë6

Hdpd`hí`bkc=

RFECXFRBF^KC fu DBXFRBF^KC ë c hd`fek`cçâf qud sd hã î cvcokcçâf gofjco hf hfd`td. Ë c prkedkrc. dtcpc hf dxced iåskbf, hdvd`hf sdr K`kbkchc cf prkedkrf bf`tctf bfe f pcbkd`td. Rdu fjmdtkvf ë c fjtd`çâf hd hchfs gdrcks (k`hdpd`hd hc qudkxc hf pcbkd`td). C cvcokcçâf hdvd sdr brc`kfbcuhco. b rc`kfbcuhco.



F qud cvcokcr6 Dstchf gdrco=

        

Rd vdkf î bf`suotc sfzk`lf1 Cbfepc`lchf1 De bchdkrc hd rfhcs1 Hd euodtcs fu jd`gcocs.

Icoc d ok`gucgde=

Cvcokcr c vfz, cvcokcr c oògkbc hf hksbursf, sd lã hkstýrjkfs hd crtkbuocçâf hcs pcocvrcs, hd trfbc hd odtrcs fu sd icoc f `fed hfs fjmdtfs bfrrdtced`td. Jkòtkpf=

  Jfe dstchf gdrco gdrco rdguocr   Dstchf 

bfeprfedtkhf gdrco   Dstchf bfeprfedtkhf

ruke

fu odvded`td fu

euktf

Dstchf psåqukbf=   Jde frkd`tchf de tdepf d dspcçf1   Eco frkd`tchf de tdepf d dspcçf. 



  Jrdvkoå`df(d`hfefrif)=  edejrfs burtfs,

tòrcx cocrgchf, dstcturc jckxc1   Of`gkoå`df(dbtfefrif)=  tòrcx cikochf d cblctchf, edejrfs of`gfs d eusbuocturc hdogchc1   @frefoå`df(edsfefrif)=  hdsd`vfovked`tf hf bfrpf, eusbuocturc d hf pc`åbuof chkpfsf lcreø`kbfs.

^fsturc=

Ctkvc= ë cqudoc cssuekhc dspf`tc`dced`td Jfc ^fsturc / Eã pfsturc   ^fsturc pcsskvc= kepfsskjkokhchd hf pcbkd`td de euhcr hd pfskçâf sde cuxåokf hd futrc pdssfc   ^fsturc c`tãogkbc= chftchc pcrc coåvkf hd hfr. 

  ^fsturc

^dsf d coturc=   Bfe cuxkokf hd uec jcoc`çc1   Edhkhc de bd`tåedtrfs bfe pcbkd`td 

Lkgkd`d pdssfco= 

  Lãoktf hf pcbkd`td1 fhfr hd sdbrdçôds.

hdsbcoçf d de pfskçâf drdtc.

39

 

 

Iãbkds=

Iãbkds `freco fu ctåpkbc1 Eusbuocturc= 

  Xrfiksef (hdsd`vfovked`tf)=   Dutròikbf1

f

  Lkpdrtròikbf1

f

^dod, bcjdof d Iê`drfs= Iê `drfs=

  Lkpftròikbf1

f



  Xf`kbkhchd=

(grcu

hd

bf`trcçâf

eusbuocr)=

Eubfscs= (bf`mu`tkvco, oãjkf jubco, ok`guco d gd`gkvco)= 

  Dutø`kbf1

Dsbodrcs= Kbtërkbc fu C`kbtërkbc.  

  Lkpdrtø`kbf1

Dhdec=

f

f

 

  Cusd`td1   ^rdsd`td (bcrcbtdrkzcr)=   Rk`co hf Bcbkif pfsktkvf fu `dgctkvf. 

f

Lkpftø`kbf.

^c`åbuof chkpfsf=   Jde hkstrkjuåhf bf`ifred sdxf d khchd1   Cued`tchf1   Hkek`uåhf fu dsbcssf (ofbcokzcçâf). 

^dod=   Bfofrcçâf=   Tekhchd=   Xdxturc= 



              

Xdepdrcturc= Efjkokhchd= Rd`skjkokhchd= Docstkbkhchd= Xurgfr= Odsôds doded`tcrds= Bkbctrkz=

Bkrbuocçâf bfoctdrco=   Cusd`td fu prdsd`td1   Ofbcokzcçâf= 

Dxtrdekhchds (bcofr d cotdrcçôds1 bfeprdssâf hc icbd hkgktco)=

d Cbkc`òtkbcs bfe jfc pdriusâf tkssuocr1   Cotdrchcs (dspdbkikbcr tdepdrcturc ‒  pdriusâf tkssuocr  bkc`fsd). 

  Cqudbkhcs

Ok`if`fhfs=         

 

@âf ^copãvdks1 ^copãvdks= Ofbcokzcçâf= Bocsskikbcçâf=

  Bf`skstí`bkc=   Rupdriåbkd=

37

 

        

 

Xcec`lf fu vfoued (cprfxkechfs). Efjkokhchd= Rd`skjkokhchd= Cotdrcçôds hc pdod (dspdbkikbcr).

 Crtkbuocçôds= 

  Okvrds d iu`bkf`cks1



  Okektcçâf fu rdstrkçâf crtkbuocr (f`hd d

dspdbkikbcr ê`guof).

Bfou`c Ydrtdjrco  tfrcbfofejcr)=           

(bdrvkbco

d

C`ctøekbc1 @âf c`ctøekbc1 Bkifsd1 Ofrhfsd1 Dsbfokfsd (ofbcokzcçâf).

3<

 

 

 Iãbkds Hdik`kçâf



  Oãjkfs

d`trdcjdrtfs,

hdogchfs

d

cikochfs1

Ë f bf`mu`tf hd hchfs dxkjkhfs `c icbd hf pcbkd`td, d c rdsuotchf hfs trcçfs c`ctøekbfs + c dxprdssâf ikskf`øekbc. @âf cpd`cs fs doded`tfs dstãtkbfs, ecs, d prk`bkpcoed`td, c dxprdssâf hf folcr, fs efvked`tfs hcs cscs hf `crkz d cpfskçâf hc jfbc. Bdrtcs hfd`çcs keprkede `c icbd trcçfs bcrcbtdråstkbfs, d coguecs vdzds, f hkcg`fstkbf `csbd hc skepods fjsdrvcçâf hf rfstf hf pcbkd`td. Fs prk`bkpcks tkpfs hd iãbkds sâf=



  Hksbrdtc bkc`fsd ocjkco1



  ^cokhdz butê`dc, sufr1



  Dstchf ik`co hd vcrkcs hfd`çcs.

@freco fu ctåpkbc 

  Dxprdssâf k`hkvkhuco1



  @âf sugdrd hkstýrjkf1



  @âf lã `dbdsskhchd hd hdsbrdví-ocs.

Zd`co 

  Dhdec cf rdhfr hfs folfs1



  ^cokhdz butê`dc1



  Fjsdrvchc `c Rå`hrfed `diròtkbc d `c

gofeëruof`dirktd hkiusc cguhc1   Zdhuçâf cbd`tuchc hd cojuek`c.

Lkpfbrãtkbc 

  Folfs iu`hfs, pcrchfs d k`dxprdsskvfs1



  @crkz cikochf1



  Jctked`tfs hcs cscs hf `crkz1

3;

 

Odf`k`c 

vcrkchfs, bf`ioud`tds1



  Rupdrbåokfs bcåhfs1 @crkz dspdsschf d

cocrgchf1 Oãjkfs prfdek`d`tds1





  Bcjdçc



  Folcr ikxf1 Rupdrbåokfs dodvchfs1



  Irf`td d`rugchc1 Dxprdssâf hd dspc`tf1 dsp c`tf1

  ^dod dspdssc, `òhuofs hd tcec`lfs

grfssfs

k`bok`c-sd pcrc ird`td pdrec`dbd keòvdo `dssc pfskçâf1

d

 

d

  Jfbldblcs d ed`tf hdifrechfs1 Jcrjc

  Ikskf`fekc kepcssåvdo (eãsbcrc)1   K`hkbc hfd`çc hd ^crak`sf`. 

dsbcssdkc fu hdscpcrdbd1



  Eco hd Lc`sd`.

Jcsdhfwkc`c 

  @crkz pdqud`f d cikochf1



  Jfbc d`trdcjdrtc1



  Lkpdrtrfikc hcs chd`fkhds (hkikbuotc c

Folfs

jrkolc`tds1

Zfstf

ecgrf1

Chd`fkhkc`c 

  Dxfitcoekc1



  Dxprdssâf ikskf`øekbc hd vkvcbkhchd. Îs

vdzds, tde ue cspdbtf hd dspc`tf d c`skdhchd1 ^rdsd`çc hd jòbkf1



  K`hkbc lkpdrtkrdfkhksef.

rdspkrcçâf pdof `crkz).

^crak`sf`kc`c

:>

 

 

Ekxdhdectfsc 

  Zfstf

crrdhf`hchf1 @crkz d oãjkfs grfssfs1



  ^dod



  ^ãopdjrcs



  Bcjdofs sdbfs sde jrkolf1 Dxprdssâf hd

sdbc, dspdsschc cbd`tucçâf hfs suobfs1 k`ikotrchcs Rupdrbåokfs dsbcssfs1

d

d

bfe

d`rugchcs1

hdsê`kef, cpctkc1



Buslk`gfkhd fu hd ouc-bldkc=

  K`hkbc lkpftkrdfkhksef fu ekxdhdec.



  Zfstf



  Cbfepc`lc



crrdhf`hchf (bf`gdstf) odvded`td bkc`òtkbf1 Cb`d.

d

fjdskhchd hf trf`bf, pdsbfçf, cjhfed (dstrkcs ctròikbcs)1

hd Buslk`g=fulkpdriu`çâf   Rå`hrfed bòrtdx suprcrrd`co de usf hf hd bfrtkbfkhds.

 Cbrfedgãokbc 

  Rcokí`bkc hcs crbchcs suprc-frjktãrkcs1

^rfdek`í`bkc hcs ecçâs hf rfstf1



  Eckfr

hdsd`vfovked`tf

hf

ecxkocr

k`idrkfr1



  Cued`tf hf `crkz, oãjkfs, oå`guc d

frdolcs1 Dxtrdekhchds cued`tchcs1 



  @dssd

bf`mu`tf lkpdrtrfikchcs, fs pdqud`fs1

hd folfs

dstruturcs pcrdbde

Ef`gfofkhd 

  Dpkbc`tf (prdgc butê`dc) tfr`c fs

folfs fjoåqufs, hkstc`tds ue hf futrf1



  Zfstf rdhf`hf1 Jfbc d`trdcjdrtc1



  Dxprdssâf



 

  K`hkbc

lkpdriu`çâf lkpfiksãrkc, pfhd`hf sdr bf`stktubkf`co.

ikskf`øekbc hd pfubc k`tdokgí`bkc fu edsef bfepodtc khkftkc1 K`hkbc Rå`hrfed hd Hfw`1 :3

 

 

HD^ZDRRKYC 

  Bcjksjckxf1 Folfs pfubf jrkolc`tds1

Hc pcrcokskc icbkco pdrkiërkbc



  Folfs ikxfs de ue pf`tf hkstc`td fu



vfotchfs pcrc f blâf1 



  Csskedtrkc hc icbd1 Kepfsskjkokhchd hd

idblcr cs pãopdjrcs1

  Cbd`tucçâf

hf suobf `csfocjkco1 Bc`tfs hc jfbc rdjckxchfs1



  Hdsvkf hc bfekssurc ocjkco bf`trcoctdrco

 / Zdpuxced`tf hc jfbc pcrc f ochf scuhãvdo1

  Fjsdrvchfs `c Rå`hrfed hc Hdprdssâf. 

  Ikssurc

pcopdjrco cocrgchc1 Cpcgced`tf hf suobf `csfocjkco1 Sudhc hf ê`guof hc jfbc kpskoctdrco1 kpskoctdrco1



  K`hkbc ctrfikc eusbuocr prfgrdsskvc.

^sduhfjuojcr 

  Cspdbtf

dspcseòhkbf hc Lkpfeåekc1 Hksicgkc1 Hkscrtrkc1

icbd1



  Cpcrdbd

pcrcokskc eýotkpoc1

gdrcoed`td `c psduhfjuojcr1 Dsbodrfsd Hfd`çc `durf`co eftfrc.

Ekcstí`kbc fu iãbkds hd Lutblk`sf` 

  ^tfsd pcopdjrco jkoctdrco qud fjrkgc f

pcbkd`td c irc`zkr c tdstc d odvc`tcr c bcjdçc1

::

 



 

  Dstrcjksef1

Dxprdssâf ceåekbc1 Cprdsd`tc-sd `c Ekcstd`kc Grcvd.

Dsbodrfhërekbc fu iãbkds hd eýekc= 

  Kefjkokhchd icbkco1

  Xrcçfs icbkcks cpcgchfs d grfssdkrfs1



  ^dod d`hurdbkhc d chdrkhc cfs poc`fs

d`trdcjdrtc,   Jfbc scokvcçâf1



Hf hdikbkd`td ed`tco 





  Lkpdrtdofrksef



  Dstrcjksef1

îs

vdzds

bfe

prfiu`hfs1

  Zdpuxced`tf hfs oãjkfs1 Cikoced`tf hf

`crkz1 Kefjkokzcçâf hcs pãopdjrcs.

(eã ecoifrecçâf brc`kficbkco bf`gí`ktc bcrcbtdrkzchc pdof cicstced`tf dxbdsskvf hfs folfs)1 Folcr hdsprfvkhf hd fjmdtkvf1 Folfs `âf sd ikxce de cogf1 Edkf sfrrksf sde efvked`tcçâf.

Dtåokbc= 

  Folfs cvdredolchfs1 Icbd rujfrkzchc1

Rfrrksf k`hdik`khf1 Folfs bcåhfs.

:2

 

 

Rk`cks vktcks F qud sâf6

^rdssâf crtdrkco

Fs Rk`cks Yktcks dxprdssce f iu`bkf`ced`tf d cs cotdrcçôds hfs òrgâfs d/fu sk`tfecs ecks rdocbkf`chfs bfe c ec`utd`çâf hd vkhc. Râf bf`skhdrchfs Rk`cks Yktcks=

Bf`skstd `c ifrçc dxdrbkhc pdof sc`gud sfjrd cs pcrdhds hfs vcsfs ‒ trcjcolf hf bfrcçâf ‒ hdjktf bcrhåcbf ‒  docstkbkhchd hc pcrdhd hfs grc`hds vcsfs ‒ rdskstí`bkc pdrkiërkbc ‒  vfodekc d vksbfskhchd sc`guå`dc.



  ^uosf1



  ^rdssâf Crtdrkco1



  Zktef d Irdquí`bkc rdspkrctòrkc1



  Xdepdrcturc bfrpfrco.

^uosf

Bfeued`td usc-sd f puosf Zchkco, pfrëe, pfhd-sd uscr f puosf Bcrftåhdf, idefrco, d`trd futrfs. ^rdbkscefs hcr ecks ctd`çâf pcrc : bcrcbtdråstkbcs hf puosf, sâf docs=  Cssdgurcr qud f pcbkd`td @ÂF= Zktef= sdqud`bkc hd puoscçôds d sd

hkstk`gud de= 

  ^uosf Zdguocr= puoscçôds bfe k`tdrvcofs



  Dstã bfe c jdxkgc bldkc1



  ^rctkbfu dxdrbåbkfs iåskbfs `fs ýotkefs 9>

ek`utfs1

kgucks1  

puoscçôds bfe Krrdguocr= k`tdrvcofs frc of`gfs frc burtfs. Xrchuz crrktekc bcrhåcbc (crrktekc sk`usco, dxtrcsskstfokc, jofqudkf bcrhåcbf d ikjrkocçâf crtdrkco).

  ^uosf

 

K`gdrku jdjkhcs cobfòokbcs1   Iuefu fu usfu bcidå`c `fs ýotkefs 9> ek`utfs1 

  Dstã bfe coguec defçâf ifrtd, hfr fu

strdss1

IZDSTÍ@BKC=

hdvde-sd bf`tcr puoscçôds hurc`td 3 ek`utf k`tdkrf. 

  Xcqukbcrhkc= + hd 3>> jpe



  Jrchkbcrhkc= ed`fr hd 9> jpe



  @frefbcrhkc= 9>-;> jpe

cs



  Ttkokzfu

edhkbced`tfs chrd`ërgkbfs.

dstkeuoc`tds



  ^cbkd`td hdvd tdr ue rdpfusf hd 2>

ek`utfs c`tds hd k`kbkcr c cidrkçâf.

:8

 

^fskbkf`ced`tf hf pcbkd`td= 

  ^cbkd`td sd`tchf, bfe d`bfstf pcrc cs

bfstcs, pës `f blâf, hdsbruzchfs d cpfkchfs `f blâf d rdocxchf1



  Jrcçf `c coturc hf bfrcçâf, cpfkchf,

bfe c pcoec hc eâf pcrc bkec1 

  Fjsdrvcr sd cs rfupcs `âf gcrrftdkce

f jrcçf. Rd ske, rdefvdr1



  Edhkr de pë, cpòs 2 ek`utfs hc

edhkhc, sd`tchf de pcbkd`tds suspdktfs hd lkpftd`sâf frtfstãtkbc (hkcjëtkbfs, khfsfs, hkscutf`øekbfs, de usf hd c`tklkpdrtd`skvfs d cqudods bfe sk`tfecs hd prdssâf jckxc)1



  Edhkr `fs edejrfs k`idrkfrds, quc`hf

kepfsskjkokhchd hd edhkr `fs jrcçfs.

Ectdrkco= 

  Cpcrdolf hd ^C1



  Ec`guktfs1



  Dstdtfsbòpkf1   Bchdkrc bfe d`bfstf pcrc cs bfstcs1



  Ofbco pcrc cbfefhcçâf hf jrcçf1



  ^crc edhkhc de pdr`c, uec ecbc

tcejëe ë `dbdssãrkc. ec`uco

 

4.  Dstkecr f `åvdo hc ^CR pdoc pcopcçâf hf puosf rchkco1 EDXFHF ^CO^CXÒZKF.  ^CO^CXÒZKF. 9.  ^copcr c crtërkc jrcqukco `c ifssc bujktco d bfofbcr f hkcircgec hf dstdtfsbòpkf sde bfeprdssâf dxbdsskvc1 7.  ^fskbkf`cr f ec`øedtrf `c coturc hf folf1 c 2> eeLg f `åvdo dstkechf hc ^CR fjtkhf pdoc pcopcçâf1  

^rfbdhdr î hdhdiocçâf od`tced`td ;. (vdofbkhchd :-8 eeLg pfr sdgu`hf)1 3>.  Hdtdrek`cr c ^CR pdoc cusbuotc hf prkedkrf sfe (icsd K hd Afrftafii ) d, cpòs cued`tcr okgdkrced`td c vdofbkhchd hd hdiocçâf1



Cpcrdolf

f edkf hc pcrtd 8.  Bd`trcokzcr bfeprdsskvc hf ec`guktf sfjrd c crtërkc jrcqukco1

 ‒  

Xëb`kbc

Cusbuotctòrkc

3.  Hdtdrek`cr c bkrbu`idrí`bkc hf jrcçf `f pf`tf eëhkf d`trd cbrøekf d foëbrc`f1 :.  Rdodbkf`cr f ec`guktf hd tcec`lf chdquchf cf jrcçf1

ec`guktf, sdebujktco1 hdkxcr ifogcs, 2.  Bfofbcr : c 2 be fcbkec hc ifssc

c ^CH `f 33.  Hdtdrek`cr hdscpcrdbked`tf hfs sf`s (icsd Y hd Afrftafii ))11 33.3  Rd sf`s hd Afrftafii dstkvdrde ircbfs, icçc f pcbkd`td odvc`tcr f jrcçf, cjrkr d idblcr c eâf 4 c 3> vdzds d k`iocr f ec`guktf rcpkhced`td1 3:.  Cusbuotcr bdrbc hd :> c 2> eeLg cjckxf hf ýotkef sfe pcrc bf`ikrecr sdu hdscpcrdbked`tf d hdpfks prfbdhdr î hdiocçâf rãpkhc d bfepodtc1 32.  Rd fs jctked`tfs pdrskstkrde ctë f

`åvdo zdrf, hdtdrek`cr c ^CH `f cjciced`tf hfs sf`s (icsd KY hd :4

 

Afrftafii) d ^CR/^CH/zdrf1

c`ftcr

vcofrds

hc

38.  Zdcokzcr pdof ed`fs hucs edhkçôds, bfe k`tdrvcof de tfr`f hd ue ek`utf. Edhkçôds chkbkf`cks hdvdrâf sdr rdcokzchcs sd cs hucs prkedkrcs tkvdrde 4eeLg fu ecks hd hkidrd`çc. 34.  Cgucrhcr 3-: ek`utfs edhkhcs `f edsef jrcçf1

Zktef d Irdquí`bkc Zdspkrctòrkfs

Rubdssâf rdguocr hd efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs, bfe cepoktuhd hd prfiu`hkhchd ecks fu ed`fs kguco, de uec irdquí`bkc hd 39 c :> rdspkrcçôds pfr ek`utf ‒ de chuotfs, blcecefs hd DT^@DKC.  Cotdrcçôds=

d`trd cs

39.  Bf`skhdrcr c eëhkc hcs hucs ýotkecs edhkhcs1 37.  K`ifrecr f vcofr hd ^C fjtkhf pcrc f pcbkd`td1 d c`ftcr fs vcofrds dxctfs 



  Cp`dkc= Cp`dkc= pcrchc `c rdspkrcçâf1



  Hksp`dkc= Hksp`dkc= 

cepofs d pcbkd`td1 

c ^C ifk edhkhc, c pfskçâf hf

Icsds hd Afrftafii= 

  Icsd K=  surgked`tf hfs prkedkrfs sf`s

(pdqud`c irdqÿí`bkc). 

k`td`skhchd

d

cotc

  Icsd KK=  jctked`tfs bfe sfprf. Bfe c

hkoctcçâf hc crtërkc prdsskf`chc, c bf`trcbfrrd`td rdvdrjdrc d brkc sfprfs `c pcrdhd hfs vcsfs sc`guå`dfs. 







  Icsd Y= hdscpcrdbked`tf hfs sf`s. ^rdssâf Crtdrkco Rkstòokbc= cpcrdbked`tf hf

prkedkrf ruåhf (icsd K) ^rdssâf Crtdrkco Hkcstòokbc= hdscpcrdbked`tf hfs sf`s (icsd Y).

  Zdspkrcçâf hd Aussecuo=  cepocs d

rãpkhcs k`spkrcçôds k`tdrrfepkhcs pfr burtfs pdråfhfs hd cp`dkc ‒  ‟pdkxd ifrc h‛ãguc―1   Jkft=  efvked`tfs hd Jkft= rdspkrctòrkfs hd hkidrd`tds cepoktuhds d bfe k`tdrvcofs vcrkãvdks1



  Zdspkrcçâf



  Xcqukp`dkc Xcqukp`dkc==  de



  Jrchkp`dkc=  de

  Icsd KY=  sf`s hd jckxc k`td`skhchd d

cjcichfs (`åvdks hd prdssâf hc jfosc hksbrdtced`td 0 prdssâf hkcstòokbc).

  Frtfp`dkc= Frtfp`dkc=  hkikbuohchd hd rdspkrcr `c

sdekssd`tchf1   Hksp`dkc ^drkòhkbc fu Zdspkrcçâf hd Bldy`d-Rtfads==  k`bursôds rdspkrctòrkcs Bldy`d-Rtfads qud vâf ikbc`hf bchc vdz ecks prfiu`hcs ctë ctk`gkrde uec cepoktuhd eãxkec, sdguk`hf-sd hd rdspkrcçâf hd cepoktuhd ed`fr, pfhd`hf bldgcr î cp`dkc1

  Icsd KKK=  hdscpcrdbked`tf hf sfprf.

Jctked`tfs bfedçce c sdr ecks cuhåvdks d cbd`tuchfs.

efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs hdsbf`ifrtãvdks pcrc f

pfskçâf hdktchc, f qud fjrkgc f pcbkd`td c ikbcr sd`tchf fu

sde ‟crrdhf`hced`tfs―, f jrcçf de qud

pcbkd`td, f tcec`lf hf ec`guktf d qucoqudr pfssåvdo k`tdridrd`td.

 

chuotfs, irdquí`bkc rdspkrctòrkc cbkec hd :> rpe.

chuotfs, irdquí`bkc rdspkrctòrkc cjckxf hd 39 rpe..

:9

 

(k`sfocçâf, vdstked`tcs k`chdquchcs pcrc tdepdrcturc cejkd`tco, ctkvkhchd iåskbc dxtd`uc`td). Xëb`kbc pcrc edhkçâf tdepdrcturc cxkocr

 

hc

c hdsk`idbçâf hf 3.  Zdcokzcr tdreøedtrf bfe cogfhâf uedhdbkhf bfe ãobffo c 7>%1 :.  Ydrkikbcr sd c bfou`c hd edrbýrkf dstã cjckxf hd 24½B, de bcsf `dgctkvf, cgktcr vkgfrfsced`td f tdreøedtrf pcrc qud c bfou`c hd edrbýrkf hdsçc1 2.  Rd `dbdssãrkf, d`xugcr c cxkoc hf pcbkd`td1 8.  Bfofbcr f tdreøedtrf `c rdgkâf cxkocr bfe f juojf de bf`tctf hkrdtf `c pdod hf pcbkd`td (bfeprkekr f jrcçf d bfofbã-of sfjrd f tòrcx)1 Xdepdrcturc Bfrpfrco Ycofrds `frecks= 

  Xdep. Cxkocr= Cxkocr= 24,4 c 27½B, de eëhkc hd

29 c 29,4½B. 

  Xdep. Jubco Jubco== 29 c 27,8½B.



  Xdep. Zdtco= Zdtco= 29 c 27,4½B (>14½B eckfr

4.  Zdtkrcr f tdreøedtrf cpòs `f eå`kef 4 ek`utfs d rdcokzcr c odkturc1 9.  Zdtkrcr f tdreøedtrf sdgurc`hf pdof ochf fpfstf cf juojf1 7.  Zdcokzcr c odkturc hc tdepdrcturc1 , fu ctë c X3: hurc`td f bkbof rdspkrctòrkf.

F okektd supdrkfr cbfepc`lc f 4½ fu 9½ dspcçf k`tdrbfstco ctë c ok`lc cxkocr :<

 

 

c`tdrkfr (hdpd`hd`hf hf jkòtkpf hc pdssfc)1 sdgud lfrkzf`tcoed`td ctë c k`tdrsdçâf hc 9½ fu 7½ bfstdoc bfe c ok`lc cxkocr eëhkc.

^f`tfs hd rdidrí`bkc c`ctøekbfs 

  Bfstdocs1

Iu`hf hf Dstøecgf



  Ê`guof hd Ofuks1

Hdskg`chf Dspcçf Rdekou`cr hd Xrcujd  ‒  ok`lc qud cbfepc`lc c rdjfrhc bfstco dsqudrhc d uec ok`lc supdrkfr qud sd k`kbkc `c 4½ fu 9½ bcrtkocgde bfstco d sd prfof`gc ctë f bruzced`tf hc ok`lc cxkocr c`tdrkfr bfe c ;ª fu c 3>ª bfstdoc dsqudrhc.



  8ª vdrtdjrc tfrãbkbc1



  7ª vdrtdjrc bdrvkbco1



  Bocvåbuocs1



  Crtkbuocçâf xkifdstdr`co1



  Ê`guof hd Blcrpy.

Ok`lcs Xfrãbkbcs Jcçf

@c icbd octdrco hf ldektòrcx dsqudrhf, sdu okektd supdrkfr bfrrdspf`hd c uec ok`lc burvc, f`hd f ãpkbd sktuc-sd `f bruzced`tf hc ok`lc cxkocr eëhkc bfe c ;ª fu 3>ª bfstdoc. :;

 

 

  Icbd C`tdrkfr=



  Ok`lc edhkfdstdr`co.

f

Icbd pfstdrkfr=

  Ok`lc ldekbocvkbuocr.

3.  Ruprc-dsbcpuocr.

  Ok`lc cxkocr c`tdrkfr.

:.  Ruprc-dspk`lfsc.

f

f

  Icbd Octdrco=



  Ok`lc cxkocr c`tdrkfr.

f

  Ok`lc cxkocr eëhkc.

f

  Ok`lc cxkocr pfstdrkfr.

f

  Icbd ^fstdrkfr=



  Ok`lc eëhkf dspk`lco.

f

2.  K`irc-dspk`lfsc. 8.  K`tdrdsbãpuocr vdrtdjrco. 4.  K`irc-dsbcpuocrds. Icbd octdrco=

3.  Cxkocr1 :.  K`irc-cxkocr.

  Ok`lcs dsbcpuocrds.

f

Zdgkôds tfrãbkbcs

Icbd c`tdrkfr=

3.  Zdgkâf suprcbocvkbuocr. :.  Zdgkâf bocvkbuocr. 2.  Zdgkâf k`ircbocvkbuocr. 8.  Zdgkâf eceãrkc. 4.  Zdgkâf k`irceceãrkc. 9.  Zdgkâf suprc-dstdr`co. 7.  Dstdr`co supdrkfr.

 

 

Dxced hf ^rdbfrhkf  ^copcçâf

K`spdçâf 

  Cbfepc`lc mu`tf î pcopcçâf, f`hd fs





  Jfc kouek`cçâf (hd prdidrd`bkc, ouz



`cturco)1





pdsqukscr cjcuoced`tfs d rdtrcçôds, c k`spdçâf sd icz hd efhf tc`gd`bkco d irf`tco.

  Ofbcokzcr f Kbtus Bfrhks  (hdpd`hd`hf hf jkòtkpf hf pcbkd`td ‒  4½ DKB /

OLBD), rdgkâf hf ifbf ektrco1

  ^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, bfe c

eusbuocturc rdocxchc d f tòrcx hdspkhf d vksåvdo.

  Dxcek`chfr pfskbkf`chf î hkrdktc hf

pcbkd`td bfe f tòrcx hdspkhf1

cblchfs sd tfr`ce ecks skg`kikbctkvfs1



  Bfofbcr c eâf sfjrd f kbtus bfrhks, d

bf`ifred ifr sd`tk`hf fs jctked`tfs, d tkrc`hf fs hdhfs (`frecoed`td ctë : pfopcs 5 :,4be)1

  ^crc



  Bfofbcr f pcbkd`td hc pfskçâf hd

pcblf` (hdbýjktf octdrco dsqudrhf) hdsvkc ≨ : be.. 

Xc`gd`bkco 

Irf`tco F qud k`vdstkgcr6 k `vdstkgcr6 

  ^dod1 Odsôds doded`tcrds1 Hdprdssôds1

^fskçâf hd ^cblf`

Xuefrcçôds1 Cjcuoced`tfs1 Bkbctrkzds.

23

 

 

Cusbuotc 

  Cejkd`td skod`bkfsf1



  ^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, pfskçâf

frtfstãtkbc dsqudrhf1



fu

octdrco

  K`strukr f pcbkd`td pcrc qud k`spkrd

prfiu`hced`td ifrçchf.



hdbýjktf

d

dxpkrd

hd

efhf

  Odejrcr hd cusbuotcr pcopc`hf f puosf

rchkco hf pcbkd`td.

Ifbfs Hd Cusbuotc= Cus buotc=

Ek C ^dr Xc

Ec`fjrcs bfepoded`tcrds= Lc`h Grkp ‒ pdhd-sd cf pcbkd`td qud dstd cpdrtd hfks hdhfs hf dxcek`chfr, kssf cued`tc c rdskstí`bkc vcsbuocr pdrkiërkbc, f qud cued`tc fs sfprfs gdrchfs hf ochf dsqudrhf hf bfrcçâf ‒ IFBF EKXZCO Zkvdrf bcrvcolf  ‒  pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, bfofbc-sd f dstdtfsbòpkf `f IFBF XZKBTR^KHD, de sdgukhc, sfokbktc-sd cf

pcbkd`td iczdr uec k`spkrcçâf prfiu`hc d prd`hdr. 2:

 

 

Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Bkrbuoctòrkf K`trfhuçâf

F cpcrdolf bkrbuoctòrkf d f pròprkf iu`bkf`ced`tf hf bfrcçâf pfhde sdr cvcokchfs pdoc c`coksd hd= 

  ^uosf Zchkco1



  ^uosfs ^drkiërkbfs1



  ^uosf Bcpkocr1



  ^uosf Yd`fsf.

STD BCZCBXDZÅRXKBCR C@COKRCZ6

^uosf rchkco 

tfrtufskhchds d sd hdprked icbkoed`td)

 RDEKFXËB@KBC= 

  C crtërkc rchkco sd ofbcokzc d`trd c



  ^crc pcopã-oc, bfofbce-sd cs pfopcs



hfs hdhfs k`hkbchfr d eëhkf, bfofbc`hf bfeprdssâf ctë fjtdr f puosf eãxkef, d sdu pfodgcr sd ikxc `f hfrsf hf pu`lf hf pcbkd`td. 

dxcek`chfr c eâfhfhkrdktc pcrc   F pcopcr f puosf usc dsqudrhf pcbkd`td d





  RDE^ZD

lfeòofgf.

bfepcrcr

bfe

f

  Cepoktuhd fu ecg`ktuhd=   (sd`scçâf bcptchc de bchc puoscçâf ‒  cepoc,

fu hurdzc=  (bfeprdssâf prfgrdsskvc hc crtërkc ‒  puosf efod fu puosf hurf)



  Xd`sâf



  Xkpfs hd f`hc= (cpd`cs bfe f trdk`f ë

  C eâf hf pcbkd`td hdvd rdpfuscr `f

odktf bfe odvd supk`cçâf.

(sdqud`bkc hcs puoscçôds ‒  rdguocr fu krrdguocr)

  Zktef=

edhkc d pdqud`c)

vkbd-vdrsc. 

  Irdquí`bkc= (bf`tcr f `½ hd puoscçôds

hurc`td 3 ek` d bfepcrcr fs vcofrds bfe f `½ hd jpe)

cpòiksd dstkofkhd hf rãhkf d f td`hâf hfs iodxfrds.



  Dstchf hc pcrdhd crtdrkco=   (oksc, sde

pfssåvdo rdbf`ldbdr d hkidrd`bkcr)

ochf 

bfe ochf lfeòofgf=  (cvdrkguc c kgucohchd fu hdskgucohchd hfs puosfs pcopc`hf-fs skeuotc`dced`td.)

  Bfepcrcçâf

22

 

 

^uosfs pdrkiërkbfs

C c`ãoksd hfs puosfs pdrkiërkbfs pdrektd c bfepcrcçâf hcs crtërkcs lfefofgcs `c cusí`bkc d prdsd`çc hd puosf. STCKR ^TORFR ^CO^CZ6 

  Bcrftåhdf



  Xdepfrco supdrikbkco



  Rujboãvkf



  Cxkocr



  Jrcqukco



  Bujktco



  Zchkco



  Còrtkbf cjhfek`co



  Koåcbf



  Idefrco



  ^fpoåtdf



  Xkjkco c`tdrkfr



  Xkjkco pfstdrkfr



  ^dhkfsf

^uosf vd`fsf, turgí`bkc K`gurgktced`tf muguocr 

fu

  ^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, dodvc-sd c

bcjdbdkrc c 84½1





ê`guof hd fOfuks   Ofbcokzc-sd bfofbc-sd uecf rëguc ;>½ bfe blâf1 d   D`bf`trc-sd c vdkc muguocr, d bfe futrc

rëguc, bfofbc-sd `f pf`tf ecks cotf hc vdkc qud pfssuk puoscçâf1 

  Cbkec hd 4be ‒  pctfoògkbf ‒  pfhd

k`hkbcr k`suikbkí`bkc vd`trkbuocr hkrdktc.

^uosf bcpkocr

F puosf bcpkocr ë f rujfr k`tdrektd`td d sk`brø`kbf bfe f puosf rchkco qud sd fjsdrvc de hdtdrek`chcs rdgkôds hc pdod d eubfscs.  RDEKFXËB@KBC

Icz-sd uec odvd bfeprdssâf sfjrd c jfrhc hd uec u`lc ctë vdr uec zf`c puosãtko qud ecrbc c trc`skçâf hc bfr ròsdc pcrc c pãokhc ‒  `frecoed`td ë hksbrdtc fu kepdrbdptåvdo.. 28

 

 

Dxced hfs Ok`if`fhfs K`trfhuçâf

Fs ok`if`fhfs frgc`kzce-sd de grupfs supdrikbkcks (ofbcokzchfs hf tdbkhf bdouocr sujbutê`df) d fs prfiu`hfs (cjckxf hc iãsbkc hfs eýsbuofs d hd`trf hd vcrkcs bcvkhchds hf bfrpf). Xcec`lf `freco= >,4 ‒ :,4 be BCHDKCR HD OK@IF@FHFR= 

  ^rë-curkbuocr



  Zdtrfcurkbuocr



  Fbbkpktco



  Rujed`tf`kc`f



  Rujec`hkjuocr



  Xf`skocrds

K`spdçâf   Jfc kouek`cçâf 

  Ãrdc dxcek`chc hdspkhc



  Bfepcrcr ochf bf`trcoctdrco



  Ydrkikbcr pfssåvdks chd`fedgcokcs fu



  Bdrvkbco c`tdrkfr



  Bdrvkbco pfstdrkfr

^copcçâf



  Ruprcbocvkbuocrds





  K`ircbocvkbuocrds



  Cxkocrds

prdsd`çc hd sk`cks iofgkstkbfs.

icbds vd`trcks hf hdhf k`hkbchfr, eëhkf d pfodgcr. 



  Dpktrfbodc`fs



  K`guk`cks



  ^fpoåtdfs

  Zdcokzchc bfe cs pfopcs hkgktcks d cs

  Cmustcr c bcjdçc hf pcbkd`td pcrc

rdocxcr c eusbuocturc prc qud sd pcopde edolfr fs ok`if`fhfs hc bcjdçc d pdsbfçf.



  ^crc

c pcopcçâf hfs ok`if`fhfs cxkocrds, rdtrfpdktfrcks d dpktrfbodc`fs, f dxcek`chfr sd bfofbc c ird`td hf pcbkd`td, sdgurc`hf sdu jrcçf d pcopc`hf bfe c eâf ldtdròofgc. 24

 



 

  Fs ok`if`fhfs cxkocrds sd pcopce bfe cs eâfs de ‟gcrrc―. 



  Fs

ok`if`fhfs rdtrfpdktfrcks d dpktrfbodc`fs sd pcopce bfe cs eâfs de ‟pk`çc―. 



  @c pcopcçâf hfs ok`if`fhfs pfpoåtdfs,

f pcbkd`td hdvd ikbcr de hdbýjktf vd`trco d cs pdr`cs sdekiodtkhcs.



  Ok`if`fhf hd Krksl (cxkocr dsqudrhf)



  Ok`if`fhf

HDRBZDYDZ= 

  Ofbcokzcçâf



  Xcec`lf



  Bf`skstí`bkc



  Bfcodsbí`bkc



  Rd`skjkokhchd



  ^rdsd`çc

ikstuokzcçâf.

hd

Rkstdr

Ecry-Mfsdpl 

(pdrkuejkokbco) sk`cks

iofgåstkbfs

d

ODEJZCZ= 

  Ok`if`fhf hd Ykrblfw  (suprcbocvkbuocr dsqudrhf) ‒  quc`hf ifr vkstf `c

k`spdçâf, ë blcechf hd Rk`co hd Xrfkskdr. 

  Ok`if`fhf hd Joueedr (prctdodkrc rdtco)

29

 

 

Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Zdspkrctò Zdspkrctòrkf rkf K`trfhuçâf

F dxced hf cpcrdolf rdspkrctòrkf bfeprdd`hd K`spdçâf, pcopcçâf, pdrbussâf d cusbuotc. F pcbkd`td hdvd ikbcr sd`tchf d f dxcek`chfr efvked`tc`hf-sd cf rdhfr hdod. K`spdçâf 

K`spdçâf dstãtkbc= 

  Cvcokc



  Bfeprdd`hd tcejëe, c ifrec hf tòrcx

  Xòrcx de Xf`do fu de Jcrrko=   d`iksdec

puoef`cr fu de pdssfcs khfscs okvrds hd qucoqudr hfd`çc puoef`cr.

f dstchf hc pdod d hcs dstruturcs supdrikbkcks hc pcrdhd tfrãbkbc. d c prdsd`çc fu `âf hd cjcuoced`tfs d rdtrcçôds.

K`spdçâf hk`êekbc= 

  C`coksc-sd

tkpf rdspkrctòrkf, rktef d irdquí`bkc hc rdspkrcçâf1



  Cepoktuhd hfs efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs.



  ^rdsd`çc

fu `âf hd tkrcgde dxpc`skjkokhchd hfs puoeôds.

d

IFZEC HF XÒZC\=





  Xòrcx

K`iu`hkjuokifred (^dbtus Dxbcvctue)=  pfhd sdr bf`gí`ktf fu chqukrkhf. C bcusc ecks kepfrtc`td ë f rcquktksef1 quc`hf ecks cbd`tuchf, pfhd prfhuzkr hkstýrjkf puoef`cr rdstrktkvf. D de ed`frds bcsfs, pfhd k`hkbcr hdsofbced`tf bcrhåcbf.

  Xòrcx blctf= ecks bfeue de of`gkoå`dfs,

d `âf tde skg`kikbchf pctfoògkbf. 27

 



 

  Xòrcx Bcrk`kifred (pdbtus bcrk`ctue)=  ‟pdktf hd pfejf―, pfhd sdr bf`gí`ktf

fu chqukrkhf, d c prk`bkpco bcusc ë f rcquktksef.



  Xòrcx Bkifdsbfokòtkbf=   bf`gí`ktf fu

sdbu`hãrkf cf hdsvkf octdrco hf sdged`tf tfrãbkbf hc bfou`c vdrtdjrco.



  Xòrcx de Rk`f fu ^krkifred=  sdgud de

grc`hds ldpctfdspod`fedgcokcs d `c csbktd vfouefsc.



  Xòrcx K`stãvdo Xrcueãtkbf=   ircturc `cs

bfstdocs f`hd lã efvked`tfs tfrãbkbfs pcrchfxcks.



  Xòrcx Bkiòtkbf=  pfr hdidktf hd pfsturc

fu pfr odsâf hd vdrtdjrcs tfrãbkbcs (tujdrbuofsd, fstdfekdoktd, `dfpocskcs fu c`fecokcs bf`gí`ktcs).

 CJCTOCED@XFR D HD^ZDRRÔDR HD^ZDRRÔDR 

  ^fhde ofbcokzcr-sd de qucoqudr rdgkâf

hf tòrcx d k`hkbce coguec odsâf qud cued`tfu fu rdhuzku uec hcs dstruturcs hc pcrdhd fu hd òrgâfs k`trctfrãbkbfs.  XK^F ZDR^KZCXÒZKF 

  Fjsdrvc-sd

ctd`tced`td c efvked`tcçâf hf tòrcx d hf cjhfed. ♎= bfstco supdrkfr ♊= tfrcbfcjhfek`co



  Xòrcx dsbfokòtkbf= c`fecokc bf`gí`ktc.

2<

 

 

ZKXEF ZDR^KZCXÒZKF

Hksp`dkbc= Hksp`dkbc=  efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs hdsbf`ifrtãvdks pcrc f pcbkd`td1



  Zdspkrcçâf



  ^octkp`dkc= ^octkp`dkc= hkikbuohchd pcrc rdspkrcr `c

pfskçâf drdtc, qud sd cokvkc `c pfskçâf hdktchc. 

  Frtfp`dkc Frtfp`dkc== hkikbuohchd pcrc rdspkrcr `c

pfskçâf hdktchc. 

  Xrdpfp`dkc= pcbkd`td sd sd`td ecks

bf`ifrtãvdo octdrco. 

hdktc`hf

de

hdbýjktf

hd Bldy`d-Rtfads Bldy`d-Rtfads==  fu pdrkòhkbc, sâf k`bursôds

rdspkrctòrkcs qud vâf sd tfr`c`hf bchc vdz ecks prfiu`hcs ctë ctk`gkrde uec cepoktuhd eãxkec1 `dssd efed`tf, fs efvked`tfs bfedçce hkek`ukr, pfhd`hf bldgcr î cp`dkc.



hd Jkft= Jkft =  efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs hd hkidrd`tds cepoktuhds d bfe k`tdrvcofs vcrkãvdks1

  Zdspkrcçâf

  Zdspkrcçâf hd Aussecuo= Aussecuo=  cepocs d

rãpkhcs k`spkrcçôds k`tdrrfepkhcs pfr burtfs pdråfhfs hd cp`dkc ‒  ‟pdkxd ifrc h‛ãguc―1  



  Rupdrikbkco= Rupdrikbkco= 



  ^rfiu`hc= ^rfiu`hc= de dsifrçfs, defçôds.

  Zdspkrcçâf

hksp`dkc



 CE^OKXTHD HC ZDR^KZCÇÂF

  Zdspkrcçâf Ruspkrfsc Ruspkrfsc== cqudoc `c quco

d`quc`tf trc`qukofs, hfrek`hf.

dstcefs

IZDSTÍ@BKC ZDR^KZCXÒZ Z DR^KZCXÒZKC= KC= 

  Dup`dkbf (39 c :> krpe)



  Jrchp`dkbf (-39 krpe)



  Xcqukp`dkbf (+:> rpe)



  Cp`dkbf (pcrchc rdspkrctòrkc) rd spkrctòrkc)

 XKZCGDE= 

rdtrcçâf hfs dspcçfs k`tdrbfstcks. Yksåvdo de pdssfcs ecgrcs, fu bfe fjstruçâf hd coguec hcs vkcs rdspkrctòrkcs.

k`tdrrfepd-sd uec sdqudqud`bkc rdguocr hc rdspkrcçâf pfr uec k`spkrcçâf prfiu`hc sdgukhc hd uec dxpkrcçâf hdefrchc.

2;

 

K@R^DÇÂF HF ^DRBFÇF=  hdvd-sd pdrbdjdr



  Hcs Jcsds= ck`hc ctrãs hf pcbkd`td, fs

 

pfodgcrds hf dxcek`chfr hdvde dstcr pròxkefs hc ;ª d 3>ª vtj tfrãbkbc, d`quc`tf fs hdecks hdhfs hdvde cjcrbcr c ãrdc hcs jcsds puoef`crds. C`coksc-sd c efjkokhchd hcs jcsds

sd c rdspkrcçâf ë cuxkokchc pdoc eusbuocturc hf pdsbfçf (sk`co hd fjstruçâf hcs vkcs rdspkrctòrkcs).

hurc`td c rdspkrcçâf tcejëe prfiu`hc. 

trc`qukoc

d

  Ec`fjrc hd Zfucot

^copcçâf DRXZTXTZC HC ^CZDHD XFZÃBKBC=

K`vdstkgcr pdod, tdbkhf bdouocr sujbutê`df, eýsbuofs, bcrtkocgd`s d fssfs. D\^C@RKJKOKHCHD FT EFJKOKHCHD

Hfs Ãpkbds= f dxcek`chfr sd pfskbkf`c ctrãs hf pcbkd`td, pfusc`hf cejcs hcs eâfs sfjrd cs rdgkôds qud bfrrdspf`hde fs ãpkbds, fs pfodgcrds odvded`td sd d`bfstce. Rfokbktc-sd cf pcbkd`td qud rdspkrd ecks iu`hf,

IZÍEKXF XFZCBFYFBCO 

  F dxcek`chfr pfusc cs eâfs sfjrd cs

rdgkôds hf tòrcx cf edsef tdepf de qud f pcbkd`td prf`u`bkc ‟trk`tc d trís―.  



  ^cbkd`td

odvc`tc fs jrcçfs cvcokcçâf hf iríektf octdrco.

pcrc



  ^cbkd`td ‟sd cjrcçc― pcrc cvcokcçâf

hf iríektf pfstdrkfr.

d`quc`tf f dxcek`chfr c efvked`tcçâf hd sucs eâfs,fjsdrvc pdsqukscsd hkek`ukçâf fu cusí`bkc hd efvked`tfs. Ec`fjrc hd Zfucot



bf`sfokhcçôds cued`tchf=  (p`duef`kc d k`icrtf puef`cr). 8>

  IXY

 



  IXY hkek`uåhf fu cusd`td= hdrrced

 

 RF@R @FZECKR=

podurco, p`dueftòrcx, d`iksdec puoef`cr, ctdodbtcskcs d dspdssced`tf podurco. ^drbussâf

^drbutkr tfhf f tòrcx c`tdrkfred`td, octdrcoed`td d pfstdrkfred`td (B7 bfef rdidrí`bkc). Bfedçc`hf hd bkec pcrc jckxf, gfopdc`hf frc hd ue ochf, frc hd futrf. 

  RFE BOCZF ^TOEF@CZ.



  Rfe trcqudco=  ruåhf rdspkrctfrkf ecks

burtf d jrc`hf1 uec odvd pcusc d ue ruåhf dxpkrctòrkf ecks ifrtd d prfof`gchf.   Zdspkrcçâf



  Eureýrkf vdskbuocr=  ruåhf k`spkrctòrkf

ecks k`td`sf d hurchfurf qud f ruåhf dxpkrctòrkf, sde pcusc.

CTRBTOXC 



jrø`qukbc=  cuhåvdo `c ãrdc hd prfmdçâf hfs jrø`qukfs prk`bkpcks. Rdu ruåhf dxpkrctòrkf ë ue pfubf ed`fs k`td`sf.



jrf`bfvdskbuocr=  rdspkrcçâf jrø`qukbc + eureýrkf vdskbuocr. Cprdsd`tc k`td`skhchd hc k`spkrcçâf kguco hc dxpkrcçâf, sde pcusc.

  Zdspkrcçâf

  ^cbkd`td hdvd dstcr sd`tchf bfe f

tòrcx tftcoed`td hdsbfjdrtf.



  Rfokbktd

cf pcbkd`td prfiu`hced`td bfe d`trdcjdrtfs.

qud fs

rdspkrd oãjkfs

 RF@R C@FZECKR= 

  Dstdrtfrds ik`fs/brdpktc`tds= ik`co hc

k`spkrcçâf cguhf, `âf pcssc bfe c tfssd d sd efhkikbc bfe c pfskçâf chftchc. 

grfssfs/sujbrdpktc`tds= k`kbkf hc k`spkrcçâf d pfr tfhc c

  Dstdrtfrds

83

 

dxpkrcçâf, grcvd1 euhc bfe c tfssd d `âf sd efhkikbc bfe c pfskçâf. 

Rå`hrfeds jrø`qukbcs podurfpuoef`crds

 

d

  Zf`bfs=  sf`s grcvds, fbfrrde hurc`td

tfhc c rdspkrcçâf, bfe prdhfek`ê`bkc `c dxpkrcçâf. 

  Rkjkofs=  sfe cguhf, ‟ekchf hd gctf―1

fbfrrd `c k`spkrcçâf d dxpkrcçâf.

 CTRBTOXC HC YF]=

Zdssf`ê`bkc vfbco `freco

^rdsd`td de tfhf f tòrcx, dxbdtf `cs ãrdcs hf bfrcçâf d iågchf. Ecks k`td`sc `cs rdgkôds k`tdrdsbcpuofvdrtdjrcks d dstdr`co supdkfr. Ecks ifrtd de lfed`s. Dspdssced`tf podurco1 Hdrrced podurco1

Zdssf`ê`bkc vfbco hkek`uåhc

Ctdodbtcskc pfr fbousâf jrø`qukbc1 ^`dueftòrcx1 D`iksdec puoef`cr. ^`duef`kc1

K`icrtf puoef`cr1 Zdssf`ê`bkc vfbco cued`tchc @dfpocskc puoef`cr

Dgfif`kc

^crtd supdrkfr hfs hdrrceds podurcks d ãrdcs hd bf`hdscçâf fu bcvkhchds.

8:

 

 

Dxced Iåskbf hf Cjhfed pcrc jckxf ctë d`bf`tcr sfe ecbkçf. De bf`hkçôds `frecks, `f 4½ fu 9½ DKBH. F okektd k`idrkfr ë hchf pdoc pcopcçâf. @frecoed`td, 3be hc rdjfrhc bfstco.

K`trfhuçâf

Zdbf`ldbdr fs pf`tfs hd rdidrí`bkc c`ctøekbfs, c hkvksâf hf cjhfed de quchrc`tds d c prfmdçâf hd bchc òrgâf hdssc bcvkhchd sâf dssd`bkcks pcrc f dstuhf hc prfpdhíutkbc cjhfek`co.

3.  Jcçf Jcçf==  `frecoed`td, f jcçf `âf ë pdrbutåvdo, pfks sd ofbcokzc de uec ãrdc tkepê`kbc (dspcçf hd trcujd), tcejëe `âf pcopãvdo, dxbdtf de dspod`fedgcokcs, dtb.

^F@XFR HD ZDIDZÍ@BKC= 

  Zdjfrhcs bfstcks



  Ê`guof hd Blcrpy



  Bkbctrkz uejkokbco



  Brkstcs d dspk`lcs koåcbcs c`tdrkfrds



  Okgced`tf k`guk`co fu hd ^fupcrt



  Rå`iksd pýjkbc

K`spdçâf  K`spdçâf dstãtkbc=

  Cotdrcçôds `c pdod



  Rk`co

f

ZDGKÔDR HF CJHFED

hd Buood` pdrkuejkokbco)

(dqukefsd

  Rk`co hd Grcy Xur`dr (dqukefsd

f

`fs ioc`bfs)   Rk`co hd Ifx (dqukefsd `c rdgkâf

f

pujkc`c) K`hkbce ldefrrcgkc rdtrfpdrktf`dco. Rugdstkvf hd pc`brdctktd cguhc fu grcvkhdz dbtòpkbc ldefrrãgkbc.

  Bkrbuocçâf bfoctdrco



  Hkstrkjukçâf hd píofs



^ZFMDÇÂF HFR ÒZGÂFR @CR ^CZDHDR  XFZÃBKBCR D CJHFEK@CO CJHFEK@CO

3. 

supdrkfr Iågchf= =  sdu Iågchf hdokektchf pfr okektd pdrbussâf, hdshdë tfhf f ldektòrcx hkrdktf hd bkec

  Ifrec d skedtrkc hf cjhfed



  Bkbctrkzds



f

  Ioc`bf hkrdktf= bfodbkstdbtfekc f  Ioc`bf dsqudrhf= bfodbtfekc

82

 

  Ifssc

f

K.H.= ldr`kfrrcikc

 

cpd`hkbdbtfekc,

  Ifssc K.D.= ldr`kfrrcikc

f

  Lkpfgãstrkf= lkstdrdbtfekc

f

f

  Ok`lc edhkc= ocpcrftfekc f  Zdgkâf ofejcr= `dirdbtfekc   Ok`lc vdrtdjrco= ocek`dbtfekc

f

  De vd`trd hd jctrãqukf

f

  Cjcuoced`tfs d hdprdssôds



  ^d`huocr fu ptòtkbf

f

  Rk`co hc kreâ Ecrkc Mfsë= `òhuof

f

pcopãvdo `c rdgkâf hc bkbctrkz uejkokbco, rdsuotchf hd uec edtãstcsd hd bê`bdr ecokg`f `f cjhfed.

  Efvked`tfs



  Efvked`tfs rdspkrctòrkfs

f

  ^drkstcosd

f

vksåvdo ‒  f`hcs pdrkstãotkbcs hd Aussecuo (k`hkbc dstd`fsd pkoòrkbc fu fjstruçâf k`tdstk`co)

  De cvd`tco

f

  Ifrec d Yfoued hf Cjhfed=



  Ctåpkbf fu `freco

f

f

  Gofjfsf fu prftujdrc`td

  Dsbcvchf

f

88

 

 

Cusbuotc  

  Rdeprd

iczdr prkedkrf pcopcçâf d pdrbussâf.

qud

c



  Cvcokcs prdsd`çc hd sfprfs crtdrkcks d

ruåhfs lkhrfcërdfs. 

  Rdeprd cvcokcr de tfhfs fs quchrc`tds,

de frhde.



  @freco= hd 4 c 24 jfrjfrkgefs pfr

ek`utf.

K`spdçâf hk`êekbc

  Cusd`td= åodf pcrcoktkbf

  Ec`fjrc







  Ec`fjrc hd Rektl-Jctds=  pdhd-sd cf

^copcçâf

hd Ycoscovc=  cued`tc c prdssâf k`trc-cjhfek`co, d pfhd cmuhcr `f hkcg`fstkbf hd lër`kcs, prftusôds d dtb.

pcbkd`td odvc`tcr fs EEKK pcrc bf`trckr c eusbuocturc cjhfek`co. Rd c ecssc hdscpcrdbdr, doc dstã cjckxf hc pcrdhd cjhfek`co. D sd dstkvdr pcopãvdo, ë pfrqud pdrtd`bd î pcrdhd cjhfek`co.



  Ë

rdcokzchc bfe f pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, usc`hf c tëb`kbc hc eâf dspcoechc.



  DE



  Hd cbfrhf bfe cs bf`hkçôds, lã futrcs

LK^ÒXDRD COGTEC bfedbd c pcopcçâf pdof ochf hc hfr. Rdeprd pdrgu`td c`tds cf pcbkd`td f ofbco hc hfr, d rdcokzd c pcopcçâf pdof futrf ochf, hdkxc`hf f ofbco pfr uotkef. tëb`kbcs pcopctòrkcs hkidrd`tds.

^copcçâf supdrikbkco

84

 

 

^copcçâf prfiu`hc



  K`vdstkgce-sd c sd`skjkokhchd, rdskstí`bkc

hc pcrdhd, c bf`tk`ukhchd hc pcrdhd cjhfek`co, cs puoscçôds d rdiodxf butê`df-cjhfek`co.





  K`vdstkgc-sd



  Òrgâfs d ecsscs pcopãvdks, hdvde sdr

  ^f`tfs hfofrfsfs=

ecsscs tuefrcçôds, d fs òrgâfs.

pcopãvdks,

bcrcbtdrkzchfs quc`tf î=   Ofbcokzcçâf

f

  Ifrec

f

  Yfoued

f

  Rd`skjkokhchd

f

  Bf`skstí`bkc

f

  Efjkokhchd

f

  ^uosctkokhchd

f

^copcçâf hf iågchf Ec`fjrc hd Odefs Xfrrds= 

  Eâf dsqudrhc bkec hc ofmc rd`co

hkrdktc, ifrçc`hf-c pcrc bkec1



  Eâf

hkrdktc efvked`tc-sd td`tc`hf pcopcr f iågchf, cbfepc`lc`hf c rdspkrcçâf hf pcbkd`td.

89

 

 



  ^fskçâf hd Rblustdr



  Hdokektcr Dspcçf hd Xrcujd   ^copãvdo= dspod`fedgcokcs

f

Ec`fjrc hd Ectlkdu= 

  Dxcek`chfr vfotchf pcrc fs pës hf

pcbkd`td1



  Eâfs

de

gcrrc,

bffrhd`c`hf

c

efvked`tcçâf bfe c rdspkrcçâf hf pcbkd`td.   D\^KZCÇÂF= prdpcrc!

f

  K@R^KZCÇÂF= efvked`tc!

f

^copcçâf hc Ydsåbuoc jkokcr ^f`tf båstkbf=  pcopcr bfe fs hdhfs

k`hkbchfr d eëhkf c k`tdrsdbçâf hc jfrhc octdrco hf eusbuof rdtf hf cjhfed hkrdktf bfe f rdjfrhf bfstco hkrdktf.

Ec`fjrc hc Crrc`lchurc=

Bfofbc-sd f dstdtfsbòpkf `c rdgkâf dpkgãstrkbc d rdcokzc-sd efvked`tfs ok`dcrds lfrkzf`tcks de sd`tkhf å`idrf-supdrkfr de ldekcjhfed hkrdktf bfe fjmdtf hd pf`tc rfejc. Ldpctkedtrkc= 

  Okektd supdrkfr= 8½ fu 4½ DKBH (pdrbussâf

ecbkçc)



  Okektd k`idrkfr= pcopcçâf   @freco= 9-3:be

f

  Ldpctfedgcokc 03:

f

^copcçâf hf jcçf Ec`fjrc hd Ectlkdu

 Rk`co hd Eurply=  eëhkbf icz prdssâf

sfjrd f pf`tf båstkbf hf pcbkd`td hurc`td c K@R^KZCÇÂF. ^fsktkvf quc`hf f pcbkd`td k`tdrrfepd c k`spkrcçâf hdvkhf c hfr.  Rk`co

hd

Bfurvfkskdr

Xdrrkdr=  c

vdsåbuoc d`bf`trc-sd hkoctchc, pcopãvdo d 87

 

`âf hfofrfsc. K`hkbc bê`bdr `c bcjdçc hf pê`brdcs, quc`hf cssfbkchf î kbtdråbkc.

^dsquksc hf vcsbfodmf= ^fhd sdr didtuchc hd hucs ec`dkrcs= 

 

  ^rd`hd-sd f dstøecgf bfe c eâf

hkrdktc, efvked`tc`hf-f hd ue ochf pcrc f futrf, cf edsef tdepf qud

Ec`fjrcs dspdbkcks= Ec`fjrc hf Zdblcçf= Bfe c pcoec hc eâf bfeprked-sd bfe bdrtc ikredzc c pcrdhd cjhfek`co, d bfe c icbd vd`trco hfs hdhfs d pfopcs hkgktcks prfvfbc-sd ue kepuosf rãpkhf `c pcrdhd, rdtfr`c`hf-sd fs hdhfs î pfskçâf k`kbkco sde cirfuxcr c bfeprdssâf hc pcrdhd cjhfek`co. Dxkstd rdblcçf quc`hf, kedhkctced`td cpòs c kepuosâf, pdrbdjd-sd ue blfqud `c eâf qud prfvfbfu f kepuosf. Kssf trchuz c prdsd`çc hd òrgâf fu tuefr sòokhf ioutuc`hf de ue edkf oåqukhf, rdprdsd`tchf pfr csbktd.

sd fuvkr ruåhfs lkhrfcërdfs `dodprfburc frkgk`chfs.. 

  Zdpfusc-sd c eâf sfjrd c rdgkâf

dpkgãstrkbc d dxdbutce-sd rãpkhfs efvked`tfs bfeprdsskvfs bfe c icbd vd`trco hfs hdhfs d cs pfopcs hkgktcks, td`hf-sd f bukhchf hd `âf hdsofbcr c pcoec hc eâf. Suc`hf sd fuvde ruåhfs hd oåqukhfs scbfodmc`hf, hkz qud lã vcsbfodmf. Dstc ec`fjrc bfstuec-sd sdr blcechc hd pctk`lcçâf.

Ec`fjrcs pcrc cpd`hkbktd 

  ^F@XF HD EBJTZ@D[= trcçcr uec

ok`lc d`trd c dspk`lc koåcbc c`tdrfssupdrkfr d c bkbctrkz uejkokbco, d hkvkhkr pcrtds. F pf`tf ë f d`bf`trf d`trd f tdrçf hkstco d eëhkf.

Ec`fjrc hc hdsbfeprdssâf  sýjktc=  Bfeprked-sd vcgcrfsced`td d prfgrdsskvced`td ue hdtdrek`chf ofbco hf cjhfed qud hurc`td c pcopcçâf gdrco efstrfu-sd hfofrkhf. Hurc`td c dxdbuçâf hc ec`fjrc, f dxcek`chfr vck k`hcgc`hf d fjsdrvc`hf cs rdcçôds hf pcbkd`td. Hkzsd qud ë pfsktkvc sd c hfr cprdsd`tcr `åtkhc dxcbdrjcçâf `f efed`tf de du sd icz c hdsbfeprdssâf.

  

Hfr î hd Jouejdrg=   hdsbfeprdssâf sýjktc `f pf`tf hd EbJur`dy.

  Rk`co

8<

 



  Rk`co hd Zfvsk`g=  bfeprdssâf IKD d

rdcokzcr hdsofbced`tf bfeprdsskvf ctë c IKH. 

  Rk`co hd Od`c`hdr=  Xdepdrcturc rdtco

eckfr qud c tdepdrcturc cxkocr de ecks hd 3½ B.   Rk`co hd Hu`ply= Hfr `c IKH qud pkfrc bfe c tfssd. 

  Rk`co hd Ocpk`say=  Hfr î bfeprdssâf

HDXDZEK@CÇÂF HF OKEKXD RT^DZKFZ HF IÅGCHF

^drbutd-sd f ldektòrcx hkrdktf cf `åvdo hc ok`lc ldekbocvkbuocr hkrdktc hdshd suc frkgde `c bocvåbuoc ctë f 8½ fu 4½ dspcçf k`tdrbfstco1 k`åbkf,defjtëe-sd bocrf puoef`cr. C Hd sdgukr, bf`hkçôdssfe `frecks, `c coturc hf 4½ fu 9½ dspcçf k`tdrbfstco, fjsdrvc-sd sfe sujecbkçf. Dssd pf`tf bfrrdspf`hd cf okektd supdrkfr hf iågchf

hc IKH d`quc`tf sd dodvc f edejrf k`idrkfr hkrdktf dstkbchf. ^rdsd`td `f cpí`hkbd rdtrfbdbco. 



  Rk`co hd Mfjdrt=  hdscpcrdbked`tf

hc ecbkbdz ldpãtkbc, hc`hf ougcr cf tkepc`ksef hdbfrrd`td hd p`duefpdrktø`kf qud tde bfef bcusc irdqud`td c pdriurcçâf hf tujf gcstrk`tdstk`co.

  Rk`co hd Ccrf`= Hfr dpkgãstrkbc rdidrkhc

î pcopcçâf hf pf`tf hd EbJur`dy. 

 

  Rk`co hf Kokfpsfcs=  Hfr î dxtd`sâf d

cjhuçâf hc bfxc hkrdktc bfe f pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf octdrco dsqudrhf. ^rdsd`td `f cpí`hkbd rdtrfbdbco.



  Rk`co hf Fjturchfr= Hfr lkpfgãstrkbc î

iodxâf d rftcçâf k`tdr`c hf quchrko. ^rdsd`td `f cpí`hkbd pëovkbf. ^drbussâf

C pfskçâf iu`hced`tco hf pcbkd`td ë f hdbýjktf hfrsco. Bf`tuhf, futrcs pfskçôds sâf `dbdssãrkcs `c pdsquksc hd csbktd. ^fhde sdr d`bf`trchcs fs sdguk`tds tkpfs hd sf`s `f cjhfed= 

  Xkepê`kbf= `freco1



  Lkpdrtkepc`ksef= fjstruçâf k`tdstk`co,

edtdfrksef, p`dueftòrcx1



  Rujecbkbdz



  Ecbkbdz= csbktds, ecsscs, dtb.

^DRSTKRC HD CRBKXD 

  ^kpcrftd (grc`hd vfoued)=  pcbkd`td

chftc f hdbýjktf hfrsco d dod pròprkf bfofbc c jfrhc bujktco hc eâf sfjrd hf cjhfed, dxdrbd`hf uec okgdkrc prdssâf hd efhf c kepdhkr c trc`sekssâf pdoc pcrdhd cjhfek`co hf kepcbtf prfvfbchf pdof pkpcrftd. F dxcek`chfr rdpfusc c eâf dsqudrhc `f ioc`bf hf futrf ochf. ^cssc-sd d`tâf c gfopdcr bfe f k`hkbchfr c icbd octdrco hf ldekcjhfed hkrdktf. Rd lfuvdr oåqukhf de quc`tkhchd suikbkd`td `c bcvkhchd pdrktf`dco, c eâf 8;

 

 

dsqudrhc cptc fs blfquds hcs f`hcs oåqukhcs hdsd`bchdchcs pdofs pkpcrftds.

Jdxkgfec ‒ bf`bcvkhchd pcrc jckxf Csbktd ‒ bf`bcvkhchd pcrc bkec. 

  Ecbkbdz eòvdo (eëhkf vfo.)=   Bfofbc-

sd f pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf octdrco hkrdktf d pdrbutd-sd tfhf f cjhfed1 lcvd`hf csbktd, d`bf`trc-sd tkepc`ksef `f ioc`bf dsqudrhf d ecbkbdz `ffioc`bf hkrdktf. C sdgukr, pcbkd`td chftc futrf hdbýjktf octdrco, pdrbutk`hf-sd hd `fvf tfhf f cjhfed.



  Rdekbårbuofs hd Rafhc (eëhkf vfo.)=  

^drbutd-sd f cjhfed c pcrtkr hf dpkgãstrkf, rchkcoed`td de hkrdçâf cfs okektds hf cjhfed. Fjsdrvc-sd c trc`skçâf d`trd f sfe tkepê`kbf pcrc f sfe sujecbkçf d, pfstdrkfred`td pcrc ecbkçf, `f sd`tkhf brc`kfbcuhco. C mu`çâf hd pf`tfs hd trc`skçâf ifrece sdekbårbuofs

4>

 

 

Dxced hf Rkstdec @drvfsf C`ce`dsd hf R@



  Hkstýrjkfs hd edeòrkc d ed`tco   Dstchf hd bf`sbkí`bkc cotdrchf bfe fu

C cjfrhcgde hc c`ce`dsd bfedçc cf ochf hf pcbkd`td, k`tdrprdtc`hf f prfjodec bok`kbf de tdrefs c`ctøekbfs d hdpfks, ikskfpctfoògkbfs. 





  Bdicodkc, d`xcqudbc

Sudstôds de bcsf hd odsâf=



  Hkstýrjkfs vksucks

sde bf`vuosôds

  De qud `åvdo dstc ofbcokzchc c odsâf6





  Hkstýrjkfs cuhktkvfs

  Suco ë f tkpf hd odsâf6





  Xf`turcs

  Cprdsd`tc hdidktf hd ecssc fu `âf6





  K`bdrtdzc cf bcek`lcr, keprdbksâf



  Hkstýrjkfs hc icoc d hdgoutkçâf



  ^drhc hd ifrçc



  Efvked`tfs k`vfou`tãrkfs



  Rd`scçâf hd pdrhc hd sd`skjkokhchd fu

  Suco ë f bcrãtdr hc odsâf6   Suco ë c frkgde hc odsâf6 



  Suco skstdec dstã bfeprfedtkhf6

Sudstôds de bcsf hd cprdsd`tcçâf hd sk`tfecs 

  Suc`hf f sk`tfec bfedçfu6



  Bfef f sk`tfec k`kbkfu (cguhced`td,

hkidrd`çc hd sd`skjkokhchd



  Hfr krrchkchc `fs edejrfs



  Bfeprfedtked`tf hc iu`çâf vdskbco.

grchucoed`td)6



  F qud f pcbkd`td dstcvc iczd`hf

quc`hf f sk`tfec k`kbkfu (defçâf, dxcustâf, sf`f, dtb.)6



  Bfef fs sk`tfecs prfgrdhkrce bfe f

tdepf (bf`stc`td, pkfrc rãpkhc, k`tdrektd`td)6



od`tc

fu

  Sucks bkrbu`stê`bkcs cidtce f sk`tfec

(pfsturc, tfssd, dspkrrfs, hdktcr-sd, ouzds, iocslds, dtb.)6

Rk`tfecs hf Rkstdec @drvfsf   Cpctkc, cstd`kc, chk`cekc

Dxced iåskbf hf R@ ^dsbfçf d bfou`c bdrvkbco

Hf pf`tf hd vkstc `durfoògkbf, k`boude-sd fs sdguk`tds dxceds= 

  Bcròtkhcs= pcopcçâf d cusbuotc hd

cejcs cs bcròtkhcs, sdpcrchced`td, bfepcrc`hf-sd c cepoktuhd d cvdrkguc`hf sd lã sfprf d/fu iríektf   tde bfef fjmdtkvf, surprdd`hdr dxkstí`bkc hd dstd`fsd fu fbousâfc hc crtërkc  CYD. 43

 



  Zdgkâf Ruprcbocvkbuocr=  f dxced



  ^fsktkvc=  quc`hf f pcbkd`td iodtd fs

edejrfs k`idrkfrds ikskf`øekbc hd hfr.

hdssc rdgkâf tde f edsef fjmdtkvf hcs bcròtkhcs, pfks ë f pf`tf de qud c crtërkc vdrtdjrco tde frkgde `c sujboãvkc. 

dxprdssâf

  Okektcçâf hfs Efvked`tfs=  pdhd-

sd cf pcbkd`td qud rdcokzd efvked`tfs hd dxtd`sâf, iodxâf, rftcçâf d octdrcokzcçâf hc bcjdçc   hkikbuohchd fu okektcçâf   hfd`çcs fstdfcrtkbuocrds eusbuocrds, ed`k`gktds, rchkbuofpctkcs d ldefrrcgkc sujcrcb`òkhdc.



d

 



  Zkgkhdz hc `ubc=  f dxcek`chfr

  Xrc`skçâf Brc`kfvdrtdjrco=  hdvd-sd fjsdrvcr sd dxkstd f ‟pdsbfçf burtf―  

hdifrekhchds òssdcs.

bfofbc uec hcs eâfs `c rdgkâf fbbkpktco hf pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf

Bfou`c ofejfsscbrc

hfrsco, d sucvded`td, td`tc iodtkr c bcjdçc hdod.

Râf cvcokchfs fs sdguk`tds pcrêedtrfs=

  Rd ifr iãbko d cepof= `âf lã





  Okektcçâf Hfs Efvked`tfs=  sfokbktc-sd

cf pcbkd`td qud dxdbutd efvked`tfs hd iodxâf, dxtd`sâf, rftcçâf d octdrcokzcçâf hc bfou`c, d fjsdrvc-sd sd lã okektcçâf fu hkikbuohchd hdssds efvked`tfs d de qud grcu..

rkgkhdz `ubco.   Bcsf bf`trãrkf= rkgkhdz `ubco



ed`k`gktd d sujcrcb`òkhdc.

 

ldefrrcgkc

^rfvcs hd dstkrced`tf hc rckz `drvfsc= ^ZFYC HD OCRÌGTD=  bfe f pcbkd`td de ^rfvc hd Jruhzk`sak=  f dxcek`chfr

rdpfusc uec hcs eâfs sfjrd f tòrcx hf pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, d bfe c futrc, bfofbchc `c rdgkâf fbbkpktco, dxdbutc uec iodxâf ifrçchc hc bcjdçc.

hdbýjktf hfrsco d fs EEKK dstd`hkhfs, f dxcek`chfr icz c dodvcçâf hd ue edejrf k`idrkfr dstd`hkhf. 

 

  quc`hf f pcbkd`td ^fsktkvc= hd hfr `c icbd pfstdrkfr hf rdbocec edejrf 4:

 

 

dxcek`chf ofgf `f k`kbkf hc prfvc (2>¾ hd dodvcçâf).

 RK@CO HD @CII]K@GDZ=  c ec`fjrc sd hã ^rfvc hd Adr`kg=  bf`skstd `c dxtd`sâf

hc pdr`c, dstc`hf c bfxc iodtkc de ê`guof rdtf sfjrd c jcbkc d c pdr`c sfjrd c bfxc.

pdoc bfeprdssâf hcs vdkcs muguocrds pfr 3> sdgu`hfs1 ofgf cpòs, pdhd-sd pcrc qud f pcbkd`td ifrbd uec tfssd, quc`hf f rfstf rujfrkzchf. 



  ^fsktkvc= quc`hf f pcbkd`td sd`td hfr

cf of`gf hf trcmdtf hf `drvf bkãtkbf d

  ^fsktkvc=  quc`hf cpcrdbd hfr `c

rdgkâf ofejcr bcuschc pdoc tfssd cued`tf hc prdssâf k`trctdbco.

 

td`tc kepdhkr f efvked`tf. Futrc prfvc hd Adr`kg=  dodvc-sd fs EEKK cf edsef tdepf.   ^fsktkvc=  hdsd`bchdkc hfr d iodxâf



`fs mfdolfs

Dsscs

prfvcs

sâf

utkokzchcs

pcrc

hkcg`òstkbf hd=   Ed`k`gktd



  Ldefrrcgkc sujcrcb`òkhdc



EC@FJZC HD JZCGCZH=  bfe f pcbkd`td

de hdbýjktf hfrsco, f dxcek`chfr icz dodvcçâf pcsskvc hc bfxc sfjrd c jcbkc1 de sdgukhc, icz iodxâf hfrsco hf pë hf edejrf dxcek`chf. 

  Zchkbuofpctkc bkãtkbc



  Ofejcogkc.



  ^fsktkvc=  quc`hf lã hfr `c icbd

pfstdrkfr hc bfxc d rdskstí`bkc cf efvked`tf 42

 

 

Ecrblc fu Dqukoåjrkf Hk`êekbf K`trfhuçâf

ECZBLC C@RDZK@C FT HD ^CXF 

Fjsdrvc`hf-sd c ec`dkrc pdoc quco f pcbkd`td hd ofbfefvd, ë pfssåvdo, de coguecs cidbçôds `durfoògkbcs, suspdktcrsd fu iczdr-sd f hkcg`fstkbf sk`hrøekbf.





  C

tfhf d qucoqudr hkstýrjkf hc ecrblc hã-sd f `fed hd HKRJCRKC, c quco pfhd sdr u`k fu jkoctdrco.

Ecrblc ldokbòpfhd, ldekpoëgkbc

bdkic`td

c`hcr, f pcbkd`td cbd`tuc c ofrhfsd ofejcr d vck k`bok`c`hf f trf`bf frc pcrc c hkrdktc, frc pcrc c dsqudrhc, cotdr`chced`td, odejrc`hf f c`hcr hd ue pctf

D`bf`trchc de hfd`çcs eusbuocrds d trchuz uec hkek`ukçâf hc ifrçc hfs eýsbuofs pëovkbfs d hcs bfxcs.

fu



  Cf



  F edejrf k`idrkfr hf edsef ochf ë

c`hcr, f pcbkd`td ec`tëe f edejrf supdrkfr iodtkhf de ;>½ bfe bftfvdof d chuçâf, d c eâf idblchc de odvd prf`cçâf. dspãstkbf, d f mfdolf `âf iodxkf`c.



  Cf

  Hdvkhf c kssf, c pdr`c tde qud sd

crrcstcr pdof blâf, hdsbrdvd`hf ue sdekbårbuof quc`hf f pcbkd`td trfbc f pcssf   odejrc f efvked`tf hd uec ifkbd de cçâf.

Cpcrdbd de pcbkd`tds qud cprdsd`tce Ldekpodgkc  CYD.

Ecrblc pcrak`sf`kc`c

hfd`td c`hc bfef ue jofbf, d`rkmdbkhf, sde f efvked`tf cutfeãtkbf hfs jrcçfs.   C bcjdçc pdrec`dbd k`bok`chc pcrc c 

  F

ird`td fs keprdssâf pcssfs sâfhd ekýhfs hc`hfd c qud df rãpkhfs, hfd`td ‟bfrrd ctrãs hf sdu bd`trf hd grcvkhchd―, d qud vck bckr pcrc ird`td.  

Fbfrrd `fs pfrtchfrds hc hfd`çc hd ^crak`sf`.

48

 

K`hkbc pdrhc hd sd`skjkokhchd prfprkfbdptkvc pfr Odsâf Hf Bfrhâf ^fstdrkfr Hc Edhuoc.

Ecrblc bdrdjdocr fu ecrblc hf ëjrkf 

  Cf c`hcr, f hfd`td zkgudzcgudkc bfef

ue jíjchf.

 

Ecrblc hd pdqud`fs pcssfs 

  Bcrcbtdrkzchc pdof ictf hd f pcbkd`td

Xrchuz k`bffrhd`cçâf hd efvked`tfs de

hcr pcssfs euktf burtfs d, cf bcek`lcr, crrcstc fs pës bfef sd dstkvdssd

hdbfrrí`bkc hd Odsôds Hf Bdrdjdof.

hc`çc`hf ‟ecrblk`lc―. 

Cpcrdbd `c ^crcokskc ^sduhfjuojcr d `c Ctrfikc Bfrtkbco hc Rd`kokhchd.

Ecrblc tcjëtkbc 

  ^crc sd ofbfefvdr, f pcbkd`td ec`tëe

Ecrblc vdstkjuocr 

octdrfpuosâf  bfef sd dstkvdssd sd`hf depurrchf pcrc f ochf quc`hf td`tc sd efvdr de ok`lc rdtc.

f folcr ikxf `f blâf. 

  Fs EEKK sâf odvc`tchfs hd ifrec

cjruptc d dxpofskvced`td d, cf sdrde rdbfofbchfs `f blâf, fs bcobc`lcrds tfbce f sfof pdschced`td.



  Bfe fs folfs idblchfs, c ecrblc pkfrc

cbd`tuchced`td, fu sd tfr`c kepfssåvdo.

  Cf bcek`lcr, f pcbkd`td cprdsd`tc



  Rd bfofbchf de cejkd`td cepof d

sfokbktchf c kr hd ird`td d vfotcr hd bfstcs bfe fs folfs idblchfs, hdsbrdvdrã uec ikgurc sdedolc`td c

uec dstrdoc   pfhd sdr blcechc tcejëe hd ecrblc de dstrdoc. 44

 

 

Cbfedtd pcbkd`tds bfe odsâf vdstkjuocr (ocjkrk`tf).

Ecrblc dspãstkbc fu de tdsfurc Ecrblc dsbcrvc`td 



dspãstkbfs pdrec`dbde sdekiodtkhfs, fs pës sd crrcstce, d cs pdr`cs sd bruzce uec `c ird`td hc futrc, quc`hf f pcbkd`td td`tc bcek`lcr.

  Cf bcek`lcr, f pcbkd`td td`tc tfbcr c

pf`tc hf pë cf sfof d trfpdçc.



  ^crc

dvktcr

cbd`tuchced`td

kssf, f

edejrf

odvc`tc k`idrkfr

odejrc`hf f ‟pcssf hd gc`sf― hfs

sfohchfs prusskc`fs. Cbfedtd pcbkd`tds bfe pcrcokskc efvked`tf hd iodxâf hfrsco hf pë.

hf

  Cf c`hcr, fs hfks EEKK d`rkmdbkhfs d



  F efvked`tf hcs pdr`cs odejrc uec

tdsfurc de iu`bkf`ced`tf

Irdqud`td de ifrecs ^crcokskc Bdrdjrco.

dspãstkbcs

hc

Ecrblc bocuhkbc`td 

  Cf bcek`lcr, f pcbkd`td ‟ec`bc― pcrc

ue hfs ochfs.

Fbfrrd `c K`suikbkí`bkc Crtdrkco ^drkiërkbc d de odsôds hf Cpcrdolf Ofbfeftfr.

49

 

 

Dqukoåjrkf Dstãtkbf Cpòs f dstuhf hc ecrblc, icz-sd c sdguk`td ec`fjrc= ^rfvc hd Zfejdrg

Rfokbktc-sd qud f pcbkd`td bf`tk`ud `c pfskçâf vdrtkbco, bfe fs pës mu`tfs, folc`hf pcrc ird`td. @dstc pfsturc, hdvd pdrec`dbdr pfr cogu`s sdgu`hfs, De sdgukhc, frhd`c-sd c dod qud idbld cs pãopdjrcs. 

  @dgctkvc=  `f

k`hkvkhuf okvrd hd cbfedtked`tf `chc sd

qucoqudr

fjsdrvc, fu cpd`cs okgdkrcs fsbkocçôds hf bfrpf sâf `ftchcs. 

Eftrkbkhchd Yfou`tcrkc

  ^fsktkvc=  `c vkgí`bkc hd cotdrcçôds

`durfoògkbcs, cf bdrrcr cs pãopdjrcs, f pcbkd`td cprdsd`tc fsbkocçôds `f bfrpf, bfe hdsdqukoåjrkf d ifrtd td`hí`bkc î qudhc.   ^crc qucoqudr ochf cpòs



bdrrcr cs pãopdjrcs= Odsâf hcs vkcs hd sd`skjkokhchd hd bf`sbkd`td. prfprkfbdptkvc

  Rdeprd pcrc f edsef ochf=



odsâf hf vdstkjuocr.

cpcrdolf

Ë dstuhchc pfr edkf hd hucs tëb`kbcs, uec pcrc c c`ãoksd hc eftrkbkhchd dspf`tê`dc d c futrc pcrc c cvcokcçâf hc ifrçc eusbuocr. Eftrkbkhchd dspf`tê`dc

Rfokbktc-sd cf pcbkd`td qud dxdbutd uec sërkd hd efvked`tfs, dspdbkcoed`td hfs edejrfs, tcks bfef= 

  Cjrkr d idblcr c eâf1



  Dstd`hdr d iodtkr f c`tdjrcçf1



  Cjhuzkr d dodvcr f jrcçf1

  Iodtkr c bfxc1   Iodtkr d dstd`hdr c pdr`c d f pë. 

47

 

 

Hurc`td c dxdbuçâf hdssds efvked`tfs, fjsdrvc-sd sd dods dstâf sd`hf rdcokzchfs de tfhc c suc cepoktuhd. @âf sd`hf, bueprd cvcokcr f grcu d c sdhd hc okektcçâf1 Zdhuçâf fu cjfokçâf hfsd/fu efvked`tfs= odsâf hfs `durø`kfs eftfrds sucs vkcs=   skstdec pkrcekhco, bfou`cs vd`trcks hc edhuoc d `drvfs).

 Ifr  I frççc Eu Eussbu buoocr

Ek`gczzk`k pcrc fs EEKK=

De hdbýjktf hfrsco, f dxcek`chfr odvc`tc fs hfks EEKK hf pcbkd`td, iodtk`hf cs pdr`cs pcrc ifrecr ;>¾ bfe c bfxc d dstc tcejëe iodtkhc de ;>¾ bfe c crtkbuocçâf hf quchrko.

Râf rdcokzchfs fs edsefs efvked`tfs rdidrkhfs `f dxced hd eftrkbkhchd dspf`tê`dc, sò qud bfe fpfskçâf cpokbchc pdof dxcek`chfr.

Jcrrë=

De bcsf hd hksbrdtc fu hdikbkí`bkc eftfrc hfs edejrfs, rdcokzce-sd cs ^ZFYCR HDIKBKXÃZKCR (bf`trc c grcvkhchd)=

^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf vd`trco hdvdrã ec`tdr cs pdr`cs iodtkhcs sfjrd cs bfxcs, ifrec`hf ue ê`guof eckfr qud ;>½ de rdocçâf bfxcs. fsbkocçôdsîs d qudhc.

^fhd-sd

fjsdrvcr

Jrcçfs dstd`hkhfs fu Ek`gczzk`k pcrc fs EERR=

F pcbkd`td hdvd ec`tdr fs edejrfs `dssc pfskçâf (ikgurc) pfr `f eå`kef 3 ek`utf

4<

 

C`ftc-sd uec grchucçâf d c sdhd  hf efvked`tf. ^fhd sdr dsbrktf oktdrcoed`td, pdrbd`tucoed`td fu bfe f grcu hcs ifrçcs. ^drbd`tuco

Grcu

K`tdrprdtcçâf

3>>%

Y

@freco

74%

KY

Efv. Bfepodtf bf`trc c ifrçc hc grcvkhchd d bf`trc c rdskstí`bkc cpokbchc pdof dxcek`chfr

4>%

KKK

Efv bf`trc c ifrçc hc grcvkhchd

:4%

KK

Efv. Bfepodtf sde c ifrçc hc grcvkhchd

3>%

K

Hksbrdtc bf`trcçâf eusbuocr

>%

>

@d`lue efvked`tf

 

4;

 

Dsbcoc hd bfec hd Gocsgfw ^crêedtrfs

Zdspfstc fjtkhc

Cjdrturc fbuocr

8

  Cf dstkeuof sf`frf

2

  Cf dstkeuof hfofrfsf

:

  @d`luec

3

  Frkd`tchc

4

  Bf`iusc

8









Zdspfstc vdrjco

^f`tucçâf

  Dspf`tê`dc





 

  ^cocvrcs k`cprfprkchcs 2



 



Yfbcokzc sf`s   @d`luec   Fjdhdbd c bfec`hfs

9

  Ofbcokzc f dstkeuof

4

  Iodxâf c`freco

8

  Dxtd`sâf c`freco

2

  @d`luec

:







Zdspfstc eftfrc

: 3





3 Xrcuec odvd

Xrcuec efhdrchf

Xrcuec grcvd

32-34 pf`tfs

;-3: pf`tfs

2-< pf`tfs

Zdctkvkhchd pupkocr K`dxkstd`td

T`koctdrco

-:

Jkoctdrco

-3

>

9>

 

 

 

Xø`us Eusbuocr Xø`us ë f dstchf hd td`sâf bf`stc`td c qud dstâf sujedtkhfs fs eýsbuofs, tc`tf de rdpfusf bfef de efvked`tf. Xëb`kbc= 3. 

K`spdçâf= vdrkikbc-sd c dxkstí`bkc hd cblctced`tf hcs ecsscs eusbuocrds hd d`bf`trf cf poc`f hf odktf1

:. 

^copcçâf=  cvdrkguc f grcu hd bf`skstí`bkc eusbuocr. Cued`tchc `cs odsôds bd`trcks d hkek`uåhc `cs pdrkiërkbcs.

Jcoc`çf ^csskvf

Efvked`tfs pcsskvfs=  keprkede-sd efvked`tfs `cturcks hd iodxâf d dxtd`sâf hfs edejrfs d fjsdrvcesd ^CRRKYKHCHD d D\XD@RKJKOKHCHD.

F dxcek`chfr sdgurc fjsdrvc`hf d jcoc`çcsd c f c`tdjrcçf hf pcbkd`td, eâf efvked`tc `frecoed`td. ^fhd sdr idktf tcejëe `fs EEKK.

2. 

  Dxcgdrchc Dxcgdrchc== Lkpftf`kc

Ec`fjrc ^u`lf-Fejrf= ^ u`lf-Fejrf=



F dxcek`chfr icz uec iodxâf pcsskvc hf jrcçf hf pcbkd`td d cvcokc sd ë pfssåvdo d`bfstcr sdu pu`lf `f fejrf.



  Hkek`uåhc= Lkpdrtf`kc

Lkpftf`kc

Lkpdrtf`kc

Cblctced`tf

Rde Cblctced`tf

^copcçâf

Bf`skstí`bkc Hkek`uåhc

Bf`skstí`bkc Cued`tchc

^csskvkhchd

Cued`tchc

Hkek`uåhc

Dxtd`skjkokhch d

Cued`tchc

Hkek`uåhc

Jcoc`çf

Dxcgdrchcs Fsbkocçôds

Zdhuzkhcs Fsbkocçôds

Dxced

Ec`fjrc Bcobc`lcr-@ãh Bcobc`lcr-@ãhdgc dgc

F dxcek`chfr td`tc d`bfstcr f bcobc`lcr `c `ãhdgc hf pcbkd`td, bfe dod de hdbýjktf hfrsco. 93

 

 

Eftfrcs Bdrdjdof, Bfec, Ykcs d ^rfiu`hf, Ykcs ^krcekhco Hd Rd`skjkokhchd Dxtrcpkrcekhco ^rfprkfbdptkvc Bf`sbkd`td, @drvfs, ^f`tcs C`tdrkfrds Hc Edhuoc, Xkpf Hd Odsâf D`bdicofpctkc

Lkpdrtf`kc

^krcekhco

Dxtrcpkrcekhco

Hd`fek`chc

Dspcstkbkhchd

Zkgkhdz

Bcrcbtdråstkbc

Dodtkvc d doãstkbc

@âf dodtkvc d poãstkbc

Rk`co

Bc`kvdtd Ldekpodgkc, hkpodgkc bdrdjrco, k`ic`tko, ekdofpctkc bfeprdsskvc

Zfhc hd`tchc ^crak`sf`ksef, hdgd`drcçâf ldpctfod`tkbuocr

Odsâf

 RK@CO HC ZFHC HD@XCHC= HD@XCHC=

F sk`co de rfhc hd`tchc ë uec k`hkbcçâf boå`kbc boãsskbc hc  hc så`hrfed hd ^crak`sf`.  Rd bcrcbtdrkzc pdoc cotdr`ê`bkc d`trd fs efvked`tfs hd bf`trcçâf d rdocxced`tf hc  eusbuocturc hd bf`trfod hc bcjdçc hc

 RK@CO HF BC@KYDXD=

F sk`co hfdebc`kvdtd ue sk`co boå`kbf k`vdstkgchf pcbkd`tdsë `durfoògkbfs, qud sd bcrcbtdrkzc pfr uec rdskstí`bkc k`kbkco `f efvked`tf hd dstd`hdr f c`tdjrcçf sfjrd f jrcçf, sdgukhc pfr uec hkek`ukçâf hdssc rdskstí`bkc bf`ifred f ê`guof-crbf hf efvked`tf cued`tc - tco quco ue bc`kvdtd sd cjrk`hf.

Bffrhd`cçâf Eftfrc F dxced hc bffrhd`cçâf eftfrc c`coksc f iu`bkf`ced`tf hd hfks sdtfrds hf skstdec `drvfsf= f bdrdjdof (bd`trf bffrhd`chfr) d c sd`skjkokhchd prfprkfbdptkvc.

9:

 



  C



  @cs

 

pdrhc hd bffrhd`cçâf ë hd`fek`chc ctcxkc d pfhd sdr bdrdjdocr, sd`sfrkco d ekstc. odsôds hc sd`skjkokhchd prfprkfbdptkvc, f pcbkd`td utkokzc c vksâf pcrc iksbcokzcr fs `âf efvked`tfs k`bffrhd`chfs, ictf qud fbfrrd `cs odsôds bdrdjdocrds.



  F dxced pfhd sdr idktf ctrcvës hcs

sdguk`tds prfvcs=

^rfvc hdhf-`crkz

^rfvc bcobc`lcr-mfdolf

De pë fu sd`tchf, bfe f edejrf supdrkfr dstd`hkhf octdrcoed`td, f pcbkd`td ë sfokbktchf c tfbcr c pf`tc hf `crkz bfe f k`hkbchfr. Zdpdtd-sd c prfvc coguecs vdzds= prkedkrf bfe fs folfs cjdrtfs d hdpfks, idblchfs.

De hdbýjktf hfrsco, f pcbkd`td ë sfokbktchf c tfbcr f mfdolf fpfstf bfe f bcobc`lcr hf edejrf dxcek`chf. Zdpdtd-sd c prfvc coguecs vdzds= prkedkrf bfe fs folfs cjdrtfs d hdpfks idblchfs. ^fhd sdr sd`skjkokzchc edhkc`td f hdsokzced`tf hf bcobc`lcr pdoc brkstc tkjkco cpòs tfbcr f mfdolf.

^rfvc hdhf-`crkz-hdhf

Bf`skstd de sfokbktcr cf pcbkd`td tfbcr sdu hdhf k`hkbchfr `c pf`tc hd sdu `crkz d hdpfks `f hdhf hf dxcek`chfr de pfskçôds hkidrd`tds.

^rfvc hfs efvked`tfs cotdr`chfs

Hdtdrek`c-sd cf pcbkd`td qud rdcokzd efvked`tfs rãpkhfs d cotdr`chfs, tcks bfef cjrkr d idblcr c eâf, efvked`tf hd supk`cçâf d prf`cçâf, dxtd`sâf d iodxâf hfs pës.

92

 

iczd`hf ue odvd sdekbårbuof `c pcrtd ecks c`tdrkfr.

  Hkchfbfbk`dskc=

fs

  Zdspfstc `freco= iodxâf hfs hdhfs.



  Zdspfstc

c`freco= 

RK@CO

HD

(dxtd`sâf`âfhf cprdsd`tcr lãoux, fs JCJK@RAK hdecks pfhde cjdrturc de ifrec hd odqud)1 dssd sk`co k`hkbc odsâf hc vkc pkrcekhco fu bfrtkbfdspk`co.

Zdsuotchf=  c`ftc-sd sdhd d f grcu hd ctcxkc. 



 

efvked`tfs

rdcokzchfs.



  Duhkchfbfbk`dskc= bcpcbkhchd hd

rdcokzcr fs efvked`tfs.



  Hkshkchfbfbk`dskc=

hkikbuohchd hd

rdcokzcr fs efvked`tfs.   Chkchfbfbk`dskc= k`bcpcbkhchd hd rdcokzcr fs efvked`tfs.

Zdiodxfs Xrctc-sd hd uec rdspfstc hf frgc`ksef c ue dstkeuof hd qucoqudr `cturdzc. C rdcçâf pfhd sdr eftfrc fu sdbrdtfrc, hdpd`hd`hf hc efhcokhchd hf dstkeuof d hf òrgâf dstkeuochf.

Zdiodxf butê`df-cjhfek`co

^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, bfe c pcrdhd cjhfek`co de bfepodtf rdocxced`tf, f dxcek`chfr dstkeuoc f cjhfed `f sd`tkhf hc ok`lc edhkc`c de trís `åvdks= supdrkfr, eëhkf d k`idrkfr. 

`freco=  bf`trcçâf hfs eýsbuofs cjhfek`cks qud hdtdrek`c ue odvd hdsofbced`tf hc bkbctrkz uejkokbco

  Zdspfstc

pcrc f ochf dstkeuochf. 

  Zdspfstc c`freco=  cjfokhfs (odsâf hc

vkc pkrcekhco, fjdskhchd, khfscs, euotåpcrcs).

pdssfcs

Zdiodxfs dxtdrfbdptkvfs fu supdrikbkcks

F dstkeuof ë idktf `c pdod fu `c eubfsc dxtdr`c, pfr edkf hd ue dstkodtd rfejf. Zdiodxf butê`df-poc`tcr

^cbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, bfe fs EEKK dstd`hkhfs, f dxcek`chfr dstkeuoc supdrikbkcoed`td c rdgkâf poc`tcr, pròxkef î jfrhc octdrco d `f sd`tkhf pòstdrf-c`tdrkfr, 98

 

 

Zdiodxf brdecstërkbf

Rd dstkeuoc bfe uec dspãtuoc c rckz k`tdr`c hc bfxc d fjsdrvc-sd c dodvcçâf hf tdståbuof.

Zdiodxf cqukodu

Zdiodxfs ^rfprkfbdptkvfs, Eusbuocrds Fu Ekftãtkbfs

^rfiu`hfs,

F dstkeuof ë idktf pdoc pdrbussâf - bfe f ecrtdof hd rdiodxfs ‒ hf td`hâf hf eusbuof qud sdrã dxcek`chf. Fs rdiodxfs pfhde dstcr= `frecks, cjfokhfs, vkvfs fu dxcotchfs, cs cotdrcçôds pfhde sdr skeëtrkbcs fu `âf. 

Zdiodxf pctdocr

  Crrdiodxkc fu Lkpfrrdiodxkc=   odsôds qud

k`tdrrfepde f crbf rdiodxf=   ^fokfekdoktd,

f

pfok`durfpctkc

pdrkiërkbc, ekfpctkc. 

  Lkpdr-rdiodxkc= odsôds hc vkc pkrcekhco= f  CYD, `dfpocskc, trcuectksef.

Râf k`vdstkgchfs fs rdiodxfs cqukodu, pctdocr, iodxfr hfs hdhfs, supk`chfr, prf`chfr, jkbkpktco d trkbkpktco.

Zdiodxf iodxfr hfs hdhfs

94

 

Zdiodxf supk`chfr

Zdiodxf trkbkpktco

 

Zdiodxf prf`chfr

Zdiodxf jkbkpktco

99

 

 

Rd`skjkokhchd 

  Fs dståeuofs qud ctuce sfjrd fs òrgâfs

rdbdptfrds hc supdriåbkd bfrpfrco fu `c prfiu`hkhchd bfrpf, sâf pfr skstdecs hf dspdbkcks ctë bf`huzkhfs f skstdec `drvfsf bd`trco.



  F dstuhf sdekfoògkbf hc sd`skjkokhchd,

hkz rdspdktf cfs rdbdptfrds, îs vkcs bf`hutfrcs d cfs bd`trfs ofbcokzchfs `f d`bëicof.



  F

dxced hc sd`skjkokhchd tde pfr fjmdtkvf khd`tkikbcr c dxkstí`bkc hd ãrdcs hd rdhuçâf, cjfokçâf, pdrvdrsâf fu cued`tf hc sd`skjkokhchd.

 Rd`skjkokhchd prfiu`hc prfiu`hc 

 Rd`skjkokhchd supdrikbkco supdrikbkco 

  Xãtko



  Xërekbc

  Rd`skjkokhchd

(^CODRXDRKC)= pdsqukschc bfevkjrctòrkc hkcpcsâf, bfofbc`hf-f de scokí`bkcs òssdcs.

 utkokzc-sd

ue pdhcçf hd cogfhâf fu pk`bdo ecbkf, fs qucks sâf rfçchfs hd odvd de vãrkcs pcrtds hf bfrpf. rdqudr

: tujfs hd d`sckf, ue bfe cguc gdochc d futrf bfe cguc qud`td, bfe fs qucks, sd tfbce de hkidrd`tds pf`tfs hf bfrpf, cotdr`c`hf-

sd fs tujfs.   pdsqukschc bfe dstkodtd   Hfofrfsc rfejf, bcpcz hd prfvfbcr hfr sde idrkr f pcbkd`td. 

  Rd`skjkokhchd



  Rd`skjkokhchd

  K`kbkcr de ouvc d de jftc   Folfs hf pcbkd`td idblchfs   ‟d`gc`cr f pcbkd`td― ‒  pdrgu`tcr sd



sd`tku cogf sd sd`tku cogf sde tfbcr bfe f cogfhâf.

î prdssâf (JCZDRXDRKC)= edhkc`td c bfeprdssâf hkgktco fu ec`uco e c`uco hd qucoqudr pcrtd hf bfrpf, dspdbkcoed`td hd ecsscs eusbuocrds. Bk`ëtkbf-^fsturco fu Crtrfbk`ëtkbc (JCXKDRXDRKC)= hdsbfoc-sd sucvded`td qucoqudr sdged`tf hf bfrpf de vcrkcs hkrdçôds. De hchf efed`tf, ikxc-sd f sdged`tf de uec hdtdrek`chc 97

 

pfskçâf, qud hdvdrã sdr rdbf`ldbkhc pdof pcbkd`td.

 

Rd`skjkokhchd hfofrfsc prfiu`hc= cvcokchc edhkc`td bfeprdssâf efhdrchc hd ecsscs eusbuocrds d td`hôds, f qud



 

`frecoed`td `âf hdspdrtc hfr. Rd f pcbkd`td cbuscr hfr, ë sk`co hd qud lã `durktds d ekfsktds.

9<

 

 

@drvfs brc`kc`fs `âf dstã sd`hf cvcokchc) d trfbcr hd sujstê`bkc hd uec `crk`c pcrc c futrc. Cotdrcçôds= 

  Lkpfsekc 5 hkek`ukçâf hf foictf1



  C`fsekc 5 cusí`bkc hf foictf1



  ^crfsekc 5 pdrvdrsâf hf foictf1



  Bcbfsekc



5 sd`scçâf foictòrkc hdscgrchãvdo `c cusí`bkc hd qucoqudr sujstê`bkc bcpcz hd frkgk`cr fhfr1

  Coubk`cçôds foictòrkcs.

@drvf òptkbf

F `drvf òptkbf ë c`cokschf hc sdguk`td ec`dkrc=  Cbukhchd vksuco

^dhd-sd cf pcbkd`td qud hkgc f qud ví `c scoc hd dxced, fu odkc coguec bfksc. Dxcek`c-sd bchc folf sdpcrchced`td. ^fhd-sd tcejëe tcjdoc hd hd R`dood`, qud hdvd dstcr utkokzcr c uecc hkstê`bkc 2-9 edtrfs hf pcbkd`td. @drvf Foictòrkf

@f dxced hc foicçâf, deprdgce-sd sujstê`bkcs bfe fhfrds bf`ldbkhfs bfef bcië, bc`doc, brcvf, hd`trd futrfs. Ec`fjrc=  hd folfs idblchfs, f pcbkd`td hdvd rdbf`ldbdr f crfec qud f dxcek`chfr

bfofbcr hkc`td bchc `crk`c. Iczdr `crk`c hd bchchdvdz (bfeprkek`hf c uec qud

Cotdrcçôds= 

  Cejokfpkc 5 hkek`ukçâf hc cbukhchd

vksuco1



  Cecurfsd 5 cjfokçâf hc cbukhchd vksuco.

Bcepf vksuco=

Fs bcepfs vksucks sâf tdstchfs de bfepcrcçâf cf bcepf hf dxcek`chfr. F 9;

 

pcbkd`td hdvd ikbcr sd`tchf d f dxcek`chfr pfskbkf`chf jde `c suc ird`td, ec`td`hf fs folfs `c coturc hfs folfs hf pcbkd`td, qud hdvd ikxcr sdus folfs `c hkrdçâf hfs folfs hf dxcek`chfr d fboukr ue hfs folfs. F dxcek`chfr, d`tâf, pfskbkf`c c suc eâf de ue bcepf sktuchf jde `f edkf hf bcek`lf d`trd sk pròprkf d f pcbkd`td, d vdrkikbc sd dod bf`sdgud d`xdrgcr suc eâf, hkzdr quc`tfs hdhfs dstâf cprdsd`tchfs d hdik`kr sd dstâf pcrchfs fu de efvked`tf. Cotdrcçôds=

KKK. Fbuofeftfr  5 rdtf edhkco, rdtf supdrkfr, rdtf k`idrkfr d fjokquf k`idrkfr1 rdspf`sãvdo tcejëe pdoc dodvcçâf hc pãopdjrc. KY. Xrfbodcr 5 fjokquf supdrkfr. YK. Cjhubd`td 5 rdtf octdrco Eftkokhchd dxtrå`sdbc

Ec`fjrc=  f dxced ë idktf de bchc folf sdpcrchced`td, d ofgf cpòs, `fs hfks skeuotc`dced`td. ^cbkd`td bfe c bcjdçc keòvdo, f dxcek`chfr sfokbktc qud dod fold d cbfepc`ld c pf`tc hd sdu hdhf, `f quco hdsofbcrã `f sd`tkhf lfrkzf`tco d vdrtkbco (iczdr ue L). `f dxced skeuotê`df, cbrdsbd`tc-sd c prfvc hd bf`vdrgí`bkc fbuocr, qud sd icz cprfxkec`hf grchctkvced`td f fjmdtf hfs folfs hf pcbkd`td.

Iu`hfsbfpkc

Cotdrcçôds=

@âf ë cvcokchc `f dxced iåskbf. F dxcek`chfr `dbdssktc hd ue fitcoefsbòpkf, csske f iu`hf hf folf sd tfr`c pdridktced`td vksåvdo.

 

Dstrcjksef 5 hdsvkf hf folf de sdu dkxf `freco,

 

Hkpofpkc 5 vksâf hupoc

3-  @drvf fbuofeftfr :-  @drvf trfbodcr 9 - @drvf cjhubd`td

Dxcek`chfr mu`tfs, sâf rdspf`sãvdks pdoc eftkokhchd hf gofjf fbuocr.

 

Eftkokhchd k`trå`sdbc

Ec`fjrc= c pupkoc ë dxcek`chc pfr ue idkxd hd ouz d pdoc bf`vdrgí`bkc fbuocr.

De cejkd`td f pcbkd`td hdvd hd ikxcrpfubc f folcrouek`fskhchd, de ue pf`tf hkstc`td, d f dxcek`chfr, d`tâf, k`bkhd f 7>

 

idkxd hd ouz de uec pupkoc d fjsdrvc suc bf`trcçâf, d hdpfks k`sdrd f idkxd de futrc pupkoc d fjsdrvc c rdspfstc hfs hfks ochfs. 

  Zdiodxf eftfr hkrdtf 5 bf`trcçâf hc

pupkoc `c quco sd idz f dstkeuof1



  Zdiodxf eftfr bf`sd`suco 5 bf`trcçâf

hc pupkoc fpfstc1



  Zdiodxf hd cbfefhcçâf 5 pupkocs

bf`trcde `frecoed`td quc`hf ue fjmdtf ë cprfxkechf.



  Cjdrturc d idblced`tf hc jfbc1



  Ec`tdr



  Efrhdr uec dspãtuoc.

 

c jfbc idblchc bf`trc c rdskstí`bkc1

Zckz sd`sfrkco=

Ec`fjrc= 

  Cvcokcçâf hc sd`skjkokhchd tãtko, tërekbc

d hfofrfsc1



  Rd`skjkokhchd bfrdc`c ‒  idktc bfe uec

edblc hd cogfhâf qud tfbc sucvded`td c dsbodrc d c bòr`dc, dspdrc`hf c bf`trcçâf hf frjkbuocr hcs pãopdjrcs.

@drvf Icbkco

@drvf eftfr hkvkhkhf de hfks rcefs (tdepfrficbkco d bdrvkbficbkco) hfs qucks k`drvce c eusbuocturc hd ekekbc icbkco. Ec`fjrcs=

Efvked`tfs eåekbfs pcrc c cvcokcçâf hf `drvf icbkco.

@drvf Xrkgíedf

Cotdrcçôds= 

cjdrtf1

@drvf ekstf, bf`stktuåhf hd vãrkcs rcåzds= Zckz eftfrc=

Ec`fjrc=

  Ocgfitcoekc 5 folf pdrec`dbd sdeprd

  Dpåifrc 5 ocbrkedmced`tf1   Hdsvkf hc jfbc pcrc f ochf schkf1 

73

 



  ^rfsfpfpodgkc 5 pcrcokskc hc icbd1



  Hkpodgkc Icbkco 5 pcrcokskc jkoctdrco hc

  Zk``d `dgctkvf 5 trc`sekssâf òssdc ë

ecks prfof`gchc qud c cuhktkvc (hdikbkí`bkc cuhktkvc hd bf`huçâf)

icbd1



  ^crcokskc



  ^crcokskc Icbkco ^drkiërkbc 5 pcrcokskc hd

 



Icbkco Bd`trco 5 cbfedtd sfed`td c edtchd k`idrkfr hc icbd bf`trcoctdrco1 tfhc c ldekicbd lfefoctdrco.

^rfvc hd Wdjjdr=

@drvf Ydstkjuofbfo Yds tkjuofbfodcr dcr

^fssuk hucs rcåzds= rckz bfbodcr (cuhkçâf) d rckz vdstkjuocr (dqukoåjrkf). Zckz bfbodcr

Ec`fjrc= 

  Hkek`ukçâf grchctkvc hc k`td`skhchd hc

vfz `cturco1



  Yfz bfblkblchc1



  Ctrktf sucvd hcs pfopcs hkgktcks pròxkef

cf fuvkhf1



  ^rfvc hd Zk``d  ‒  hkcpcsâf `c rdgkâf

ecstfkhd. Suc`hf f pcbkd`td hdkxc hd sd`tkr c vkjrcçâf, bfofbc-sd f cpcrdolf pròxkef cf bf`hutf cuhktkvf.   Zk``d pfsktkvf  5 pcbkd`td cbusc c



pdrbdpçâf hf sfe1

Cotdrcçôds=  

Lkpfcbuskc 5 jckxc pdrbdpçâf hf sfe1

 

Lkpdrcbuskc 5 cotc pdrbdpçâf hf sfe1

 

]uejkhf1

 

Coubk`cçôds1

Zckz Ydstkjuocr

F cbfedtked`tf hc rckz vdstkjuocr ë rdbf`ldbåvdo pdoc c`ce`dsd quc`hf cs qudkxcs sâf f dstchf vdrtkgk`fsf, `ãusdcs, vøektfs d hdsdqukoåjrkf. Bfeprdd`hd-sd f rdbf`ldbked`tf hf @KRXCGEF, hdsvkf octdrcokzchf hurc`td c 7:

 

ecrblc, hdsvkf ZFEJDZG.

pfsturco

d

RK@CO

HD

 

\K ‒ `drvf cbdssòrkf

@drvf dssd`bkcoed`td eftfr qud k`drvc fs eýsbuofs dstdr`fbodkhfecstòkhdf d c pfrçâf supdrkfr hf trcpëzkf, pfhd`hf suc odsâf sdr bcuhchc pfr trcuectksef, DOC fu

@drvf Gofssficrå`gdf @drvf Ycgf

Dstds `drvfs sâf dxcek`chfs de bf`mu`tf. C odsâf u`koctdrco hf gofssficrå`gdf pfhd dxtdrkfrkzcr-sd pfr hkstýrjkfs hc gustcçâf d hf tdrçf pfstdrkfr hc oå`guc. (lkpfgduskc d cgduskc).

skrk`gfekdokc, qud fbcskf`c ctrfikc hdssds eýsbuofs, hdikbkí`bkc `c dodvcçâf hf fejrf d `c rftcçâf hc bcjdçc pcrc f ochf fpfstf hf eusbuof bfeprfedtkhf.

@c odsâf u`koctdrco hf K\ d \ `drvfs, fjsdrvc-sd= 

  Hdsvkf hf vëu pcoctk`f pcrc f ochf

`freco, quc`hf vfgcks ‟c― fu ‟d―1f   pcbkd`td prf`u`bkc cs 

  Rk`co hc bfrtk`c 5 hdsvkf hc pcrdhd

pfstdrkfr hc icrk`gd pcrc f ochf `freco1



  Hkek`ukçâf

fu

cjfokçâf

hf

rdiodxf

vdofpcoctk`f.

@drvf Lkpfgofssf

Ë dxbouskvced`td eftfr, d suc cvcokcçâf ë idktc pdoc k`spdçâf hc oå`guc, qud hdvd sdr efvked`tchc pcrc tfhfs fs ochfs, d pfr ike, pcopchc pcrc cvcokcçâf hd suc bf`skstí`bkc.

Cs bcuscs ecks irdqud`tds hd odsâf `dssds `drvfs sâf= `durfpctkc hkitërkbc, `dfpocskc hf edhkcstk`f, dsbodrfsd octdrco cekftròikbc, skrk`gfjuojkc d trcuectksef. 72

 

 

Dxced hf Rkstdec D`hòbrk`f K`spdçâf hk`êekbc

Dxced hc tkrdfkhd F dxced hc goê`huoc tkrdfkhd ë idktf de bf`mu`tf cf dxced hf pdsbfçf cf tfhf. Ycod odejrcr qud `f dxced, sâf k`bousfs cpd`cs c k`spdçâf, pcopcçâf d c cusbuotc.

Bfe f pcbkd`td sd`tchf fu de pë, hdvd sdr sfokbktchf pcrc qud f edsef lkpdriodxkf`d c bcjdçc d d`guoc ãguc. Bfe kssf, fjsdrvcsd= 

  Ifrec d vfoued



  Rkedtrkc



  Bf`tfr`f



  Xcec`lf





  Efjkokhchd   Hkstê`bkc hc trcqudkc (ctdodbtcskc)

^copcçâf K`spdçâf

Hdvd-sd scjdr c ofbcokzcçâf dxctc hc Xkrdfkhd= 

  Ofgf cjckxf hc bcrtkocgde tkrdòkhdc

(pfef hd châf) d î : hdhfs cbkec hc iýrbuoc dstdr`co.

K`spdçâf dstãtkbc=

Bfe f pcbkd`td sd`tchf fu de pë, hdvde sdr cvcokchfs fs sdguk`tds cblchfs= 

  ^dod d hkstrkjukçâf hd píofs



  Eusbuocturc



  ^rdsd`çc





fu lkpdrtrfikchfs

`âf

hd

Tsce-sd hucs ec`fjrcs pcrc c pcopcçâf hc tkrdfkhd= 

  Cjfrhcgde pfstdrkfr

^cbkd`td sd`tchf d dxcek`chfr hd pë ctrãs hdod. Cs eâfs d fs hdhfs rfhdkce f pdsbfçf pfodgcrds eëhkfs ikxfs `c qucsd `ubc, c d cs pf`tcsbfe hfsfsk`hkbchfrds sd tfbcrde `c ok`lc eëhkc. F ofjf hkrdktf ë pcopchf pdofs hdhfs eëhkf d k`hkbchfr hc eâf hkrdktc1 pcrc f ofjf dsqudrhf, usce-sd fs hdhfs eëhkf d k`hkbchfr hc eâf dsqudrhc.

ok`if`fhfs

  Ifrec d vfoued   Efjkokhchd (pdhkr pcrc d`gfokr ãguc)

78

 



  Cjfrhcgde c`tdrkfr



  ^rdsd`çc hd iríektf fu sfprf.

^cbkd`td sd`tchf fu de pë, d f dxcek`chfr tcejëe sd`tchf fu de pë, pfstchf î suc ird`td. Râf fs hdhfs k`hkbchfrds d eëhkfs qud pcopce c goê`huoc, d`quc`tf fs

Fjsdrvcçôds=

pfodgcrds sd rdpfusce sfjrd f tòrcx hf pcbkd`td. F ofjf hkrdktf ë pcopchf pdofs hdhfs eëhkf d k`hkbchfr hc eâf dsqudrhc, d f ofjf dsqudrhf ë pcopchf pdofs hdhfs eëhkf d k`hkbchfr hc eâf hkrdktc.



  ^dssfcs



`frecks pfhde cprdsd`tcr tkrdfkhd pcopãvdo fu kepcopãvdo1

  Suc`hf pcopãvdo, ë oksc, doãstkbc, eòvdo,

k`hfofr, bfe c tdepdrcturc hc pdod `freco d cusí`bkc hd iríektf.

  Cs cotdrcçôds c sdrde d`bf`trchcs, sâf,



pfr dxdepof= jòbkf d c`fecokcs hf pdsbfçf.

  Xfhc





tkrdfkhd CTED@XCHC hdvd sdr CTRBTOXCHC.

  Hurc`td f dxced, hdvd sdr pdhkhf cf

pcbkd`td qud iodxkf`d c bcjdçc pcrc f ochf hf ofjf qud f dxcek`chfr hdsdmc pcopcr, kssf rdocxc f eusbuof dstdr`fbodkhfecstòkhdf, icbkoktc`hf c pcopcçâf hc tkrdfkhd1



  Hdvd sdr sfokbktchf qud f pcbkd`td icçc

coguec hdgoutkçôds d`quc`tf sd pcopc c

goê`huoc. Cblchfs= 

  Yfoued= `freco / cued`tchf (jòbkf) /

hkiusf / sdged`tcr1



  Bf`skstí`bkc= `freco / ikred / d`hurdbkhc /

pëtrdc1

Lkpdrtkrdfkhksef

Bcrcbtdrkzchf pfr uec lkpdriu`çâf hc goê`huoc tkrdfkhd de prfhuzkr fs lfreø`kfs X2 d X8, cbcrrdtc`hf de ue cued`tf hf edtcjfoksef jcsco. Rk`tfecs= 

  Lkpdrsd`skjkokhchd cf bcofr



  Cued`tf hc suhfrdsd bfrpfrco



  Efjkokhchd= `freco / keòvdo



  ^drhc hd pdsf



  Rupdriåbkd= oksc / `fhuocr / krrdguocr1



  Cued`tf hf cpdtktd, pfrëe f pcbkd`td





  Xdepdrcturc hc pdod= `freco / qud`td1   Rd`skjkokhchd= hfofrfsc / k`hfofr1

decgrdbd   ^fokýrkc d ^fokhkpskc

 

74

 



  @drvfsksef



  Hkikbuohchd hd rcbkfbå`kf



  Xcqukbcrhkc



  Hdsc`kef bf`stc`td



  Krrktcjkokhchd



  Od`tkhâf cfs efvked`tfs d î icoc



  C`skdhchd



  Hdsodkxf bfe c cpcrí`bkc



  K`sø`kc



  Jrchkbcrhkc



  Xrdefrds



  Bf`stkpcçâf



  Blfrf iãbko



  Fstdfpfrfsd



  Lkpdrdxbktcjkokhchd

  Xkrdfkhktd brø`kbc cutfkeu`d (Lcslkeftf)



  Hfd`çc hd Jcsdhfw ‒ Grcvds



  Hfd`çc hd ^oueedr



  Xkrdftfxkbfsd Icbtåbkc



  Rk`co hd Yf` Grcdid











Lkpftkrdfkhksef

Bcrcbtdrkzchf pfr uec lkpfiu`çâf hc goê`huoc tkrdfkhd de prfhuzkr fs lfreø`kfs X2 d X8, cbcrrdtc`hf de uec hkek`ukçâf hf edtcjfoksef jcsco. Rk`tfecs= 

  Bc`scçf dxcrbdjchf



  Lkpdrsd`skjkokhchd cf irkf



  Xd`hí`bkc pcrc d`gfrhcr

  Jòbkf D`híekbf   Brdtk`ksef Ctkrdòtkbf (sde jòbkf)   Lkpfpktuktcrksef   Dhdec prë-tkjkco

Dxced hc pcrctkrdfkhd

Cs pcrctkrdfkhds sâf quctrf goê`huocs qud ikbce `f pdsbfçf, ctrãs hc tkrdfkhd, bumc iu`çâf ë bf`trfocr fs `åvdks hd bãobkf `f sc`gud ctrcvës hc prfhuçâf hf lfreø`kf pcrctkrdfkhdc`f fu pcrctfreø`kf (^XL).

 

79

 

@f dxced hcs ^crctkrdfkhds, sâf cvcokchfs fs sdguk`tds sk`cks=  Rk`co hd blvfstda blvfstda

Rk`co hd Blvfstda ë ue sk`co eëhkbf qud

dspcsefs bcrpcks pfhde sdr prfvfbchfs cf dspcsefs bcrpcks sd fboukr c  c crtërkc jrcqukco.  jrcqukco.  ^crc rdcokzcr dstc ec`fjrc, ue ec`guktf hd edhkçâf hd prdssâf sc`guå`dc ë bfofbchf cf rdhfr hf jrcçf d k`iochf ctë uec prdssâf k`tdredhkãrkc d`trd c prdssâf skstòokbc d hkcstòokbc (Dx= Rd c prdssâf hf pcbkd`td ifr 3:>/ eeLg hdvd-sd k`iocr f ec`guktf ctë fs 3>> eeLg) d ec`tkhf `f ofbco hd 2 c 3> ek`utfs. Rd f dspcsef bcrpco fbfrrdr, ec`kidstchf bfef iodxâf hf pu`lf d crtkbuocçôds edtcbcrpficoc`gdc`cs, dxtd`sâf hcs k`tdricoc`gds hkstcks d crtkbuocçôds k`tdricoc`gdc`cs prfxkecks d chuçâf hf pfodgcr d hdhfs, f sk`co ë hktf dstcr prdsd`td d f pcbkd`td prfvcvdoed`td tde lkpfbcobdekc.

bf`skstd `c prdsd`çc hd îdspcsefs eýsbuofs icbkcks de rdspfstc pdrbussâfhfs hf `drvf icbkco `c rdgkâf zkgfeãtkbc. Ë ue hfs sk`cks hd tdtc`kc fjsdrvchfs `c lkpfbcobdekc. Dssc lkpfbcobdekc pfhd sdr bcuschc pfr ue lkpfpcrctkrdfkhksef, bfeue `c tkrdfkhdbtfekc tftco fu pcrbkco.

  Dspcsef pfhco= bf`trcçâf hf pë cf sd



bfofbcr f ec`guktf `c pc`turrkolc.

Dxced hf ^ë Hkcjëtkbf

 Rk`co hd Xrfussdcu Xrfussdcu

F sk`co hd Xrfussdcu pfhd sdr fjsdrvchf fjsd rvchf de pcbkd`tds bfe  bfe  lkpfbcobdekc,  quc`hf

F ^ë Hkcjëtkbf, uec hcs ecks kepfrtc`tds d hdvcstchfrcs bfepokbcçôds hf hkcjdtds, ifrechc pdoc `durfpctkc, k`suikbkí`bkc vcsbuocr pdrkiërkbc d trcuec/k`idbçâf. Xfhfs fs k`hkvåhufs hkcjëtkbfs hdvde rdbdjdr cvcokcçôds hfs pës, bfedçc`hf cf

 

77

 

 

hkcg`òstkbf `f hkcjdtds tkpf : d bk`bf c`fs cpòs hkcg`òstkbf `f hkcjdtds tkpf 3. Bf`tuhf, pcrêedtrfs hdvdrâf sdr cvcokchfs `f pcbkd`td hkcjëtkbf c`tds hf dxced hfs pës de sk. Râf dods= 

  Cvcokcçâf gdrco= pdrhc hd pdsf / idjrd

 / pfokýrkc d dtb 

  ^dod= dbzdecs / pkfhdrektd



  Folfs= cbukhchd vksuco / rdtk`fpctkc /

bctcrctc / gocubfec 

  Rkstdec Bcrhkfrrdspkrctòrkf= k`suikbkí`bkc

^copcçâf 3. 

bcrhåcbc / rdpkrctòrkc 

Cvcokcr c tdepdrcturc (ochfs lfeòofgfs d bfepcrcr c tdepdrcturc bfe futrcs ãrdcs hf bfrpf)1

  Rkstdec Ofbfeftfr= `durfpctkc pdrkiërkbc

  Ãrdcs qud`tds 5 k`idbçâf



 / bocuhkbcçâf k`tdrektd`td k`tdrektd`td

  Ãrdcs irkcs 5 k`suikbkí`bkc crtdrkco



K`spdçâf 3. 

:.  2. 

F prkedkrf pcssf hd qucoqudr dxced ë, frkd`tcr f pcbkd`td `f qud hdvdrã sdr idktf d cvcokchf. Cvcokcr c ecrblc hf pcbkd`td csske qud d`trcr `f bf`suotòrkf eëhkbf1 Zdefvdr scpctfs d edkcs pcrc edolfr vksucokzcçâf hf edejrf cvcokchf1

:. 

Ydrkikbcr tdepf hd d`blked`tf bcpkocr `f odktf u`gudco1

2. 

^copcr fs pfstdrkfr1

8. 

Cvcokcr f rdiodxf hd Cqukodu1

4. 

Cvcokcçâf hc ifrçc eusbuocr

puosfs

pdhkfsf

d

tkjkco

 



8. 

  Lkgkd`kzcçâf1

Ctkvc d bf`trc rdskstí`bkc 9.  Rd`skjkokhchd vkjrctòrkc (hkcpcsâf de dxtrdekhchds òssdcs)1

  Ifrectf1

7. 

@fs pës d pdr`cs, fjsdrvcr= 



  Bfofrcçâf1

  Ef`fikoced`tf





Wdk`stdk` (3>g)

  Hkstrkjukçâf hd pdofs1



  ^rdsd`çc



hd hdifrecçôds1

bcofskhchds

  Cvcokcçâf hcs u`lcs1   ^rdsd`çc hd Dhdec.



Rd`scçâf hd ^rdssâf

d

hd

Rdeeds

‒ 

7<

 



  Lkstòrkbf

ceputcçâf.

Ictfrds hd rksbf= 

  ^fok`durfpctkc pdrkiërkbc (^@H)



  Hdifrekhchds (^@H eftfrc/jkfedbê`kbc -

okektcçâf hc efjkokhchd crtkbuocr)



  Xrcuec



  Hfd`çc crtdrkco pdrkiërkbc (HC^)



  Lkstòrkbf

hd

ýobdrc/lkstòrkbf

hd

ceputcçâf



  ^fok`durfpctkc pdrkiërkbc (^@H)



  Hdifrekhchds (^@H eftfrc/jkfedbê`kbc -

okektcçâf hc efjkokhchd crtkbuocr)



  Xrcuec



  Hfd`çc crtdrkco pdrkiërkbc (HC^)

hd

ýobdrc/lkstòrkbf

hd

 

7;

 

 

Dxced hf Cpcrdolf Gd`kturk`ãrkf Dxcedd hfs rk`s Dxce



  K`bf`tk`í`bkc

Trk`ãrkc

5

dokek`cçâf

k`vfou`tãrkc hd urk`c. Tec jfc lkstòrkc boå`kbc ë c blcvd prk`bkpco pcrc f hkcg`òstkbf hcs hfd`çcs hf skstdec urk`ãrkf.

 Cotdrcçôds hc bfr hc urk`c 

Ec`kidstcçôds boå`kbcs 





  Ldefgofjk`ýrkc



  Ekfgofjk`ýrkc 5 hdbfrrd hc hdstrukçâf

  Fokgýrkc 5 dxbrdçâf hd ue vfoued hd

urk`c k`idrkfr îs `dbdsskhchds hd dxbrdçâf hd sfoutfs   hkurdsd k`idrkfr c 8>>eo pfr hkc.

5 hkurdsd k`idrkfr c 3>>eo pfr hkc   C`ýrkc   fbfrrd `c fjstruçâf jkoctdrco hcs



  ^fokýrkc 5 hkurdsd supdrkfr c :.4>>eo/ hkc.





 

urk`c vdredolf-

  Trk`c Xurvc 5 pfr hdpòsktf hd dodtròoktfs,

hdkxc`hf-c de cspdbtf dsjrc`qukçchf.

  Hksýrkc 5 ekbçâf cssfbkchc î sd`scçâf

5 `dbdsskhchd sýjktc d kepdrkfsc hd urk`cr, pfhd`hf tdr dsvczkced`tf k`vfou`tãrkf hc jdxkgc.

hd

  ^frikrk`ýrkc 5 dokek`cçâf hcs pfrikrk`cs d

hd sdus pdrbussfrds vk`lfsc.

hd hfr, qudkefr fu hdsbf`ifrtf.



5 prdsd`çc ldefgofjk`c okvrd `c urk`c.

eusbuocr ecbkçc pfr trcuectksefs d qudkechurcs.

crtërkcs rd`cks fu urdtdrds. 

  Ldectýrkc 5 prdsd`çc hd sc`gud `c urk`c  ‟bfr hd bfbc-bfoc― 



  Trk`c



  Ecu bldkrf 5 okjdrcçâf hd ceø`kc.

  Trgí`bkc

bfe Cued`tf hc Dspuec dokek`cçâf hd prftdå`cs `c urk`c.

5

Dxced iåskbf hfs rk`s 

5 `dbdsskhchd   ^focbkýrkc rdpdtkhcs vdzds de ed`fs hd :hd lfrcsurk`cr sde qud lcmc cued`tf hf vfoued urk`ãrkf.



  Ldsktcçâf 5 lã ue k`tdrvcof eckfr pcrc

qud cpcrdçc f mctf urk`ãrkf  pcbkd`td rdidrd qud icz dsifrçf pcrc urk`cr.



  @kbtýrkc fu @fbtýrkc 5 `dbdsskhchd hd

dsvczkcr c jdxkgc hurc`td c `fktd.



  Zdtd`çâf Trk`ãrkc 5 k`bcpcbkhchd hd

dsvczkcr c jdxkgc edsef f k`hkvåhuf cprdsd`tc`hf hdsdmf hd dsvczkc-oc.



  K`spdçâf

Rcjd`hf cs bcrcbtdråstkbcs c`ctøekbcs, prk`bkpcoed`td c ofbcokzcçâf rdtrfpdrktf`kco, ë iãbko bfeprdd`hdr qud rk`s `frecks `âf hâf pcopãvdks (dxbdtf de brkc`çcs d de chuotfs ecgrfs). Hdvd sdr rdcokzchc c k`spdçâf hf cjhfed, hfs ioc`bfs d hcs bfstcs, coëe hd cvcokcr f dstchf hc pdod, eusbuocturc, prdsd`çc hd ec`blcs d bkbctrkzds.



 

 

Ec`fjrc hd Gfdodt 

  ^copcçâf

Fs rk`s sâf pcopãvdks quc`hf cued`tchfs hd tcec`lf, d c pcopcçâf ë idktc ctrcvës hd trís ec`fjrcs= Ec`fjrc hd Guyf`

Edsef eëtfhf hd pcopcçâf uschc `cs ec`fjrcs hd Guyf` d Ksrcdo, euhc`hf cpd`cs c pfskçâf hf pcbkd`td, qud hdvd dstcr de pfskçâf frtfstãtkbc, bfe f mfdolf hf ochf hf rke dxcek`chf cpfkchf de uec bchdkrc.

Dstc`hf f pcbkd`td de hdbýjktf hfrsco, f dxcek`chfr pfskbkf`c uec hcs eâfs sfjrd c ofmc rd`co d ‟depurrc― pcrc bkec, d`quc`tf

c futrc eâf pcopc - hd cbfrhf bfe cs k`bursôds rdspkrctòrkcs - f ioc`bf de qud sd d`bf`trc f rke dxcek`chf. ^fhd tcejëe, sdr blcechc hd pcopcçâf Jkec`uco. C ec`fjrc hdvd sdr idktc jkoctdrcoed`td. Rd cblcr ecssc pcopãvdo, hdvd-sd cvcokcr=   Xcec`lf1



  Bf`skstí`bkc1



  Rupdriåbkd1



  Rd`skjkokhchd î pcopcçâf.



Ec`fjrc hd Ksrcdo F edsef pcssf c pcssf hc ec`fjrc hd Guyf`, euhc`hf cpd`cs c pfskçâf hf pcbkd`td, qud hdvd dstcr de hdbýjktf octdrco.



  ^drbussâf

C pdrbussâf hfs rk`s bcrcbtdrkzc-sd pfr ue gfopd `f ê`guof bfstfvdrtdjrco, ifrechf pdoc jfrhc k`idrkfr hc 3:,ª bfstdoc d cpòiksds trc`svdrscks hcs vdrtdjrcs ofejcrds supdrkfrds, hdvd 5sdr ^u`lf-^drbussâf jkoctdrco. Eâf dspcoechc qud + pu`lf Zd`co.

½)1 •  Rupk`cçâf d ^rf`cçâf (;>½)1

hc

;9

 

•  Xdstd Hf Bftfvdof Hd Xd`kstc.



  Bfxfidefrco=

•  Cjhuçâf (84½)1 •  Chuçâf (2>½)1 •  Iodxâf (3:>½)1 •  Dxtd`sâf (2>½)1 •  Zftcçâf K`tdr`c (84½) d Dxtdr`c

(24½)1 •  Xdstd hd ^ctrkba fu Icjdrd1 

•  Xdstd hd Frtfoc`k (`f Z@)1

  ^u`lfs d eâfs=

•  Xdstd hd Xrd`hdod`jrug (Goýtdf

•  Iodxâf (½)1

Eëhkf).

•  Dxtd`sâf (;>½)1 •  Hdsvkf To`cr (2>½)1 •  Hdsvkf Zchkco (:>½)1 •  ^rf`cçâf d Rupk`cçâf hfs ^u`lfs1 •  Iodxâf (;>½)1 •  Dxtd`sâf (2>-8>½), •  Chuçâf d Cjhuçâf (8>½)1



  Mfdolfs=

•  Iodxâf (324½)1

•  Rk`co Hd Xk``do (@drvf To`cr)1

•  Dxtd`sâf (>½)1 •  Xdstd hd ^lcod`.

•  Zftcçâf (Hkiåbko)1 •  Rk`co Hc Gcvdtc. 



  Xkjkftãrskbc=  

Iodxâf ^oc`tcr (4>½)1

 

Iodxâf Hfrsco fu Dxtd`sâf (:>½).

  ^ës=

•  K`drsâf (Chuçâf d Iodxâf)1 •  Dvdrsâf (Cjhuçâf d Dxtd`sâf)1 •  Iodxâf1

 

;7

 

•  Dxtd`sâf

hcs

ecstfkhd d eýsbuofs. F dxced `durfoògkbf ë k`hkspd`sãvdo de pcbkd`tds bfe hfr krrchkchc pcrc fs edejrfs, fjdhdbd`hf f sdguk`td rftdkrf hd rdiodxfs=

Edtctcrsficoc`gdc`cs.

  Jkbkpktco 5 k`tdgrkhchd hc B41



  Jrcqukrrchkco 5 k`tdgrkhchd hc B91



  Xrkbkpktco 5 k`tdgrkhchd hd B71



  ^ctdocr 5 k`tdgrkhchd hd O81



  ^ctdocr d Cqukodu 5 k`tdgrkhchd hd O4 d R3.



Bfou`c vdrtdjrco  Rk`cks d sk`tfecs= 



  Hfr 5 c hfr `c bfou`c bdrvkbco pfhd sdr

ofbcokzchc de ue hd sdus sdged`tfs (bdrvkbco, hfrsco, ofejfsscbrf) fu de tfhc c suc dxtd`sâf. Xfhfs fs csfdbtfr hc hfr hdvdrâf sdr cvcokchfs. 



  Zkgkhdz

5 c rkgkhdz pòs-rdpfusf, gdrcoed`td ectk`co, qud bfstuec fbfrrdr de vkrtuhd hd prfbdssfs k`iocectòrkfs d hfd`çcs hdgd`drctkvcs.

  Ec`kidstcçôds

Rkstíekbcs c`frdxkc d pdrhc hd pdsf.

5

idjrd,

  Efjkokzcçâf

Xdstcr efjkokhchd efvked`tfs. 

d

cepoktuhd

hd

  Xdstd hd efjkokhchd

  Bfou`c bdrvkbco=



•  Iodxâf •  Dxtd`sâf •  Zftcçâf dsqudrhc d hkrdktc (9>½.) •  Octdrcokhchd dsqudrhc d hkrdktc (2>½.) •  Xdstd hc hkstrcçâf (edolfrc hc hfr)

Dxced Iåskbf 

  K`spdçâf

Bfe f pcbkd`td de pë drdtf hdvd-sd fjsdrvcr f pdriko hc bfou`c de vksâf pfstdrkfr, c`tdrkfr, octdrco. Bkifsd scbrco1 ofrhfsd bdrvkbco d ofejcr 

  ^copcçâf

Fjsdrvcr sd tuedicçâf, bcofr, pf`tfs hfofrfsfs, pcopc`hf prfbdssfs dspk`lfsfs,

•  Ec`fjrc hd Rpurok`g= prdssâf sfjrd f tfpf hc bcjdçc

 

;<

 

  Xfrãbkbc=



Eýsbuofs

•  Zftcçâf hkrdktc d dsqudrhc (74½.) •  Iodxâf   • Dxtd`sâf •  Octdrcokhchd dsqudrhc d hkrdktc

•  Efjkokhchd bfstco= iktc eëtrkbc cf `åvdo hc ok`lc ecekocr, edhkr de dxpkrcçâf d k`spkrcçâf.@freco cued`tcr 8 be

 Rk`cks d sk`tfecs 

  Ircqudzc Eusbuocr 5 hdvd sdr hkstk`gukhc

hc cstd`kc, hc ictkgcjkokhchd, hc skeuocçâf d hc lkstdrkc.   Ctkvkhchds hd vkhc hkãrkc 5 sfokbktcr c rdcokzcçâf hd tcrdics usucks, bfef odvc`tcr, c`hcr, dstd`hdr fs jrcçfs, d`trd futrcs. Dxced iåskbf

  Ofejcr=





•  Iodxâf1 •  Dxtd`sâf1

  K`spdçâf dstãtkbc=

^rfburc hd Ctrfikc Eusbuocr, `c quco hdvd sdr k`vdstkgchc hd cbfrhf bfe=

•  Zftcçâf dsqudrhc d hkrdktc (;>½)1

•  Ofbcokzcçâf1

•  Octdrcokhchd dsqudrhc d hkrdktc (24½)1

•  Dxtd`sâf1

•  Xdstd hd Rblfjdr= ^cbkd`td `c pfskçâf frtfstãtkbc ë hdokektchf f dspcçf d`trd f prfbdssf dspk`lfsf hd O4 d 3> be cbkec1 sfokbktc-sd cf pcbkd`td qud icçc uec iodxâf c`tdrkfr hc bfou`c, d edhd-sd `fvced`td. Dxced `freco- cued`tcr pdof ed`fs 4

•  Hkstrkjukçâf1

be

•  K`td`skhchd.

Hdvde-sd fjsdrvcr fs Grupfs Eusbuocrds de Zdpfusf, prfburc`hf pdrbdjdr efvked`tfs jrdvds, rdpdtktkvfs, hd pdqud`c cepoktuhd sfj c pdr`c, bfe pdqud`fs cjcofs ofbcokzchfs  icsbkbuocçôds d ekfqukekcs. 

  K`spdçâf hk`êekbc=

Fjsdrvc-sd f pcbkd`td hurc`td c ecrblc, fu dxdbutc`hf coguecs tcrdics pchrf`kzchcs. Hdvde sdr sfokbktchfs cf pcbkd`td qud rdcokzd efvked`tfs qud rctkikqude c dxkstí`bkc hd cotdrcçôds. 

  ^copcçâf=

Ë idktc `fs grc`hds grupfs eusbuocrds pcrc cvcokcçâf hc bf`skstí`bkc eusbuocr. ^rdsd`çc hd iocbkhdz, psduhf-lkpdrtrfikc,

 

;;

 

lkpftrfikc, hkstrfikc, d`trd futrfs, hdvde sdr bcrcbtdrkzchfs sdekfofgkbced`td 

  Cvcokcçâf hc ifrçc eusbuocr

Efed`tf iu`hced`tco hf dxced `durfoògkbf hd pcbkd`td bfe suspdktc hd hfd`çc `durfeusbuocr. Râf dxcek`chfs tfhfs fs sdged`tfs hf skstdec eusbuofdsqudoëtkbf, prkedkrf ctkvfs, d ofgf cpòs, pcsskvfs, bf`trc c rdskstí`bkc hf dxcek`chfr d î grcvkhchd.

 

3>>

 

 

Rdekfofgkc hc ^dod C pdod ë f eckfr òrgâf hf bfrpf, d fs



eëtfhfs utkokzchfs pcrc f dxced iåskbf bfeprdd`hde= 

  K`spdçâf=



  ^copcçâf= Ydrkikbcr sd lã odsôds sòokhcs,

  Ydredolkhâf fu Drktrfsd  5 dxcgdrf hc

bfofrcçâf ròsdc hc pdod d k`hkbc cued`tf hc quc`tkhchd hd sc`gud `c rdhd vcsbuocr butê`dc. ^fhd sdr gd`drcokzchc fu ofbcokzchc.

Hdvd cjrc`gdr tfhf f tdgued`tf, k`bouskvd bcjdofs, u`lcs d eubfscs. C ofbcokzcçâf, tfpfgrcikc d hkstrkjukçâf hc odsâf sâf dssd`bkcks pcrc f sdu hkcg`òstkbf. cotdrcçâf hd dspdssurc, uekhchd, vfoued fu bf`skstí`bkc hc pdod. Fjsdrvcr sd c docstkbkhchd, efjkokhchd d turgfr sâf bfepctåvdks bfe c suc khchd.hc pdod   Hkgktfprdssâf



fu Yktrfprdssâf= ^rdsskf`c-sd c odsâf bfe fs hdhfs fu bfe ue vkhrf prfvfbc`hf ksqudekc ofbco, kssf pdrektd hkstk`gukr f drktdec hc pýrpurc fu hd futrcs ec`blcs vdredolcs.



  Bkc`fsd  5 bfr czuochc hc pdod qud

cbf`tdbd quc`hf c ldefgofjk`c dstã rdhuzkhc. ^fhd sdr gd`drcokzchc fu ofbcokzchc, bd`trco fu pdrkiërkbc.

  Bfeprdssâf= Cvcokcr dhdecs, c



bfeprdssâf ok`dcr cvcokc sd lã hdrefgrciksef. Bfofrcçâf 

  ^cokhdz 

5 ctd`ucçâf fu hdscpcrdbked`tf hc bfr ròsdc hc pdod. ^fhd sdr gd`drcokzchc fu ofbcokzchc.



  Kbtdråbkc 5 bfofrcçâf cecrdochc hc pdod

pfr cbueuof hd jkokrrujk`c `f sc`gud.

3>3

 

 





  Cojk`ksef 5 bfofrcçâf jrc`bf-odktfsc hc

pdod hdbfrrd`td edoc`k`c.



hc

hdikbkí`bkc

  Id`øed`f hd Zcy`cuh  5 efhkikbcçâf

hc bfofrcçâf hc pdod pfr id`øed`f vcsfeftfr.

hd

  Jrf`zdced`tf hc pdod1

Bf`tk`ukhchd Bf`tk`ukhch d fu k`tdgrkhchd

^drhc hd bf`tk`ukhchd fu k`tdgrkhchd hc pdod fbfrrd `c drfsâf fu dxuobdrcçâf, `c uobdrcçâf, `c ikssurc fu rãgchd. Tekhchd



  Hdrectfgrciksef  5 ok`lc vdredolc qud

cpcrdbd cpòs c pdod sdr ctrktchc.

F dxced hc uekhchd bfedçc pdoc k`spdçâf, ecs f eëtfhf ecks chdquchf ë c pcopcçâf bfe cs pfupcs hkgktcks d bfe c pcoec hc eâf. ^fr edkf hf tctf, pfhd-sd cvcokcr c uekhchd hc pdod bfe rczfãvdo prdbksâf. D`bf`trce-sd cs sdguk`tds pfsskjkokhchds=   Tekhchd @freco 5 de k`hkvåhufs lågkhfs1

3>:

 



  ^dod Rdbc 5 d`bf`trchc de khfsfs d de

coguecs hdrectfpctkcs brø`kbcs1 

  Tekhchd Cued`tchc fu ^dod Ruhfrd`tc

D`rugchc  5 fjsdrvchc de khfsfs d cpòs decgrdbked`tf rãpkhf1 quc`hf sd dokek`c ue dhdec.

•  ^dod

5 pfhd dstcr cssfbkchc î idjrd, c`skdhchd, lkpdrtkrdfkhksef d hfd`çcs `dfpoãskbcs.

Dspdssurc

^crc sd cvcokcr c dspdssurc hc pdod icz-sd f pk`çced`tf hd uec hfjrc butê`dc usc`hfsd f pfodgcr d f k`hkbchfr. •  Dspdssurc @freco  5 de k`hkvåhufs

lågkhfs1 Ctròikbc  5 trc`soubkhdz qud pdrektd vdr c rdhd vd`fsc supdrikbkco1

•  ^dod

•  ^dod Lkpdrtròikbc fu Dspdssc  5 de

k`hkvåhufs qud trcjcolce dxpfstfs cf sfo.

Xdxturc

Ë c hkspfskçâf hfs doded`tfs qud bf`stktude f tdbkhf hc pdod. Ë pfssåvdo bf`stctcr fs sdguk`tds cblchfs= •  Xdxturc @freco1 •  ^dod Oksc fu Ik`c 5 fjsdrvchc de

khfsfs, `f lkpdrtkrdfkhksef d de ofbcks dhdecbkchfs1   ^dod Ãspdrc 5 fjsdrvchc de • k`hkvåhufs dxpfstfs c trcjcolfs ruhds,

de

ekxdhdec

d

hdrectfpctkcs

Xdepdrcturc

^crc c cvcokcçâf hc tdepdrcturc hc pdod usc-sd c pcopcçâf bfe c icbd hfrsco hcs eâfs d hfs hdhfs, bfepcrc`hf-sd bfe f ochf lfeòofgf bchc sdged`tf dxcek`chf.

 

brø`kbcs1 3>2

 

 

C tdepdrcturc hc pdod vcrkc d`trd fs sdged`tfs hf bfrpf. Docstkbkhchd d Efjkokhchd

Docstkbkhchd

ë

c

prfprkdhchd

hd

f

tdgued`tf sdë c dstd`hdr quc`hf trcbkf`chf1 butê`df Efjkokhchd bcpcbkhchd hd sd efvked`tcr sfjrd fs poc`fs prfiu`hfs chmcbd`tds. C docstkbkhchd pfhd sdr= •  Docstkbkhchd

@freco  5 k`hkvåhufs

lågkhfs1 •  Lkpdrdocstkbkhchd 

5 odejrc bcrcbtdråstkbcs hd uec jfrrcblc1

cs

•  Lkpfdocstkbkhchd  5 c pdod quc`hf

trcbkf`chc, vfotc vcgcrfsced`td î pfskçâf prkektkvc.

Xurgfr

Cvcokc-sd f turgfr, pk`çc`hf bfe f pfodgcr d f k`hkbchfr uec prdgc hd pdod qud d`gofjc tdbkhf sujbutê`df. F turgfr hkidrd`bkc-sd de= •  Xurgfr @freco  5 sd`scçâf hd pdod subuod`tc, quc`hf pk`çchc1 •  Xurgfr Hkek`uåhf 5 sd`scçâf hd pdod

eurblc, qud k`hkbc hdskhrctrcçâf.

Efjkokhchd   •  Efjkokhchd

@freco  5

k`hkvåhufs

lågkhfs1 •  Efjkokhchd Hkek`uåhc fu Cusd`td   5

quc`hf c pdod `âf bf`sdgud hdsokzcr-sd sfjrd cs dstruturcs vkzk`lcs1 •  Efjkokhch Efjkokhchd d Cued`tchc 5 fjsdrvchc

`c pdod hd pdssfcs khfscs d `c så`hrfed hd Dlodrs-Hc`ofs.

Rd`skjkokhchd

^fhde sdr c`cokschfs fs sdguk`tds tkpfs hd sd`skjkokhchd= •  Rd`skjkokhchd Hfofrfsc   Lkpfcogdskc fu c`cogdskc



  Lkpdrdstdskc



•  Rd`skjkokhchd Xãtko

3>8

 

cotdrcçâf hc ldefgofjk`c tfr`c`hf-sd crrfxdchc d hdpfks vdrhd-cecrdochc. Ë blcechc hd pdtëqukc quc`hf pfssuk ctë 3 be d hd dqukefsd quc`hf pfssuk ecks hd 3be.

  C`dstdskc fu lkpfdstdskc



•  Rd`skjkokhchd Xërekbc

Odsôds Hd`fek`ce-sd Doded`tcrds odsôds doded`tcrds, cotdrcçôds `f tdgued`tf butê`df hdtdrek`chcs pfr prfbdssfs k`iocectòrkfs, hdgd`drctkvfs, bkrbuoctòrkfs, `dfpoãskbfs, pfr hkstýrjkfs hf edtcjfoksef fu pfr hdidktfs hd ifrecçâf. 

  Râf bocsskikbchcs hd cbfrhf bfe fs

sdguk`tds grupfs=

3

Cotdrcçôds hd bfr

: 2

Dodvcçôds dhdectfscs Ifrecçôds sòokhcs

8

Bfodçôds oåqukhcs

4

Cotdrcçôds hd dspdssurc

9

^drhcs d rdpcrcçôds



  Ec`blcs ^kged`tcrds

Ec`blcs pkged`tcrds fu hksbrfekcs rdsuotce hd hkek`ukçâf fu cued`tf hd edoc`k`c fu hdpòsktfs hd futrfs pkged`tfs d sujstê`bkcs `c hdred. •  Odubfhdrekc= ec`blc jrc`bc pfr

hkek`ukçâf fu cusí`bkc hd edoc`k`c. •  Lkpfbrfekc=

rdhuçâf

pkged`tcçâf. •  Cbrfekc=

cusí`bkc pkged`tcçâf.

Cotdrcçôds hd bfr (ec`blc fu eãbuoc)

•  Lkpdrbrfekc=

Cotdrcçôds hdprdssâf. `c bfr hc pdod sde rdodvf fu 

  Ec`blcs Yãsbuof-sc`guå`dcs

Fbfrrde pfr vcsfhkoctcçâf, bf`strkçâf, fu pdof dxtrcvcsced`tf hd ldeãbkcs. •  Drktdec=

Ec`blc vdredolc pfr vcsfhkoctcçâf, qud hdscpcrdbd bfe hkgktf fu vktrfprdssâf.

•  ^ýrpurc=

Ec`blc

hc

vdredolc

pfr

dxtrcvcsced`tf hd ldeãbkcs, hdscpcrdbd bfe vktrfprdssâf. Euhc`âf hd bfofrcçâf hd cbfrhf bfe f tdepf pfr

bfepodtc

hd

Bfr vcrkãvdo pfr cued`tf hd edoc`k`c fu futrfs pkged`tfs bfef scks jkokcrds d bcrftd`òkhds.

 

3>4

 

Dodvcçôds dhdectfscs



okqudicz `c pfrçâf bd`trco, pfhd`hf uobdrcr d dokek`cr ectdrkco `dbròtkbf.

Râf dodvcçôds bkrbu`sbrktcs bcuschcs pfr dhdec `c hdred fu lkpfhdred. 

  Trtkbc= dodvcçâf diíedrc, krrdguocr, hd

tcec`lf d bfr vcrkãvdo hf jrc`bf-ròsdf cf vdredolf prurkgk`fsc, rdsuotc hf dxtrcvcsced`tf hd pocsec bfe ifrecçâf hd dhdec hërekbf. 

  Gfec= `òhuof fu `fhfskhchd qud sd



  Ydgdtcçâf=

Odsâf sòokhc d pdhu`buochc, bfe cspdbtf hd bfuvd-iofr d supdriåbkd irkãvdo.



  Ydrrubfskhchd= Odsâf sòokhc, dodvchc,

hd supdriåbkd hurc d k`doãstkbc, ifrechc pfr lkpdrqudrctfsd.

  C`gkfdhdec=

ãrdc hd dhdec bkrbu`sbrktf, qud pfhd fbfrrdr `f sujbutê`df, bcusc`hf tuedicçâf.

Ifrecçôds Ròokhcs

Zdsuotce hd prfbdssf k`iocectòrkf fu `dfpoãskbf, ctk`gd ksfochced`td fu bf`mu`tced`td dpkhdred, hdred d lkpfhdred. 

  ^ãpuoc=



  ^ocbc=



odsâf sòokhc, dodvchc d ed`fr qud 3 be.

bkrbu`sbrktc,

odsâf dodvchc, hd supdriåbkd gdrcoed`td poc`c, eckfr qud 3 be, pfhd cprdsd`tcr supdriåbkd hdsbcectkvc, brfstfsc fu qudrctk`kzchc, pfhd sdr ifrechc pdoc bf`iouí`bkc hd pãpuocs.

  @òhuof= odsâf sòokhc, bkrbu`sbrktc, scokd`td

fu `âf hd 3 c 2 be hd tcec`lf. 

fu Xuefr= odsâf sòokhc, bkrbu`sbrktc d eckfr qud 2 be, f tdref tuefr ë utkokzchf prdidrd`bkcoed`td pcrc `dfpocskc.

Bfodçôds oåqukhcs

Odsôds hd bf`tdýhf oåqukhf qud pfhd sdr sdrfskhchd, sc`gud fu pus. 

  Ydsåbuoc= dodvcçâf bkrbu`sbrktc hd ctë

3be, bfe bf`tdýhf bocrf (sdrfsf) qud pfhd sd tfr`cr turvf (puruod`tf) fu rujrf (ldefrrãgkbf).

  @fhfskhchd



  Jfolc fu Iokbtd`c= hkidrd-sd hc vdsåbuoc

cpd`cs pdof tcec`lf, qud ë eckfr qud 3be.

 

3>9

 



ròsdc-cvdredolchc pfr dxtrcvcsced`tf hd pocsec.

  ^ýstuoc= dodvcçâf hd ctë 3be d hd

bf`tdýhf puruod`tf. 

  Cjsbdssf= pfssuk tcec`lf vcrkãvdo, ë



cued`tf hc bf`skstí`bkc hc pdod, tfr`c`hf-sd ocrhãbdc fu bfrkãbdc. C pdod pfhd dstcr dspdsschc fu chdogcçchc, lcvd`hf lkpdr fu lkpfbrfekc cssfbkchcs. Zdsuotc hd ikjrfsd hf bfoãgd`f.

ifrechf pfr bfodçâf puruod`tc hc pdod fu tdbkhfs sujmcbd`tds. Rk`cks iofgåstkbfs pfhde dstcr prdsd`tds=dhdec, hfr, rujfr, bcofr. 

  Ldectfec= ifrechc pfr hdrrced hd

sc`gud `c pdod fu tdbkhfs sujmcbd`tds, hkidrd-sd hc dqukefsd pfr lcvdr cotdrcçâf hd dspdssurc. ^fhd k`idbtcr d lcvdr prdsd`çc hd sk`cks iofgåstkbfs, d f bf`tdýhf ldefrrãgkbf pfhd tfr`cr-sd puruod`tf.

  Dsbodrfsd= cotdrcçâf hc dspdssurc bfe



  Ctrfikc= hkek`ukçâf hc dspdssurc hc pdod.

Fbfrrd rdhuçâf hf `ýedrf d vfoued hfs bf`stktuk`tds tdbkhucks.

Cotdrcçôds hc dspdssurc 

  Sudrctfsd= dspdssced`tf hc pdod pfr

cued`tf hc bcechc bòr`dc, tfr`c`hfsd ãspdrc d bfe c supdriåbkd cecrdochc. 

  Okqud`kikbcçâf= dspdssced`tf hc pdod

bfe cbd`tucçâf hfs suobfs d hc bfr pròprkc, cprdsd`tc`hf cspdbtf quchrkbuochf. 

  Dhdec=

cued`tf hd dspdssurc, hdprdssåvdo, bfr hc pròprkc pdod fu

^drhc d rdpcrcçôds tdbkhucks

Odsôds frku`hcs hc dokek`cçâf fu hdstrukçâf pctfoògkbcs d hd rdpcrcçôds de tdbkhfs sujbutê`dfs. 

  Dsbcec= ecssc iuriurãbdc, ekbãbdc fu

ifokãbdc qud sd hdsprd`hd cs supdriåbkd butê`dc pfr cotdrcçâf hd qudrctk`kzcçâf.   Dxuobdrcçâf= pdrhc supdrikbkco sfed`td

 

hd dpkhdred. 3>7

 



  Tobdrcçâf=

pdrhc bkrbu`sbrktc hd dpkhdred d hdred, pfhd`hf ctk`gkr lkpfhdred d tdbkhfs sujmcbd`tds.



  Ikssurc= pdrhc ok`dcr hc dpkhdred d

hdred, `f bf`tfr`f hd frkiåbkfs `cturcks fu de ãrdcs hd prdgcs d hfjrcs. 

  Brfstc=

bf`brdçâf hd bfr cecrdoc, dsvdrhdchc fu vdredolc dsburc, qud sd ifrec de ãrdc hd pdrhc tdbkhuco. Zdsuotc hf hdssdbced`tf hc sdrfskhchd, pus fu sc`gud eksturchf c rdstfs dpktdokcks.



  Bkbctrkz= odsâf

hd cspdbtf vcrkãvdo, pfhd sdr scokd`td fu hdprkekhc, eòvdo fu chdrd`td. @âf pfssuk pfrfs fu c`dxfs butê`dfs. Zdsuotc hc rdpcrcçâf hd prfbdssf hdstrutkvf hc pdod, cssfbkchf c ctrfikc, ikjrfsd d hksbrfekc.

 

3><

 

 

Rupfrtd Jãskbf Jãskbf hd Ykhc Ykhc Zdc`kecçâf bcrhkfpuoef`cr de pdhkctrkc

Râf cçôds qud vksce c sfjrdvkví`bkc hd brkc`çcs de rksbf hd efrtd, tc`tf `f cejkd`td dxtrc-lfspktcocr bfef k`trclfspktcocr. Cs hkrdtrkzds hd ZB^ de brkc`çcs sd cpokbce îs vktkecs bfe bdrbc hd= •  3 c`f î chfodsbí`bkc/pujdrhchd

(3: c 38 c`fs)1

sdg)1 9.  @c cusí`bkc hd puosf, irdquí`bkc bcrhåcbc ? 9> jpe fu eã pdriusâf, k`kbkcr bfeprdssôds tfrãbkbcs dikbczds1 7.  Zdcokzcr 2>=: (bfeprdssôds = vd`tkocçôds)

sd 3 sfbfrrkstc1 Zdcokzcr 34=: sd : sfbfrrkstcs1

 Xëb`kbc pcrc bfeprdssâf bfeprdssâf bcrhåcbc

3.  ^fskbkf`cr c brkc`çc de supdriåbkd rågkhc1 :.  De ocbtd`tds, bfeprkekr cjckxf hc ok`lc k`tdr-ecekocr d de brkc`çcs eckfrds `c edtchd k`idrkfr hf dstdr`f1 2.  Zktef hcs bfeprdssôds= 3>>/ek`1 8.  ^rfiu`hkhchd= 8 be de ocbtd`tds d 4 be de brkc`çcs eckfrds1 4.  ^drektkr rdtfr`f bfeprdssâf1

tfrãbkbf

9.  Ek`kekzcr k`tdrrupçôds1

c

bchc

3>;

 

 

HDRFJRXZTÇÂF HCR YKCR CËZDCR Bfeprdssâf bcrhåcbc utkokzc`hf : hdhfs de ocbtd`tds

3.  Dodvcçâf hf qudkxf sde k`bok`cçâf hc bcjdçc1 :.  Dodvcçâf hf ê`guof hc ec`håjuoc1 2.  Zdefvdr c`tds, sdbrdçôds, vøektfs d bfrpf dstrc`lf1 8.  Zdspkrcçâf= : vd`tkocçôds bfe 3 sdg bchc1

Bfeprdssâf bcrhåcbc utkokzc`hf 3 fu : eâfs de brkc`çcs eckfrds

4.  Fjsdrvcr c dodvcçâf hf tòrcx1 9.  : vd`tkocçôds

 rdtfr`cr

bfeprdssôds1

HDC  Xëb`kbc pcrc vd`tkocçâf vd`tkocçâf

3.  Ocbtd`tds= rdspkrcçâf jfbc-`crkz+jfbc1 :.  Brkc`çcs eckfrds= rdspkrcçâf jfbc c

jfbc, fbouk`hf cs `crk`cs1 2.  Fjsdrvd sd lã dodvcçâf hf tòrcx. Bcsf `âf lcmc, rdpfskbkf`d c bcjdçc hc brkc`çc, vdhd edolfr (jfbc-jfbc) d td`td futrc vdz. sd gu`hf. 8.  Bchc vd`tkocçâf hdvd hurcr 3 sdgu`hf.

3.  Bfofbcr cs pãs (`f ochf dsqudrhf hf ecekof d futrf cjckxf hc bocvåbuoc, `f ochf hkrdktf)1  

bfeprdssôds ctë chek`kstrcr :. Bf`tk`ucr rktef blfbãvdo1 2.  K`kbkcr ZB^ kedhkctced`td hdpfks.

33>

 

 

Ec`fjrcs hd D`gcsgf  Brkc`çcs d ocbtd`tds D^KHDEKFOFGKC



F D`gcsgf ë prdhfek`c`td `c ickxc dtãrkc hd 3-2 c`fs (ecks bfeue de ed`k`cs) 

  FYCBD ‒ Fjstruçâf hcs Ykcs Cërdcs pfr

icocr fu blfrcr1



•  ^drgu`tcr sd c vktkec dstã bfe icotc

hd cr1

  Brkc`çcs=

bfekhc, jdxkgc, jrk`qudhfs, efdhcs, guofsdkecs d dtb.

  Ocbtd`tds=



oåqukhfs

•  Rd cbd`cr qud ske fu `âf puhdr

icocr, pdçc cmuhc1

(vøektfs,

•  K`kbkcr

ec`fjrcs fjstruçâf.

sc`gud d dtb).

FYCBD ^CZBKCO 

  Fjstruçâf pcrbkco hcs vkcs cërdcs1



  ^cbkd`td pfssuk jfc trfbc hd cr1



•  Rd pfssåvdo, ef`ktfrcr e f`ktfrcr fxkgd`cçâf1 fxkgd`cçâf1 •  Rd pfssåvdo, supoded`tcr fxkgí`kf1 •  @âf bfofbcr c eâf `c jfbc hf



  Fjstruçâf bfepodtc hcs vkcs cërdcs.



  ^cbkd`td pfssuk trfbc hd cr hdikbkd`td fu

hc

  ^fskbkf`cr-sd ctrãs hc brkc`çc, cvksc`hf-

c hc cmuhc d k`kbkcr bfeprdssôds sujhkcircgeãtkbcs (Ec`fjrc Hd Ldkeokbl), qud bf`skstde de cpfkcr c eâf hd qude krã rdcokzcr c ec`fjrc, idblchc de pu`lf, d`bfjdrtc pdoc futrc, d`trd f uejkgf d c dxtrdekhchd k`idrkfr hf fssf hf pdktf hc brkc`çc d rdcokzcr bfeprdssôds de trc`bfs pcrc hd`trf d pcrc bkec, ctë qud c brkc`çc bf`skgc dxpdokr f fjmdtf fu hdseckd.

•  K`strukr f pcbkd`td c rdcokzcr tfssds vkgfrfscs1

FYCBD BFE^ODXC

cokvkf

De brkc`çcs (3-< c`fs)

•  Cbcoecr f pcbkd`td1

pcbkd`td d`quc`tf dod efstrcr-sd `drvfsf1

hd

Ec`fjrcs hd hdsfjstruçâf

 F qud iczdr6

cusd`td

  ^fhd pdrhdr c bf`sbkí`bkc.

 F qud iczdr6

Bfrpf Dstrc`lf, de irdquí`bkc= 

  ^fhd cprdsd`tcr bkc`fsd, k`bcpcz hd



  Zdpdtkr c ec`fjrc 4x d hdpfks cvcokcr f

dstchf hc brkc`çc, d sd doc bf`sdguku dxpdokr f fjmdtf (folcr bcvkhchd jubco).

333

 

 

Ocbtd`tds 

  Cpfkcr f jdjí `f jrcçf hf sfbfrrkstc,

@c brkc`çc k`bf`sbkd`td 

c jcrrkgc pcrc bkec.

bfe c bcjdçc ecks cjckxf qud f bfrpf, td`hf f bukhchf hd ec`tdr c jfbc hf 

jdjí cjdrtc.hcCpokbcr 4 jctkhcs bfe`cs f ‟bcobc`lcr― eâf hf sfbfrrkstc bfstcs hf jdjí, `c rdgkâf d`trd cs dsbãpuocs. Ykrcr f jdjí bfe c jcrrkgc pcrc bkec, ec`td`hf c k`bok`cçâf frkgk`co d c jfbc cjdrtc, d k`kbkcr 4 bfeprdssôds `f fssf hf pdktf hc brkc`çc, ofgf cjckxf hc ok`lc kecgk`ãrkc trcçchc d`trd fs ecekofs. Zdpktc dssd bkbof ctë f jdjí dxpdokr f fjmdtf fu hdseckcr. 

 

  ^fskbkf`d-c de uec supdriåbkd rågkhc, bfe   Icçc f pcssf c pcssf hf ZB^ (pcgk`c

2). 

  De brkc`çcs= utkokzc-sd cpd`cs uec eâf

pcrc cs bfeprdssôds1

D`trd ue bkbof cvcokdfc fjmdtf bcvkhchd frco hf jdjí,d futrf, rdefvd`hf sd vksåvdo 

ocbtd`tds=  pfhd-sd utkokzcr hucs pfopcs hkgktcks `c ok`lc k`tdr-ecekocr, fu fs hfks pfodgcrds.

  De

33:

 

 

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