Manual Para El Enologo Aficionado

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MANUAL PARA EL ENÓLOGO AFICIONADO Miguel Errico Parrillo

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MANUAL PARA EL ENÓLOGO AFICIONADO INDICE Prólogo La Bodega La Uva y el Vino El Sulfuroso La Fermentación Alcohólica Vinificación en blanco Vinificación en tinto El Cava Vinos de Licor Corrección de defectos Posibles reutilizaciones del orujo Análisis del Mosto y el Vino Reflexiones y consejos útiles Bibliografía y comentarios finales

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MANUAL PARA EL ENÓLOGO AFICIONADO PRÓLOGO La finalidad de este manual es ser una guía práctica y fácil de aplicar para aquel que quiera producir su propio vino con un mínimo de infraestructura. El hecho de no disponer de una verdadera “Bodega” no tiene que ser sinónimo de obtener malos vinos; se pueden tener muy buenos vinos con instalaciones sencillas si se hacen de una forma correcta. Intentaremos, asimismo, no aportar demasiada información científica en aras de ser lo más comprensible posible, pero sin que ello nos lleve a ser poco rigurosos. En más de un caso daremos diferentes alternativas para realizar una determinada operación, dependiendo de la finalidad que busquemos y/o de la instalación de que dispongamos.

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Permitidme que haga una excepción a lo dicho en este último párrafo, pero si lo que quiero decir lo incluyo en los agradecimientos seguramente nadie lo leería, y en cambio quiero que tenga especial relevancia. En este pequeño manual además de mi esposa Mercè que ha sido colaboradora en todo, desde sugerencias y correcciones hasta la “ mecanografía “ si así se puede llamar al trabajo en el PC, han colaborado dos amigos desde los tiempos de la universidad, que por diferentes motivos; entre ellos los laborales; nos habíamos separado (y una separación nada menos que de unos 10.000 kilómetros el uno del otro) y perdido la pista, gracias a una reunión de compañeros de estudios de la facultad para festejar los 50 años del ingreso a la misma (no sacar cuentas de los años que tenemos por favor) nos reencontramos y este manual sirvió de argumento para unirnos más ya que a mi sugerencia de colaborar en el mismo que les hice los dos se unieron rápidamente. Ellos son Carlos Werner Böthig y Héctor Presedo, el primero, Carlitos, colaboró en la corrección, con comentarios y aportando bibliografía además de redactar el último capitulo sobre Reflexiones y consejos útiles (cuando lo leáis notaréis la diferencia de estilo, léxico, e incluso alguna ligera contradicción con el resto, pero es

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LA BODEGA Nos referimos a la bodega para un aficionado y que por lo tanto será para volúmenes pequeños y la estructura de la misma será “rudimentaria“. Cuando hablamos de volúmenes pequeños entendemos que nos referimos a volúmenes inferiores o similares a los 1000 litros de vino producidos al año. Si partimos de la base que estamos haciendo vino para el consumo propio de una familia y este consumo lo estimamos entre 1 y 3 botellas día; dependiendo del tamaño de la familia; ( entendemos que 1 botella de ¾ de litro al día para 2 personas es un consumo “saludable“) necesitaremos entre 365 y 1095 botellas al año, y si calculamos algunas más para regalar a los amigos y familiares nos situaremos entre las 400 y 1200 botellas o sea entre 300 y 900 litros. Los elementos mínimos indispensables que necesitaremos para la bodega serán, un local adecuado, un recipiente o equipo para estrujar la uva, un recipiente

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El local deberá, en lo posible, ser un lugar donde no tengamos temperaturas muy elevadas (el garaje de la casa, si está debajo de ésta, puede ser una buena alternativa). La mejor solución es un local enterrado donde la tierra que lo cubre hace de aislante, tanto en el techo como en las paredes laterales; pero éste es un lujo al alcance de pocos. Lo que sí deberemos hacer es mantenerlo adecuadamente limpio para evitar que proliferen microorganismos nocivos. Para estrujar la uva se puede utilizar el antiguo sistema del “ pisado “; que además es excelente ya que no rompe las semillas que dan gusto amargo al vino; y para lo cual sólo necesitamos un recipiente donde pisar (por ejemplo los mismos cubos donde se recoge la uva o una simple palangana de plástico) y unas botas de lluvia (como alternativa al pie desnudo). Pero quizás lo más práctico si vamos a hacer unos cuantos litros es comprar, en los negocios especializados en equipos para bodega, una sencilla estrujadora y despalilladora manual o motorizada que se encuentran encuentran a precios asequibles. asequibles. Además, así resolveremos el tema del despalillado (importante cuando hacemos vino tinto) que de otra manera nos veríamos obligados a hacer manualmente y que es muy engorroso o renunciar a hacerlo lo cual desaconsejo.

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de los blancos. El recipiente puede ser un simple bidón de 200 litros de plástico recuperado como los que se usan para infinidad de productos químicos en la industria, sin la tapa superior y limpiado cuidadosamente, al que por comodidad de uso se le habrá acoplado un grifo en el lateral inferior y un filtro. Si el volumen a fermentar es superior a los 140 litros de mosto tinto debemos pasar a mas de un fermentador de 200 o recurrir a un depósito de mayor volumen, pero comento el tema del bidón porque es una alternativa práctica (fácil de manejar) y económica (si es recuperado) y como estamos hablando de producir unos cientos de litros de vino el volumen es adecuado, sobre todo si, como es casi seguro, no haremos sólo un tipo de vino sino que haremos una parte de blanco, algo de rosado y posiblemente más de un tipo de tinto que tendremos que fermentar por separado.

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volumen del depósito al del líquido y así siempre tenemos el depósito lleno. El depósito de decantación y clarificación del vino será, si es posible, uno como comentamos en el párrafo anterior, del tipo siempre lleno, si no es así y queremos añejar el vino en barrica de madera podemos utilizar el mismo tonel para hacerlo, pero como veremos en su momento el disponer de un depósito siempre lleno nos facilitará mucho las operaciones. Para el envasado podemos utilizar desde un embudo y vaciar el vino por el grifo del depósito siempre lleno o de la barrica, o bien hacer un sifón con un tubo de goma atado a una varilla para que quede a unos centímetros del fondo y no arrastre posibles depósitos, o utilizar uno de los muchos modelos de sencillas “embotelladoras“ que que se pueden encontrar en el el mercado. mercado. Para el el cierre de las botellas también podemos encontrar

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ser útil para otros usos que ya comentaremos aunque no sean estrictamente enológicos) enológicos) y por último una probeta de 0 a 100 cc. Hay más material de laboratorio que que puede ser interesante tener a disposición (que ya iremos viendo) pero no imprescindible para comenzar.

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Báscula de 0 – 100 grs. , con la cual se puede apreciar la décima de gramo.

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Depósito de 100 lts del tipo siempre lleno en acero inoxidable, se puede apreciar el fondo superior “ flotante” con su cierre tipo cámara de bicicleta que se presuriza por un bombin manual con manómetro.

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LA UVA Y EL VINO El vino, como seguramente ya sabéis, es el resultado de la fermentación alcohólica del mosto o “jugo de la uva” La calidad del vino dependerá en gran medida de la calidad de la uva de partida, pero también de la elaboración que hagamos posteriormente, de una buena uva podremos obtener un buen vino, pero también uno

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gotas de mosto en un cristal cristal situado en un extremo del del instrumento y mirar por el visor situado en el otro extremo con el refractómetro orientado hacia una fuente luminosa y leer el resultado en una escala que veremos en el visor. El problema; como en todo todo análisis; análisis; es la representatividad de la muestra (en nuestro caso que los granos de uva o de racimos elegidos para obtener el mosto sea el fiel reflejo del conjunto de la viña). El contenido de azúcares va aumentando hasta que se estabiliza, en este punto podríamos decir que la uva está madura, pero si queremos obtener un tinto “gran reserva” interesa tener muchos taninos y materias colorantes y

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EL SULFUROSO. SULFUROSO. Seguramente si no existiese el anhídrido sulfuroso (o un producto con propiedades similares) no existiría la enología actual y los vinos seguirían siendo inbebibles como lo eran en la antigüedad, que para poder tomarlos debían añadirles otros sabores que disimularan sus defectos ( acidez, amargor, etc.). El sulfuroso (utilizaremos esta denominación más

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capítulos iremos dando las cantidades a utilizar en cada caso. Otra utilización del sulfuroso es para el correcto mantenimiento de las barricas de madera que necesitan de su acción antiséptica para evitar la proliferación de

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LA FERMENTACIÓN ALCOHÓLICA. ALCOHÓLICA. La fermentación alcohólica es la responsable de la transformación de los azúcares presentes en el mosto en

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que realizar un cuidadoso control de la misma, para tener buenos resultados. La fermentación la realizan las levaduras, y como en todos los órdenes de la vida, tenemos levaduras más trabajadoras y eficientes que otras y si favorecemos la

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seleccionadas, pero lógicamente podéis optar por no hacerla y que el mosto siga su camino hacia el vino con sus propias levaduras solamente. Lo primero que debemos hacer es comprar las levaduras que más se ajusten al tipo de vino que queramos

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temperatura entre las levaduras hidratadas y el mosto), y aquí terminan las indicaciones del fabricante. Nosotros agregamos que además de evitar el salto térmico, conviene evitar el cambio brusco de medio (agua/mosto) y aclimatar las levaduras más lentamente a

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POSIBLES REUTILIZACIONES DE LOS ORUJOS. ORUJOS. Los orujos de uva tinta separados luego de la fermentación y los de uva blanca sin fermentar (ya que se habrán separado para fermentar el mosto sin ellos como vimos en el capítulo correspondiente), pueden tener para nosotros aprovechamientos interesantes. Tenemos dos posibles utilizaciones, nos referimos a la obtención de un segundo vino (llamado “vineta“ en los países del Río de la Plata) y de la obtención por destilación de un aguardiente que tiene distintos nombres según el lugar, Orujo en España, Grappa en Italia, Pisco en Perú (aunque este último tiene algunas diferencias con los anteriores), etc. La obtención de vinetas consiste en agregar a los orujos, agua, azúcar y ácido tartárico y hacer fermentar nuevamente la mezcla. Si el orujo contiene todavía bastante materia extraíble (si proviene de una maceración corta) será mejor el resultado. Este es el procedimiento para los orujos de uva tinta, si queremos obtener “vinetas” de uvas blancas, se tendría que proceder de manera similar sobre los orujos sin fermentar, que en este caso dejaremos en contacto con el líquido unas 12 horas para luego separarlos y continuar la fermentación del nuevo “mosto“ como en cualquier vino blanco. Se pueden obtener vinetas muy agradables de beber, un vino ligero que puede ser un buen vino de mesa. Partiendo de esta idea, la cantidad de azúcar a agregar

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o sea unos 200 grs por litro (17x12=204, en su momento vimos que 17 grs de azúcar generan 1 grado alcohólico por fermentación), o algo menos sobretodo si hablamos de vinetas blancas; recordemos lo ya comentado del equilibrio entre alcohol, acidez y astringencia en un vino, como la astringencia será seguramente baja, dado que los orujos han cedido ya buena parte de los taninos que tenían, los otros valores (alcohol principalmente) también deben ser contenidos. La cantidad de agua (lo más pura posible , para que no aporte sabores, si es destilada mejor) no debería superar la cantidad de vino obtenido de dicho orujo en la primera fermentación (cuanto menos agua pongamos mejor será la vineta, por ejemplo podemos probar de poner la mitad) y la cantidad de ácido tartárico a agregar debería darnos una acidez total equivalente a la que tiene un vino, o sea, del orden de 5 grs por litro , el problema radica en saber cuanto ácido ácido se se extraerá todavía del del orujo, si valoramos la acidez es fácil calcular lo que falta y agregarlo, si no valoramos podremos suponer que sólo tendremos la mitad del ácido necesario y agregar la otra mitad o sea 2,5 grs/litro (seguramente no nos equivocaremos mucho). También será conveniente sulfitar el “nuevo“ mosto ya que las posibilidades de ataques bacterianos siguen presentes (incluso más ya que tendremos sólo 12 grados alcohólicos y el alcohol es un excelente bactericida), la dosis puede ser de 15 grs de metabisulfito cada 100 litros. Los orujos que deberán ser frescos (recién separados del vino en el caso de los tintos) tendrán suficientes

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tanto no tendría que haber problemas para que se desarrolle correctamente la fermentación, si no fuese así y la fermentación no arrancase deberíamos proceder a sembrar levaduras como vimos en capítulos anteriores. En el caso de uvas blancas casi seguramente tendremos que sembrar ya que tendremos sólo parte de las levaduras presentes originalmente en la uva. Luego procederemos como si de un vino de uva nueva se tratase. El otro producto que podemos obtener de los orujos es el Orujo (para evitar confusiones lo llamaremos de ahora en adelante aguardiente) y para ello necesitamos un equipo de destilación. Se me ocurren cuatro posibilidades para solucionar este problema: 1.- Comprar un equipo de destilación específico, como las alquitaras usadas en Galicia usualmente de cobre, o de inoxidable si son de concepción más moderna. 2.- Comprar un equipo de destilación de laboratorio de vidrio; en este caso los volúmenes a destilar serán sensiblemente más pequeños (un matraz de boca ancha de unos 10 litros para el orujo, mientras en el primer caso es fácil hablar de 100 litros) , pero que puede ser suficiente para tener algunos litros de aguardiente. 3.- Construir uno en un taller mecánico (de tuberías) similar al que se muestra en la foto adjunta. 4.- Recurrir a un “poteiro” (destilador ambulante que existe en zonas de Galicia) o semejante. Para la destilación de los orujos procederemos de la

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1º) Se carga el orujo (el residuo sólido que nos queda luego de la fermentación alcohólica) más los sedimentos que nos quedan luego de la decantación del vino y restos de vino sobrante, si el conjunto no tiene un mínimo de líquido que facilite un calentamiento homogéneo, podemos agregar agua o mejor vino. Al principio de este capitulo comentamos que el Pisco era algo diferente de la Grappa y el Orujo, esta diferencia es que mientras los últimos son destilación de los restos sólidos del vino en en el Pisco se destila el el total (vino y orujos). En el Brandy o Cognac en cambio se destila sólo el vino. Es claro que si tenemos orujos de uva blanca, éstos también deben estar fermentados ya que si no es así no tendrán alcohol. 2º) Una vez ensambladas las diferentes partes del destilador (calderín, columna si la hay, condensador y recipiente recolector) podemos comenzar a calentar. El sistema de calefacción dependerá del equipo que tengamos, lo más usual será un fuego de gas, pero puede ser fuego de leña en un destilador tipo alquitara o una manta calefactora eléctrica si es un destilador de laboratorio. 3º) Cuando comienza a destilar deberemos separar las distintas fracciones del destilado (los vapores desprendidos al calentar el vino/orujo y convertidos nuevamente en líquido en el condensador) La primera fracción destilada, llamada cabeza, contiene los productos más volátiles, con sabores y olores muy fuerte y la mayor parte del alcohol Metílico, este alcohol es tóxico y produce ceguera, por lo cual es necesario eliminarlo (si

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momento de estrujarla, hemos eliminado la principal fuente de Metílico que es la parte leñosa del racimo), luego tendremos la parte central de la destilación que es la que nos interesa y finalmente la cola que debemos despreciar ya que aportan sabores amargos. Tendremos que saber hasta dónde el destilado es “cabeza“ y cuando comienza la “cola“ para poder separar estas fracciones, y para ello tenemos dos métodos, uno basado en la temperatura de la destilación y el otro basado en la densidad del destilado. Si disponemos de un destilador tipo laboratorio seguramente tendremos un termómetro que nos dará la información necesaria, en cambio si tenemos una alquitara posiblemente tendremos que recurrir al método densímétrico (alcoholímetro). Cuando tomamos de referencia la temperatura, separaremos como cabeza todo lo que destile por debajo de los 90ºC, recogeremos como bueno todo lo que destile entre 90 y 98 ºC y consideraremos como cola lo que queda por destilar al llegar a esta última temperatura. La razón de tomar los 90º está basada en la temperatura de ebullición de mezclas alcohol / agua con concentraciones similares a la del vino (ver tablas adjuntas), corregidas ligeramente por la presencia de otros producto (fundamentalmente ésteres) y los 98 porque a esta temperatura ya se ha destilado casi todo el alcohol presente y además se empiezan a destilar productos con sabores desagradables. Si nuestra referencia es el alcoholímetro, despreciaremos como cabezas todo el destilado que nos de una concentración superior a 65 % de alcohol (que es lo que nos debería dar el destilado a 90ºC, si es menor

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ligeros) y seguiremos destilando hasta tener una concentración del orden del 20%. Para poder utilizar un alcoholímetro la cantidad de destilado que necesitamos es importante (del orden de 70 c.c.), por lo que si no estamos destilando un volumen importante, puede ser muy poco practico. Lo que siempre es interesante, aunque no sea muy científico, es usar el paladar como indicador, si nos ponemos unas gotas de destilado en la boca, podremos distinguir (con un poco de experiencia) bastante bien cuando estamos destilando “cabeza“ y cuando llegamos a la “cola“ Por cuidadosa que hagamos la destilación siempre habrá arrastres y contaminaciones, y se tendrán todavía sabores amargos en el destilado, por lo cual es necesario hacer una segunda destilación del líquido recogido al que previamente añadiremos un 10 % de agua, luego comenzaremos la destilación pero en este caso las temperaturas o densidades de referencia no serán las mismas; si disponemos de alcoholímetro, con la ayuda de las tablas adjuntas podremos determinar los nuevos valores a partir de la concentración alcohólica del líquido que vamos a destilar, si no es así nos regiremos por el siguiente criterio: desecharemos como nueva cabeza el equivalente al 1% del volumen a destilar (10 cc por cada litro) y pararemos de destilar a 98ºC como anterior-

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destilador, parte de los sabores amargos (solubles en agua) que todavía todavía tenía el primer destilado. destilado. El aguardiente obtenido, mejorará con el tiempo y es por lo tanto conveniente dejarlo unos meses (mejor un año o más) en reposo, también es aconsejable dejar el destilado unos días en el congelador y luego filtrarlo, de esta manera separaremos las sales que cristalizan a bajas temperaturas como los tartratos que hayan podido pasar al destilado. El tipo de recipiente que utilicemos para el posible añejado del aguardiente influirá en el sabor final, no es lo mismo utilizar un envase de cristal que uno de madera de roble, pero sobre el tema prefiero no opinar ya que es cuestión de gustos (para algunos puristas es correcto usar madera para un Brandy pero no para una Grappa). Gr appa). El aguardiente que hemos obtenido se puede beber solo o podemos hacer una variedad de preparados como la conocida Grapa con limón (en el Rio de la Plata), o Cerezas en Orujo (en Galicia), o Pacharán (en Navarra y País Vasco), o un Pisco Sauer (en Perú) sólo por nombrar algunas de las posibilidades. Adjuntamos la foto de un destilador de construcción

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TABLA DE TEMPERATURAS DE DESTILACIÓN DE MEZCLAS DE ALCOHOL ETILICO / AGUA TEMP. COMPOSICIÓN DESTILACIÓN LIQUIDO % en volumen de alcohol en agua 100ºC 99ºC 98ºC 97ºC 96ºC 95ºC 94ºC 93ºC 92ºC 91ºC 90ºC 89ºC 88ºC 87ºC 86ºC 85ºC

0 1% 2% 3.5% 4% 6% 8% 10.5% 11% 13% 15% 18% 21% 24% 29% 34%

COMPOSICIÓN VAPOR % en volumen de alcohol en agua 0 13% 28% 37% 43% 46% 52% 56% 59% 62% 65% 69% 71% 74% 77.5% 80%

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Esta es una tabla resumida y con valores redondeados, pero que es suficiente para nuestros fines. Podemos apreciar que para una temperatura de destilación aparecen dos columnas, una con la composición del liquido que está hirviendo a esa temperatura y otra con la composición del vapor que se está desprendiendo, que evidentemente son distintas; esto es debido a que el líquido que hierve es una mezcla de dos líquidos con diferentes puntos de ebullición y el vapor desprendido es más rico en el componente más volátil (es lo más usual, pero no siempre es así), y es la razón por la que podemos obtener por destilación un destilado más rico en alcohol que el líquido de partida; en nuestro caso partiendo de un vino de 13% de alcohol que herviría a 91ºC obtendríamos un destilado inicial con 62% de alcohol. Lógicamente a medida que avanza la destilación, el líquido que estamos destilando se va empobreciendo del componente más volátil (alcohol) y la temperatura de ebullición va subiendo hasta que, por ejemplo, llegamos a 98ºC en ese momento en el vino sólo nos quedara el 2% de alcohol y el destilado tendrá un 28%.

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Densidad de mezclas Alcohol Etílico / Agua a 22 ºC % en volumen de alcohol 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Densidad 0,9978 0,9831 0,9706 0,9569 0,9408 0,9218 0,8999 0,8775 0,8505 0,8229 0,7876

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ANÁLISIS DEL MOSTO Y DEL VINO Este capítulo es el más difícil de escribir, ya que son necesarios unos conocimientos mínimos de química para poder realizar estos análisis y posiblemente no todos los lectores los tengan, así que intentaremos explicarlos de un modo sencillo pero intentando mantener la rigurosidad, lo cual no es fácil. Si comenzamos por el mosto, el primer análisis es fácil de realizar y ya lo hemos comentamos brevemente en el capítulo de la uva y el vino y ahora lo desarrollaremos con más profundidad; este primer análisis es la determinación del contenido de los azúcares presentes. presentes . Esta determinación se puede realizar por varios métodos, nosotros comentamos el basado en la refracción de la luz (utilizando el refractómetro) por ser preciso y fácil de realizar y que permite hacer un seguimiento, inclusive en

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siguiente forma: en la probeta de 100 cc que ya comentamos en el material de laboratorio, pondremos el mosto filtrado, con el termómetro leeremos la temperatura y luego introduciremos el densímetro, este flotará más o menos según la densidad del mosto y sobre la escala leeremos el valor situado en la parte superior del menisco formado en la interfase mosto/aire. Con las tablas adjuntas haremos primero la corrección por temperatura (si esta es diferente de 20ºC) y luego calcularemos el grado alcohólico probable con la siguiente formula % vol = ( 150,5537 x densidad ) – 151,4771, el grado alcohólico se expresa con dos decimales, pero en el etiquetado se utiliza solo uno y se redondea al medio grado. La escala del densímetro podrá ser de 1.000 a 1.100 grs / litro, con lo que tedremos cubierto el rango de 0 a 14 grados alcohólicos probables También podemos utilizar la tabla de equivalencias del refractómetro para obtener el grado a partir de la densidad.

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directamente grado alcohólico de soluciones agua /  alcohol). Si optamos por el método refractométrico (el refractómetro es más caro que el densímetro pero más robusto y práctico; el densímetro es de cristal y necesita más volumen de muestra), procederemos como ya comentamos, pondremos unas gotas del mosto filtrado sobre el prisma y en el visor (con el refractómetro orientado hacia la luz) leeremos el resultado, aquí nuevamente dependiendo de la graduación de la escala deberemos recurrir o no a las tablas de conversión (ver tablas adjuntas). Con el refractómetro vienen las instrucciones de uso y como calibrarlo, el índice de refracción varía poco con la temperatura así que normalmente no será necesario hacer esta corrección. La acidez total del mosto y del vino es un parámetro importante de conocer, pero bastante más complicado de obtener. obtener. Para saber saber la cantidad total de de ácido ácido

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verde-azulado en el momento que se neutralizan los ácidos presentes. El material de laboratorio necesario y los reactivos son los siguientes: Una pipeta de 10 ml. Una bureta de 10 ml o mayor Un erlenmeyer de 200 ml. Agua destilada. Solución de hidróxido de sodio de 0,1332 mol/L Solución de azul de bromotimol al 0,4% Con la pipeta tomaremos la muestra de 10 ml de vino o mosto a analizar que introduciremos en el erlenmeyer (recipiente de vidrio de forma tronco cónica). Si el vino o mosto tienen cantidades importantes de CO2 o SO2 agitar el erlenmeyer para eliminar el exceso, luego agregar otros 10 ml de agua destilada y unas gotas de azul de bromotimol, en la bureta pondremos la solución de hidróxido de sodio llenándola hasta llegar al inicio de

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Si utilizamos solución de valor 0,1, gastaremos más mililitros de solución, por lo tanto deberemos dividir la cantidad gastada por 1,332 para para obtener la acidez. La acidez se puede expresar de muchas maneras, en realidad cuando gastamos X ml de solución de hidróxido de sodio para neutralizar los ácidos presentes en la muestra, lo que sabemos es que tenemos una cantidad de moles equivalentes de ácido a los moles gastados de base, y esos moles se multiplican por el peso molecular de un ácido determinado para decir que tenemos tantos gramos de ese ácido por litro. Utilizando la solución de valor 0,1332 tenemos directamente la acidez en gramos / 

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fuerte cuanto más disociado está). Como los tipos de ácidos presentes son siempre los mismos y relativamente “débiles“ hay una cierta relación entre acidez y pH. El pH de un vino normalmente se situa entre 2,7 y 3,8 (atención, el pH menor nos indica una acidez mayor). El pH se determina con un instrumento llamado pHmetro que es caro y dificil de mantener, como alternativa más económica y simple tenemos papeles pH, que son unas tiras de papel que cambian de color al mojarlas con el líquido y segun el color que toma nos indica un pH, son menos exactas pero nos servirán de guia. La acidez volátil es en cierto modo la medida de la

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agua. Ambas determinaciones requieren equipos específicos para su correcta realización, pero el segundo, podremos realizarlo más fácilmente con material de laboratorio de de uso corriente. Necesitaremos un pequeño matraz (100 ml sería suficiente pero puede ser mayor) con dos bocas, un termómetro, un refrigerante de reflujo y un mechero de alcohol o similar. El termómetro es el elemento más importante, lo ideal es uno con una escala de 90 a 100 ºC y donde podamos apreciar 0,05 grados, si sólo podemos apreciar 1 grado el error en al determinación puede llegar a ser de 2 grados alcohólicos o más, lo cual lo hace inútil, si apreciamos diferencias de temperatura de 0,1 el error rondará los 0,2 grados

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Temperatura Corrección 14 ºC -0.0018 Tabla de corrección de la 15 ºC -0.0015 densidad del mosto cuando 16 ºC -0.0013 ésta ha sido medida a una 17 ºC -0.0010 temperatura diferente de los 18 ºC -0.0007 20 ºC. 19 ºC -0.0004 20 ºC 0.0000 Una vez hecha la correc21 ºC +0.0003 ción con la fórmula ya vista, 22 ºC +0.0007 pero que aquí repetimos para facilitar el trabajo, cal23 ºC +0.0010 culamos el grado alcohólico 24 ºC +0.0014

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Tabla de equivalencias de Índices de Refracción, ver comentarios en página siguiente: I.R. 1,3497 1,3505 1,3512 1,3520 1,3527 1,3535 1,3542 1,3550 1,3557

Brix 11, 11,9 12,4 12,9 13,3 13,8 14,3 14,7 15,2

Baume 6,3 6,6 6,9 7,1 7,4 7,7 8,0 8,2 8,4

Densidad 1,044 1,046 1,048 1,050 1,052 1,054 1,056 1,058 1,060

Azúcar g/L 95,3 100,4 105,5 110,6 115,8 120,9 126,0 131,2 136,3

Grado % V 5,6 5,9 6,2 6,5 6,8 7,1 7,4 7,7 8,0

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Tabla de equivalencias entre los valores del índice de refracción del mosto con los correspondientes grados Brix y Baume (que son los otros índices normalmente

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REFLEXIONES Y CONSEJOS ÚTILES En los capítulos anteriores habéis encontrado infor-

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de producir un vino que merezca el elogio de su família y amigos. Toda la información necesaria para alcanzar buen nivel de calidad en los vinos está pues en los capítulos precedentes, que seguro habréis leído atentamente.

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relativo a esta actividad de aficionado a la producción de vinos, como en su vida privada, y se preocupe de trasmitir este criterio a su família, colaboradores y amigos. Podríamos sintetizar esta idea en una definición que nos parece muy acertada:

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Anhídrido Carbónico (CO²) La fermentación alcohólica, operación básica de la

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