Manual Metodología Volumen I - 2020 - v01

 

GJK^JD MN GN]IMIDIHÇJ GN]IMIDIHÇJ FIG_DNGNK]JUBI H^ÇJ _JUJ V^_NU\BVBÖK MN HU^_IV MN BKBFBI _riynfti Fikaukti

\idugnk \idugn kB _nmri Djeeâ ]iri Fjrgnk Ddjgjs Jrjkmj  Dbkmj ]irrns Vjdhjmi  Jdnxjkmrj Mn Kbfidj  Gjrtbk @nddnr ]bppgjkk 

:j Nmbfbök, nknri 5?:8 5j Nmbfbök, jerbd 5?:3 6j Nmbfbök, jhisti 5?:3 =j Nmbfbök, gjyi 5?:2 >j Nmbfbök, aukbi 5?5? j

<  Nmbfbök, jhisti 5?5?

 

 

 

BK]UIM^FFBÖK ]irrn s Nstn gjkujd siern iesnrvjfbikns cnfcjs pir _nmri Djeeâ ]iri, Fjrgnk Ddjgjs Jrjkmj,  Dbkmj ]irrns Vjdhjmi

y  Gjrtbk @nddnr ]bppgjkk, cj sbmi mnsjrriddjmi pir dj Nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj Dis Jkhndns y dj

Nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj Ebifâktrbfj mn Vjktbjhi, y trjmufbmi jd pirtuhuâs pir  Jdnxjkmrj Mn Kbfidj. Nstn gjkujd surhn figi ukj bkqubntum mn jgejs bkstbtufbikns, rnspnfti mn rnspntjr dj gntimidihçj pjrj nlnftujr fdjsns mn Ebimjkzj, punsti qun qu n sn fiksbmnrj qun ns dj gnair gjknrj gjknr j mn fubmjr nstn sbstngj0 rjzök  pir dj fujd sn pripikn, pjrj usi bktnrki, uk fömbhi nk figñk qun pnrgbtj siern si ern timi jkjdbzjr nd prifnsi qun sn nstê ddnvjkmi j fjei. Nd ieantbvi mn nstn gjkujd ns nktrnhjr cnrrjgbnktjs pjrj cjfnr dj snsbök gês mblçfbd mn Ebimjkzj, jqunddj snsbök mbsnújmj pjrj hnktn qun frnn ki sjenr ejbdjr, fik jdtjs rnsbstnkfbjs j dis prifnsis mn nkfunktri i mn trjkslirgjfbök. trjkslirgj fbök. Nk mnlbkbtbvj, dj snsbök gês mblçfbd mn Ebimjkzj ns dj snsbök mn bkbfbi, ns mnfbr, dj furvj trjmbfbikjd nksnújmj nk fjmj nsfundj mn ebimjkzj. Djs snsbikns jquç fbtjmjs, nstêk bkspbrjmjs nk djs snsbikns qun Uidjkmi ]iri Jrjknmj utbdbzjej fujkmi gistrjej Ebimjkzj nk nspjfbis jebnrtis, mikmn ki fikifngis kb dj cbstirbj, kb pimngis cjfnrkis fjrhi mnspuâs mn dis prifnsis mn dis pjrtbfbpjktns. Nstjs snsbikns nstêk bkspbrjmjs nk snsbikns mbftjmjs pir Uidjkmi nk nd Fikhrnsi  Kjfbikjd mnd Nstjmi mn Fcbdn, ngprnsjs figi ]ndnlökbfj, jftbvbmjmns hrjkmns figi vbvnkfbjs nktrn  pjdnstbkis y aumçis nk uk nstjmbi, ntf. Ns mnfbr, snsbikns qun Uidjkmi utbdbzjej pjrj mjr j fikifnr Ebimjkzj, utbdbzjkmi sbngprn ukj nstrufturj sbgbdjr, mn dj fujd mnfnkjs mn ljfbdbtjmirns fcbdnkis y fnktnkjrns mn pjrtbfbpjktns tuvbgis dj pisbebdbmjm mn vbvnkfbjr mn gjknrj rnhudjr. Nd irbhnk ntbgidöhbfi mn dj pjdjerj Ebimjkzj nstê lirgjmi pir dj figebkjfbök mnd târgbki hrbnhi1 Ebis (—vbmj‗) y Mjkzj sn dn jtrbeuyn uk irbhnk djtbki y hnrgjki. \bnkn mnd djtçk Mjkzjrn qun ns j su vnz ukj

lirgj snfukmjrbj mnd târgbki mjksök mnd jdti Jdngêk Mbksjr. Ujzök pir dj fujd sn prntnkmnrê mnlbkbr j dj Ebimjkzj figi nd jrtn nk nd fujd sn nxprnsjk djs vbvnkfbjs gês prilukmjs mn dj vbmj gnmbjktn dj fiirmbkjfbök-nxprnsbök mn dis givbgbnktis mnd funrpi bktnhrjmis fik rbtgis qun fiktrbeuynk j dj gjkblnstjfbök mn dj ngifbök, mnd jgir. Ns bkgnksjgnktn mblçfbd pimnr mnlbkbr dj nxprnsbök mn dj Ebimjkzj, sbk ngejrhi, nstj nxpdbfjfbök sn pdjktnj figi uk jfnrfjgbnkti pjrj qubnkns, pir prbgnrj vnz, nxpnrbgnktjk nstj gntimidihçj, nktnkmbmj figi uk sbstngj bktnhrjmi mnd mnsjrriddi mnd snr.

Nd mifugnkti qun j fiktbkujfbök sn mnsjrriddjrê, ki pnrgbtn cjfnr ukj snsbök, yj qun nstjs kjfnk mn ukj  prilukmj ngifbök, mn dj pjsbök pir dj vbmj, vbmj, mnd nstumbi, nd midir, mnd nrrir y mnd trbukli, yj qun ukj snsbök  

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mn Ebimjkzj södi punmn surhbr mn dj vbmj. Nstj vbsbök ki jdtnrj dj gntimidihçj trjmbfbikjd, mn cnfci, ns hrjk pjrtn prnnxbstnktn, puns dj bmnj ns fubmjr fik prilukmi jgir nd pjrjmbhgj Ebifâktrbfi, nd Vbstngj nktnkmbmi figi dj Ebimjkzj y djs cnrrjgbnktjs mn âstn, fuyj bkstrugnktjdbzjfbök firrnspikmn j dj vbvnkfbj bk sbtu. Fik nstn priynfti y gjkujd, jmngês sn rbkmn uk cignkjan j Uidjkmi ]iri Jrjknmj, figi frnjmir mn nstn sbstngj, fik bksikmjedn jprnfbi y jhrjmnfbgbnkti pir su dnhjmi. ]jgebâk, sn qubnrn jhrnhjr ukj fuitj mn rnspnti gês, jd pripiknr nd fubmjmi sbstngjtidöhbfi mn su gntimidihçj, ilrnfbnkmi uk  pdjktnjgbnkti qun rnshujrmn nd sbstngj, figi sn gnkfbikö jktnrbirgnktn. jk tnrbirgnktn. Nstn gjkujd figpdngnktjrbi ns nd \idugnk B - Huçj pjrj Vupnrvbsirns mn Hrupi mn Bkbfbi -, yj qun Hrupis -Jvjkzjmi, Ujmbfjd, Nxtnksbikns, Jpdbfjfbikns, Nspnfçlbfis- y gufcis tjddnrns gês, utbdbzjk itrjs gntimidihçjs qun sn pdjktnjk nk nd \idugnk BB. Lun BB.  Lun irbhbkjmi fik dj pjrtbfbpjfbök mn Fjrgnk Ddjgjs  Jrjkmj,

ljfbdbtjmirj mbmjftj y  pbiknrj mn Ebimjkzj nk Dis Jkhndns Fjdblirkbj, fik gês mn mbnz júis   Dbkmj ljfbdbtjkmi hrupis sngjkjdns y tjddnrns,  tjddnrns, Mbrnftirj mn dj Nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj Dis Jkhndns (NEDJ):0 Dbkmj ]irrns, ljfbdbtjmirj, mbmjftj y fiirmbkjmirj mn dj Nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj Dis Jkhndns0 Fujuctâgif Ddjgjs,

 ebödihi, nktusbjstj mn djs fbnkfbjs fbnkfbjs qubnk pisnn uk prilukmi jgir, rnspnti y figprigbsi pir dj Ebimjkzj, êvbmi Ebimjkfnri pir mbnz júis y nk dis ñdtbgis, mnmbfjmi j dj lirgjfbök mn m n ljfbdbtjmirns y0  y0  _nmri Djeeâ ]iri,

ljfbdbtjmir mn Ebimjkzj cjfn gês mn vnbktn júis, mbrbhbnkmi hrupis rnhudjrns0 cj pjrtbfbpjmi nk

mbstbktjs nsfundjs mn Ebimjkzj figi ljfbdbtjmir mbmjftj mn Ebimjkzj, Mbrnftir mn dj Nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj Ebifâktrbfj Vjktbjhi, fik nxpnrbnkfbj nk ukbvnrsbmjmns, fnktris mn nstumbis, fidnhbis, irhjkbzjfbikns, trjejai sifbjd, ngprnsjs y nxtnksbikns mn Ebimjkzj, cj mbftjmi fbnktis mn tjddnrns mn Ebimjkzj. Vjk cunzj (fidnhj ljfbdbtjmir mn Fcbdn) y  Mjvbm Vibr  pir Jhrjmnfngis tjgebâk j Jkmrâs Giyj Vjkcunzj  pir su jpiyi

fikstjktn. ]imis nddis, cjk fikstrubmi nstn rnlnrnktn qun fiktrbeuyn j dj sbstngjtbzjfbök mn djs fdjsns mn bkbfbi mn Ebimjkzj. 

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 NEDJ ns dj prbgnrj nsfundj mn Ebimjkzj nk nd êrnj mn Dis Jkhndns y tbnkn nd figprigbsi bkjdtnrjedn mn prigivnr uk nspjfbi mn bktnhrjfbök, fiknxbök y jutifikifbgbnkti j trjvâs mnd Vbstngj Uidjkmi ]iri.   

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HDIVJUBI MN ]NUGBKIDIHÇJ J_DBFJMJ J DJ EBIMJKQJ   Fikfbnkfbj mn Vç 1 Ns nd nstjmi nk nd qun ddnhjk dis pjrtbfbpjktns j dj vbvnkfbj y qun punmn snr tigjmi

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figi ejsn pjrj nd mbsnúi mn dj furvj gntimidöhbfj (Fikfbnkfbj1 mjrsn funktj  ‖  Bkfiksfbnktn1  Bkfiksfbnktn1 jqunddi qun cjebtj ejai nd ugerjd mn dj fikfbnkfbj, tbnkn dj fjpjfbmjm mn givbdbzjrkis, sbk qun mntnftngis nd irbhnk mn dj givbdbzjfbök - Jgpdbjfbök mn fikfbnkfbj1 mjrsn funktj mn jqunddi qun ki gn mjej funktj).   Vbstngj Knrvbisi Jutökigi (VKJ), tjgebâk fikifbmi figi Vbstngj Knrvbisi Knurivnhntjtbvi1

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Ns dj pjrtn mnd sbstngj knrvbisi qun fiktridj djs jffbikns bkviduktjrbjs mnd funrpi cugjki. Nd sbstngj knrvbisi vnhntjtbvi sn mbvbmn lukfbikjdgnktn nk1

-  Vbstngj Vbgpêtbfi1 Mn mbspisbfbök tirjfidugejr y fik sus hjkhdbis jdnajmis mnd örhjki nlnftir. ^sj kirjmrnkjdbkj y jfntbdfidbkj figi knuritrjksgbsir, y di fikstbtuynk ukj fjmnkj mn hjkhdbis ^sj kirjmrnkjdbkj  pjrjvnrtnerjdns sbtujmis j jgeis djmis mn dj fidugkj vnrtnerjd qun lirgjk nd ddjgjmi trikfi sbgpêtbfi, jsç figi ukis hjkhdbis prnvnrtnerjdns i prnjörtbfis, jmisjmis j dj fjrj jktnrbir mn dj jirtj (hjkhdbis fndçjfis, jörtbfi-rnkjdns, gnsnktârbfi supnrbir y gnsnktârbfi bklnrbir). Nstê bgpdbfjmi nk jftbvbmjmns qun rnqubnrnk hjsti mn nknrhçj. ]jgebâk ns ddjgjmi sbstngj jmrnkârhbfi i kirjmrnkârhbfi0 yj qun ns nd qun prnpjrj jd funrpi pjrj rnjffbikjr jktn ukj sbtujfbök mn nstrâs5.

-  Vbstngj _jrjsbgpêtbfi1  _jrjsbgpêtbfi1 Mn mbspisbfbök frêkni-sjfrj, di lirgjk dis hjkhdbis jbsdjmis, yj qun nstis nstêk fnrfjkis jd örhjki nlnftir. ^sj dj jfntbdfidbkj. Nstê nkfjrhjmi mn jdgjfnkjr y fiksnrvjr dj nknrhçj. Ns ddjgjmi tjgebâk sbstngj fidbkârhbfi0 yj qun ns nd qun gjktbnkn jd funrpi nk sbtujfbikns kirgjdns y dunhi mn cjenr pjsjmi dj sbtujfbök mn nstrâs. Ns jktjhökbfi jd sbgpêtbfi 6.

5 Mnlbkbfbök 6 Mnlbkbfbök

 

cttps1//ns.wb`bpnmbj.irh/wb`b/Vb wb`bpnmbj.irh/wb`b/VbstngjYknrvbisiYsbg stngjYknrvbisiYsbgp%F6%J:tbfi p%F6%J:tbfi   tigjmj mnsmn  mnsmn cttps1//ns. bstngjYknrvbisiYpjrjsbgp%F6%J:tbfi bgp%F6%J:tbfi   tigjmj mnsmn  mnsmn cttps1//ns.wb`bpnmbj.irh/wb`b/V cttps1//ns.wb`bpnmbj.irh/wb`b/VbstngjYknrvbisiYpjrjs

=

 

  Unhrnsbök1 _jsjan cjfbj di bkmblnrnkfbjmi. Ns ukj rnhrnsbök ebidöhbfj j trjvâs mnd fujd sik jftbvjmis

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gimndis lbsbidöhbfis prbgirmbjdns. Untrifnsi tjkti psbfidöhbfi figi ebidöhbfi j uk nstjmi jktnrbir (rntrifnmnr pjrj prihrnsjr).   _udsjfbök1 Mbstbkfbök mn nanrfbfbis qun sn cjfnk bkmbvbmujdgnktn, nk pjrns i nk hrupi y qun vjk

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nkfiktrjkmi bmnjdgnktn uk nqubdberbi (nspnfbjdgnktn pir fujmrjktn) murjktn dj snsbök.   Fujmrjktn1 Vnhgnktjfbök mn dj furvj mn vbvnkfbj mikmn sn prbvbdnhbjk mblnrnktns ljsns mn bktnhrjfbök.

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  _ukti j _ukti1 Fiknxbök dbknjd mn fjkfbök j fjkfbök mikmn sn gbmnk dis kbvndns mn jsfnksi y mnsfnksi

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mn dj furvj pjrj gjktnknr su irhjkbfbmjm. Vn bkvbtj j qun nd ljfbdbtjmir jquç sn pikhj nk prnsnktn y nsfufcn fjmj pbnzj gusbfjd qun pripikhj, snktbr su rnsikjkfbj y mjkzjr (nd ljfbdbtjmir mn ebimjkzj figukbfj j trjvâs mn dj mjkzj y dj vbvnkfbj, gês qun j trjvâs mnd dnkhujan irjd).   Hrêlbfi1 Nsqungj (gjpj) qun kis pikn mn lrnktn fögi sn vj mbsnújkmi dj furvj y/i figi qunmjrçj.

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  Furvj1 Ns dj ukbök mn dis puktis qun rnprnsnktjk nd trêksbti nktrn nanrfbfbis nk lukfbök mnd hrjmi i

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vjdir mn dj pripunstj jmrnkârhbfj/fidbkârhbfj mn fjmj nanrfbfbi.   Furvj Bkirhêkbfj1 Jqunddj furvj qun fiktbnkn ndngnktis mn gês i mn gnkis y rnmufn dj pisbebdbmjm

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mn bktnhrjfbök mnsnjmj nk dj snsbök.   Furvj Irhêkbfj1 Jqunddj furvj qun prigunvn ldubmjgnktn dj fjpjfbmjm juti-rnhudjtirbj mn dis

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 pjrtbfbpjktns, su cignistjsbs n bktnhrjfbök.   ]rbukli mnd Jgir1 Vbngprn dj pripunstj mn sjdbmj mn fjmj vbvnkfbj.

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  Nanrfbfbi Fnktrjd1 Firrnspikmn jd nanrfbfbi jdrnmnmir mnd fujd hbrj timj dj snsbök y qun vj nk nd pukti

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gês rnhrnsbvi mn dj furvj, mikmn sn primufn dj trêktjsbs.

 

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  \bvnkfbj1 Ns "ukj nxpnrbnkfbj vbvbmj fik hrjk bktnksbmjm pir uk bkmbvbmui nk uk djpsi mn tbngpi jquç

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- jcirj (–hâknsbs jftujd‒), jejrfjkmi djs lukfbikns ngifbikjdns, fnknstâsbfjs y irhêkbfjs "

(Uidjkmi

]iri Jrjknmj :2. Nxbstnkfbjd1 Nstjs fiksbhkjs cjedjk mn fögi sn fikstruyn mnstbki.  Nangpdis1

-  —Di gbsgi qun jd êreid. Fujkti gês qubnrn ndnvjrsn cjfbj dj jdturj y cjfbj dj duz, tjkti gês lunrtngnktn tbnkmnk sus rjçfns cjfbj dj tbnrrj, cjfbj jejai, cjfbj di isfuri, di prilukmi ‗ ‖    Kbntzsfcn.

-  —Nd nkngbhi mnd ebnk ki ns nd gjd, yj qun mikmn cjebtj nd uki ki cjebtj nd itri, nd nkngbhi mnd  ebnk ns su pripbi ebnk, qun di cjfn fubmjr y jpnhjrsn j jqunddi qun ki dn pnrtnknfn ‗ ‖   ‖  Kbntzsfcn.  Kbntzsfcn.

i 5,>). Nk mnlbkbtbvj nstjgis mbstbkhubnkmi nktrn fjkfbikns dnktjs, gnmbjkjs y rêpbmjs. Nk dj furvj qun sn suhbnrn suhbnr n nk nd Hrêlbfi 6, dj gñsbfj pripunstj pjrj dis nanrfbfbis jmrnkârhbfis (jrrbej mn :?) y fidbkârhbfis (mnejai mn :?), gjktbnknk uk kbvnd mn nxfbtjfbök y rnhrnsbök sbgbdjr nk bktnksbmjm. Jd mbsnújr ukj snsbök, ns frufbjd pjrj nd ljfbdbtjmir nstjr nk prnsnktn, snktbr fjmj gñsbfj nk dj sufnsbök mn nanrfbfbis y fiknftjrdis pukti j pukti nvjdujkmi dj fikhrunkfbj y dj irhjkbfbmjm mn dj snfunkfbj. Nd  

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ljfbdbtjmir mnen mjkzjr fjmj nanrfbfbi pripunsti pjrj p jrj jlbkjr y snktbr dj figpjtbebdbmjm nktrn nd nanrfbfbi, dj mjkzj, dj sngêktbfj gusbfjd y dj fiksbhkj.

Nangpdi Uikmj mn Bkbfbi1   Cnrn ]cnrn Jkm Nvnrywcnrn - Ubtj Dnn, +: Vuen pifi

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  Hbvn Gn Divn - Hnirhn Cjrrbsik, +5 Vuen gnmbi

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  Gnu Vjpjti Aj Luriu  ‖  Ndej   Ndej Ujgjdci, +6 Vuen Gufci

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Nangpdi Uikmj Lbkjd1    Vikcjkmi nu siu lndbz - Entc Fjrvjdci, +5 Vuen gnmbi

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  Fjgebj timi Fjgebj ‖  Gnrfnmns  Gnrfnmns Visj, +: ↕ +5. Kitj1 nstn tngj figbnkzj pifi jmrnkârhbfi (+:) y

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tnrgbkj gnmbi jmrnkârhbfi (+5). \nr nanrfbfbi :5 nk nd Hrêlbfi =, mikmn nstj gñsbfj ifupj mis nspjfbis). Cjy qun tnknr nk funktj qun tjgebâk nxbstnk gñsbfjs qun figbnksjk gjs jmrnkârhbfis (+6) y tnrgbkjk pifi jmrnkârhbfis (+:).   \idjrn - Hbpsy @bkh, +: ↕ +6.

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Hrêlbfi =1 Nangpdi mn Gñsbfj qun Figbnkzj fik uk \jdir y ]nrgbkj fik Itri \jdir 

 

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Mn Fdbgjx j Fdbgjx Cjy qun rnfirmjr qun djs gñsbfjs ifjkfbikns tigjk su vjdir nk rndjfbök fik nd tngj jktnrbir, mnd nanrfbi jktnrbir y mnd duhjr nk dj furvj (fujmrjktn), pir di tjkti tnkngis dj pisbebdbmjm tjkti mn suebr figi mn  ejajr nk dj furvj fik tngjs jmrnkârhbfis y fidbknrhbfis. Nsti hrêlbfjgnktn sn punmn vbsujdbzjr mn dj sbhubnktn gjknrj1 mnsmn dj Uikmj mn Bkbfbi cjstj nd fdçgjx mn dj pjrtn jmrnkârhbfj (Fujmrjktn B) nd vjdir sbngprn ns pisbtbvi, nktrn nd fdbgjx mn dj pjrtn jmrnkârhbfj jmrnkârhbf j cjstj nd fdbgjx mn dj rnhnfbök (Fujmrjk (Fujmrjktn tn BBB), nd vjdir ns sbngprn knhjtbvi y mnd fdbgjx mn dj rnhrnsbök cjstj dn rikmj lbkjd ns sbngprn pisbtbvi.

Hrêlbfi >1 Furvj ]rjmbfbikjd mn dj Vnsbök mikmn sn Gunstrjk nd Fdbgjx Jmrnkârhbfi y Fidbkârhbfi Cjy gñsbfjs y nanrfbfbis rnhrnfbvis qun sn utbdbzjk pjrj br ejajkmi nk dj furvj mnd hrêlbfi (prnpjrjrkmi j djs pnrsikjs pjrj nd nanrfbfbi fnktrjd). _ir di tjkti, tigjk su vjdir (-:, -5 i -6) nk nd Fujmrjktn BB y BBB, sbnkmi gñsbfjs pifi fidbknrhbfjs -:, gnmbi fidbkârhbfjs -5 y guy fidbkârhbfjs -6.

Nangpdis1   Irbhbkjd Mbxbndjkm Vtigpnrs ‖  F.F.Ubmnr  F.F.Ubmnr (Vbkfrikbzjfbök Uçtgbfj Gndömbfj), -: Ejaj pifi

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divn - Hnrscwbk jkm _irtnr (Vbkfrikbzjfbök Gndömbfj), -5 Ejaj gnmbi   ]cn gjk B divn

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  Ik Riur Vcirn - Nkyj (Jfjrbfbjgbnkti mn Fjenddi), - 6 ejaj gufci

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Cjy qun fiksbmnrjr qun djs fjkfbikns tigjk su vjdir nk rndjfbök fik nd fujmrjktn nk qun nstêk uebfjmjs, jd nanrfbfbi prnvbi fik su rnspnftbvj gñsbfj y givbgbnkti, y j dj bktnksbmjm mn vbvnkfbj.

Nangpdi1 Nk nd Fujmrjktn B1 mnsmn ukj Uikmj mn Bkbfbi (Lrnn js j Ebrm mn ]cn Enjtdns) (+:,>), uk Fjgbkjr (Gbmkbhct Bk Gisfiw) (+5), pimngis utbdbzjr ukj Vbkfrikbzjfbök (]cn Ljbtclud Cussjr mn Diubs Jgstrikh) (+5) pjrj suebr nk dj furvj (dçknj vnrmn, nanrfbfbi 6 mnd Hrêlbfi ), uk Fjgbkjr (Gbmkbhct Bk Gisfiw) (+5),  pimngis utbdbzjr uk Fjgbkjr Jfigpjújmi nk _jr (Xcnk tcn sjbkts hi gjrfcbk'bk mn ]rjmbtbikjd Ajzz Ejkm) (+5), uk Aunhi :-5-6-= (Iyn jern tus iais mn Xbdlrbmi \jrhjs) (+5) y dj gbsgj Vbkfrikbzjfbök Vbkfri kbzjfbök (]cn Ljbtclud Cussjr mn Diubs Jgstrikh) (-:) pjrj fignkzjr j ejajr nk dj furvj nstjkmi jñk nk nd Fujmrjktn B (dçknj jzud, nanrfbfbi > mnd Hrêlbfi

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8

3

Vnrbn Ldubmnz :

Ic Ejey,

=1?:

\btjdbmjm

B

Vnrbn Ldubmnz 5

Ldubmnz Dbern (Figi bktnhrjfbök) Uikmj mn Gnfbgbnkti

-5

Hnirhn  Cjrrbsik 

-5

Uisj

61>:

\btjdbmjm

B

-5

61:3

Jlnftbvbmjm

BBB

-:

Fjrdis _jyjrns 

_citihrjpcs  Kjkj  Gius`iurb 

2

Bktbgbmjm (Nanrfbfbi Fnktrjd)

Mjkzj mn dis Nspçrbtus Hduf`  

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 Kieimy mins bt enttnr Fjktjmi 

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Fujmri 51 Unsugnk mn djs _udsjfbikns pir Fujmrjktn y mn dj Vnsbök

Hrêlbfi 31 Unsugnk mn djs Dçknjs mn \bvnkfbj mn dj Fdjsn i Vnsbök    

]itjd mn dj

55

 

Dçknj mn \bvnkfbj

Kugnri mn nanrfbfbis

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Fujmri 61 Unsugnk mn djs Dçknjs mn \bvnkfbj mn dj Fdjsn i Vnsbök

Hrêlbfi 21 Unsugnk mn ]bpi mn Fiksbhkjs mn dj Fdjsn i Vnsbök

 

56

 

]bpi mn Fiksbhkj

Kugnri mn fiksbhkjs

Ebidöhbfj i Fbnktçlbfj

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Mbjdihi fik nd hrjk gbstnrbi…  Nd jgbhi bgjhbkjrbi

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Fujmri =1 Unsugnk mn ]bpi mn Fiksbhkjs mn dj Fdjsn i Vnsbök

 

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Vnhgnktjrbi Funddi Vnhgnktjrbi Cigeris Vnhgnktjrbi _ndvbs Mjkzj dbern mn ldubmnz

Uikmj mn Gnfbgbnkti

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Dj Uikmj rnprnsnktj dj figukbmjm cugjkj y jd nstjr nk nstj rikmj fndnerjgis nd nstjr  auktis y dj prnsnkfbj mn timi y fjmj uki mn kisitris. Fndnerngis F ndnerngis nd bkbfbi mn kunstri hrupi mn Ebimjkzj, jsç qun mâgikis dj  ebnkvnkbmj fik gbrjmjs pjrj jhrjmnfnr dj prnsnkfbj mnd itri. Dj gjknrj nk qun fjgbkjgis ns figi nklrnktjgis dj vbmj. ^k fjgbkjr qun iptbgbzj dj nknrhçj mnd funrpi ns nd fjgbkjr sbkârhbfi, sb vj nd pbn bzqubnrmi dj jfigpjúj nd erjzi mnrnfci. Cigeris y pndbs sundtis jfigpjújkmi nd givbgbnkti. Dj sbkfrikbzjfbök ns ukj fjsujdbmjm gês jddê mn dj nstjmçstbfj, ns fujkmi mis funrpis ifupjk uk gbsgi nspjfbi nk nd ukbvnrsi. Jcç sn mj nd lnkögnki,  pnksâ timi nd mçj nk tbtb y austi gn ddjgjstn. Nd rbi jvjkzj jd gjr jerjzjkmi dj rifj. Nd jhuj ukj tbkjaj tigj dj lirgj mn tbkjaj, pnri sbhun sbnkmi jhuj. Dj snrbn mn ldubmnz kis nksnkj dj jmjptjfbök bktndbhnktn. Djs pnrsikjs sn gunvnk dnktjgnktn, fik uk givbgbnkti jrgökbfi ki södi mn djsDj p bnrkjs pbnrkjs sbki mnd funrpi nktnri. sbknrhbj (pbnrkjs/rikfi) nstê  prnsnktn, dis givbgbnktis givbgbnktis sik rnmikmnjmis y nd mnspdjzjgbnkti mn dj ejsn (ns mnfbr dis pbns) sn cjfn nk uk aunhi sutbd mn nqubdberbi y mnsnqubdberbi Iais fnrrjmis, kis tigjgis mn dj fbkturj, y rimbddjs sngb ldnftjmjs nktrjkmi nk uk gnfbgbnkti nk figñk. —Viy dj pjrfndj mn dj pjrfndj mn dj hrjk pjrfndj ukbvnrsjd.‗ 

 

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Nk uk jerjzi djs mis pnrsikjs sbnktnk dj prnsnkfbj purj, sbk cjfnr kjmj, rnspbrjr auktis. Vbk jfjrbfbjr, sbk pnksjr, sbk auzhjr ... sidi snktbr.

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ifupjr uk sidi nspjfbi nk nd ukbvnrsi. Lirgjgis dj figukbmjm. Gçrnksn  ebnk, timi nd ukbvnrsi nstê fiktnkbmi nk sus ristris.

Vbgeödbfj

Fujmri >1 ]jedj Hdiejd mn dj Vnsbök

Hrêlbfi :?1 Furvj mn dj Vnsbök  Nstn hrêlbfi firrnspikmn j ukj snsbök mökmn pimngis jpdbfjr djs gbsgjs iesnrvjfbikns mn dj hrêlbfj mnd nangpdi jktnrbir. Nk nstj furvj nk pjrtbfudjr, jd bhujd qun nk nd Nangpdi :, sn jmvbnrtn nk nd Fujmrjktn BB qun sn cjk suhnrbmi uk snhgnktjrbi mn funddi, cigeris y pndvbs, pnri qun funktjk figi : nanrfbfbi, yj qun dis trns fiklirgjk ukj —snrbn mn nanrfbfbis‗ (nanrfbfbis =, > y

 

Nk nd Hrêlbfi 55 sn gunstrj ukj furvj qun sidi sn gjktbnkn nk dj zikj jmrnkârhbfj0 nd gimndi tnörbfi bgpdbfj sb i sb pjsjr pir rnhrnsbök. Nstn tbpi mn furvj firrnspikmn j itrjs tâfkbfjs y j snsbikns guy nxfnpfbikjdns.

Hrêlbfi 551 Furvj Bkirhêkbfj B\ (furvj rçtgbfj sbk rnhrnsbök) 

 

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R UNF^NUMN Z^N NK HU^_IV MN BKBFBI

 

…

Ns bgpirtjktn gnkfbikjr jdhukjs fikmbfbikns gçkbgjs qun pnrgbtjk nd mnsjrriddi mnd hrupi mn bkbfbi y qun j vnfns pjsjgis pir jdti mnebmi j mbvnrsis ljftirns qun j fiktbkujfbök sn nkugnrjk1 :-  Jdhukis pjrtbfbpjktns ki sjenk ejbdjr, y nsti dns rnsudtj lrustrjktn, di vnk figi ukj bktbgbmjfbök y sn fikfnktrjk j nlnftujr givbgbnktis rnpntbtbvis y rnmufbmis, sb dis pjrtbfbpjktns mnd hrupi jñk ki sjenk ejbdjr, sbnktnk bktnksjgnktn pnri södi pir bkstjktns firtis i södi pifis nktrjk nk vbvnkfbj, cjy qun mnsjrriddjr uk fjgbki hrupjd y prihrnsbvi, qun vjyj mnsmn nd funrpi j dj ngifbök1 Givbgbnkti, (rbtgi/gndimçj, bktnhrjfbök firpirjd, ntf.)  ‖   hnstis (jerbr nd firjzök, ddnvjr djs gjkis jd firjzök, mbêdihi mn gbrjmjs, ntf.) ‖  ngifbök  ngifbök (mbspisbfbikns firpirjdns qun mntnrgbkjk i nspnfblbfjk nsp nfblbfjk migbkbis mn jffbikns, Gjturjkj) ‖  Vnktbgbnkti  Vnktbgbnkti (rnprnsnktjfbök sbgeödbfj, pjrtbfbpjfbök mn dj fiksfbnkfbj, fik  pnrgjknkfbj nk nd tbngpi)  ‖   \bvnkfbj (bkstjktn vbvbmi fik hrjk bktnksbmjm nk uk lduai mn ttbngpi bngpi jquç y jcirj, gimblbfj dj bmnktbmjm)  ‖  _rilukmbzjfbök   _rilukmbzjfbök (fujkmi dj gjyir pjrtn mnd hrupi jdfjkzj uk jdti kbvnd mn bktnksbmjm mn vbvnkfbj)  ‖   Ujmbfjdbzjfbök (fujkmi dj vbvnkfbj sn cjfn fjrhi mn tu nxbstnkfbj). Nsti prbgnri qubnrn mnfbr1 qun sb dj hnktn ki sjen ejbdjr, ki vj j pimnr vbvnkfbjr, sb qubnri ddnhjr j cjfnr nd fjgbki, di prbgnri ns nksnújr j ejbdjr, hnknrjr hnknr jr pnrtnknkfbj hrupjd, mbvnrtbrsn, nktrnhjr  prihrnsbvjgnktn cnrrjgbnktjs qun pnrgbtjk j djs pnrsikjs fiknftjr, nsti bgpdbfj jvjkzjr sutbdgnktn. 5-  Vn rnfigbnkmj nk hrupi mn bkbfbi uk sidi nanrfbfbi fnktrjd, mnajkmi ukj snksjfbök fdjrj, prçstbkj mnd jprnkmbzjan y dj nknrhçj qun kis vj j givbdbzjr nk dj sngjkj (nangpdi1 Jfukjgbnkti). Nk hrupi jvjkzjmi sn punmnk bktnhrjr mis bgêhnkns jsifbjmjs nktrn sç (nangpdi1 Jfukjgbnkti - Jyumjr j frnfnr), guy rjri y nxfnpfbikjd snfunkfbjs mn trns nanrfbfbis fnktrjdns, yj qun dj jsifbjfbök mn bgêhnkns pjrj nd mbêdihi sbgeödbfi mnenk snr :?? % ficnrnktns nktrn sç (nangpdi1 Gjgj _jpê Cbai  ‖  Jyumjr   Jyumjr j Frnfnr  ‖  Bkvbtjr  Bkvbtjr j vidjr), tngj qun sn vnrê nk dis sbhubnktns vidñgnkns yj qun âstn nstê

nklifjmi nk hrupi mn bkbfbi (dis hrupis nspnfçlbfis, snsbikns pñedbfjs, nxtnksbikns y jpdbfjfbikns, tjddnrns, hrupi jvjkzjmi, rjmbfjd, nsfundjs, tbnknk gntimidihçj pjrtbfudjr). 6-  Dj snsbök ns uk timi, mnsmn dj rnfnpfbök mnd hrupi (jktns mnd rndjti mn vbvnkfbj), rndjti mn vbvnkfbj y snsbök. Ns bgpirtjktn jmngês rnfirmjr qun fjmj nanrfbfbi sndnffbikjmi sn rndjfbikj nktrn sb mnsmn dj rikmn mn bkbfbi cjstj nd lbkjd mn dj snsbök, nk ejsn jd nanrfbfbi fnktrjd, qun ns nd sçgeidi qun sn vj j trjejajr. Ki sn cjfnk nanrfbfbis jd jzjr rnpjrtbmis nk fujmrjktns, fujmr jktns, jd fiktrjrbi, sn nsfihn fjmj vbvnkfbj,  

68

 

gñsbfj, fiksbhkj pir bgêhnkns qun rndjfbikjmjs nktrn sç frnjk uk kunvi sçgeidi1 DJ VNVBÖK. _jrj dihrjr nsti ns bgpirtjktçsbgi fubmjr nd lduai vbvnkfbjd (nd nspjfbi nktrn vbvnkfbj y vbvnkfbj), nd ljfbdbtjmir/j mnen jprnkmnr j supnrjr su nhifnktrbsgi, su knfnsbmjm mn rnfikifbgbnkti, ntf. Di gês bgpirtjktn ns qun dj vbvnkfbj mn djs pnrsikjs ki mnen snr bktnrrugpbmj pir dj brrupfbök mn dj vbhbdbj y fikfbnkfbj, mikmn dj fiksbhkj firtj sn cjfn bgprnsfbkmbedn, siern timi ejai dj dçknj gnmbj cjfbj dj rnhrnsbök (pir ficnrnkfbj mnd gimndi tnörbfi). Nd ljfbdbtjmir/j ki knfnsbtj gistrjr lirzisjgnktn dj mjkzj figpdntj (nk guy pifis fjsis sn cjfn iedbhjtirbi na. Mjkzjs snfunkfbjdns). Dj lbkjdbmjm ns trjksgbtbr nd gnksjan mn dj mjkzj, bkmufbr ukj vbvnkfbj, sbk qun dj hnktn mnd hrupi pbnrmj dj fiknxbök fik su pripbj vbvnkfbj (nk mnlbkbtbvj, ki ns dufbr kunstrj mjkzj i sjfjr jpdjusis). Nd ljfbdbtjmir nk nd rnlnrnkfbjd, mnsmn hnstis prilukmis y ciknstis, bkvbtj j dis pjrtbfbpjktns j mnspnrtjr sus pripbis prip bis hnstis y ngifbikns. Vb nd ljfbdbtjmir mn gjknrj bkknfnsjrbj sn nxtbnkmn nk nd rnlnrnkfbjd i fiksbhkj, bknvbtjedngnktn vj j tnknr uk nlnfti jftbvjmir mn dj fikfbnkfbj, qun ns austjgnktn di fiktrjrbi mn di qun eusfjgis nk nd lduai vbvnkfbjd. =-  Vb nd ljfbdbtjmir vj j mjr ukj snsbök qun rnqubnrn uk fikifbgbnkti nspnfçlbfi mn dj gjtnrbj j trjtjr (bkfiksfbnktn Kugbkisi, = ndngnktis, êkhndns, gbtidihçj hrbnhj, ntf.), ns rnfignkmjedn mjr uk fiktnxti hnknrjd jktns mn dj rikmj mn bkbfbi, mnspuâs mnd rndjti mn vbvnkfbj. Nstn fiktnxti sbrvn pjrj jfirtjr djs fiksbhkjs y ki mnen supnrjr dis :? gbkutis (bmnjd > gbkutis). Nk nd Fujmrjktn B, djs fiksbhkjs punmnk snr uk pifi gjs djrhjs puns nstjgis nk dj zikj jmrnkârhbfj (kukfj ukj fiksbhkj mnen supnrjr dis 6 gbkutis, dj hnktn vbnkn j vbvnkfbjr). Unfirmjr qun nstn fujmnrkbddi sidi ns mn hrupis mn bkbfbi. >-  Fubmjmi fik nd rndjai jd prnpjrjr ukj snsbök. ^kj snsbök nstê figpunstj pir ukj snrbn mn vbvnkfbjs bktnhrjmjs n bktnrrndjfbikjmjs nktrn sç. Nk fjmj vbvnkfbj fikvnrhnk gufcis ljftirns (fiksbhkj, rnlnrnkfbjd, sngêktbfj gusbfjd, nanrfbfbi, tikis mn viz jfirmn j dj dçknj mn vbvnkfbj y zikj mn dj furvj, ntf.), mikmn nd gês bgpirtjktn ns dj figukbfjfbök j trjvâs mn dj mjkzj, mjmi qun punmn ifurrbr qun jdhubnk ki nsfufcn ukj fiksbhkj, pnri jd vnr nd rnlnrnkfbjd figprnkmn mn bhujd gimi dj pripunstj mnd ljfbdbtjmir. Unfirmngis qun kunstri sbstngj ki sn ddjgj ebidnkhujan, ebitnjtri, ebiejbdnmudfn, sbki Ebimjkzj. ^k ljfbdbtjmir nk lirgjfbök mnenrçj ejbdjr j di gnkis ukj cirj jd mçj, y pir supunsti gbnktrjs fikstruyn dj snsbök mnen br mjkzjkmi y sbktbnkmi fjmj nanrfbfbi qun vj j pripiknr. Jd tnrgbkjr mn fikstrubr dj snsbök, mnen mjkzjrdj nktnrj.

 

63

 

< 8 3 2 :? :: :5 :6 Fujmri :1 ]jedj Hdiejd mn dj Vnsbök 

 

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Hrêlbfi :1 Furvj mn dj Vnsbök 

Fujmrjktn _udsjfbök

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Jmrnkârhbfi

Fidbkârhbfi

B + BB

BBB + B\

B BB BBB Fujmri 51 Unsugnk mn djs _udsjfbikns pir Fujmrjktn y mn dj Vnsbök

 

=6

]itjd mn dj Vnsbök

 

Hrêlbfi 51 Kñgnri mn Nanrfbfbis pir Dçknj mn \bvnkfbj  

Hrêlbfi 61 Kñgnri mn ]bpi mn Fiksbhkjs 

 

==

 

JKNSI 51 Fujmris y Furvjs Jfugudjmjs nk uk _nrçimi mn ]rjejai Fujmrjktn _udsjfbök

B

BB

BBB

B\

B

Jmrnkârhbfi

Fidbkârhbfi

B + BB

BBB + B\

BB BBB Fujmri 61 Unsugnk mn djs _udsjfbikns pir Fujmrjktn y mn dj Vnsbikns Jfugudjmis

Hrêlbfi =1 Kñgnri mn Nanrfbfbis pir Dçknj mn \bvnkfbj Jfugudjmis

 

=>

]itjd mn dj Vnsbikns

 

Hrêlbfi >1 Kñgnri mn ]bpi mn Fiksbhkjs Jfugudjmis 

Hrêlbfi