Manual LMFFL

 

 

Digu gujtjti im mb Di Dirh rhi ig fi

 

Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis Wbxtn Wbhbstrb

Iutnrbs? H. G. Ilcæjfgi Nrtbci Cirgèi H. D. Jnrbli Rrfkb ]njbmn Mri. Ilcæjfgi Hblbsbs Ignsti Mr. Bdræl Ebrlélmbz Kijtizir J. bl D. Lilgy Hnrbln Jflirbs Mr. Onrcb Irhilmn Hnrbln Bsgnkir  Bsgnkir 

Rlfvbrsfmim Iut÷lnhi mbj Bstimn mb Hnrbjns ßjtfhi hnmfdfgigf÷l icnstn ;196

 

;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

ÈLMFGB

Qrbsbltigf÷l cblbrij mbj hiluij mbj jiknritnrfn mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis

3

Jèqufmis. Gnltrfkugf÷ll mbj jiknritnrf Gnltrfkugf÷ jiknritnrfnn i jis gnhpbtblgfis gnhpbtblgfis mbj Jfgblgfimn bl Dirhigfi

5

[bcjihbltn piri jns Jiknritnrfns mb ji Digujtim mb Dirhigfi mb ji RIBH

6

Hbmfmis mb sbcurfmim piri bj mbsirrnjjn mb jis prégtfgis mbj Jiknritnrfn

91

Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis. Gnlsfmbrigfnlbs Gnlsfmbrigfn lbs ætfgis y mb sustbltikfjf sustbltikfjfmim mim

99

Hilbon mb mbsbgens

9;

Nrcilfzigf÷l mbj trikion bl bj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis

9=

Jèqufmis. Girigtbrèstfgis mbj [bcfstrn mb [bsujtimns y [bpnrtb mbj Jiknritnrf Girigtbrèstfgis Jiknritnrfn n Hbgilfshns mb bvijuigf÷l.

92 93

Qrégtfgi 9. Bstbrfjfzigf÷l mb hitbrfij mbj vfmrfn y prbpirigf÷l mb hbmfn mb

95

gujtfvn JK jèqufmn y s÷jfmn. Qrégtfgi ;. Cblbrigf÷l mb ul kilgn mb gæjujis kigtbrfilis gnhpbtbltbs gnhpbtbltbs..

;3

Qrégtfgi 7. Tbrfdfgigf÷l mb ji fltbcrfmi fltbcrfmimm mb ji gnlstruggf÷l hnjbgujir.

75

Qrégtfgi =. G ]rilsdnrhigf÷l mb gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs gnhpbtbltbs,, sbjbggf÷l mb gjnlis

2;

pnsftfvis y bvijuigf÷l mb ji fltbcrfmi fltbcrfmimm mbj pjéshfmn. Qrégtfgi 2. Jfcigf÷l mb Drichbltn Drichbltnss mb IML.

44

Qrégtfgi 4. Gujtfvn piri prnmuggf÷l.

34

Qrégtfgi 3. Dikrfgigf÷l mb snjugf÷l flybgtikjb.

6;

Qrégtfgi 5. Wnjugfnlbs ndtéjhfgis.

91=

Qrégtfgi 6. Oirikbs.

9;4

Qrégtfgi 91. Bhujsfnlbs y suspblsfnlbs.

9=1

Qrégtfgi 99. Cbjbs dirhigæutfgns y gnshætfgns.

927

Qrégtfgi 9; Wfstbhis ln gnlvblgfnlij gnlvblgfnlijbs bs (hitrfgbs, rbsbrvnrfns y

931

hfgrnpirtègujis hfgrnpirtèguj is mb jfkbrigf÷l) jfkbrigf÷l).. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Qrégtfgi 9; K. Wfstbhis ln gnlvblgfnl gnlvblgfnlijbs ijbs ([bsbrvnr ([bsbrvnrfns). fns).

933

Qrégtfgi 9;G. Wfstbhis ln gnlvblgfnli gnlvblgfnlijbs jbs (Hfgrnpirtègujis) (Hfgrnpirtègujis)

95=

7

7

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

ÈLMFGB MB DFCR[IW

Dfcuri 9. Qjéshfmn pTIU9 y pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ.

=7

Dfcuri ;. Mfcbstf÷l mbj pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ.

=7

Dfcuri 7. Wbjjimn mb ihpnjjbti gnl hbgebrn Kulsbl.

64

Dfcuri =. Hbzgjimnr Hirgi F@I.

9;5

Dfcuri 2. Tfsgns Tfsgnsèhbtrn èhbtrn Krnn`dfbjm prncrihikjb Hnmbjn MT-FF+

97;

Dfcuri 4. Hnltiob mb jis hbhkrilis mb jfkbrigf÷l.

951

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

2

ÈLMFGB MB ÈLMFGB MB ]IKJ IW

]ikji 9. Lÿhbrn mb sbsfnlbs isfclimis pnr prégtfgis.

9=

]ikji ;. Qrnpubsti mb Kilgns mb Gæjujis ME2ι piri ilijfzir bj bdbgtn mbj

77

grfnprbsbrviltb. ]ikji 7. [bcfstrn mb M. N., èlmfgb mb purbzi y gnlgbltrigf÷l mbj IML

=5

pjishèmfgn ]ikji =. Gurvi bstélmir piri ji guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij pnr bj hætnmn 5; mb Krimdnrm. ]ikji 2. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι  gnltrnj bl gnlmfgfnlbs 57 ibr÷kfgis.   ]ikji 4. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι gnltrnj bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis.

5=

]ikji 3. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι gnltrnj bl gnlmfgfnlbs

5=

ilibr÷kfgis. ]ikji 5. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι trilsdnrhimis bl

5=

gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷kfgis. ]ikji 6. Tbjngfmimb Tbjngfmimbss bspbgèdfgis mb grbgfhfbltn y tfbhpns mb mupjfgigf÷l mupjfgigf÷l..

52

]ikji 91. Gurvi bstélmir mbj hætnmn mb Krimdnrm.

54

]ikji 99. M. N. mb prntbèli tntij mb ji gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn.

54

]ikji 9;. Guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij mb jis hubstris mb jis gflætfgis

54

pnr bj hætnmn mb Krimdnrm. ]ikji 97. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mb LiGj 1.6%

65

]ikji 9=. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mb cjugnsi 2%

65

]ikji 92. Gijfdfgigf÷l hfgrnkfnj÷cfgi mb jis érbis y mb jis snjugfnlbs mb

66

trikion. ]ikji 94. D÷rhuji Guijf-Guiltf piri ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi ndtéjhfgi..

997

]ikji 93. Gnhpnsfgf÷l mb ji snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri

994

2

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

4

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]ikji 95. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi.

9;1

]ikji 96. Gijfdfgig Gijfdfgigf÷l f÷l mb jis snjugfnlbs mb mfdbrbltb tnlfgfmim.

9;9

]ikji ;1. Gnhpnlbltbs mbj oirikb hbmfgflij.

9;6

]ikji ;9. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb oirikb mb Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflndæl..

97=

]ikji ;;. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb oirikb mb Igbtihflndæl gnhbrgfij gnhbrgfij..

972

]ikji ;7. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb bhujsf÷l.

9=3

]ikji ;=. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb suspblsf÷l.

9=5

]ikji ;2. Hnlncridèis mb cbjbs y oijbis bl ji RWQ ;=

92=

]ikji ;4. D÷rhuji Guijf-Guiltf mb cbjbs

923

]ikji ;3. Dnrhujigf÷l 9.

947

]ikji ;5. Dnrhujigf÷l ;.

94=

]ikji ;6. Dnrhujigf÷l 7. ]ikji 71. Dnrhujigf÷l =.

94= 942

]ikji 79. Bvijuigf÷l mb hitrfgbs.

93=

]ikji 7;. Bvijuigf÷ Bvijuigf÷l l mb hbhkrilis

959

]ikji 77. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb jis hfgrnpirtègujis. hfgrnpirtèguji s.

955

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

4

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

3

Q[BWBL]IGF×L Q[BWBL]IGF ×L CBLB[IJ CBLB[IJ MBJ HILRIJ MBJ J IKN[I]N[FN MB DN[HIW DN[HIW DI[HIGBß]FGIW DI[HIGBß]F GIW JÈYRFMIW

Bj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis fltbcri jns gnlngfhfbltns imqufrfmns bl jns gursns tb÷rfgns mb Kfntbglnjncèi Dirhigæutfgi y mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis i trivæs mbj mbsirrnjjn mb prégtfgis qub gnltbhpjil tiltn bj mbsirrnjjn mb ul prnybgtn kfntbglnj÷cfgn gnhn ji ipjfgigf÷l mb tbglnjncèi dirhigæutfgi muriltb ji dnrhujigf÷l mbj prnmugtn i jn jircn mb tnmn bj sbhbstrb. Mfgen prnybgtn gnhprblmb bj iléjfsfs mb gimi uli mb jis btipis mb ul prngbsn kfntbglnj÷cfgn i lfvbj jiknritnrfn flvnjugrilmn piri ji prnmuggf÷l mb ul kfndérhign mb fltbræs isè gnhn su rbspbgtfvi dnrhujigf÷l. Gnlsfmbrihns qub bstb trikion  oultn gnl jis kisbs tb÷rfgis prnpnrgf prnpnrgfnlirél nlirél jns gnlngfhfbltn gnlngfhfbltnss sudfgfbltbs piri gursns pnstbrfnrbs mb jns Qiqubtbs ]brhflijbs mb Kfntbglnjncèi Dirhigæutfgi y ]bglnjncèi Dirhigæutfgi imbhés mb krflmir fldnrhigf÷l snkrb prngbsns fltbcrijbs mb pulti mbltrn mbj érbi dirhigæutfgi dirhigæutfgi.. Bstb hiluij dub mfsbùilmn piri qub bj ijuhln mb sbxtn sbhbstrb sbi gipiz mb gnhprblmbr, mbsirrnjjir y ilijfzir mb hilbri fltbcrij jns mitns cblbrimns pnr ul prngbsn mb ul prnmugtn kfntbglnj÷cfgnn i trivæs mb ul prnybgtn qub gnltbhpjiré virfis mb jis btipis flvnjugrimis i jn kfntbglnj÷cfg jircn mbj sbhbstrb. Qiri bjjn, jis prfhbris prégtfgis gnlsfmbril ji btipi ‚upstrbih‘ n ‚gnrrfb ltb irrfki‘ mb ul prngbsn kfntbglnj÷cfgn kfntbglnj ÷cfgn cblbrij, tijbs gnhn ji cblbr cblbrigf÷l igf÷l mb ji gbpi n jèlbi gbjujir

rbgnhkfliltb, ji prbpirigf÷l mb hitbrfij, ji bstbrfjfzigf÷l y ji prbpirigf÷l mb hbmfns mb gujtfvn. Bj nkobtfvn mb bsti btipi bs qub bj ijuhln sb dihfjfirfgb gnl jis tæglfgis flvnjugrimis bl ji tbglnjncèi mbj IML rbgnhkfliltb isè gnhn gnl bj gnlgbptn mb bstbrfjfmim y qub gnlnzgi jns rbqubrfhfbltns rbqubrfhfb ltns lutrfgfnlijbs bspbgèdfgns mbj sfstbhi kfnj÷cfgn, yi qub mfgens gnlgbptns snl ji kisb mbj mbsirrnjjn mb ul kubl prngbsn. Qnstbrfnrhbltb, sb pjiltbi rbijfzir ji kfngnlvbrsf÷l kion mfdbrbltbs gnlmfgfnlbs mb ifrbigf÷l piri nktblbr gnhn kfndérhign ul pjéshfmn mb fltbræs n uli prntbèli rbgnhkfliltb. Bj sfstbhi kfnj÷cfgn bhpjbimn sbrél kigtbrfis pnr ji digfjfmim mb hilfpujigf÷l isè gnhn pnr bj gnstn. Bj nkobtfvn mb bsti btipi bs qub bj ijuhln gnlnzgi y girigtbrfgb jis mfdbrbltbs gflætfgis mb grbgfhfbltn y prnmuggf÷l mbj gnhpubstn g nhpubstn rbspbgtfvn. Qnr ÿjtfhn, sb pjiltbi bj iléjfsfs bxpbrfhbltij mb jns prnmugtns cblbrimns muriltb ji kfngnlvbrsf÷l 3

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

5

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

hbmfiltb tæglfgis sbpirigf÷l sbpirigf÷l tijbs gnhn ji bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs, sfs, isè ggnhn nhn bj iléjfsfs hitbhétfgn mb jns mitns cblbrimns bl ji gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn. Rli vbz qub bj kfndérhign ei sfmn mfsbùimn, bj ijuhln tblmré ji npnrtulfmim mb flgnrpnrirjn bl jis dnrhujigfnlbs jèqufmis qub bstél mfspnlfkjbs bl bj hbrgimn. Iprblmbrél i ilijfzirjis kion jns piréhbtrns bstikjbgfmn pnr ji Dirhignpbi Hbxfgili y pnlmrél bl hirgei su grbitfvfmim piri bj mfsbùn mb btfqubtis. Gnl bjjn, ij dflijfzir bj gursn, bj ijuhln eikré imqufrfmn ji eikfjfmim mb hilboir ul sfstbhi kfnj÷cfgn piri ji nktblgf÷l mb kfndérhigns isè gnhn jis rbspbgtfvis dnrhujigfnlbs jèqufmis qub snl bhpjbimis igtuijhbltb mbltrn mb ji flmustrfi dirhigæutfgi. GNL][FKRGF ][FKRGF×L ×L MBJ J IK N[I]N[F N[I]N[FN N I JI W GNHQB]BLGFIW GNHQB]BLGFIW MBJ J FGBL FGBLGFIMN GFIMN GNL BL DI[HIGFI.   Bj jiknritnrfn hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis jèqufmis, bs ji hitbrfi bl mnlmb jns ijuhlns

mb ji jfgblgfituri bl dirhigfi iprblmbrél tæglfgi mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir piri ji hilfpujigf÷l mb pjéshfmns qub gnltfblbl trilscblbs, qub sbrél utfjfzimns gnhn prflgfpfn igtfvn bl ji dnrhujigf÷l mb dnrhis dirhigæutfgis jèqufmis. Qnr sbr ul jiknritnrfn mbj gfgjn prndbsfnlijfziltb, jns bstumfiltbs jjbvirél i gikn ji bxpbrfhbltigf÷l, mfsgusf÷l y iléjfsfs mb jns prngbmfhfbltns bstumfimns, y mbkbrél jjbvir i gikn ji fltbcrigf÷l mb gnlngfhfbltns mb jis hitbrfis mb Kfnjncèi gbjujir, Kfnquèhfgi, Hfgrnkfnjncèi, Kfntbglnjncèi Dirhigæutfgi, Ijcbkri y ji tbnrèi mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis jèqufmis. Qnr jn tiltn bs fhpnrtiltb eigbr hblgf÷l qub ji gnltrfkugf÷l mb æstb jiknritnrfn i ji dnrhigf÷l mb ul bstumfiltb mb jfgblgfimn bl dirhigfi qub gursi bj sbxtn sbhbstrb, tfblb ji lbgbsfmim mb mbsirrnjjir jis sfcufbltbs gnhpbtblgfis prndbsfnlijbs? prndbsfnlijbs? Ipjfgi jns gnlngfhfbltns mb jns hbgilfshns hnjbgujirbs, gbjujirbs y dfsfnj÷cfgns piri bltblmbr bj prngbsn mb sijum-bldbrhbmim gnl bj dfl mb cblbrir prnpubstis mb fllnvigf÷l dirhigæutfgi y mbsirrnjjn mb lubvis hitbrfis prfhis, dérhigns y hbmfgihbltns. [bijfzi b fltbrprbti iléjfsfs hnjbgujirbs y kfnquèhfgn-gjèlfgns, bl dulgf÷l mb ji prnkjbhétfgi y lbgbsfmimbs mb jns sfstbhis mb sijum, piri gnltrfkufr bl ji prbvblgf÷l, mficl÷stfgn, tritihfbltn y rbeikfjftigf÷l mb ji bldbrhbmim. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

5

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

6

Ipjfgi hætnmns y tbglnjncèis piri bj iléjfsfs, gnltrnj y isbcurihfbltn mb ji gijfmim mb jis hitbrfis prfhis y mb jns hbmfgihbltns, piri usn euhiln y vbtbrflirfn, mb igubrmn i ji jbcfsjigf÷l vfcbltb. Gnhprblmb jis girigtbrèstfgis dfsfgnquèhfgis y kfnj÷cfgis mb jis kfnhnjægujis, qub sb prbsbltil bl gnlmfgfnlbs dfsfnj÷cfgis y pitnj÷cfgis. Ipjfgir jns gnlngfhfbltns imqufrfmns piri gnimyuvir bl bj mficl÷stfgn gjèlfgn n bstikjbgbr hbgilfshn mb iggf÷l0 isè gnhn divnrbgbr bj mbsirrnjjn mb ul lubvn dérhign n hbmfgihbltn. [bijfzi b fltbrprbti iléjfsfs hnjbgujirbs y kfnquèhfgns, bl dulgf÷l mb ji prnkjbhétfgi y lbgbsfmimbs mb jns sfstbhis mb sijum, piri gnltrfkufr bl ji prbvblgf÷l, mficl÷stfgn, tritihfbltn y rbeikfjftigf rbeikfjftigf÷l ÷l mb ji bldbrhbmim. Ij dflij mbj gursn, bj bstumfiltb rbgnlngb jis tæglfgis mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir qub hés gnhÿlhbltb sb utfjfzil bl ul jiknritnrfn mb flvbstfcigf÷l y bs gipiz mb jjbvir i gikn ji dnrhujigf÷l mb hbmfgihbltns jèqufmns bl kisb i ji lnrhitfvfmim vfcbltb. [BCJIHBL]N QI[I J NW JI KN[I]N[FNW MB JI DI GRJ]IM MB DI[HIGFI.    I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 9. Bj prbsbltb [bcjihbltn bs ipjfgikjb bl tnmns jns jiknritnrfns mb ji Digujtim mb

Dirhigfi bl mnlmb sb rbijfgb trikion bxpbrfhbltij, sbi mb mngblgfi n mb flvbstfcigf÷l. Wu nksbrvilgfi bs nkjfcitnrfi piri bj pbrsnlij igimæhfgn, ijuhlns y trikioimnrbs imhflfstritfvns y ln bxgjuyb  ntri rbcjihbltigf÷l qub rbsujtb ipjfgikjb.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N ;. Bs lbgbsirfn qub bj pbrsnlij qub trikioi bl gimi jiknritnrfn gnlnzgi bj sfstbhi

mb ijbrtihfbltn, jis znlis mb sbcurfmim, jis rutis mb bviguigf÷l, bj bqufpn piri gnltrnj mb flgblmfns y jis hbmfmis mb sbcurfmim bstikjbgfmis bl gimi jiknritnrfn.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N =. ]nmis jis igtfvfmimbs qub sb rbijfgbl bl jns jiknritnrfns mbkbrél bstir

supbrvfsimis pnr ul rbspnlsikjb (Qrndbsnr, ]æglfgn Igimæhfgn, Gnnrmflimnr mb Jiknritnrfns, Jiknritnrf ns, Flvbstfcimn Flvbstfcimnr, r, btg.)  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 2. Ij rbijfzir igtfvfmimbs bxpbrfhbltijbs, lulgi mbkbré bstir uli pbrsnli snji bl

jns jiknritnrfns. Bj hèlfhn mb pbrsnlis mbkbré sbr, flvirfikjbhbltb, flvirfikjbhbltb , mb ;. Bl gisn mb qub uln mb bjjns sbi ijuhln, mbkbré eikbr sfbhprb ul prndbsnr gnhn sbculmi pbrsnli. 6

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

91

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 4. Jis hbsis mb trikion mbkbrél bstir jfkrbs mb guijqufbr nkobtn bxtriùn ij

bxpbrfhbltn (hngefjis, jfkrns, btg.). Jns usuirfns mbkbrél ikstblbrsb mb mboir bl bj jucir mb trikion, gnsis mb vijnr i ji vfsti.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 6. Bl jns jiknritnrfns qubmi prnefkfmn? duhir, oucir, gnlsuhfr ijfhbltns n kbkfmis,

bj usn mb jbltbs mb gnltigtn, bj usn mb zipitns ikfbr ikfbrtns. tns.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 99. ]nmis jis sustilgfis, bqufpn, hitbrfij hitbrfijbs, bs, btg., mbkbrél sbr hilboimns gnl bj

héxfhn gufmimn, itblmfblmn i jis flmfgigfnlbs mb jns hiluijbs mb usn n mb jns hiluijbs mb sbcurfmim, sbcÿl bj gisn.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 9;. Qiri trilsdbrfr jèqufmns gnl pfpbtis, mbkbré utfjfzirsb ji prn-pfpbti

gnrrbspnlmfbltb. Yubmi prnefkfmn pfpbtbir gnl ji kngi.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 97. Jis pubrtis mb iggbsn y sijfmi mb bhbrcblgfi mbkbré mbkbréll mb bstir sfbhprb jfkrbs

mb nkstégujns, iggbsfkjbs y bl pnsfkfjfmim mb sbr utfjfzimis iltbs guijqufbr bvbltuijfmim. Bj rbspnlsikjb mbj érbi (Gnnrmflimnr mb jiknritnrfn, ]æglfgn igimæhfgn, Flvbstfcimnr, Qbrsnlij mb Qrntbggf÷l Gfvfj), mbkbré vbrfdfgir bstn, ij hblns uli vbz gimi sbhili.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N ;;. Yubmi prnefkfmn mbsbgeir sustilgfis ij mrbliob. Guijqufbr ntrn hbmfn mb

bjfhfligf÷l,

rbqufbrb

prbvfi

iutnrfzigf÷l

mbj

rbspnlsikjb

mbj

érbi

gnrrbspnlmfbltb.  I[]ÈGRJN  I[]ÈGRJ N 7;. Gimi jiknritnrfn mb flvbstfcigf÷l mbkbré tblbr ul [bcjihbltn Fltbrln mb

Efcfblb y Wbcurfmim, gnhpjbhbltirfn ij prbsbltb [bcjihbltn0 jns guijbs sbrél mb nksbrvilgfi nkjfcitnrfi.

HBM HBMFMIW FMIW MB WBCR[FMIM WBCR[FMIM QI[I BJ MBWI[[N MBWI[[NJJ JJ N MB JIW Q[ÉG]FGIW MBJ MBJ JI KN[I]N[FN HNMRJI[ HNMRJI[ MB DN[HIW DN[HIW DI[HIGBß]FGIW JÈYRFMIW.

Hugens mb jns brrnrbs bl jns bxpbrfhbltns snl itrfkufkjbs ij bxpbrfhbltimnr, ij mbsgnlngbr mb hilbri pirgfij n tntij jns prngbmfhfbltns bxpbrfhbltijbs. Qnr jn tiltn bj ijuhln mbkb?  

Bltblmbr jns prngbmfhfbltn prngbmfhfbltnss bxpbrfhbltij bxpbrfhbltijbs bs qub sb vil i rbijfzir bl bj jiknritnrfn. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi 91

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

99

 

]blbr gnhpjbtihbltb gnhpjbtihbltb gjirn tnm tnmns ns y gimi uln mb jns pisns mb jns bxpbrfhbl bxpbrfhbltns tns i mb mbsirrnjjir sirrnjjir..

 

Qrbvbr tnmns jns hitbrfijbs, rbigtfvns y bqufpn qub sb vil i rbqubrfr muriltb ji prégtfgi.

 

]blbr jns sudfgfbltbs sudfgfbltbs gnl gnlngfhfbltns ngfhfbltns késfgns piri bj mbsirr mbsirrnjjn njjn mb ji prégtfgi. Wf sb tfblb guijqufbr mumi bl bj dulmihbltn, gnlsujtir bl ji jftbrituri gnl iltbrfnrfmim y gntboirjn gnl bj prndbsnr mb jiknritnrfn.

 

[iznlir gimi gimi uln mb jns pi pisns sns bl jns bxpbrfhbltn bxpbrfhbltns. s. Wf sb tftfblb blb gnhpj gnhpjbtihbltb btihbltb gjirn jns jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns prngbmfhfbltns qub sb vil i bhpjbir, bs hés mfdègfj njvfmir u nhftfr ijcÿl pisn bxpbrfhbltij. Jis dubltbs mb brrnr sb mfshflufrél gnlsfmbrikjbhbltb sf sb trikioi gnl itblgf÷l y sè sb tfblb uli igtftum mb gnjiknrigf÷l.

 

Bs lbgbsirfn qub sfb sfbhprb hprb blt bltrbs rbs i jis sbsfnlbs gnl kiti kj kjilgi ilgi jfhpfi, jfhpfi, gukrbkngis, gndfi y piltij÷l jircn mb prbdbrblgfi mb ijcnm÷l. Ln usir hiqufjjiob.

 

[bsnjvbr jis mumis bxpbrfhbltij bxpbrfhbltijbs bs gnl bj Qrndbsnr n bl su mbdbgtn gnl bj ]æglfgn mbj jiknritnrfn iltbs mb igtuir.

GNLWFMB[IGFNLBW Æ]FGIW V MB WRW]BL]IK WRW]BL]IK FJFM IM.  

Bj gnlngfhfbltn qub æstb hiluij cblbriré bl bj bstumfiltb, sb kisi bl tnmis jis tæglfgis késfgis mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir piri ji cblbrigf÷l mb ul kfndérhign, isè gnhn su fhpjbhbltigf÷l piri ji cblbrigf÷l mb dnrhujigfnlbs dirhigæutfgis jèqufmis. Qnr jn qub ij bstumfiltb jb mbkb qubmir gjirn qub bj trikion ætfgn y prndbsfnlijfziltb bs mb vftij fhpnrtilgfi, yi qub bl sus hilns bsté ji vfmi mb sbrbs euhiln. Mb tij hilbri qub jn qub sb prbtblmb bs dnrhir i ul prndbsfnlfsti gnl uli gnlgfblgfi gnlg fblgfi ætfgi y sustbltikjb. Bs fhpnrtiltb tblbr bl gublti qub sfbhprb sb mbkb igtuir gnl prndbsfnlijfshn, mbhnstrilmn vijnrbs y rbgtftum ij bobrgbr ji prndbsf÷l, cblbrilmn gnhn gnlsbgublgfi uli grbmfkfjfmim eigfi ji pnkjigf÷l gfbltèdfgi. Qnr jn tiltn sb mbkb tblbr bl gublti qub bj trikion bl bstb hiluij mbkb flgjufr, eigbr bj trikion gnhn sb flmfgi, prbcultir mumis ij prndbsnr, sf sb bqufvngil vnjvbr i bhpbzir, pnr lflcÿl hntfvn sb mbkb fltbltir hilfpujir rbsujtimns, sfbhprb gufmir ji sbcurfmim dèsfgi y ji mb jns gnhpiùbrns, trikioir bl bqufpn, tblbr suhn gufmimn gnl jns mbrbgens mb iutnr mb ji kfkjfncridèi gnlsujtimi. 99

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Bl jn qub gnlgfbrlb i ji sustbltikfjfmim, bj hiluij bsté mfsbùimn piri hflfhfzir bj gnlsuhn mb rbigtfvns mb hilbri qub jns bxpbrfhbltns guhpjil su nkobtfvn gnl ji hblnr cblbrigf÷l mb rbsfmuns. Bstn ei sfmn prnpubstn mb hilbri qub jns flsuhns rbqubrfmns sbil utfjfzimns mb hilbri rigfnlij, y gnlsgfbltb mb su usn. HILBO N MB MBWBGENW. 

Ji Digujtim mb Dirhigfi hilboi ji mfspnsfgf÷l dflij mb rbsfmuns cblbrimns bl sus jiknritnrfns mb mngblgfi. Bl bj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis sb cblbrirél jis sfcufbltbs gitbcnrèis mb rbsfmuns? [bsfmuns quèhfgns jèqufmns , iquè sb blgubltril jis snjugfnlbs ihnrtfcuimnris, snjugfnlbs

dfsfnj÷cfgis, rbsfmuns mb ijgnenj (Ln t÷xfgns), snjugfnlbs mb efmr÷xfmn, égfmns gnlgbltrimns n mfjufmns, krnhurn mb btfmfn (]÷xfgn y gnrrnsfvns). [bsfmun [b sfmun s quèhfgns s÷jfmns , iquè sb blgubltril cblbrijhbltb cuiltbs, pultis qub gnltfblbl snjugfnlbs mb efmr÷xfmn, égfmns gnlgbltrimns n mfjufmns, krnhurn mb btfmfn, (]÷xfgn y gnrrnsfvns)0 jis pultis qub eil sfmn utfjfzimis gnl snjugfnlbs ihnrtfcuimnris, snjugfnlbs dfsfnj÷cfgis n ijgnenj, sb jivil pbrdbgtihbltb gnl icui y oik÷l piri sbr rbutfjfzimis piri dflbs mb mngblgfi. [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns kfnj÷cfgns fldbggfnsns , iquè sb blgubltril cblbrijhbltb gbpis ÷

rbstns gbjujirbs prnmugtn mb ji purfdfgigf÷l mb pjéshfmns. [bsfmuns s÷jfmns sfl lflcÿl rfbscn , iquè ukfgihns bj hitbrfij kfnj÷cfgn snkriltb, bs mbgfr,

sb jjbv÷ i jis flstijigfnlbs mb jns jiknritnrfns y ln sb us÷, jns bstumfiltbs ln mbsbil gnlsbrvir, pubmb sbr gnjngimn bl ji kisuri hulfgfpij. Jns rbsfmuns jèqufmns mbkbl sbr gnjngimns bl ul rbgfpfbltb mb pjéstfgn, sbpirilmn jns t÷xfgns mb jns ln t÷xfgns. Jns rbsfmuns s÷jfmns t÷xfgns y gnrrnsfvns sb gnjngil bl uli knjsi mb pjéstfgn kjilgi n trilspirbltb0 hfbltris qub jns rbsfmuns kfnj÷cfgns fldbggfnsns mbkbl sbr gnjngimns bl uli knjsi rnoi y gnlsbrvimns bl rbdrfcbrigf÷l. ]nmns jns rbsfmuns mbkbl sbr btfqubtimns mb igubrmn i jis bspbgfdfgigfnlbs bstikjbgfmis pnr bj jiknritnrfn bl mnlmb sb cblbril. LN]I? Jns bxpbrfhbltns mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir qub sb jjbvirél i gikn, cblbrirél rbsfmuns qub gnltfblbl krnhurn mb btfmfn (gilgbrècbln), bs nkjfcitnrfn mfspnlbr rbgfpfbltbs bxgjusfvns Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

97

piri su hilbon, isè gnhn bs nkjfcitnrfn nkjfcitnrfn bj usn mb cuiltbs mbstfli mbstflimns mns snjn piri bsti igtfvfmim. Bjfhflir rbsfmuns, rbs fmuns, pultis y tukns qub eiyil bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl krnhurn mb btfmfn bl knjsis pjéstfgis piri su mfspnsfgf÷l dflij. Bvftir tngir hbsis y hitbrfij jfkrb mb krnhurn gnl cuiltbs gnltihflimns.

97

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

N[CILF_IGF×L MBJ ][I KI ON BL BJ J IKN[I]N[FN HNMRJI[ HNMRJI[ MB DN[HIW N[CILF_IGF×L MBJ DI[HIGBß]FGIW DI[HIGBß]F GIW JÈYRFMIW.

Jis prégtfgis qub bstél prnpubstis bl bstb hiluij mbkbrél rbijfzirsb bl uli sbsf÷l i ji sbhili mb 2 e gimi uli. Bstb jiknritnrfn bsté mfsbùimn piri trikioirsb bl 9= sbsfnlbs ij sbhbstrb. Bl ji tikji 9 sb prbsblti bj lÿhbrn mb sbsfnlbs qub sb gnlsfmbril lbgbsirfis piri bj mbsirrnjjn mb jis prégtfgis. ]ikji 9. Lÿhbrn mb sbsfnlbs isfclimis pnr prégtfgis. Qrégtfgi/Igtfvfmim Qrégtfgi/Igtfv fmim Igimæhfgi

Wbsfnlbs

Wbsf÷l mb nrcilfzi nrcilfzigf÷l gf÷l

9

Qrégtfgi 9. Bstbrfjfzigf÷l mb hitbrfij mb vfmrfn y prbpirigf÷l mb

9

hbmfn JK jèqufmn y s÷jfmn Qrégtfgi ;. Cblbrigf÷l mb ul kilgn mb gæjujis kigtbrfilis gnhpbtbltbs

9

Qrégtfgi 7. Tbrfdfgigf÷l mb ji fltbcrfmim mb ji gnlstruggf÷l

;

hnjbgujir. Qrégtfgi =. ]rilsdnrhi ]rilsdnrhigf÷l gf÷l mb gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs, sbjbggf÷l mb

7

gjnlis pnsftfvis y bvijuigf÷l mb ji fltbcrfmim mbj pjéshfmn. Qrégtfgi 2. Jfcigf÷l mb Drichbltns mb IML.

9.2

Qrégtfgi 4. Gujtfvn piri prnmuggf÷l prnmuggf÷l..

;

Qrégtfgi 3. Dikrfgigf÷l mb snjugf÷l flybgtikjb flybgtikjb.. Qrégtfgi 5. Wnjugfnlbs ndtéjhfgis.

9 9

Qrégtfgi 6. Oirikbs.

9

Qrégtfgi 91. Bhujsfnlbs y suspblsfnlbs

9

Qrégtfgi 99. Cbjbs dirhigæutfgns y gnshætfgns

9

Qrégtfgi 9;. Wfstbhis ln gnlvblgfnl gnlvblgfnlijbs ijbs (hitrfgbs, rbsbrvnrfns y

9

hfgrnpirtègujiss mb jfkbrigf÷l hfgrnpirtèguji jfkbrigf÷l). ). Qrégtfgi 9;k. Wfstbhis ln gnlvblgfnlijbs (rbsbrvnrfns).  Qrégtfgi 9;g. Wfstbhis gnlvblgfnlijbs (hfgrnpirtègu (hfgrnpirtègujis). jis). Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Wbsf÷l mb bvijuigf÷l mbj prnybgtn dflij

92

9

Bl bj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis, sb cblbrirél = bqufpns mb trikion. Gimi bqufpn mbkb tblbr y pnrtir piri gimi sbsf÷l mb jiknritnrfn bj sfcufbltb hitbrfij? Drilbji piri jfhpfir jis hbsis, drilbji piri sbgir bj hitbrfij, ijgnenj mbj 31% piri jfhpfir hbsis, mbtbrcbltb jèqufmn, dfkri piri tristbs, gjnrn, bsgnkfjjnlbs, bsgnkfjjnlbs , gflti tfpn his`flctipb, pjuh÷l flmbjbkjb pulti bxtridfln. Gimi bstumfiltb mbkb pnrtir kiti kjilgi y jfhpfi, zipitns mb pfbj gbrrimns, piltij÷l mb prbdbrblgfi ijcnm÷l. Imbhés mbkbl tblbr ul hiluij gnl su lnhkrb bl ji pnrtimi, y usir jns rbqubrfhfbltns hèlfhns lbgbsirfns piri su prntbggf÷l gnhn snl? cuiltbs mb lftrfjn, jbltbs mb sbcurfmim, gndfi, gukrbkngis gukrbkngis y usir sfbhprb bj gikbjjn rbgncfmn. [BWRJ]I MNW V [BQN[]B [BQN[]B MB GI[I G]B[FW]FGIW MBJ [BCFW][N MB [BWRJ]I JIKN[I]N[FN.  

Gimi prndbsnr bstikjbgbré su dnrhi mb trikion, sfl bhkircn bj hiluij pubmb sbr usimn gnhn kftégnri yi qub tfblb bspigfn sudfgfbltb piri flgjufr ilntigfnlbs, y gnltfblb tikjis mb rbsujtimns. Qnr jn tiltn bl ji kftégnri mbkb bstir ilntimi ji dbgei mb trikion, géjgujns, mficrihis mb djuon, nksbrvigfnlbs, mfsgusf÷l mb rbsujtimns, gnlgjusfnlbs, gubstfnlirfn rbsubjtn. Jns rbpnrtbs mb prégtfgis pubmbl sbr bltrbcimns flmfvfmuij n bl bqufpn, bs i jfkrb gétbmri mbj prndbsnr. I gnltfluigf÷l sb prbsbltil jis girigtbrèstfgis cblbrijbs mbj fldnrhb dflij mb uli prégtfgi. Bj fldnrhb dflij mb uli prégtfgi tfblb bj nkobtfvn mbhnstrir qub jns bstumfiltbs mbj bqufpn eil mbsirrnjjimn ul gnloultn gnnrmflimn mb igtfvfmimbs i pirtfr mb sus gnlngfhfbltns tb÷rfgns mbj tbhi mb ji prégtfgi, qub jbs ei pbrhftfmn mfsbùir bj bxpbrfhbltn y rbijfzir jis hbmfgfnlbs imbguimis0 qub jubcn eil jjbvimn i gikn bj tritihfbltn y bj iléjfsfs mb sus mitns piri nktblbr ji mfsgusf÷l mb rbsujtimns guyi vijfmbz snl gipigbs mb mbjfhftir. I pirtfr mb bsti bxpbrfblgfi jns bstumfiltbs snl gipigbs mb mfsgutfr y bjiknrir sus gnlgjusfnlbs y rbgnhblmigfnlbs piri hbonrir ji rbijfzigf÷l mb ji prégtfgi n pnmrél, ijtbrlitfvihbltb, jiknrir uli grètfgi dulmihbltimi piri mbhnstrir ji flvijfmbz mb jis tbnrèis n mb jns prngbmfhfbltns sbcufmns bl 92

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

94

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

ji rbijfzigf÷l mb ji prégtfgi, mb sbr bj gisn. Bj rbpnrtb mb gimi uli mb jis prégtfgis sbré bltrbcimn pnr BYRFQN, bj nrmbl mb jis enois sbré bj sfcufbltb? i) Qnrtimi.

Mbkb flgjufr? lnhkrb mb ji digujtim, lnhkrb mb ji hitbrfi, lnhkrb y lÿhbrn mb ji prégtfgi, lnhkrb mbj ijuhln, lnhkrb mb ji prndbsnri, dbgei mb rbijfzigf÷l mb ji prégtfgi y dbgei mb bltrbci mb æsti. k) Nkobtfvn.

Wnl jis hbtis i gnrtn pjizn qub sb mbkbl gukrfr muriltb bj mbsirrnjjn mb ji igtfvfmim bxpbrfhbltij. Jns nkobtfvns bstél prnpnrgfnlimns bl bj hiluij. g) Fltrnmuggf÷l.

Mbkbré gnltblbr bj prnp÷sftn mb jns bxpbrfhbltns, imbhés mbj prflgfpfn tb÷rfgn mb jns hfshns. Bstb hiluij prnpnrgfnli uli fltrnmuggf÷l piri gimi uli mb jis prégtfgis qub mbkbré sbr GNHQJBHBL]IMI pnr jns ijuhlns. Bl bsti sbggf÷l sb pubmb flgjufr ji mbsgrfpgf÷l quèhfgi y kfnj÷cfgi mbj sfstbhi utfjfzimn. Mbkb sbr gnlsfmbrimi uli flvbstfcigf÷l rbijfzimi bl ji kfkjfncridèi, ilijfzimi ilijfz imi y mbsgrfti mb hilbri gnlgrbti gnl jis fmbis mb jns fltbcriltbs mbj bqufpn. m) Hitbrfijbs Hitbrfijbs y [bigtfvns. [bigtfv ns.

Bljfstir tnmns jns hitbrfijbs utfjfzimns bl ji rbijfzigf÷l mb ji prégtfgi. Ilntir tihkfæl bj hitbrfij qub dub utfjfzimn mb hés mbj qub yi vblèi bl bj hiluij prnpnrgfnlimn n sè æstb dub gihkfimn. b) Qrngbmfhfbltn bxpbrfhbltij (Hbtnmnjncèi).

Mbkbré mb sbr krbvb, gjirn y sudfgfbltbhbltb gnhpjbtn piri qub jns bxpbrfhbltns pubmil sbr rbprnmugfkjbs. Mb fcuij hilbri sf bs qub eukn ijcÿl gihkfn bl bj hætnmn piri rbijfzir ji prégtfgi ilntir jis hnmfdfgigfnlbs qub sb efgfbrnl. Vi bl gnlgjusfnlbs y mfsgusf÷l sb ilntiré bj pnrquæ mbj gihkfn. Ji Hbtnmnjncèi tblmré qub bstir bl dnrhi mb mficrihi mb djuon. d) [bsujtimns.

Jns rbsujtimns pubmbl sbr prbsbltimns bl dnrhi mb tbxtn, tikji y/n dfcuri. Ij ilijfzir mbtblfmihbltb jns rbsujtimns, bj ijuhln mbgfmfré quæ dnrhi mb rbpnrtb bs ji hés imbguimi. c) Mfsgus Mfsgus f÷l.

Ji mfsgusf÷l mbkbré mb bstrugturirsb i pirtfr mb ji fltbrprbtigf÷l mb jns rbsujtimns. Bl bsti sbggf÷l mbkbré mb flmfgirsb qub rbsujtimns bril bspbrimns, pnrquæ, y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

94

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

93

gnhn sb gnhprirél i jns bspbrimns. Wè jns rbsujtimns snl mfdbrbltbs, mfsgutfr jns digtnrbs qub pumfbril fldjufr bl jns rbsujtimns. Qiri jjbvir i gikn ji mfsgusf÷l, sb mbkb rbvfsir mb hilbri ihpjfi fldnrhigf÷l rbjigfnlimi gnl bj tbhi bstumfimn. e) Gnlgju Gnlgju sf÷l.

Ji gnlgjusf÷l mbkb bstrugturirsb tnhilmn bl gublti bj nkobtfvn mb ji prégtfgi, jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns y ji mfsgusf÷l. f) Gubstfnlirfn.

Wb mbkbrél rbspnlmbr jis prbcultis cblbrimis bl ij dflij mb gimi prégtfgi, qub bsté rbjigfnlimn gnl jns dulmihbltns, ji rbjbvilgfi mb jns rbsujtimns n ji hbtnmnjncèi utfjfzimi. Wf ji prégtfgi ln flgjuyb prbcultis, gimi fltbcriltb mbj bqufpn mbkb mfsbùir 7 gnl sus rbspbgtfvis rbspubstis.  o) Kf Kfkj kj fn cr cridèi. idèi.

Jfkrns y pécflis wbk gnlsujtimis, tihkfæl sb mbkbl flgjufr irtègujns sf dub bj gisn. Ji kfkjfncridèi gnlsujtimi piri rbijfzir ji fltrnmuggf÷l y gnltbstir bj gubstfnlirfn, mbkbré mb flgjufr iutnr(bs), tètujn, bmftnrfij (n rbvfsti), bmfgf÷l (vnjuhbl y lÿhbrn guilmn bs rbvfsti), bmftnrfij (s÷jn piri jfkrns), iùn mb pukjfgigf÷l y pécflis gnlsujtimis. Gnlsujtir bj dnrhitn IQI piri usirjn gnhn kisb. HBGILFWHNW MB BTIJRIGF×L.  

Ji bvijuigf÷l mb bstb Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir sb jjbvi i gikn pnr gnhpbtblgfis muriltb gimi sbsf÷l, pnr jn tiltn sb mbkb mb tblbr bl gublti jis sfcufbltbs gnlsfmbrigfnlbs? Bvijuigf÷l mb mbsbhpbùn (sikbr eigbr)? Qirtfgfpigf÷l bl gjisb, kftégnri, hipi gnlgbptuij y mficrihi mb djuon, Bvijuigf÷l mbj gnlngfhfbltn (Wikbr)? Bxéhblbs pnr prégtfgi, prnybgtns pnr prégtfgi, [bpnrtb mb prégtfgi, prnybgtn dflij, Bvijuigf÷l mb igtftum (Wbr)? Eikfjfmim y mbstrbzi bl bj jiknritnrfn, isfstblgfi, trikion bl bqufpn. I jfkrb gétbmri, bj prndbsnr bhftfré bj vijnr pnrgbltuij mb gimi bvijuigf÷l.

93

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

95

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 9. BW]B[FJF_IGF×L MB HI]B[FIJ MB TFM[FN V Q[BQI[IGF×L MB HBMFN MB MB GRJ]FTN JK JÈYRFMN V W×JFMN. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?   Gnlngbr bj hilbon gnrrbgtn mb ji iutngjivb isè gnhn ji gnrrbgti prbpirigf÷l mb hitbrfij

qub sb utfjfziré kion gnlmfgfnlbs mb bstbrfjfmim.  

Qrbpirir y bstbrfjfzir bj hitbrfij mb jiknritnrfn isè gnhn bj hbmfn mb gujtfvn piri jjbvir i gikn ji prnpicigf÷l mb jis gæjujis kigtbrfilis ME2ι i utfjfzir piri ji prnmuggf÷l mb pjéshfmns.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?

Iprblmb i bxprbsir ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb uli sustilgfi bl uli snjugf÷l prbpirilmn snjugfnlbs hnjirbs qub sbrél ÿtfjbs muriltb tnmis jis prégtfgis. Isè hfshn, gnlngb jns prngbsns qub ciriltfgbl trikioir kion gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs, jis guijbs snl lbgbsirfis piri ul isbcurir ul prngbsn kfntbglnj÷cfgn imbguimn. FL][NMRGGF×L?

Mb igubrmn i ji NBGM ji kfntbglnjncèi bs ji ipjfgigf÷l hujtfmfsgfpjflirfi mb mfdbrbltbs gfblgfis (kfnj÷cfgis, flcblfbrfjbs, bgnl÷hfgis y jbcijbs) piri ji prnmuggf÷l mb ul kfbl n sbrvfgfn utfjfzilmn nrcilfshns nrcilfshns vfvns sfjvbstrbs, hnmfdfgimns n pirtbs mb bjjns, jns guijbs snl ÿtfjbs mbltrn mb jis érbis mb ji sijum, mb ji ijfhbltigf÷l y mbj hbmfn ihkfbltb. Ji prnmuggf÷l mb gnhpubstns bl cblbrij ngupi sfstbhis vfvfbltbs bl pubmbl sbr mbsmb uli kigtbrfi eisti ilfhijbs trilscælfgns pisilmn pnr enlcns y jbvimuris, pjiltis, y gujtfvn mb gæjujis vbcbtijbs y mb gæjujis ilfhijbs, bltrb jns hés gnhbrgfijbs. Gimi sfstbhi tfblb rbqubrfhfbltns rbqubrfhfb ltns huy bspbgèdfgns mb gujtfvn isè gnhn gnlmfgfnlbs ÷ptfhis piri su grbgfhfbltn, pnr jn qub ij sbr utfjfzimns gnhn nrcilfshns prnmugtnrbs bs lbgbsirfn krflmirjbs bj ihkfbltb imbguimn fl vftrn piri qub ji cblbrigf÷l mb jns gnhpubstns sbi pnsfkjb. Mb ieè qub bj bstumfn mb jns hbmfns mb gujtfvn sbi uli mb jis rihis hés mbsirrnjjimi mbsirrnjjimiss bl kfntbglnjncèi (Dbrlélmbz, 966=). Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

95

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

96

Imbhés, piri ciriltfzir qub snjihbltb bj sfstbhi prnmugtnr bsgncfmn sbi bj qub sb mbsirrnjjb bl bj gujtfvn bs lbgbsirfn ciriltf ciriltfzir zir bj trikion gnl hitbrfij bstærfj y bl gnlmfgfnlbs isæptfgis. Bstb rbqubrfhfbltn mfdbrblgfi i jns prngbsns kfntbglnj÷cfgns mb ji flmustrfi quèhfgi y imbhés flgrbhblti jns gnstns mb prnmuggf÷l. Wf kfbl bj gijnr eÿhbmn y sbgn snl mns mb jns prngbsns hés utfjfzimns piri bstbrfjfzir, igtuijhbltb bj mfsbùn mb lubvns sfstbhis mb dfjtrigf÷l bstærfj bsté cililmn hbrgimns bl bstb tfpn mb flmustrfi ([nhbrn, ;1130 ]nrtnri, bt ij., ;113). Ji bstbrfjfzigf÷l flvnjugri ji bjfhfligf÷l mb nrcilfshns gnltihfliltbs yi sbi pnr hbmfn mb su rbhngf÷l (p. Bo. dfjtrigf÷l) n giusilmn su hubrtb (rimfigfnlbs, gijnr, usn mb icbltbs quèhfgns). Bstb gnlgbptn sb mfdbrblgfi mb ji mbsfldbggf÷l y (Hurriy bt ij., ;1140 Wtilfbr, y Tfjjilubvi, 9664).

 IG  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W ? Qiri gnhprblmbr hbonr ijculns gnlgbptns, rbvfsi jns sfcufbltbs vfmbns?  

Qrbpirigf÷l hitbrfij bstbrfjfzigf bstbrfjfzigf÷l? ÷l? www.ynutukb.gnh/witge>v8Lw2 www.ynutukb.gnh/witge>v8Lw2M`GlTBSw M`GlTBSw

 

Qrngbmfhfbltns Qrngbmfhfbl tns

mb

bstbrfjfzigf÷l bstbrfjfzig f÷l

pnr

iutngjivb?

www.ynutukb.gnh/witge>v8hqwMbzIE26F   www.ynutukb.gnh/witge>v8hqwMbzIE26F HI]B[FIJBW V [BIG]FTNW?

GIL]FMIM ;

HI]B[FIJ Hitrigbs mb ;21 hJ

GIL]FMIM ;1 hJ

[BIG]FTNW Btilnj 31%

;

Hitrigbs mb 921 hJ

21 hJ

Icui mbstfjimi

=1 c

]rfptnli mb girlb

9

visn mb prbgfpftimn mb 411 hJ

9

Qfpbti mb 91, 2 y 9 hJ

;1 c

LiGj

;

Icftimnrbs hiclætfgns

;1 c

Bxtrigtn mb jbvimuri

9

Bspétuji

32 J

@ilihfgfli 21 hc/hJ

91

Giois mb Qbtrf bstærfjbs

GiGj;  96

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

;1

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

7

*Qipbj bstrizi

9

*Ijcnm÷l

9

Gflti tbstfcn

4

*Cisis

9

Cjfgbrnj

Qirrfjji bjægtrfgi gnl gijbltihfbltn y icftigf÷l

9

Kijilzi ilijètfgi

9

Hbgebrn Dfsebr [bdrfcbrimnr Iutngjivb

7

Drisgn mb vfmrfn vigèn (Mb

prbdbrblgfi oucn ouhbx) * Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Lflculn mb jns hitbrfijbs utfjfzimns bs t÷xfgn y miùfln piri bj nrcilfshn. HB]NMNJNCÈI?  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? Bs tbr tbrfjfjfzig fzig f÷ l m b hit hitbrf brfij ij m b vf vfmr mr fn. fn .  

9. Jfhpfir bj érbi mb trikion gnl btilnj 31%.   Bstn sb mbkb jjbvir i gikn muriltb tnmis jis sbsfnlbs mb jiknritnrfn. ;. Jivir pbrdbgtihbltb tnmn bj hitbrfij mb vfmrfn y blouicir gnl icui mbstfjimi mns vbgbs. Bsgurrfr bj hitbrfij pnr 71 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. 7. Wbgir gnl gijnr sbgn i 51±G pnr 9 e. =. Bjiknrir tipnlbs mb ijcnm÷l piri hitrigbs b fltrnmugfr ijcnm÷l bl ji knqufjji mb jis pfpbtis. 2. Gnjngir ijcnm÷l bl bj bxtrbhn mb suggf÷l mb jis pfpbtis y blvnjvbrjis bl pipbj mb bstrizi sf ln sb gublti gnl pfpbtbrns. Flmfgir bj vnjuhbl mb gimi pfpbti snkrb ji blvnjturi. 4. Hirgir tnmn bj hitbrfij gnl ul pbmizn pbqubùn mb gflti tbstfcn. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;1

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

;9

3. Bstbrfjfzir bl uli iutngjivb pnr 92 hflutns i 9;1¿G y 92 psf.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Qr bpir bpirigf igf ÷l mbj hbm hbmfn fn jèq ufmn uf mn y ss÷j ÷j fmn. fm n.  

9. Dnrhujigf÷l mb 9 J mb hbmfn JK s÷jfmn? 91 c mb pbptnli mb girlb, 2 c mb LiGj, 2 c mb bxtrigtn mb jbvimuri y 92 mb icir. ;. Qrbpirir 911 hJ mb hbmfn JK s÷jfmn sfl iltfkf÷tfgn, 911 hJ mb JK s÷jfmn gnl iltfkf÷tfgn, ;11 hJ mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn sbpirimn bl? 4 tukns mb g÷lfgns mb 21 hJ gnl 2 hJ mb hbmfn JK gimi uln0 ul hitriz Brjblhbybr mb 9;2 hJ gnl =2 hJ mb hbmfn JK0 bj rbstn mbj hbmfn JK bstbrfjfzirjn bstbrfjf zirjn bl ul drisgn mb vfmrfn mb rbusn hirgi ouhbx mb prbdbrblgfi. 7. Qbsir ji hisi lbgbsirfi mb gimi uln mb jns flcrbmfbltbs piri prbpirir bj hbmfn. Bs fhpnrtiltb rbgnrmir qub bj hbmfn jèqufmn girbgb mb icir. =. Gnjngir bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb ;21 hJ, 911 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi. Imfgfnlir gimi rbigtfvn pnr sbpirimn. Rli vbz mfsubjtn, imfgfnlir bj sfcufbltb. Idnrir ij vnjuhbl dflij gnrrbspnlmfbltb gnl icui mbstfjimi. Bj icir sb imfgfnli bl bj hitriz bl mnlmb sb vi bstbrfjfzir bj hbmfn. 2. Gnjngir ul tip÷l mb ijcnm÷l i gimi hitriz y gukrfr gnl pipbj ijuhflfn. Qbcir ul pbmizn mb gflti tbstfcn. 4. Bstbrfjfzir jns hitrigbs bl uli iutngjivb pnr 92 hflutns 9;1¿G i 92 psf. 3. Guilmn bj hbmfn s÷jfmn ijgilgb uli tbhpbrituri mb =1±G (ij gnjngir bj hitriz bl ji pijhi mb ji hiln, ji tbhpbrituri mb bstb mbkb sbr snpnrtikjb), vigfir ;2 hJ bl uli gioi Qbtrf bl ji hbsi kion bj hbgebrn Dfsebr. Mboir i qub bj hbmfn sb snjfmfdfqub. Wbjjir jis giois gnl piridfjh. Ijhigblir i =±G eisti su usn. 5. Qiri prbpirir bj hbmfn s÷jfmn gnl `ilihfgfli, sb utfjfzi ul stng` i 21 hc/hJ. Guilmn bj hbmfn s÷jfmn eiyi ijgilzimn uli tbhpbrituri mb =1±G (tbhpbrituri snpnrtikjb bl ji pijhi mb ji hiln mbj npbrimnr). Imfgfnlir ji giltfmim lbgbsirfi mbj Wtng` mb `ilihfgfli i 21 hc/hJ, piri ijgilzir uli gnlgbltrigf÷l dflij mb 21 ²c/hJ. Mboir qub bj hbmfn sb snjfmfdfqub i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Wbjjir jis giois gnl piridfjh. Ijhigblir i =±G eisti su usn. Bj iltfkf÷tfgn bs bstikjb pnr ul hbs.

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Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

;;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7? Qr bpir bpirigf igf ÷l mb GiGj ;, LiG LiGjj y cjf gbrnj bst bstærfj. ærfj.

9. [bijfzir jns géjgujns piri prbpirir ;1 hJ mb GiGj ; 1.9 H. Qrbpirir ji snjugf÷l y gnjngirjn bl ul tukn mb gbltrèduci mb 21 hJ. Bstbrfjfzirjn oultn gnl bj rbstn mbj hitbrfij. ;. [bijfzir jns géjgujns piri prbpirir ;1 hJ mb LiGj 1.6%. Qrbpiri Qrbpirirr ji snjugf÷l y gnjngirjn bl ul tukn mb gbltrèduci mb 21 hJ. Bstbrfjfzirjn oultn gnl bj rbstn mbj hitbrfij. 7. Bl ul tukn mb gbltrèduci mb 92 hJ, gnjngir 7 hJ mb cjfgbrnj gnlgbltrimn. Bstbrfjfzirjn oultn gnl bj rbstn mbj hitbrfij. =. Bl ul drisgn mb vfmrfn gnjngir iprnxfhimihbltb ;11 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi. Bstbrfjfzirjn oultn gnl bj rbstn mbj hitbrfij. [BWRJ]IMNW?

[bijfzir ul mficrihi mnlmb sb bxpjfqub tnmns jns pisns qub sb jjbvirnl i gikn muriltb ji prégtfgi, hblgfnlilmn ji fhpnrtilgfi mb gimi uln mb bjjns. Qiri bjjn jns ijuhlns tblmrél qub tnhir dntncridèis mb gimi btipi. GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. MB [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW? HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB

Bj pipbj, ijcnm÷l n cisi qub sb cblbrb gnhn rbsfmun y qub ln eiyi bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl lflcÿl rbsfmun mbkbré sbr mbpnsftimn bl ji kisuri hulfgfpij, hulfgfpi j, mb jn gnltrirfn mbkb sbr mfspubstn bl ji knjsi rnoi mb [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns. ]nmn bj hbmfn jèqufmn qub ln sb bstbrfjfgb mbkb sbr mbpnsftimn bl ul gnltblbmnr piri [bsfmuns Jèqufmns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns. Wf sb jjbcisb i cblbrir ul rbsfmun qub gnltfblb kigtbrfis, imfgfnlir gjnrn ij 91% piri fligtfvir pnr 71 hfl y dflijhbltb mfspnlbrjn bl bj gnltblbmnr [bsfmuns Jèqufmns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns. MFWGRWF MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I [BWRJ]I MNW?

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

;7

Eikjir snkrb ji fhpnrtilgfi mb bstbrfjfzir hitbrfij mb jiknritnrfn muriltb ul prngbsn kfntbglnj÷cfgn. kfntbglnj÷c fgn. Guéjbs snl jis vbltiois mb hiltblbr ji bstbrfjfmim mb bstb tfpn mb prngbsns. Mfsgutfr igbrgi mb ji fhpnrtilgfi mb gnjngir prbvfihbltb gflti tbstfcn i jns hitbrfijbs qub sb bstbrfjfzil. Mbdflfr jns gnlgbptns mb jfhpfbzi, isbpsfi y bstbrfjfzigf÷l, isè gnhn ji fhpnrtilgfi mb isbcurir qub jns hitbrfijbs y rbigtfvns eiyil sfmn gnrrbgtihbltb bstbrfjfzimns. bstbrfjfzimns. GNLGJRWFNLBW?

Hblgfnlir jis mfvbrsis npgfnlbs gnl jis qub sb gublti bj jiknritnrfn piri ji bstbrfjfzigf÷l mb hitbrfij (sf æstis eil sfmn s fmn usimis). Eigbr eflgipfæ bl ji jfhpfbzi prbvfi qub sb mbkb rbijfzir bl ji prbpirigf÷l mb hitbrfijbs, jns gufmimns bxtrbhns qub sb mbkbl tblbr guilmn ln sb gublti gnl uli gihpili mb djuon jihflir y jis prubkis mb bstbrfjfmim rbijfzim rbijfzimis is i jns hbmfns mb gujtfvn prbpirimn prbpirimns. s. GRBW]FNLI[FN?

9. ¾Qnr quæ sb utfjfzi ijcnm÷l bl jis knqufjjis mb jis pfpbtis, y bl jns tipnlbs mb jns hitrigbs> ;. ¾Qnr quæ bj prngbsn mb bstbrfjfzigf÷l bsté bstikjbgfmn bl uli iutngjivb i 92 hflutns 9;1¿G i 92 psf> Flvbstfcir qub nrcilfshns pubmbl utfjfzirsb gnhn bstélmirbs piri gnhprnkir bj dulgfnlihfbltn mb uli iutngjivb. 7. Flvbstfcir jis mfdbrbl mfdbrblgfis gfis bltrb isbpsfi, mbsfldbggf÷l y bstbrfjfzigf÷l. =. Gnhpirir ji gnhpnsfgf÷l mbj hbmfn mb gujtfvn qub utfjfzistb (Jurfi Kbtilf) gnl rbspbgtn i jns hbmfns? Mbxtrnsi Wiknrium, Hurisefcb y W`nnc y MHBH-D MHBH-D9;, 9;, bspbgfdfgilmn bj tfpn mb sfstbhi kfnj÷cfgn qub sb gujtfvi bl gimi uln mb bjjns. KFKJFNC[IDÈI?

Dbrlélmbz H. (966=).  Ivilgbs bl flcblfbrèi flcblfbrèi cblætfgi. Gnlsbon Wupbrfnr mb Flvbstfcigfnlbs Gfbltèdfgis. Himrfm, Bspiùi.

;7

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

;=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

@.W., Qdijjbr, H.I. (;114). Hfgrnkfnjncèi hæmfgi. (2i Bm.). Kirgbjnli, Hurriy, Q.[., Q.[., [nsblteij, @.W., Bspiùi? Bjsbvfbr Hnsky.  Hnsky.  [nhbrn G[. (;113). Hfgrnkfnjncèi y pirisftnjncèi euhili . Kisbs btfnj÷cfgis mb jis bldbrhbmimbs fldbggfnsis y pirisftirfis. (7i Bm.). Hæxfgn? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili.

Wtilfbr, [. V., Tfjjilubvi, O. [. (9664). Hfgrnkfnjncèi . (;i Bm.). Bspiùi? [bvbrtæ. Wtitfstfgij

Mbdflftfnl

nd

Kfntbgelnjncy,

upmitbm

fl

;112.

Mfspnlfkjb

bl

ettp?//www.nbgm.nrc/stf/kfntbge/stitfstfgijmbdflftfnlndkfntbgelnjncy.eth   ]nrtnri,   C. O., Dul`b, ]nrtnri, Dul`b,   K. [., Gisb, Gisb,   G. J. (;113). Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji hfgrnkfnjncèi.  (6i Bm.) Ircbltfli? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

;2

;2

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

;4

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;4

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

;3

Q[ÉG]FGI ;. CBLB[IGF×L MB RL KILGN MB GÆJRJIW KIG]B[FILIW GNHQB]BL]BW NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?   Cblbrir ul kilgn mb gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs mb Bsgebrfgefi gnjf  ME2ijdi (B. gnjf ME2ι) 

usilmn GiGj;.  

Gnlngbr y utfjfzir bj hætnmn mb gnlcbjigf÷l usilmn cjfgbrnj gnhn grfnprntbgtnr piri ji gnlsbrvigf÷l mb ji gbpi mb B. gnjf ME2ι.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?

Iprblmb bj gnlgbptn mb bstimn mb gnhpbtblgfi kigtbrfili flmfspblsikjb piri qub ngurri bj dbl÷hbln mb trilsdnrhigf÷l, jn guij ciriltfzi qub bj hitbrfij cblætfgn bx÷cbln pubmi sbr fltrnmugfmn bl uli gæjuji kigtbrfili. Isè hfshn, gnlngb jns hætnmns y jns icbltbs gnhÿlhbltb utfjfzimns piri prbsbrvir gujtfvns qub ciriltfgbl ji vfikfjfmim y supbrvfvblgfi mb jns hfgrnnrcilfshns pnr ul pbrfnmn mb tfbhpn gnlsfmbrikjb sfl ijtbrir ji fldnrhigf÷l cblætfgi mb mfgeis gæjujis. FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Rli mb jis hbtnmnjncèis rutflirfis bl jns jiknritnrfns qub mbsirrnjjil flcblfbrèi cblætfgi bs ji prbpirigf÷l mb gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs. Jis gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs rbgfkbl bstb lnhkrb mbkfmn i qub ji pirbm gbjujir bs mfshflufmi ij hèlfhn piri pnmbr pbrhftfr bj pisn mbj hitbrfij cblætfgn bx÷cbln. Æstis pubmbl sbr ijhigblimis y usirsb piri ji prnpicigf÷l mb vbgtnrbs mb fltbræs. Eiy virfns hætnmns hætnmn s piri prbpirir gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs pbrn bj hés utfjfzimn bs bj qub sb rbijfzi gnl gjnrurn mb gijgfn yi qub bs bdfgfbltb, kiritn y cblbrijhbltb sb nktfblbl gæjujis gnl ijtns lfvbjbs mb trilsdnrhigf÷l. Bj prflgfpfn mb bstb hætnmn gnlsfstb bl qub bj gijgfn mbsbstikfjfzi ji hbhkrili bxtbrli mb kigtbrfis Crih-lbcitfvis mboélmnjis susgbptfkjbs i ji bltrimi mb higrnhnjægujiss (Qfbrgb, ;1160 ]nrtnri bt ij., ;113). higrnhnjæguji Qnr ntri pirtb, ji grfnprbsbrvigf÷l pbrhftb pbrhf tb bj hiltblfhfbltn mb mfdbrbltbs tbofmns i tbhpbrituris kiois0 su nkobtfvn bs hflfhfzir bj miùn bl jns mfdbrbltbs hitbrfijbs kfnj÷cfgns, gnhn tbofmns, ;3

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

;5

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

gæjujis bugirfntis, kigtbrfis, enlcns y vfrus muriltb ji gnlcbjigf÷l y bj ijhigblihfbltn. Rl prflgfpfn késfgn kés fgn mb ji grfnprbsbrvigf÷l bs qub ji giltfmim mbj miùn prnvngimn pnr ji gnlcbjigf gnlcbjigf÷l ÷l mbpblmb mb ji giltfmim mb icui jfkrb bl bj sfstbhi y ji gipigfmim mb mfgei icui mb grfstijfzir muriltb ji gnlcbjigf÷l0 bj icui bs bj prflgfpij gnhpnlbltb mb tnmns jns sfstbhis vfvns y mbkb bstir prbsbltb mbltrn mb ji gæjuji piri qub sb prnmuzgil jis rbiggfnlbs quèhfgis mbj hbtiknjfshn. Muriltb ji gnlcbjigf÷l, ji hiynrèi mbj icui sb trilsdnrhi bl efbjn, gbsilmn bj hbtiknjfshn gbjujir. Ji dnrhigf÷l mb efbjn sb flfgfi bl bj hbmfn bxtrigbjujir, jn qub prnvngi ul iuhbltn mb ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb sijbs mbkfmn i ji mfshflugf÷l mbj icui guilmn æsti sb trilsdnrhi bl efbjn, bs mbgfr, sb prnmugb ul mbsbqufjfkrfn nsh÷tfgn. Bltnlgbs bj icui sijb mb jis gæjujis pnr ÷shnsfs y sb prnmugb uli mbsefmritigf÷l gbjujir, ji guij pubmb fr bl mbtrfhbltn mb uli pnstbrfnr rbgupbrigf÷l gbjujir. Qiri bvftir bj miùn gbjujir pnr bj gnlcbjihfbltn sb utfjfzil icbltbs grfnprbsbrviltbs. Jns prflgfpijbs grfnprbsbrviltbs snl bj MHWN y bj cjfgbrnj. Wfl bhkircn, tihkfæl pubmbl usirsb sijbs, gnhn bj gjnrurn hiclæsfgn, jns mbxtrilns, cjfgnjbs, bj ijhfm÷l n jns izÿgirbs (Ebrlélmbz bt ij., ;1170 ]fhhbreius, 963;). Bstns icbltbs grfngnlsbrviltbs prntbcbl i jis gæjujis qub sb gnlcbjil jbltihbltb hbmfiltb uln n hés mb jns sfcufbltbs hbgilfshns? Bjfhflilmn jis bjbvimis gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb sijbs.  

[bmugfblmn bj blgncfhfbltn gbjujir i uli mbtbrhflimi tbhpbrituris.

 

[bmugfblmn ji driggf driggf÷l ÷l mb ji snjugf÷l gnlcbjimi i uli mbtbrhflimi tbhpbrituri.

 

Hflfhfzilmn ji dnrhigf÷l mb efbjn fltrigbjujir fltrigbjujir..

Ji dnrhigf÷l mb efbjn pubmb bjfhflirsb gnhpjbtihbltb tiltn mbj fltbrfnr mb jis gæjujis gnhn mb ji hitrfz bxtrigbjujir hbmfiltb ji utfjfzigf÷l mb grfnprbsbrviltbs i huy bjbvimis gnlgbltrigfnlbs gnlgbltrigfnl bs (ij hblns 21% v/v). Ji gnhkfligf÷l mb mfdbrblt mfdbrbltbs bs grfnprbsbrviltbs pubmb prnmugfr ul bdbgtn sflærcfgn, prnvngilmn ul flgrbhbltn mb ji vfikfjfmim gbjujir (Kiust y Kiust., ;1130 Krnlzfln bt ij., ;112) y iulqub tnmns bjjns ln pnsbbl girigtbrèstfgis quèhfgis gnhulbs, sb subjbl mfvfmfr bl mns gitbcnrèi gitbcnrèis? s?  

Grfnprbsbrviltbs Grfnprbsbrvi ltbs flt rigbjuji rigbjujirbs rbs gnl kion pbsn Hnjbgujir  qub  qub eigbl pbrhbikjbs jis

gæjujis0 pnr bobhpjn bj cjfgbrnj n bj mfhbtfj sujd÷xfmn i gnlgbltrigfnlbs bltrb 1,2H y 7H snl bdbgtfvns hflfhfzilmn bj miùn gbjujir (Krnlzfln, ;111). Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

;5

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 

;6

Grfnprbsbrviltbs bxtrigbjujirbs gnl pbsns Hnjbgujirbs rbjitfvihbltb ijtns (hiynrbs n fcuijbs f cuijbs qub bj mb ji sigirnsi) qub ln pblbtril bl jis gæjujis. Bstns snl

hés bdbgtfvns prntbcfblmn sfstbhis kfnj÷cfgns qub sb gnlcbjil i tisis huy répfmis. Iulqub ijculns mb bstns icbltbs tfblbl ul bdbgtn prntbgtnr snkrb ji hbhkrili gbjujir, pirbgb sbr qub bj hbgilfshn prfhirfn mb iggf÷l bs ji flmuggf÷l mb ji vftrfdfgigf÷l? dnrhigf÷l mb grfstijbs bxtrigbjujirbs (Kiust y Kiust, ;1130 Krnlzfln, ;111).  IG  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W ?

Flvbstfcir qub tæglfgis pubmbl sbr bhpjbimis piri cblbrir gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs. Flvbstfcir bj dulgfnlihfbltn qub tfblbl bj cjfgbrnj y bj MHWN gnhn icbltbs grfnprbsbrvimnrbs. HI]B[FIJBW V [BIG]F [BIG]FTNW? TNW? GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ

9

Hitriz mb 9;2 hJ bstærfj

9 9

GIL]FMIM

Giois mb pultis piri

Hbmfn JK jèqufmn

hfgrnpfpbtis

9

Isi kigtbrfnj÷cfg kigtbrfnj÷cfgii

9

Icui mbstfjimi

;1-;11 ²J y 911-9111 ²J

]ukns mb gbltrèduci mb 92 hJ

2

Btilnj 31%

Hfgrnpfpbtis mb 1.2-91 ²J,

2

;

[BIG]FTNW

Hbmfn JK s÷jfmn sfl iltfkf÷tfgn ;1 hJ

Gbjmis piri

GiGj; 1.9 H bstærfj Btilnj iksnjutn

bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn ]ukns mb vfmrfn gnl tipirnsgi mb 91hj bstærfjbs Tisn mb prbgfpftimn mb ;21 hJ ;6

;1 hJ ;1 hJ

Cjfgbrnj gnlgbltrimn bstærfj LiGj 1.6% bstærfj

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

71

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=1

hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ

*Efbjn

bstærfjbs

Gbpi kigtbrfili? B. gnjf Qiridfjh 9

Qfgbti

9

Hfgrngbltrèduci

9

Gbltrèduci rbdrfcbrimi

9

Rjtrignlcbjim Rjtrignlcbjimnr nr -51±G

9

Flgukimnri

9

Icftimnr nrkftij

9

Bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn

ME2ι 

Hbgebrn Dfsebr Gflti tbstfcn *Bl gisn mb ln gnltir gnl efbjn bj ijuhln mbkbré prnpnrgfnlirjn, mbkfmn i ji fhpnrtilgfi piri bj mbsirrnjjn mb bsti igtfvfmim. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Lflculn mb jns flsuhns utfjfzimns bs t÷xfgn n miùfln piri bj nrcilfshn.

HB]NMNJNCÈI?  

Qrbvfn i ji rbijfzigf÷l mb jns sfcufbltbs prntngnjns bs fhpnrtiltb rbvfsir ji pirtb mb igtfvfmimbs prbjfhflirbs.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? [bi [bigt gt fvig fv igf÷ f÷l l m b gbp is? ME2  y pTIU9 bl hbmfn s÷jfmn y jèqufmn. i) [bigtfvigf÷ [bigtfvigf÷ l bl hbmfn s÷ s÷jfmn jfmn (rbi (rbijfzirjn jfzirjn bl ji prfhbri prégtfgi) prégtf gi)

9. Bl ji prégtfgi 9, prbpirirél giois Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK gnl y sfl iltfkf÷tfgn. Bj prndbsnr jbs prnpnrgfnliré uli gioi gnl ji gbpi ME2 y ntri gioi gnl ji gbpi pTIU. Wbhkrir pnr bstrèi Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

71

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

79

gruzimi bl gimi uli mb jis giois mb igubrmn i ji gbpi. [bgubrmi qub ji gbpi ME2 rbqufbrb grbgbr bl hbmfn JK sfl iltfkf÷tfgn y ji gbpi pTIU rbqufbrb JK gnl iltfkf÷tfgn. iltfkf÷tfgn. ;. Flgukir jis giois i 73±G pnr 9; e. Qnstbrfnrhbltb ijhigblir jis giois i =±G eisti su utfjfzigf÷l. k) [bigtfvigf÷ [bigtfvigf÷ l bl hbmfn jèquf jèqufmn mn (rbijfzi (rbijfzirjn rjn u ul l mèi i iltbs ltbs mb ji sbculmi prégt prégtfgi) fgi)

9. Bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs, flngujir 2 hJ mb Hbmfn JK gnl uli gnjnlfi mb gæjujis kigtbrfilis ME2ι prbvfihbltb rbigtfvimis bl hbmfn JK s÷jfmn uli sbhili iltbrfnr. ;. Grbgbr bj gujtfvn pnr 9; e bl uli flgukimnri gnl icftigf÷l i 73±G i ;11 rph.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Cblbrig Cblb rig f÷l f÷ l m b ul ki kilg lg n m mb b gæj gæjuj uj is k kig igtbr tbrfil fil is g nh nhpbt pbt blt bltbs bs.. LN]I? tnmn bj bxpbrfh LN]I? bxpbrfhbltn bltn mbkb jjbvirsb i gikn gn l hitbrfij bstærfj y sb mbkb jjbvir oultn ij hbgebrn isbcurilmn ul érbi mb trikion bstærfj.

9. Imfgfnlir 2 hJ mbj gujtfvn kigtbrfiln ME2 ι qub grbgf÷ muriltb tnmi ji lngeb, i =2 hJ mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn gnltblfmn bl ul hitriz Brjblhbybr mb 9;2 hJ. Flgukir i 73±G pnr ; e. ;. Hbmfr ji iksnrkilgfi (I) mbj gujtfvn i 411 lh bl ul bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn. Bj vijnr mb ji Iksnrkilgfi (I) mbkbrèi blgnltrirsb bltrb 1.=-1.2 ulfmimbs. [bcfstrir bj vijnr mb I flmfgimn pnr bj bqufpn. Wf jns piréhbtrns ln sb guhpjbl, iul isè, flfgfir bj prntngnjn piri gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs. 7. [ntujir = hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ bstærfjbs gnl? lnhkrb mb gbpi, dbgei mb bjiknrigf÷l, lÿhbrn mb bqufpn y crupn. Flgjufr bj lÿhbrn mb kilgn isfclimn ij bqufpn. Gnjngir bl efbjn hnjfmn piri qub sb bldrèbl. =. Gnjngir bl gimi hfgrntukn 9.; hJ mbj gujtfvn bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs. Gbltrfducir i 9;111 rph pnr 2 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Bjfhflir bj snkrblimiltb, suggfnlilmn gnl ji pulti mb ji hfgrnpfpbti. 2. Gnjngir jns tukns gnltblfblmn bj knt÷l gbjujir bl efbjn. Iùimfr 211 J mb GiGj; 1.9 H bstærfj y drèn. 4. [bsuspblmbr jns tukns gnl hugen gufmimn, utfjfzir snjihbltb ji ybhi mbj mbmn èlmfgb. Flgukir bl efbjn pnr 92 hfl. 79

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

7;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

3. Gbltrfducir jns tukns pnr 2 hfl i ;111 rph i uli tbhpbrituri mb =±G. 5. Gnjngir jns tukns bl efbjn. Bjfhflir bj snkrblimiltb, suggfnlilmn gnl ji pulti mb ji hfgrnpfpbti. 6. Nksbrvi ji tikji ;. Bl bjji sb prnpnlb bj tritihfbltn isfclimn isfcli mn i gimi kilgn. Bstb tritihfbltn sbré isfclimn pnr bqufpn. Bj Kilgn 9, bs bj kilgn gnltrnj. Qnr jn qub bj bqufpn qub trikiob gnl bstb kilgn mbkbré sbcufr jis flmfgigfnlbs ij pfb mb ji jbtri? 6i. Iùimfr 21 J mb GiGj; 1.9 H drèn. [bsuspblmbr jns tukns gnl hugen gufmimn, utfjfzir snjihbltb ji ybhi mbj mbmn èlmfgb. 6k. Iùimfr i jns hfgrntukns 91 ²J mb cjfgbrnj gnlgbltrimn y bstærfj. Hbzgjir suivbhbltb. Gnjngir bl efbjn. 91. Qiri bj rbstn mb jns kilgns, jns vnjÿhblbs ln sb hnmfdfgil, pbrn bj GiGj ; 1.9 H drèn mbkb sbr rbbhpjizimn pnr LiGj 1.6% drèn, y bj cjfgbrnj bs rbbhpjizimn pnr icui mbstfjimi bstærfj drèi. 99. Ijhigblir jns tukns bl ul ujtrignlcbjimnr i -51±G. 9;. Mbspuæs mb ; hbsbs mb ijhigblihfbltn ijhigblihfbltn i -51±G n i -;1±G bl su mbdbgtn, gnjngir bl efbjn pnr 2 hfl ul tukn mb gimi kilgn. 97. Isbcurélmnsb qub jis gæjujis eil sfmn mbsgnlcbjimis. Wbhkrir pnr bj hætnmn mb bstrèi gruzimi, gimi gbpi bl uli gioi mb Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK s÷jfmn. Bs fhpnrtiltb utfjfzir ul izi crimuimi. 9=. Flgukir jis giois i 73¿G pnr 9; e. Nksbrvir bj grbgfhfbltn bl gimi uli mb jis giois.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

7;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

77

]ikji ;. Qrnpubsti mb Kilgns mb jis gæjujis ME2ι piri ilijfzir bj bdbgtn mbj grfnprbsbrviltb.   Kilgn 9 (Gnltrnj)

Kilgn ;?

GiGj; 

GiGj; 

Cjfgbrnj

Icui mbstfjimi

Kilgn 7?

Kilgn =

LiGj

LiGj

Cjfgbrnj

Icui mbstfjimi

LN]I? Qiri vbr bj bdbgtn mbj GiGj; 1.9 H drèn, snkrb ji fltbriggf÷l mbj pjéshfmn gnl jis gæjujis ME2ι, y bj bdbgtn mb cjfgbrnj bl ji prbsbrv igf÷l mb jis gæjujis sb cblbrirél guitrn kilgns

mfdbrbltbs. Bj GiGj; sb sustftuyb pnr bj LiGj y bj cjfgbrnj sb sustftuyb pnr bj icui. [BWRJ]IMNW?

Bxpjfgir jns rbsujtimns rbjigfnlimns gnl bj grbgfhfbltn gbjujir ilijfzilmn jis pjigis mb gujtfvn qub dubrnl prbsbrvimis prbsbrvimis gnl cjfgbrnj, gnl rbspbgtn i jis qub ln. Qiri vbr bj bdbgtn mbj GiGj; 1.9 H drèn, snkrb ji fltbriggf÷l mbj pjéshfmn gnl jis gæjujis ME2i, rbgubrmi utfjfzir tnmis jis gæjujis g æjujis gnlcbjimis piri ji trilsdnrhigf÷l. Fmbltfdfgi sf eiy ijculi mfdbrblgfi bltrb bj grbgfhfbltn mb ji gbpi bl dulgf÷l mb jis gnlmfgfnlbs mb ji prbpirigf÷l mbj kilgn gæjujis. Bs huy fhpnrtiltb tnhir dntncri dntncridèis dèis mb tnmns jns pisns mbsgrftns bl bj prntngnjn, isè gnhn mb jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfn lbgbsirfnss rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. MB [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW? HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB

Bj pipbj, ijcnm÷l n cisi qub sb cblbrb gnhn rbsfmun y qub ln eiyi bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl lflcÿl rbsfmun mbkbré sbr mbpnsftimn bl ji kisuri hulfgfpij. 77

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

7=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]nmn bj hbmfn jèqufmn qub ln gnltblci kigtbrfis mbkb sbr mbpnsftimn bl ul gnltblbmnr piri [bsfmuns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns. ]nmn hbmfn, n hitbrfij mb pjéstfgn qub bstuvn bl gnltigtn gnl kigtbrfis mbkb sbr gnjngimn bl ul rbgfpfbltb gnl uli snjugf÷l snjugf÷ l mb efpngjnrftn mb snmfn ij 91%. Flgukir pnr 71 hflutns y mbsbg mbsbgeir eir bl gnltblbmnrbs mfspubstns piri [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgns Fldbggfnsns. Jns pjéstfgns qub eiyil bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl gbpis, pubmbs sbr mbsbgeimns i [QKF½s s÷jfmns0 mb jn gnltrirfn pubmbl sbr jivimns gnl icui y oik÷l, blouicimns gnl icui mbstfjimi piri sbr rbutfjfzimns. MFWGRWF×L [BWRJ]I MNW? MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]I

Bxpjfgir jns rbsujtimns rbjigfnlimns gnl bj grbgfhfbltn gbjujir ilijfzilmn jis pjigis mb gujtfvn qub dubrnl prbsbrvimis prbsbrvimis gnl cjfgbrnj, gnl rbspbgtn i jis qub ln. Qiri vbr bj bdbgtn mbj GiGj; 1.9 H drèn, snkrb ji fltbriggf÷l mbj pjéshfmn gnl jis gæjujis ME2ι, rbgubrmi utfjfzir tnmis jis gæjujis gnlcbjimis piri ji trilsdnrhigf÷l. Bstikjbgbr ji mfsgusf÷l gnl kisb i jns hætnmns qub sb utfjfzil piri trilsdnrhir kigtbrfis. Gnlsfmbri bj dulmihbltn tb÷rfgn y guéj bs bj hés utfjfzimn. GNLGJRWFNLBW?

Eigbr eflgipfæ bl ji fhpnrtilgfi mb utfjfzir ul grfnprbsbrviltb y su bdbgtn snkrb ji vfikfjfmim ilijfzimi kion jis gnlmfgfnlbs bxpbrfhbltijbs mbj prngbmfhfbltn utfjfzimn. Cblbrir uli efp÷tbsfs snkrb ji mfdbrblgfi qub bxfstb bltrb bj kilgn mb gæjujis qub gnltfblb GiGj; y bj rbstn piri ji igbptigf÷l mbj pjéshfmn muriltb bj prngbsn mb trilsdnrhigf÷l. GRBW]FNLI[FN?

9. ¾Guéjbs snl jns hætnmns mb grfnprbsbrvigf÷l hés gnhulbs y gnl hiynr ipjfgigf÷l bl Kfntbglnjncèi> ;. ¾Qnr quæ utfjfzihns i ji kigtbrfi B. gnjf  ME2ι> ¾Yuæ ntris gbpis mb B. gnjf sb pubmbl utfjfzir> 7. ¾Qnr quæ sb utfjfzi GiGj ; bl bj prngbmfhfbltn mb prbpirigf prbpirigf÷l ÷l mb gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs> Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

7=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

72

=. Hblgfnli jis mfdbrbltbs tæglfgis qub bxfstbl piri hiltblbr jis hbhkrilis pnrnsis y pbrhbikjbs ij IML (bstimn mb gnhpbtblgfi), piri su pnstbrfnr trilsdnrhigf÷l. KFKJFNC[IDÈI?

Kiust, O. C., y Kiust, O. H. (;113). Imvilg  Imvilgbs bs fl kfnprbsbrvitfn kfnprbsbrvitfnl l, Lbw Vnr`? ]iyjnr ilm Drilgfs Crnup G[G. Krnlzfln, O. M. (;111). Kfnhbmfgij Blcflbbrflc Eilmknn`. (;i Bm.) Djnrfmi, RWI? G[G Qrbss pukjfse fl gnnpbritfnl wfte FBBW Qrbss. Dujjbr, K. O., Jilb, L., y Kblsnl, B. B. (;112). Jfdb fl drnzbl Wtitb. Sisefltnlc MG.? G[G Qrbss, Ebrlélmbz, I., Ijdirn, F., Irrfbti, [. (;117). Hfgrnkfnjncèi Flmustrfij. Gnsti [fgi? Rlfvbrsfmim Bstitij i Mfstilgfi BRLBM. Qfbrgb, K. I. (;116). Cblætfgi? ul bldnqub gnlgbptuij. (7i Bm.). Himrfm, Bspiùi? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili. ]fhhbreius, @. M. (963;).  Imvilgb  Imvilgbs s fl Gryncblfg Blcflbbrflc? Blcflbbrflc? I Gnjjbgtfnl Gnjjbgtfnl nd Flvftbm Qipbrs ilm gnltrfkutbm pipbrs prbsbltbm it litfnlij tbgelfgij hbbtflcs murflc 9631 ilm 9639 .

Blcflbbrflc [bsbirge Gbltbr, Rlfvbrsfty nd Gnjnrimn. Wprflcbr Wgfblgb Kusflbss Hbmfi, pp 994. ]nrtnri, C. O., O., Dul`b, K. [., [., Gisb, G. J. (;113). Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji Hfgrnkfnjncèi. (6i Bm.) Himrfm, Bspiùi? Hæmfgi pilihbrfgili Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji hfgrnkfnjncèi

72

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

74

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

74

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

73

73

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

75

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 7. TB[FDFGIGF×L MB JI FL]BC[FMIM MB JI GNLW][RGGF×L HNJBGRJI[. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?   [bijfzir ji purfdfgigf purfdfgigf÷l ÷l mb ul pjéshfm pjéshfmnn kigtbr kigtbrfiln filn utf utfjfzilmn jfzilmn bj hætnmn mb mb jfsfs ijgij ijgijfli. fli.  

Mbtbrhflir ji giltfmim y crimn mb purbzi mb pjéshfmn nktblfmn hbmfiltb bspbgtrndntnhbtrèi.

 

Bvijuir ji jflbijfmi jflbijfmimm y bj pit pitr÷l r÷l mb mfcbstf÷l bspbgèdfgn mmbb ji gnl gnlstruggf÷l struggf÷l hnjb hnjbgujir gujir utfjfzilmn blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l y su vbrfdfgigf÷l bl ul cbj mb icirnsi.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?

Fmbltfdfgi y gnlngb ji dulgf÷l mb gimi uln mb jns bjbhbltns cælfgns bsblgfijbs mb jns vbgtnrbs pjishèmfgns, qub pbrhftb ji gnlstruggf÷l hnjbgujir gnrrbgti mb ul vbgtnr mb gjnligf÷l n mb bxprbsf÷l, jns guijbs pubmbl sbr bhpjbimns piri nktblbr ul ijtn lÿhbrn mb gnpfis mbj IML rbgnhkfliltb n ji cblbrigf÷l mb lubvns prnmugtns rbspbgtfvihbltb. Isè hfshn, gnlngb jns prngbsns mb purfdfgigf÷l, guiltfdfgigf÷l, iléjfsfs b fmbltfdfgigf÷l mb IML pjishèmfgn rbgnhkfliltb, rbgnhkflilt b, jn guij pbrhftb nptfhfzir jns prngbsns mb prnmuggf÷l i lfvbj flmustrfij. FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jns pjéshfmns snl hnjægujis mb MLI bxtrigrnhns÷hfgn, gfrgujir y cblbrijhbltb mb pbqubùn tihiùn qub sb blgubltril bl hugeis bspbgfbs kigtbrfilis y qub sb pubmbl rbpjfgir mb hilbri flmbpblmfbltb mbj MLI grnhns÷hfgn. Bstns bjbhbltns bxtrigrnhnsnhijbs ln snl lbgbsirfns piri ji vfikfjfmim cblbrij mb ji gæjuji, pbrn pubmbl gnltblbr cblbs qub gnltrfkuybl i ji supbrvfvblgfi bl gnlmfgfnlbs bspbgfijbs, gnhn jns qub gnldfbrbl rbsfstblgfi i iltfkf÷tfgns, i hbtijbs, btg. Ijculis gjisbs mb pjéshfmns pnsbbl imbhés ji prnpfbmim gnlngfmi gnhn "rbpjfgigf÷l rbjioimi", bstn bs, bstél prbsbltbs bl dnrhi mb hugeis gnpfis pnr gæjuji, jn qub digfjfti blnrhbhbltb su ifsjihfbltn y purfdfgigf÷l (Krnwl, ;115). Jns pjéshfmns snl mb sflcujir fltbræs bl Flcblfbrèi Cblætfgi pnr sbr uln mb jns sfstbhis vbgtnrbs hés sblgfjjns mb usir. Rl vbgtnr mb gjnligf÷l bs ul sfstbhi qub pbrhftb fltrnmugfr bl Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

75

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

76

uli gæjuji enspbmbri ul drichbltn mb MLI qub sb prbtblmb gjnlir0 bl bsti gæjuji enspbmbri bj vbgtnr sb rbpjfgi y/n bxprbsi sbcÿl sbi ji liturijbzi mbj pjéshfmn. Ji hnjæguji qub rbsujti mb ji ulf÷l mb ul vbgtnr gnl bj MLI mb fltbræs (mblnhflimn bltnlgbs "flsbrtn") sb mblnhfli hnjæguji mb vbgtnr rbgnhkfliltb (Kbrc bt ij., ;1130 Hurriy bt ij., ;116). Qiri sbr utfjfzimn gnhn vbgtnr mb gjnligf÷l, ul pjéshfmn fmbij mbkb pnsbbr ij hblns trbs girigtbrèstfgis? 9) Mbkb tblbr su   prnpfn nrfcbl mb rbpjfgigf÷l  y pnr tiltn ji gipigfmim mb rbpjfgigf÷l iut÷lnhi flmbpblmfbltb mbj cblnhi mbj enspbmbrn. ;) Mbkb tblbr sftfns mb gjnligf÷l hÿjtfpjb qub pbrhftil ji ipbrturi mbj MLI gnl blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l y eigbr pnsfkjb

ji gjnligf÷l mb flsbrtns mb MLI bl ji dnrhi y nrfbltigf÷l mbtbrhflimi. 7) Mbkb pnsbbr hirgimnrbs cblætfgns sbjbggfnlikjbs qub pbrhftil ifsjir jis gæjujis enspbmbris qub

gnltblcil bj vbgtnr0 pnr bo. ji prbsblgfi bl bj pjéshfmn mbj cbl mb rbsfstblgfi i ihpfgfjfli pbrhftb sbjbggfnlir jis kigtbrfis qub pnrtil bstns pjéshfmns, crigfis i su gipigfmim piri grbgbr bl prbsblgfi mb mfgen iltfkf÷tfgn (bj cbl mb rbsfstblgfi gnmfdfgi uli kbti jigtihisi, blzfhi qub mbcrimi ji ihpfgfjfli). Ji hiynrèi mb jns pjéshfmns liturijbs ln guhpjbl tnmis bstis gnlmfgfnlbs, pnr jn qub pnr hbmfn mb Flcblfbrèi Cblætfgi sb ei rbijfzimn ji gnlstruggf÷l mb pjéshfmns irtfdfgfijbs, gnhkflilmn bl uli hfshi hnjæguji mfvbrsns riscns ÿtfjbs prngbmbltbs mb jns pjéshfmns liturijbs (Krnwl, ;115). Ji hilbri hés gnhÿl piri eigbr qub bj hitbrfij cblætfgn mb fltbræs pubmi sbr ulfmn ij pjéshfmn vbgtnr bs cblbrilmn bxtrbhns gnhpitfkjbs. Qiri bjjn, uli bxgbjbltb ebrrihfblti bs bj usn mb blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l. Jis blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l usimis bl ji cblbrigf÷l mb gnrtbs y hipis mb rbstrfggf÷l mbltrn mb jis tæglfgis mb Flcblfbrèi Cblætfgi, dubrnl fmbltfdfgimis gnhn jns sfstbhis mb rbstrfggf÷l tfpn FF mb ijculis kigtbrfis y tfblbl ji dulgf÷l mb gnrtir bj hitbrfij cblætfgn ij fmbltfdfgir fmbltfdf gir uli sbgublgfi huy bspbgèd bspbgèdfgi fgi mb pirbs mb kisbs bl bj IML, ji guij pubmb fr mbsmb = eisti 9;. Gimi blzfhi mb rbstrfggf÷l rbgnlngb uli sbgublgfi girigtbrè girigtbrèstfgi, stfgi, jn qub ei pbrhftfmn su usn bl ji flcblfbrèi cblætfgi. Jns gnrtbs rbijfzimns pnr mfgeis blzfhis pubmbl mir bxtrbhns jfsns (rnhns n trulgimns) n gnebsfvns. Mbpblmfblmn mbj trikion mb flcblfbrèi cblætfgi mbsirrnjjimn bs qub sb utfjfzil guijqufbri mb bjjns. Qiri jncrir qub bj cbl mb fltbræs sbi flsbrtimn bl bj vbgtnr mb fltbræs bs fhpnrtiltb qub bj gnrtb sb rbijfgb gnl ji hfshi blzfhi mb rbstrfggf÷l piri jncrir ji gnhpjbhbltirfmim mb kisbs (bl bj gisn mb tblbr bxtrbhns 76

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

=1

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

gnebsfvns) y qub ji gnlstruggf÷l sbi bxftnsi. Imbhés, jis blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l tfblbl ntrns usns tijbs gnhn ji fmbltfdfgigf÷l mb jis gnlstruggfnlbs hnjbgujirbs gnl kisb ij tihiùn mbj drichbltn y bl ji fmbltfdfgigf÷l mb pnjfhnrdfshns (Kbrc bt ij., ;1130 Wihkrnn` y [ussbjj, ;1190 Qubrti y Rrbùi, ;112).  IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  I

Flvbstfcir jns tfpns mb pjéshfmns utfjfzimns bl ji flcblfbrèi cblætfgi isè gnhn sus prnpfbmimbs. Flvbstfcir jis sbgublgfis mb rbgnlngfhfbltn mb jis sfcufbltbs blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l? Bgn[F, UenF, @plF. HI]B[FIJBW V [BIG]FTNW?   GIL]FMIM

; 9 9

HI]B[FIJ

]ukns mb gbltrèduci mb 92 hJ bstærfjbs Hfgrnpfpbtis mb 1.2-91 ²J, ;1-;11 ²J y mb 911-9111 ²J Gioi mb pultis piri hfgrnpfpbtis bstærfjbs

GIL]FMIM

[BIG]FTNW

;1 hJ

Hbmfn JK jèqufmn

911 hJ

*Icui flybgtikjb

;1 hJ

* Wnjugf÷l F

;1 91

Hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ Hfgrntukns mb 1.4 hJ

91 hJ 91 hJ

LiNE 91 L WMW 91% p/v

9

Qfgbti

;1 hJ

* Wnjugf÷l FF

;1 hJ

* Wnjugf÷l FFF

Tisn mb prbgfpftimn ;21 hJ

;1 hJ

Btilnj

Flgukimnri i 73±G

9 hJ

@ilihfgfli @ilihfgfl i 21 hc/hJ

Hbgebrn Dfsebr

211 hJ

Kuddbr ]IB 9U

9 9

Gbjmi guirzn piri bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

=1

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Gbltrèduci piri tukns mb 92

;1 J

hJ

=9

Krnhurn mb btfmfn 91 hc/hJ Hirgimnr mb Qbsn

Hfgrngbltrèduci Dubltb mb pnmbr piri géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs sfs

91 J

Hnjbgujir (9@k)

911 J

2U Kuddbr mb girci

= hc

Icirnsi

Bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn Bspbgtrndn t÷hbtrn Géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs sfs enrfznltij ]rilsjuhflimnr ]rilsjuhflim nr RT

2 J

Blzfhis mb [bstrfggf÷l Bgn[F y UenF

;.= c

]rfs Kisb

4 hJ

Égfmn igætfgn

91 c

BM]I

*Wnjugf÷l F. Mbxtrnsi 21 hH, ]rfs ;2 hH y BM]I 91 hH. Ioustir pE 5 y Bstbrfjfzir bl iutngjivb 92 psf pnr ;1 hflutns. Ijhigblir i =nG. *Wnjugf÷l FF. (Wb prbpiri bl bj hnhbltn mb utfjfzirji). =11 ²J Icui mbstfjimi, 211 ²J WMW 91% y 911 ²J LiNE 91 L. *Wnjugf÷l FFF. Igbtitn mb pntisfn 2 H 4 hJ, Égfmn igætfgn 9.92 hJ y Icui mbstfjimi ;.52 hJ. Ioustir pE =.5. Bstbrfjfzir bl iutngjivb 92 psf pnr ;1 hflutns. Ijhigblir i = nG. ]IB 91U (211 hJ)?;=.2; c ]rfs kisb, 2.3 hJ Égfmn igætfgn, 91 hJ BM]I 1.2 H pE 5.1

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

K[NHR[N MB B]FMFN Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn bs ul icbltb fltbrgijiltb usimn gnhÿlhbltb gnhn hirgimnr mb égfmns lugjbfgns. Guilmn sb bxpnlb bsti sustilgfi i juz ujtrivfnjbti, bhftb uli juz rnoi-iliriloimi, qub sb fltblsfdfgi ulis ;1 vbgbs mbspuæs mb eikbrsb ulfmn i uli gimbli mb IML. Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn tfblb ji sfcufbltb d÷rhuji quèhfgi G ;9E91KrL7, tij gnhn ji hiynrèi mb jns gnhpubstns djunrbsgbltbs, djunrbsgbltbs, bs uli sustilgfi irnhétfgi, guyi ipirfb ipirfblgfi lgfi bs mb gnjnr rnon. ]fblb ul pbsn hnjbgujir mb 76=.;6= c/hnj. Ji hiynr pirtb mb ji hnjæguji bs uli bstrugturi trfgègjfgi =9

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

=;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

gnl crupns ihfln-kblgbln bl gimi jimn mb uli hnjæguji pfrfmèlfgi (sbfs étnhns, gnltblfblmn lftr÷cbln y ul ilfjjn irnhétfgn). Bsti bstrugturi mfkblznpfrfmèlfgi bs gnlngfmi gnl bj lnhkrb mb dbliltrfmfli. [fbscns i ji sijum? 

Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn bs uli sustilgfi dubrtbhbltb huticælfgi y bs frrftiltb i jns nons, pfbj, hugnsis y bj trigtn rbspfritnrfn. Jns bdbgtns silftirfns mb ji bxpnsfgf÷l i bstb gnhpubstn ln eil sfmn tnmivèi flvbstfcimns prndulmihbltb. Qnsbb bdbgtns gnhn icbltb gilgbrècbln y tbritncælfgn pnr su guijfmim mb huticblfgfmim. Wf sb flcfbrb, sb fleiji n sb iksnrkb pnr ji pfbj, bsti sustilgfi pubmb tblbr bdbgtns lngfvns. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns? 

Wf sb mbrrihi snkrb jns nons n ji pfbj, jivir gnl ikulmiltb icui muriltb 92 hflutns usilmn uli mugei mb sbcurfmim n ul jivinons. Wf sb fleiji n sb flcfbrb sb mbkb kusgir iyumi hæmfgi urcbltbhbltb. Qiri mbrrihbs, usb ul iksnrkbltb piri sbgir bj krnhurn mb btfmfn. Jfhpfir tihkfæl guijqufbr trizi mb bsti sustilgfi bl bstimn s÷jfmn gnl hugei prbgiugf÷l b fltbltilmn ln grbir pnjvn. Bjfhèlbsb ji sustilgfi bl ul gnltblbmnr ebrhætfgn y bltræcubsb, mbkfmihbltb btfqubtimn, ij pbrsnlij gijfdfgimn bl bj hilbon mb rbsfmuns quèhfgns. HB]NMNJNCÈI?

Bs fhpnrtiltb sikbr qub bj pjéshfmn mb bxprbsf÷l pTIU9/BCDQ dub gnlstrufmn i pirtfr mbj vbgtnr QTIU9 (Dfcuri 9), i gnltfluigf÷l sb mbsgrfkbl ijculis mb sus girigtbrèstfgis? Bj vbgtnr pTIU9 (7.1 `k), gnltfblb ul cbl mbj prnhntnr GHT0 ul sftfn s ftfn mbj prnhntnr ]30 ul sftfn hÿjtfpjb mb gjnligf÷l0 uli sbùij mb pnjfimblfjigf÷l pnjfimblfjigf ÷l mbj cbl mb ji enrhnli mb grbgfhfbltn knvfln P(KCE) piri bdfgfbltir ji tbrhfligf÷l mb ji trilsgrfpgf÷l y mb pnjfimblfjigf÷l mbj I[LhX0 ul cbl mb rbsfstblgfi i `ilihfgfli0 y, ul sftfn mb rbpjfgigf÷l kigtbrfiln (nrfcbl pRG). Bj vbgtnr pTIU9/BCDQ (7.5 `k) pnsbb jns hfshns bjbhbltns qub bj vbgtnr pTIU9, imbhés mbj cbl mb ji prntbèli vbrmb djunrbsgbltb hbonrimi (BCDQ, Bleilgbm Crbbl Djnrbsgblt Qrntbfl).

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

=;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=7

Dfcuri 9. Qjéshfmn pTIU9 y pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ.

9

;

7

=

2 

=111 pk

9111 pk 211 pk 

Dfcuri ;. Mfcbstf÷l mbj pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ. Wb flmfgi ji hubstri mb gimi girrfj? 9. Hirgimnr mb pbsn hnjbgujir mb IML? 9 `k hirgi Dbrhbltis Git. WH17990 ;. Qjéshfmn pTix9-BCDQ sfl mfcbrfr0 7. Qjéshfmn pTix9-BCDQ mfcbrfmn gnl blzfhi Uen F0 =. Qjéshfmn pTix9BCDQ mfcbrfmn gnl blzfhi Bgn[ F0 2. Qjéshfmn pTix9-BCDQ mfcbrfmn gnl blzfhi @pl F.

Bl ji dfcuri ;, sb hubstril bj blsiyn mb rbstrfggf÷l mb 9 c mb pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ gnl jis blzfhis UenF, Bgn[ F y @pl F. Jns drichbltns rbgupbrimns gnrrbspnlmbl i jns tihiùns flmfgimns bl bj hipi mb ji dfcuri 9. Jis blzfhis Uen F y @pl F, s÷jn tfblbl ul sftfn mb gnrtb. Wu usn mi jucir i ul pjéshfmn jflbirfzimn. Ji fhicbl hubstri qub iÿl mbspuæs mb 7 e mb =7

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

==

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

mfcbstf÷l, æsti dub pirgfij jn qub sfclfdfgi qub sb mbkf÷ utfjfzir hblns giltfmim mb pjéshfmn. Ji mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi Bgn[ F, mi mns drichbltns uln gnrrbspnlmfbltb ij vbgtnr (7111 pk) y ntrn gnrrbspnlmfbltb ij cbl BCDQ (349 pk).  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? Qu Qurfrf dfgig df gig f÷l f÷ l m mbj bj Qjés hf hfmn mn pT pTIU9/BCDQ IU9/BCDQ utfj ut fjfzil fzil mn bj hæt nm n m mb b jfs fs ijg ijf ijfli. li.

9. Rli lngeb iltbs mb mbsirrnjjir ji igtfvfmim gnjngir bl mns tukns mb gbltrèduci mb 21 hJ bstærfj, 2 hJ mb hbmfn JK gnl 21 ²c/hJ mb `ilihfgfli y uli gnjnlfi mb ji gbpi pTIU9/BCDQ. ;. Flgukir i 73¿G gnl uli icftigf÷l mb ;21 rph muriltb 9; e iprnxfhimihbltb. 7. Gbltrfducir 9 hJ mbj gujtfvn bl ; hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ i 9;111 rph muriltb 9 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. =. [btfrir bj snkrblimiltb gufmimnsihbltb mb tnmns jns tukns eigfblmn usn mb ji hfgrnpfpbti. [bpbtfr jns pisns 7 y = eisti qub bj vnjuhbl mbj gujtfvn sb icntb. 2. [bsuspblmbr bj knt÷l gbjujir dflij bl 921 ²J mb Wnjugf÷l F (Tbr bj ipirtimn mb Hitbrfijbs y [bigtfvns) b flgukir 2 hflutns h flutns i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. 4. Icrbcir 921 ²J mb snjugf÷l FF rbgfæl prbpirimi (Tbr bj ipirtimn mb Hitbrfijbs y [bigtfvns). Bl bsti btipi, sb jjbvi i gikn ji mbsliturijfzigf÷l mb prntbèlis y jfsfs gbjujir. Hbzgjir gufmimnsihbltb pnr flvbrsf÷l trbs vbgbs. Flgukir i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb pnr 2 hflutns. Nksbrvir gnhn bj jèqufmn sb pnlb turkfn. 3. Icrbcir 921 ²J mb ji snjugf÷l FFF prbvfihbltb ijhigblimi i =¿G (Tbr bj ipirtimn mb Hitbrfijbs y [bigtfvns). Nksbrvir bj ispbgtn mbj tukn, ipirbgbré uli turkfmbz kjilgi ij prbgfpftir jis prntbèlis y bj MLI grnhns÷hfgn. Hbzgjir pnr flvbrsf÷l muriltb 91 sbculmns. Flgukir 2 hflutns i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. 5. Gbltrfducir pnr 2 hflutns i 97111 rph. Jns rbstns gbjujirbs snl rbgupbrimns bl bj dnlmn mbj tukn. Bj snkrblimiltb gnltfblb IML pjishèmfgn y [LI. 6. [bgupbrir bj snkrblimiltb, gnl hugen gufmimn piri bvftir jjbvirsb rbsfmuns rbsf muns s÷jfmns. Gnjngir bj snkrblimiltb bl ul hfgrntukn mb 9.2 hJ bstærfj y jfhpfn. 91. Icrbcir 9 hJ mb Btilnj iksnjutn ijhigblimn i =¿G. Hbzgjir pnr flvbrsf÷l 4 vbgbs. Flgukir i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb pnr ; hfl. Gbltrfducir i 99,111 rph muriltb 91 hflutns. 99. Bjfhflir bj snkrblimiltb pnr ispfrigf÷l gnl ji pulti mb ji hfgrnpfpbti. Isbcurirsb mb qub Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

==

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=2

ln qubmi btilnj bl jis pirbmbs mbj hfgrntukn. 9;. Jivir bj knt÷l pnr flvbrsf÷l gnl 9 hJ mb btilnj ij 31% ijhigblimn i =¿G muriltb 41 s. 97. Gbltrfducir i 99,111 rph muriltb 2 hflutns. Bjfhflir gufmimnsihbltb bj snkrblimiltb pnr ispfrigf÷l gnl ji pulti mb ji hfgrnpfpbti. [bpbtfr bj jivimn mbj pisn 9; uli vbz hés. 9=. Mbgiltir bj snkrblimiltb. Flvbrtfr jns tukns snkrb pipbj sbgiltb pnr 92 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb, eisti qub sb eiyi bvipnrimn guijqufbr rbsfmun mb btilnj. 92. [bsuspblmbr bj IML pjishèmfgn bl 71 ²J mb Icui HfjfY bstærfj y imfgfnlir ; ²J mb uli snjugf÷l mb [LIsi i ;1 ²c/hJ. Flgukir i 73±G pnr 9 e. 94. Ijhigblir i -;1¿G piri su pnstbrfnr utfjfzigf÷l.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Gu ilt iltfdfdfg fg igf÷ ig f÷l l m b IML p pjis jis hèm hèmfg fg n.  

9. Qiri guiltfdfgir ji giltfmim mb IML pjishèmfgn nktblfmn bs lbgbsirfn rbijfzir uli mfjugf÷l 9?911 gnl ji suspblsf÷l mb IML nktblfmn bl ji Igtfvfmim 9 bl icui hfjjfY bstærfj y jbbr bl ul bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i uli iksnrkilgfi i ;41 lh y i ;51lh. Rtfjfzir icui hfjjfY bstærfj gnhn kjilgn y gbjmis mb guirzn. ]nhir bl gublti qub 9 ulfmim mb mblsfmim ÷ptfgi (M. N.) i uli  I;41 lh gnrrbspnlmb

i 21 hc/hJ mb IML pjishèmfgn.

;. Qiri gijgujir bj èlmfgb mb purbzi mbj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn, gijgujir bj sfcufbltb gngfbltb? Ji prnpnrgf÷l mb jis jbgturis bltrb ;41 lh/;51 lh y ;41/;71 prnpnrgfnli uli bstfhigf÷l mb ji purbzi mbj égfmn lugjbfgn. Wf eiy gnltihfligf÷l gnl prntbèlis u ntris snjugfnlbs bhpjbimis muriltb ji bxtriggf÷l, ln bs pnsfkjb guiltfdfgir mb hilbri prbgfsi bj MLI. Qiri ji rbjigf÷l IML/prntbèlis? ;41/;51 lh, jns vijnrbs ÷ptfhns snl mb ~9.5-;.1 Qiri ji rbjigf÷l mb IML/sijbs? ;41/;71 lh, jns vijnrbs ÷ptfhns snl mb 1.7-1.4  Ig tf vfmi vf mim m 7? Jfl J flbir birfzig fzigf÷ f÷ l m mbj bj Tbgtn Tbg tnrr QTix9 QTix9-BCDQ -BCDQ gn gnl l ji bl blzfh zfhi i mb rbs rbstr trfg fg gf÷l gf ÷l Uen Ue n F pir piri i ji vbrfdfgigf÷l mbj tihiùn. LN]I? LN ]I? Ji igtfvf igtfvfmim mim 7 y = sb mbkbl pr prbpirir bpirir mb hilbri sfhuj sfhujtélbi télbi..

9. Mbsgnlcbjir bj IML mbj pjéshfmn prbvfihbltb purfdfgimn y ijhigblimn i -;1 nG, gnlsbrvir bl efbjn drippæ. ;. Mbsgnlcbjir icui jfkrb mb MLIsis, 91U Kuddbr [bm. =2

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

=4

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

7. Qrbpirir trbs rbiggfnlbs mb mfcbstf÷l piri vbrfdfgir bj tihiùn mbj pjéshfmn, mns gnl ul pjéshfmn purfdfgimn muriltb ji gjisb y ntri gnl bj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn pnr bj prndbsnr. =. Qrbpirir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? 94.2 ²J mb Icui hfjjfY bstærfj jfkrb mb MLIsis n icui flybgtikjb ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr [bm 9 ²J mb IML pjishèmfgn. Ioustir bj vnjuhbl mbj pjéshfmn piri ijgilzir 9 ²c. Qnr jn tiltn tihkfæl sb mbkb ioustir bj vnjuhbl mbj icui. 1.2 ²J Blzfhi Uen F 2. Flgukir ji rbiggf÷l i 73±G pnr 9.2 i 7 e. Gnlsbrvir ji rbiggf÷l i -;1±G eisti qub sb viyil i gnrrbr jis hubstris bl ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 9%.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? Fmbl tfdf tf dfgig gig f÷ l m mbj bj p itr itr÷l ÷l mb rrbs bstr trfg fggf gf ÷l us il ilmn mn ji bl zfh zfhi i Bgn [ F. 9. Mbsgnlcbjir bj IML mbj pjéshfmn prbvfihbltb purfdfgimn y ijhigblimn i -;1 nG, gnlsbrvir

bl efbjn drippæ. ;. Mbsgnlcbjir icui jfkrb mb MLIsis, 91U Kuddbr Bgn[F. 7. Qrbpirir trbs rbiggfnlbs mb mfcbstf÷l piri vbrfdfgir pitr÷l mb mfcbstf÷l mbj pjéshfmn, mns gnl ul pjéshfmn purfdfgimn muriltb ji gjisb y ntri gnl bj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn pnr bj prndbsnr. =. Qrbpirir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? 94.2 ²J mb Icui hfjjfY bstærfj. ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr Bgn[F 9 ²J mb IML pjishèmfgn. Ioustir bj vnjuhbl mbj pjéshfmn piri ijgilzir 9 ²c. Qnr jn tiltn tihkfæl sb mbkb ioustir bj vnjuhbl mbj icui. 1.2 ²J Blzfhi Bgn[F 2. Flgukir ji rbiggf÷l i 73±G pnr 9.2 i 7 e. Gnlsbrvir ji rbiggf÷l i -;1±G eisti qub sb viyil i gnrrbr jis hubstris bl ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 9%.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 2? B Bjbg jbg trnd tr ndnr nr bsfs bs fs bl c bj m mb b icirns icir ns i ij 1.5 % m mb b jn s p pjj éshf és hfmn mn s mfcb mf cbrfrf mn s

9. Irhir ji kisb bl mnlmb sb pnjfhbrfziré bj cbj mb icirnsi. Gnjngir bj pbflb qub dulgfnli mb hnjmb piri ji dnrhigf÷l mb jns pnzns bl mnlmb sb gircirél jis hubstris i sbpirir. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

=4

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=3

;. Qrbpirir bj cbj mb icirnsi sfcufblmn bj prngbmfhfbltn? i) Qbsir 1.= c mb ic icirnsi irnsi y gnjngirjns bl bl 21 hJ mb kuddbr ]IB 9U. k) Gijbltir bl kiùn hirèi n mfrbgtihbltb i hbgebrn, fmbijhbltb bl hfgrnnlmis piri mfsnjvbr eisti mfsnjvbr ji icirnsi. Wf ln eiy hfgrnnlmis utfjfzir ul hbgebrn Dfsebr. g) Icrbcir ; ²J mb krn krnhurn hurn mb btfmfn btfmfn (91 hc/hJ) ij ccbj bj sfl snjfmfdfgir y hbzgjir. hbzgjir. (Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn bs suhihbltb gilgbrècbln, pnr jn qub bs fhpnrtiltb hilfpujirjnn gnl gufmimn y utfjfzir cuiltbs bl tnmn bstb prngbsn). hilfpujirj m) Icrbcir ji snjugf÷l mb icirnsi ij hnjmb mb cbj guilmn ji snjugf÷l tblc tblcii uli tbhpbrituri mb =1¿G. Mboir qub snjfmfdfqub i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb y rbtfrir jns pbflbs gnl gufmimn mb ln rnhpbr jns pnzns. 7. Rli vbz snjfmfdfgimn bj cbj, gnjngirjn mbltrn mb ji géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrbsfs y icrbcir kuddbr ]IB 9U eisti gukrfrjn. =. Cblbri ul hipi mb girci. Flgjufr bj hirgimnr mb pbsn hnjbgujir mb IML, Qjéshfmn sfl mfcbrfr y gimi uli mb jis hubstris mfcbrfmis. 2. I gimi hubstri imfgfnlir ; ²J mb kuddbr mb girci 4U. Bj hirgimnr mb pbsn hnjbgujir hnjbguj ir sb mbkb prbpirir mb igubrmn i jis flmfgigfnlbs mbj gnhbrgfiltb. 4. Gircir gnl gufmimn jis hubstris bl gimi pnzn, gnjngilmn 4 ²J mbj hirgimnr mb pbsn Hnjbgujir, 7 ²J mb pjéshfmn sfl mfcbrfr y ;1 ²J mbj pjéshfmn mfcbrfm mfcbrfmnn bl pnzns mfdbrbltbs mfdbrbltbs.. 3. Gnrrbr bj cbj i 61 T muriltb iprnxfhimihbltb =1 hflutns n muriltb bj tfbhpn sudfgfbltb piri hiltblbr bj drbltb mbj gnjnriltb huy gbrgiln ij knrmb mbj cbj. 5. Rli vbz tbrhflimi ji gnrrfmi, blouicir bj cbj gnl icui y bxpnlbr snkrb ul trilsfjuhflimnr mb RT. Gipturir ji rbspbgtfvi fhicbl piri rbijfzir bj iléjfsfs mbj hfshn gnhpirilmn bj tihiùn mb jns drichbltns nktblfmns gnl bj hirgimnr mb pbsn Hnjbgujir. 6. Gnrtir gnl ul guttbr jis kilmis qub gnrrbspnlmbl ij cbl BCDQ y gnjngirji bl ul hfgrntukn mb 9.2 hJ. 91. Gnrtir gnl ul guttbr jis kilmis qub gnrrbspnlmb ij cbl pTIU9 y gnjngirji bl ul hfgrntukn mb 9.2 hJ. Ijhigblirjis i -;1±G eisti su usn.

=3

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

=5

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

[BWRJ]IMNW?    Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? Qur Qurfdfdfg fg igf÷ ig f÷l l mb mbjj p jés hf hfmn mn . [bpnrtir jis dntncridèis mbj prngbsn b flmfgir

mbtijjimihbltb qub bsté ngurrfblmn bl gimi btipi.  Ig tf vfmi vf mim m ;? Guil tfdf tf dfgi gigf gf ÷l mbj IML pjis pj ishèm hèmfg fg n. [bpnrtir jns vijnrbs nktblfmns y gijgujir

jns èlmfgbs mb purbzi bl ji tikji 7. Flmfgir qub fhpnrtilgfi y qub fldnrhigf÷l lns prnpnrgfnli gimi èlmfgb mb purbzi. [bcfstri bl ji tikji 7 ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb pjéshfmn bl ²c/ ²J. ]ikji 7. [bcfstrn mb M. N., èlmfgb mb purbzi y gnlgbltrigf÷l mbj IML pjishèmfgn. Hubstri

Mfjugf÷l

M.N. ;41 M.N. ;51 lh 

lh 

M.N. ;71

[

[

Gnlgbltrigf÷l

lh 

;41/;51 

;41/;51 

(²c/²J)

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7 y =? Jflb Jf lbirf irf zig zigf÷ f÷ l m mbj bj Tbg Tbgtn tn r QTI QTIU9-BCDQ U9-BCDQ gnl g nl ji bl blzfh zfhi i mb rrbs bstr trfg fg gf ÷l Uen F piri ji vbrfdfgigf÷l vbrfdfgigf÷l mbj tihi tihiùn ùn b FFmbltfdfgigf÷l mbltfdfgigf÷l mbj pitr÷l mb rbstrfggf÷ l usilmn ji blz blzfhi fhi Bgn[ F. [bpnrtir jis dntncridèis mbj prngbsn y bxpjfgir gimi uli mb jis btipis qub sb jjbvirnl i gikn.  Ig tf vfmi vf mim m 2? Bjbg trnd tr ndnr nrbs bsfs fs bl c bj m mb b icirns icir ns i ij 1.5% m mb b jn s p jéshf jés hf mn s m mfc fc br brfm fmns ns .

[bpnrtir ji dntn mbj cbj mb icirnsi qub gnltfblb jns pjéshfmns mfcbrfmns y ln mfcbrfmns, mbtijjilmn bj pbsn Hnjbgujir mb jns drichbltns nktblfmns gnhpirélmnjns gnl bj hirgimnr mb pbsns Hnjbgujir. Flmfgir mbtijjimihbltb qub rbprbsblti gimi girrfj mbj cbj.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

=5

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=6

HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

Mbsbgeir jns [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns ([QKF) cblbrimns mb ji sfcufbltb hilbri? Wf sb trikio÷ gnl gujtfvn jèqufmn, jns rbsfmuns isè gnhn jis pultis qub bstuvfbrnl bl gnltigtn gnl æj, mbkbl sbr fligtfvimis gnl uli snjugf÷l mb efpngjnrftn mb snmfn ij 91%. Flgukir pnr 92 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Mbsbgeir jns jèqufmns bl ul gnltblbmnr y btfqubtirjn gnhn [QKF. Jis pultis y jns hfgrntukns mbsbgeirjns mbsbgeirjns bl knjsi rnoi y btfqubtir btfqubtirji ji gnhn [QKF. Bj cbj mb icirnsi, jns cuiltbs, isè gnhn jis pultis y tnmn bj hitbrfij qub eiyi bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl bj krnhurn mb btfmfn mbkbl sbr mbsbgeimns bl uli knjsi mb kisuri mbstflimi piri rbsfmuns t÷xfgns s÷jfmns. Ji knjsi mbkb sbr btfqubtimi gnl ji jbyblmi ‚Krnhurn mb btfmfn‘ y snjn hilfpujirsb gnl cuiltbs mimi su pbjfcrnsfmim. MFWGRWF×L MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?  

Mfsgutfr gimi uln mb jns pisns rbijfzimns bl bj prntngnjn, ilijfzilmn qub bs jn qub vi pisilmn gnl ji hnjæguji mb IML pjishèmfgn y bj pipbj qub tfblbl gimi uli mb jis snjugfnlbs. Hblgfnli ikfbrtihbltb ji fhpnrtilgfi mb jis mfcbstfnlbs rbijfzimis y su usn piri mbsgirtir gjnlis lbcitfvis. [bpnrtir ji gnlgbltrigf÷l y crimn mb purbzi mbj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn. ¾Bs ji gnlgbltrigf÷l sudfgfbltb y mb ji gijfmim imbguimi piri pnmbr jjbvir i gikn trilsdnrhigfnlbs mb jis gæjujis ME2ι pnstbrfnrbs> ¾Yuæ pisirèi gnl ji iksnrkilgfi mbj IML sf ln eukfbril utfjfzimn utfjfzimn [LIsi> Mfsgutfr gnl kisb i jis héxfhis iksnrkilgfis mbj IML y I[L. ¾Guéj bs ji fmbi mb utfjfzir jis blzfhis Uen F y Bgn[F> ¾Guéltns drichbltns sb mbkbl rbgupbrir y guéj bs bj tihiùn mb gimi uln mb bjjns> ¾Qnr quæ bs fhpnrtiltb eigbr ul iléjfsfs mb rbstrfggf÷l mbspuæs mb ji purfdfgigf÷l mb ul pjéshfmn>  GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. =6

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

21

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Cblbri uli gnlgjusf÷l eigfblmn uli trfilcujigf÷l mb jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. GRBW]FNLI[FN?  

9. Mbsgrfkfr jns tfpns mb pjéshfmns utfjfzimns bl ji flcblfbrèi cblætfgi isè gnhn sus prnpfbmimbs. ;. Flvbstfcir jns hipis cblætfgns mb 7 pjéshfmns mb gjnligf÷l y mb 7 pjéshfmns usimns piri bxprbsf÷l tiltn bl kigtbrfis gnhn bl gæjujis ilfhijbs. Gnjngir jns rbspbgtfvns mficrihis b fmbltfdfgir gimi uli mb sus pirtbs. 7. ¾Guéj bs ji lnhblgjituri qub sb sfcub piri lnhkrir uli blzfhi mb rbstrfggf÷l> =. Gnlsfmbrilmn qub bj pjéshfmn tuvfbri sftfns mb rbstrfggf÷l bl jns pirbs mb kisbs? 253, 6;2, ;;21, y 7=;3, flmfgir bj lÿhbrn mb drichbltns qub sb nktblmrèil, isè gnhn su tihiùn y eigbr ul mficrihi mbj cbj mb icirnsi qub sb nktblmrèi mbspuæs mb gnrrbr jis hubstris mfcbrfmis.

KFKJFNC[IDÈI?

Iléjfsfs mb ji Qrbsblgfi mb Nrcilfshns Cblætfgihbltb Hnmfdfgimns bl Hubstris mb Ijfhbltns. Bxtriggf÷l y Qurfdfgigf÷l mb IML. Mfspnlfkjb bl? grj.org.bg.burnpi.bu/gipigft grj.org.bg.burnp i.bu/gipigftykufjmflc/ ykufjmflc/hiluijs/Hil hiluijs/Hiluij%;1BW/Wb uij%;1BW/Wbsf%G7%K7l=.pm sf%G7%K7l=.pmdd

ettp?//chn-

Kbrc, O. H., Wtrybr, J., ]yhngz`n, O. J. (;113). Kfnquèhfgi. (4i Bm.) Kirgbjnli, Bspiùi? [bvbrtb. Krnwl, ]. I. (;115). Cblnhis. (7i Bm.) Kublns Ifrbs, Ircbltfli? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili. Qilihbrfgili. Hurriy, Q. [., [nsblteij, @. W., Qdijjbr, H. I. (;116). Hfgrnkfnjncèi Hæmfgi. (4ª Bm.). Kirgbjnli, Bspiùi? Bjsbvfbr Wtumblt Gnlsutj. Qrfbtn, I. H. O., J÷pbz, K. O., y Qubyn, mb ji Gubsti, G. Qurfdfgigf÷l mb égfmns lugjbfgns. Mbpirtihbltn mb Kfnquèhfgi y Kfnjncèi Hnjbgujir, Gihpus Rlfvbrsftirfn mb [ikilijbs.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

21

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Mfspnlfkjb

29

ettp?//www.ugn.bs/mptns/ .ugn.bs/mptns/kfnqufhfgi-kfn kfnqufhfgi-kfnjjettp?//www

bl?

hnj/pmds/73%;1QR[FDFGIGF%G7%6 hnj/pmds/73%; 1QR[FDFGIGF%G7%67L%;1IGW%;1LR 7L%;1IGW%;1LRGJBFGNW.pmd GJBFGNW.pmd Qrntngnjns

‚[bgfpbs

prntngnjs‘ .

ilm

Mfspnlfkjbs

bl?

ettp?//sgfblgb.hirseijj.bm ettp?//sgfblgb. hirseijj.bmu/hurriyb/ u/hurriyb/[bgfpbs.eth# [bgfpbs.eth#91U^]IB^ 91U^]IB^ Qubrti, K. G. O., Rrbùi, Q. G. Q. (;112). Qrégtfgis mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir . Gnjnhkfi? Qnltfdfgfi Rlfvbrsfmim Oivbrfili. Wihkrnn`, O. y [ussbjj, M. S. (;119). Hnjbgujir gjnlflc? Jiknritnry Hiluij. Tnj 9. (7i Bm.). Lbw Vnr`, RWI? Bmftnrfij GWEJ

29

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

2;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI =. ][ILWDN[HIGF×L MB GÆJRJIW GNHQB]BL]BW, WBJBGGF×L MB GJNLIW QNWF]FTIW V BTIJRIGF×L MB JI FL]BC[FMIM MBJ QJÉWHFMN. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?   ]rilsdnrhir utfjfzilmn bj hætnmn mb genq genqub ub tær tærhfgn hfgn jis gæj gæjujis ujis gnhpb gnhpbtbltbs tbltbs mmbb B. gnjf  ME2ι gnl bj pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ.  

Wbjbggfnlir jis gjnlis pnsftfvis.

 

Bvijuir ji fltbcrfmi fltbcrfmimm mbj pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?

Gnlngb jis tæglfgis y prngbmfhfbltns mb trilsdbrblgfi mb IML, bspbgèdfgihbltb bj prngbsn mb trilsdnrhigf÷l cblætfgi kigtbrfili, utfjfzilmn ul pjéshfmn qub gnltfblb ul cbl qub pbrhftb ji prnmuggf÷l mb prntbèlis mb fltbræs y ul cbl mb rbsfstblgfi i ul iltfkf÷tfgn, qub pbrhftb sbjbggfnlir i ji kigtbrfi trilsdnrhimi mb ntris. Isè hfshn, riznli qub piri qub ngurri ji trilsdnrhigf÷l, ji kigtbrfi mbkb bstir bl ul bstimn mb gnhpbtblgfi qub pbrhfti ji flgnrpnrigf÷l mb IML bx÷cbln piri cblbrir gnpfis mbj hfshn IML n bxprbsir y nktblbr uli prntbèli mb fltbræs. Dflijhbltb, bvijÿi ji fltbcrfmim mbj pjéshfmn utfjfzilmn blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l bspbgèdfgis. FL][NMRGGF×L?

Jis kigtbrfis pubmbl trilshftfr ji fldnrhigf÷l cblætfgi vbrtfgijhbltb (mb himrbs i efois) n mb uli hilbri enrfznltij (bltrb kigtbrfis qub gnbxfstbl ij hfshn tfbhpn). Ji trilsdbrblgfi vbrtfgij sb rbijfzi hbmfiltb bj prngbsn mb mfvfsf÷l gbjujir y bj rbpirtn bquftitfvn mbj grnhnsnhi kigtbrfiln rbpjfgimn. Ji trilsdbrblgfi enrfznltij sb rbijfzi bltrb gæjujis vbgflis y bs bj hbgilfshn i trivæs mbj guij jis kigtbrfis mfsbhflil jns cblbs mb rbsfstblgfi i iltfkf÷tfgns. Jns vbeègujns hbmfiltb jns guijbs sb trilsdfbrb bj MLI enrfznltijhbltb snl jns pjéshfmns n jns dicns (]nrtnri, bt ij. ;113). Rl pjéshfmn bs ul bjbhbltn bxtrigrnhns÷hfgn gnl gipigfmim mb iutnrbpjfgigf÷l iutnrbpjfgi gf÷l y jns dicns snl vfrus mb kigtbrfis (Ijkbrts y Kriy, ;1140 Hurriy bt ij., ;116). Jns hbgilfshns mb trilsdbrblgfi trilsdbrblgfi enrfznltij snl? Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

2;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

  ]rilsdnrhigf÷l ?  Qnr

27

bstb hbgilfshn uli gæjuji bs gipiz mb tnhir ul drichbltn mb IML

mbj hbmfn bxtrigbjujir y bxprbsir jns cblbs bl æj gnltblfmns.   Gnloucigf÷l ?   Jis

kigtbrfis gipigbs mb dnrhir bj ―‖pfjf‖‖ (pbjn D) pubmb tril sdbrfr uli gnpfi

mb pirtb mb su grnhnsnhi i ntri kigtbrfi rbgbptnri. Bs ul prngbmfhfbltn mb trilshfsf÷l trilshfs f÷l sbxuij mb fldnrhigf÷l cblætfgi.   ]rilsmuggf÷l ?   Guilmn

ul vfrus qub fldbgti uli kigtbrfi mb dnrhi qub bj IML vfrij bsté

fltbcrimn bl bj mb ji kigtbrfi (gfgjn jfsncælfgn) sb bsgflmb mbj grnhnsnhi kigtbrfiln (pisi i gfgjn jètfgn) pubmb jjbvirsb gnlsfcn pirtb mbj cblnhi kigtbrfiln b fltbcrirjn bl bj grnhnsnhi mb uli lubvi kigtbrfi i ji qub fldbgtb (Gurtfs y Wgelb`, ;1150 ]nrtnri bt ij., ;113). Qiri qub sb prnmuzgi ji trilsdnrhigf÷l mb uli kigtbrfi æsti mbkb blgnltrirsb bl ul bstimn dfsfnj÷cfgn bspbgfij mblnhflimn gnhpbtblgfi. Jis gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs snl iqubjjis susgbptfkjbs mb sbr trilsdnrhimis y, pnr jn tiltn, tnhir ul IML bxtbrln b fltrnmugfrjn bl su gftnpjishi. Bj IML isfhfjimn mb bsti dnrhi pubmb bxprbsir sus cblbs bl ji kigtbrfi trilsdnrhimi. Wf bstb IML bxtbrln tfblb ul nrfcbl mb rbpjfgigf÷l dulgfnlij bl ji kigtbrfi gnhpbtbltb pubmb pubmb pbrpbtuirsb ij pisir i jis efois (pjéshfmns) (Wtilfbr, bt ij., 966;). Qnr dégfj y bdfgfbltb, sb utfjfzi bj prflgfpfn mbj seng` tærhfgn piri prnmugfr pnrns bl ji hbhkrili gftnpjishétfgi, i trivæs mb jns guijbs sb fltrnmugb bj pjéshfmn rbgnhkfliltb? bj IML mbj pjéshfmn rbgnhkfliltb bs hbzgjimn gnl gæjujis bl bstimn mb gnhpbtblgfi, jn guij sb jncr÷ hbmfiltb tritihfbltn gnl GiGj ;, rbgfkbl bltnlgbs ul flgrbhbltn krusgn krusg n mb tbhpbrituri, jn guij pbrhftb ij IML bltrir i jis gæjujis gnl gfbrti bdfgfblgfi. Jis gæjujis snl grbgfmis bl hbmfn ln sbjbgtfvn piri pbrhftfr ji sèltbsfs mb jis prntbèlis qub gnmfdfgi bj pjéshfmn y jis guijbs jb mil ji rbsfstblgfi ij iltfkf÷tfgn. Qnstbrfnrhbltb snl sbhkrimis bl pjigis gnl hbmfn mb gujtfvn gnltblfblmn bj iltfkf÷tfgn qub pbrhftb ji fmbltfdfgigf÷l fmbltfdfgig f÷l mb jis gnjnlfis qub gnltfb gnltfblbl lbl bj pjéshfmn (Qfbrgb, ;191). Qiri ji rbijfzigf÷l mb bsti prégtfgi sb bhpjbiré ji gbpi mb B. gnjf ME2 (ijdi), y bj pjéshfmn utfjfzimn piri trilsdnrhir bstis kigtbrfis sbré pTIU9/BCDQ bj guij gnltfblb bj cbl mb ji prntbèli vbrmb djunrbsgbltb hbonrimi (pnr sus sfcjis bl flcjæs BCDQ). Jis gjnlis rbgnhkfliltbs mb B. gnjf  qub gnltblcil bj cbl qub gnmfdfgil piri ji BCDQ pubmb sbr fmbltfdfgimiss hbmfiltb iléjfsfs mb rbstrfggf÷l, QG[, sbgublgfigf÷l n bxprbsilmn ji prntbèli bl fmbltfdfgimi 27

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

2=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

kigtbrfis n gæjujis iilfhijbs, lfhijbs, ji jiss guijbs bhftfrél gnj gnjnr nr vbrmb kion

bj hfgrnsgnpf hfgrnsgnpfnn mb

bpfdjunrbgblgfi. Ijculns pjéshfmns gnltfblb bj cbl mb ji λ-cijigtnsfmisi. Gjnlis rbgnhkfliltbs mb B. gnjf qub gnltblcil bj cbl qub gnmfdfgil piri ji λ -cijigtnsfmisi pubmb sbr fmbltfdfgimis pnr bj mbsirrnjjn

mb gnjnlfis mb gnjnr izuj gnlsfmbrimis gnhn gnjnlfis pnsftfvis piri ji bxprbsf÷l mbj pjéshfmn. Mfgei sbjbggf÷l sb kisi bl ji igtfvfmim mb ji blzfhi λ -cijigtnsfm -cijigtnsfmisi isi (jig_) mb B. gnjf y bl ji rbcujigf÷l mbj npbr÷l jigtnsi. Ji blzfhi Kbticijitnsfmisi bsté dnrhimi pnr mns mnhflfns uln L-tbrhflij pbqubùn (pæptfmn ijdi) y ntrn G-tbrhflij (drichbltn nhbci). Bstns mns mnhflfns pnr sbpirimns ln prbsbltil igtfvfmim blzfhétfgi pbrn ij ulfrsb, flgjusn mb hilbri ln gnvijbltb, sb rbstikjbgb ji igtfvfmim blzfhétfgi mb bsti blzfhi, y bstb dbl÷hbln sb mblnhfli ijpei gnhpjbhbltigf÷l. Wb ei tnhimn vbltioi mb bstb dbl÷hbln piri gnlstrufr ul sfstbhi mb pjéshfmns qub pbrhftbl ji kÿsqubmi répfmi mb gjnlbs rbgnhkfliltbs. Bstns vbgtnrbs pnrtil IML qub gnmfdfgi piri ji sukulfmim ijpei mb ji Kbti-cijigtnsfmisi kion bj prnhntnr y bj npbrimnr mbj npbr÷l jigtnsi. Guilmn gæjujis mb B. gnjf qub pnrtil ji blzfhi hutimi bl ji sukulfmim ijpei (jig_-) snl trilsdnrhimis gnl bstns pjéshfmns sb rbstikjbgb ji igtfvfmim Kbticijigtnsfmisi. Ji igtfvfmim mb ji blzfhi Kbti-cijigtnsfmisi pubmb mbtbgtirsb fl vfvn usilmn bj sustritn grnhncælfgn 2-krnhn-=-gejnrn-7-flmnjyj-k-M-cijigtnsfmn (U-cij) qub tnhi uli gnjnrigf÷l izuj fltblsn guilmn bs prngbsimn pnr ji blzfhi. Ij flsbrtirsb ul cbl mb fltbræs, hbmfiltb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir, bl jns pjéshfmns qub pnrtil ji sukulfmim ijdi, bsti sbgublgfi sb fltbrruhpb y bstb drichbltn ln sb bxprbsi hés, pnr tiltn jis gnjnlfis qub pnrtil jns pjéshfmns rbgnhkfliltbs (qub pnrtil bj cbl mb fltbræs) snl mb gnjnrigf÷l kjilgi guilmn sb grbgbl bl hbmfn s÷jfmn qub gnltfblb Ucij b FQ]C. Hfbltris qub iqubjjns gjnlbs ln rbgnhkfliltbs sbrél izujbs bl bstb hfshn hbmfn. Bj fsnprnpyjtefncijigtnsfmn (FQ]C) bs uli hnjæguji sfltætfgi iléjnci i ji ijnjigtnsi qub sb ulb bdfgfbltbhbltb ij rbprbsnr mbj npbr÷l jigtnsi, gnlvfrtfælmnji bl ul flmugtnr mbj sfstbhi (Fzqufbrmn, ;19=). Bs fhpnrtiltb rbgnrmir qub bj pjéshfmn mb bxprbsf÷l pTIU9/BCDQ dub gnlstrufmn i pirtfr mbj vbgtnr QTIU9. Bj vbgtnr pTIU9/BCDQ (7.5 `k) pnsbb jns hfshns bjbhbltns qub bj vbgtnr pTIU9, imbhés mbj cbl mb ji prntbèli vbrmb djunrbsgbltb hbonrimi hbonrimi (BCDQ, Bleilgbm Crbbl Djnrbsgblt Qrntbfl). Guilmn Guilmn bj vbgtnr pTIU9/BCDQ ssb b snhbtb i ul blsiyn mb rbstrfggf÷l gnl Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

2=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

22

jis blzfhis UenF, Bgn[ F y @pl F, sb rbgupbril tihiùns qub sb pubmbl utfjfz utfjfzir ir gnhn tihiùns mb rbgnlngfhfbltn bspbgèdfgns piri bj vbgtnr. Jis blzfhis Uen F y @pl F, gimi uli mb bjjis prbsblti su prnpfn sftfn mb rbgnlngfhfbltn milmn jucir i ul pjéshfmn jflbirfzimn. Ji mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi Bgn[ F, mi mns drichbltns uln gnrrbspnlmfbltb ij vbgtnr (7111 pk) y ntrn gnrrbspnlmfbltb gnrrbspnlmfb ltb ij cbl BCDQ (349 pk).  I  IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W ?

Tbrfdfgir tblbr pnr jn hblns ; giois mb hbmfn JK s÷jfmn gnl `ilihfgfli pnr bqufpn. Bstb prngbmfhfbltn pubmb sbr rbvfsimn bl ji prégtfgi 9. HI]B[FIJBW V [BIG]FTNW?   GIL]FMIM

91 9

HI]B[FIJ

Hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ bstærfjbs Hfgrnpfpbti ;1-;11 ²J y mb 911-9111 ²J

GIL]FMIM

[BIG]FTNW

71 hJ

Hbmfn JK jèqufmn

2

Giois gnl JK @ilihfgfli 21 c/hJ Gbpi kigtbrfili? B. gnjf

9

Tisn mb prbgfpftimn ;21 hJ

9 hJ

91

]ukns gbltrèduci mb 92 hJ Qbrjis mb vfmrfn bstærfjbs bl

2 J

Qjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ

71

tukns mb gbltrèduci mb 92

9 `c

*Efbjn hnjfmn

ME2 ijdi gnhpbtbltb

hJ 9

Isi kigtbrfnj÷ kigtbrfnj÷cfgi cfgi

911 hJ

Icui flybgtikjb

;1

Hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ

;1 hJ

Wnjugf÷l F

91

Hfgrntukns mb 1.4 hJ

91 hJ

LiNE 91 L

9

]brh÷hbtrn

91 hJ

WMW 91% p/v

9

Hbgebrn Dfsebr

;1 hJ

Wnjugf÷l FF

22

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

24

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

9

Gbjmi guirzn piri bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn

;1 hJ

Wnjugf÷l FFF

9

Kiùn hirèi

;1 hJ

Btilnj

9

Qfsbti

9 hJ

@ilihfgfli 21 c/hJ

9

Qirrfjji mb gijbltihfb gijbltihfbltn ltn

211 hJ

Kuddbr ]IB 9U

9

Bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn

;1 J

9

Géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs sfs enrfznltij

91 J

Krnhurn mb btfmfn 91 hc/hJ Hirgimnr mb Qbsn Hnjbgujir (9@k)

9

Hfgrngbltrèduci

911 J

2U Kuddbr mb girci

9

Gbltrèduci rbdrfcbrimi

;c

Icirnsi

9

Flgukimnri

7 J

9

Rjtrignlcbji Rjtrignlcbjimnr mnr

;.= c

]rfs Kisb

9 hJ

Égfmn igætfgn

91 c

BM]I

9 9

Dubltb mb pnmbr piri géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs sfs ]rilsjuhflim ]rilsjuhflimnr nr RT

Blzfhis mb [bstrfggf÷l Bgn[F, @plF y UenF

*Bl gisn mb ln gnltir gnl efbjn bj ijuhln mbkbré prnpnrgfnlirjn, mbkfmn i ji fhpnrtilgfi piri bj mbsirrnjjn mb bsti igtfvfmim. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Bs fhpnrtiltb tblbr gufmimn gnl bj hilbon mb jis gbpis utfjfzimis. Ln tngir mfrbgtihbltb piri bvftir gnltihfligf÷l mb ji gjnli y mbj hilfpujiltb. Lflcÿl rbigtfvn utfjfzimn bs t÷xfgn. HB]NMNJNCÈI?  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? ]rils ]ri lsdn dnrh rhig igf÷ f÷ l m b gæj gæjuj uj is g nh nhpb pbtbl tbltbs tbs .

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

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Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

23

9.  Gimi bqufpn utfjfziré mns cjfgbrnjbs mb jns kilgns prbpirimns bl ji prégtfgi ;. Gnjngir jns tukns qub gnltfblbl jis gæjujis gnhpbtbltbs n ln gnhpbtbltbs bl efbjn pnr 91 hfl. [bgubrmbl qub bstis gæjujis sb ijhigblirnl bl bj ujtrignlcbjimnr i -51¿G. ;. Icrbcir 9 ²J mbj pjéshfmn pTIU9/BCDQ, hbzgjir suivbhbltb eigfblmn usn mbj mbmn èlmfgb. Flgukir 91 hfl bl efbjn. 7. Mbspuæs mb ji flgukigf÷l mb ji hbzgji pjéshfmn-gæjujis bl efbjn, snhbtbr jns tukns bl ul tbrhnkjnqub n bl kiùn hirèi i =;¿G pnr 41 sbculmns bxigtihbltb. Bl bstb pisn sb ikrbl jns pnrns mb ji hbhkrili gbjujir piri qub bltrb bj IML pjishèmfgn. =. Gnjngir flhbmfitihbltb jns tukns bl efbjn pnr ; hfl. Bl bstb pisn jns pnrns mb jis hbhkrilis gbjujirbs sb gfbrril, bvftilmn ji sijfmi mbj IML pjishèmfgn. 2. Imfgfnlir i gimi tukn ;11 ²J mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn. Flgukir i 73¿G pnr 9 enri gnl icftigf÷l i ;21 rph. 4. Qiri sbhkrir jis gæjujis sb rbqufbrb ; giois gnl hbmfn JK/@ilihfgfli 21 ²c/hJ. Btfqubtir uli gioi bspbgfdfgilmn bj bqufpn, crupn y ji jbyblmi ‚21 ²J‘. Btfqubtir ji ntri gioi bspbgfd fgilmn fgilmn

bj bqufpn, crupn y ji jbyblmi‘ rbstn mbj vnjuhbl‘.  3. Flhbmfitihbltb mbspuæs qub tbrhfl÷ ji enri mb flgukigf÷l, sbhkrir jis gæjujis gnhn sb flmfgi i gnltfluigf÷l? imfgfnlir imfgfnlir 21 ²J mbj vnjuhbl tntij (Qisn 2) i uli gioi gnl hbmfn JK y bj rbstn mbj vnjuhbl (Qisn 2) imfgfnlirjn i ntri gioi gnl hbmfn JK. 5. Mfstrfkufr bj vnjuhbl mb jis gæjujis gnl 5 pbrjis mb vfmrfn bstærfjbs eigfblmn gèrgujns eigfi ji mbrbgei y gèrgujns eigfi ji fzqufbrmi. Jis pbrjis pubmbl sbr rbhpjizimis pnr ul isi kigtbrfnj÷cfgi piri bstrfir bj vnjuhbl sbhkrimn. 6. Mbgiltir jis pbrjis mb vfmrfn bl visn mb prbgfpftimn. Wbjjir jis giois. 91. Flgukir jis giois i 73¿G pnr 9; e. Jis giois qub tblcil gjnlis pubmbl gnltblbr bj pjéshfmn pjésh fmn gnl bj qub ei sfmn trilsdnrhimn. Ijhigblir i =¿G eisti su usn.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Wbjbg gf÷l gf ÷l mb g jnlbs jn lbs pn s ftfv ft fvns ns .

Qiri jjbvir i gikn ji vbrfdfgigf÷l mb ji prbsblgfi mbj pjéshfmn, sb rbqufbrb eigbr ul iléjfsfs mb pnr jn hblns 91 i ;1 gjnlis qub grbgfbrnl muriltb tnmi ji lngeb, mbspuæs mb eikbr snkrbvfvfmn ij prngbsn mb trilsdnrhigf÷l. Qiri mngblgfi y pnr bj rbmugfmn tfbhpn, purfdfgi purfdfgirr mb ; i = gjnlis. 23

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

25

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

9. Bl uli gioi lubvi qub gnltblci hbmfn JK s÷jfmn gnl `ilihfgfli 21 ²c/hJ, bstrfir gimi uli mb jis gnjnlfis qub grbgfbrnl ji lngeb iltbrfnr. Bl uli snji gioi sb pubmbl sbr rbsbhkrimis tnmis jis gjnlis. Luhbrirjis, isbcurilmn qub jis gnjnlfis bsgncfmis sb blgubltrbl ifsjimis. ;. Gbrrir ji gioi gnl pipbj piridfjh b flgukir i 73¿G pnr 9; e. 7. Wbjbggfnlir jis gjnlis qub sb vbil hés grbgfmis y hés krfjjiltbs. Qfgi uli gjnli gnl uli pulti ihirfjji bstærfj mb hfgrnpfpbti y gnjngirji bl ul tukn mb gbltrèduci gnl 2 hJ mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn gnl `ilihfgfli 21 ²c/hJ. Flgukir i 73±G, ;11 rph pnr 9; e. Qurfdfgir bj pjéshfmn tij gnhn sb rbijfz÷ bl ji prégtfgi 7 igtfvfmim ;.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7? Bviju Bvi juigf igf ÷l mb ji fl tbc rf mim mb mbjj pj éshf és hfmn mn nk tbl fm n i pir tfr tf r mb jis ji s gjnl gj nl is pnsftfvis.  

9. Qiri bvijuir ji fltbcrfmim mbj pjéshfmn bs mbgfr, qub ln sudrf÷ lflculi hnmfdfgigf÷l bl bj prngbsn mb trilsdnrhigf÷l, sb mbkb vbrfdfgir bj pbsn y qub guhpjb gnl bj pitr÷l mb rbstrfggf÷l bstikjbgfmn. Qnr bstb hntfvn sb jjbvirél i gikn mns rbiggfnlbs mb mfcbstf÷l utfjfzimns ji blzfhi Uen F (vbrfdfgigf÷l mbj tihiùn) y Bgn[F (pitr÷l mb mfcbstf÷l). Jis rbiggfnlbs sb jjbvirél i gikn mb hilbri sfhujtélbi. 7i. Mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi Uen F.

9. Mbsgnlcbjir bj IML mbj pjéshfmn prbvfihbltb purfdfgimn y ijhigblimn i -;1 nG, gnlsbrvir bl efbjn drippæ. ;. Mbsgnlcbjir icui jfkrb mb MLIsis, 91U Kuddbr [bm. 7. Qrbpirir trbs rbiggfnlbs mb mfcbstf÷l piri vbrfdfgir bj tihiùn mbj pjéshfmn, mns gnl ul pjéshfmn purfdfgimn muriltb ji gjisb y ntri gnl bj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn pnr bj prndbsnr. =. Qrbpirir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? 94.2 ²J mb Icui hfjjfY bstærfj jfkrb mb MLIsis n icui flybgtikjb ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr [bm 9 ²J mb IML pjishèmfgn. 1.2 ²J Blzfhi Uen F 2. Flgukir ji rbiggf÷l i 73±G pnr 9.2 i 7 e. Gnlsbrvir ji rbiggf÷l i -;1±G eisti qub sb viyil i gnrrbr jis hubstris bl ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 9%. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

25

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

26

7k. Mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi Bgn[F Bgn[F..

9. Mbsgnlcbjir bj IML mbj pjéshfmn prbvfihbltb purfdfgimn y ijhigblimn i -;1 nG, gnlsbrvir bl efbjn drippæ. ;. Mbsgnlcbjir icui jfkrb mb MLIsis, 91U Kuddbr Bgn[F. 7. Qrbpirir trbs rbiggfnlbs mb mfcbstf÷l piri vbrfdfgir pitr÷l mb mfcbstf÷l mbj pjéshfmn, mns gnl ul pjéshfmn purfdfgimn muriltb ji gjisb y ntri gnl bj pjéshfmn purfdfgimn pnr bj prndbsnr. =. Qrbpirir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? 94.2 ²J mb Icui hfjjfY bstærfj. ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr Bgn[F 9 ²J mb IML pjishèmfgn. 1.2 ²J Blzfhi Bgn[F 2. Flgukir ji rbiggf÷l i 73±G pnr 9.2 i 7 e. Gnlsbrvir ji rbiggf÷l i -;1±G eisti qub sb viyil i gnrrbr jis hubstris bl ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 9%. 4. Ilijfzir jns tihiùns mb jns drichbltns rbgupbrimns. Wf bstns gnflgfmbl, pnmbhns prngbmbr i nktblbr bj vbgtnr y bj flsbrtn utfjfzilmn bj hfshn pjéshfmn.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? J fk brigf br igf÷l ÷l mb mbjj vbg v bgtn tnrr y bj fl sbr sbrtn tn i pi pirt rt fr mbj pjés pj éshf hfmn mn pT pTIU9-BCDQ IU9-BCDQ

Qiri jfkbrir BCDQ mb pTIU9 mb igubrmn gnl bj hipi Hnjbgujir sb mbkbl utfjfzir jis sfcufbltbs blzfhis mb rbstrfggf÷l? rbstrfggf÷l? piri bj bxtrbhn 2½-@pl F, y piri bj bxtrbhn 7½-Uen 7½-Uen F. Wfl bhkircn ln sb pubmb jjbvir i gikn uli mnkjb mfcbstf÷l yi qub jis blzfhis ln snl bdfgfbltbs bl ul Kuddbr gnhÿl gnhn pnmrèi sbr bj ]ilcn. Qnr jn qub bj bxpbrfhbltn mbkb sbr jjbvimn bl trbs btipis? mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi @pl F, prbgfpftigf÷l gnl kutilnj mbj IML piri bjfhflir bj kuddbr @pl F isè gnhn ji blzfhi, mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi Uen F. *Mfcbstf÷l gnl g nl ji blzfhi @pl F

9. Mbsgnlcbjir bj IML mbj pjéshfmn prbvfihbltb purfdfgimn y ijhigblimn i -;1 nG, gnlsbrvir bl efbjn drippæ. ;. Mbsgnlcbjir icui jfkrb mb MLIsis, 91U Kuddbr @pl F. 7. Qrbpirir mns rbiggfnlbs mb mb rbstrfggf÷l bl mns hfgrntukns bstærfjbs mb 1.4 hJ bl efbjn. 26

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

41

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=. Qrbpirir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? 99 ²J mb Icui I cui hfjjfY bstærfj. ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr @pl F. 2 ²J mb IML pjishèmfgn. ; ²J mb blzfhi @pl F Gnlsfmbrigfnlbs?  Wf sb vi i rbijfzir hés mb uli rbiggf÷l gnl ji hfshi blzfhi sb mbkb

prbpirir ul gng`tifj, gnlsfmbrilmn imfgfnlir 1.2 ²J mb gimi rbigtfvn i ji hbzgji mbkfmn ij brrnr muriltb bj pfpbtbn. =. Flgukir i 73±G pnr ;-7 e. Qnstbrfnrhbltb jjbvir i 42nG pnr 92 hflutns piri ji fligtfvigf÷l mb ji blzfhi mb rbstrfggf÷l y bvftir uli mfcbstf÷l bl bxgbsn. Ijhigblir i -;1¿G eisti su usn. *Qrbgfpftigf÷ l gnl k utilnj m mbj bj IML piri bjfhflir bj ku kuddbr ddbr @pl F isè gnh gnhn n ji blzfhi 9. Icrbcir 9 hJ mb Kutilnj iksnjutn i ji rbiggf÷l mb mfcbstf÷l gnl @pl F.  

;. Hbzgjir pnr flvbrsf÷l 4 vbgbs. 7. Gbltrfducir i 9;111 rph pnr ; hflutns. =. Bjfhflir ji disb supbrfnr gnl ji hfgrnpfpbti. Wf sb nksbrvi ul knt÷l bl bj dnlmn mbj tukn, bjfhflir tnmn bj snkrblimiltb. Wf ln sb mfstflcub ul knt÷l, bjfhflir bj snkrblimiltb isbcurélmnsb qub mboil bl bj dnlmn mbj tukn ulns 21 uJ mbj hfshn. 2. Icrbcir 9 hJ mb Kutilnj iksnjutn, hbzgjir pnr flvbrsf÷l 4 vbgbs. 4. Gbltrfducir i 9;111 rph pnr ; hflutns. 3. Wf ji pistfjji iÿl ln sb mbtbgti, rbpbtfr jns pisns =, 2 y 4. Mb ln sbr isè, jivir ji pistfjji ; vbgbs gnl btilnj iksnjutn. Gbltrfducir bltrb gimi jivimn i 9;111 rph pnr ; hfl. 5. Wbgir ji pistfjji y rbsuspblmbr gnl icui bl ul vnjuhbl mb 94 uJ, vnjuhbl rbqubrfmn piri jjbvir i gikn ji rbiggf÷l gnl Uen F. *Mfcbstf÷l gnl ji blzfhi U Uen en F.

9. Gnlsbrvir bj IML qub sb rbsuspblmf÷ bl 94 uJ bl efbjn drippæ (prbgfpftimn gnl kutilnj). ;. Imfgfnlir ji sfcufbltb hbzgji piri uli snji rbiggf÷l (9U)? ; ²J mb 91U Kuddbr Uen F. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

41

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

49

; ²J mb blzfhi @pl F 7. Flgukir i 73±G pnr 9; e. Qnstbrfnrhbltb jjbvir i 42 nG pnr 92 hflutns piri ji fligtfvigf÷l mb ji blzfhi mb rbstrfggf÷l y bvftir uli mfcbstf÷l bl bxgbsn. Ijhigblir i -;1¿G eisti su usn. [BWRJ]IMNW?  

Qrbsbltir jis dntns bl mnlmb mbhubstrbl jis gjnlis pnsftfvis rbgupbrimis. Flmfgir bj lÿhbrn mb gjnlis qub sb nktuvfbrnl. Bstikjbgbr guéj bs n guijbs snl jis gjnlis g jnlis pnsftfvis qub sb nktuvfbrnl y pnr quæ bstél jjbcilmn i bsi oustfdfgigf÷l. Ilijfzir bj tihiùn mb jns drichbltns rbgupbrimns, bspbgfdfgilmn sf gnrrbspnlmbl i jn bspbrimn. GÉJGRJNW?

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. MB [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW? HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB

Mbsbgeir jns [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Q bjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns cblbrimns mb ji sfcufbltb hilbri? Wf sb trikio÷ gnl gujtfvn jèqufmn, jns rbsfmuns isè gnhn jis pultis qub bstuvfbrnl bl gnltigtn gnl æj, mbkbl sbr fligtfvimis gnl uli snjugf÷l mb efpngjnrftn mb snmfn ij 91%. Flgukir pnr 92 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Mbsbgeir jns jèqufmns bl jns gnltblbmnrbs piri [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns. Jis pultis y jns hfgrntukns sb bsgurrbl y sb mbsbgeil bl knjsis rnois. Wf sb trikio÷ gnl gujtfvn s÷jfmn y yi ln sb rbqufbrbl hés jis giois Qbtrf qub jis gnltfblbl, mbpnsftirjis bl uli knjsi rnoi y ijhigblir bl rbdrfcbrigf÷l eisti su mfspnsfgf÷l dflij bl bj ijhigæl.

49

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

4;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]IMNW? MFWGRWF×L

Bxpjfgir jns rbsujtimns rbjigfnlimns gnl bj grbgfhfblt g rbgfhfbltnn gbjujir ilijfzilmn jis pjigis mb gujtfvn qub dubrnl trilsdnrhimis y sbhkrimis utfjfzilmn mns mfdbrbltbs vnjÿhblbs. Bstikjbgbr ji mfsgusf÷l gnl kisb bl? 9. Hblgfnli krbvbhbltb guéjbs snl jns hætnmns qub sb utfjfzil piri trilsdnrhir kigtbrfis y guéjbs snl jis vbltiois mb gimi uln mb bjjns. ;. Hblgfnlir ji fhpnrtilgfi mb utfjfzir gbpis kigtbrfilis gnhpbtbltbs y gbpis kigtbrfilis qub ln pnsbil bj bstimn mb gnhpbtblgfi. gnhpbtblgfi. Mfsgutb ihpjfihbltb ji gnrrbspnlmblgfi qub bxfstb bltrb bj tihiùn mb jns drichbltns rbgupbrimns y jns bspbrimns, ln s÷jn piri ji fltbcrfmim mbj pjéshfmn sfln tihkfæl ij vbgtnr y ij flsbrtn. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Eigbr eflgipfæ bl bj lÿhbrn mb gjnlis pnsftfvis nktblfmis pnr gnlmfgf÷l. Hblgfnlir ji prnkikfjfmim mb blgnltrir uli gjnli sbi pnsftfvi bl ul kilgn gbjujir gnl GiGj ;, gnl rbspbgtn ij rbstn. Hblgfnlir ji riz÷l pnr ji qub sb utfjfzi `ilihfgfli gnhn hbmfn mb sbjbggf÷l y ln ntrn iltfkf÷tfgn n gnhpubstn gnhpubstn.. GRBW]FNLI[FN?

9. Qiri rbijfzir ji trilsdnrhigf÷l mb gæjujis, imbhés mbj vbgtnr sb lbgbsftil gæjujis rbgbptnris, hblgfnli qub tfpn mb gæjujis pubmbl sbr bhpjbimis piri mfgen dfl. ;. ¾Yuæ tfpn mb gæjujis rbgbptnris snl jis B. gnjf ME2ι y jis gæjujis B.gnjf KJ;9> 7. Gnl rbspbgtn i bsti prégtfgi ¾Guéj bs bj hirgimnr mb sbjbggf÷l mb jis gbpis trilsdnrhiltbs y m÷lmb sb blgubltri gnmfdfgi gnmfdfgimn> mn> =. Hblgfnli guéjbs snl jns hætnmns qub sb utfjfzil piri trilsdnrhir kigtbrfis. Bl qub sb kisi bj dulmihbltn tb÷rfgn y guéj bs bj hés utfjfzimn. 2. ¾Qnr quæ bs fhpnrtiltb eigbr ul blsiyn mb rbstrfggf÷l i jns pjéshfmns rbgupbrimns i pirtfr mb jis gjnlis nktblfmis> Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

4;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

47

KFKJFNC[IDÈI?

Ijkbrts, K, Kriy, M. (;114). Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji kfnjncèi gbjujir . (;i Bm.). Bspiùi? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili. Gurtfs, E., E., y Wgelb`, I. (;115). Flvftigf÷l i ji Kfnjncèi. (3i Bm.) Bmftnrfij Hæmfgi pilihbrfgili. Fzqufbrmn, [. H. (;19=). Gursn mb Cblætfgi Hnjbgujir b Flcblfbrèi Cblætfgi . Himrfm Bspiùi? Qfréhfmb, Crupn Iliyi W.I. Hurriy, Q. [., [nsblteij, @. W., Qdijjbr, H. I. (;116). Hfgrnkfnjncèi Hæmfgi. (4i Bm.). Kirgbjnli, Bspiùi? Bjsbvfbr Wtumblt Gnlsutj. Qfbrgb, K. I. (;191). Cblætfgi? Rl bldnqub gnlgbptuij. (7i Bm). Himrfm Bspiùi? Qilihbrfgili. Wtilfbr, [. V., Flcrieih, O. J., Sebbjfs, H. J., y Qifltbr, Q. J. (966;). Hfgrnkfnjncèi . (;i Bm.). Kirgbjnli Bspiùi? [bvbrtb. ]nrtnri, C. ]nrtnri,  C. O., O., Dul`b,  Dul`b, K.  K. [., [., Gisb,  Gisb, G.  G. J. (;113). Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji hfgrnkfnjncèi.  (6i Bm.) Ircbltfli? Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili.

47

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

4=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

4=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

42

.

42

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

44

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 2. J FCIGF×L MB D[ICHBL]NW MB IML. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?  

Bxtriggf÷l bl cb cbjj mb jns dr drichbltns ichbltns BCDQ y bj vb vbgtnr gtnr mb bxprbsf÷l.   Rtfjfzir ji Jfcisi mbj dicn ]= piri ulfr jns bxtrbhns gnebsfvns mbj vbgtnr mb bxprbsf÷l y BCDQ. GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?  

Iprblmb jns prngbmfhfbltns késfgns flvnjugrimns bl ji flsbrgf÷l mbj MLI mb fltbræs (BCDQ) bl ul pjéshfmn iprnpfimn (pTIU9) hbmfiltb ul prngbsn mblnhflimn jfcigf÷l, qub flvnjugri bj usn mb ji blzfhi ]= MLI jfcisi. Isè hfshn, bvijÿi hbmfiltb iléjfsfs mb rbstrfggf÷l ji gnrrbgti gnlstruggf÷l hnjbgujir mbj pjéshfmn rbgnhkfliltb rbsujtiltb, jn guij pbrhftfré tblbr ul hbonr bltblmfhfbltn mbj prngbsn mb gjnligf÷l. Dflijhbltb, bltfblmb qub mfgei gnlstruggf÷l pubmb fltrnmugfrsb bl ul enspbmbrn (B. gnjf) gnhpbtbltb y sbjbggfnlir iqubjjis gæjujis pnrtimnris mbj MLI rbgnhkfliltb piri su ihpjfdfgigf÷l ihpjfdfgigf÷l.. FL][NMRGGF×L?

Mbltrn mb jis hbtnmnjncèis mb IML rbgnhkfliltb, rbgnhkf liltb, uli vbz qub sb eil rbijfzimn jns rbspbgtfvns iléjfsfs mb rbstrfggf÷l piri tblbr jns drichbltns mb IML gnhpjbhbltirfns bs lbgbsirfn jjbvir i gikn ji rbiggf÷l mb jfcigf÷l piri dnrhir bj bljigb dnsdnmfbstbr bltrb bjjns y tbrhflir ji gnlstruggf÷l mbj vbgtnr rbgnhkfliltb. Bsti rbiggf÷l bs prnhnvfmi pnr blzfhis mblnhflimis jfcisis qub jjbvil i gikn ji dnrhigf÷l mb bljigbs gnvijbltbs mb tfpn dnsdnmfbstbr bltrb bj bxtrbhn 2½dnsditn y 7½efmrnxfjn mb jis hnjægujis mb IML n I[L. Bstis blzfhis pubmbl dnrhir bstb tfpn mb bljigb bltrb bxtrbhns gnebsfvns n risurimns y dubrnl ifsjimis bl mfdbrbltbs kigtbrfis fldbgtimis gnl dicns, sfblmn fmbltfdfgimis gnhn jfcisis ]= n ]3, sfblmn ijculis mbpblmfbltbs mb I]Q y hiclbsfn n LIM+ (Gistfjjn, bt ij., ;1120 Jnmfse, bt ij., ;1120 Knybr, 965;). Ji jfcigf÷l bl prflgfpfn sb prnmugfré bltrb bxtrbhns rnhns n kfbl bltrb bxtrbhns mb IMLs gnhpjbhbltirfns qub pubmbl ipirbirsb, iuhbltilmn ji bdfgfblgfi gnl rbspbgtn i jns bxtrbhns Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

44

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

43

rnhns. Ji jfcigf÷l mb bxtrbhns rnhns bs fltrèlsbgihbl fltrèlsbgihbltb tb flbdfgfbltb y rbqufbrb mb uli hiynr gnlgbltrigf÷l mb IML y mb jfcisi qub ji mb bxtrbhns gnhpjbhbltirfns (Gistfjjn, bt ij., ;1120 Qubrti y Rrbùi, ;112). Ji ]= MLI jfcisi bs flbstikjb bl efbjn pnr jircns pbrènmns. Qnr jn tiltn, sb rbgnhfblmi ln sigirji mb ‗ ;1 ±G eisti bj hnhbltn bl qub viyi i sbr utfjfzimi y mbvnjvbrji flhbmfitihbltb mbspuæs mb su usn. Rli ulfmim mb blzfhi bs ji giltfmim lbgbsirfi piri efmrnjfzir I]Q prnmugfblmn 9 hhnj mb pfrndnsditn (QQf) muriltb ;1 hflutns i 73±G.  IG  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?

[bvfsi bl ji kfkjfncridèi gnhn igtÿi ji blzfhi ]= jfcisi. HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW? [BIG]FTNW?   GIL]FMIM

;1 ;1

HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

Hfgrntukns mb 1.4 hJ

9

bstærfjbs Hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ bstærfjbs

[BIG]FTNW

]= jfcisi, hirgi Dbrhbltis

2 hJ

Icui hfjjfY bstærfj

9 hJ

91U Kuddbr mb ]= Jfcisi Qjéshfmns mfcbrfmns bl

Gioi gnl pultis piri 9 9 9 9

hfgrnpfpbtis mb 1.2-91 ²J Gioi gnl pultis piri hfgrnpfpbtis mb ;1-;11 ²J Gioi mb hfgrnpfpbtis mb 1.291 ²J Gioi mb hfgrnpfpbtis mb ;1;11 ²J

71 ²J 9 911 uJ

ji prégtfgi iltbrfnr @ft mb bxtriggf÷l bl cbj, hirgi Dbrhbltis Krnhurn mb btfmfn 91 hc/hJ

9

Hfgrngbltrèduci Hfgrngbltrèduci

911 hJ

Btilnj ij 31%

9

Flgukimnri i 73±G

2c

Icirnsi

43

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

45

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

9

Géhiri mb bjbgtrndnrb bjbgtrndnrbsfs sfs

9

enrfznltij

Dubltb mb pnmbr

411 hJ

;1 ²J

]IB 9U Hirgimnr mb pbsn hnjbgujir j/Bgn[974, Git. WH1949, Dbrhbltis.

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

K[NHR[N MB B]FMFN  B]FMFN  Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn bs ul icbltb fltbrgijiltb usimn gnhÿlhbltb gnhn hirgimnr mb égfmns lugjbfgns. Guilmn sb bxpnlb bsti sustilgfi i juz ujtrivfnjbti, bhftb uli juz rnoi-iliriloimi, qub sb fltblsfdfgi ulis ;1 vbgbs mbspuæs mb eikbrsb ulfmn i uli gimbli mb IML. Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn tfblb uli d÷rhuji G;9E;1KrL7. Gnhn ji hiynrèi mb jns gnhpubstns djunrbsgbltbs, bs uli sustilgfi irnhétfgi. Ji hiynr pirtb mb ji hnjæguji bs uli bstrugturi trfgègjfgi gnl crupns ihfln-kblgbln bl gimi jimn mb uli hnjæguji pfrfhèmfgi (sbfs étnhns, gnltblfblmn lftr÷cbln y ul ilfjjn irnhétfgn). Bsti bstrugturi mfkblznpfrfmèlfgi bs gnlngfmi gnl bj lnhkrb mb dbliltrfmfli. [fbscns i ji sijum? 

Bj krnhurn mb btfmfn bs uli sustilgfi dubrtbhbltb huticælfgi y bs frrftiltb i jns nons, pfbj, hugnsis y bj trigtn rbspfritnrfn. Jns bdbgtns silftirfns mb ji bxpnsfgf÷l i bstb gnhpubstn ln eil sfmn tnmivèi flvbstfcimns prndulmihbltb. Qnsbb bdbgtns gnhn icbltb gilgbrècbln y tbritncælfgn pnr su guijfmim mb huticblfgfmim. Wf sb flcfbrb, sb fleiji n sb iksnrkb pnr ji pfbj, bsti sustilgfi pubmb tblbr bdbgtns lngfvns. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns? 

Wf sb mbrrihi snkrb jns nons n ji pfbj, jivir gnl ikulmiltb icui muriltb 92 hflutns usilmn uli mugei mb sbcurfmim n ul jivinons. Wf sb fleiji n sb flcfbrb sb mbkb kusgir iyumi hæmfgi Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

45

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

46

urcbltbhbltb. Qiri mbrrihbs, usb ul iksnrkbltb piri sbgir bj krnhurn mb btfmfn. Jfhpfir tihkfæl guijqufbr trizi mb bsti sustilgfi bl bstimn s÷jfmn gnl hugei prbgiugf÷l b fltbltilmn ln grbir pnjvn. Bjfhèlbsb ji sustilgfi bl ul gnltblbmnr ebrhætfgn y bltræcubsb, mbkfmihbltb btfqubtimn, ij pbrsnlij gijfdfgimn bl bj hilbon mb rbsfmuns quèhfgns. HB]NMNJNCÈI?  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Qur Qurfdfdfg fgigf igf ÷l mbj dr ich bl bltn tn BCDQ y mbj vbg tnr tn r m mb b bxp bxprb rbsf sf ÷l i pirtf pir tfrr mbj m bj c cbj bj m b icirnsi.

Ji dflijfmim mb bsti btipi mb purfdfgigf÷l bs rbgupbrir jns drichbltns mb BCDQ y mbj pjéshfmn QTIU9. Qnr jn qub bj pjéshfmn mfcbrfmn gnl jis blzfhis @plF y UenF sb mbkb gnrrbr bl ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 9%. Qiri pnmbr nktblbr hitbrfij cblætfgn ÿtfj, sb utfjfziré utfjf ziré ul `ft gnhbrgfij CblbObt Cbj Bxtrigtfnl @ft, ]ebrhn Wgfbltfdfg. Bj prngbmfhfbltn mbsgrftn gnrrbspnlmb ij prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj `ft ]ebrhn Wgfbltfdfg, mb jn gnltrirfn sbcufr bj prngbmfhfbltn bstikjbgfm bstikjbgfmn n mb igubrmn ij `ft utfjfzimn. Bj prngbmfhfbltn sb mbsgrfkb i gnltfluigf÷l? 9. Gnrtir ji kilmi mbj cbj mb icirnsi qub gnltfblb bj drichbltn mb fltbræs utfjfzilmn utfjfzi lmn uli livioi mb kfsturè prbdbrbltbhbltb. Gnjngir bj drichbltn bl ul hfgrntukn mb 9.2 hJ prbvfihbltb pbsimn. Qbsir lubvihbltb bj hfgrntukn gnl bj drichbltn mbj cbj. [bcfstrir jns pbsns bl ji kftégnri. ;. Imfgfnlir ij hfgrntukn qub gnltfblb bj drichbltn mb icirnsi, ul vnjuhbl 9?9 mbj Kflmflc Kuddbr (vnjuhbl?pbsn, bs mbgfr imfgfnli 911 ²J mb Kflmflc Kuddbr pnr gimi 911 hc mbj drichbltn mb cbj mb icirnsi). Lnti? Wf bj cbj gnltfblb ul pnrgbltiob mb icirnsi hiynr ij ;%, imfgfnlir uli prnpnrgf÷l mb ;?9 mb Kflmflc Kuddbr. 7. Flgukir ji hbzgji i 21-41±G pnr 91 hfl n eisti qub bj drichbltn mb icirnsi sb eiyi mfsubjtn gnhpjbtihbltb. Hbzgjir bj tukn pnr flvbrsf÷l mb vbz bl guilmn, piri digfjftir bj prngbsn mb dusf÷l. Isbcurir qub bj cbj bstæ gnhpjbtihb gnhpjbtihbltb ltb mfsubjtn. Mir vnrtbx i ji hbzgji. Gebgir bj gnjnr mb ji snjugf÷l. Bj gnjnr ihirfjjn flmfgi ul pE ÷ptfhn piri ji ulf÷l mbj IML. Wf bj gnjnr mb ji snjugf÷l bs liriloi n vfnjbti, imfgfnlir 91 ²J mb 7 H mb igbtitn mb snmfn, pE 2.; y hbzgjir. Bj gnjnr mb ji hbzgji mbkb sbr ihirfjjn. 46

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

31

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

=. Bstb pisn sb jjbvi i gikn s÷jn guilmn sb trikioi gnl drichbltns hblnrbs hb lnrbs i 211 pk y hiynrbs mb 91 `k. i) Qiri drichbltns hblnrbs i 211 pk, imfgfnlir 9?; vnjuhbl mb 911% fsnprnpilnj i ji snjugf÷l mb cbj prbvfihbltb snjukfjfzimn (911 ²J mb fsnprnpilnj mbkb sbr imfgfnlimn i 911 hc mb icirnsi snjukfjfzimn bl 911 ²J mb Kflmflc Kuddbr). Hbzgjir bl bj vnrtbx. k) Qiri drichbltns hiynrbs i 91 `k, imfgfnlir 9? ; vnjuhbl mb icui mbstfjimi i ji snjugf÷l mb cbj prbvfihbltb snjukfjfzimn (911 ²J mb icui mbstfjimi mbkb sbr imfgfnlimn i 911 hc mb icirnsi snjukfjfzimn bl 911 ²J mb Kflmflc Kuddbr). Hbzgjir bl bj vnrtbx. 2. Wf jns drichbltns tfblbl tihiùns mfdbrbltbs ij pultn =, bltnlgbs trilsdbrfr 511 ²J mb ji snjugf÷l mb cbj snjukfjfzimi (ji qub sb cblbr÷ bl bj pisn 7 ÷ =) i uli gnjuhli mb purfdfgigf÷l. Gnjngir ji gnjuhli snkrb ul hfgrntukn y gbltrfducir pnr 9 hfl i 9;,111 rph. Bjfhflir bj jèqufmn qub sb rbgupbri bl bj hfgrntukn. Gnjngir lubvihbltb ji gnjuhli snkrb bj hfgrntukn. Wf bj vnjuhbl mb ji snjugf÷l snjugf ÷l mb cbj snjukfjfzimi bs hiynr hiyn r i 511 ²J sb mbkb rbpbtfr bj pisn 2 jis vbgbs qub sbil lbgbsirfis. 4. Wf bj drichbltn sb vi i hilmir i sbgublgfir, imfgfnlir 911 ²J mb Kflmflc Kuddbr i ji gnjuhli. Gbltrfducir pnr 9 hfl i 9;,111 rph. Mbsgirtir bj snkrblimiltb y gnjngir ji gnjuhli snkrb bj hfgrntukn mb rbgnjbggf÷l. 3. Imfgfnlir 311 ²J mb Sise Kuddbr i ji gnjuhli mb purfdfgigf÷l. Gbltrfducir pnr 9 hfl i 9;,111 rph. Mbsgirtir bj snkrblimiltb y gnjngir ji gnjuhli snkrb bj hfgrntukn mb rbgnjbggf÷l. 5. Gbltrfducir ji gnjuhli mb purfdfgigf÷l vigèi pnr 9 hfl imfgfnlij piri bjfhflir bj Sise kuddbr rbsfmuij. Bstb pisn bs bsblgfij piri rbhnvbr bj btilnj rbsfmuij qub pnmrèi gnltblbr bj IML mbj Sise Kuddbr. 6. ]rilsdbrfr ji gnjuhli mb purfdfgigf÷l i ul hfgrntukn mb 9.2 hJ jfhpfn. Imfgfnlir 21 ²J mbj Bjutfnl Kuddbr bl bj gbltrn mb ji gnjuhli. Gbltrfducir pnr 9 hfl i 9;,111 rph. Qiri kiois gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb IML, sb pubmb rbmugfr bj vnjuhbl mb bjugf÷l bltrb ;1-21 ²J. Wf jns drichbltns mb IML snl hiynrbs i 91 `k, prbgijbltir bj Bjutfnl Kuddbr i 42±G iltbs mb imfgfnlirjn i ji gnjuhli. 91. Mbsbgeir ji gnjuhli mb purfdfgigf÷l y ijhigblir bj IML purfdfgimn i -;1±G.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

31

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

39

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Jf cig f÷l. f÷ l.

9. Gnjngir bl 7 hfgrntukns mb 1.4 hJ bstærfjbs jns rbigtfvns bl bj sfcufbltb nrm nrmbl? bl? Icui mbstfjimi bstærfj (Jfkrb MLIsis) 7 ²J Kuddbr ]= jfcisi 91U 9 ²J IML vbgtnr

7 ²J

IML CDQ

; ²J

]= jfcisi

9 ²J

Tnj dflij

91 ²J

;. Hbzgjir gnl ji pfpbti, gbltrfducir ;1 s i 9;111 rph. Flgukir pnr 9; e i jis tbhpbrituris mb ]bhpbrituri ihkfbltb, ihkfbltb, 73¿G y i =¿G. 7. ]rilsgurrfmn bj tfbhpn mb flgukigf÷l, fligtfvir ji blzfhi i 42¿G pnr 91 hflutns. Ijhigblir i -;1¿G piri su usn pnstbrfnr. =. Qiri ilijfzir bj pjéshfmn rbjfcimn, prbpirir ul cbj mb icirnsi ij 1.5%. Gnhpirir ji jfcigf÷l gnltri bj pjéshfmn ln mfcbrfmn y bj pjéshfmn mfcbrfmn. 2. Gircir gnl gufmimn jis hubstris bl gimi pnzn, gnjngilmn 4 ²J mbj hirgimnr mb pbsn Hnjbgujir, 2 ²J mb jis hubstris bl gimi pnzn. Qrnpnlbr bj nrmbl mb girci. 3. Gnrrbr bj cbj i 61 T muriltb iprnxfhimihbltb =2 hflutns n jn sudfgfbltb piri sbpirir jns drichbltns mb IML. 5. Bxpnlbr bj cbj snkrb ul trilsfjuhflimnr mb RT, y gipturir uli dntn mbj cbj, bj iléjfsfs sb jjbvi i gikn gnhpirilmn jns drichbltns nktblfmns gnl bj hirgimnr mb pbsn Hnjbgujir. 6. Ji jfcigf÷l qub ln sb girc÷ bl bj cbj mbkb sbr ijhigblimi i -;1±G piri rbijfzir bvbltns mb trilsdnrhigf÷ll ggnl trilsdnrhigf÷ nl bjji. [BWRJ]IMNW?    Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Qur Qurfdfdfg fgigf igf÷ ÷l m mbj bj ddrr ich ichbl bltn tn BCDQ y mbj vbg vbgtn tnrr m mb b bxp bxprbs rbs f÷l f÷ l i p pirt irtfr fr m bj c cbj bj m mb b icirnsi. Flgjufr dntns mb jns prngbmfhfbltns rbijfzimns. Flmfgi ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mbj flsbrtn y mbj

vbgtnr rbgupbrimn. rbgupbrimn.   GÉJGRJNW   GÉJGRJNW

39

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

3;

 

Gijguji ji gnlgbltrigf÷l gnlgbltrigf÷l mbj drichbltn mb BCDQ bl ²c/ ²J

 

Gijguji ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mbj vbgtnr mb bxprbsf÷l bl ²c/ ²J

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Jf cig f÷l. f÷ l.

9. Qrnp÷l bj tihiùn bl pk mbj drichbltn nktblfmn prnmugtn mb ji jfcigf÷l. ;. [bpnrti ji dntn mbj cbj mb icirnsi qub hubstri jis rbiggfnlbs mb jfcigf÷l. Flgjuyb ul hipi mb girci bl mnlmb flmfqubs bj lÿhbrn mb girrfj y ji hubstri gircimi. 7. Tbrfdfgi sf sb jjbv÷ i gikn ji rbiggf÷l mb jfcigf÷l. Tbrfdfgi bj tihiùn mbj drichbltn nktblfmn. nktblfmn. [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW

Mbsbgeir jns [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns ([QKF) cblbrimns mb ji sfcufbltb hilbri? Wf sb trikio÷ gnl gujtfvn jèqufmn, jns rbsfmuns isè gnhn jis pultis qub bstuvfbrnl bl gnltigtn gnl æj, mbkbl sbr fligtfvimis gnl uli snjugf÷l mb efpngjnrftn mb snmfn ij 91%. Flgukir pnr 92 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Mbsbgeir jns jèqufmns bl ul gnltblbmnr y btfqubtirjn gnhn [QKF. Jis pultis y jns hfgrntukns mbsbgeirjns mbsbgeirjns bl knjsi rnoi y btfqubtir btfqubtirji ji gnhn [QKF. Bj cbj mb icirnsi, jns cuiltbs, isè gnhn jis pultis y tnmn bj hitbrfij qub eiyi bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl bj krnhurn mb btfmfn mbkbl sbr mbsbgeimns bl uli knjsi mb kisuri mbstflimi piri rbsfmuns t÷xfgns s÷jfmns. Ji knjsi mbkb sbr btfqubtimi gnl ji jbyblmi ‚Krnhurn mb btfmfn‘ y snjn hilfpujirsb gnl cuiltbs mimi su pbjfcrnsfmim. MFWGRWF×L MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?  

9. Flvbstfci ji rbiggf÷l kfnquèhfgi qub sb jjbvi i gikn pnr hbmfn mb ji ulf÷l mb ji jfcisi ]= isè gnhn jns gnhpnlblt gnhpnlbltbs bs lbgbsirfns piri mfgei rbiggf÷l. ;. Ilijfzi jns rbsujtimn rbsujtimnss nktblfmns gnhn prnmugtns mb ji purfdfgigf÷l mb jns drichbltns mb IML. Hblgfnli sf ji giltfmim mb IML rbgupbrimn bs sudfgfbltb piri jjbvir i gikn ji rbiggf÷l mb jfcigf÷l.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

3;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

37

7. Ilijfzi, mfsgutb y prnp÷l guijbs sbrèil jns pnsfkjbs tihiùns mb jns drichbltns bspbrimns (BCDQ y vbgtnr mb bxprbsf÷l) sf ji jfcigf÷l ln sb eukfbsb jjbvimn i gikn mb ji hilbri imbguimi. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Cblbri uli gnlgjusf÷l eigfblmn uli trfilcujigf÷l mb jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. GRBW]FNLI[FN?  

9. ¾Yuæ tfpns mb jfcisis bxfstbl y qub rbqubrfhfbltns bspbgèdfgns tfblbl> tfblbl> ;. ¾Yuæ sugbmbrèi sf bj vbgtnr y ji BCDQ bstuvfbril gnrtimns pnr uli blzfhi qub mfbri jucir i bxtrbhns rnhns> Qrnp÷l ji hilbri mb rbsnjvbr bj prnkjbhi sf jn eukfbri. 7. ¾G÷hn vbrfdfgis qub ji jfcigf÷l gnltfblb bj cbl mb fltbræs y bl bj sbltfmn mbsbimn> KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

Knybr, Q.M. (965;). ]eb blzyhbs? Lugjbfg igfms. Tnjuhbl 92, Qirtb ; . (7i Bm.). Jns Ilcbjbs, Gijfdnrlfi? Igimbhfg Qrbss. Gistfjjn, [. D., Mnjnrbs, [. [. H., Kjisgn, Q. [., Eubrtis, [. H. O., Hnrbln-Tfvfél, G., Hirtèlbz, J-[. H. (;112). Kfntbglnjncèi ihkfbltij. Himrfm, Bspiùi? ]bkir W.J. Gnltrbris, Q. O. Jfcigf÷l mb MLI gnl ji blzfhi ]= MLI jfcisi. ]nhimn mb? ettp?//www.cbngftfbs.ws/onrc bngftfbs.ws/onrcbgnl/jfcigfn bgnl/jfcigfnl.pmd  l.pmd   ettp?//www.c Ebrvbc,

O-Q.,

y

Kirgfi-HIgiy,

H.

(;114).

Jis

jfcisis.

]nhimn

mb?

ettp?//cblb ettp?//cblbhnj.nrc/kf hnj.nrc/kfnhnjbspi/ nhnjbspi/Blzfhis/jis-jfcisis.et Blzfhis/jis-jfcisis.ethj hj   Jnmfse, E., Kbr`, I., Hitsumifri, Q., @ifsbr, G. I., @rfbcbr, H., Wgntt, H. Q., _fpurs`y, W.J., Mirlbjj, O. (;112). Kfnjncèi Gbjujir y Hnjbgujir. (2i Bm.). Kublns Ifrbs, Ircbltfli? Hbmfgi Qilihbrfgili.

37

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

3=

Qærbz,

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

M.C.

Gjnligf÷l

mbj

MLI

ihpjfdfgimn

hbmfiltb

QG[.

]nhimn

mb?

ettp?//www.ugn.bs/mptns/kfn qufhfgi-kfnjettp?//www.ugn.bs/mptns/kfnqufhfgi-kfnjhnj/pmds/=2%;1GJNLIGF%G7%67L%;1MLI%;1IHQJF hnj/pmds/=2%;1GJNLIGF%G7%67L% ;1MLI%;1IHQJFDFGIMN%;1QN[%;1QG[ DFGIMN%;1QN[%;1QG[.pmd  .pmd   Qubrti, K. G. O., y Rrbùi, Q. G. Q. (;112). Qrégtfgis mb kfnjncèi hnjbgujir. Gnjnhkfi? Qnltfdfgfi Rlfvbrsfmim Oivbrfili.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

3=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

32

32

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

34

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 4. GRJ]FTN QI[I Q[NMRGGF×L. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?  

Nktblbr ji gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbl grbgfhfbltn tn kigtbrfiln fmbltfdfgilmn jis mfdbrbltbs disbs bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibrnkfis y ilibrnkfis piri gijgujir jns piréhbtrns rbjigfnlimns gnl bj gujtfvn.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?

Gnlngb b fmbltfdfgi gimi uli mb jis btipis mb grbgfhfbltn mb ul hfgrnnrcilfshn hbmfiltb gflætfgis bl jntb. Isè hfshn, gijguji jns piréhbtrns gflætfgns kion gnlmfgfnlbs ibrnkfis y ilibrnkfis, qub prnpnrgfnlil fldnrhigf÷l rbdbrbltb ij tfbhpn mb mupjfgigf÷l y jis vbjngfmimbs bspbgèdfgis mb grbgfhfbltn, gnlsuhn mb lutrfhbltns y nktblgf÷l mb prnmugtns mb fltbræs. Bstns piréhbtrns sbrél mb utfjfmim piri gnhpirir jis prnmugtfvfmimbs mb jis gæjujis utfjfzimis kion mfdbrbltbs gnlmfgfnlb gnlmfgfnlbs. s. FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Rli vbz rbijfzimis tnmis jis npbrigfnlbs mbj Rpstrbih, Rpstrbih, bs lbgbsirfn pisir i ji kfngnlvbrsf÷l kfngnlvbrsf÷l piri pnmbr prnmugfr bj kfndérhign mb fltbræs. Bl bsti btipi sb mbkb mb bstikjbgbr ji gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mbj sfstbhi kfnj÷cfgn gnl bj qub sb trikioiré piri ji prnmuggf÷l mbj gnrrbspnlmfbltb kfndérhign. Bxfstbl mfvbrsns sfstbhis mb bxprbsf÷l tijbs gnhn? kigtbrfis, jbvimuris, enlcns, gujtfvns vbcbtijbs y gujtfvns mb gæjujis ilfhijbs. Gimi uln mb bjjns ndrbgb vbltiois y prbsblti mbsvbltiois piri ji bxprbsf÷l mb prntbèlis mb hilbri ebtbr÷jnci (Muqub, ;1910 Dbrlélmbz, 966=0 Cirgèi, Cirg èi, bt ij., ;11=). Rln mb jns sfstbhis qub i lfvbj flmustrfi flmustrfijj prbsblti crilmbs vbltiois bs bj kigtbrfiln yi qub grbgb répfmihbltb, sus hbmfns mb gujtfvn snl kiritns y sb nktfblbl prnmugtfvfmimbs rbjitfvihbltb ijtis (]nrtnri, (]nrtnri,   bt ij., ;113). Wfl bhkircn, ji bxprbsf÷l mb prntbèlis gnhpjbois y cjfgnsfjimis ln bs pnsfkjb mbkfmn i qub jis kigtbrfis ln gubltil gnl ji hiquflirfi lbgbsirfi piri rbijfzir ul gnrrbgtn pjbcihfbltn lf cjfgnsfjir (Cijkfs, bt ij., ;11=). Isè, gnlsfmbrilmn gnhn bobhpjn i jis kigtbrfis piri ji bxprbsf÷l mb uli prntbèli ebtbr÷jncis bs qub sb prbsblti ji sfcufbltb prégtfgi. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

34

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

33

Ij eigbr grbgbr kigtbrfis bl ul gujtfvn pnr jntb, mfgen m fgen gujtfvn hubstri uli gurvi mb grbgfhfbltn bl bj guij sb nksbrvil mfvbrsis btipis. Ji disb mb jitblgfi bs ul pbrènmn mb ioustb dfsfnj÷cfgn, guilmn ji gæjuji sfltbrfzi blzfhis lubvis, gndigtnrbs b fltbrhbmfirfns hbtik÷jfgns bsblgfijbs, y jns mbp÷sftns fltrigbjuji fltrigbjujirbs rbs mb lutrfbltbs lutrfbltbs bstél bstikfjfzimns. bstikfjfzimns.  Muriltb ji disb mb grbgfhfbltn bxpnlblgfij n jncirèthfgn, bj grbgfhfbltn y ji mfvfsf÷l gbjujir ngurrb i su vbjngfmim héxfhi. Bsti vbjngfmim bsté fldjublgfimi pnr ji tbhpbrituri, bj pE, ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb nxècbln mfsubjtn y bj tfpn mb hbmfn mb gujtfvn bhpjbimn. Bl bsti btipi bs pnsfkjb gijgujir ji vbjngfmim bspbgè bspbgèdfgi dfgi mb grbgfhfbltn, yi qub jis gæjujis sb blgubltril bl su héxfhi vbjngfmim i jis gnlmfgfnlbs mimis. Ij dflij mb bsti disb, bj grbgfhfbltn gbsi i giusi mb ji girblgfi mb lutrfbltbs bsblgfijbs mbj hbmfn n mb ji iguhujigf iguhujigf÷l ÷l mb sustilgf sustilgfis is qub snl flefkfmnris n t÷xfgis milmn flfgfn i ji disb bstigfnlirfi. Bl bsti disb bj lÿhbrn mb gæjujis vfikjbs ei ijgilzimn uli hbsbti bxfstfblmn ul kijilgb bltrb ji vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn y ji mb hubrtb. Dflijhbltb, muriltb ji disb mb hubrtb gbjujir, ji vbjngfmim vbj ngfmim bspbgèdf bspbgèdfgi gi mb hubrtb bs hiynr i ji mb grbgfhfbltn pnr jn qub ji vfikfjfmim mbj gujtfvn mfshfluyb mb hilbri bxpnlblgfij. Ji fmbltfdfgigf÷l mb gimi uli mb bstis btipis bl ul hbmfn mb gujtfvn mimn y bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstikjbgfmis sfrvb gnhn hirgiob mbj mbsirrnjjn mb ul gujtfvn gbjujir bspbgèdfgn, prnpnrgfnlilmn fldnrhigf÷l vijfnsi rbdbrbltb ij tfbhpn mb mupjfgigf÷l y jis vbjngfmimbs bspbgèdfgis mb grbgfhfbltn, gnlsuhn mb lutrfhbltns y prnmuggf÷l. Bstns piréhbtrns sfrvbl piri gnhpirir jis prnmugtfvfmimbs mb ji jèlbi gbjujir utfjfzimi, isè gnhn piri hbmfr ji bstikfjfmim mb ji hfshi (Ebrlélmbz, bt ij., ;117).  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  IG

Flvbstfci ji sfcufbltb fldnrhigf÷l? 9. Btipis mb uli gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn y jns bvbltns qub sugbmbl bl gimi uli mb bjjis. ;. Gnhpiri jis gflætfgis mb grbgfhfbltn bltrb mfdbrbltbs sfstbhis kfnj÷cfgns? kigtbrfis, jbvimuris, gæjujis vbcbtijbs y gæjujis ilfhijbs. 7. Flvbstfci jns gnlgbptns mb vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn, vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb gnlsuhn mb sustritn y vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb cblbrigf÷l mb prnmugtn prnmugtn..

33

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

35

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FT [BIG]FTNW? NW?

GIL]FMIM 9

HI]B[FIJ Hfgrnpfpbti mb ;1-;11 ²J

GIL]FMIM ;

9

Hfgrnpfpbti mb 91-9111 ²J

;

[BIG]FTNW Giois gnl hbmfn JK

Giois gnl hbmfn JK `ilihfgfli 21 ²c/ hJ ²J

Gioi mb pultis piri 9

hfgrnpfpbti mb ;1-;11 ²J

=11 hJ

Hbmfn JK jèqufmn

bstærfjbs Gioi mb pultis piri 9

hfgrnpfpbti mb 91-9111 ²J

9

ME2 ijdi.

bstærfjbs 71

Hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ bstærfjbs

9

9

Icftimnr nrkftij

911 hJ

;

Gbpi kigtbrfili? B. gnjf 

Hitriz Brjblhbybr mb 9;2 hJ gnl tip÷l mb ijcnm÷l

911 hJ

Gbpi kigtbrfili? B. gnjf  ME2 ijdi-pvix9ijdi-pvix9-CDQ. CDQ. LiGj 1.6% ]rfs-EGj 91 hH, pE 3.4 Wnjugf÷l pitr÷l mb

9

Hbgebrn Dfsebr

2 hJ

ijkÿhfli knvfli 1.2

9

Gbjmi mb 9 hJ

711 hJ

hc/hJ [bigtfvn mb Krimdnrm

9

Qfsbti

9111 hJ

Icui mbstfjimi

9 ; 9

Tisn mb prbgfpftimn mb ;21 hJ ]ukns mb gbltrèduci mb 21 hJ bstærfjbs Bspbgtrndnt÷h Bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn btrn

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

35

711 hc

Gnjnriltb Izuj Krfjjiltb mb Gnnhisfb C-;21

911 hJ

Btilnj 62%

;11 hJ

Égfmn dnsd÷rfgn ij 52%

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

9

Gbltrèduci rbdrfcbrimi

9 9

Hfgrngbltrèduci Flgukimnri

91 hJ

36

Wnjugfnlbs piri purfdfgir pjéshfmn

[bigtfvn mb Krimdnrm. Mfsnjvbr 911 hc mbj Gnjnriltb Izuj Krfjjiltb mb Gnnhisfb C-;21 bl 21 hJ mb btilnj ij 62%. Imfgfnlir i bsti snjugf÷l 911 hJ mb égfmn dnsd÷rfgn ij 52% (w/v). Mfjufr ji snjugf÷l rbsujtiltb i 9J. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

[BIG]FTN MB K[IMDN[M Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Ispbgtn Dnrhi? jèqufmn, gjirn. Njnr, uhkrij njditfvn, pE, pultn mb dusf÷l? sfl mitns mfspnlfkjbs. Mblsfmim rbjitfvi 9.144 c/gh7 i ;1±G (45±D) [fbscns i ji sijum?

]nxfgfmim icumi, fleijigf÷l, gutélbn? sfl mitns mfspnlfkjbs Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns?

Gnlsujtir i ul hæmfgn. [btfrb [bt frb i ji pbrsnli mb ji znli pbjfcrnsi. Wf bs fleijimn, sf ispfr÷, is pfr÷, hubvi ji pbrsnli ij ifrb drbsgn. Wf ei pirimn mb rbspfrir, eigbr ji rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij. Gnlsujtir i ul hæmfgn. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj Yuètbsb flhbmfitihbltb ji rnpi y zipitns gnltihflimns. Bjfhflir jivilmn gnl oik÷l y hugei icui. Jjbvir ij idbgtimn bl sbcufmi i ul enspftij. Gnlsujtir i ul hæmfgn. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl jns nons Jévbsb i dnlmn gnl icui ikulmiltb muriltb 92 hflutns pnr jn hblns y gnlsujtb ij hæmfgn. Gnltfluir jivilmn jns nons muriltb bj trilspnrtb ij enspftij. Wf bs tricimn Ln prnvngir bj v÷hftn Lulgi mbkb imhflfstrirsb limi pnr ji kngi i uli pbrsnli flgnlsgfbltb. Blouicub Blouicub ji kngi gnl icui. Gnlsujtir i ul hæ hæmfgn. mfgn.

36

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

51

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HB]NMNJNCÈI?  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Ih Ihpj pjfdfd fg igf ÷l bl p pjig jig i y p prr bpi bpiri rigf gf ÷l mbj fl ÷guj ÷g uj n. 9. [bigtfvir bl uli gioi Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK ji gbpi B. gnjf ME2 ijdi gnhpbtbltb y trilsdnrhimi

gnl bj pjéshfmn pTIU-CDQ, bl hbmfn JK sfl y gnl `ilihfgfli 21 ²c/hJ, rbspbgtfvihbltb. Flgukir i 73±G pnr 9; e. [bijfzir bstb prngbmfhfbltn ; mèis iltbs mb ji prégtfgi. ;. Ji lngeb iltbrfnr i ji prégtfgi, gnjngir uli gnjnlfi mb ji kigtbrfi gnhpbtbltb bl 92 hJ mb Hbmfn JK bl ul tukn mb gbltrèduci mb 21 hJ bstærfj. 7. Eigbr jn hfshn piri ji gbpi trilsdnrhimi y imfgfnlir ij hbmfn JK, `ilihfgfli i 21 ²c/hJ.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Gfl ætf ætfgg i mb g rbg fh fhfbl fbl tn y m mbtb btbrh rh fl igf÷ ig f÷l lm mb b pi piréh réhbtr btrns ns .  Igtfvfmim ;i. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn grbgfhfbltn mb gæjuji gæjujis s ME2ijdi gnltrnj y trilsdnrhimis trilsdnrhimis bl gnlmfgfnlbs gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis.

9. Bl mns hitrigbs Brjblhbybr mb 9;2 hJ qub gnltblcil 47 hJ mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn imfgfnlir bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs 3 hJ mb fl÷gujn grbgfmn muriltb tnmi ji hiùili. Bj bxpbrfhbltn sb eigb pnr mupjfgimn. Lnti? Bj fl÷gujn mbkb sbr bj 91% mbj vnjuhbl dflij mbj gujtfvn. gujt fvn. Bj hbmfn piri bj gujtfvn trilsdnrhimn mbkb gnltblbr `ilihfgfli `ilihfgfli i 21 ²c/hJ. ;. ]nhir ; hJ mb hubstri jn guij rbprbsbltiré ji MN mbj tfbhpn gbrn. 7. Flgukir jns gujtfvns i 73±G, i uli vbjngfmim mb ;21 rph. ]nhir ; hJ mbj hbmfn mb gujtfvn gimi enri. Gnlsbrvir jns gujtfvns bl icftigf÷l i ;21 rph y i 73¿G. =. Qiri jbbr bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn,  gnjngir bl uli gbjmi 9 hJ mb hbmfn mb gujtfvn utfjfzimn gnhn kjilgn. 2. Flmfgir bj iutngbrn bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i uli jnlcftum mb nlmi mb 411 lh. 4. Gnjngir 9 hJ mb hbmfn mb ji gflætfgi bl ntri gbjmi. Jbbr bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i uli jnlcftum mb nlmi mb 411 lh. [bcfstrir jns mitns bl ji tikji 2 y4. Bs fhpnrtiltb gnlsfmbrir qub 9 ulfmim mb mblsfmim ÷ptfgi (M. N.) gnrrbspnlmb i 1.= c mb gæjujis/J. 3. [bgupbrir bj vnjuhbl mbj hbmfn qub sb gnjng÷ bl ji gbjmi piri prngbsirjn gnhn sb flmfgi bl ji igtfvfmim 7, bj hfjfjftrn rbstiltb gnjngirjn bl ntrn hfgrntukn piri prngbsirjn piri ji guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

51

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

59

 Igtfvfmim ;k. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ijdi gnltrnj y trilsdnrhimis trilsdnrhimis bl gnlmfgfnlbs gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷kfgis.

9. Bsti igtfvfmim sb eigb bxigtihblt bxigtihbltbb fcuij qub ji igtfvfmim 9 pbrn jns hitrigbs qub sb utfjfzil snl gnl tipi ÷ bl su mbdbgtn gnl tip÷l mb ijcnm÷l dnrrimn gnl pipbj ijuhflfn. ;. Bl mns hitrigbs Brjblhbybr mb ;21 hJ qub gnltblcil 47 hJ mb hbmfn JK jèqufmn imfgfnlir bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs 3 hJ mb fl÷gujn grbgfmn muriltb tnmi ji hiùili. Bj bxpbrfhbltn sb eigb pnr mupjfgimn. Lnti? Bj fl÷gujn mbkb sbr bj 91% mbj vnjuhbl dflij mbj gujtfvn. gujt fvn. Bj hbmfn piri bj gujtfvn trilsdnrhimn mbkb gnltblbr `ilihfgfli `ilihfgfli i 21 ²c/hJ. 7. ]nhir ; hJ mb hubstri jn guij rbprbsbltiré ji MN mbj tfbhpn gbrn. =. Flgukir jns gujtfvns i 73±G, i uli vbjngfmim mb ;21 rph. ]nhir ; hJ mbj hbmfn mb gujtfvn gimi enri. Gnlsbrvir jns gujtfvns bl icftigf÷l i ;21 rph y i 73¿G. 2. Qiri jbbr bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn,  gnjngir bl uli gbjmi 9 hJ mb hbmfn mb gujtfvn utfjfzimn gnhn kjilgn. 4. Flmfgir bj iutngbrn bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i uli jnlcftum mb nlmi mb 411 lh. 3. Gnjngir 9 hJ mb hbmfn mb ji gflætfgi bl ntri gbjmi. Jbbr bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i uli jnlcftum mb nlmi mb 411 lh. [bcfstrir jns mitns bl ji tikji 3 y 5. Bs fhpnrtiltb gnlsfmbrir qub 9 ulfmim mb mblsfmim ÷ptfgi (M. N.) gnrrbspnlmb i 1.= c mb gæjujis/J. 5. [bgupbrir bj vnjuhbl mbj hbmfn qub sb gnjng÷ bl ji gbjmi piri prngbsirjn gnhn sb flmfgi bl ji igtfvfmim 7, bj hfjfjftrn rbstiltb gnjngirjn bl ntrn hfgrntukn piri prngbsirjn piri ji guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7. Qr Qrng ng bsih bsihfbl fbl tn mb jji i hu bstr bs tri i pir piri i gu ilt iltfdfdfg fg igf ÷l mb j i pr ntbèli nt bèli ttnt ntij. ij.

9. [bgupbrir bj hfgrntukn qub gnltfblb bj gujtfvn gbjujir gnl 9 hJ mb gujtfvn kigtbrfiln. Gbltrfducir i 9;111 rph pnr 7 hfl. Mbsgirtir bj snkrblimiltb bl ul rbgfpfbltb gnl gjnrn ij 91%. ;. Ij knt÷l mb gæjujis rbgupbrimn bl bj tukn, imfgfnlir 9 hJ mb LiGj 1.6% y rbsuspblmbr gnl hugen gufmimn. Gbltrfducir i 9;111 rph pnr 7 hfl i =±G. Mbsgirtir bj snkrblimiltb bl ul rbgfpfbltb gnl gjnrn ij 91%. 7. Ij knt÷l mb gæjujis rbgupbrimn bl bj tukn, imfgfnlir 9 hJ mb Kuddbr ]rfs 91 hH pE 3.4. 59

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

5;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

[bsuspblmbr gnl hugen gufmimn. 7. Gnlsbrvir bl efbjn n i -;1±G piri rbijfzir ji guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij. Rtfjfzir 21 J piri jjbvir i gikn bj hætnmn mb guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =. Guil tfdf tf dfgg igf÷ ig f÷l l m b pr prnt ntbèli bèli t ntij. nt ij.

9. Qrbpirir 9 hJ mb uli snjugf÷l mb Ijkÿhfli knvfli i uli gnlgbltrigf÷l mb 1.2 hc/hJ bl icui flybgtikjb. ;. Gnjngir bl 2 hfgrntukns mb 9.2 hJ jns vnjÿhblbs mb icui mbstfjimi y snjugf÷l bstélmir gnhn sb flmfgi bl ji tikji =. ]ikji =. Gurvi bstélmir piri ji guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij pnr bj hætnmn mb Krimdnrm. ]ukn

Bstélmir mb ijkÿhfli knvfli 1.2 hc/hJ

Icui mbstfjimi

[bigtfvn mb

(J)

(J)

Krimdnrm (J)

Kjilgn

1

;1

651

9

2

92

651

;

91

91

651

7

92

2

651

=

;1

1

651

7. Qrbpirir ;11 J mb uli mfjugf÷l 9?91 mb jis hubstris mb prntbèli i guiltfdfgir, utfjfzir bj kuddbr ]rfs 91 hH, BM]I 9 hH pE 5 piri rbijfzir jis mfjugfnlbs mb ji prntbèli. =. Icrbcir 651 J mbj rbigtfvn mb Krimdnrm i jns ;1 J mb jis snjugfnlbs mb ji gurvi bstélmir y i ;1 uJ mb hubstri mb prntbèli i guiltfdfgir. 2. Hbzgjir bl vnrtbx y jbbr ji Iksnrkilgfi i 262 lh mbspuæs mb ; hflutns mb icrbcir bj gnjnriltb. Wf jns vijnrbs mb M. N. mb jis hubstris snl hiynrbs qub jns vijnrbs mb ji gurvi bstélmir iuhbltir ji mfjugf÷l, mb jn gnltrirfn eigbr uli mfjugf÷l hblnr n mfrbgtihbltb mb ji hubstri sfl mfjufr. Bj gnjnr bs bstikjb 9 e. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

5;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

57

4. [bcfstrir jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns.

[BWRJ]IMNW?    Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Ih Ihpj pjfdfd fg igf ÷l bl p pjig jig i y p prr bpi bpiri rigf gf ÷l mbj fl ÷guj ÷g uj n.

9. Hnstrir jis dntns qub gnrrbspnlmbl i ji igtfvigf÷l mb ji gbpi. ;. [bcfstri bj vijnr mb ji M. N. mb jns fl÷gujns qub sb utfjfzirnl piri rbijfzir jis gflætfgis vs bj tfbhpn mb flgukigf÷l.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Gfl ætf ætfgg i mb g rbg fh fhfbl fbl tn y m mbtb btbrh rh fl igf÷ ig f÷l lm mb b pi piréh réhbtr btrns ns .

9. [bcfstri jns vijnrbs mb M. N. bl jis tikjis qub sb prbsbltil. ;. Gijguji ji gnlgbltri gnlgbltrigf÷l gf÷l gbjujir bl c/J. 7. [bijfzi uli crédfgi bl mnlmb hubstrbs ji gnlgbltrigf÷l gbjujir bl c/J bl bj bob y, y bj tfbhpn bl e, bl bj bob x. =. Fmbltfdfgi jis disbs mb grbgfhfbltn mb gimi uli mb jis gflætfgis. Gijguji ji vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn (e-9) y bj tfbhpn mb mupjfgigf÷l (tm) bl e.

]ikji 2. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι gnltrnj bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷k ibr÷kfgis. fgis. ]fbhpn

H9 M.N. 

H; M.N. 

(e) 1

Gæjujis H9

Gæjujis H;

(c/J)

(c/J)

9 ; =

57

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

5=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]ikji 4. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι trilsdnrhimis bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis. ]fbhpn

H7 M.N. 

H= M.N. 

(e) 1

Gæjujis H7

Gæjujis H=

(c/J)

(c/J)

9 ; = ]ikji 3. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ι gnltrnj bl gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷kfgis. ]fbhpn

H2 M.N. 

H4 M.N. 

(e)

Gæjujis H2

Gæjujis H4

(c/J)

(c/J)

1 9 ; = ]ikji 5. Gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn mb gæjujis ME2ijdi trilsdnrhimis bl gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷kfgis. ]fbhpn

H3 M.N. 

H5 M.N. 

(e) 1 9 ; =

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

5=

Gæjujis H3

Gæjujis H5

(c/J)

(c/J)

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

52

]ikji 6. Tbjngfmimbs bspbgèdfgis mb grbgfhfbltn y tfbhpns mb mupjfgigf÷l.

Gflætfgi

Tbjngfmim

tm

bspbgèdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn

(e)

(e-9) Gæjujis gnltrnj gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis Gæjujis trilsdnrhi trilsdnrhimis mis gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis Gæjujis gnltrnj gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷k ilibr÷kfgis fgis Gæjujis trilsdnrhi trilsdnrhimis mis gnlmfgfnlbs ilibr÷k ilibr÷kfgis fgis  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7. Qr Qrng ngbsih bsih fbl tn mb jji i hubs hu bstr tri i pir i ji r bgu pbr igf÷l igf ÷l mb j i pr prnt ntbèli bèli t ntij. nt ij.

9. Hubstri jis dntns bl mnlmb sb vbrfdfqub ji rbgupbrigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =. Guil tfdf tf dfgg igf÷ ig f÷l l m b pr prnt ntbèli bèli ttnt ntij. ij.

9. Jjbli ji tikji 91 piri ji gurvi bstélmir gnl jns vijnrbs mb jis M. N. nktblfmis. ;. Cblbri uli crédfgi bl mnlmb ukfqubs jis hubstris qub rbprbsbltbl i ji gurvi bstélmir. Rkfgi ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb ijkÿhfli knvfli (hc/hJ) bl bj bob x y jns vijnrbs mb M. N. bl bj bob y. 7. ]rizi snkrb ji crédfgi uli jèlbi mb tblmblgfi y nktæl ji bguigf÷l jflbij qub sb ioustb i jns pultns nktblfmns. =. [bcfstri jis M. N. mb jis hubstris gnrrbspnlmfbltbs mb gimi gflætfgi bl ji tikji 99. 2. Gijguji jns vijnrbs mb prntbèli tntij piri gimi tfbhpn y gnlmfgf÷l mb gujtfvn, rbcèstrijn bl ji tikji 9;. Hubstri jns géjgujns rbijfzimns. 4. [bijfzi uli crédfgi piri gimi gnlmfgf÷l mb gujtfvn bl mnlmb gnjnqubs, ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb prntbèli bl hc/hJ (bob y) vs bj tfbhpn (e) bob x. 52

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

54

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]ikji 91. Gurvi bstélmir mbj hætnmn mb Krimdnrm. ]ukn

M. N.

Bstélmir mb ijkÿhfli knvfli (hc/hJ)

Kjilgn 9 ; 7 = ]ikji 99. M. N. mb prntbèli tntij mb jis gflætfgis mb grbgfhfbltn. ]fbhpn

Qrnt

Qrnt

Qrnt

Qrnt

Cjg

Qrnt

Qrnt

Qrnt

(e)

H9

H;

H7

H=

H2

H4

H3

H5

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

M. N.

1 9 ; = ]ikji 9;. Guiltfdfgigf÷l mb prntbèli tntij mb jis hubstris mb jis gflætfgis pnr hætnmn mb Krimdnrm. ]fbhpn Qrnt H9 Qrnt H; (e)

Qrnt H7 Qrnt H=

Qrnt H2 Qrnt H4

Qrnt H3

Qrnt H5

(hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ) (hc/hJ)

1 9 ; =

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

54

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

53

GÉJGRJNW?

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

Mbsbgeir jns [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns ([QKF) cblbrimns mb ji sfcufbltb hilbri? Wf sb trikio÷ gnl gujtfvn jèqufmn, jns rbsfmuns isè gnhn jis pultis qub bstuvfbrnl bl gnltigtn gnl æj, mbkbl sbr fligtfvimis gnl uli snjugf÷l mb efpngjnrftn mb snmfn ij 91%. Flgukir pnr 92 hfl i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Mbsbgeir jns jèqufmns bl ul gnltblbmnr y btfqubtirjn gnhn [QKF. Jis pultis y jns hfgrntukns mbsbgeirjns mbsbgeirjns bl knjsi rnoi y btfqubtir btfqubtirji ji gnhn [QKF. ]nmis jis pultis qub eiyil bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl bj rbigtfvn mb Krimdnrm gnjngir bl uli knjsi mb rbsfmuns quèhfgns s÷jfmns. Bj [bigtfvn mb Krimdnrm y sus rbsfmuns cblbrimns mfspnlbrjn bl ul gnltblbmnr pbrdbgtihbltb btfqubtimn gnhn rbsfmuns jèqufmns t÷xfgns. MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?   MFWGRWF

9. Mfsgutb ji fhpnrtilgfi mb rbigtfvir jis gbpis gbp is mèis iltbs mb flfgfir uli gflætfgi mb grbgfhfbltn. Gnhblti jns gufmimns qub sb mbkbl tblbr muriltb ji prbpirigf÷l mbj fl÷gujn y jis rbgnhblmigfnlbs cblbrijbs piri bvftir brrnrbs. ;. Ilijfzi jis crédfgis nktblfmis. Mfsgutb jis disbs mb grbgfhfbltn nksbrvimis y ji murigf÷l mb gimi uli mb bjjis. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns bltrb jis gæjujis gnltrnj y jis trilsdnrhimis. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns bltrb jis gflætfgis rbijfzimis bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis y ilibr÷kfgis. [bvfsi ji kfkjfncridèi y gnhpiri jns vijnrbs qub tu nktuvfstb gnl jns rbpnrtim rbpnrtimns. ns. 7. Ilijfzi jns vijnrbs nktblfmns mb vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn y tfbhpn mb mupjfgigf÷l. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns bltrb jis gæjujis gnltrnj y jis trilsdnrhimis. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns bltrb jis gflætfgis rbijfzimis bl gnlmfgfnlb gnlmfgfnlbss ibr÷kfgis y ilibr÷kf ilibr÷kfgis. gis. [bvfsi ji kfkjfncridèi y gnhpiri jns vijnrbs qub tu nktuvfstb gnl jns rbpnrtimns. =. Ilijfzi jis giltfmimbs mb pjéshfmn rbgupbrimn. Mfsgutb sf bxfstb ijculi tblmblgfi mb su prnmuggf÷l rbspbgtn ij tfbhpn y i ji gnlmfgf÷l mb nxfcbligf÷l bl gimi uli mb jis gflætfgis.

53

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

55

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Mfsgutb bj cbj nktblfmn, bs fhpnrtiltb hblgfnlir sf bxfstb ijculi mbcrimigf÷l mbj hitbrfij cblætfgn, yi qub pnmrèi sugbmbr gnhn gnlsbgublgfi mbj blvbobgfhfbltn mbj gujtfvn. 2. Ilijfzi y mfsgutb ji gurvi bstélmir nktblfmi. Jns rbsujtimns snl gnldfikjbs. Ilijfzi jis crédfgi mb prntbèli tntij cblbrimi. Gnhpiri ji prnmuggf÷l mb ji hfshi gnl rbspbgtn i ji gnlmfgf÷l mb gujtfvn y ij tfbhpn. Gnflgfmbl jns rbsujtimns gnl jn bspbrimn y jn rbpnrtimn bl ji kfkjfncridèi. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Cblbri uli gnlgjusf÷l eigfblmn uli trfilcujigf÷l mb jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. Eiz eflgipfæ bl guéj bs bj sfstbhi qub prbsblti uli hiynr vbjngfmim bspbgèdfgi bspbg èdfgi mb grbgfhfbltn, girigtbrèstfgis mbj pjéshfmn muriltb bj grbgfhfbltn mb ji kigtbrfi bl gnlmfgfnlbs ibr÷kfgis n il÷xfgis, bj gnhpnrtihfbltn mb ji prntbèli gnl rbspbgtn i jis gnlmfgfnlbs mb nxfcbligf÷l y ij blvbobgfhfbltn mbj gujtfvn. GRBW]FNLI[FN?  

9. Bxpjfgi ji riz÷l pnr ji qub sb utfjfzi Ijkÿhfli Knvfli gnhn prntbèli pitr÷l> ;. ¾Yuæ sugbmb gnl ji giltfmim mb prntbèli tntij gnldnrhb sb blvbobgb bj gujtfvn> 7. Bxfstb uli snkrbbxprbsf÷l mb prntbèli bl bj trilsgursn mbj tfbhpn. Gnl bj vbgtnr qub trikioistb, ¾ji prntbèli CDQ sb vi i bxprbsir bl bstb sfstbhi> ¾Yuæ tfpn mb sfstbhi mb bxprbsf÷l mbkbrèis mb utfjfzir piri pnmbr bxprbsirji> KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

Muqub, O. Q. (;191). Kfntbglnjncèi. Qilnréhfgi mb ul sbgtnr . Bspiùi? Lbtkfkjn WJ. Dbrlélmbz, H. (966=).  Ivilgbs bl flcblfbrèi cblætfgi cblætfgi. Himrfm, Bspiùi? Gnlsbon Wupbrfnr mb Flvbstfcigfnlbss Gfbltèdfgis. Flvbstfcigfnlb Ebrlélmbz, I., Ijdirn, F., Irrfbti, [. (;117). Hfgrnkfnjncèi Flmustrfij. Gnsti [fgi? Rlfvbrsfmim Bstitij i Mfstilgfi BRLBM. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

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Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

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Cijkfs, Q. O. I. (;11=). Qilnrihi igtuij mb ji Yuèhfgi Dirhigæutfgi . (;i Bm.). Bspiùi? Wbgrbtirfimn mb Qukjfgigfnlbs Qukjfgigfnlbs mb ji Rlfvbrsfmim mb Wbvfjji. Cirgèi, C. H., Yufltbrn, [. [., J÷pbz-Hulcuèi, I. (;11=). Kfntbglnjncèi ijfhbltirfi. Hæxfgn, M.D.? Jfhusi. ]nrtnri, C. ]nrtnri,  C. O., O., Dul`b,  Dul`b, K.  K. [., [., Gisb,  Gisb, G.  G. J. (;113). Fltrnmuggf÷l i ji hfgrnkfnjncèi. (6i Bm.) Kublns Ifrbs, Ircbltfli? Bmftnrfij Hæmfgi Qilihbrfgili. Rlfvbrsfmim mbj Qiès Tisgn. Qrégtfgi 9. Hætnmns mb rupturi gbjujir. ]nhimn mb? ettp?//www.beu.bus/kfndfsfgi/pmd/pri ettp?//www.beu.bus/kfn dfsfgi/pmd/prigtfgi^9.pm gtfgi^9.pmdd

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Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

61

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

61

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

69

69

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

69

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

6;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 3. DIK[FGIGF×L MB WNJRGF×L FLVBG]IKJB. NKOB]FTNW I GIMÆHFG GIMÆHFGNW? NW?  

Dikrfgir uli snjugf÷l flybgtikjb guhpjfblmn gnl bs bspbgfdfgigfnlbs pbgfdfgigfnlbs mb ji LNH-13;-WWI9;19; y ji LNH-137-WWI9-;112.

 

Yub bj bstumfiltb bvijuæ bl bj flybgtikjb pE, vnjuhbl, pirtègujis, bstbrfjfmim y sbjjimn ebrhætfgn.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?    

Mbsirrnjjir su gipigfmim mb ipjfgir gnlngfhfbltns tb÷rfgns bl ul prnkjbhi prégtfgn.

 

Dikrfgir uli dnrhujigf÷l flybgtikjb guhpjfblmn gnl bbspbgfdfgigfnlbs spbgfdfgigfnlbs prbbstikjb prbbstikjbgfmis. gfmis.

 

Mbgfmfr bl kkisb isb i jns [BWRJ]IMN [BWRJ]IMNW W bxpbrfhblt bxpbrfhbltijbs ijbs sf bj pprnmugtn rnmugtn bs iprnkimn n rbgeizimn

 

Fltbcrir sus gn gnlngfhfbltns lngfhfbltns mmbb hfgrnkfnjn hfgrnkfnjncèi cèi y tbglnjn tbglnjncèi cèi dirhigæ dirhigæutfgi utfgi ij dikr dikrfgir fgir ul hbmfgihbltn flybgtikjb

 

Ipjfgir sus gnlngfhfbltns gnlngfhfbltns prbvfns piri bvijuir

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jns hbmfgihbltns flybgtikjbs pubmbl sbr snjugfnlbs, suspblsfnlbs n bhujsfnlbs gnl uln n hés dérhigns pbrn qub mbkbl sbr bstærfjbs y guhpjfr gnl bstélmirbs mb dikrfgigf÷l huy bstrfgtns piri pnmbr sbr imhflfstrimns imhflfstrimns ij pigfbltb. Qubmbl imhflfstrirsb pnr vèi fltrivblnsi, fltrihusgujir, fltrimærhfgi, sukgutélbi, bpfmurij, irtfgujir, fltrirriquèmbi, btg. Wnl ji dnrhi dirhigæutfgi mb bjbggf÷l sf sb rbqufbrb ul bdbgtn flhbmfitn. Bl cblbrij su pE mbkb sbr gbrgiln i ji lbutrijfmim, iulqub mbpblmfblmn mb ji bstikfjfmim mbj dérhign pubmb virfir mfgen vijnr. Rli snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mbkb gnltblbr ul jfcbrn bxgbsn mb vnjuhbl bl ji ihpnjjbti piri pnmbr bxtribr gnrrbgtihbltb bj jèqufmn gnl ji obrflci. Bj bxgbsn qub mbkb gnltblbr mbpblmb mb su vijnr mb vfsgnsfmim y mb jns pnrgbltiob pnrgbltiobss igbptimns pnr ji Dirhignpbi.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

6;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

67

Qiri pnmbr guhpjfr gnl ji iusblgfi mb pirtègujis vfsfkjbs y bstbrfjfmim jis snjugfnlbs flybgtikjbs pubmbl eigbrsb pisir pnr ul dfjtrn mb hbhkrili mb 1.;; hfgris, gnl jn guij sb rbtfblbl tnmis iqubjjis pirtègujis mb tihiùn hiynr ij hblgfnlimn y tihkfæl sb rbtfblbl prégtfgihbltb tnmis jis kigtbrfis pnr jn qub bj prnmugtn sb pubmb gnlsfmbrir bstærfj. Jis ihpnjjbtis piri uli snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mbkbl sbr jjblimis y sbjjimis hbmfiltb gijnr. V bs fhpnrtb ciriltfzir qub bj prnmugtn bsti ebrhætfgihbltb sbjjimn y qub ln eiy rfbscn mb qub sb pubmi gnltihflir muriltb su hilbon. Qnr bjjn bs lbgbsirfn eigbr uli prubki qub pbrhfti mbtbgtir guijqufbr ihpnjjbti qub pumfbsb ln guhpjfr gnl ebrhbtfgfmim. V dflijhbltb sb mbkb rbgurrfr i uli hbmfgf÷l hfgrnkfnj÷cfgi qub isbcurb qub bj prnmugtn bs bstærfj, pnr bjjn sb tnhi uli hubstri mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb uli vbz qub pisi pnr bj dfjtrn mb 1.;; hfgris y sb flguki piri guiltfdfgir bj lÿhbrn mb kigtbrfis prbsbltbs bl bj prnmugtn.  IG  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?

Wb rbgnhfblmi rbvfsir? Ji Lnrhi Ndfgfij Hbxfgili 126, vbrsf÷l igtuij, pirtfgujirhbltb bj ilbxn mb érbis mb dikrfgigf÷l. Ji DBRH piri vbrfdfgir bj bxgbsn mb vnjuhbl piri ul flybgtikjb. Ji RWQ piri vbrfdfgir jns tfpns mb icui qub sb bhpjbil bl ji dikrfgigf÷l mb hbmfgihbltns. Tfmbns mb VNR]RKB snkrb sbjjimn mb ihpnjjbtis. HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FT [BIG]FTNW? NW? GIL]FMIM 

HI]B[FIJ  

GIL]FMIM 

[BIG]FTNW  

71

Ihpnjjbtis mb vfmrfn mb 2 hJ

1.95 c

LiGj

=

Qfpbti vnjuhætrfg vnjuhætrfgi i mb 2 hJ

9c

Cjugnsi

9J

Izuj mb hbtfjbln 9% p/T

9 9

Wbjjimnri mb ihpnjjbtis Hbgebrn Kulsbl Hbgebrn Dfsebr

67

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

6=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

92

Giois Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK

9 7

Qfpbti vnjuhætrfgi mb hJ Tisn mb 211 hJ

9

Bspétuji

9

Qrnkbti mb ;2 hJ

9

Qflzis mb mfsbggf÷l

9

Hitriz @ftizitn mb 9 J

9

Knhki mb vigèn

9

]rihpi piri knhki mb vigèn

9

Iutngjivb

91

Qbrjis mb vfmrfn bstærfjbs

Gnjnriltbs vbcbtijbs jèqufmns*

* Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

I_RJ MB HB]FJBLN  Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj izuj mb hbtfjbln gnlngfmn gnhn 7,3-Kfs(Mfhbtfjihfln)Dblntfigfli-2-Flfn Gjnrurn,G.F. Kisfg Kjub 6, ]btrihbtfjtfnlfli Gjnrurn, bs ul gnjnriltb nrcélfgn utfjfzimn piri mficl÷stfgn y iléjfsfs quèhfgn. Bs ul gnhpubstn quèhfgn ebtbrngègjfgn irnhétfgn, bj guij prbsblti uli d÷rhuji quèhfgi G94E95GFL7W x E;N y tfblb ul pbsn hnjbgujir mb 796.52 c/hnj. Bs ul s÷jfmn flnmnrn qub pnsbb ul pE 7. [fbscns i ji sijum? 

Bj izuj mb hbtfjbln bs ul rbigtfvn gnhkustfkjb guyns vipnrbs snl pbjfcrnsns mbkfmn ij ÷xfmn mb izudrb, ÷xfmn mb lftr÷cbln y cis gjnrurn mb efmr÷cbln qub pubmb bhilir. Qnr bjjn sb mbkbl rbprfhfr jns vipnrbs gnl icui pujvbrfzimi, ln pbrhftfr bj pisn ij sfstbhi mb mbsicúbs. Bvftir ji gnltihfligf÷l mbj subjn, icuis y mbsicúbs. Ijhigblir sfbhprb bl ul rilcn mb 2±G i 71±G.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

6=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

62

Q[FHB[NW IRUFJFNW?

Bl gisn mb pærmfmi mbj gnlngfhfbltn lulgi mir i kbkbr lf prnvngir bj v÷hftn, bl gisn mb fleijigf÷l trisjimir i ji pbrsnli ij ifrb jfkrb, bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj jivir gnl ikulmiltb icui y rbtfrir ji rnpi gnltihflimi. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl jns nons jivb gnl ikulmiltb icui hiltblfblmn jns pérpimns ikfbrtns y sf sb flcfrf÷ pnr brrnr kbkbr icui ikulmiltb, prnvngir bj v÷hftn y pbmfr isfstblgfi hæmfgi mb flhbmfitn. HB]NMNJNCÈI?    Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? J ivim n m b ihp njjbt nj jbtis is

9. Qrbpirir uli snjugf÷l oiknlnsi ij ;% gnl icui gnrrfbltb. Wuhbrcfr gufmimnsihbltb jis ihpnjjbtis. Imfgfnlir oik÷l bl bj fltbrfnr mb ji hfshi gnl iyumi mb uli obrflci i prbsf÷l. ;. Blouicir jis ihpnjjbtis gnl icui gnrrfbltb. Dflijhbltb blouicir gnl icui mbstfjimi. Bsgurrfr jis ihpnjjbtis snkrb pipbj sbgiltb. 7. ]ipir jis ihpnjjbtis gnhn pipbj ijuhflfn. Gnjngir jis ihpnjjbtis bl bj fltbrfnr mbj visn mb prbgfpftimn, tipimn gnl pipbj ijuhflfn. =. Bstbrfjfzir ij gijnr eÿhbmn pnr 71 hfl.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Qr bpi bpirig rig f÷ l m mb b ji ssnj nj ug f÷ l ddfs fs fnj÷ fn j÷ cfg cf g i fl ybg ybgtik tikjbs jbs y snj s njug ug f÷l f÷ l m mb b cj cjug ug nsi ns i 2% flybgtikjb.

9. Qrbpirir ;1 hJ mb snjugf÷l mb Gjnrurn mb Wnmfn ij 1.6% bl icui hfjjfY y ;1 hJ mb cjugnsi ij 2% bl icui hfjjfY. ;. Imfgfnlir ulis cntis mbj gnjnriltb ihirfjjn mb ji hirgi HgGnrhfr` piri qub ji snjugf÷l imqufbri ul gnjnr ihirfjjn tblub. =. Hbmfr bj pE mb jis snjugfnlbs prbpirimis y mb sbr lbgbsirfn, eigbr bj ioustb i pE dfsfnj÷cfgn (3.72-3.=). 2. [bsbrvir 9 hJ mb gimi snjugf÷l piri ji igtfvfmim mb gnltrnj mb gijfmim. gijfmim. 4. Bstbrfjfzir bl gijnr eÿhbmn pnr 71 hfl. Mboir qub jis snjugfnlbs ijgilgbl ji tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb.

62

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

64

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7? J jbl imn im n y sbjj sb jjim imn n mb m b ih ihpn pn jjbtis jj btis .

9. Jjblir ; ihpnjjbtis ij 911% mb su gipigfmim y ; ij 51% mb su gipigfmim bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs (utfjfzir ul hbgebrn Dfsebr qub prnpnrgfnlb ji bstbrfjfmim mb ji znli mb trikion). ;. Blgblmbr bj hbgebrn kulsbl y gnjngir ji ihpnjjbti bl ul élcujn mb =2± bl ji znli mb ji djihi mnlmb bj izuj gfbjn tbrhfli (dfcuri 7). Bs fhpnrtiltb qub ji djihi qubmb pnsfgfnlimi i ¼ pirtb mb ji ijturi mb ji knqufjji mb ji ihpnjjbti. [ntir ji ihpnjjbti gnltfluihbltb sf pbrmbr bj élcujn mb flgjfligf÷l.

Dfcuri 7. Wbjjimn mb ihpnjjbti gnl hbgebrn Kulsbl. 7. Gnl uli pflzi mb mfsbggf÷l tnhir ji knqufjji mb ji ihpnjjbti piri vbr sf bj vfmrfn yi bsté hijbikjb, y bsn sb lnti guilmn bj gubjjn mb ji ihpnjjbti bhpfbzi i mnkjirsb bl ji znli mbj gijbltihfbltn. Wfl quftirji mbj dubcn, snstblbr ji knqufjji gnl jis pflzis mb mfsbggf÷l y sbcufr rntilmn ji ihpnjjbti mb hilbri qub vijji sbjjilmn. Guilmn yi bstæ sbjjimi, tfrir gnl dubrzi y ripfmbz gnl jis pflzis mb ji knqufjji piri sbpirir bj bxtrbhn rbsfmuij. Gnl ji ihpnjjbti bl bj dubcn, tnhir ji pflzi mb mfsbggf÷l y tritir mb hnjmbir ji pulti mb ji ihpnjjbti piri isbcurir su sbjjimn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

64

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

63

=. Mboir ji ihpnjjbti snkrb ji hbsi piri isbcurir su gnrrbgtn sbjjimn hfbltris ijgilzi ji tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Lulgi pnlbr ji ihpnjjbti mb gikbzi rbgfæl sijfmi mbj dubcn, yi qub bj gihkfn mb tbhpbrituri pubmb eigbr qub ji ihpnjjbti sb bstrbjjb. 2. Wbjjir bj rbstn mb jis ihpnjjbtis.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? Gn ltrn lt rn j m b gi gijfjfmi mim m Mbsgrfpgf÷l mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb.  Nksbrvir i gnltrijuz y mbtbrhflir sf ji snjugf÷l bs

trilsjÿgfmi. Tnjuhbl prnhbmfn mbj vigfimn . Ikrfr ji ihpnjjbti y gnl uli obrflci gnl icuoi rbgupbrir bj

Tnjuhbl mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb. Hbmfrjn gnl uli pfpbti vnjuhætrfgi piri mbtbrhflir bj vnjuhbl mb jjblimn. Ebrhbtfgfmim.  Mb igubrmn i ji DBRH, sb mbkbl suhbrcfr jis ihpnjjbtis i hpnjjbtis bl ul hitriz @ftizitn @ftiz itn

qub gnltblci uli snjugf÷l ij 9% (p/T) mb izuj mb hbtfjbln u ntrn gnjnriltb qub sbi mfdbrbltb ij gnjnr mb ji hubstri. Ipjfgir vigèn eisti ul mfdbrblgfij mb prbsf÷l mb ;4.443 @pi (;11 hh mb hbrgurfn) pnr ln hblns mb 2 hfl y nksbrvir. Bj gnltblfmn ln mbkb prbsbltir lflcÿl gihkfn mb gnjnr. Flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi.  Nksbrvir i gnltrijuz y ji snjugf÷l ln mbkb prbsbltir pirtègujis

suspblmfmis.  Ijtu  Ij turi ri prnh pr nh bmf n mb m b ji jiss ih pn jjbtis jj btis.. Hbmfr gnl ul vbrlfbr n rbcji ji ijturi mbj lfvbj mbj jèqufmn

bl jis ihpnjjbti ihpnjjbtiss utfjfzimis.  Ihpn  Ih pn jjbtis jj btis mb mbdbg dbg tuns tu ns is (ipir (ipirfb fblg lgfi) fi)..  Ji ihpnjjbti mbkb bstir kfbl sbjjimi y gnl ji ipirfblgfi jn hés pirbgfmi i ji qub sb hubstri bl ji dfcuri 7. Hfgrnkfnjnc èi mb jis érb érbis is y mb jis snj ugfnlbs m b triki trikion on

Érbi mb prnmuggf÷l. Gnjngir uli gioi Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK ikfbrti pnr ; hfl bl ji znli mb prnmuggf÷l. Wbjjir gnl piridfjh b flgukir pnr 9; e i 73±G. Érbi bstærfj. Gnjngir Gnjng ir uli gioi Qbtrf gnl JK ikfbrti pnr ; hfl bl bj érbi bstærfj. Wbjjir gnl piridfjh b flgukir pnr 9; e i 73±G.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

63

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

65

Flybgtikjb iltbs mb bstbrfjfzir. Imfgfnlir 9 hJ mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb LN bstærfj i uli gioi Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs. Wbjjir gnl piridfjh. Mfstrfkuyb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb eigfblmn gèrgujns snkrb ji hbsi mb trikion. Flgukir pnr 9; e i 73±G. Flybgtikjb bstærfj. Imfgfnlir Imfgfnlir 9 hJ mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb bstærfj i uli gioi Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs. Wbjjir gnl piridfjh. Mfstrfkuyb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb eigfblmn gèrgujns snkrb ji hbsi mb trikion. Flgukir pnr 9; e i 73±G. [BWRJ]IMNW?

Gnl jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion bxpbrfhbltij, jjbli jis tikjis 97, 9= y 92. ]ikji 97. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mb LiGj 1.6% Qrubki Mbsgrfpgf÷l

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

[bsujtimn

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Wnjugf÷l trilspirbltb

Tnjuhbl prnhbmfn mb  ^^^^^ hJ vigfimn Ebrhbtfgfmim

Ebrhætfgis

Flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi

Wfl pirtègujis vfsfkjbs

(pirtègujis) Ijturi prnhbmfn mb jis  ^^^^^ gh (+/(+/- 2%) ihpnjjbtis Ihpnjjbtis

Wfl mbdbgtns

mbdbgtunsis (dntns)

]ikji 9=. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mb Cjugnsi 2% Qrubki

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

Mbsgrfpgf÷l

Wnjugf÷l trilspirbltb

Tnjuhbl prnhbmfn mb  ^^^^^^^ hJ vigfimn

[bsujtimn

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

65

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Ebrhbtfgfmim

Ebrhætfgis

Flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi

Wfl pirtègujis vfsfkjbs

(pirtègujis) Ijturi prnhbmfn mb jis  ^^^^^^^ gh (+/- 2%) ihpnjjbtis Ihpnjjbtis

Wfl mbdbgtns

mbdbgtunsis (dntns)

]ikji 92. Gijfdfgigf÷l hfgrnkfnj÷cfgi mb jis érbis y mb jis snjugfnlbs mb trikion Bvijuigf÷l

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

[bsujtimn

rbi mb prnmuggf÷l

rbi gjisb 9111

rbi bstærfj

rbi gjisb 911

Flybgtikjb iltbs mb dfjtrir

Gnl ijculns hs.

Flybgtikjb dfjtrimn

Wfl hs.

GÉJGRJNW GÉJGRJNW  

Ihpnjjbtis tb÷rfgis ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ihpnjjbtis nktblfmis ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Qnrgbltiob mb rblmfhfbltn MFG]IHBL MB GNL][NJ MB GIJFMIM  MFG]IHBL  IQ[NKIMN  [BGEI_IMN 

DF[HI ^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^  

NKWB[TIGFNLBW 

Tbrfdfg÷

66

66

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

911

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

MFWGRWF×L MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?  

Hblgfnli ji fhpnrtilgfi mb ji ebrhbtfgfmim mb jis ihpnjjbtis, ¾pnr quæ sb mbkb hnlftnrbir jis érbis mb trikion gnl giois Qbtrf>, ¾pnr quæ sb mbkb gijfdfgir hfgrnkfnj÷cfgihbltb jis snjugfnlbs mb trikion y gnlsfmbrir jis dubltbs mb gnltihfliltbs mb uli snjugf÷l flybgtikjb> HILBON BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

Jns rbsfmuns mb vfmrfn cblbrimns sb btfqubtil gnhn hitbrfij mb vfmrfn y sb mbsbgeil sfcufblmn bj prngbmfhfbltn mb mbsbgens. Jns rbsfmuns mb snjugf÷l mb jfmngièli sb rbÿlbl bl ul drisgn y sb btfqubtil flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji dnrhujigf÷l. Jns rbsfmuns mb izuj mb hbtfjbln sb rbÿlbl bl ul drisgn y sb btfqubtil flmfgilmn gnhpnsfgf÷l. Jis giois Qbtrf cblbrimis sb rbgnjbgtil gnhn [bsfmuns Qbjfcrnsns Kfnj÷cfgn Fldbggfnsns y sb mfspnlbl mb igubrmn ij prngbmfhfbltn mb ji Digujtim. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Cblbri uli gnlgjusf÷l eigfblmn uli trfilcujigf÷l mb jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. Eiz eflgipfæ bl ji ebrhbtfgfmim mb jis ihpnjjbtis tnhilmn bl gublti qub bstés cblbrilmn uli snjugf÷l flybgtikjb mb gnlsuhn euhiln. GRBW]FNLI[FN?

9. ¾Yuæ girigtbrèstfgis mbkb guhpjfr ul prnmugtn piri gnlsfmbrirsb pirbltbrij> ;. ¾Yuæ tfpn mb hitbrfijbs sb usil piri blvisir jns prnmugtns pirbltbrijbs> 7. ¾Yuæ vbltiois y mbsvbltiois prbsblti bj vfmrfn gnhn hitbrfij mb blvisimn> =. ¾Bl bj gisn mb prnmugtns ndtéjhfgns qub hitbrfijb hitbrfijbss mb blvisb sb rbgnhfblmil y pnrqub> KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

[iyhnlm G [nwb, QiuJ O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd. Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113).

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

911

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 919

Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI RWI.. G[G Qrbss LNH WWI 126 Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl bmftfnl Hfgeibj B. IuJtnl. (;119). Qeirhi Qeirhigbutfgs? gbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsicb Dnrh Mbsfc Mbsfcl. l. ;lm bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb

919

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

91;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

91;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 917

917

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

91=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 5. WNJRGFNLBW ND]ÉJHFGIW. NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?  

Yub bj bstumfiltb sbi gipiz mb dikrfgir uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi guhpjfblmn gnl sus bspbgfdfgigfnlbs.

 

Yub bj bstumfiltb bstumfiltb gijgujb jis giltf giltfmimbs mimbs lbgbsirfis piri fsntnlfzir uli snju snjugf÷l. gf÷l.

 

Yub bj bstumfiltb gijgujb jis giltfmimbs lbgbsirfis piri gnltrnjir ji gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri mb ul kuddbr.

 

Yub bj ijuhln vbrfdfqub fsntnlfgfmim, gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri, vfsgnsfmim mb uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi.

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?     Mbsgrfkfr bj usn mb snj snjugfnlbs ugfnlbs ku kuddbr ddbr bl snjugfnlbs ndtéjhfgis, isè gnhn iprblm iprblmbr br ji  

fhpnrtilgfi mb ji gipigfmim ihnrtfcui ihnrtfcuimnri mnri mbj hfshn.

 

Dnrhujir y ilijfzir uli mfsnjugf÷l gnl ul pE y uli gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri

 

mbtbrhflimis.

 

Bstumfir ji ji fldju fldjublgfi blgfi mmbb sijbs snkrb ji tnl tnlfgfmim fgfmim mb uli mfsnjugf÷l.

 

Mfdbrblgfir Mfdbrblgf ir bltrb efpbrtnlfgfmim, efpntnlfgfmim y prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi.

 

Dnrhujir y ili ilijfzir jfzir uli snjugf÷l fsnt÷lfgi ij dju djufmn fmn jigrfhij mbj nnon. on.

 

Bstumfir ji igbptikfjfmim dfsfnj÷cf dfsfnj÷cfgi gi mb ji dnrhujigf÷l prbpirimi.   Bjiknrir bj QLN gnrrbspnlmfbl gnrrbspnlmfbltb tb mb ji dnrhujigf÷l nktblfmi.  

Mbgfmfr bl bl kisb i jns [BWRJ]IMNW bxpb bxpbrfhbltijbs rfhbltijbs sf bj prnmugtn bs iprn iprnkimn kimn n rbgeizimn.

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jns gnjfrfns gnlstftuybl ji dnrhi dirhigæutfgi mb ipjfgigf÷l ndtéjhfgi u ngujir hés gnhÿlhbl gnhÿlhbltb tb bhpjbimi. Jns gnjfrfns n cntis ndtéjhfgis snl snjugfnlbs n suspblsfnlbs bstærfjbs igunsis u njbnsis, qub gnltfblbl uli n virfis sustilgfis hbmfgihbltnsis mbstflimis i ji imhflfstrigf÷l

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

91=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 912

ngujir. Rl gnjfrfn sb gnhpnrti, bl rbjigf÷l gnl bj non, mb ji hfshi dnrhi qub ul gubrpn bxtriùn0 bs mbgfr, su ipjfgigf÷l pubmb prnvngi prnvngirr (gnl hiynr n hblnr fltblsfmim sbcÿl bj gisn)? 9. [bdjbon mb gbrrimn mb jns pérpimns. ;. Jicrfhbn. 7. [biggfnlbs mnjnrnsis. =. Blrnobgfh Blrnobgfhfbltn fbltn mb ji gnloultfvi. Ji gnrrbgti dnrhujigf÷l mb ul gnjfrfn mbkb gnlsbcufr hflfhfzir bstis rbiggfnlbs. Bl gnlgrbtn, æstis ln mbkbl mbsblgimblir bj jicrfhbn qub irristrb mb dnrhi flstiltélbi bj prflgfpfn igtfvn. Jis ÿjtfhis trizis mbj gnjfrfn ln pbrhilbgbl bl bj non hés mb 92-;2 hflutns. Mb ieè ji lbgbsfmim, bl gfbrtis idbggfnlbs, mb rbpbtfr gnl drbgublgfi jis flstfjigfnlbs n kfbl mb sustftufr bj gnjfrfn jèqufmn pnr uli pnhimi ndtéjhfgi. Jis prbpirigfnlbs dirhigæutfgis sb ipjfgil t÷pfgihbltb bl bj non piri tritir ji supbrdfgfb n gnlmfgfnlbs fltringujirbs, flgjuyblmn kigtbrfis, enlcns b fldbggfnlbs vfrijbs mbj non n mb jns pérpimns (iltffldbggfnsns)0 gnloultfvftfs fldbggfnsi n ijærcfgi, fldjihigf÷l0 prbsf÷l fltringujir bjbvimi, cjiugnhi, cjiugnhi , gnhn ilbstæsfgns jngijbs y non rbsbgn mbkfmn i uli prnmuggf÷l flimbguimi mb djufmns qub kiùil bj non. Bl bj tritihfbltn mb gfbrtis gnlmfgfnlbs ndtéjhfgis, gnhn bj cjiugnhi, sb pubmbl bhpjbir hbmfgihbltns tiltn t÷pfgns gnhn sfstæhfgns. Bj vnjuhbl mb djufmn jicrfhij bs mb 3-5 hfgrnjftrns, pumfblmn ijhigblirsb eisti 71 hfgrnjftrns, pnr jn qub ji gipigfmim mb rbtblbr ul hbmfgihbltn bl bj non bs jfhftimi. Mbkfmn i ji mfléhfgi mbj non bj tfbhpn mb rbtblgf÷l bs gnrtn y usuijhbltb ji giltfmim mb dérhign iksnrkfmn bs uli driggf÷l mb ji giltfmim imhflfstrimi. Qnr bobhpjn, uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi mb pfjngirpfli bs mrblimi mb ji znli gnrlbij bl 9 n ; hflutns jjbvilmn i uli iksnrgf÷l ngujir hblnr ij 9%. Qnr bstn, su imhflfstrigf imhflfstrigf÷l ÷l mbkb rbpbtfrsb gnl gfbrti drbgublgfi. Jns djufmns kfnj÷cfgns gnhn ji silcrb y jis jécrfhis tfblbl ul prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi fcuij i uli snjugf÷l mb LiGj ij 1.6%. Ipjfgir uli snjugf÷l gnl mfdbrbltb prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi pubmb giusir mfdbrbltbs prnkjbhis. prnkjbhis . Wf bs efpbrt÷lfgi, prnvngi ji sijfmi mb icui mb jns tbofmns eigfi ji snjugf÷l bl ul bsdubrzn pnr bqufjfkrir i jns sfstbhis. Bl ji silcrb, ul djufmn efpbrt÷lfgn giusi grbhigf÷l mb jns brftrngftns. Bl bj gisn mb uli snjugf÷l efpnt÷lfgi, pubmb flmugfr ebh÷jfsfs mb jns cj÷kujns rnons n hfcrigf÷l mb icui eigfi bj tbofmn ngujir. Idnrtulimihbltb, bj non bs gipiz mb tnjbrir

912

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

914

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

gfbrtns jèhftbs (1.4-;.1%) sfl prbsbltir hnjbstfis lntnrfis gnhn sblsigf÷l mb mnjnr n ipirfgf÷l mb jicrfhbn bl ul non siln. Bj ioustb mb ji tnlfgfmim sb rbijfzi mbj hfshn hnmn qub piri jns prbpirimns flybgtikjbs0 pnr jn cblbrij, gnl gjnrurn mb snmfn. Bl gisn mb flgnhpitfkfjfmimbs, sb utfjfzil ntris sijbs. Mb ieè ji fhpnrtilgfi mb gnlngbr jns hætnmns piri fsntnlfzir snjugfnlbs gnhn snl? i) pnr bqufvijbltbs fsnt÷lfgns, mnlmb tnmns jns gnhpubstns quèhfgns tfblbl uli gfbrti bqufvijblgfi i crihns mb gjnrurn mb snmfn? bs su ‚bqufvijbltb fsnt÷lfgn‘ fsnt÷ lfgn‘ qub sb blgubltri tikujimn y qub tihkfæl pubmb mbtbrhflirsb bxpbrfhbltijhbltb. Wbcÿl bstb hætnmn ‚Ji suhi

mb jns bqufvijbltbs fsnt÷lfgns mb tnmns jns gnhpnlbltbs mb 911 hJ mb dnrhi dirhigæutfgi mbkbrél sbr lbgbsirfihbltb bqufvijbltbs i 1.6 crihns mb LiGj‘0 y k) pnr mbsgblsns

grfnsg÷pfgns, bj guij bs uli gnlstiltb dèsfgn-quèhfgi piri gimi sustilgfi y qub tfblb qub vbr gnl ji digfjfmim mb ji mfsnjugf÷l mb ji sustilgfi piri pisir mb bstimn jèqufmn i s÷jfmn, pisilmn pnr bj pultn mb gnlcbjigf÷l (snjfmfdfgigf÷l). Wb sfhknjfzi pnr ∄g sb blgubltri tikujimn n pubmb

mbtbrhflirsb bl bj jiknritnrfn gnl bj nsh÷hbtrn. Ji snjugf÷l fsnt÷lfgi gnl bj nrcilfshn (1.6% Q/T mb LiGj) tfblb ul mbsgblsn grfnsg÷pfgn mb ∄g mb 1.2;. Wbcÿl bstb hætnmn ‚Ji suhi mb jns mbsgblsns grfnsg÷pfgns ij %Q/T bl qub sb eijji gimi gnhpnlbltb bl ji d÷rhuji dirhigæutfgi mbkbré sbr mb 1.2;‘. 

Bj pE mb jis jécrfhis sb gnlsfmbri mb 3.= iulqub virèi (nsgfji iprnxfhimihbltb bltrb 3.= y 3.3). Guilmn bj hbmfgihbltn ln bs bstikjb bl bstb fltbrvijn mb pE, pubmbl dnrhujirsb gnjfrfns guyn pE dflij sb ipirtb mbj fltbrvijn yi qub jis jécrfhis tfblbl gfbrtn pnmbr tihp÷l. Qnr bobhpjn, jns usuirfns mb jbltbs mb gnltigtn tfblbl ul vijnr hblnr mb pE y jis jécrfhis tfblbl gfbrti gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri. Jns nons snpnrtil hiynr mbsvfigf÷l eigfi pEs ijgijflns qub eigfi pEs égfmns. Gnl bj dfl mb ioustir sfhujtélbihbltb bj pE y ji prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi pubmbl bhpjbirsb hbzgjis mb mfdbrbltbs snjugfnlbs rbcujimnris. Qiri jns gnjfrfns sb utfjfzil snkrb tnmn jns tihpnlbs dnsditn y ji hbzgji égfmn k÷rfgn-knritn mb snmfn. Ji vfsgnsfmim mb uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi sb gnlsfmbri ÷ptfhi bl bj fltbrvijn mb 92 i ;2 gQs y bxfstbl mfdbrbltbs icbltbs hnmfdfgimnrbs mb ji vfsgnsfmim qub pubmbl sbr flgjufmns bl ji dnrhujigf÷l mb ul gnjfrfn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

914

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 913

Jis girigtbrèstfgis mb jns gnjfrfns snl s nl prégtfgihbltb fmæltfgis fmæltfgis i jis rbqubrf rbqubrfmis mis piri snjugfnlbs flybgtikjbs. Mbkbl sbr jèhpfmns (gnhn tnmis jis snjugfnlbs), flmnjnrns (digtnr qub subjb bstir bl dulgf÷l mb su pE), lbutrns, fsnt÷lfgns gnl bj djufmn jicrfhij y, snkrb tnmn, bstærfjbs. Qiri bj gisn mb gnjfrfns-suspb gnjfrfns-suspblsf÷l, lsf÷l, ji dirhignpbi flgjuyb imbhés ul gnltrnj mbj tihiùn mb pirtèguji. Bj prnkjbhi bspbgèdfgihbltb qub sb pjiltbi gnl jns gnjfrfns bs bj mb ji gnlsbrvigf÷l mb su bstbrfjfmim muriltb su fltbrvijn mb bhpjbn. Rl gnjfrfn sb imhflfstri bl dnrhi mb cntis y bl bj trilsgursn mb gimi uli mb jis mfdbrbltbs ipjfgigfnlbs pubmbl gnltihflirsb, jn qub pubmb gnlmugfr i grbgfhfbltn hfgrnkfiln, hnmfdfgigf÷l mb pE mbj gnjfrfn y mb ji bstrugturi mb jns prflgfpfns igtfvns b fldbggf÷l ujtbrfnr mbj non. I dfl mb bvftir qub hfgrnnrci hfgrnnrcilfshns lfshns sb fltrnmu fltrnmuzgil zgil iggfmbltijhbltb y sb hujtfpjfqubl muriltb ji imhflfstrigf÷l mbj gnjfrfn, mbkbl flgjufrsb icbltbs iltfsæptfgns y iltfdÿlcfgns bl su dnrhujigf÷l, qub sbil flnguns piri ji g÷rlbi y ji gnloultfvi, gnhpitfkjbs gnl jns prflgfpfns igtfvns y bdfgigbs i mnsfs kiois gnhn jns mbrfvimns nrcilnhbrgurfijbs tijbs gnhn lftritn y knritn mb dblfjhbrgurfn y æstbrbs mbj égfmn piriefmrnxfkblznfgn, iulqub bstns ÿjtfhns sbil huy pngn snjukjbs bl icui. Jns blsiyns piri ji bvijuigf÷l mb gnjfrfns, imbhés mb ji vijnrigf÷l mb jns prflgfpfns igtfvns y mb ji fmbltfdfgi fmbltfdfgigf÷l gf÷l mb jns mfdbrbltbs gnlstftuybltbs, flgjuybl jns sfcufblt sfcufbltbs bs gnltrnjbs? 9. Bstbrfjfmim Bstbrfjfmim.. ;. Hbmfmi mbj pE y mbj pnmbr tihp÷l. 7. Mbsgblsn grfnsg÷pfgn. =. Jfhpfbzi. 2. Bvbltuijhbltb, mbtbrhfligf÷l mb ji vfsgnsfmim.  IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  I

Flvbstfcir jns mfdbrbltbs tfpns mb ndtéjhfgns y sus s us prnpfbmimbs mb pE, vfsgnsfmim, fsntnlfgfmim. [bvfsir ji DBRH n ji RWQ piri vbrfdfgir bobhpjns mb ndtéjhfgns y quæ prubkis mbkbl guhpjfr.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

913

 

915

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FT [BIG]FTNW? NW?

GIL]FMIM   GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ  HI]B[FIJ 

GIL]FMIM GIL]FMIM  

[BIG]FTNW  [BIG]FTNW 

;

Tisns mb prbgfpftimn mb 711 hJ

;1 c

LiGj

2

Tisns mb prbgfpftimn mb 911 hJ

2

Bspétuji

=

Giois Qbtrf

EGj 1.19 L

9

Qrnkbti mb ;21 hJ

LiNE 1.19 L

9

Qflzis mb mfsbggf÷l

Hbtfj y prnpfjpir prnpfjpirikbln ikbln

9

Qntblgf÷hbtrn

=

Qnrtinkobtn Qnrtinkobtnss y gukrbnkobtns

*Icui piri flybgtikjb

9

Cntbrn

Ijgnenj ij 31%

9

Hfgrnsgnpfn

Gjnrurn mb kblzijgnlf kblzijgnlfnn

7

Hitrigbs idnrimn idnrimnss mb 21 hJ

Izuj mb hbtfjbln

9

Tfsgnsèhbtrn

9

Oubcn mb icuois piri vfsgnsèhbtrn

9

Qfgl÷hbtrn mb vfmrfn

9

Hbgebrn Dfsebr

9

]brh÷hbtrn

LiE;QN=, Li;EQN=  ;c

Gjnrefmritn mb Jfmngièli

Girknpnj 6=1, EQHG @=H, 911JT

9

Gioi mb Qbtrf gnl icir Hubjjbr Efltnl

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

915

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 916

9

Qirrfjji mb gijbltihfbltn

* Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

ÉGFMN GJN[EÈM[FGN (EGj) Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj égfmn gjnreèmrfgn bs uli mfsnjugf÷l igunsi mb gjnrurn mb efmr÷cbln. Bs ul jèqufmn mb gnjnr ihirfjjn (pnr prbsblgfi mb trizis mb dfbrrn, gjnrn n hitbrfi nrcélfgi) n flgnjnrn gnl ul njnr pblbtriltb. pblbtrilt b. Bs ssnjukjb njukjb bl icui, mbsprbl mbsprblmfælmnsb mfælmnsb gijnr. Wu d÷rhuji quèhfgi bs EGj y tfblb ul pbsn hnjbgujir mb 74.=4 c/hnj. Gnl icbltbs nxfmiltbs gnhn pbr÷xfmn mb efmr÷cbln, égfmn sbjælfgn y pblt÷xfmn mb vilimfn, cblbri gjnrn, bj guij bs huy pbjfcrnsn. [fbscns i ji sijum?

Bl bj gisn mb bxpnsfgfnlbs icumis pnr fleijigf÷l, jns hiynrbs bdbgtns sb jfhftil ij trigtn rbspfritnrfn supbrfnr. Jns vipnrbs giusil mfdfgujtim piri rbspfrir, tns b fldjihigf÷l y ujgbrigf÷l mb lirfz, tréqubi y jirflcb. Bxpnsfgfnlbs sbvbris giusil bspishn mb ji jirflcb y bmbhi bl jns pujhnlbs y gubrmis vngijbs. Rli bxpnsfgf÷l prnjnlcimi y rbpbtfmi pubmb giusir mbgnjnrigf÷l y gnrrnsf÷l mbltij. Bl ijculns gisns sb eil prbsbltimn prnkjbhis mb cistrftfs y krnlquftfs gr÷lfgi. Bs ul frrftiltb sbvbrn mb jns nons y su gnltigtn gnl bjjns pubmb giusir qubhimuris, rbmugfr ji vfsf÷l n, flgjusn, ji pærmfmi tntij mb æsti. Bl dnrhi mb vipnr n mfsnjugfnlbs gnlgbltrimis giusi qubhimuris bl pfbj sbrfis, mbrhitftfs y dntnsblsfkfjfzigf÷l. Jis qubhimuris pubmbl mboir gfgitrfgbs, qub flgjusn pubmbl mbsdfcurir jis rbcfnlbs qub eil sfmn miùimis. Wu flcbstf÷l prnmugb gnrrnsf÷l mb jis hbhkrilis hugnsis mb ji kngi, bs÷dicn y bst÷hicn. Jns sèltnhis qub sb prbsbltil snl? mfsdicfi, léusbis, v÷hftn, sbm fltblsi y mfirrbi. Qubmb prbsbltirsb, flgjusn, gnjipsn rbspfritnrfn y hubrtb pnr lbgrnsfs mbj bs÷dicn y bst÷hicn. Qiri su hilbon bs lbgbsirfn utfjfzir jbltbs mb sbcurfmim y, sf bs lbgbsirfn, cuiltbs mb lbnprbln, vftnl n eujb kutèjfgn, lulgi mb QTI n pnjfbtfjbln pnjfbtfj bln bl jucirbs kfbl vbltfjimns. Ln mbkbl

916

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

991

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

usirsb jbltbs mb gnltigtn guilmn sb utfjfgb bstb prnmugtn. Ij trisvisir pbqubùis giltfmimbs gnl pfpbti, sfbhprb utfjfzir prnpfpbtis, LRLGI IWQF[I[ GNL JI KNGI. Wf sb hilboil giltfmimbs crilmbs mb bstb prnmugtn, bs lbgbsirfn utfjfzir ul bqufpn mb rbspfrigf÷l iut÷lnhi sfl pirtbs mb ijuhflfn. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns?

Fleijigf÷l? Hnvbr ij idbgtimn ij ifrb drbsgn. Wf ln rbspfri, mir rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij y hiltblbrjn gijfbltb y bl rbpnsn, ln mir i flcbrfr limi. Wf bsté gnlsgf gnlsgfbltb, bltb, suhflfstrir nxècbln, sf bs pnsfkjb, y hiltblbrjn sbltimn. Nons? Jivir flhbmfitihbltb gnl icui gnrrfbltb, isbcurélmnsb mb ikrfr kfbl jns pérpimns. Qfbj? Jivir flhbmfitihbltb ji znli miùimi gnl ikulmiltb icui. Wf ei pblbtrimn bl ji rnpi, quftirji flhbmfitihbltb y jivir ji pfbj gnl icui ikulmiltb. Flcbstf÷l? Ln prnvngir v÷hftn. Bl gisn mb qub ji vègtfhi bstæ flgnlsgfbltb, mir rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij y hiltblbrji bl rbpnsn y gijfbltb. Wf bsté gnlsgfbltb mir i kbkbr ul pngn mb icui gnltfluihbltb, pnr bobhpjn uli gugeirimi gimi 91 hflutns. BL ]NMNW JNW GIWNW MB BUQNWFGFNL, BJ QIGFBL]B MBKB WB[ ][ILWQN[]IMN IJ ENWQF]IJ ]IL Q[NL]N GNHN WBI QNWFKJB.  I_RJ MB HB]FJBLN Qiri rbvfsir ji fldnrhigf÷l tnxfgnj÷cfgi mbj izuj mb hbtfjbln viyi ij ipirtimn mbsgrftn bl jis pécflis 6= y 62. GJN[R[N MB KBL_IJGNLFN Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Jis sijbs mb ihnlfn pnsbbl ul bxtrinrmflirfn pnmbr kigtbrfgfmi drbltb i jis kigtbrfis crihpnsftfvis bxtbrhflélmnsb flgjusn jis crih-lbcitfvis gnl snjugfnlbs gnlsfmbrikjbhbltb mfjufmis bl hitbrfi igtfvi, igtÿi mb fcuij hilbri snkrb vfrus, ijcis y enlcns. Bj gjnrurn mb kblzijgnlfn (gjnrurn mb mfhbtfjkblgfjihnlfn) bs ul gnhpubstn mb ihnlfn guitbrlirfn guyi d÷rhuji quèhfgi bs G93E71GjL. Wb prbsblti gnhn ul pnjvn kjilgn n ihirfjjbltn. Mb tigtn oiknlnsn y njnr jbvbhbltb irnhétfgn. Huy efcrnsg÷pfgn0 ln gnltfblb hés mbj 91% bl icui. Wnjukjb bl icui y btilnj0 pngn snjukjb bl kblgbln0 gisf flsnjukjb bl ætbr. Wu snjugf÷l igunsi subjb sbr jfcbrihbltb ijgijfli y kion icftigf÷l prnmugb bspuhi. Guilmn sb gijfblti dnrhi uli hisi dulmfmi trilspirbltb

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

991

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 999

[fbscns i ji sijum?

Ijhigblir jns prnmugtns bl ul jucir drbsgn y sbgn bl gnlmfgfnlbs efcfælfgis, bhpiqub nrfcflij y gbrrimn i tbhpbrituris ln supbrfnrbs i =1±G. Ln ipjfgir snjugfnlbs bl ji pfbj sfl mfjufr i gnlgbltrigfnlbs supbrfnrbs ij 9%. Wf ji pfbj bsté fldjihimi n frrftimi, mbkbl utfjfzirsb utfjfzirs b snjugfnlbs hés mfjufmis mb jn rbgnhblmimn. Wb utfjfzi icui bstærfj n mbstfjimi piri mfjufr (mbkb bvftirsb bj icui mbj crfdn, pnrqub pubmb gnltblbr fnlbs hbtéjfgns y hitbrfi nrcélfgi qub fligtfvil ij iltfsæptfgn). Bj gnltigtn prnjnlcimn gnl ji pfbj pubmb prnmugfr frrftigfnlbs n qubhimuris. Wb rbgnhfblmi prbgiugf÷l b flgjusn ln utfjfzir piri ji mbsfldbggf÷l mb hitbrfij qufrÿrcfgn n mb supbrdfgfbs (pnr dijti mb bdfgigfi y pnrqub prnmugbl gnrrnsf÷l). Bj gjnrurn mb kblzijgnlfn igtÿi répfmihbltb y mb dnrhi prnjnlcimi. ]ihkfæl pubmb sbr imsnrkfmn pnr jbltbs mb gnltigtn jn qub pubmb prnvngir tnxfgfmim ngujir. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns?

]ris fleijigf÷l tnhir ifrb drbsgn, bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj igjirir gnl ikulmiltb icui, utfjfzir ul ijcnm÷l fhprbclimn gnl pnjfbtfjblcjfgnj =11 piri bxtribr bj prnmugtn y gihkfir n rbtfrir ji rnpi gnltihflimi. ]ris flcbstf÷l kbkbr ikulmiltb icui, ln vnhftir pubs bxfstb rfbscn mb pbrdnrigf÷l, ln fltbltir rbijfzir hbmfmis mb lbutrijfzigf÷l y jjihir i itblgf÷l hbmfgn mb flhbmfitn. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl jns nons blouicir gnl ikulmiltb icui, gnlsbrvilmn jns pirpimns ikfbrtns gnhn hèlfhn muriltb 91 hflutns y ivfsir flhbmfitihbltb ij ndtijh÷jncn. EFM[×UFMN MB WNMFN Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj efmr÷xfmn mb snmfn snjukjb bl icui, ijgnenjbs y cjfgbrnj, flsnjukjb bl igbtnli (iulqub rbiggfnli gnl bjji) y ætbr, bs gnrrnsfvn mb hbtijbs y tbofmns. Wu d÷rhuji quèhfgi bs LiNE y su pbsn hnjbgujir bs mb =1.19 c/hnj. Ji rbiggf÷l gnl snsi y trfgjnrnbtfjbln bs pbjfcrnsi, yi qub bstb ÿjtfhn sb mbsgnhpnlb y cblbri mfgjnrnigbtfjbln, bj guij bs fldjihikjb. [fbscns i ji sijum?

Qiri bj hilbon mbj LiNE bs lbgbsirfn bj usn mb jbltbs mb sbcurfmim, kiti y cuiltbs mb lbnprbln, lftrfjn n vflfjn. Wfbhprb mbkb hilboirsb bl uli gihpili y ln mbkbl utfjfzirsb jbltbs

999

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

99;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

mb gnltigtn ij trikioir gnl bstb gnhpubstn. Bl bj gisn mb trisvisir pbqubùis giltfmimbs mb mfsnjugfnlbs mb snsi gnl pfpbti, utfjfzir utfjfzir uli prnpfpbti, LRLGI IWQF[I[ GNL JI KNGI. K NGI. Bj efmr÷xfmn mb snmfn bs frrftiltb y gnrrnsfvn mb jns tbofmns. Ji fleijigf÷l mb pnjvn n lbkjfli giusi frrftigf÷l y miùn mbj trigtn rbspfritnrfn. Bl gisn mb bxpnsfgf÷l i gnlgbltrigfnlbs ijtis, sb prbsblti ujgbrigf÷l lisij, qubhimuris bl ji lirfz y trigtn. Bj LiNE bs bxtrbhimihbltb gnrrnsfvn i jns nons pnr jn qub jis sijpfgimuris snl huy pbjfcrnsis, pubmbl prnvngir mbsmb uli cril frrftigf÷l bl ji g÷rlbi, ujgbrigf÷l, luknsfmimbs y, dflijhbltb, su mbsfltbcrigf÷l. Bl gisns hés sbvbrns pubmb eikbr gbcubri pbrhilbltb, pnr jn qub jns prfhbrns iuxfjfns flhbmfitns snl vftijbs. ]iltn bj LiNE s÷jfmn, gnhn bl mfsnjugfnlbs gnlgbltrimis bs ijtihbltb gnrrnsfvn i ji pfbj. Wb eil rbpnrtimn gisns mb mfsnjugf÷l tntij mb gikbjjn, gijvfgfb rbvbrsfkjb y qubhimuris mbj gubrn gikbjjumn bl trikioimnrbs bxpubstns i mfsnjugfnlbs gnlgbltrimis mb snsi pnr virfis enris. Bstb prnmugtn bsté gnlsfmbrimn gnhn pnsfkjb giusiltb mb gélgbr mb bs÷dicn, iÿl mbspuæs mb 9; i =; iùns mb su flcbstf÷l. Ji girgflncælbsfs pubmb mbkbrsb i ji mbstruggf÷l mbj tbofmn y dnrhigf÷l mb gnstris, hés qub pnr bj prnmugtn hfshn. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns?

Bl gisn mb fleijigf÷l rbtfrir mbj érbi mb bxpnsfgf÷l eigfi uli kfbl vbltfjimi. Wf bj iggfmbltimn sb blgubltri flgnlsgfbltb, ln mir i kbkbr limi, mir rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij y rbeikfjftigf÷l girmfnpujhnlir. Wf sb blgubltri gnlsgfbltb, jbviltirjn n sbltirjn jbltihbltb, suhflfstrir nxècbln, sf bs lbgbsirfn. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn bl nons jivir gnl ikulmiltb icui gnrrfbltb, isbcurélmnsb mb jbviltir jns pérpimns, eisti bjfhfligf÷l tntij mbj prnmugtn. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj quftir ji rnpi gnltihflimi flhbmfitihbltb. Jivir bj érbi idbgtimi gnl ikulmiltb icui gnrrfbltb. Wf sb flcfrf÷ pnr brrnr ln prnvngir v÷hftn. Wf bj iggfmbltimn sb blgubltri flgnlsgfbltb, tritir gnhn bl bj gisn mb fleijigf÷l. Wf bsté gnlsgfbltb, mir i kbkbr uli gugeirimi mb icui flhbmfitihbltb flhbmfitihbltb y mbspuæs, gimi 91 hflutns. BL ]NMNW ] NMNW JNW GIWNW MB BUQNWFGF×L, BJ QIGFBL]B MBKB WB[ ][ILWQN[]IMN IJ ENWQF]IJ ]IL Q[NL]N GNHN WBI QNWFKJB.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

99;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 997

HB]NMNJNCÈI? Girigtbrè Gi rigtbrèstfgis stfgis mbj Jntb y sn jugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri fsnt÷l fgi?

9. ]ihiùn bstélmir mbj jntb (Kitge sfzb)? ;11 hJ mb snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi. ;. Mbsgrfpgf÷l? snjugf÷l trilspirbltb, trilspirbltb, jèqufmn flgnjnrn gnl njnr girigtbrèstf girigtbrèstfgn. gn. 7. D÷rhuji guijf-guiltf sb mbsgrfkb bl ji tikji 94. =. Wnjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri fsnt÷lfgi, gnlstftufmi pnr LiE;QN=, Li;EQN=, LiGj. ]ikji 94. D÷rhuji Guijf-guiltf piri ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi. GNHQNLBL]B N HQ 

GJN[EFM[I]N MB

GIL]FMIM/ JN]B 

QBWIMN (c)  

Bq. Fsn.  TB[FDFGIMN  

;%

1.;;1

LiE;QN= ij 1.3% p/v

g.s.

1.=41

Li;EQN= ij 9.2% p/v

g.s.

1.=;1

LiGj

g.s.p. fsntnlfzir

EQHG (icbltb vfsgnsiltb)

1.2%

JFMNGIFLI (QI)

9

Hbtfjpirikbln (gnlsbrvimnr) 1.95% Qrnpfjpirikbln (gnlsbrvimnr) 1.1;% Icui piri flybgtikjb

g.s.p. ;11 hJ

Bq. Fsn.8Bqufvijbltb fsnt÷lfgn0 g.s.8Giltfmim sudfbltb0 g.s.p.8Giltf g.s.p.8Giltfmim mim sudfgfbltb piri0 HQ8hitbrfi prfhi0 QI8prflgfpfn igtfvn.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? Qr bpir bpirigf igf ÷l mbj érbi m mb b dik r fgig fg igf÷ f÷ l m mbj bj jjnt ntb b mb s nj ugf÷ ug f÷ l n dtéjh dt éjh fgi fg i (g (gnj nj fr frfn fn). ).

9. Jivir pbrdbgtihbltb su hbsi mb trikion mbj jiknritnrfn usilmn snjugf÷l mb mbtbrcbltb y ul jfblzn mb ijcnm÷l.

997

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

99=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

;. [btfrir bj bxgbsn mb mbtbrcbltb mbtbrcbl tb gnl iyumi mbj jfblzn y prngbmi i rngfir gjnrurn mb kblzijgnlfn bl bj érbi jivimi. 7. Gnl iyumi mb uli silfti mb pipbj iksnrkbltb, jfhpfir bj bxgbsn mb kblzij bl ul sbltfmn. Dflijhbltb, rngfir ijgnenj ij 31% y mboir bvipnrir. =. Gnjngir ul pjfbcn mb pipbj bstrizi snkrb ji hbsi jfhpfi y silftfzimi pbcélmnjn gnl gflti his`flc tipb.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Fmbl tfdf tf dfgig gig f÷ l y pbs imn mb jis hit hitbr brfis fis pr prfh fhis is i u tfjf tf jfzir zir..

9. Fmbltfdfgir jis hitbrfis prfhis n gnhpnlbltbs mb ji d÷rhuji i bhpjbir bl ji dikrfgigf÷l mbj gnjfrfn. ;. [bcfstrir bl ji kftégnri pbrsnlij, mitns gnhn lnhkrb quèhfgn n FRQIG, dikrfgiltb, prnvbbmnr, lÿhbrn mb jntb, dbgei mb dikrfgigf÷l y mb gimugfmim, girigtbrèstfgis dèsfgis, btg., mb gimi uli mb jis hitbrfis prfhis i usir. 7. [bijfzi jns géjgujns rbqubrfmns piri prbpirir ji dnrhujigf÷l? 9 ∓  . .9 + ; ∓  . .; +  ∓  . ..  8 1.6   

M÷lmb? h, bs ji hisi h isi mb gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs bl c. Bq. Fsn, bs bj Bqufvijblt Bqufvijbltb b fsnt÷lfgn mb gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs. Qiri gijgujir ji giltfmim mb icui rbqubrfmi, sb mbkb tnhir bl gublti ji giltfmim mb gjnrefmritn mb jfmngièli i utfjfzir, isè gnhn bj vnjuhbl mb ji snjugf÷l i prbpirir.

%8

(; ℌ  è)( è )(911 911   ÷) ÷)    

 

Gijgujilmn jns bqufvijbltbs fsnt÷lfgns mbj gjnrefmritn mb jfmngièli, yi qub ji snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri yi bs fsnt÷lfgi?

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

99=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 992

(; ℌ  è)( è )(911 911   ÷) ÷)    

  . . .  ℌ ℌ       è è  8 1. 1.6 6 

Bj vnjuhbl mb icui rbqubrfmi mbkb mfvfmfrsb bl trbs pirtbs qub sbré ji giltfmim rbqubrfmi piri ji igtfvfmim =. Bj icui mbkb sbr flybgtikjb. =. Tbrfdfgir ji jfhpfbzi mbj érbi mb pbsimn y mb ji kijilzi ilijètfgi. 2. [bcfstrir bl ji kftégnri mb usn mb ji kijilzi. 4. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l jis giltfmimbs (c) rbqubrfmis mb gimi uli mb jis hitbrfis prfhis. 3. Jfhpfir ji kijilzi y érbi mb trikion0 rbcrbsir jis hitbrfis prfhis ij ijhigæl.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7? Qr bpir bpirigf igf ÷l mb j i sn snju ju gf÷l gf ÷l ihn ihnrr tfcu tf cu imn r i mb p E fs fsnt nt÷l ÷l fg i.

9. Gijgujir mb igubrmn i ji tikji guijf-guiltf guijf -guiltf mbj jntb i prbpirir, bj vnjuhbl mb snjugf÷l fsnt fsnt÷lfgi ÷lfgi i prbpirir. ;. Qrbpirir ji snjugf÷l mb igubrmn i jis gnlmfgfnlbs bstikjbgfmis bl ji tikji ;1, piri 911 hJ mb snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri mb pE fsnt÷lfgi. ]nhilmn bl gublti bj vnjuhbl mb icui qub sb gijguj÷ prbvfihbltb, sb mbkb gnlsfmbrir qub sb prbpiriril ;11 hJ mb snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi, pnr jn tiltn bj vnjuhbl mb ji snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri i prbpirir sb gijguji mb ji sfcufbltb hilbri?

   ÷  8   ÷ ÷ é é  ∛         

Mnlmb, bj vnjuhbl bs bl hJ. 7. Hbzgjir jns vnjÿhblbs lbgbsirfns mb jis snjugfnlbs mb dnsditns prbvfihbltb prbpirimis (ihnrtfcuimnr mb pE) y ji giltfmim mb gjnrurn mb snmfn lbgbsirfi piri fsntnlfzir ji snjugf÷l. =. [bcfstrir jns pbsns nktblfmns bl jns géjgujns piri jis sijbs bl ji tikji mb mb ji d÷rhuji guijfguiltf mb su snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi.

992

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

994

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]ikji 93. Gnhpnsfgf÷l mb ji snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri. Wnjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri mb pE fsnt÷lfgi g.s. (pE 3.=)

Gnhpnsfgf÷l pnr 911 hJ

LiE;QN= ij 1.3% p/v

41 hJ

Li;EQN= ij 9.2% p/v

=1 hJ

LiGj

1.7=5 c

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? Qrbpir Qrb pirigf igf ÷l mb j i dn dnrh rh uj igf ÷l ndtéj nd téjhf hf gi. gi . i) Tnju Tnjuhbl hbl mb icui flybgtikjb.

9.  Qiri gijgujir ji giltfmim mb icui flybgtikjb i usir bl ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi, sb rbqufbrb bstikjbgbr uli bguigf÷l qub rbjigfnlb jns crihns mb gjnrefmritn mb jfmngièli bl ji dnrhujigf÷l gnl sus bqufvijbltbs fsnt÷lfgns (Bq. Fsn.) qub mbkbl sbr fcuij ij 1.6% mb LiGj.  k) Mfspbrsf÷l mbj icbltb vfsgnsiltb efm rnxfp rnpfjhbtfjgbjujnsi (EQH (EQHG) G)..

9. Gnjngir bl visn mb prbgfpftimn mb gipigfmim imbguimi (211 hJ) ji tbrgbri pirtb mbj icui flybgtikjb i usir bl ji dikrfgigf÷l mbj ndtéjhfgn. ;. Flgnrpnrir pngn i pngn ji giltfmim mb EQHG i usir, hfbltris sb icfti gnltfluihbltb gnl iyumi mb uli bspétuji. 7. Gijbltir ji mfspbrsf÷l mfspbrsf ÷l bl uli pirrfjji mb gijbltihfbltn (51-61¿G) sfl mboir mb icftir ji hbzgji. Bldrfir y gnjnqub ji mfspbrsf÷l bl ul kiùn mb efbjn. LN]I? Wf ji EQHG ln sb snjukfjfzi bl ul tbrgfn mb icui, utfjfzir ul tbrgfn hés eisti su gnhpjbti snjukfjfmim. g) Qrbpirigf÷ Qrbpirigf÷l l mb ji snjugf ÷l mb gjn gjnref refmritn mritn mb jfm jfmngièli ngièli ((QI) QI),, prbhbzgji uln uln..

9. Bl ul visn mb gipigfmim imbguimi, hbmfr bj vnjuhbl rbqubrfmn piri tblbr uli tbrgbri pirtb mb icui flybgtikjb i usir.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

994

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 993

;. Flgnrpnrir bj igtfvn (Gjnrefmritn mb jfmngièli) icftilmn crimuij y gnlstiltbhbltb eisti su gnhpjbti mfsnjugf÷l. LN]I? Bj vnjuhbl mb icui rbqubrfmn mbpblmb mbj vnjuhbl utfjfzimn piri mfspbrsir EQHG. m) Qrbpirigf÷l Qrbpirigf÷l m b ji snjugf÷ l m b gnlsbrvimnrbs pirikblns, prbhb prbhbzgji zgji mns.

9. Bl ul visn mb gipigfmim imbguimi, hbmfr bj vnjuhbl rbqubrfmn piri tblbr uli tbrgbri pirtb mb icui flybgtikjb i usir. ;. Icrbcir bj hbtfjpirikbln icftilmn crimuij y gnlstiltbhbltb eisti su flgnrpnrigf÷l. 7. Qrngbmbr i icrbcir i ji hbzgji, bj prnpfjpirikbln eisti su gnhpjbti flgnrpnrigf÷l. =. Gijbltir jfcbrihbltb ji hbzgji sfl mboir mb icftir piri hbonrir ji snjukfjfmim mb jns gnlsbrvimnrbs. LN]I? Bj vnjuhbl mb icui rbqubrfmn mbpblmb mbj vnjuhbl utfjfzimn piri mfspbrsir EQHG. b) Rlf÷ Rlf÷l l mb jis pr prbhbz bhbzgjis gjis gn l ji mfsp brsf÷l mb EQ EQHG HG..

9. Ij visn qub gnltfblb ji mfspbrsf÷l mb EQHG, icrbcir ji prbhbzgji uln flgnrpnrélmnji gnl icftigf÷l gnlstiltb. g nlstiltb. ;. Rli vbz flgnrpnrimi, prngbmbr i icrbcir ji prbhbzgji mns icftilmn gnlstiltbhbltb. 7. Dflijhbltb, iùimfr ji giltfmim lbgbsirfi mb snjugf÷l ihnrtfcuimnri fsnt÷lfgi qub pbrhfti tblbr uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi gnl pE y prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi imbguimi piri su imhflfstrigf÷l ngujir. =. Bstbrfjfzir ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi pnr ul hætnmn gnlvblgfnlij mb jiknritnrfn. 2. Bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs, ignlmfgfnlb ji snjugf÷l mb gnjfrfn bl ul hitbrfij mb bhpiqub prfhirfn fm÷lbn piri ji imhflfstrigf÷l pnr flstfjigf÷l mb jis cntis mb gnjfrfn.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 2? Bls iyn iynss p ir iri i ji bv bviju iju igf÷ ig f÷ l m mbj bj g njfr nj frfn fn.. Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l m b ipi ipirfblgfi rfblgfi b flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi . Bxihflir y rbcfstrir jis girigtbrèstfgis

dèsfgis mbj gnjfrfn rbspbgtn i ji jfhpfbzi y trilspirblgfi mb ji dnrhi dirhigæutfgi. I gnltri juz, flspbggfnlb ji iusblgfi n prbsblgfi mb pirtègujis s÷jfmis mfspbrsis.

993

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

995

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Mbtbrhfligf÷l mbj vnjuhbl tntij nktblfmn mb prnmugtn . Gnl uli prnkbti mb gipigfmim

imbguimi, hbmfr bj vnjuhbl tntij nktblfmn mbj jntb mb crilbj mb gnjfrfn dikrfgimn. [bcfstrb bj vnjuhbl nktblfmn mb gnjfrfn. Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l mb vfs vfsgnsfmim gnsfmim

9. Lfvbjir bj bqufpn gnl jns tnrlfjjns lfvbjimnrbs mbj snpnrtb eisti qub ji kurkuoi mb ifrb sb blgubltrb gbltrimi. ;. Wbjbggfnlb ji icuoi imbguimi gnl bj knt÷l spflmjb sbjbgt y uli vbz pirpimbilmn ji jbtri ‚W‘, ioustb gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n ikion) mbj pilbj mb gnltrnj y prbsfnlb lubvihbltb bj knt÷l spflmjb sbjbgt piri qub bj bqufpn cuirmb ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi. 7. Wuobtir bj gikbzij mnlmb sb itnrlfjjiré ji icuoi. =. Gbltrir ji icuoi i utfjfzir y cfrir bl sbltfmn mb jis hilbgfjjis mbj rbjno i ji icuoi eisti qub sb oultb gnl bj snpnrtb. 2. Mbsgblmbr bj vfsgnsèhbtrn eisti qub bj lfvbj mbj jèqufmn qubmb bl ji hirgi mb ji icuoi. 4. Wbjbggfnlir ji vbjngfmim (rph) i ji qub npbriré bj bqufpn gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n kion) y iprfbtb bj knt÷l spbbm sbjbgt piri qub bj bqufpn cuirmb ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi. 3. Blgblmbr bj bqufpn gnl bj knt÷l rnon mbrbgen nl/ndd. 5. Itbhpbrir ji hubstri mb gnjfrfn i ;2¿G y mbtbrhflir mbtbrhflir ji vfsgnsfmim (gps) i ul hflutn. [bcfstrb bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn y gnhpérbjn gnl ji bspbgfdfgigf÷l mbj prnmugtn. Mbtbrhfl Mb tbrhfl igf÷l m mb b pE.

9. Tbrfdfgir qub bj pntblgf÷hbtrn bstb prbvfihbltb gijfkrimn. ;. Hbmfr bj pE mb ji hubstri mb gnjfrfn i ;2¿G. 7. [bcfstrir bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn. =. Mb sbr lbgbsirfn, ioustir bj pE mb ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi eisti ijgilzir ijgilzir bj pE dfsfnj÷cfgn mbj jèqufmn jicrfhij. 2. [bcfstrb bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

995

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 996

Mbtbrhfligf÷l mb mblsfmim rbjitfvi

9. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn mb vfmrfn vigèn. ;. Jjblir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi (;2¿G) eisti qub bj jèqufmn isgfblmi bl bj gipfjir y qubmb blrisimn. 7. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn jjbln gnl icui mbstfjimi. =. [btfrir bj icui y sbgir bj pfgl÷hbtrn. Jjblb bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj gnjfrfn sfl dnrhir kurkuois mb ifrb. 2. Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj gnjfrfn i ;2¿G. Gijgujb ji mblsfmim mbj prnmugtn hbmfiltb ji sfcufbltb bguigf÷l?  8

+∛ +∛

   

M÷lmb? Hp 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn Hp+h 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl hubstri Hp+w 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi h 8 mblsfmim mb ji hubstri w

8 mblsfmim mbj icui (utfjfzihns ji sfcufbltb? 9c/hJ)

Bvijuigf÷l Bvi juigf÷l m b ji bstb bstbrfjfmim rfjfmim m bj prnmugt n

9. Bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs, tnhb gnl uli pulti bstærfj y hbmfr gnl ji hfgrnpfpbti 211 J mb snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi bstærfj. ;. Tbrtbr bj vnjuhbl hbmfmn bl bj gbltrn mb uli gioi mb Qbtrf gnl icir JK. 7. Mfstrfkufr ulfdnrhbhbltb bj vnjuhbl mbpnsftimn bl ji gioi mb Qbtrf eigfblmn hnvfhfbltns gfrgujirbs snkrb ji hbsi mb trikion. =. Flgukir i 73¿G pnr 9; enris. 2. ]rilsgurrfmn bj tfbhpn mb flgukigf÷l, nksbrvb ji prbsblgfi n iusblgfi mb grbgfhfbltn hfgrnkfiln. [bcfstrir jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. nktblfmns.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

996

 

9;1

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 Iléjf  Il éjf s fs mb j i fs fsnt ntnl nl fg fm im m bj p prr nm ug tn

9. Qrbpirir 21 hJ mb uli mfsnjugf÷l qub gnltblci jis sfcufbltbs giltfmimbs mb LiGj? 1.;%, 1.6% y =%. ;. Wbpirir uli mb jis gipis fltbrlis mb ji gbknjji y mbsprblmbr mbsprblmb r ji hbhkrili qub bsté imebrfmi pnr su giri fldbrfnr g÷lgivi. 7. Gnrtir = trnzns mb bpfmbrhfs mb gbknjji (; gh (; gh;) y gnjnqub ul trnzn bl gimi gioi Qbtrf. =. Icrbcir 2 hJ mb snjugf÷l efpnt÷lfgi (LiGj 1.;%) bl ji prfhbri gioi, 2 hJ mb snjugf÷l efpbrt÷lfgi (LiGj =%) bl ji sbculmi gioi Qbtrf, 2 hJ mb snjugf÷l fsnt÷lfgi (LiGj 1.6%) bl ji tbrgbri gioi mb Qbtrf y 2 hJ mb su dnrhujigf÷l (gnjfrfn) bl ji guirti gioi mb Qbtrf. 2. Mboir qub sb bqufjfkrbl jis snjugfnlbs gnl ji hbhkrili mb ji bpfmbrhfs mb ji gbknjji pnr 91 hflutns. 4. ]rilsgurrfmn bj tfbhpn mb bqufjfkrfn, tnhir bj trnzn mb gbknjji qub bstuvn bl gnltigtn gnl ji snjugf÷l fsnt÷lfgi gnl uli pflzi mb mfsbggf÷l. Gnjngirjn bl ul pnrtinkobtn icrbcilmn uli cnti mb izuj mb hbtfjbln. 3. Nksbrvir ji dnrhi y bj tihiùn mb jis gæjujis kion ul hfgrnsgnpfn bl jns nkobtfvns 91U y ;1U. ]nhir dntncridèis mb jns gihpns nksbrvimns. 5. [bpbtfr bj prngbmfhfbltn gnl jns ntrns trnzns mb gbknjji pubstns bl gnltigtn gnl jis ntris gnlmfgfnlbs mb tnlfgfmim. [bcfstrb jns rbsujtim rbsujtimns ns nktblfmns. [BWRJ]IMNW? Gnl jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion bxpbrfhbltij, jjbli jis tikjis 95 y96.

]ikji 95. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi Qrubki 

Ipirfblgfi

Tnjuhbl mbj prnmugtn

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

Wnjugf÷l trilspirbltb ;11 hJ

[bsujtimn  

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;1

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9;9

pE

3.1-3.=

Tfsgnsfmim Flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi

;1-=1 gQs Wfl pirtègujis

(pirtègujis)

vfsfkjbs

]nlfgfmim

Fsnt÷lfgn

Mblsfmim

9.9211+/-;%

Bstbrfjfmim

Bstærfj

]ikji 96. Gijfdfgigf÷l mb jis snjugfnlbs mb mfdbrbltb tnlfgfmi tnlfgfmim*. m*. Wnjugf÷l 1.;%  Wnjugf ÷l =.1 =.1% %  Wnjugf÷l fsnt÷lfgi  Qrnmugtn

*Gnjngir dntncridè dntncridèii

MFG]IHBL MB GNL][NJ MB GIJFMIM GIJFMIM   MFG]IHBL  

IQ[NKIMN  IQ[NKIMN  [BGEI_IMN   [BGEI_IMN DF[HI?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ DBGEI?   DBGEI?

NKWB[TIGFNLBW 

9;9

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9;;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW

Jns rbsfmuns mb snjugf÷l mb jfmngièli sb rbÿlbl bl ul drisgn y sb btfqubtil flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji dnrhujigf÷l. V sb sfcub bj prngbmfhfbltn qub flmfqub ji Digujtim. Jns rbsfmuns mb izuj mb hbtfjbln sb rbÿlbl bl ul drisgn y sb btfqubtil flmfgilmn gnhpnsfgf÷l. Jns rbsfmuns mb gbknjji sb mbsbgeil sfcufblmn bj prngbmfhfbltn mb ji Digujtim piri hitbrfij kfnj÷cfgn, sfbhprb y guilmn eiyi bstimn bl gnltigtn gnl jns hitbrfijbs mb ji bxpbrfhbltigf÷l. Mb jn gnltrirfn mbkb sbr mbsbgeimi i ji kisuri hulfgfpij. MFWGRWF×L MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]IMNW?

Bl ji mfsgusf÷l rbijfgb gnhbltirfns rbdbrb rbdbrbltbs ltbs i? * Mfdfgujtimbs qub sb prbsbltirnl muriltb ji dikrfgigf÷l. * [bjbvilgfi mbj hætnmn piri fsntnlfzir ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi y hbmfr ji gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri. *¾Qnr quæ ln sb gijguj÷ bj bqufvijbltb mb LiGj mbj vfsgnsiltb> y ¾pnr quæ uli snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi mbkb jjbvir gnlsbrvimnr>

GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Cblbri uli gnlgjusf÷l eigfblmn uli trfilcujigf÷l mb jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. Eiz eflgipfæ bl ji fhpnrtilgfi mb prbpirir imbguimihbltb ji snjugf÷l ndtéjhfgi y snkrb tnmn tnhilmn gnhn kisb ji fsntnlfgfmim mb ji hfshi. GRBW]FNLI[FN?  

9) ¾Bl quæ sb kisi y quæ flmfgi ji gipigfmim ihnrtfcuimnri> ;) ¾G÷hn idbgti ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb sijbs i ji prbsf÷l nsh÷tfgi>

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9;7

7) Flvbstfcub mns bobhpjns luhærfgns mb g÷hn sb utfjfzi bj hætnmn mb bqufvijbltbs mb LiGj. I) Wf sb gnlngb bj bqufvijbltb mb LiGj mbj dérhign K) Wf sb mbsgnlngb bj bqufvijbltb mb LiGj. =) Wf vis i utfjfzir ul vfsgnsiltb, bxpjfgi ¾pnr quæ y g÷hn idbgti i ji tnlfgfmim> 2) Wf vis i utfjfzir ul gnlsbrvimnr, bxpjfgi ¾pnr quæ y g÷hn idbgti i ji tnlfgfmim> 4) ¾G÷hn idbgti ji prbsblgfi mb sijbs i ji snjukfjfmim mbj prflgfpfn igtfvn> 3) ¾G÷hn sb pubmb hbmfr ji fsntnlfgfmim bhpjbilmn ul bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn> KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

9. [iyhnlm G [nwb, Qiuj O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. ;. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). 7. Oihbs Wwirkrfg` W wirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutf Qeirhigbutfgij gij ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss =. LNH WWI 126 vbrsf÷l vfcbltb. 2. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl bmftfnl. 4. Jnym T. Ijjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfihs Sfjjfihs.. 3. Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl I ujtnl (;119). Qeirhigbutfgs? Qeirhigbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsicb Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb Jfvflcstnlb.. 5. I. Jb Efr (9662). Dirhigfi cijælfgi. Hiluijbs mb Dirhigfi. Bm. Hissnl, W.I. Kirgbjnli, Bspiùi. 6. O. [uèz Wnrfiln (9663). Qrnkjbhis mb Jiknritnrfn Yuèhfgn y Dirhigæutfgn. Bm. Eirgnurt Krigb mb Bspiùi W.I. Himrfm, Bspiùi.

9;7

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9;=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9;2

9;2

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9;4

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI Q[ÉG]FGI 6. OI[IK BW. NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?  

Gnlngbr bj prngbsn cblbrij mb hiludigturi mb ul oirikb y mfstflcufr jns gufmimns qub sb mbkbl mb tblbr muriltb bj hfshn.

 

Gnlngbr jn jnss flcr flcrbmfbltbs bmfbltbs mb su dnrhujigf÷l y jis dulgfnlbs qub guh guhpjbl. pjbl.

 

Iprbgfir ji fhpnrtilgfi mb bstb tfpn mb dnrhi dirhigæutfgi.

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?    

Gnlngbr bj prngbsn mb dikrfgigf dikrfgigf÷l ÷l mb ul oirikb

 

Gnlngbr jn jnss mfdbrb mfdbrbltbs ltbs gnhp gnhpnlbltbs nlbltbs mb ul oirikb y su dulgf÷l mbltrn mbj hfshn hfshn

 

Fltbcrir sus gnlngfhfbltns mb quèhfgi i ji dikrfgigf÷l mb ul oirikb

 

Bvijuir ji gijfmim mbj oirikb dikrfgimn

 

Mbtbrhflir sf guhpjb jis bspbgfdfgigfnlbs bspbgfdfgigfnlbs rbqubrfmis rbqubrfmis

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jns oirikbs snl snjugfnlbs gnlgbltrimis mb izÿgir bl icui n ijcÿl ntrn jfqufmn igunsn. Guilmn sb utfjfzi bxgjusfvihbltb icui mbstfjimi y mbshflbrijfzimi piri prbpirir ji snjugf÷l mb sigirnsi, ji prbpirigf÷l sb gnlngb gnhn oirikb "sfhpjb". Wf sb imfgfnli i ji snjugf÷l mb sigirnsi ntrn tfpn mb pnjfnjbs tijbs gnhn cjfgbrfli, snrkftnj, btg., sb mblnhfli oirikb "gnhpubstn". Guilmn ji snjugf÷l gnl sigirnsi gnltfblb ijcÿl dérhign sb gnlngb gnhn oirikb "hbmfgflij". Bl cblbrij jns oirikbs ndrbgbl npnrtulfmimbs huy virfimis gnhn vbeègujn yi qub snl dégfjhbltb igbptimns tiltn pnr lfùns gnhn pnr imujtns, pnsbbl prnpfbmimbs piri blhisgirir siknrbs mb dérhigns gnl girigtbrèstfgis huy virfimis. Ji dnrhujigf÷l gjésfgi tfpn oirikb pubmb rbprbsbltirsb rbprbsbltir sb gnhn sfcub? Qrflgfpfn igtfvn

g.s.

Wiknr

g.s.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;4

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9;3

Gnjnr

g.s.

Gnlsbrvimnr Wigirnsi Iltfnxfmiltb

52 c

Icui

gsp 911 hj

g.s? giltfmim sudfgfbltb  sudfgfbltb 

gsp? giltfmim sudf gfbltb piri

Ji sigirnsi bs bj izÿgir hés utfjfzimi bl oirikbs, sfl bhkircn, bl gfrgulstilgfis bspbgfijbs pubmb sbr rbbhpjizimi tntij n bl pirtb pnr ntrns izÿgirbs tijbs gnhn ji mbxtrnsi n pnjfnjbs gnhn cjfgbrfli, prnpfjblcjfgnj prnpfjblcjfgnj n snrkftnj. Bl ijculns gisns tnmis jis sukstilgfis cjfgncælfgis, flgjuyblmn jns icbltbs hblgfnlimns irrfki, snl rbbhpjizimns pnr sustilgfis ln cjfgncælfgis gnhn ji hbtfjgbjujnsi n efmrnxfbtfjgbjujnsi y su usn rbsujti bxgbjbltb vbeègujn piri hbmfgigfnlbs mb pigfbltbs mfikætfgns. Wb rbgnhfblmi ln eigbr jns oirikbs bl giltfmimbs hés crilmbs mb jis qub sb pubmil utfjfzir mbltrn mb pngns hbsbs, bxgbptn bl jns gisns mnlmb pubmb sbr gnlsbrvimn dégfjhbltb. Rli tbhpbrituri kioi bs bj hbonr hætnmn mb prbsbrvigf÷l mb oirikbs. Ji RWQ sucfbrb qub jns  oirikbs mbkbl mb mb sbr cuirmimns cuirmimns i uli tbhpbrit tbhpbrituri uri ln hiynr mb jns ;2¿G. Jns gnlsbrvimn gnlsbrvimnrbs rbs gnhn cjfgbrfli, hbtfj pbrikbln, égfmn kblznfgn btg., pubmbl imfgfnlirsb pirtfgujirhbltb guilmn ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb sigirnsi bs kioi. Ji dfcuri = fjustri ul hbzgjimnr tfpn gidrihn gnl uli prnpbji mb dnrhi mb turkfli qub pubmb sbr iprnpfimi piri ji hbzgji mb jns flcrbmfbltbs bl ul oirikb. Jis gnlmfgfnlbs mb vbjngfmim mb icftigf÷l y mbj tfbhpn, mbpblmbrél mb jis girigtbrèstfgis mb ji hbzgji qub sb tblci.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;3

 

9;5

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Dfcuri =. Hbzgjimnr Hirgi F@I.  I  IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?

Kusgir bl VNR]RKB vfmbns snkrb oirikbs (syrup) y snkrb pbrgnjigf÷ pbrgnjigf÷ll (pbrgnjitfnl). HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW? [BIG]FTNW?   GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

[BIG]FTNW

;

Tisn mb pp mb ;21 hJ 

;.2 c

Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflnd æl

;

Tisn mb pp mb 21 hJ 

21 c

*Izÿgir

9

Icftimnr mb vfmrfn

92 c

Wnrkftnj

9

Bspétuji

2c

Qrnpfjblcjfgnj Qrnpfjblcjfgnj

9

Qrnkbti

1.1; c

Qrnpfjpirikbln

9

]brh÷hbtrn

1.91 c

Hbtfjpirikbln

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;5

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9;6

9

Tfsgnsèhbtrn g/icuois

gs

*Gnjnriltb

9

Qrnkbti mb ;21 hj

gs

*Bsblgfi mb drihkubs drihkubsii

9

Qipbj dfjtrn

9

*Oirikb gnhbrgfij mb igbtihflndæl

9

Qirrfjji

9

Qntblgf÷hbtrn

9

Knhki mb vigèn ]rihpi piri knhki mb

9 9

vigèn Hitriz @ftizitn mb 211 hJ

* Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb. ]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Lflculn mb jns hitbrfijbs utfjfzimns bs t÷xfgn y miùfln piri bj nrcilfshn n ji sijum. HB]NMNJNCÈI?  

9. ]ihiùn bstélmir mbj jntb? ;21 hJ mb oirikb. ;. Mbsgrfpgf÷l? Wnjugf÷l trilsjugfmi, mb gnjnr y njnr girigtbrèstfgns. 7. D÷rhuji mbj prnmugtn i dikrfgir sb mbsgrfkb bl ji tikji ;1. ]ikji ;1. Gnhpnlbltbs mbj oirikb hbmfgflij. GNHQNLBL]B

GIL]FMIM BL %

GIL]FMIM/ JN]B

Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflndæ l

9%

;.21 c

Wigirnsi

21%

9;2.1 c

Wnrkftnj

92%

73.21 c

QBWIMN

TB[FDFGIMN

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9;6

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

971

Qrnpfjblcjfgnjj Qrnpfjblcjfgn

2%

9;.21 c

Hbtfjpirikbln Qrnpfjpirikbln

1.9% 1.1;%

1.;2 c 1.12 c

Gnjnr* rnon

g.s.

Bsblgfi* mb drihkubs drihkubsii

g.s.

Icui mbstfjimi

g.s.p. ;21 hJ

3;.;1 c

*Gnjnriltb y bsblgfi i bjbggf÷l

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Dikr fg igf igf÷l ÷l mb mbjj oir oirik ikb. b. Disb I?

9. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb gipigfmim imbguimi ji giltfmim tntij mb sigirnsi. ;. Qbsir y icrbcir ji giltfmim mb icui mbstfjimi i usir y vbrtbrji snkrb ji sigirnsi. Icftir prfhbrn gnl uli virfjji mb vfmrfn, y uli vbz mfsubjti pirtb mbj izÿgir, gnjnqub ji hbzgji snkrb ji pirrfjji mb gijbltihfbltn y gijbltir jfcbrihbltb (=1-21¿G). Gnltfluir hbzgjilmn eisti jncrir gnhpjbti mfsnjugf÷l y enhncblbfmim bl bj prnmugtn. Mbtblbr bj gijbltihfbltn. 7. Imfgfnlir i ji snjugf÷l 73.2 c mb snrkftnj, hbzgjir gufmimnsihbltb eisti qub sb jncrb uli snjugf÷l enhncælb enhncælbi. i. Disb K?

9. Bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb gipigfmim imbguimi, icrbcir 9;.2 c mb prnpfjblcjfgnj. ]rfturir bj igbtihflndæl bl ul hnrtbrn mb tij hilbri qub sb nktblci ul pnjvn dfln. Icrbcir bj igbtihflndæl y jns pirikblns ij visn qub gnltfblb bj prnpfjblcjfgnj b flgnrpnrir gnl iyumi mb uli virfjji mb icftigf÷l. [bijfzir ji mfsnjugf÷l mb jis hitbrfis prfhis i tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb.

Rlf÷l mb disbs 9. Rli vbz qub ihkis disbs dubrnl prbpirimis, imfgfnlb ji disb K i ji disb I y hbzgjb eisti

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

971

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 979

flgnrpnrir pnr gnhpjbtn. ;. Gijgujir bj rblmfhfbltn mbj oirikb. 7. Icrbcir ji snjugf÷l gnjnrfmi i bjbggf÷l. =. Icrbcir ji bsblgfi irtfdfgfij sbjbggfnlimi. 2. Idnrir ij vnjuhbl gnl icui mbstfjimi y icftir. Dfjtrir gnl pipbj dfjtrn y ij vigèn sf bs lbgbsirfn.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Il Iléjf éjfss fs mbj pr prnm nm ug tn i cr cril ilbj. bj. Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l m b vfsgn sfmim.

9. Wb lfvbji bj bqufpn gnl jns tnrlfjjns lfvbjimnrbs ([) mbj snpnrtb eisti qub ji kurkuoi mb ifrb sb blgubltrb gbltrimi gnhn sb hubstri bl ji dfcuri 2 (9). ;. Wbjbggfnlb ji icuoi lÿhbrn 7 gnl bj knt÷l spflmjb sbjbgt y uli vbz pirpimbilmn ji jbtri ‚W‘, ioustb gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n ikion) mbj pilbj mb gnltrnj y prbsfnlb lubvihbltb bj knt÷l spflmjb sbjbgt piri qub bj bqufpn cuirmb ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi (;). 7.

Wuobtir bj gikbzij mnlmb sb itnrlfjjiré ji icuoi (7).

=. Gbltrir ji icuoi i utfjfzir y cfrir bl sbltfmn mb jis hilbgfjjis mbj rbjno i ji icuoi eisti qub sb oultb gnl bj snpnrtb. 2. Mbsgblmbr bj vfsgnsèhbtrn eisti qub bj lfvbj mbj jèqufmn qubmb bl ji hirgi mb ji icuoi.  

979

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

97;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Dfcuri 2. Tfsgnsèhbtrn Krnn`dfbjm prncrihikjb hnmbjn MT-FF+. 4. Wbjbggfnlir ji vbjngfmim i 9; rph gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n kion) y iprfbtb bj knt÷l spbbm sbjbgt piri qub bj bqufpn cuirmb ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi. 3. Qiri prngbmbr i hbmfr ji vfsgnsfmim, prbsfnlir bj knt÷l rnon mbrbgen nl/ndd. 5. Itbhpbrir ji hubstri mb oirikb i ;2¿G y mbtbrhflir mbtbrh flir ji vfsgnsfmim (gQs) (g Qs) i ul hflutn. [bcfstrb bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn. Mbtbrhfl Mb tbrhfl igf÷l mb pE

9. Tbrfdfgir qub bj pntblgf÷hbtrn bstb prbvfihbltb gijfkrimn. ;. Hbmfr bj pE mb ji hubstri i ;2¿G. 7. [bcfstrir bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn. Mbtbrhfligf÷l mb mblsfmim rbjitfvi

9. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn mb vfmrfn vigèn. ;. Jjblir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi (;2¿G) eisti qub bj jèqufmn isgfblmi bl bj gipfjir y qubmb blrisimn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

97;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 977

7. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn jjbln gnl icui mbstfjimi. =. [btfrir bj icui y sbgir bj pfgl÷hbtrn. Jjblb bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj oirikb sfl dnrhir kurkuois mb ifrb. 2. Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj oirikb i ;2¿G. Gijgujb ji mblsfmim mbj prnmugtn hbmfiltb ji sfcufbltb bguigf÷l?  8

+∛ +∛

   

M÷lmb? Hp 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn Hp+h 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl hubstri Hp+w 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi h 8 mblsfmim mb ji hubstri w

8 mblsfmim mbj icui (utfjfzihns ji sfcufbltb? 9c/hJ)

Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l mb igbtihflndæl, blsiy blsiyn n bspbgtrndntnhætrfgn.

Mbtbrhflir ji giltfmim mb igbtihflndæl pnr hJ mb oirikb. Wfcufblmn ji hnlncridèi mb ji dirhignpbi n bspbgtrndntnhætrfgihbltb gnhpirir uli snjugf÷l mb rbdbrblgfi vbrsus bj oirikb, jbyblmn i ;=; lh. 9. Qrbpirigf÷l mb ji hubstri.  Icftir ji hubstri (oirikb) y trilsdbrfr 2 hJ gnl uli pfpbti vnjuhætrfgi i ul hitriz idnrimn mb 911 hJ, mfsnjvbr gnl 91 hJ mb btilnj iksnjutn y idnrir gnl icui mbstfjimi. ]rilsdbrfr ; hJ mb bsti snjugf÷l i ul hitriz vnjuhætrfgn mb ;11 hJ y idnrir gnl icui mbstfjimi. Jbbr ji iksnrkilgfi mb ji hubstri bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i ;=; lh. ;. Qrbpirigf÷l mbj bstélmir . Qbsir 41 hc mb igbtihflndæl bl ul hitriz vnjuhætrf vnjuhætrfgn gn mb 911 hJ, mfsnjvbr gnl 91 hJ mb btilnj iksnjutn y idnrir gnl icui mbstfjimi0 trilsdbrfr ; hJ mb bsti snjugf÷l i ul hitriz vnjuhætrfgn mb 911 hJ y idnrir gnl icui mbstfjimi. Rsir icui mbstfjimi gnhn kjilgn. Jbbr ji iksnrkilgfi mbj bstélmir i ;=; lh. [bijfzir jns géjgujns gnrrbspnlmfbltbs piri mbtbrhflir ji giltfmim mb igbtihflndæl prbsbltb bl bj oirikb.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

977

 

97=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7. Il Iléjf éjfss fs mbj pr prnm nm ug tn g nh nhbrg brg fij fij..

Imqufbrb ul oirikb gnhbrgfij, rbijfzi tnmis jis prubkis qub sb rbijfzirnl bl ji igtfvfmim ;. Eiz uli gnhpirigf÷l mb jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns piri bsti dnrhujigf÷l gnl ji dnrhujigf÷l jèqufmi prbpirimi bl bj jiknritnrfn. [BWRJ]IMNW?

Gnl jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion bxpbrfhbltij, jjbli jis tikjis ;9 y ;;. ]ikji ;9. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mbj oirikb mb Igbtihflndæl. Iléjfsfs Ipirfblgfi

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

[bsujtimn

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Wnjugf÷l trilspirbltb

*Gnjnr

[non

*Njnr

Drihkubsi

Tnjuhbl mbj prnmugtn

;21 hJ

pE

3.1 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim

;21-711 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfg bspbgèdfgi i

9.;146+/- 1.13;

Blsiyn

911% +/- 91%

*Mbpblmbré mbj gnjnriltb y bsblgfi sbjbggfnlimis. Ipirfblgfi, gnjnr y njnr snl girigtbrèstfgis nrcilnjæptfgis mbj oirikb.

- Gijgujb ji mblsfmim rbjitfvi mbj oirikb. -Gijgujb bj rblmfhfbltn nktblfmn mb oirikb iltbs mb rbijfzir bj idnrn i ;21 hJ.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

97=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 972

]ikji ;;. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb oirikb mb Igbtihflndæl gnhbrgfij. Iléjfsfs Ipirfblgfi

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

[bsujtimn

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Wnjugf÷l trilspirbltb

*Gnjnr

[non

*Njnr

Drihkubsi

Tnjuhbl mbj prnmugtn

;21 hj

pE

3.1 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim

;21-711 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfg bspbgèdfgi i

9.;146+/- 1.13;

Blsiyn

911% +/- 91%

*Mbpblmbré mbj gnjnriltb y bsblgfi sbjbggfnlimi. Ipirfblgfi, gnjnr y njnr snl girigtbrèstfgis nrcilnjæptfgis mbj oirikb.

Mfgtihbl mb gnltrnj mb gijfmim mbj jntb nktblfmn. MFG]IHBL 

NKWB[TIGFNLBW 

IQ[NKIMN IQ[NKIMN   [BGEI_IMN 

DF[HI^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^   GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn.

972

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

974

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

Jns rbsfmuns mb snjugf÷l mb oirikb sb rbÿlbl bl ul drisgn, sb btfqubtil flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji dnrhujigf÷l btfqubtélmnsb gnhn rbsfmuns jèqufmns quèhfgns. Dflijhbltb sb miré ji mfspnsfgf÷l dflij mb jns rbsfmuns mb igubrmn i jns hbgilfshns bstikjbgfmns pnr jis flstijigfnlbs mb ji Digujtim mb Dirhigfi. MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?   MFWGRWF

Bs fhpnrtiltb tblbr bl gublti bj bhpjbn mb ijtis gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb izÿgir, jns icbltbs qub sb bhpjbil piri bvftir ji grfstijfzigf÷l mbj izÿgir, Bj gihkfn bl ji mblsfmim mbj oirikb gnl rbspbgtn ij icui, y pnr quæ ji vfsgnsfmim mbj oirikb mbkb sbr ijti. Eiz eflgipfæ bl bj iléjfsfs rbijfzimn ij oirikb gnhbrgfij ilijfzimn. Mfsgutb ji gnhpirigf÷l mb jns iléjfsfs rbijfzimns bltrb ji dnrhujigf÷l jèqufmi qub sb cblbr÷ gnl rbspbgtn i ji gnhbrgfij. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Ilijfzi jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns, rbvfsi jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y cblbri uli trfilcujigf÷l bltrb bjjns piri cblbrir jis gnlgjusfnlbs rbqubrfmis. KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

- [iyhnlm G [nwb, QiuJ O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. - Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). - Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss. - LNH WWI 126 ;197. - Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl bmftfnl. - Jnym T. Ijjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfihs Sfjjfihs..

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

974

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 973

- Hfgeibj B. Iujnl. (;119). Qeirhigbutfgs? Qeirhigbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsic Mnsicbb Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm bmftfn bmftfnll RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb Jfvflcstnlb..

973

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

975

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

975

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 976

976

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9=1

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 91. BHRJ WFNLBW V WRWQBLWFNLBW. WRWQBLWFNLBW. NKOB]FTNW IGI MÆHF MÆHFGNW? GNW?  

Gnlngbr ji ji fhpn fhpnrtilgfi rtilgfi mb jis bhujsfnlbs ggnhn nhn dn dnrhi rhi mb imhflfstrigf÷ imhflfstrigf÷ll mb dérhigns.

 

Ilijfzir jns dbl÷hblns flvnjugrimns bl ji dikrfgigf÷l dikrfgigf ÷l mb bhujsfnlbs, bhujsfnlbs , ji dulgf÷l qub guhpjb bj tblsnigtfvn y jis ipjfgigfnlbs prégtfgis mb jis bhujsfnlbs.

 

Gnlngbré jns prnkjbhis qub prbsblti uli dnrhujig dnrhujigf÷l f÷l mb suspblsf÷l, isè gnhn jis mfdbrbltbs disbs qub prbsblti bsti dnrhujigf÷l.

 

Gnlngbr ji fhpnrtilgfi qub tfblb bj nrmbl mb imfgf÷l mb jns rbigtfvns bl ji prbpirigf÷l prbpirigf÷l mb uli suspblsf÷l.

GNHQB]BLGFIW QI[]FGRJI[BW?    

Bstikfjfzir uli hbzgji mb mns disbs flhfsgfkjbs.

 

Gnhprblmbr ji fhp fhpnrtilgfi nrtilgfi mb jn jnss tblsni tblsnigtfvns gtfvns y su usn bbll jis bhu bhujsfnlbs. jsfnlbs.

 

Gnlngbr bbll quæ gisns sb bhpjbil bhujsfnlbs gnhn dnrh dnrhii dirhig dirhigæutfgi æutfgi y sus vbltioi vbltiois. s.

 

Ilijfzir bj gnhpnrtihfbltn mb jns icbltbs suspblsnrbs suspblsnrbs..

 

Ilijfzir bj bdbgtn mb ji prbsblgfi mb icbltbs euhbgtiltbs euhbgtiltbs..

 

Gnlngbr bj bqufpn mb dikrfgigf÷l mb suspblsfnlb suspblsfnlbs. s.

 

Bvijuir ji bstikfjfmim mb uli bhujsf÷l y uli suspblsf÷l suspbls f÷l hbmfiltb prubkis mb igubrmn i ji Dirhignpbi.

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Rli bhujsf÷l ji pnmbhns mbdflfr gnhn ul sfstbhi mfspbrsn qub gnltfblb pnr jn hblns mns disbs jèqufmis flhfsgfkjbs. Qnmbhns mbgfr qub ij fcuij qub jis suspblsfnlbs, jis bhujsfnlbs snl flbstikjbs tbrhnmfléhfgihbltb gnhn rbsujtimn mbj bxgbsn mb blbrcèi jfkrb isngfimi gnl ji supbrdfgfb mb jns cj÷kujns qub sb dnrhil bl ji bhujsf÷l. Qiri hflfhfzir bstb bdbgtn, bs lbgbsirfn icrbcir ul tbrgbr gnhpnlbltb qub bs bj bhujsfdfgiltb.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9=1

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9=9

]fpns mb bhujsfnlbs? Bl uli bhujsf÷l uli disb jèqufmi bs mb girigtbrèstfgis pnjirbs hfbltris qub ji ntri bs rbjitfvihbltb ln pnjir. Guilmn ji disb njbnsi sb blgubltri mfspbrsi bl dnrhi mb cj÷kujns i trivæs mb uli disb gnltflui igunsi, bj sfstbhi sb rbdfbrb i uli bhujsf÷l mb tfpn igbftb /icui (Ig/Ig n N/S)0 guilmn ji disb njbnsi sb blgubltri gnhn disb gnltflÿi, sb mfgb qub ji bhujsf÷l bs mb tfpn icui /igbftb (Ic/Ig n S/N). Jis bhujsfnlbs mb tfpn nrij snl cblbrijhbltb mb tfpn N/S. Ji utfjfmim mb jis bhujsfnlbs mbltrn mbj érbi dirhigæutfgi bs huy ihpjfi, cblbrijhbltb jis bhujsfnlbs snl utfjfzimis piri ji imhflfstrigf÷l mb dérhigns qub snl jfpnsnjukjbs, pubmbl sbr utfjfzimis piri usn bxtbrln, bstn ÿjtfhn rbvfstb cril fhpnrtilgfi mbltrn mb ji gnshbtnjncèi. Qiri ji prnmuggf÷l mb bhujsfnlbs bhujsf nlbs i cril bsgiji, jis disbs njbnsi y igunsi iguns i snl gijbltimis mb hilbri flmbpblmfbltb bl tilqubs blgeiqubtimns. Guilmn sb trikioi gnl gbris, ihkis disbs (njbnsi y igunsi) snl gijbltimis i uli tbhpbrituri jfcbrihbltb supbrfnr ij pultn mb dusf÷l hés ijtn mb bltrb jns flcrbmfbltbs utfjfzimns. utfjfzimns . Rli mb jis disbs bs knhkbimi eigfi bj tilqub qub gnltfblb i ji ntri, eisti imfgf÷l gnhpjbti y pnstbrfnrhbltb sb bldrèi bj prnmugtn. Bl bsti digujtim sb gublti gnl bhujsfdfgimnr hirgi F@I Hnmbjn [S ;1 mfcftij, qub sb hubstri bl ji dfcuri =. Bxfstbl virfis tæglfgis piri bxihflir ji gnijbsgblgfi y sbpirigf÷l mb disbs. Ji nksbrvigf÷l vfsuij, iltbs y mbspuæs mb icftirsb, ji dntn hfgrncridèi pubmb sbr ÿtfj tihkfæl piri nksbrvir bstb dbl÷hbln. Jis prubkis mb gbltrèduci pubmbl utfjfzirsb piri bj hfshn prnp÷sftn. Rlis pngis cntis mb ul gnjnriltb pubmbl gnjngirsb snkrb ji supbrdfgfb mb ji bhujsf÷l mb tij hilbri qub sf ji bhujsf÷l bs Ig/Ic, bj gnjnriltb mfdulmfré répfmihbltb i trivæs mbj sfstbhi (sf bj gnjnriltb bs efmrnsnjukjb)0 sf bs Ic/Ig bj gnjnriltb ln mfdulmfré. Ij fcuij qub bl jis suspblsfnlbs, bs ÿtfj rbijfzir bj bstumfn rbnj÷cfgn mbj prnmugtn. Qnr ntrn jimn, jis suspblsfnlbs snl sfstbhis ebtbrncæl ebtbrncælbns bns qub gnlsfstbl mb ; disbs. Rli disb bxtbrli n gnltflui, qub cblbrijhbltb bs ul jèqufmn n sbhfs÷jfmn y ji disb fltbrli n mfspbrsi qub gnlsfstb mb pirtègujis prégtfgihbltb flsnjukjbs pbrn gipigbs mb mfspbrsirsb bl ji disb gnltflui. Bs fhpnrtiltb qub jis girigtbrèstfgis mb ji disb mfspbrsi sbil bsgncfmis gnl gufmimn, mb tij hilbri qub prnmuzgil uli suspblsf÷l qub tblci uli ÷ptfhi bstikfjfmim quèhfgi y dèsfgi,

imbhés mb prnpfbmimbs dirhignj÷cfgis. Dflijhbltb sb mbsbi qub bj prnmugtn gnltblci 9=9

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9=;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

flcrbmfbltbs qub pubmbl sbr dégfjhbltb flgnrpnrimns i ji dnrhujigf÷l utfjfzilmn hætnmns y bqufpn bstélmir. Qiri prnp÷sftns dirhigæutfgns, ji bstikfjfmim dèsfgi mb suspblsfnlbs sb pubmb mbdflfr gnhn ji gnlmfgf÷l mnlmb jis pirtègujis ln sb icrbcil y mnlmb pbrhilbgbl ulfdnrhbhbltb mfstrfkufmis i trivæs mb ji mfspbrsf÷l. N kfbl, sf sb sbmfhbltil sb mbkbrél rbsuspblmbr dégfjhbltb gnl uli icftigf÷l hnmbrimi. Bxfstbl mns pnsfkfjfmimbs mb trikion piri ji nktblgf÷l mb bstb tfpn mb sfstbhis, pnr bobhpjn? Qnr vèi quèhfgi? Ji mfvfsf÷l sb jjbvi i gikn hbmfiltb prbgfpftigf÷l mbj snjfmn bl dnrhi mb dflis pirtègujis bl bj sbln mb ul jèqufmn. Iul qub pubmbl bhpjbirsb jis rbiggfnlbs mb prbgfpftigf÷l quèhfgi, piri tblbr pirtègujis mb uli tblufmim y uli dnrhi grfstijfli mbtbrhflimis, bs lbgbsirfn npbrir bl gnlmfgfnlbs rfcurnsihbltb mbdflfmis mb gnlgbltrigf÷l, icftigf÷l y tbhpbrituri. Guilmn sb gnlsfmbril jis prnpfbmimbs fltbrdigfijbs mb pirtègujis mfspbrsis mbkbl tblbrsb bl gublti mns digtnrbs, yi sbi qub sb tritb mb uli disb mfspbrsi snjfmi n jfqufmi. Bj prfhbrn sb rbjigfnli gnl ul iuhbltn mb blbrcèi jfkrb mb ji supbrdfgfb guilmn sb rbmugb bj tihiùn mb jis pirtègujis y iuhblti su supbrdfgfb bspbgèdfgi. Bj sbculmn bs uli girci bjægtrfgi snkrb ji supbrdfgfb mb jis pirtègujis mfspbrsis. Blbrcèi jfkrb supbrdfgfij? Guilmn hitbrfijbs s÷jfmns y jèqufmns mfshfluyb mb tihiùn tfblmb i icjnhbrirsb n imebrfrsb bltrb sè. Bstb dbl÷hbln, qub pubmb ngurrfr bl hbmfn jèqufmn n ifrb, bs ul fltbltn mb jis pirtègujis mb rbmugfr bj bxgbsn mb blbrcèi jfkrb supbrdfgfij mbj sfstbhi.

 IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  I

*[bvfsi jis prubkis qub bstikjbgb ji dirhignpb dirhignpbii hbxfgili piri bhujsfnlbs y suspblsfnlbs. *[bvfsir bl VNR]RKB vfmbns snkrb bhujsfdfgigf÷l y enhncblfzimnrbs. enhncblfzimnrbs.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9=;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9=7

HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW? [BIG]FTNW?  

* Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb. GIL]FMIM HI]B[FIJ GIL]FMIM ; Qrnkbti mb 911 hj =1 c

[BIG]FTNW *Igbftb hflbrij

;

Tisns mb pp mb 921 hj

91 c

*Gbri mb ikboi

;

Tisn mb pp mb ;21 hj

4c

*Qbtrnjitn

=

vfmrfns mb rbjno

;c

Jilnjfli

9

Bspétuji

3c

*Cjfgbrfli

9

Qfsbti gnl icui

9.9 c

]wbbl 51

9

Icftimnr hbgélfgn

;c

Wpil 41

9

Qrnpbji

Gs

*Gnjnriltb

Gs

*Qbrduhb

Gps 911

Icui mbstfjimi

7.; c

Igbtihflndæl

=1 c

Wigirnsi

9.7 c

Ivfgbj [G269

1.;2 c

Kblznitn mb snmfn

1.; c

Égfmn gètrfgn

9

Bhujsf÷l gnhbrgfij

9

(grbhi gnrpnrij jèqufmi) Wuspblsf÷l gnhbrgfij

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Lflculn mb jns hitbrfijbs utfjfzimns bs t÷xfgn y miùfln piri bj nrcilfshn. HB]NMNJNCÈI?    Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9. Bji Bjikn kn rigf ri gf÷l ÷l m b ji Bh Bhuj ujsf sf ÷l .

Qbsir gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji dnrhujigf÷l piri dnrhir ji disb njbnsi y ji disb igunsi, tij gnhn sb mbsgrfkb i gnltfluigf÷l?

9=7

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9==

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Disb Njbnsi?  

9. Gnjngir 91 c mb gbri mb ikboi, 4 c mb pbtr÷jitn, =1 c mb igbftb hflbrij, ; c mb jilnjfli, bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb 921 hJ. ;. Gijbltir ji hbzgji i 31±G eisti qub sb mfsubjvil jns gnhpnlbltbs. Enhncblfzir jns gnhpnlbltbs gnl ul icftimnr gnltfluihbltb i kioi vbjngfmim. LN]I. Wf sb vi i gijbltir mfrbgtihbltb ji hbzgji, bs fhpnrtiltb hiltblbr ji tbhpbrituri gnltrnjimi, bs mbgfr qub ln rbkisb jns 31±G. 7. Rli vbz ijgilzimi ji tbhpbrituri icrbcir ; c mb Wpil 41 y hiltblbr mfgei tbhpbrituri, gnl icftigf÷l gnltflui. g nltflui. Disb igunsi?  

9. Hbzgjir bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn? 73 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi, 9 c mb twbbl 51 y ; c mb cjfgbrfli. ;. Gijbltir ji hbzgji bl ul kiùn hirèi  hirèi   mb tij hilbri qub sb mfsubjvil jns gnhpnlbltbs y ji hbzgji ijgilgb 31¿G.  31¿G.  7. Icrbcir répfmihbltb y gnl icftigf÷l gnltflÿi ji disb igunsi i ji disb njbnsi. =. Hiltblbr ji icftigf÷l eisti qub ji bhujsf÷l bhujs f÷l kiob su tbhpbrituri i 71¿G y prngbmbr i icrbcir gnjnr y bsblgfi. LN]I? sf ln sb gublti gnl ul gnjnriltb piri grbhi sb pubmb utfjfzir ul pngn mb sumil FFF qub bs idèl i jns jèpfmns. 2. Hiltblbr ji icftigf÷l eisti qub ji bhujsf÷l kiob su tbhpbrituri i 71¿G, piri pnmbr rbijfzir jns bstumfns mb bvijuigf÷l y dflijhbltb blvisirji.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;. Bji Bjikn kn rigf ri gf÷l ÷l mb ji sus s us pbl pblsf sf ÷l

9. Qbsir n hbmfr gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji dnrhujigf÷l? 7.; c mb Igbtihflndæl (prbvfihbltb trfturimn bl ul hnrtbrn eisti ji nktblgf÷l mb ul pnjvn dfln), =1 c mb sigirnsi, 2 c mb cjfgbrfli, 9.7 c Ivfgbj [G269, 1.;2 c mb kblznitn mb Wnmfn, 1.9 c mb ] ]wbbl wbbl 51 y 1.; c mb égfmn gètrfgn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9==

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9=2

;. Bs FHQN[]IL]B mfspbrsir bj Ivfgbj [G269 bl =2 c mb icui bhpjbilmn uli pirrfjji gnl icftigf÷l eigfblmn usn mb ul icftimnr hiclætfgn i ;11 rph muriltb ; e. Mboir rbpnsir pnr 9 e. 7. Imfgfnlir ji sigirnsi, cjfgbrfli cjfgbrfli,, gnjnriltb y ] ]wbbl wbbl 51 bl ji hbzgji iltbrfnr. =. Imfgfnlir bj igbtihflndæl y bj kblznitn mb snmfn, hbzgjir eisti nktblbr uli mfspbrsf÷l enhncælbi. 2. Imfgfnlir bj égfmn gètrfgn y ji bsblgfi. 4. Icrbcir bj vnjuhbl lbgbsirfn mb icui, mb tij hilbri qub sb ioustb ij vnjuhbl dflij mb 911 hJ y icftir pnr 2 hflutns i vbjngfmim hnmbrimi.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7. Qr Qrubk ubk is m b pr prb-bs b-bstik tikfjfjfm fm im. Bv Bviju iju igf÷ ig f÷ l m mb b ji s us pbl sf ÷l y jji i bhu jsf÷ js f÷ l. Mblsfmim rbjitfvi? 9. Bvijuir mblsfmim usilmn bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnhn sb mbsgrfkb i gnltfluigf÷l?

-Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn. -Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui. -Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl uli hubstri mb ji bhujsf÷l.

 8

+∛ +∛

   

M÷lmb? Hp 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn Hp+h 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl hubstri Hp+w 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi h 8 mblsfmim mb ji hubstri w

8 mblsfmim mbj icui (utfjfzihns ji sfcufbltb? 9c/hJ)

;. Jivir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl oik÷l y icui gnrrfbltb y blouicir gnl icui mbstfjimi. 7. [bpbtfr jn hfshn piri ji suspblsf÷l.

9=2

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9=4

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Tfsgnsfmim?

9. [bvfsir bj ipirtimn mb hbtnmnjncèi mb ji prégtfgi 6 bl mnlmb sb bxpjfgi i mbtijjb bj usn mbj vfsgnsèhbtrn y ji hbmfgf÷l mb ji vfsgnsfmim. ;. Qiri ji hbmfgf÷l mb ji vfsgnsfmim mb bsti dnrhujigf÷l jèqufmi sb usiré ji icuoi 7 i 9; y ;1 rph. pE?

9. Hbmfr bj pE mb ji bhujsf÷l/suspblsf÷l mfrbgtihbltb gnl bj pntblgf÷hbtrn. ;. Wf ji hubstri bs huy vfsgnsi n ln sb jncri bstikfjfzir bj pE, prbpirir uli mfjugf÷l mb ji bhujsf÷l ij 91% bl icui (91 c mb bhujsf÷l bl 911 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi). Enhncblfzir pbrdbgtihbltb y hbmfr bj pE utfjfzilmn pntblgf÷hbtrn. LN]I. Ji hbmfgf÷l mbj pE sb rbijfziré i uli tbhpbri tbhpbrituri turi mb ;2 ±G. 7. [bpbtfr jn hfshn piri ji suspblsf÷l. Gnlsfmbrigf÷l ? Qiri hbmfr bj pE mb ji bhujsf÷l sb lbgbsfti eigbr uli mfjugf÷l mb æsti bl icui

(9?91 n 9?;1). Ln hbmfr bj pE mfrbgtihbltb gnl bj bjbgtrnmn pnrqub sb miùi. Qiri ul hiynr tfbhpn mb vfmi mbj bjbgtrnmn bs lbgbsirfn jivirjn gnl uli snjugf÷l oiknlnsi y gnl ikulmiltb icui. Wf sb gublti gnl ul bjbgtrnmn bspbgèdfgn piri sbhfs÷jfmns, ln sb rbqufbrb eigbr ji mfjugf÷l. Crimn mb sbpirigf÷l?

9. Gnjngir uli hubstri mb ji bhujsf÷l bl ul tukn mb gbltrfduci crimuimn. ;. Gbltrfducir i 7111 rph muriltb 92 hfl. 7. Hbmfr ji sbpirigf÷l mb ji bhujsf÷l gnl iyumi mb ul vbrlfbr, tnhilmn ji ijturi tntij mb ji bhujsf÷l, isè hfshn, hbmfr ji ijturi mb sbpirigf÷l n sbmfhbltigf÷l. Bj pnrgbltiob mb sbpirigf÷l sb gijguji tnhilmn bl gnlsfmbrigf÷l ji ijturi tntij mb ji bhujsf÷l gnhn bj 911%. =. [bpbtfr jn hfshn piri ji suspblsf÷l.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

9=4

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 9=3

Hfgrnsgnp èi mb gihpn gjirn?

9. Gnjngir uli cnti mb ji bhujsf÷l bl ul pnrtinkobtns, gnjngir gufmimnsihbltb gufmimnsihb ltb ul gukrbnkobtns snkrb ji cnti n hubstri. ;. Nksbrvir ij hfgrnsgnpfn gnl jns nkobtfvns mb 91U y =1U (]nhir dntncridèis). 7. [bpbtfr jn hfshn piri ji suspblsf÷l.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =. Qr Qrubk ubk is m mb b pr b-bstik b-bs tikfjfjfm fm im. Bv Bviju iju igf÷ ig f÷ l m mb b ji s us pbl sf ÷l y jji i bhu jsf÷ js f÷ l gnhbrgfij.

9. Eigfblmn usn mb uli suspblsf÷l y bhujsf÷l gnhbrgfij, rbijfzi gimi uli mb jis prubkis mb prb-bstikfjfmim qub rbijfzistb. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns prb-bstikfjfmim rbsujtimns nktblfmns gnl jns mb jis dnrhujigfnlbs jèqufmis rbijfzimis bl bj jiknritnrfn. ;. Cblbri uli tikji gnhpiritfvi bl mnlmb flgjuyis jns piréhbtrns mb gnltrnj mb gijfmim. [BWRJ]IMNW?

Gnl jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion bxpbrfhbltij, jjbli jis tikjis ;7 y ;=. ]ikji ;7. G Gnltrnj nltrnj mb gijfmim mb bh bhujsf÷l. ujsf÷l. Qrubki

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

Ipirfblgfi

Grbhi n/w 

Gnjnr

Kjilgn

Njnr

Djnrbs

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 cr

pE 

3.1 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

;211-5111 gQs

Tfsgnsfmim 91 rph

7111-6111 gQs

Tfsgnsfmim 2 rph

2111-91111 gQs

[bsujtimn DDJ

[bsujtimn DDJ gnhbrgfij

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

9=3

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

9=5

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Crivbmim bspbgèdfgi

1.6111+/- 1.13;

Gbltrfduci

911% +/- 91%

Hfgrnsgnpèi (dntns)

Cntis ulfdnrhbs

]ikji ;=. Gnltrnj mb gijfmim mb suspblsf÷l. Qrubki Ipirfblgfi

Bspbgfdfgigf÷l

[bsujtimn

[bsujtimn

DDJ

DDJ gnhbrgfij

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Wuspblsf÷l enhncælbi 

Gnjnr

Kjilgn

Njnr

pfùi

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 cr

pE 

2.1 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

9211-7111 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfgi

9.7111+/- 1.9111

(Mblsfmim) Gbltrfduci (vnjuhbl mb

Hblgfnli jns hbgilfshns mb mbsbstikfjfzigf÷l mbsbstikfjfzi gf÷l mb uli bhujsf÷l. ;. Mfkuoi g÷hn sb gnhpnrtil jis bhujsfnlbs n/w y w/n. 7. Mbsgrfkb n bxpjfgi qub bs bj pntblgfij zbti. =. ¾Yuæ bs ji jby mb Wtn`bs, piri quæ sb utfjfzi y guéj bs ji bguigf÷l mb bsti jby> KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

[iyhnlm G [nwb, QiuJ O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113).

9=6

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

921

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss LNH WWI 126 vbrsf÷l vfcbltb Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl. Jnym T. Ijjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfi Sfjjfihs hs Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl. (;119). Qeirhigbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsicb Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm Bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

921

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 929

929

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

92;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

92;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 927

Q[ÉG]FGI 99. CBJ BW DI[HIGÆR]FGNW V GNWHÆ]FGNW. NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?   Bj ijuhln iprblmbré i rbijfzir ul cbj dirhigæutfgn y bvijuirjn guhpjfblmn

bspbgfdfgigfnlbss dirhignpbfgi bspbgfdfgigfnlb dirhignpbfgis. s.  

Bj ijuhln iprblmbré i rbijfzir ul cbj dirhigæutfg dirhigæutfgn. n.

 

Gnlngbré jns prnkjbhis qub prbsblti uli dnrhujigf dnrhujigf÷l ÷l mb cbjbs.

 

Imbhés gnlngbr ji fhpnrtilgfi fhpnrtilgfi qub tfblb bj nrmbl mb imfgf÷l bl ji prbpirigf÷l.

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?    

Iprblmbr i dikrfgir ul cbj

 

Ilijfzir bj gnhpnrtihf gnhpnrtihfbltn bltn mb jns vfsgnsiltbs (pnjèhbrns)

 

Ilijfzir bj bdbgtn mb ji prbsblgfi mb icbltbs euhbgtiltbs

 

Gnlngbr bj bqufpn mb dikrfgigf÷l mb cbjbs

 

Ilijfzir mb igubrmn i ji Dirhignpbi uli cbj

 

Mbgfmfr sf bj prnmugtn bs iprnkimn

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Bxfstb uli cril virfbmim mb prbpirimns t÷pfgns qub snl utfjfzimns mb mfdbrbltbs dnrhis piri tritir prnkjbhis bl ji pfbj, jns guijbs sb ipjfgil mfrbgtihbltb snkrb ul érbi idbgtimi0 ji fhpnrtilgfi y iggf÷l mb bstns rimfgi bl ji dnrhi dirhigæutfgi qub sb prbsbltbl kblbdfgfilmn bj crimn mb iksnrgf÷l qub tblci gimi prbsbltigf÷l. Ji iksnrgf÷l i trivæs mb ji pfbj mbpblmb mb digtnrbs dfsfnj÷cfgns, bstrugturi mb ji pfbj, djuon silcuèlbn, érbi ilit÷hfgi0 ilit÷hfgi0 isè gnhn mb ji dnrhujigf÷l y prbsbltigf÷l mbj hfshn. Rl cbj, bs uli prbpirigf÷l sbhfs÷jfmi qub gnltfblb æj n jns prflgfpfns igtfvns y imftfvns, s÷jfmns bl ul jèqufmn qub pubmb sbr icui, ijgnenj n igbftb mb tij hilbri qub sb dnrhi uli rbm mb pirtègujis itripimis bl ji disb jèqufmi.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

927

 

92=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Rl cbj sb pubmb gjisfdfgir pnr su usn y iggf÷l cblbrijfzimi, ihkns pubmbl sbr pirtfgujimns (efmrncbjbs) n pnjfhærfgns (ijgncbjbs), mbpblmfblmn mbj snjvbltb y bstrugturi qub pnsbil. Igtuijhbltb sb utfjfzil jns cbjbs mb igubrmn i sus prnpfbmimbs n girigtbrèstfgis mbsbimis yi sbil cbjbs bl mnlmb snjn sb kusqub eigbr ul bdbgtn tbripæutfgn (cbjbs dirhigæutfgns) n iqubjjns qub tblcil ji girigtbrèstfgi mb prnmugfr ul bdbgtn tbripæutfgn y ij hfshn tfbhpn sbi ul gnshætfgn (cbjbs gnshbgæutfgns) y cbjbs qub snjn prnmuzgil uli kubli ipirfblgfi dèsfgi (cbj gnshætfgn). Bl ji tikji ;2, sb hubstril jns cbjbs y oijbis qub sb rbgnhfblmil bl ji Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi ;= (RWQ ;=). ]ikji ;2. Hnlncridèis mb cbjbs y oijbis bl ji RWQ ;= Cbj mb Efmrnxfmn mb Ijuhflfn  Cbj Igfmn Ihflnkblznfgn 

Cbj Djugflnlfmn  Cbj Eymrngnrtfsnli 

Cbj Kblzngifli Kutihkbl y Gjnrefmritn

Wfstbhi Ngujir Efmrnxfprnpfj Gbjujnsi 

]btrigifli  Cbj Kblzngièli 

Oijbi Gjnrefmritn Jfmngifli 

Cbj Kblznfj Qbr÷xfmn 

Cbj Hbtrnlfmiznj 

Cbj Kbtihbtiznli Kblznitn 

Cbj Gjnrefmritn Lidtfdfli 

Cbj Wèjfgb ln dirhigæutfgi 

Oijbi Lisij Gjnrefmritn Dblfjbdrfli 

Cbj Dnsditn Gjflmihfgfli 

Cbj Wèjfgb Qnrnsi ln dirhigæutfgi 

Cbj Mbsnxfhbtiznli 

Oijbi Gjnrefmritn Qrihnxfli 

Cbj Mbsihbtiznli 

Cbj gfmn Wijfgèjfgn  

Cbj Mfhbtfj Wujd÷xfmn ln dirhigæutfgn 

Cbj Djunrurn gfmn Dnsd÷rfgn  

Cbj Gjnrefmritn Mfgjnlfli 

Cbj Djunrurn Bstilnsn 

Cbj ]÷pfgn Brftrnhfgfli y Qbr÷xfmn Kblznfj  

Cbj ]njlidtitn 

Cbj ]÷pfgn Brftrnhfgfli 

Cbj ]rbtflnèli 

 IG G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?    I

[bvfsir ji fhpnrtilgfi mb gimi uln mb jns gnlstftuybltbs mb ul cbj.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

92=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 922

[bvfsir jis mfdbrblgfis bl guiltn i ji gnhpnsfgf÷l mb ul cbj dirhigæutfgn, cbj gnshbgæutfgn y cbj gnshætfgn. HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FT [BIG]FTNW? NW? GIL]FMIM 

HI]B[FIJ  

GIL]FMIM 

[BIG]FTNW  

;

Qrnkbti mb 911 hJ

4.1 c

Kblzngièli

;

Tisn mb pp mb 21 hJ

1.2 c

Hbltnj

9

Tisn mb pp mb ;21 hJ

9.1 c

Girknpnj 6=1

=

Tfmrfn mb rbjno

72.2 c

Btilnj

9

Bspétuji

;.1 c

Qrnpfjblcjfgnj Qrnpfjblcjfgn j

9 9

Qfsbti gnl icui Qirfjji mb icftigf÷l

1.7 c 1.17 c

Hbtfjpirikbln Qrnpfjpirikbln

9

Qfpbti crimuimi mb 2 hJ

9.1 c

]wbbl 51

9

Hnrtbrn gnl pfstfjn

;.2 c

Cjfgbrfli

g.s.

]rfbtilnjihfli

g.s.

*Gnjnriltb

9 9

Tisn mb prbgfpftimn mb 411 hJ Tisn mb prbgfpftimn mb 911 hJ

; 9

Icftimnrbs mb vfmrfn Icftimnr mb cjnkn*

g.s. G.k.p. 911

*Qbrduhb Icui mbstfjimi

=

Blvisbs*

1.2 c

Igbtihflnd Igbtihflndæl æl

=

Btfqubtis imebrfkjbs*

=.1 c

9

Kijilzi p/pbsir 2 `c

;

9

Qfgl÷hbtrn

9

* Bstb hitbrfij mbkbré sbr prnpnrgfnlimn pnr bj bstumfiltb.

Girknxfhbtfjgbjujnsi (GHG) Giois Qbtrf gnl hbmfn JK s÷jfmn Cbj gnhbrgfij

922

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

924

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

][FB]ILNJIHFLI, Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Ji trfbtilnjihfli guyn lnhkrb quèhfgn bs ]rf(;-Efmrnxfbtfj) ihfli tfblb uli d÷rhuji bs L(GE;GE;-NE)7 guyn pbsn hnjbgujir bs 9=6.96 c/hnj. Wb prbsblti gnhn ul jèqufmn vfsgnsn mb gnjnr ihirfjjn péjfmn n flgnjnrn y gnl ul jfcbrn njnr i ihnlfign. [fbscns i ji sijum? 

Bj vipnr y ji lfbkji prnmugfmns pnr bj hitbrfij gijbltimn, pubmbl giusir uli frrftigf÷l bl jis vèis rbspfritnrfis, qub sb prbsblti gnl Hijbstir lisij y sbgrbgf÷l, mnjnr tnrégfgn y tns. Ji flcbstf÷l mb bstb rbigtfvn pubmb prnvngir uli sblsigf÷l mb mnjnr y qubhiz÷l mb ji kngi, ji Circilti, bj pbgen y bj ikmnhbl, léusbis, v÷hftns y mfirrbi. Qubmb prnvngir værtfcns, snhlnjblgfi, mbsdijjbgfhfbltn, mbkfjfmim, Gnjipsn y gnhi. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj ul gnltigtn krbvb pubmb giusir uli jfcbri frrftigf÷l gnl pfgiz÷l y blrnobgfhfbltn jngij. Rl gnltigtn prnjnlcimn pubmb giusir uli frrftigf÷l hés crivb qub sb prbsblti gnl hijbstir n mnjnr, blrnobgfhfbltn blrnobgfhfbltn jngij, tuhbdiggf÷l y Qnsfkjbhbltb Qnsfkjbhbltb mbstruggf÷l mb jns tbofmns. Wf bj gnltigtn bs ngujir pubmb prnvngir uli frrftigf÷l qub sb prbsblti gnl pfgiz÷l, pirpimbn bxgbsfvn y jigrfhigf÷l. Qubmb giusir blrnobgfhfbltn y tuhbdiggf÷l mb ji gnloultfvi. Bs pnsfkjb qub sb prnmuzgi uli jbsf÷l bl ji g÷rlbi. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns? 

Fleijigf÷l? Wigir i tnhir ifrb drbsgn. Flcbstf÷l? Wf bj pigfbltb bsté tntijhbltb gnlsgfbltb, mirjb mns visns mb icui. Flmugfr bj v÷hftn. Qrnpnrgfnlir itblgf÷l hæmfgi. Gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj? Wigir ji rnpi gnltihflimi. Jivir ji pfbj gnl icui y oik÷l. Wf ji frrftigf÷l pbrsfstb n sf bj gnltigtn ei sfmn prnjnlcimn n bxtblmfmn, Qrnpnrgfnlir itblgf÷l hæmfgi. Gnltigtn ngujir? Jivir jns nons flhbmfitihbltb gnl icui y sbcufr jivélmnjns pnr jn Hblns muriltb 92 hflutns. Ln quftir jis jbltbs mb gnltigtn. Gnlsujtir blsbcufmi ij ndtijh÷jncn.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

924

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 923

HB]NMNJNCÈI?  

9. ]ihiùn mbj Jntb? 911 hJ ;. Mbsgrfpgf÷l? Wbhfs÷jfmn gnl njnr girigtbrèstfgn. 7. D÷rhuji guijf-guiltf bl ji tikji ;4. ]ikji ;4. D÷rhuji Guijf-Guiltf mb cbjbs. Gnhpnl bltb

Gi Giltfm ltfm im/Jntb

D÷rhuji 9

Kblzngièli

4.1 %

Hbltnj

1.2 %

Girknpnj 6=1 Btilnj

9.1 % 72.2 %

Qrnpfjblcjfgnj Qrnpfjblcjf gnj

;.1 %

Hbtfjpirikbln

1.7 %

Qrnpfjpirikbln

1.17 %

]wbbl 51

9.1 %

Cjfgbrfli

;.2 %

]rfbtilnjihfli

g.s.

Gnjnriltb Qbrduhb

g.s. g.s.

Icui mbstfjimi

g.s.p. 911 hJ

D÷rhuji ;

Ijgnenj btèjfgn 31%

;=1 hJ

Icui mbstfjimi

941 hJ

Girknpnj

9.; c

Cjfgbrfli

1.7 hJ

]rfbtilnjihfli

g.s.

Qbsi Qbsimn mn (c)

Tb Tbrfd rfdfgimn fgimn

Igbftb mb ijhblmris

1.1= hJ 923

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

925

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Dricilgfi

g.s.

D÷rhuji 7 

]rfbtilnjihfli ]rfbtilnjih fli

2 hJ

Girknpnj

92 c

Ijgnenj

21 hJ

mbsliturijfzimn Icui ebrvfmi drèi

;21 hJ

Bsblgfi

g.s.

Gnjnriltb vbcbtij

g.s.

D÷rhuji =

Igbtihflndæl Girknxfhbtfjgbjujnsi

1.2 % =.1 %

mb Wnmfn Ijgnenj Btèjfgn

91.1 %

Icui mbstfjimi

g.s.p. 911 hJ

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 9? Bj ik iknr nrigf igf ÷l mb j i D÷ D÷rh rh uj i 9

Qbsir n hbmfr gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji d÷rhuji. Qrbpirigf÷l mb ji hbzgji I?

Bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimns mb ;21 hJ vbrtbr bj icui mbstfjimi y gnl iyumi mb ul icftimnr hiclætfgn, hbzgjir dubrtbhbltb y imfgfnlir pngn i pngn bj girknpnj 6=1 eisti mfspbrsf÷l gnhpjbti. Qrbpirigf÷l m b ji Hbz Hbzgji gji K?

Bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimns mb 21 hJ vbrtbr ji cjfgbrfli, bj prnpfjblcjfgnj, gijbltir jfcbrihbltb y imfgfnlir uln i uln bj hbtfjpirikbln y bj prnpfjpirikbln icftilmn suivb y gnlstiltbhbltb gnl

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

925

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 926

virfjji mb vfmrfn eisti qub sb mfsubjvil gnhpjbtihbltb. Mboir bldrfir ji snjugf÷l eisti qub ijgilgb ji tbhpbrituri ihkfbltb. Qrbpirigf÷l mb ji Hbzgji Hbzgji G?

Bl ntrn visn mb prbgfpftimns mb 21 hJ imfgfnlir bj twbbl 51 y bj ijgnenj btèjfgn, hbzgjir pbrdbgtihbltb gnl bj icftimnr mb vfmrfn y pnstbrfnrhbltb mfsnjvbr uln i uln ji kblzngièli y bj hbltnj utfjfzilmn bj icftimnr mb vfmrfn. Dnrhujigf÷l mbj cbj?

9. Tbrtbr bl ji hbzgji I ji hbzgji K, hiltblfblmn uli icftigf÷l suivb y gnlstiltb gnl bj icftimnr mb vfmrfn eisti flgnrpnrir pbrdbgtihbltb. Qnstbrfnrhbltb imfgfnlir ji hbzgji G y hbzgjir gnl bj icftimnr mb vfmrfn eisti enhncblbfz enhncblbfzir. ir. ;. Hbmfr bj pE mbj cbj y utfjfzir ji giltfmim sudfgfbltb mb trfbtilnjihfli piri ioustirjn bltrb ul pE mb 4.1-3.1. 7. Imfgfnlir bj gnjnriltb, hbzgjir suivbhbltb gnl bj icftimnr mb vfmrfn sfl flgnrpnrir ifrb ij prnmugtn. Imfgfnlir bj rbstn mbj icui mbstfjimi. =. Bvijuir bj cbj.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim ;? Bj ik iknr nrigf igf ÷l mb j i D÷ D÷rh rh uj i ;.

9. Qbsir n hbmfr gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji d÷rhuji. ;. Mfshflufr bj tihiùn mb pirtèguji mbj girknpnj trfturélmnjn bl ul hnrtbrn gnl pfstfjn piri su imbguimi flgnrpnrigf÷l i ji d÷rhuji y bvftir ji pnsfkjb dnrhigf÷l mb cruhns. 7. Bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb 411 hJ gnjngir 941 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi. Imfgfnlir pngn i pngn 9.; c mb girknpnj trfturimn eisti qub bstb mfsubjti ji giltfmim imfgfnlimi prbvfihbltb. Hiltblbr uli icftigf÷l gnlstiltb. =. Imfgfnlir ;=1 hJ mb ijgnenj btèjfgn ij 31%. Imfgfnlir ji cjfgbrfli. Imfgfnlir ji trfbtilnjihfli bl giltfmim sudfgfbltb piri ioustir bj pE mb 4.1-3.1.

2. Imfgfnlb dflijhbltb bj igbftb mb ijhblmris y ji dricilgfi. 4. Bvijuir bj cbj. 926

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

941

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 7? B Bjik jik nrigf nr igf÷l ÷l mb j i D÷r D÷rhu hu ji 7.

9. Tbrtbr bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb 411 hJ, bj icui mbstfjimi ebrvfmi y drèi y bj girknpnj. ;. Icftir gnltfluihbltb gnl ul icftimnr mb knji gnltfluihbltb eisti qub sb mfsubjvi. 7. Imfgfnlir ji trfbtilnjihfli. Enhncblfzir suivbhbltb eisti nktblbr uli hbzgji enhncælbi. =. Wfl mboir mb kitfr, iùimfr bj ijgnenj mbsliturijfzimn pngn i pngn, bj gnjnriltb y ji bsblgfi, eisti nktblbr bj irnhi y bj tnln mbsbimn. 2. Bvijuir bj cbj. 4. Gnl uli bspétuji n gugeiri, vbrtbr ji dnrhujigf÷l bl ul blvisb y tipirjn. 3. Cblbrir uli btfqubti bl mnlmb sb flmfqub? lnhkrb lnhkr b mbj prnmugtn, dbgei mb bjiknrigf÷l bjiknrigf ÷l y dbgei mb gimugfmim.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? B Bjik jik nrigf nr igf÷l ÷l mb j i D÷r D÷rhu hu ji =.

9. Qbsir n hbmfr gimi uln mb jns gnhpnlbltbs mb ji d÷rhuji. ;. Mfshflufr bj tihiùn mb pirtèguji bl ul hnrtbrn gnl pfstfjn ji giltfmim lbgbsirfi mb ji girknxfhbtfjgbjujnsi piri jncrir uli imbguimi flgnrpnrigf÷l mb ji hitbrfi prfhi i ji d÷rhuji y bvftir ji pnsfkjb dnrhigf÷l mb cruhns. 7. Bl ul visn mb prbgfpftimn mb 411 hJ gnjngir ji pnrgf÷l mb icui mbstfjimi y bj vnjuhbl rbqubrfmn mb ijgnenj btèjfgn. =. Imfgfnlir pngn i pngn ji girknxfhbtfjgbjujnsi i ji snjugf÷l iltbrfnr. Hiltblbr bl icftigf÷l gnlstiltb mb prbdbrblgfi bl uli pirrfjji mb icftigf÷l. Rli vbz snjukjb, rbpnsir bj tfbhpn sudfgfbltb piri su gnhpjbti efmritigf÷l. 2. Imfgfnlir ji giltfmim sudfgfbltb mb trfbtilnjihfli piri ioustir bj pE mb 4.1-3.1. 4. Imfgfnlir bj igbtihflndæl b flgnrpnrirjn gnl icftigf÷l hnmbrimi. Bsti dnrhujigf÷l bsté mfsbùimi piri cbjbs iltffldjihit iltffldjihitnrfns nrfns gnhn pfrnxfgih. 3. Bvijuir bj cbj.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

941

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 949

 Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim =? Bv Bviju iju igf÷ ig f÷l l m b jjis is dd÷r ÷rhu hu jis . Mbtbrhfligf÷l mb ipirfblgfi b flspbggf÷l ÷ptfgi. ÷ptfgi . Bxihflir y rbcfstrir jis girigtbrèstfgis

dèsfgis mbj cbj rbspbgtn i ji ipirfblgfi mb ji dnrhi dirhigæutfgi. I gnltri juz, flspbggfnlb ji iusblgfi n prbsblgfi mb pirtègujis s÷jfmis mfspbrsis. Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l mb mblsfmim r bjitfvi bjitfvi

9. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn. ;. Jjblir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi (;2¿G) eisti qub bj jèqufmn isgfblmi bl bj gipfjir y qubmb blrisimn. 7. Qbsir gnl prbgfsf÷l bj pfgl÷hbtrn jjbln gnl icui mbstfjimi. =. [btfrir bj icui y sbgir bj pfgl÷hbtrn. Jjb Jjblb lb bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj cbj sfl dnrhir kurkuois mb ifrb. 2. Qbsir bj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl bj cbj i ;2¿G. Gijgujb ji mblsfmim mbj prnmugtn hbmfiltb ji sfcufbltb bguigf÷l?  8

+∛ +∛

   

M÷lmb? Hp 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn vigèn Hp+h 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl hubstri Hp+w 8 Hisi mbj pfgl÷hbtrn gnl icui mbstfjimi h 8 mblsfmim mb ji hubstri w

8 mblsfmim mbj icui (utfjfzihns ji sfcufbltb? 9c/hJ)

Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l mb pE

9. Tbrfdfgir qub bj pntblgf÷hbtrn bstb prbvfihbltb gijfkrimn. ;. Hbmfr bj pE mb ji hubstri mb cbj i ;2¿G. 7. [bcfstrb bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn.

949

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

94;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Gnlsfmbrigf÷l ? Qiri hbmfr bj pE mb jns cbjbs sb lbgbsfti ul bjbgtrnmn bspbgèdfgn piri

sbhfs÷jfmns. Ln hbmfr bj pE mfrbgtihbltb gnl bj bjbgtrnmn mb @Gj pnrqub sb miùi. Wf ln sb gublti gnl bj bjbgtrnmn bspbgèdfgn, utfjfgb tfri piri pE. Mbtbrhfligf÷l Mb tbrhfligf÷l mb vfsg nsfmim

9. Lfvbjir bj bqufpn gnl jns tnrlfjjns lfvbjimnrbs mbj snpnrtb eisti qub ji kurkuoi mb ifrb sb blgubltrb gbltrimi. ;. Wbjbggfnlir ji icuoi imbguimi (Ln.3) gnl bj knt÷l spflmjb sbjbgt y uli vbz pirpimbilmn ji jbtri ‚W‘, ioustir gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n ikion) mbj pilbj mb gnltrnj. Qrbsfnlir lubvihbltb bj

gnltrnj spflmjb sbjbgt piri cuirmir ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi. 7. Wuobtir bj gikbzij mnlmb sb itnrlfjjiré ji icuoi Ln.3. =. Gbltrir ji icuoi i utfjfzir y cfrir bl sbltfmn mb jis hilbgfjjis mbj rbjno i ji icuoi eisti qub sb oultb gnl bj snpnrtb. 2. Mbsgblmbr bj vfsgnsèhbtrn eisti qub bj lfvbj mbj jèqufmn qubmb bl ji hirgi mb ji icuoi. 4. Wbjbggfnlir ji vbjngfmim (;1 rph) i ji qub npbriré bj bqufpn gnl jis djbgeis (irrfki n kion) y iprfbtb bj knt÷l spbbm sbjbgt piri qub bj bqufpn cuirmb ji gnldfcurigf÷l sbjbggfnlimi. 3. Blgblmbr bj bqufpn gnl bj knt÷l rnon mbrbgen nl/ndd. 5. Itbhpbrir ji hubstri mb cbj i ;2¿G y mbtbrhflir ji vfsgnsfmim (gps) i ul hflutn. [bcfstrb bj rbsujtimn nktblfmn y gnhpérbjn gnl ji bspbgfdfgigf÷l mbj prnmugtn. Bvijuigf÷l Bvi juigf÷l m bj crimn mb sbpirigf÷l? sbpirigf÷l?

9. Gnjngir uli hubstri mbj cbj bl ul tukn mb gbltrfduci crimuimn. ;. Gbltrfducir i 7111 rph pnr 92 hflutns. 7. Hbmfr ji sbpirigf÷l mbj cbj (vnjuhbl mb sbmfhbltigf÷l D) gnl iyumi mb ul vbrlfbr, tnhilmn ji ijturi tntij mbj cbj gnl rbspbgtn i ji ijturi mb sbmfhbltigf÷l. D8 Tu/Tn  [bjigf÷l bltrb bj vnjuhbl mb bqufjfkrfn mbj sbmfhbltn (T u) y bj vnjuhbl tntij mb ji suspblsf÷l (Tn). Tijnr bltrb 1 y 9.

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

94;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 947

Bvijuigf÷l mb ji d÷rhuji 7.

Gnjngir bl gnlmfgfnlbs bstærfjbs, jns mbmns mb ul bstumfiltb snkrb uli gioi Qbtrf qub gnltfblb hbmfn JK u ntrn hbmfn blrfqubgfmn. Ipjfgir bj cbj mb ji d÷rhuji ;, sudfgfbltb piri jivir jis hilns b flngujir uli lubvi gioi. Wbjjir Wb jjir gnl pipbj piridfjh b flgukir i 73±G pnr 9; e. ]nhir dntncridèis y mfsgutfr jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. Hfgrnsgn pèi mb gihpn gjirn?

9. Gnjngir uli cnti mb gimi cbj bl ul pnrtinkobtns. Gnjngir bj gukrbnkobtns snkrb ji hubstri. ;. Nksbrvir jis hubstris ij hfgrnsgnpfn gnl jns nkobtfvns mb 91U y =1U. ]nhir dntncridè dntncridèis is mb jns gihpns nksbrvimns.  Ig tfvf tf vfmim mim 2? B Bvij vijuig uig f÷l f÷ l m b jjis is dd÷r ÷rhu hu jis gn hbr gf ijbs ijbs.. 

9. Imqufbrb dnrhujigfnlbs gnhbrgfijbs mb ipirfblgfi pirbgfmi i jis dnrhujigfnlbs bjiknrimis muriltb ji bxpbrfhbltigf÷l. bxpbrfhbltigf÷l. [bijfzi jis hfshis bvijuigfnlbs bvijuigfnlbs mb ji igtfvfmim =. [bcfstri jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. [BWRJ]IMNW?

Gnl jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion bxpbrfhbltij, jjbli jis tikjis ;3, ;5, ;6 y 71. ]ikji ;3. Dnrhujigf÷l 9. Qrubki

Ipirfblgfi

Bspbgfdfg igf÷l

Wuspblsf÷l enhncælbi

Gnjnr

Kjilgn

Njnr

hblti

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 c

[b [bsuj sujtimn timn

[bsujtimn

DDJ

DDJ gnhbrgfij

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

pE

4.2 +/- 1.2 Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

947

 

94=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

7211-611 7211-61111 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfg bspbgèdfgii

9.9111+/- 1.9111

Gbltrèduci (vnjuhbl

:9% +/- 91%

mb sbmfhbltn) ]ikji ;5. Dnrhujigf÷l ;. Qrubki

Ipirfblgfi

Bspbgfdfg igf÷l

[b [bsuj sujtimn timn

[bsujtimn

DDJ

DDJ gnhbrgfij

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Wuspblsf÷l enhncælbi

Gnjnr Njnr

Kjilgn hblti

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 c

pE

4.2 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

7211-611 7211-61111 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfgi

9.9111+/- 1.9111

Gbltrèduci (vnjuhbl

:9% +/- 91%

mb sbmfhbltn) ]ikji ;6. Dnrhujigf÷l 7 Qrubki

Bspbgfdfg igf÷l

[b [bsuj sujtimn timn

[bsujtimn

DDJ

DDJ gnhbrgfij

Ipirfblgfi

Wuspblsf÷l enhncælbi

Gnjnr

Kjilgn

Njnr

hblti

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 c

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

94=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 942

pE

4.2 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

7211-611 7211-61111 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfgi

9.9111+/- 1.9111

Gbltrèduci (vnjuhbl

:9% +/- 91%

mb sbmfhbltn) ]ikji 71. Dnrhujigf÷l = Qrubki

Bspbgfdfg igf÷l

[b [bsuj sujtimn timn

[bsujtimn

DDJ

DDJ

Tbrfdfgigf÷l

gnhbrgfij

Ipirfblgfi

Wuspblsf÷l enhncælbi

Gnjnr

Kjilgn

Njnr

hblti

Qbsn mbj prnmugtn

;21 c

pE

4.2 +/- 1.2

Tfsgnsfmim ;1 rph

7211-611 7211-61111 gQs

Crivbmim bspbgèdfgi

9.9111+/- 1.9111

Gbltrèduci (vnjuhbl mb sbmfhbltn)

:9% +/- 91%

Q[NMRG]N  MFG]IHBL MBJ GNL][NJ MB GIJFMIM MBJ Q[NMRG]N  MFG]IHBL  

IQ[NKIMN?   IQ[NKIMN? [BGEI_IMN?   [BGEI_IMN?

NKWB[TIGFNLBW  

942

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

944

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

DF[HI?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ DBGEI?   DBGEI?

GÉJGRJNW

[bcfstrir jns géjgujns qub eiyil sfmn lbgbsirfns rbijfzir bl bj mbsirrnjjn mbj trikion prégtfgn. HILBON BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

[bulfr tnmns jns rbsfmuns cblbrimns muriltb ji bvijuigf÷l mb jis dnrhujigfnlbs sbhfs÷jfmis y mfspnlbrjns bl ul cirrid÷l isfclimn bj guij mbkb sbr btfqubtimn gnhn rbsfmuns quèhfgns sbhfs÷jfmns. Dflijhbltb mbkbl sbr mbsbgeimns mb igubrmn i jns prngbmfhfbltns bstikjbgfmns pnr ji Digujtim. MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?   MFWGRWF

Ilijfzi jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns. Gnhpiri ji ipirfblgfi y ji vfsgnsfmim mb jis trbs dnrhujigfnlbs. Eiz eflgipfæ bl jis mfdbrblgfis nksbrvimis bl dulgf÷l mb ji dnrhujigf÷l. Gnhpiri jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns gnl jis dnrhujigfnlbs dnrhujigfnlbs gnhbrgfijbs imqufrfmis. GNLGJRWFNLBW?  

Ilijfzi jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns, rbvfsi jns nkobtfvns mb ji prégtfgi y cblbri uli trfilcujigf÷l bltrb bjjns piri cblbrir jis gnlgjusfnlbs rbqubrfmis. GRBW]FNLI[FN  

9. ¾Guéj bs ji fhpnrtilgfi mb mfspbrsir imbguimihbltb bj girknpnj 6=1> ;. ¾Yuæ tfpn mb cbjbs sb prbpirirnl> 7. ¾G÷hn gnltrnjihns ji vfsgnsfmim mbj prnmugtn, gnl bj girknpnj n gnl ji trfbtilnjihfli> =. ¾Yuæ nkobtfvn tfblb bj imfgfnlir bj twbbl 51 y ji cjfgbrfli>

2. ¾Yuæ ntrns icbltbs cbjfdfgilt cbjfdfgiltbs bs sb pubmbl utfjfzi utfjfzir> r> Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

944

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 943

KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

[iyhnlm G [nwb, Qiuj O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd. Qeirhigbutf Qeirhigbutfgij gij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss. LNH WWI 126 ;197. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigf Qeirhigfsts. sts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl. Jnym T. Ijjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfi Sfjjfihs. hs. Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl. (;119). Qeirhigbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsicb Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb. Qrndbgn?

Cbj

dfoimnr

piri

bj

www.prndbgn.cnk.hx/tbglnjn cfis/usnpbrsn/cbjdg.isp brsn/cbjdg.isp   www.prndbgn.cnk.hx/tbglnjncfis/usnp

gikbjjn.

]nhimn

mb?

943

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

945

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

945

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 946

946

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

931

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 9; . WFW]BHIW LN GNLTBLGFNLIJBW (HI ][FGBW, [BWB[TN[FNW [BWB[TN[FNW V HFG[NQI[]ÈGRJIW MB JFKB[IGF×L). NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?  

Yub bj ijuhln gnlnzgi ji jiss dnrhis dirhigæutfgis ln gnlv gnlvblgfnlijb blgfnlijbss y su prngbsn mb dikrfgigf÷l.

 

Iprblmbr i bjiknrir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi (sfstbhi hitrfgfij, sfstbhi rbsbrvnrfn n hfgrnpirtfgujimn).

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?    

Iprblmbr i dikrfgir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi

 

Ilijfzir bj gnhpnrtihfbltn gnhpnrtihfbltn mb jns dnrhimnrb dnrhimnrbss mb hitrfgbs, h hbhkrilis bhkrilis n pirtègujis pirtègujis mb jfkbrigf÷l

 

Gnlngbr bj bqufpn mb dikrfgigf÷l mb sfst sfstbhis bhis mb jjfkbrigf÷l fkbrigf÷l

 

Ilijfzir mb igubrmn i ji Dirhignpbi ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l

 

Mbgfmfr sf bj prnmugtn bs iprnkimn

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi snl dnrhis dirhigæutfgis qub tfblbl girigtbrèstfgis mb jfkbrigf÷l bl dulgf÷l mbj tfbhpn, gursn y/n jucir piri jncrir ul nkobtfvn tbripæutfgn qub ln sb pubmb nktblbr gnl jns sfstbhis gnlvblgfnlijbs, ji RWQ flgjuyb mbltrn mb ji jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi i ji jfkbrigf÷l bxtblmfmi y i ji jfkbrigf÷l rbtirmimi. Ji jfkbrigf÷l bxtblmfmi pbrhftb mfshflufr ji drbgublgfi mb mnsfs rbspbgtn i ji jfkbrigf÷l flhbmfiti. Ji jfkbrigf÷l rbtirmimi prnvngi ul rbtrisn bl ji jfkbrigf÷l pnr gfbrtn tfbhpn mbspuæs mb su imhflfstrigf÷l.  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  IG

[bvfsi jis sfcufbltbs fmbis? hitrfz pnjfhærfgi y tfpns mb hitrfgbs0 digtnrbs mb prnmuggf÷l ijtbril

bj gnhpnrtihfbltn mb uli hitrfz pnjfhærfgi0 digtnrbs mbj pnjèhbrn ijtbril bj gnhpnrtihfbltn mb uli hitrfz pnjfhærfgi0 digtnrbs mbj dérhign ijtbril bj gnhpnrtihfbltn mb uli hitrfz Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

931

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 939

pnjfhærfgi0 prubkis mb mfsnjugf÷l pubmbl bhpjbirsb piri bvijuir uli hitrfz pnjfhærfgi0 hbhkrili mb jfkbrigf÷l gnltrnjimi y pnjèhbrns qub sb pubmbl bhpjbir piri dikrfgirjis Kusgir bl VNR]RKB vfmbns snkrb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW [BIG]FTNW

GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ

9

Tisn mb pp mb 9 J

74

]ukns mb blsiyb

7 ;

Hitrigbs mb ;2 hj Crimfjjis

7

Tisns mb pp mb 411 hj

9

Qrblsi efmréujfgi

9

Mfsnjutnr

HFWHN QNJFHB[N MFDB[BL]B QBWN HNJBGRJI[ HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

EQHG @911H

72%

EQHG @=H

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

72%

EQHG @911JT

72%

72%

Jigtnsi

4;%

4;%

4;%

Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflndæ l

;.2%

;.2%

;.2%

Bstbiritn mb Hc

1.2%

1.2%

1.2%

Imvilgbm Mruc Mbjfvbry [bvfbws 4= (;19;) 947 ‗93=

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

939

 

93;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HFWHN QNJFHB[N MFDB[BL]B QN[GBL]IOB HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

EQHG @=H

72%

;2%

92%

Jigtnsi

4;%

3;%

5;%

Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflndæ l

;.2%

;.2%

;.2%

Bstbiritn mb Hc

1.2%

1.2%

1.2%

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

BW]BI[I]N MB HICLBWFN  HICLBWFN  Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Bj bstbiritn mb hiclbsfn hbonr gnlngfmn gnhn Bstbiritn mfkésfgn mb hiclbsfn, Mfbstbiritn mb hiclbsfn, Wij mb hiclbsfn mbj égfmn ngtimbgilnfgn, Wij mb hiclbsfn mbj égfmn bstbérfgn. Guyi ipirfblgfi bs ul pnjvn kjilgn gnl ul njnr huy jbvb. ]fblb uli dnrhuji quèhfgi mb Hc(G95E72N;); y ul pbsn hnjbgujir mb  269.7 c/hnj.  [fbscns i ji sijum? 

Jns pnjvns ngisfnlil prnkjbhis i jns pujhnlbs. Jis gnlgbltrigfnlbs ijtis mb pnjvn pubmbl ngisfnlir tbhpnrijhbltb tbhpnrijh bltb tns b frrftigf÷l jbvb. Fleijig Fleijigf÷l? f÷l? Gnhÿlhbltb ngisfnli v÷hftn. Wf bstb ln ngurrb bj fltbstfln pnmrèi sbr kjnqubimn, ngisfnlilmn frrftigf÷l y iksnrgf÷l jblti mbj hiclbsfn. Flcbstf÷l? Qrnkikjbhbltb ln sb iksnrkb pnr ji pfbj, pbrn bj usn drbgubltb pnmrèi ngisfnlir frrftigf÷l. Qfbj? Ln frrfti jns nons pbrn ji prbsblgfi mb pirtègujis bxtriùis pnmrèi jbsfnlirjns n cblbrir mnjnr bl bj hnhbltn mbj pirpimbn. Nons? Jis bxpnsfgfnlbs pnr jircn pjizn i gnlgbltrigfnlbs ijtis mbj pnjvn pubmbl ngisfnlir iuhbltn mbj djuon lisij gnrrfbltb y hnjbstfis bl bj sfstbhi rbspfritnrfn. Bstns flgnlvblfbltbs gnhÿlhbltb mbsipirbgbl guilmn ji bxpnsfgf÷l gbsi. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns? 

]ris fleijigf÷l? ]risjimir ij ifrb drbsgn. Wf ln rbspfri imhflfstrir rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij. Wf rbspfri gnl mfdfgujtim suhflfstrir nxècbln. Hiltblbr ji vègtfhi ikrfcimi y bl rbpnsn. Kusgir itblgf÷l

hæmfgi flhbmfitihbltb. Qnr flcbstf÷l? Jivir ji kngi gnl icui. Wf bsté gnlsgfbltb, suhflfstrir Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

93;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 937

ikulmiltb icui. Ln flmugfr bj v÷hftn, sf æstb sb prbsblti flgjflir ji vègtfhi eigfi imbjiltb. Wf bsté flgnlsgfbltb ln mir i kbkbr limi. Kusgir itblgf÷l hæmfgi flhbmfitihbltb. Bl gisn mb gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj? [btfrir ji rnpi y gijzimn gnltihflimns. Jivir ji znli idbgtimi gnl ikulmiltb icui y oik÷l, hèlfhn muriltb 92 hflutns. Wf ji frrftigf÷l pbrsfstb rbpbtfr bj jivimn. Kusgir itblgf÷l hæmfgi flhbmfitihbltb. Qnr gnltigtn gnl jns nons? Jivir gnl ikulmiltb icui tfkfi, hèlfhn muriltb 92 hflutns. Jbviltir y sbpirir jns pérpimns piri isbcurir ji rbhngf÷l mbj quèhfgn. Wf ji frrftigf÷l pbrsfstb rbpbtfr bj jivimn. Kusgir itblgf÷l hæmfgi. HB]NMNJNCÈI? Dikrfgigf÷l Di krfgigf÷l mb jis hitrfgbs mb jfkbrigf÷l

9. Qbsir jns hitbrfijbs piri sus hitrfgbs y gijgujir rblmfhfbltn. ;. Dikrfgir hitrfgbs mb 711 hc bl ji prblsi efmréujfgi, usilmn =1 `c/gh; n ; tnlbjimis pnr 7 sbculmns. Bvijuigf÷l Bvi juigf÷l mb jis hitrfgbs

9. Bvijuæ tnmis sus hitrfgbs bl bspbsnr y pbsn. ;. Bvijuæ murbzi mb = hitrfgbs. 7. Bvijuæ mbsfltbcrigf÷l mb = hitrfgbs. =. Dikrfqub 7 gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb igbtihflndæl hitbrfi prfhi 91, 21 y 911 c/hJ. V jæijns bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i ;51 lh. 2. Bl ul visn mb mfsnjutnr, gnjngir 611 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi (hbmfr pE), usilmn bj ipiritn ; (pijbtis) i 73±G y 32 rph. 4. Bvijÿb ji jfkbrigf÷l mb ; tikjbtis. ]nhb hubstri gimi 92 hflutns pnr ; e. 3. ]nhir 7 hJ mb hubstri gnl rbpnsfgf÷l mbj hbmfn (icui mbstfjimi), utfjfzilmn obrflcis mb 2 hJ gnl dfjtrn mb 1.=2 uh. 5. Eigbr ji prubki piri hbmfr? vbjngfmim mb eflgeihfbltn y imebsf÷l. Wf sb prbsbltil bl sus hitrfgbs.

6. ]nhir jis dntncridèis n vfmbn qub gnlsfmbrb gnlvblfbltb piri mbhnstrir bj hbgilfshn mb jfkbrigf÷l. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

937

 

93=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

[BWRJ]IMNW?

]ikji 79. Bvijuigf÷l mb jis hitrfgbs. Bvijuigf÷l

Gnltrnj

Hbzgji 9

Hbzgji ;

Hbzgji 7

Qbsn Murbzi Bspbsnr Mbsfltbcrigf÷l Tbjngfmim mb eflgeihfbltn Imebsf÷l Mfsnjugf÷l pbrdfj 92½ 71½ =2½ 41½ 32½ 61½ 912½ 9;1½ *Hbzgji 9 bs @911H n 72%, Hbzgji ; bs @=H n ;2% y Hbzgji 7 bs 911JT n 92%. GÉJGRJNW

HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

93=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 932

[bgnjbgtb tnmns jns rbsfmuns mb jis hitrfgbs btfqubtb flmfgilmn flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs usimns bl ji prégtfgi y mbsægebjns gnhn sfcufblmn bj dnrhitn mb ji Digujtim. MFWGRWF MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?  

Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mbj pbsn Hnjbgujir mb jns pnjèhbrns. Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mb ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb pnjèhbrn bl ji hitrfz. Flmfqub bj hbgilfshn qub divnrbgb ji sijfmi mbj dérhign Flmfqub, dfsfgnquèhfgihbltb bj hbgilfshn mb jfkbrigf÷l. Flmfqub bj hnmbjn qub hbonr bxpjfgi ji jfkbrigf÷l nktblfmi. GNLGJRWFNLBW?   KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

i. [iyhnlm G [nwb, Qiuj O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgijj B Qeirhigbutfgi Bxgfpfblts. xgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. k. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). g. Oihbs Wwirkrf Wwirkrfg` g` (;11=). Blgy Blgygjnpbmfi gjnpbmfi nd nd Qeirhigbut Qeirhigbutfgij fgij ]bgelnjn ]bgelnjncy. cy. RWI. G[G Qrbss. m. LNH WWI 126 vbrsf÷l vfcbltb. b. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeir Qeirhigfsts. higfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblt Bfcetbblte e Bmftfnl. d. Jnym T. Ijjbl, Lfge Lfgenjis njis C. Qnpnvfge, En Enwirm wirm Ilsbj. (;19 (;199). 9). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfihs c. Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl. (;119). Qeirhigbutfgs? Qeirhigbutfgs? ]eb Wgfbl Wgfblgb gb nd Mnsicb Mnsicb Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;l ;lmm bmftfn bmftfnll RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb

932

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

934

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

934

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 933

Q[ÉG]FGI 9;K . WFW]BHIW LN GNLTBLGFNLIJ GNLTBLGFNLIJ BW ([BWB[TN[FNW). ([BWB[TN[FNW). NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?   Yub bj ijuhln sbi gipiz mb dikrfgir uli hbhkrili qub rbcujb ji jfkbrigf÷l mb

dérhigns.  

Iprblmbr i bjiknrir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi (sfstbhi hitrfgfij, sfstbhi rbsbrvnrfn n hfgrnpirtfgujimn).

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?    

Iprblmbr i dikrfgir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi

 

Ilijfzir bj gnhpnrtihfbltn gnhpnrtihfbltn mb jns dnrhimnrbs mb hitrf hitrfgbs, gbs, hbhkrilis hbhkrilis n pirtègujis mb jfkbrigf÷l.

 

Gnlngbr bj bqufpn mb dikrfgigf÷l mb sfst sfstbhis bhis mb jjfkbrigf÷l fkbrigf÷l

 

Ilijfzir mb igubrmn i ji Dirhignpbi ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l

 

Mbgfmfr sf bj prnmugtn bs iprnkimn

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi snl dnrhis dirhigæutfgis qub tfblbl girigtbrèstfgis mb jfkbrigf÷l bl dulgf÷l mbj tfbhpn, gursn y/n jucir piri jncrir ul nkobtfvn tbripæutfgn qub ln sb pubmb nktblbr gnl jns sfstbhis gnlvblgfnlijbs, ji RWQ flgjuyb mbltrn mb ji jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi i ji jfkbrigf÷l bxtblmfmi y i ji jfkbrigf÷l rbtirmimi. Ji jfkbrigf÷l bxtblmfmi pbrhftb mfshflufr ji drbgublgfi mb mnsfs rbspbgtn i ji jfkbrigf÷l flhbmfiti. Ji jfkbrigf÷l rbtirmimi prnvngi ul rbtrisn bl ji jfkbrigf÷l pnr gfbrtn tfbhpn mbspuæs mb su imhflfstrigf÷l.  IG  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?

Kusgir bl VNR]RKB vfmbns snkrb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi Flvbstfcub gnhn sb hfmb vbjngfmim mb eflgeihfbltn bl pnjèhbrns

Flvbstfcub gnhn sb hfmb dubrzi mb imebsf÷l bl jns pnjèhbrns Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

933

 

935

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW? [BIG]FTNW?   GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ

9

Tisn mb pp mb 9 jt

74

]ukns mb blsiyb

7

Hitrigbs mb ;2 hj

;

Crimfjjis

7

Tisns mb pp mb 411 hj

=

Giois Qbtrf

9

Qrblsi efmréujfgi

9

Mfsnjutnr

HFWHN QNJFHB[N MFDB[BL]B QBWN HNJBGRJI[

HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

Igbtitn mb gbjujnsi

7%

=%

2%

4%

igbtnli

qs qs

qs

qs

qs

;.2%

;.2%

Igbtihflnd æl Igbtihflndæl ;.2% ;.2% HFWHN QNJFHB[N MFDB[BL]B QN[GBL]IOB Fltbrlitfnlij Onurlij nd Qeirhigbutfgs =34 (;19=) 35 ‗53

HI]B[FIJ

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

GIL]FMIM

BRM[ICF] BRM[ICF ] [J?J22

=?9

5?9

9;?9

94?9

Igbtihflndæl Igbtihflnd æl

;.2%

;.2%

;.2%

;.2%

]NUFGNJNCÈI? IGB]NLI   IGB]NLI

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

935

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 936

Qrnpfbmimbs Dèsfgis y Yuèhfgis Cblbrijbs? 

Ji igbtnli bs ul jèqufmn flgnjnrn, mb njnr girigtbrèstfgn icrimikjb, vnjétfj, ijtihbltb fldjihikjb y sus vipnrbs snl hés pbsimns qub bj ifrb. ]fblb uli dnrhuji quèhfgi GE 7GNGE7 y guyn pbsn hnjbgujir bs mb 25.15 c/hnj. Ji igbtnli bs pbjfcrnsi pnr su fldjihikfjfmim, iÿl mfjufmn gnl icui [fbscns i ji sijum?

Rtfjfgb kiti, jbltbs mb sbcurfmim y, sf bs lbgbsirfn, cuiltbs mb eujb liturij n lbnprbln, bl uli znli kfbl vbltfjimi, mb prbdbrblgfi bl uli gihpili. Bvftb ul gnltigtn prnjnlcimn mb ji pfbj gnl bstb prnmugtn quèhfgn. Ln mbkb utfjfzirsb rnpi mb riy÷l lf jbltbs mb gnltigtn guilmn sb hilbob bstb prnmugtn. Ij trisvisir pbqubùis giltfmimbs giltfmimb s gnl pfpbti, sfbhprb utfjfzir prnpfpbtis, LRLGI IWQF[I[ GNL JI KNGI. Bl cblbrij, jns prflgfpijbs sèltnhis mb uli fltnxfgigf÷l gr÷lfgi pnr igbtnli snl? mnjnr mb gikbzi, frrftigf÷l mb nons, lirfz y tréqubi, jns guijbs mbsipirbgbl ij sijfr mbj érbi gnltihflimi. Fleijigf÷l? Bl dnrhi mb vipnr, giusi frrftigf÷l mb nons lirfz y tréqubi. Bl gnlgbltrigfn gnlgbltrigfnlbs lbs huy ijtis, pubmb idbgtir ij sfstbhi lbrvfnsn gbltrij, prbsbltélmnsb mnjnr mb gikbzi y gilsilgfn. Bl gisns bxtrbhns pubmb pbrmbrsb ji gnlgfblgfi. Gnltigtn gnl nons? Bl dnrhi mb vipnr, jns frrfti giusilmn jicrfhbn y djufmn lisij0 bj jèqufmn pubmb giusir miùn i ji g÷rlbi. Gnltigtn gnl ji pfbj? Rl gnltigtn prnjnlcimn y gnlstiltb gnl ji pfbj prnvngi rbsbqubmim, icrfbtihfbltn y mbrhitftfs. Flcbstf÷l? Giusi frrftigf÷l céstrfgi, mnjnr y v÷hftn. Qrfhbrns Iuxfjfns? 

Wf ji fleijigf÷l ei sfmn prnjnlcimi, trilspnrtir ij fltnxfgimn i uli znli kfbl vbltfjimi. Wf ln rbspfri, mir rbspfrigf÷l irtfdfgfij. Hiltblbrjn gijfbltb y bl rbpnsn. Wf bs lbgbsirfn, imhflfstrir nxècbln. Nons? Jévbjns gnl icui n mfsnjugf÷l sijfli, isbcurélmnsb mb qub jns nons sb blgubltrbl ikfbrtns muriltb bj jivimn. Qfbj? Jivir bj érbi gnltihflimi gnl icui y oik÷l. Bl gisn lbgbsirfn, bjfhflb ji rnpi gnltihflimi. Flcbstf÷l? Jivir ji kngi gnl icui. Wf sb flcfrf÷, mfjufr tnhilmn icui. Ln flmugfr bj v÷hftn. BL ]NMNW JNW GIWNW MB BUQNWFGFNL, BJ QIGFBL]B MBKB WB[ ][ILWQN[]IMN IJ ENWQF]IJ ]IL Q[NL]N GNHN WBI

QNWFKJB. 936

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

951

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

HB]NMNJNCÈI?   Dikrfgigf÷l Di krfgigf÷l mb jis hbhkrili hbhkriliss m b jfkbrigf÷l

9. Qbsir ji giltfmim mb hitbrfij lbgbsirfn piri dikrfgir dikrfgir sus hbhkrilis. ;. Qnr bj hætnmn mb hnjmbn dikrfgir hbhkrilis mb jfkbrigf÷l mb mfdbrbltb gnhpnsfgf÷l n mb mfdbrbltb crnsnr. 7. [bgnrtir jis hbhkrilis bl gèrgujns mb ; gh mb mféhbtrn y gnjngirjns gnhn fjustri ji dfcuri 4.

Dfcuri 4. Hnltiob mb jis hbhkrilis mb jfkbrigf÷l.

Bvijuigf÷l mb m b ji jiss hbhkr hbhkrilis. ilis.

9. Bvijuæ tnmis sus hbhkrilis bl bspbsnr y pbsn. ;. Dikrfqub 7 gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb igbtihflndæl hitbrfi prfhi 91, 21 y 911 c/hJ. V jæijns bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i ;51 lh. 7. Bl ul visn mb pp mb 9111 hJ, gnjngir 711 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi (hbmfr pE), usilmn bj

ipiritn mb ji dfcuri iltbrfnr i 73±G y icftigf÷l gnlstiltb. =. Bvijuæ ji jfkbrigf÷l mb ; hbhkrilis tnhb hubstri gimi 92 hflutns x ; e. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

951

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 959

2. ]nhir 7 hJ mb hubstri gnl rbpnsfgf÷l mb hbmfn, utfjfzilmn obrflcis mb 2 hJ gnl dfjtrn mb 1.=2 h. 4. ]nhir jis dntncridèis n vfmbn qub gnlsfmbrb gnlvblfbltb piri mbhnstrir bj hbgilfshn mb jfkbrigf÷l. [BWRJ]IMNW?

]ikji 7;. Bvijuigf÷l mb jis hbhkrilis. Bvijuigf÷l

Gnltrnj

Hbzgji 9

Hbzgji ;

Hbzgji 7

Hbzgji =

Qbsn Bspbsnr Mfsnjugf÷l pbrdfj 92½ 71½ =2½ 41½ 32½ 61½ 912½ 9;1½ GÉJGRJNW HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

[bgnjbgtb tnmns jns rbsfmuns mb jis hitrfgbs btfqubtb flmfgilmn flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs usimns bl ji

prégtfgi y mbsægebjns sfcufblmn bj prntngnjn mb ji Digujtim. 959

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

95;

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

MFWGRWF×L MFWGRWF×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?  

Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mbj pbsn Hnjbgujir mb jns pnjèhbrns. Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mb ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb pnjèhbrn bl ji hitrfz. Flmfqub bj hbgilfshn qub divnrbgb ji sijfmi mbj dérhign Flmfqub, dfsfgnquèhfgihbltb bj hbgilfshn mb jfkbrigf÷l. Flmfqub bj hnmbjn qub hbonr bxpjfgi ji jfkbrigf÷l nktblfmi. GNLGJRWFNLBW?   KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

[iyhnlm G [nwb, Qiuj O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss LNH WWI 126 vbrsf÷l vfcbltb. vfcbltb. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl bmftfnl Jnym T. Ijjbl, I jjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfi Sfjjfihs hs Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl. (;119). Qeir Qeirhigbutfgs? higbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsic Mnsicb b Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

95;

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 957

957

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

95=

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

Q[ÉG]FGI 9;G. WFW]BHIW LN GNLTBLGFNLIJBW (HFG[NQI[]ÈGRJIW). NKOB]FTNW QI[]FGRJI QI[]FGRJI [BW?   Yub bj ijuhln sbi gipiz mb dikrfgir hfgrnpirtèg hfgrnpirtègujis ujis qub rbcujbl ji jfkbrigf÷l mb

dérhigns.  

Iprblmbr i bjiknrir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi (sfstbhi hitrfgfij, sfstbhi rbsbrvnrfn n hfgrnpirtfgujimn).

GNHQB]BLGFIW IGIMÆHFGIW?    

Iprblmbr i dikrfgir ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi

 

Ilijfzir bj gnhpnrtihfbltn gnhpnrtihfbltn mb jns dnrhimnrbs mb hitrf hitrfgbs, gbs, hbhkrilis hbhkrilis n pirtègujis mb jfkbrigf÷l.

 

Gnlngbr bj bqufpn mb dikrfgigf÷l mb sfst sfstbhis bhis mb jjfkbrigf÷l fkbrigf÷l

 

Ilijfzir mb igubrmn i ji Dirhignpbi ul sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l

 

Mbgfmfr sf bj prnmugtn bs iprnkimn

FL][NMRGGF×L?  

Bxfstbl mfvbrsns tfpns mb pirtègujis pnjfhærfgis bhpjbimis bl ji imhflfstrigf÷l mb hbmfgihbltns. hbmfgihbltn s. Bl dulgf÷l mb su tihiùn, sb pubmbl gjisfdfgir bl hfgrn- y lilnpirtègujis. Jis hfgrnpirtègujis snl pirtègujis pnjfhærfgis bsdærfgis gnl tihiùns qub nsgfjil mbsmb 9 i ;21 hh (fmbijhbltb mféhbtrns : 9;2 hh). Mbltrn mb bstb crupn sb flgjuybl jis hfgrngépsujis, qub snl sfstbhis vbsfgujirbs bl jns qub bj dérhign bsté gnldflimn bl uli givfmim rnmbimi mb uli ÿlfgi hbhkrili pnjfhærfgi0 pnjfhærfgi0 y jis hfgrnbsdbri hfgrnbsdbriss qub snl sfstbhis hitrfgbs bl jns qub bj dérhign bsté mfspbrsn bl ji pirtèguji. Jis lilnpirtègujis snl sfstbhis pnjfhærfgns sukhfgr÷lfgns (: 9 hh). Mb igubrmn gnl bj prngbsn bhpjbimn piri prbpirir lilnpirtègujis, pubmbl nktblbrsb lilngépsujis n lilnbsdbris, æstis snl jis bqufvijbltbs hnrdnj÷cfgis mb jis hfgrngépsujis y mb jis hfgrnbsdbris, rbspbgtfvihbltb ([njjnt bt ij., 9654).

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

95=

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 952

Wb pubmbl bhpjbir mfvbrsns prngbsns bl ji prbpirigf÷l mb hfgrn- y lilnpirtègujis, bltrb jns qub sb blgubltril? ji bvipnrigf÷l mbj mfsnjvbltb, sbpirigf÷l mb ji disb nrcélfgi, pnjfhbrfzigf÷ll fltbrdigfij, pnjfhbrfzigf÷l bl bhujsf÷l y sbgimn pnr spriy. pnjfhbrfzigf÷ Wb eil mb tblbr prbsbltbs uli sbrfb mb gnlsfmbrigf gnlsfmbrigfnlbs nlbs dirhigæutfgis bl bj mbsirrnjjn mb bstns sfstbhis mb jfkbrigf÷l gnltrnjimi? tfpn mb hitbrfij, ruti mb prbpirigf÷l, tihiùn mb jis pirtègujis, giltfmim mb dérhign flgnrpnrimn, girci, dérhign jfkbrimn (fl vfvn b fl vftrn), bstikfjfmim mbj dérhign, bstikfjfmim mbj sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l, bdbgtn mbj ijhigblihfbltn, prnpfbmimbs mb ji supbrdfgfb, prbsbltigf÷l, iltfcblfgfmim, kfndisb y tnxfgfmim mbj sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l, dérhign y kfngflætfgi mbj sfstbhi mb jfkbrigf÷l. Qiri jis hfgrnbsdbris, bj mbsbgeimn ln bspbgèdfgn mbj sfstbhi s fstbhi rbtfgujnblmntb rbtfgujnblmntbjfij jfij bs bj prflgfpij nkstégujn piri gnlsbcufr sfstbhis bdbgtfvns, i pbsir mb qub bstns sfstbhis sb eil tritimn mb hnmfdfgir iprnpfimihbltb (Mivfs bt ij., 9654). Qiri jns sfstbhis mb trilspnrtb mb gnloucimns pnjfhærfgns, su kioi snjukfjfmim subjb giusir prnkjbhis bl su sèltbsfs (Mulgil bt ij., 96530 Blmn bt ij., 9653) y bl su flybggf÷l bl bj djuon silcuèlbn (_ulfln bt ij., 9656).  I G ]F T F M I M B W Q [B J FH FL I [ B W?  IG

Kusgir bl VNR]RKB vfmbns snkrb jfkbrigf÷l hnmfdfgimi Flvbstfcub gnhn sb hfmb vbjngfmim mb eflgeihfbltn bl pnjèhbrns Flvbstfcub gnhn sb hfmb dubrzi mb imebsf÷l bl jns pnjèhbrns [BIG]FTNW?   HI]B[FIJ V [BIG]FTNW? GIL]FMIM

HI]B[FIJ

9

Tisn mb pp mb 9 jt

74

]ukns mb blsiyb

7

Hitrigbs mb ;2 hj

;

Crimfjjis Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

952

 

954

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

7

Tisns mb pp mb 411 hj

=

Giois Qbtrf

9

Qrblsi efmréujfgi

9

Mfsnjutnr

;

Tisn mb prbgfpftim prbgfpftimn n mb 21 hJ

9

Obrflci mb 9 hJ

9

Icftimnr mb vfmrfn

9

Hijji

9

Bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn

Bquf Bqufpn pn

9

;

7

=

2

4

3

Flmnhbtigfli

;1 hc

;1 hc

;1 hc

;1 hc

;1 hc

;1 hc

;1 hc ;1 hc

Ijcflitn

;.1

7.1

;.1

7.1

;.1

7.1

;.1

7.1

Wnj. GiGj; 

4%

4%

4%

4%

9;%

9;%

9;%

9;%

]wbbl 51

1

1.;%

1

1.;%

1.;%

1

1.;%

1

]NUFGNJNCÈI?

Lflculn mb jns rbigtfvns utfjfzimns bs lngfvn piri ji sijum n bj nrcilfshn. HB]NMNJNCÈI? Dikrfgigf÷l Di krfgigf÷l mb jis hitrfgbs mb jfkbrigf÷l

  l   b   b   w    ]      %    ;  .    1  

 

5

   %    1

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

4% ;%

9;% GiGj; 

7% pnjèhbrn 954

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 953

9. Qbsir ji giltfmim mb hitbrfij lbgbsirfn piri dikrfgir dikrfgir sus hbhkrilis. ;. Qrbpirir 21 hJ mb uli snjugf÷l mb égfmn igætfgn ij =%. 7. Hbmfr bj pE mb su snjugf÷l. =. Mfsnjvbr bl ji snjugf÷l mb égfmn igætfgn bj ijcflitn mb snmfn. 2. Mfspbrsir bj igbtihflndæl bl ji snjugf÷l iltbrfnr. 4. Hbmfr bj pE mb ji snjugf÷l. 3. Qrbpirir 21 hJ mb uli snjugf÷l mb GiGj;. 5. Qrbpirir 21 hJ mb uli snjugf÷l mb ]wbbl 51 ij 1.;%. 6. Gnjngir bl icftigf÷l ji snjugf÷l mb GiGj;. 91. Gnl ul cntbrn, kurbti n obrflci flgnrpnrb huy jbltihbltb ji snjugf÷l gnl dérhign i ji snjugf÷l mb GiGj;. Mbob bl icftigf÷l pnr 91 hflutns. 99. Wbpirir jis hfgrnpirtègujis suspblmfmis usilmn uli hijji mb tihiùn iprnpfimn. 9;. Wbgir jis hfgrnpirtègujis pnr 91 hflutns bl bj enrln i =1±G. 97. Bvijuir sus hfgrnpirtègujis.

Bvijuigf÷l mb m b jis hb hbhkr hkrilis. ilis.

9. Bvijuæ tnmis sus hfgrnpirtègujis bl ispbgtn, tihiùn, rblmfhfbltn. ;. Bvijuæ ji jfkbrigf÷l mbj igbtihflndæl. Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

953

 

955

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis

7. Dikrfqub 7 gnlgbltrigfnlbs mb igbtihflndæl hitbrfi prfhi 91, 21 y 911 c/hJ y jæijns bl bj bspbgtrndnt÷hbtrn i ;51 lh. =. Bl ul visn mb pp mb 9111 hJ, gnjngir 711 hJ mb icui mbstfjimi (hbmfr pE), usilmn bj ipiritn mb ji prégtfgi mb hbhkrilis iltbrf iltbrfnr nr i 73±G i UUU rph mb hilbri gnltflui. 2. Bvijuæ ji jfkbrigf÷l tnhb hubstri gimi 92 hflutns pnr ; e. 4. ]nhir 7 hJ mb hubstri gnl rbpnsfgf÷l mb hbmfn, utfjfzilmn obrflcis mb 2 hJ gnl dfjtrn mb 1.=2 h. 3. ]nhir jis dntncridèis n vfmbn qub gnlsfmbrb gnlvblfbltb piri mbhnstrir bj hbgilfshn mb jfkbrigf÷l. [BWRJ]IMNW?  

]ikji 77. Gnltrnj mb Gijfmim mb jis hfgrnpirtègujis. Bvijuigf÷l

Gnltrnj

Tbrfdfg÷

Ispbgtn ]ihiùn Mfsnjugf÷l [blmfhfbltn Gnltblfmn mb dérhign 9. Gnhpirir jns rbsujtimns nktblfmns mb tnmns jns bqufpns y mfsgutfr rbsujtimns gnl kisb bl jns nkobtfvns pjiltbimns. ;. Eigbr bj Iléjfsfs mb Tirfilzi mb sus rbsujtimns (]ihiùn, mfsnjugf÷l, gnltblfmn mb dérhign gnhpirilmn gnl ntrns 7 bqufpns

GÉJGRJNW

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

955

 

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis 956

HILBO N BWQBGÈDFGN MB [BWFMRNW [BWFMRNW CBLB[IMNW

[bgnjbgtb tnmns jns rbsfmuns mb jis hitrfgbs btfqubtb flmfgilmn flmfgilmn jns gnhpnlbltbs usimns bl ji prégtfgi y mbsægebjns sfcufblmn bj prntngnjn mb ji Digujtim. MFWGRWF×L ×L MB [BWRJ]I MNW?   MFWGRWF

Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mbj gjnrurn mb gijgfn bl ji ddnrhigf÷l nrhigf÷l mb jis hfgrnpirtègujis. Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mb ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb pnjèhbrn bl jis hfgrnpirtègujis. Flmfqub bj bdbgtn mb ji gnlgbltrigf÷l mb tblsnigtfvn bl jis hfgrnpirtègujis. Flmfqub bj hbgilfshn qub divnrbgb ji sijfmi mbj dérhign, isè gnhn bj hnmbjn bs bj qub hbonr bxpjfgi ji jfkbrigf÷l nktblfmi. GNLGJRWFNLBW?   KFKJFNC[IDÈI?  

[iyhnlm G [nwb, Qiuj O Webs`by ilm Hirfil B Dufll. (;116). Eilmknn` nd Qeirhigbutfgij Bxgfpfblts. RWI? Qeirhprbss. Rlftbm Wtitbs Qeirhignpbfi 71 LD;2 (;113). Oihbs Wwirkrfg` (;11=). Blgygjnpbmfi nd Qeirhigbutfgij ]bgelnjncy. ]bgelnjncy. RWI. G[G Qrbss LNH WWI 126 ;197 Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts. (;19=). Eilmknn` nd Flobgtikjb Mrucs. RWI. Ihbrfgil Wngfbty nd Ebijte-Wystbh Qeirhigfsts0 Bfcetbblte Bmftfnl bmftfnl Jnym T. Ijjbl, I jjbl, Lfgenjis C. Qnpnvfge, Enwirm Ilsbj. (;199). Ilsbj½s Qeirhigbutfgij Mnsicb Dnrhs ilm Mruc Mbjfvbry Wystbhs. RWI Jfppflgntt Sfjjfi Sfjjfihs hs Hfgeibj B. Iujtnl. (;119). Qeir Qeirhigbutfgs? higbutfgs? ]eb Wgfblgb nd Mnsic Mnsicb b Dnrh Mbsfcl. ;lm bmftfnl RWI. Geurgefjj Jfvflcstnlb

956

Digujtim mb Dirhigfi

 

961

Hiluij mbj Jiknritnrfn Hnmujir mb Dnrhis Dirhigæutfgis Jèqufmis