Manual Podas e Desbastes

 

 

Dfmufo `k Eirdfçìi 

^i`fs k @ksjfstks 

 

 

Eclbf tãlmclf Pätuoi

^i`fs k @ksjfstks

Futircf

\kt & \tfrt Eilus, O`f. - Cmeilus

Liir`kmfçìi

Cmeilus

Ukrsìi

6

@ftf

:>63

Kmtc`f`k Eirdf`irf

\kt & \tfrt Eilus, O`f. - CmEilus C mEilus 

Lim`cçûks `k utcoczfçìi Pi`is is limtkø`is `cspimcjcoczf`is pkoi eirdf`ir k pkof CmEilus `urfmtk f eirdfçìi sìi priprck`f`k `is dksdis k mìi pi`kd skr lipcf`is, rkpri`uzc`is, lctf`is iu dfmcpuof`is, mi ti`i iu kd pfrtk. F CmEilus eirmklk kstk supirtk tkürcli `k eirdf f pisscjcoctfr i flkssi `is eirdfm`is î cmeirdfçìi rkoftcvf fi lursi quk erkqukmtf. F CmEilus mìi pi`k gfrfmtcr quk f cmeirdfçìi `cspimävko mkstk dfmufo rkpri`uzf kxftfdkmtk fs eimtks limsuotf`fs, pkoi quk f suf `cspimcjcoczfçìi mìi `cspkmsf f limsuotf `is `iludkmtis `k ircgkd, `cspimcjcoczf`is kd jcjocigrfecf mi ecmfo `kstk `iludkmti. F cmeirdfçìi fprkskmtf`f mkstk dfmufo mìi pi`k skr fotkrf`f iu kxpoirf`f lidkrlcfodkmtk sij qufoqukr eirdf.

pæg. : ^i`fs k @ksjfstks ||pæg.

 

 

Äm`clk Ijhktcvis gkrfcs ................... .......................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................................... ....................0   ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................... ........ 0  Ijhktcvis Kspkläeclis ...................... ^øjocli Fovi ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ......................... 0  ......................................................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................... ........ 0   Kmquf`rfdkmti `i dfmufo ................................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... ;  6.  Cmtri`uçìi .................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................... ........ 7  :. ^i`f ...................... :.6. Ãpilfs f`kquf`fs pfrf f rkfoczfçìi `f pi`f8 ...................................................................... ..................................................................................... ............... 3  3  :.:. Dftkrcfo `k pi`f8 ................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................ 66  66  60, rkvigf`i pkoi @KL -Okc :;0/:>>3 - @k flir`i lid f okgcsofçìi `k pritkçìi `i dimtf`i `k sijri k fzcmbi, f rkfoczfçìi `k pi`fs `k eirdfçìi, dfmutkmçìi iu sfmctærcfs lfrklkd `k futirczfçìi `i CLME. F rkfoczfçìi `k pi`fs kstæ ocdctf`f fi pkräi`i `k 6 `k mivkdjri f >5 Zkvigf i 6;5/:>>01 Okc 75/:>67 Fotkrf i @O 6:0/:>>5 \cstkdf @ELC Okc 660/:>67 Fmtklcpf i prfzi `k ocdpkzf pfrf6; Dfrçi @O 6>/:>62 6> d `cstêmlcf kmtrk lipfs ^j k Kl1 @kspflbi 63662 Ærkfs prcirctærcfs `k ecslfoczfçìi

pæg. 3 ^i`fs k @ksjfstks ||pæg.

 

 

Okc `fs XCE - (@klrkti-Okc m.¸ 6:7/:>>; @Z, 6.ª sãrck-F - M.¸ 6;> - ; `k Fgisti `k :>>;, fotkrf`i pkoi @klrkti-Okc m.¸ 6;/:>>3 @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ 3 - 60 `k Hfmkcri `k :>>3 (rkltceclf`i pkof @klofrfçìi `k Zkltceclfçìi m.¸ 6>/:>>3 @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ :7 - 3 `k Ekvkrkcri `k :>>3))

Kmtc`f`k Gkstirf `fs XCE - (^irtfrcf m.¸ :::/:>>5, @Z, 6.ª sãrck-J - M.¸ 02 - 2 `k Dfrçi `k :>>5)

@keksf `f Eoirkstf Limtrf Cmlèm`cis - (@klrkti-Okc m.¸ 6:0/:>>5, @Z, 6.ª sãrck-F - M.¸ 6:< - :2 `k Humbi `k :>>5, fotkrf`i pkoi @klrkti-Okc m.¸ 67/:>>3 @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ 3 - 60 `k Hfmkcri `k :>>3 (rkltceclf`i pkof @klofrfçìi `k Zkltceclfçìi m.¸ :>/:>>3 @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ ;6 - 6< `k Dfrçi `k :>>3))

^ofmi `k Gkstìi Eoirkstfo (^GE) k ^ofmi Kspkläecli `k Cmtkrvkmçìi Eoirkstfo (^KCE) - (@klrkti-Okc m.¸ 65/:>>3, @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ 3 - 60 `k Hfmkcri `k :>>3)

^kräi`i Lrätcli kd :>67 - `k :: `k Humbi ftã `k \ktkdjri - (^irtfrcf m.¸ 63;/:>67, @Z, 6.ª sãrck M.¸663 - :: `k Humbi `k :>67)

LÜ@CGI EOIZK\PFO - (@klrkti-Okc m.¸ :;0/:>>3, @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ 625 - :0 `k \ktkdjri `k :>>3), k suf rkvigfçìi (Okc m.¸ 6:/:>6:, @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ ;: - 6< `k Dfrçi `k :>6:)

Cmstctuc i sijrkcri lidi ærvirk mflcimfo `k ^irtugfo - (Zksiouçìi `f Fsskdjokcf `f Zkpøjoclf m.¸ 6;/:>6:, @Z, 6.ª sãrck - M.¸ - 6> `k Ekvkrkcri `k :>6:)

Kstfjkoklk i rkgcdk hurä`cli f quk kstìi suhkctfs, mi tkrrctürci limtcmkmtfo, fs fçûks `k frjirczfçìi k rkfrjirczfçìi lid rklursi f kspãlcks eoirkstfcs - (@klrkti-Okc m.¸ 35/:>6¸

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[df ekrrfdkmtf `k dæ qufoc`f`k ã eimtk `k fjirrklcdkmti limstfmtk. Is skrritks k tksiurfs `kvkd skr skdprk `kscmektf`is (ocxävcf iu æoliio) f ecd `k kvctfr f limtfdcmfçìi `fs ærvirks sìs. Ksliobf `k ekrrfdkmtfs `k flir`i lid i lirtk f kektufr8 kektufr8

F tksiurf `k pi`f  pi`f  ã pkrekctf pfrf is rfdis pkqukmis. Kstf ekrrfdkmtf pkrdctk ijtkr ud jid lirtk qufm`i kstæ kd jid kstf`i k jkd dfmtc`f. @ics tcpis `k di`kois, f trf`clcimfo lid udf oêdcmf frqukf`f quk vkd lirtfr limtrf udf limtrf-oêdcmf ecxf 1 dfcs rklkmtk f tksiurf `k pi`fr jcgirmf, lid udf oêdcmf kd @ quk vkd fpicfr-sk sijrk udf jcgirmf. ^frf ijtkr ud lirtk erfmli lid ud iu iutri di`koi i rfdi `kvk skr pisclcimf`i i dfcs pissävko mi cmtkrcir k mìi sijrk f pimtf `i cmstrudkmti. Pksiurfs `k pi`f sijrk jftkrcf pkrdctkd lirtfr skd kseirçi rfdis `k eirtk `cêdktri.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. 66

 

 

F tksiurf `k pi`f `k eirçf  eirçf  ã udf tksiurf `k pi`f gcgfmtf lid pumbf`is `k :> î 0> `k ld quk pkrdctk kxkrlkr udf eirçf dfcs cdpirtfmtk pfrf i lirtk `is rfdis `k grfm`k `cêdktri.

[df skrrf skrrf   iu fcm`f udf skrrf koãltrclf  koãltrclf  ã mklkssærcf pfrf is grfm`ks rfdis k eflcoctfr `kstf eirdf is trfjfobis `k pi`f.

F lcsfobf lcsfobf ã  ã cm`cspkmsævko pfrf pi`fr fs skjks. F pkgf ã `kpirtf`f pfrf ocdctfr qufoqukr rcsli `k ekrc`f `urfmtk i trfjfobi.

[df dfmutkmçìi luc`f`f, pkrcü`clf k rkguofr fis ditisskrrfs ditisskrrfs,, dkobirf i rkm`cdkmti `i trfjfobi k prioimgf i tkdpi `k vc`f øtco `f dæqucmf, limtrcjucm`i pfrf f `cdcmucçìi `is rcslis `k trfjfobi

Mitf88 pfrf f utcoczfçìi `k ditisskrrf, `kvkrìi tkr limbklcdkmti/eirdfçìi `k ditisskrrcstf, jkd lidi Mitf limbklkr fs Zkgrfs `k \kgurfmçf mf [tcoczfçìi `k Ditisskrrfs.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. 6:

 

 

Eiobkti `f FLP sijrk utcoczfçìi `k ditisskrrfs.

:.¸) Dfcs tfr`k, privf-sk quk ti`is is rfdis kd êmguoi fgu`i (?3>¸) kstìi dfo cmskrc`is mi rfdi lkmtrfo1 lid i pksi mf vkobclk, rfsgfd-sk

@kvc`i î prkssìi `fs pri`uçûks iu `f mkvk (rfdi rflbf`i). @urfmtk f eirdfçìi, ã cdpirtfmtk ecxfr i êmguoi `i rfdi-gucf, lkrlf `k 0;¸ kd rkofçìi fi trimli, pfrf sk ijtkr, pir ud of`i, f dkobir limecrdfçìi pissävko pfrf fs lfrgfs, k, pir iutri of`i, ud kokvf`i kstäduoi pfrf i lrkslcdkmti.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. 60

 

 

Mìi sk `kvk pkrdctcr quk lf`f rfdi-gucf surhfd dfcs quk < rfdis oftkrcfs. @kvkd eclfr f udf `cstêmlcf `i trimli `k pkoi dkmis 5> f 2> ld k fprkskmtfr udf `cstêmlcf `k lkrlf `k 6>> ld kmtrk sc, pfrf quk f coudcmfçìi skhf sueclckmtk. Is rfdis oftkrfcs sìi `crcgc`is ocvrkdkmtk pfrf lcdf mf trfmsvkrsfo, udf vkz quk vkrgfd dfcs tfr`k lid i pksi.

F pi`f `k erutceclfçìi, lidpirtf `ics di`is `k cmtkrvkmçìi, pfrf f dksdf eirdf8

  ^i`f `k prioimgfdkmtis ocdctfm`i i foimgfdkmti `fs pfrtks tkrdcmfcs `fs pkrmf`fs prcmlcpfcs, `k

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flir`i lid f suf vkgktfçìi

  F pi`f `is tfoûks pfrf privilfr iu flkokrfr f eirdfçìi `k ürgìis pri`utirks `k eoirks, oigi `k

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erutis.

F pi`f `kvk kqucocjrfr bfrdimcisfdkmtk i vcgir k f ekrtcoc`f`k `udf ærvirk8

  [df ærvirk ducti vcgirisf `kskmviovk kxlouscvfdkmtk grfm`ks rfdis k piulis erutis1   [df ærvirk ducti eãrtco, `fm`i ductfs eoirks k erutis, ksgitf-sk rfpc`fdkmtk k dirrk.

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F pi`f kqucocjrf f `cstrcjucçìi `is erutis sijrk fs `cekrkmtks pfrtks `f ærvirk, limskgucm`i-sk udf dkobir focdkmtfçìi `kstks k ocdctfm`i fs sijrklfrgfs. F pi`f efvirklk f eirdfçìi k rkmivfçìi `is rfdis `k eruti. F pi`f kqucocjrf f `cstrcjucçìi `f skcvf mfs `cekrkmtks pfrtks `f pofmtf, tkm`i kd limtf i eflti mfturfo quk f skcvf tkd skdprk tkm`èmlcf f cr pfrf fs kxtrkdc`f`ks `f eirdf erutkcrf k fjfm`imfr fs pfrtks jfcxfs.

F pi`f ekctf mkstk skmtc`i tkd ud cmtkrkssk prcdir`cfo pfrf8

  Kqucocjrfr f vkgktfçìi `fs pkrmf`fs prcmlcpfcs kmtrk sc1

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  Kqucocjrfr f vkgktfçìi `is tfoûks (kspãlck `k pkqukmis rfdis lrcf`is pkof pi`f, quk supirtfd is

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ürgìis quk ircgcmfd f erutceclfçìi) tkm`i kd limtf f suf sctufçìi mf ærvirk.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. 6;

 

 

:.0. @kz Zkgrfs `k iuri `f pi`f

Kektufr f pi`f `fs erutkcrfs skdprk skgum`i fs rkgrfs `k pi`fr8

6)  6)  Kxfdcmfr luc`f`isfdkmtk f sfø`k k i kstf`i `f ærvirk. @kvkdis kxfdcmfr luc`f`isfdkmtk f ærvirk `k ti`is is of`is fmtks `k f pi`fr, rkspim`km`i æs skgucmtks pkrgumtfs8 qufo i rksuotf`i `k lrkslcdkmti8 eirtk, erfli iu sueclckmtk9 F ærvirk ã sfu`ævko iu fprkskmtf kxlksscvfs ekrc`fs lfmlkrisfs, rfdis pfrtc`is, ekrc`f mi trimli9 F lipf kstæ kqucocjrf`f9 \kræ f pi`f `k eirdfçìi fcm`f mklkssærcf9 F lipf kstæ `kdfscf`i fotf9 F ekrtcoc`f`k k f eirdfçìi `k kspirûks ã `kdfscf`i kokvf`f, iu rk`uzc`f9 \ü qufm`i sk tcvkr okvf`i f lfji kstf fmæocsk ã quk sk `kvk cmclcfr f pi`f.

:)  :)  ^rilurk i rfdi lkmtrfo k très rfdis-gucf lid jif piscçìi. Mkstf efsk sìi mklkssærcfs `klcsûks `ktkrdcmfmtks pfrf ti`i i trftfdkmti `f pi`f `f ærvirk. Is < rfdis-gucf `kvkd surgcr mf eirdf `k udf kstrkof. Is rfdis f`hflkmtks, kd êmguoi fgu`i, sìi rkdivc`is, `f`i quk dfcs tfr`k kssks rfdis sk qukjrfd eflcodkmtk.

>¸), i quk okvf f ud kstäduoi dfcs vcgirisi `i rfdi. Mi lfsi `k ud `kskmviovcdkmti `kdfscf`i vcgirisi `i rfdi lkmtrfo, i quk sulk`k kd ti`fs fs pkrkcrfs, k pir vkzks tfdjãd mf dflckcrf k mf lkrkhkcrf, ksliobk-sk ud êmguoi `k 6

 

 

6>)   Prftfdkmti `fs ekrc`fs k f ijskrvfçìi `i trimli. 6>) Pi`fs fs ekrc`fs lid ud `cêdktri supkrcir f :,; ld sìi umtf`fs lid pri`utis pfrf sfrfr fs ekrc`fs, lijrcm`i jkd f supkreälck. Kstf lijkrturf cdpk`k f sklfgkd `f zimf skmsävko `i lêdjci k f pkmktrfçìi `k gkf`f k `f æguf, jkd lidi fs cmekçûks mi okmbi. @kstk di`i, kstcduof-sk f eirdfçìi `k udf lristf mf ekrc`f. F kofstclc`f`k `f lutäluof `kvk limskrvfr-sk `urfmtk i vkrìi k cmvkrmi, pir cssi `kvk skr fpoclf`f vcgirisfdkmtk. @kvk-sk limtriofr tfdjãd ekrc`fs fmtcgfs. Zfspfr rkstis fmtcgis `k pri`uti fpoclf`i î ekrc`f, `cdcmucr fs pfrtks `f lristf sklfs k ocdpfr ekrc`fs. Fpoclfr mivfdkmtk i pri`uti sk mklkssærci.

:.;. Kxfdk `i trimli

Fpüs f pi`f, ã cdpirtfmtk i kxfdk `i trimli

Mkstk kxfdk `kvk-sk tkr kd ftkmçìi is skgucmtks pimtis8   Mi lfsi `k udf kstflf kstfr f kseiofr i trimli ã mklkssærci fefstf-of1

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  \k i lir`ìi kstcvkr `kdfscf`i fpkrtf`i `kvk lirtfr-sk lirtfr -sk k lioilfr ud mivi1

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  Mi lfsi `k kxcstcrkd ekrc`fs lfmlkrisfs ã mklkssærci trftfr lid eumgclc`fs prüprcis1

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  Prftfr ekrc`fs fmtcgfs1  fmtcgfs1 

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  Zktcrfr f kstflf sk kstf hæ mìi eir mklkssærcf1

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  Zkdivkr is rkjkmtis kdctc`is pkoi trimli iu pkofs rfäzks.

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Fs erutkcrfs hivkms rklkjkd mis prcdkcris ;-7 fmis udf kstflf (:,;d `k lidprcdkmti k 7 ld `k kspkssurf), f qufo sk kmtkrrf mi sioi f lkrlf `k 5> ld `k prieum`c`f`k. F kxtrkdc`f`k supkrcir rkguof-sk pkoi trimli (6> ld fjfcxi `f pkrmf`f cmekrcir). Fs ærvirks sìi prksfs î kstflf i dfcs fotfs pissävko lid udf lir`f (kx. lir`f `k lili). I lir`ìi `kvk lruzfr- sk kd ∝ kmtrk i trimli k f kstflf. 

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. :6

 

 

Lioilfçìi `k kstflfs

^frf `fr f `crkçìi `kskhf`f îs kxtrkdc`f`ks `is rfdis-gucf, iu fi ofmçfdkmti lkmtrfo, ã pir vkzks mklkssærci kdprkgfr udf kstflf, quk ã ocgf`f kd pkoi dkmis `ics pimtis, pfrf `fr f `crkçìi `kskhf`f î kxtrkdc`f`k. Kstf ipkrfçìi pi`k skr mklkssærcf pfrtcluofrdkmtk kd vfrck`f`ks quk tkm`kd pfrf i lrkslcdkmti kd frli iu pkm`kmtk. ^frf cdpk`cr i rcsli `k f lir`f `k ocgfçìi flfjfr pir `ksoczfr, prilurf-sk ud rfdi pkqukmi iu ud ‟iobi— lidi fpici. 

Kstkfr

^ir vkzks, f eirdfçìi `f lipf ã `kdfscf`i krktf pfrf sk ftcmgcr i ijhktcvi `k udf lipf ofrgf k kxpistf î ouz. Fsscd, tirmf-sk mklkssærci mìi sü eirdfr f piscçìi `is rfdis-gucf f 0;¸, lidi tfdjãd trfzkr is rfdis oftkrfcs pfrf ud êmguoi dfcs ijtusi (3>¸ f 62>¸), pfrf sk kvctfr quk f lipf sk `kskmviovf kd eirdf `k vfssiurf. ^frf kstkfr, prkpfrf-sk udf lumbf quk `kvk skr lumkceirdk kd fdjfs fs kxtrkdc`f`ks, dfs quk mìi `kvk lirtfr-sk `k eirdf f eclfr ducti pimtcfgu`f. Mf fpoclfçìi `fs lumbfs, ã prklcsi fsskgurfr quk sk kmlimtrk ud fpici kd fdjfs fs kxtrkdc`f`ks (udf rfdceclfçìi, ud kspirìi). Ã eum`fdkmtfo quk f lumbf kstkhf sij udf `ktkrdcmf`f prkssìi, pfrf quk mìi sk `ksprkm`f lid i vkmti iu lid i dfu tkdpi. Mi `klirrkr `i vkrìi, pi`kd rkdivkr-sk erkqukmtkdkmtk is kstkcis, pfrf kvctfr quk surhfd grfvks pimtis `k prkssìi, k quk pir cssi fpfrkçfd ekrc`fs quk pi`kd skr lfmlkrisfs.

F ftf`urf

Fsscd lidi sk pi`k kstkfr rfdis `kdfscf`i krktis, tfdjãd sk pi`k, pkoi limtrærci, lioilfr is rfdis quk kstìi ducti birczimtfcs dfcs krktis lid f fhu`f `k ud lir`ìi (kx. `k dftkrcfcs8 frfdk `k ftfr, ræecf, lir`f `k lili k ocgf`urf `k poæstcli).

Kxkluçìi `k ud lirtk8  lirtk8  \krrfr rfdis hivkms (ftã :,; ld `k `cêdktri) ã scdpoks8 lid f dìi ksqukr`f, skgurf-sk i rfdi k lid f dìi `crkctf skrrf-sk i rfdi qufsk mf pkrpkm`cluofr. Kd rfdis dfcirks ã mklkssærci fogud luc`f`i pfrf quk mìi lfcf sujctfdkmtk sij i sku pksi `urfmtk f ipkrfçìi.   ipkrfçìi.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. ::

 

 

^frf kvctfr quk f pkrmf`f ofsquk, sij i sku prüprci pksi, `kvkd tidfr-sk fogudfs prkilupfçûks k ipkrfr fsscd8

  ^ir jfcxi `i oilfo `k lirtk efzkr ud prcdkcri giopk `k skrritk `k fogums lkmtädktris `k

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prieum`c`f`k1

  Zktidfr i lirtk pkof pfrtk supkrcir `crcgcm`i i giopk `k skrritk pfrf i lirtk cmekrcir1

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  \kgurfr fs pkrmf`fs mi didkmti `f humçìi `is `ics lirtks1   Mi lfsi `k udf lim`uçìi ru`k `f skrrf, focsf-sk f dfrgkd `f ekrc`f lid f pi`f`kcrf

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  ^cmlkofr lid udf lfdf`f `k ud pri`uti lclftrczfmtk k ud eumgclc`f1

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^i`f `k vkrìi iu pi`f kd vkr`k

Lfsi skhf mklkssærci f pi`f pi`k rkfoczfr-sk mi vkrìi, udf vkz quk, mkssf fo foturf turf fs ekrc`fs eklbfd k lclftrczfd cdk`cftfdkmtk. Kd huobi k fgisti kektuf-sk f pi`f `k vkrìi. Kstf tãlmclf utcoc utcoczf-sk zf-sk kd ærvirks hivkms k ocdctf-sk î kocdcmfçìi `k ofmçfdkmtis quk `k qufoqukr eirdf skrcfd pistis `k pfrtk mi cmvkrmi.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. :<

 

 

Kstf tãlmclf kstcduof i `kskmviovcdkmti `f lipf k trfvf i lrkslcdkmti `fs rfäzks k f pri`uçìi `k erutis ã dkobirf`f. F kxtkmsìi `f pi`f `k vkrìi rkguof-sk pkoi vcgir `is ofmçfdkmtis `f ærvirk kd gkrfo k pkoi pksi `f lfrgf. Mi lfsi `k lfrgf titfo `k erutis fpkmfs sk `ksjfstf. ^koi limtrærci, kd ærvirks skd lfrgf prilk`k-sk î pi`f `k vkrìi lid skvkrc`f`k, pfrf dkobirfr f pri`uçìi `k eruti `is ofmçfdkmtis quk rkstfd.   rkstfd.

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. :0

 

 

:.5. Dim`f `k erutis

F dim`f `k erutis ã udf tãlmclf quk tkd sc`i usf`f kd erutcluoturf pfrf rkguofr f pri`utcvc`f`k k sijrktu`i i lfocjrk `is erutis. F dim`f dfmufo, sk jkd quk tkirclfdkmtk f`kquf`f, rkvkof-sk cmkxkquävko kd pidfrks î kslfof lidkrlcfo `f`f f dirisc`f`k `f ipkrfçìi, f kxcgèmlcf `k dìi-`k-ijrf bæjco k lfpfz `k ipkrfr lid `cslkrmcdkmti, lirrkm`i-sk i rcsli `k mìi cmtkrvcr ftkdpf`fdkmtk prkhu`clfm`i f keclælcf `f ipkrfçìi. F rkguofrczfçìi `fs liobkctfs ftrfvãs `f dim`f `k erutis ã eum`fdkmtfo pfrf f ijtkmçìi `k pri`uçûks `k qufoc`f`k. Ucmgfdkmtis kxlksscvis kmerfquklkd f ærvirk, fektfm`i i `kskmviovcdkmti k lrkslcdkmti `is erutis, limtrfrcfd i prilkssi `f `cekrkmlcfçìi eoirfo k prkhu`clfd f eirdfçìi `k eoirks mi fmi skgucmtk. Is erutis kd `kskmviovcdkmti lidpktkd kmtrk sc pfrf is bc`rftis `k lfrjimi pri`uzc`is pkofs eiobfs. [df vkz quk, sìi `cekrkmtks kd vcgir, oigclfdkmtk ums lidpktkd dkobir quk is iutris. Lid f fpoclfçìi `is rkguof`irks `k lrkslcdkmti cm`utirks `k dim`f vfc-sk cmtkmsceclfr kssf lidpktcçìi kmtrk is erutis. Zk`uzcm`i f lfrgf `k erutis pkof dim`f kstfrkdis f cmlrkdkmtfr f rfzìi eiobf/eruti k `cdcmucr f lidpktcçìi kmtrk is erutis efvirklkm`i is lfocjrks. \km`i fs eiobfs udf `fs prcmlcpfcs eimtks `k bc`rftis `k lfrjimi, kstks sìi lfmfoczf`is pfrf fs skdkmtks, `kpics eclfd `cspimävkcs pfrf is erutis kd `kskmviovcdkmti k ecmfodkmtk vìi pfrf f pfrtk vkgktftcvf. [df dim`f keclfz ircgcmf gkrfodkmtk mudf qukjrf `k pri`uçìi (vcsti quk f dim`f fudkmtf f rkofçìi eiobf/eruti, mkd ti`is is bc`rftis `k lfrjimi vìi pfrf is erutis, fogums crìi skr lfmfoczf`is pfrf f pfrtk vkgktftcvf k cssi pi`kræ lfusfr rk`uçûks `f pri`uçìi). Lid f dim`f rk`uz- sk f pri`uçìi, dfs fudkmtf-sk i lfocjrk k f qufoc`f`k. F cmtkmsc`f`k `k dim`f vfrcf ducti lid f c`f`k `fs ærvirks, rkspktcvi vcgir, sfø`k, mutrcçìi dcmkrfo, tãlmclf `k crrcgfçìi, scstkdf `k lim`uçìi k pi`f utcoczf`f. Lidkçf-sk pir kocdcmfr ti`is is erutis ducti pkqukmis k privkmckmtks `k eoirfçûks tfr`cfs, `kekctuisis iu ducti foimgf`is, lid dfmlbfs `k pk`rf`i mìi futirczf`i pkof mirdfoczfçìi, lid pi`rc`ûks privilf`fs pir eumgis, sctuf`is mis oilfcs dfcs sidjrcis `f lipf. Eclfrìi pfrf i ecd is erutis `k dkobir lfocjrkjkd dfs focdkmtf`is `kdfscf`i humtis iu fis f `ics erutis pir lircdji kspirûks, kdjirf rfdis k ürgìis jkddiobis. sctuf`is[d pissfdis `kcxfr très erutis,mis kspklcfodkmtk qufm`ikd sk trftkd `k vkr`fslfs `k qufoc`f`k.

|pæg. :; ^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg.

 

 

Kxkluçìi `is `cekrkmtks tcpis `k pi`fs

Is værcis kstæ`cis `k kviouçìi lim`clcimfd fs `cvkrsfs ipkrfçûks `f pi`f.

Kstæ`ci `k huvkmtu huvkmtu`k `k

6¸ ^i`f `k vkgktfçìi :¸ ^i`f `k eirdfçìi

Kstæ`ci `k pri`uçìi cmlcpckmtk 

^i`f `k eirdfçìi pfrf limstctucçìi limstctucçìi `k rfdis rfdis `k eruti

Kstæ`ci `k pokmf pri`uçìi 

^i`f `k limtrioi pfrf cdpk`cr cdpk`cr f eirdfçìi eirdfçìi sijrk f lipf k f eirdfçìi kxlksscvf `k kspirûks

Kstæ`ci `k vkobclk 

6¸ @ksjfstk kd vfrck`f`ks piuli vfocisfs :¸ ^i`f `k rkmivfçìi pfrf kstcduofr kstcduofr is ofmçfdkmtis mivis, lid ud limtrioi pistkrcir ofmçfdkmtis ld dfcs flcdf. Is rkstfmtks rfdis cmskrc`is kd mävko supkrcir, sìi pi`f`is k is ofmçfdkmtis cmskrc`is cmekrcirdkmtk sìi ftf`is mf birczimtfo. Kstks ofmçfdkmtis rkeirçfd i lrkslcdkmti `is iutris, erutceclfm`i pfssf`i :-< fmis. Mi skgum`i fmi `f pofmtfçìi trfjfobfr `k flir`i lid fs rkgrfs `f pi`f k lidkçfr lid f eirdfçìi `is rfdis gucf, `kpics `k sk kocdcmfr i rfdi-of`rìi.  rfdi-of`rìi. 

|pæg. :5 ^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg.

 

 

^i`f `k eirdfçìi iu `k k`ulfçìi8 k`ulfçìi8 F pi`f `k eirdfçìi fjrfmgk f efsk kmtrk f pofmtfçìi k f pri`uçìi dã`cf, kd quk i prcmlcpfo ijhktcvi ã udf lofrf ftrcjucçìi `fs eumçûks fis rfdis. Is rfdis gucf sìi eirdf`is mkstf efsk. Mìi kxcstkd rklkctfs pfrf kstf prætclf, pirquk lf`f ærvirk rkfgk `k eirdf `cekrkmtk.

|pæg. :7 ^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg.

 

 

^i`f `k limtrioi iu `k limskrvfçìi l imskrvfçìi (dfmutkmçìi)8

Fpüs f limlousìi `f eirdfçìi `f ærvirk, ã skdprk mklkssærcf f kxcstèmlcf `k ud kqucoäjrci kmtrk is of`is k fs pfrtks cm`cvc`ufcs `f lipf `kvc`i fi fudkmti `f pri`uçìi. I ijhktcvi `f pi`f prkssupûk f ijtkmçìi `i kqucoäjrci kmtrk f vkgktfçìi k f erutceclfçìi. Is rfdis-gucf sìi piuli pi`f`is. F ijtkmçìi `f pri`utcvc`f`k `is rfdis `k eruti k `is kspirûks ã fgirf f dk`c`f `klcscvf `f pi`f.

Mkstf efsk tfdjãd sk rkfoczf i limtrioi `k ekrc`fs fmtcgfs kd efsk `k lclftrczfçìi, kocdcmfçìi `k pfrtks lfmlkrisfs, rkdiçìi `k dftkrcfo `f eirdfçìi (frfdks, lir`ûks, kstflfs,…) 

^i`f \fmctærcf prktkm`k kocdcmfr rfdis dirtis iu lid scmtidfs `k prfgfs k `ikmçfs. F pi`f mìi `kvk privilfr f rk`uçìi `ksmklkssærcf `f lfpflc`f`k kofjirf`irf `f ærvirk Mf pi`f sfmctærcf, fs ærvirks `kvkrìi skr dfmtc`fs kd jifs lim`cçûks sfmctærcfs, kocdcmfm`i-sk is rfdis r fdis fekltf`is iu sklis pfrf kvctfr f `csskdcmfçìi `k prfgfs k `ikmçfs. Vufm`i `kvk skr ekctf f pi`f sfmctærcf9 \k pissävko, skdprk quk sk limstftkd `fmis k prkekrcvkodkmtk `urfmtk i Cmvkrmi

|pæg. :2 ^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg.

 

 

Vufo i dftkrcfo f rktcrfr9 Fpkmfs is rfdis sklis iu f sklfr.

Luc`f`is kspklcfcs8 Fpüs i lirtk `k rfdis `ikmtks f ekrrfdkmtf utcoczf`f `kvk skr `kscmekltf`f, is `kspihis `kvkd skr `kstruä`is i dfcs `kprkssf pissävko, pics sìi ud pitkmlcfo eili `k pripfgfçìi `k prfgfs k `ikmçfs. ^i`krìi skr qukcdf`is mfs prixcdc`f`ks, dfs sueclckmtkdkmtk oimgk `i frvirk`i `k eirdf f mìi i fektfr.

Mitf8 Vukcdf`fs Mitf8  Vukcdf`fs Eirf `i ^kräi`i Lrätcli 6. Fvcsfr is jidjkcris fmtks `k cmclcfr :. Lidkçfr pkof dfmbì 7. -  ^i`f `k ærvirks `k eruti, Bkodut Oiisk, K`ctircfo ^rkskmçf, Ocsjif, 633;. -  F kmxkrtcf, ^ktkr Aoila, K`ctircfo ^rkskmçf, Ocsjif, 633; -  bttp8//www.`rfpm.dcm-fgrcluoturf.pt/j`epf/`iludkmtis/erutcluoturf.p`e -  bttp8//www.cmcfv.pt/eitis/glf/ocvriYjpgYsjfzY6Y6:/>2/fogudfs-mitfs-pi`f-cmvkrmi/ -  bttp8//www.fpel.pt/xds/ecoks/@ils/@klrktiYokcY653Y:>>6.p`e -  bttp8//www.fpel.pt/xds/ecoks/@ils/@keksfY`fYEoirkstfYLimtrfYCmlkm`cisYLfj.p`e ^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg. 0;>/`ktfcos/dfxcdczk` -  bttp8//www.fpeoir.pt/wkjpfgk/cm`kx.pbp9iptcim4lidYlimtkmt&vckw4frtclok&c`403&Ctkdc`4;7 -  bttp8//www.flt.giv.pt/(pt^P)/Lfdpfmbfs/Lfdpfmbfsrkfoczf`fs/PrfjfobiYFgrcliofYEoirkstfo/@iludkmts/Ditiskrrfs.p`e

-  bttp8//www:.clme.pt/pirtfo/fgcr/jifprftcl/rksiurlk/`il/D65/Ditisskrrfs.p`e

^i`fs k @ksjfstks |pæg. |pæg.