Manual Producción Cacao Orgánico
July 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
@beubk dc prhdugga÷e dc GBGBH HZOÂEAGH
Ckbjhrbdh phr< Vnakappc Dcsgb`ps Vrcscetbga÷e y Zcvasa÷e< Objrackb Whth
Ghe ck bphyh dck @aeastcrah dc Boragukturb y Obebdcràb (@BO), b trbvás dck Vattb dc Boragukturb Hroâeagb y Mattbghra
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¸Ruaáecs sh`hs8 Eucstrh Hraoce Cgh-KHOAGB GB W.B. aeaga÷ ghe kb gcrtagbga÷e dc sastc`bs dc prhdugga÷e Hroâeaghs. Hroâeaghs. Nb sadh kb pra`crb gcrtagbdhrb bgrcdatbdb betc ck @aeastcrah dc Boragukturb y Obebdcràb dc Ghstb Zagb (@BO), ebga÷ gh`h rcspucstb b kb ecgcsadbd dc obrbetazbr kb gbkadbd hroâeagb dc csths prhdugths, hmrcgacedh grcdajakadbd bk ghesu`adhr y prhtcgga÷e bk prhdugthr. Cgh-KHOAGB muc grcbdb ce 211? phr kb Bshgabga÷e Ebgahebk dc Boragukturb Hroâeagb (BEBH). Cgh-KHOAGB pcrtcecgc b kb bshgabga÷e BEBH y b sus `ac`jrhs y gh`h üeagb gcrtagbdhrb ebgahebk ce Ghstb Zagb, saouc grcgacedh ghe ueb jbsc shgabk gh`prh`ctadb ghe ck dcsbrrhkkh shstceajkc c aetcorbk dck scgthr borhpcgubrah.
Vrhp÷sath Aestatugahebk ‛@clhrbr ck bggcsh b khs scrvagahs dc gcrtagbga÷e dc prhdugga÷e shstceajkc pbrb quc scbe ueb ncrrb`acetb quc bjrb hphrtueadbdcs b khs prhdugthrcs dc kb rcoa÷e cspcgabk`cetc b khs pcqucòhs prhdugthrcs‐
Wbe Lhsá, Ghstb Zagb Tckámhehs< (36=) ::1?.==?= ‗ ::73.:>22 ‗ Mbx< (36=) ::73.2=7> Ghrrch Ckcgtr÷eagh< aemhFcgh-khoagb.gh` Watah _cj< www.cgh-khoagb.gh`
@ b e u b k @ d b c e p u b r h k d u c g p g r a ÷ h e d d u g c g g a ÷ b e g d b h c h g b r o g â b e h a g h h r o â e a g h
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GHETCEADH ¸Ruaáecs Wh`hs8 Vrhp÷sath
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
Eucstrh Hraoce..................... Hraoce...................................... .................................. ................................. ................: :
Aestatugahebk...........................................................................................................:
2.
Vrcscetbga÷e..................................................................................4
:.
Aetrhdugga÷e....................................................................................3
7.
Ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e...................... trbesaga÷e....................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. .................3 3
4.
Kbs `cdadbs dc prhtcgga÷e dck guktavh hroâeagh hroâeagh.......> .......>
3.
Kbs sc`akkbs y khs bk`âgaohs.......................... bk`âgaohs.......................................... ................................. ......................26 .....26
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Khs rcoastrhs (dabrah h jatâghrb)....................... jatâghrb)....................................... ..........................22 ..........22
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Kb mcrtakazbga÷e dck gbgbhtcrh gbgbhtcrh................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ..................27 ..27
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Ghetrhk dc pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs......................... cemcr`cdbdcs......................................... ............................21 ............21
1.
Ck `beclh phs ghscgnb...................... ghscgnb...................................... ................................. .................................. ............................:2 ...........:2
26.
Ck prhgcsh dc gcrtagbga÷e......................... gcrtagbga÷e......................................... ................................. ................................:2 ...............:2
22.
Jajkahorbmàb..........................................................................................................:7
4 2. VZCWCETBGA×E Kb prhdugga÷e dc gbgbh, cstc guktavh dc tbe vbkahsh vbkhr nast÷ragh ce eucstrb rcoa÷e, nb rcth`bdh buoc ce khs ükta`hs bòhs. Se `clhr prcgah dck `crgbdh, aegcetavb dc eucvh b eucstrhs prhdugthrcs b b`pkabr ârcbs y `clhrbr ck `beclh dc kbs cxastcetcs pkbetbgahecs dc gbgbh.
Kb `byhràb dck ârcb guktavbdb ghe gbgbh ce Ghstb Zagb, sc `beclb dc mhr`b hroâeagb. Ghstb Zagb nb hptbdh phr gh`pctar ce ck `crgbdh `uedabk ce gbkadbd. Ck gbgbh damcrcegabdh hroâeagh cs ueb hpga÷e cghe÷`agb rcetbjkc ghe jcecgahs shgabkcs y b`jacetbkcs b`pkab`cetc rcghehgadhs. Cs phr cstb rbz÷e quc Cgh-KHOAGB ghesadcr÷ hphrtueh dcsbrrhkkbr ghe ck bphyh cghe÷`agh dc MATTBGHZA - @BO, ue @beubk dc Vrhdugga÷e dc Gbgbh Hroâeagh Gcrtagbdh. Ck hjlctavh dc cstc `beubk cs ouabr b khs prhdugthrcs quc cstáe phr sc`jrbr h yb tceobe pkbetbgahecs dc gbgbh hroâeagh, pbrb gu`pkar ghe khs rcquasaths dc kbgcrtagbga÷e hroâeagb, y quc pucdbe `beclbr bdcgubdb`cetc su guktavh. Cgh-KHOAGB, cs kb üeagb Bocegab dc Gcrtagbga÷e Ghstbrragcesc,, quc pcrtcecgc b kb Bshgabga÷e Ebgahebk Ghstbrragcesc dc Boragukturb Hroâeagb (BEBH). Cs ueb c`prcsb sae ecs dc kugrh, quc jusgbr bphybr bk prhdugthr ebgahebk pbrb bggcdcr ce mhr`b gh`pctatavb ck `crgbdh aetcrebgahebk.
Q cs phr su gh`prh`ash ghe ck prhdugthr ebgahebk hroâeagh, quc Cgh-KHOAGB trbjblb ghestbetc y bgtavb`cetc ce prh`hvcr kb gbpbgatbga÷e, kb aemhr`bga÷e ce kb prhdugga÷e hroâeagb gcrtagbdb. Bprhvcgnb`hs pbrb borbdcgcr ck bphyh dc MATTBGHZA pbrb ck dcsbrrhkkh dc csths `btcrabkcs dc gbpbgatbga÷e. Objrackb Whth Vrcsadcetc Cgh-KHOAGB Luetb Darcgtavbdc dc@hva`aceths @uedabk dc Hroâeaghs kb Mcdcrbga÷e Mcdcrbga÷e Aetcrebgahebk (AMHB@ ‗ Hroâeagh Aetcrebgahebk)
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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:.Aetrhdugga÷e Ck guktavh dck gbgbh cs ueb bgtavadbd boràghkb y gh`crgabk quc cstâ rcth`bedh a`phrtbegab ce Ghstb Zagb y ce ck `uedh ce ocecrbk. Cstc `beubk bjbrgb dcsdc ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e ce kb gcrtagbga÷e hroâeagb b kb ghscgnb y phsghscgnb dck gbgbh.
Eh dudc ce ghetbgtbr darcgtb`cetc b Cgh-KHOAGB sa tacec dudbs h prcouetbs shjrc kb gcrtagbga÷e hroâeagb dc su gbgbhtbk.
7. Ck VCZAHDH dc trbesaga÷e Ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e cs ck tac`ph quc dcjc pbsbr cetrc kb ükta`b bpkagbga÷e dc ue prhdugth prhnajadh y kb gcrtagbga÷e dck guktavh ce ueb pbrgckb dctcr`aebdb. Durbetc ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e yb sc dcjce bpkagbr thdbs kbs rcokbs dc prhdugga÷e hroâeagb.
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
Gubedh sc nb utakazbdh bkoüe prhdugth prhnajadh ce ueb pbrgckb (gh`h ncrjagadbs, aescgtagadbs quà`aghs h mcrtakazbetcs quà`aghs phr clc`pkh), dcjce pbsbr 7 bòhs dcsdc kb ükta`b bpkagbga÷e pbrb quc sc pucdb ghesadcrbr gh esadcrbr ue guktavh ‛Hroâeagh‐. Vhr clc`pkh, clc`pkh, sa sc bpkag÷ ncrjagadb phr ükta`b vcz ck 27 dc lueah :624, ck guktavh ce cstb pbrgckb sc phdrâ gcrtagbr b pbrtar dck 24 dc lueah :62?. Kb trbesaga÷e scràb damcrcetc sa sc sac`jrb ck gbgbh ce ue khtc dhedc rcgacetc`cetc sc usbrhe borhquà`aghs, borhquà`aghs, h sa sc sac`jrb ck gbgbh ce ue khtc dhedc nbgc `ugnhs bòhs eh sc usbe borhquà`aghs. B ghetaeubga÷e sc cxpkagb g÷`h sc nbgc ce gbdb gbsh.
7.2 Wac`jrb eucvb ce ueb pbrgckb prhdugths quc nb sadhprhnajadhs trbtbdb ghe Ck prhdugthr h kb prhdugthrb dcjce rcoastrbr kb mcgnb ce quc sc bpkag÷ ck quà`agh phr ükta`b vcz y gbkgukbr khs 7 bòhs pbrb sbjcr guâedh ck gbgbhtbk phdrâ scr gcrtagbdh ‛Hroâeagh‐. Wc pucdce sc`jrbr khs brjhkaths dc gbgbh durbetc ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e. Gh`h, ocecrbk`cetc, kb pra`crb ghscgnb gh`crgabk dc ue gbgbhtbk sbkc b khs 7 bòhs dc sc`jrbdh,, sc phdrâ gcrtagbr kb pra`crb ghscgnb dc cstc gbgbhtbk. sc`jrbdh g bgbhtbk. Wa kbs pra`crbs `bzhrgbs dc gbgbh bpbrcgce betcs dc gu`pkar khs 7 bòhs, cstc gbgbh sc ghesadcrb ‛ce trbesaga÷e‐, eh sc pucdc vcedcr gh`h ‛hroâeagh‐.
Dcsdc ck pra`cr dàb dc kb trbesaga÷e, sc dcjc `beclbr ck gbgbhtbk dc mhr`b hroâeagb.
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VZA@CZ BÒH Wac`jrb dck gbgbh @beclh hroâeagh Vra`cr bòh dc TZBEWAGA×E
WCOSEDH BÒH @betcea`aceth dck gbgbhtbk @betcea`aceth @beclh hroâeagh Wcouedh bòh dc TZBEWAGA×E
TCZGCZ BÒH @betcea`aceth dck gbgbhtbk @betcea`aceth @beclh hroâeagh Tcrgcr y ükta`h bòh dc TZBEWAGA×E
VZA@CZ dàb dck
gubrth bòh
Ghscgnb dck gbgbh HZOÂEAGH @beclh hroâeagh Gbgbhtbk gcrtagbdh HZOÂEAGH
7.: Wac`jrb dc ue gbgbhtbk eucvh ce ueb pbrgckb quc eh nb sadh trbtbdb ghe
quà`aghs phr `âs dc 7 bòhs. Wa ustcd quacrc sc`jrbr ue gbgbhtbk eucvh ce ueb pbrgckb quc eh nb sadh trbtbdb ghe quà`aghs dcsdc nbgc 7 bòhs h `âs, eh nby pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e. Kb pra`crb ghscgnb dc cstc gbgbhtbk scrâ hroâeagb buequc sbkob b khs dhs bòhs dcspuás dc kb sac`jrb. Vbrb quc sc rcghehzgb ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e rctrh-bgtavh, h scb, quc sc rcghehzgbe khs bòhs quc eh sc bpkagbrhe khs borhquà`aghs betcs dc cetrbr b kb prhdugga÷e hroâeagb, ck prhdugthr h kb prhdugthrb dcjc prcscetbr ueb dcgkbrbga÷e lurbdb b kb gcrtagbdhrb ce kb quc dcgkbrb quc eh sc nbe bpkagbdh sustbegabs prhnajadbs ce cstb pbrgckb dcsdc nbgc `âs dc 7 bòhs.
Bdc`âs, dcjc prcscetbr dhs gbrtbs dc vcgaehs quc pucdce dbr mc dc quc eh sc nbe bpkagbdh sustbegabs prhnajadbs phr `âs dc 7 bòhs. Kb gcrtagbdhrb h ck @aeastcrah dc Boragukturb pucdce rcbkazbr ue beâkasas dc rcsaduhs dc pcstagadbs ce ck suckh pbrb bvcraoubr quc yb eh qucdb rcsths dc borhquà`aghs ce kb tacrrb.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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7.7 Trbesaga÷e dc ue gbgbhtbk `beclbdh ghe quà`aghs b ue
gbgbhtbk hroâeagh. Ck prhdugthr h kb prhdugthrb dcjc rcoastrbr kb mcgnb dc kb ükta`b bpkagbga÷e dc borh-quà`aghs prhnajadh prhnajadh.. Ck gbgbhtbk sc `beclb dcükta`b mhr`bbpkagbga÷e hroâeagb phr 7 bòhs. prhnajadh, ck gbgbh ghscgnbdh sc Trcs bòhs dcspuás dc kb dc prhdugth pucdc gcrtagbr y vcedcr ctaquctbdh gh`h hroâeagh.
VZA@CZ BÒH Ck gbgbh ghscgnbdh cs GHE]CEGAHEBK @beclh hroâeagh Vra`cr bòh dc TZBEWAGA×E
WCOSEDH BÒH h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
Ck gbgbh ghscgnbdh cs ce TZBEWAGA×E `beclh hroâeagh Wcouedh bòh dc TZBEWAGAHE
TCZGCZ BÒH 7.4 ¸Ruá dcjc nbgcr ck prhdugthr durbetc
ck pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e8
Ck gbgbh ghscgnbdh cs ce TZBEWAGA×E @beclh hroâeagh Tcrgcr y ükta`h bòh dc TZBEWAGAHE
VZA@CZ dàb dck Durbetc khs 7 bòhs dc trbesaga÷e, ck prhdugthr gubrth bòh dcjc gu`pkar ghe thdbs kbs rcokbs dc prhdugga÷e Ck gbgbh ghscgnbdh cs HZOÂEAGH hroâeagb. Csth saoeagb quc dcjc< @beclh hroâeagh b) Vrhtcocr ck gbgbhtbk hroâeagh dc kb Gbgbhtbk HZOÂEAGH ghetb`aebga÷e quà`agb quc pucdc vcear dc kbs egbs vcgaebs (vcb `âs bdckbetc ck gbpàtukh dc ‛@cdadbs dc prhtcgga÷e‐). j) Stakazbr üeagb`cetc aesu`hs y tágeagbs pcr`atadhs phr kbs ehr`bs hroâeagbs hroâeagbs.. g) Csgrajar ce ue rcoastrh thdbs kbs bpkagbgahecs dc aesu`hs quc usb pbrb bjhebr y pbrb ghetrhkbr kbs pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs. Wc dcjc aedagbr kb mcgnb, ck taph dc aesu`h quc sc utakazb, kb dhsas quc sc utakazb y ck kuobr (kb pbrgckb h egb) dhedc sc utakazb. Csgrajar ce ue rcoastrh thdbs kbs ghscgnbs. Ce gbsh dc ghscgnb, sc dcjc aedagbr kb mcgnb dc kb ghscgnb, ck kuobr quc sc ghscgnb (pbrgckb h egb) y kb gbetadbd quc sc ghscgnb.
4.Kbs `cdadbs dc prhtcgga÷e
dck guktavh hroâeagh
>
Se guktavh sc pucdc gcrtagbr hroâeagh gubedh nbyb gu`pkadh khs 7 bòhs dc trbesaga÷e, gubedh sc utakagce shkb`cetc aesu`hs y tágeagbs pcr`atadhs phr kbs ehr`bs hroâeagbs y gubedh sc cvatb gubkquacr taph dc ghetb`aebga÷e dck `as`h. Cs HJKAOBGA×E dck prhdugthr th`br kbs `cdadbs ecgcsbrabs pbrb cvatbr quc ck guktavh sc ghetb`aec ghe sustbegabs prhnajadbs ce gubkquacr pueth dc kb gbdceb dc prhdugga÷e, dcsdc quc kh sac`jrb nbstb quc kh vcedc. Ce kb egb, kb mucetc dc ghetb`aebga÷e `âs gh`üe she kbs bpkagbgahecs dc borhquà`aghs ce kbs pbrgckbs vcgaebs `beclbdbs dc mhr`b ghevcegahebk. Wa sc utakazbe sustbegabs prhnajadbs ce kbs pbrgckbs b kb pbr dc su gbgbhtbk hroâeagh, ustcd dcjc bgtubr pbrb cvatbr quc ck gbgbh quc ghscgnb cstá ghetb`aebdh. Cxastce trcs `becrbs dc prhtcocr su khtc dc kb ghetb`aebga÷e dc pbrgckbs vcgaebs ghevcegahebkcs<
2. :. 7.
Kbs jbrrcrbs y zbelbs Kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth Kb ghscgnb dc jhrdcs
4.2 Kbs jbrrcrbs y zbelbs Vbrb cvatbr quc ck vaceth h ck boub trbaobe quà`aghs b kb pbrgckb hroâeagb gubedh ck vcgaeh cstá bpkagbedh borhquà`aghs, borhquà`aghs, sc dcjce cstbjkcgcr jbrrcrbs màsagbs h zbelbs zbelbs.. Ocecrbk`cetc sc sac`jrbe jbrrcrbs vavbs, cs dcgar jbrrcrbs dc pkbetbs vavbs gh`h b`bphkb, zbgbtc oaobetc,, pbv÷e, gbòb aedab, Azhtc y htrbs… oaobetc Kb jbrrcrb dcjc cstbr sugacetc`cetc tupadb y bktb pbrb eh dclbr pbsbr kb jrasb h ck vaceth quc trbc khs borhquà`aghs borhquà`aghs.. Kb bkturb dc kb jbrrcrb y su cspcshr dcpcedce dck taph dc bpkagbgahecs dc borhquà`aghs quc sc dbe ce kb pbrgckb vcgaeb.
Wa sc mu`aobe pkbetbs bktbs ghe jh`jb dc `hthr (h pchr ghe bvahectb) sc dcjc `betcecr ueb jbrrcrb `uy bktb y `uy tupadb. Wa sc mu`aobe pkbetbs jblbs kb jbrrcrb pucdc scr `âs jblb pcrh, sac`prc cs prudcetc tcecr phr kh `cehs uehs : `ctrhs dc bkturb y ue `ctrh dc cspcshr (dc begnh).
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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Wa cxastc ue racsoh dc csgurra`aceth dc borhquà`aghs dc kb pbrgckb vcgaeb b su gbgbhtbk hroâeagh phr cmcgth dc kb kkuvab, sc dcjc nbgcr ueb zbelb pbrb cvatbr kb cetrbdb dck quà`agh b su khtc. Ck begnh y kb prhmuedadbd dc kb zbelb dcjce scr sugacetcs pbrb cvatbr quc kb zbelb dcsjhrdc gubedh kkucvc `ugnh. Kbs zbelbs dcjce `betcecrsc ka`pabs y kajrcs dc jbsurb pbrb cvatbr dcsjhrdb`aceths. dcsjhrdb`aceths. Kbs zbelbs dcjce dcsgbrobr kbs boubs ghetb`aebdbs g hetb`aebdbs mucrb dc kb pbrgckb hroâeagb. Wa sc bpkagbe borhquà`aghs dc mhr`b aetcesavb ce kb pbrgckb vcgaeb, `uy gcrgb dc su gbgbhtbk9 kb jbrrcrb y kb zbelb eh scrâe sugacetcs< dcjcrâ dclbr bdc`âs ueb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth b`hrtaoub`aceth..
4.: Kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth Kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth cs kb pbrtc dc tcrrceh cetrc ck guktavh hroâeagh y ck guktavh ghevcegahebk quc sc `beclb dc mhr`b hroâeagb pcrh, guyb ghscgnb eh sc gh`crgabkazb gh`h hroâeagb. Kb muega÷e dc kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth cs ‛rcgajar‐ khs quà`aghs betcs dc quc kkcouce b su pbrgckb hroâeagb gubedh ck vcgaeh cstâ
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
bpkagbedh borhquà`aghs. . Kb zheb borhquà`aghs dc b`hrtaoub`aceth pucdc gh`pkc`cetbr kb prhtcgga÷e dc kbs jbrrcrbs y zbelbs h pucdc usbrsc shkb. Ce cstc gbsh, kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth dcjcrâ scr `âs begnb quc sa cxastacrb ueb jbrrcrb. Ck begnh dc kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth dcpcedc dc kb mhr`b ce quc sc bpkagbe khs borhquà`aghs ce kb pbrgckb vcgaeb. Gubeth `âs phtcetc scb ck cquaph dc mu`aobga÷e dck borhquà`agh y `âs bkth sc cstá mu`aobedh, `âs begnb dcjcrâ scr kb zheb b`hrtaoub`aceth.
¸G÷`h sbgbrkc prhvcgnh b kbs zhebs dc b`hrtaoub`aceth8 Kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth dcjc `beclbrsc dc mhr`b hroâeagb b pcsbr dc quc eh pucdb prhdugar ue guktavh gcrtagbdh pcrh, pucdc prhdugar ghscgnbs prhvcgnhsbs pbrb ck prhdugthr. Kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth pucdc scrvar pbrb sc`jrbr prhdugths dc buthghesu`h, pbrb sc`jrbr pbsth pbrb khs bea`bkcs, pbrb sc`jrbr ârjhkcs `bdcrbjkcs h pbrb kcòb h pbrb prhdugar bjhehs vcrdcs quc sc bpkagbrâe ce kb `as`b pbrgckb hroâeagb. h roâeagb. B vcgcs kb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth pucdc cstbr sc`jrbdb ghe ck `as`h guktavh hroâeagh pcrh, kb ghscgnb dc cstb zheb dcjc ghscgnbrsc bpbrtc y eh pucdc vcedcrsc gh`h hroâeagb< sc kkb`b kb ghscgnb dc jhrdcs.
4.7 Kb ghscgnb dc jhrdcs
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Wa ck prhdugthr dc gbgbh hroâeagh eh quacrc nbgcr jbrrcrbs ea dclbr ueb zheb dc b`hrtaoub`aceth, pucdc dclbr ueb mrbelb dc su gbgbhtbk b kb hrakkb dck `as`h quc vb b ghscgnbr bpbrtc. Csb mrbelb dcjc `beclbrsc dc mhr`b hroâeagb pcrh, su ghscgnb eh pucdc vcedcrsc gh`h hroâeagb. Vbrb phdcr `beclbr ghscgnbs dc jhrdcs, ck prhdugthr dcjc gu`pkar 7 rcquasaths<
2. :. 7.
Cstbjkcgcr kà`atcs gkbrhs y vasajkcs dc dagnb zheb dc ghscgnb dc jhrdcs. Zcoastrbr kbs ghscgnbs dc cstbs zhebs. Dc`hstrbr quc ck gbgbh dc csbs zhebs eh sc nb gh`crgabkazbdh gh`h hroâeagh.
Kb mrbelb quc sc vb b ghscgnbr bpbrtc dcjc cstbr gkbrb`cetc `brgbdb. Vucdc scr ghe cstbgbs, ghe pkbetbs dc ghkhr, ghe gatbs pkâstagbs dc ghkhr, ghe ue bkb`jrc h ghe htrh sastc`b. Kh a`phrtbetc cs quc ce thdh `h`ceth sc pucdbe vcr khs kà`atcs dc kb zheb dc ghscgnb dc jhrdcs. Gbdb vcz quc sc ghscgnb ce kb zheb dc jhrdcs sc dcjc rcoastrbr kb ghscgnb. Wc dcjc bpuetbr kb mcgnb, ck kuobr dc kb ghscgnb y kb gbetadbd ghscgnbdb. Wc dcjc rcoastrbr ck dcstaeh dck gbgbh ghscgnbdh ce khs jhrdcs. Vucdc scr vcetbs gh`h ghevcegahebk h buthghesu`h. Wc dcjc rcoastrbr kb gbetadbd vcedadb (y ck gh`prbdhr dc csc gbgbh) h buthghesu`adb y kb mcgnb ce quc sc dasphec dc csc gbgbh.
3.Kbs sc`akkbs y khs bk`âgaohs Wa ck prhdugthr pucdc ghescouar sc`akkbs h ue bk`âgaoh hroâeagh ce su zheb, dcjc usbr cstc `btcrabk dc sac`jrb, quc prhgcdc dc ueb pbrgckb hroâeagb. Wa ck prhdugthr dc`ucstrb quc nb jusgbdh sc`akkbs h ue bk`âgaoh hroâeagh ce phr kh `cehs 7 kuobrcs damcrcetcs y quc eh cxastce ce su rcoa÷e, tacec dcrcgnh b usbr sc`akkbs h bk`âgaoh ghevcegahebkcs.
Cs a`phrtbetc utakazbr vbracdbdcs bdbptbdbs y rcsastcetcs b kbs cemcr`cdbdcs. Vhr ckkh, sc rcgh`acedb sc`jrbr kbs vbracdbdcs `clhrbdbs dck GBTAC yb quc she thkcrbetcs h phgh susgcptajkcs b kb cemcr`cdbd @heakab. @heakab. Wa sac`jrb gkhecs, rcgucrdc quc nby vbracdbdcs dc gbgbh gh`pbtajkcs y htrbs aegh`pbtajkcs. Vhr ckkh, ckkh, vcraquc jace kbs vbracdbdcs quc vb b sc`jrbr y th`c ce gucetb cstb gbrbgtcràstagb gubedh pkbeagb kbs sac`jrbs.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
22
=.
Khs rcoastrhs (dabrah h jatâghrb)
Kb damcrcegab cetrc ueb egb hroâeagb y ueb egb hroâeagb gcrtagbdb cs quc kb egb gcrtagbdb tacec rcoastrhs pbrb dc`hstrbr quc kb mhr`b ce quc nb `beclbdh kb egb gu`pkc ghe kbs ehr`bs hroâeagbs. Khs rcoastrhs rcprcscetbe kb mhr`b dc ‛ghetbr kb nasthrab‐ dc thdh kh quc nb hgurradh ce ck gbgbhtbk hroâeagh b kh kbroh dck bòh< khs aesu`hs quc sc utakazbrhe, kbs ghscgnbs quc sc
rcghkcgtbrhe y khs dc`âs trbjblhs quc sc rcbkazbrhe. Vbrb gcrtagbrsc, gcrtagbrsc, ck gbgbhtbk dcjc scr aespcggahebdh phr kh `cehs ueb vcz bk bòh. Khs rcoastrhs dcjce dcsgrajar thdh kh quc sc nazh durbetc csths 7=3 dàbs pcrh, quc eh sc pucdc vcr ce ck dàb dc kb aespcgga÷e hroâeagb. Csth aegkuyc< 2. Thdbs kbs cetrbdbs dc aesu`hs gh`h sc`akkbs, bk`âgaoh, bjhehs, aeorcdacetcs pbrb nbgcr bjhehs y ce`acedbs, gbk, pkbouagadbs y htrbs sustbegabs quc sc usbrhe ce ck gbgbhtbk. :. Thdbs kbs bpkagbgah bpkagbgahecs ecs dc aesu`hs ce ck gbgbhtbk. 7. Thdbs kbs sac`jrbs y rc-sac`jr rc-sac`jrbs. bs. 4. Thdbs kbs ghscgnbs y vcetbs dc gbgbh. 3. Gubkquacr ghetb`aebga÷e quc nbyb hgurradh bk gbgbh. h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
=. Kbs `cdadbs quc sc nbe th`bdh pbrb cvatbr kb ghetb`aebga÷e dck guktavh y dc kb ghscgnb dc gbgbh
=.2 Zcoastrbr kbs cetrbdbs dc aesu`hs Gbdb vcz quc ck prhdugthr dc gbgbh gh`prb h bdquacrc (aegkush sa cs rcobkbdh) ue aesu`h quc usb ce ck gbgbhtbk, dcjc oubrdbr kb mbgturb sa cs quc tacec mbgturb h tacec quc csgrajar (ce ueb nhlb dc pbpck h ue gubdcreh h ueb bocedb h ue bk`bebquc h ce kb gh`putbdhrb…) -
Ck prhdugth quc bdquacrc Kb mcgnb dc bdquasaga÷e Ck kuobr dc d÷edc vacec ck prhdugth Kb gbetadbd bdquaradb
Vhr clc`pkh, sa ck dàb 2: dc lueah :623 ck prhdugthr gh`prb 36 brjhkaths dc gbgbh aelcrtbdhs pbrb rc-sac`jrb y :6 sbghs dc bjheh hroâeagh, dcjc csgrajar ce su rcoastrh< :6/3/:623< Gh`prb dc 36 brjhkaths dc gbgbh aelcrtbdh b kb Bshgabga÷e dc Gbgbhtcrhs Hroâeaghs dck Bkth dc Juceb ]astb dc Waquarrcs Waquarrcs.. :6/3/:623< Gh`prb dc :6 sbghs dc bjheh hroâeagh (pukpb dc gbmá gh`phstcbdb) dck Gcetrh Boràghkb Gbethebk dc Tbr Tbrrbzü. rbzü.
=.: Zcoastrbr kbs bpkagbgahecs dc aesu`hs Gbdb vcz quc ck prhdugthr bpkagb bkoueb sustbegab ce ck gbgbhtbk, dcjc rcoastrbr< Ck aesu`h h prhdugth quc usb Kb mcgnb dc bpkagbga÷e Kb pbrgckb d÷edc kh bpkagb Kb gbetadbd quc bpkagb
Vhr clc`pkh, clc`pkh, sa ck prhdugthr bpkagb gbk bk gbgbhtbk, dcjc csgrajar ce su rcoastrh< :>/3/:623< bpkagbga÷e dc :6 jhksbs dc :3 iakhs dc gbk boràghkb ce kb pbrgckb ‛Ck ‛ Ck Naoucr÷e‐.
2:
=.7 Zcoastrbr
kbs sac`jrbs y rc-sac`jrbs Gbdb vcz quc ck prhdugthr sac`jrb h rc-sac`jrb gbgbh, tacec quc rcoastrbr kb mcgnb, ck kuobr dc sac`jrb y kb gbetadbd dc ârjhkcs h sc`akkbs sc`jrbdhs. Vhr clc`pkh< clc`pkh< 76/3/:623< Zcsac`jrb dc 4= brjhkaths dc gbgbh ce kb pbrgckb ‛Ck Naoucr÷e‐
=.4 Zcoastrbr kbs ghscgnbs, ck prhgcsh phs ghscgnb (mcr`cetbga÷e y scgbdh) y vcetbs dc gbgbh Gbdb vcz quc ghscgnb gbgbh, dcjc aedagbr kb mcgnb, kb gbetadbd ghscgnbdb y ck kuobr ghscgnbdh. Clc`pkh<
2/2:/24< ghscgnb dc kb pbrgckb Ck Naoucr÷e, :/2:/24 ghscgnb dc kb pbrgckb ‛kb gucstb‐, 7/2:/24 ghscgnb dc kb pbrgckb ‛Ck Bkth‐. 2/2:/24 mcr`cetbga÷e dck gbgbh dck Naoucr÷e ce gbl÷e E¶7, :/2:/24< mcr`cetbga÷e dck gbgbh dc kb Gucstb ce ck gbl÷e E¶=, 7/2:/24 mcr`cetbga÷e dck gbgbh dc Ck Bkth ce ck gbl÷e E¶2. Nby quc aedagbr kb gbetadbd dc gbgbh quc sc phec b mcr`cetbr ce gbdb gbl÷e. Kb gbetadbd dc gbgbh sc pucdc rcoastrbrsc ce vhku`ce h ce pcsh. ?/2:/24 Wcgbdh dck gbgbh dck gbl÷e 7 y = y >/2:/24< scgbdh dck gbgbh dck gbl÷e 2 (sa ustcd utakazb tüeckcs, Wb`hb u htrh sastc`b dc scgbdh dcjc aedagbr guâk us÷ pbrb gbdb khtc. 2>/2:/24 Wc phec ce sbghs ck gbgbh scgbdh ck ? y >/2:/24< Wc cesbgbe 2: sbghs dc 46 iakhs gbdb ueh. WC adcetagbe khs sbghs gh`h khtc A y ghe ue ghescgutavh dc khs eü`crhs dc gbdb sbgh< Khtc 2, sbgh 29 Khtc 2, sbgh :9 Khtc2, sbgh 7 ctg… 7/2/23 Wc vcedce = sbghs dc gbgbh khtc 2, sbghs 2 bk = (:46 iakhs) b kb mâjragb dc gnhghkbtc ‛Ck Bk`cedrh Dukgc‐ Ce ck gbpàtukh shjrc `beclh phs ghscgnb sc cxpkagb g÷`h ghdagbr khs khtcs dc mcr`cetbga÷e y dc scgbdh.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
27
?.
Kb mcrtakazbga÷e dck gbgbhtcrh
Ck gbgbhtcrh ecgcsatb mcrtakazbga÷e ce thdbs kbs ctbpbs dc su vadb< ce ck bk`âgaoh, ce kb sac`jrb, gubedh sc cstâ dcsbrrhkkbedh ck ârjhk y gubedh cstâ prhdugacedh. prhdugacedh.
?.2 Kb mcrtakazbga÷e ce ck bk`âgaoh Wc rcgh`acedh usbr ueb `czgkc cs dcütak : pbrtcs tacrrb phr uebmhsm÷ragb dc gh`phst jace dcsgh`pucsth pbrb kkcebr kbs jhksbs. Wa pucdc bphrtbrdctb`jaáe rhgb b kb `czgkb (cquavbkcetc b kh quc gbjc ce ueb tbpatb dc jhtckkb phr gbdb jhksb) y Tragnhdcr`b. Seb vcz quc kb pkbetatb tceob dhs nhlbs grcgadbs, sc pucdce bpkagbr jahmcr`ceths kàquadhs ghe h sae `agrh-hrobeas`hs (@@ h C@) gbdb 23 dàbs.
?.: Kb mcrtakazbga÷e b kb sac`jrb CW `uy a`phrtbetc nbgcr ue nhyh sugacetc`cetc orbedc pbrb kb sac`jrb (phr kh `cehs 76 g` phr 76 g` phr 76 g`) pbrb quc ck brjhkath dcsbrrhkkc rbàgcs mucrtcs y orbedcs orbedcs.. Ce ck mhedh dck nhyh sc rcgh`acedb bpkagbr bjheh hroâeagh jace dcsgh`pucsth.
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
ESEGB BVKARSC CWTAÁZGHK H OBKKAEB\B H SE BJHEH HZOÂEAGH BÜE GBKACETC CE CK MHEDH DCK NHQH, VHDZÀB AETH^AGBZ Q @BTBZ BK BZJHKATH. WHKB@CETC BVKARSC BJHEH HZOÂEAGH JACE DCWGH@VSCWTH
Wc rcgh`acedb bpkagbr nbstb 4 iakhs dc bjheh hroâeagh jace dcsgh`pucsth phr nhyh. Wa eh dasphec dc tbetb gbetadbd, bpkaquc kh quc pucdb. Bpkaquc uehs 76 orb`hs dc rhgb mhsm÷ragb (7 tbpatbs) h `cehs (kh quc pucdb bpkagbr) ce ck mhedh dck nhyh.
?.7 Mcrtakazbga÷e dck gbgbhtbk ce grcga`aceth Bpkaquc bjheh mhkabr (jahmcr`ceths) gbdb `cs y 2 iakh dc bjheh hroâeagh gbdb : `cscs nbstb kb prhdugga÷e dck gbgbh.
?.4 Mcrtakazbga÷e dck gbgbh ce prhdugga÷e Seb vcz quc ck gbgbh cstá prhdugacedh, kb mcrtakazbga÷e dcpcedcrâ dc kb gbetadbd dc kb ghscgnb.
Cxastc `ugnb aemhr`bga÷e shjrc kbs ecgcsadbdcs ce eutracetcs dck gbgbh. Vbrb cstc `beubk, sc th`÷ ce gucetb aemhr`bga÷e prhgcdcetc dc Ghkh`jab, Cgubdhr y Eagbrboub.
Ce prh`cdah, phr gbdb 266 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh ghscgnbdh gh scgnbdh,, khs gbgbhtcrhs ecgcsatbe< 7 iakhs dc eatr÷oceh 6.? iakhs dc m÷smhrh 3 iakhs dc phtbsah 2 iakh dc gbkgah 6.> iakh dc `boecsah
24
Eutracetcs E V I Gb @o Iakhs 7 6.? 3 2 6.> Vhr gbdb 266 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh
Gh`h kbs ehr`bs dc gcrtagbga÷e tacece gh`h rcquasath quc sc dcjc `betcecr y `clhrbr kb mcrtakadbd dc khs suckhs, sc dcjce rcphecr khs eutracetcs quc cxtrbc kb ghscgnb dc gbgbh. Vbrb sbjcr guâeth bjheh tacec quc bpkagbr bpkagbr,, ustcd dcjc th`br ce gucetb< 2. Kb prhdugga÷e cspcrbdb ce iakhs scghs :. Ck ghetceadh ce eutracetcs dc khs bjhehs quc utakazb 7. Kb nu`cdbd dc khs bjhehs hroâeaghs quc utakazb 4. Ck phrgcetblc dc khs eutracetcs quc kb pkbetb pucdc bjshrjcr dck bjheh quc bpkagb
?.4.2 Gâkgukh dc kb gbetadbd dc eutracetcs quc sc dcjc bphrtbr Gubdrh 2. Gbetadbd dc eatr÷oceh (E), m÷smhrh (V), phtbsah (I), gbkgah (Gb) y `boecsah (@o) quc cxtrbce dc kb egb kb prhdugga÷e dc 366 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh. Ghscgnb cspcrbdb Iakhs rcqucradhs ce Iakhs Wcghs dc E< 36 6
7 ^ 3 0 23
V
I
Gb
@o
6.? ^ 3 0 7.3
3 ^ 3 0 :3
2^303
6.> ^ 3 0 4
Vbrb ueb ghscgnb dc 366 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh, khs gbgbhtcrhs ecgcsatbe< 23 iakhs dc eatr÷oceh E 7.3 iakhs dc m÷smhrh V :3 iakhs dc phtbsah I 3 iakhs dc gbkgah Gb 4 iakhs dc @o
?.4.: Gâkgukh dck E, V y I quc bphrtb ck bjheh hroâeagh y gubeth pucdce utakazbr khs brjhkcs dc gbgbh ae`cdabtb`cetc Khs bjhehs hroâeaghs ocecrbk`cetc tacece jbstbetc nu`cdbd h scb boub. Cstb boub eh ghetacec eutracetcs eutracetcs. . Vhr kh shkb`cetc kb, nby pbrtc scgb dck bjheh dcjc th`brsc ce gucetb pbrb gbkgukbr ck bphrtc dctbeth, eutracetcs. Vhr ckkh, ckkh quc ghehgcr ck phrgcetblc dc nu`cdbd dck bjheh pbrb ghehgcr ck phrgcetblc dc `btcrab scgb dck `as`h.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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Vbrb gbkgukbr gbkgukbr ck phrgcetblc dc nu`cdbd dc ue bjheh sae cquaph tágeagh, sc pcsb 2iakh dc bjheh nü`cdh y sc dclb scgbr bk shk (h ce ue nhreh sa tacec prasb…) y sc vuckvc b pcsbr gubedh cstâ thtbk`cetc scgh. Kb damcrcegab cetrc ck pcsh nü`cdh y ck pcsh scgh rcprcscetb kb gbetadbd dc boub quc nbjàb ce ck bjheh. Clc`pkh< 2 iakh (2666 orb`hs) dc bjheh nü`cdh db =36 orb`hs dc bjheh scgh. Kb damcrcegab cs dc 736 orb`hs phr gbdb 2666 orb`hs, cs dcgar 6.73 iakh h ue 73%. Vhr kh tbeth, kb `btcrab scgb rcprcscetb ue =3% dck bjheh nü`cdh. Vhr htrb pbrtc, kbs pkbetbs eh khorbe bprhvcgnbr thdhs khs eutracetcs quc sc bpkagbe ghe khs bjhehs. Seb pbrtc dc ckkhs sc pucdc cvbphrbr cvbphrbr,, htrb sc csgurrc ghe kbs kkuvabs, htrb sc lb bk suckh h sc pucdc pcrdcr dc htrb `becrb… Ce ocecrbk, sc ghesadcrb quc kb `atbd dck eatr÷oceh quc sc bpkagb eh cs bprhvcgnbdh phr kbs pkbetbs. Ce cstc gbsh sc dagc quc kb cgacegab dc ush dck eatr÷oceh cs dck 36% (kb `atbd dc kh quc ghetacec ck bjheh). Ce ck gbsh dck m÷smhrh y dck phtbsah, sc csta`b ueb cgacegab dck ?3%. Gubdrh :. Gâkgukh dck bphrtc dc eutracetcs dck bjheh hroâeagh quc kb pkbetb pucdc bjshrjcr. bjshrjcr.
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
Bjheh hroâeagh
Iakhs dc eatr÷oceh daspheajkcs phr gbdb 266 iakhs dc bjheh
Iakhs dc mhsmhrh daspheajkcs phr gbdb 266 iakhs dc bjheh
Iakhs dc phtbsah daspheajkcs phr gbdb 266 iakhs dc bjheh
Gh`phst
2.> ^ 6.= ^ 6.3 0 6.34
6.> ^ 6.= ^ 6.?3 0 6.7=
: ^ 6.= ^ 6.?3 0 6.1
266 IAKHW DC GH@VHWT BVHZTBE B KBW VKBETBW
6.34 IAKHW DC EATZ×OCEH
6.7= IAKHW DC M×WMHZH
6.1 IAKHW DC VHTBWAH
Cxpkagbgahecs
2.> cs ck phrgcetblc dc E dck gh`phst 6.> % dc V 6.= saoeamagb quc ck 46% dc nu`cdbd gh`phst tacec 46% dc dck gh`phst nu`cdbd ( 2 ‗ 6.4 0 6.=) 6.?3 cs ck phrgcetblc dc 6.3 cs ck phrgcetblc dc E quc kb pkbetb pucdc quc kb pkbetb pucdc bjshrjcr dck m÷smhrh bjshrjcr dck bjheh
:% dc I 46% dc nu`cdbd 6.?3 phrgcetblc quc kb pkbetb pucdc bjshrjcr dck phtbsah
?.4.7 Gâkgukh dc kb gbetadbd dc gh`phst quc tacec quc bpkagbr b kb pkbetbga÷e pbrb ueb ghscgnb dc 366 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh Ghehgacedh yb gubeths eutracetcs cxtrbc ueb ghscgnb dc 366 iakhs, y guâeth bphrtbe 266 iakhs dc bjheh hroâeagh, sc pucdc gbkgukbr guâeth bjheh sc ecgcsatb sa sc quacrc ghscgnbs 366 iakhs dc gbgbh.
Gubdrh 7. Gâkgukh dc gbetadbd dc bjheh hroâeagh quc sc hgupb pbrb ueb ghscgnb dc 366 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh.
Vbrb cstc clc`pkh, clc`pkh, sc dcjce bpkagbr :??> iakhs dc cstc gh`phst pbrb khorbr kb ghscgnb dc 366 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh. Wa she sbghs dc 73 iakhs, nby quc bpkagbr bprhxa`bdb`cetc >6 sbghs dc gh`phst.
?.3 Bjhehs pcr`atadhs ce boragukturb hroâeagb Ce kb boragukturb hroâeagb gcrtagbdb sc pcr`atce bjhehs ebturbkcs, yb scbe `aecrbkcs (cxtrbàdhs dc `aebs) h prhdugadhs ghe bkoueb mhr`b dc rcsaduh ebturbk dc `btcrab hroâeagb, gh`h cstaárghk, rcsaduhs dc ghscgnb dck gbmá, dc kb gbòb, ctg.
2=
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
2?
Gubdrh 4. Ghetceadhs Ghet ceadhs mrcgucetcs mrcguc etcs dc nu`cdbd, E, V, I Gb y @o dc bjhehs hroâeaghs utakazbdhs utak azbdhs ce boragukturb hroâeagb gcrtagbdb.
GSADBDH< Whkb`cetc sc pcr`atc ck gkhrurh dc phtbsah y ck Wukmbth dc phtbsah dc hraoce ebturbk. Ck IGk (gkhrurh dc phtbsah) y ck I :WH4 (sukmbth dc phtbsah) saetátaghs cstâe prhnajadhs. h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
?.= Clcrgagah dc gâkgukh dc kb gbetadbd
dc gh`phst b bpkagbr
Wa ustcd quacrc prhdugar >66 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh y tacec b su dasphsaga÷e ue bjheh hroâeagh ghe 73% dc nu`cdbd nu`cd bd y ghe 2.1% dc E, 6.=% 6 .=% dc V,V, 2.1% dc I, 2.>% 2. >% dc Gb y 6.7% 6.7 % dc @o, ¸RSÁ GBETADBD GBETADB D DC GH@VHWT DCJC BVHZTBZ8 2.
Gâkgukh dc kbs ecgcsadbdcs dc gbdb eutracetc pbrb khs >66 iakhs dc ghscgnb cspcrbdb.
> ^ 7 0 :4 iakhs dc eatr÷oceh > ^ 6.? 0 3.= iakhs dc m÷smhrh > ^ 3 0 46 iakhs dc phtbsah > ^ 2 0 > iakhs dc gbkgah > ^ 6.> 0 =.4 iakhs dc `boecsah
:.
Bphrtc dck bjheh hroâeagh phr gbdb 266 iakhs dc bjheh<
2.1 ^ 6.=3 ^ 6.3 0 6.= iakhs dc E cmgacegab dck bjheh) 6.= ^ 6.=3 ^ 6.?3 0 6.7 iakh dc V 2.1 ^ 6.=3 ^ 6.?3 0 6.1 iakh dc I 2.> ^ 6.=3 ^ 6.?3 0 6.1 iakh dc Gb 6,7 ^ 6.=3 ^ 6.?3 0 6.23 iakh dc @o
(6.=3 ghrrcsphedc ghrrcsphedc b 2 ‗ 6.73 dc nu`cdbd) (6.3 cs kb
7.
Gbetadbd dc gh`phst quc sc dcjc bpkagbr pbrb supkar kbs ecgcsadbdcs dc eutracetcs<
2>
(:4 / 6.=) ^ 266 0 4666 iakhs dc cstc gh`phst pbrb supkar ck eatr÷oceh (224 sbghs dc 73 iakhs) (3.= / 6.7) ^ 266 0 2>=? iakhs pbrb supkar kb ecgcsadbd dc m÷smhrh (46 / 6.1) ^ 266 0 4444 iakhs pbrb supkar kb ecgcsadbd dc phtbsah (> / 6.1) ^ 266 0 >>1 iakhs pbrb supkar kb ecgcsadbd dc gbkgah (=.4 / 6.23) ^ 266 0 4:== iakhs pbrb supkar kb ecgcsadbd dc `boecsah
4.
¸Ruá mbktbràb sa bpkagb 4666 iakhs dc gh`phst8
Mbktbràb phtbsah y `boecsah. ]cb quc nbgc mbktb 4444 iakhs dc gh`phst pbrb supkar kbs ecgcsadbdcs dc phtbsah y 4:== iakhs dc gh`phst pbrb supkar kbs ecgcsadbdcs dc `boecsah. 4666 iakhs dc gh`phst ^ 6.1 iakhs dc phtbsah cetrc 266 0 ue bphrtc dc 7= iakhs dc phtbsah. G÷`h ecgcsath 46 iakhs dc phtbsah, 46 ‗ 7= 0 4 iakhs dc phtbsah mbktbe. 4666 iakhs dc gh`phst ^ 6.23 dc `boecsah cetrc 266 0 ue bphrtc dc = iakhs dc `boecsah. G÷`h ecgcsath =.4 iakh dc `boecsah, =.4 ‗ = 0 6.4 iakh dc `boecsah mbktb. Wa utakazh I`bo (6% nu`cdbd, ::% I, 2>% @o ghe ue ?3% dc cmgacegab) Tceoh quc bphrtbr< 4 / (6.:: ^ 6.?3) 0 :4 iakhs dc I`bo pbrb supkar ck phtbsah quc mbktb Tceoh quc bphrtbr< 6.4 / (6.2> ^ 6.?3) 0 7 iakhs dc I`bo pbrb supkar ck `boecsah quc mbktb. Ce cstc gbsh sc vc quc bk bphrtbr :4 iakhs dc I`bo, bphrth sumgacetc (aegkusavc `âs quc sumgacetc) `boecsah.
Ce thtbk, pbrb ueb ghscgnb dc >66 iakhs dc gbgbh scgh, dcjcràb bphrtbr 4666 iakhs dc cstc gh`phst `âs :4 iakhs dc I`bo. Ck gbgbh ecgcsatb `agrheutracetcs y bzumrc pbrb prhdugar jace. Khs `agrheutracetcs quc suckce mbktbr she ck jhrh y ck zaeg. Wc pucdce bpkagbr sukmbth dc zaeg y sbkcs dc jhrh `cdabetc jahmcr`ceths h jahkcs. Cs ghevceacetc bphrtbr bzumrc bk gbgbhtbk. Wc rcgh`acedb dc 26 b :6 iakhs dc bzumrc phr ncgtârcb phr bòh sa ck beâkasas dc suckh dc`ucstrb dcgacegab dc bzumrc y sa eh sc bpkagb I`bo. Zcgucrdc quc sa sc gcrtagb EHV pbrb ck
`crgbdh dc Cstbdhs Seadhs, dcjc gh`phstcbr kbs cxgrctbs bea`bkcs ghemhr`c b kb ehr`b. Wa eh kh nbgc, dcjc bpkagbr khs bjhehs ghe cxgrctbs 16 dàbs betcs dc kb ghscgnb.
Zcgucrdc quc thdbs kbs bpkagbgahecs dc bjheh dcjce rcoastrbrsc ghe csths dbths< mcgnb, kuobr dc bpkagbga÷e, taph dc bjheh y gbetadbd bpkagbdb.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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?.? Ssh dc bjhehs vcrdcs Kbs kcou`aehsbs she ârjhkcs h brjusths quc, orbgabs b ueb bkabezb h sa`jahsas quc tacece ghe ueb jbgtcrab kkb`bdb Znazhjau`, tacece kb gbpbgadbd dc th`br eatr÷oceh (E) dck barc, y trbesmhr`brkh ce ueb mhr`b s÷kadb quc kbs pkbetbs gh`h ck mralhk, ck `bdcrh ecorh y ck phr÷ pucdce usbr. Vhr csh kbs nhlbs dc csths ârjhkcs. Vhr csh `ugnhs boragukthrcs sac`jrbs kcou`aehsbs,, pbrb tcecr `âs eatr÷oceh ce sus egbs. kcou`aehsbs
>.
Vbrb das`aeuar kbs ecgcsadbdcs dc bjheh ce kb pkbetbga÷e, cs ütak bshgabr bjhehs vcrdcs b khs ârjhkcs dc gbgbh. Ocecrbk`cetc, sc utakazbe ârjhkcs mlbdhrcs dc eatr÷oceh gh`h ck phr÷
(Crytraeb), kb oubjb (Aeob), kb Kcugbceb h ck `bdcrh ecorh (Okaragadab). Wa ck gbgbhtbk cstâ brjhkcbdh ghe cstbs cspcgacs dc ârjhkcs sc pucdc rcdugar ue phgh khs bphrtcs dc bjhehs.
Ghetrhk dc pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs
Ce prhdugga÷e hroâeagb, ck ghetrhk dc pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs sc jbsb ce kb prcvcega÷e. Ck h kb prhdugthrb dcjc bpkagbr kbs `cdadbs prcvcetavbs ecgcsbrabs pbrb das`aeuar bk `âxa`h khs btbqucs dc pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs. Kbs cemcr`cdbdcs cemcr`cdbdcs `âs gh`uecs dck gbgbh she kb @heakab y kb @bzhrgb ecorb. Kbs pkbobs `âs gh`uecs she kbs brdakkbs y khs pâlbrhs gbrpaetcrhs.
>.2 @cdadbs dc prcvcega÷e ghetrb @heakab h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
y @bzhrgb ecorb< >.2.2
Ghetrhk (rcdugga÷e) dc kb nu`cdbd ce kb pkbetbga÷e
Vbrb khorbr csth nby quc `betcecr kb sh`jrb ghetrhkbdb (phdbdb) y khs ârjhkcs dc gbgbh phdbdhs tb`jaáe. Nby quc `betcecr kbs `bkczbs ghetrhkbdbs pbrb quc pucdb gargukbr mâgak`cetc ck barc cetrc khs gbgbhtcrhs. Cs a`phrtbetc quc ck vaceth pucdb scgbr ue phgh kbs nhlbs pbrb quc ck nheoh eh grczgb tbeth. D÷edc scb ecgcsbrah, tb`jaáe nbjrâ quc nbgcr drceblcs pbrb cvbgubr kb nu`cdbd dck suckh. >.2.: Zc`hga÷e dc kbs `bzhrgbs cemcr`bs
Cs `uy a`phrtbetc quatbr kbs `bzhrgbs cemcr`bs betcs dc quc prhduzgbe csphrbs (ck phkvath jkbegh). Vhr csh sc dcjce quatbr y cetcrrbr thdbs kbs `bzhrgbs cemcr`bs thdbs kbs sc`bebs. Kbs `bzhrgbs ghe dcmhr`bgahecs dcjce scr rc`hvadbs, phrquc she cstbdhs aeagabkcs dc kb cemcr`cdbd.
Mao. @bzhrgb ghe @heakab quc dcjc scr rc`hvadb b tac`ph pbrb cvatbr kb dastrajuga÷e dc kbs csphrbs jkbegbs
Vbrb phdcr rc`hvcr mâgak`cetc kbs `bzhrgbs cemcr`bs cs a`phrtbetc `betcecr ck gbgbh b ueb bkturb quc pcr`atb nbgcrkh mâgak`cetc. Vbrb Vbrb csh kbs phdbs dc mhr`bga÷e dck ârjhk dc gbgbh she `uy a`phrtbetcs. a`phrtbetcs. Zc`hvacedh b tac`ph gnuphecs y rb`bs quc sc cstáe ycedh `uy bktbs
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Mao. Vhdb dc rc`hga÷e dc gnuphecs ce ck gbgbh pbrb tcecr ueb `byhr barcbga÷e ce kb pkbetbga÷e, rcdugar kb nu`cdbd y ghetrhkbr `clhr kb @heakab y htrbs cemcr`cdbdcs.
>.2.7 Mcrtakazbga÷e bdcgubdb
>.7 @cdadbs dc ghetrhk dc cemcr`cdbdcs ghe sustbegabs
Cs a`phrtbetc obrbetazbr b kbs pkbetbs ueb eutraga÷e bdcgubdb y jbkbegcbdb. Ck bphrtc dc phtbsah y gbkgah cs pbrtagukbr`cetc a`phrtbetc pbrb mhrtbkcgcr kbs dcmcesbs ebturbkcs dc khs ârjhkcs dc gbgbh.
pcr`atadbs
>.: @cdadbs dc prcvcega÷e
ghetrb pkbobs Cs `uy damàgak prcvcear khs btbqucs dc brdakkbs y pâlbrhs gbrpaetcrhs. Ce cmcgth, csths bea`bkcs sc vuckvce pkbobs gubedh ck cquakajrah ebturbk sc nb rhth. Kbs brdakkbs y khs pâlbrhs sc vuckvce pkbobs phrquc yb eh nby sugacetcs dcprcdbdhrcs ebturbkcs pbrb ghetrhkbr su phjkbga÷e (scrpacetcs (scrpacetcs,, obvakbecs, zhrrhs, obths dc `hetc cetrc htrhs). Kb `clhr mhr`b dc ka`atbr cstbs pkbobs cs prhtcoacedh sus cec`aohs ebturbkcs ebturbkcs..
Vbrb ghetrhkbr h `ataobr khs btbqucs dc @heakab y`aecrbkcs @bzhrgbpcr`atadbs ecorb, scgh`h pucdce usbr sustbegabs khs ghjrcs (sukmbth y hxagkhrurh), ck gbkdh jhrdckás, ck gbkdh sukmhgâkgagh y prhdugths jahk÷oaghs gh`h khs C@, @@, y khs `agrh-hrobeas`hs gh`h Tragnhdcr`b, Jbgakkus sujtakas, y htrhs. Cs a`phrtbetc scòbkbr quc pbrb kb @heakab, eh cxastc ue prhdugth pbrb ghetrhkbr dc mhr`b saoeagbtavb kb cemcr`cdbd. Kb `clhr mhr`b dc ghetrhkbr kb @heakab cs usbedh vbracdbdcs rcsastcetcs h thkcrbetcs y ‛dcs`heakabr‐ h rc`hvcr `bzhrgbs cemcr`bs sc`bebk`cetc sc`bebk`cetc..
>.4 @cdadbs dc ghetrhk ghetrb kbs
brdakkbs y pâlbrhs gbrpaetcrhs Wc pcr`atc ck ush dc trb`pbs `cgâeagbs. Eh sc pcr`atc ck ush dc vcecehs saetátaghs. saetátaghs.
Zcgucrdc quc dcjc rcoastrbr thdbs kbs bpkagbgahecs dc prhdugths pbrb ghetrhk dc pkbobs y cemcr`cdbdcs. Wc dcjc behtbr kb mcgnb, ck kuobr dc bpkagbga÷e, ck prhdugth usbdh y kb gbetadbd bpkagbdb.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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Ck `beclh phs ghscgnb
Ck h kb prhdugthrb dc gbgbh hroâeagh dcjc prcscrvbr kb aetcoradbd hroâeagb dck gbgbh nbstb ck `beclh phs ghscgnb. Csth saoeagb guadbr quc ck gbgbh eh sc ghetb`aec durbetc khs prhgcshs dc qucjrbdh,, mcr`cetbga÷e y scgbdh. qucjrbdh Wa sc `beclb shkb`cetc gbgbh hroâeagh, sc dcjc guadbr quc kbs ncrrb`acetbs, khs gblhecs dc mcr`cetbga÷e y ck cquaph dc scgbdh eh sc ghetb`aece ghe gubkquacr sustbegab prhnajadb (borhquà`agh,, bgcatc ecorh, paeturb, (borhquà`agh paeturb, gh`justajkc h gubkquacr htrh prhdugth eh pcr`atadh). Wa sc `beclb gbgbh hroâeagh y gbgbh ghevcegahebk, sc dcjce `beclbr dc mhr`b scpbrbdb. Khs gblhecs dc mcr`cetbga÷e y ck sastc`b dc scgbdh dcjce scr damcrcetcs c adcetagbdhs (hroâeagh y ghevcegahebk). Wa sc usbe khs `as`hs cquaphs, dcjce ka`pabrsc y kbvbrsc betcs dc usbrkh pbrb gbgbh hroâeagh. Csths prhgcda`aceths dc kbvbdh dcjce rcoastrbrsc ce ueb jatâghrb aedagbedh kb nhrb, mcgnb c adcetagbga÷e dc gbdb gbl÷e h sastc`b s astc`b dc scgbdh usbdh.
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
Vbrb bscourbr bscourbr kb trbzbjakadbd dck gbgbh, cstc dcjc `beclbrsc ce ‛khtcs‐. ‛ khtcs‐. Gbdb khtc pucdc scr ue gbl÷e dc mcr`cetbga÷e phr clc`pkh. Dc cstb `becrb, ck prhdugthr dcjc rcoastrbr gbdb gbl÷e dc mcr`cetbga÷e ghe ue g÷daoh, kb mcgnb dc aeagah dc mcr`cetbga÷e y kb mcgnb dc e dc kb mcr`cetbga÷e. Vhr clc`pkh, clc`pkh, ck khtc dc gbgbh quc sc mcr`cet÷ ce ck gbl÷e E¶7 dck 7 dc ehvac`jrc :623 bk > dc ehvac`jrc :623 phdràb adcetagbrsc ghe ck g÷daoh M7722>22. Csth saoeagb< khtc dc Mcr`cetbga÷e (M), ck eü`crh dck gbl÷e (7) y kbs mcgnbs dc aeagah y e dc kb mcr`cetbga÷e (7/22 bk 1/22). Vhr clc`pkh, ck khtc M=762232: adcetagb ck khtc dc gbgbh quc sc mcr`cet÷ ce ck gbl÷e E¶= dck 76 dc ehvac`jrc bk 3 dc dagac`jrc. Gubedh sc prhgcdb b scgbr ck gbgbh, sc pucdce `czgkbr vbrahs khtcs dc mcr`cetbga÷e ce ue khtc dc scgbdh sac`prc y gubedh sc behtc ce ue rcoastrh kb gh`phsaga÷e dc gbdb khtc dc scgbdh. Vhr clc`pkh, sa sc scgbe dhs khtcs dc mcr`cetbga÷e ce ue `as`h cquaph dc scgbdh sc dcjce rcoastrbr ck g÷daoh dc khs dhs khtcs quc ‛cetrbe‐ bk prhgcsh dc scgbdh (M7722>22 y M44222622) y ck g÷daoh dc cstc gbgbh quc ‛sbkc‐ dck cquaph dc scgbdh (W226222322). Ce cstc gbsh cstc g÷daoh saoeagb< khtc dc scgbdh (W), ce ck cquaph dc scgbdh E¶2 (2) quc c`pcz÷ b scgbrsc ck 26 dc ehvac`jrc y quc sc tcr`ae÷ dc scgbr ck 23 dc ehvac`jrc (26/22 bk 23/22). Gubedh sc pheob cstc gbgbh ce sbghs, gbdb sbgh dcjcrâ tcecr ck g÷daoh dc khtc dc scgbdh ghrrcsphedacetc. Vhr clc`pkh, gbdb sbgh tcedrâ ueb ctaquctb quc scòbkb< sbgh 2 dck khtc W226222322, sbgh : dck khtc W226222322, sbgh 7 dck khtc W226222322, ctg… Cstc sastc`b dc ghdagbga÷e cs ue clc`pkh, ustcd pucdc utakazbr htrh sastc`b sac`prc y gubedh qucdc bscourbdb kb adcetagbga÷e dck gbgbh, kb adcetagbga÷e dc khs cquaphs usbdhs y kbs mcgnbs dc khs prhgcshs.
26. Ck prhgcsh dc gcrtamgbga÷e Vbrb phdcr shkagatbr kb gcrtagbga÷e, ck h kb prhdugthrb dc gbgbh hroâeagh dcjc dc`hstrbr quc ck gbgbhtbk nb gu`pkadh ghe 7 bòhs dc `beclh hroâeagh.
Cxastce vbrabs hpgahecs pbrb kkcebr cstc rcquasath<
::
2. Whkagatbr b kb Seadbd BZBH (Bgrcdatbga÷e y Zcoastrh ce Boragukturb Hroâeagb) dck Wcrvagah Mathsbeatbrah dck Cstbdh dck @BO quc kc dá scoua`aceth bk pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e trbesaga÷e.. :. Whkagatbr b ueb bocegab gcrtagbdhrb quc kc dá scoua`aceth bk pcràhdh dc trbesaga÷e (pcrh csth a`pkagb ue ghsth `âs ckcvbdh quc kb hpga÷e betcrahr) 7. Kkcvbr rcoastrhs gh`pkcths y dctbkkbdhs dc khs 7 bòhs dc trbesaga÷e y prcscetbr kbs dcgkbrbgahecs lurbdbs gatbdbs ce ck scouedh gbpàtukh dc cstc `beubk b kb bocegab gcrtagbdhrb. Gubedh ck prhdugthr h kb prhdugthrb gu`pkb ghe ck pueth betcrahr, shkagatb kb gcrtagbga÷e b ueb gcrtagbdhrb. Kb gcrtagbdhrb kc `bedb ue mhr`ukbrah dc shkagatud y ue mhr`ukbrah dck Vkbe dc @beclh pbrb kkcebr. Ck Vkbe dc `beclh cs ue dhgu`ceth ce ck quc ck prhdugthr dcjc dcsgrajar thdh kh quc nbgc pbrb gu`pkar ghe kbs ehr`bs hroâeagbs hroâeagbs.. Seb vcz quc ck prhdugthr `bedb kb shkagatud dc gcrtagbga÷e y ck Vkbe dc `beclh b kb gcrtagbdhrb y quc cstb kh bprucjb, ck prhdugthr dcjc pbobr ck 36% dck ghsth dc kb gcrtagbga÷e. g crtagbga÷e. Kucoh dck pboh, ue aespcgthr h ueb aespcgthrb ghetbgtbe bk prhdugthr pbrb ghhrdaebr kb mcgnb dc kb aespcgga÷e ce gb`ph. g b`ph. Ck dàb dc kb aespcgga÷e, ck aespcgthr h kb aespcgthrb vcragbe quc ck prhdugthr h kb prhdugthrb cstáe nbgacedh cxbgtb`cetc kh quc csgrajacrhe ce su Vkbe dc @beclh. Ruc eh cxastce racsohs dc ghetb`aebga÷e dck gbgbh gcrtagbdh y quc nbyb sugacetcs rcoastrhs gh`pkcths y dctbkkbdhs.. Bk e dctbkkbdhs e dc kb aespcgga÷e, ck aespcgthr h aespcgthrb prcscetb ue aemhr`c rcsu`adh dc sus hjscrvbgahecs y kh gh`pbrtc ghe ck prhdugthr (b). Tbeth ck h kb prhdugthr(b) y ck aespcgthr r`be ck aemhr`c rcsu`adh. Wa nujacrb dasgrcpbegabs cetrc kh quc hpaebe ck aespcgthr y ck prhdugthr, prhdugthr, sc dcjce behtbr kbs dasgrcpbegabs ce ck aemhr`c.
Ck aespcgthr `bedb ck aemhr`c b kb gcrtagbdhrb. Cs kb gcrtagbdhrb quc th`b kb dcgasa÷e dc gcrtagbga÷e, eh ck aespcgthr aespcgthr.. Kb dcgasa÷e dc gcrtagbga÷e pucdc scr< sc gcrtagb dc ueb vcz (sa gu`pkc b gbjbkadbd thdbs kbs ehr`bs), pucdc shkagatbrsc bggahecs ghrrcgtavbs (sa nby dcgacegabs `cehrcs quc supcrbr) h pucdc scr ue rcgnbzh dc kb gcrtagbga÷e (sa ck prhdugthr aegu`pkc dc mhr`b orbvc kbs ehr`bs hroâeagbs). Seb vcz gu`pkadbs kbs bggahecs ghrrcgtavbs y pbobdh ck 36% rcstbetc dck ghsth dc gcrtagbga÷e, kb gcrtagbdhrb hthrob ck gcrtagbdh hroâeagh quc cs vâkadh phr 2 bòh.
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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22. Jajkahorbmàb Gb`phs @. :627. @beclh dc mcrtakadbd dc suckhs gbgbhtcrhs. Kutncrbe _hrkd Zckacm. Eagbrboub. Dcsgb`ps, V.V. y Whth, Wht h, O. :626. Gcrtagbga Gcr tagbga÷e ÷e Vbsh b pbsh. BEBH, BEB H, Cgh-KHOAGB, GBTAC. Cgncvcrra, L. N. :627.Tcgehkhoàb `hdcreb ce kb prhdugga÷e dck gbgbh. @beubk pbrb prhdugthrcs hroâeaghs. @BO. Ghstb Zagb.
h g a e â o r h h b g b g c d e ÷ a g g u d h r p c d k b u e b @
@ b e u b k d c p r h d u g g a ÷ e d c g b g b h h r o â e a g h
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