Manual Nivel b1

Inglés B1



Contenidos.-

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

INDICE B1

Grammar Simple past Comparatives and superlatives Enough Connectors Vocabulary The description Give my opinion Grammar Can / Could / Be able to Present perfect Past simple Vs. Present perfect How to express quantity Vocabulary Food Express what you like or don’t like Grammar Imperative Reported Speech: Questions Vocabulary How to express my opinion Ways of cooking

1

Grammar Question tags Modal verbs Yet-already To get + adjective Prepositions of easy confusion Vocabulary Talking on the phone Grammar Past simple vs. past continuous Present perfect vs. present continuous Used to Ever and never Vocabulary To travel Boats Activity Make it count Grammar Questions: Basic rules Vocabulary Bedroom furnishings Houses. Flats and rooms. Activities Dream house

2

Inglés

NIVEL B1

The bedroom Grammar Which vs. What Open vs. Opened Vocabulary Wimbledon vocabulary Bullfighting Activity Tennis Grammar Expressions with the verbs 'to come' Things you might not know about the verb 'to be' Vocabulary Interesting facts Forensics Activity Criminal Minds Grammar Reflexive and Ergative verbs Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give, go and do Vocabulary Taboo words / Swearwords Activity Bad Words

3

4

Unit 1 B1

Inglés

NIVEL B1

B1 – UNIT 1 1. PASADO SIMPLE

◙ El pasado simple se usa en los siguientes casos:

· Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado.

 I saw him yesterday. (Le vi ayer.) · Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado.

 They lived in the country; their house was very old. (Vivían en el campo; su casa era muy vieja.) Oraciones Afirmativas:

· Para formar la oración afirmativa en pasado, debemos tener en cuenta el verbo, que puede ser Regular o Irregular:



Verbos Regulares: se forman añadiendo la terminación –ed al verbo. Si el verbo termina en –e añadimos solo la –d.  I want > I wanted (Yo quiero > Yo quería).  She wants > She wanted (Ella quiere > Ella quería).  I love Paul > I loved Paul (Quiero a Paul > Quería a Paul). Pero existen otros casos: 

Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida por una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de -ed.    

rob – robbed stop – stopped sin – sinned hug – hugged

5



Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante precedida por una sola vocal, duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba.  admit – admitted  prefer - preferred



Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y añaden ed, pero no los acabados en vocal.     



occupy – occupied carry – carried study – studied play – played enjoy - enjoyed

Muchos verbos acabados en –l o –p duplican la consonante final delante de –ed aunque no cumplan la regla del acento.  travel – travelled  worship - worshipped

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Inglés 

NIVEL B1

Verbos Irregulares: a continuación mostramos la tabla.

Infinitive

Simple Past

Past Participle

Spanish

be

was / were

been

ser

become

became

become

convertirse

begin

began

begun

comenzar

bring

brought

brought

traer

buy

bought

bought

comprar

come

came

come

venir

do

did

done

hacer

dream

dreamt/dreamed

dreamt/dreamed

soñar

drink

drank

drunk

beber

drive

drove

driven

conducir

eat

ate

eaten

comer

feel

felt

felt

sentir

find

found

found

encontrar

forget

forgot

forgotten

olvidar

get

got

got

tener, obtener

give

gave

given

dar

go

went

gone

ir

have

had

had

tener

keep

kept

kept

guardar

know

knew

known

saber

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

aprender

7

make

made

made

hacer

meet

met

met

conocer, encontrar

pay

paid

paid

pagar

put

put

put

poner

read

read

read

leer

say

said

said

decir

see

saw

seen

ver

sell

sold

sold

vender

send

sent

sent

enviar

sleep

slept

slept

dormir

speak

spoke

spoken

hablar

spend

spent

spent

gastar

take

took

taken

tomar

tell

told

told

decir

think

thought

thought

pensar

write

wrote

written

escribir

8

Inglés

NIVEL B1

· El verbo to be tiene dos formas: was y were

I was

Yo era / estaba

You were

Tú eras / estabas

He was

Él era / estaba

She was

Ella era / estaba

It was

Eso era / estaba

We were

Nosotros éramos/ estábamos

You were

Vosotros erais / estabais

They were

Ellos eran / estaban

Oraciones Negativas:

· Para negar, no importa si el verbo es regular o irregular. Usamos la forma pasada de do not (did not/ didn’t) seguido del verbo en infinitivo.

I did not read / I didn’t read

Yo no leí/ leía

You did not read / You didn’t read

Tú no leíste/ leías

He did not read / He didn’t read

Él no leyó/ leía

She did not read / She didn’t read

Ella no leyó/ leía

It did not read / It didn’t read

Eso no leyó/ leía

We did not read / We didn’t read

Nosotros no leímos/ leíamos

You did not read / You didn’t read

Vosotros no leísteis/ leíais

They did not read / They didn’t read

Ellos no leyeron/ leían

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· Para negar el verbo to be, no necesitamos did not/ didn’t. Negamos directamente con el to be (was not/ wasn’t – were not/ weren’t).

I was not

I wasn’t

Yo no era / estaba

You were not

You weren’t

Tú no eras / estabas

He was not

He wasn’t

Él no era / estaba

She was not

She wasn’t

Ella no era / estaba

It was not

It wasn’t

Eso no era / estaba

We were not

We weren’t

Nosotros no éramos/ estábamos

You were not

You weren’t

Vosotros no erais / estabais

They were not

They weren’t

Ellos no eran / estaban

Oraciones Interrogativas:

· Usamos también el auxiliar did o did not (didn’t), seguida del sujeto y el verbo en infinitivo para formular preguntas.

Did I read?

¿Leí/ Leía?

Did you read?

¿Leiste/ Leías?

Did he read?

¿(Él) leyó/ leía?

Did she read?

¿(Ella) leyó/ leía?

Did it read?

¿(Eso) leyó/ leía?

Did we read?

¿Leimos/ leíamos?

Did you read?

¿Leísteis/ leíais?

Did they read?

¿Leyeron/ leían?

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Exercise. Complete these sentences with the verbs between brackets:

a. My cousin buyed/bought (buy) a really bad book yesterday. b. Did/does she sleep/slept (sleep) at home tonight? c. I want/wanted (want) to eat something. I _was/were_ (be) hungry, so I cook/cooked (cook) pasta. d. You are not my friend anymore. You didn´t tell/ not told (tell) me the truth.

Exercise. Write yes or no if the question is correct or no for these answers:

1.

Did you saw them? No, I didn’t see them.>

2.

When did you go th the disco? Last Thursday night. >

3.

were did she be? > She was at the train station.

4.

Where did you find it? We found it lost in the forest.>

5.

Why did she leave the room? Because she said that the film was very sad. >

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2. Formas Interrogativas del pasado simple

DID

ENGLISH

CASTELLANO

Did + subject + (infinitive of the verb)

Did + sujeto + (forma infinitiva del verbo) (en castellano es distinto...)

I

play tennis

DID you study French

DID he house

paint the

DID

she work

DID

It

DID

DID

yesterday ?

¿Jugaste al tenis

ayer?

yesterday morning ?

¿Estudiaste francés

ayer a la mañana?

yesterday afternoon?

¿Pintó la casa

ayer a la tarde?

last night ?

¿Trabajó

anoche?

last week?

¿Llovió

la semana pasada?

in 1999?

¿Comenzamos la escuela

en 1999?

¿Nos visitaron

hace dos días?

rain

we start school

they visit us

two days ago?

Exercise: now try to order the following questions At/ start / work/ time /what / did / you /yesterday?'I started at two.'

At/ time /bed/ did/ to / last/ go / night/ what / he? 'He went at midnight.'

in Italy /did/ where/ you/ stay?

'I stayed with some friends.'

12

Inglés

enjoy /show/ did/ they/ the?

NIVEL B1

'No, they didn't. They did not like it.'

when /your cousin /arrive/ did? 'He arrived at three I believe.'

do /did/ you/ what/ night/ last?

'I watched the news on television.'

who /you/ did/ stay/ yesterday/ with? 'I stayed with Sara.' happened / last/ what/ month?

'The president resigned.

did /to/ school/ how/ come/ you/ yesterday? 'I came on foot as usual. play /did/ you/ Tim/ with/ chess? 'Yes, he did. Tom is very good at it.

3. Pronunciación de la Terminación -ED de los Verbos en Tiempo Pasado Básicamente, existen en inglés tres formas de pronunciar la terminación -ed de los verbos cuando se enuncian en tiempo pasado. Vamos a ver cada uno: Sonido [d] Cuando el verbo termina en sonido vibrado (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la última letra sientes que el sonido vibra en tu garganta), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido vibrado [d] listen

listened

[lísend]

study

studied

[stádid]

enter

entered

[énterd]

receive

received

[risívd]

memorize memorized [mémoraizd] jam

jammed

[yámd]

rob

robbed

[róbd]

clog

clogged

[clogd]

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Sonido [t] Cuando el verbo termina en sonido sordo (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la última letra el sonido no vibra, solo truena en la garganta o en los labios y dientes), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido sordo [t] walk

walked

[uókt]

talk

talked

[tókt]

stop

stopped

[stopt]

jump

jumped

[yompt]

laugh

laughed

[laft]

practice practiced [práctist] match

matched [matcht]

watch

watched [uátcht]

wash

washed

[uásht]

close

closed

[clost]

Sonido [êd] Cuando el verbo termina en sonido [t] o en sonido [d] (observa que en los grupos anteriores ninguno de los verbos termina en esos sonidos), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido [êd] , cuya vocal suena muy cerrada y breve.

repeat repeated [ripírêd] invent invented [invéntêd] wait

waited

[uéirêd]

want

wanted

[uántêd]

decide decided [disáidêd]

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Inglés

add

NIVEL B1

added

[ádêd]

include included [inclúdêd] need

needed

[nídêd]

¿No consigues coger la pronunciación de los verbos regulares en pasado? En este artículo te daré algunas pistas que te ayudarán a conseguirlo.

¿Cuáles son las reglas? Todos los libros de gramática inglesa hablan de tres formas de pronunciar los verbos que acaban en -ed . Estos tres sonidos son /d/, /t/ y /id/. Para saber cuándo poner cada uno de estos sonidos hay que conocer el sonido que antecede a -ed. La explicación sigue: “si acaba en /b, v, g, g, dz, etc (alfabeto fonético) entonces el sonido es /d/; si acaba en /p, k, tf, etc. el sonido es /t/ y si acaba en /t/ el sonido es /id/ .”

La regla más importante (que nadie te ha dicho nunca) Hay una regla que nunca dice nadie y que es muy importante para los hispanohablantes . Esta regla sí la debemos recordar (además es fácil recordarla).

LA REGLA MÁS IMPORTANTE:

No hay que pronunciar la “e” delante de la “d”. Ya sé que en español suena “e” pero en inglés hay que borrarla; es como si no existiese, no se pronuncia nunca, en ningún verbo regular en pasado (o participio). O sea que jamás deberemos decir “loved” “played” , walked, talked, “worked” [guorked], tal y como se leen en español. Nota: Esto es lo que hace la mayoría de los estudiantes a los cuales doy clases; ponerse pronunciar la “e” de los pasados porque es así como se lee.

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Algunas pistas más:

El inglés es un idioma en el cual predominan los sonidos de las consonantes puras (sin una vocal al lado), es decir, decimos “t” o “d” (no “te”, “de”, “ta”, “da”, etc.). Insisto un poco más para que se quede la idea. Si en español vemos la letra “t” automáticamente pronunciaremos “te”, es decir, acompañaremos a la consonante “t” de la vocal “e” porque el español es un idioma en el que predomina el sonido de las vocales . En inglés, en cambio, si vemos la letra “t” podemos decir “ti” (alfabeto) o simplemente “t” sin vocal. Repito: tttt (sin vocal).

Tras esta explicación, doy tres pistas más para aprender a pronunciar correctamente los verbos acabados en -ed.

1. En principio escogemos entre pronunciar el sonido /t/ sin vocal ó el sonido /d/ sin vocal. Nota: Respecto a “id” (el tercer sonido al que se refieren las explicaciones) decir que la “i” es tan corta que casi la podemos asimilar a la “d,” así nos quedamos sólo con “d" sobre todo cuando empezamos a aprender los sonidos. Más tarde, con más practica, podemos intentar distinguir el sonido /id/. 2. La única manera de saber cuándo el verbo regular acaba en un sonido /t/ ó en /d/ (ó /id/)es escuchar mucho inglés. Dejo unos enlaces para ir haciendo oído.

1.Write the verbs in past tense

1. clean 2. cook 3. dive 4. do 5. drive 6. eat 7. go 8. hit 9. live 10. pay 11. play 12. read

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

13. run 14. sit 15. speak 16. study 17. swim 18. think 19. type

2. Write what the people did yesterday

You cook dinner every day. 1. I clean my room after breakfast. 2. He dives in the sea. 3. We live in Salacgriva. 4. You cook very tasty meals 5. He eats salad for dinner. 6. It swims in the lake. 7. We speak three languages. 8. He sits at the window at his work. 9. She sits at the table. 10. We run in the park in the morning. 11. You hit the empty can in the street. 12. They run to work every morning. 13. He plays the guitar very well. 14. She drives a nice new car. 15. They swim in the river in summer. 16. You think about your future. 17. He lives in Latvia. 18. She reads different magazines. 19. We cook meals in the evening. 20. I have some bread on the table. 21. I have a pocket in my new jacket. 22. You have a candle on the table at the window. 23. They have a lot of candles in their room. 24. She has a little brother. 25. I have some friends in different countries 26. I work every day. 27. I have a black car. 28. I like black coffee. 29. I have a party in summer.

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3. Now write the correct past forms of the verbs:

1. Yesterday I ..... (REMAIN) in the house. I ........ (COOK) dinner and ........ (DO) some housework. 2. I ......... (REST), ......... (READ) books, ......... (WATCH) television and ........ (GO) to sleep. 3. I ....... (BE) at school most of the day. I ............. (STUDY). I ........ (GO) to the gym and ........... (WORK) out, ....... (WORK) in my computer, ......... (WATCH) a little TV. 4. I ............. (GO) to work in the morning and I ............ (GO) to school in the afternoon. 5. I ............ (teach) yesterday. I teach at school two days a week. 6. This morning I ........... (GET) up at eight and ............ (WATCH) news. 7. We ............. (walk) around the city. 8. Yesterday I ............. (ATTEND) a speech at Columbia University. 9. I .............. (GO) to my shrink. 10. I ............... (BE) pretty good at school.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

5 Now find the infinitive forms of the previous verbs in the wordsearch: ( 12 verbs )

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COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS Comparative adjectives – Adjetivos comparativos ◙ Utilizamos la forma comparativa de los adjetivos para describir y comparar diferentes objetos o personas, necesariamente con dos elementos a comparar como mínimo. ◙ Tipos de comparaciones: (a) Inferioridad, (b) Igualdad y (c) Superioridad. ◙ Algunos adjetivos tienen una forma de comparación de superioridad irregular (ver tabla).

◙ ¿Cómo se hace la forma comparativa de un adjetivo? (a) Inferioridad: less … than… (menos… que…)  Rosi de Palma is less attractive than Elsa Pataki. (Rosi de Palma es menos atractiva que Elsa Pataki) (b) Igualdad: as… as… (tan… como…)  Rafael Nadal is as good as Roger Federer. (Rafael Nadal es tan bueno como Roger Federer) (c) Superioridad: se forma dependiendo de las sílabas de un adjetivo. Para hacer una oración siempre es necesario poner than (que) detrás del adjetivo. Adjetivos de 1 sílaba: ◙ Añadimos –er al adjetivo:  cheap – cheaper

,

high – higher

(barato – más barato ,

,

rich – richer .

alto – más alto ,

rico – más rico).

◙ Cuando estos adjetivos acaban en vocal + consonante, se dobla la última consonante:  hot – hotter

,

fat – fatter .

(caliente – más caliente , gordo – más gordo). Adjetivos de 2 sílabas acabados en –y: ◙ Cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –er.  happy – happier , funny – funnier . (feliz – más feliz , divertido – más divertido) .

Adjetivos de 2 sílabas acabados en –y , -er , -ow , -le: añadimos -er

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

 narrow – narrower  gentle – gentler

Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas: ◙ Ponemos more delante del adjetivo:  expensive – more expensive , interesting – more interesting. ( caro – más caro ,

interesante – más interesante ).

Superlative adjectives – Adjetivos superlativos ◙ Utilizamos la forma superlativa de los adjetivos para destacar la cualidad de un objeto o persona sobre el resto; ya no son necesarios mencionar dos elementos como mínimo como en la comparación, sino que hablamos de un solo elemento. ◙ La forma superlativa de un adjetivo se forma dependiendo de las sílabas que tenga. Siempre es necesario poner el artículo definido the delante del adjetivo, ya que hablamos de algo/alguien en concreto.

Adjetivos de 1 sílaba: ◙ Añadimos –est al adjetivo:  cheap – the cheapest , high – the highest , rich – the richest. (barato – el más barato , alto – el más alto , rico – el más rico)

◙ Si acaba en –y, cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –est.  happy – the happiest , funny – the funniest . (feliz – el más feliz , divertido – el más divertido) .

Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas: ◙ Ponemos most delante del adjetivo:  expensive – the most expensive, interesting – the most interesting. ( caro – el más caro ,

interesante – el más interesante ).

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adjetivo

comparación

superlativo

good

better

the best

bad

worse

the worst

far

further-farther

the furthest / farthest

old

older / eldest

the oldest / eldest

many/much

more

the most

little

less

the least

◙ Estos son los adjetivos que tienen una forma comparativa y superlativa irregular:

Exercise5. choose the comparative form of superiority of these adjectives: Ej. small - smaller

1. good: gooder/better 2. intelligent: intelligenter/more intelligent 3. old: older/old 4. bad: worse/ bader 5. large: larger/large

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Ejercicio6. Correct or no?

Ej. My flat isn’t very big. - I want a bigger flat.

1. My motorbike isn’t very fast. I’d like a faster 2. My husband isn’t very rich. I need a rich 3. His camera isn’t very good. He needs one better 4. It isn’t very hot today. It was hotter yesterday. 5. I’m not very interested in football. I’m more interested in tennis.

Ejercicio7. Complete these sentences with a superlative form:

Ej. He’s a very good footballer. He’s the best footballer in Europe at the moment.

1. She’s a pretty girl. She’s THE PRETTIEST/PRETTIEST girl in my class. 2. There are many exciting cities in North America, but I think New York is THE MOST EXCITING/EXCITEST. 3. August is a hot month in Spain. It’s usually THE HOT/ THE HOTTEST month of the year. 4. I was so happy when I got married. My wedding day was THE BEST/BETTER day of my life. 5. It’s such an expensive restaurant. I think it’s THE MOST EXPENSIVE/MORE restaurant in Madrid. 6. It’s a very interesting book. It’s one of THE MORE INTERESTING/THE MOST INTERESTING books I’ve ever read.

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Comparing people...

: Compare the following people:

Bob 28 years old 55 kilos 1.50 mt Bob is

Homer 39 years old 80 kilos 1.55 mt (YOUNG) than Homer.

Homer is

(OLD) than Alice.

Alice is

(SLIM) than Bob.

Bob is Homer is Alice is

(SHORT) than Homer. (FAT) than Bob. (SHORT) than Homer.

Homer is

(UGLY) than Alice.

Homer is

(SLOW) than Bob.

Bob is

Alice 9 years old 33 kilos 1.20 mt

(TIDY) than Homer.

Alice is

(BEAUTIFUL) than Bob.

Alice has got

(LONG) hair than Bob.

Homer can play the guitar Alice can run Alice draws Bob is

(GOOD) than Alice.

(FAST) than Homer. (BAD) than Bob. (INTELLIGENT) than Homer.

24

Inglés

Homer is a

NIVEL B1

(INTERESTING) person than Bob.

Now, compare the following people:

Harry 32 years old 75 kilos 1.90 mt

Garfield 10 years old 60 kilos 0.57 mt

Sponge Bob 6 years old 3 kilos 0.20 mt

ex: Harry is older than Garfield. (OLD-YOUNG) Write ONE word per gap Garfield Sponge Bob Harry

Sponge Bob. (YOUNG-OLD) Harry. (FAT-SLIM) Sponge Bob. (SHORT-TALL)

Garfield

Harry. (SHORT-TALL)

Garfield

Harry. (FUNNY-BORING) Harry's. (SMALL-BIG)

Sponge Bob's eyes Harry

Garfield. (STRONG-WEAK)

Garfield Bob Sponge

Harry. (BEAUTIFUL-HORRIBLE) at sports

Garfield. (GOOD-BAD)

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Much, far, etc with comparatives We cannot use ¨very¨ with comparatives. Instead, we use, for example, much, far, very much, a lot (informal), lots (informal), and no, rather, a little, a bit (informal) and even.

Examples: My boyfriend is much / far older than me. (NOT …..very older than me) Russian is much / far more difficult than Spanish. Very much nicer

Rather more quickly

A bit more sensible (informal)

She looks no older tan her daughter

A lot happier

A little less expensive

Is your mother any better? (¿Se encue tra tu madre un poco mejor?)

Your cooking is even worse than Henry´s.

¨Quite¨ cannot be used with comparatives except in the expression ¨quite better¨ meaning ¨recovered from an illness. Any, no, a bit and a lot are not normally used to modify comparatives before nouns.

There are much/far nicer shops in the centre. (BUT NOT ……a bit nicer shops)

1. Many more / less/ fewer When ¨more¨ modifies a plural noun, it is modified by many instead of much. Compare: Much/ far/ a lot more money Many /far / a lot of more opportunities 2. Much / by far / quite / etc. with superlatives Superlatives can be modified by much and by far, and by other adverbs of degree such as quite (meaning ¨absolutely¨), almost, practically, nearly and easily. 

He´s much the most imaginative of them all.



She´s by far the oldest.



We´re walking by far the slowest.

26

Inglés

NIVEL B1



He´s quite the most stupid man I´ve even met.



I´m nearly the oldest in the company.



This is easily the worst party I have been to this year!

3. Very with superlatives Note the special use of very to emphasize superlatives and first, next and last. Bring out your very best wine – Michael´s coming to dinner. You´re the very first person I´ve spoken to today. This is your very last chance

Using the adjective modifiers that we have seen in this lesson, compare two of the ideas given below:

Reading / watching movies

Travelling / staying at home

English / other languages

Big city/ small town

Paintings / photos

A computer/ a tablet PC

Classical music/ rock music

Education/ experience

How do you want to be remembered? After watching the movie answer the question below and come up with practical ways in which we can be kind to other people in our everyday life. Which characteristic the narrator says is BY FAR the most important. Do you agree?

http://vimeo.com/11083824#at=25

27

Listening 2: http://vimeo.com/19890458

You are going to watch a short film about a single day in the life of Amar, a fourteen year-old Indian boy. As you watch the film you should think how your daily routine is similar or different to that of Amar. Use as many adjectives modifiers as possible.

Speaking: The title of the film in Amar (All great achievements require time). What does “all great achievements require time” mean?

ENOUGH – BASTANTE/ SUFICIENTE El adverbio enough significa bastante o suficiente y lo colocamos de la siguiente manera:

- Antes de un sustantivo.

 We don’t have enough bread for tonight. (No tenemos suficiente pan para esta noche.)

- Después de un adjetivo, un adverbio o un verbo.

 She doesn’t have to worry; she is good enough. (No tiene que preocuparse; es suficientemente buena.)

28

Inglés

NIVEL B1

 Do you rest enough? (¿Descansas lo suficiente?)

Exercise8. Put enough in the right position:

a. b. c. d. e.

The kitchen is (YES/NO ) clean (YES/NO ). The supermarket doesn’t have (YES/NO ) milk (YES/NO ) today. My room isn’t (YES/NO ) tidy (YES/NO ) This exercise is (YES/NO ) easily (YES/NO) Is your car (YES/NO ) big (YES/NO)? Does he (YES/NO ) eat (YES/NO)?

LOS CONECTORES

29

CONNECTORS: 1. Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses similar ideas? Which pair expresses contrasting ideas? similar ideas vs. contrasting ideas 1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is fantastic. 2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the last game.

2.Choose the correct connector: CONNECTORS OF ADDITION: in addition, furthermore, moreover, as well as, also, and CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST: however, nevertheless, on the one hand / on the other hand, in spite of / despite, although /even though, but

In addition;despite,however,but,as well as,nevertheless 1. Lorena seems to be quite clever. ......., she often gets low marks.

30

Inglés

NIVEL B1

2. The service at this restaurant is excellent. .........., the food is delicious.

3. I've never been to Argentina, .........having relatives there.

4. Jordi is a careful driver. .........., he’s had several accidents.

5. Cristina loves playing sport, ........ she’s not very good at it.

6. Anna is talented at music.......... art.



Some connectors have got similar meanings but are followed by different structures. Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase or a gerund. We did not wear coats despite the cold weather. I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible.

Even though and although are followed by a clause.

My car constantly needs repairs even though it’s new. My cousin and I aren’t very close, although we’re the same age.



Choose the correct connector. 1. We're studying now there's an interesting film on TV. 2. I’d like to talk to you I know you’re busy. 3. her efforts, she failed the exam. 4. we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic. 5. We didn’t win the game all all our hard work

31

VOCABULARY:

La descripción:

 This is: esto/a es.

This is a house



That is: eso/a, aquel/la es

That is the orange house



These are: estos/as son

These are the English books

32

Inglés



NIVEL B1

Those are: esos/as, aquellos/as son

Those are the English books:

Appearance

I am / You are / He is / She is … Tall

small

33

►El verbo To be es el verbo descriptivo más utilizado

Character I am / You are / He is / She is … shy quiet lively active easygoing outgoing nice friendly funny happy annoying sad aggressive a pain in the neck a little chatter box overweight, fat slim young old … years old. beautiful / pretty , handsome sun-tanned pale

►Con el verbo tener y haber TO HAVE también podemos utilizarlo para la descripción física

I have / You have / He has / She has (got) … blue / green / grey / brown eyes freckles a beard a full beard a moustache

34

Inglés

NIVEL B1

a goatee a stubbly beard blond hair red hair brown hair black hair dyed hair blond highlights short hair long hair straight hair curly hair / curls a bald head a square / round / triangular / oval face a big / small / long nose big / small ears

Clothing and Accessories

I wear / You wear / He wears / She wears …

glasses

contact lenses I am wearing / You are wearing / He/She is wearing … earrings a necklace a wristband a bracelet

35

a cap

a red scarf

a tie

Expressing Opinions English Vocabulary Below are some phrases that you can use to help express opinions. Some of these phrases are more appropriate for written English such as giving your opinion in an essay whereas some can also be used in spoken English. Personal Point of View We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:          

In my experience… As far as I'm concerned… Speaking for myself… In my opinion… Personally, I think… I'd say that… I'd suggest that… I'd like to point out that… I believe that… What I mean is…

36

Inglés

NIVEL B1

General Point of View We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by people:    

It is thought that... Some people say that... It is considered... It is generally accepted that...

Agreeing with an opinion We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view:              

Of course. You're absolutely right. Yes, I agree. I think so too. That's a good point. Exactly. I don't think so either. So do I. I'd go along with that. That's true. Neither do I. I agree with you entirely. That's just what I was thinking. I couldn't agree more.

Disagreeing with an opinion We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view:            

That's different. I don't agree with you. However… That's not entirely true. On the contrary… I'm sorry to disagree with you, but… Yes, but don't you think… That's not the same thing at all. I'm afraid I have to disagree. I'm not so sure about that. I must take issue with you on that. It's unjustifiable to say that...

EXPRESSIONS YOU MAY USE

37

Introduce your opinion: In my opinion…

En mi opinion

I(personally)) think/I believe/

Personalmente creo que/no creo que

I feel/I don’t feel that…

Me parece/no me parece que

In my view/ In my point of view ….

Bajo mi punto de vista

As I see it…

Como lo veo yo

As far as I’m concerned …

En lo que a mi respecta

It’s clear to me that…

me parece evidente que

I agree/I don’t agree that…

Estoy de acuerdo en que/ No...

Sequence ideas: To begin with…

Para empezar ...

The first point is…

El primer argumento es ...

First of all …/First/Firstly,...

En primer lugar ... / Primeramente,...

Secondly/ Thirdly…

En segundo lugar/ en tercer lugar

Finally…/Lastly…

Por último…

Add information Furthermore, …

Además (formal)

Moreover, ….

Además (formal)

In addition, …

Además (less formal)

Besides, …

Además (the least formal)

What is more, …

Es más, ...

Also…/...too

También

As well as…

al igual que

Apart from (that)…

Aparte de (eso)

38

Inglés

NIVEL B1

Give a reason Due to(+noun)/Due to the fact that(+sentence) Owing to(+noun)/Owing to the fact that(+sentence) Because……(+sentence)

Debido a/Debido al hecho de que… “ porque

Because of………(+noun e.g.: the rain) lluvia)

a causa de / por ... (e.g.: la

Since…/As……(+sentence e.g.: he is the boss) es el jefe)

ya que, puesto que…(e.g.: él

That’s why ...

por eso ...

For this/that reason

por esta/esa razón…

Express a consequence Cosequently…

en consecuéncia

Therefore…

por lo tanto

So…

así que, por eso…

As a result of…

como consecuencia de

This means that…

esto significa que

Introduce the conclusion In short…

en resumen

In brief…

“

In summary…

“

To sum up

“

In conclusion…

en conclusión

To conclude…

“

39

CONJUNCTIONS According to - de acuerdo con / según

Namely - a saber

After - después que

Neither... nor - ni... ni

Although - aunque, si bien

Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante

And - y

Nor - ni

As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como

Notwithstanding - no obstante

As if - como si

Or - o

As long as - mientras, con tal que

Or else - sino

As soon as - en cuanto

Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no

As though - como si

Provided - siempre que , con tal de que

As well as - además de

Providing - siempre que , con tal de que

Because - porque

Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que

Because of - debido a

So as to - para

Before - antes que

So as not to - para no

Both...and - tanto...como

So that - para que

But - pero

Still - sin embargo, no obstante

But - sino

Than - que ( en comparaciones )

Either... or - o... o

Therefore - por lo tanto

Even though - aunque

Though - aunque

Except - excepto, salvo

Unless - a menos que

For - porque

Until - hasta que

Furthermore - además

Whenever - cada vez que, cuando

However - sin embargo

Whereas - siendo que, mientras

40

Inglés

NIVEL B1

If - si

Whether - si

In case of - en caso de

Whether... or - si... o

In order to - para

While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque

Moreover - además, por otra parte

Yet - sin embargo, no obstante

More Expressions you can use to introduce an opinion

In my opinion, ...

In my eyes, ...

To my mind, ... Speaking personally, ...

As far as I am concerned, ...

From my point of view, ... say that ...

As for me / As to me, ...

I would say that ... opinion that ..

It seems to me that ...

I am of the

My impression is that ... impression that .

I am under the impression that ...

It is my

I have the feeling that ...

My own feeling on the subject is that ...

I have no doubt that ...

I dare

I am sure / I am certain that ...

I hold the opinion/ the view that ...

(I form / adopt an opinion.)

I guess that ...

It goes without saying that ...

My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that ... I think / consider / find / feel / believe / suppose / presume / assume that ...

41

1. Read the text about St. Patrick.

St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was born in Wales around 385 AD. His real name was not Patrick but Maewyn Succat. He had wealthy parents and they had a good life in the country. When he was 16 years old he was captured by pirates who took him to Ireland and sold him to a farmer.

He worked as a shepherd, tending sheep and pigs. He was very lonely and prayed all the time. One night, after more than six years as a prisoner, Patrick heard a voice – which he believed to be God’s - telling him to escape. He walked for more than 200 miles until he reached the coast. He boarded a ship that took him to France where he became a priest.

He went back to Wales but, several years later, another vision told him that he had to return to Ireland to convert the Druid Irish people to Christianity.

St. Patrick lived and preached in Ireland for many years. Instead of disregarding native Irish beliefs, he incorporated traditional customs and rituals into his lessons. He used the shamrock, a three-leaf clover, to explain the Christian concept of God (Father, Son and Holy Spirit).

According to a legend, St. Patrick drove all the snakes from Ireland. This is not true. Ireland never actually had snakes.

Saint Patrick died on March 17 – the day we now celebrate St. Patrick’s Day. Lots of cities in Ireland and in the US have St. Patrick's Day parades. Most people wear green and one of the fun Irish traditions is to pinch anyone who is not wearing green on St. Patrick's Day.

42

Inglés

NIVEL B1

Complete the sentences.

1. St. Patrick's Day is an annual feast day celebrating the patron saint of 2. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on 3. People wear something 4. A

.

on St. Patrick's Day.

is a three-leaf clover.

5. Several cities celebrate the holiday with a 6. If you do not wear green on St. Patrick's day someone might

you!

5. Have fun with a Crossword Puzzle. Use the picture clues.

1.

2.

5.

6.

3.

4.

7.

9.

43

8.

.

Across 1

2

3. St. Patrick is the patron saint of ______ 8. The ______ has a pot of gold. 4

3 5

9. You must wear something ______ on St. Patrick's Day.

6 Down

7

1. The ______ is the Irish national emblem.

8

2. The ______ is a three-leaf clover. 4. There is a pot of gold at the end of the ______. 9

5. Leprechauns have a pot of ______. 6. Many cities celebrate St. Patrick's Day with a ______. 7. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on ______.

1. What do you think about this tradition? 2. Write a text about a tradition you know.

44

Inglés

NIVEL B1

CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO

◙ Can y could son formas invariables (no se conjugan) y aparecen siempre seguidas de un verbo en infinitivo (sin to).

◙ Can sólo se utiliza en las oraciones en presente y could es su forma en las oraciones en pasado, aquellas que implican un tono de cortesía o en oraciones condicionales.

◙ Estos son los principales usos de can y could:

· Expresar capacidad para hacer algo:

 She can swim very well. ([Ella] Sabe nadar muy bien).  She could swim very well. ([Ella] sabía nadar muy bien). · Pedir algo de forma educada:

 Can I have a beer, please? (¿Me pone una cerveza, por favor?).  Could I have a beer, please? (¿Me podría poner una cerveza, por favor?). · Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad de hacer algo:

 I can give you her phone number. (Puedo darte su número de teléfono).  I could give you her phone number. (Podría darte su número de teléfono). · Expresar y pedir permiso:

 Can I smoke here? (¿Puedo fumar aquí?).  Could I smoke here? (Podría fumar aquí?).

45

◙ Forma negativa: se añade not detrás de can y could: cannot / could not.

 I cannot / can’t believe it! (¡No me lo puedo creer!).  We cannot / can’t meet tonight. (No podemos quedar esta noche). ◙ Forma interrogativa: El sujeto se coloca entre can/could y el verbo en infinitivo.

 She can play the saxophone > Can she play the saxophone?  You can drink alcohol > Can you drink alcohol?

Exercise1. Complete the sentences with can or could. In some sentences you can use both options although the meaning changes:

1. Mike can/could drive, but he doesn’t have a car. 2. Smoking can/could be dangerous for your health and those around you. 3. When we were kids, we can not/could not go to bed very late. 4. Extreme rain could /cancause the river to flood the city.

◙ Be able to corresponde a la expresión en español ‘ser capaz de’.

◙ El verbo to be nunca aparecerá en infinitivo, sino que se conjugará en cualquier tiempo verbal y siempre de acuerdo con el sujeto de la oración.

◙ Después de la preposición to debe aparecer un verbo en infinitivo.

◙ La negativa o interrogativa se hace según el tiempo verbal usado del verbo to be.

 It seemed difficult, but I was able to learn the list of irregular verbs. (Parecía difícil, pero fui capaz de aprenderme la lista de verbos irregulares).

46

Inglés

NIVEL B1

 I will be able to speak fluent English very soon. (Seré capaz de hablar inglés fluido muy pronto).

 She is not able to pronounce the word ‘literature’ correctly. (Ella no es capaz de pronunciar la palabra ‘literature’ correctly).

 Are you able to sing a song in English? (¿Eres capaz de cantar una canción en inglés?).

◙ Debemos tener en cuenta que en muchos casos podemos usar tanto can como be able to en una misma oración. Como en español, la diferencia de significado de ambos verbos es mínima.

Ejercicio2. Complete the sentences with can or be able to:

1. When Tom went to Wales, he can/was able to save a lot of money. 2. Can/are able to they play paddle well? 3. She was not able/ can´t to not understand the plot of the film. 4. My girlfriend cannot come/ is not able to with us to the Rolling Stones concert.

PRESENT PERFECT How do we make the Present Perfect Tense? The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have

past participle

47

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense: subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

+

I

have

seen

ET.

+

You

have

eaten

mine.

-

She

has

not

been

to Rome.

-

We

have

not

played

football.

?

Have

you

finished?

?

Have

they

done

it?

Contractions with the present perfect tense When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write. I have

I've

You have

You've

He has She has It has John has The car has

He's She's It's John's The car's

We have

We've

They have

They've

Here are some examples:   

I've finished my work. John's seen ET. They've gone home.

48

Inglés

NIVEL B1

He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:  

It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice] It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]

It is usually clear from the context. How do we use the Present Perfect Tense? This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense: 1. experience 2. change 3. continuing situation 1. Present perfect tense for experience We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it: I have seen ET. He has lived in Bangkok. Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar. past

present

future

!!! The action or state was in the past.

In my head, I have a memory now.

Connection with past: the event was in the past. Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

49

2. Present perfect tense for change We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information: I have bought a car. past

present

-

+

Last week I didn't have a car.

Now I have a car.

future

John has broken his leg. past

present

+

-

Yesterday John had a good leg.

Now he has a bad leg.

future

Has the price gone up? past

present

+

-

Was the price $1.50 yesterday?

Is the price $1.70 today?

future

The police have arrested the killer. past

present

50

future

Inglés

NIVEL B1

-

+

Yesterday the killer was free.

Now he is in prison.

Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present. Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

***Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British speakers. Americans often use the past tense instead. An American might say "Did you have lunch?", where a British person would say "Have you had lunch?"

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure. I have worked here since June. He has been ill for 2 days. How long have you known Tara? past

present

future

The situation started in the past.

It continues up to now.

(It will probably continue into the future.)

Connection with past: the situation started in the past. Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.  

We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

51

for

since

a period of time

a point in past time x------------

20 minutes

6.15pm

three days

Monday

6 months

January

4 years

1994

2 centuries

1800

a long time

I left school

ever

the beginning of time

etc

etc

Here are some examples:      

I have been here for 20 minutes. I have been here since 9 o'clock. John hasn't called for 6 months. John hasn't called since February. He has worked in New York for a long time. He has worked in New York since he left school.

For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.

52

Inglés

NIVEL B1

Exercises:

Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate word from the list below: Present Perfect - 1

Has he eaten? Has she eaten? Hasn't he eaten? Hasn't she eaten? Have I eaten? Have they eaten? Have you eaten? Haven't we eaten? Haven't you eaten? He hasn't eaten I have eaten I haven't eaten She has eaten They haven't eaten We have eaten We haven't eaten You have eaten

EAT

Affirmative Form

Negative Form

Interrogative Form

Haven't I eaten?

I

he

He has eaten She hasn't eaten

she

Have we eaten?

we You haven't eaten

you

they

Interronegative Form

They have eaten

Haven't they eaten?

53

Present Perfect - 2

Has she written? Hasn't he written? Hasn't she written? Have I written? Have they written? Have you written? Haven't we written? Haven't you written? He has written He hasn't written I have written I haven't written She has written They have written They haven't written We have written We haven't written You haven't written

WRITE

Affirmative Form

Interrogative Form

Negative Form

I

Haven't I written?

he

Has he written? She hasn't written

she

Have we written?

we

you

Interronegative Form

You have written Haven't they written?

they

54

Inglés

NIVEL B1

What have you done today? Simple Present Perfect gap-fill exercise

1. I 2. We 3. I

a shower today. (to take) the newspaper today. (to read) to my English teacher today. (to speak)

4. She

television today. (to watch)

5. He

two cups of coffee today. (to have)

6. They 7. He 8. I

four e-mails today. (to send) a new friend today. (to make) a film today. (to see)

9. She

two postcards today. (to write)

10. You

this test today. (to do)

55

PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO

◙ Para formar el Pasado Simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es Regular o Irregular [ver Módulo 1; apartado 2. Pasado Simple].

◙ El Pasado Simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:

· Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Puede ir acompañado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971…

 I called you yesterday. (Te llamé ayer).  Did she come last night? (¿Vino ella anoche?).  They didn’t work last year. (Ellos no trabajaron el año pasado). · Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado:

 When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didn’t study too much. How were you? (Cuando yo era pequeña era muy tímida, me gustaba tocar la guitarra pero no estudiaba demasiado. ¿Tú cómo eras?).

· Para formar las condicionales de segundo tipo:

 If you were busy I would do it for you. (Si tú estuvieras ocupado, yo lo haría por ti).

 If we had a car we could go to the beach. (Si tuviéramos un coche podríamos ir a la playa).

◙ El Pasado Continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en –ing.

 I was watching a film. (Estaba viendo una película).  Were you waiting for me? (¿Me estabas esperando?).

56

Inglés

NIVEL B1

 She wasn’t working in this company. (No estaba trabajando en esta empresa). ◙ El Pasado Continuo lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:

· Para hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento específico del pasado:

 At 10 o’clock she was waiting for the bus. (A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobús).

· Para describir el contexto o el ambiente en el que se desarrolla una acción en el pasado:

 It was raining; I was watching a film and thinking about the problem. (Estaba lloviendo; yo estaba viendo una película y pensando en el problema).

· Para describir una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es interrumpida por otra acción también en el pasado (pasado simple).

 I was reading the newspaper when she called me. (Yo estaba leyendo el periódico cuando ella me llamó).

· Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo:

 They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone. (Ellos estaban bebiendo y hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola).

· Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el hablante. Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.

57

 She was always talking in class. (Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase). ◙ Existen algunas reglas ortográficas para añadir la –ing:



Normalmente añadimos la –ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningún cambio; también a los verbos que acaban en –y :  listen > listening  go > going  read > reading



try > trying lay > laying fly > flying

Los verbos acabador en consonante + -e, omiten la –e para añadir –ing:  live > living  write > writing  behave > behaving



Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de –ing:   



Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba:  



refer > referring occur > occurring Los verbos acabados en –ie cambian la –ie por –y delante de –ing:

  

stop > stopping swim > swimming run > running

die > dying lie > lying

Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante finaldelante de –ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento: travel > travelling worship > worshipping

58

Inglés

NIVEL B1

Exercise1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Choose the sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.

Example: (I / have/ a bath) I was having a bath.

1. (Rachel / write / a letter to her sister) 1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister 1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister

2. (Peter / get / ready to go out) 2. Peter were getting ready to go out 2. Peter was getting ready to go out

3. (Charles and Dennis / have / a drink) 3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink 3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink

4. (Tom / make / a phone call) 4. Tom was making a phone call. 4. Tom were making a phone call.

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Exercise2. Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences:

1.

(it be) easy to do the exercise?

2.

Sam (take) another cake while his mum was not looking.

3.

George (walk) his dog when he hear a strange noise.

4.

He (get) lots of presents for his birthday.

5.

(He, work) on his computer at 5 o’clock?

6.

(You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday?

7.

I (eat) and my brother was watching TV.

8.

He (have) a shower when the phone rang.

Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb). Simple Past / Present Perfect Simple I / open he / write they / do you / swim she / give

Use When do we use which tense? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

'Already' is a signal word for ... 'Just' is a signal word for ... '2 years ago' is a signal word for ... 'Yet' is a signal word for ... 'Yesterday' is a signal word for ...

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Positive Sentences Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple). 1. Mary (win)

the lottery last year.

2. We (prepare / already) 3. James (find) 4. He (come / just) 5. They (buy)

dinner. your ring in the garden yesterday. home.

their car two years ago.

Negative Sentences Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple). 1. I (see / not)

anyone yet.

2. Phil (go / not)

to the cinema last night.

3. We (be / not)

to the zoo so far.

4. She (arrive / not)

yet.

5. Emily (visit / not)

me last week.

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Unit 2 B1

Inglés

NIVEL B1

B1 - UNIT 2 QUESTION TAGS

◙ Son preguntas breves empleadas cuando el emisor necesita aprobación por parte del interlocutor o quiere comprobar que está escuchando.

◙ Corresponden a la muletilla utilizada en español al final de la frase: ¿no? / ¿verdad? Como en inglés son abreviaturas de una oración interrogativa completa, se utilizan los mismos verbos auxiliares y el mismo orden de palabras que en las oraciones interrogativas completas:

 These documentaries are very interesting, aren’t they? (Estos documentales son muy interesantes, ¿verdad?).

 It’s not snowing, is it? (No está nevando, ¿no?). ◙ Principales question tags:

· Frase afirmativa + question tag negativa:

 We are going to Morocco, aren’t we? (Vamos a Marruecos, ¿no?)  Ralph is a bit shy, isn’t he? (Ralph es un poco tímido, ¿verdad?)

· Frase negativa + question tag afirmativa:

 You don’t like vegetables, do you? (No te gusta la verdura, ¿no?)  Alice can’t drive, can she? (Alice no puede conducir, ¿no?)

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◙ Otros tipos de question tags:

· Con el imperativo (se utiliza el auxiliar will en la tag question y la orden o invitación del imperativo se convierte en una orden brusca):

 Sit down, will you? (Siéntate, ¿quieres?). · Con someone / somebody (el sujeto de la tag question es they):

 Someone has called all the customers, haven’t they? (Alguien ha llamado a todos los clientes, ¿no?).

· Con Let’s…(la tag question de esta expresión es shall we):

 Let’s go home, shall we? (Vamos a casa ¿no?). · Con varios auxiliares (en este caso la question tag debe hacerse con el primero de ellos):

 They shouldn’t have told her, should they? (No deberían habérselo dicho, ¿verdad?).

◙ Entonación de las tag questions:

· Entonación descendente: el hablante está seguro de lo que dice, por lo que no haría falta una respuesta de su interlocutor. Corresponde a la muletilla del español ¿eh?

 Frank is a clever boy, isn’t he? (Frank es un chico listo, ¿eh? [El hablante da su opinión]).

· Entonación ascendente: el hablante no está seguro de lo que dice, por lo que la tag question es una forma de pedir información a su interlocutor.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

 Frank passed his exams, didn’t he? (Frank aprobó los exámenes, ¿no? [El hablante duda y pide información])

Ejercicio 1. Choose the correct question tag to complete the following sentences: a. b. c. d. e. f.

You will send me a postcard from Llangollen, WON’T YOU/ WILL YOU? Somebody answered the phone when I was out, DIDN’T THEY/ WAS I? You are not older than me, ARE YOU/ AREN´T YOU? Rachel has gone to Brussels, HASN’T SHE/ HAS SHE? She is invited too, ISN’T SHE/ IS SHE? Let’s have another drink, SHALL WE/ SHALL NOT WE?

You don’t know who I am, DO YOU/ DON´T YOU?

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VERBOS MODALES ◙ Los verbos modales sirven para hablar de obligación, voluntad, posibilidad o capacidad. Solo tienen formas de presente o de pasado, es decir, que no tienen ni infinitivo, ni participio ni gerundio (excepto must y ought to, que solo tienen formas de presente). La siguiente tabla muestra los verbos modales más importantes:

VERBO

USO

EJEMPLOS

Expresar capacidad para hacer algo.

She can swim very well. Puede/ Sabe nadar muy bien. Can I have some more coffee, please?

Pedir algo educadamente.

¿Me puedes poner más café, por favor?

Can I can’t go with you; I’m not feeling well. Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad

No puedo ir contigo; no me encuentro bien.

Expresar y pedir permiso.

Can I open the door? ¿Puedo abrir la puerta? It can’t be raining. The ground is not wet.

En negativa: expresar deducción.

No puede estar lloviendo. El suelo no está mojado.

Expresar capacidad para hacer algo en el pasado.

I could drive at the age of twelve.

Could you tell me the time, please?

Pedir algo educadamente.

Could

Yo sabía conducir a los doce años.

¿Podría decirme la hora, por favor? The light was too bright. I couldn’t open my eyes.

Expresar imposibilidad en el pasado.

La luz era demasiado brillante. No podía abrir los ojos.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

We could have a drink in the pub.

Hacer conjeturas.

Podríamos tomarnos una copa en el bar.

Pasado de Can en estilo indirecto.

They said they could do it again. Dijeron que lo podían hacer de nuevo. May I stay a bit longer?

Pedir permiso.

¿Puedo quedarme un poco más? You may play now.

Conceder permiso.

Ya podéis jugar. We may visit our friends on Monday.

May

Expresar posibilidad.

Puede que visitemos a nuestros amigos el lunes. She may still be asleep because the room is dark.

Hacer conjeturas.

Puede que todavía esté durmiendo porque la habitación está oscura.

Expresar la posibilidad remota de que algo ocurra. Might

They might invite us to the party. Puede que nos inviten a la fiesta. They might have broken the window while I was sleeping.

Hacer conjeturas.

Puede que rompieran/ hayan roto la ventana mientras dormía. You must go to school.

Expresar obligación.

Must

Debes ir a clase.

You mustn’t smoke in hospitals.

En forma negativa: expresar prohibición.

No se debe fumar en los hospitales.

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They must be happy with the new building.

Expresar deducción afirmativa.

Deben de estar contentos con el nuevo edificio.

I had to go to the doctor yesterday because I didn’t feel well.

Expresar obligación.

Ayer tuve que ir al médico porque no me encontraba bien.

You don’t have to buy anything; there is plenty of food in the fridge.

Have to En forma negativa: expresar ausencia de obligación.

No tienes que comprar nada; hay mucha comida en la nevera.

Dar consejos.

You should do more physical exercise. Deberías hacer más ejercicio físico.

Should

We should be more tolerant.

Expresar obligación moral.

Deberíamos ser más tolerantes.

Criticar acciones pasadas (seguidas de have + participio).

She should have been quiet. Debería haberse callado. Shall I open the window?

Hacer un ofrecimiento.

¿Abro la ventana?

Hacer sugerencias.

What shall we do tonight? ¿Qué hacemos esta noche? I shall speak to the headmaster.

Expresar decisions.

Shall

Yo hablaré con el director.

Dar instrucciones tajantes.

You shall be here at ten tomorrow. Mañana estarás aquí a las diez.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

I will go to the fair tomorrow.

Para hablar del futuro.

Iré a la feria mañana.

Will Pass me the salt, will you?

Como pregunta corta a un imperativo.

Pásame la sal, ¿quieres? Would you like some tea?

Hacer un ofercimiento.

¿Quieres té? Would you pass me the salt, please?

Pedir algo educadamente.

¿Podrías pasarme la sal, por favor?

Como pasado de will en el estilo indirecto. Would Solo en afirmativa: expresar costumbres o rutinas en el pasado (solía).

He said he would fix it the following day. Dijo que lo arreglaría al día siguiente. When we were children we would go fishing every weekend. Cuando éramos niños, solíamos ir a pescar todos los fines de semana.

◙ Los verbos modales tienen la misma forma verbal para todas las personas, es decir, no se le añade –s a la tercera persona del singular, por ejemplo. ◙ En oraciones afirmativas y negativas, van siempre delante del verbo principal; en las interrogativas, la estructura es: verbo modal + sujeto + verbo principal. Después de un verbo modal el verbo principal va si to.

 She can walk very fast. (Ella puede caminar muy rápido).  Can she walk very fast? (¿Puede caminar muy rápido?). ◙ Con los verbos modales no usamos auxiliar do/ does/ did.

◙ Para negar, colocamos la partícula negativa not, detrás del verbo modal; la forma contraída no la usamos en todos los modales.

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-

   

can > cannot > can’t could > could not > couldn’t may > may not might > might not > mightn’t must > must not > mustn’t have to > have not to > haven’t to shall > shall not should > should not > shouldn’t will > will not > won’t would > would not > wouldn’t

I can’t eat almonds. (No puedo comer almendras). I won’t cook for you tonight. (No te haré la cena esta noche). You shouldn’t smoke so much. (No deberías fumar tanto). You mustn’t watch so much television. (No se debe ver tanta televisión).

Exercise1. Match these sentences:

1-I’m tired; may I

a- please tell me your address and telephone

number? 2-She doesn’t have to 3-Mrs. Clayton, would you 4- Shall we

b- go to my sister’s house for dinner on Saturday? c- translate the letter into English, only into German. d- sit here?

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

YET/ NOT YET

◙ Yet tiene diferentes significados:

· En la oración negativa > Todavía.

 I haven’t started yet. (No he empezado todavía). · En la oración interrogativa > Ya.

 Have you started yet? (¿Has empezado ya?). · Para responder de forma negativa a una pregunta con yet, usamos not yet > Todavía no.

Have you booked the flight yet? – Not yet. todavía no).

(¿Has reservado el vuelo ya? –

◙ Normalmente yet aparece al final de la oración, tanto negativa como interrogativa.

◙ En la oración interrogativa con yet, es más común usar el Present Perfect.

 Has she come back yet? (¿Ha llegado ella ya?).

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Exercise5. The following sentences are translated into English , but are they correct?:

1- ¿Has visto la película? No, todavía no. No he podido ir al cine. Have you seen the film? No, not yet. I haven’t been able to go to the cinema.

2- ¿Habéis entendido todo ya? Si, lo hemos entendido porque Pedro nos lo ha explicado con muchos detalles. Have you understood everything yet? Yes, we have understood it because Pedro has explained it to us with many details.

3- Carmen y Teresa han ido ya a la playa. Have Carmen and Teresa gone to the beach yet?

4- No han creado la nueva página Web aún, han sido muy perezosos. They haven’t created the new web site yet, they have been very lazy.

5- No hemos pedido una nueva impresora aún, pero hemos tenido suerte porque nos han prestado una. We haven’t ordered a new printer, but we have been lucky because they have lent us one yet.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

GET + ADJETIVO

◙ Usamos get + adjetivo para expresar cambio de un estado a otro como resultado de una acción. En este caso get funciona como un auxiliar.

   

to get angry (enfadarse) to get hungry (entrarle a uno hambre) to get married (casarse) to get tired (cansarse)

 She left the window open and the table got wet. (Ella dejó la ventana abierta y la mesa se mojó). [Una cosa es estar mojado (to be wet) y otra mojarse (to get wet). Con get nos referimos al proceso].  You are going to get hungry during class if you don't have breakfast. (Te va a entrar hambre durante la clase si no desayunas). [Una cosa es estar hambriento (to be hungry) y otra es el proceso de entrarle a uno hambre (to get hungry)].

◙ Estos son algunos de los adjetivos más utilizados con get (proceso de…):

- get hungry

- get well

- get thirsty

- get dry

- get ready

- get dark

- get late

- get cold

- get serious

- get fat

- get hot

- get busy

- get anxious

- get angry

- get impatient

- get old

- get sick

- get thin

- get bald

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Exercise7. Match the following sentences:

1-Those apples are not green, they are …

a) getting deaf

2-Why does Yadira…

b) got tired

3-Yesterday I was doing aerobics but I…

c) getting mature

4-He works in a very noisy place, he is…

d) get dry

5-If you put the skirt near the window now, it will…

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e) get angry?

Inglés

NIVEL B1

PREPOSITIONS OF EASY CONFUSION

TO/ FOR

◙ Principales usos de las preposiciones to y for:

To

Im gointo to the beach. a, hacia

Voy a la playa. The snow came to the door.

LUGAR a, hasta

La nieve llegaba a la puerta. From one to six.

TIEMPO

hasta

Desde la una hasta las seis. It’s ten to five.

menos (para la hora)

Son las cinco menos diez She gave them to me.

MODO

a (para introducir un objeto indirecto)

Me los dio a mí. From one to five.

a, hasta

Del uno al cinco. I work here to ear some Money.

para (intención)

Trabajo aquí para ganar algo de dinero.

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For

LUGAR

para, en dirección a

The bus for Cádiz. El autobús para Cádiz.

durante

For one week. Durante una semana.

TIEMPO

para, por

The camping is for the 3rd of July. El camping es para el 3 de Julio.

desde hace

I don’t smoke for months. No fumo desde hace meses.

para (destino)

I bought something for her. He comprador algo para ella.

por (intención)

I eat for pleasure. Yo como por placer.

MODO

por, a favor de

He’s for a change in the department. Él está a favor de un cambio en el departamento.

por (causa)

I couldn’t sleep for the heat. No pude dormir por el calor.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Exercise4. Elige la oración correcta:

1. a. I’m going to the cinema. b. I’m going for the cinema.

2. a. They are to a rise in the price. b. They are for a rice in the price.

3. a. It’s quarter for five. b. It’s quarter to five.

4. a. I don’t see her for months. b. I don’t see her to months.

5. a. I’m making an effort to stop smoking. b. I’m making an effort for stop smoking.

6. a. She can’t hear me to the wind. b. She can’t hear me for the wind.

7. a. I bought it for fun. b. I bought it to fun.

8. a. The cake is to tomorrow. b. The cake is for tomorrow.

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Exercise5. Completa con la preposición correcta:

1. Take this notebook, it’s …you! 2. John is going…the market tomorrow 3. Gerard is waiting…his girlfriend. 4. I am very busy this morning; can you take the little boy... school today? 5. She always sleeps…thirty minutes in the afternoon. 6. Don’t talk…Richard about the problem, he can’t help you. 7. The museum is open from 9 a.m. …6 p.m. 8. She needs special tools … making the new sculpture. 9. We use these books … teach Spanish to the new students. 10. They are leaving…Brazil next Sunday; they will stay there on holidays…6 days.

Vocabulary:

Llamadas telefónicas / vocabulario telefónico Telephone language and phrases in English Answering the phone> responder al telefono

• Good morning/afternoon/evening, council town speaking. > buenos días/tardes/tardes noches ( a partir de las 18h), habla con el ayuntamiento. • Who's calling, please? > ¿con quién hablo?

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Introducing yourself> presentarse • This is Paul Smith speaking. > Soy Paul Smith • Hello, this is Paul Smith from Speakspeak International. > Soy Paul Smith

Asking for someone> preguntar por alguien • Could* I speak to John Martin, please? > ¿Podría hablar con el Señor J.M, por favor? * PASADO Y CONDICIONAL DE CAN: PODER

• I'd like* to speak to John Martin, please. > Me gustaría hablar co J.M, por favor * SUJETO+ WOULD LIKE TO + INFINITIVO: SUJETO+ GUSTARÍA+ INFINITIVO

• Could you put me through to John Martin, please? > ¿Podría pasarme con J.M

• Could I speak to someone who … > ¿Podría hablar ....

Explaining> explicar • I'm afraid Mr Martin isn't in at the moment. > Lo siento pero el señor Martin no está en este momento

• I'm sorry, he's in a meeting at the moment. > Lo siento pero él está reunido en este momento

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• I'm afraid he's on another line at the moment. > Lo siento pero está hablando por teléfono

Putting someone on hold> poner en espera • Just a moment, please. > un momento por favor

• Could you hold the line, please? > Un momento por favor

• Hold the line, please. > no cuelgue por favor

Problems> problemas • I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that, please? >Lo siento, no le entiendo. ¿Puede repetir?

• I'm sorry, I can't hear you very well. Could you speak up a little, please? > Lo siento, no le oigo muy bien. ¿Puede hablar más alto?

• I'm afraid you've got the wrong number. >Lo siento, se ha equivocado.

• I've tried to get through several times but it's always engaged. > Lo he intentado varias veces pero está siempre ocupado.

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

• Could you spell that, please? > ¿Puede deletrearlo ,por favor?

Putting someone through> pasar la llamada • One moment, please. I'll see if Mr Jones is available. > Un momento por favor. Veré si el Sr. Jones está disponible.

• I'll put you through. > le paso la llamada

• I'll connect you. > Le paso la llamada

• I'm connecting you now. > le paso la llamada ahora mismo.

Taking a message> tomar recado • Can I take a message? > ¿puedo coger el recado?

• Would you like to leave a message? > ¿Quiere dejar un mensaje?

• Can I give him/her a message? > ¿Puedo darle un mensaje?

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• I'll tell Mr Jones that you called > Le diré al Sr. Jones que le ha llamado.

• I'll ask him/her to call you as soon as possible. > Le diré que le llame tan pronto como sea.

hang up: colgar cut off: cortar hold on: esperar pick up: descolgar call-ring back: volver a llamar put trough: pasar la llamada directory: guía telefónica collect call: cobro revertido switchboard operator: telefonista directory enquirie: información telefónica dialing: sonido telefónico bad line: mala señal

Resumen llamadas telefónicas: Cuando nosotros llamamos 1: Nos identificamos... My name is ______. Mi nombre es........ This is _______ (here). Soy .............

2: Si preguntamos por alguien... Could I speak to _____, please?: podría hablar con......

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

Could you put me through to _______, please? Podría pasarme con...... Could I have extension 123, please?Podría pasarme con la extensión…… I'd like to speak to ________ , please. Me gustaría hablar con

3: Explicamos el motivo de la llamada... I'm calling to ask about...: Llamo para preguntarle sobre...... I'm phoning to tell you about...: llamo para comentarle sobre.....

4. Si queremos dejar un mensaje... Could you give ____ a message? . puede dejarle un mensaje? Could you ask ___ to call me when he gets back? Puede decirle que me llame?

5. Agradecemos la atención... Thanks you very much for your help.: Muchas gracias por su ayuda Thanks for the information.: Gracias por la información

6.Cierre de la llamada...Good bye.: adiós

Telephoning Hablar por teléfono Hello? ¿Hola? May I speak to Mr Peterman, please? Podría hablar con el Sr Peterman, por favor? Hold the line, please. Espere en línea, por favor. Please dial the extension number. Por favor disque el número de interno. I was cut off. Me cortaron.

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Hang up, please. Corte, por favor. Can I take a message? ¿Quiere dejarle un mensaje? The line is dead. No se oye nada. I'll call back later. Llamaré más tarde. This is an answering machine. Please leave a message after the beep. Este es un contestador automático. Por favor deje su mensaje después de la señal. I would like to make a collect call to... Quisiera realizar una llamada por cobro revertido a...

PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO

◙ Para formar el Pasado Simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es Regular o Irregular [ver Módulo 1; apartado 2. Pasado Simple].

◙ El Pasado Simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:

· Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Puede ir acompañado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971…

 I called you yesterday. (Te llamé ayer).  Did she come last night? (¿Vino ella anoche?).  They didn’t work last year. (Ellos no trabajaron el año pasado). · Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado:

 When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didn’t study too much. How were you? (Cuando yo era pequeña era muy tímida, me gustaba tocar la guitarra pero no estudiaba demasiado. ¿Tú cómo eras?).

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Inglés

NIVEL B1

· Para formar las condicionales de segundo tipo:

 If you were busy I would do it for you. (Si tú estuvieras ocupado, yo lo haría por ti).

 If we had a car we could go to the beach. (Si tuviéramos un coche podríamos ir a la playa).

◙ El Pasado Continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en –ing.

 I was watching a film. (Estaba viendo una película).  Were you waiting for me? (¿Me estabas esperando?).  She wasn’t working in this company. (No estaba trabajando en esta empresa). ◙ El Pasado Continuo lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:

· Para hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento específico del pasado:

 At 10 o’clock she was waiting for the bus. (A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobús).

· Para describir el contexto o el ambiente en el que se desarrolla una acción en el pasado:

 It was raining; I was watching a film and thinking about the problem. (Estaba lloviendo; yo estaba viendo una película y pensando en el problema).

· Para describir una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es interrumpida por otra acción también en el pasado (pasado simple).

 I was reading the newspaper when she called me.

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(Yo estaba leyendo el periódico cuando ella me llamó).

· Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo:

 They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone. (Ellos estaban bebiendo y hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola).

· Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el hablante. Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.

 She was always talking in class. (Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase). ◙ Existen algunas reglas ortográficas para añadir la –ing:



Normalmente añadimos la –ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningún cambio; también a los verbos que acaban en –y :  listen > listening  go > going  read > reading



try > trying lay > laying fly > flying

Los verbos acabador en consonante + -e, omiten la –e para añadir –ing:  live > living  write > writing  behave > behaving



Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de –ing:   

stop > stopping swim > swimming run > running

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Inglés 

Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba:  



refer > referring occur > occurring Los verbos acabados en –ie cambian la –ie por –y delante de –ing:

  

NIVEL B1

die > dying lie > lying

Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante finaldelante de –ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento: travel > travelling worship > worshipping

Exercise1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Choose the sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.

Example: (I / have/ a bath) I was having a bath.

1. (Rachel / write / a letter to her sister) 1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister 1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister

2. (Peter / get / ready to go out) 2. Peter were getting ready to go out 2. Peter was getting ready to go out

3. (Charles and Dennis / have / a drink) 3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink 3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink

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4. (Tom / make / a phone call) 4. Tom was making a phone call. 4. Tom were making a phone call.

Exercise2. Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences:

1.

(it be) easy to do the exercise?

2. Sam (take) another cake while his mum was not looking. 3. George (walk) his dog when he hear a strange noise. 4. He (get) lots of presents for his birthday. 5. (He, work) on his computer at 5 o’clock? 6.

(You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday?

- Sam took another cake while his mum was not looking. - He got lots of presents for his birthday. - Did you buy a blue skirt yesterday? - I was eating and my brother was watching TV. - George was walking his dog when he hear a strange noise. - He was having a shower when the phone rang.

7. I (eat) and my brother was watching TV.

- Was he working on his computer at 5 o'clock?

8. He (have) a shower when the phone rang.

- Was it easy to do the exercise?

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EL PRESENT PERFECT VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUO

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

regular verbs: form of have + verb form -ed

form of 'have' + been + verb + ing

irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of Example:

Example:

I / you / we / they have DRIVEN

I / you / we / they have been TALKING

he / she / it has DRIVEN

he / she / it has been TALKING

regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have TALKED he / she / it has TALKED Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

Result (what / how much / how often)

Duration (how long)

I have read 5 letters. / I have been to London

I have been read for an hour.

twice.

Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form). 

state: be, have (for possession only) Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.



senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He has tasted the cake.



brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I have known him for 2 days.

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DIFERENTES USOS DE ‘USED TO’ 3.1. TO GET + USED + TO + -ING (ACOSTUMBRARSE A)

◙ Utilizamos el verbo TO GET antes de la expresión USED TO para referirnos al proceso de acostumbrarse a algo.

 To get+ used + to + driving on the left. (Acostumbrarse a conducir por la izquierda). ◙ Una vez conocemos los elementos de esta estructura y su posición, debemos tener en cuenta que para formar una oración debemos utilizar obligatoriamente un sujeto y asegurarnos que el verbo to get está conjugado en el tiempo verbal adecuado.

 I got used to driving on the left. (Me acostumbré a conducir por la izquierda). [En este ejemplo utilizamos el sujeto de primera persona singular (I) y el verbo to get está conjugado en pasado, ya que explicamos algo que ocurrió en tiempo pasado].

◙ Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oración, debe modificarse el verbo TO GET siguiendo las reglas del tiempo verbal utilizado.

 I didn’t get used to driving on the left. (No me acostumbré a conducir por la izquierda).

 Did you get used to driving on the left? (¿Te acostumbraste a conducir por la izquierda?).

[En estos ejemplos se utiliza la estructura con el pasado simple, por lo tanto el verbo GET sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].

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3.2. TO BE + USED + TO + -ING (ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A)

◙ Utilizamos el verbo TO BE antes de la expresión USED TO para referirnos al hecho de estar acostumbrado a algo.

 To be + used + to + driving on the left. (Estar acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda).

◙ Al igual que con la estructura anterior, debemos tener en cuenta que para formar una oración debemos utilizar obligatoriamente un sujeto y asegurarnos que el verbo to be está conjugado en el tiempo verbal adecuado.

 I am used to driving on the left. (Estoy acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda). [En este ejemplo utilizamos el sujeto de primera persona singular (I) con su correspondiente forma del verbo to be en presente simple, puesto que es el tiempo verbal que utilizamos para hablar de hábitos en ese momento].

◙ Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oración, debe modificarse el verbo TO BE siguiendo las reglas del tiempo verbal utilizado.

 I wasn’t used to driving on the left. (No estaba acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda).

 Were you used to driving on the left? (¿Estabas acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda?)

[En estos ejemplos se utiliza la estructura con el pasado simple, por lo tanto el verbo TO BE sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].

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3.3 USED TO + VERBO INFINITIVO (SOLER en pasado)

◙ Utilizamos la expresión USED TO para referirnos siempre a un estado o hábito del hablante que se desarrollaba en un tiempo pasado y ya ha finalizado.

 Hábito: I used to play the guitar when I was a child. (Solía tocar la guitarra cuando era pequeño).

 Estado: I used to live in London. (Vivía en Londres [pero ya no vivo allí]).

◙ Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oración, la estructura debe incluir los elementos de negación e interrogación del pasado simple.

 I didn’t used to play the guitar when I was a child. (No solía tocar la guitarra cuando era pequeño).

 Did you used to live in London? (¿Estabas acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda?)

[En estos ejemplos se utiliza la estructura con el pasado simple, por lo tanto el verbo TO BE sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].

◙ En las estructuras 2.1 y 2.2, el verbo terminado en –ing viene introducido por la preposición to, que equivale a la preposición en español a. No hay que confundir la partícula to de infinitivo (to eat: comer) con la preposición a, la cual requiere un verbo terminado en –ing.

 To eat (comer) : to = marca de infinitivo  To get used to eating (Acostumbrarse a comer): to = preposición a.  To be used to eating (Estar acostumbrado a comer): to = preposición a.

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¡Recuerda!  TO GET USED TO + V-ing = Acostumbrarse a algo.  TO BE USED TO + V-ing = Estar acostumbrado a algo.  USED TO + V-inf = Soler hacer algo (pasado).

· Las oraciones requieren un sujeto obligatoriamente. · El verbo debe conjugarse según el sujeto y el tiempo verbal usados.

Exercise2. Complete these sentences with used to, get used to or be used to:

1-We ----------- go to school walking through the park when we were children. 2-They -----------getting up early everyday, they can meet you at 7:00. 3-Sarah and George will -----------living together very soon.I am sure. 4-Did Inés -----------do exercise last year? Now she never does any! 5-The puppy -----------sleeping in his kennel very soon after we brought him home. 6-My grandmother -----------having dinner late, so don’t give her the pizza now, it’s too early for her.

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EVER – NEVER

◙ Never significa ‘nunca’ y lo usamos en oraciones donde el verbo va en forma afirmativa para que no haya doble negación. Es decir, ni el verbo ni el auxiliar se niegan con la partícula not, sino que con never la oración ya es negativa.

a.

My friends never go to the cinema. (Mis amigos nunca van al cine).

◙ En el caso de una oración en presente simple, la tercera persona singular ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, mantiene la –s del verbo, puesto que el verbo no va en forma negativa.

 She never travels alone. (Ella nunca viaja sola). ◙ Ever tiene varios significados según el uso:

· Nunca > en oraciones negativas e interrogativas en las que aparece una partícula negativa.

 I don’t ever eat meat. (Yo nunca como carne).  Don’t you ever eat meat? (¿Nunca comes carne?).

· Alguna vez > en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar por lo que se ha hecho alguna vez. Usamos el Pretérito Perfecto.

 Have you ever been to Italy? (¿Has estado en Italia alguna vez?). · Siempre > en algunas expresiones.

- for ever

(para siempre)

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Exercise1. Complete con ever/never:

1-I haven’t ever/ never travelled to India 2-Have you never/ ever met my business partner? 3-We have never/ever worked before, we are only seventeen. 4-He hasn’t ever / never spoken to me. 5-If you never/ ever want to learn German, call me and I will teach you. 6-We don’t ever/ never deliver goods abroad. 7-I know this situation will go on forever/ never

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TRAVELLING Travel agency

Deseo un camarote de primera para ...

I want a first-class cabin (stateroom) to ...

¿Cuánto cuesta?

How much is it?

Perfectamente, mañana pasaré a buscar el pasaje.

All right. I'll come for my ticket tomorrow.

Haga el favor de enviarme el pasaje al hotel. Allí lo abonará el conserje.

Please send the tickets to the hotel. The porter will pay for them.

Quisiera hacer un viaje de placer por ...

I want to take a pleasure trip to ...

¿Qué ciudades me aconseja visitar?

What towns do you advise me to visit?

¿Podría prepararme un viaje combinado hacia...?

Could you arrange me a combined journey to ... ?

Desearía hacer el viaje en micro, en autopullman y hospedarme en hoteles de segunda clase.

I would like to make the trip by motor coach, by pullman coach, and stay at second-class hotels.

Quisiera visitar la región ...

I would like to visit the ... region.

Resérveme dos plazas para el micro del día 10 de Diciembre.

Book me two seats on December 10's coach.

¿Tiene folletos turísticos?

Have you any tourist brochures?

¿Cuánto le debo?

How much do I owe you?

En Inglaterra vacation se usa para las vacaciones de las universidades. En el resto de los casos, holiday es la palabra más corriente. En Estados Unidos vacation tiene un uso más generalizado.

No deben confundirse travel, journey y trip. El sustantivo travel es incontable y se refiere a la actividad de viajar en general: Mark está interesado en los viajes. Mark is interested in travels. Journey y trip se refieren a un viaje ya definido. Journey indica sólo el movimiento de un lugar a otro: Este viaje ha sido realmente largo. This journey has been really long. Trip incluye también la estadía: ¿Cómo fue tu viaje a Buenos Aires? How did your trip to Buenos Aires go?; Está en viaje de negocios. She is on a business trip. Otras palabras que se usan para referirnos a viajes son voyage y tour. Voyage es un viaje largo por mar: Magallanes es famoso por rodear el Cabo de Hornos. Magellanes is famous for rounding Cape Horn. Tour es un viaje organizado donde se va parando en distintos lugares: Jennifer hará un viaje por Patagonia. Jennifer will go on a tour around Patagonia.

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RAILWAY VOCABULARY - VOCABULARIO SOBRE TRENES llevar retraso

to be late

perder el tren

to miss the train

reservar

to book

subir

to get on

bajar

to get off

reservar

to reserve

No asomarse por la ventana

don't lean out of the window

transbordarse

to change trains

terraplén

embankment

pasajero

passenger

tren de vapor

steam train

To get on : subir To get off: bajar Don´t lean out of the window: No asomarse por la ventana Pasajero: passenger Dining car: coche restaurante Ticket collector: revisor First class: primera clase Second class: segunda clase Coach: vagón Sleeper: coche cama Ventanilla: window

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Pasillo: corridor, aisle Asiento: Seat Asiento libre: free seat Litera: couchette Picar (billete): to date-stamp To sit: sentarse Maleta: bag, luggage Vapor train: tren a vapor Express train: tren rápido Fast train: tren expreso Local train: cercanías Night train: tren nocturno Compartimento: Compartment

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THE STATION - LA ESTACIÓN cambiar de tren

change trains

el coche restaurante

dining car

procedente de

from

ventanilla de información

information office

la consigna automática left luggage lockers la consigna

left luggage

puntual

on time

andén

platform

estación

railway station

el revisor

ticket collector

ventanilla

ticket office

con destino a

to

vía

track

sala de espera

waiting room

salidas

departures

llegadas

arrivals

Frases:

I'd like a room for the night. Quisiera una habitación para la noche Would you like a single room, or a double room? ¿Quiere una habitación individual o doble?

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How much is the room? ¿Cuánto cuesta la habitación? Here's your key. Your room number is 101. Aquí está su llave. Su habitación es la 101. If you need anything, dial 0 for the reception area. Si necesita cualquier cosa, marque el 0 para contactar con recepción What's the daily (weekly) rate? What time do I have to check out? I would like a single (double) room Is it a good hotel? My room key please Is it necessary to make a reservation? What did he have to pay for? At what time is dinner served? Charge it to my bill Please, send for a taxi How long will you remain? Serve my breakfast in my room, please I have booked a room Is there any letter for me?

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Vocabulario Inglés

Español

porter

portero camarero

waiter bath room

cuarto de baño llave

key breakfast

desayuno

dinner

comida

supper

cena

menu

carta

luggage

equipaje

valet

botones

bill

cuenta

room number

habitación número

arrival

llegada

bath

baño

bellboy

botones

booking

reserva

cancellation

cancelación

101

departure

salida

double room

habitación doble

elevator (US)

ascensor, elevador

floor

piso

front office

recepción

front-office clerk

recepcionista

ground floor

planta baja

hall porter

conserje

housekeeper

ama de llaves

housekeeping staff

personal de habitaciones

ice-dispenser

surtidor de cubos de hielo

key

llave

key card

llave magnética

key clerk

encargado de llaves

laundry

lavandería

lift (GB)

ascensor, elevador

lobby

vestíbulo

luggage

equipaje

mail clerk

encargado del correo

porter

portero

registration card

tarjeta de registración

room service

servicio a la habitación

single room

habitación simple

safe

caja de seguridad

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shower

ducha

staff

personal

towel

toalla

twin beds

dos camas simples

vacancy

disponibilidad de habitaciones

voucher

cupón

wake-up call

despertador telefónico

to book

reservar

to check in

registrarse

to check out

registrar la salida

to deposit

depositar

to disturb

molestar

to do a room

hacer una habitación

to stay

permanecer

American plan (US)

pensión completa

modified American plan (US)

media pensión

European plan

habitación solamente

bed and breakfast, B&B

cama y desayuno

guesthouse

casa de huéspedes, pensión

half board (GB)

media pensión

room and board, R&B (GB)

pensión completa

to stay

permanecer

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la reserva

booking

la primera clase

first class

días festivos

public holidays

tarifa reducida

reduced rate

la reserva

reservation

billete de ida solamente

one way ticket

billete de ida y vuelta

return ticket

segunda clase

second class

billete de ida

single ticket

tarifa normal

standard rate

horario

timetable

días laborables

weekdays

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En el aeropuerto

1- Viajar en avion flight - vuelo flight number - numero de vuelo take off - despegar land - aterrizar check-in desk - el sitio donde se hace el check-in departure lounge - sala de salida arrivals - sala de llegadas baggage reclaim - recogida de equipaje passport control - inspección de pasaportes duty free - sin impuestos boarding card - tarjeta de embarque board - embarcar boarding gate - puerta de embarcar passengers in transit - viajeros en transito car hire - alquilar de coches short stay carpark - parking de estancia de corto estancia long stay carpark - parking de larga estancia drop off area - sitio de estancia de pocos minutos customs - aduanas nothing to declare - nada para declarar

Frases que se pueden usar en el aeropuerto Where is the check-in desk for the flight to London? - ¿Donde esta el check-in para el vuelo a londres? Did you pack your luggage yourself? - ¿Hizo su equipaje usted mismo? Have you left your luggage unattended at anytime? - ¿Ha dejado su equipaje en algun momento solo? Which gate is the flight to London leaving from? - ¿En que puerta sale el vuelo para londres?

105

Airport & Planes (Aeropuerto & Aviones) ESPAÑOL

INGLÉS

Aduana

Customs

Agencia de viajes

Travel agency

Billete

Ticket

Billete de ida

Single ticket

Billete de ida y vuelta

Return ticket

Bolsa de viaje

Travel bag

Carrito de equipajes

Luggage trolley

Cheque de viaje

Traveller's cheque (U.K.) / Traveler's check (USA)

Consigna (equipaje)

Left-luggage office

Destino

Destination

Documentación

Papers

Equipaje

Luggage

Equipaje de mano

Hand luggage

Equipaje permitido

Baggage allowance

Exceso de equipaje

Excess baggage

Frontera

Frontier ; Border

Guía (grupo turistas)

Guide ; Courier

Guía (libro)

Guidebook

Horario

Timetable

Itinerario

Itinerary

Llegada

Arrival

Maleta

Suitcase

Mapa

Map

Máquina expendedora de billetes

Ticket machine

Oficina de información

Information office

Pasajero

Passenger

Pasaporte

Passport

Precio del billete

Fare

Regreso ; Vuelta

Return

Reserva

Reservation

Retraso

Delay

Sala de espera

Waiting room

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Salida

Departure

Seguro de viajes

Travel insurance

Taquilla

Ticket office

Tarjeta de identidad

Identity card

Turismo

Tourism

Turista

Tourist

Viajante ; Viajero

Traveller

Viaje

Journey ; Trip

Viaje de ida

Outward journey

Viaje de ida y vuelta

Return journey ; Round trip

Viaje de negocios

Business trip

Viaje de novios

Honeymoon

Viaje de recreo

Pleasure trip

Viaje de turismo

Holiday

Viaje organizado

Organized tour

Visado

Visa

Visado de estancia

Permit to stay

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VOCABULARY BOATS

How many types of boats do you know? Here´s a list with 10 of the most common boats! First of all read them all out loud and then do the exercise so that you can practice as much as possible.

Bote de remo

Rowing boat

/róuin(g)bout/

Velero

Sailboat

/séilboutt/

Canca

Canoe

/kanúu/

Bote salvavidas

Lifeboat

/láifboutt/

Lancha a motor

Speedboat

/sspíidbout/

Barco

Ship

/shipp/

Barco de crucero

Cruise liner

/crúusláinneer/

Yate

Yatch

/iótt/

Ferry

Ferry

/férii/

Balsa

Raft

/rafttt/

Exercise: Here´s what you have to do: we have 10 people who always get seasick (se marean por el mar). You need to come up with a sentence, using the vocabulary above and sayind who gets seasick and where.

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Ex.: Shelly got seasick when she was on the ship!

Shelly

Barco

Peter

Bote salvavidas

Ashley

Transbordador/ Ferry

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Natalie

Canoa

Nick

Lancha a motor

ACTIVITY – Make it count

In this activity we will talk about life, inspiration and travel. You are going to watch a short film in which the 10 quotes appear. As you watch the film you should consider the following questions:   

What is the story of how the film came to be made? Which countries did the men visit? How do the quotes relate to the narrative of the film?

http://vimeo.com/40004005 How can you make the most of your life / this year / this week / today / this class / this moment? And now, I would like YOU to plan a trip around your itinerary. You also have to decide what you’re going to do in each country. Then, you can write an essay about your trip.

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Unit 3 B1

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B1 – UNIT 3 QUESTIONS REVIEW: BASIC RULES These rules apply to most written and spoken questions.

1.Auxiliary verb before subject: Have you…? In a question, an auxiliary verb normally comes before the subject.     

When is Oliver leaving? (NOT: When Oliver is leaving?) Have you received my letter of June 17? (NOT: You have received…? ) Why are you laughing? (NOT: Why you are laughing?) What are all those people looking at? (NOT: What all those people are looking at?) How much does the room cost? (NOT: How much the room cost?)

2.Do: Do you like…? If there is no other auxiliary verb, we use do, does or did to form a question.   

Do you like Mozart? (NOT: Like you Mozart?) What does ¨periphrastic¨mean? (NOT: What means ¨periphrastic) Did you wash the car today?

3.¨Do¨ not used with other auxiliaries ¨Do¨ is not used together with other auxiliary verbs or with ¨be¨   

Can you tell me the time (NOT: Do you can tell me the time?) Have you seen John? (NOT: Do you have seen John?) Are you ready? (NOT: Do are you ready?)

4.Infinitive after do After ¨do¨ we use the infinitive (without ¨to¨)  

What does the boss want? (NOT: What does the boss wants?) Did you go climbing last week? (NOT: Did you went climbing last week?)

5.Only auxiliary verb before subject Only auxiliary verb goes before the subject, not the whole of the verb.  

Is your mother coming tomorrow? (NOT: Is coming your mother tomorrow?) Is your daughter having a lesson today? (NOT: Is having your daughter…?)

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

When was your reservation made? (NOT: When was made your reservation?)

This happens even if the subject is very long: 

Where are the President and his family staying? (NOT: Where are staying the President……)

6.Who phoned / Who did you phone? When who, which, what or whose is the subject (or part of the subject), ¨do¨ is not normally used. Compare:    

Who phoned? (¨who¨ is the subject) Who did you phone? (¨who¨ is the object) What happened? (¨what¨ is the subject) What did she say? (¨what¨ is the object)

More examples:   

Which costs more- the blue one or the grey one? (NOT: Which does cost more?) Which type of battery lasts longest? (NOT: Which type of battery does last longest?) How many people work in your office? (NOT: How many people do work in your office?)

NOTE: ¨Do¨ can be used after a subject question word for emphasis, to insist on an answer.  

Well, tell us, what did happen when your father found you? So, who did marry the princess in the end?

7. Prepositions: What are you talking about? Prepositions often come at the end of ¨wh-¨ questions, separated from their objects.   

What are you talking about? Who did you buy the ticket from? What did you clean the floor with?

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EXERCISE 1: Ask questions for the following answers: A:

Hello. You’d like to open a savings account with our bank, correct?

B:

Yes, that’s right.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

Mark Abreu.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

A – B – R – E – U.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

441 Miami Gardens Drive, North Miami Beach.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

33168.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

It’s a house.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

March 29, 1942.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

No, I don’t. I’m retired now.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

I was the manager of a large clothing store.

A:

________________________________________________?

B:

No, I never had an account with your bank before

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EXERCISE 2 - READING

Adventure Tours These questions and answers are from the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) page of a website for Adventure Tour Company. After you read them, answer the questions on the next page.

Q. What type of person joins your trips and courses?

All sorts! There’s no typical customer profile. We have young people and older people, men and women, and people from many countries.

Q. How large are your groups? The groups are usually small -- between 4 and 12 people. On easy trips, there is a ratio of 1 guide for every 2 people. On difficult trips, there is 1 guide for each person. Q. Do I have to be especially fit? Fitness is important for all aerobic activities like skiing, trekking, and climbing. If you are not in top shape now, we recommend this: take regular aerobic exercise –running, swimming, cycling –- for 2-3 months before your holiday. On request, we will send you more detailed information and sample training programs on CD-ROMs.

Q. What is included in the price?

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Our prices typically include all the fees for the guides and instructors and the accommodations. Prices don't usually include travel, lift passes, lunches, personal insurance, or rental of equipment.

Q. What kind of accommodations do you use? In Europe, you stay in double rooms in chalets or hotels with meals included. At high altitudes, you stay in mountain huts with 4-8 people in your room. Our trips to Mount Kilimanjaro and the Himalayas are camping trips with two people in one tent, with hotel accommodation at the start and end of the trip.

Q. Who leads your trips? Very experienced mountain guides and ski instructors. They all have specialized training and have certificates from professional schools.

Q. Do you provide equipment? We provide group equipment: ropes for climbing trips and camping gear for treks. If you need other equipment we can recommend local rental shops.

Q. Do you offer group discounts? We are happy to give discounts to groups. Contact us for further details.

Circle T if the statement is true and circle F if the statement is false according to Adventure Tour’s FAQ.

1. T / F The company specializes in tours for women. 2. T / F Usually, there aren’t more than 12 people in a group. 3. T / F The company gives fitness classes at its offices. 4. T / F The price of the tour includes the plane fare. 5. T / F People on the tour stay in private rooms in five-star hotels. 6. T / F In Europe, on the mountains, people stay in cabins with several other people. 7. T / F On Mount Kilimanjaro, people camp out in tents.

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8. T / F The guides and instructors with the company are very well trained. 9. T / F The company provides the equipment that its customers use. 10. T / F If you are with a group, it’s possible that you can get a better price.

VOCABULARY BEDROOM FOURNISHING Mesilla de noche

Bedside locker

/bedsaidd_lóka/

Lámpara

Lamp

/lamp/

Edredón

Duvet

/dúuvvei/

Funda de almohada

Pillow case

/pilóu_keiss/

Albarnoz

Bathrobe

/bathróub/

Sábana

Sheet

/sshíitt/

Cama de matrimonio

Double bed

/dáabol_bédd/

Cama individual

Single bed

/ssíngol_bédd/

Litera

Bunk bed

/bank_bédd/

Sofá cama

Sofa bed

/ssoúfa_bédd/

Now pay attention to the following example: ¨The people in room 201 on the second floor want bigger bedside lockers¨

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EXERCISE:

Based on the pictures bellow and following our example, practice the vocabulary above by creating the exact type of sentence as before.

EXAMPLE:

505 /5th Mesilla de noche / más bonita Answer: The people in room 505 on the fifth floor want nicer bedside lockers,

326 /3rd Lámpara / más grande

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702 / 7th Edredón / más ligero

632 / 6th Funda de almohada / más pequeña

963 / 9th Albornoz / más grueso

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865 / 8th Sábana / más blanca

102 / 1st Cama de matrimonio / más blanda

367 / 3rd Cama individual / más grande

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759 / 7th Litera / más alta

105 / 1st Sofá cama / más cómoda

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HOUSES AND FLATS A.Finding somewhere to live Look at these notices on a university notice-board. Useful collocations are in bold. Are you l o oking t o mo ve i nt o a f l a t o r hous e ne xt term? T he Harme r Agenc y has a wid e ra nge of sui tabl e acco mmo dati on.

Fully furnished flat available to rent from 1st of September. Quiet residential area. 800$ per calendar month. Tel: xxxxxx

Newly-built apartment. Available soon. Spacious accommodation, fully – fitted kitchen. Off-road parking. To let furnished or unfurnished. Would suit single academic or mature student!

**Fully-fitted = kitchen that is already equipped with modern cooker, washing machine, cupboards, etc.

Describing your house/flat/room In these e-mails people are describing their living accommodation. Hi Mave, Luke and I have just moved into our dream home. It's a big old four-storey house. It's got a spacious living room which has a wonderful view of the park, and a cosy study where we can both work. And there are some lovely light, airy bedrooms which overiook the Barden. There is a separate basement flat, which we might turn into a granny flat for my mother. And if we want to add an extension there's room for that too. It needs to be completely refurnished, but Luke and I have always wanted to do up an old house. Come and visit. Love, Julia ** to do up – to repair

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Hi Julia, You're so lucky! I'd love to move out of my awful one room flat. It's in such a dilapidated building. You go into a draughty hall down a chilly corridor and into this really cramped room. I want to buy a place of my own but there's a shortage of affordable housing here and I don't want to take out a big mortgage I´d love to see your house. I hope you´ll invite me to your house-warming party Big hug. Mave Collocations with home 

She left home to go to university, but moving away from her family made her feel homesick.



Peter's back from a year abroad. His family are throwing a party to welcome him home.



(To a guest who's just arrived) Come in and make yourself at home while I finish getting dinner ready. [relax and make yourself comfortable]



I haven't lived in Oxford for long but I already feel at home there.



I'd like to buy a second home near the coast. [house used only for weekends, holidays, etc.

1. Answer these questions using collocations from A. 1. What kind of accommodation would suit a student who has no furniture of his own? 2. What kind of accommodation would suit someone who is only going to be in a place for three months? 3. What part of town would you want to live in if you wanted to be somewhere where there are lots of private houses and no factories or other work places? 4. What kind of accommodation would suit a young single person who would prefer to live alone rather than to share? 5. If accommodation doesn't have its own garage, what else might it have to make life easier for car-owning residents? 6. If you are moving into a new unfurnished house, but don't need to take a washing machine, cooker or fridge with you, what does the house have?

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2 Look at B. Match the beginning of each sentence on the left with its ending on the right. 1 We want to turn our garage into a party.

house-warming

2 Jill has invited me to her

mortgage.

3 Next week I have to move out of

my own.

4 Karl makes a business out of doing up

granny flat.

5 Our bedroom overlooks

my flat.

6 Our house needs to be completely

the garden.

7 I hope that one day I'll have a place of

old houses.

8 The bank can help if you want to take out a

refurbished.

3. Correct the collocation errors in these sentences. 1. We live on a busy road, but we're lucky because we have off-road park. 2. Gemma has moved off from her old flat and has now got a new place in Walville Street. 3. We're building an expansion to our house which will give us a bigger kitchen. 4. The flat is totally furnished, which is good because I have no furniture of my own. .5 She had to get out a big mortgage as the house was very expensive. 6. There is no buyable housing for young people in this area; prices are ridiculously high. 7.New people have entered into the house next door. I haven't met them yet. 8. It's a very spatial apartment with a huge living room and a big kitchen. 9. The flat is accessible to rent from the first of March onwards. 10. My brother and his wife live in a windy old cottage.

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GRAMMAR: Which and What: the difference ¨Which¨ and ¨what¨ are often both possible, with little difference of meaning. 

Which / What is the hottest city in the world?



Which / What train did you come on?



Which / What people have influenced you most in your life?

We prefer ¨which¨ when we have a limited number of choices in mind. 

We´ve got white or brown bread. Which will you have?

(more natural than …¨What will you have?¨) 

Which size do you want? – small, medium or large?

When we are not thinking of a limited number o choices , ¨what¨ is preferred. 

What language do they speak in Greenland?

(more natural than ¨Which language….¨) 

What´s your phone number? (NOT: Which is your phone number?)

2.Determiners: which and what Before nouns, which and what can be used to ask question about both things and people. 

Which teacher do you like best?



Which colour do you want – green, red, yellow or brown?



What writers do you like?



What colour are your baby´s eyes?

3.Which of… Before another determiner (e.g. the, my, these) or a pronoun we use: which of

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Who and what are not normally used with ¨of¨ 

Which of your teachers do you like best? (NOT: Who / What of your teachers….)



Which of us is going to do the washing up? (NOT: Who of us…? )



Which of these coats is yours? (NOT: What of these…?)

Exercise 1: Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either which or what. 1

________ are you doing?

2

________ would you prefer, the onion soup or the prawn cocktail?

3

________ do we need to take for the picnic?

4

________ are you going to wear for the wedding?

5

________ dress shall I wear, the red one or the blue one?

6

________ sort of music do you like?

7

________ kind of films do like, horror films or thrillers?

8

________ are you taking on holiday?

9

________ dentist did you see, Dr Pain or Dr Deville?

10

________ is your favourite sport?

Exercise 2: Listening and writing Watch the following video and then answer the following question: WHAT makes YOU happy? http://vimeo.com/62237573

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1.OPEN VS. OPENED

We normally use ¨open¨ , not ¨opened¨ as an adjective. 

I can read you like an open book! (NOT: ….an opened book)



Are the banks open this afternoon? (NOT: Are the banks opened…?)

¨Opened¨ is used as the past tense and past participle of the verb open, to talk about the action of opening: 

She opened her eyes and sat up.



The safe was opened with dynamite.

2.When ¨open¨ is not used Note that ¨open¨ is NOT the normal word to refer to the fastenings of clothes, or to switches or taps.



I can´t untie/undo this shoelace. (NOT: I can´t open this shoelace)



How do you unfasten this belt?



Could you turn / switch the radio on? (NOT: ….open the radio)



Who left the taps turned on? (NOT: Who left the taps open?)

Exercise 1: Complete the text. For each of the missing words you have been given the initial and the last letters. - open or opened? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

You left the bag o_________n She o___________d

. her eyes and saw she was alone.

Kevin has left the window wide o_______n

.

After nearly three hours of work the safe was o____________d Are the banks o________n

this afternoon?

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Exercise 2 True or false (correct or incorrect):

Which of the statements is true? 

After nearly two hours of work the safe was opened.



She open her eyes and saw she was alone.



Are the banks open this afternoon?



Kevin has left the window open.



You left the bag opened.

VOCABULARY

BULLFIGHTING Being a Spaniard and not having to talk about bulls is almost impossible. As it is something completely fascinating for foreigners, here´s some useful vocabulary you may need when you have to talk about this topic. Los toros / tauromaquia

Bullfighting

Torero

Bullfighter / Matador

Capote

Cape

Espada

Sword

Traje de luces

Bullfighing costume

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Banderilla

Spear

Plaza de toros

Bullring

Burladero

Barrier

Corrida de toros

Bullfight

Pitón

Horn

Exercise:

Apart from practicing the vocabulary above, here´s an exercise that can also be considered a review of the interrogative tense. Imagine you are talking to an English friend of yours who doesn´t stop asking you questions about ¨bullfighting¨. Here´s an example: The bull´s ¨cuernos¨ didn´t touch the ¨torrero¨ - ¨But why didn´t the bull´s horns touch the bullfighter?¨

Now, it´s your turn. Do the same with all the sentences below:

1.I´ve never been interested in ¨los toros¨ - But why……….. 2.I´ve never been to a ¨corrida de toros¨ - But why………. 3.The torero didn´t use a ¨capote¨ - But why…….. 4.The matador didn´t use a ¨espada¨ - But why……… 5.The toro didn´t run at the ¨burladero¨ - But why………. 6.I´ve never heard of that ¨torero¨ - But why…… 7.The ¨matador¨ didn´t have a ¨banderilla¨ - But why…… 8.I´ve never been to a ¨plaza de toros¨ - But why….. 9.The ¨matador¨ didn´t wear a traditional ¨traje de luces¨ - But why…..

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Wimbledon vocabulary

Saque directo

Ace

/éiss/

Saque

Serve

/sséervv/

Doble falta

Double fault

/dáabol_fóolt/

Falta de pie

Foot fault

/futt_fóoltt/

Puntuación

Score

/sskóo/

Set

Set

/ssétt/

Volea

Volley

/vvolii/

Revés

Backhand

/bákhhandd/

Raqueta

Racket

/rákitt/

Juez de silla

Umpire

/áammpaia/

Listening exercise:

For those of you who are into tennis, here´s a video you might want to watch. After watching it, answer the questions below: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I6MK0tdAlYI

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1.The club where the competition takes place every year is called a)The Old England Club b)The All England Club c)The New England Club

2)The Wimbledon Tennis Tournament is played on a)artificial turf b)grass tennis courts c)clay tennis courts

3)According to the video Wimbledon is a)the most important tennis tournament in the world b)the biggest tennis tournament in the world c)the greatest tennis tournament in the world

Exercise 2: You went to a friend of yours who lives in London. There is the Wimbledon Tournament and you would like to go see it. You love tennis, whereas your friend is not very keen on it, so he starts complaining about everything. Use ¨there are too many¨ , ¨there aren´t enough¨ ….. Example: Saque directo – rápido

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There are too many fast aces in this match, aren`t there?

Doble falta estúpido

Árbitro – indeciso

Puntuación – alta

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GRAMMAR PHRASAL VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH THE VERB ¨TO COME¨

FOCUS POINT 1 : WHEN IT COMES TO…. - ´CUANDO SE TRATA DE …´, ´EN CUANTO A…´ , EN LO QUE SE REFIERE A…´

Translation exercise: 

En cuanto a la economía, no suelo entender ni una sóla palabra de lo que la gente dice.



En cuanto a fútbol se refiere, es imposible callarle.



Cuando se trata de su familia, ella es muy cauta con todo lo que dice.

FOCUS POINT 2: IF IT COMES TO THAT… - ´EN TAL CASO…´ , ´SI LLEGAMOS A ESO´

Translation exercise 2:



Si llegamos a eso, tendremos que cancelar todo.



En ese caso tendrán que aceptar no estar de acuerdo.



Si llega a eso, es probable que le despidan.

FOCUS POINT 3: COME TO THINK OF IT – AHORA QUE LO PIENSO, PENSÁNDOLO BIEN

Translation exercise 3: 

Ahora que lo pienso, me dijo que no iba a ir.



Pensándolo bien, sí que estaba con su ex novio.



Ahora que lo pienso, debí estar borracho si dije eso.

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FOCUS POINT 4 COME TO + VERB – llegar a hacer algo en el pasado This expression is one that we normally used with a past tense.

Example: It´s what we have come to expect from them. (Es lo que hemos llegado a esperar de ellos)

Translation exercise 4: 

Llegó a creer que todo el mundo iba en contra de ella.



Llegamos a sospechar que él fue el culpable.

FOCUS POINT 5 COME TO + PASSIVE VERB Example: His attitude came to be seen as a problem for the whole team.

Translation exercise 5: 

¿Cómo llegó Michael Jackson a ser conocido como Wacko Jacko?



No entiendo en qué momento llevar los vaqueros caídos llegó a ser considerado algo moderno.

THE VERB TO BE – PROGRESSIVE FORMS

I AM BEING / YOU ARE BEING , ETC + ADJECTIVE / NOUN We can use this structure to talk about actions and behavior, but not usually to talk about feelings. Compare: 

You´re being stupid ( You´re doing stupid things)



I was being very careful. (I was doing something carefully)



I am happy just now (NOT: I am being happy just now)



I was depressed when you phoned (NOT: I was being depressed when you phones.)

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*Note the difference between: ¨He´s being sick¨ (he´s vomiting) and ¨He´s sick.¨ (He´s ill)

BE WITH AUXILIARY DO Normally, ¨be¨ is used without the auxiliary ¨do¨ 

I´m not often sick. (NOT: I don´t often be sick)

But, ¨do¨ is used to make negative imperative sentences with¨be¨ (when we tell somebody not to do something) 

Don´t be silly!



Don´t be such a nuisance!

And ¨do be¨ can begin emphatic imperatives: 

Do be careful!



Do be quiet, for God´s sake!

BE + INFINITIVE: I am to…. You are to…. Etc 1.Plans and arrangements: He is to visit Nigeria. We use this structure in a formal style to talk about officials and other plans and arrangements. 

The president is to visit Nigeria next month.



We are to get a 10 per cent wage rise in June.



I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.

2.¨fate¨: We were to meet again Another use is to talk about things which are / were ¨hidden in the future¨, fated to happen: 

I thought we were saying goodbye forever. But we were to meet again, many years later, under very strange circumstances.

3.Orders: You are to do your homework The structure is used to give orders, often by parents speaking to children.

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

You are to do your homework, before you watch TV.



She can go to the party, but she is not to be back late.

4.Be + passive infinitive: It is not to be removed Be + passive infinitive is often used in notices and instructions ¨am/ are/is (not) to be + past participle Sometimes only the past infinitive is used 

To be taken three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle)

Some other common expressions with be+infinitive 

There´s nothing to be done!



She was nowhere to be found!



I looked out of the window, but there was nothing to be seen!

BE AND HAVE 1. Physical conditions: hunger, thirst, etc To talk about experiencing hunger, thirst, heat, cold and other common physical conditions, we normally use ¨be¨ or ¨feel¨ + adjective and NOT ¨have + noun¨. Note the following expressions: 

Be hungry (NOT: have hunger)



Be thirsty



Be warm



Be hot



Be cold



Be sleepy



Be afraid

Note also: be right / be wrong (tener razón / no tener razón), be lucky (tener suerte)

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2. Age, height, weight, size and colour ¨BE¨ is also used to talk about age, height, weight, size and colour. 

I´m nearly thirty! (NOT: I have nearly thirty)



She is nearly my age.



He is six feet tall.



I wish I was ten kilos lighter.



What size are your shoes?



The room is ten meters long.



What colour are his eyes?



She is the same height as her father.

*¨be heavy¨ is not usually used in measuring expressions. 

It weights 37 kilos (NOT: It´s 37 kilos heavy)

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VOCABULARY INTERESTING FACTS: The word ¨gymnasium¨ comes from the Greek word ¨gymnazein¨ which means ¨to exercise naked¨

Mini fact I: The first two letters of the Greek alphabet – alpha and beta- have given us the word ¨alphabet¨ Mini fact II: Greek is one of the few European languages where the word ¨no¨ does not have an ¨n¨ sound Mini fact III: Greeks consume more olives per person than any other group of people

The word ¨checkmate¨ in chess comes From the Persian phrase ¨shah mat¨, which means ¨the king is dead¨

Mini fact I: The new pawn (peon) move, where pawns were allowed to advance two squares on its first move instead of one, was introduced in Spain in 1280 Mini fact II: The number of possible, unique game is far greater than the number of electrons in the universe

¨Goodbye¨ comes from ¨God bye¨ which came from ¨God be with you¨

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Mini fact I: The substitution of ¨God¨ for good in ¨Goodbye¨ was also because of the influence of the phrases ¨good day¨ and ¨good night¨ Mini fact II: The word ¨ciao¨ in Italian means both ¨hello¨ and ¨goodbye¨, although it originally meant ¨servant¨ in Venetian Mini fact III: ¨Hello¨ is a very new word in English. It didn´t appear until the 1830s.

VOCABULARY – FORENSICS

Autopsia

Autopsy

Alterar

Tamper with

Evidencia

Evidence

Escna del crimen

Crime scene

Sospechoso

Suspect

Cómplice

Accomplice

Coartada

Alibi

Corazonada

Hunch

Móvil

Motive

Testigo

witness

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USEFUL VOVABULARY: ¨We need to get to the bottom of this¨ (Necesitamos llegar al fondo de esto)

Some examples: ¨We haven´t figured out his motive yet. We need to get to the bottom of this. ¨(No hemos descubierto cuál era su móvil aún. Necesitamos llegar hasta el fondo de esto) His alibi doesn´t match the witness´s testimony. We need to get to the bottom of this. (Su coartada no coincide con el testimonio del testigo. Necesitamos llegar hasta el fondo de esto) The evidence will help us get to the bottom of the issue. (La pruebas nos ayudarán a llegar hasta el fondo del asunto)

Exercise: Now, imagine you are the head of the Police Department and you need to get to the bottom of each of the cases below. Following the example, do the same with the rest of the sentences:

Necesitamos una autopsia

¨We need to get to the bottom of this. We need an autopsy. ¨ Necesitamos confirmar su coartada

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Alguien alteró las pruebas

Tengo una corazonada

Hay que despejar la escena del crimen

Debemos descubrir cuál fue su móvil

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Necesitamos encontrar al sospechoso y al cómplice

Necesitamos encontrar al testigo

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GRAMMAR Reflexive and ergative verbs

To begin with, you might be wondering what an ergative verb is. Well, an ergative verb is a verb that can be both transitive and intransitive - it can be used with an object or without. For example:  

I woke up at 6.00. [no object = intransitive] I woke him up at 6.00. [with an object = transitive]

Reflexive verbs 1 The reflexive pronouns (see pronouns) are: Singular:

myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself

Plural:

ourselves; yourselves; themselves

We use a reflexive pronoun after a transitive verb when the direct object is the same as the subject of the verb: I am teaching myself to play the piano. Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself. These are the verbs most often found with reflexive pronouns:        

cut dry enjoy hurt introduce kill prepare teach

Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as direct object:      

amuse apply busy content behave blame

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Inglés     

NIVEL B1

distance express find help see

Would you like to help yourself to another drink?

=

Would you like to take another drink?

I wish the children would behave themselves.

=

I wish the children would behave well.

He found himself lying by the side of the road.

He was surprised when he = realised that he was at the side of the road.

I saw myself as a famous actor.

=

I imagined that I was a famous actor.

She applied herself to the job of mending the lights.

=

She worked very hard to mend the lights.

He busied himself in the kitchen.

= He worked busily in the kitchen.

I had to content myself with I had to be satisfied with a few = a few Euros. Euros.

The verb enjoy always has an object: We all enjoyed the party. I really enjoyed my lunch. If enjoy has no other object, we use a reflexive pronoun: They all enjoyed  They all enjoyed themselves. I really enjoyed  I really enjoyed myself. NOTE: We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs which describe things people usually do for themselves: He washed in cold water. He always shaved before going out in the evening. Michael dressed and got ready for the party. We only use reflexives with these verbs for emphasis: He dressed himself in spite of his injuries. She’s old enough to wash herself.

143

Ergative verbs 1. Ergative verbs are both transitive and intransitive:

Peter closed the door

Transitive: N + V + N

The door closed

Intransitive: N + V

I boiled a pan of water

Transitive: N + V + N

The pan boiled

Intransitive: N + V

2. Common ergative verbs are:                   

begin break change close drop crack dry end finish grow improve increase move open shake start stop tear turn

I broke the glass. I dropped the glass and it broke. The referee blew his whistle and started the match. The match started at 2.30. We grew some tasty potatoes. The potatoes were growing well. The wind shook the trees. The trees shook in the wind. 3. Many verbs to do with cooking are ergative verbs:   

bake boil cook

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Inglés    

NIVEL B1

defrost freeze melt roast

You should roast the meat at 200 degrees centigrade. The meat was roasting in a hot oven. I always defrost meat before I cook it. I am waiting for the meat to defrost. Melt the chocolate and pour it over the ice cream. The chocolate was melting in a pan. 4. Verbs to do with vehicles are often ergative:         

back crash drive fly reverse run sail start stop

I’m learning to fly a plane. The plane flew at twice the speed of sound. He crashed his car into a tree. His car crashed into a tree. 5. We use some ergative verbs with only a few nouns:    

catch: dress, coat, clothes, trousers etc. fire : Gun, pistol, rifle, rocket. play: guitar, music, piano, violin, CD, DVD etc. ring: bell, alarm

She caught her dress on a nail. Her dress caught on a nail. He fired a pistol to start the race. A pistol fired to start the race.

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EXERCISE 1:

Read the sentences and choose a verb from the box above that fits into both of the sentences: improve, crack, ring, turn, freeze, tear, play, begin, sail, change, fire, boil

a)At about half past three the tide started to………. b)What´s done is done. You can´t ……the clock back. Answer:

a)Let´s ……open a bottle of champagne and celebrate. b)We´ve been questioning him for 12 hours now. I think he´s beginning to…… Answer:

a)After moving to the countryside, his health definitely started to…… b)She did much to…………the condition of low-paid workers. Answer:

a)I don´t…….much now that I have sold the boat. b)You…….her for a while, Perkins, while I go below for a rest. Answer:

a)When the water starts to……, turn it down. b)He´s so bad in the kitchen he doesn´t even know how to….an egg. Answer:

a)……..the bell and see if anyone´s at home. b) I wonder how she is. Why doesn´t she……? Answer:

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a)The weather forecast says it´s going to ……….tonight. b)If you can´t eat it all, we can always……it. Answer:

a)That building is a disgrace. I think they should…… the place down. b)Be careful with that paper. It tends to ……very easily. Answer:

a)He never did a decent day´s work . I´m surprised they did not……him a long time ago. b)Without warning the soldiers started to…… Answer:

a)I really like her now. It´s funny how people …… b)I´d like to …….these trousers, please. They´re too small. Answer:

a)I´ve got so much to say. Where do I …….? b)Let me…..my speech by thanking everyone for coming today. Answer:

a)Liverpool are going to………Arsenal on Saturday. b)Hello, Mrs. Philip? Can Chris come out to……? Answer:

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GRAMMAR 2 Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give

We often use common verbs like have and take with nouns like a shower, a drink: I took a shower. = I showered. She had a drink. = She drank something. We call these delexical verbs because the important part of the meaning is taken out of the verb and put into the noun. We often put adjectives in front of the noun: I took a cold shower. She had a nice, refreshing drink. The verbs used most frequently in this way are: have

take

make

give

HAVE We use have with: Food and drink: a meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, a snack, a cup of tea Talking: a chat, a conversation, a discussion, a talk Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash, a scrub Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest Disagreeing: an argument, a dispute, a fight, a quarrel I had a good breakfast before I left home. We had a long talk about the problem. The kids should have a bath before they go to bed. She generally had a short holiday in July or August. They had a serious quarrel about their father’s will. We also use have with nouns formed from verbs: I think you should have a look at this. She had a bite of the cake. I’m thirsty. I’m going to have a drink of water. I had a listen to that new CD in the car. They are going to have a swim.

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Exercise 1 : Use the correct expressions with 'have' to complete the sentences: Have an argument / have a look / have a shower / had a nice chat / having dinner / have a holiday

1.Can you phone back in half an hour? We´re just………….. 2.I met up with an old friend last night and we ……..about our school days. 3.In the morning I like to go for a long run and then……………… 4.I don´t usually ………in the summer. It´s our busiest time at work. 5.¨How was the party?¨ ¨It was fun. Rob and Greg …………about football, as usual.¨ 6.We took some great photos in Egypt. Would you like to………?

TAKE We use take with: Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest I always take a cold shower in the morning. You look tired. You need to take a break. and with these words: care

a turn

trouble

a chance

a decisión (also make a decision)

care of

turns

the trouble

a risk

a photograph

We took hundreds of photographs on holiday. Jane always takes a lot of trouble with her homework. We also use take with some nouns formed from verbs: I think you should take a look at this. Let’s take a walk. They are going to take a swim.

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Exercise 2: Use the correct expressions with 'take' to complete the sentences: take care / take risks / take some great photo / take a break / take a hot bath / decision to take 1.Sometimes I like to………..at the end of the day. The hot water helps me relax. 2.Ok, let´s………. We´ll start again in half an hour. 3.I´m going to the bathroom. Can you…….of my bags for a moment? 4.If you want to succeed in business, you have to be ready to…………. 5.Going to work in another country was a difficult………….. 6. We ……….in Egypt. Would you like to have a look?

GIVE We use give with: Noises: a cry, a laugh, a scream, a shout, a whistle Facial expressions: a smile, a grin, a look, a glance Hitting: a kick, a punch, a slap, a push, a knock, a blow Affectionate actions: a hug, a kiss, a stroke Talking: some advice, an answer, some information, an interview, a lecture, some news, a report, a speech, a talk, a warning She gave a loud laugh. John gave a happy smile. He gave me a nasty kick on the leg. She gave the children a goodnight kiss and put them to bed. I have to give a speech at the meeting tomorrow. Exercise 3: Use the correct words to complete the expressions with 'give' in the sentences. Some advice / a smile / an answer / a scream / a hug / a push 1.¨Don´t look so sad¨, said the photographer . ¨Give me…………¨ 2.¨It´s lovely to see you again¨, my grandmother said. ¨ Give me………….!¨ 3.I know it´s not really mu business, but do you mind if I give you……? 4.My car won´t start. Will you give me……….? 5.That´s an extremely good question. I´ll give you ………….in the next lesson. 6.When she saw the spider, she gave ………….and ran from the room.

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MAKE We use make with: Talking and sounds: a comment, an enquiry, a noise, a point, a promise, a sound, a speech, a suggestion Plans: arrangements, a choice, a decision, a plan, plans, an appointment, a date Try not to make a noise. They made arrangements to meet the next day.

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with the right expression: 1.Shh! Don´t…… The baby´s asleep. 2.¨Can´t we visit mum tomorrow?¨ ¨No. We …….to call on her today¨ 3.My brother asked me to……..at his wedding. I´m terrified! 4.Can I………….? Why don´t we ask Phill if he can help us? 5.Sorry, I can´t meet you this weekend. I´ve already…….. 6.Hello, I´d like to …………to see the doctor, please.

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VOCABULARY

TABOO WORDS AND SWEARWORDS A.TABOO WORDS Many languages have words which are considered dangerous, holy, magic or shocking and which are only used in certain situation by certain people. For instance, in African tribes the name of dead chiefs must not be said! The following are some of the most common English taboo words, with explanations of their literal meaning where necessary. Their approximate ¨strenght¨ is shown by stars: one-star words like ¨hell¨, ¨damn¨ or ¨balst¨ (which are scarcely taboo in modern English) will not upset many people, while a three-star word may be very shocking. Religion: 

Damn* (condemned to hell)



Blast* (strike with divine punishment)



Hell*



God*



Jesus*



Christ*

Sexual activity: 

Bastard** (child of unmarried parents)

Lavatory: 

Piss***

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2.SWEARWORDS All of the words listed above, and a few others, are used in swearing. The meaning of a swearword is always different from its literal (taboo) meaning a)Exclamation of annoyance 

Damn (it)!



God damn it!



God damn!



Hell!



My God!



Jesus!



Christ!



Jesus Christ!

Examples of use: 

Damn it! Can´t you hurry up?



Christ! It´s raining again!

Exclamation of surprise: 

(My)God!



Jesus!



Well, I´ll be damned!



Son of a bitch! (mostly American English)

Examples of use: 

My God! Look at that!



Well, I´m damned! What are you doing here?

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c)surprised questions 

Who/What/Why etc. the hell…?

Example of use: 

What the hell do you think you´re doing?

d)Insult Note that these nouns generally have no real meaning. They simply express a strong emotion such as hatred, anger, envy or contempt. 

Bastard



Shit

Examples of use: 

You bastard!

e) insult (imperative verb + object) 

Damn…..!

Examples of use: 

Damn that child!

f)insulting request to go away 

Piss off!

Examples of use: 

If Andy comes asking for money tell him to piss off!

*In British English ¨pissed¨ means ¨drunk¨ and ¨pissed off¨ means ¨fed up¨ 

I´m getting pissed off with London!

*In American English ¨pissed¨ is annoyed, ¨angry¨ 

I´m pissed at him because of what he´s been saying about me.

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g)Expression of unconcern (meaning : ¨I don´t care¨) 

I don`t / couldn´t give a damn

Examples of use: 

They can come and arrest me if they want. I don´t give a damn!

h)Intensifying adjective/adverb 

damn(ed)



bloody



goddamn

Examples of use: 

That car´s going damn(ed) fast!



Where´s the bloody switch?



It´s bloody raining again!

*When these words are used before verbs, the word ¨well¨ is often added in British English:



I damn well hope you never come back!



It´s bloody well raining again!

Just for your entertainment, here´s a video you full of taboo and swearwords, in case you want to watch it! (AWARNING: IT CAN GET A BIT BLOODY) http://www.watchsouthparkonline.net/season-5/episode-2-it-hits-the-fan/

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