Manual Para Entender La Diversidad 1y2

Opém Jlpvqumam vheu` lm AJR@Uvjama z lm ajvFMWMFJAMA

Wmum kjýhv a` 1 m 3 mýhv z vpv wmau`v

Opém jlpvqumam vheu` lm AJR@Uvjama z lm ajvFMW ajvFMWMFJA MFJAMA MA

Q`sqh a` MKO@LV WHKF@ Jlpvqumfjhk`v a` IJOP@L OMLLMUAH

WU@V@KQMFJÖK @vq` ljeuh qumqm pkami`kqmli`kq` vheu` lm ajr`uvjama+ Whu `vq` ihqjrh, lh c`ihv qjqplmah AJB@U@KQ@V AJB@U@KQ@V,, fhk `l hen`qjrh a` }p` a`vfpeumv }p` `l ipkah `vqí ll`kh a` w`uvhkmv, mkjiml`v z fhvmv • z }p` kh cmz kjkopkm jopml+ ]pj~ív v`m `vqh lh }p` cmf` }p` v`m qmk ehkjqh+ @kqu` qhamv lmv aj`u`kfjmv, cmz mlopkmv }p` cmf`k }p` fmam w`uvhkm v`m þkjfm+ @k `vq` fp`kqh cmelmu`ihv a` mlopkmv a` `llmv w`uh vheu` qhah }p`u`ihv mzpamuq` m }p` fhkh~fmv pk whfh i`nhu lm ajvfmwmfjama @kq`ka`u lm ajvfmwmfjama `v v`kfjllh fpmkah vhihv fmwmf`v a` ja`kqjbfmu `k khvhquhv ijvihv m}p`llmv qmu`mv }p` khv vpwhk`k iív `vp`u~h z ajb) fplqma wmum ll`rmulmv m fmeh+ Qhahv Qhahv q`k`ihv fmwmfjama`v aj`u`kq`v+ @k lmv w`uvhkmv fhk ajvfmwmfjama `v jopml }p` `k lmv a`iív w`uvhkmv völh }p` `k mvw`fqhv }p` ajbfplqmk mlopkmv qmu`mv eívjfmv a` vp rjam> lm imk`um a` r`u, cmelmu, `kq`ka`u, fhipkjfmu, fmijkmu • w`uh völh `k pkm wmuq`, `k `l u`vqh vhk jopml }p` qþ+ @sjvq`k ipfchv qjwhv a` ajvfmwmfjama, whvjel`i`kq` qmkqmv fhih w`u) vhkmv+ M}pé q` fhkqmihv mlopkmv m qumrêv a` w`uvhkmn`v }p` vhk u`ml`v, mpk}p` jimojkmujhv4 u`ml`v whu}p` rmk ml fhl`ojh fhkqjoh h qumemnmk fhk qpv wmwív, ` jimojkmujhv whu}p` }pj`u`k u`wu`v`kqmu m ijllhk`v a` w`uvhkmv `k qhah `l ipkah }p` qj`k`k ajvfmwmfjama+ Vjk `iemuoh, `vqh kh `v ipz jiwhuqmkq` • lh }p` `k u`mljama jiwhuqm, `v }p` q` a`v fp`kqm a` }p` qhamv lmv w`uvhkmv, fhk h vjk ajvfmwmfjama, q`k`ihv ipfcmv fhvmv `k fhiþk+ Q` mkjimihv m l``u `vq` ljeuh `k fhiwmýém, mvé whauêjv ju fhi`kqmkah lh }p` iív hv llmi` lm mq`kfjök h, jkflpvh mwhuqmu kp`rmv ja`mv+ ]pjêk vme`, }pj~ív u`fhkh~fíjv `k mlopkh a` lhv ajepnhv m w`uvhkmv }p` fhkhfêjv+  Ma`iív,  Ma`iív, `k mlopkhv mlopkhv fmwéqpl fmwéqplhv hv whauív npomu fhk lhv w`uvhkmn`v w`uvhkmn`v z fhk fhk lm cjv) qhujm m qumrêv a` np`ohv z mfqjrjama`v+ @vq` `v pk ljeuh wmum ajepnmu, `vfujeju z cmf`ulh qpzh -@vw`umihv }p` q` ajrj`uqmv-

ÇKO@LV WHKF@ #Emuf`lhkm, =:2?*

@v Q`umw`pqm Bmijljmu z `vw`fjmljvqm `k wuhf`vhv a` ap`lh+ A`va` cmf` iív a` 57 mýhv v` a`ajfm m mfhiwmýmu, amu mwhzh z mv`vhumu m mijljmv }p` qj`k`k cjnhv fhk ajvfmwmfjama+ ajvfmwmfjama+ Mfqpmli`kq` qumemnm `k K`s` Bpkamfjö #+k`s`pkamfjh+huo* , pkm `kqjama }p` mqj`ka` m kjýhv fhk wlpuj) ajvfmwmfjama )`vw`fjmli`kq` `k lm wuji`um jkmkfjm) z m vpv mijljmv+ Qmiejêk Qmiejêk v` a`) ajfm m hu`f`u huimfjök m wuh`vjhkml`v z m mijljmv fhlmehumkah fhk rmujmv Pkjr`u) vjama`v z `kqjama`v `k qhah `l q`uujqhujh `vwmýhl+ @v mpqhum a` ajvqjkqmv wpeljfm) fjhk`v u`lmqjrmv ml mwhzh a` lmv mijljmv fhk cjnhv fhk ajvfmwmfjama `ajqmamv whu B@MWV #+`mwv+huo* z fhk Ijop`l Omllmuah cm wpeljfmah rmujhv ljeuhv wmum }p` wmau`v ` cjnhv l`mk npkqhv, `kqu` lhv }p` a`vqmfmk “@KV@ÝMI@ M V@U B@LJ^’ z “FHK LHV HNHV F@UUMAHV’ miehv wpeljfmahv whu lm `ajqhujml KH_ + +mko`lvwhkf`+fhi

IJOP@L OMLLMUAH #Lêujam =:00*

@vqpajö `k lm `vfp`lm Imvvmkm a` Muq`v z Hbfjhv #Emuf`lhkm*+ Fhlmehum cmejqpmli`kq` föih jlpvqumahu a` wu`kvm wmum Lm Rmkopmuajm, @l Wþeljfh z aj`u`kq`v u`rjvqmv z wpeljfmfjhk`v a` íiejqh kmfjhkml ` jkq`ukmfjhkml fhih `l C`umla Qujepk` , KZQ  z `l @l K`wZhud`u + Fhk Mko`lv Whkf` `v fhmpqhu a` “¸]P@ L@ WMVM M @VQ@ KJÝH8’, pkm opjm vheu` lm ajvfmwmfj) ama wmum V`uu`v+ Cm omkmah ahv wu`ijhv a`l Vmlök a`l Föijf, ahv VKA #Vhfj`qz h K`vwmw`u A`vjok*, pk V`uum A±Hu whu `l ljeuh “¸]P@ L@ WMVM   M @VQ@ KJÝH8’ z pk wu`ijh a` wu`kvm a`l  MWJF whu vpv jlpvqumfjhk`v `k Lm Rmkopmuajm + @k `l 577? wpeljfö “IMUJM Z ZH’ fhk  Mvqje`uuj ,pkm ,pkm khr`lm ouíbfm }p` kmuum lmv mr`kqpumv z rjmn`v fhk vp cjnm Imuém a` =6 mýhv }p` qj`k` mpqjvih whu lm }p` u`fjejh `l Wu`ij Kmfjhkml a` lm O`k`umljqmq `k vp mwmuqmah fhijf `k `l 5773+ @k `l 577: v` cj~h pk ahfpi`kqml vheu` `l ljeuh fhk `l ijvih qéqplh “IMUÉM Z ZH’ }p` cm vjah bkmljvqm `k lhv Ohzm+ +ijop`l)omllmuah+fhi

2

VPIMUJH

LM AJR@UVJAMA @VQÍ @K QHAMV WMUQ@V WMUQ@V +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++? QHAMV LMV W@UVHKMV VHIHV AJB@U@KQ@V +++++++++++++++++++++ == =0 FMAM BMIJLJM, PK IPKAH ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=0

QHAMV LMV BMIJLJMV RJR@K @K PKM FMVM +++++++++++++++++++++++++++=3 MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV QJ@K@K PKM IMVFHQM+++++++++++++++++++++ 5= AJVBUPQMU AJVBUPQMU CMFJ@KAH MLOH ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++51 5? @K LM @VFP@LM ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5?

M QHAH @L IPKAH L@ OPVQM NPOMU +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++67 QHAHV K@F@VJQMIHV FHI@U +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++66 A@VA@ FMVJ VJ@IWU@, @L A@WHUQ@• ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++62 QHAHV VHIHV FMWMF@V A@ QUMEMNMU ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6: MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV FHK AJVFMWMFJAMA ]P@ 15 ]PJ^ÍV FHKH^FMV+++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++15 11 AJVFMWMFJAMA@V ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11

?

LM AJR@UVJAMA

 =

LM AJR@UVJAMA @VQM @K QHAMV WMUQ@V

¸Q` ¸Q` cmv amah fp`kqm8+++ V`opuh }p` vé, w`uh énmq` ej`k mchum> lm AJR@UVJAMA `vqí•

@k lhv íuehl`v

Cmz mkjiml`v oumka`v, w`}p`ýhv•

@k lmv hu`v

@k lmv upqmv

Pkhv rp`lmk, hquhv v` muumvqumk whu `l vp`lh•

Cmz lpomu`v `k `l ipkah ahka` cmf` ipfch uéh, hquhv ahka` `l fmlhu `v vhhfmkq` :

Wmév`v ahka` llp`r` ipfch z hquhv ahka` kh llp`r` iív }p` pkhv aémv ml mýh

@sjvq` lm khfc` z `l aém

Lm wujimr`um,

`l r`umkh,

`l hqhýh

z `l jkrj`ukh

@k `l ipkah `sjvq`k aj`u`kq`v jajhimv, aj`u`kq`v u`ljojhk`v•+

rmuj`ama, AJB@U@KFJM• `v mloh AJR@UVJAMA> vjokjbfm rmuj`ama,

}p` wha`ihv r`u `k qhamv wmuq`v, m kp`vquh mlu`a`ahu+ @l ipkah `v mvé, AJR@UVH, aj`u`kq`, a`va` }p` `v ipkah+

=7

QHAMV LMV W@UVHKMV VHIHV

5

QHAMV LMV W@UVHKMV VHIHV

AJB@U@KQ@V

Kh cmz ahv jopml`v• kj lhv c`uimkhv }p` vhk o`i`lhv vhk “`smfqmi`kq`’ JOPML@V JOPML@V++

W`uvhkmv ipz, ipz  nör`k`v z hqumv hqumv ipz, ipz, ipz imzhu`v

Cmz w`uvhkmv ujfmv z cmz w`uvhkmv wheu`v

Cmz ipn`u`v z chieu`v

Cmz w`uvhkmv ohuamv z hqumv a`lomamv

Lmv cmz }p` vhk mlqmv z hqumv emnmv

Cmz w`uvhkmv fhk wj`l ipz hvfpum z hqumv fhk wj`l ipz flmum ==

Mlopkmv kjýmv qj`k`k `l w`lh k`ouh z uj~mah z hqumv ipz upejh z ljvh

Pkmv w`uvhkmv `vfuje`k fhk lm a`u`fcm, hqumv fhk lm j~}pj`uam

Qmiwhfh vhihv `smfqmi`kq` jopml`v a` pk lmah }p` a` hquh> ¸q` cmv bnmah8 Iéumq` lhv wj`v wmum fhiwuhemulh> ¸vhk `smf) qmi`kq` jopml`v8

Mfqjrjama ¸Vme`v }p` fmam pkh a` khvhquhv q`k`ihv kp`vqum wuhwjm “imufm’8 > `v kp`vqum cp`llm ajojqml, lm }p` q`k`ihv `k fmam pkh a` lhv a`ahv a` lmv imkhv +

 = 5

Wp`a`v ljiwjmuq` lmv imkhv, fho`u pk qmiwök a` qjkqm #a` `vhv }p` v` pvmk wmum lhv v`llhv a` ohim* z whk`u m}pé qp imufm+ Lp`oh, wéa`l` m mlopj`k }p` whkom `k `l u`fpmauh a` ml lmah, vp imufm #a`l ijvih a`ah, ¸`c8* +

¸]pê q` wmu`f`8 ¸vhk JOPML@V JOPML@V,, h AJB@U@KQ@V AJB@U@KQ@V88

=5

W`uh lmv w`uvhkmv QMIEJÊK Q@K@IHV IPFCMV FHVMV @K FHIÞK ¸Q` cmv amah fp`kqm8

W`uh lmv w`uvhkmv QMIEJÊK Q@K@IHV IPFCMV FHVMV @K FHIÞK ¸Q` cmv amah fp`kqm8

Qhamv lmv w`uvhkmv }p`u`ihv q`k`u m kp`vquh mlu`a`ahu m o`kq` }p` khv }pj`um+

Qhahv k`f`vjqmihv a` lhv hquhv wmum }p` khv mzpa`k `k mloþk ihi`kqh #mpk}p` v`m wmum mlfmk~mu `l ehq` a` i`ui`lmam }p` `vqí `k `l `vqmkq` iív mlqh*

Qmiejêk khv opvqm }p`u`u m hqumv w`uvhkmv z ihvquíuv`lh

Z q`k`u mijohv wmum wmvmu qj`iwh fhk `llhv

Z a`vfmkvmu

Z cmf`u fhvmv }p` khv opvqmk

M qhahv khv opvqm u`éu

=6

Wuhqmohkjvqmv

Wuhqmohkjvqmv EUPKH rjr` `k pk w`}p`ýh wp`elh, f`ufm a` Ejlemh+ Vhlh qj`k` pkm c`uimkm imzhu z qmiejêk rm m lm `vfp`lm+ Eupkh l` fp`kqm m qhah `l ipkah }p` fpmkah v`m imzhu rm m v`u fhfjk`uh+ Eupkh qj`k` Vékauhi` a` Ahk =+ Vp ipkah rm iív a`vwmfjh }p` `l a` lhv a`iív+ Whu `vh, vp c`uimkm cm mwu`kajah m `swljfmul` lmv fhvmv l`kqmi`kq` z fhk wmlmeumv v`kfjllmv+

Qhahv q`k`ihv VP@ÝHV ` JLPVJHK@V

=1

FMAM BMIJLJ BMIJLJM, M,

6 PK IPKAH

FMAM BMIJLJ BMIJLJM, M,

Qhamv lmv w`uvhkmv q`k`ihv pkm BMIJLJM + @k lm imzhuém a` mijljmv cmz pkm fhvm }p` `v jopml> `l fmujýh+ M r`f`v qmiejêk `k lmv mijljmv lmv w`uvhkmv qj`k`k lm kmuj~, `l w`lh h lhv hnhv fhk huimv, qmimýhv z fhlhu`v wmu`fjahv+ Vjk `iemuoh, cmz mijljmv ipz ajvqjkqmv+

Cmz mijljmv huimamv whu pk wmau`, pkm imau` z pk vhlh cjnh

Hqumv ahka` cmz, ma`iív a` imií z wmwí, “pk ihkqök’ ihkqök’ a` cjnhv

Cmz mijljmv vjk cjnhv

Fhk pkhv mep`lhv }p` rjr`k `k `l wjvh a` muujem h• `k lm ijvim fmvm =0

Cmz mijljmv

Cmz mijljmv huimamv whu pk wmau` z pk cjnh• pkm imau` z pk cjnh

H mijljmv fhk pk wmwí z pkm imií a` wmév`v aj`u`kq`v

Mfqjrjama Ajepnm m}pé m qp mijljm>

=2

Wuhqmohkjvqmv

Wuhqmohkjvqmv NMJI@ qj`k` pkm mijljm }p` l` }pj`u` }pj`u` pk ihkqök> ihkqök> pkm imií, pk wmwí z pk w`uujqh+ Mpk}p` Nmji` qj`k` 0 mýhv, `v ipz w`}p`ýjqh z l` fp`vqm ipfch fu`f`u, fu`f`u, u`vwjumu z mopmkqmu vp fme`~m+  Mpk}p`  Mpk} p` qj`k` qj`k` }p` }p` ju ipfcmv ipfcmv r`f`v r`f`v ml chvwjq chvwjqml, ml, vp mijljm mwuh mwuhr`fcm r`fcm lhv lhv bk`v bk`v a` v`imkm wmum ju ml wmu}p`, vmlju m wmv`mu h rjvjqmu m lm mijljm• Fhih cmf`ihv qhahv+ W`uh lh }p` iív l` opvqm `v }p` }p` l` mfcpfc`k z l` e`v`k+ Nmji` qj`k` pkm wlpujajvfmwmfjama 5 +

=?

QHAMV LMV BMIJLJMV RJR@K

1

QHAMV LMV BMIJLJMV RJR@K

@K PKM FMVM @k lm fjim a` pkm ihkqmým

@sjvq`k fmvjqmv `k i`ajh a`l ehv}p`

A`lmkq` a`l imu

Cmz fmvmv ipz, ipz oumka`v•, fhk pk ihkqök a` cmejqmfjhk`v =3

Z hqumv fhk pkm vhlm cmejqmfjök

Mlopkmv fmvmv `vqík c`fcmv a` ima`um

Mlopkmv mijljmv rjr`k `k pk elh}p` a` wjvhv•ipz mlqh, ipz mlqh

Hqumv a` emuuh z fmýmv

Hqumv `k pkm fmumrmkm

Mfqjrjama Ajepnm m}pé fhih `v qp fmvm>

=:

Wuhqmohkjvqm

Wuhqmohkjvqm IJOP@L rjr` `k pkm fmvm a` pkm vhlm wlmkqm, kh qj`k` `vfml`umv+ Lmv wp`uqmv vhk ipz mkfcmv z qhah }p`am f`ufm a` vp imkh, qmkqh `k lm fhfjkm fhih `k `l ahuijqhujh #kh cmz muimujhv mlqhv*+ Kh qj`k` emý`um, vjkh pkm apfcm ipz mej`uqm fhk emlahvmv mkqja`vlj~mkq`v z pkm vjllm a` wlívqjfh ahka` v` vj`kqm+ Ijop`l rjr` vhlh z `v jkhuiíqjfh+ Qumemnm f`ufm a` vp fmvm+ Qj`k` pkm l`vjök i`aplmu 6, fmpvmam whu pk mffja`kq` a` fhfc` }p` qprh cmf` qj`iwh+ Mchum Mchum pqjlj~m pkm vjllm a` up`amv wmum ihr`uv`+

57

MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV QJ@K@K

0

MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV QJ@K@K

PKM IMVFHQM

• m lm }p` qumqmk fhk fmujýh+ Ipfchv, fhkvja`umk m vp IMVFHQM  fhih pk mijoh h fhih pk fhiwmý`uh•¡lm fhiwmý`uh•¡lm ll`omk m }p`u`u a` r`uama-

Mlopkhv qj`k`k pk w`uuh•h iív

Pk omqh• h iív

Qhuqpomv

W`f`v•

Fhk`nhv 5=

Jkflpvh lhv cmz, }p` qj`k`k pkm v`uwj`kq`

H pk hvjqh a` w`lpfc`

Hquhv v` fhkhuimk fhk lhv mkjimljqhv }p` `kfp`kqumk whu fmvm> ihvfmv, fmumfhl`v•

Mfqjrjama Ajepnm m}pé lm imvfhqm }p` qj`k`v • h lm }p` q` opvqmuém q`k`u #kh q` hlrja`v a` whk`u vp khieu`*

55

Wuhqmohkjvqmv

Wuhqmohkjvqmv WMHLM qmiejêk qj`k` pk mijoh `vw`fjml> `v vp w`uuh “Ims’, }p` lm mfhiwmým m qhamv wmuq`v+ Fmam aém rmk a` fmvm ml qumemnh #Wmhlm `v mehomam* z a`l qumemnh m fmvm+ @v pk qumz`fqh lmuoh, jkflpvh qj`k`k }p` fho`u `l i`quh, ¡w`uh kh cmz wuhel`im- Qmiejêk Qmiejêk rmk npkqhv a` fhiwumv whu `l emuujh h fpmkah Wmhlm }p`am fhk vpv mijomv wmum vmlju, m w`vmu a` v`u pk w`uuh, Ims wp`a` `kqumu `k qhamv wmuq`v*+ Ims `v pk w`uuh)opém z mkq`v a` `vqmu fhk Wmhlm cj~h pk fpuvh wmum mwu`ka`u m wu`ka`u m mzpamu+ mzpamu+ @v pk w`uuh ipz ljiwjh z b`l m vp ap`ým, a`l }p` kh a`e`v q`k`u ij`ah, `vqí ipz ej`k `apfmah+ Wmhlm `v fj`om 1 z Ims `v vpv hnhv #ipfch iív }p` pkm imvfhqm*+

56

AJVBUPQMU

2

AJVBUPQMU

CMFJ@KAH MLOH

Cmz ipfcmv w`uvhkmv }p` ajvupqmk CMFJ@KAH MLOH “`vw`fjml’ }p` l`v opvqm ipfch z l`v cmf` v`kqjuv` fhkq`kqhv z u`lmnmahv+ Fpmkah lh cmf`k, kh v` amk fp`kqm a` }p` `l qj`iwh fhuu`, z whauémk wmvmu chumv z chumv cmfjêkahlh+

Cmz w`uvhkmv }p` fhl`ffjhkmk hen`qhv # fmnmv a` f`ujllmv, eþchv, v`llhv, ipý`fmv•*

Hqumv cmf`k mloþk qjwh a` imkpmljama

Cmz w`uvhkmv m lmv }p` l`v `kfmkqm l``u

H `vfpfcmu pk qjwh a` iþvjfm `vw`fjml 51

M mlopkmv lh }p` iív l`v opvqm `v `vqmu fhk vpv mijohv

Mlopkmv w`uvhkmv fhkvqupz`k `ajbfjhv fhk f`ujllmv

M hqumv, vjiwl`i`kq` wmv`mu whu lm wlmzm

Hqumv a`vcmf`k u`lhn`v wmum r`u föih pkfjhkmk

Mfqjrjama ¸Z qþ8 ¸Qj`k`v mlopkm mfjök `vw`fjml8 ¸fhl`ffjhkmv mloh8

50

Wuhqmohkjvqm

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52

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Qmiejêk np`omk `k `l wmqjh

Mwu`ka`k iþvjfm z m qhfmu pk jkvqupi`kqh

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Wuhqmohkjvqm

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67

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6=

Wuhqmohkjvqm

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65

QHAHV K@F@VJQMIHV

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]PÊ @V LH ]P@ I@KHV Q@ OPVQM

61

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60

A@VA@ FMVJ VJ@IWU@•

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Mlopkhv rmk ml ojikmvjh

Hquhv wu`b`u`k lm wjvfjkm

Mlopkmv w`uvhkmv wu`b`u`k lhv a`whuq`v jkajrjapml`v 62

Hqumv lhv a` `}pjwh

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Hquhv `k lm wlmzm

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6?

Wuhqmohkjvqm

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.Kmqcmlj` Ap Qhjq

63

QHAHV VHIHV FMWMF@V FMWMF@V A@

 === QUMEMNMU  = QHAHV VHIHV FMWMF@V FMWMF@V A@

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Cmz qumemnhv vhljqmujhv 6:

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17

Wuhqmohkjvqm

Wuhqmohkjvqm @RM qumemnm völh whu lmv imýmkmv, v` hfpwm a` lmv wlmkqmv }p` cmz @RM `swp`vqmv `k `l rjr`uh ahka` qumemnm+ A`w`ka` a`l aém hua`km lmv imf`qmv, lmv fmiejm a` vjqjh, lmv uj`om fpmkah cmf` mlqm h l`v }pjqm lmv chnmv v`fmv+  M @rm l` opvqm opvqm vp qumemnh> qumemnh> kh v` v` vj`kq` vj`kq` mohejmam mohejmam whu} whu}p` p` kh qj`k` }p` }p` cmf`ulh cmf`ulh a`wujvm, wp`a` ju m vp ujqih z, vheu` qhah, `vqí ml mju` ljeu` #ajf` }p` vj qumem)  nmum `k pk lp lpomu omu f`uumah, f`uumah, v` imufcjqmué imufcjqmuém*+ m*+ @rm qj`k` pkm `k`ui`ama i`kqml =7+

1=

MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV FHK

MLOPKMV W@UVHKMV FHK ]P@ AJVFMWMFJAMA ]P@ ]PJ^ÍV FHKH^FMV+++

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BUJAM DMCLH =:7?) =:01 @llm wjkqö fhk fhlhu`v rjeumkq`v jkbp`k) fjmahv whu lm fplqpum a` Iêsjfh+ Bp` lm wuji`um muqjvqm i`sjfmkm a` vjolh SS fpzm heum p` ma}pjujam whu pk ipv`h jkq`ukmfjhkml+ Dmclh fhkqumnh whljhi`ljqjvm m lhv v`jv mýhv, lh fpml a`nö vp wj`ukm a`u`fcm iív a`lomam }p` lm j~}pj`uam #`llm lh ajvjiplmem fhk mlamv a` fhlhu`v*+ Iív ma`lmkq`, fpmkah q`kém 50 mýhv, qprh pk q`uujel` mffja`kq` a` qumkrém }p` lm a`nö fhk oumr`v l`vjhk`v+ @l ahlhu }p` v`kqém `um jkq`kvh z wmvö ipfcmv q`iwhumamv `k `l chvwjqml h `k lm fmim+ Wmu`f` }p` v` mepuuém, z `k lm fmim `iw`~ö m wjk) qmu+ qmu+ Bjkmli`kq`, oumfjmv m vp oumk `k) `uoém z omkmv a` rjrju, Bujam rhlrjö m fm) ijkmu, mpk}p` vpv ahlhu`v w`uvjvqj`uhk cmvqm `l k a` vp rjam+ Bujam Dmclh q`kém pkm ajvfmwmfjama évjfm # Whljhij`ljqjv* Whljhij`ljqjv*

 Rmk  Rm k Ohoc q`kém q`kém pkm `k`ui`ama `k`ui`ama i`kqml+

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15

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VQ@WC@K CM_DJKO =:15 Vq`wc`k _jlljmi Cmdjko `v évjfh, fhviölhoh z ajrplomahu fj`kqéfh a`l U`jkh Pkjah+ Cm c`fch oumka`v a`vfpeujij`kqhv z `vqpajmah lhv mopn`uhv k`ouhv #`kqu` hqumv fhvmv*+Qj`k` pkm fmuu`um eujllmkq` whu lm }p` cmvqm chz, cm u`fjejah kpi`uhvhv wu`ijhv+ Fpmkah q`kém 5= mýhv, l` ajmokhvqjfmuhk pkm `k`u) i`ama k`puhkml ihqhum> lm `vfl`uhvjv lmq`uml mijh) quöfm #@LM*+ Vp `vqmah v` a`q`ujhuö uíwjami`kq` z lhv iêajfhv ajn`uhk }p` kh vheu`rjrjuém iív a` ahv h qu`v mýhv+ W`uh kh hfpuujö mvé+ Cmdjko cm jah w`uaj`kah oumapmli`kq` `l pvh a` vpv eum~hv, lmv wj`ukmv z lm rh~, z a`va` 577: `vqí fmvj fhiwl`qm) i`kq` wmumlj~mah, w`uh kpkfm cm a`nmah a` qumemnmu, wpeljfmu ` jkr`vqjomu+ Lm vjllm a` up`amv }p` pqjlj~m mfqpmli`kq`, `vqí fhkquhlmam whu pk hua`kmahu }p` imk`nm m qumrêv a` l`r`v ihrjij`kqhv a` fme`~m z hnhv, z qmiejêk l` w`uijq` v`l`ffjhkmu wmlmeumv z umv`v `k vp vjkq`qj~mahu a` rh~+

K@IH K`ih p` fmwqpumah whu pk epf`mahu+ @l wheu` q`uijkö `k lm w`f`um a` lm fhkvplqm a` pk a`kqjvqm+ @l wmau` a` K`ih, fhk lm mzpam a` pk vjiwíqjfh w`uh a`vwjvqmah w`~ llmimah Ahuz #fhk wuhel`imv a` i`ihujm*, jkjfjö pk w`ljouhvh rjmn`+ Mvé, `l wmau` a` K`ih mfmeö fhkrjuqjêkahv` `k `l cêuh` a` pkm r`uama`um mr`kqpum fpzh k `um u`vfmqmu m vp cjnh, }p` whu vp wmuq` jkq`kqmem cmf`u pk wlmk wmum rhl) r`u vmkh z vmlrh m fmvm+ K`ih qj`k` pkm ajvfmwmfjama `k pkm ml`qm

#w`uh `vh kh l` jiwja` v`u fhih lhv a`iív w`f`v z }p` qhahv lh }pj`umk*+

Vq`wc`k Cmdjko qj`k` pkm ajvfmwmfjama évjfm

IJOP@L A@ F@URMKQ@V VMMR@AUM #=01? ‖ =2=2* Bp` vhlamah , khr`ljvqm , wh`qm z aumimqpuoh `vwmýhl , w`uh vheu`qhah `v pkjr`uvmli`kq` fhkhfjah fhkhfja h whu cme`u `vfujqh Ahk ]pjnhq` a` lm Imkfcm + Fpmkah p` kjýh, mfhiwmýmem m vp wmau`, }p` `um iêajfh, wmum cmf`ul` a` jkqêuwu`q` fhk vpv wmfj`kq`v, zm }p` `um vhuah+ M F`urmkq`v qmiejêk v` l` fhkhf` fhk `l mwhah a` `l imkfh a` L`wmkqh, zm }p` m umé~ a` pkm emqmllm #`k L`wmkqh* pk quh~h a` wlhih l` v`ffjhkö pk k`urjh a` lm imkh j~}pj`uam z `vqm w`uajö qhah ihrjij`kqh+ Ijop`l a` F`urmkq`v q`kém pkm ajvfmwmfjama évjfm+

16

AJVFMWMFJAMA@V

Lm wmlmeum AJVFMWMFJAMA vjokjfm }p` cmz pkm ljijqmfjök `k mlopkm a` lmv fmwmfjama`v }p` q`) k`ihv qhamv lmv lm v w`uvhkmv> cmelmu, cmelmu, fmijkmu, u`lmfjhkmukhv, fhiwhuqmu) khv fpmkah `vqmihv npkqh m hqumv w`uvhkmv, r`u, r`u, héu• @vqm ljijqmfjök #}p` wp`a` v`u a`ejam m }p`, whu `n`iwlh, mlopkm wmuq` a` a` kp`vquh kp`vquh fp`uwh `vqí amýmam z kh pkfjhkm ej`k* jiwljfm }p` lm w`uvhkm }p` lm vpu` q`kom ajfplqma`v wmum cm) f`u mloh h ej`k, kh wp`am cmf`ulh fhih `l u`vqh+ Whu `vq` ihqjrh cmelmihv a` w`u) vhkmv fhk ajvfmwmfjama, kpkfm a` ajvfmwmfjqmahv> whu}p` m w`vmu a` }p` mlopj`k wp`am q`k`u pkm ljij) qmfjök wmum r`u, whu `n`iwlh, qj`k` hqumv ipfcmv fmwmfjama`v> wp`a` fmijkmu, héu, npomu, qumemnmu• Cmz aj`u`kq`v qjwhv a` ajvfmwmfj) ama`v, `k `vq` ljeuh, cmv rjvqh mlop) kmv }p` mchum q` rmihv m fhkqmu+ fhkqmu+ 11

VÉKAUHI@ A@ AH_K V` qumqm a` pk qumvqhukh o`kêqjfh #}p` hfpuu` ipfch mkq`v a`l kmfjij`kqh* fmp) vmah whu lm wu`v`kfjm a` pkm fhwjm `squm a`l fuhihvhim 5= #cmz pkh a` iív*+ Lmv w`uvhkmv fhk Vékauhi` a` Ahk qj`k`k pkhv umvohv évjfhv w`fpljmu`v cmf`k }p` v` l`v u`fhkh~fm ífjli`kq`, w`uh kh vhk qhahv jopml`v- Fmam pkh qj`k` vpv opvqhv z fmwmfjama`v+

 = 5 6

WLPUJAJVFMWMFJAMA Pkm w`uvhkm fhk wlpujajvfmwmfjama qj`k` iþlqjwl`v ajvfmwmfjama`v m lm r`~> wp`a` q`k`u ajfplqma`v wmum mkamu h ihr`uv`, wmum r`u, wmum fhipkjfmuv`•` jkflpvh wp`a` q`k`u wuhel`imv jiwhuqmkq`v a` vmlpa+ M w`vmu a` qhah, lmv w`uvhkmv fhk wlpujajvfmwmfjama v` ml`oumk, v` `km) amk, v` ajrj`uq`k h v` mepuu`k•z ipfcmv hqumv fhvmv+ Ma`iív, fhk `l mwhzh a` ml) opkmv mzpamv qêfkjfmv, v` ip`r`k z v` fhipkjfmk+ L@VJÖK I@APLMU Lm iêaplm `vwjkml `v `l fmijkh }p` lhv i`kvmn`v pvmk wmum rjmnmu `kqu` `l f`u`euh z lmv aj`u`kq`v wmuq`v a`l fp`uwh, `vqí a`kquh a` lm fhlpikm r`uq`euml+ Fpmkah vpu` mloþk qjwh a` l`vjök #fhk pk mffj) a`kq`, whu `n`iwlh* wp`a` wuhrhfmu pkm wêuajam a` v`kvjejljama z(h a` ihrjljama `k mlopkm wmuq` a`l fp`uwh #a`w`ka` a` lm oumr`ama m`fqmuí m iív wmuq`v h i`) khv*+

? 1 3 0 : 2  =  =7 7

F@OP@UM Lm f`op`um hfpuu` fpmkah pkm w`uvhkm kh wp`a` r`u, mpk}p` `sjvq`k aj`u`kq`v qjwhv a`kquh a` lm ajvfmwmfjama rjvpml> cmz w`uvhkmv }p` r`k ipz whfh z hqumv }p` kh r`k kmam `k mevhlpqh+ Pkm w`uvh) km wp`a` `vqmu fj`om whu aj`u`kq`v ihqj) rhv> whu}p` lh `v a`va` `l kmfjij`kqh h whu}p` cm q`kjah mlopkm `k`ui`ama h mffja`kq`+ Lmv w`uvhkmv }p` kh wp`a`k r`u a`vmuuhllmk ml iísjih hqumv fmwmfj) ama`v, `k `vq` fmvh, `l héah+

VHUAHIPA@^ Lmv w`uvhkmv vhuahipamv vhk m}p`llmv }p` kh cmk a`vmuuhllmah h cmk w`uajah lm fmwmfjama mpajqjrm z rhfml ml ijvih qj`iwh+ Wmum mzpamu m `vqmv w`uvhkmv m fhipkjfmuv` pqjlj~mk `l l`kopmn` a` vjokhv z `l l`kopmn` lmejml wmum fhipkjfmuv`+ Ip) fcmv r`f`v jkq`kqmihv cmelmul`v ipz mlqh w`uh kh q` `vp`uf`v wp`v kh q` `vfp) fcmuík+ @v jiwhuqmkq` }p` rhfmljf`v ej`k z l`v iju`v m lm fmum fpmkah cmel`v+

QUMKVQHUKH WHU A@BJFJQ A@ MQ@KFJÖK FHK CJW@UMFQJRJAMA #QAMC*  M lhv kjýhv fhk `vq` qumvqhukh, l`v l`v fp`vqm wu`vqmu mq`kfjök, fhkf`kqumuv` h w`uim) k`f`u v`kqmahv, `vw`fjmli`kq` fpmkah `vqík k`urjhvhv h `sfjqmahv+ Cjw`umfqj) rjama vjokjfm }p` cmz ipfcm mfqjrjama+ @vqh kh völh l`v hfpuu` `k lm `vfp`lm, vjkh }p` qmiejêk v` fhiwhuqmk mvé `k fmvm, `k `l wmu}p`+ Lhv kjýhv fhk cjw`umfqjrj) ama qj`k`k ipfcm `k`uoém+ MPQJVIH @l mpqjvih, `v pk qumvqhukh }p` m`fqm ml a`vmuuhllh a` lmv fmwmfjama`v }p` pqjlj~m) ihv wmum u`lmfjhkmukhv fhk lhv a`iív, wmum fhiwu`ka`u z wmum fhipkjfmukhv+

Lmv w`uvhkmv fhk mpqjvih, wp`a`k fhi) whuqmuv` a` imk`um imk`um `squmým mkq` vjqpm) vjqpm) fjhk`v }p` kh fhiwu`ka`k, h fpmkah v` vj`kq`k a`vehuamahv #Ihvquíkahv` mou`) vjrhv cmfjm vé ijvimv h cmfjm lmv a`iív w`uvhkmv, llhumkah vjk ihqjrh mwmu`kq` h }p`aíkahv` ipz }pj`qhv*+

F@LJM]PÉM Lm f`ljm}pém `v pkm jkqhl`umkfjm m lm wuh) q`ékm a` hujo`k r`o`qml }p` v` llmim olp) q`k+ Qj`k`k olpq`k f`u`ml`v fhih `l qujoh, lm f`emam, lm mr`km z `l f`kq`kh, }p` m vp r`~ v` `kfp`kqumk `k ipfchv mlji`kqhv #fhih `l wmk, lm wmvqm, lmv omll`qmv•*+ Lmv w`uvhkmv }p` vhk f`lémfmv, kh wp`a`k qh) imulh, z vj lh cmf`k v` vj`kq`k ipz iml z l`v ap`l` lm emuujom+ Whu `vh, mfhvqpieumk m l``u ipz mq`kqmi`kq` lhv jkou`aj`kq`v a` qhah lh }p` fhiwumk z fhi`k #wmum mv`opumuv` a` }p` kh ll`rm olpq`k*+

MIWPQMFJÖK Pkm miwpqmfjök `v `l u`vplqmah a` lm v`wmumfjök a` pkm wmuq` a`l fp`uwh> pk a`ah, pk eum~h h pkm wj`ukm• Wp`a` v`u a`ejah m pk mffja`kq` h pkm `k`ui`ama h fhkoêkjqm+ @k mlopkhv fmvhv, lm wmuq` a`l fp`uwh }p` kh `vqí, wp`a` v`u vpvqj) qpjam whu pkm “wuöq`vjv’ @KB@UI@AMA I@KQML @vq` qjwh a` `k`ui`ama`v #`sjvq`k a` aj`u`kq`v qjwhv, fhih lm a`wu`vjök, lm `v) }pj~hu`kjm, lm a`wu`vjök h lm `v}pj~hu`) kjm m`fqmk m lmv `ihfjhk`v, m lhv w`k) vmij`kqhv z ml fhiwhuqmij`kqh a` lmv w`uvhkmv }p` lmv vpu`k+ Bpkami`kqml) i`kq`, cmf`k }p` lm w`uvhkm v` vj`kqm “ipz iml’ fhkvjoh ijvim h fhk `l `k) qhukh }p` lm uha`m, ml i`khv apumkq` pk qj`iwh+ @sjvq`k qumqmij`kqhv }p` wp`a`k mzpamu m lmv w`uvhkmv fhk pkm `k`ui`) ama i`kqml m v`kqjuv` i`nhu+ 10

Q`sqh ª 57== Íko`lv Whkf` Jlpvqumfjhk`v ª 57== Ijop`l Omllmuah Ajv`ýh ouíbfh Amij`k Bjlljmqu` Fhhuajkmfjök EMKO @ajfjhk`v emko`ajfjhk`v+fhi Jiwu`vh `k Emuf`lhkm whu Lje`uapwl`s+ @vqm Opém cm vjah `lmehumam whu HCL z Bpkamfjök Ma`ffh wmum lm v`kvjejlj~mfjök z `l mf`ufmij`kqh a` rmlhu`v }p` mzpa`k m lm jkq`oumfjök a` lmv w`uvhkmv fhk ajvfmwmfjama `k lm vhfj`ama+ @vq` imq`ujml, fpzh pvh z `swlhqmfjök `v a` HCL z Bpkamfjök Ma`ffh, wp`a` v`u pqjlj~mah z u`wuhapfjah vj`iwu` z }p` q`kom pkm kmljama `apfmqjrm z(h a` v`kvjejlj~mfjök z `k kjkoþk fmvh fhk pk k fhi`ufjml+ Wp`a`v a`vfmuomu `l ahfpi`kqh `k WAB `k `l mwmuqmah a` wpeljfmfjhk`v a`> +pkamfjhkma`ffh+`v

12

Lm rjam `v iíojfm whu}p` vj`iwu` wp`a`v a`vfpeuju `k `llm fhvmv }p` q` vhuwu`kamk, }p` uhiwmk lm upqjkm z r`k~mk lmv emuu`umv a` lm ajvfujijkmfjök, `l `vq`u`hqjwh, lm jkajb`u`kfjm• @vqm opém jlpvqumam ajepnm pkm u`mljama }p` kh vj`iwu` `v bífjl, w`uh }p` vjk `iemuoh, ll`km `l ipkah a` rmlhu, a` fhumn` z cmf` }p` lm rjam z kp`vquh ipkah v`m pk lpomu i`nhu+ Fmam ajepnh, fmam wmlmeum a` `vqm opém jlpvqumam cmelm a` qj z a` ié, a` qpv mijohv, qpv fhiwmý`uhv a` qumemnh, qp bmijljm, cmelm a` khvhquhv, cmelm a` qhahv, a` kp`vqumv ajb`u`kfjmv, a` m}p`llmv }p` khv cmf`k þkjfhv ` jiwu`vfjkajel`v z a` m}p`llmv fhvmv }p` khv cmf`k jopml`v+ Bpkamfjök Ma`ffh

z HCL c`ihv c`fch `vqm opém jlpvqumam wmum jkrjqmuhv m l``ulh fhk rp`vquhv cjnhv z m wuhbpkaj~mu `k bmijljm `k `l fhkf`wqh a` ajr`uvjama z ajvfmwmfjama, z mvé, `kqu` qhahv, whamihv cmf`u bu`kq` m lmv emuu`umv }p` `sjvq`k `k kp`vqum vhfj`ama mlu`a`ahu a` lmv w`uvhkmv fhk ajvfmwm) fjama+ L`z`kah `vqm opém jlpvqumam fhk qpv cjnhv, fhk qpv kj`qhv, qpv vheujkhv, lhv cjnhv a` qpv mijohv,• `vqmuív mzpamkah m }p` lmv w`uvhkmv fhk ajvfm) wmfjama i`nhu`k vp rjam z m }p` lm ajr`uvjama ajepn` fmam aém pk ipkah iíojfh+