Manual Nivel b2

Inglés B2



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Inglés

NIVEL B2

INGLÉS B2 Grammar Verb tenses review Indefinite pronouns Conditionals Vocabulary At the airport Grammar Lack of obligation Make vs. Do Emphatic Indirect speech Vocabulary The human body Illnesses Activity At the doctor´s Grammar Prepositions Anaphoric 'to' When to use and not to use the article 'the' Vocabulary Physical description. Appearence and personality(collocations) Activities Amelia Earhart

1

The Love Competition Grammar The 3rd conditional Impersonal pronouns / verbs Phrasal verbs Vocabulary Presentations Meetings Grammar Uses of 'wish' Emphasis The passive voice Vocabulary Oooooops!! Intensifiers Newcomer. Comeback. Comedown. Come-on Activitiy Jobs Grammar Hardly / Scarcely Exclamations: structures Vocabulary Job Interview adjectives and useful vocabulary Grammar On time vs. In time

2

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Begin and Start Reciprocal pronouns Vocabulary Deadlines Politeness Grammar One and ones It and there Vocabulary Social Language Grammar Common problems with count /uncount nouns Vocabulary Situational language: fixed expressions

3

4

Unit 1 B2

Inglés

NIVEL B2

B2 – UNIT 1

VERB TENSES REVIEW

 The simple present AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+V (infinitivo sin to )+C

S+Aux (do/does)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

I

I

want

You We

He

She Studies It

They

Wants goes

You We

Do not/don’t

He

Does not want

She

Study

want

It

go

They

INTERROGACIÓN Aux (do/does)+S+V ( base form )+C+? I You

Do

We

want?

Does

They

He

Want?

She

study?

It

Go?

EXERCISE1 CONJUGATE THE VERBS a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

I (travel) ………. to London every week. They (run) ………. in the park every Saturdays. l My father mother (not clean use the complete form) ………. the house. Mary (work) ………. in a bank. John (walk)………. to his office. You (study) ………. English at school. The dog (break) ………. the fence. The car (be) ………. in the garage. My father (have) ………. a nice coat.

5

PARIS a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

We (live) ………. in Paris. George (sell) ………. peaches and apples. I always (visit) ………. my grandmother. Alice (go) ………. to the church. They (be) ………. my best friends. You always (pay) ………. the tickets. London (be) ………. a big and nice city. My cousin (paint) ………. the house. I (study) ………. and (work) ………. in Madrid. Mike never (do) ………. the homework.

 The present continuous

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C

I am walking

I am not walking

He You We

are walking

is She walking You It We

He She are not It walking

is not walking

They

They INTERROGACIÓN

Be (pres. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+? Am I walking? He You Are

We

Is walking?

They

6

She It

walking?

Inglés

NIVEL B2

EXERCISE1 CONJUGATE THE VERBS

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t.

She ………. give ………. me a gift. My father and my brother ………. paint ………. the house. Joe ………. climb ………. the mountain. They ………. eat ………. at the shopping center. My grandmother ………. wear ………. a coat. Meg and Brian ………. wait ………. for you. The pupils ………. explain ………. the lesson. My sister ………. buy ………. a red dress. The secretary ………. write ………. a letter. The maid ………. clean ………. the house. The tourists ………. take ………. photographs. They ………. repair ………. the car. The dog and the cat ………. play ………. in the garden. Peter and Tom ………. work ………. in a pet shop. I ………. invite ………. you to my birthday party. The kids ………. wash ………. the hands. The doctor ………. talk ………. to the nurse. My friends ………. open ………. a new store. Max ………. send ………. you an e-mail. I ………. stay ………. at the hotel.

The future

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+Aux (will)+V ( base form )+C

S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

I

I

You We

He Will travel

She

Will travel

It

They

You We

Will not travel

They

He She

Will not travel

It

INTERROGACIÓN Aux (will)+S+V ( base form )+C+? I Will

You We

He travel?

Will

She It

They

7

travel?

EXERCISE1 CONJUGATE THE VERBS 1. You (earn)

a lot of money.

2. You (travel)

around the world.

3. You (meet)

lots of interesting people.

4. Everybody (adore)

you.

5. You (not / have)

any problems.

6. Many people (serve)

you.

7. They (anticipate)

your wishes.

8. There (not / be)

anything left to wish for.

9. Everything (be)

perfect. if you marry me.

10. But all these things (happen / only)

James, 18 years old, asked an ugly fortune teller about his future. Here is what she told him: (fill in the gaps) 1. You (be)

very happy.

2. You (get)

a lot of money.

3. You (buy)

a beautiful house. you.

4. Your friends (envy) 5. You (meet)

a beautiful girl.

6. You (marry)

her.

7. You and your wife (travel) 8. People (serve) 9. They (not/refuse)

around the world. you. to make you happy.

10. But all this (happen / only)

when you are 70 years old.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

 The future continuous

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V (ing)+C

S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V (ing)+C

I will be lending

I will not be lending

He She

You We

will be It lending

Will be lending

will not be lending

She

You

will not It be lending

We They

They

He

INTERROGACIÓN Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+? Will I be lending? He You Will

Be lending?

We

Will

She

be lending?

It

They

.

1. Tomorrow morning we (work)

a party.

2. This time next week we (have) 3. At midnight I (sleep)

.

4. This evening we (watch) 5. They (not/do) 6. He (listen) 7. I (read) a book 8. (walk / you) 9. He (not/draw) 10. They (argue)

a talk show. their homework this afternoon. to music. this evening. home this afternoon? tomorrow morning again?

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 The simple past

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+V (pasado)+C

S+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

I You We They

I

-Studied

He -Studied

-Vb.irreg (2ª columna)

She -Vb.irreg (2ª It columna)

He You did not did not She study study We It They

INTERROGACIÓN Aux (did)+S+V ( base form )+C+? I Did

He

You

study?

We

Did

1. Last year I (go)

3. I (visit) friends of mine .

to England on holiday. fantastic. lots of interesting places. I (be)

4. In the mornings we (walk)

in the streets of London.

5. In the evenings we (go)

to pubs.

6. The weather (be)

strangely fine.

7. It (not / rain)

a lot.

8. But we (see)

some beautiful rainbows.

9. Where (spend / you)

study?

It

They

2. It (be)

She

your last holiday?

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with two

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Put the sentences into simple past. 1. We move to a new house. → 2. They bring a sandwich. → 3. He doesn't do the homework. → 4. They sell cars. → 5. Does he visit his friends? → Write sentences in simple past. 1. Janet / miss / the bus → 2. she / tidy / her room → 3. Nancy / watch / not / television→ 4. she / read / a book → Choose "Was“ or "Were“: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The teacher …...............nice. The students .....................very clever. But one student ..................in trouble. We .................sorry for him. He ...................nice though.

 The past continuous

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C

S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C

I was driving

I was not driving He

He was You She driving were We We driving It They They You

INTERROGACIÓN

11

were not driving

She It

was not driving

Be (pasd. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+? Was I driving? He You

Was

Were We

driving?

driving?

She It

They

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive). 1. When I phoned my friends, they (play)

monopoly. dinner.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) 3. The kids (play)

in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

4. I (practice)

the guitar when he came home.

5. We (not / cycle)

all day.

6. While Alan (work) the pool.

in his room, his friends (swim)

7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) 8. What (you / do)

in the park.

to the radio while my sister (watch)

11. When I arrived, They (play) 12. We (study)

.

yesterday?

9. Most of the time we (sit) 10. I (listen)

in

cards.

English yesterday at 4:00 pm .

12

TV.

Inglés

NIVEL B2

 The present perfect

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C

S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C

I have bought

I have not bought He

He You We

have bought

They

(you’ve)

has She bought (he’s) It

You We They

have not bought (haven’t)

She It

has not bought (hasn’t)

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Have I bought? He You Have We

Has bought?

She

bought?

It

They

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t.

Sue (lose) …………… the key of her car. Peter (save) …………… almost $7000 for a new motorcycle. Jenny (finish) …………… her homework. Some boy (break) …………… the windows. My mother (buy) ……………new glasses. I (read) ……………a hundred pages of the book. My niece (find) …………… a valuable necklace. The town(suffer) …………… terrible floods. Martha (think) ……………very carefully her situation. The factories (contaminate) …………… too many rivers. Sofie (study) …………… so hard for the final exam. We (write) …………… a lot of beautiful poems. Margaret (travel) …………… to Italy. I (go) …………… to the cinema. They (bring) …………… a lovely dog. Sam (arrive) ……………late to work. Mark (visit) …………… wonderful cities in Europe. My mother (make) …………… a nice dress for my sister. Clare (invite) …………… her boyfriend to the wedding. Lia (want) …………… to work in the fashion industry.

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 The past perfect

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C

S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C

I had bought (I’d)

I had not bought

You We

had bought

They

(you‘d)

He She It

had bought You (he’d) We

He She

They

had not bought It (hadn’t)

had not bought (hadn’t)

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Had I bought? He You Had

We

Had bought?

She

Bought?

It

They

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

Astronauts (fly) …………… through space for hours. The boys (steal) …………… the bicycles. They (have) …………… a long and uncomfortable trip. The beggar (find) …………… five bottles of beer. He (show) …………… me the content of the parcel. My sister Ann (begin) …………… her diet a week ago. She (think) …………… a good idea. The postman (deliver) …………… my letter. He (retire) …………… from political life. Alice (leave) …………… her bag on a chair.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

She (buy) …………… a new pair of red shoes. We (have) …………… lunch at a village inn. He (drink) …………… whisky before dinner. My sister (lose) …………… U$S 50 in the street. The children (kick) …………… a ball very hard. My mother (receive) …………… a letter from Canada. My father (give) …………… me some money. Jenny (finish) …………… her job at the office.

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Inglés i. j.

NIVEL B2

They (enjoy) …………… Roy’s party. Pupils (learn) …………… the English lesson.

 The future perfect AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+C

S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V (P.p)+C

I will have bought

I will not have bought

He You We They

will have She bought It (you‘ll have)

will have bought You (he’ll have) We They

He will not She have bought It (won’t have)

will not have bought (won’t have)

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+? Will I have bought? He You Will

Will have bought?

We

She

have bought?

It

They

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

Before her birthday, we (buy) …………… the gifts. By the end of December I (finish) …………… the school. Before 8 o’clock, I (drink) …………… two coffees. By the end of spring she (get thin) …………. 2 pounds. She (approve) …………… the test before the holidays. Before the weekend, we (travel) …………… to Chicago. They (not/study) …………… the lesson by this afternoon. They (understand) …………… the translation before tomorrow. Susan and Brian (organize) ………….. a party, before Tom gets home. By the end of the week I (pay) ………….. all the debts.

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a. By the end of April she (get marry) ………….. Tom. b. By the end of the trial, the police (send) …………… the man to prison. c. You (learn) …………… the exercises before the term test. d. By the time you left you (see) …………… all the historic places. e. By the time we arrive to the concert, the play (start) ……………. f. Before 12 o’clock, he (sign) …………… the contract. g. Alice and Michael (find) ……………. a new job by this evening. h. You (sell) …………… your house by the time you have moved to Seattle. i. My mother (water) …………… the plants by the time it begins raining. j. By the time they get home, we (drive) …………… 100 kilometres.

 The Present Perfect Continuous AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ S+ Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C I have not been selling

I have been selling He You We They

have been selling

She It

has been selling (he’s been)

(you‘ve been)

He You We They

have not She been It selling (haven’t been)

have not been selling (hasn’t been)

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+? Have I been selling? He You Have

We

Has been selling?

She It

They

16

been selling?

Inglés

1) She

2) I

NIVEL B2

(work) here for five years.

(study) all day.

3) You

(eat) a lot recently.

4) We

(live) in London for six months

5) He

(play) football, so he's tired.

6) They

7) I

8) She

9) It

10) You

11) I

(learn) English for two years.

(cook) so I'm really hot.

(go) to the cinema every weekend for years.

(rain) the pavement is wet.

(sleep) for twelve hours.

(not/work) today.

17

12) You

(not/eat) well recently.

13) We

(not/exercise) enough.

14) She

(not/study).

15) They

16) It

(not/live) here for very long.

(not/snow).

17) He

(not/play) football for five years.

18) We

(not/drink) enough water - that's why we feel tired.

19) I

20) They

(not/sleep) I was reading.

(not/watch) TV much recently.

18

Inglés

NIVEL B2

 The past perfect continuous

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

I had been selling

I had not been selling He

You We

had She been selling It

They (you‘d been)

had been selling You (he’d been) We They

He had not been selling (hadn’t been)

She It

had not been selling (hadn’t been)

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+? Had I been selling? He You Had

We

Had been selling?

She

been selling?

It

They

Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets using the past perfect continuous. Remember to use contractions ("I'd" not "I had") where possible.

1. He was sad because 2. I thought that 3. I knew that

all day. (it, rain) English for years. (she, study) my shampoo. (he, use)

4. We didn't know where to go because 5. Before the accident,

? (he, drink?)

19

. (we, not, listen)

Practice 2: Past Perfect Simple or Continuous? Choose the best tense to complete the following sentences. Again, remember to use contractions. And remember that simple tenses are used for states or short, finished actions when we say how many. Continuous is used for long, unfinished or repeated actions. 1. He was hungry because

anything all day. (he, not, eat)

2. Her hand started hurting because play)

computer games all day. (she,

3. The milk smelt bad because 4.

to put it in the fridge. (I, forget)

TV for hours before he fell asleep. (he, watch)

5. She didn't know that

her. (I, always, love)

6. She was delighted because her wish

true. (come)

7.

for 40 years before he decided to stop. (he, smoke)

8.

down with a book when the phone rang. (I, just, sit)

 Future Perfect Continuous

AFIRMATIVO

NEGATIVO

S+ S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C I will not have been selling

I will have been selling

You We They

will have been selling

He She It

(you‘ll have been)

will have been selling You (he’ll We have been) They

will not have been selling (won’t have been)

He She It

will not have been selling

INTERROGACIÓN Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+? Will I have been selling? He You Will

We

Will have been selling?

They

20

She It

have been selling?

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Future Simple, Continuous or Perfect?

Practice: Complete each sentence using the future continuous, future perfect simple, or future perfect continuous.

Sarah has just finished her medical degree, and she starts her new job soon. In September, she

as a doctor. (work)

By Christmas, she

a doctor for 5 months. (be)

I'm going on holiday four times this year. The first holiday is next week. This time next week, I

dinner in a Spanish restaurant. (eat) four holidays. (have)

By the end of the year, I

dinner. (make)

Don't phone me at 7 o'clock - I

my dinner by then. (finish)

Phone me at 8 o'clock - I

- How many exams

by the time you are 21? (you, take)

- Lots! But I'm not worried. I know I

them all! (pass)

to rise in the next 20 years?

- Do you think that the sea level (continue) - Yes, definitely. And maybe cities like London (disappear)

21

by then.

- Really? So maybe in 2050 people (live)

in underwater cities!!!

VERB TENSES REVIEW You are going to watch a short film called Moments about the small moments that make life extraordinary. After watching it, answer one of these questions below:   

What is important to you in your own life right now? What was important to you in your own life in the past? What will be important to you in your own life in the future?

http://vimeo.com/8189067#at=0

And to finish with, how would you define a moment?

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOMEBODY/NOBODY/ ANYBODY/ EVERYBODY

◙ Somebody (some-body)- Alguien Se utiliza en frases positivas y tiene sentido positivo.

 There was somedoby behind the tree. (Había alguien detrás del árbol).

◙ Nobody (no-body)- Nadie Se utiliza en frases positivas y tiene sentido negativo.

 There was nobody behind the tree. (No había nadie detrás del árbol).

22

Inglés

NIVEL B2

◙ Anybody (any-body) – Alguien / Cualquier persona Se utiliza en frases negativas con sentido negativo.

 There wasn’t anybody behind the tree. (No había nadie detrás del árbol).

Se utiliza en frases interrogativas con sentido positivo.

 Was there anybody behind the tree? (¿Había alguien detrás del árbol?).

◙ Everybody (every-body) – Todos Se utiliza en frases positivas con sentido positivo. Es importante recordar que funciona como 3ª persona del singular.

 Everybody was hidden behind the tree. (Todo el mundo estaba escondido detrás del árbol). Lee ahora la siguiente historia, donde aparecen mezcladas las palabras anteriores: Once upon a time, there were four people: Their names were Everybody, Somebody, Nobody and Anybody. Whenever there was an important job to be done, Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. When Nobody did it, Somebody got angry because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought that Somebody would do it, but Nobody realized that Nobody would do it. So consequently Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done in the first place.

23

Exercise7. Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it out, but if there isn’t any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.

1. Everybody all in my class is very excited about the trip. 2. Was there some anyone nice at the graduation party? 3. Jess didn’t know anyone on his first day at school. 4. Do you know anything about La Réunion? 5. There was nobody person at the bank at lunchtime.

Exercise8. Write SOMEBODY/ANYBODY/NOBODY/EVERYBODY in the following sentences:

1. Music is something that … likes. 2. He’s a very strange boy, he doesn’t go out with…. 3. I haven’t spoken to…about that. 4. I need ... to help me finish the report today. 5. … told me Margaret got married last month, but I don’t remember who. 6...would be able to paint this picture in only two hours, it’s impossible.

Excersice2. Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it, but if there isn’t any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.

1. Everybody all in my class is very excited about the trip. 2. Was there some anyone nice at the graduation party? 3. Jess didn’t know anyone on his first day at school.

24

Inglés

NIVEL B2

4. Do you know anything about La Réunion? 5. There was nobody person at the bank at lunchtime.

Exercise3. Write SOMEBODY/ANYBODY/NOBODY/EVERYBODY in the following sentences: 1. Music is .............. that everybody likes. 2. He’s a very strange boy, he doesn’t go out with .................... 3. I haven’t spoken to ................. about that. 4. I need ................ to help me finish the report today. 5. .............. told me Margaret got married last month, but I don’t remember who. 6. .............. would be able to paint this picture in only two hours, it’s impossible

CONDITIONALS The Zero Conditional: if + present simple + present simple If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main cluase. The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

1st conditional: if + Present Simple — Future Simple — may + infinitive — can + infinitive — imperative

2nd conditional: if + Past Simple — would / could / might + infinitive

25

Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the first conditional.

to the party, you will see Mary. (go)

1. If you

2. The children

happy, if their mother allows them to go to the party. (be)

3. If i win the lottery,I

a big house. (buy)

4. My mother will be angry if i 5. If it

home late. (come)

, we can have a picnic. (not rain) Tom, please tell him to call me. (see)

6. If you 7. If Jane

all her exams, her parents will be very pleased. (pass)

8.

if you ask her? (she come)

9. If Andrew

hard, he will meet the deadline. (work) good. (be)

10. We may go to the beach, if the weather

Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the second conditional.

1. If i

you, i would go to the doctor. (be)

2. If Mary had insurance, she have to) 3. If Scott

pay for the damage to her car. (not

the answer, he would help me. (know) more attractive. (look)

4. If Mary wore smarter clothes, she 5. 6. You 7. If you 8. If he 9. If we 10. Jesicca

to his party if he invited you? (you go) fatter if you ate cuips every day. (get) more time, would you exercise more? (have) so carefully, i would trust him to give me a lift. (not drive) tickets, we would go to the concert. (find) angry if you told her the truth. (not be)

26

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make either the first or the second conditional.

1. Will she come if Jason

her? (call)

2. If Sarah were rich, she 3. If he 4. If Dad

in an expensive hotel. (stay)

, i will never speak to him again. (not apologise) the TV set, we will be able to watch our favourite programme. (fix)

5. If i were you, i

to her more politely. (speak)

6. If Sue

her key, she would have to stay to her grandparents'. (lose)

7. I

meet you if i don't finish my homework. (meet)

8. If Zack 9. If you

harder, he will passhis driving test. (try) so impolite, i would enjoy your company. (not be)

10. Tom will be amazed if you

him the picture you drew. (show

Make zero conditionals: For example: (not / rain / the flowers / die) If it doesn’t rain, the flowers die.

1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work) _______________________________________________________________ 2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food) _______________________________________________________________ 3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke) _______________________________________________________________ 4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy) _______________________________________________________________ 5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock) _______________________________________________________________ 6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat) _______________________________________________________________

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7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers) _______________________________________________________________ 8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight) _______________________________________________________________ 9. (you / heat ice / it / melt) _______________________________________________________________ 10. (I / speak to John / he / get annoyed)

CONDITIONALS – ACTIVITY

Moral dilemma – second conditional practice with videos

You are going to watch a short film based on a moral dilemma. As you watch the film you should answer the question: 

What is the moral dilemma?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QrKnhOJ-R80 

What would you do in this situation?



What would you do with your life if money was no objec

28

Inglés

NIVEL B2

VOCABULARY AT THE AIRPORT

WAITING ROO TOILETS/RESTROOMS

SEATS

NEWSSTAND

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TICKET OFFICE

LUGGAGE RACK

PLATFORM

TURNSTILES

CARRIAGE LEFT LUGGAGE LOCKERS

30

Inglés

NIVEL B2

SLEEPER TICKET COLLECTOR

INFORMATION OFFICE GIFTSHOP

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RESTAURANT / SELF SERVICE. TRACK

LOST & FOUND

STEAM TRAIN

32

Inglés

NIVEL B2

LUGGAGE COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT

Compartment Dining car/ Restaurant carriage

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THE TERMINAL, PILLS SCENE This is an excerpt from the movie The Terminal. Read the script or watch the video and try to answer these questions.

1) What happens in this scene? Can you write some lines about it? a. Viktor comes to the JFK Airport in New York from Krokozia, a fake country that stops being recognised by the USA because its inner conflicts. Therefore, he cannot enter the USA nor get back to Krakozia, so he must stay in the airport until his country’s situation changes. b. In this scene, Viktor translates a passenger’s words because they speak a similar language. This passenger wants to carry some medicine to his dying father but the customs agents tell him it is illegal. 2) Why is Viktor (Tom Hanks) required? a. He is required as a translator and in exchange, he will get the documents to leave the airport. 3) Why is this man so nervous? a. Because he wants to give this medicine to his dying father and they tell him it’s not allowed. 4) What information is contained in the blue immigration form? a. The blue immigration form says that you cannot import and/or export medicine to the USA except if it is for animals. 5) What happens to the goat? a. There is no goat. Viktor knows about the blue immigration form and makes the customs agents think the medicine is for his goat because it is the only way he can leave the USA with the medicine for his dying father. 6) Why does the agent get angry with Viktor? a. Because he knows Viktor is lying. 7) Can you identify some Viktor’s language mistakes?

34

Inglés

NIVEL B2

a. E.g. I make mistake b. He say he bring 8) What does MPL stand for? a. MPL stands for Medicinal Purchase License

Video and script:

THE TERMINAL PILLS SCENE

http://youtu.be/3GtRJezhIbY - Sir. - Yeah. - Sir, we have a situation upstairs. - It'll have to wait. - No. This won't wait.…When the . from Toronto landed, they found four prescriptions without an MPL. They tried to take the pills away and he went nuts. There he is. We think they're for his father. Sir, sir, calm down. Put your weapons down.

Everybody keep your weapons... All right. We're here to help you.

We're here to help you, sir. All right. Give me the knife.

- Where's he from? - Russia.

The only interpreter we got is in Newark.

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- We have to get someone to talk to him. - I have an idea, sir.

- Viktor. Viktor. - [Viktor speaks Bulgarian] Oh... I need your help. His name is Milodragovich. He lives near you. He may not speak your dialect, but I need you to translate and help me out. - I help you? Why? - I don't want anybody to get hurt. This guy's very upset. Just calm him down and I'll let you back in the terminal. - No. New York. No red stamp. Green. I green. - New York. - OK, yes. - You say yes? - Yes. - OK. OK, OK, OK. - Stay out!

- We have somebody here to talk to you. Somebody to talk to you. Go ahead. - Stay out! [speaks Bulgarian] [speaks Russian] - So? OK, tell him in order to export medicines from this country, he needs to have the proper form, a Medicinal License. - OK? You understand me, Viktor? [speaks Bulgarian] He say he bring the medicine for his father. This why he go to Canada. Medicine for father.

- It doesn't matter. His plane landed in the US. He needs to have the right form. [speaks Bulgarian] - He did not know he need this document. No one say to him he need document form. -I'm saying it to him. He needs to have the form signed by the hospital who is treating his father. These medicines have to stay in the United States. They have to stay here.

36

Inglés

NIVEL B2

[speaks Bulgarian] - He... He's begging you. - I know. I can see that he's begging. I'm sorry, sir. You'll have to take a flight in the morning. The medicine stays here. I'm sorry. [speaks Bulgarian] [woman] Send him down! [Milodragovich sobs] - Thank you, Viktor. Good job. Let's go. -Whoa. Goat. - What? - Goat. It medicine is for goat. - Goat? - Yes. Medicine is for goat. Goat. [whimpers] - He said that? - Yes. He say...We not understand. I not understand "goat". -Why? What are you saying? You misunderstood him? It's not for his dying father? - No. No. The... Krakozhia...The name for "father"...sound like "goat". I make mistake. [chuckles] -Why are you doing this, Viktor? -Medicine is for... goat. - No, it's not. - Yes. - No. - Yes. -You read the blue immigration form. - Blue? - Yes. Blue. - Blue? - Blue. The blue form. The one that says if it's an animal, he doesn't need the license. Then he can bring the drugs in. That's good, Viktor. That's very good. Why are you doing this? Huh? You don't know him. You don't know the rules. Look at me. I was going to help you. Now I want you to ask him...No, not you. I want you to ask him. I want to hear him say it. I want to hear him say who the medicine is for. Please. Who the medicine is for. [speaks Bulgarian] -Answer him, Mr. Milodragovich. Who are the pills for?... OK. The pills stay. He goes. That's it.

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-Goat. -Please. For goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat. -Give him the pills. -Medicine for goat. Medicine... [Viktor speaks Bulgarian] [man] Come on now, it's all over. - He love that goat. - Do you think I need an excuse to put you back in that cell to keep you there for five years? You go to war with me, and you go to war with the United States. Then you'll know why Krakozhians wait in line for cheap toilet paper while Uncle Sam wipes his ass with Charmin two-ply.

LACK OF OBLIGATION ◙ Need to + verbo en infinitivo:

Indica obligación de una acción. Se debe conjugar el verbo need según hablemos en tiempo pasado, presente o futuro.

 You need to do all the exercises before you leave. (Tienes que hacer todos los ejercicios antes de irte).

◙ Needn’t + verbo en infinitivo Don’t need + TO + verbo infinitive*

Indica ausencia de obligación, es decir, que algo no es necesario, en presente o futuro.

38

Inglés

NIVEL B2

*Se debe conjugar el verbo need según hablemos en tiempo pasado, presente o futuro.

 My husband has just bought some oil, so I needn’t go to the shop. (Mi marido acaba de comprar aceite, así que no hace falta que vaya a la tienda).

 I don’t have many things to do, so you don’t need to come at 9am. (No tengo muchas cosas que hacer, así que no es necesario que vengas a las 9h).

◙ Needn’t + present pefect (have + participio del verbo)

Indica ausencia de obligación en una acción que ya se ha llevado a cabo.

 I went to the shop and I bought some oil. When I got home, I found that my husband had already bought some, so… I needn’t have gone. (Fui a la tienda y compré aceite. Cuando llegué a casa, vi que mi marido ya había comprado, así que yo no tenía porqué haber ido).

 You needn’t have brought him a present. (No tendrías porqué haberle traído un regalo).

Ejercicio 8. Fill in the gaps with need to / don’t need to / needn’t / needn’t have:

1. She __________ (go) by bike. I would have given her a lift in my car. 2. You __________ (wait), as real VIPs, you can use the back entrance. 3. I __________ (cleaned) the entire house; our cleaning lady just phone to say she is coming tomorrow. 4. I’m afraid you __________ (work) overtime tomorrow Mr.Smith, we’re very busy. 5. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary, otherwise I’ll forget.

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6. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary; I have such a good memory! 7. You __________ (buy) me a present, but I do appreciate the gesture. 8. I __________ (tell) her what I felt for her; it was written all over my face.

Ejercicio9. Translate into English:

1. No tienes que traer mi equipaje, puedo traerlo yo sola. 2. No era necesario que vosotros reservarais la habitación de hotel y el vuelo. 3. Será necesario que le cuentes a Mary tu problema, si no lo haces, no entenderá muchas cosas. 4. Robert tenía que quedarse en el restaurante hasta que su jefe llegara.

4. MAKE vs. DO

El verbo hacer puede traducirse en inglés como to make o to do. Es necesario saber en qué situaciones utilizamos uno u otro, así como la traducción de diversas expresiones.

Utilizamos do cuando hablamos de hacer en una situación general, así como la realización de una acción, actividad o tarea.

 I don’t know what to do. (No sé qué hacer).

 He would do anything for his mother. (Lo haría todo por su madre).

40

Inglés

NIVEL B2

 Do the homework. (Hacer los deberes).

 Do the laundry. (Hacer la colada).

Expresiones importantes con DO: . do business (hacer negocios) · do a favour (hacer un favor) · do well (hacer algo bien) · do harm (hacer daño) · do the housework (hacer tareas del hogar) · do one’s best (hacer lo major de uno) · do your nails (hacerse las uñas) · do a test (hacer un test) · do an experiment (hacer un experimento) · do the shopping (hacer la compra)

Utilizamos make para hablar de acciones de las cuales resulta un objeto físico.

 Make a cup of coffee. (Preparar una taza de café).  Make a dress. (Hacer un vestido) Expresiones importantes con MAKE:· make a decision (tomar una decisión) · make a difference (diferenciar) · make an effort (hacer un esfuerzo) · make your bed (hacer tu cama) · make an excuse (poner una excusa) · make time (hacer tiempo) · make a suggestion (hacer una sugerencia) · make a promise (hacer una promesa)

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· make a fortune (hacer una fortuna) · make a profit (obtener beneficios) · make friends (hacer amigos) · make a point (hacer un inciso) · make a fuss (armar un lío) · make a plan (hacer un plan) · make a journey (hacer un viaje) · make a phone call (hacer una llamada) · make love (hacer el amor) · make a noise (hacer un ruido) · make a mistake (cometer un error) · make a move (hacer un movimiento) · make money (ganar mucho dinero) · make a speech (hacer un discurso)

Exercise. Complete the sentences using DO or MAKE in the appropriate tense: 1. Don’t do it, I think you’re __________ a big mistake. 2. We need to __________ a plan as soon as possible. 3. She is bringing something to drink and I’m __________ a chocolate cake. 4. I don’t like him; he’s more likely to __________ harm than good. 5. Excuse me, can I __________ a suggestion? 6. I admit I’m lazy; I don’t like __________ the ironing. 7. My son never __________ his bed. 8. In this case, I think we should __________ an exception. 9. Can you __________ me a favour, please? 10. Your brother is not the sort of person you can’t __________ business with. 11. Please, be quiet and don’t __________ a noise! 12. They __________ an experiment with rats last week, how disgusting.

42

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Choose the correct answer (make or do) Escriba la respuesta correcta en cada entrada de texto1.I need to decision. 2.Can you

a

me a favour?

3.When we got married, we

each other a promise. the shopping.

4.Next Sunday, I need to 5.My neighbour’s dog

a lot of noise last night and I could not sleep.

6.I am a bit nervous because my boss asked me to the company.

lots of mistakes.

7.He is afraid he won´t pass the exam. He 8.They say it´s not such a good idea to

business with your friends. with her English exam. She had no time

9.My sister did not know what to to study. 10.After dinner we normally

a speech on behalf of

the dishes, but my husband always

an excuse and goes out for a walk.

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‘DO’ ENFÁTICO

◙ El verbo to do, además de verbo hacer y auxiliar, podemos usarlo para dar énfasis a la forma afirmativa de verbos en presente, pasado e imperativo. Lo colocamos entre el sujeto y el verbo; excepto en el caso de las oraciones imperativas, donde no hay sujeto, el do va delante del verbo.

I do like fruit. (Claro que me gusta la fruta). Do rest. (Descansa) [Con insistencia]. “You don’t like flamenco music, do you? “I do like it”

◙ Para las oraciones en pasado, usamos did y el verbo va en presente.

I did read this book. (Naturalmente que me leí este libro).

◙ Recuerda que para la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it) usamos does y no le añadimos al verbo la –s final como marca de tercera persona. He does live with her. (Claro que vive con ella)

Exercise1. Change these sentences into emphatic form:

1. I hate watching a film on my own. 2. I came on time to the meeting. 3. Your bedroom is a mess; clean it! 4. I bought a nice present for her. 5. Sit down, please. 6. My sister knows the answer.

44

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Exercise 2. Answer these questions in an affirmative way using emphatic “do”: Example: “Maggie doesn’t like Daniel, does she?” “She does like Daniel “/ “She does like him”.

1. Lawrence doesn’t clean his house very often, does he? 2. Ellen doesn’t eat too much chocolate, does she? 3. Audrey doesn’t eat any fruit, does she? 4. Tony didn’t have many girlfriends, did he?

REPORTED SPEECH

◙ El Reported Speech o Indirect Speech se usa para decir lo que alguien ha dicho anteriormente, y lo hacemos con una frase subordinada:

 She told me: “you are working too much”. > Direct Speech (Ella me dijo: “estás trabajando demasiado”)

 She told me that I was working too much. > Indirect Speech (Ella me dijo que yo estaba trabajando demasiado).

◙ Cuando pasamos de estilo directo a indirecto, debemos tener en cuenta los cambios que sufre el tiempo verbal. Los señalamos en negrita en el ejemplo anterior. Y a continuación mostramos un cuadro que resume estos cambios de tiempo:

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DIRECT

SPEECH

INDIRECT

SPEECH

Simple Present

Simple Past

I go

I went

Voy

Fui/ Iba

Present Progressive

Past Progressive

I am going

I was going

Voy

Fuí/ Iba

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

I have gone

I had gone

He ido

Había ido

Simple Past

Past Perfect

I went

I had gone

Fuí/ Iba

Había ido

Past Progressive

Past Progressive/ Past Perfect

I was going Estaba yendo

Progressive I was going/ I had been going Estaba yendo/ Había estado yendo

Present Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

I have been going

I had been going

He estado yendo

Había estado yendo

Future

Conditional

I am going to go

I would go

Voy a ir

Iría

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

Can

Could

I can go

I could go

Puedo ir

Podría ir

May

Might

I may go

I might go

Puedo ir

Podría ir

Must

Must/ Had to

I must go

I must go/ I had to go

Debo ir

Debo ir/ Tenía que ir

Will

Would

I will go

I would go

Iré

Iría

Shall

Should/ Would

I shall go

I should go/ I would go

Iré

Iría

◙ Para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, también debemos tener en cuenta los cambios de pronombre o adverbios. A continuación mostramos un cuadro con algunos de estos cambios:

 “I went to the cinema yesterday” > Direct Speech (Fuí al cine ayer)  She told me that she had gone to the cinema the day before. > Indirect Speech (Me dijo que había ido al cine el día anterior)

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DIRECT SPEECH Pronoun

Time

Place

INDIRECT SPEECH

I

He/ She

Me

Him/ Her

Mine

His/ Her

We

They

Us

Them

Our

Their

Ours

Theirs

Now

Then

Today

That day

Tonight

That night

Yesterday

The day before

Tomorrow

The next/ following day

Next week, month, …

The following week, month,…

Last week, month,…

The previous week, month, …

Ago

Before

Here

There

This/ These

That/ Those/ The

◙ Podemos clasificar las oraciones de Reported Speech en cuatro grupos:

· Enunciativas > En estas oraciones, tanto en las afirmativas como en las negativas, usamos un that-clause. Aunque podemos omitir el that. El verbo más común para introducir la oración subordinada es to say o to tell (decir):

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Inglés  She said: “I love fruit”

NIVEL B2

She said (that) she loved fruit.

(Ella dijo: “Me encanta la fruta”  He said: “I don’t like honey” (Él dijo: “No me gusta la miel”

Ella dijo que le encantaba la fruta). He said (that) he didn’t like honey. Él dijo que no le gustaba la miel).

· Interrogativas > Aquí encontramos tres tipos diferentes de oración y el verbo más usado para introducir la oración subordinada es to ask (preguntar): 

Yes- no questions son las que se responden con yes o no y en la oración indirecta van introducidas por if o whether. Ambas significan “si” pero el uso de if es más común:

 He asked: “Did you sleep?”

He asked if/ whether I had slept.

(Él pregunto: “¿Has dormido?”

Él preguntó si había dormido).

 He asked: “Are you coming with me? (Él pregunto: “¿Vienes conmigo?”



He asked if I was coming with him. Él preguntó si iba con él).

Wh- questions son las formadas con una partícula interrogativa y que requieren información específica. En la forma indirecta, la oración subordinada que sigue a la partícula interrogativa se forma con la estructura de una oración afirmativa, y no interrogativa, es decir, sujeto + verbo:

 She asked: “What are you eating?”

She asked what I was

(Ella preguntó: “¿Qué estás comiendo?”

eating.

Ella preguntó que qué estaba comiendo).

 He asked: “How is that woman?”

She asked who that woman was.

 (Él preguntó: “¿Quién es esa mujer?”

Ella preguntó que quién era esa mujer).

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

Preguntas alternativas que van introducidas por whether:



He asked: “Are you sleeping or not?” (Él preguntó: “¿Estás durmiendo o no?”) He asked me whether I was sleeping or not. (Él preguntó si estaba durmiendo o no).

 She asked: “Do you want to drive or to walk?” (Ella preguntó: “¿Quieres conducir o andar?”) She asked me whether I wanted to drive or to walk. (Ella preguntó si quería conducir o andar).

Imperativas > En estas oraciones usamos el to- infinitive. Si la oración es negativa colocaremos not delante de to + verbo. El verbo más común para introducir oraciones subordinadas es to tell (decir):

 She told me: “Close the window” (Ella me dijo: “Cierra la ventana.  He told me: “Don’t cry” (Él me dijo: “No llores”

She told me to close the window. Ella me dijo que cerrara la ventana).

He told me not to cry. Él me dijo que no llorara).

· Exclamativas > En estas oraciones usamos that-clause para introducir la oración subordinada o bien, la misma partícula exclamativa. Los verbos más común para introducir dicha oración es to exclaim, to insist, to suggest, to declare,…

 He said: “What a bad film!”

He exclaimed that it was a bad film. He exclaimed what a bad film it was.

50

Inglés

NIVEL B2

(Él dijo: “¡Qué película más mala!”

Él dijo que era una mala película). Él dijo que qué película más mala).

Exercise 4. Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. She told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things Helen said to you:

1. I'm thinking of going to live in France. 2. My father is in the hospital. 3. Sue and Jim are getting married next month. 4. I haven't seen Bill for a while. 5. I've been playing tennis a lot lately. 6. Barbara has had a baby. 7. I don't know what Fred is doing. 8. I hardly ever go out these days. 9. I work 14 hours a day. 10. I'll tell Jim I saw you. 11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in Toronto. 12. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn't injured. 13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.

Later that day, you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech. Exercise 5. Write what you would say in these situations .Example: Ann says, "I'm tired." Five minutes later she says, "Let's play tennis." What do you say? “You said you were tired.”. 1. Your friend says, "I'm hungry," so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he says, "I don't want to eat." What do you say? "You said… ."

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2.Tom tells you, "Ann has gone away." Later that day you meet her. What do you say? "Tom told… ."

3. George said, "I don't smoke." A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette. What do you say to him? "You said… ." 4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said, "I won't be late." At last he arrives - 20 minutes late. What do you say? "You said.. .” 5. Sue said, "I can't come to the party tonight." That night you see her at the party. What do you say to her? 6. Ann says, "I'm working tomorrow evening." Later that day she says, "Let's go out tomorrow evening." What do you say? "You said…"

52

Inglés

NIVEL B2

VOCABULARY THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS ILLNESSES

53

54

Inglés

NIVEL B2

INTERNAL ORGANS

55

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

56

Inglés

NIVEL B2

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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THE HUMAN BONES

58

Inglés

NIVEL B2

COMMON ILLNESSES AND SYMPTOMS:

Temperature (fiebre) Headache (dolor de cabeza) Toothache (dolor de muelas) Stomach age (dolor de estómago)

To feel sick (sentirse mareado, con nauseas) To feel dizzy (sentirse mareado, con pérdida de equilibrio) To feel faint (estar a punto de desmayarse)

Cold (resfriado) To have a cold (estar resfriado) To catch a cold (coger un resfriado) I don’t want you to catch my cold (no quiero contagiarte el resfriado)

Flu (gripe, viene de influenza) To have (the) flu (tener la gripe o estar con la gripe)

Measels (sarampión) Your son/daughter has measles (su hijo/hija tiene sarampión)

Rubella or German measles (rubeola)

Mumps (paperas) Your son/daughter has mumps (su hijo/hija tiene paperas)

Chickenpox (varicela) Your son/daughter has chickenpox (su hijo/hija tiene varicela)

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CHRONIC DISEASES:

Allergy (alergia)

Diabetes (diabetes)

Obesity (obesidad) My uncle is obese (mi tío es obeso)

High blood pressure, hipertensión (hipertensión) Low blood pressure, hypotension (hipotensión)

Coeliac disease (or celiac disease in North America)

Cancer (cancer)

Tumor (tumor) She has lung/breast cancer ((Ella) tiene (un) tumor de pulmón/mama)

AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or Aids (SIDA, syndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida)

HIV,Human Immunodeficiency Virus, (VHI, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana)

HPV, Human papillomavirus (VPH, virus del papiloma humano)

60

Inglés

NIVEL B2

ACTIONS AND TESTS:

To take somebody's blood pressure: tomarle la tension a alguien.

I will take your blood pressure (le voy a tomar la tension)

To take someone’s temperature (poner el termómetro)

General Practice (GP)

Médico de Familia

Instrucciones Breathe in

(Inspire)

Hold your breath

(Aguante la respiración)

Lay on the couch/stretcher

(Túmbese en el asiento/camilla)

Lay on your (right/left) side

(Túmbese sobre de lado (derecho/izquierdo))

Get up

(Levántese)

Sit down

(Siéntese)

Relax

(Relájese)

Lift your….(leg, arm, hand…) You have to take these tablets

(Levante … (la pierna, el brazo, la mano…) (Tome estas pastillas cada 8 horas)

every eight hours.

Vocabulary Altitude sickness

mal de altura

Allergy

alergia

Illness

enfermedad en general

Sickness

enfermedad específica, mareo

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Disease

enfermedad específica, i.e. “ heart disease ”

Ache // Pain

dolor

To hurt

hacer daño, herir

Health

salud

Side effects

efectos secundarios

Damaging

perjudicial

Information Are you allergic?

¿Padece usted de alguna alergia?

Have you got any allergies?

¿Tiene algún tipo de alergia?

Are you ok?

¿Se encuentra bien?

Are you taking any medication?

¿Está tomando alguna medicación?

Do you have any pain?

Tiene algún dolor?

Ask your doctor

Pregunte a su doctor

Your doctor will contact you

Su doctor se pondrá en contacto con usted

We´ll send you the results

Le enviaremos los resultados

Treatments (tratamientos) and Tests (pruebas)

Prescription

receta (médica)

Diagnosis

(Diagnóstico)

Cough syrup

jarabe para la tos

Pills// tablets

comprimido // pastillas

Blood test

análisis de sangre

Urine test

análisis de orina

x-ray

rayos x

Stool

muestra de eces

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

Professions Doctor

médico

Nurse

enfermera/-o

Hospital attendant

celador/celadora

Cleaner

personal de limpieza

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Activities:

Make questions for these answers

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.?

.

.

.

.

.

.?

- .Yes, I am. I am allergic to aspirins.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

-No, I am not. I have a terrible headache and I think I have a temperature.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.?

.

.

.

.

.

.?

.

.

.

.

.?

-Yes I do. I have a pain in my right arm.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

-Yes, I have. I have had an open heart surgery.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- I feel sick and thirsty, what can it be?

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

PREPOSITIONS

◙ Las preposiciones nos sirven para unir distintos elemento en la misma oración:

I live in Malaga with some friends since September. (Vivo en Málaga con unos amigos desde septiembre).

◙ Normalmente la preposición acompaña a un nombre o un grupo nominal, pero a veces sirve para unir el verbo con su complemento. En este caso el verbo va delante de la preposición y el significado puede variar:

(to look = mirar) Look at me. (Mírame) - Look after me. (Cuídame)

◙ Si el verbo va detrás de la preposición tenemos que añadir –ing al verbo, es decir, la forma en gerundio.

Please, pick me up before going to the beach. (Por favor, recógeme antes de ir a la playa).

◙ Por regla general, las preposiciones van delante del sustantivo al que afectan:

The bakery is behind the school. (La panadería está detrás de la escuela).

◙ Pero hay excepciones donde la preposición va al final de la oración:

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· Con el pronombre relativo, cuando va seguido de preposición, ésta puede ir al final de la oración:

The girl I was living with. (La chica con la que estaba viviendo). En lugar de: [The girl with whom I was living]

· En oraciones interrogativas que empiezan por un pronombre interrogativo:

Who is this laptop for? (¿Para quién es este ordenador portátil?) En lugar de: [For whom is this laptop?]

· Con preposiciones que acompañan al relativo that:

The topic that you are talking about annoys me. (El tema del que estáis hablando me molesta).

◙ A continuación, podemos ver un cuadro con las principales preposiciones y sus usos:

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

· Preposiciones de Tiempo:

USOS on

in

EJEMPLOS

days of the week

on Monday

months / seasons

in August / in winter

time of day

in the morning

year

in 2006

after a certain period of time

in an hour

(when?)

at

for night

at night

for weekend

at the weekend

a certain point of time

at half past nine

(when?) since

from a certain point of time

since 1980

(past till now) for

over a certain period of time

for 2 years

(past till now) ago

a certain time in the past

2 years ago

before

earlier than a certain point of

before 2004

time to

telling the time

ten to six (5:50)

past

telling the time

ten past six (6:10)

to / till /

marking the beginning and

from Monday to/till Friday

until till / until

end of a period of time in the sense of how long

He is on holiday until Friday.

something is going to last

by

in the sense of at the latest

I will be back by 6 o’clock.

up to a certain time

By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

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Preposiciones de Lugar:

USOS

in

EJEMPLOS

room, building, street, town,

in the kitchen, in London

country

in the book

book, paper etc.

in the car, in a taxi

car, taxi

in the picture, in the world

picture, world

at

meaning next to, by an

at the door, at the station

object

at the table

for table

at a concert, at the party

for events

at the cinema, at school, at

place where you are to do

work

something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached

the picture on the wall

for a place with a river

London lies on the Thames.

being on a surface

on the table

for a certain side (left, right)

on the left

for a floor in a house

on the first floor

for public transport

on the bus, on a plane

for television, radio

on TV, on the radio

by, next to,

left or right of somebody or

Jane is standing by / next to /

reside

something

under

on the ground, lower than (or

on

beside the car.

covered by) something else

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the bag is under the table

Inglés

NIVEL B2

USOS below

EJEMPLOS

lower than something else

the fish are below the surface

but above ground

over

covered by something else

put a jacket over your shirt

meaning more than

over 16 years of age

getting to the other side (also

walk over the bridge

across)

climb over the wall

overcoming an obstacle above

higher than something else,

a path above the lake

but not directly over it

across

getting to the other side (also

walk across the bridge

over)

swim across the lake

getting to the other side through

something with limits on top,

drive through the tunnel

bottom and the sides to

movement to person or

go to the cinema

building

go to London / Ireland

movement to a place or

go to bed

country for bed into

enter a room / a building

go into the kitchen / the house

towards

movement in the direction of

go 5 steps towards the house

something (but not directly to it) onto

movement to the top of

jump onto the table

something from

in the sense of where from

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a flower from the garden

· Otras Preposiciones:

USOS

EJEMPLO

who gave it

a present from Jane

who/what does it belong to

a page of the book

of

what does it show

the picture of a palace

by

who made it

a book by Mark Twain

walking or riding on

on foot, on horseback

from

on

horseback

get on the bus

entering a public transport vehicle in

entering a car / Taxi

get in the car

off

leaving a public transport

get off the train

vehicle out of

by

leaving a car / Taxi

get out of the taxi

rise or fall of something

prices have risen by 10

travelling (other than walking

percent

or horseriding)

by car, by bus

at

for age

she learned Russian at 45

about

for topics, meaning what

we were talking about you

about

Exercise 6. Fill in with the correct preposition; choose among the following: On-by-in-off-above- over of-onto-below-from

1. He lives in a house …….

the sea

2. You have to get ………..

the bus opposite the Town Hall.

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Inglés 3. The picture is ……………

NIVEL B2

the wall.

4. The Everest is the highest mountain ………….. 5. I’ll put the new table ………….. 6. He's French. He's …………….. 7. There were …………..

that lamp France.

800 people at the concert last night.

8. I can see the sky …………….

our heads.

9. Suddenly I woke up, the cat jumped …………… 10. The aim …………….

the world.

my bed.

this course is to help students.

Exercise 7. Translate into English:

1. ¿Con quién fuiste a la fiesta ? 2. Me fui a dormir después de repasar todas las lecciones. 3. ¿Sobre qué trata la nueva novela de Tom Fielding? 4. ¡No entres en mi habitación ahora! ¡No quiero hablarte hasta mañana! 5. Las chicas que estaba esperando no llegaron a las siete.

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ANAPHORIC TO

◙ Los principales usos de la partícula to junto a un verbo son:

-

Formar el infinitivo de un verbo.  to wrap (envolver), to spoil (estropear, consentir), to lend (prestar).

-

Actuar como preposición.  I’ll go to the meeting. (Iré a la reunión.)

-

Sustituir un verbo o una oración – este uso es conocido como ‘to anafórico’ y presenta características detalladas a continuación –.

◙ El ‘to anafórico’ recibe este nombre porque su uso implica referencias a elementos, aspectos, situaciones o personajes ya mencionados previamente. La anáfora producida por to se da en tres ocasiones principalmente:

a. Cuando usamos un verbo seguido de un infinitivo.

 I don’t know whether he’s going to Lisbon, but I think he’s planning to. (to = to go to Lisbon)

 Don’t worry about passing the test; I know you’ll manage to. (to = to pass the test)

Recuerda que hay una lista de verbos que van seguidos de un verbo en infinitivo con to, entre los cuales destacan:

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

afford – learn – expect – pretend – agree – manage – fail – forget – propose – attempt – refuse – be able – hope – plan – decide – seem – prepare – want.

b. Cuando usamos una oración de infinitivo (subject + to + verb)

 Can you tell the teacher to send me more examples? Yes, I’ll tell him to. (to = to send you more examples).

 - Are you sure you would like her to tell you the truth? - Of course I’d like her to! (to = to tell me the truth)

c. Cuando usamos los siguientes auxiliares:

- Used to.

Imagine that Charles used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day last year. This year, he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. We can say:

Charles doesn’t smoke as he used to. (to = to smoke)

- Ought to.

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Now imagine that Charles’ girlfriend always asks him to give up smoking. However, he refuses to do so. We can say:

 Charles doesn’t want to give up smoking, but his girlfriend thinks that he ought to. (to = to give up smoking)

- Have to.

Eventually, Charles goes to the doctor’s. He tells Charles that he must give up smoking in order not to have serious health problems. We can say:

 Charles doesn’t want to give up smoking; nevertheless, the doctor tells him that he has to. (to = to give up smoking)

Exercise1. Complete the sentences using the anaphoric to:

a. Nancy says that you don’t need to buy her anything for her birthday. However, she is your friend and I think you should get her something.

· Nancy says that you don’t need to buy her anything, but I…

b. Frank felt like going out on Sunday night and he did so. On Monday, his alarm clock rings at 7 a.m. but he doesn’t want to go to work.

· Frank doesn’t want to go to work, but…

c. Sam would like his sister to call him. He won’t see her until next week, so he asks his mother to tell her.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

· Mum! Could you tell my sister to call me? Yes, …

USO Y OMISIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO ‘THE’

◙ El artículo determinado (el, la, los, las – the) no se usa en los mismos casos en inglés y en español. A continuación encontramos dos listados donde se describe el uso y la omisión de dicho artículo. En cuanto a su pronunciación (/də/), recuerda que varía (/di/) si va seguido de una palabra que empieza por vocal (The elephant we saw was huge).

◙ El artículo the se usa delante de:

a. Sustantivos referidos a algo/alguien específico.

 The receptionist of the hotel where I work is very kind.

b. Sustantivos únicos y nombres geográficos.

 the Sun, the sky, the sea, the mountain, the universe, the countryside…

c. Sustantivos mencionados por segunda vez.

 I went to a Greek restaurant yesterday. The restaurant is called Dimitri’s.

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d. Lugares públicos en los que se realiza una actividad concreta.

 the theatre, the bank, the post office, the baker’s, the city centre…

e. Instrumentos musicales.

 the guitar, the piano, the drums, the keyboard, the saxophone…

f.

Gentilicios, especialmente los acabados en /s/, /z/, -ese, y -ish.

 the Japanese, the Irish, the Swiss, the Scottish, the Chinese…

g. Palabras que forman la construcción de comparativo ‘cuanto más… más…’.  the more he eats, the fatter he gets. h. Nombres propios de mares, ríos, cordilleras, archipiélagos y desiertos.  the Mediterranean, the Thames, the Alps, the Bermudas, the Sahara…

i.

Países con el nombre en plural o que incluyan republic, kingdom o federation.  the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the United States… 

◙ El artículo the se omite delante de:

a. Animales o personas referidas en sentido general.

 Odio las arañas. = I hate the spiders.  Los niños son inocentes. = The children are innocent.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

b. Sustantivos incontables usados en sentido general.

 Prefiero el té al café. = I prefer the tea to the coffee.

c. Nombres abstractos en sentido general.

 La paz en Gaza es posible. = the Peace in Gaza is possible.

d. Nombres de deportes.

 My deporte favorito es el tennis. = My favourite sport is the tennis.

e. Nombres de idiomas.

 El ruso es más fácil que el chino = the Russian is easier than the Chinese.

f.

Las palabras bed, church, hospital, prison, school, college y university cuando nos referimos a su función y no al aspecto físico.

 Yo era muy travieso en la escuela. = I was very naughty at the school.  Mi hijo se va a la cama a las 22h. = My son goes to the bed at 10pm.

Cuando nos referimos a esas palabras en sentido físico sí usamos el artículo:

 Voy a hacerle una foto a la iglesia. = I’ll take a picture of the church.  La cama roja es la más barata. = The red bed is the cheapest one.

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g. Expresiones con last y next (anterior/siguiente al momento en que se habla).

 Fui a Marruecos el año pasado = I went to Morocco the last year.

h. Las direcciones postales y otras expresiones con números y letras.

 Vivo en el 6 de la calle Coronation = I live in the 6, Coronation Street.

i.

Porcentajes.

 El 70% del planeta es agua = Water covers the 70% of the Earth.

Exercise2. Circle the definite article the where its use becomes necessary:

Nowadays, [-] [the] Internet users have access to information from all around [-] [the] world. [-] [the] messages can be sent almost instantaneously through [-] [the] Web system, which poses [-] [the] problem of controlling authorised access to [-] [the] information in order to protect [-] [the] children.

Exercise3. Complete the sentences with the article the if needed:

a. They are going to ______ beach ______ next week. b. ______ more make-up she puts on ______ her face, ______ uglier she looks. c. Do you like ______ olives? Yes, specially ______ olives from Jaén. d. ______ happiness is the most important thing in ______ life. e. ______ last year I visited ______ Sahara desert and ______ Russian Federation.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

Exercise4. Circle the definite article the where its use becomes necessary:

According to [-] [the] results obtained after a very comprehensive survey, many companies need [-] [the] foreign currencies to pay [-] [the] producers in other countries due to [-] [the] growth of [-] [the] global trade. [-] [the] different countries in the world are involved in such a complex field. Londonbased International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) is an independent group of [-] [the] professional accounting organisations from 85 countries. It was formed in [-] [the] 1973 with [-] [the] objective of achieving [-] [the] uniformity in [-] [the] accounting standards.

Exercise5. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. El 50% de los estudiantes de ingeniería de Málaga abandona sus estudios. b. Venga, niños, es hora de ir a la cama. c. La reunión tendrá lugar en la habitación nº32 d. Me encanta ir al campo cuando los árboles florecen. e. A Anne le gusta mucho la música y toca el violín de maravilla.

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VOCABULARY

Appearance and personality

Describing how people look and behave Note the collocations in these interviews where famous people discuss their own or other people's personality traits (or personal characteristics). Film star Jerry Bowen Interviewer: You seem to have had such a special relationship with Kara Hanson over many years. What is it about working with her? Bowen: Kara's wonderful. She just seems to have boundless energy1 and she's always been able to boost people's confidence2, especially new young actors. She has a wonderful, bubbly3 personality and she's got a dazzling smile. She bears a striking resemblance to4 Ingrid Bergman, one of the great cinema beauties. She has some wonderful personal qualities that are so rare in stars nowadays: 1.lots of energy 2

make more confident

3

lively

4

looks very like

Ex-rock star Eddie Stewart Interviewer: You always had a troubled relationship with your drummer, Kaz Porter, in the days of your band, The Loop. Kaz died in 1987. How do you remember him now?

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

Stewart: Well, Kaz was not an easy person to work with. He had a very thinly disguised5 dislike of the music industry and the people in it. Politeness wasn't his strong point! He had a real stubborn streak6 that made him unpopular with managers and agents. But, you know, behind that gruff7 exterior he had a sharp wit8. Interviewer: You say gruff, some would say downright rude. Would that be too harsh? He always seemed full of pent-up anger9 towards the world in general. Stewart: Well, `rude' is a bit unfair. Yeah, he had a forthrightl10 manner, and he was capable of open hostility if he thought we were being manipulated. Interviewer: Yes, he did display some rather scary characteristics. 5

barely hidden

6

a stubborn side to his character

7.rude and unfriendly 8.was very amusing in a clever way 9

anger which he didn't express

10

direct

Retired golfer Andy Barstow Interviewer: Andy, you're retired, you're a senior citizen, but everyone would agree you certainly don't look your age11. What's your secret? Barstow: Well thanks. I'm sure some people would say I don't act my age12 either! Interviewer: Oh, that's not necessarily a bad thing! You do always seem to be bursting with energy! Barstow: That's what golf does for you! 11.look as old as you are 12

behave in a manner expected of your age

Other useful collocations for behaviour and appearance 

She had a blank expression on her face. [showing no understanding or emotion]



He always gave everyone a warm, friendly smile.



Tracy's new colleagues gave her a rather cool reception. [unfriendly welcome]



You have been guilty of unacceptable behaviour.



I'm surprised you find Jack unfriendly. He's always been perfectly friendly to me.



Angela has a rather abrasive manner. [rude and unfriendly manner]

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EXERCISES: Amanda often had a blank expression on her face.

1.Match these two columns to form collocations. Then match them with the definitions below:

Blunk

Personality

Gruff

Streak

Striking

Reception

Cool

Exterior

Stubborn

Resemblance

Bubbly

Expression

1 two things or people which look very similar 2 a very lively person 3 a person's face which shows no emotion 4 when someone is being inflexible 5 an apparently rude and unfriendly personality 6 a rather unfriendly welcome

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

2.Complete this conversation using collocations from the box in the appropriate form so that Nell always agrees with Zoé. Bear a striking resemblance to / boost your confidence / burst with energy / has a lot of admirable qualities / strong points / forthright manner 1 Zoé: Tom looks a bit like Brad Pitt, doesn't he? Nell: Yes, he does. He…………….him. 2 Zoé: And he's very good at making you feel more confident, isn't he? Nell: Yes, he's great at ...................................................... 3 Zoé: Though of course he does say what he thinks directly to you. Nell: Yes, he sometimes has a rather………but I like that. 4 Zoé: Me too. In fact, I think that it might be one of his best characteristics. Nell: Yes, you could say it is one of his …….., I suppose. 5 Zoé: Well, he has a lot of good points. Nell: Yes, I'd certainly agree that he…………….. 6 Zoé: He's very energetic, for example. Nell: Yes, I love the way he's always…….. It's very attractive.

4 Complete each sentence using the word in brackets in the appropriate form. 1 Teresa is always ................................. friendly towards me. (PERFECT) 2 Can you see how Holly is looking at him with open .............................................. (HOSTILE) 3 I refuse to put up with such ................................... behaviour. (ACCEPT) 4 He displays a lot more attractive........................................... than his brother does. (CHARACTER) 5 The woman looked at the official with ........................................... disguised contempt. (THIN) 6 The star was upset that his home town gave him such a cool….. (RECEIVE)

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ACTIVITY

The Love Competition You are going to watch a short film called The Love Competition. http://vimeo.com/ondemand/457/62131305#at=6

What are the rules of this competition?

stressed

alert

motivated

sad

attractive afraid obsessive aggressive anxious

trusting

Chose some of the emotions from the list above and discuss whether you think more or less of each one when they you in love. Example: I think you feel more alert and attractive, but less sad and anxious.

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Unit 2 B2

Inglés

NIVEL B2

B2 – UNIT 2

THE 3r CONDITIONAL

◙ Utilizamos el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones que podrían haber tenido lugar en el pasado pero finalmente no lo hicieron.

◙ Estructura: [If + past perfect clause] + [ Subject + would + present perfect]

 If it had rained in Granada, I wouldn’t have gone skiing last December. (Si hubiera llovido en Granada, no habría ido a esquiar el pasado diciembre).

◙ Las dos construcciones que forman el tercer condicional ([a] ,[b]) pueden aparecer en el orden inverso ([b] [a]) sin que esto suponga ningún cambio en el significado. Sin embargo, a la hora de escribir la oración sólo es necesaria la coma cuando la frase con If aparece en primer lugar.

 If we had played a little better , we would have won the game. (Si hubiéramos jugado un poco mejor, habríamos ganado el partido).

 We would have won the game if we had played a little better. (Habríamos ganado el partido si hubiéramos jugado un poco mejor).

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◙ Existen otras conjunciones condicionales que pueden utilizarse como alternativa a If:

-

Unless = a menos que, a no ser que.

 I never listen to the radio, unless there is something interesting. (Nunca escucho la radio, a no ser que haya algo interesante). [I only listen to the radio if there’s something interesting].

-

As long as = siempre que, mientras que.

 I don’t care what you did, as long as you love me. (No me importa lo que hiciste, mientras que me quieras). [If you love me, I don’t care what you did].

-

Providing that , provided that = siempre que, sólo en el caso de que.

 Providing that she works harder, she’ll have a rise. (En el caso de que trabaje más, tendrá un aumento de sueldo). [If she works harder, she’ll get arise].

-

In case = por si, en el caso de que.

 I’ll knock on the door again, in case he hasn’t heard it before. (Llamaré de nuevo a la puerta, por si no me ha oído antes). [If he hasn’t heard it before, I’ll knock again on the door].

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

Exercise6. Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional structure:

a. He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving. a.

b. We couldn’t go to the concert, because we didn’t have enough money. b.

c. I lost my job because I was late in several occasions. c.

d. The wind was so strong that the bridge collapsed. d.

e. I couldn’t call Mats, because I lost her number. e.

Exercise7. Match the sentences on the left (1-5) with the ones on the right (a-e): 1. If the cook hadn’t ran out of flour,

a. we would have seen the match.

2. If I had won the lottery,

b. you wouldn’t have got stomachache.

3. If you hadn’t eaten so much,

c. she would have baked a cake.

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4. If you hadn’t had a coffee,

d. you wouldn’t have been so nervous!

5. If we had stayed at home,

e. I would have sent you a present.

Exercise8. Complete each sentence with as long as, unless, in case or provided that:

1. They don’t go abroad __________ the language of the country is the same as theirs. 2. __________ you do it in the smoking area, you are allowed to have a cigarette. 3. I offered some snacks and refreshments __________ they were hungry and thirsty. 4. She’s arriving this evening __________ there aren’t any delays. 5. __________ anything unexpected happens, I do the same thing every day.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS / VERBS ◙ La forma impersonal es aquella que no hace referencia a un sujeto determinado, sino que simplemente omite el sujeto intencionadamente porque carece de importancia. Existen varias formas de expresar la forma impersonal en inglés: -

Usando el pronombre you: Hace referencia a la segunda persona del singular (tú) en sentido general, sin referirse al interlocutor, o equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con se.

 If you are clever person, you know what to do in such situations. (Si eres una persona lista, sabes qué hacer en ese tipo de situaciones).

 How do you play chess? (¿Cómo se juega al ajedrez?)

-

Usando el pronombre they: Hace referencia a un grupo de personas entendido como colectivo o equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con se.

 They drink a lot of beer in Germany. (Beben mucha cerveza en Alemania). (Se bebe mucha cerveza en Alemania).

-

Usando el pronombre one: Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con uno/a.

 One never knows what to wear. (Uno/a nunca sabe qué ponerse).

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-

Usando la voz pasiva: Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con se; es importante no traducirlas literalmente con la estructura de oración pasiva.

 The castle was built in the 16th century. (El castillo se construyó en el siglo XVI).

 English (is) spoken. (Se habla inglés).

 It is said that the new secretary will be fired. (Se dice que van a despedir a la nueva secretaria).

-

Usando el pronombre it:

Éste no actúa como pronombre personal, ya que no hace referencia a nada, simplemente ocupa la posición de sujeto (obligatorio en inglés) en las oraciones sin agente que realice la acción del verbo.

 It’s freezing! (¡Hace muchísimo frío!)

 It’s getting late. (Se está haciendo tarde.)

-

Usando la partícula there seguida del verbo to be:

Cabe destacar que el verbo to be debe conjugarse según el número (singular/plural) y tiempo verbal de la oración: is,are – was,were.

90

Inglés

NIVEL B2

 There is/was a cockroach in my hamburguer! (¡Hay/Había una cucaracha en mi hamburguesa!).

 There are many things I don’t understand about his life. (Hay muchas cosas que no entiendo de su vida).

-

Usando la partícula there seguida de los verbos seem y appear.

 There seems to be very little money left. (Parece quedar muy poco dinero.)

 There appears to be no difference between twin brothers. (No parece haber mucha diferencia entre los hermanos gemelos.)

Exercise9. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. América se descubrió en 1492. b. Se está haciendo de noche, ¿nos vamos a casa? c. Hay una cosa que te quiero decir, que es importante al menos para mí. d. A uno le gusta estar solo a veces. e. Si el reloj no funciona, ¿cómo sabes cuándo entregar el examen?

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PHRASAL VERBS

◙ Un verbo frasal es un verbo seguido de una partícula que puede ser una preposición o un adverbio, y que cambia el significado para crear un verbo nuevo.

 She’s looking after her little sister ( look + after = cuidar de)  I will give up smoking next week (give + up = dejar de…)  If he find out, he will feel very sad (find + out = descubrir)

◙ Alguno verbos frasales son Intransitivos > esto significa que no puede ir seguido de un objeto.

 He suddenly showed up. [‘Show up’ no puede llevar objeto]

◙ Algunos verbos frasales son Transitivos > esto significa que puede ir seguido de un objeto.

 I made up the story. [‘The story’ es el objeto de ‘make up’]

◙ Algunos verbos frasales transitivos pueden llevar el verbo y la preposición separados. Podemos colocar el objeto entre el verbo la preposición.

 I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car. [‘my mother’ es el objeto de la oración].  She looked the phone number up. [‘the phone number’ es el objeto de la oración].

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

◙ Algunos verbos frasales transitivos no se pueden separar. El objeto tiene que ir detrás de la preposición.

 I ran into an old friend yesterday. [‘an old friend’ es el objeto].  They are looking into the problem. [‘the problem’ es el objeto]. Aunque muchos verbos frasales pueden llevar objeto tanto delante como detrás de la preposición, cuando el objeto es un pronombre, éste tiene que ir siempre entre el verbo y la preposición, nunca detrás de la preposición.

 I looked the number up in the phone book. (Correcta)  I looked up the number in the phone book. (Correcta)  I looked it up in the phone book. (Correcta)  I looked up it in the phone book. (Incorrecta)

◙ A continuación mostramos una lista con algunos de los verbos frasales más frecuentes. Es sólo una muestra porque existen cientos de verbos frasales.

Be about to

Be against

Be on the point of (doing

We’re about to take the train to York. (Estamos

something)

a punto de coger el tren a York).

Be opposed to

Some members of the Parliament are against the

new

law.(Algunos

miembros

del

Parlamento están en contra de la nueva ley). Be away

Be far from home, from this place (for at least a night)

Be back

Have returned after a

Mark will be away on holidays until next week. (Mark estará fuera de vacaciones hasta la próxima semana). I don’t really know when he will be back from his journey to Australia, I’ll tell you as soon as I

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long or short absence

know. (En realidad no se cuándo volverá de su viaje a Australia, te lo diré tan pronto como lo sepa).

Be off

Be free from duty Be cancelled Leave

He’s having a day off tomorrow because of his daughter’s wedding. (Él no trabaja mañana por la boda de su hija.) Liz is off at the moment, would you like to leave a message for her? (Liz no está ahora, ¿le gustaría dejarle un mensaje?)

Be over

Be finished

You need’t worry any longer, now it’s all over. (Ya no tienes que preocuparte más, ahora todo ha terminado).

Be up to

Be somebody’s responsibility

“Should I apply for the job at the consultancy?”

Be doing or thinking of

“I don’t know; it’s up to you” (“¿Debería solicitar

doing something bad

el empleo en la asesoría?” “No se, lo que tú quieras”). What are they up to? (¿Qué están tramando?).

Blow up

Explode Inflate.

The policemen prevented the bombs from blowing up. (Los policías impidieron que estallaran las bombas).

Become angry Break down

Stop working Lose control and cry

Sue is having a nervous breakdown; she fears she has failed the final exam. (Sue tiene un ataque de nervios; teme haber suspendido el

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

examen final). Break in

Enter by force (also break

The burglars broke into the house and stole all

into)

their jewels and valuables. (Los ladrones entraron por la fuerza en la casa y robaron todas sus joyas y objetos de valor).

Break off

Separate by breaking Stop, disrupt

Break up

End

Some big pieces of ice are breaking off from the iceberg. (Trozos grandes de hielo se están desprendiendo del iceberg). They didn’t get on, so they finally broke up. (No se llevaban bien, finalmente rompieron).

Bring about

Cause to happen Mention a subject

I’m sure she will bring the subject about in order to get our attention. (Estoy seguro de que sacará

el

tema

para

conseguir

nuestra

atención).

This situation will bring about some problems for us. (Esta situación nos traerá algunos problemas).

Bring up

Take care of children until

He was brought up by his mother’s sister, who

they are adults

lived in Rome. (Fue criado por la hermana de su madre, que vivía en Roma).

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Brush up

Revise something you

I haven’t studied French for years; I need to

have nearly forgotten

brush it up. (Llevo años sin estudiar francés, necesito repasarlo.)

Call back

Return a phone call, or call

If you call me and I’m not in, I will call you back.

later

(Si me llamas y no estoy en casa, te devolveré la llamada).

Calm down

Relax

Now you must calm down or you won’t get better. (Ahora debes calmarte o no te pondrás mejor).

Carry on

Continue (with)

Carry on! You can do it! (¡Continúa! ¡ tú puedes hacerlo!)

You should carry on having the pills. (Deberías seguir tomando las píldoras). Carry out

Do a task

He can’t carry out this task; it’s too complicated for him. (Él no puede llevar a cabo esa tarea, es demasiado complicada para él).

Catch up

Reach somebody or reach

I was always above his level in Maths but in the

certain level

end he caught me up. (Yo siempre estaba por encima de su nivel en Matemáticas pero al final me alcanzó).

Check in

Report that you have

You will have to show the receptionist you

arrived at a hotel or airport

passport when you check in. (Tendrás que mostrarle al recepcionista tu pasaporte cuando llegues al hotel).

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Inglés

Check out

NIVEL B2

Check that something is

Could you please make sure that this is the

true

hotel address? I forgot to check it out.

Pay your bill and leave

(¿Podrías asegurarte de que esta es la dirección del hotel? Olvidé comprobarlo).

You have to check out before 12:00. (Debes dejar el hotel antes de las 12). Cheer up

Feel happier

Cheer up! You’ll get well soon! (¡Anímate! ¡te pondrás bien pronto!).

Come across

Find (something/

I came across him at the supermarket and he

someone) by chance

pretended not to remember me.

(Me lo

encontré en el supermercado y fingió no recordarme). Come back

Come round

Return to the place where

Helen will come back here in two or three days.

you are now

(Helen volverá aquí en dos o tres días).

Visit

When will you come round? I’d like to show you

Recover consciousness

my

new

furniture.

(¿Cuándo

vendrás

a

visitarme? Me gustaría enseñarte mis muebles nuevos). When she came round she didn’t remember what had happened. (Cuando

recuperó

el

conocimiento

recordaba lo que había pasado).

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no

Come up

Ascend, rise to the surface Be mentioned Arise

Come up with

up. (He estado años esperando que surgiera este tema) He came up to me and asked me my name.

Approach

(Se acercó a mí y me preguntó mi nombre).

Think of

If you can come up with a better idea don’t

Produce

Count on

I’ve been waiting years for this issue to come

Rely on someone

hesitate to tell us. (Si se te ocurre una idea mejor no dudes en decírnoslo). You can always count on me to help you. (Siempre puedes contar conmigo para que te ayude)

Cut down

Reduce

The level of pollution must be cut down. (El nivel de contaminación debe reducirse).

Cut off

Disconnect Stop providing something

Do up

Fasten Make improvements Refurbish

Drop off

If you cannot pay they will cut off the electricity supply. (Si no puedes pagar cortarán el suministro de electricidad). The little boy can dress up and do up his shoelaces by himself. (El pequeño sabe vestirse y atarse los cordones de los zapatos él solo).

Take somebody in your car

You needn’t take the bus, I’ll drop you off. (No

Decrease

necesitas coger el autobús, yo te llevaré).

Sales have dropped off this month.

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Inglés

NIVEL B2

(Las ventas han disminuido este mes). Fall over

Fall to the ground

He stepped on something slippery and fell over. (Pisó algo resbaladizo y se cayó).

Fill in

Complete

If you haven’t filled in the application form, you still have time to do it. (Si no has rellenado la solicitud, todavía tienes tiempo de hacerlo).

Fill up

Become full

Don’t fill up my glass, I’m not very thirsty (No llenes mi vaso, no tengo mucha sed).

Find out

Discover

He looked amazed when he found out that he had been chosen for the new quiz. (Pareció asombrado cuando descubrió que había sido elegido para el nuevo concurso).

Get in /into

Enter ( a place, car, plane)

Get into the plane and look for your seat (Sube al avión y busca tu asiento). Get in they are waiting for you there! (¡Entra, te están esperando ahí!).

Get out (of)

Leave (a place, car, plane)

Get out of here; I don’t want to see you again (Sal de aquí, no quiero volver a verte).

Get on

Have a good relationship Go aboard a train, plane…)

Mary and Elisabeth never argue, they get on so well!! (Mary y Elisabeth nunca discuten, ¡se llevan tan bien!). Get on or the bus will leave without you! (¡Súbete o el autobús se irá sin ti!).

Get off

Leave a vehicle

Get off my car right now!

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(¡Sal de mi coche ahora mismo!). Get over

Recover

If you take care of her she will soon get over. (Si la cuidas se recuperará pronto).

Get up

Get out of bed

What time did you get up? (¿A qué hora te levantaste?).

Give away

Give something for free

If you don’t need those clothes, give them away. (Si no necesitas esa ropa, dala).

Give in

End resistance to

Try to convince your friend. Sooner or later he

something/someone

will give in. (Intenta convencer a tu amigo. Tarde o temprano, cederá).

Give off

Emit (smell, light,

These exotic flowers give off a very sweet

radiation…)

smell. (Estas flores exóticas desprenden un olor muy dulce).

Give out

Distribute

Tom, will you please help the teacher give out the notebooks? (Tom, ¿ayudas al profesor a repartir las libretas?).

Give up

Leave a habit Stop using something Stop trying to do something

Go back

I’ll try to give up smoking next month. (Intentaré dejar de fumar el mes que viene). He finally gave up trying to find a job abroad. (Al final dejó de intentar encontrar un empleo en el extranjero).

Return to another place

I forgot to take my wallet, I have to go back

where you were before

home. (Olvidé coger mi cartera, tengo que volver a casa).

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Inglés Go off

Not being good anymore

NIVEL B2

This milk has gone off, don’t drink it. (Esta leche se ha estropeado, no te la bebas).

Grow up

Develop from child to adult

When you grow up you’ll be able to do it. (Cuando seas mayor, podrás hacerlo).

Hold on

Wait

I’ll put you through with Mr. Roberts, please hold on. (Le paso con el sr. Roberts, espere por favor).

Hold up

Delay

The release of the much awaited film has been held up by the court. (El estreno de la muy esperada película ha sido retrasado por los tribunales).

Let down

Disappoint

He is a good friend who has never let me down. (Él es un buen amigo que nunca me ha decepcionado).

Look after

Take care of

You should tell someone to look after your

someone/something

belongings. (Deberías decirle a alguien que cuide tus pertenencias).

Look down on

Regard as inferior

His older brother always looked down on him when he gave his opinion about anything. (Su hermano

mayor

siempre

lo

despreciaba

cuando daba su opinión sobre cualquier cosa).

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Look for

Search for something/

I will move next month and I have to look for a

someone

flat near the city centre. (Me mudaré el mes que viene y tengo que buscar un piso cerca del centro de la ciudad).

Look into

Investigate, consider,

I’ll look into your proposal as soon as I have

study

time. (Estudiaré tu propuesta en cuanto tenga tiempo).

Look up

Search for information

I have to look a few words up in the dictionary before doing the exercises. (Tengo que buscar en el diccionario unas cuantas palabras antes de hacer los ejercicios).

Look up to

Respect someone

James looked up to his father; he always paid attention to his advice. (James respetaba a su padre, siempre hacía caso a sus consejos).

Look forward to

Be excited about

The children are looking forward to the trip.

something that's going to

(Los niños están deseando ir de viaje).

happen (followed by a noun or “ing”)

Make up

Invent

John’s looking forward to meeting my friends. (John está deseando conocer a mis amigos). Why did you make up such a bad story? (¿Por qué te inventaste esa historia tan mala?).

Pick up

Lift someone or something

You shouldn’t have picked up the phone. (No

Collect

deberías haber cogido el teléfono).

Win something

Will you pick me up at about 9? (¿Me recogerás sobre las 9?).

Put down

Stop holding

Put the phone down and come here to help me! (¡Cuelga el teléfono y ven aquí a ayudarme!).

Put off

Postpone

The meeting has been put off until tomorrow morning. (La reunión se ha pospuesto hasta mañana por la mañana)

102

Inglés Put on

Wear something

NIVEL B2

Why don’t you put on your new dress? It really suits you. (¿Por qué no te pones tu vestido nuevo? Te queda muy bien)

Put up with

Stand something/somebody

Run across

Find accidentally Find by chance

I’m sorry, I can’t put up with her. (Lo siento, no puedo soportarla). Laurie run across Paul near here and asked him about his new apartment. (Laurie se encontró a Paul por aquí cerca y le preguntó por su nueva casa).

Run down

Run into

Express a negative

He loves to run everyone down. (Le encanta

opinion of someone

criticar a todo el mundo).

Crash, collide

The taxi run into another car and three people were injured. (El taxi chocó con otro coche y tres personas resultaron heridas).

Run out (of)

Set off.

Finish

I can give you a cup of tea, I run out of coffee. (Puedo darte una taza de te, se me ha

Use the last of

acabado el café).

Start on a journey

When will we set off to France? (¿Cuándo

Leave Start a chain of events Start someone doing

saldremos para Francia?). Tony is too lazy. Why don’t you set him off to clean his bedroom? (Tony es demasiado vago. ¿Por qué no lo pones a limpiar su cuarto?).

something Set up

Place in position Erect

We have to set up the tents before dusk. (Tenemos que montar las tiendas antes de que anochezca).

Establish, open Slow down

Reduce speed, go more

Slow down! You drive very quickly! (¡Ve más

slowly

despacio! ¡Conduces muy deprisa!).

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Show up

Arrive

She showed up very late, we were about to leave. (Ella apareció muy tarde, estábamos a punto de irnos).

Show off

Act ostentatiously

He loves to show off, but he is not as rich as he pretends to be. (Le gusta alardear pero no es tan rico como aparenta).

Sort out

Organize

Michelle is only 4 years old but she loves to sort out all her picture cards and her dolls.

Arrange or order by

(Michelle tiene solo 4 años pero le encanta

classes

ordenar sus cromos y sus muñecas).

or categories Solve a problem Do you think we could sort out the question somehow? (¿Crees que podemos resolver la cuestión de algún modo?). Speak up

Speak loudly, clearly

Speak up or no one will be able to understand you! (¡Habla más alto/claro o nadie podrá entenderte!).

Take after

Resemble an ancestor

Patrick looks after his mother and Sylvia looks after her father. (Patrick se parece a su padre y Sylvia se parece a su madre).

Take off

Remove Leave the ground, rise into the air

You must take your hat off before getting into the church. (Debes quitarte el sombrero antes de entrar en la iglesia).

What time will the plane take off? (¿A qué hora despega el avión?). Talk into

Persuade (followed by

He talked me into this journey. (Me convenció

noun or “ing”)

para hacer este viaje).

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Inglés

Tell off

Reprove, scold

NIVEL B2

If you don’t behave, mum will tell you off, Johnny. (Si no te portas bien, mamá te regañará, Johnny).

Throw away

Turn back

Turn down

Get rid of

Throw away all this rubbish!! (¡Deshazte de

(someone/something)

toda esa basura!).

Turn in a reverse or

Suddenly, he turned back and approached me.

contrary direction

(De repente se dio la vuelta y se acercó a mí).

Reduce or make lower by

It’s too hot in here; I’ll turn the heating down.

turning (a switch, a tap)

(Hace demasiado calor aquí dentro, bajaré la calefacción).

Turn on

Allow water, electric current to flow by using a

Will you please turn on the lights, Paula? (Por favor, ¿enciendes las luces, Paula?).

switch Turn off

Prevent water, electric current from flowing by

Turn the tap off, you are wasting water. (Cierra el grifo, estás desperdiciando agua)

using a switch Turn over

Turn upside down Move by rotating

Turn the omelette over and cook it until light golden. (Dale la vuelta a la tortilla hasta que se dore un poco).

Show another side of something Wake up

Stop sleeping

I woke up because there was a lot of noise in the street. (Me desperté porque había mucho ruido en la calle).

Work out

Find the solution to a

Before we work it out, we will need your help.

problem or question

(Antes de que lo solucionemos, necesitaremos

Elaborate something Write down

Record something by

tu ayuda). As he was talking to me, I was writing down everything he was saying. (Mientras él me

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writing

hablaba, yo estaba escribiendo todo lo que estaba diciendo).

Write up

Write fully, copy

Rose, write up all the names in the list and add their e-mail addresses and phone numbers. (Rose, copia todos los nombres en la lista y añade sus direcciones de correo electrónico y teléfonos.).

Exercise10. Fill in the gaps with a phrasal verb.

Example: I feel sleepy; I ______up very early today. > I feel sleepy; I got up very early today.

a) Peter, stop__________ the little girl off! She didn’t break anything! b) The play will start at seven, so I will __________you up at half past six and we will arrive at the theatre on time. c) Don’t __________her down, she needs you. d) Mark got really angry, he __________up and said something terrible to Susan. e) I don’t know what you __________up to, but please be careful. f) “Could I speak to Walter, please?” “Sorry, he __________away on a business trip. He will __________back in three or four days.” g) I would never live in this area; there are factories with chimneys that __________off noxious fumes. h) I think Alice is not reading, she __________over the pages of the magazine too quickly.

106

Inglés

NIVEL B2

Exercise11. Replace each underlined words with a phrasal verb.

Example: She is always criticising me. I don’t like her. = She is always criticising me. I can’t put up with her.

a) They didn’t answer the phone when you called them. b) The students are copying the text that their teacher wrote on the blackboard. c) Frank has to make sure that he will earn enough money if he accepts the new job they offered him. d) Harry will soon open his new shop in Australia. e) We must give each person the materials for the course. f) Diplomatic relations between the two countries ended due to the conflict. g) Sarah convinced us to organize the party in her house.

Exercise12. Translate into English:

a) No me gusta Jenny, ella considera inferior a todo el mundo en la oficina. b) ¡No tires mis libros viejos! Quizá los necesite algún día. c) Mira a Marianne, está a punto de llorar. d) Necesito que alguien me anime hoy.

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Exercise: Use the following verbs (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) and the prepositions (away, down, for, in, off, on, out) an form meaningful sentences.

1) Quick!

the bus. It's ready to leave.

2) I don't know where my book is. I have to 3) It's dark inside. Can you 4)

it.

the light, please?

the form, please.

5) I need some new clothes. Why don't you 6) It's warm inside.

these jeans?

your coat.

7) This pencil is really old. You can

it

.

8) It's so loud here. Can you

the radio a little.

9) The firemen were able to

the fire in Church Street.

10) Does your little brother

ghosts?

108

Inglés

NIVEL B2

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=339

Watch the video and put the lines in each stanza in the correct order.

Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone, Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come.

Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, Silence the pianos and with muffled drum ------------Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. Scribbling on the sky the message He is Dead. Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, -------------------------------My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong. He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, -----------------------For nothing now can ever come to any good. Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun, The stars are not wanted now; put out every one,

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Vocabulary - Phrasal Verbs

Match the columns.

(1) bring out

to collect things and put them where you keep them

(2) cut off

to remove

(3) pack up

to expose; reveal

(4) pour away

to remove people from an area

(5) put out

to halt the operation of; disconnect

(6) sweep up

to (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts

110

Inglés

NIVEL B2

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS 3 1- Hang

:Wait a short time (informal)

2- Keep

:Continue doing

3- Let

:Allow to enter

4- Hang

:Spend time relaxing/with friends (informal)

5- Look

: Investigate

6- Hang

7- Look

8- Keep

:End a phone call

: Take care of someone/sth.

:Continue at the same rate.

9- Pass

: Die

10- Look

: Have a lot of respect/Admire. "Look ___ to someone"

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VOCABULARY - PRESENTATIONS

3. PRESENTATIONS

3.1 OPENINGS For most of us, giving presentations is important for our professional career. Presenting our products, challenges and solutions – this is the key element of business communication, where money is often made or lost. And, in today’s international business environment, we are increasingly required to give presentations in English.

112

Inglés

NIVEL B2

INTRODUCTION

A. Welcoming the audience      

Good morning / afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Hello / Hi everyone. First of all, let me thank you all for coming here today. It’s a pleasure to welcome you today. I’m happy / delighted that so many of you could make it today. It’s good to see you all here

B. Introducing yourself     

Let me introduce myself. I’m Diane Ross from... For those of you who don’t know me, my name is ... Let me just start by introducing myself. My name is ...

C. Giving your position, function, department, company    

As some of you know, I’m the purchasing manager. I’m the key account manager here and am responsible for ... I’m here in my function as the head of ... I’m the project manager in charge of …

D. Introducing your topic What I’d like to present to you today is... I’m here today to present ... Today’s topic is... The subject / topic of my presentation is ... In my presentation I would like to report on ... In my talk I’ll tell you about ... Today I’m going to talk about ... I’ll be talking about ...

E. Saying why your topic is relevant for your audience Today’s topic is of particular interest to those of you / us who ... My talk is particularly relevant to those of us who ... My topic is / will be very important for you because ...

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By the end of this talk you will be familiar with ...

F.          

Stating your purpose The purpose / objective / aim of his presentation is to ... Our goal is to determine how / the best way to ... What I want to show you is ... My objective is to ... Today I’d like to give you an overview of ... Today I’ll be showing you / reporting on ... I’d like to update you on / inform you about ... During the next few hours we’ll be ... Structuring I’ve divided my presentation into three (main) parts. In my presentation I’ll focus on three major issues.

G.     

Sequencing Point one deals with ... , point two ... , and point three... First, I’ll be looking at... , second... ,and third ... I’ll begin / start off by ... . Then I’ll move on to ... Then / Next / After that ... I’ll end with ...

E. Timing  My presentation will take about 30 minutes.  It will take about 20 minutes to cover these issues.  This won’t take more than...

F.   

Handouts Does everybody have a handout / brochure / copy of the report? Please take one and pass them on. Don’t worry about taking notes. I’ve put all the important statistics on a handout for you.  I’ll be handing out copies of the slides at the end of my talk.  I can email the PowerPoint presentation to anybody who wants it.

G.    

Questions There will be time for questions after my presentation. We will have about 10 minutes for questions in the question and answer period. If you have any questions, feel free to interrupt me at any time. Feel free to ask questions at any time during my talk.

114

Inglés

NIVEL B2

H. Rhetorical questions  Is market research important for brand development?  Do we really need quality assurance?

I.   

Interesting facts According to an article I read recently, ... Did you know that ...? I’d like to share an amazing fact / figure with you.

J.   

Stories and anecdotes I remember when I attended a meeting in Paris, ... At a conference in Madrid, I was once asked the following question: ... Let me tell you what happened to me ...

K.    

Problem to think about Suppose you wanted to ... . How would you go about it? Imagine you had to .... What would be your first step?

3.2 THE MIDDLE / MAIN PART A. Saying what is coming  In this part of my presentation, I’d like to talk about..  So, let me first give you a brief overview.

B.     C.   

Indicating the end of a section This brings me to the end of my first point. So much for point two. So, that’s the background on ... That’s all I wanted to say about ... Summarizing a point Before I move on, I’d like to recap the main points. Let me briefly summarize the main issues. I’d like to summarize what I’ve said so far ...

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D.     

Moving to the next point This leads directly to my next point. This brings us to the next question. Let’s now move on / turn to ... After examining this point, let’s turn to ... Let’s now take a look at ...

E.     

Going back As I said / mentioned earlier, ... Let me come back to what I said before ... Let’s go back to what we were discussing earlier. As I’ve already explained, ... As I pointed out in the first section, ...

F.    

Referring to other points I have a question in connection with / concerning payment. There are a few problems regarding the quality. With respect / regard to planning, we need more background information. According to the survey, our customer service needs reviewing.

G. Adding ideas  In addition to this, I’d like to say that our IT business is going very well.  Moreover / Furthermore, there are other interesting facts we should take a look at.  Apart from being too expensive, this model is too big.  Talking about (difficult) issues I think we first need to identify the problem.  Of course we’ll have to clarify a few points before we start.  We will have to deal with the problem of increasing prices.  How shall we cope with unfair business practices?  The question is: why don’t we tackle the distribution problems?  If we don’t solve this problem now, we’ll get / run into serious trouble soon.  We will have to take care of this problem now.  We are currently having difficulties with ...

H.       

Rhetorical questions What conclusion can we draw from this? So, what does this mean? So, just how good are the results? So, how are we going to deal with this increase? So, where do we go from here? Why do I say that? Because... Do we really want to miss this opportunity to ... ?

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3.3 CONCLUSION A.      

Indicating the end of your talk I’m now approaching / nearing the end of my presentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. That covers just about everything I wanted to say about ... OK, I think that’s everything I wanted to say about ... As a final point, I’d like to ... Finally, I’d like to highlight one key issue.

B.     

Summarizing points Before I stop, let me go over the key issues again. Just to summarize the main points of my talk ... I’d like to run through my main points again ... To conclude / In conclusion, I’d like to ... To sum up (then), we ...

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3.4 GRAPHS – BRINGING VISUALS TO LIVE

We’ve all taken part in some quite boring presentations. And in those cases, we’ve all seen complex charts and graphs that tell us either way too much or absolutely nothing at all. For the most part, visuals aren’t naturally interesting or informative. It’s what we do with them that is important. You can’t just put a graph on a screen and then explain each point on the graph. And you can’t put up a table of figures and then read out each column and row. What you really need to do is tell the story of the data and to bring the visuals to life. What should people focus on? What is the important number on the screen? What does the graph actually tell us? Bringing visuals to life is necessary if you want to give effective presentations. We’ll look at how to do this. In this lesson, we’ll cover several important functions, including using analogy, defining terms, using rhetorical questions, and highlighting key numbers.

Charts and graphs are very useful for presenting information, especially numbers. But you must learn how to use them properly. If you don’t, your presentation might not have the expected effect. That might mean it’s seen as dull, but it could also mean that you fail to convince someone of your idea.

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TYPES OF CHARTS:

 Pie chart

 Bar chart

 Line graph

USEFUL VOCABULARY TO DESCRIBE CHARTS:

ADJECTIVE + FALL:  Dramatic fall  Market fall  Gradual fall  Rapid fall

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 Moderate fall  Significant fall  Slight fall  Sharp fall  Sudden fall

ADJECTIVE + INCREASE  Gradual increase  Market increase  Rapid increase  Moderate increase  Significant increase  Slight increase  Steady increase  Steep increase

DESCRIBING POSITION Highest level Lowest level Peaked Reached a peak Stood at

NOUNS OF MOVEMENT  Decline  Decrease  Drop

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 Fall  Fluctuation  Improvement  Increase  Recovery  Reduction  Rise

VERBS OF MOVEMENT  Bottom out  Doubled to  Fluctuate  Level off  Plunge  Soar  Go up`  Rise  Jump

TRENDS  Upward trend  Downward trend

GLOSARY:

Benefit – an advantage or something that brings positive effects Commute - to travel to and from work Consolidate – to combine many small things into one larger system or unit

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Flow chart – a drawing that shows steps, stages or a process Focus on – to concentrate on or to pay attention to Handle – to deal with or manage some activity Logistics – management of the storage and movement of goods, materials and information Make sense – to be reasonable, practical, or easy to understand Numbers don´t lie - we say ´the numbers don´t lie when we believe that some statistics or numbers show or highlight an important fact Plant – a factory or facility that produces or processes something Point to – to draw attention to, especially by using a finger Port – a town, city or place where ships load and unload their cargo Pretty much - mostly Pull up – to show on a video monitor or computer screen Reimagine – to imagine or think about something in a new way Route – a way that someone or a vehicle travels to get somewhere Shipping line – a business that operates ships either for freight or passengers Warehouse – a large house where goods are stored .

3.5 TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATIONS:

A good presentation is one that connects to your audience with a clear, organized message that can be easily understood. So, what can we do to make an impact? How can we connect our message to the audience? What do we need to think about when preparing our presentation? And how do we work to our strengths and minimize the challenges of presenting in English?

 Keep it SHORT, SIMPLE, ENGAGING and REAL

SHORT: Try this: after you prepare your presentation, go through and cut out 30%. You should be able to do that without damaging your central message. What

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remains will have much more impact because it’s not surrounded by fluff. This applies to PowerPoint slides, charts, and diagrams as well. As a general rule, try to limit slides to one per minute.

SIMPLE: Simple means organized and clear. Start with the purpose of your presentation, which you should be able to summarize in one sentence. “Simple” also applies to your language and visuals. Don’t try to impress people with technical lingo. It won’t work. And keep PowerPoint slides simple. No confusing charts or graphs. Only the essential information, in simple form. The text on your slides should not be too hard to see, no smaller than a 30-point font. This will force you to keep the text simple. I promise you, people will appreciate that.

ENGAGING: You need to catch and hold people’s attention. You want them to be interested. And how do we do that? They include repetition, rhetorical questions, metaphors, and visualizing facts and figures. One thing that is not engaging is information overload. Don’t overwhelm your audience. Use pictures and other visual aids to illustrate your points. If you’re doing a PowerPoint, don’t put two “informational” slides right after each other. Mix it up. Give some information, then use a picture to help people understand what you’re saying, then give more information. Being engaging also means being interactive. Ask questions. Look at people. Ask for input. Get people to do something besides just listen to you talk.

REAL: Try using an anecdote or story – a story that everyone can connect with, something that everyone experiences. Tell them why your topic matters. Tell them how it affects them, their jobs, and their lives. Connect yourself with the people and connect the people with the topic. Another part of keeping it real is working within your abilities. If you’re not comfortable telling a joke in English, don’t tell a joke. If you have to keep the words simple, keep them simple. Presentations are hard enough as it is. Don’t try to push yourself too far outside your normal communication style.

SPEAKING PRACTICE: 1. Do you think PowerPoint is used effectively? 2. How long can you keep an audience focused during a presentation? 3. Think about the good presentations you’ve seen. What qualities did the speaker have? 4. What is the most difficult part of speaking in front of a group of people? 5. What different types of visual aids are commonly used in presentations? 6. When you give a presentation, do you usually stand in one place or move around?

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VOCABULARY: Take a look at the words below: Body language – the ideas or feelings you communicate with your body, gestures, and facial expressions. NOTE: During a presentation make sure your body language shows confidence and interest Drone on – to talk about something for a long time in a boring way Dynamic – constantly changing or very active Engage – to attract or hold someone´s attention Get on someone´s nerves – to annoy or bother someone Illustrate a point – to make an idea clear by using examples, pictures or comparison Input – information, opinion or viewpoint given to a person or process Know your stuff – to understand a certain subject very well Move on – to continue to the next topic Prop – an object or thing that helps you during a presentation Scan – to look over quickly Shoot up – to increase suddenly and a lot Short attention span – if you have short attention span, you can´t focus on a topic for a very long time Sink in – if a message or point ´sinks in´ it means the listener understands it completely Tune someone out- to stop listening to someone, especially because you are bothered or bored. Universal – true about everyone in all places Wander – to move around without a clear purpose; if your mind or attention wanders, it means you stop focusing on one thing. Work into – to insert or use something within something else

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4.1 DEALING WITH QUESTIONS

Business people often have to answer questions. You may have to respond to questions during a meeting or negotiation or after you have given a presentation. There are several possible responses to such questions. You can: 1. answer directly ("Yes", "No", "I'm..", etc) 2. ask for clarification of the question 3. reassure the questioner 4. give yourself time to think 5. avoid answering

The language you use becomes very important. It can provide you with certain helpful tactics to use in various situations. Look at these useful phrases:

Reactions to questions Have I understood you correctly?

Would you mind rephrasing the question? I didn't quite understand it.

|

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| | |

SEEKING CLARIFICATION | |

| |

If I understand you you're asking...

When you say... do you mean...?

I'd like to reassure you about that

There is no need for concern on that point

| |

| |

GIVING REASSURANCE | |

| |

You need have no worries on that front

I can understand your concern but...

GIVING YOURSELF TIME TO THINK

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| |

| |

I'm glad you asked that question

That's a very interesting question

I'm afraid I can't give you an answer to that question at the moment

I'd prefer not to comment on that for the moment

| |

| |

AVOIDANCE

| |

| |

Perhaps I could answer that question later

Well, that would depend on various factors

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4.2 AGREEING AND DISAGREEING

Many business people have to participate in business meetings conducted in English. There are various aspects of language involved in meetings. These range from the formal language of chairing and controlling official meetings, to the language of opinion giving, agreeing, disagreeing, persuading, etc. In this lesson, we look at the language of opinions.

Here are some useful phrases.

1. Asking for opinions a. What are your feelings on ... ? b. What do you think of ... ? c. What's your opinion of ... ? d. Could we hear your opinion of ... ?

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2. Giving opinions a. I'm inclined to think ... b. I think ... c. My opinion is ... d. It's my feeling that ... e. I'm absolutely sure that ... f.

I tend to think ...

3. Agreeing a. I completely agree with you. b. I agree. c. Well, yes. d. That's right. e. I couldn't agree more. f.

That seems reasonable.

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4. Disagreeing a. I agree up to a point, but ... b. I don't agree at all. c. I'm afraid I don't entirely agree with you. d. I totally disagree with you. e. I disagree. f.

That's completely wrong.

VOCABULARY: (agreement)

Ways to agree: So do I / I do too = I think so too (strong agreement)

Standard phrases to agree You are quite right! I couldn´t agree more! That´s exactly how I see it / feel about it Absolutely!

Using synonyms: ´That was just a miserable day!´ ´Awful´

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By using an example: ´This food is great´ ´ Especially the chicken´

Using a general comment: ´Chinese food is delicious.´ ´Yes, all Asian food is. ´

PRACTICE – WRITING

You are a boss and one of your employees calls you and asks for the following things very politely. 

An extra day to finish the report



To go home early because he has a headache



To go to a conference in the USA



To leave early in order to pick up his sister at the airport

Decide whether or not to agree with each one!

I WISH / IF ONLY

◙ I wish o if only se usan para expresar un deseo o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha ocurrido en el pasado y se traduce normalmente como ojalá, aunque el uso de If only es mucho más enfático. Después de I wish/ If only usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales:

-

Simple Past > para expresar el deseo de que algo sea diferente a como es en realidad (en español, pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo). En el lenguaje más

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formal se suele usar las forma were con todas las formas personales detrás de I wish/ If only.

 I wish you were here! (Ojalá estuvieras aquí)  I wish he were with us now! (Ojalá estuviera con nosotras ahora)

-

Would + infinitivo > para expresar el deseo de que algo ocurra en el futuro o para expresar una queja referida a una acción que nos gustaría que cambiara (en español, pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo). Would no se usa para la primera persona ni para hablar de algo que no depende de la voluntad del sujeto.

 I wish they would come! (Ojalá vinieran)  I wish I would work less. > NO (Sería > I wish I worked less)  She wishes she would be taller > NO (Sería > She wishes she were taller)

-

Past Perfect > para expresar el deseo de que algo hubiera ocurrido de forma diferente o expresar arrepentimiento por haber hecho algo (en español, pretérito pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo).

 I wish they had come! (Ojalá hubieran venido)

◙ Además de las estructuras con el significado de ojalá, existen otras construcciones en las que también se usa wish: -

Subject + wish + object + noun phrase

 We wish you a merry Christmas.

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Subject + wish + (object) + to- infinitivo

 I wish to make a complaint.

-

Subject + for + noun phrase

 We wish for peace and love.

-

Subject + object + adjective

 The officers wish him alive.

-

Subject + not wish + object + on + somebody

 I wouldn’t wish it on my worst enemy.

Exercise9. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense:

a) I wish he _________________ here now (to be). b) If only you _________________ here yesterday (to be). c) We wish you _________________ tomorrow (to come). d) You will wish you _________________ earlier yesterday (to leave). e) We wish you _________________ yesterday (to arrive). f)

I wish that he _________________ us next year (to visit).

g) If only she _________________ at home now (to be). h) You wish that he _________________ you last week (to help). i)

He will always wish he _________________ rich (to be).

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PASSIVE VOICE

◙ La voz activa se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que realiza la acción significada por el verbo. Por el contrario, la voz pasiva se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que “sufre”, que recibe, la acción significada por el verbo.

◙ Sólo pueden usarse en voz pasiva aquellos verbos que puedan llevar objeto.

 The ball was struck by the boy.  Gold has been found by the explorers.

◙ La voz pasiva en la forma del indicativo se forma con el verbo to be + participio pasado del verbo principal. A continuación mostramos un cuadro con los diferentes tiempos verbales:

a. El presente simple de indicativo Ejemplo de conjugación con el verbo to show: Simple Present Indicative of To Be Simple Present Indicative of Passive Voice of To Show I am

I am shown

you are

you are shown

he is

he is shown

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b. Los demás tiempos del indicativo El verbo To Be comparado con la voz pasiva del verbo To Show Present Continuous

Present Continuous

I am being

I am being shown

you are being

you are being shown

he is being

he is being shown

Present Perfect

Present Perfect

I have been

I have been shown

you have been

you have been shown

he has been

he has been shown

Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been being

I have been being shown

you have been being

you have been being shown

he has been being

he has been being shown

Simple Past

Simple Past

I was

I was shown

you were

you were shown

he was

he was shown

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Past Continuous

Past Continuous

I was being

I was being shown

you were being

you were being shown

he was being

he was being shown

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

I had been

I had been shown

you had been

you had been shown

he had been

he had been shown

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been being

I had been being shown

you had been being

you had been being shown

he had been being

he had been being shown

Simple Future

Simple Future

I will (shall) be

I will (shall) be shown

you will be

you will be shown

he will be

he will be shown

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Future Continuous

Future Continuous

I will (shall) be being

I will (shall) be being shown

you will be being

you will be being shown

he will be being

he will be being shown

Future Perfect

Future Perfect

I will (shall) have been

I will (shall) have been shown

you will have been

you will have been shown

he will have been

he will have been shown

Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous

I will (shall) have been being

I will (shall) have been being shown

you will have been being

you will have been being shown

he will have been being

he will have been being shown

◙ Los tiempos Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous y Future Perfect Continuous de la voz pasiva se hacen muy largos e incómodos, por lo que se usan muy poco. ◙ Oraciones interrogativas y negativas: -

Interrogativas:

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 (You were shown the sights) Were you shown the sights?  (She is being shown the sights) Is she being shown the sights?  (He will have been shown the sights) Will he have been shown the sights?  (We should be shown the sights) Should we be shown the sights?

-

Negativas:

 You were not shown the sights.  She is not being shown the sights.  He will not have been shown the sights.  We should not be shown the sights.

a) Cambio de voz del verbo: ◙ Normalmente, cuando se pasa una frase de activa a pasiva, cambiando sólo la voz del verbo y dejando el resto de las palabras de la oración tal como están en la frase activa, se produce un cambio en el significado.  Active Voice: He is driving to the airport. Passive Voice: He is being driven to the airport. [La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la primera frase se comporta activamente: está ejerciendo la acción de conducir. La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la segunda frase está actuando de forma pasiva: él o ella no conduce sino que alguien le está llevando al aeropuerto]. b) Cambio de voz del verbo manteniendo el significado de la oración: ◙ Para mantener el significado de una oración cuando se altera la voz del verbo, es necesario alterar el orden de las palabras de la oración. - Cambio de activa a pasiva > Cuando un verbo que lleva objeto se cambia de activa a pasiva, para mantener el significado de la frase, dicho objeto se ha de convertir en el sujeto del verbo y el que en la frase activa es sujeto puede situarse después del verbo acompañado de la preposición by pasando a ser agente.

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 The wind is rippling the water. [el verbo is rippling tiene como sujeto wind y como objeto water. Cuando el verbo pasa a pasiva y se mantiene el significado de la frase, lo que antes era objeto, water, se convierte en el sujeto del verbo y lo que antes era sujeto, wind, se convierte en el agente (objeto de la preposición by)].  The water is being rippled by the wind.  Active: The squirrel ate the nut.  Passive: The nut was eaten by the squirrel.  Active: The child will open the parcel.  Passive: The parcel will be opened by the child. ◙ Cuando se cambia la voz del verbo en una frase manteniendo el significado de la misma, es necesario asegurarse de que el verbo concuerde con el nuevo sujeto.  Active: The boys are mowing the lawn.  Passive: The lawn is being mowed by the boys. [En la primera frase, el sujeto boys es plural; por tanto, debe usarse el auxiliar are; en la segunda frase, el sujeto lawn es singular; por tanto, se emplea el auxiliar is].

- Cambio de pasiva a activa > Cuando un verbo pasa de pasiva a activa, para mantener el significado de la frase, el que es el sujeto pasa a ser el objeto del verbo y, si la frase incluye una proposición introducida por la preposición by, el que es objeto de la preposición pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo.

 Passive: The clover is being eaten by the cow.  Active: The cow is eating the clover.  Passive: The wine was ordered by the dealer.  Active: The dealer ordered the wine.  Passive: The deer could have been killed by the poacher.  Active: The poacher could have killed the deer. c) Cambio de voz de un verbo que lleva tanto objeto directo como indirecto:

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◙ Cuando un verbo en voz activa lleva tanto objeto directo como objeto indirecto, cualquiera de ellos puede convertirse en el sujeto del verbo al pasarse la oración a pasiva, manteniéndose el significado de la misma. El objeto que no pasa a ser sujeto queda como objeto. Cuando un verbo en pasiva lleva objeto indirecto, éste va normalmente precedido por una preposición.

 Active: The guide will show you the museum.  Passive: You will be shown the museum by the guide.  Passive: The museum will be shown to you by the guide.

[En la primera frase (Active) el verbo will show lleva el objeto directo museum, y el objeto indirecto you. En las frases segunda y tercera el verbo will be shown está en pasiva, y el significado se ha mantenido al alterar el orden de las palabras y usar la preposición by. En la segunda frase, el que era objeto indirecto, you, es ahora el sujeto del verbo, y el que era el objeto directo, museum, se mantiene como objeto directo. En la tercera frase, el que era objeto directo, museum, ha pasado a ser el sujeto del verbo, y el que era objeto indirecto, you, ahora va precedido de la preposición to].  Active: The policeman gave you a medal.  Passive: You were given a medal by the policeman.  Passive: A medal was given to you by the policeman.

◙ La voz pasiva en la forma del subjuntivo se forma de la misma manera que el indicativo. A continuación mostramos un cuadro los siguientes tiempos verbales: Simple Present

Simple Past

I am shown

I were shown

you are shown

you were shown

he is shown

he were shown

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Present Continuous

Past Continuous

I am being shown

I were being shown

You are being shown

you were being shown

he is being shown

he were being shown

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

I have been shown

I had been shown

you have been shown

you had been shown

he have been shown

he had been shown

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

I have been being shown

I had been being shown

you have been being shown

you had been being shown

he have been being shown

he had been being shown

a) Presente simple del subjuntivo > se emplea normalmente en cláusulas subordinadas que empiezan con that en frases que contienen órdenes o solicitudes formales.  I request that he be invited to speak.  We asked that our suggestions be considered.  They will insist that their colleague be admitted to the association.

b) Formas del pasado del subjuntivo > se emplea para expresar deseos y condiciones falsas o improbables.

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 I wish he were allowed to come. (deseo)  It would have been better if they had been invited. (falsa condición o premisa)

Exercise2. Change the following affirmative statements into questions. For example:

You are required to prepare the documents for the meeting. Are you required to prepare the documents for the meeting? 1. They should be informed. 2. She might have been invited to come. 3. You had been told not to say anything about that. 4. They will be used when needed. 5. It has been stored in an appropriate place. 6. They were being repaired.

Exercise3. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. For example:

They would have been trained to do this job. They would not have been trained to do this job. 1. We could have been observed from that building there. 2. It is being dealt with successfully. 3. They were being kept under observation. 4. You will be held responsible if something goes wrong. 5. They were expected to get here at ten o'clock. 6. He will be asked to collaborate. 7. It was sent to the correspondent department on time.

Exercise4. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the

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corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence. For example:

They drive to work at seven o'clock every morning. Simple Present: They are driven to work at seven o'clock every morning. Did he notice? Simple Past: Was he noticed?

She is not telling the truth. Present Continuous: he is not being told the truth.

We have sent a message. Present Perfect: We have been sent a message.

I will pay. Simple Future: I will be paid.

1. Do they expect to have any guests for dinner? _________________ 2. He is giving orders and instructions. __________________ 3. They have moved to a different city. __________________ 4. She will fly to Madrid next week. _________________ 5. He has offered a discount in all his products. __________________ 6. They have stopped to take a rest. __________________ 7. Will you have given permission? _________________ 8. We sent a quite long letter. __________________ 9. We were teaching Spanish and French. __________________ 10. I understand perfectly what you mean. ___________________

11. He is offering free advice for unemployed people. _________________ 12. She will rush to the station. __________________

Exercise5. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the

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corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence. For example:

We are paid on a monthly basis. Simple Present: We pay on a monthly basis.

She is not assisted every day. Simple Present: She does not assist every day.

Was he not being flown to LA? Past Continuous: Was he not flying to LA?

It has been grown here for the past ten years. Present Perfect: It has grown here for the past ten years.

Might they be called at five in the afternoon tomorrow? Simple conjugation with might: Might they call at five in the afternoon tomorrow?

1. We can be heard easily from far away. _________________ 2. She is being given spiritual guidance. __________________ 3. Were they not flown over the mountains? ________________ 4. I had been transferred to another department. 5. He is being convinced. __________________ 6. We have been sent an anonymous gift. __________________ 7. He is not being taught music properly. _________________ 8. Should they have been driven to their destination? ______________ 9. They will be watched constantly. __________________ 10. We had been taken to the beach today. __________________ 11. Has he been checked into the hotel? ______________ 12. Could I have been told the news last week? __________________

Exercise6. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. Preserve the

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meaning of the sentences by using the preposition by and making the necessary changes in word order. For example:

The teenager drove the car. The car was driven by the teenager.

The girl is riding the horse. The horse is being ridden by the girl.

The student has cooked a delicious lunch. A delicious lunch has been cooked by the student.

The president of the company will thank the members of all the departments. The members of all the departments will be thanked by the president of the company company. The children can understand the text. The text can be understood by the children. 1. That woman founded this association. 2. This picture won the prize. 3. The girl is playing the piano. 4. The mailman has already delivered all the letters. 5. The pilot can fly the aeroplane. 6. The child bought the white t-shirt. 7. The cat chased the mouse. 8. The workers will paint the walls. 9. The stranger could have stolen the wallet. 10. The dealer has sold the jewels. 11. The dog splashed the water. 12. The man has watered the flowers.

Exercise7. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the

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meaning of the sentences by omitting the preposition by and making the necessary changes in word order. For example:

Their new song was heard by everyone. Everyone heard their new song.

The instructions were followed by the officials. The officials followed the instructions.

The money is being counted by the cashier. The cashier is counting the money.

The animals in the zoo have been fed by the tourists. The tourists have fed the animals in the zoo.

The landscape will be photographed by the photographer. The photographer will photograph the landscape.

1. The bill was paid by the boss. 2. The cake was made by the cook. 3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician. 4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel. 5. The book was written by a specialist. 6. The house was decorated by a student. 7. The seeds were taken by the birds. 8. The beer has been drunk by the guests. 9. The mail is opened every day by the secretary. 10. The ingredients have been added and mixed by the cooks. 11. The bird was seen by the naturalists who were observing. 12. His work will be published by the magazine next month.

Exercise8. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present Subjunctive of the Passive Voice of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

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She ordered that the most important details _______ known. (to make) She ordered that the most important details be made known.

He advises that the plane ________ at a high altitude. (to fly) He advises that the plane be flown at a high altitude.

1. They demand that the change of plans _____________ at nine o'clock. (to report) 2. It is necessary that their accomplishments ____________. (to recognize) 4. It is crucial that we _____________ of any change. (to inform) 5. He asks that his papers and documents ____________ in order. (to put) 6. They requested that their qualifications ______________. (to accept) 7. We insist that he not _____________ his rights. (to deny) 8. It is important that the requirements _____________. (to meet) 9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ___________. (to choose) 10. It is recommended that care __________ in making the repairs. (to take) 11. He insists that smoking ______________. (to forbid)

VOCABULARY Ooops! Don´t put your foot in it! (¡No metas la pata!)

1.How do you say in English: ¨Espero que vengas a mi fiesta¨? ¿¨I hope that you come to my party¨? NOOOOOOOO We say: I hope you come to my party!!

*When talking about hope or something that will happen in the future, we need: subject +¨hope¨ + subject + verb in present simple

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Eg.: She hopes they play well today. I hope it doesn´t rain on Saturday!

2.How do you say in English ¨Cada individuo tiene que tomar su propia decisión¨? ¿¨Every individual has to make his own decision¨? NOOOOO We need to say:

¨Every individual has to make THEIR own decision!¨

3.How do you say in English ¨¡Por fin han aparecido las llaves de mi coche!¨ ¿¨ Finally, my keys have appeared? NOOOO We say: ¨Finally, my keys have turned up!¨ or ¨My keys have finally turned up¨, or just ¨I´ve finally found my keys¨

INTENSIFIERS 1 We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger: It’s a very interesting story Everyone was very excited. It’s a really interesting story. Everyone was extremely excited

We call these words intensifiers. Other intensifiers are: amazingly

Exceptionally

incredibly

remarkably

Particularly

Unusually

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We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its adjective: If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car. I can’t wear those shoes. They’re not big enough. Intensifiers with strong adjectives: Strong adjectives are words like: enormous, huge = very big tiny = very small brilliant = very clever awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad certain = very sure excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good delicious = very tasty We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant". With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like: absolutely completely really

totally

utterly

exceptionally particularly quite

The film was absolutely awful. He was an exceptionally brilliant child. The food smelled really disgusting.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct intensifier: 1.absolutely / really A:How was your exam? B: Not good. It was…………difficult 2.extremely / absolutely A:Are you hungry? B.Hungry? I am ……………starving!

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3.totally/very A:So, did you like the movie? B:No, I thought it was…….awful!

4.extremely / totally A: Do you think we´ll get a pay rise this year? B:Well, if we do, it will be………….small!

5.really/very A:Did you have a good holiday? B:Yes, thanks. It was ………..fantastic.

6.absolutely, very A: I don´t like politics. B: No? I find it …….interesting.

INTENSIFIERS 2

Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers which are often used with them. Here are some common ones: blind drunk He was blind drunk and behaved really badly. bone dry I must have a drink. I'm bone dry. brand new I've just bought a brand new car.

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crystal clear The sea near Rhodes is crystal clear. dead easy That exam was dead easy. I've certainly passed.

He's won three lottery prizes this year. He's dead lucky. dead right I agree entirely. You are dead right. dirt cheap I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from an old lady who had hardly driven it. fast asleep / sound asleep I was in bed and fast asleep by nine. I was sound asleep and I didn't hear anything. paper thin These office walls are paper thin. You can hear everything said in the next office. pitch black There's no moon. It's pitch black out there. razor sharp Be careful with that knife- it's razor sharp. rock hard It's impossible to dig this soil – it's rock hard. stark naked The hotel door slammed behind me and I was left standing stark naked in the middle of the corridor. stone deaf He can't hear a thing. He's stone deaf.

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wide awake I was wide awake by six. wide open Who left the door wide open?

EXERCISE 2 COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:        

I was ..............awake by seven. I can´t see a thing. It´s .............black in here. I´ve got a.................new computer. There has been no rain for weeks. The ground is...........dry. My new computer is.............easy in use. I got my computer for a ........cheap price. I was...........lucky to get such a bargain. I was............asleep when you phoned.

NEWCOMER / COMEBACK / COMEDOWN / COME-ON

NEWCOMER If you´ve never seen this word before, you might be able to work out its meaning from the two words that it contains: ¨new¨and ¨come¨. As you might expect, it means ´someone who has recently arrived in a place´, for example: ´She is a newcomer to the company´. The place in question doesn´t need to be physical or geographical either; you can be a newcomer to a particular activity or situation: ´I´m a newcomer to politics´

COMEBACK If you know what the verb ¨to come back¨ means , then you´ll probably be able to work out that this noun means a ¨vuelta¨ of some kind. It´s most commonly used in the field of entertainment or sport when someone returns to the activity that they used to be successful at: ¨He made a comeback to the team after being injured for two years¨ The other meaning of a ¨comeback¨ is when you make a quick and usually witty (ingenioso) response to a critical remark.

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COMEDOWN Again, this word has two uses. First, it can be used when people have experienced a loss of status or importance in their jobs or lives. For example: ¨Playing for Oviedo was a bit of a comedown for him after having played for Real Madrid. ¨ The other meaning is to describe a feeling of disappointment or depression and in particular after a drug ceases to produce an effect.

COME-ON And finally, as we always like to show you the most curious uses of English, ...if somebody ¨gives you the come-on¨ , you´re lucky...or maybe not! IIt means that they are ¨insinuándose¨

QUICK QUIZ:

1.¿Cómo se llamaría una vuelta a las tablas de un esceario o a los platós del cine/televisión?

2.¿Cómo llamamos a una persona que acaba de llegar a un sitio o a una actividad?

a)come-on

a)a comedown b)a comeback

3.¿Qué palabra significa ¨un bajón¨en inglés?

a)a newcomer

b)comedown

b)a comeback

GRAMMAR HARDLY / SCARCELY AND NO SOONER

These three expressions can be used (often with a past perfect tense) to suggest that one thing happened very soon after another. Note the sentence structure:

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…..hardly……when/before….. …..scarcely……. when/before….. ……no sooner……..than

Examples: 

I had hardly/scarcely closed my eyes when the phone rang.



She was hardly/scarcely inside the house after the kids started screaming.



I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.



We no sooner sat down in the train than I felt sick.

In a formal or literary style, inverted word order is possible.



Hardly had I closed my eyes when I began to imagine fantastic shapes.



No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she started to have doubts.

EXCLAMATIONS: STRUCTURES

Exclamations are often constructed with ¨how¨ and ¨what¨ or with ¨so¨ and such¨; negative questions forms are also common. 1.Exclamations with ¨how¨ These are often felt to be a little formal or old-fashioned How + adjective Strawberries! How nice!

How + adjective/adverb + subject + verb How cold! (NOT: How it is cold!) How beautifully you sing! (NOT: How you sing beautifully!)

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How + subject + verb How you´ve grown!

2.Exclamations with ¨what¨

What a/an (+adjective) + singular countable noun 

What a rude man! (NOT: What rude man!)



What a nice dress! (NOT: What nice dress)



What a surprise!

What (+ adjective) + uncountable / plural noun 

What beautiful weather! (NOT: What a beautiful weather!)



What lovely flowers!



What fools!

What + object + subject + verb (note word order) 

What a beautiful smile your sister has! (NOT: ……has your sister!)

3.Exclamations with ¨so¨ and ¨such¨

So + adjective 

You´re so kind!

Such a/an (+adjective) + singular countable noun



He´s such a nice boy! (NOT: …a such nice boy)

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Such (+adjective) + uncountable / plural noun 

They talk such rubbish! (NOT: …..such a rubbish)



They´re such kind people (NOT: ….so kind people)

4.Negative question forms



Isn´t the weather nice!



Hasn´t she grown!

Americans and some British speakers may use ordinary (non-negative) question forms in exclamations. 

Boy, am I hungry!



Wow, did she make a mistake!



Was I furious!

VOCABULARY ADJECTIVES FOR AN INTERVIEW Trabajador Puntual Diligente Tenaz Motivado Extrovertido Determinado Fiable Paciente Organizado De confianza

Hard-working Punctual Diligent Tenacious Motivated Outgoing Driven Reliable Patient Organized Trustworthy

USEFUL VERB: TO PROVE (DEMONSTRAR)

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EXERCISE 1: The HR responsible is on a medical leave and asked you to be in charge of a job interview. It´s up to you to decide whether or not you want to hire a candidate. As you want to make the right decision, we want to confirm it with your team mates. Continue as shown in the example:

E.g. Mark – carta de presentación ¨ Before we decide whether we´re going to hire / to employ this candidate, let´s have another look at his cover letter¨

1.Julie – preferencias laborales 2.Sam – experiencia 3.John – curriculum vitae 4.Jorge – permiso de trabajo 5.Ana – formación 6.Helen – antecedentes 7.Mike – solicitud de empleo 8.Sue - referencias

EXERCISE 2: Remember the useful verb we´ve seen before? If not, let us remind you that it was ¨to prove¨ (demonstrar) .

Continue as shown in the example below: -TRABAJADOR – SACAR LAS NOTAS MÁS ALTAS EN LA UNIVERSIDAD -¨I proved I´m hard-working by getting the highest grades at university. 

Puntual - llegar siempre temprano a todas las reuniones



Diligente – nunca cometer errores con los informes



Tenaz – triplicar los beneficios anuales de la empresa como director de ventas



Motivado – ascender cuatro veces en un año

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

Extrovertida – aumentar el interés en productos y ferias de trabajo



Determinado – trabajar hasta tarde por la noche hasta terminar los proyectos



Fiable – terminar con éxito cada tarea asignada por mi jefa



Paciente – aumentar el nivel de inglés de mis alumnos en el colegio



Organizada – coordinar a cien empleados en mi último puesto de trabajo

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B2 – UNIT 3

AT / ON / IN TIME

At + clock time In + part of the day On + particular day At + weekend, public holiday In + long period

1.Clock times: at 

I usually get up at six o´clock.



I´ll meet you at 4.15.



Phone me at lunch time.

¨At¨ is usually left out in an informal style: 

What time does your train leave?

2.Parts of the day: in I work best in the morning. We usually go out in the evening! *Note the difference between ¨in the night¨ (mostly used to mean ¨during one particular night¨) and ¨at night¨(during any night). Compare: 

I had to get up in the night.



I often work at night.

*In an informal style, we usually use plurals (days, etc.) with no prepositions. Would you rather work days or nights?

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*We use ¨on¨ if we say which morning / afternoon etc. we are talking about, or if we describe the morning / afternoon etc. 

See you on Monday morning.



We met on a cold afternoon in early spring!

3.Days: on



I´ll ring you on Tuesday!



My birthday´s on March, 21st.



They´re having a party on Christmas day!

*In an informal style, we sometimes leave out ¨on¨ 

I´m seeing her Sunday morning.

4.Public holidays and weekends: at We use ´at¨ to talk about the whole of a holidays at Christmas, New Year, Easter and Thanksgiving. -We´re having the roof repaired at Easter. -But we use ¨on¨ to talk about one day of the holiday. -Come and see us on Christmas day! -What are you doing on Easter Monday?

*British people say ¨ at the weekend¨, Americans say ¨on¨.

5.Longer periods: in

-It happened in the week after Christmas. -I was born in March. -Our house was built in the 15th century!

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-Kent is beautiful in spring! -He died in 2010.

6.Other uses of ¨in¨ ¨In¨ can also be used to say how soon something will happen and to say how long something takes to happen. 

Ask me in three or four days!



I can run 200 meters in about 30 seconds.

The expression ¨in………´s time¨ is used to say how soon something will happen, not how long something takes. Compare: 

I´ll see you again in a month´s time.



He wrote the book in a month. (NOT: …..in a month´s time)

BEGIN VS. START 1.meaning: formality ¨Begin¨ and ¨start¨ can both be used with the same meaning. 

I began / stated teaching when I was 24 years old.

If Sheila doesn´t come soon, let´s begin / start without her. We generally prefer ¨begin¨ when we are using a more formal style. Compare: 

We will begin the meeting with a message from the President.



Damn! It´s starting to rain!

2.cases where ¨begin¨ is not possible ¨Start¨(but not begin) is used to mean: a)start a journey 

I think we ought to start at six, while the roads are empty!

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b)start working (for machines) 

The car won´t start.

c)make something start How do you start the washing machine? 

The President´s wife, fired the gun to start the race.

EXERCISE 1: 1.I ......... my car to make sure it worked about ten minutes before I drove to work. a)began b)started c)begin d)start 2.My car very rarely ......... first time when the weather is really cold. a)begins b)beginning c)starting d)starts 3.We ......... off early on the first day of summer so that we could see the sun rise. a)began b)started c)starting d)beggining 4. I read the ......... of that book but I couldn't possibly read the whole story a)starting b)start c)beggining d)begin 5. I can't ......... to understand why anyone would want to be cruel to animals. a)start b)begin c)starts d)begins 6. He ......... off at me again simply because I had forgotten to lock the back door after I came home.

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a)started b)began c)begun d)starts 7. I won a lot of money by betting on that horse but it was simply a case of ......... luck. a)start´s b)starter´s c)beginner´s d)beginning´s 8. As far as I was concerned when the accident happened, it was the ......... of the end. a)start b)begin c)starting d)beginning 9. Who would like to ......... off the debate? a)begin b)start c)begins d)starting 10. I would greatly appreciate it if you didn't ......... up that old argument again. a)start b)begin c)starts d)begins

Reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another

We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more people do the same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one

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another refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern English.   

Peter and Mary helped one another. = Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter. We sent each other Christmas cards. = We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card. They didn’t look at one another. = He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.

We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another’s: They helped to look after each other’s children. We often stayed in one another’s houses. NOTE: We do not use reciprocal pronouns as the subject of a clause.

EXERCISE: Complete the sentences with 'each other' or 'one another' so that they mean the same as the first sentence. You should use the distinction that was traditionally used.

1.She looked at them and they looked at her. They looked at ...............

2. Paula sent Paul text messages and Paul sent her back text messages. They sent ............... text messages.

3. We gave them a present and they gave us a present. We gave ............... presents.

4. I didn't speak to you, Jack, and you didn't speak to me. We didn't speak to ...............

5. He wore his brother's clothes and his brother wore his clothes.

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They wore ...............'s clothes.

6. My brother and I drove you mad and you drove us mad. We drove ............... mad.

VOCABULARY

DEADLINES

Your project´s deadline is getting closer and closer. You are on time (up to date) on some of the aspects but you are falling behind on some others. Your boss wants you to catch up on all of them…IN ENGLISH! So, you´d better start learning the vocabulary below:

Fecha tope

Deadline

Cumplir con fecha tope

Meet a deadline

No cumplir una fecha

Miss a deadline

Ponerse a día

Catch up

Quedarse atrás

Fall behind

Mantener el ritmo

Keep up

Estar al día

Be up to date

Atrasado

Behind schedule

En fecha

On schedule

Antes de lo previsto

Ahead of schedule

NOTE: ¨ON¨ is the preposition you need for these verbs: to fall behind on, to catch up on, etc….

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EXERCISE You are the project manager of your company (Eres el director de proyectos de tu empresa). One of your responsibilities is to keep your boss up to date every Monday morning. As your boss is English all the meetings are held in English. One of the employees has just given you the report, but as he is Spanish, everything comes in Spanish, of course, and you need to translate it on the spot (en el acto). Don´t get nervous, you now know all the vocabulary you need! The first one has been done for you:

¨We´re not going to meet the deadline / We´re going to miss the deadline on Project C. We´re catching up on Project A. We´re ahead of schedule on Project B. ¨

1 No vamos a cumplir la fecha tope en el Proyecto C. Nos estamos poniendo al día en el Proyecto A. Vamos antes de lo previsto en el Proyecto B. 2 Proyecto 3

Estamos en fecha en el proyecto B. Nos estamos quedando atrás en el A. No estamos al día en el Proyecto C. Estamos preocupados por la fecha tope del Proyecto C.

Tenemos que mantener el ritmo en el Proyecto B. Vamos atrasados con el Proyecto A. 4 El equipo no está al día con el Proyecto A. No hemos cumplido la fecha tope del Proyecto B. Estamos en fecha con el Proyecto C. 5

Vamos antes de lo previsto con el Proyecto B.

No podemos mantener el ritmo en el proyecto A. Tenemos que ponernos al día en el Proyecto C.

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POLITENESS

Politeness 1: asking questions

1.Requests: Could you….?

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We usually ask people to do things for us asking yes/no questions. (This suggests that the hearer can choose whether to agree or not) 

Could you tell me the time please? (Much more polite than: Please tell me the time!)

Some other typical structures used in requests: 

Could you possibly tell me the way to the station? (very polite)



Would you mind switching on the TV?



Would you like to help me for a few minutes?



You couldn´t lend me some money, could you? (informal)

Indirect yes/no questions are also used in polite requests: 

I wonder if you could (possibly) help me for a few minutes.

2.Other structures: telling people to do things If we use other structures (for example imperatives, should, had better), we are not asking people to do things, but telling or advising them to do things. These structures can therefore seem rude if we use them in requests. , especially in conversations with strangers or people we do not know well. ¨Please¨ makes an order or a request a bit more polite, but does not turn it into a request. The following structures can be used perfectly correctly to give orders, instructions or advice, but they are not polite ways of asking people to do things.



Please help me for a few minutes.



Help me, would you?



Carry this for me, please.



You ought to tell me your plans.



You should shut the door.



You had better help me.

3.Shops, restaurants, etc Requests in shops, restaurants, etc. are usually more direct and are not always expressed as questions.

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Typical expressions:



Can I have one of those, please?



Could I have a look at the red ones, please?



I´d like to see the wine list, please.



I would prefer a small one.

¨Give me….please¨ and ¨I want…..please¨ are not normally considered polite. But in places where only a few kinds of things are being sold and not much needs to be said, it is enough just to say what is wanted and add ¨please¨. 

¨The Times, please!¨



Black coffee, please!



Two cheeseburgers, please!



Return to Lancaster, please!

4.Negative questions Negative questions are not used in polite requests. Could you give me a light? (NOT: Couldn´t you give me a light?– this sounds like a complaint)

But negative statements with question tags are used in informal requests.



You couldn´t give me a light, could you?



I don´t suppose you could give me a light, could you? (very polite)

5.Expressions of opinion Expressions of opinion can be made less direct by turning them into questions. Compare:

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

It would be better to paint it green. (direct expression of opinion)



Wouldn´t it be better to paint it green? (less direct: negative question asking for agreement)



Would it be better to paint it green? (open question – very direct)

GRAMMAR One and ones We use one (singular) and ones (plural) to avoid unnecessary repetition. 

See those two girls? Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one. Which is your car, the red one or the blue one? My trousers are torn. I need some new ones. See those two girls. Helen is the one on the left. Let’s look at the photographs. The ones you took in Paris.

We often use them after Which ... in questions: 

You can borrow a book. Which one do you want? There are lots of books here. Which ones are yours?

EXERCISE: Complete the sentences by typing 'one' or 'ones' into the gaps. 1.How old are my children? The younger …………is four and the older ….is seven. 2.The new mobiles are much lighter than the old………… 3.I don´t mind what kind of car it is, I just want……..that gets me there. 4.Which do you prefer, this……….or that ……….? 5.I need some new glasses. The……..I have at the moment are broken. 6.I hope this holiday will be ………to remember.

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IT AND THERE

English clauses always have a subject: His father has just retired. Was a teacher. > He was a teacher. I’m waiting for my wife. Is late. > She is late. Look at the time! Is half past two.> It’s half past two. except for the imperative (see more) Go away. Play it again please. If we have no other subject we use there or it. there We use there as a dummy subject with part of the verb be followed by a noun phrase. (see Clauses, sentences and phrases): • to introduce a new topic: There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven. There has been an accident. I hope no one is hurt. • with numbers or quantities: There was a lot of rain last night. There must have been more than five hundred in the audience. • to say where something is: There used to be a playground at the end of the street. There are fairies at the bottom of the garden. I wonder if there will be anyone at home. • with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and the to-infinitive: There is nothing to do in the village. There was plenty to read in the apartment There was nothing to watch on television. There is a lot of work to do If we want to show the subject of the to-infinitive we use for: There is nothing for the children to do in the village. There was plenty for us to read in the apartment There was nothing for them to watch on television. There is a lot of work for you to do.

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• with an indefinite pronoun or expressions of quantity and an -ing verb: There is someone waiting to see you. There were a lot of people shouting and waving. We use a singular verb if the noun phrase is singular: There is a meeting this evening. It will start at seven. There was a lot of rain last night. There is someone waiting to see you. We use a plural verb if the noun phrase is plural: There are more than twenty people waiting to see you. There were some biscuits in the cupboard. There were a lot of people shouting and waving.

It We use it to talk about: • times and dates: It’s nearly one o’clock. It’s my birthday. • weather: It’s raining. It’s a lovely day. It was getting cold. • to give an opinion about a place: It’s very cold in here. It will be nice when we get home. It’s very comfortable in my new apartment. • to give an opinion followed by to-infinitive: It’s nice to meet you. It will be great to go on holiday. It was interesting to meet your brother at last. • to give an opinion followed by an -ing verb: It’s great living in Spain. It’s awful driving in this heavy traffic. It can be hard work looking after young children.

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Using "it" to talk about people We use it to talk about ourselves: • on the telephone: Hello. It’s George. • when people cannot see us: [Mary knocks on door] It’s me. It’s Mary. We use it to talk about other people: • when we point them out for the first time: Look. It’s Sir Paul McCartney. Who’s that? I think it’s John’s brother. • when we cannot see them and we ask them for their name: [telephone rings, we pick it up] Hello. Who is it? [someone knocks on door. We say:] Who is it?

EXERCISE 1 Choose the correct subject, 'it' or 'there', to complete each sentence. 1…………. ´s a party at Nick’s tonight. Do you want to go? 2…………. ’s half past ten. We should go home soon. 3.If you’re hungry, _____’s some lasagne in the fridge 4. Don’t forget, _____’s your mum’s birthday tomorrow. 5………….. ’s very warm in here. Can we open a window? 6.OK, let’s start the meeting. _____’s a lot to talk about! 7. The last time we had a holiday, _____ rained all the time. 8…………. isn’t easy being a nurse. 9…………. ´s red wine or white. Which would you prefer? 10…………. ’s stupid to drink and drive.

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VOCABULARY

SOCIAL LANGUAGE

Every language has fixed expressions which are used on particular social occasions – for example when people meet, leave each other, go on a journey, sit down to meals and so on. Here are some of the most important English expressions of this kind.

1.Introductions Common ways of introducing strangers to each other are: 

John, do you know Helen? Helen, this is my friend John!



Sally, I don´t think you´ve met Elaine.



I don´t think you two know each other, do you?



Can / May I introduce you to John Willis? (more formal)

*People who are introduced often shake hands. *

2.Greetings When meeting people (formal): 

(Good) morning / afternoon / evening.



When meting people (informal)



Hello / Hi (very informal)

When leaving people: 

Good bye!

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

Bye! (informal)



Bye-bye! (often used to and by children)



Cheers! (informal – British only)



Take care! (informal)



See you!



It was nice to meet you / meeting you!

3.Asking about health, etc When we meet people we know, we often ask politely about their health or their general situation 

How are you?



How are things?



How is it going?



Formal answers:



Very well, thank you! And you?

Informal answers: 

Fine / Great thanks!



All right!



Not too bad!



So-so!



It could be worse!



Musn´t grumble!

4.Special greetings Greeting for special occasions are: 

Happy birthday!



Happy New Year / Happy Easter!



Merry Christmas!

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

Happy anniversary!



Congratulations on your exam results / new job. Etc (NOT: Congratulation on…..)

5.Small talk British people often begin polite conversations by talking about the weather. 

Nice day, isn´t it? - Lovely!

6.Getting people´s attention Excuse me! Is commonly used to attract somebody´s attention, or to call o waiter in a restaurant!

7.Apologies British people ¨Excuse me¨ before interrupting or disturbing somebody, and ¨sorry¨ after doing so? Compare: Excuse me. Could I get past? Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?



¨I beg your pardon¨ I didn´t realise this was your seat!

8.Drinking When people begin drinking alcoholic drinks socially, they often raise their glasses and say something. Common expressions are ¨Cheers!¨ (BrE) and ¨Your health¨ . When you drink to celebrate an occasion (such as a birthday, a wedding, or a promotion), we often say: ¨Here´s to…!´´ 

Here´s to Betty!



Here´s to the new job!



Here´s to the happy couple!

9. Good wishes Typical expressions are ¨Give my best wishes / regards / greetings / love to X.¨, ¨Remember me to X¨, ¨Say hello to X for me. When the wishes are passed on, common expressions are: ¨X sends his / her best wishes / regards¨, ¨X says hello!¨

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10.Sympathy Common formulas in letters of sympathy (for example someone´s death) are: ¨I was very / terribly / extremely sorry to hear about…..¨ and ¨Please accept my deepest sympathy¨

11.Sleep When someone goes to bed, people often say ¨Sleep well¨. In the morning, we may ask ¨Did you sleep well?¨ or ¨How did you sleep? ¨

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Organising your social life

Hi Nadia, How was your weekend? My old school friend Emma came on a flying visit1, which was fun. We had a giris' night out on Saturday with a couple of other friends. We went out for a meal to a local restaurant. So much for me sticking to my diet! Emma was here for a surprise party for her parents on Sunday. She and her brother wanted to spring a surprise on2 them for their 30th wedding3 anniversary - they thought 30 years together definitely called for a celebration - so they decided to throw a party for them. They had it at a hotel near their house and invited all their parents' oid friends. The vicar who'd married them even put in an appearance4! They asked me along too and it was lovely, a really special occasion with a fun atmosphere. i was just sorry I couldn't spend much quality time with Emma, but she promised the next time she comes it won't be7 such a whirlwind visité. Anyway, what about you? Is life its usual busy social whirl ? Do you still go clubbing every weekend? Claire

Useful vocabulary: 1.a visit that doesn't last long 2.

to surprise

3

meant that a celebration was appropriate

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4

carne just for a short time

5

time where people can give their complete attention to each other

6

brief and very busy visit

7

non-stop set of social events

Formal entertaining Penniston International Youth Festival Mark Janowski (Conimittee Chair) To: Councillor D. M. Patel - County Hall, Swithick

Dear Councillor Patel, First let me thank the County Council, on behalf of the Festival Organising Committee, for playing host to I the welcome reception for our international colleagues and for making us so welcome at County Hall last week. We were also grateful that you were able to find time to pay us a visit at our weekly planning meeting, we were delighted to hear that you intend to join the festivities at the opening ceremony of the festival. We would further like to invite you and your spouse to attend a formal function, to be held at the Castle Hotel, Penniston on Friday 27 July, from 7.30pm to 10.30pm, to mark the closing of the festival. Yours sincerely,

Useful vocabulary: 1.provide the facilities for

EXERCISES:

1.Choose the correct collocation. 1 My parents have always gave I made I had my friends feel very welcome. 2 My aunt carne on a quality I whirling I flying visit last week. 3 It's quite difficult to hold on I keep with I stick to a diet when you're eating out with friends.

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4 You've passed your exam! Well, that takes I gives I calls for a celebration! 5 We hope you will give I find I spend time to visit our exhibition of students' artwork. 6 It's important to try to spend plenty of welcome I convivial I quality time with your family. 7 My sister's life is a constant special / active I social whirl. 8 I recommend you pay / spend / go a visit to the folk museum while you're in Dekksu. 9 Athens threw I gave / played host to the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.

SPEAKING: 1. Which do you prefer: 

when you're too tired to cook, ordering a takeaway or eating out?



plain food or rich food?



having a family gathering or having a barbecue with friends?



giving a dinner party or going out for a meal?



paying your friends a visit or playing host to friends at your own home?



a whirlwind visit from a friend, or a relative who stays for a week?

GRAMMAR Common problems with count/uncount nouns

1: Uncount nouns used as count nouns Although substances are usually uncount nouns... Would you like some cheese? Coffee keeps me awake at night. Wine makes me sleep. ... they can be also used as count nouns:

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I’d like a coffee please.

= I’d like a [cup of] coffee.

May I have a white wine.

= May I have a [glass of] white wine.

They sell a lot of coffees.

= They sell a lot of [different kinds of] coffee.

I prefer white wines to red.

= I prefer [different kinds of] white wine to red.

They had over twenty cheeses on sale.

=

This is an excellent soft cheese.

= This [kind of] soft cheese is excellent.

They had over twenty [types of] cheese on sale.

2: Some nouns have both a count and an uncount form: We should always have hope. George had hopes of promotion. Travel is a great teacher. Where did you go on your travels?

3: Nouns with two meanings Some nouns have two meanings, one count and the other non count: His life was in danger. There is a serious danger of fire. Linguistics is the study of language. Is English a difficult language? It’s made of paper. The Times is an excellent paper. Other words like this are: business

death

industry

marriage

power

tax

time

victory

use

work

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property

4: Uncount nouns that end in -s Some uncount nouns end in -s so they look like plurals even though they are singular nouns. These nouns generally refer to: Subjects of study:

mathematics, physics, economics, etc.

Activities:

gymnastics, athletics, etc.

Games:

cards, darts, billiards, etc.

Diseases:

mumps, measles, rabies, etc.

Economics is a very difficult subject. Billiards is easier than pool or snooker.

5: Group nouns Some nouns, like army, refer to groups of people, animals or things, and we can use them either as singular nouns or as plural nouns. army

audience

committee

company

crew

enemy

family

flock

gang

government

group

herd

media

public

regiment

staff

team

We can use these group nouns either as singular nouns or as plural nouns:  

My family is very dear to me. I have a large family. They are very dear to me. (= The members of my family…) The government is very unpopular. The government are always changing their minds.

Sometimes we think of the group as a single thing:  

The audience always enjoys the show. The group consists of two men and three women.

Sometimes we think of the group as several individuals;  

The audience clapped their hands. The largest group are the boys.

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The names of many organisations and teams are also group nouns, but they are usually plural in spoken English:  

Barcelona are winning 2-0. The United Oil Company are putting prices up by 12%.

6: Two-part nouns A few plural nouns, like binoculars, refer to things that have two parts. glasses

jeans

knickers

pincers

pants

pliers

pyjamas

scissors

shorts

spectacles

tights

trainers

trousers

tweezers

These binoculars were very expensive Those trousers are too long. To make it clear we are talking about one of these items, we use a pair of … I need a new pair of spectacles. I’ve bought a pair of blue jeans. If we want to talk about more than one, we use pairs of … : We’ve got three pairs of scissors, but they are all blunt. I always carry two pairs of binoculars.

EXERCISE 1 Choose the correct sentence. 1. a)Tea is grown in Sri Lanka. b)A tea is grown in Sri Lanka.

2. a)Do you eat a cheese before or after your meal? b)Do you eat cheese before or after your meal?

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3. a)It was difficult marriage. b)It was a difficult marriage.

4. a)That´s very interesting property. How much is it? b)That´s a very interesting property. How much is it?

5. a)It´s not easy to run a business and raise a family. b)It´s not easy to run business and raise a family!

6. a)Physics are not my best subject. b)Physics is not my best subject.

7. a)Can you lend me some scissors? b)Can you lend me a scissors?

8. a)I need to buy a new trousers. b)I need to buy some new trousers.

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VOCABULARY Situational language: fixed expressions

The expressions that used in typical situations are often idiomatic in the same sense.

Some examples: 

Could you check the oil? (More natural than ¨Could you inspect the oil?¨ or¨Could you see how much oil there is in the engine¨)



Is it a direct flight or do I have to change? (More natural than ¨Does the plane go straight there or do I have to get another one?)



Sorry I kept you waiting! (More natural than ¨Sorry I made you wait)



Could I book a table for three for eight o´clock. (More natural than ¨Could you keep me a table for three people for eight o´clock?¨)



Yummi…..those cookies look delicious! – Please, help yourself! (¡Sírvete!)

Other fixed expressions are used as parts of sentences – useful introductions, conclusions or frames for the things that people want to say: 

Let me know when/where/what/how



The best thing would be to…….



The point is………



I wouldn´t be surprised if………

Here are some more expressions and some idioms as well:



left, right and center (por un tubo)



To spoon feed someone - To provide (another) with knowledge or information in an oversimplified way. (Should a teacher spoon feed his/her students?)



no-brainer (Something so simple or easy as to require no thought) – Studying English is a no-brainer for me.



Don´t get your hopes up ! (¡No te hagas ilusiones!)



A horse of a different colour (harina de otro costal)



Come off it! (¡Venga ya!)

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