Manual Normas Apa Actualizado - Iti 2022

 

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Fitrl`ukkfûi Oh prbsbitb p rbsbitb mmuäh uäh bs uih hktuhofzhkf hktuhofzhkfûi ûi h ohs Ilrdhs HUH (=ª b`fkf b`fkfûi) ûi),, h`hpth`h h`h pth`hss pphrh hrh oohh kliaf kliafmurhkfûi murhkfûi `b ``lkudbitls lkudbitls hkh`ædfkls hkh`ædfkls thitl phrh p hrh oohh tftuohkfûi tft uohkfûi,, hs hsää kkldl ldl phrh p hrh thrbhs th rbhs `b ko kohs hsbs. bs. Bst Bstbb bbss ui ``lkudbitl lkudbitl lafk lafkfho fho qu qubb sbrvfrè kldl ofibhdfbitl ofibhdfb itl `b hyu` hyu`hh y `bshrrlool p hrh ols bstu` bstu`fhit fhitbs bs `b oohh klduif`h` FPF. Bs tb muäh ssbrè Bstb brè ``bb mrh mrhii nnbibaf bibafkfl kfl phrh ols bs bstu`fhitb tu`fhitbss y `lkbitbs ttutl utlrb rbss `b trhnhcls hkh`ædfkls, yh qub foustrh `b dhibrh kohrh y prbkfsh oh `fstrfnuk `fstr fnukfûi fûi `b kûdl hhcusth custhrr oh fivbstfmhkfûi fivbstfmhkfûi h ohs kli`fkf kli`fkflibs libs ttæk ækifkhs ifkhs `b rb`hkkfûi, kfth y lrmhifzhkfûi `b klitbif`ls hklr`b h ohs bxfmbikfhs ols  p  prl rlmrhd mrhdhs hs Pækifkl y Pbkiloûmfkl [up brflr.

tbd

@bthoob

Pfpl Pfpl ` b aubitb

Pfdbs Pfdbs Ibw ^ldhi

Ph Phdhøl dhøl `b aubitb

8> puitls phrh tl`l tl` l bo `lkudbitl 80 puitls phrh tätuols `b prfdbr prfdbr lr`bi : puitls bi thnohs l afmurhs 85 puitls bi ilths ilt hs `b pfb

Pfpl ` b phpbo

Phdhøl3 Phdhøl3 khrth Uhpbo3 >8.26 kd x >=.60 kd

Dèrmbibs

>.20 fiabrflr (Uhrh thrbhs, fivbstfmhkflibs l thoobrbs)   >.20 supbrflr >.20 fzqufbr`h >.20 `brbk ` brbkjh jh ;.55 supbrflr fiabrflr (Uhrh trhnhcls `b tftuohkfûi)  0.55 fzqufbr`h ;.55 `brbk ` brbkjh jh

 Iudbrhkfûi `b  Iudbrhkfûi `b  pèmfihss  pèmfih

[b iudbrh `bs`b oh plrth`h, y bo alrdhtl vh bi iódbrls hrènfmls (8,>,;,0…) @bnb sbr klolkh`l bi oh phrtb supbrflr `brbkjh `bo ` bo `lkudbitl

Ulrth`h

Hklr`b h alrdhtl fistftukfliho fistftukfliho

Uèrrhals

Custfafkh`l tl`l tl` l bo `lkudbitl

Fitbrofibh` Fi tbrofibh`ll

8,2 phrh thrbhs, fivbstfmhkflibs l thoobrbs > phrh trhnhcls `b tftuohkfûi tftuohkfûi

 

>

[himräh

Uhrh tl` l bo ` lkudbitl shimräh ` b 8,>=kd bi bo fifkfl ` b kh`h  pèrrhal,  pèrrh al, bxkbptl bo prfdbr prfdbr pèrrhal `bspuæs `b uuii suntätuol Bi tftuohkfûi, bo ^bsudbi/Hnstrhkt il oobvh shimräh Bi kfths `b dès `b 05 phohnrhs, tl`l bo nolqub oobvh shimräh `b 8,>=kd, sf bo nolqub tfbib dès `b `ls pèrrhals `bnb oobvhr uih shimräh h`fkfliho `b 8,>=kd óifkhdbitb bi oh prfdbrh oäibh

Pätuols Pätuols y suntätuols

Bstèi `fvf`f`ls `fvf`f` ls bi trbs ifvbobs ifvbobs  Il `bnbi ` bnbi sbr iudbrh`ls iudbrh`ls  Ifimói tätuol `bnb qub`hr bi uih jlch jlch hphrtb hphrtb Pätuols `b prfdbr lr`bi hofibh`l ho kbitrl, obtrh 80, kli ibmrfth bi dhyóskuohs tl`h oh phohnrh kldpobth [untätuols `b sbmui`l lr`bi hofibh`l h oh fzqufbr`h, obtrh 8> kli ibmrfth bi dhyóskuoh slol oh prfdbrh obtrh [untätuols `b tbrkb t brkbrr lr`bi lr` bi hofibh`l hofibh`l h oh fzquf fzqufbr`h, br`h, obtrh 8> kli ibmrfth, kursfvh bi dhyóskuoh slol oh prfdbrh obtrh

Kfths Kft hs

Kfths klrths (Pbxtuhobs l ihrrhtfvhs) ` b dbils ` b 05 phohnrhs Kfths ohrmhs (Pbxtuhobs) `b dès `b 05 phohnrhs

Äi` Äi ` fkbs

Kli bsphkfl sbikfool y sfi ibmrfths

Phnohs, mrèafkls y afmurh Qføbths Qføbt hs

H bsphkfl sfdpob y hofibh`ls h oh fzqufbr`h

^babrbikfhs

@bnb bvfthrsb su usl, il lnsthitb, lnsthit b, sf sb rbqufbrb su bdpobhnfof`h` bo alrdhtl sbrèi ols puitls Oh rbklpfohk rbklpfohkfûi fûi `b ohs aubitbs ` b klisuoth klisuoth sbrè t ftuoh`h kldl ^babrbikfhs y il kldl Nfnoflmrhaäh

 

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Ulrth`hs  Pl`ls ols `lkudbitls bskrftls nhcl ohs Ilrdhs `b bstfol HUH `bnbi tbibr uih  plrth`h. [b larbkb `ls vbr vbrsflib sflibss `b plrth`h.

Ulrth`h Ulrt h`h trhnhcl `b tftuohkfûi

 

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Alrdhtl bdphsth`l, `b oh`l   Pl`l prlybktl `b ` b tftuohkf tftuohkfûi, ûi, `bnb ` bnb sbr bitrbmh` bitrbmh` l `b dhibrh dhibrh aäsfkh kud kudpofb pofbi`l i`l ohs sfmufbitbs fi`fkhkflibs

 

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Alrdhtl bdphsth`l, plrth`h p lrth`h `b arbitb 

Alrdhtl K@ 

 

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Ulrth`h Ulrt h`h thrbhs, fiv fivbst bstfmhkflibs fmhkflibs l thoobr thoobrbs bs

 

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Äi`fkbs Kli bsphkfl sbikfool y sfi ibmrfths. ÄI@FKB. Ulrth`h ............................................................................................ ¡Brrlr! Dhrkh`lr il `bafif`l.  prlnobd nobdhh `b fivb fivbstfmh stfmhkfûi kfûi....... ............. ............ ............ .............. .............. ............ ............ ............ .............. .............. ............ ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ........>  >  Bo prl @bafifkfûi `bo prlnobdh ...................................................................................................................... >>   Alrduoh uohkfûi kfûi `bo prl prlnobd nobdhh ....... ............. ............ ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ............ ............ .............. .............. ........... .....0  0  Alrd Lncbtfvls ................................................................................................................................................ 00   Lncbtfvl Mbibrho ................................................................................................................................... 0  0  Lncbtfvls Bspbkäafkls........................................................................................................................... 0  0  Custfafkhkfûi ........................................................................................................................................... 22   Dhrkl tbûrfkl......................................................................................................................................... ::   Hitbkb bkb`b `bit itbs bs fivb fivbstfmh stfmhtfvl tfvlss....... ............. ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ............ ............ ............ .............. .............. ......... ... :   Hit Nhsbs tbûrfkhs ........................................................................................................................................ 66   Hprbi`fzhcb ............................................................................................................................................ 66   Alrdhs `b hprbi`fzhcb ......................................................................................................................... 6  6  obkfdfbitl tl `bo prlkb p rlkbsl sl `b h prbi` prbi`fzh fzhcb cb ...... ............. ............. ............ ............ ............. .............. ............. ............ ............ ............. ............. ............. .......85 85   Alrth obkfdfbi Dætl`ls `b hprbi`fzhcb nhsh`ls bi bo klistruktfvfsdl ...............................................................8>  ...............................................................8>   Dætl tl`ls `ls `b h prbi` prbi`fzhcb fzhcb h ktfvl ...... ............ ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ..........8; ...8;   Dæ Dhrkl klikbptuho................................................................................................................................;; klikbptuho................................................................................................................................;;   Dbtl`lolmäh .........................................................................................................................................02 .........................................................................................................................................02   Dætl`ls ................................................................................................................................................02 ................................................................................................................................................02   ................................................................................................................................................02   Pækifkhs ................................................................................................................................................02 Ulnohkfûi y Dubstrh ...........................................................................................................................01 ...........................................................................................................................01   ...............................................................................................................................................06   ^bkursls ...............................................................................................................................................06 Klikousflibs........................................................................................................................................15   ^bkldbi`hkflibs ...............................................................................................................................10 ...............................................................................................................................10   ..................................................................................................................................................=8   Hibxls ..................................................................................................................................................=8

 

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Dèrmbibs phrh thrbhs, fivbstf fivbstfmh mhkflibs kflibs l thoobr thoobrbs. bs.

Dèrmbibs phrh trhnhcls `b tftuohkf tftuohkfûi ûi

 

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Hnrbvfhturhs Hnrbvfhturhs ka. Klist. bt ho. btk. f. b.  p. bc. v. m. vs.

Pätuols Pätuo ls y iódbr iódbrll `b pèm pèmfih fih

[fmifafkh`l kldpèrbsb Klistftukfûi Ihkfliho y ltrls btkætbrh bstl bs plr bcbdpo bcbdpoll bs ` bkfr Qbrsus

 

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Ilths ho pfb l Ilths ho afiho. [b utfofzhi ilths ho pfb l ho afiho phrh kldpobdbithr bo klitbif`l, hsä kldl phrh jhkbr htrfnukflibs htrfnukf libs ` b `brbkjls `b hutlr.

Ilths ho pfb @bnb utfofzhrsb phrh kldpobdbithr l hdpofhr homói tfpl `b fialrdhkfûi `b dhibrh susthikfho susthikf ho bi bo tbxtl. tbxt l. Kli ols fiahitbs fiahi tbs kliar kliarlithdls lithdls ui sf sfstbdh stbdh qub tl`h väh bstè bi `bshrr `bshrrlo loool, y plr th itl, kli uuii sf sfstbdh stbdh qqub ub d dubstrh ubstrh klisf`br klisf`brhh nob aobxfnfo aobxfnfof`h` f`h` (h (huiqu uiqubb `bs`b oubml oubml il tl tlth th o) bi oh a lrdh `b oh olkhofzh olkhof zhkfûi kfûi iburho y bo d l`l `b rbh ofzhkfûi. ofzhkfûi. [f [fii bdnh rm rml, l, kli oh b`h ` oh oh rbmo rbmohh klisfstb bi ui mr mrh` h`ll dukjl du kjl dh ylr `b olkh olkh ofzh ofzhkfûi kfûi `b oh au auikfûi ikfûi `bo obim obimuh uh cb ;5 . Bsth tbi`bikfh tbi`bi kfh sf sfmif mifafkh, afkh, bi  prfdbr oumhr, qub bi ols fi`fvf`uls `fbstrls iilrdh lrdh obs ohs alrdh al rdh s bspbkä bspbkäafkh afkhss `b oh fikhph fikh ph kf kf`h` `h` sbrèi klisbkubikfh klisbkubi kfh `b oohh s obsflibs obsflibs bspbkäafkhs bi èrbhs kr krätfkhs ätfkhs ``bo bo jbdfsabrf jbdfsabrfll fzquf fzqufbr`l7 br`l7 yy,, bi sbmui`l sbm ui`l,, qub oohh s plsfnfo plsfnfof`h`bs f`h`bs ph rh oohh rbkupbrhkfûi kldpobth kldp obth ((ll oh oh tld h ) `b bsths auikflibs plr ltrhs rbmflibs rbmflibs `bo kbrbnrl sb jh j h kbi nhsth itb ofmbr ofmbrhs. hs.

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ;5Ulr

rhzlibs qub il sb kldprbi`bi, ohs auikflibs `bo oobimuhcb bimuhcb phrbkbi olkhofzh`hs dès aubrtbdbitb bi bo jbdfsabrfl fzqufbr`l bi ols vhrlibs qub bi ohs ducbrbs, oh bvf`bikfh ``bb bsth prbdf prbdfsh sh sb kfth bi D. J. ]fttfm y H. K. Ubtbrsli, kldps., [bx-^bohtb` @faabrbikbs fi Klmiftfvb Auiktflifim.

↘ Ilth s h o Ufb

Ilths ho afiho. Bi bsth lpkfûi sb iudbrhi ohs ilths ho pfb bi uih pèmfih sbphrh`h bi oh kuho sb unfkh `bspuæs `b oh ofsth `b rbabrbikfhs. Bi bstb khsl sb klisbrvh oh dfsdh aubitb b fitbrofibh`l fitbrof ibh`l utfofzh`l bi bo tbxtl t bxtl .

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Jhkb uih rbohkfûi `b pbrafobs prbsbitbs bi bo Obhrifim Kbitbr `b oh Rifvbrsfty la @bhgfi bi Hustrhofh,

`li`b bi cuofl `bo >55> trhnhchnhi bi bstb sbrvfkfl ;55 pbrslihs `fstrfnuf`hs bi khdpus `fabrbitbs, ‟prlabsflihobs qub trhnhchi bi bitlrils klohnlrh`lrbs, mbibrhi`l uih `fièdfk `fièdfkhh `b hprbi`fz hprbi`fzhcb hcb dutul—.

(Nhohmuæ (Nhoh muæ D Dloh, loh, 866631). >

S;6-25, bs ui prltlklol bstèi`hr fitbrihkfliho phrh oh klduifkhkfûi bitrb sfstbdhs fialrdètfkls duy

fdplrthitb bi bo `bshrrlool `b sfstbdhs nfnoflmrèafkls. ;

‟Ilrdhs slnrb hptftu`bs phrh bo hk hkkbsl kbsl y usl `b oh fialrdhkfûi bi oh B`ukhk B`ukhkfûi fûi [upbrflr— ...

(HK^O/HOH, >555). Bsths ilrdhs `bafibi ohs hptftu`bs qub `bnb `bshrrloohr bo houdil phrh bo hkkbsl y usl `b oh fialrdhkfûi y `b ohs tbkilolmähs `b oh fialrdhkfûi bi oh Bisbøhizh. ↘Ilths ho afiho afiho,, hp hrbkbi bi uih  pè mf mfih ih sbph rh` rh`hh `bsp `bspuæs uæs `b ohs rbabrbikfhs. rbabrbik fhs.

 

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[himräh Uhrh tl`l tl` l bo `lkudbitl `lkudbitl shimräh `b ` b 8,>=kd 8,>=kd bi bo fifkfl `b kh`h pèrrhal, pèrrhal, bxkbptl bo prfdbr pèrrhal `bspuæs `b ui suntätuol.  DH^KL PBÛ^FKL. Hitbkb`bitbs Fivbstfmhtfvls. Bi oh prbsbitb fivbstfmhkfûi fivbstfmhkfûi sb h ih ofzû ofzû kldl rbabrbikfh rbabrbikfh ols ols ttrhnh rhnh cls `b ols sf sfmuf mufbitbs bitbs h utlrbs3 ▯△(Klnl

Mh rkäh, >588 Mhrkäh, >588)) bi oohh Rifvbrsf Rifvbrsfth thtt Uldpbu Ahnrh kli bo tbd h ‟@fsbøl, ‟@fsbøl,

fdpobdbithkfûi y bvhouhkfûi `b ui cubml cubml b`ukhtfvl nh sh`l bi puzo puzobs bs kli [khaalo`f [khaalo`fim im lrfbith`l lrfbith`l ho hp rbi`fzhcb rbi`fzhcb `b h rquftbktur rquftbkturhh `b kldpu th`lrbs— th`lrbs— (@äh äh z ▯△(@

@urèi, >58; ) bi oh Rifvbrsf`h` Rifvbrsf`h` ` b Kh ith nrf nrfhh kli bo tbdh ‟Bstu`fl `b ols  `fabrbitbs

dl`bols `f`èktfkls `f`èktfkls bi b`ukhkfûi y prlpubsth `b uih sbkubikf sbkubikfhh `f`èktf `f`èktfkh kh phrh p hrh prf prfdh dh rfh rfh nh sh`h bi dbtl`lolmähs dbtl`lolmähs h ktfvhs—. ktfvhs—.  

Kfths  Bi bo bstfol HUH sli `ls ` ls mrhi`bs kohsbs3 kohsbs3 kfths tbxtuhobs y kfths phrharhsbh`hs.

Kfth ihrrhtfvh (nhsh`h bi bo hutlr) Bstb tfpl `b kfth bs klilkf`h kldl nhsh`h bi bo hutlr, plrqub ho kldfbizl `b oh arhsb sb hmrbmh bo ildnrb `bo hutlr. Bi bstb bxhktl d ldbitl, oohs hs ph rtäkuohs rtäkuohs qub jhnähi sf`l hkbobrh`hs hkbobrh`hs ph shi ffidb`fhthdbitb idb`fhthdbitb h ltrl bsth`l `bo h odh . Nbr Nbrräl räl (>586) ha frdh qub ‟bstl bs oh oh prubnh  khnh o `b oh oh bxf bxfstbikf stbikfhh `fvfih `fvf ih y `b oh prbsbikfh prbsbikfh `b ui sbr d ès pl`brlsl bitrb ilsltrls— (p.:=). 

Kfth bi phræitbsfs/phrbitætfkh phræitbsfs/phrbi tætfkh (nhsh`h bi bo tbxtl) Bo ildnrb `bo hutlr y oh abkjh `b punofkhkfûi hphrbkbi bitrb phræitbsfs. ‟Oh h kbobrh kbobrh kfûi `b ohs ph rtäkuohs y su pplstbrf lstbrflr lr kh odh bs oh prubnh kh nh o `b oohh bxfstbikf bxfstbikfhh `fvfih `fvf ih y `b oh prbsbikfh prbsbikfh `b ui sbr d ès pl`brlsl bitrb ilsltrls— (Nbrräl, (Nbrräl, >586, >5 86, p. :=).  

 

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Ltrhs dhibrhs vèof`hs `b rb`hkthr uih kfth Bcbdpol 8 @b h kubr kubr`l `l h [èikj [èikjbz bz (8660 (8660 ), ‟bo poh poh ibth bs hzuo— (p. (p. 8 0=). 

Bcbdpol > Bi 8660 , [ [èi èi kjbz jh klikouf`l klikouf`l qub ‟bo pohibth pohi bth bs h zuo— (p. 80=). 80= ). 

Bcbdpol ;   @b jbkjl, jbkj l, ‟bo ‟bo pohibth pohi bth bs h zuo— ([è ([è ikjbz, 866 0, p. 80=).  

Bcbdpol 0 ‟Bo pohibth bs hzuo— `b h kubr`l h [èi [èi kjbz (8660 (8660 , p. 80=) y tl`l bo uifvbrsl… uifvbrsl…  

Bcbdpol 2 Ols rbsuoth rbsuoth `ls `b [è ikjbz (8660) fi`fkhi fi`fkhi qub ‟bo pohibth bs hz uo— (p. 80= ). 

Kfthi`l klrplrhkflibs, klrplrhkflibs, fistftukf fistftukflibs libs l aui`hkflibs kldl hutlrbs [b kfth bo ildnrb ` b ui ui hutlr klrplrhtfvl l `b ui mrupl bi oumhr `bo ` bo ildnrb ildnrb `b uih pbrslih. Kuhi`l sb trhtb `b uih lrmhifzhkfûi qub il sbh duy klilkf`h, sb `bnb bskrfnfr bo ildnrb kldpobtl bi oh prfdbrh kfth b fisbrthr oh hnrbvfhturh bitrb phræitbsfs/klrkjbtbs `bspuæs `bo ` bo ildnrb ildnrb kldpobtl. kldpobtl. Bcbdpol kfth bi phræitbsfs Urfdbrh kfth bi bo tbxtl (Hslkfhkfûi (Hslkfhkfûi Hdbrf Hd brfkh khih ih ph rh bo Hvhikb Hvhi kb `b oh Kfbikfh WHHHKT, WHHHKT, >580 >580,, p. 8:)

[fmufbitbs kfths (HHHK, (HHHK, >580 >580,, p. 65)  

Bcbdpol kfth bi oh ihrrhkfûi Urfdbrh kfth bi bo tbxtl Hslkfhkfûi Hslkf hkfûi Hdbrfkhih ph rh bo Hvhikb Hvhi kb `b oohh Kfbikf K fbikfhh (HHHK, (HHHK, >580 >580))

[fmufbitbs kfths HHHK (>580) 

 

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Kfths sbkui`hrfhs Bi oh db`f`h `b ol plsfnob sfbdprb bs rbkldbi`hnob utfofzhr sfbdprb uih aubitb  prfdhrfh  prfd hrfh ho kfthr. Rih aubitb prfdhrfh prfdhrfh bs `ûi`b ` ûi`b sb bikubitrh bo klitbif`l lrfmfiho. lrfmfiho. Rih aubitb sbkui`hrfh sb rbafbrb ho klitbif`l lrfmfiho lrfmfiho fialrdh` fialrdh` l bi ltrh aubitb. a ubitb. [b utfofzh utfofzhii ohs kfths sbkui`hrfhs kuhi`l bo trhnhcl lrfmfiho bstè hmlth`l, il bstè `fsplifnob l slol bstè `fsplifnob bi ui f`fldh bxtrhicbrl. Kfth bi phræitbsfs (Hyh (Hyh oh, 86:;, kld kldll ssbb kftû bi [èikjbz, [è ikjbz, >556) >556 )

Kfth ihrrhtfvh Hyhoh (86:;, kld l sb kf kftû tû bi [è [èikjbz, ikjbz, >556) hafr hafrdh dh qqub ub il tl`h s ohs bstrboohs bstrboohs qub nnrf rfoo oohi hi jly nrfo nrfoohrèi dh øh ih ih.. 

Kfthi`l klduifkhkflibs klduifkhkflibs pbrslihobs [li klisf`brh`hs klduifkhkflibs pbrslihobs khrths prfvh`hs, klduifkhkflibs bobktrûifkhs (kldl bo b-dhfo l dbishcbs `b mrupls `b ]jhtsHpp), bitrbvfsths  pbrslihobs,, klivbrshkf  pbrslihobs klivbrshkflibs libs tbobaûifkhs y sfdfohr sfdfohrbs. bs. Il sb fik fikouybi ouybi bi oh ofs ofsth th `b rbabrbikfhs. ‟[brfhs ‟[br fhs d b`f`hs jhi sf`l tld h `hs plr oh h okho`äh ph rh prbvbifr bo sufkf`fl sufkf`fl `b `b  h `lobskbitbs.— (Dhrrf, (Dhrrf, C., kldu ifkhkfûi pbrslih pbrslih o, >: `b sbptfbdnrb `b 86 6:).  

Kfths phrharhsbh`hs ^b`hkth bi sus prlpfhs phohnrhs, ohs f`bhs `b ltrl hutlr, bc.3 Bcbdpol Bo äi`fkb `b dubrtbs vflobith vflobith s `urh `urhitb itb bo sf sfmo moll ZZF jh h udbi udbith`l th`l `b dh ibr ibrhh bxpli bxplibikf bikfhh o (^hd ärbz, 86:; 86:;). ).

Bcbdpol [bmói [bm ói Phobn (>581 (>581)) bo kr krhk hk nnhh ikh rf rfll `bo >58: aub plr kubith `b uih h kudu kuduohkfûi ohkfûi `b rfbs rfbsmls mls lkuotls lkuot ls y hsfdætrf hsfdætrfkls y qub ols nh iqubrls bsthnh bsthnh i bdpbøh`ls bbii nósqub`h `b rbiths ((pp. pp. ;5 ‛ ;8). ;8). 

Uhrèarhsfs ohrmh [b kfth bo trhnhcl qub sb phrharhsbh bi oh prfdbrh dbikfûi. Il bs ibkbshrfl rbpbtfr oh kfth sfbdprb qub bo klitbxtl `b oh bskrfturh `bcb bi kohrl qub bo dfsdl trhnhcl klitfióh phrharhsbh`l. phrharhsbh`l.

 

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[bmói [bm ói Phobn (>586 (>586)) bo krhk nh ikh rf rfll `bo >58: aub plr kubith `b uih h kuduohkfûi kudu ohkfûi `b rfbsmls rfbsmls lkuotls lkuot ls y hsfdætrf hsfdætrfkls y qub ols nh iqubrls bsthnh bsthnh i bdpbøh`ls bbii nósqub`h `b rbiths. H`bdè s, bikli biklitrû trû qub oh oh bobkkfûi bobkkfûi `b @lih o` Prudp brh lnvfh yh , `fcbr `fcbrhh ol qqub ub `fcbrh, sb  prbsbithh nh h o pón  prbsbit pónof ofkl kl kld l uih pbrslih pbrsli h vbr`h `brh , h o klitrh kli trhrf rfl, l, `b ols lltrls trls kh i`f`h tls.  

Dès `b uih lnrh bi oh dfsdh phrèarhsfs [f oh phrèarhsfs fiklrplrh dóotfpobs aubitbs l khdnfh bitrb aubitbs, sb rbpftb oh kfth phrh qub oh aubitb sbh kohrh. Qhrfls bklildfsths bklil dfsths jhi bikli biklitrh`l trh`l qub bitr bitrbb ools ls dl dltfvls tfvls `bo krh krhkk `bo >55: bstuvl bo bxkbsl `b h ph ohikhdfbitl `b ools ls nh ikls (Phobn, (Phobn, >586 >586), ), bo kræ`ftl kræ`ftl sunprfdb ([ ([èè ikjbz bt h o., o., >5 >5>5) >5) y qub bstls `ls ahktlrbs jhi oo oobvh`l bvh`l h oh a lrdhkfûi `b uih nurnuch fidlnfo fidlnfoffhrf hrfhh `u `urhitb rhitb `ækh`h s (Hyhoh (Hyhoh y Dhsfbr Dhsfbrl, l, >5857 Phobn, >586). Pl`ls bstls ah ktlrb ktlrbss jhi kh ush`l oohh pblr khä`h `b oh oh nlosh h dbrf dbrfkhih khih bi ols ols óotf óotfdls dls 25 høl hølss y dè s `b `fb `fbzz nhi nhikls kls tuvfbrli tuvfbrli qub sbr rbs rbskhth khth `ls plr bboo nh ikl kbitrho kbitrho hdbrfkhil hdbrfkhil (Hyhoh y Dhsfbr Dhsfbrl, l, >5857 [èikjbz bt ho., ho., >5>57 Phobn, >5867).

Kfths tbxtuhobs Rih kfth bs tbxtuho l `frbkth bs kuhi`l sb rbprl`ukb phohnrh plr phohnrh `frbkthdbitb `b ui tbxtl `b ` b ui ltrl hutlr. [b `bnb ` bnb fialrdhr bo hutlr, bo høl y oh pèmfih.

Kfth tbxtuho klrth `b dbils `b 05 phohnrhs. [b fiklrplrh bi bo tbxtl y sb bikfbrrh oh kfth kli kldfoohs `lnobs. Kfth ihrrhtfvh (æiahsfs Kfth (æiahsfs bi bo hutlr) Hihofzh Hihof zh i`l oh krfsfs krfsfs afihikfbr afihi kfbrhh `bo >55:, >55: , Oyikj (>58>) h afr afrdh dh qub ‟oh krfsf krfsfss jh sf`l  

klitrfnuybi`l nuybi`l h dltfvh`h plr ol ol q ub jhy `b dè s pbrvbrs pbrvbrsl l bi bo d ui`l kh pfthof pfthofsth— sth— (p. 8>=),   klitrf ui kofdh kofdh mbibrh mbibrh o `b ibmhtfvf ibmhtfvf`h `h ` kli ols pphh rtf rtf`ls `ls `b `brbkjh. `brbkjh .

Kfth bitrb phræitbsfs (æiahsfs bi oh kfth) Qhrfls Qhrf ls bklild fsth fsth s jh i hafrdh `l bi oh oh krfsf krfsfss afihikfbr afihi kfbrhh `bo >55: qub ‟oh krfsf krfsfss jh sf`l

8>= ) ol dltfvh`h plr ol ol q ub jhy `b dè s pbrvbrs pbrvbrsl l bi bo dui`l kh pfthof pfthofsth— sth— (Oyikj, (Oyikj,  >58>, p. 8>=) qub jh kli klitrf trfnuf`l nuf`l phrh ui d hobsthr kli ools ls phrtf`ls `b ``brb brbkjh kjh pplr lr bo dui`l. dui`l .

 

82

Kfths kli dès `b 05 phohnrhs [b bskrfnbi hphrtb `bo tbxtl, kli shimräh, sfi kldfoohs, sfi kursfvh y kli fitbrofibh`l `lnob. [b fifkfh uih kfth `b bstb tfpl bi uih iubvh oäibh y klitfbib uih shimräh `b 8.>= kd `bs`b bo dhrmbi fzqufbr`l.

Kfth bi nolqub kli phræitbsfs Pldh i`l kldl rbabrbikfh bstls bstls pfo pfohrbs hrbs y ut utfo fofzhi`l fzhi`l prf prfikfphodbitb ikfphodbitb bi oh b` b`ukh ukh kfûi rlnûtfk rlnûtfkh kldl db`fl phrh lntbibr nbibafkfls qub vhi dès hooè `b oh dbrh krbhkfûi `bo hphrhtl bobktrûifkl. ▯△Oh

prlmrhdhkfûi `bo rlnlt rbqufbrb ui prlkbsl `b prubnh y brrlr qub oobvh ho

hp hprbi`fzhcb rbi`fzhcb ffdpoäkftl dpoäkftl `b ltrhs èrbh s `bo klilkfdfbitl kldl ols sli oohh mbldbträ mbldbträhh y ohs dh tbdè tfkhs tfkhs bit bitrb rb ltrhs. Uhrh Uh pbrt, bstb pr prlkbsl lkbsl `b bish yh r, brr brrhr hr y kl klrr rrbmf bmfrr bo brrlr (bishyl-brrlr) kli`ukb h ols hprbi`fkbs h krbhr y hprbi`br, prlkbsl `b `bpurh kfûi bo kuh o sb klilkb kld l ‟klrrbkkfûi ‟klrrbkkfûi `bo brr brrlr lr (Klrtæs Lslrf Lslrfl, l, Hr Hrnboèbz nboèbz

[hohzh r, & Dbi Dbi`lzh `lzh Qh Qhrm rmhs, hs, >556, p. 00). Oh fdplrthikfh fdplrthikfh `b bstb prlybktl sb `bnb h oh ibkbsf ibkbsf`h `h ` `b bxkbobikfh bxkbobikfh b`ukhtfvh qub  pl  plsbb sbb bi Fistftutl Fi stftutl [upbrflr Pbki Pbkiloûmf loûmfkl kl Fi Fitbrih tbrih kfliho ph phrh rh ols ols hhøl ølss vbi vbif`brls, f`brls, bi

Kfth bi nolqub ihrrhtf ihrrhtfvh vh Bi su d l`bol b`ukh tfvl hktuho oh RI RIB[RD B[RD (>581) dbi dbikflih kflih ol sf sfmuf mufbitb3 bitb3 ▯△[b

ob `h dhylr prflrf`h` ho hprbi`br h hprbi`br, ol kuho fdpofkh qub bs dès

fdplrthitb bisbøhr bstrhtbmfhs `b hprbi`fzhcb qub bisbøhr klilkfdfbitls, phrh ol kuho `bnbi sbr utfofzh`ls bsbikfhodbitb bstrhtbmfhs, dætl`ls y prlkb`fdfbitls dl`brils, dl` brils, babktfvls babktfvls bi oh h ktuh of`h of`h ` `b oh b`u b`ukhkf khkfûi ûi supbrflr, kh khph ph kbs `b `bshrrloo `bshrrloohr hr oh ibkbsh rf rfhh h utlildäh utli ldäh `bo bstu`fhitb bi su alrdh kfûi. @bnb rbkurr rbkurrfr frsb sb bitli bitlikb kbss h tblrähs pb`h mûm mûmfkhs fkhs kljbrbitbs kli bstb bial bialqub. qub. (p. (p. >>1) 1)

 

81

Phnohs [li bobdbitls kldpubstls `b kloudihs y afohs `ûi`b sb prbsbithi iódbrls, tbxtl l uih kldnfihkfûi kldnfihkfûi `b hdnls. hdnls. Phnoh 8.

↕Iódbrl

`b thnoh  

 Iódbrl `b iføh i føhss bdnhrhzh `hs bi kl obmf ls `bo sbktlr ilrtb il rtb `b Xuftl . ↕Pftuol

Ku Kursl rsl

Bdnhrhzh`hs

Hn Hnlrtls lrtls

Il Bdnhrhzh`hs

: 6 85 Pltho

5 > ; 2

5 5 8 8

>: 05 ;5 6:

ubstrhh kûd l khd nfh oh oh kh itf`h` `b if iføh øh s `b hkubr hkubr`l `l h o kur kursl. sl. ↕Ilth    Ilth  Ilt h . Bsth thnoh d ubstr

Afmurhs Bi mbibrho mbibrho tl`ls tl `ls ols ttfpls fpls `b bobdb bobdbitl itlss vfsuhob vfsuh obss qub il sbhi thnohs sb klisf`brhi af afmurhs murhs bi bo bstfol HUH. Ul Ulrr bcb bcbdp dpol3 ol3 foust foustrhkf rhkflib libs, s, fialmrhaähs, fialm rhaähs, altlm altlmrhaä rhaähs, hs, mrèafk mrèafkls ls `b nhrr n hrrhs hs,, `fhmrhdhs `b ao aoucl, ucl, bitrb lt ltrls. rls. Afmurh 8.

Iódbrl dbrl ↕Ió

`b afmurh 

 ^btl ril rbho `b ` b hkkf lib libss hdbrfkh ihs bi 8:5 > h >58> >58 > ↕Pftuol

↕Fdhmbi  Ilt h . Bo mrè mrè afkl rbprbs rbprbsbith bith bo rbtlril ``bsklith bsklith `l `b oohh fiaohkfûi bi bo ppbrf brfl` l` l, plr bsb

dltfvl ui `ûohr bi >58> vhob dbils qub uil bi 8:5> . Pldh `l `b [tlkg [tlkg alr tjb Olim ^ui (p.8>5), (p.8>5 ), plr CC.. C. [fbm [fbmbo, bo, >>580 580,, Dh kMrhwJ kMrhwJfo fooB`ukh oB`ukh tfli ↕Ilth `b afmurh  

 

8=

Qføbths [b `bnb bvfthr su usl, pbrl `b rbqubrfrsb bo alrdhtl sbrèi ols puitls. •

Hihofzhr ols ols h spbktls tbûr tbûrfkls fkls phrh bo `fsbøl ``bo bo dætl`l `b hhprbi`fzhcb prbi`fzhcb ffitbrhkt itbrhktfvl fvl db`fhitb db`fh itb sf sfstbdh stbdh rlnû rlnûtfkl. tfkl.

•

@bafifrr bo `fsbøl bstrukturho `b ui dætl`l `b hprbi`fzhcb ffitbrhktfvl @bafif itbrhktfvl db`fhitb db`fhit b sf sfstbdh stbdh rlnûtfkl.

•

@bshrrloohr @bshrrlo ohr bo dætl` dætl`ll `b h prbi`fzhcb fitbrh fitbrh ktfvl db`fhitb sf sfstbdh stbdh rlnû rlnûtfkl tfkl ph rh bo ohnlrh tlrf tlrfll `b bobktrûifkh bobktrûifkh `b oh Rif Rifvbrsf vbrsf`h `h ` Bstht Bsththh o `bo [ [ur ur `b Dh ih nä.

^babrbikfhs Bs oh rbklpfohkfûi `b ohs aubitbs `b klisuoth, oh ofsth `b rbabrbikfhs `bnb sbr lr`bih` lr` bih`hh bi hoahnætfkhdbitb plr bo prfdbr hpboof`l `bo ` bo hutlr sbmuf`l ` b ohs ohs fif fifkfhobs kfhobs ` bo ildnrbb `bo hutlr. ildnr ^babrbikfhs. Kh il Mhrkäh, H., H., Kh il Nhrrf Nhrrfmh, mh, K., Dh Dh`h `h rf rfhh mh [hi [hi`lvho `lvho y Qf Qfoo oobmhs bmhs Hkbvb`l, D. ((>58= >58=). ).  ▯△>585->581

Kuhi`l pbr`fdls oh f ilkbikfh. Kbitr  Kbitrll `b Bstu`fls Prhnhcl Prhnhcl.. 

Kh rrfûi rrfûi Khrrfûi, Khrrfûi, K. B. (>55=). Oh `fdfiuth aobkjh bivbibih bivbi bih `h bi tlril h oh plbsäh , jbrdætfkh ▯△`b

Kæshr @hvfoh. B`ftlrfho

Lkæhil

Abrihi`bz,, C. (>586 Abrihi`bz (>586). ). Mfr Mfrhslo hslo `b oh dhøhih. B`fkf  B`fkflibs libs `b oh Nhi` N hi`hh Lrfbitho Lrfbitho  Lsnlrib, H. ]. (861:).  Oh prla ui`fzh ui `fzh kfû i `b oh klik klikfbi fbikfh kfh.. B`f  B`ftlrfho tlrfho Prlq Prlqubo ubo

↘ [himräh Arhikbsh Arhikbsh `b 8,>=kd  

Bobdbitls `b uih rbabrbikfh Kh`h bitrh`h bi uih ofsth `b rbabrbikfh `bnb fikoufr ols kuhtrl bobdbitls nèsfkls `b uih rbabrbikfh3 rbabrbikfh3 bo hutlr, abkjh `b ` b punofkhk punofkhkfûi, fûi, tätuol `bo trhnhc t rhnhcll y aubitb a ubitb phr phrhh rbkupbrhkfûi. Fialrdhkfûi `b hutlr

Fialrdhkfûi `b tftuol

↘  ↘  Abrihi`bz, C. (>586). (>58 6). Mfr Mfrhslo hslo `b oh dhøhih. B`fkflibs B`fkflibs `b oh Nh i`h Lrf Lrfbith bith o  ↛  ↛ Fialrdhkfûi `b abkjh

Fialrdhkfûi `b aubitb 

 

8:

^babrbikfh ^ba brbikfh `b ofnrls ofnrls Bi fialrdhkfûi `b hutlr sb fimrbsh bo hpboof`l y, sbphrh`l plr uih kldh, ohs fifkfhobs `bo ` bo ildnrb ildnrb `bchi`l ` bchi`l ui bsphkfl bitrb ohs fifkfhobs. fifkfhobs. Bi abkjh, sb klolkh bo høl `b  punofkhkf  punof khkfûi ûi bitrb phræitbsfs phræitbsfs.. Bo tftuol sb sb bskrf bskrfnb nb kli oobtrh btrh kursf kursfvh, vh, bi dhyóskuoh dhyóskuoh oh prfdbrh prfdbrh obtrh `b ` b oh prfdbrh phohnrh, ols ildnrbs prlpfls y oh prfd prfdbrh brh phohnrh `bo suntftuol. suntftu ol. [f tfbib uih b`fkfûi sb fikouyb bo iudbrl bitrb phræitbsfs hitbs `bo puitl, sf tfbib hdnls, sb dubstrh prfdbrl oh b`fkfûi y oubml bo vloudbi, sbphrh`ls plr uih kldh. [bmuf`l oobvh oh fialrdhkfûi `b oh b`ftlrfho, sf oh aubitb tfbib dhs `b uih sb ohs sbphrh kli ui puitl y kldh. Ho afihofzhr sb klolkh bo `lf l uro. Il sb `bnb klolkhr ui puitl `bspuæs `bo `lf l uro. Hutlr

Pftuol

B`fkflibs

@lf l Rro

↘  ↘  ↘  ↘  Abrih Abr ih i`bz, C. (>586). Mfrhs Mfrhslo lo `b o h dhøhih. (0h b`.). B`fkflibs Lrfbitho.  jttps3//`lf.lrm/85.>>>58   ↛ ↛  Abkjh B`ftlrfho 

^babrbikfh ^ba brbikfh `b hrtäkuol hrtäkuol `b rbvfsth Bi fialrdhkfûi `b hutlr sb fimrbsh bo hpboof`l y, sbphrh`l plr uih kldh, ohs fifkfhobs `bo ` bo ildnrb ildnrb `bchi`l ` bchi`l ui bsphkfl bitrb ohs fifkfhobs. fifkfhobs. Bi abkjh, sb klolkh bo høl `b  punofkhkf  punof khkfûi ûi bitrb phræitbsfs phræitbsfs.. Bo B o tftuol il il vh bi obtrh kursf kursfvh, vh, bi dhyósk dhyóskuoh uoh oh prfdbrh prfdbrh obtrh `b oh prfdbrh phohnrh, ols ildnrbs prlpfls y oh prfdbrh phohnrh `bo suntftuol. [bmuf`l sb bskrfnb bo ildnrb `b ` b oh rbvfsth bi obtrh kursfvh sbmuf`h `b uih kldh, kldh, sb fimrbsh bo iódbrl `b vloudbi bitrb phræitbsfs. [b klolkh bo rhiml `b pèmfihs `bo hrtäkuol kli ui mufli db`fl y sfi bsphkfl bitrb ols iódbrls sb tbrdfih kli ui puitl. Ho afihofzhr sb klolkh bo `lf l uro. Il sb `bnb ` bnb klolkhr klolkhr ui puitl puit l `bspuæ ` bspuæss `bo `lf l uro. Hutlr

Pftuol

Qloudbi Uhmfihs

↘  ↘  ↘  ↘  Kh itls, D. (>586). Oh sf sfibrm ibrmfh. fh.  ^bvfst h Fitbr`f skfp ofi hrfh , = (8> ), =-6. jttps3//`lf. jttps3//`l f.lrm/85.>>>58 lrm/85.>>>58   ↛ ↛  ↛  ↛  Abkjh

Ildnrb `b ^bvfsth

Iódbrl `b ^bvfsth

@lf l Rro

^babrbikfh pèmfihs wbn Bi fialrdhkfûi `b hutlr sb fimrbsh bo hpboof`l y, sbphrh`l plr uih kldh, ohs fifkfhobs `bo ildnrb `bchi`l ui bsphkfl bitrb ohs fifkfhobs, sb `btbrdfih bo hutlr plr bo klitbxtl l bi oh sbkkfûi ‟Hkbrkh `b ilsltrls—. Bi abkjh, sb oh klolkhi ols `htls dès bspbkäafkls plsfnobs, høl, dbs y `äh, sbphrh`ls ols dfsdls kli uih kldh, `b il biklitrhrsb abkjh sb bskrfnb (s.a). Bo tätuol `bo klitbif`l sb bskrfnb bi obtrh kursfvh. [bmuf`l sb klolkh bo ildnrb `b oh pèmfih, tldhi`l bi kubith qub sf bo hutlr y oh pèmfih wbn sli ols dfsdls sb ldftb bstb bobdbitl. Ho afihofzhr sb klolkh bo uro, il sb `bnb klolkhr ui puitl `bspuæs `bo dfsdl.

 

86

Hutlr

Pftuol `bo klitbif`l

↘  ↘   Ihkflibs  Ihk flibs Rif`hs. Rif`h s. ((>58 >58:, :, lktunrb, lktu nrb, >:). Hklsl bsklo jttps3//bs.uib.lrm/ibws/iubvls-`htls -`htls  b sklohr  hr . jttps3//bs.uib.lrm/ibws/iubvls ↛ ↛  Abkjh

Rro

^ba brbikfh `b tbsfs ^babrbikfh tbsfs Bi fialrdhkfûi `b hutlr sb fimrbsh bo hpboof`l y, sbphrh`l plr uih kldh, ohs fifkfhobs `bo ildnrb `bchi`l ui bsphkfl bitrb ohs fifkfhobs. Bi abkjh sb klolkh bo høl `b  punofkhkf  punof khkfûi. ûi. Bo tätuol sb bskr bskrfnb fnb kli obtrh kursfvh, kursfvh, bi dhyóskuoh dhyóskuoh oh prfd prfdbrh brh obtrh `b oh  prfdbrh  prfd brh phohnrh, phohnrh, ols ildnrbs ildnrbs prlpfls y oh prfdbrh prfdbrh phohn phohnrh rh ``bo bo ssuntftuol, untftuol, oubml sb klolkh klolkh bitrb klrkjbtbs bo tfpl `b tbsfs y, sbmuf`l `b uih kldh, bo ildnrb `b oh fistftukfûi qub tb ltlrmh bo tätuol. [bmuf`l `b ` b ui puitl sb klolkh bo ildnrb ``bb oh oh nhsb `b ` b `ht `htls ls bi bi oh qub sb holch oh tbsfs. Ho afihofzhr sb klolkh bo uro, il sb `bnb klolkhr ui puitl `bspuæs `bo dfsdl. Hutlr

Pftuol

Fistftukfûi Fis tftukfûi qub tftuoh

↘  ↘  ↘  Dh rtäibz, C. (>588 (>588). ). Afolslaäh obhi WPbsf WPbsfss `b Dh bsträh, R Rifvbrs ifvbrsf`h`T. f`h`T. jttp3 jttp3//n`fmf //n`fmfth tho. o.uih uih o.b`u/8 o.b`u/855  ↘

  Abkjh

↘

Pfpl `b  tbsfs

↘ 

Rro