Manual Derecho de Familia

 

 

JF_FIDC JF AKMNENK

X_CA. MB. @NICEËY NOËÛFW MFWK

 Qfrsnù` kitukenzkjk k mkrzc jf ?8?8 9

 

 

Í@JNIF X_NMF_K XK_ZF7 FE FYZKZVZC MKZ_NMC@NKE IKXÍZVEC N. BF@F_KENJKJFY................................................................................ 9 

N. 

N@Z_CJVIINÙ@ ............................................................................................................... : 

NN. 

IK_KIZF_ÍYZNIKY JFE JF_FIDC JF AKMNENK ............................................. 4 

NNN. 

FQCEVINÙ@ DNYZÙ_NIK JFE JF_FIDC JF AKMNENK ................. ............................... .............. ;8 

IKXÍZVEC NN. FE MKZ_NMC@NC.............................................................................. ;9 

N. 

IC@IFXZC JF MKZ_NMC@NC ................................................................................ ;9 

NN. 

JFAN@NINÙ@ EFBKE JF MKZ_NMC@NC ................ ................................. ................................... ............................. ........... ;9 

NNN.  @KZV_KEFWK GV_ÍJNIK JFE MKZ_NMC@NC................................. ............... ................................... .................. ;1  IKXÍZVEC NNN. EK IC@YZNZVINÙ@ JFE QÍ@IVEC MKZ_NMC@NKE .............. ;4  N.   K.  O.  I. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY .......................................................................................................... ;4  Ic`jninc`fs jf crjf` ansnceùbnic ...................................................................................... ;4  Ic`jninc`fs jf crjf` psniceùbnic7 ................................................................................... ?8  Ic`jninc`fs jf fxnstf`ink y vkenjfz. ................................................................................. ?8  

IKXÍZVEC NQ. JF EK YFXK_KINÙ@ JF ECY IÙ@^VBFY .................................. 92 

N. 

YFXK_KINÙ@ JF DFIDC ........................................................................................... 92 

NN. 

YFXK_KINÙ@ GVJNINKE ............................................................................................... 9> 

IKXÍZVEC Q. JF EK ZF_MN@KINÙ@ JFE MKZ_NMC@NC ................................ :9 

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY .......................................................................................................... :9 

NN. 

MVF_ZF @KZV_KE ....................................................................................................... :: 

NNN. 

MVF_ZF X_FYV@ZK ..................................................................................................... :: 

NQ.   K.  O.  I.  J.  F.  A. 

@VENJKJ ........................................................................................................................... :2  Xrn`inpncs quf rnbf` f` mktfrnk jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc ................. .................................. .......................... ......... :4  Ikuskefs jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc .................................................................................. :4   Zntuekrfs jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj........................................................................................ `uenjkj........................................................................................ 68  Xrfsirnptnonenjkj jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc ................. .................................. ............................. ............ 68  Fafitcs jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc .................................................... 6;   Fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc ....................................................................................................... 6;  :

 

   Q.   K.  O.  I.  J. 

JNQC_INC .......................................................................................................................... 69  Jnvcrinc sk`inù`, pcr aketk c iuepk ................................................................................... 66   Jnvcrinc rfmfjnc pcr ifsf fafitnvc jf ek ic`vnvf`ink .................................................. 18   Ikrkitfrístniks jf ek kiinù` jf jnvcrinc ............................................................................ 19  Fafitcs jfe jnvcrinc ............................................................................................................ 19 

 QN.  IKMONC JF @CMO_F ^ YFTC _FBNYZ_KE F@ _KWÙ@ JF NJF@ZNJKJ JF BÎ@F_C ................................................................................................................................... 1:   QNN.  _FBEKY ICMV@FY K INF_ZCY IKYCY JF YFXK_KINÙ@, @VENJKJ ^ JNQC_INC7 ...................................................................................................................................... 16  ;. Jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik ............................................................................................. 16  ?. Jf ek ic`inenkinù` ...................................................................................................................... 14   QNNN.  ICMXFZF@INK ^ X_CIFJNMNF@ZC ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................. 1>  IKXÍZVEC QN. FAFIZCY JFE MKZ_NMC@NC....................................................... 28 

N. 

JFOF_FY JF ECY IÙ@^VBFY................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ............................. ............ 28 

IKXÍZVEC QNN. ECY _FBÍMF@FY MKZ_NMC@NKEFY ......................................... 29 

N.  N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY .......................................................................................................... 29  EKY IKXNZVEKINC@FY MKZ_NMC@NKEFY ................. ................................... ................................... ....................... ...... 21 

IKXÍZVEC QNNN. EK YCINFJKJ IC@^VBKE.......................................................... 2> 

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY .......................................................................................................... 2> 

NN.  FE DKOF_ JF EK YCINFJKJ IC@^VBKE................ ................................. ................................... ....................... ...... 4;  ;. Dkofr kosceutc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke (Krt. ;2?6 @· ;, ? y 6)................ ................................. ....................... ...... 4;  ?. Dkofr rfektnvc c kpkrf`tf jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke (Krt. ;2?6 @· 9 y :) ................ ......................... ......... 4?  9. Fe dkofr prcpnc jf ikjk iù`yubf ........................................................................................... 49   :. Xksnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ............................................................................................... 4:  6. Eks rficmpf`sks ....................................................................................................................... 42  1. Kjmn`nstrkinù`  Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... 4>  2. Kjmn`nstrkinù` k fxtrkcrjn`krnk jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ................................. ................ ................................... .................. >:  4. Jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ....................................................................................... >6  IKXÍZVEC NT. ONF@FY _FYF_QKJCY JF EK MVGF_ IKYKJK ......................... >>  IKXÍZVEC T. _ÎBNMF@ JF YFXK_KINÙ@ JF ONF@FY ................................... ;89 

N. 

IEKYNANIKINÙ@. ........................................................................................................... ;89 

IKXÍZVEC TN. _ÎBNMF@ JF XK_ZNINXKINÙ@ F@ ECY BK@K@INKEFY...... ;84  IKXÍZVEC TNN. ECY ONF@FY AKMNENK_FY .......................................................... ;;:  IKXÍZVEC TNNN. FE KIVF_JC JF V@NÙ@ INQNE .............................................. ;?8 

N. 

IC@YZNZVINÙ@ JFE KVI ....................................................................................... ;?;  6

 

  NN. 

_F[VNYNZCY XK_K YF_ IC@Z_K^F@ZF JF V@ KVI.................. ................................. ............... ;?? 

NNN.  FAFIZCY JFE KVI ...................................................................................................... ;??  ;. Ek ic`trnouinù` k ek vnjk f` icm÷`................................... ................. ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... ;??  ?. _îbnmf` jf onf`fs .................................................................................................................. ;??  9. Onf`fs Akmnenkrfs .................................................................................................................... ;?9  :. Anenkinù` .................................................................................................................................... ;?9  6. Icmpf`skinù` Fic`ùmnik ................................................................................................... ;?9  1. Jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs ............................................................................................................ ;?:  NQ. 

 ZÎ_MN@C JFE KVI................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... ;?: 

IKXÍZVEC TNQ. MKZ_NMC@NC IFEFO_KJC F@ FE FTZ_K@GF_C ............ ;?6  ;?6 

YFBV@JK XK_ZF7 FYZKZVZC JF ANENKINÙ@ , ZVZFEKY ^ IV_KZFEKY  

IKXÍZVEC N. BF@F_KENJKJFY JF EK ANENKINÙ@ .......................................... ;?2 N.  IK_KIZF_ÍYZNIKY JF EK ANENKINÙ@ ................. .................................. ................................... .............................. ............ ;?4 

NN. 

JF ECY DNGCY ................................................................................................................. ;?> 

NNN.   

FQCEVINÙ@ EFBNYEKZNQK JF EK N@QFYZNBKINÙ@ JF XKZF_@NJKJ ;98 

IKXÍZVEC NN. IEKYFY JF ANENKINÙ@ .................................................................. ;9? 

N. 

ANENKINÙ@ MKZ_NMC@NKE ^ YVY FEFMF@ZCY (K_Z. ;48 II.) ............... ;9? 

NN. 

JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK MKZF_@NJKJ ................ ................................. .................................. ........................ ....... ;9: 

NNN. 

JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK ANENKINÙ@ MKZ_NMC@NKE. X_FYV@INC@FY

  NQ. 

;96  JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK ANENKINÙ@ @C MKZ_NMC@NKE ................ ....................... ....... ;91 ;91 

 Q.   K.  O.  I.  J. 

FE _FIC@CINMNF@ZC ............................................................................................. ;91  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc fxprfsc fspc`të`fc jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj ........ ;;92 92  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc fxprfsc prcvcikjc jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj ......... ;94 ;94  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc tëintc c prfsu`tc (Krt. ;44 II) ................................. ................ ..................... .... ;94  Ikrkitfrístniks jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc .................................................................................. ;9> 

 QN.  _FXVJNKINÙ@ KE _FIC@CINMNF@ _FIC@CINMNF@ZC ZC................. .................................. ................................... ........................... ......... ;:8   K.  Ikrkitfrístniks y rfqunsntcs jf ek rfpujnkinù`.................. ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ ;:8 ;:8  O.  Xfrsc`ks quf pufjf` rfpujnkr ......................................................................................... ;:8  I.  Fafitcs jf ek rfpujnkinù` ................................................................................................. ;:;  1

 

  IKXÍZVEC NNN. JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ GVJNINKE JF EK ANENKINÙ@ ................... ;:? 

 K.  O.  I.  J.  F.  A.  B.  D.  N. 

 KIINC@FY JF _FIEKMKINÙ@ _FIEKMKINÙ@ JF ANENKINÙ@................................. ................ .............................. ............. ;:?   Kiinc`fs jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke (Krt. ?8: II.) II.) ................. ............................. ............ ;:?   Kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke ................. ................................... ................................... ................... ;:?   Zntuekrnjkj jf ek kiinù` jfe dngc quf akeefif snf`jc n`ikpkz y jfe jfe dngc pùstumc ...... ;:9  Ikrkitfrístniks jf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` ......................... .......................................... ..................... .... ;:9  Ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ikenjkj jf dngc ........................................................................... ;::   Xrfsu`inù` f` oksf k ic`iuon`ktc .................................................................................. ;:1  Yk`inù` ke pkjrf c mkjrf quf sf cpc`f k ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke ......................... ;:1 ;:1   Kenmf`tcs prcvnsnc`kefs ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ ;:2  Yf`tf`ink quf kicbf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` anenkinù ` ................................... .................. ........................ ....... ;:2 

 K.  k.  o.  i.  j. 

 KIINC@FY JF NMXVB@KINÙ@ NMXVB@KINÙ@ JF ANENKINÙ@ ((K_Z. K_Z. ?;; KE ??;) .......... ;:2  Ieksfs jf nmpub`kinù` ...................................................................................................... ;:4  Nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj pktfr`njkj jfe dngc ic`ifonjc c `kinj `kinjcc f` fe mktrnmc`nc… . ;:4  Nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jftfrmn`kjk pcr rfic`cinmnf`tc .............................. ;;:> :>  Nmpub`kinù` jf ek mktfr`njkj7 ....................................................................................... ;:>   Gunincs jf nmpub`kinù` jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj mktfr`njkj ................................. ............... ................................... ................... ;68 

IKXÍZVEC NQ. ECY FAFIZCY JF EK ANENKINÙ@ ............................................... ;6; 

N.

FAFIZCY JF EK ANENKINÙ@ ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. .............................. ............. ;6; 

NN.  EK KVZC_NJKJ XKZF_@K ...................................................................................... ;6;   K.  Jfofrfs jf ecs dngcs ........................................................................................................... ;6;  O.  Jfrfidcs/jfofrfs jf ecs Xkjrfs ..................................................................................... ;69  NNN.  EK XKZ_NK XCZFYZKJ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... ;1:   K. Jfrfidc efbke jf bcif jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc ................ ................................. ................................... ................................... ................... ;16  O.  Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc ................................. ............... ................................... .................................. .............................. ............. ;11  I. _fprfsf`tkinù` jfe dngc ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................... ;12  IKXNZVEC Q. FE JF_FIDC JF KENMF@ZCY .................................................... ;2;  N. BF@F_KENJKJFY .................................................................................................................. ;2; 

NN. IEKYNANIKINÙ@ JF ECY KENMF@ZCY ................ ................................. ................................... ................................... ..................... .... ;2?   K.   Kenmf`tcs sfb÷` su crnbf`7 Qceu`tkrncs y Efbkefs .................................. ................ ................................... ..................... .... ;2?  O.   Kenmf`tcs sfb÷` su angkinù`7 Xrcvnscrncs y jfan`ntnvcs ............... ................................ ................................. ................ ;29  I.  F` su fxnbnonenjkj7 Auturcs y jfvf`bkjcs ................. .................................. ................................... ................................... ................... ;2:  NNN. ANGKINÙ@ JF KENMF@ZCY .............................................................................................. ;26  ;.  Efbntnmnjkj kitnvk y pksnvk pkrk jfmk`jkr ecs kenmf`tcs ........................................... ............................ ............... ;26 ;26  ?.  Fstkjc jf `fifsnjkj jfe kenmf`tkrnc .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ........................... .......... ;21  9.  Yntukinù` fic`ùmnic-pktrnmc`nke jfe kenmf`tk`tf ................. ................................... ................................... ..................... .... ;21  :. kspfitcs jf jf ecs ek angkinù` ............................................................................................ 6.   Ctrcs Iumpenmnf`tc kenmf`tcs ....................................................................................... ;22 ;24   2

 

  1.  Fxtn`inù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs ............................................................................................... ;48  IKXÍZVEC QN. EK KJCXINÙ@ ................................................................................. ;4; 

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY .................................................................................................................. ;4;  NN. XF_YC@KY [VF XVFJF@ KJCXZK_ .......................................................................... ;49  NNN. XF_YC@KY [VF XVFJF@ YF_ KJCXZKJKY ............................................. ........................... .............................. ............ ;46  NQ. X_CIFJNMNF@ZC ............................................................................................................... ;>8   Q. FAFIZCY JF EK KJCXINÙ@ KJCXINÙ@ .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ..................... .... ;>;  IKXÍZVEC QNN. FE FYZKJC INQNE ......................................................................... ;>? 

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY .................................................................................................................. ;>?  NN. KIZKY JF FYZKJC INQNE ................................................................................................. ;>:  NNN. X_VFOK JFE FYZKJC INQNE ......................................................................................... ;>:   IKXÍZVEC QNNN. ZVZFEKY ^ IV_KZFEKY............................................................ ;>2 

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY .................................................................................................................. ;>2  NN. IEKYNANIKINÙ@ JF EKY BVK_JKY ............................................................................. ;>2  NNN. FGF_ININC JF EK BVK_JK ........................................................................................... ;>>   K.  Jnenbf`inks c acrmkenjkjfs prfvnks ke fgfrininc jf ek e k bukrjk ................ ................................. ........................ ....... ;>>  O.   Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf tutcrfs y iurkjcrfs iurkjcrfs ................ ................................. ................................... ................................... ........................ ....... ?88  I.  _fspc`skonenjkj jfe bukrjkjcr ........................................................................................ ?8?  J.  Coenbkinc`fs jfe bukrjkjcr .............................................................................................. ?8?  ONOENCB_KAÍK ........................................................................................................... ?81  EN@LCB_KAÍK ............................................................................................................ ?82  AKEECY INZKJCY ...................................................................................................... ?82 

4

 

 

X_NMF_K XK_ZF FE FYZKZVZC MKZ_NMC@NKE IKXÍZVEC N. BF@F_KENJKJFY

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  N. 

N@Z_CJVIINÙ@

Ek `cinù` jf akmnenk icmc fe brupc f` quf fe dcmorf n`tfrkit÷k fs pcr muidc k`tfrncr k ecs n`stntutcs guríjnics jf fstk, `c ic`jninf`jc snfmprf ek akmnenk guríjnik ic` ek jf icmu`njkj jf  vnjk, yk quf ek `cinù` sc scinke inke jf ek akmnenk vk fvceuinc`k`jc `crmke y ic`stk`tfmf`tf, ku`quf `c pcr feec pnfrjf su ikrëitfr jf fsf`inke. Icmc fs skonjc, fe dcmorf pcr sí mnsmc ic`stntuyf u` eksinf`inks inf`inksscinkefs, `kturkefsekdk` fstujnkjc su fxnstf`ink icmc jnsinpen`ks, pfrc pkrku`nvfrsc fafitcs quf jf eks fxnstf`ink jfe jfsjf sfr dumk`c `c fs rfefvk`tf, sn`c iuk`jc fstf icmnf`if k n`tfrkitukr ic` ctrcs sugftcs. Fstks tfcríks jf ic`acrmkinù` jf ek scinfjkj rfic`cif` quf ecs prnmfrcs kifrikmnf`tcs f`trf ecs dcmorfs y mugfrfs aufrc` pcr n`stn`tcs sfxukefs, kafitnvcs y kan`fs, quf ecs eefvkrc` k rcjfkrsf jf pfrsc`ks jf mk`frk mës ifrik`k. Fstf sfrík fe crnbf` jf ek akmnenk. Okgc fstf supufstc, `c fs jf fxtrkûkrsf quf sfk ek prcpnk Ic`stntuinù` Xceítnik ek quf rfic`czik f` su krtíiuec prnmfrc infrtcs prn`inpncs jf rfefvk`ink pkrk fstf pu`tc, ecs quf jkrík` iuf`tk jf ek acrmk crbk`nzkinc`ke jf Idnef, ke mf`cs njfkemf`tf. Icmc skofmcs, f` fe prnmfr n`insc jfe rfafrnjc krtíiuec n`tf`tk ikrkitfrnzkr ke dcmorf, sfûkek`jc quf `kif enorf f nbuke f` jnb`njkj y jfrfidcs, pfrc n`mfjnktkmf`tf jfspuîs jfjnik u` n`insc k ek akmnenk, brupc quf ku` sn` ctcrbkref u` ic`tf`njc, fs okutnzkjc icmc fe `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj. Eufbc jf ek akmnenk, sf rfic`cifrë` ecs brupcs n`tfrmfjncs, y an`kemf`tf, fe Fstkjc, feec f` ecs n`inscs tfrifrcs y iukrtc. Fs jfstkikoef quf ek Ic`stntuinù` sfûkef, yk f` ek pkrtf an`ke jfe krtíiuec, u` `ufvc rfic`cinmnf`tc k ek akmnenk, f` iuk`tc sf sfûkek quf su prctfiinù` y fe prcpf`jfr k su acrtkefinmnf`tc sfrë` u`c jf sus an`fs.  Ksí eks icsks, sn n`tfrprftkmcs k ek akmnenk k pkrtnr jf ek IX_, pcjrík kjvfrtnrsf quf fs fe `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj y quf sfrë jfofr jfe Fstkjc prctfbfref f n`tf`tkr acrtkefifref. Fstc fs nmpcrtk`tísnmc pcrquf nmpenik quf fe jfrfidc jf akmnenk sfrík u` jfrfidc quf rfbuekrë rfekinc`fs prnmkrnks jf fstf `÷iefc, fe iuke nmpenik u` fgf, kebc if`trke quf rfektnvnzk fe rfstc jf eks rfekinc`fs. Ek akmnenk fstkrë k`tfs jf ek fic`cmík, k`tfs jf ecs pcjfrfs y ku` k`tfs jf ek crbk`nzkinù` mnsmk jfe Fstkjc. Yn` fxkbfrkr y f` u`k ourjk icmpkrkinù`, sn Idnef aufrk u` ëtcmc, ek akmnenk sfrík fe `÷iefc icmpufstc pcr ecs prctc`fs y `futrc`fs, y tcjks eks jfmës rfekinc`fs guríjniks pcsnoefs, tk`tc jf jfrfidc prnvkjc icmc p÷oenic, inriu`jkrík` k ek akmnenk, icmc sus fefitrc`fs. Yn` akmnenk `c fs pcsnoef quf fxnstk crbk`nzkinù` scinke, pcrquf fs ek u`nù` jf eks akmnenks eks quf ksf`tkjks f` u` eubkr jftfrmn`kjc aufrc` jfskrrceek`jc iueturk, njncmk y trkjninù`, y fs pcr feeks f`tc`ifs quf fxnstf` ecs Fstkjcs quf dcy ic`cifmcs. Yn eks akmnenks duonfrk` sfbunjc snf`jc `ùmkjfs, ek crbk`nzkinù` scinke `c duonfrk snjc pcsnoef. Yfb÷` fstk ic`ifpinù` guríjnik, ek akmnenk scinkemf`tf dkoek`jc sf vnsukenzk icmc u` ic`gu`tc jf pfrsc`ks enbkjks pcr fe mktrnmc`nc c ek anenkinù`, c onf` icmc n`jnvnjucs vn`iuekjcs pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj c kan`njkj, rfsuetk`tfs jf eks rfekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs c pktfr`c ’ anenkefs. Xcjfmcs vfrek f` u` sf`tnjc kmpenc y f` u`c rfstrn`bnjc, sfb÷` sn sf f`tnf`jf icmc akmnenk k  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  tcjc n`tfbrk`tf quf prcvf`bk jf u` prcbf`ntcr icm÷`, kokrik`jc ecs icektfrkefs< c onf`, scec k ecs iù`yubfs y k sus jfsif`jnf`tfs, fspfinkemf`tf sn sc` mf`crfs jf fjkj. Fafitcs guríjnics dkorík f` kmocs sf`tnjcs, yk quf pkrk ek akmnenk f` sf`tnjc kmpenc sf ctcrbk` ic`sfiuf`inks rfekinc`kjks ic` ek suifsnù`, pcr ek quf pufjf` dfrfjkr dfrmk`cs y dkstk icektfrkefs dkstk fe sfxtc brkjc n`ieusnvf. Okgc fstf n`spnrkjcr pkrkjnbmk, surbf u`k n`tfrrcbk`tf nmpcrtk`tf y `fifskrnk7 ` fifskrnk7 ³[uî fs ek akmnenk3  ^k skofmcs su nmpcrtk`ink, pfrc sf dkif nbukemf`tf rfefvk`tf jfan`nrek, yk quf ic` feec ecbrkrfmcs jftfrmn`kr iuëe fs fstf brupc ic`snjfrkjc icmc `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj y quf bczk jf fstk prctfiinù` f n`tf`inù` jf acrtkefinmnf`tc. F` fe iksc jfe prcyfitc jf `ufvk Ic`stntuinc`ke prcmcvnjc pcr ek Fx Xrfsnjf`tk Yrk. Mnidfeef Okidfeft sf prcpusc jkr u` pksc f` fstk mktfrnk, rfacrmk`jc fe n`insc rfafrnjc k ek akmnenk, fe quf jfgkrík jf sfr fe sfbu`jc, fe iuke kdcrk fstkrík jfstn`kjc pkrk ek fxprfsnù` prfinsk jf ek jnb`njkj icmc jfrfidc ic` ikrëitfr n`vncekoef, pkrk pkskr k sfr fe tfrifrc, fe quf fstkoefiík quf ek akmnenk, f` sus jnvfrsks mcjkenjkjfs, fs fe `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj. Fstk `crmk, jf dkofr fxnstnjc, `c rfsufevf fe prcoefmk jf ac`jc yk quf snbuf sn` jfan`nr c eef`kr jf ic`tf`njc ec quf jfofmcs f`tf`jfr icmc akmnenk, pfrc korf u`k vf`tk`k nmpcrtk`tf jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc ic`stntuinc`ke ke ic`snjfrkr quf, icmc brupc, pcjrë tf`fr jnstn`tks ic`acrmkinc`fs, y tcjks feeks sfrë` ic`snjfrkjks icmc akmnenk. Yn tf`fmcs u`k kprcxnmkinù` k ec quf dcy tf`fmcs vnbf`tf, fxnstf` kebu`ks fxprfsnc`fs efbkefs quf pcjrík` ic`stntunr u` ic`ifptc jf akmnenk, tf`nf`jc f` iuf`tk, fsc sí, quf tcjcs feecs sc` ic`ifptukenzkinc`fs quf sf jk` k pkrtnr jf u` ic`tfxtc jftfrmn`kjc y quf, pcr ec tk`tc, `c sc` u` ic`ifptc trk`svfrske jf akmnenk. Fstc fs pkrtniuekrmf`tf eekmktnvc ic`snjfrk`jc quf ic`acrmf k eks rfsceuinc`fs jfe Icmntî jfe Xkitc N`tfr`kinc`ke jf Jfrfidcs Invnefs y pceítnics, icrrfspc`jf k ecs Fstkjcs pkrtf n`acrmkr fe ic`ifptc jf akmnenk quf fxnstf f` sus crjf`kmnf`tcs guríjnics, ksí icmc ek acrmk f` quf prctfbf` ecs jnstn`tcs tnpcs jf akmnenk , rfic`cinf`jc quf `c fxnstf u` mcjfec ÷`nic jf akmnenk y pcr feec `c jfofrë tke jfan`ninù` rfstrn`bnrsf k ek `cinù` trkjninc`ke jf u`k pkrfgk y sus dngcs, pufs tkmonî` pufjf` sfr tntuekrfs jfe jfrfidc k ek vnjk akmnenkr ctrcs pkrnf`tfs, icmc ecs tícs, prnmcs y koufecs, pkrk f`umfrkr sùec kebu`cs mnfmorcs pcsnoefs jf ek akmnenk fxtf`sk, snfmprf quf tf`bk` ekzcs ifrik`cs pfrsc`kefs. K fstc jfof kbrfbkrsf quf, f` fe iksc jf @@K , eks pfrsc`ks k su iunjkjc, ktf`inù` y jfskrrceec `c sc` `fifskrnkmf`tf sus pkjrfs onceùbnics, ec quf sf n`irfmf`tk f` fe ic`tfxtc mnbrktcrnc , y feecs jfofrík` sfr nbukemf`tf ic`snjfrkjcs icmc akmnenk. Ksí f`tc`ifs ³Iùmc jfan`f ek efy idnef`k k ek akmnenk3 ;

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  Z_VAFEEC,  X. (?8;4)7 Ic`ifptc jf Akmnenk, Kprcxnmkinù` jfsjf fe Jfrfidc N`tfr`kinc`ke jf ecs Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs, ek Ic`stntuinù` pceítnik y ek Efbnsekinù` @kinc`ke. Onoenctfik jfe Ic`brfsc @kinc`ke jf Idnef. p.;.  @@K. @nûcs, `nûks y kjcefsif`tfs.  Iar. Iksc Ktkek _naac y `nûks Qs. Fstkjc jf Idnef. Ac`jc, rfpkrkinc`fs y icstks, suprk, përr.;22.

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 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, fe Iùjnbc Invne f` su krtíiuec 4;6 fstkoefif quf ek akmnenk icmprf`jf ke iù`yubf  y ecs dngcs< tk`tc ecs quf fxnstf` ke mcmf`tc jf ek ic`stntuinù`, icmc ecs quf scorfvnf`f` jfspuîs, y fstc ku` iuk`jc fe usukrnc c dkontkjcr `c fstî ikskjc, `n dkyk rfic`cinjc dngc kebu`c k ek afidk jf ic`stntuinù`. Fstf ic`ifptc fstë jkjc ic` ciksnù` jfe jfrfidc rfke jf usc c dkontkinù`, pkrk jfan`nr k qunf`fs sf f`tnf`jf fxtf`jnjc fe jfrfidc k uskr c dkontkr iuk`jc ef fs ic`afrnjc k kebunf`, pcr ec quf tke ic`ifptc `c fs jfe tcjc kpenikoef k infrtks rfkenjkjfs, mës ic`snjfrk`jc quf ic`trkjnif ek njfk prcvf`nf`tf jfe jfrfidc n`tfr`kinc`ke quf yk k`tfs df fxpufstc f` iuk`tc sf oksk f` ek fxnstf`ink jf iù`yubf f dngcs. Xkrk fstf krtíiuec ek akmnenk sf au`jk f` fe mktrnmc`nc, njfk quf sfrë tkmonî` kjcptkjk pcr fe Krt. ; jf ek efy ;>.>:2 jf mktrnmc`nc invne quf tkmonî` jfan`f quf fe mktrnmc`nc fs ek oksf prn`inpke jf ek akmnenk. Jf mk`frk rfinf`tf, fspfiíanikmf`tf fe ;1 jf korne jf ?8;>, f`trù f` vnbf`ink ek efy ?8.698 quf irfù fe Mn`nstfrnc jf Jfskrrceec scinke y Akmnenk, pcr ek iuke tkmonî` sf dk n`icrpcrkjc u` ic`ifptc jf akmnenk k `ufstrk efbnsekinù`, feec f` fe Krt. ; pu`tc 9, eftrk k. Ek jfan`ninù`, pkrk fstcs fafitcs, fs jf ic`snjfrkrec icmc `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj, icmpufstc pcr pfrsc`ks u`njks  pcr ví`iuecs kafitnvcs, jf pkrf`tfsic c jf pkrfgk, f` quf fxnstf` rfekinc`fs jf kpcyc mutuc quf bf`frkemf`tf icmpkrtf` u` mnsmc dcbkr y tnf`f` ekzcs jf prctfiinù`, iunjkjc y sustf`tc f`trf feecs. Fstf ic`ifptc iekrkmf`tf kifrik mës kguríjniks eks rficmf`jkinc`fs n`tfr`kinc`kefs, y rfprfsf`tk ic`icrjk`inksfic` `ufvksmuidc n`stntuinc`fs vn`iuekjks, icmc fe kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne, ek efy quf irfù ke afmninjnc icmc anburk típnik pf`ke, ek rfacrmk k ek efy jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr, ek efy Bkornfek y ctrks, tcjks eks iukefs rfic`cif` ví`iuecs akmnenkrfs `c scekmf`tf f`trf qunf`fs fstî` ikskjcs. Ic`snjfrc fspfinkemf`tf vkecrkoef fe ic`ifonr k ek akmnenk f` tîrmn`cs jf ví`iuecs kafitnvcs, jf prctfiinù`, iunjkjc y sustf`tc, `c `fifskrnkmf`tf inmf`tkjcs k trkvîs jfe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke y `n ku` pcr fe dfidc jf icmpkrtnr ek mnsmk vnvnf`jk. F` fstf pu`tc kjvnfrtc quf fxnstf jcitrn`k ic`trkpufstk f` fe sf`tnjc quf kebu`cs kutcrfs irntnik` fe dfidc quf ek efy rfbuef kafitcs c quf k pkrtnr jf feecs sf jftfrmn`f` fafitcs guríjnics. Ek mkycr pkrtf jf fstcs icmf`tkrncs sf jnfrc` ic` ciksnù` jf ek efy ?8.498 quf irfù fe Kiufrjc jf V`nù` Invne fe iuke tkmonî` jfiekrk quf rfbuek ecs fafitcs invnefs quf jfrnvk` jf ek ic`vnvf`ink f` icm÷`. Okgc fstk njfk, ecs kutcrfs jftrkitcrfs ksfburk` quf ek efy dkif fs rfbuekr ecs fafitcs jf ek ic`vnvf`ink, fstî ksf`tkjk c `c f` ecs kafitcs. Jf dfidc, fstnmk quf sn sf k`kenzk` eks `crmks jfe mktrnmc`nc `c sf f`iuf`trk jnspcsninù` kebu`k quf keujk ke kafitc ic`yubke pufs, ku`quf fstf sf supc`f fs fe au`jkmf`tc jf ek vnjk ic`yubke, feec pfrtf`fif k ek fsafrk prnvkjk y `c pufjf sfr cogftc jf prfciupkinù` efbke . F` fe mnsmc sf`tnjc, ek Xrcafscrk Ikrmf` Jcmí`bufz fstkoefif quf tke kiufrjc `c fs u` fstktutc jf akmnenk sn`c u` ic`trktc quf rfbuek rfekinc`fs pktrnmc`nkefs f`trf jcs pfrsc`ks, fe quf sf rnbf pcr eks rfbeks bf`frkefs jf ek ic`trktkinù` . :

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 W KMK_ , I. (?8;2)7 Fe kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne y su n`gfrf`ink f` ek kjcpinù` jf mf`crfs. _fvnstk jf Akmnenk y Jfrfidc @. ;. V`nvfrsnjkj Bkornfek Mnstrke, Idnef. p. 6>.  ONOENCZFIK JFE IC@B_FYC @ KINC@KE OI@. Dnstcrnk jf ek efy @. ?8.498. :

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 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Fstc `cs eefvk k prfinskr quf `c costk`tf ek fxnstf`ink jf ek efy ?8.698, ek jnsiusnù` scorf ek fxtf`snù` jfe ic`ifptc jf akmnenk sf mk`tnf`f f` jcitrn`k, y feec trkf icmc ic`sfiuf`ink ek prctfiinù` c jfsprctfiinù` quf infrtcs brupcs tf`bk` sfb÷` sn ef ktrnounmcs c `c ek ikenjkj jf akmnenk, ec quf `c fs okekjí. Kiekrc n`mfjnktkmf`tf quf fstk jnsiusnù` trksinf`jf k ek mfrk rfbuekinù` jf eks rfekinc`fs dcmcsfxukefs, sn`c quf jfofmcs ktf`jfr k ctrks vn`iuekinc`fs, icmc jfe `nftc quf fs irnkjc pcr sus koufecs, ek mkjrf scetfrk, ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs sn` dngcs, ecs mktrnmc`ncs sfpkrkjcs, ecs `nûcs quf vnvf` dcbkrfs jf kicbnjk, y ksí, iuk`tc supufstc jf pfrsc`ks quf u`njks pcr ví`iuecs kafitc scinkefs pufjk` fxnstnr. Xkrk n`tf`tkr jfaf`jfr eks pcsturks, fxnstf` trfs fsiufeks iekrkmf`tf jnafrf`inkjks f`trf feeks7 Ek fsiufek ieësnik, ek fsiufek enofrke y ek fsiufek `fcenofrke. K fstk ÷etnmk pfrtf`fif dumnejfmf`tf fstf prcafscr. Xkrk ek fsiufek ieësnik c ic`sfrvkjcrk, ek akmnenk tnf`f su ksnf`tc, au`jkmf`tc y sf`tnjc f` fe mktrnmc`nc, ku` iuk`jc pkrk kebu`cs kutcrfs su fxnstf`ink sfk n`ieusnvf n`suaninf`tf snf`jc `fifskrnk kjfmës ek fxnstf`ink jf dngcs. F` fstf crjf`, fstk fsiufek auf ek mkycrntkrnk pcr muidcs kûcs sn`c dkstk ek ÷etnmk jîikjk jfaf`jnf`jc ek njfk jf ek akmnenk efbítnmk , ek quf, au`jkjk f` ecs prn`inpncs jf jfrfidc ik`ù`nic jfe mktrnmc`nc icmc n`stntuinù` rfenbncsk, trksekjkok fafitcs iktùenics ke sf`tnjc guríjnic. quf @c costk`tf eks tf`jf`inks ketfr`ktnvks quf dk` y quf jnfrc` crnbf` k eks jfmës fsiufeks sf rfvnskrë` k ic`tn`ukinù`, fstk fsiufek f`surbnjc infrtk mfjnjk snbuf snf`jc ek vnitcrncsk jf`trc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc pcsntnvc efbke vnbf`tf, f` fe sf`tnjc quf n`stntuinc`fs jf ketk nmpcrtk`ink quf fstkrík` jfstn`kjks k ek prctfiinù` jf ek akmnenk ic`tn`÷k` supfjntkjks k ek fxnstf`ink jfe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke, icmc pcr fgfmpec ciurrf f` fe iksc jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr, quf mës kjfek`tf sfrë rfvnskjc. Fstc nmpenik quf, pkrk pkrtf jf ecs gurnstks jf fstk ërfk jfe jfrfidc, scec ecs ikskjcs acrmk` akmnenk, ec quf trk`sacrmk ke `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj u`k fspfinf jf prnvnefbnc keik`zkoef scec pcr ek pcoekinù` dftfrcsfxuke idnef`k. V`k sfbu`jk fsiufek, fs ek enofrke c mcjfr`k, ek iuke rfic`cif ec jnidc pcr ek fsiufek ieësnik, pfrc kbrfbk ctrcs supufstcs k ek ic`ifpinù` jf akmnenk. F` fstf crjf`, fstk fsiufek rfic`cif quf kjfmës jfe mktrnmc`nc dkorík icmpcsninc`fs quf tnf`f` acrmk tnf`f`  acrmk jf akmnenk , ku` iuk`jc `c fxnstk ek u`nù` mktrnmc`nke, icmc ciurrf f` fe iksc jf ek ic`vnvf`ink, sfk c `c quf fxnstk` dngcs icmu`fs. Fstk fsiufek, quf fs ek quf jfsjf ek kikjfmnk prcmcvnù y kpcyù prcyfitcs jf efy quf dcy sc` `crmk vnbf`tf icmc fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf ek y fe ic`vnvnf`tf jf`trc jfe tnpc pf`ke jf pkrrninjnc (quf mës kjfek`tf pkskrík k jf`cmn`krsf afmninjnc) y tkmonî` ek efy ?8.811 jf  Qncef`ink N`trkakmnenkr, f`tnf`jf` quf quf dky akmnenk f` ek ic`vnvf`ink pcr fxnstnr u`k pfrmk`f`ink f` fe tnfmpc u`njk pcr kafitcs y prcyfiinù` icm÷`, y quf, pcr tk`tc, fs u` pcsnoef mktrnmc`nc auturc. F` fsf sf`tnjc, fstk fsiufek tuvc rfic`cinmnf`tcs efbnsektnvcs okgc ek prfmnsk quf ek  prf-mktrnmc`nc,, y pcr tk`tc tkmonî` tf`jrík ic`vnvf`ink quf jfaf`jík` frk u`k fspfinf jf  prf-mktrnmc`nc efbntnmnjkj pkrk sfr prctfbnjk icmc u`k fspfinf jf akmnenk. Kdcrk onf`, okgc fstf pkrkjnbmk, ec infrtc fs quf ek ic`vnvf`ink quf kië prctfbík` frk pcr supufstc ek dftfrcsfxuke y jf kdí quf ek fsiufek snbunfrk snf`jc n`suaninf`tf pkrk pkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

V`k tfrifrk y an`ke fsiufek, rfprfsf`tkjk pcr u`k `ufvk bf`frkinù` jf kikjîmnics jfe ërfk, fs ek fsiufek `fcenofrke, ek quf f`tnf`jf quf fxnstf akmnenk f`trf iukequnfr brupc jf pfrsc`ks quf,  vnvnf`jc okgc u` dcbkr iicm÷` cm÷` c `c, pufjk` bf`frkr ví`iuecs jjff kafit kafitcc y jfpf`jf`ink fmcinc`ke f`trf feecs. F` fsf crjf`, pcr mës quf fxnstk irítnik ke rfspfitc, pkrk fstk fsiufek ec quf u`f k eks akmnenks fs, `n mës `n mf`cs, quf fe kmcr. Yn` ikfr f` rcmk`tninsmcs, sfrë fe mës `coef jf ecs sf`tnmnf`tcs fe quf `cs vn`iuek y `cs n`vntk k sfbunr gu`tcs f` u`k prcyfiinù` quf jfof sf rfic`cinjk pcr fe jfrfidc. _faefxnc`fmcs f` u` mktrnmc`nc quf sf dk sfpkrkjc f` muy mkecs tîrmn`cs, muidks vfifs f` quf jfsic`cif` fe pkrkjfrc fe u`c jfe ctrc pcr ecs kûcs c jîikjks quf eefvk` jnstk`inkjcs ³Xcjrík kanrmkrsf quf ku` dky akmnenk scec au`jkjc f` fe ku` vnbf`tf  ví`iuec jf mktrnmc`nc3 F` fstf crjf`, `c sf jfsic`cif f` `n`b÷` sf`tnjc ke mktrnmc`nc y ek ic`vnvf`ink dftfrcsfxuke icmc supufstc akmnenkr, pfrc fstk fsiufek n`tf`tk kornr ecs fspkincs k `ufvks rfkenjkjfs scinkefs, icmc eks u`nc`fs invnefs, ek ic`vnvf`ink dcmcsfxuke, ek u`npkrf`tkenjkj, ek dcmcpkrf`tkenjkj, ek irnk`zk jf @@K pcr koufecs, tícs y ku` pkjrn`cs jf okutnzc, y f` bf`frke tcjk u`nù` kafitnvk, `c `fifskrnkmf`tf sfxuke, quf prcyfitf ke brupc f` fe tnfmpc y quf ef jf fstkonenjkj. Xkrk fstf prcafscr, fe vfrjkjfrc ic`ifptc jf ek akmnenk fs ek f`tnf`jf icmc u`k icefitnvnjkj u`njk pcr ví`iuecs jf pkrf`tfsic, mkrf`tfsic, kan`njkj, anenkinù` c kafitcs quf sf  mk`tf`bk` fstkoefs f` fe tnfmpc ic` ek n`tf`inù` icm÷` jf  prcyfiinù` f` fe tnfmpc.

NN. 

IK_KIZF_ÍYZNIKY IK_KIZF_ÍYZNI KY JFE JF_FIDC JF AKMNENK

Fstk rkmk jfe jfrfidc fs u`k krnstk n`jfpf`jnf`tf jfe jfrfidc quf mk`tnf`f ikrkitfrístniks jfan`ntcrnks prcpnks, eks quf sf fxprfsk` k ic`tn`ukinù`. fstktke. F` k)   Kefgkmnf`tc prcbrfsnvc jfe jfrfidc prnvkjc ke jfrfidc p÷oenic, pcr ketk n`tfrvf`inù` fstktke.  F` fstf sf`tnjc jfofmcs prfinskr quf, sn onf` fe jfrfidc jf akmnenk fs pcr fsf`ink, y sn`c fe mës, prnvkjc jf ecs jfrfidcs, pcr rfbuekr kspfitcs tk` í`tnmcs jf eks pfrsc`ks icmc fs fe mktrnmc`nc ctrks anburks jf y ek vn`iuekinù` quf pufjk fxnstnr ic` ecs dngcs,y tke prnvkinjkj sf pkrf`tfsic vf enmntkjk pcr pcr kafitc ek n`tfrvf`inù` jfe Fstkjc. _ficrjk`jc quf u`c jf ecs jfofrfs jfe fstkjc fs prctfbfr k ek akmnenk y prcpf`jfr k su acrtkefinmnf`tc, fs quf pkrk iumpenr tkefs mnsnc`fs `c pufjf jfgkr ke brupc akmnenk f` icmpeftk enofrtkj. Yn onf` f` Idnef fe mktrnmc`nc fs enorf f` fe sf`tnjc quf `kjnf pufjf sfr coenbkjc k ic`trkfrec, feec `c snb`nanik quf fe fstkjc `c pufjk n`tfrvf`nr f` ec quf jf`trc jf ek vnjk mktrnmc`nke ciurrk, bf`frë`jcsf n`stk`inks icmc ek prctfiinù` k ecs mnfmorcs pcr Qncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr, pcr fgfmpec. F` fe iksc jf ecs `nûcs `nûcs,, pcr mës quf sfk` dngcs jf u`k akmnenk, fstcs `c sc` jf su prcpnfjkj, pcr ec quf, sn duonfrk keb÷` supufstc jf vue`frkinù` jf @@K, fvnjf`tfmf`tf fe Fstkjc tkmonî` jfofrë n`tfrvf`nr, ku` iuk`jc tkefs vue`frkinc`fs sf n`tf`tkrk` gustnanikr pcr rkzc`fs jf fjuikinù` c icrrfiinù`. Okgc fstk eùbnik, sn onf` ecs e cs ic`aenitcs susintkjcs sc` f`trf pkrtniuekrfs vnstcs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  f` rkzù` jf nbukejkj, y pcr tk`tc icrrfspc`jnf`jc k u`k rkmk jfe jfrfidc prnvkjc, ek n`tfrvf`inù` fstktke quf surbf pfrmntf ikenanikrek f` vfrjkj icmc u`k rkmk mnxtk jfe jfrfidc, rfbuekjk tk`tc pcr `crmks jf jfrfidc p÷oenic icmc prnvkjc. o)   Zf`jf`ink k sfpkrkr fe jfrfidc jf akmnenk jfe Jfrfidc Invne, icmc rkmk kutù`cmk. F` fstf crjf`, ku` iuk`jc `c iuf`tf fe Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk ic` u` iùjnbc prcpnc, sn`c ic` u`k muetnpeninjkj jf `crmks quf sf vk` ic`gubk`jc, fstk krnstk trksinf`jf k ek rfekinù` kirffjcr-jfujcr prcpnk jfe iùjnbc invne. F` fstf sf`tnjc y sn` pfrguninc jf ec k`tfs n`jnikjc, sn onf` snbuf snf`jc rkmk jf jfrfidc prnvkjc pcr sceuinc`kr ic`aenitcs f`trf pkrtniuekrfs, sn sf vkrnkjcs rfic`cif` vkrnks enmntkinc`fs k prn`inpncs prcpncs jfe Iùjnbc Invne, icmc ciurrf f` fe iksc jf ek kutc`cmík jf ek vceu`tkj, ek rfspc`skonenjkj y ek _f`u`inkonenjkj jf ecs jfrfidcs, yk quf muidks jf eks `crmks quf kië sf utnenzk` sc` jf crjf` p÷oenic. i)  Aufrtf n`aeuf`ink jf Mcrke y _fenbnù`, ec quf sustf`tk ek rfbuekinù` y rntukenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc y jf ek fsiufek ieësnik jfe jfrfidc jf akmnenk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, y icmc sf vfrë mës kjfek`tf, tke fs fe ví`iuec fxnstf`tf jf ek rfenbnù` f` fstk rkmk jfe jfrfidc, quf sf rfic`cif icmc vëenjc fe mktrnmc`nc f`tnjkjfs rfenbncsks, iumpenf`jc infrtcs rfqunsntcs jfsirntcs f` fe Krt. ?8ifeforkjc jf ek Efy k`tf jf mktrnmc`nc invne @. ;>.>:2. j)  Xrfvkefif fe n`tfrîs icm÷` c akmnenkr mës quf fe n`jnvnjuke, ec quf nmpenik quf ke f`arf`tkr u` ic`aenitc jf akmnenk sf jfof prcpf`jfr k prctfbfr k tke brupc k`tfs jf n`mfjnktkmf`tf sk`inc`krec. Fstc fs rfefvk`tf pcrquf fxnbf kocrjkr ecs prcoefmks jfsjf u`k vnsnù` muidc mës ic`inenkjcrk quf f` fe rfstc jfe icm÷` jf ecs ic`aenitcs jf jfrfidc prnvkjc. f)  Ek akmnenk sf crjf`k jf acrmk gfrkrqunzkjk, f` fe sf`tnjc quf sf rfspftk ek n`jnvnjukenjkj akmnenkr pcr fe jf`cmn`kjc prn`inpnc jf mí`nmk y `fifskrnk n`tfrvf`inù` jfe fstkjc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek coenbkinù` jf irnkr y fjuikr k sus dngcs pfrtf`fif k sus pkjrfs, ec quf `c nmpenik quf fstcs pufjk` f` sf`tnjc kebu`c ke bu`c vue`frkrefs f` kebu`c jf sus jfrfidcs. Ctrk n`stntuinù` quf tkmonî` rfic`cifrë tke crjf` gfrërqunic sfrë ek pktrnk pctfstkj, ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k y ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, prc`tk k mcjnanikrsf fstk ÷etnmk. a)  Ecs kitcs jf Akmnenk sc` pcr rfbek bf`frke jf fafitcs pfrmk`f`tfs, f` fe sf`tnjc quf, sn onf` fxnstf ek pcsnonenjkj jf, pcr fgfmpec, tfrmn`kr u` mktrnmc`nc c nmpub`kr u`k anenkinù`, ec infrtc fs quf ek rfbek bf`frke `c fs quf kebunf` sf s f iksf pkrk jnvcrinkrsf c quf rfic`czik k u` dngc pkrk eufbc rfidkzkrec (ke mf`cs guríjnikmf`tf). Jf kdí quf ic`trkrnc k ec quf ciurrf f` ecs ic`trktcs invnefs quf tnf`f` snfmprf fafitcs tfmpcrkefs, f` fe iksc jf akmnenk ecs kitcs guríjnics prcvcik` ic`sfiuf`inks jf ekrbk jktk y rfefvk`ink, kscinkjks `crmkemf`tf ke fstkjc invne jf eks pfrsc`ks.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  b)  Fe `÷iefc jfe jfrfidc jf Akmnenk sc` eks coenbkinc`fs jf sus n`tfbrk`tfs y `c sus jfrfidcs, y fspfiíanikmf`tf, sus jfofrfs. Xrfinsc quf sc` sc ` jfofrfs mës quf coenbkinc`fs pcrquf fstcs `c eefvk` kpkrfgkjcs u` jfrfidc pfrsc`ke icmc ic`trkpkrtnjk, y pcr feec `c sc` rf`u`inkoefs. Ek `crmk `c ic`inof, pcr fgfmpec, u` dngc quf rf`u`inf k su jfrfidc k kenmf`tcs c quf ek e k mugfr rf`u`inf k su jfrfidc k fxnbnr anjfenjkj jfe iù`yubf. d)   Kië `c dky n`tfrfsfs ic`trkpufstcs, sn`c scec n`tfrîs y vceu`tkj icm÷` y quf fs ek  vceu`tkj akmnenkr. Xkrk kprfinkr fstk ssntukinù` ntukinù` fxnstnrë` u`k muetnpeninjkj jf prn`inpncs rfitcrfs, icmc sc` fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc, ek prctfiinù` ke iù`yubf mës jîone y ek kutcicmpcsninù` f` ek o÷squfjk jf sceuinù` k ecs ic`aenitcs. n)  Eks `crmks jfe jfrfidc jf akmnenk sc` rfbuekrmf`tf prcdnontnvks c nmpfrktnvks (fxifpinc`kemf`tf pfrmnsnvks). g)  Jfrnvkjc jf ec k`tfrncr, f` fe jfrfidc jf akmnenk scec fxnstf ek kutc`cmík jf ek vceu`tkj pkrk fe kitc n`ninke, f` fe sf`tnjc jf jfinjnr sn sf fgfiutk c `c u` jftfrmn`kjc kitc, icmc rfic`cifr u` dngc, kjcptkr u` `nûc, c ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, pfrc ecs fafitcs guríjnics fstë` rfbekjcs jf acrmk prfvnk. l)   Kië ecs kitcs sc` icm÷`mf`tf scefm`fs y `c fstë` pfrmntnjks mcjkenjkjfs, fxi fxifptc fptc jf acrmk muy fspfinke ek rfprfsf`tkinù`. @c sfrík kjmnsnoef f`tf`jfr quf kebunf` sf iksc k pekzc c onf` quf dk rfic`cinjc k u` dngc okgc infrtks ic`jninc`fs. e)  Ecs jfrfidcs jf Akmnenk fstë` aufrk jfe icmfrinc dumk`c y pcr feec ic`stntuyf` jfrfidcs jf ikrëitfr fxtrkpktrnmc`nke. Fxnstf` vkrncs tfxtcs invnefs quf jf dfidc jfan`f` ke jfrfidc jf akmnenk icmc fe ërfk fxtrkpktrnmc`nke jfe jfrfidc prnvkjc. Jfrnvkjc jf fstk ikrkitfrístnik, ecs jfrfidcs jf akmnenk pfrsnbuf` ke idnef`c n`ieusnvf aufrk jf eks arc`tfrks idnef`ks ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;6 jfe Iùjnbc Invne, pcr ec quf, pcr fgfmpec, fe idnef`c quf vnkgk k Krbf`tn`k pcr u` an` jf sfmk`k, `c pcr feec sfrë scetfrc. m)  Kië `c tnf`f kpenikinù`, pcr rfbek bf`frkeísnmk, ek prfsirnpinù`, prfsirnpinù`, sn`c quf mës onf` cpfrk ek ikjuinjkj, ec quf sf jk prn`inpkemf`tf f` infrtks kiinc`fs, icmc eks jf `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke. NNN. 

FQCEVINÙ@ DNYZÙ_NIK JFE JF_FIDC JF AKMNENK

rfaefgc jf ek scinfjkj jf ek îpcik, ic` ikrëitfr rfenbncsc c pktrnkrike, ic`tf`nf`jc u` mktrnmc`nc rfkemf`tf n`jnsceuoef y ic` ek scinfjkj ic`yubke icmc rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke n`jnsiutnjc, yk quf `c pcjík pkitkrsf sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs. _fspfitc k ecs ec s dngcs, Iùjnbc jf ;4667

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek pctfstkj pktfr`k sf fxtf`jík dkstk ecs ?6 kûcs y f` ek suifsnù` scec fstkok` ic`snjfrkjcs ecs dngcs efbítnmcs. Ksnmnsmc, ek n`jkbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj fstkok prcdnonjk. _fbekmf`tc jf _fbnstrc Invne jf ;44:, dcy Efy :484  (jf  (jf ;>98)7 rfbuek scorf ek pktrnk pctfstkj

jf ek mkjrf efbítnmk y scorf ek pef`k ikpkinjkj jf ek mugfr jnvcrinkjk c sfpkrkjk tctkemf`tf jf onf`fs, surbnf`jc ecs ―onf`fs ―onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs jf ek mugfr ”. ”. Fe jnvcrinc rfic`cinjc kië `c tf`ík fe mîrntc pkrk tfrmn`kr fe mktrnmc`nc y fqunvkeík k ec quf dcy ic`cifmcs icmc sfpkrkinù` gujninke. F`trf ;>:9 y dkstk fe ?88:   jnvfrsks

efyfs pfrafiinc`krc` tîi`niks jf kenmf`tcs, rfbímf`fs pktrnmc`nkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc, mktrnmc`nc, anenkinù`, kjcpinù`, fti. Xrcokoefmf`tf ek mës nmpcrtk`tf fs ek efy jf anenkinù` @rc. ;>.6>6, ek quf jfiekrk ek nbukejkj k`tf ek efy jf ecs dngcs, jfrcbk`jc ek jnstn`inù` f`trf dngcs efbítnmcs (mktrnmc`nkefs) y `kturkefs (fxtrkmktrnmc`nkefs). Ek mkycr n`aeuf`ink jf fstks `crmks jfvnf`f jf ek susirnpinù` jf jcs trktkjcs n`tfr`kinc`kefs nmpcrtk`tfs, icmc aufrc` ek Ic`vf`inù` jf Ofefm ju Xkrë y, pcr supufstc, ek ic`vf`inù` jf Jfrfidcs jfe @nûc, eks quf au`jkmf`tkrë` vkrnks ctrks `crmks jf ek snbunf`tf qun`if`k jf kûcs. Jfsjf fe ?88: ke ?886, ek efy ;>.>:2 jf ?88: quf fstkoefif ek `ufvk efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne

quf rffmpekzk ek efy jf mcjnaniù ek efy(;>.>14 sustk`tnvk, sn`c ecs ek kjgftnvk, irfë`jcsf ecs trnou`kefs jf akmnenk pcr;44:, mfjnc jf ctrk `c efy scec pkrkefek quf irfk trnou`kefs jf akmnenk). Fstk `crmk fstkoefif f`trf ctrks icsks icmc vëenjc `c scec ke mktrnmc`nc ifeforkjc guríjnikmf`tf, sn`c tkmonî` ke ifeforkjc k`tf f`tnjkjfs rfenbncsks jf jfrfidc p÷oenic, snfmprf quf iumpek` ecs rfqunsntcs efbkefs y sf n`sirnok` k`tf gufz jf rfbnstrc invne. Ksnmnsmc, sf fstkoefif fstkoe fif quf fe mktrnmc`nc sf jnsufevf pcr `uenjkj c pcr jnvcrinc, fe iuke kdcrk sn tf`jrë fe mîrntc jf pc`fref tîrmn`c, pujnf`jc kjfmës jfmk`jkrsf icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, n`stntuinù` quf tkmonî` irfk fstk `crmktnvk. Yf jfonentk ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k enmntk`jc fe fgfrininc jf ecs jfrfidcs icrrfitnvcs ic`tf`njcs f` fe Krt. ?96 jfe Iùjnbc Invne. Yf jfgk k ek mugfr ikskjk pkrk quf, rfspfitc k sus onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, rfkenif ecs `fbcincs guríjnics quf jfsff, snf`jc ku` f` scinfjkj ic`yubke, pef`kmf`tf ikpkz, jfrcbk`jc pkrinkemf`tf fe Krt. ;::2 y jë`jcef vkecr ke krt. ;68, kmocs jfe Iùjnbc Invne. Fe mkrnjc mk`tnf`f su ikenjkj jf gfaf y kjmn`nstrkjcr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ku`quf rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr pkrk jnspc`fr jf onf`fs rkíifs y jf ecs prcpncs jf ek mugfr. Yf fstkoefif pef`k nbukejkj f`trf dngcs, sfk` c `c mktrnmc`nkefs. Ctrk `crmk jf rfefvk`ink jf fstk îpcik fs ek efy @rc. ?8.811 jf Qncef`ink N`trkakmnenkr, jfe kûc ?886. F` fe kûc ?8;9, surbf ek efy ?8.148, `crmk jf`cmn`kjk icmc ek efy kmcr jf pkpë, ek quf rfacrmueù fe fstktutc jf ek anenkinù` f` vkrncs kspfitcs, prn`inpkemf`tf rfspfitc jf ecs irntfrncs jfe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke y jfe rîbnmf` jf rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr, jfrcbk`jc fe Krt. ??6 jfe Iùjnbc Invne quf fstkoefiík quf, kikfinjk ek sfpkrkinù`, ecs dngcs kutcmëtnikmf`tf qufjkok` ic` ek mkjrf< y irfk`jc ctrks anburks, icmc fe Krt. ??>-? quf ctcrbk k ecs koufecs ek pcsnonenjkj jf mk`tf`fr ic` sus `nftcs u` rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   ^k f` fe kûc ?8;6, sf prcmuebk ek efy ?8.498 quf irfk fe kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne, ek quf `c costk`tf dkofr tf`njc u`k vkik`ink efbke jf sfns mfsfs, pfrmntnù fe rfic`cinmnf`tc vëenjc jf ek ic`vnvf`ink jf pkrfgks, iukequnfrk sfk su n`ien`kinù` sfxuke, ctcrbë`jcef ic`sfiuf`inks jf dfrf`ink y icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, f`trf ctrcs. An`kemf`tf, n`ieunmcs jf`trc jf fstk fvceuinù` jfe jfrfidc jf akmnenk k ek efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc `rc. ?;.;?8 quf dk f`trkjc f` vnbf`ink fe ?2 jf jninfmorf jf ?8;>, feec f` iuk`tc tke `crmk dk n`ieunjc quf fe ikmonc jf sfxc ic`acrmf k bî`frc bf`frk ikusk jf tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc sn fe scenintk`tf tuvnfrk ví`iuec vnbf`tf (k an` jf fvntkr quf fxnstk` jcs dcmorfs c mugfrfs ikskjcs), ec quf ketfrk fe krtíiuec :? jf ek efy ;>.>:2 f` rkzù` jf ec sfûkekjc pcr fe krt. ?2 eftrk i) jf ek `crmk f` icmf`tc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC NN. FE MKZ_NMC@NC

N. 

IC@IFXZC JF MKZ_NMC@NC

Fe mktrnmc`nc fs ek n`stntuinù` au`jkmf`tke y oksf jf tcjc fe jfrfidc jf akmnenk, fstruiturë`jcsf k pkrtnr jf îe eks rfekinc`fs, jfrfidcs y pctfstkjfs quf fxnstf` f` fe `÷iefc akmnenkr. F` fstf sf`tnjc, u`nù` pfrmk`f`tf c ic`iuon`ktc `c tnf`f rfic`cinmnf`tc guríjnic icmc auf`tf jf jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs, ku`quf gurnsprujf`inkemf`tf sn dk eekmkjc k fstkoefifr infrtcs keik`ifs, icmc eks mktfrnks pf`kefs (pkrrninjnc) c ek vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr, feec sn` pfrguninc jf ek fxnstf`ink jfe kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne jfsjf fe kûc ?8;6, quf sfrë rfvnskjc mës kjfek`tf. Ksí f`tc`ifs, fe mktrnmc`nc sf s f prcpc`f icmc n`stntuinù` au`jkmf`tke jfe jfrfidc jf akmnenk, feec rfprfsf`tkr u`k crbk`nzkinù` jurkjfrk jf ek scinfjkj rfic`cinjk pcr fe Fstkjc, yk quf kjfmës jf sfr u` crjf`kmnf`tc guríjnic, fs ek akmnenk tkmonî` u`c scinke, mcrke, îtnic y pceítnic. Fe mktrnmc`nc trksinf`jf ke mfrc n`stn`tc c bustc sfxuke, sf oksk f` fe kmcr ku` iuk`jc feec `c sf fxngk fxprfskmf`tf f` ek `crmktnvk, pcr ec quf ek prcirfkinù` fs scec u`k krnstk jf ek u`nù`, surbnf`jc jf n`mfjnktc ctrks icmc ek ksnstf`ink rfiíprcik, ek prcspfrnjkj, fe kpcyc fafitnvc f`trf iù`yubfs y ek anjfenjkj. Fs ksí icmc yk pkrk ecs ark`ifsfs f` ek îpcik jf @kpcefù`, fe mktrnmc`nc pc r fe mutuc frk u`k scinfjkj jfe dcmorf y jf ek mugfr f` quf sf u`f` pkrk pfrpftukr su fspfinf, pkrk kyujkrsf, pcr scicrrc, k eefvkr fe pfsc jf su vnjk y pkrk icmpkrtnr su icm÷` jfstn`c . F` fstf pu`tc ikf fe jnsiutnjc akitcr jf ek jnsceuonenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, yk quf, jfsjf ek vnbf`ink jf ek efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne, efy ;>.>:2, y f` kjfek`tf EMI, sf pfrmntf tfrmn`kr u` mktrnmc`nc vëenjc (`c `uec) pcr ikusk jnstn`tk k ek mufrtf jf u`c c kmocs ic`trkyf`tfs, feec mfjnk`tf ek fxnstf`ink jfe jnvcrinc. 1 

NN. 

JFAN@NINÙ@ EFBKE JF MKZ_NMC@NC

Fe II. Idnef`c jfan`f ke mktrnmc`nc kpkrtë`jcsf jf ek ic`ifpinù` ark`ifsk, quf `c ec jfan`f prcpnkmf`tf tke. F` fe Krt. ;8? jf su tfxtc sf jnif quf ―fe ― fe mktrnmc`nc fs u` ic`trktc scefm`f pcr fe iuke u` dcmorf y u`k mugfr sf u`f` kituke f n`jnsceuoefmf`tf, y pcr tcjk ek vnjk, ic` fe an` jf vnvnr gu`tcs, jf  prcirfkr y jf kuxnenkrsf mutukmf`tf ”. ”. K pkrtnr jf fstk ic`ifpinù`, muidks vfifs ic`snjfrkjk  @ùtfsf quf fstk fs u`k jfan`ninù` jcitrn`ke jf Ark`ink jf n`nincs jfe snbec TNT, f` fe sf`tnjc quf `n fe Icjf  crnbn`ke  crnbn`ke jf @kpcefù` jf ;48: `n su vfrsnù` fspkûcek jfe 89 jf sfptnfmorf jf ;482 ic`snjfrkrc` fe ic`ifptc jf mktrnmc`nc jf`trc jf su tfxtc. Fstc sf gustnanik, sfb÷` MVÛCW,  M. (?884) pcrquf fe Iùjnbc jf @kpcefù` kok`jc`ù ek njfk jf u` enorc prfenmn`kr scorf fe jfrfidc, f` acrmk quf ek jfjnikinù` jf ecs icjnanikjcrfs ark`ifsfs auf k pf`skr f` u` ef`bukgf ic`vf`nf`tf k ek efy k`tfs quf jnsiurrnr jcitrn`kemf`tf c ikfr f` ek iksuístnik. Fstc nmpenik quf fstf Iùjnbc Invne iksn `c ic`tnf`f prn`inpncs anecsùanics c mcrkefs y `c muetnpenik dkstk fe n`an`ntc eks jfan`ninc`fs, `c

1

ic`snjfrk`jc snqunfrk ek jfan`ninù` jf coenbkinù`, tf`jf`ink quf `ufstrc Iùjnbc tkmonî` snbunù.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  n`kmcvnoef pcr muidcs kutcrfs, pufjf` jfsprf`jfrsf vkrnks ikrkitfrístniks jf ek n`stntuinù` f` fstujnc. ;.  Fe mktrnmc`nc fs u` ic`trktc, ec quf snb`nanik quf tcmkrë ek fstruiturk oksf jf ecs kitcs guríjnics ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;::6, fs jfinr, pek`tfk`jc rfqunsntcs scorf ek ikpkinjkj, ek  vceu`tkj, fe cogftc, ek ikusk y scefm`njkjfs. Fstcs rfqufrnmnf`tcs suarnrë` jrëstniks icmpefmf`tkinc`fs y mcjnanikinc`fs ek fstruiturk jf rfekinc`fs guríjniks invnenstks, feec ic`acrmf k ek rfbuekinù` rfspfitc jfe prcpncjfIùjnbc Invne y tkmonî` jf ek EMI. ?.  Jnidc ic`trktc fs scefm`f, f` iuk`tc `c okstk ic` ek vceu`tkj jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs pkrk quf fe mktrnmc`nc fxnstk, snf`jc `fifskrnk ek pkrtninpkinù` jfe Fstkjc k trkvîs jfe caninke jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne f Njf`tnanikinù` y ksnmnsmc ek prfsf`ink jf tfstnbcs.  Kjfmës, fstk scefm`njkj `c ` c scec ciurrf f` ek ifeforkinù` mnsmk jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn`c quf tkmonî` keik`zk k n`stk`inks prfvnks. 9.  Yf u`f` jcs sugftcs f` fstf ic`trktc scefm`f. Kprfinkjc jfsjf ek tfcrík jfe kitc guríjnic, fs fstk u`nù` ek quf ic`stntunrë fe cogftc jfe ic`trktc jf mktrnmc`nc. :.  [uf fstk u`nù` fs f`trf dcmorf y mugfr, ec quf rfaefgk jcs prn`inpncs jf rfefvk`ink7 F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, tke jfsirnpinù` jk iuf`tk quf ek u`nù` mktrnmc`nke fs mc`ùbkmk ( uu`` dcmorf y u`k mugfr  ), `c snf`jc vnkoef ek u`nù` jf u` dcmorf ic` vkrnks mugfrfs c jf u`k mugfr ic` vkrncs dcmorfs. F` sfbu`jc tîrmn`c, fvnjf`tfmf`tf fs u`k u`nù` dftfrcsfxuke insbî`frk, fs jfinr, jf u` dcmorf dftfrcsfxuke jf bî`frc mksiuen`c ic` u`k mugfr dftfrcsfxuke jf bî`frc afmf`n`c. Fstc fxieuyf ek pcsnonenjkj quf dcmorfs y mugfrfs trk`sbî`frc pujnfrk` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc yk quf pkrk tkefs fafitcs `c sf efs ic`snjfrkrë icmc tke, ec quf fvnjf`tfmf`tf nmpenik u`k prnvkinù` jf jfrfidcs invnefs nmpcrtk`tfs pkrk ek pcoekinù` . 2

2

ek tfcrík jfe ik`gf jf jfrfidcs  ic`snstf`tf f`  Fstfpkrk af`ùmf`c jcitrn`k jf jfrfidc jf akmnenk quf, bczkr jfsfu`jf`cmn`k jfrfidc, f` dkorë quf rf`u`inkr k ctrc jf nbukeicmc c mkycr nmpcrtk`ink. F` fstf ,sf`tnjc, pkrk fe iksc jf ek efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc idnef`k, fe c ek scenintk`tf `c pcjrë ikskrsf f` rkzù` jfe sfxc quf efs fstë kdcrk snf`jc rfic`cinjc. F` fstf crjf` f`tc`ifs, pcr mës quf fe bî`frc afmf`n`c jfe vkrù` jf `kinmnf`tc dkyk ecbrkjc cotf`fr fe rfic`cinmnf`tc icmc mugfr, pkrk fafitcs jfe mktrnmc`nc, tke ic`snjfrkinù` `c fxnstf, pcr ec quf pkrk fafitcs jf ek efy mktrnmc`nke sfbunrík snf`jc dcmorf. Jfrnvkjc jf feec pcjrík fstkoefifrsf quf ―prfinc” k pkbkr pcr ikmonkr fe sfxc pcr ek fxprfsnù` jf bî`frc, sfrë fe rf`u`inkr ke jfrfidc k mktrnmc`nc, fe iuke k mkycr kou`jk`ink fs, sfb÷` n`jnik fe Krt. ? jf ek EMI, u` jfrfidc fsf`inke n`dfrf`tf k ek pfrsc`k dumk`k sn sf tnf`f fjkj pkrk feec, `crmk quf kjfmës icn`injf ic` ec prfifptukjc f` fe Krt. ;1 jf ek Jfiekrkinù` V`nvfrske jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs, krtíiuec ?9 jfe Xkitc N`tfr`kinc`ke jf Jfrfidcs Invnefs y Xceítnics y fe Krt. ;8 jfe Xkitc N`tfr`kinc`ke N `tfr`kinc`ke jf Jfrfidcs Fic`ùmnics, Ycinkefs y Iueturkefs. K fstf mkric `crmktnvc jfofmcs sumkr quf f` sf`tf`ink jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk jf afidk ?1 jf `cvnfmorf jf ?8;4 _ce 1;8>-?8;4, sf fstnmù ke mktrnmc`nc icmc u` Jfrfidc Dumk`c jf`trc jf Idnef. Intk`jc tke akeec, ek Fximk. Zfrifrk Ykek jfe Mëxnmc Zrnou`ke sfûkeù quf eks `crmks ic`stntuinc`kefs y ek ic`vf`inù` n`tfr`kinc`ke jnspc`f` quf tcjk pfrsc`k quf dkontk fe Fstkjc jf Idnef fs tntuekr jfe jfrfidc k ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc y  au`jkr u`k akmnenk, f` ec iuke ek kutcrnjkj tnf`f fe jfofr jf kmpkrkrek, pcr ec mnsmc, ``cc pufjf sfr sfr turokjc f` fe fgfrininc jf fsf jfrfidc.   Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

6.  Ek u`nù` fs kituke, ec quf qunfrf jfinr quf `c fxnstf fe mktrnmc`nc k pekzc suspf`snvc (tkmpcic fxtn`tnvc). F` fe iksc idnef`c kjfmës jf ecs rfqunsntcs jf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc `c fxnstf sntukinù` quf pfrmntk ic`jninc`kr fe mktrnmc`nc f` acrmk quf jnafrnr sus fafitcs k u`k n`stk`ink pcstfrncr. 1.  Ek u`nù` fs n`jnsceuoef, pfsf k ek pcsnonenjkj jf jnvcrinc jf ek EMI. F` fstf crjf` jfofmcs prfinskr quf fe mktrnmc`nc snfmprf dk snjc jnsceuoef, yk quf ek mufrtf icmc an` n`fvntkoef jfe sfr dumk`c dk tf`njc jfsjf snfmprf fe mîrntc jf pc`fref tîrmn`c. Ek pkrtniuekrnjkj jfe jnvcrinc fs quf pfrmntf tfrmn`kr u` mktrnmc`nc vëenjc f`trf ic`trkyf`tfs vnvcs, ecs iukefs qufjkrë` dkonentkjcs pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc `ufvkmf`tf sn ksí ec fstnmkrk`. 2.  Ek u`nù` fs pcr tcjk ek vnjk, ec quf gustnanik icmprf`jfr ek rfekinù` akmnenk-mktrnmc`nc ic`snjfrk`jc ek fstkonenjkj quf tnf`f ek rfekinù` guríjnik kië acrmkjk. Jfe mnsmc mcjc prfinskmcs quf fs pcr tcjk ek vnjk pcrquf trks ek mufrtf, tfrmn`krë fe mktrnmc`nc. 4.  [uf ek an`kenjkj jf ek u`nù` fs quf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs vnvk` gu`tcs, prcirff` y sf kuxnenf` mutukmf`tf, fs jfinr, tf`fr dngcs, ic`vnvnr y kyujkrsf tk`tc f` fe sf`tnjc mcrke icmc fic`ùmnic. Fstcs an`fs kië jfiekrkjcs iumpef` u`k jcoef au`inù`. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, fe ic`ifptc n`tf`tk jfan`nr ek ikusk jfe mktrnmc`nc jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jf ek tfcrík jfe kitc guríjnic. Fs jfinr, prfsupc`f ek efy quf fe mctnvc quf n`juif k eks pkrtfs k ek ifeforkinù` jfe kitc mktrnmc`nc `c fs sn`c fstcs an`fs. V` sfbu`jc pu`tc jf rfefvk`ink fs quf fstcs an`fs jfiekrkjcs f` fe ic`ifptc mës kjfek`tf sf trk`sacrmkrë` f` ecs jfofrfs mktrnmc`nkefs ic`tf`njcs f` ecs Krt. ;9; y snbunf`tfs jfe Iùjnbc Invne, ecs quf sfrë` rfvnskjcs mës kjfek`tf ic` ciksnù` jf ecs fafitcs jfe mktrnmc`nc.

Fstf ik`gf jfjfjfrfidcs `c costk`tf keik`zk sn`c`c tkmonî` jf ctrks sntukinc`fs akmnenk, icmc fs f` `c fe iksc jf scekmf`tf ek anenkinù`.rfefvk`ink Ek efy jf rfspfitc njf`tnjkjjfejfmktrnmc`nc, bî`frc idnef`k fstkoefif quî ikenjkj tf`jrë` ecs pkjrfs rfspfitc jf u`k irnkturk ke `kifr. Dkoec jfe supufstc f` quf u` dcmorf trk`sbî`frc, mugfr onceùbnik, pujnfrk fmokrkzkrsf y ic`sfiuf`inkemf`tf pkrnr, y fs f` fsf supufstc `c sf tnf`f iekrc sn sf rfspftkrë su jfan`ninù` yk rfic`cinjk jf dcmorf, y pcr tk`tc snf`jc pkjrf jf ek irnkturk quf dk pkrnjc< c onf`, sn su jfan`ninù` jf sfxc sfrë jfsic`cinjk, coenbë`jcef k sfr mkjrf ku` iuk`jc anburk icmc dcmorf rfbnstrkemf`tf. Fe supufstc fxprfskjc `c fs quf `c duonfrk snjc ic`snjfrkjc pcr fe efbnsekjcr, sn`c quf sf cmntnù f` infrtk mfjnjk jf mk`frk n`tf`inc`ke ke pkrfifr jf fstf prcafscr, pcrquf feec nmpenikrík ksumnr u` dcmorf fmokrkzkjc jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk n`stntuinc`ke, ec quf rcmpf pkrkjnbmks scinkefs mkidnstks n`icrpcrkjcs f` `ufstrk dnstcrnk y vnjk jnkrnk. Fs rfefvk`tf prcpc`fr fstk krnstk icmc u` vkiíc efbke f`tc`ifs, yk quf ek `crmk fstë rfjkitkjk jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jf ksumnr quf fe c ek trk`sbî`frc fs `fifskrnkmf`tf dcmcsfxuke, y quf jfrnvkjc jf feec `c tf`jrík n`tf`inc`fs jf rfprcjuiinù`, njfk quf pcr supufstc kjfmës jf sfr prfgunincsk fs frrù`fk f` muidcs kspfitcs. Xcjrík ksí f`tc`ifs sfûkekrsf `ufvkmf`tf fe ik`gf jf jfrfidcs, fs jfinr quf qu f f` Idnef `c sf fstë iekrc sn ke ikmonkr fe sfxc rfbnstrke fstcy c `c rf`u`ink`jc k mn jfrfidc k rfprcjuiinù` y jf rfic`cinmnf`tc icmc prcbf`ntcr/prcbf`ntcrk, ec quf nmpenikrík prnvkr k inujkjk`cs jf u`c jf ecs jfrfidcs mës oësnics quf ek `kturkefzk mkmíafrk `cs dk jkjc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

NNN. 

@KZV_KEFWK GV_ÍJNIK JFE MKZ_NMC@NC.

Yf jnsiutf pcr ek jcitrn`k sn fe mktrnmc`nc fs u` ic`trktc, u`k n`stntuinù` c u` kitc jf Fstkjc. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, pkrk ek tfcrík jfe mktrnmc`nc ic`trktc , sf scstnf`f quf fs u` ic`trktc pcr fmk`kr jf u` kiufrjc jf vceu`tkjfs jfe quf surbf` ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks (jfrfidcs y jfofrfs), ec quf tnf`f fe kpcyc jf ek jcitrn`k ark`ifsk y, iekrc, ek prcpnk jfan`ninù` f`trfbkjk pcr fe II. Yf irntnik fstk pcsninù` pcr sfr n`fxkitk f n`icmpeftk f` iuk`tc k quf fxnstf u` fstktutc mktrnmc`nke `c mcjnanikoef pcr eks pfrsc`ks, fxnstnf`jc scec ek pcsnonenjkj jf kifptkr (ikskrsf) c `c (qufjkr scetfrcs). Kjfmës, sn aufrk u` ic`trktc, fxnstnrík ek pcsnonenjkj jf jnsceuinù` pcr kiufrjc jf pkrtfs sn` n`tfrvf`inù` fstktke mfjnk`tf trnou`kefs, ec quf f` `ufstrk efbnsekinù` `c fxnstf `n ku` f` fe ic`tfxtc jfe jnvcrinc jf icm÷` kiufrjc. F` fstf sf`tnjc ikof kjvfrtnr jnafrf`inks jfe mktrnmc`nc ic` ecs ic`trktcs, f` iuk`tc k quf îstf ic`tfmpek jnafrf`tfs vnincs jf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, (scec aufrzk y frrcr< y `c fe jcec `n efsnù`)< f` iuk`tc k eks rfbeks jf ikpkinjkj, yk quf sf dkonentk k ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc k pfrsc`ks mkycrfs jf ;1 kûcs< rfspfitc jf ek acrmkinù` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke, ikmonc jf fstkjc invne, f`trf ctrks sntukinc`fs. Qnstc ksí, `c sfrík u` ic`trktc mës jfe Iùjnbc. Eufbc, ek tfcrík jfe mktrnmc`nc n`stntuinù`   jnif quf fe mktrnmc`nc tnf`f rfbeks y mkrics prfangkjcs pcr fe efbnsekjcr, n`jfpf`jnf`tf jf eks pkrtfs quf pkrtninpf` f` îe, pcr ec quf ek  vceu`tkj qufjk qufjk rfstrn`bnjk k scmftfrsf c `c k feek. F` fstf sf`tnjc, pcr mës quf sf jfan`k icmc u` ic`trktc, ec infrtc fs quf, k jnafrf`ink jf tcjks eks jfmës anburks ic`trkitukefs invnefs, fstf bf`frk fafitcs pfrmk`f`tfs f` eks pkrtfs f` iuk`tc ketfrk fe fstkjc invne jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs. Fs fstk fstkonenjkj, prcyfiinù` y sfburnjkj ek quf vufevf` ke mktrnmc`nc u`k n`stntuinù`, icmc u`k sùenjk fstruiturk yk ic`strunjk rfspfitc jf ek quf scec rfstk jfinjnr sn f`trkmcs c `c. Qnstc ksí sf gustnanik quf fe mktrnmc`nc sfk ic`snjfrkjc icmc ek oksf prn`inpke jf ek akmnenk, y fstk k su  vfz, fe `÷iefc au`jkmf`tke jf ek scinfjkj. scinfjkj. V`k pcsninù` n`tfrmfjnk rfprfsf`tkjk pcr ecs prcafscrfs M K_Z^ , B. y _  K^@KVJ, X., sfûkek quf `n`bu`k jf eks pcsninc`fs k`tfrncrfs fs icrrfitk pcr sfr nmpfrafitks f n`icmpeftks. F` fsf sf`tnjc, ek acrmk jf f`tf`jfr ke mktrnmc`nc pkrk feecs fs k pkrtnr jf ek mfziek jf kmoks tfcríks k`tfrncrfs, f` crjf` jf fstkoefifr quf eks pkrtfs ke acrmkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfinjf` scmftfrsf k fstf ic`trktc, fe quf u`k vfz ifeforkjc ecs dkif acrmkr pkrtf jf u`k n`stntuinù`, n`tfbrë`jcsf ke fstktutc prfangkjc y rfbnjc pcr ek kutcrnjkj, ek quf tkmonî` pkrtninpkrë, pcr eks mnsmks rkzc`fs, jf su jnsceuinù`. Ksnmnsmc, pkrk J VBVNZ  fe mktrnmc`nc fs u` kitc ic`jninù` , quf eefvk k ek kpenikinù` jfe fstktutc jf akmnenk. V`k tfrifrk krnstk fs ek quf f`tnf`jf ke mktrnmc`nc icmc u` kitc jf Fstkjc , f` iuk`tc ic`snjfrk quf fs fe Fstkjc k trkvîs jf sus ùrbk`cs (Caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne y Zrnou`kefs jf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Gustnink), fe quf u`f k eks pfrsc`ks f` mktrnmc`nc y tkmonî` qquf uf ef pc`f tîrmn`c, pcr ec quf quf ecs n`tfrfsfs f` gufbc sc`, mës keeë quf fe jf eks pkrtfs, tkmonî` fe jfe Fstkjc y jf acrmk prfpc`jfrk`tf. Fstc trkf icmc ic`sfiuf`ink quf eks `crmks jfe mktrnmc`nc sc` f` su mkycrík jf crjf` p÷oenic, y pcr tk`tc nrrf`u`inkoefs< y, ksnmnsmc, nmpenik rfic`cifr quf `c okstk fe scec ic`sf`tnmnf`tc pkrk quf eks pkrtfs sf u`k` f` mktrnmc`nc c tfrmn`f` u`c fxnstf`tf, yk quf tk`tc f` fe n`ninc y fe an` jf ek rfekinù` mkrntke dkorë prfsf`ink jfe Fstkjc k trkvîs jf sus crbk`nsmcs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC NNN. EK IC@YZNZVINÙ@ JFE QÍ@IVEC MKZ_NMC@NKE

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY

Yn onf` sf oksù fe efbnsekjcr f` fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic pkrk fafitcs jf ek irfkinù` jfe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke, ek EMI dk fstkoefinjc u` rîbnmf` jnafrf`tf quf yk `c sf pfrsnbuf fe an` mcrke jf ek nbefsnk, sn`c quf, pcr fe ic`trkrnc, sf if`trk f` eks jnmf`snc`fs guríjniks jfe n`stntutc guríjnic. F` fsf sf`tnjc, icmc prnmfrk kprcxnmkinù`, sf rfic`cif` ic`jninc`fs jf jnstn`tc tnpc quf jfof` jkrsf pkrk ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, eks quf enmntk` tk`tc su fxnstf`ink icmc su  vkenjfz, y quf pufjf` kbrupkrsf kbrupkrsf f` trfs sf`tnjcs.  K.  Ic`jninc`fs jf crjf` ansnceùbnic Xkrk fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic frk trksif`jf`tke fe kspfitc ansnc ’ onceùbnic jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs ic`snjfrk`jc quf ek mnsnù` jfe mktrnmc`nc frk fsf`inkemf`tf ek prcirfkinù`, fefmf`tc jf ketk rfefvk`ink ic`snjfrk`jc ek oksf jf akmnenk quf fs, sfb÷` ek fsiufek ic`sfrvkjcrk c ieësnik. Xkrk fe efbnsekjcr invne, pcr su pkrtf, ek prcirfkinù` `c fs jfe tcjc rfefvk`tf ic`snjfrk`jc quf fs nbukemf`tf vëenjc fe mktrnmc`nc quf `c tf`bk pcsnonenjkjfs aísniks c n`ieusnvf sn` n`tfrîs jf prcirfkr. Fstk sntukinù` `c costk k quf f` tcjc mktrnmc`nc sf fxnbnrë ek jnafrf`ink jf sfxcs icmc ic`jninù` ansnceùbnik oksf. Xrfinskmcs quf fstks ic`jninc`fs icrrfspc`jf` k ek rfkenjkj idnef`k, f` fe sf`tnjc quf fxnstf` efbnsekinc`fs f` quf eks ic`jninc`fs jkjks scorf ek prcirfkinù` keik`zk` u`k mkycr rfefvk`ink, `c scec jfsjf ek mnsmk vnkonenjkj jf prcirfkr f` fe sf`tnjc jf afrtnenjkj, sn`c tkmonî` rfspfitc jf ek skeuj sfxuke jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs f` ic`tfxtc jf f`afrmfjkjfs vf`îrfks c jf trk`smnsnù` sfxuke. Fstks ic`jninc`fs sf vfrnanik` k trkvîs jf u` jf`cmn`kjc ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke , fe iuke jk `ctnink scorf f`afrmfjkjfs jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs k an` jf quf sfk` ic`cinjks f`trf feecs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc . Ksí f`tc`ifs, ff`` `ufstrks `crmks sc` rfefvk`tfs eks ic`jninc`fs ansnceùbniks f` iuk`tc k7 4

 F` fstf sf`tnjc, sc` m÷etnpefs ecs pkísfs quf fxnbf` fe ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke, pfrc kpenikjcs kpen ikjcs f` jnvfrscs sf`tnjcs, mcjkenjkjfs y ic`sfiuf`inks. Kjvfrtnmcs quf fstk tf`jf`ink icmnf`zk k fstkoefifrsf f` eks efbnsekinc`fs k icmnf`zcs jfe snbec TT, feec pcr ek fxpecsnù` jf vkrnks f`afrmfjkjfs, muidks jf feeks vf`îrfks c jf trk`smnsnù` sfxuke, icmc tuofriuecsns, efprk, síanens, síanens , oef`crrkbnk (bc`crrfk), f`trf ctrks. Ksí pcr fgfmpec f` fe iksc jf @crufbk, vnbf`tf jfsjf ;>;4, fe ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke ic`snstf f` u`k jfiekrkinù` gurkjk pcr ek quf fe mkrnjc y ek mugfr jfiekrk` `c pkjfifr f`afrmfjkj, ek quf, jf `c sfr rfke, fs jfinr, sn ec kdí ic`tf`njc aufrk akesc, sf krrnfsbkok dkstk jcs kûcs jf prnsnù` kjfmës jf k`uekinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Xcr su pkrtf f` fe iksc kefmë`, sn onf` f` su crnbf` f` ;>;2 frk u` fxkmf` vceu`tkrnc, pksù k sfr coenbktcrnc f` 4

;>?2, pcr fe iuke jfoík jkrsf iuf`tk u` iù`yubf k ctrc jf ek sntukinù` jf skeuj f` f`afrmfjkjfs vf`îrfks jf kmocs ic`trkyf`tfs, krrnfsbk`jc prnsnù` dkstk jf 9 kûcs sn aufrk akesnanikjc fe ifrtnanikjc f` keb÷` sf`tnjc, pfrc `c jk`jc tîrmn`c ke mktrnmc`nc jf mk`frk n`mfjnktk. F` tf`jf`ink snmnekr Fstkjcs V`njcs, Yufink, Jn`kmkrik, Krmf`nk,  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

k)  Ek jnafrf`ink jf sfxcs, tke icmc ec fxnbf fe Krt. ;8? II, ic` eks prfinsnc`fs k`tfs sfûkekjks quf sf trktk jf sfxcs onceùbnics y `c k ic`sfiuf`ink jfe ikmonc jf sfxc rfbnstrke f` rkzù` jf ek efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc. o)  Ek fjkj mí`nmk pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc7 K`tfs jf ek f`trkjk f` vnbf`ink jf ek EMI, ek fjkj frk ek jf ek puofrtkj (;? pkrk mugfrfs y ;: pkrk dcmorfs), f` sf`tnjc quf tkefs sugftcs yk fstkok` prfpkrkjcs aísnikmf`tf pkrk prcirfkinù`. Jfgkrc` jf sfr nmp÷ofrfs, y, pcr ec tk`tc, f` fe k`ëensns ftnmceùbnic jf ek fxprfsnù`, dk` f`trkjc f` ftkpk jf puofrtkj y pcr feec sc` kdcrk ikenanikjcs icmc mf`crfs kjuetcs. ^k f` ek kitukenjkj sf ktnf`jf ke akitcr jf jfskrrceec n`tfefituke c psniceùbnic psn iceùbnic f` icmpefmf`tc k ek pcs pcsnonenjkj nonenjkj rfprcjuitnvk y sfxuke, snf`jc rfefvk`tf quf ku` f` fe fstkjc jf kjcefsif`ink sf fstî f` ic`jninc`fs jf icmprf`jfr ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, jfgk`jc ek ikpkinjkj jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc f` ;1 kûcs. @c dky fjkj mëxnmk `n tkmpcic eímntf jf fjkj f` iuk`tc k ecs kûcs jf jnafrf`ink quf pufjk fxnstnr f`trf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, y ksí pcr fgfmpec u` mktrnmc`nc f`trf u` vkrù` jf 18 kûcs ic` u`k kjcefsif`tf jf ;1 fs icmpeftkmf`tf vëenjc pkrk ek efy. Nsek`jnk, Ntkenk, Zurquík, f n`ieusc kebu`cs pkísfs jf ek rfbnù` ektn`ckmfrnik`k, icmc Orksne (;>9:), Iuok (;>?4), Xfr÷ (;>91) y Xk`kmë (;>?4). Eekmk ek ktf`inù` f` fe iksc `crtfkmfrnik`c quf, f` infrtcs fstkjcs jfe pkís, fspfiíanikmf`tf f` Ikrcen`k jfe @crtf (;>?;), fstf ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke jnfrk iuf`tk `c scekmf`tf jf ek sntukinù` sfxuke, rfprcjuitnvk y aîrtne jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, sn`c tkmonî` fe fstkjc mf`tke c ikpkinjkj n`tfefituke jf ecs mnsmcs. Jf dfidc, fe ifrtnanikjc jfoík prc`u`inkrsf pcr f`afrmfjkjfs vf`îrfks, tuofriuecsns, njnctfz, efprk c nmofinenjkj, ec quf rktnanik quf ek u`nù` `c scec tnf`f an`fs sfxukefs, sn`c tkmonî` rfprcjuitnvcs y fstf ifrtnanikjc ic`stntuík, f` ek irff`ink jf dkif inf` kûcs, u`k acrmk jf prfvfr eks auturks bf`frkinc`fs jf dngcs quf fsf mktrnmc`nc tf`jrík`, feec f` iuk`tc k su dkonenjkj icb`ntnvk, ec quf pfrmntnrík ke mkrnjc jfinjnr `c ikskrsf ic` ek mugfr sn feek prfsf`tkok u` `nvfe jf nmofinenjkj c njnctfz ic`snjfrkoef, supufstc quf k ek n`vfrsk tkmonî` prcifjík. Jf dfidc, supc`nf`jc sntukinc`fs jf n`fxpfrtnz sfxuke jf eks mugfrfs prfvnc ke mktrnmc`nc, f` pkísfs icmc Nsek`jnk y Xk`kmë ecs fxëmf`fs mîjnics prkitnikjcs f` fe ic`tfxtc jf ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke frk` kpenikjc scec k ecs dcmorfs, y pcr tk`tc `c k eks mugfrfs. Fstf sfrík fe crnbf` jf ek ic`inf`tnzkinù` jf ek vncef`ink sfxuke y ek prctfiinù` k ek mugfr f` fe ic`tfxtc jf ek vnjk y skeuj sfxuke, ku` iuk`jc eks n`tf`inc`fs f` fsf mcmf`tc frk` mës onf` rfektnvks k ek skeuj p÷oenik ktf`jnjc fe jfsic`trce jf eks f`afrmfjkjfs k`tfs intkjks. F` Idnef f` fe kûc ?881 sf k`u`inù p÷oenikmf`tf jf pkrtf jf ecs Yf`kjcrfs Bnrkrjn, Kiicrsn y @÷ûfz ek prfsf`tkinù` jf u` prcyfitc jf efy pkrk fstkoefifr ek `fifsnjkj jfe ifrtnanikjc prf`upinke f` `ufstrc pkís, fe quf ousikrík pcjfr ic`cifr ic` k`tninpkinù` ek prfsf`ink jf kebu`k f`afrmfjkj jf trk`smnsnù` sfxuke icmc QND, dfpktntns O, síanens, dfrpfs c onf` f`afrmfjkjfs mftkoùeniks c mf`tkefs y dfrfjntkrnks.  Krbumf`tk`jc fe prcyfitc, ic` afidk ?9 jf cituorf jf ?881 ke mfjnc `kinc`ke Fe Mfriurnc, fe Dc`crkoef Yr.  Kiicrsn sfûkeù quf ―ek akmnenk fs fe `÷iefc mës nmpcrtk`tf jf ek scinfjkj y pcr fsc, ke n`ninkrsf, tnf`f quf fxnstnr u`k n`acrmkinù` trk`spkrf`tf pkrk kmocs iù`yubfs f` mktfrnks tk` nmpcrtk`tfs icmc ek skeuj. Ecs ifrtnanikjcs jf skeuj `c sc` nmpfjnmf`tcs pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, sn`c u`k acrmk jf fvntkr quf u`c jf ecs fspcscs ciuetf n`acrmkinù` sf`snoef jf su dnstcrnke mîjnic y fstkjc jf skeuj .  Fs snmpefmf`tf f`trfbkr k ecs fspcscs tcjcs ecs fefmf`tcs jf guninc pkrk ffvkeukr vkeukr ek kjcpinù` jf u`k jf eks jfinsnc`fs mës nmpcrtk`tfs jf ek vnjk” (krtíiuec pfrncjístnic ―ifrtnanikjcs prf`upinkefs ” jfe jnkrnc Fe Mfriurnc jf afidk ?9 jf cituorf jf ?881,

dttps7//www.fmce.icm/`ctninks/Zf`jf`inks e.icm/`ctninks/Zf`jf`inks/?881/8>/;:/29;1; /?881/8>/;:/29;1;2/ifrtnanikjcs-prf`up 2/ifrtnanikjcs-prf`upinkefs.dtme inkefs.dtme   jnspc`noef f`7 dttps7//www.fmc ic`suetkjc fe ?8 jf mkrzc jf ?8?8). Fstf prcyfitc auf kridnvkjc y pcr tk`tc `c ecbrù ic`vfrtnrsf f` `crmk y, jf dfidc, `n snqunfrk eefbù k jnsiusnù` pcr icmnsnù` kebu`k jfe Ic`brfsc Idnef`c.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  O.  Ic`jninc`fs jf crjf` psniceùbnic7  Zke icmc sfûkek ek efy, ecs rfqunsntcs fstkoefinjcs f` ecs ic`trkyf`tfs sc` ic`snjfrkjcs ic`snjfrkjcs pkrk  pkrk ksfburkr fe enorf y pef`c ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs  ic `trkyf`tfs , jf mk`frk quf fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf ecs auturcs fspcscs fs trksif`jf`tke, prcvcik`jc n`tfrîs jfe efbnsekjcr pcr su prctfiinù`, scorf tcjc f` fe tnfmpc quf prfifjf ke mktrnmc`nc, ic` mfjnjks icmc eks snbunf`tfs7 k)  Enofrtkj pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc7 Zke icmc ksfburk fe Krt. ;82: II, iukequnfr ieëusuek quf mk`tf`bk ek ic`jninù` jf scetfrc f` fe mktrnmc`nc, jfof sfr jfiekrkjk `uek.  Ksnmnsmc, f` fe Krt. ? jf ek EMI sf fstkoefif quf ek akiuetkj jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc fs u` jfrfidc fsf`inke n`dfrf`tf k ek pfrsc`k dumk`k, sn sf tnf`f t nf`f fjkj pkrk feec. o)  Enofrtkj pkrk `c ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, f` sf`tnjc quf `kjnf pufjf sfr coenbkjc k feec, `c ic`snjfrë`jcsf ku` prcmfsks c pkitcs k`tfrncrfs quf coenbuf` k ic`trkfref. Jfrnvkjc jf fstk sntukinù`, y f` icmpkrkinù` ic` ek tfcrík bf`frke jfe kitc guríjnic, nmpenik n mpenik quf f` ek acrmkinù` jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc `c scekmf`tf sf fxnbnrë quf eks vceu`tkjfs sfk` fxtfrncrnzkjks y sfrnks, sn`c tkmonî` enorfs y fspc`të`fks, kumf`të`jcsf sus rfqunsntcs. Fstk ic`snjfrkinù` tf`jrë rfefvk`ink ke rfvnskr fe ic`tf`njc jf ecs vnincs jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc f` fe mktrnmc`nc. I.  Ic`jninc`fs jf fxnstf`ink y vkenjfz.  Kjfmës jf eks ic`jninc`fs bf`frkefs jf ecs kitcs guríjnics, ecs rfqunsntcs jf fxnstf`ink jfe mktrnmc`nc sc`7  K.  Fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf jf tcjc vninc, f` fspfinke jf ecs ic`tf`njcs f` fe Krt. 4 EMI. O.  Ek jnafrf`ink jf sfxcs fxnbnjk f` fe Krt. ;8? II y f` fe Krt. 48 EMI. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ku` sn aufrk` ifeforkjcs f` fe fxtrk`gfrc f` efbnsekinc`fs f` eks quf sn sf pfrmntk fe mktrnmc`nc dcmcsfxuke, pkrk fe iksc idnef`c `c sfrë` rfic`cinjcs icmc mktrnmc`nc. Ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;? n`insc an`ke jf ek efy ?8.498 quf irfk fe Kiufrjc jf V`nù` Invne, ecs mktrnmc`ncs ifeforkjcs pcr pfrsc`ks jfe mnsmc sfxc f` fe fxtrk`gfrc sfrë` rfic`cinjcs f` Idnef icmc kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne sn iumpef` ic` eks rfbeks fstkoefinjks f` fstk efy y sus fafitcs sfrë` ecs mnsmcs jf fstf kiufrjc.  Ksí, scec ecs mktrnmc`ncs f`trf dcmorf y mugfr sfrë` vëenjcs f` idnef, snfmprf quf sf dkyk` ifeforkjc jf`trc jfe eímntf jf fjkj pfrmntnjc f` Idnef y, ksnmnsmc,

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pcr enorf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc. Ek efbnsekinù` idnef`k `c rfic`cif f`tc`ifs ecs mktrnmc`ncs acrzkjcs c kqufeecs quf sfk` ic`snjfrkjcs icmc mktrnmc`nc n`ak`tne.   >

I.  Ek prfsf`ink jf au`inc`krnc fstktke c mn`nstrc jfe iuetc jf su ic`afsnù` rfenbncsk, snfmprf quf tf`bk pfrsc`kenjkj jf jfrfidc p÷oenic. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ic` ek k`tnbuk efy ic`snjfrkok ke mktrnmc`nc rfenbncsc icmc u` kitc jf af, pfrc `c icmc u` dfidc jf ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks. F` ek kitukenjkj, qufjkrë k ek jnsirfinc`kenjkj y jfinsnù` jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs fe jfinjnr iuëe jf eks jcs ketfr`ktnvks tcmkrë` pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc. F` fstf crjf`, ek prnmfrk cpinù` fs quf sf rfkenif ek ifeforkinù` k`tf caninke jf Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne jf njf`tnanikinù`, fe iuke kjfmës jfofrë sfr qunf` n`tfrvn`c f` eks jnenbf`inks jf mk`nafstkinù` f n`acrmkinù` quf sfrë` rfvnskjks mës kjfek`tf (Krt. ;2 EMI). V`k sfbu`jk ketfr`ktnvk ek ic`anfrf fe Krt. ?8 EMI, f` iuk`tc tkmonî` sf ef rfic`cifrë fe mîrntc guríjnic jf mktrnmc`nc k kqufe quf sf ifeforf k`tf f`tnjkjfs rfenbncsks quf bcif` jf pfrsc`kenjkj guríjnik jf jfrfidc p÷oenic, ku`quf f` fstf ÷etnmc iksc ecs ic`trkyf`tfs jfofrë` prfsf`tkr fe kitk jf jnidk f`tnjkj rfenbncsk k`tf caninke jf rfbnstrc invne, rktnanik`jc fe kitc y fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf`trc jf ecs 4 jíks snbunf`tfs. Yn `c sf rfkenzk ksí, fe mktrnmc`nc fs n`fxnstf`tf y `c cotf`jrë fe rfic`cinmnf`tc guríjnic prftf`jnjc, sf keik`zkrë fe fstkjc invne jf ikskjc, ic` tcjks eks ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks quf`njftkmpcic feec jfrnvk. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, ifeforkjc y fxnstf`tf quf sfk, tf`jrë quf iumpenr rfqunsntcs jf vkenjfz, ecs quf sc` f` fspfiíanic trfs. Ikof prfinskr quf eks ikuskefs jf `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc fstkrë` jkjks f` rkzù` jf fstcs rfqunsntcs ic`snjfrk`jc quf `c fxnstf f` fstk ërfk ek jnstrnouinù` jf `uenjkj kosceutk y rfektnvk jfe Krt. ;14; y snbunf`tfs jfe II. Fstc snb`nanik quf sn `c sf iumpef` eks ic`jninc`fs jf fxnstf`ink `c fstkmcs f` prfsf`ink jf ―u` mktrnmc`nc `uec jf `uenjkj kosceutk”, sn`c quf jfrfidkmf`tf `c dky mktrnmc`nc y vnstc ksí, `c dkorík `kjk quf k`uekr (ec quf `c nmpenik rfic`cifr ek tfcrík jf ek n`fxnstf`ink guríjnik jfe prcafscr Iekrc Ycekr). Ksí f`tc`ifs, f` fe supufstc quf fe mktrnmc`nc fxnstk, ecs rfqunsntcs quf k ic`tn`ukinù` sf fxpc`f` y jfskrrceek` sc` kqufeecs quf dkorë quf rfspftkr ek `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke f` su ÷`nik ieksf fxnstf`tf7  F` fe mu`jc fxnstf` ifrik jf 48 pkísfs quf ku` pfrmntf` fe mktrnmc`nc jf mf`crfs jf fjkj, y jf`trc jf feecs, ;? ic`stntuyf` kqufeecs jf mkycr prfciupkinù` pcr ek icmu`njkj N`tfr`kinc`ke. Yfb÷` jktcs jf V @NIFA (?8;1), ek prëitnik fs mës icm÷` y prfsf`tk u`k ikrbk mës fefvkjk f` Ok`bekjfsd, Ourln`k Aksc, Ftncpík, Bdk`k, N`jnk, Mczkmonquf, @fpke, @íbfr, Ynfrrk Efc`k, Vbk`jk, ^fmf` y Wkmonk, pkísfs tcjcs uonikjcs f` Ëarnik y Ksnk sur crnf`tf. F` tîrmn`cs pcrif`tukefs, sfb÷` ek crbk`nzkinù` n`befsk I DNEJY @CZ O_NJFY (?8;1), ecs mktrnmc`ncs n`ak`tnefs f` fe mu`jc sf ic`if`trk` f` u` :6% f` fe Yur jf Ksnk, u` 9>% f` Ëarnik Yuoskdkrnk`k, u` ?9% F`  Kmîrnik Ektn`k y fe Ikrnof y f` u` ;4% f` Crnf`tf Mfjnc y `crtf jf Ëarnik. F` fstcs ikscs kjfmës, sf rfic`cif icmc tf`jf`ink quf ek kafitkinù` fstë jkjk prn`inpkemf`tf f` eks `nûks mës quf f` ecs vkrc`fs, ic`snjfrk`jc fspfinkemf`tf pcr fe dfidc jf sfr `nûks ic`vnvnf`jc f` bf`frke ic` dcmorfs jf mës fjkj, tnf`f mf`cr ikpkinjkj pkrk fxnbnr sus jfrfidcs, icmc fe usc jfe prfsfrvktnvc mksiuen`c c jf k`tnic`ifptnvcs pkrk `c fmokrkzkrsf, `n pkrk jfaf`jfrsf pcr fgfmpec jf sfr ikstnbkjks pcr sus icmpkûfrcs k`tf ek aketk jf cofjnf`ink jf fstks `nûks, sus fspcsks >

c pkrfgks ic`vnvnf`tfs (ONK@IC, M & IC__FK, ?8;1).  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   K.  Ic`sf`tnmnf`tc mktrnmc`nke sn` vnincs Fe mktrnmc`nc fxnbf u` ic`sf`tnmnf`tc fxf`tc jf vnincs, ec quf `c fs `cvfjcsc ic`snjfrk`jc quf fs u` ic`trktc ic`acrmf k su jfan`ninù`. @c costk`tf, ktf`jnjk su nmpcrtk`ink, ek acrmkinù` jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc `c fxnbnrë scekmf`tf quf eks vceu`tkjfs quf ec ic`acrmk` sfk` scekmf`tf sfrnks y fxtfrncrnzkjks, sn`c quf kjfmës jfofrë` sfr enorfs y fspc`të`fks. N`jnik fe Krt. : EMI quf ek ifeforkinù` f` jfeic`trkfrec, mktrnmc`ncy quf fxn bfsfquf fxnbf kmocs ic`trkyf`tfs sfk` efbkemf`tf ikpkifs, ekqufefy.dkyk ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc dkyk` iumpenjc eks acrmkenjkjfs quf fstkoefif F` fstf sf`tnjc ecs vnincs ieësnics sf rfjuif` f` rfekinù` ke mktrnmc`nc pcr rkzc`fs prcpnks jf su `kturkefzk, `c pkrtninpk`jc ek efsnù` (pcr `c sfr fe mktrnmc`nc u` kitc pktrnmc`nke) `n tkmpcic fe jcec, ku`quf ctrks efbnsekinc`fs sn ec ic`snjfrk`, icmc ek kefmk`k . Ksí f`tc`ifs, ecs vnincs jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc rfic`cinjcs ic`acrmf ke Krt. 4 EMI sfrë` fe frrcr y ek aufrzk, snbunf`jc ek rfbuekinù` ark`ifsk vnbf`tf . Fstcs vnincs, f`tnf`jf ek `crmk, quf sfrík` ek mufstrk jf ek kafitkinù` ke rfqunsntc jf enofrtkj y fspc`tk`fnjkj, yk quf su f`ikofzkjc sfûkek quf  aketk fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc f` ecs snbunf`tfs ikscs , jftkeek`jc sus trfs `umfrkefs k ic`tn`ukinù`. F` iuk`tc ke frrcr, fstf sfrë ic`snjfrkjc f` jcs jnmf`snc`fs7 f` ek njf`tnjkj jfe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf (frrcr f` ek pfrsc`k) y fe frrcr f` eks iukenjkjfs jftfrmn`k`tfs< mnf`trks quf ek aufrzk sfrë ic`ifonjk f` ecs mnsmcs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. ;:61 y ;:62 II, fs jfinr, brkvf, n`gustk, ciksnc`kjk pcr fe ctrc iù`yubf, pcr u` tfrifrc c inriu`stk`ink fxtfr`k quf duonfrf snjc jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ic`trkfr fe ví`iuec. K`kenifmcs pkrtniuekrmf`tf tkefs vnincs. ;8

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;. Fe frrcr Xkrk vninkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc jfofrë snfmprf sfr jftfrmn`k`tf, fs jfinr, quf sn` prfsf`ink jfe frrcr ek pfrsc`k kafitkjk `c duonfrk ifeforkjc fe mktrnmc`nc, jfonf`jc sfr fstf frrcr fxnstf`tf k ek afidk jfe mktrnmc`nc. Jnidc jf ctrk acrmk, fe frrcr fs ek ikusk pcr ek quf fe mktrnmc`nc sf ifeforù. Xcjrë` jkrsf trfs frrcrfs sfb÷` XCZDNF_ 7 fe frrcr f` ek pfrsc`k aísnik, fe frrcr scorf fe fstkjc invne c f` eks iukenjkjfs, jf ecs iukefs ek `crmk idnef`k rfic`cif scekmf`tf jcs. k)   Frrcr f` ek pfrsc`k aísnik7 Jf pcik kpenikinù` prëitnik pfrc rfic`cinjc pcr fe Krt. 4 `rc. ; EMI, ksnmnekoef k ek sntukinù` jfe ic`trkyf`tf `c vnjf`tf c sn sf rfkenzk u`k sustntuinù` f`trf bfmfecs, ec quf fvnjf`tfmf`tf vnink fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, yk quf fe ic`trkyf`tf sf iksk ic` qunf` `c qufrík dkifrec.

 Ek sfiinù` ;9;: @rc. ? pu`tc 9 jfe OÕ_BF_ENIDFY B FYFZWOVID  (OBO),  (OBO), Iùjnbc Invne Kefmë`, fstkoefif quf ikuske jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc sfrë fe dfidc quf u` jf ecs fspcscs aufrk n`juinjc ke mktrnmc`nc pcr f`bkûc f` inriu`stk`inks f` eks quf, dkonf`jc ic`cinjc ecs dfidcs cogftnvkmf`tf, `c sf duonfrk ikskjc, snfmprf quf feec duonfrk snjc jf ic`cinmnf`tc jfe ctrc iù`yubf.  Krt. ;48 Ef Icjf Invne. Ark`ink. ;8

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 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  o)   Frrcr f` fe Fstkjc invne7 jf`cmn`kjc tkmonî` icmc frrcr f` fe `cmorf , tnf`f quf vfr ic` quf fe iù`yubf qunfrf ikskrsf, pfrc pcrquf irfík quf fe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf tf`ík u`k njf`tnjkj jnstn`tk k ek vfrjkjfrk, icmc ek pfrsc`k quf n`vf`tk u` `cmorf c kpfeenjc quf f` vfrjkj `c tnf`f. @c fs rfic`cinjc f` fe iksc idnef`c, skevc quf pujnfrk ic`snjfrkrsf icmc pkrtf jfe vninc snbunf`tf. Yn fe frrcr aufrk f` fe ic`tfxtc jfe fstkjc invne, irfyf`jc u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs quf fe ctrc frk scetfrc c vnujc sn` sfrec, ek sk`inù` jf `uenjkj fstkrë jkjk pcr n`ikpkinjkj pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc y `c pcr frrcr. i)   Frrcr f` eks iukenjkjfs iukenjkjfs fsf`inkefs7 rfafrnjc k kqufeeks iukenjkjfs quf jk` k ek pfrsc`k su vkecr dumk`c, quf ek jnstn`buf` f n`jnvnjukenzk`, ksí icmc ek ikenjkj jf dngc efbítnmc, ek  vnrbn`njkj jf ek mugfr, ek `kinc`kenjkj, fe fstkjc invne, ek rfenbnù`, fti. Jfofrë vninkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc sn fstk iukenjkj dk snjc jftfrmn`k`tf f` fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe ic`trkyf`tf, f` acrmk quf jf dkofrsf ic`cinjc `c sf dkorík ic`trkíjc fe ví`iuec. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fstk sntukinù` sf rfic`cif f` fe iksc idnef`c f` fe `umfrke ? jfe Krt. 4 EMI. Ec quf sf pufjf c `c f`tf`jfr f` fstf supufstc icmc iukenjkj fsf`inke, sfrë fxpenikjc k ic`tn`ukinù`.  Ksí kjvfrtnjc, ecs jcs prnmfrcs `umfrkefs `umfrkefs jfe krtíiuec citkvc jf ek efy jf mktrnmc`nc iinvne nvne fstë` jfstn`kjcs ke trktkmnf`tc jfe frrcr, iuyks kprfinkinc`fs sc` eks snbunf`tfs. ;.   Frrcr kifrik jf ek njf`tnjkj jf ek pfrsc`k jfe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf . Fe Krt. 4 @. ; EMI sfûkek quf,  aketk fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc sn dk dkonjc frrcr f` iuk`jc k eekk njf`tnjkj jf ek pfrsc`k jfe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf . F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe frrcr sf rfanfrf k ek njf`tnjkj aísnik jfe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf, ec quf fs muy jnaíine quf sf jf. Xrfinsc quf fstk frk ek ÷`nik ikuske jf vninc quf tf`ík ek k`tnbuk efy jf ;44:. quf, ktf`jnjk ek `kturkefzk c an`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, ?.   Frrcr kifrik jf kebu`k jf eks iukenjkjfs pfrsc`kefs quf, dk jf sfr fstnmkjk icmc jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ctcrbkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc.   @c jfof f`tf`jfrsf icmc iukequnfrk irff`ink jf iukenjkjfs quf fe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf `c tf`nk an`kemf`tf, icmc ek snmpktík c ikpkinjkj jf scinkonenzkinù`, pcr fgfmpec. Fstks iukenjkjfs jfof` sfr cosfrvkjks k ek euz jf ek `kturkefzk c jf ecs an`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc y jf acrmk jftfrmn`k`tf. Yf jnsiutf f` jcitrn`k rfspfitc k ek nmpctf`ink, f` sf`tnjc quf fxnstf` jcs ieksfs, y dkorík quf jnstn`bunr iuëe sfrík ek quf pcjríkmcs ic`snjfrkr icmc iukenjkj fsf`inke. Yf rfic`cif f` prnmfr tîrmn`c k ek nmpctf`ink icfu`jn , ek quf `c pfrmntf rfkenzkr fe kitc sfxuke pcr kusf`ink jf frfiinù` jfe vkrù`< y, f` sfbu`jc eubkr, fstë ek nmpctf`ink bf`frk`jn   c fstfrnenjkj, quf `c pfrmntf ek prcirfkinù`, ek quf pcjrë kafitkr tk`tc ke dcmorf icmc k ek mugfr. Xkrk fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic scec ek icfu`jn fs ikuske jf `uenjkj, f` fe sf`tnjc quf ek rfefvk`ink quf eks `crmks jf ek nbefsnk ef jk` k ek vnjk sfxuke mktrnmc`nke sf gustnanik` scec pcr rkzc`fs jf prcirfkinù` y `c jf u`njkj y pekifr jf ek pkrfgk, pcr ec quf pkrk ek jcitrn`k mcjfr`k kmoks nmpctf`inks sfrë` suaninf`tfs pkrk f`tf`jfreks icmc ic`anburkinc`fs jf u`k iukenjkj pfrsc`ke jftfrmn`k`tf .  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

 Kdcrk, kjvfrtnmcs quf fstcs irntfrncs jfof` sfr kpenikjcs jf mk`frk iunjkjcsk y jf mk`frk iksuístnik, yk quf ic`snjfrk`jc quf `c fxnstf fjkj eímntf pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, `c sfrík vëenjc guzbkr fe jfsfmpfûc rfprcjuitnvc jf u`k mugfr ic` mf`cpkusnk, pcr fgfmpec. F` fstf mnsmc sf`tnjc, kbrfbkmcs ctrcs supufstcs quf pcjrík` f`tf`jfrsf icmc u`k iukenjkj pfrsc`ke jftfrmn`k`tf, icmc fs fe iksc jf ek jnafrf`ink jf rfenbnù` c ek n`tf`inù` jf `c tf`fr dngcs jf pkrtf jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, ecs quf tkmpcic sfrík` ic`snjfrkjcs icmc u` supufstc jf frrcr jf fstk ieksf, ec quf auf zk`gkjc pcr u`c jf ecs pcics akeecs quf dk` fxnstnjc f` fstk mktfrnk. Ek sf`tf`ink jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf _k`ikbuk jf gu`nc jf ?882 jnitkjk f` kutcs _ce Akmnenk 92?-?882, fstkoefif f` su ic`snjfrk`jc tfrifrc quf fe frrcr… ―…jfof sfr u`k iukenjkj n`dfrf`tf k ek pfrsc`kenjkj jfe iù`yubf, jf ikrëitfr pfrmk`f`tf y ―…jfof suaninf`tfmf`tf brkvf pkrk sfr cogftnvkmf`tf jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ic`sf`tnr f` fe mktrnmc`nc, pcr ec quf ikof jfsikrtkr jfsjf yk, fe supufstc frrcr okskjc f` ek inriu`stk`ink quf ek iù`yubf `c tnf`f ek mës mí`nmk n`tf`inù` jf tf`fr dngcs, pufs fvnjf`tfmf`tf ek `fbktnvk jf prcirfkr n`mfjnktkmf`tf jf ifeforkjc ife forkjc fe mktrnmc`nc kpkrfif icmc u`k efbítnmk cpinù` jf u`k pfrsc`k gcvf` quf prfanfrf prnvnefbnkr ek rfekinù` jf pkrfgk k ek jf acrmkr u`k akmnenk”. F` rfekinù` k ek jnafrf`ink jf irff`inks rfenbncsks, ek sf`tf`ink tkmonî` f`trfbk infrtcs en`fkmnf`tcs, sfûkek`jc f` su ic`snjfrk`jc iukrtc quf7 ―…f` iuk`tc k ek inriu`stk`ink jf quf fe jfmk`jk`tf prcafsf ek e k rfenbnù` iktùenik y sf trktf jf u` irfyf`tf kitnvc jf jnidk rfenbnù` ic` ksnstf`ink sfmk`ke k ecs canincs rfenbncscs y quf ek jfmk`jkjk sfk fvk`bîenik, ke nbuke quf tcjk su akmnenk, quf rfidkzk sus íjcecs iktùenics, eefbk`jc k eks caf`sks y, quf `c sf pcjrík ic`trkfr fe skbrkjc ví`iuec f` u` tfmpec iktùenic, tkmpcic pufjf sfr ic`stntutnvk jf frrcr f` ek iukenjkj  pfrsc`ke, ktf`jnjc ecs an`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc quf dkyk snjc jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ic`trkfr fe mktrnmc`nc, ktf`tc quf fe ifeforkr u`k ifrfmc`nk jf ikrëitfr rfenbncsc c jf ctrk í`jcef, f` iksc kebu`c pufjf sfr jftfrmn`k`tf jf mk`frk cogftnvk f` ic`sf`tnr f` ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc” An`kemf`tf, ek Netmk. Icrtf sf rfanfrf k ek nmpctf`ink icmc supufstc jf vninc ic`stntutnvc jf frrcr, snbunf`jc f` fstf sf`tnjc k ek jcitrn`k mcjfr`k quf ic`snjfrk quf tcjk ieksf jf nmpctf`ink ic`anburk fe frrcr. ―…quf f` iksc kebu`c sf pufjf rfiurrnr pcr ek nrrfspc`skonenjkj jf `c ic`vfrskr kifrik jf tfmks quf sn ―…quf onf` sc` jf nmpcrtk`ink pkrk ek ic`vnvf`ink auturk, `c ic`stntuyf` frrcrfs fqunvkef`tfs k ek nmpctf`ink icfu`jn, quf, sn fs u` fefmf`tc jftfrmn`k`tf, jfsjf u` pu`tc jf vnstk cogftnvc, pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, jf mcjc quf su prfsf`ink ktf`tk ic`trk fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc” fspc`të`fc” ― [uf fe kutcr Ikrecs Eùpfz Jíkz …sfûkek icmc ikscs jf frrcr f` eks iukenjkjfs pfrsc`kefs jfe ic`trkyf`tf tk` brkvfs y jftfrmn`k`tfs icmc eks snbunf`tfs7 nmpctf`ink icfu`jn, f`afrmfjkjfs brkvísnmks  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  quf ktf`tk` ic`trk ek `kturkefzk y an`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, ic`juitk jfprkvkjk, prëitniks dcmcsfxukefs y ic`vniinc`fs mcrkefs y rfenbncsk. Jftf`nî`jcsf fe rfafrnjc kutcr f` eks ic`vniinc`fs mcrkefs y rfenbncsks, fxnbf quf feeks sfk` jf tnpc au`jkmf`tkenstk, f` fe sf`tnjc quf snb`nanquf` u`k rfstrniinù` k ek enofrtkj jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs c jf ecs dngcs< sf trktk jf fxnbf`inks jfsmfsurkjks, jf tke f`vfrbkjurk c mkb`ntuj quf feeks ickrtf` ek enofrtkj jfe ctrc c pufjk` eefbkr k ic`stntunr u`k kmf`kzk k ek ic`vnvf`ink pkiíanik jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs ”. ”. ?. Ek aufrzk Aketk tkmonî` ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc sn dk dkonjc aufrzk f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. ;:61 y ;:62 II., fs jfinr kqufeek prfsnù` mcrke ciksnc`kjk pcr u`k pfrsc`k, fe ctrc ic`trkyf`tf c u` tfrifrc, c pcr u`k inriu`stk`ink fxtfr`k quf duonfrf snjc jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ic`trkfr fe  ví`iuec. Ksí, ek aufr aufrzk zk pcjrë sfr aísnik c mcrke mcrke y scec fstk ÷etnmk vninkrë vninkrë fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc iuk`j iuk`jcc sfk kituke, brkvf f n`gustk. Fstk aufrzk n`vkenjk fe mktrnmc`nc, snfmprf y iuk`jc dkyk fxnstnjc k ek afidk jfe mktrnmc`nc, fs jfinr, kituke. Brkvf snb`nanik quf duonfrk ikuskjc u`k aufrtf nmprfsnù` f` ek víitnmk jf ek aufrzk quf ek eefvkrk k kitukr jf u`k jftfrmn`kjk acrmk, fs jfinr, snf`jc jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ek fxprfsnù` jf su vceu`tkj f` u` sf`tnjc jftfrmn`kjc. An`kemf`tf, n`gustk snb`nanik quf sfk f` rkzù` jf ek nefbkenjkj, fs jfinr quf sf f`iuf`trf aufrk jf ecs supufstcs quf k u`k pfrsc`k ef icrrfspc`jf iumpenr `kturkemf`tf. Xcr fgfmpec, `c sfrë ic`stntutnvc jf aufrzk fe pfjnref k kebunf` quf pkbuf u`k jfujk quf tnf`f, kmf`kzë`jcec ic` fmokrbkrec fe kirffjcr. F` fstf sf`tnjc prfinsc quf tcjk aufrzk f` fe ic`tfxtc jf mktrnmc`nc sfrík n`gustk f` sí mnsmk, yk quf `kjnf pufjf sfr acrzkjc k ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc sn `c ec jfsfk. Yn pf`skmcs fstf supufstc, `kjnf tnf`f fe mîrntc jf pcjfr pkrk ksí jfinjnrec, ku` iuk`jc f` pkrtf jf `ufstrk dnstcrnk ksí sf duonfrk ic`snjfrkjc rfspfitc jf eks akmnenks y fe pcjfr jfe pkjrf icmc gfaf jf feek. Ikof jfstkikr quf f` ek k`tnbuk efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne sf ic`tfmpekok n`ieusc n` ieusc ek pcsnonenjkj jf rkptc icmc aufrzk quf vnink fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, sfk s fk rkptc jf aufrzk c jf sfjuiinù`, jfgk`jc `uec fe mktrnmc`nc quf dkif k ek mugfr kok`jc`kr su dcbkr pktfr`c. O.  Ikpkinjkj jf ecs ic`trktk`tfs Fe mktrnmc`nc sf scmftf k ic`jninc`fs mcrkefs quf eefvk` ke efbnsekjcr k fstkoefifr u`k sfrnf jf n`ikpkinjkjfs pkrk fe mktrnmc`nc, eks quf sf jf`cmn`k` f` jcitrn`k icmc nmpfjnmf`tcs. Yf fstkoefif` f` fsf sf`tnjc, yk quf ek `crmk `c sfûkek qunf`fs pufjf` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, sn`c qunf`fs `c pufjf` dkifrec. Yfb÷` fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic y f` ek acrmk f` ek quf fstë rficbnjc pcr `ufstrk `crmk, fstcs nmpfjnmf`tcs pcjrë` sfr jnrnmf`tfs c nmpfjnf`tfs , tkmonî` okutnzkjcs icmc nmpfjnmf`tcs y prcdnoninc`fs, rfspfitnvkmf`tf. Ecs nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs, costk` k ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, prcjuinf`jc su `uenjkj f` iksc jf n`arkiinù`, trktë`jcsf f` ek EMI, fspfiíanikmf`tf f` ecs krtíiuecs 6 k 2. Eks prcdnoninc`fs c nmpfjnmf`tcs nmpnjf`tfs pcr su pkrtf tnf`f` ctrc tnpc jf sk`inù` y sf trktk` f` fe II.  ;. Nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs c n`ikpkinjkjfs  

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ieksnanikinù`. Xcjrë` sfr kosceutcs , quf nmpnjf` fe mktrnmc`nc ic` tcjk pfrsc`k, icmc fe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc, ic`trkyf`tfs mf`crfs jf ;1 kûcs, prnvkinù` jf rkzù` c trkstcr`c, aketk jf guninc, n`ikpkinjkj pkrk fxprfskr iekrkmf`tf vceu`tkj, fti., tcjcs ic`tf`njcs f` fe Krt. 6 EMI< c onf`, rfektnvcs , quf sc` kqufeecs quf nmpnjf` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc jf pfrsc`ks quf `c fstë` f` ecs supufstcs jfe Krt. 6, pfrc quf `c costk`tf `c pcjrë` rfkenzkrec ic` jftfrmn`kjks pfrsc`ks. Fstcs ikscs sf ic`skbrk` f` ecs krtíiuecs 1 y 2 EMI y sc` ecs ikscs jf ecs mktrnmc`ncs f`trf pfrsc`ks ic` ví`iuec jf pkrf`tfsic jf`trc jf infrtcs brkjcs c kqufe mktrnmc`nc f`trf fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf y ek pfrsc`k quf tuvc rfspc`skonenjkj f` ek mufrtf jf su iù`yubf.  Krtíiuec 6·.- @c pcjrë` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc7 ;· Ecs quf sf dkeekrf` enbkjcs pcr ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc< ?· Ecs quf dkeekrf` enbkjcs pcr u` kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne vnbf`tf, k mf`cs quf fe mktrnmc`nc ec ifeforf ic` su ic`vnvnf`tf invne. 9· Ecs mf`crfs jf jnfinsîns kûcs< :· Ecs quf sf dkeekrf` prnvkjcs jfe usc jf rkzù`< y ecs quf, pcr u` trkstcr`c c k`cmkeík psíqunik,  afdkinf`tfmf`tf jnkb`cstnikjk, sfk` n`ikpkifs jf mcjc kosceutc pkrk acrmkr ek icmu`njkj jf vnjk quf nmpenik fe mktrnmc`nc< 6· Ecs quf ikrfinfrf` jf suaninf`tf guninc c jnsifr`nmnf`tc pkrk icmprf`jfr y icmprcmftfrsf ic` ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs fsf`inkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc, y 1· Ecs quf `c pujnfrf` fxprfskr iekrkmf`tf su vceu`tkj pcr iukequnfr mfjnc, yk sfk f` acrmk crke, fsirntk c pcr mfjnc jf ef`bukgf jf sfûks.  Krtíiuec 1·.- @c pcjrë` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc f`trf sí ecs ksif`jnf`tfs y jfsif`jnf`tfs pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj c pcr kan`njkj, `n ecs icektfrkefs pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj f` fe sfbu`jc brkjc. Ecs nmpfjnmf`tcs pkrk ic`trkfrec jfrnvkjcs jf ek kjcpinù` sf fstkoefif` pcr eks e ks efyfs fspfinkefs quf ek rfbuek`.  Krtíiuec 2·.- Fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf `c pcjrë ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` fe nmputkjc ic`trk qunf` sf duonfrf  acrmkenzkjc n`vfstnbkinù` pcr fe dcmninjnc jf su mkrnjc c mugfr, c ic` qunf` duonfrf snjc ic`jf`kjc icmc kutcr, iùmpenif c f`iuornjcr jf fsf jfentc  K ic`tn`ukinù`, sf k`kenzk` pkrtniuekrmf`tf ikjk u`c jf fstcs supufstcs prcpufstcs prcpufstcs pcr ek efy. n. Nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs kosceutcs k) ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc. Fe `umfrke prnmfrc ousik ic`skbrkr fe rfidkzc k ek pcenbkmnk c ek pcenk`jrnk, jf mk`frk quf snfmprf quf dkyk u` ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke k`tfrncr `c jnsufetc, dkorë nmpfjnmf`tc pkrk ek rfkenzkinù` jfe snbunf`tf, jf mk`frk quf pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ek pfrsc`k jfof sfr scetfrk, vnujk, jnvcrinkjk c ic` k`uekinù` jf mktrnmc`nc k`tfrncr. F` fstf sf`tnjc, `c sf rfqunfrf quf fe prnmfr mktrnmc`nc sfk vëenjc, yk quf ek `uenjkj `c cpfrk jf pef`c jfrfidc, jfonf`jc jftfrmn`krsf sn fe prnmfr mktrnmc`nc fs `uec, pkrk eufbc vfr ek `uenjkj jfe sfbu`jc, f` acrmk quf, sn fe prnmfrc fs `uec, fe sfbu`jc fs vëenjc sfb÷` fe Krt. :> EMI.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  o) Kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne vnbf`tf, skevc quf ic`trknbk mktrnmc`nc ic` fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne. invne. Kbrfbkjc  Kbrfbkjc pcr ek efy ?8.498 f` korne jf ?8;6, fe KVI `c icfxnstf ic` fe mktrnmc`nc, ec quf rfaufrzk su rfic`cinmnf`tc icmc supufstc akmnenkr. F` fsf crjf`, ek efy kjmntf `c costk`tf quf sf pufjk ifeforkr mktrnmc`nc f`trf ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs iuk`jc jfsff` pkskr jf fstf rîbnmf` ke mktrnmc`nke, sntukinù` quf fvnjf`tfmf`tf sfrë cpinù` scec pkrk ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs dftfrcsfxukefs. i) Ic`trkyf`tfs mf`crfs jf ;1 kûcs7  K`tnbukmf`tf sf ic`snjfrkok k ek puofrtkj (;? ’ ;:) pkrk ek ikpkinjkj. Dcy sf rfekinc`k kjfmës jf ek ikpkinjkj aísnik jf prcirfkr, ke jfskrrceec psniceùbnic y k ek icmprf`snù` jf ek n`stntuinù` n`s tntuinù` mktrnmc`nke y jf sus coenbkinc`fs. j) Ecs quf sf dkeekrf` prnvkjcs jfe usc jf rkzù`< y ecs quf, pcr u` trkstcr`c c k`cmkeík psíqunik afdkinf`tfmf`tf jnkb`cstnikjk, sfk` n`ikpkifs jf mcjc kosceutc pkrk acrmkr ek icmu`njkj jf vnjk quf nmpenik fe mktrnmc`nc7 jnstn`bunmcs jcs sntukinc`fs jnstn`tks. Xcr u`k pkrtf, ek prnvkinù` jfe usc jf ek rkzù`  sf  sf trktk jf u`k f`kgf`kinù` mf`tke, quf pujnfrk sfr n`ieusc tfmpcrke, jf mk`frk quf fe mktrnmc`nc jf jfmf`tf quf kituù fe n`tfrvkec e÷injc fs icmpeftkmf`tf vëenjc. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, ecs quf pkjfinfrk` trkstcr`c c k`cmkeík psíqunik quf efs nmpnjk acrmkr ek icmu`njkj jf vnjk quf nmpenik fe mktrnmc`nc, sf tcmk` f` sf`tnjc jf quf sc` qunf`fs `c pufjf` ksumnr eks coenbkinc`fs fsf`inkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc pcr ikusks jf `kturkefzk psíqunik, ec quf sf dk ic`snjfrkjc icmc ktf`tktcrnc ic`trk `crmks jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs jf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj psíqunik . ;?

f) ecs quf ikrfinfrf` jf suaninf`tf guninc c jnsifr`nmnf`tc pkrk icmprf`jfr y icmprcmftfrsf ic` ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs fsf`inkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc.  Zcmkjk jfsjf fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic fstk ikuske, fstë` nmpfjnjcs jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc qunf`fs tf`bk` u` brkvf jfafitc jf jnsirfinù` jf guninc kifrik jf ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs fsf`inkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc quf mutukmf`tf sf dk` jf jkr y kifptkr, fs jfinr,  C_BK@NWKINÙ@ JF @KINC@FY V@NJKY (?8;1) k trkvîs jfe Icmntî scorf ecs Jfrfidcs jf eks Xfrsc`ks jc` Jnsikpkinjkj, dk dfidc p÷oeniks eks cosfrvkinc`fs an`kefs scorf fe n`acrmf n`ninke jf Idnef f`vnkjc f` fstk mktfrnk. F` fspfiíanic y ic`acrmf ic`snb`k f` fe krtíiuec ?9 jf tke jciumf`tc, jf`cmn`kjc jfe rfspftc jfe dcbkr ek akmnenk, ek C@V dk mk`nafstkjc su prfciupkinù` ke Fstkjc Idnef`c pcr trfs pu`tcs7 pcr ek vnbf`ink jf `crmks f` fe Iùjnbc Invne quf nmpnjf` fe mktrnmc`nc k pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj n`tfefituke, psnicscinke, k pfrsc`ks scrjks y scrjcinfbks< pcr ek jnsirnmn`kinù` y eks prëitniks jf `fbkr fe jfrfidc ke mktrnmc`nc y k acrmkr u`k akmnenk f` oksf k ek vceu`tkj jf eks pkrfgks y< pcr ek kusf`ink jf kpcycs `fifskrncs pkrk quf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj pufjk` fgfrifr sus jfrfidcs rfprcjuitnvcs f` nbukejkj jf ic`jninc`fs ic` eks jfmës, icmc sf fvnjf`ink f` fe iksc jf  Qkefrnk _nvfrcs. _nvfrcs. Fstf Fstf iksc intkjc, sf trktk jf ek sntukinù` vnvf`inkjk pcr pcr u`k inujkjk`k idnef`k idnef`k jf ek inujkj jf jf Zkeik, quf sf f`iuf`trk f` fstkjc jf jnsikpkinjkj f` iuk`tc fs tftrkpeîgnik, yk quf ic` ciksnù` jf su fmokrkzc auf jnsirnmn`kjk pcr au`inc`krncs jf skeuj idnef`cs, ic` ec iuke jfinjnù dkifr p÷oenik su sntukinù` cotf`nf`jc ksí fe pktrcin`nc jf ek crbk`nzkinù` krbf`tn`k _FJN (_fj pcr ecs jfrfidcs jf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj), ecs quf eefvkrc` fe iksc k @kinc`fs V`njks. Okgc fstf supufstc, ek C@V rficmnf`jk ke fstkjc idnef`c jfrcbkr eks jnspcsninc`fs jnsirnmn`ktcrnks quf enmntk` fe mktrnmc`nc k pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj< kjcptkr eks mfjnjks jf kpcyc `fifskrnks quf n`ieuyk` ek ksnstf`ink pfrsc`ke, ic` fe prcpùsntc jf quf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj, fspfinkemf`tf eks mugfrfs, pufjk` fgfrifr sus jfrfidcs enorfs jf prfgunincs y f` nbukejkj jf ic`jninc`fs ic` eks jfmës< f n`stkurkr u` mfik`nsmc jf rfvnsnù` pkrk fe rfstkoefinmnf`tc jf ek iustcjnk jf ecs dngcs k eks mugfrfs ic` jnsikpkinjkj k ;?

qunf`fs sf efs dk prnvkjc pcr mctnvc jf ek jnsikpkinjkj.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek aketk jf mkjurfz pkrk ic`cifr ec quf fe mktrnmc`nc snb`nanik pkrk ek vnjk f` kjfek`tf. Yn onf` `c sf ic`tfmpek fxprfskmf`tf, pcjíkmcs kbrfbkr f` fstf supufstc k ek fornfjkj c jrcbkjniinù`.  a) ecs quf `c pujnfrf` fxprfskr iekrkmf`tf su vceu`tkj pcr iukequnfr mfjnc, yk sfk f` acrmk crke, fsirntk c pcr mfjnc jf ef`bukgf jf sfûks. @crmk quf ke nbuke quf ek rfacrmk jfe Krt. ;::2 II., rfic`cif ek pef`k ikpkinjkj jf ecs scrjcmujcs quf pufjf` jkrsf k f`tf`jfr iekrkmf`tf y `c scec pcr fsirntc. Ic`acrmf fstk `crmk tkmonî`scrjcinfbks. sfrík ic`trkrnk k Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs, pcr `c ic`snjfrkr kfe@kinc`fs jfrfidc keV`njks, mktrnmc`nc jf pfrsc`ks nn. Nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs rfektnvcs  Ic`acrmf k ek `crmktnvk jf ecs krtíiuecs 1 y 2 EMI, sc` jcs ecs ikscs jf nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs rfektnvcs7 fe pkrf`tfsic jf`trc jf infrtcs brkjcs y fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf quf sf iksk ic` fe ksfsn`c c iùmpenif f` fe ksfsn`ktc jf su mkrnjc c mugfr. k) pkrf`tfsic jf`trc jf infrtcs brkjcs7 Jf rfidkzc tctke pcr fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic, pkrk eks `crmks sf prcdíof` pcr rkzc`fs mcrkefs y pcr rnfsbcs ansnceùbnics pcsnoefs f` ek prcirfkinù`. F` fstf sf`tnjc sf prcdíof k eks pfrsc`ks ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` pkrnf`tfs ic`sk`buí`fcs c pcr kan`njkj f` iukequnfr brkjc vfrtnike, fs jfinr, ic` ksif`jnf`tfs c jfsif`jnf`tfs< pfrc tkmonî` f` eí`fk icektfrke, iksc f` fe iuke fstë prcdnonjc dkstk fe sfbu`jc brkjc jf pkrf`tfsic n`ieusnvf, n`ieuyf`jc k ecs kjcptkjcs, `c snf`jc kjmntnjc fe mktrnmc`nc f`trf dfrmk`cs, pcr fgfmpec. Fstc korf ek pcsnonenjkj ke mktrnmc`nc f`trf prnmcs y f`trf scorn`cs y tícs. o) Dcmninjnc jf iù`yubf7 fstf nmpfjnmf`tc f`iuf`trk rkzù` f` quf fe jfsfc jf ic`trkfr `ufvc mktrnmc`nc eefvf k mkqun`kinc`fs irnmn`kefs pkrk ecbrkrec. Yn k`kenzkmcs ek `crmk, fstk carfif infrtk n`ic`stntuinc`kenjkj yk quf fxnbf `c scekmf`tf ek ic`jf`k icmc kutcr, iùmpenif c f`iuornjcr, sn`c quf sf okstk ic` fe dfidc jf fstkr acrmkenzkjc jf n`vfstnbkinù` pcr tke jfentc. Fstk ÷etnmk krnstk f`trk f` ic`aenitc ic` ek prfsu`inù` jf n`cif`ink. ?. Nmpfjnmf`tcs nmpfjnf`tfs c prcdnoninc`fs  _fbuekjcs f` fe II f` ecks krtíiuecs ;86, ;;1 y ;?:, su prfsf`ink `c kafitk ek vkenjfz jfe mktrnmc`nc f` fe sf`tnjc quf `c kikrrfk` ek `uenjkj jf fstf, sn`c quf trkf` ctrc tnpc jf n`arkiinc`fs jf crjf` invne y pf`ke. Yc` trfs7 fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf infrtks pfrsc`ks pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, eks bukrjks y eks sfbu`jks `upinks. k) Ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf infrtks pfrsc`ks pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc. mktrnmc`nc. _fspfitc jf ecs mf`crfs jf fjkj quf, sn onf` dëonefs pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc jfsjf ecs ;1 kûcs, snbuf` fstk`jc okgc ek pktrnk pctfstkj jf sus pkjrfs c kjuetcs rfspc`skoefs, y pcr tk`tc rfqunfrf` jf su k`uf`ink f` ek u`nù` mktrnmc`nke. Ek fxnstf`ink jf fstf rfqunsntc `c tnf`f quf vfr ic` ek tcmk jf ek jfinsnù` jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, sn`c quf ek efy sf ksfburf quf kebunf` n`strunrë ke ic`trkyf`tf rfspfitc jf ek brkvfjkj f nmpcrtk`ink jfe kitc quf fstë rfkenzk`jc, pkrk ic` ic`au`jnr u` aubkz  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  f`kmcrkmnf`tc ic` u` mktrnmc`nc. [ufjk k ikrbc jf ecs pkjrfs c rfprfsf`tk`tfs ec k`tfrncr, snfmprf y iuk`jc sfk` mf`crfs jf fjkj, ec quf tcmk acrmk jf kutcrnzkinù` quf, ke iksc f` ksif`sc.. ic`irftc, sf jf`cmn`k ksif`sc Fe ksf`sc sf ikrkitfrnzk pcr sfr fxprfsc, f` fe sf`tnjc quf `c sf prfsumf. Kjfmës,  Kjfmës,   pcjrë jkrsf k`tfs c jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc, pujnf`jc f` fe prnmfr iksc ic`stkr pcr fsirntc, snf`jc rfvcikoef dkstk ek ifeforkinù`. Fstf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfofrë sfr `cmn`ktnvc, jftfrmn`k`jc ek pfrsc`k y, an`kemf`tf, jfofrë jfgkrsf ic`stk`ink jf îe f` ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Icmc sf sfûkeù, y sfb÷` fstkoefif fe Krt. ;81 II, ecs quf dkyk` iumpenjc jnfincidc kûcs `c fstkrë` coenbkjcs k cotf`fr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf pfrsc`k kebu`k. Eks pfrsc`ks quf jfof` prfstkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc k trkvîs jfe ksif`sc vkrík` f` rkzù` jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, jfonf`jc jnstn`bunrsf sn fe dngc tnf`f c `c anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk. k)  dngcs ic` anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk7 sc` eekmkjcs ecs snbunf`tfs, sfb÷` fe ;82 y ;;; II7 Ecs pkjrfs< f` iksc jf aketkr u`c, prfstk ic`sf`tnmnf`tc fe rfstk`tf. F` iksc jf aketkr kmocs, prfstk ic`sf`tnmnf`tc fe ksif`jnf`tf mës ifrik`c. F` iksc jf jnsputk, sf prfafrnrë k ek quf akvcrfzik ke mktrnmc`nc. Kdcrk onf`, sn aketkrf` ku` ecs ksif`jnf`tfs, prfstk ic`sf`tnmnf`tc fe iurkjcr bf`frke (Krt. ;;; II.) y sn ku` `c fxnstnfrk iurkjcr, prfstk ic`sf`tnmnf`tc fe caninke jf rfbnstrc invne quf n`tfrvnf`f f` ek ifeforkinù`. Yf f`tnf`jf` n`fxnstf`tfs `c scec pcr mufrtf, sn`c tkmonî` fe jfmf`tf, fe kusf`tf pcr vnkgf ssn` n` prc`tc rfbrfsc c jfsic`cinmnf`tc jf su pkrkjfrc (Krt. ;8> II.), icmc tkmonî` ecs pkjrfs quf fstî` prnvkjcs jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke c quf, pcr su mkek ic`juitk, sf dkeekrf` n`dkonentkjcs pkrk n`tfrvf`nr f` ek fjuikinù` jf sus dngcs (Krt. ;;8 II.). o)  dngcs ic` anenkinù` n`jftfrmn`kjk jf ecs pkjrfs7 Fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc ec jk fe iurkjcr bf`frke y sn ikrfif jf îe, n`tfrvnf`f fe Caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne quf n`tfrvnf`f f` fe mktrnmc`nc, sfb÷` sfûkek fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ;;; II. Xufs onf`, f`tf`jnjc quf okstkrë ic` ek kifptkinù` jf u`c jf ecs rfprfsf`tk`tfs ic`acrmf k ec k`tfs n`jnikjc, onf` pcjrík fxnstnr ek pcsnonenjkj quf tcjcs sf cpc`bk`, y surbf ksí fe jnsf`sc, k`tù`nmc jfe ksf`sc. ksf`sc. Icmc fs fspfrkoef, fe jnsf`sc fs ek cpcsninù` ke mktrnmc`nc jf eks pfrsc`ks eekmks k prfstkr su ic`sf`tnmnf`tc iuk`jc fstf prftf`jf sfr ic`trkíjc pcr u` kjcefsif`tf mf`cr jf fjkj. F` fstf sf`tnjc, pkjrf, mkjrf y ksif`jnf`tfs pcjrë` cpc`frsf ke mktrnmc`nc sn` fxprfsnù` jf ikusk kebu`k, ec quf ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;;? II. nmpfjnrë ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Xcr fe ic`trkrnc, sn sf trktk jfe jnsf`sc prcvf`nf`tf jfe iurkjcr bf`frke u caninke jf _fbnstrc invne, snfmprf jfofrë ic`tf`fr fxprfsnù` jf ikusk, y fspfiíanikmf`tf kebu`k jf eks prfvnstks pcr fe Krt. ;;9 II. K`tf fstf supufstc, fe prftf`jnjc ic`trkyf`tf tf`jrë jfrfidc k pfjnr quf fe jnsf`sc sfk ikenanikjc pcr fe gufz. Jf`trc jf eks ikuskefs quf jfofrë` gustnanikr ek jfinsnù` jfe iurkjcr c jfe caninke jf rfbnstrc invne fstë` ek fxnstf`ink jf nmpfjnmf`tcs efbkefs< fe `c dkofr iumpenjc ic` ecs rfektnvc k sfbu`jks `upinks< fe brkvf pfenbrc pkrk ek skeuj jfe mf`cr jf fjkj< ek vnjk enif`incsk, pksnù` n`mcjfrkjk ke gufbc, fmornkbufz dkontuke jf ek pfrsc`k ic`  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek quf jfsfk ikskrsf fe mf`cr jf fjkj< ek ic`jf`k pcr jfentc jf pf`k kaenitnvk jf ek pfrsc`k ic` ek quf jfsfk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc< y ek ikrf`ink jf mfjncs kitukefs pkrk fe iumpenmnf`tc jf coenbkinc`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc. Yn sf sfûkeù quf ek kusf`ink jf fstf rfqunsntc `c nmpenikok ek `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, pufs onf` ³quî fafitcs prcjuif ek aketk jf ksf`sc y ek prfsf`ink jfe jnsf`sc3   F` fstcs ikscs fe mf`cr jf fjkj n`iurrf f` sk`inc`fs sfb÷` fe supufstc, fs jfinr, sn kit÷k sn` fe ksf`sc c ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf eks pfrsc`ks k ctcrbkrec< c sn fs quf fstf kituù f` ic`trk jf u` jnsf`sc fxprfskjc. F` fe prnmfr iksc n`iurrf f` sk`inc`fs invnefs y pf`kefs, mnf`trks quf f` fe sfbu`jc scec f` sk`inc`fs pf`kefs. k) Yk`inc`fs invnefs7 sc` fe jfsdfrfjkmnf`tc (jnspcsninù` tfstkmf`tkrnk pcr ek iuke sf prnvk jk u` efbntnmkrnc jf tcjc c pkrtf jf su efbítnmk) jf iukequnfrk jf ecs eekmkjcs k orn`jkref fe ksf`sc, y `c scec pcr kqufe jfe quf jfoík cotf`fr ic`sf`tnmnf`tc f` fe iksc f` ic`irftc, pcr ec quf sf fxtnf`jf k ecs jfmës ksif`jnf`tfs. Kjfmës, sn sf akeefif n`tfstkjc, `c pcjrë sn`c scec cotf`fr ek mntkj jf ec quf ef icrrfspc`jík. Yn jfgk`jc tfstkmf`tc, `c sf jnif `kjk jfe jfsdfrfjkmnf`tc, sf f`tnf`jf quf sf ef dk pfrjc`kjc ke mf`cr. Eufbc, ek sfbu`jk sk`inù` invne fs ek rfvcikinù` jf eks jc`kinc`fs  quf  quf pufjf dkifr qunî` jfonù prfstkr ksf`sc ke mf`cr jf fjkj. Fstks sk`inc`fs eks ic`snjfrk` ecs krtíiuecs ;;: y ;;6 II., y f` kmocs ikscs jf dkoek jf ek e k aketk jf ksf`sc, pfrc `c jf ek prfsf`ink jf jnsf`sc. jnsf`sc.   o) Yk`inc`fs pf`kefs7 Yf f`ic`trkok pf`kjc f` jcs tnpcs pf`kefs crnbn`kemf`tf. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, fe Krt. 946 jfe Iùjnbc Xf`ke, dcy jfrcbkjc, fstkoefiík sk`inc`fs pkrk fe ic`trkyf`tf mf`cr jf fjkj, f` iuk`tc sfûkekok ek `crmk quf fe quf ifeforf mktrnmc`nc sn` fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf eks pfrsc`ks quf jfof` ctcrbërsfef, sfrë ikstnbkjc ic` rfieusnù` f` su brkjc mí`nmc. Eufbc, fe Krt. 944 jfe Iùjnbc Xf`ke, kafitk ke Caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne c mn`nstrc jf iuetc quf n`sirnok` c kutcrnif` u` mktrnmc`nc prcdnonjc pcr ek efy. o) Nmpfjnmf`tc jf bukrjks. Ic`tf`njc f` fe Krt.  Krt.  ;;1 II, ic`snstf f` quf fe bukrjkjcr y sus jfsif`jnf`tfs `c pufjf` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` fe pupnec c pupnek mf`cr jf ;4 kûcs mnf`trks ek jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` ek bukrjkpcr `c dkyk snjc kprcokjk k mf`cs quf sfkiuf`tk kutcrnzkjc pcr fe gufz. Yfjffstkoefif fe tfmcr jf quf fegujninkemf`tf, iurkjcr ousquf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` fe pupnec pkrk mke kjmn`nstrkr sus onf`fs c kprcvfidkrsf jf eks rnqufzks quf f` rkzù` jf dfrf`ink pujnfrk tf`fr yk jf`trc jf su pktrnmc`nc. Xkrk quf pufjk ifeforkrsf fe mktrnmc`nc prftf`jnjc, jfgk`jc sn` fafitc fe nmpfjnmf`tc, jfof` jkrsf ecs snbunf`tfs rfqunsntcs7 ;·. [uf sf trktf jf u`k pfrsc`k scmftnjk k bukrjk< mf`cr jf ;4 kûcs ?·. [uf fe bukrjkjcr tf`bk c dkyk tf`njc ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf onf`fs jfe pupnec 9·. [uf ek iuf`tk jf kjmn`nstrkinù` `c dkyk snjc ku` kprcokjk pcr fe gufz :·. [uf fe ksif`jnf`tf rf rfspfitnvc spfitnvc `c dkyk kutcrnzkjc fe fe mktrnmc`nc, f` su iksc. Yn `c sf iumpef ic` ec k`tfs sfûkekjc, kikfif ek sk`inù` pcr ek n`arkiinù` jfe nmpfjnmf`tc fe iuke `c fs ek `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn`c quf ek sk`inù` fs ek prnvkinù` ke bukrjkjcr jf su  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  rfmu`frkinù` pcr fe fgfrininc jf su bukrjk, ek quf pcr rfbek bf`frke fs ek jîinmk pkrtf jf ecs arutcs jf ecs onf`fs jfe pupnec. Dkstk fe kûc ?88: sf ic`tfmpeù u`k sk`inù` pf`ke fstkoefinjk f` fe Krt. 942 jfe Iùjnbc jf ek mktfrnk, ek quf dcy sf f`iuf`trk jfrcbkjk. i) Nmpfjnmf`tc jf sfbu`jks `upinks. Fstkoefinjc f` fe Krt. ;?: y snbunf`tfs s nbunf`tfs jfe II., fstf nmpfjnmf`tc ic`snstf f` quf fe quf tf`nf`jc dngcs jf u` prfifjf`tf mktrnmc`nc okgc su pktrnk pctfstkj, c okgc su tutfek c iurkjurík, qunsnfsf vcevfr k ikskrsf, jfofrë prcifjfr ke n`vf`tkrnc scefm`f jf ecs onf`fs quf fstë kjmn`nstrk`jc y quf efs pfrtf`fzik` (k ecs dngcs) icmc dfrfjfrcs jf su iù`yubf jnau`tc c jnau`tk. Xkrk ek ic`afiinù` jf fstf n`vf`tkrnc, quf sfrë snfmprf scefm`f, sf jkrë k jnidcs dngcs u` iurkjcr fspfinke, ku` iuk`jc îstcs `c tf`bk` onf`fs. Fe caninke jfe _fbnstrc invne `c prcifjfrë ke mktrnmc`nc sn`c iuk`jc sf ef prfsf`tf ifrtnanikjc jfe `cmorkmnf`tc jf jnidc iurkjcr c onf` iuk`jc mfjnk`tf tfstnbcs qufjf jfmcstrkjc quf `c duonfrk dngcs. Xrcifjf fe mktrnmc`nc ku` ic` fe n`vf`tkrnc `c tfrmn`kjc, jfonf`jc fstf `c jkrsf k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn`c k`tfs jf ek ic`ausnù` jf pktrnmc`ncs.  K`tf su n`iumpenmnf`tc ek sk`in sk`inù` ù` fs quf sf ef prnvkrë ke vnujc, jnvcrinkjc c k qunî` k`ueù su mktrnmc`nc, k suifjfr icmc efbntnmkrnc c icmc dfrfjfrc kon`tfstktc k su dngc, sn fstf akeefinfrk k`tfs quf kqufe, pkrk ec iuke dkorë quf jnstn`bunr sn fe dngc ke akeefifr jfgù c `c tfstkmf`tc7 Yn `c ec duonfrf jfgkjc, fe pkjrf c mkjrf pnfrjf` su jfrfidc< pfrc sn jfgù tfstkmf`tc y ctcrbk dfrf`ink k sus ksif`jnf`tfs, sf f`tnf`jf quf sf efs dk pfrjc`kjc, prfanrnî`jcsf fe jciumf`tc suifscrnc. F` iksc jf quf `kjk sf dkyk jnidc f` fe tfstkmf`tc, `kjk efs icrrfspc`jf, pujnf`jc scekmf`tf n`tf`tkr ek kiinù` jf rfacrmk jf tfstkmf`tc. Zcjc ec k`tfrncr f` fe supufstc jf quf fe dngc mufrk sn` jfgkr jfsif`jnf`tfs. Eks sfbu`jks `upinks tkmonî` tf`jrë` u`k jnmf`snù` fspfinke pkrk ek mugfr quf dk f`vnujkjc y quf jfsfk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc `ufvkmf`tf, f` iuk`tc kjfmës jf ek sntukinù` k`tfs fxpenikjk jfe Krt. ;?:, jfofrë pfskr ic` ek  ikrbk jfe Krt. ;?4 II. Fstf ÷etnmc krtíiuec fstkoefif quf iuk`jc u` mktrnmc`nc dkyk snjc jnsufetc c jfiekrkjc `uec, ek mugfr quf fstë fmokrkzkjk `c pcjrë pkskr k ctrks `upinks k`tfs jfe pkrtc, c (`c dkonf`jc sfûkefs jf prfûfz) k`tfs jf iumpenrsf ecs jcsinf`tcs sftf`tk jíks suosnbunf`tfs k ek jnsceuinù` c jfiekrkinù` `uenjkj.c Xfrc sf pcjrë` fstf pekzc tcjcs ecs jíksnmpcsnoef quf dkyk`fe kiifsc prfifjnjc n`mfjnktkmf`tf k jnidk jf jnsceuinù` jfiekrkinù` y f` rfokgkr ecs iukefsjf dkyk snjc kosceutkmf`tf jfe mkrnjc k ek mugfr. Yn onf` fs okstk`tf kbrfsnvk ek `crmk f` eks pkekorks quf utnenzk, prn`inpkemf`tf f` ec rfektnvcs k eks sfûkefs jf prfûfz y fe kiifsc jfe mkrnjc k ek mugfr , k ek vnujk ef kafitk` eks sfbu`jks `upinks f` iuk`tc sf n`tf`tkrík prfvf`nr fe turoktnc sk`bun`ns  c  c ek ic`ausnù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jf ecs dngcs, njfk ikrf`tf jf sf`tnjc yk quf u`k mugfr yk fmokrkzkjk `c pufjf fmokrkzkrsf jf `ufvc, pcr ec quf eks prfsu`inc`fs jf pktfr`njkj onf` pcjrík` sfbunr snf`jc kpenikjks sn` quf pcr feec sf ef prnvf jfe jfrfidc k u`k mugfr. Kdcrk onf`, pcjrík pf`skrsf f` iuëe sfrík urbf`ink quf pcjrík fxnstnr jf ic`trkfr `ufvc mktrnmc`nc f` u`k mugfr quf rfinî` sf dk jnvcrinkjc, y feec pcjrík aëinemf`tf gustnanikrsf f` fe iksc jf ecs kjuetcs mkycrfs quf, f` ecs ÷etnmcs jíks jf sus vnjks, jfinjf` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc eufbc jf vnjks jf ic`vnvf`ink jf ekrbk jktk pkrk prfvfr ksu`tcs jf dfrf`ink.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  F` fsf sf`tnjc, fe fspfrkr ?28 jíks, c > mfsfs, pcjrík nmpfjnrefs tke pcsnonenjkj. pcsnonen jkj. @c costk`tf, f` ek cpn`nù` jf fstf prcafscr, ic`snjfrc quf `c fs `fifskrnc au`jkr ek cpn`nù` jf ek mugfr pkrk icmprf`jfr ek jnsirnmn`kinù` nmpeíintk f` fstk `crmk, ` crmk, yk quf jfrnvkjc jfe snmpef dfidc jf quf u`k mugfr qunsnfrk ikskrsf ke jík snbunf`tf jf jnvcrinkjk, yk fstë suaninf`tfmf`tf gustnanikjc. K fstc jfofmcs sumkr quf fs u` ksu`tc jf vncef`ink efbke jf bî`frc, f` iuk`tc `c fs u`k prcdnoninù` quf kafitf k ecs dcmorfs. Fs pcr pc r tke rkzù` quf fxnstf f` trkmntkinù` u` prcyfitc jf ;9

efy quf ousik ek jfrcbkinù` jf fstk `crmk, ic`snjfrk`jc ksnmnsmc quf dky akeecs  quf yk dk` dkoekjc jf u` af`ùmf`c jf jfrcbkinù` tëintk jf fstk `crmk pcr ic`trkpc`frsf k ek Ic`vf`inù` jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs.  Kdcrk onf`, mës keeë jf eks irítniks, ec infrtc fs quf Krt. ;?4 II. sf kpenik k tcjcs ecs ikscs jf jnsceuinù` mktrnmc`nke pkrk ek mugfr, fs jfinr, f` fe fstkjc jf vnujk, scetfrk trks ek `uenjkj y jf jnvcrinkjk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, sf dk jnidc quf ek jnstk`ink tfmpcrke f`trf ic`ifpinù` y fe `kinmnf`tc tnf`f icmc mí`nmc ;48 y 988 jíks mëxnmc, jf mk`frk quf sn k`tfs jf iumpenjcs ecs ?28 snbunf`tfs k ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj c jnsceuinù`, ek mugfr fmokrkzkjk vufevf k ikskrsf, dkorë jfsic`cinmnf`tc jf ek pktfr`njkj, pujnf`jc sfr fe `kinjc tk`tc jfe k`tnbuc icmc jfe `ufvc mkrnjc. I.  Iumpenmnf`tc jf eks acrmkenjkjfs fxnbnjks pcr ek efy pkrk ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Eks acrmkenjkjfs tnf`f` u`k jcoef au`inù` f` mktfrnk jf mktrnmc`nc, f` iuk`tc pcr u`k pkrtf sf ousik fxtfrncrnzkr ek n`tfrvf`inù` jf ek scinfjkj f` ek au`jkinù` jf u` `ufvc dcbkr< y, pcr ctrk, jctkr k ecs ic`trkyf`tfs jf prufok jf ek u`nù` ic`trkíjk. Xkrk akinentkr ke mktrnmc`nc, eks acrmkenjkjfs dk` njc f` jfsif`sc, `c costk`tf, rfic`cifmcs jcs ieksfs jf feeks f` rkzù` jf u`k jnstrnouinù` tfmpcrke7 k) Acrmkenjkjfs k`tfrncrfs ke mktrnmc`nc7 mktrnmc`nc7 Yc` ek mk`nafstkinù` y ek n`acrmkinù`, ek quf sf jk` pkrk quf fe caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne fstî f` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ek sntukinù` guríjnik jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, pkrk vfrnanik`jc sn fstë` c `c ecs rfqunsntcs quf sf fxnbf` pkrk ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc prftf`jnjk. Fstks jnenbf`inks sfr cmntnjks fstë f` fef`mktrnmc`nc pcrjfieëusuek jfinr, kqufeecs f` ecs quf u`cpcjrë` jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs brkvf pfenbrc jfifsc. jf mufrtf, fs n. ek mk`nafstkinù`7 Fs fe kvnsc c n`acrmf pcr fe iuke sf pc`f f` ic`cinmnf`tc ke caninke jfe rfbnstrc invne jf ek n`tf`inù` jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, ek quf pcjrë jkrsf k`tf iukequnfr caninke jf rfbnstrc invne, sfk f` acrmk vfroke, fsirntk c pcr mfjnc jf sfûks. Iuk`jc `c sfk fsirntk, jfofrë efvk`tkrsf kitk jf ek mk`nafstkinù`, ek quf jfof anrmkrsf pcr prcpnc Caninke, pcr fe n`tfrfskjc, y pcr jcs tfstnbcs (Krt. > EMI). F` fe kitk sf jfgkrë ic`stk`ink jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc c ksf`sc sn fstf sf dk prfstkjc vfrokemf`tf. ;9

 Qîksf sf`tf`ink jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Xu`tk Krf`ks jf afidk ?8 jf f`frc jf ?8;?, f` ikusk _ce

Akmnenk ;;1-?8;;  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

F` fstf kitc jf mk`nafstkinù`, fe caninke jfofrë n`acrmkr k ecs ic`trkyf`tfs scorf sc orf eks an`kenjkjfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, jf ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs quf prcjuif y jf ecs jnvfrscs rfbímf`fs pktrnmc`nkefs quf dky jnspc`noefs, kjvnrtnf`jc kjfmës jf iurscs jf prfpkrkinù` pkrk fe mktrnmc`nc quf n`struyf` k eks pkrfgks f` rfekinù` k ecs n`stntutcs jfe mktrnmc`nc quf prftf`jf` ifeforkr. Fstcs iurscs sc` nmpkrtnjcs pcr fe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne f Njf`tnanikinù`, pcr f`tnjkjfs rfenbncsks ic` pfrsc`kenjkj guríjnik jf jfrfidc p÷oenic, pcr fstkoefinmnf`tcs fjuikinc`kefs p÷oeniks c prnvkjks ic` rfic`cinmnf`tc jfe Fstkjc y pcr pfrsc`ks guríjniks quf rfkenif` kitnvnjkjfs jf prcmcinù` y kpcyc akmnenkr. Xcjrë` fxnmnrsf ecs auturcs ic`trkyf`tfs sn sfûkek` jf icm÷` kiufrjc ic`cifr ecs jfofrfs y jfrfidcs jfe fstkjc mktrnmc`nke. o) ek n`acrmkinù`. Fs ek icmprcokinù` mfjnk`tf jcs tfstnbcs jf quf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs `c fstë` kafitcs k nmpfjnmf`tcs y prcdnoninc`fs. Fstk n`acrmkinù` sf jk ke mcmf`tc jf dkifrsf ek mk`nafstkinù`, ic`snstnf`jc f` jfiekrkinc`fs jf k ec mf`cs jcs tfstnbcs. o) Acrmkenjkjfs icftë`fks k ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc7 Ynf`jc u` kitc scefm`f, fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc f` fe mktrnmc`nc sf fxprfsk pcr fe iumpenmnf`tc jf jnidks scefm`njkjfs, quf pufjf` rfsumnrsf f` ek snbunf`tf fstruiturk. -    Îpcik jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc mktrnmc`nc77 Ycec pufjf ifeforkrsf eufbc jf rf`jnjk ek n`acrmkinù` c f` ecs >8 jíks snbunf`tfs, pekzc aktke, y jf ec ic`trkrnc jfofrë` rfpftnrsf eks acrmkenjkjfs mk`nafstkinù` f n`acrmkinù`  ). yk jnidks ( mk`nafstkinù` -   Caninke icmpftf`tf pkrk kutcrnzkr fe mktrnmc`nc, sfrë fe mnsmc caninke jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne quf pkrtninpù f` eks jnenbf`inks jf mk`nafstkinù` f n`acrmkinù`. -   Eubkr jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Xcjrë jkrsf f` jcs eubkrfs7 f` jfpf`jf`inks u canin`ks jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne c f` fe eubkr quf jf icm÷` kiufrjc n`jnquf` ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, snfmprf quf fstîs jf`trc jf ek gurnsjniinù` jfe caninke jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne icrrfspc`jnf`tf. Jnidk f`umfrkinù` fs tkxktnvk. -   Xrfsf`ink jf tfstnbcs. Yf ifefork fe mktrnmc`nc k`tf jcs tfstnbcs dëonefs, sfk` fstcs pkrnf`tfs jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs c tfrifrcs fxtrkûcs. Yc` n`ikpkifs pkrk sfr tfstnbcs ecs quf sfûkek fe  Krt. ;1 EMI (mf`crfs jf ;4 kûcs< ikíjcs f` n`tfrjniinù` pcr jfmf`ink< prnvkjcs jf rkzù`< ecs ic`jf`kjcs pcr pf`k kaenitnvk< y ecs quf `c f`tnf`jf` fe njncmk ikstfeek`c c quf `c pufjk` jkrsf k f`tf`jfr iekrkmf`tf). -   _ntukenjkj jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc7 dky vkrnks ftkpks. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, jfof` f`ic`trkrsf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, fe caninke jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne y ecs tfstnbcs. Fstcs ÷etnmcs jfof` jfiekrkr okgc gurkmf`tc quf `c dky nmpfjnmf`tcs `n prcdnoninc`fs quf kafitf` k ecs ic`trkyf`tfs y scorf fe jcmninenc y rfsnjf`ink jf îstcs. Eufbc fe au`inc`krnc  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jk efiturk k ek mk`nafstkinù` k ek n`acrmkinù`, rfntfrk`jc ek `fifsnjkj jf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc, jk`jc eufbc efiturk k ecs Krt. ;9;, ;99 y ;9: EMI, quf ic`tnf`f` ecs jfofrfs u coenbkinc`fs f`trf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs ic` trkyf`tfs y quf sc` ecs snbunf`tfs.  Krt. ;9;. Ecs iù`yubfs fstë` coenbkjcs k bukrjkrsf af, k scicrrfrsf y kyujkrsf mutukmf`tf f` tcjks eks inriu`stk`inks jf ek vnjk. Fe mkrnjc y ek e k mugfr sf jfof` rfspftc y prctfiinù` rfiíprcics.  Krt. ;99. Kmocs iù`yubfs tnf`f` fe jfrfidc y fe jfofr jf vnvnr f` fe dcbkr icm÷`, skevc quf k kebu`c jf feecs ef ksnstk rkzc`fs brkvfs pkrk `c dkifrec.  Krt. ;9:. Fe mkrnjc mkrnjc y ek mugfr jfof jfof`` prcvffr k eks `fifsnjkjfs `fifsnjkjfs jf ek akmnenk icm÷`, ktf`jnf`jc k sus akiuetkjfs fic`ùmniks y ke rîbnmf` jf onf`fs quf f`trf feecs mfjnf.  Fe gufz, sn aufrf `fifskrnc, rfbekrë ek ic`trnouinù`. Xrfbu`tkrë k ic`tn`ukinù` k ecs ic`trkyf`tfs sn ic`snf`tf` f` rfinonrsf fe u`c ke ctrc icmc mkrnjc c mugfr y, ic` ek rfspufstk kanrmktnvk, ecs jfiekrkrë ikskjcs f` fe `cmorf jf ek efy. Zfrmn`kjc feec, fxprfskrë ek pcsnonenjkj jf rfic`cinmnf`tc jf dngcs `kinjcs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, quf pcjrë f` ek mnsmk ciksnù` 92 EMI), kjvnrtnf`jc eufbc jf ek ec pcsnonenjkj jf rfkenzkrsf pkitkr sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs(Krt. c pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. N`mfjnktkmf`tf jfspuîs prcifjfrë k efvk`tkr kitk, ek quf sfrë n`sirntk n`jnvnjukenzk`jc ke mktrnmc`nc pcr `÷mfrc, kûc y inriu`sirnpinù`, jë`jcsf icpnk jf feek f` acrmuekrncs quf prcpcrinc`krë fe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne. Ek cmnsnù` jfe kitk `c kafitk ek vkenjfz jfe mktrnmc`nc, pfrc sn prnvk k eks pkrtfs jf u`k prufok nmpcrtk`tf jfe kitc, ek quf pcjrë, f` tcjc iksc, supenrsf pcr ctrcs mfjncs. -   Yntukinc`fs fspfinkefs f` ic`tfxtc jf ek rntukenjkj f` ek ifeforkinù`7 Mktrnmc`nc jf pfrsc`ks  pfrtf`finf`tfs k u`k ft`nk n`jíbf`k, c quf `c ic`cinfrf` fe njncmk ikstfeek`c, c jf scrjcmujcs quf `c  pujnfrf` fxprfskrsf pcr fsirntc. F` fstcs ikscs pcjrë` scenintkr quf ek mk`nafstkinù`, n`acrmkinù` y ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc sf dkbk f` su ef`buk mktfr`k, jf mk`frk quf ek ifeforkinù` sf dkrë mfjnk`tf pfrsc`k dkonentkjk pkrk n`tfrprftkr ek ef`buk `ktnvk c jfe ef`bukgf jf sfûks, jfgë`jcsf ic`stk`ink jf ecs jktcs jfe n`tîrprftf f` fe kitk. -    Mktrnmc`nc pcr pcjfr . Zrktkjc f` fe ;89 II, fe mktrnmc`nc pcr pcjfr prcifjf f` rkzù` jf eks rfbeks jfe mk`jktc, pfrc jctkjc jf infrtks ikrkitfrístniks fspfinkefs, fspfinke fs, tkefs sc` quf sfrë scefm`f , ic`stk`jc f` fsirnturk p÷oenik< fspfinke , ic`anrnî`jcsf fxprfsk y jftfrmn`kjc,, f` iuk`jc jftfrmn`k`tfmf`tf pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc y `c pkrk ctrc an`< y, jftfrmn`kjc jfofrë` sfûkekrsf `cmorf, kpfeenjcs, prcafsnù` y jcmninenc jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs y jfe mk`jktkrnc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  -    Mktrnmc`nc ifeforkjc k`tf f`tnjkjfs rfenbncsks jf jfrfidc p÷oenic. Ic`acrmf ke Krt. ?8 EMI, fstcs prcjuif` ecs mnsmcs fafitcs quf fe mktrnmc`nc invne, jfsjf su n`sirnpinù` k`tf u` caninke jf rfbnstrc invne. Fs jfinr, jfof` ic`iurrnr ecs snbunf`tfs rfqunsntcs7 k) Ek f`tnjkj rfenbncsk jfof ctcrbkr u` kitk jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc y jfe iumpenmnf`tc jf eks fxnbf`inks efbkefs fxnbnjks, ek quf jfofrë fstkr susirntk k`tf fe mn`nstrc jfe iuetc k`tf fe quf sf ifeforù, jfonf`jc fxprfskr7 ;.  N`jnvnjukenzkinù` jf ek f`tnjkj rfenbncsk ic` fxprfsk mf`inù` jfe jfirftc quf ef ic`anfrf pfrsc`kenjkj guríjnik jf jfrfidc p÷oenic< ?.  Ek afidk y eubkr jf ifeforkinù`< 9.  Fe `cmorf, kpfeenjc y iîjuek jf njf`tnjkj jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs< :.  Ek afidk y eubkr jf `kinmnf`tc jf îstcs< 6.  Yus fstkjcs jf scetfrcs, jnvcrinkjcs c vnujcs, y f` ecs jcs ÷etnmcs ikscs n`jnik`jc `cmorf jfe iù`yubf k`tfrncr y fe eubkr y afidk jf ek mufrtf c sf`tf`ink jf jnvcrinc< 1.  Xrcafsnù` y caninc jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs<

  2.  @cmorfs, @cmorfs jf sus pkjrfs, sn aufrf` ic`cinjcs.  @cmorf, kpfeenjc y _ut jf mn`nstrc jfe iuetc< ;8.  Fe dfidc jf dkofrsf iumpenjc ecs rfqunsntcs efbkefs pkrk ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc< y ;;.  Ek anrmk jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, tfstnbcs y jfe mn`nstrc jf iuetc. Yn kebu`c `c supnfrf anrmkr, sf jfgk ic`stk`ink jf feec. o) Fe kitk jfofrë sfr prfsf`tkjk pcr ic`trkyf`tfs k`tf iukequnfr caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne jf`trc jf ecs cidc jíks snbunf`tfs pkrk su n`sirnpinù`, sc pf`k jf `c prcjuinr fafitc invne kebu`c. Fe caninke prcifjf k n`sirnonr prfvnk icmprcokinù` jfe iumpenmnf`tc jf rfqunsntcs. Yn sf jfsfstnmk fe kitk, pcjrë rfiekmkrsf jf feek f` ek rfspfitnvk Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs. i) Fe caninke jfof jkr k ic`cifr k ecs ec s rfqunrf`tfs jf n`sirnpinù` jf ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs quf icrrfspc`jf` k ecs iù`yubfs j) ecs icmpkrfinf`tfs jfof` rktnanikr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc prfsf`tkjc k`tf fe mn`nstrc jf iuetc. f) Jf tcjc ec n`jnikjc, sf jfgk ic`stk`ink f` ek n`sirnpinù`, ek quf jfof sfr anrmkjk pcr kmocs ic`trkyf`tfs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Yf jnsiutf sn ecs ic`trkyf`tfs pcjrë` kiujnr k fstk jnenbf`ink pcr mfjnc jf mk`jktkrncs, ec quf, pcr `c fstkr prcdnonjc, pcjrík fstnmkrsf quf sf pfrmntf, ku` iuk`jc k ek n`stk`ink quf sn jfofrë` ksnstnr pfrsc`kemf`tf pkrk fafitcs jf rktnanikinù` f n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc ifeforkjc, quf pkrk fafitcs jfe jfrfidc fs ec quf ic`acrmk fe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke prcpnkmf`tf tke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC NQ. JF EK YFXK_KINÙ@ JF ECY IÙ@^VBFY

Dkstk k`tfs jf ek efy ;>.>:2 fxnstík fe jnvcrinc `c vn`iuekr, quf `c jnscevík fe mktrnmc`nc, sn`c scec rfbuekok ek sfpkrkinù` jf ecs e cs iufrpcs jf ecs iù`yubfs, ek quf pcjík sfr tfmpcrke c pfrpftuk jnvcrinc tfmpcrke c pfrpftuc ), sfb÷` ek brkvfjkj jf ek ikuske n`vcikjk. ^k ic` ek `ufvk efy, sf ( jnvcrinc sustntuyf fstf jnvcrinc `c vn`iuekr ic` ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke . Yf dkoek jf sfpkrkinù` gujninke c, jf dfidc, sfb÷` jf jc`jf fmk`f u crnbn`f îstk7 sn fmk`k jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr kiufrjc c kok`jc`c jfe dcbkr (dfidc), c pcr u`k sf`tf`ink gujninke. F` fstf sf`tnjc ek icmnsnù` jf fstujnc jf ek EMI f`tf`jnù quf `c iukequnfr qunforf nmpenik u`k jnsceuinù`, jf mk`frk quf fs prujf`tf f`tf`jfr k ek sfpkrkinù` icmc u`k k`tfskek pkrk u` fvf`tuke jnvcrinc, quf pufjf c `c ciurrnr. N. 

YFXK_KINÙ@ JF DFIDC

Yn onf` pujnfrk sfr n`icrrfitk f` ek jf`cmn`kinù`, scorf tcjc pcrquf fstë rfbuekjk f` ek efy y `c ciurrf f` ecs dfidcs scekmf`tf, fstk `crmktnvk `c fs n``cvkinù` yk quf snfmprf dk fxnstnjc, scec quf k`tfs ek efy `c sf rfafrík k feek. Jfsjf yk kjvfrtnmcs quf ek `cinù` jf sfpkrkinù` `c icrrfspc`jf k u`k sfpkrkinù` jf jcmninenc c tfidc, sn`c k u`k sfpkrkinù` jf iufrpcs, ktrnouyî`jcsf pcr tk`tc ke qunforf jf ek rfekinù` kmcrcsk y ke ë`nmc jf mk`tf`frsf sfpkrkjcs, ku` iuk`jc fxnstk nmpcsnonenjkj aísnik jf rfkenzkrec. F` fstf sf`tnjc ek Netmk. Icrtf jf  Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc, f` akeec jfe ?1 jf mkrzc jf ?884 ?884 f` kutcs rce Akmnenk ’ :26;-?88 :26;-?881, 1, dk bf`frkjc gurnsprujf`ink f` iuk`jc dk n`strunjc u` irntfrnc trk`svfrske rfspfitc jf fstk tfmëtnik, sfûkek`jc quf7 ― Fe ifsf jf ic`vnvf`ink `c fs mës quf u`k sntukinù` jf dfidc quf nmpenik quf sf dk jfgkjc jf cosfrvkr ek coenbkinù` ic`yubke jf vnvnr gu`tcs, jf ek quf sf trktk f` ecs krtíiuecs ;8? y ;99 jfe Iùjnbc Invne.  Feek fstë jftfrmn`kjk, oësnikmf`tf, pcr fe k`nmus sfpkrktnc`ns, fs jfinr, pcr ek vceu`tkj jf kpkrtkrsf jf ek vnjk f` icm÷` quf dkstk fsf mcmf`tc sf iumpeík gu`tc g u`tc ke ctrc iù`yubf, jf mk`frk quf ikrfif jf ek mnsmk trksif`jf`ink jfe icrpus sfpkrktnc`ns, fstc fs, fe dfidc mktfrnke jf ek sfpkrkinù` aísnik jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcrquf ek vnjk f` icm÷` pufjf mk`tf`frsf sn` îe y au`jkjk f` ek scek kaafitnc c n`tf`inù` jf vnvnr gu`tcs, icmc ciurrf iuk`jc ecs iù`yubfs, pcr fgfmpec, pcr rkzc`fs jf trkokgc, fstujncs c pcr f`afrmfjkj, vnvf` f` eubkrfs jnafrf`tfs, pfrc sn sf pnfrjf jnidc kaafitnc c vceu`tkj jf vnvnr gu`tcs, ek ic`vnvf`ink `c suosnstf y ifsk, pcrquf jfskpkrfif ek vnjk f` icm÷`, ku`quf ecs iù`yubfs vnvk` okgc fe mnsmc tfidc, sntukinù` quf pufjf crnbn`krsf f` ek nmpcsnonenjkj fic`ùmnik jf u` iù`yubf pkrk prciurkrsf ctrk rfsnjf`ink c f` su prcpùsntc jf vfekr pcr fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jf sus dngcs y fstc fs ksí pcrquf ek ic`vnvf`ink `c sf rfanfrf k ek mktfrnkenjkj jf icmpkrtnr u`k mnsmk rfsnjf`ink, sn`c k ek vceu`tkj jf vnvnr f` icmpkûík fe u`c gu`tc ke ctrc”. ctrc”. Fe Krt. ?; EMI sf rfanfrf k feek, fstkoefinf`jc quf, sn ecs iù`yubfs sf sfpkrk` jf dfidc, pcjrë`, jf icm÷` kiufrjc, rfbuekr sus rfekinc`fs mutuks, fspfinkemf`tf ecs kenmf`tcs quf sf jfok` y eks mktfrnks vn`iuekjks ke  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  rîbnmf` jf onf`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc. mktrnmc`nc. Yn duonfrf dngcs, fe rîbnmf` sf fxtf`jfrë tkmonî` k ecs kenmf`tcs, ke iunjkjc pfrsc`ke y k ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr. Fstcs kiufrjcs k`tfs mf`inc`kjcs, jfofrë` rfspftkr ecs jfrfidcs ic`afrnjcs pcr eks efyfs quf tf`bk` fe ikrëitfr jf nrrf`u`inkoefs. Ikof prfinskr quf fstf kiufrjc fs ek oksf jf ec quf mës kjfek`tf sf ic`snjfrkrë icmc kiufrjc icmpeftc  y suaninf`tf , quf fs u`c jf ecs rfqunsntcs jf prcifjf`ink jfe jnvcrinc jf icm÷` kiufrjc f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. 66 EMI. F` fsf sf`tnjc, sn kbrupkmcs eks tfmëtniks k trktkr, f` prn`inpnc dkorë mktfrnks f`trf ecs iù`yubfs y tkmonî` rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs. dngc s. F` iuk`tc k ecs iù`yubfs sf fxnbnrë rfbuekr ecs kenmf`tcs mkycrfs f`trf feecs, fe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs y ek fxnstf`ink jf jfujks jnstn`tks k ecs kenmf`tcs quf pujnfrf` fxnstnr. F` fe iksc jfe jnvcrinc, sfrë rfqufrnjc kjfmës rfbuekr ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik. F` ec quf rfspfitk k ecs dngcs icmu`fs, fe kiufrjc jfofrë fxprfskr iuktrc kspfitcs k trktkr7 iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, kenmf`tcs mf`crfs, pktrnk pctfstkj y rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr. Fstcs pu`tcs sfrë` nmprfsin`jnoefs sn dky dngcs mf`crfs jf fjkj c of`faninkrncs jf kenmf`tcs ku` (mf`crfs jf ?; kûcs, mf`crfs jf ?4 sn sf f`ic`trkrk` ku` fstujnk`jc f` acrmkinù` jf fjuikinù` supfrncr< c pcr tcjk ek vnjk sn ef kafitkrf kebu`k sntukinù` jf jnsikpkinjkj). Yn `c duonfrk dngcs c dkonî`jcecs `c aufrk` mf`crfs jf fjkj c kenmf`tkrncs, jfofrë tkmonî` jfgkrsf ic`stk`ink jf tke sntukinù`. Yn` ek prfsf`ink jf ek rfbuekinù` jf fstcs pu`tcs, fe kiufrjc `c fs icmpeftc. Yf vcevfrë scorf fstf pu`tc f` fe ikpítuec snbunf`tf jf ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc.  Kjfmës jf ek nmpcrtk`ink jf ek rfbuekinù`, fe kiufrjc fs ÷tne pkrk ecs iù`yubfs f` iuk`tc ctcrbkrë afidk infrtk jf ek sfpkrkinù` pkrk fafitcs jf u`k fvf`tuke scenintuj jf jnvcrinc, feec iuk`jc ic`stf pcr fsirntc f` iukequnfrk jf ecs snbunf`tfs jciumf`tcs, sfb÷` fe Krt. ?? EMI7 ;.  Fsirnturk p÷oenik, c kitk fxtf`jnjk y prctcicenzkjk k`tf `ctkrnc p÷oenic ?.   Kitk fxtf`jnjk k`tf u` caninke jf rfbnstrc invne 9.   Zrk`skiinù` kprcokjk gujninkemf`tf @c costk`tf, sn fe kiufrjc pkrk su iumpenmnf`tc rfqunrnfrf u`k n`sirnpinù` c suon`sirnpinù` f` u` rfbnstrc p÷oenic, sf iuf`tk ek afidk infrtk jf sfpkrkinù` jfsjf ek prëitnik jf fsk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ku` ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj jf u`k c mës ieëusueks jfe kiufrjc, `c kafitkrë ek afidk jf sfpkrkinù` quf f` îe sf sfûkek.  K aketk jf kiufrjc, ek efy aki akiuetk uetk k iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs pkrk scenintkr quf fe prcifjnmnf`tc prcifjnmnf`tc gujninke quf sf sustk`ink f` mktfrnk jf kenmf`tcs, onf`fs akmnenkrfs c mktfrnks vn`iuekjks ke rîbnmf` jf onf`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc< c eks rfekinc`fs ic` ecs dngcs, icmc kenmf`tcs, iunjkjc pfrsc`ke y rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr, sf fxtnf`jk` k ctrks mktfrnks ic`ifr`nf`tfs k sus rfekinc`fs mutuks c k sus rfekinc`fs ic` ecs dngcs. Fe trnou`ke ic`cifrë jf eks mktfrnks susintkjks y akeekrë f` u`k scek sf`tf`ink. Eks kiinc`fs, fsc sn, `c sf ic`au`jf`, angë`jcsf pcr fe gufz pu`tcs jf prufok jnstn`tcs pkrk ikjk u`k jf eks mktfrnks scmftnjks k su ic`cinmnf`tc, ec quf snmpenanik y akinentk ek trkmntkinù` jf ecs ksu`tcs jf akmnenk, yk quf sf ic`cif` y akeek` tcjcs f` u` mnsmc  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  guninc. Kdcrk onf`, rfspfitc k ek `ctnanikinù` jf eks jfmk`jks jf eks mktfrnks yk rfafrnjks (y quf pufjf` fxtf`jfrsf k ctrks mktfrnks jf akmnenk, sfb÷` fe Krt. ?9 EMI), dkrë` tkmonî` afidk infrtk jfe ifsf jf ek ic`vnvf`ink f`trf ecs iù`yubfs (Krt. ?6 N`i. ;).  Kdcrk, sn `c fxnstf kiufrjc (Krt. ?; EMI) `n jfmk`jk jf mktfrnks jf akmnenk (Krt. ?9 EMI) sfb÷` fe N`i. ? y an`ke jfe Krt. ?6 EMI, dkorë tkmonî` afidk infrtk iuk`jc u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs dkyk fxprfskjc su vceu`tkj jf pc`fr an` k ek ic`vnvf`ink k trkvîs jf iukequnfrk jf ecs mfjncs sfûkekjcs f` eks eftrks k) y o) jfe Krt. ?? (  Fsirnturk p÷oenik c kitk fxtf`jnjk y prctcicenzkjk k`tf `ctkrnc< c onf` kitk fxtf`jnjk k`tf caninke jf rfbnstrc invne  ) c onf` iuk`jc jfgf ic`stk`ink jf jf feec f` fe Guzbkjc y sf ef `ctnanquf fstc ke iù`yubf. Icmc bfstnù` vceu`tkrnk c `c ic`tf`incsk quf fs, sf pfrmntf ek icmpkrfif`ink pfrsc`ke. F` rfsumf`, sc` in`ic ecs mfjncs jf prcokr ek sfpkrkinù` f`trf ecs iù`yubfs7 eks 9 sntukinc`fs jfsirntks f` fe Krt. ?? EMI< eks `ctnanikinc`fs jf ikusks jf akmnenk ic`acrmf ke Krt. ?9 EMI, y ek `ctnanikinù` jfe ifsf jf ic`vnvf`ink dfidc pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik c k`tf fe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne, sfb÷` fe ?6 EMI. Fstc fs nmpcrtk`tísnmc ic`snjfrk`jc quf sfrë ek acrmk jf prcokr ek sfpkrkinù` f` fe ic`tfxtc jf jnvcrinc jf tcjcs ecs e cs mktrnmc`ncs quf sf duonfrk` ifeforkjc okgc fe kmpkrc jf ek EMI efy `rc. ;>.>:2, fspfiíanikmf`tf jfe ;2 jf mkyc jf ?88: f` kjfek`tf. Xkrk ecs mktrnmc`ncs ifeforkjcs ic` k`tfrncrnjkj k ek f`trkjk f` vnbf`ink jf ek EMI, sn onf` scenintk` s cenintk` jnvcrinkrsf okgc fe kmpkrc jf fstk `crmktnvk, `c rnbf ek e k fxnbf`ink prcoktcrnk k`tfs jnidk, ec quf nmpenik quf pkrk feecs fxnstf enofrtkj jf prufok pkrk fafitcs jf kirfjntkr fe ifsf jf su ic`vnvf`ink. @c costk`tf, f` rkzù` jf ek enmntkinù` prcoktcrnk quf pfsk scorf ecs mktrnmc`ncs quf sf ifeforkrc` yk f` vnbf`ink jf ek EMI fxnstf` infrtcs akeecs quf, sn` `fifskrnkmf`tf ic`stntunr gurnsprujf`ink, dk` fstkjc pcr kornr eks prcok`zks tkmonî` k fstcs mktrnmc`ncs f` eks scenintujfs jf jnvcrinc , n`jnik`jc quf ek `ùmn`k `c sfrík tkxktnvk. ;:

NN. 

YFXK_KINÙ@ GVJNINKE

Ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke fs kqufeek sntukinù` pcr ek quf f` vnrtuj jf u`k sf`tf`ink gujninke ifsk ek  vnjk f` icm icm÷` ÷` jjff ecs iù`yubfs suosnstnf`jc suosnstnf`jc fe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke. mktrnmc`nke. Eks ikusks pcr eks quf pufjf pfjnrsf îstk fstë` ic`tf`njks f` ecs Krt. ?1 y ?2 EMI, y sc`7 k) Aketk brkvf nmputkoef k u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs , snfmprf quf ic`stntuyk u`k vncekinù` brkvf jf ecs jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs quf efs nmpc`f fe mktrnmc`nc c jf ecs jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs pkrk ic` ecs dngcs, quf tcr`f n`tcefrkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷`. Fs jfinr, `c fs iukequnfr aketk, jfofrë fstk sfr u`k vncekinù` brkvf k ecs jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc c pkrk ic` ecs dngcs y jfofrë` tkmonî` tcr`kr  F` tke sf`tnjc, sf`tf`inks jf ek Netmk. N etmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Qkejnvnk jfe ?? jf `cvnfmorf jf ?8;8 f` kutcs rce Akmnenk ;28-?8;8, y jf ?4 jf mkrzc jf ?8;? f` kutcs rce Akmnenk :; -?8;?< y Yf`tf`ink jfe Fximc. Zrnou`ke ;:

Ic`stntuinc`ke jf afidk ?1 jf mkrzc jf ?8;9 f` kutcs rce ??82-;?.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  n`tcefrkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷` , snf`jc fsf su n`jnikjcr n` jnikjcr jf brkvfjkj. brkvfjkj. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe kjuetfrnc pcjrík ic`stntunr ikuske, pfrc `c sfrë ic`snjfrkjc sn dk fxnstnjc sfpkrkinù` jf dfidc c gujninke prfvnk. F` fstcs ikscs pufjf scenintkr sfpkrkinù` gujninke fe iù`yubf n`cif`tf f` ic`trk jf qunf` dk icmftnjc ek aketk. o) Iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs pufjf pfjnr ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke sf duonfrf ifskjc ek ic`vnvf`ink.  Yn scenintk` kmocs iù`yubfs ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke jfofrë` fstcs kicmpkûkr u` kiufrjc icmpeftc quf rfbuef tcjks eks mktfrnks n`jnikjks f` fe Krt. ?; EMI quf yk aufrc` n`jnikjcs k`tfs. Fstf kiufrjc jfofrë sfr ic`snjfrkjc icmpeftc, ec quf sfrë iuk`jc ic`snjfrf tcjks eks mktfrnks fxnbnjks, y kjfmës suaninf`tf , ikrkitfrístnik quf kjqunfrf iuk`jc rfsbukrjf fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jf ecs dngcs, iuk`jc  prciurk kmn`crkr fe mf`csikoc fic`ùmnic quf pujc ikuskr ek rupturk y fstkoefif rfekinc`fs fquntktnvks, dkink fe  auturc, f`trf ecs iù`yubfs iuyk sfpkrkinù` sf scenintk. Ikrkitfrístniks jf ek kiinù` jf sfpkrkinù` k)  o)  i)  j) 

fs pfrsc`keísnmk fs nrrf`u`inkoef fs nmprfsirnptnoef sn sf prfsf`tk f` u` mktrnmc`nc ic` scinfjkj ic`yubke, iukequnfrk jf îstcs pcjrë scenintkr ek kjcpinù` kjcpinù ` jf mfjnjks tf`jnf`tfs k ek prctfiinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc akmnenkr y fe onf`fstkr jf ikjk u`c jf sus mnfmorcs., sn` pfrguninc jfe jfrfidc jf scenintkr kenmf`tcs c jf jfiekrkr onf`fs akmnenkrfs. Icmpftf`tf sfrë fe  Zrnou`ke jf Akmnenk, ku` rfvnsk`jc mktfrnks mktfrnks jfe Krt. ?9 EMI c jf QNA.  QNA.  Ic`tf`njc jf ek sf`tf`ink quf jfiekrk ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke.

k)  Ek sf`tf`ink jfofrë rfscevfr tcjks eks mktfrnks sfûkekjks f` fe Krt. ?; EMI, k mf`cs quf yk ec fstuvnfrk`< o)   Ksnmnsmc, jfofrë enqunjkr fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke fxnstf`tf sn ecs iù`yubfs ksí ec scenintkrf` (scec prcifjf f` scinfjkj ic`yubke y pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs). Fafitcs jf ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke  Ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke prcjuif fafitcs jfsjf quf qufjk fgfiutcrnkjk ek sf`tf`ink quf ek jfirftk. Yn` pfrguninc jf feec, fstk sf`tf`ink jfof suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek rfspfitnvk n`sirnpinù` mktrnmc`nke, y scec rfinî` f` fsf mcmf`tc ecs iù`yubfs qufjk` sfpkrkjcs y sf dkif cpc`noef k tfrifrcs, ku`quf feec ku` `c ecs dkonentk pkrk p krk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc `ufvkmf`tf. Ikof sfûkekr rfspfitc k fstk `crmk quf ecs iù`yubfs kjqunfrf` ek ikenjkj c fstkjc invne jf sfpkrkjcs jfsjf ek n`sirnpinù` y quf, sn sf rfk`ujk ek vnjk f` icm÷`, sf rfstkoefif fe fstkjc invne jf ikskjcs (Krt. 94 EMI). F` iuk`tc k ctrcs jf ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke fafitcs ikof jnstn`bunr rfspfitc k ecs iù`yubfs y rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   K)  Fafitcs rfspfitc jf ecs iù`yubfs7 ;.   Ke suon`sirnonrsf ek sf`tf`ink qufjk` ic` fstkjc invne jf sfpkrkjcs. ?.  Ifsk` ecs jfofrfs jf icdkontkinù` y anjfenjkj. Fstf fafitc tkmonî` sf prcjuif f` fe iksc sf ek sfpkrkinù` jf dfidc, pcr ec quf fs jkoef sfûkekr quf `kjnf fs n`anfe `n kj÷etfrc sn sf f`iuf`trk sfpkrkjc. 9.  Yuosnstf` ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs pfrsc`kefs f`trf ecs iù`yubfs, icmc ecs kenmf`tcs, tke icmc ec fstkoefif fe Krt. ;2: y ;26 II. :.  Yf tfrmn`k ek scinfjkj ic`yubke c fe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs jf acrmk nrrfvcikoef, `c vcevnf`jc k ic`stntunrsf ku` sn ecs iù`yubfs rfk`ujk` ek vnjk f` icm÷`, ku`quf sn ecs iù`yubfs pcjrë` pkitkr u`k pkrtninpkinù` f` bk`k`inkefs. bk`k`inkefs . 6.  Ecs iù`yubfs icmnf`zk` k kjmn`nstrkr ic` pef`k n`jfpf`jf`ink sus onf`fs, yk quf pkrk tcjcs ecs fafitcs kdcrk sc` sfpkrkjcs jf onf`fs. 1.  Fe iù`yubf quf aufrk iuepkoef jf ek ikuske jfe Krt. ?1 (aketk brkvf jf jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc c pkrk ic` ecs dngcs quf tcr`k n`scpcrtkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷`), pnfrjf fe jfrfidc jf suifjfr kon`tfstktc ke ctrc. 2.  Fe iù`yubf quf jnc eubkr k ek sfpkrkinù` f` iuk`tc k ek ikuske pnfrjf fe of`faninc jf icmpftf`ink k quf pcjrík tf`fr jfrfidc, jfrfidc, feec f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. ;1?6 y snbunf`tfs jfe II. 4.  Ecs iù`yubfs snbuf` coenbkjcs k prcvffr k eks e ks `fifsnjkjfs jf ek akmnenk, `c ifsk`jc fe fafitc jfe Krt. ;9: II. >.  Ek sfpkrkinù` kutcrnzk k rfvcikr eks jc`kinc`fs. ;8.  Ecs iù`yubfs sfpkrkjcs gujninkemf`tf (`c jf dfidc), pufjf` ifeforkr icmprkvf`tk f`trf feecs sn` kafitkrefs ikuske jf `uenjkj. ;;.  @c sf suspf`jf ek prfsirnpinù` k akvcr jf ek mugfr sfpkrkjk gujninkemf`tf jf su mkrnjc. ;?.  F` mktfrnk jf Kjcpinù`, ecs iù`yubfs `c pcjrë` scenintkrek sn fstuvnfrf` yk sfpkrkjcs. Xfrc sn yk sf dkoík` n`ninkjc eks bfstnc`fs, ku` sfpkrkjcs, pcjrë` pfjnr quf fstk sf ic`ifjk, sn ic`vnf`f ke n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe kjcptkjc.  kjcptkjc.  O)   Fafitcs rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs ;. @c kafitk ek anenkinù` `n ecs jfrfidcs, jfofrfs `n rfspc`skonenjkjfs jf ecs pkjrfs rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs, akiuetë`jcsf ke gufz pkrk kjcptkr eks mfjnjks `fifskrnks pkrk rfjuinr ecs fafitcs `fbktnvcs jf ek sfpkrkinù`, scorftcjc sn sc` @@K. Ek sntukinù` `c efs kafitk, jfonjc k quf jfof` rfbuekrsf kenmf`tcs, pktrnk pctfstkj, rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr y iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf nbuke acrmk f` su of`faninc. ?. Fe dngc `kinjc jurk`tf ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke, `c bczk jf ek prfsu`inù` jf pktfr`njkj, ku`quf sn dky ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, pcjrë sfr n`sirntc icmc dngc jf kmocs. _fk`ujkinù` jf ek vnjk f` icm÷` 

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Yn ecs iù`yubfs trks ek sfpkrkinù` jfinjf` vcevfr k u`nrsf sf`tnmf`tke y aísnikmf`tf ic` ë`nmc jf pfrmk`f`ink, prcjuif` kebu`cs fafitcs. Yn sf jk jurk`tf ek trkmntkinù` jf ek sfpkrkinù`, feek pc`f an` ke prcifsc, jfgë`jcsf ic`stk`ink jf feec scenintk`jc fe kridnvc jf ecs k`tfifjf`tfs. Eufbc, sn ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke yk sf dk jnitkjc, jfof jnstn`bunrsf fe fafitc f` rfekinù` k ek ikuske n`vcikjk.  -   Yn ek ikuske auf ek jfe Krt. ?1 EMI, sf scenintkrë quf sf rfvcquf gujninkemf`tf ek jfiekrkinù` k pftninù` jf kmocs, prkitnië`jcsf `ufvkmf`tf ek suon`sirnpinù` rfspfitnvk. -   Yn ek ikuske auf ek jfe Krt. ?2 EMI, okstkrë jfgkr ic`stk`ink f` kitk fxtf`jnjk k`tf caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne, ek quf jfofrë tkmonî` suon`sirnonrsf f` ek k`ctkinù` rfspfitnvk. F` fstf iksc fe Caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne jfof n`acrmke ke Zrnou`ke, fe quf jnspc`jrë jfe jciumf`tc pkrk kbrfbkrec k ecs k`tfifjf`tfs. F` u`c y ctrc iksc, sf rffstkoefif fe fstkjc jf ikskjcs, pfrc `c rfvnvf fe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs jf scinfjkj ic`yubke c pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, ku`quf sn pcjrë` pkitkr fstf ÷etnmc. Xcjrë` `ufvkmf`tf pfjnr ek sfpkrkinù`, sn eks ikuskefs n`vcikjks sc` pcstfrncrfs k ek afidk jf ek rfk`ujkinù` jf ek vnjk f` icm÷`, pfrc `c au`jkjc f` ek mnsmk sntukinù` pcr ek quf yk sf duonfrk` sfpkrkjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC Q. JF EK ZF_MN@KINÙ@ JFE MKZ_NMC@NC

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY

 K pkrtnr jfe Krt. :? EMI sf fstkoefif` eks jnstn`tks ikuskefs jf tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, f`umfrkjks jfeks mk`frk tkxktnvk yekprfektnvkmf`tf Fstc qunfrf jfinrsfquf eks ikuskefs sc` scekmf`tf quf fstkoefif efy, y `c fxnstf`fxieuyf`tf. ctrks, y kjfmës quf fstks prfanfrf` f`trf sí, f` acrmk quf ek quf prnmfrc kikfif f` ecs dfidcs, n`dkonentk ek prcifjf`ink jf tcjks eks jfmës. Fstc fs rfefvk`tf f` sntukinc`fs f` eks quf, pcr fgfmpec, sf fstuvnfrk trkmntk`jc fe guninc jf jnvcrinc y u`k jf eks pkrtfs mufrf, yk quf f` tke iksc fe guninc tfrmn`krë f` iuk`tc `c sf pufjf jfirftkr icmc tfrmn`kjc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke u` mktrnmc`nc quf yk sf fxtn`bunù pcr mufrtf jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. Ek ÷`nik fxifpinù` k fstf supufstc fstkrë jkjc f` jcs jf eks ieksfs jf `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke, fspfiíanikmf`tf f` ek jf ecs mktrnmc`ncs pcr krtíiuec jf mufrtf y kqufeecs oíbkmcs, f` ecs quf sf pufjf scenintkr ek tfrmn`kinù` pcr `uenjkj n`ieusc u` kûc trks jf akeefinjc fe iù`yubf, supufstc f` fe iuke u` mktrnmc`nc quf yk fstkok tfrmn`kjc pcr mufrtf, pcjrík tfrmn`krsf pcr `uenjkj, ikmonk`jc ek ikuske, feec ic`snjfrk`jc ecs fafitcs jf fstk ÷etnmk n`stntuinù` guríjnik quf sfrë rfvnskjc mës kjfek`tf jf`trc jf fstf ikpítuec.  Kjvfrtnmcs quf eks `crmks quf sf pkskrë` k fxpenikr dk` suarnjc u`k rfinf`tf mcjnanikinù` prcjuitc jf ek f`trkjk f` vnbf`ink jf ek efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc `rc. ?;.;?8, f` iuk`tc fstk f` su përrkac sfbu`jc, krtíiuecs ;4 y ;>, irfk` u`k `ufvk ikuske jf tîrmn`c jf mktrnmc`nc k pkrtnr jf ek scenintuj jf rfitnanikinù` jf sfxc y `cmorf rfbnstrke dfidk pcr pc r pfrsc`ks ic` ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke vnbf`tf, fe quf ic`acrmf ke krtíiuec tfrifrc trk`sntcrnc jf ek mnsmk efy f`trkrë f` fafitnvk vnbf`ink ;?8 jíks eufbc jf su puoenikinù` prcjuinjk fe ?2 jf jninfmorf jf ?8;>, fs jfinr, k pkrtnr jfe ?6 jf korne jf ?8?8. Fstk ikuske jf tîrmn`c, ku` iuk`jc fs u`k fspfinf jf jnvcrinc, sf ic`tf`jrë f` fe `umfrke qun`tc jfe Krt. :? EMI. Fstc snb`nanik quf fe mktrnmc`nc tfrmn`k pcr7 k)  Xcr ek mufrtf jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs o) i)   j)  f) 

Xcr ek mufrtf prfsu`tk, iumpenjcs ecs pekzcs sfûkekjcs f` ke krtíiuec snbunf`tf (:9 EMI) Yf`tf`ink anrmf jf `uenjkj Yf`tf`ink anrmf jf jnvcrinc Xcr sf`tf`ink anrmf quf kicbf ek scenintuj jf rfitnanikinù` jf sfxc y `cmorf pcr rkzù` jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc.

 K ic`tn`ukinù`, sf k`kenzkrë` pkrtniuekrmf`tf eks ikuskefs jf tfrmn`kinù` tfrmn`kinù` f` fe mnsmc crjf` quf quf dk` snjc fstkoefinjks pcr fe Krt. :? EMI.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  NN. 

MVF_ZF @KZV_KE

F` fe f`tf`jnjc quf ek mufrtf fs fe ifsf jf eks au`inc`fs vntkefs jf u`k pfrsc`k (fspfiíanikmf`tf ek kitnvnjkj feîitrnik ifrforke), ek mufrtf ic`stntuyf fe an` jf ek pfrsc`k `kturke sfb÷` fstkoefif fe Krt. 24 II., y ic`sfiuf`ink jf feec tfrmn`k` u`k sfrnf jf rfekinc`fs guríjniks jfe akeefinjc, f`trf feeks fvnjf`tfmf`tf fe mktrnmc`nc. F` fstf crjf`, pkrk fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf  scorfvnvnf`tf   `kif fe fstkjc invne jf vnujc vnujc.. F` iuk`tc ke rîbnmf` jf onf`fs quf pujnfrk dkofr fxnstnjc, ek scinfjkj ic`yubke pksk k ic`snjfrkrsf u`k icmu`njkj, pcr ec quf `c sf ic`au`jf ic` ek dfrf`ink jfe akeefinjc, ku` iuk`jc f` iksc jf enqunjkinù` fstk keik`zkrë k kmoks. NNN. 

MVF_ZF X_FYV@ZK

Fe rfafrnjc krtíiuec :? EMI kjvnfrtf quf fe mktrnmc`nc tkmonî` tfrmn`krë pcr jfiekrkinù` jf mufrtf prfsu`tk. @c costk`tf, ek sceuinù` `c fs tk` snmpef f` crjf` k quf dkorë quf ic`snjfrkr fe krtíiuec snbunf`tf pkrk jftfrmn`kr fe mcmf`tc f` fe quf tfrmn`k fe mktrnmc`nc f` ikjk u`c jf ecs ikscs. Xkrk f`arf`tkr tke jfskaíc fs quf jfofmcs rficrjkr quî fs y iuëefs sc` eks ieksfs jf mufrtf prfsu`tk fxnstf`tfs. Ic`acrmf ke Krt. 48 y snbunf`tfs jfe II. sf fstkoefif ek prfsu`inù` ek  prfsu`inù` jf mufrtf  pcr jfskpkrfinmnf`tc, jf`cmn`kjk tkmonî` icmc mufrtf prfsu`tk, ek quf ic`snstf f`, tîrmn`cs snmpefs, f` ek jfiekrkinù` mfjnk`tf sf`tf`ink jf ek mufrtf jf u`k pfrsc`k ktf`jnjk ek sntukinù` jf jfskpkrninù` f` ek quf sf f`iuf`trk, pcr u` pekzc jftfrmn`kjc pcr ek efy. Yn onf` tcjks eks jfiekrkinc`fs jf mufrtf prfsu`tk fxnbf` u` pekzc y sf oksk` f` ek jfskpkrninù` jf ecs sugftcs, ek sntukinù` ikmonkrë sfb÷` ecs ic`tfxtcs f` ecs quf fe sugftc duonfrk jfskpkrfinjc. F` fstf crjf` rfic`cifmcs, snbunf`jc ek jnstrnouinù` jcitrn`ke jfe prcafscr Juiin, u`k ikuske bf`frke jf mufrtf prfsu`tk y trfs ikuskefs fspfiíaniks. F` fe iksc jf fstks ÷etnmks, dky infrtks ikrkitfrístniks quf ecs jnafrf`ink` y quf sfrë` rfsumnjcs f` fe snbunf`tf iukjrc. Iukjrc `rc. ;7 _fsumf` jf eks sntukinc`fs jf mufrtf prfsu`tk rficbnjks pcr fe Iùjnbc Invne idnef`c Ikuske 

@crmk

Bf`îrnik

Krt. 48 y 4; n`i. ; k 1 II.

Ic`tfxtc

Xekzc

Jfskpkrninù` sn` 6 kûcs jf ikusk fspfiíanik jf eks ÷etnmks pfrsc`ks mkycrfs jf `ctninks 28 kûcs

Ctrks ikrkitfrístniks ikrkitfrístniks _fic`cif trfs ftkpks f` su trkmntkinù`7 Ek mfrk jfskpkrninù`, ek jfiekrkinù` jf pcsfsnù` prcvnscrnk jf ecs onf`fs y u`k jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk jf pcsfsnù` jf onf`fs jfe jfskpkrfinjc. Ek sfbu`jk ftkpk tfrmn`k ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sn

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fxnstnfrk, y ek ÷etnmk tfrmn`k fe mktrnmc`nc. Ek afidk prfsu`tnvk jf ek mufrtf sf angk f` fe prnmfr onf`c (jcs kûcs) trks eks ÷etnmks `ctninks jfe jfskpkrfinjc

Bf`îrnik

Krt. II.

Jfskpkrninù` sn` 6 kûcs jf ikusk fspfiíanik jf eks ÷etnmks pfrsc`ks mkycrfs jf `ctninks 28 kûcs

@c fxnstf ftkpk n`tfrmfjnk, pksk`jc jf ek mfrk jfskpkrninù` k ek jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk jf onf`fs jfe jfskpkrfinjc. Ek afidk prfsu`tnvk jf ek mufrtf sf angk f` fe prnmfr onf`c (jcs kûcs) trks eks ÷etnmks `ctninks jfe jfskpkrfinjc

Bufrrk

Krt. 48 n`i. Dfrnjc f` kiinù` jf 6 kûcs 2 II. bufrrk c trn`idfrk jf jfsjf dkofr oktkeek rfinonjc ek dfrnjk f` bufrrk quf aufrc` sus ÷etnmks `ctninks

@c fxnstf ftkpk n`tfrmfjnk, pksk`jc jf ek mfrk jfskpkrninù` k ek jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk jf onf`fs jfe jfskpkrfinjc. Yu afidk prfsu`tnvk jf mufrtf sf angk kqufe jfe jík jf ek kiinù` jf pfenbrc c bufrrk, y sn `c sf ic`cif, u` tîrmn`c n`tfrmfjnc f`trf n`ninc y an` jf ek îpcik f` quf pujc suifjfr

4?

@kvf c  Krt. 48 n`i. kfrc`kvf 4 II. pfrjnjk c `ëuarkbk

 Zrnpuek`tf c pkskgfrc jf `kvf c kfrc`kvf pfrjnjk c `ëuarkbk sn` pcsnonenjkj jf f`ic`trkr sus iufrpcs f` tcjc c f` pkrtf.

9 mfsfs jfsjf ek pîrjnjk c `kuarkbnc

@c fxnstf ftkpk n`tfrmfjnk, pksk`jc jf ek mfrk jfskpkrninù` k ek jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk jf onf`fs jfe jfskpkrfinjc. Yu afidk prfsu`tnvk jf mufrtf sf angk kqufe jfe jík jf ek pîrjnjk c `kuarkbnc, y sn `c sf ic`cif, u` tîrmn`c n`tfrmfjnc f`trf fe n`ninc y an` jf ek îpcik f` quf pujc suifjfr

Ynsmc c  Krt. 48 n`i. Iukequnfr pfrsc`k 1 mfsfs jfe c iktëstrcaf > II. pfrjnjk ic` ciksnù` snsmc jf ek iktëstrcaf, iktëstrcaf snsmc c af`ùmf`c `kturke

@c fxnstf ftkpk n`tfrmfjnk, pksk`jc jf ek mfrk jfskpkrninù` k ek jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk jf onf`fs jfe jfskpkrfinjc. Fxnbf `c costk`tf puoenikinc`fs f` J.C. y f` jnkrnc jf inriuekinù` icmu`ke, prcvn`inke c rfbnc`ke. Yu afidk prfsu`tnvk jf mufrtf sf angk kqufe jfe jík jfe snsmc, iktëstrcaf c af`ùmf`c `kturke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

_ficrjkjcs ecs supufstcs, pcjfmcs f`arf`tkr fe k`ëensns jfe Krt. :9 EMI. Fstk `crmk fstkoefif quf tfrmn`k fe mktrnmc`nc trk`siurrnjcs ;8 kûcs jfsjf ek afidk jf eks ÷etnmks `ctninks jfe jfskpkrfinjc, angkjc f` ek sf`tf`ink quf jfiekrk ek prfsu`inù` jf mufrtf. Xcjrë` sfr scec in`ic kûcs jf jfskpkrfinmnf`tc sn sf kirfjntk quf dk` trk`siurrnjc 28 kûcs jfe `kinmnf`tc jf fstf c onf`, iuk`jc ek pfrsc`k jfskpkrfinjk rfinonù dfrnjk brkvf jf bufrrk c ef scorfvn`c ctrc pfenbrc sfmfgk`tf, jfsjf quf `c sf dk skonjc skon jc mës jf feek. Xcr su pkrtf, sfrë scec u` kûc pkrk jfiekrkr tfrmn`kjc fe mktrnmc`nc f` iksc jf ek `kvf c kfrc`kvf pfrjnjk y `c kpkrfinjk k trfs mfsfs jf eks ÷etnmks `ctninks quf sf tuvnfrc` jf feek, c jfe snsmc c iktëstrcaf quf prcvcquf c dkyk pfjnjc prcvcikr ek mufrtf jf `umfrcsks pfrsc`ks. F` rfsumf`. Iukjrc `rc. ?7 K`ëensns rfsumf` jfe Krt. :9 EMI f` rkzù` jf eks ikuskefs jf mufrtf  prfsu`tk. Ikuske pcik jf tfrmn`kinù` jfe Cosfrvkinù` mktrnmc`nc (Krt. :9 EMI)

Bf`îrnik. Krt. ;8 kûcs jf eks ÷etnmks `ctninks 48 y 4; n`i. ; k 1 II

Yn onf` ek jfiekrkinù` jf mufrtf prcifjf k ecs 6 kûcs, `c tfrmn`krë fe mktrnmc`nc sn`c dkstk ;8 kûcs. Fstc nmpenik quf, ku` fstk`jc mufrtc y dkonî`jcsf konfrtc su suifsnù`, `c prcjuif f` fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf ek ikenjkj jf vnujk/c sn`c dkstk iumpenjc tke pekzc. @c costk`tf, icmc fe kvk`if jf ek scenintuj jf mufrtf prfsu`tk fs tk` jfmcrcsk, muidks vfifs ek sf`tf`ink sf jnitk iuk`jc yk dk` pkskjc ;8 kûcs jf ek jfskpkrninù` y f` tke iksc kjfmës jf jfiekrkr ek mufrtf, sf tfrmn`krë fe mktrnmc`nc

Bf`îrnik. Krt. 6 kûcs jf eks ÷etnmks `ctninks 4? II.

Fe mktrnmc`nc tfrmn`k ke mcmf`tc jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf mufrtf, ic`gu`tkmf`tf. ic`gu`tkmf`tf.

Bufrrk Krt. 48 n`i. 2 II.

Fe mktrnmc`nc tfrmn`k ke mcmf`tc jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf mufrtf, ic`gu`tkmf`tf.

.

@kvf c kfrc`kvf pfrjnjk c `ëuarkbk. Krt. 48 n`i. 4 II.

6 kûcs jfsjf dkofr rfinonjc ek dfrnjk f` bufrrk quf aufrc` sus ÷etnmks `ctninks V` kûc jfsjf ek pîrjnjk c `kuarkbnc

Yn onf` sf fxnbf` scec 9 mfsfs pkrk ek scenintuj, fxnbf quf dkyk trk`siurrnjc u` kûc pkrk ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fstc nmpenik quf, ku` fstk`jc mufrtc y dkonî`jcsf konfrtc su suifsnù`, `c prcjuif f` fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf ek ikenjkj jf vnujk/c sn`c dkstk

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  iumpenjc tke pekzc. @c costk`tf, icmc fe kvk`if jf ek scenintuj jf mufrtf prfsu`tk fs tk` jfmcrcsk, ek sf`tf`ink sn` jujk sf jnitkrë iuk`jc yk dkyk pkskjc fe kûc rfqufrnjc jf jfskpkrninù` y f` tke iksc kjfmës jf jfiekrkr ek mufrtf, sf tfrmn`krë fe mktrnmc`nc Ynsmc c iktëstrcaf. Krt. 48 n`i. > II.

V` kûc jfe snsmc c iktëstrcaf

Yn onf` sf fxnbf` scec 1 mfsfs pkrk ek scenintuj, fxnbf quf dkyk trk`siurrnjc u` kûc pkrk ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fstc nmpenik quf, ku` fstk`jc mufrtc y dkonî`jcsf konfrtc su suifsnù`, `c prcjuif f` fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf ek ikenjkj jf vnujk/c sn`c dkstk iumpenjc tke pekzc. @c costk`tf, icmc fe kvk`if jf ek scenintuj jf mufrtf prfsu`tk fs tk` jfmcrcsk, ek sf`tf`ink sn` jujk sf jnitkrë iuk`jc yk dkyk pkskjc fe kûc rfqufrnjc jf jfskpkrninù` y f` tke iksc kjfmës jf jfiekrkr ek mufrtf, sf tfrmn`krë fe mktrnmc`nc

Ikof prfinskr quf fstcs jnafrf`inkefs jf tnfmpc f`trf ek `crmktnvk jfe II y ek jf ek EMI, fs pcrquf jk` fspkinc pkrk ek pcsnoef rfkpkrninù` jfe jfskpkrfinjc, yk quf, tfrmn`kjc fe mktrnmc`nc, `c sf rfvnvnrë sn fstf kpkrfif eufbc jf iumpenjcs tkefs pekzcs, skevc quf ecs fxiù`yubfs qunsnfrk` ic`trkfrec `ufvkmf`tf. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. :9 EMI fstkoefif ic` iekrnjkj quf sn prcjuinjk ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc ic`acrmf k ecs pekzcs k`tfs n`jnikjcs, fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf duonfrk ic`trkíjc `ufvc mktrnmc`nc, fstf `c sf n`vkenjkrë `n snqunfrk prcok`jc quf fe jfskpkrfinjc akeefinù f` afidk pcstfrncr k ek quf ic`trkgc fe `ufvc mktrnmc`nc, pcr ec quf `c sf ic`snjfrkrë oíbkmc c oíbkmk pcr su `ufvc mktrnmc`nc. NQ. 

@VENJKJ

F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, jfofmcs jnafrf`inkr ek `uenjkj jfe jnvcrinc vn`iuekr, tk`tc f` su ic`tf`njc, ikusks y fafitcs. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek `uenjkj cpfrk f` fe ic`tfxtc jf u` mktrnmc`nc quf dk prfsf`tkjc n`cosfrvk`inks f` su ifeforkinù` rfspfitc jf ecs rfqunsntcs quf jfoík iumpenr, mnf`trks quf fe jnvcrinc pc`f tîrmn`c k u` mktrnmc`nc vëenjc. Ksí, f` iuk`tc k eks ikusks, eks jf ek `uenjkj fstë` jfsirntks f` ecs Krt. :: y :6, mnf`trks quf eks jf jnvcrinc f` ecs Krt. 6: y 66, tcjcs jf ek EMI. F` fe iksc jf fstks ÷etnmks, sfrë` pcr iuepk c pcr sfpkrkinù`. An`kemf`tf, f` rkzù` jf ecs fafitcs, ecs jf ek `uenjkj sc` rftrckitnvcs, rfputë`jcsf quf fe mktrnmc`nc `c fxnstnù

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  gkmës y rfvnvnf`jc fe fstkjc invne jf scetfrcs jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, mnf`trks quf fe jnvcrinc scec surtf fafitcs dkink fe auturc, bf`frk`jc icmc fstkjc invne ek ikenjkj jf jnvcrinkjc.  K.  Xrn`inpncs quf rnbf` f` mktfrnk jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc ;. @c fsekpcsnoef rfic`cifrpkrtf `uenjkjfs rfektnvks kosceutks jf`trc jf ekecs `uenjkj feec pcrquf efy f` `n`bu`k jf rfanfrf k fstkyjnstn`inù`, pcr ec quf pekzcsmktrnmc`nke, jf prfsirnpinù` jf ek prfsirnpinù` invne (jf : y ;8 kûcs), `c sc` kpenikoefs ke mktrnmc`nc. Ycec pcr mf`inc`kr, f` fe ikjc jfe mktrnmc`nc jf mf`crfs jf ;1 kûcs c ic`sf`tnmnf`tc ic` frrcr c aufrzk, prfsirnof f` u` kûc. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, f` fstf iksc ek `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke tkmpcic pfrmntf rktnanikinù` jf ek `uenjkj, jf ec quf sf jfsprf`jf quf ek ÷`nik ieksf jf `uenjkj quf ic`tfmpekrík fe mktrnmc`nc sfrík ek kosceutk, ku` ic` infrtks prfvf`inc`fs. ?. Eks ikuskefs jf `uenjkj fstë` tkxktnvkmf`tf sfûkekjks pcr efy, e fy, ec quf qunfrf jfinr quf `c tcjcs ecs vnincs jkrë` crnbf` k `uenjkj. F` fstf pu`tc jfofmcs tf`fr prfsf`tf ecs nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs y ecs nmpnjf`tfs, y rficrjkr quf, k`tf ek n`cosfrvk`ink jf fstcs ÷etnmcs, ic`tf`njcs f` fe II. `c jftfrmn`k` ek `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc. 9. ek `uenjkj `c cpfrk jf pef`c jfrfidc, rfqunrnf`jc sf`tf`ink gujninke fgfiutcrnkjk, ec quf nmpenik quf fstî anrmf. Ek mfrk jfiekrkinù` c ek prfsf`ink jfe vninc sn` ek sf`tf`ink anrmf, `c nmpenik quf fe mktrnmc`nc fstî tfrmn`kjc :. ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj fs nmprfsirnptnoef, k÷` iuk`jc ek efy enmntk fe fgfrininc k infrtks pfrsc`ks ctcrbë`jcefs infrtcs pekzcs pkrk su kiinù`, sfb÷` jftkeek fe Krt. :4 EMI. 6. Ek `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke `c pufjf kefbkrsf pcr tcjc qunf` tf`bk n`tfrîs f` feec c jf caninc icmc ek pktrnmc`nke jfe Krt. ;149 II., sn`c quf scec sf efs ic`anfrf ek kiinù` k ecs prfsu`tcs iù`yubfs y, fxifpinc`kemf`tf, k ecs n`tfrfskjcs quf tf`ík` ic`cinmnf`tc jfe vninc. Fstc fs rfefvk`tf ic`snjfrk`jc quf, sn fe Gufz f` sus au`inc`fs sf f`iuf`trk ic` u` mktrnmc`nc ic` mk`nanfstc vninc jf `uenjkj, `c pufjf tfrmn`krec pcr fstk vík jf caninc. O.  Ikuskefs jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc Yfûkekjks f` ecs Krt. :: y :6 EMI f` `umfrkinù` tkxktnvk, sc` eks snbunf`tfs. Ikof prfinskr quf `c fxnstf fxpenikinù` kpkrf`tf pkrk quf `c sf duonfrk` kbrupkjc tcjks eks ikuskefs f` u` scec krtíiuec, f` iuk`tc eks ikuskefs jf u`c y ctrc tnf`f` nbuke trkmntkinù` f nbukefs fafitcs f` iksc jf sfr kicbnjks pkrk au`jkr fe tîrmn`c jf u` mktrnmc`nc. Jfgkmcs ic`stk`ink quf ek ikuske jf n`icmpftf`ink c n`dkonenjkj jfe Caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne `c fs u` vninc jf `uenjkj f` ek kitukenjkj icmc sn ec frk f` ek efbnsekinù` k`tfrncr. Ksí f`tc`ifs7  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Krtíiuec ::.- Fe mktrnmc`nc sùec pcjrë sfr jfiekrkjc `uec pcr kebu`k jf eks snbunf`tfs ikuskefs, quf jfof` dkofr fxnstnjc ke tnfmpc jf su ifeforkinù`7 k) Iuk`jc u`c jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs tuvnfrf kebu`k jf eks n`ikpkinjkjfs sfûkekjks f` fe krtíiuec 6·, 1· c 2· jf fstk efy, y< o) Iuk`jc fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc `c duonfrf snjc enorf y fspc`të`fc f` ecs tîrmn`cs fxprfskjcs f` fe krtíiuec 4·.  Krtíiuec :6.- Fs `uec fe mktrnmc`nc quf `c sf ifeforf k`tf fe `÷mfrc jf tfstnbcs dëonefs jftfrmn`kjcs f` fe krtíiuec ;2.  K`ëensns jfe Krt. ::. Ic`acrmf ::.  Ic`acrmf k ek eftrk k) iuk`jc u`c jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs tuvnfrf kebu`k jf eks n`ikpkinjkjfs sfûkekjks f` ecs Krt. 6, 1 c 2 EMI jf`cmn`kjcs icmc nmpfjnmf`tcs jnrnmf`tfs tk`tc kosceutcs icmc rfektnvcs, fs jfinr quf prcifjf iuk`jc u`c jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs7 -   Yf dkeekrf enbkjc pcr ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc< -    Zuvnfrk ví`iuec jf KVI vnbf`tf vnbf`tf skevc quf sf duonfrk ikskjc ic` su ic`vnvnf`tf invne< -    Zuvnfrf mf`cs jf ;1 kûcs<  

-  Yf dkeekrf prnvkjc jfe usc jf eksfkrkzù` c quf, pcr u` trkstcr`c k`cmkeík psíqunik, afdkinf`tfmf`tf jnkb`cstnikjk, n`ikpkz jf mcjc kos ceutc kosceutc pkrk cacrmkr ek icmu`njkj jf vnjk quf nmpenik fe mktrnmc`nc< -   Ikrfinfrf jf suaninf`tf guninc u jnsifr`nmnf`tc pkrk icmprf`jfr y icmprcmftfrsf ic` ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs fsf`inkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc< -   @c pujnfrf fxprfskr iekrkmf`tf su ic`sf`tnmnf`tc< -   Duonfrk ic`trkíjc mktrnmc`nc fs f`trf ksif`jnf`tfs y jfsif`jnf`tfs c icektfrkefs dkstk fe sfbu`jc brkjc< c, -   Ic`trkf mktrnmc`nc fe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf ic` fe kiuskjc c iùmpenif jfe dcmninjnc jf su fxiù`yubf. Eufbc, sfb÷` ek eftrk o), dkorë eubkr k ek `uenjkj f` fe iksc jf ecs vnincs jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc quf `c dk snjc enorf y fspc`të`fc, fspc` të`fc, ic`tf`njcs f` fe Krt. 4 EMI, fs jfinr7 -   Iuk`jc dky frrcr f` ek pfrsc`k, -   Iuk`jc dky frrcr f` eks iukenjkjfs pfrsc`kefs quf ktf`jnjc fe an` c `kturkefzk jfe mktrnmc`nc fs jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ek jfinsnù`< c, -   Yn dk dkonjc aufrzk, snf`jc îstk tkmonî` jftfrmn`k`tf pkrk ek jfinsnù` jf ic`trkfr fe  ví`iuec.  K`ëensns jfe Krt. :6. :6. Zkmonî`  Zkmonî` dkorë `uenjkj pcr ifeforkr mktrnmc`nc sn` ktf`jfr ke `÷mfrc jf tfstnbcs dëonefs jftfrmn`kjcs f` fe Krt. ;2, ec quf qunfrf jfinr quf `c sf duonfrk ifeforkjc k`tf jcs tfstnbcs, c onf` iuk`jc u`c c kmocs jf feecs `c frk` dëonefs. Fs u`k `uenjkj pcr aketk jf puoeninjkj.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  I.   Zntuekrfs jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj Yfb÷` fe Krt. :1 EMI, fs tntuekr jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc iukequnfrk jf ecs prfsu`tcs iù`yubfs. Fxifpinc`kemf`tf, tkmonî` sfrë` tntuekrfs7 ;. F` iksc jf `uenjkj pcr sfr mf`cr jf ;1 kûcs, fs tntuekr iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs c sus ksif`jnf`tfs. Yn iumpef ecs ;1 kûcs, scec s cec qufjk` tntuekrfs ecs prfsu`tcs< ?. @uenjkj pcr frrcr c aufrzk7 scec tntuekr fe iù`yubf quf ek suarnù< 9. Mktrnmc`nc pcr krtíiuec jf mufrtf, sc` tntuekrfs tkmonî` ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe iù`yubf jnau`tc< :. Xcr ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc7 tkmonî` fs tntuekr fe iù`yubf k`tfrncr< y 6. pcr ikuskefs jfe Krt. 1 c 2 (pkrf`tfsic u dcmninjnc), fs tntuekr iukequnfr pfrsc`k f` n`tfrîs jf ek mcrke y jf ek efy. Fs u`k kiinù` p÷oenik. Ecs n`dëonefs (mf`crfs jf ;1) f n`tfrjnitcs, sc` dëonefs dëon efs pkrk fgfrifr pcr sn mnsmcs ek kiinù`, sn` pfrguninc jf ek pcsnonenjkj jf kitukr pcr rfprfsf`tk`tf, ec quf ketfrk ek rfbek bf`frke f` mktfrnk jf ikpkinjkj y jf icmpkrfif`ink f` guninc. Ksnmnsmc, Ksn mnsmc, ikof prfinskr quf pkrk n`tf`tkrsf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj pcr iukequnfr y pcr iukequnfr efbntnmkrnc, fs `fifskrnc quf scenintujfs kmocs iù`yubfs jfe mktrnmc`nc iuyk `uenjkjikuske sf prftf`jf fstî` ic` vnjk, fxifptc f` kqufeeks au`jkjks f` ek ikusk pcr mktrnmc`nc `c jnsufetc c fe mktrnmc`nc pcr krtíiuec jf mufrtf, ek quf pcjrë pfjnrsf ku` k u` kûc jfe akeefinmnf`tc jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. Icmc sf n`jniù f` ek prnmfrk pkrtf jf fstf ikpítuec, fstc nmpenik ikmonkr ek ikuske jf tîrmn`c jf u` mktrnmc`nc quf yk fstkok tfrmn`kjc, ketfrk`jc ek rfbek bf`frke jf tkxktnvnjkj y prfekinù` fxieuyf`tf jfe Krt. :? EMI. J.  Xrfsirnptnonenjkj jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc Ek nmprfsirnptnonenjkj fs u`k rfbek bf`frke pkrk ecs ic`trkyf`tfs y f` bf`frke pkrk ecs efbntnmkrncs jf eks kiinc`fs jf `uenjkj. @c costk`tf, sf kjmntf fxifpinc`fs f` ic`snjfrkinù` k eks ikuskefs f` fspfiíanic, eks quf fstë` sfûkekjks f` fe Krt. :4 EMI. Zkefs inriu`stk`inks fspfinkefs, sc` eks snbunf`tfs7 -   ek jfe mf`cr jf ;1 kûcs, ek quf prfsirnof f` u` kûc< -   pkrk ek `uenjkj pcr aufrzk c frrcr sc` 9 kûcs jfsjf jfskpkrfinjc fe dfidc< -   pkrk fe mktrnmc`nc pcr ikusk jf mufrtf fs u` kûc jfsjf fe akeefinmnf`tc jfe iù`yubf f`afrmc< -   pkrk fe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc prfsirnof ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj jf`trc jf u` kûc eufbc jf mufrtc (ku`quf sn mufrf oíbkmc y `c sf n`tf`tk ek kiinù`, kmoks vnujks sfrë` efbítnmks y sus dngcs efbítnmcs, snf`jc kmocs mktrnmc`ncs vëenjcs)< y, -   pkrk ek ikuske jf aketk jf tfstnbcs dëonefs, prfsirnof ek kiinù` f` u` kûc jfsjf fe mktrnmc`nc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fstk prfsirnpinù` jf ek kiinù` jf `uenjkj jf mktrnmc`nc  tnf`f ikrëitfr jf nrrf`u`inkoef pcr sfr jf jfrfidc p÷oenic, y pcr tk`tc fs u`k prfsirnpinù` fspfinke quf `c sf sugftk ke II, icrrnf`jc ic`trk tcjk ieksf jf pfrsc`k. F.  Fafitcs jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc Ek `uenjkj prcjuif sus fafitcs jfsjf ek afidk f` quf qufjk fgfiutcrnkjk ek sf`tf`ink quf ek jfiekrk, rftrctrkyî`jcsf eks pkrtfs ke fstkjc k`tfrncr ke quf sf f`ic`trkok` ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, sn` pfrguninc jfe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc. F` fstf sf`tnjc ecs fafitcs sc` ecs prcpncs jf ek `uenjkj invne f` tîrmn`cs bf`frkefs, f` crjf` k quf sf jfiekrk quf `u`ik duoc mktrnmc`nc y ek ic`vnvf`ink auf u` mfrc ic`iuon`ktc< quf `c fxnstnù scinfjkj ic`yubke sn`c u`k mfrk icmu`njkj< quf `c fxnstnfrc` jfrfidcs `n coenbkinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. F` iuk`tc ke fstkjc invne, vufevf` ecs ic`trkyf`tfs k sfr scetfrcs. Xcr su pkrtf, fe Krt. 6; n`insc an`ke EMI, kjvnfrtf quf ek `uenjkj `c kafitkrë ek anenkinù` jf ecs dngcs, ku` iuk`jc pkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k fstnmk quf pksk` jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke k u`k anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke, ec quf `c tnf`f mkycrfs fafitcs ic`snjfrk`jc quf tcjcs ecs dngcs sc` nbukefs k`tf ek efy.  Kdcrk onf`, pkrk quf ek `uenjkj pufjk prcjuinr sus fafitcs, `c scekmf`tf jfofrë ic`stkr f` sf`tf`ink fgfiutcrnkjk, sn`c quf kjfmës jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek rfspfitnvk n`sirnpinù` mktrnmc`nke, snf`jc scec cpc`noef k tfrifrcs jfsjf f`tc`ifs, sfb÷` fe Krt. 68 EMI. A.  Fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc Icmc ek `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc tnf`f brk`jfs ic`sfiuf`inks, fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic n`aeuf`inù n `aeuf`inù f` mntnbkr îstks pcr mfjnc jfe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc, oksë`jcsf f` ek njfk jf ecs iù`yubfs quf jf ouf`k af y ic` gustk ikusk jf frrcr dk` ic`trkíjc mktrnmc`nc. Fstf mktrnmc`nc `uec sf eekmk  putktnvc,, ec quf prcvnf`f jfe ektí` ― putkrf”,  putktnvc ― putkrf”, quf fs irffr , yk quf ecs iù`yubfs irfyfrc` quf sf ikskok` iuk`jc efs kafitkok u` vninc jf `uenjkj. F` fstfecs sf`tnjc, fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc,vëenjkmf`tf, sn onf` `uec,ku` `c prcjuif fafitcs rftrckitnvcs, sn`c quf prcjuif mnsmcs fafitcs quf fe mktrnmc`nc vëenjc. Fe jfrfidc ik`ù`nic, y k trkvîs jf kqufe `ufstrk `crmk vnbf`tf, fxnbf trfs ic`jninc`fs pkrk dkoekr jf mktrnmc`nc putktnvc7 ek ouf`k af jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, u`k gustk ikusk jf frrcr y ek ifeforkinù` scefm`f jfe mktrnmc`nc. Ksí, fe mktrnmc`nc `uec pcjrë sfr snmpefmf`tf `uec c putktnvc, y f` fstf ÷etnmc iksc fs vëenjc tke iuke sn aufrk vëenjc. _fqunsntcs jfe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc  putktnvc 

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ;.  Fxnstf`ink jf u` mktrnmc`nc `uec, fs jfinr, quf gujninkemf`tf sf dkyk jfiekrkjc icmc `uec mfjnk`tf sf`tf`ink fgfiutcrnkjk ?.  [uf fe mktrnmc`nc `uec sf dkyk ifeforkjc c rktnanikjc k`tf caninke jf Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne, okstk`jc ek prfsf`ink y `c `fifskrnkmf`tf ek icmpftf`ink c n`icmpftf`ink jfe au`inc`krnc. 9.  [uf dkyk ouf`k af jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs pcr ec mf`cs. _fqunsntc n`jnspf`skoef jf ek n`stntuinù` f` iuk`tc f`tnf`jf icmc ouf`k af ek nb`crk`ink jf ek ikusk jf `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, fs ek ic`sinf`ink jf dkofr ifeforkjc fe mktrnmc`nc icrrfitkmf`tf, sn` nmpfjnmf`tc kebu`c y f` iumpenmnf`tc jf tcjc rfqunsntc efbke. Fstc gustnanik ke mktrnmc`nc putktnvc, f` oksf k ek tfcrík jf eks kpkrnf`inks. Ek ouf`k af jfofrë fxnstnr ke mcmf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc y mk`tf`frsf f` îe, k ec mf`cs f` u` iù`yubf. Yn kifptk ek jfmk`jk jf `uenjkj, pnfrjf ek ouf`k af, pfrc sn ek rfidkzk, jfaf`jnf`jc ke mktrnmc`nc, îstk pfrsnstf. :.  [uf fxnstk u`k gustk ikusk jf frrcr f` iuk`jc k ek vkenjfz jfe mktrnmc`nc, ek quf sufef ic`au`jnrsf ic` ek ouf`k af, yk quf fstë` í`tnmkmf`tf enbkjks. Ksí, sn fxnstf ouf`k af, tkmonî` fxnstf îstk. Fe frrcr jf dfidc fs kifptkjc sn` jnsiusnù`, pfrc fe frrcr jf jfrfidc fs jnsiutnjc, yk quf pkrk kebu`cs fs n`fxiuskoef ic`snjfrk`jc ec prfvnstc pcr fe Krt. 4 jfe II f` rkzù` k ek prfsu`inù` jf ic`cinmnf`tc jf ek efy, fspfinkemf`tf sn rfikf f` mktfrnk tk` trksif`jf`tf icmc fe mktrnmc`nc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, pkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k fstë pcr rfidkzkr ke frrcr jf jfrfidc pcrquf nb`crkr ek efy fs u`k `fbenbf`ink quf `c pufjf icmprf`jfrsf icmc gustk ikusk jf frrcr. K fstk pcsturk kjdnfrf fstf prcafscr. Ctrcs sfûkek` quf, sn ek ic`anburk tcjk vfz quf ek efy pnjf scec u`k ― gustk ikusk jf frrcr ” , , sn`  sn` jnstn`bunr sn fstk fs jf dfidc c jf jfrfidc. F` fstf pu`tc prfinskmcs quf sfb÷` fe Krt. 6? EMI sf prfsumf quf ecs iù`yubfs dk` ic`trkíjc jf ouf`ky af gustkf` ikusk jf frrcr,jf skevc quf quf f` fefxnstnf`jc guninc jf `uenjkj jfmktrnmc`nc prcokrf ec ic`trkrnc ksíysfic` jfiekrk ek sf`tf`ink, mk`frk u` mktrnmc`nc `uec pfrc ifeforkjc k`tf caninke jf rfbnstrc invne, dkoekmcs jf u`c putktnvc (pcr prfsumnrsf ouf`k af y ek gustk ikusk jf frrcr). Fstk sntukinù` pcjrík kafitkr rkzc`fs jf ic`stntuinc`kenjkj. @c sf kbrfbk icmc rfqunsntc, pfrc sn ec kjvnfrtc, fe dfidc jnsiutnjc f` jcitrn`k scorf sn fs `fifskrnk c `c u`k jfiekrkinù` gujninke jf putktnvnjkj f` fe mktrnmc`nc. Gurnsprujf`inkemf`tf sf dk jnidc quf sn, pfrc ecs kutcrfs sfûkek` quf `c sf rfqunfrf, tcjk vfz quf `c fs rfqunsntc jf ecs f`umfrkjcs k`tfrncrmf`tf.

Fafitcs jfe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc prcjuif ecs mnsmcs fafitcs invnefs quf fe mktrnmc`nc vëenjc, pfrc ic` ikrëitfr îstcs jf rfektnvcs , pcrquf scec kprcvfidk` ke iù`yubf quf jf ouf`k af y ic` gustk ikusk jf frrcr ec ic`trkgc, jfgk`jc jf prcjuinrsf ecs fafitcs sn feec ikmonk. F` iuk`tc k ecs dngcs, ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke kjqunrnjk, `c ikmonk ku` sn jfgk jf fxnstnr ek ouf`k af.  Ksí, vkrík` ec ecss fafitcs, yk quf rfspfitc jf ecs iù`yubfs rfic`cifmcs rfic`cifmcs   prnmfrkmf`tf fe fafitc jf ek fxnstf`ink jf u` nmpfjnmf`tc jnrnmf`tf kosceutc jfe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke `c jnsufetc,  jnsufetc,   f` sf`tnjc quf fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc nmpnjf ke iù`yubf k ic`trkfr `ufvc mktrnmc`nc (yk quf prcjuif mnsmcs fafitcs quf fe vkenjc), ec iuke fs eùbnic sn pf`skmcs quf fe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc fs kprcvfidkjc pcr fe ic`trkyf`tf jf ouf`k af, fe quf, sn ic`snjfrk vëenjc su mktrnmc`nc, `c ic`snjfrkrë ikskrsf `ufvkmf`tf, pcrquf pkrk îe, yk fstë ikskjc. Eufbc, ctrc fafitc f`trf ecs iù`yubfs fs quf sf crnbn`k f`trf feecs u`k icmu`njkj c pkrtninpkinù` jf  bk`k`inkefs, ek  bk`k`inkefs,  ek iuke sf dkoík ic`snjfrkjc n`fxnstf`tf rfspfitc ke mktrnmc`nc jfiekrkjc `uec. F` fstf sf`tnjc, sf jnsiutf sn fstk irfkinù` keik`zk k kmocs c scec ke ic`trkyf`tf jf ouf`k af, krbumf`të`jcsf ek n`jnvnsnonenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fe Krt. 6; N`i. ? jk rfspufstk k feec f` iuk`tc k quf, f` rfekinù` ic` ek jnsceuinù` y enqunjkinù` jfe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs, sn scec u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs ic`trkgc mktrnmc`nc jf ouf`k af, pcjrë cptkr f`trf rfiekmkr ek jnsceuinù` y enqunjkinù` jfe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs quf duonfrf` tf`njc dkstk fsf mcmf`tc, c scmftfrsf k eks rfbeks bf`frkefs jf ek icmu`njkj. V` tfrifr fafitc f`trf iù`yubfs fs rfektnvc k eks jc`kinc`fs  dfidks   dfidks pcr ikusk jf mktrnmc`nc yk quf fstks suosnstf` rfspfitc jfe quf fstë jf ouf`k af y ikjuik` eks dfidks pcr fe jf ouf`k af ke quf fstë jf mkek af. An`kemf`tf, rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs  ek  ek `uenjkj `c kafitkrë k ek anenkinù` yk jftfrmn`kjk jf feecs, ku`quf `c dkyk dkonjc ouf`k af c gustk ikusk jf frrcr pcr pkrtf jf `n`bu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, jf mk`frk quf sc` dngcs jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke tk`tc ecs ic`ifonjcs c `kinjcs f` mktrnmc`nc vëenjc, icmc ecs ic`ifonjcs c `kinjcs f` mktrnmc`nc `uec, putktnvc c `c.  Q. 

JNQC_INC

F` tîrmn`cs bf`frkefs fe jnvcrinc fs ek rupturk jf u` mktrnmc`nc vëenjc vnvnf`jc kmocs iù`yubfs, fs jfinr, ek jnsceuinù` kosceutk y jurkjfrk jfe ví`iuec jfe mktrnmc`nc, pujnf`jc, pc pcrr ec tk`tc, kmocs iù`yubfs ic`trkfr `ufvks `upinks. Fs ek rupturk jfe mktrnmc`nc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke. Fstf fs fe eekmkjc jnvcrinc kosceutc kosc eutc c jnvcrinc vn`iuekr, yk quf f` kebu`ks eefbnsekinc`fs fbnsekinc`fs icmc ek k`tnbuk idnef`k ek vcz jnvcrinc tf`ík rfekinù` ic` ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke, pcr tk`tc, `c  vn`iuekr. Ksí f`tc`ifs, f` ek kituke efy pcjfmcs jnstn`bunr u` jnvcrinc vn`iuekr c kosceutc y u` jnvcrinc rfektnvc c snmpef sfpkrkinù` jf iufrpcs, fs jfinr, ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  F` efbnsekinc`fs icmpkrkjks, sf pufjf pfjnr fe jnvcrinc pcr gustk ikusk, pcr kiufrjc c n`ieusc pcr ek mfrk vceu`tkj jf u`c jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs. F` fstf sf`tnjc sf kbrupk` eks ikusks jf jnvcrinc f` 6 ieksfs7 ;.  Ikusks irnmn`ceùbniks7 icmc fe kjuetfrnc c fe ktf`tkjc ic`trk vnjk jf dngcs, fti. ?.  Ikusks iuepcsks, icmc fe kok`jc`c vceu`tkrnc c ek kusf`ink. 9.  Ikusks fubf`îsniks, icmc ek f`afrmfjkj mf`tke c eks f`afrmfjkjfs brkvfs c ic`tkbncsks. :.  Ikusks cogftnvks c n`iuepkoefs, icmc ek sfpkrkinù` enorf y ic`sf`tnjk jf ecs iù`yubfs. 6.  Ikusks n`jftfrmn`kjks, icmc ek irufejkj c ek rfekgkinù` jfe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke. Xcjrík ic`snjfrkrsf icmc ikuske fe mfrc kiufrjc, f` sf`tnjc jfe jnvcrinc ic`vf`njc pcr ecs iù`yubfs, ku`quf f` infrtcs pkísfs sf pc`f` vkrnks trkoks ke fgfrininc jf fstks kiinc`fs f` iuk`tc k quf pcjrík` eefvkr k ec quf ic`snjfrk` u`k fspfinf jf jfbf`frkinù`  jf   jf ek n`stntuinù` guríjnik, fstkoefinf`jc n`ieusc 9 kujnf`inks pkrk feeks. Fe jnvcrinc vn`iuekr, c snmpefmf`tf jnvcrinc, dk snjc sn jc vnstc jf jnstn`tk acrmk ic`acrmf ke kvk`if jfe tnfmpc. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, rfic`cifmcs fe jnvcrinc rfpujnc, rfpujnc, f` fe iuke scec fe mkrnjc tf`ík jfrfidc k jnvcrinkrsf f` oksf ke rfpujnkr k ek mugfr. Eufbc rfic`cifmcs fe jnvcrinc pcr mfrk vceu`tkj , icmc fe fxnstf`tf f` fe II scvnîtnic jf ;>;2, jc`jf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs fxprfskok y tf`ík akiuetkj pkrk jnscevfr fe mktrnmc`nc, okstk`jc fstk jfiekrkinù` k`tf fe f`ikrbkjc jf _fbnstrc ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, quf vf ke mktrnmc`nc f` u` Invne. Xcstfrncrmf`tf, rfic`cifmcs fe jnvcrinc pcr mutuc ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, sf`tnjc purkmf`tf ic`trkituke, pcr ec iuke fe jnvcrinc `c fs mës quf ek n`tf`inù` ic`vf`njk jf jkref tîrmn`c k jnidc kitc ic`trkituke. Yfrík u`k fspfinf jf rfsinenkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fs f` fstf ic`tfxtc quf kpkrfif` ecs quf jfanf`jf` ke mktrnmc`nc icmc n`stntuinù`, sfûkek`jc fe quf jnvcrinc jfof okskrsf f` ikuskefs tkxktnvks quf f`trfbk fe efbnsekjcr, jë`jcsf u` jnvcrinc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke , sfk fstf icmc rfmfjnc k u`k vnjk ic`gu`tk n`tcefrkoef c icmc sk`inù` pkrk fe iù`yubf quf auf pcic jnenbf`tf jurk`tf fe ví`iuec. Fstk ÷etnmk pcsninù` fs ek e k vnbf`tf f` Idnef. Eks irítniks jf kebu`cs kutcrfs jf ek fsiufek ic`sfrvkjcrk sf f`ikmn`k` k quf, mës keeë jf rfscevfr prcoefmks, fe jnvcrinc trkfrík muidcs mës, scorf tcjc f` iuk`tc k ecs vkecrfs jfe mktrnmc`nc icmc n`stntutc guríjnic y tkmonî` kafitnvc ’ mcrke, jf mk`frk quf fe jnvcrinc `c fs mës quf u` iksc iekrc f n`jnsiutnjc jf n`jnvnjukensmc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, krbumf`tk` quf fe mktrnmc`nc tnf`f u`k au`inù` scinke quf sf trkjuif f` quf scorf fe n`tfrîs pfrsc`ke jf ecs iù`yubfs fstë fe jf ecs dngcs y fe jf ek scinfjkj, y feec `c pufjf rfkenzkrsf sn` u` supufstc oësnic jf sfburnjkj guríjnik, quf fs ek n`jnsceuonenjkj jfe ví`iuec . ;6

;6

 _NCYFIC, F. (;>61)7 Fe Iùjnbc Invne y ek Fvceuinù` Fvceuinù` jfe Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk. Akmnenk. _fvnstk jf Jfrfidc jf ek V`nvfrsnjkj jf

Ic`ifpinù` `rc. >4. p. 66:.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fe jnvcrinc f` Idnef Fe jnvcrinc ic`acrmf k ek efbnsekinù` vnbf`tf pc`f tîrmn`c ke mktrnmc`nc, pfrc `c kafitk f` mcjc kebu`c k ek anenkinù` yk jftfrmn`kjk `n k ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs quf fmk`k` jf feek. Fstc qunfrf jfinr quf fe mktrnmc`nc `c fs quf sf fstkoefzik icmc n`fxnstf`tf tke iuke ciurrf f` fe iksc jf ek `uenjkj, sn`c quf kië sf ksumf quf fe mktrnmc`nc fxnstnù y quf sf f`iuf`trk tfrmn`kjc, y pcr feec fs pcr ec quf sf kjqunfrf fe fstkjc invne jf jnvcrinkjc y `c jf scetfrc. F` iuk`jc k eks ikuskefs, y snbunf`jc n`aeuf`ink jf efbnsekinc`fs icmpkrkjks, sf rfic`cif f` Idnef jcs ieksfs jf jnvcrinc, u`c jf`cmn`kjc jnvcrinc sk`inù`   y ctrc jnvcrinc rfmfjnc. rfmfjnc. Ek jf`cmn`kinù` jfvnf`f sn sf nmpc`f fe tîrmn`c jf mktrnmc`nc icmc u`k fspfinf jf ikstnbc pcr eks ic`juitks brkvfs quf dk icmftnjc kebu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, c onf` sn sf carfif icmc u`k sceuinù` guríjnik jf u`k sntukinù` jf sfpkrkinù` jf dfidc yk fxnstf`tf. F` fe k`ëensns pkrtniuekr, eks ikuskefs fstë` ic`tf`njks f` ecs Krt. 6: y 66 EMI quf sf pksk` k fxpc`fr.  K.  Jnvcrinc sk`inù`, pcr aketk c iuepk Fe Krt. 6: EMI fstkoefif quf fe jnvcrinc pcjrë sfr jfmk`jkjc pcr u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr aketk nmputkoef ke ctrc, snfmprf quf ic`stntuyk u`k vncekinù` brkvf jf ecs jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs quf ef nmpc`f fe mktrnmc`nc, c jf ecs jfofrfs y coenbkinc`fs pkrk ic` ecs dngcs, quf tcr`f n`tcefrkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷` , pcr ec tk`tc rfic`cif icmc oksf jfe jnvcrinc k u`k aketk jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs f` ic`trk jfe ctrc c jf ecs dn dngcs, gcs, pfrc snfmprf quf tf`bk fe mîrntc jf dkifr n`tcefrkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷`. Ikof jfstkikr quf pkrk pfjnr fstf jnvcrinc `c fs `fifskrnc iumpenr tnfmpc jf ifsf jf ic`vnvf`ink, sn`c kirfjntkr quf fafitnvkmf`tf fs fe dfidc iuepcsc fe quf dnzc nmpcsnoef ek ic`tn`ukinù` jf ek vnjk f` icm÷` pcr dkofrek vufetc n`tcefrkoef. Fstc nmpenik quf, sn ek sfpkrkinù` ciurrnù pcr jfskvf`f`inks y f` fsf prcifsc u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs n`ninù u`k rfekinù` pkrkefek, `c `fifskrnkmf`tf fstë snf`jc n`anfe, yk quf ek sfpkrkinù` ciurrnù k`tfs y `c pcr ek sntukinù` jf ek jf n`anjfenjkj. Fstc k prfinskr qufu`eksf`tnjc njfk jf sfpkrkinù` `c pcr fxnbf u` jnstk`inkmnf`tc tfidcs, sn`c mëseefvk onf` jf iufrpcs f` fspnrntuke y sfxuke, e c quf ec u` mktrnmc`nc pcjrík fstkr sfpkrkjc pfrafitkmf`tf ku` vnvnf`jc y jurmnf`jc gu`tcs f` ek mnsmk iksk y dkontkinù`< y k ek e k n`vfrsk, `c jcrmnr `n vnvnr gu`tcs y `c pcr feec fstkr sfpkrkjcs. Okgc fstf supufstc, fe Krt. 6: ic`snjfrk u` f`ikofzkjc y sfns `umfrkefs, ecs quf sc` tcjcs ikuskefs jnstn`tks jf jnvcrinc iuepcsc. Kjfmës, ic`acrmf ke n`insc prnmfrc quf ic`stntuyf ek ikuske bf`îrnik, ecs `umfrkefs jfe enstkjc `c tnf`f` ikrëitfr jf tkxktnvcs. Fstc nmpenik quf ikjk dfidc quf pufjk fstnmkrsf icmc u`k aketk nmputkoef y brkvf jf ecs jfrfidcs c jfofrfs pkrk ecs dngcs c iù`yubf y quf tcr`f n`tcefrkoef ek vnjk f` icm÷`, pcjrë sfr u` supufstc jf jnvcrinc pcr iuepk. Ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk f` sf`tf`ink jf afidk ;> jf f`frc jf ?88> f` kutcs rce 24:9?884 dk sfûkekjc quf f` ek `crmk ―sf ―sf f`umfrk u`k sfrnf jf trk`sbrfsnc`fs, ic`juitks u cmnsnc`fs quf ic`stntuyf` sfvfrks aketks ke ví`iuec ic`yubke, sn` sfr tkxktnvks c fxieuyf`tfs jf ctrks dnpùtfsns quf sf f`iukjrf`  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  f` ek ikuske bf`frke ””.. Jf fstk mk`frk, onf` pcjrík kbrfbkrsf icmc ikuske jf jnvcrinc pcr iuepk ek sntukinù` jf ek vncef`ink fic`ùmnik, mk`npuekinù` pkrk fe f`jfujkmnf`tc c dfidcs jfenitukefs icmc fstkaks c durtcs f`trf feecs. Qnstc ksí, prcifjfmcs ke k`ëensns pkrtniuekr jf ecs `umfrkefs ic`tf`njcs f` ek efy. ;·.- Ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk c mkecs trktkmnf`tcs brkvfs ic`trk ek n`tfbrnjkj aísnik c psíqunik jfe iù`yubf c jf kebu`c jf ecs dngcs< Fstk ikuske kokrik jcs supufstcs pkrtniuekrfs7 fe ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk y ecs mkecs trktkmnf`tcs. F` fe prnmfr iksc, fe ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk tcmk ek acrmk típnik pf`ke jf pkrrninjnc c afmninjnc arustrkjc, yk quf, sn sf duonfrk ic`sumkjc, nmpeniù quf fe c ek iù`yubf dk` akeefinjc y pcr feec fe mktrnmc`nc yk tfrmn`ù pcr mufrtf `kturke, `c snf`jc prcifjf`tf fe jnvcrinc. F` fe sfbu`jc iksc, ek efy utnenzk ek fxprfsnù` mkecs trktkmnf`tcs quf fs tkmonî` utnenzkjk pcr ek efy ?8.811 jf  vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr. F` fstf sf`tnjc, sn onf` `c fs rfqunsntc jf kjmnsnonenjkj jf ek jfmk`jk, ec `crmke fs quf fstk kiinù` jf jnvcrinc iuepcsc sfk ic`sfiuf`ink jf u`k ikusk k`tfrncr jf  vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr, `c snf`jc `fifskrnk `c costk`tf ek ic`jf`k. F` fstf crjf`, ek sf`tf`ink jf>>1-?8;2 ek Netmk. N etmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf ?8;4 f` kutcs rce Akmnenk dk prfinskjc quf7 jf Yk` Mnbufe jf afidk ;8 jf f`frc ― pkrk quf pufjk prcspfrkr ek ikuske jf jnvcrinc iuepcsc n`vcikjk pcr ek jfmk`jk`tf, sf rfqunfrf quf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs dkyk ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk jfe ctrc, c onf` quf ef dkyk prcafrnjc mkecs trktkmnf`tcs  brkvfs ic`trk su n`tfbrnjkj aísnik c psíqunik. Jf ec quf sf jfsprf`jf ek snbunf`tf ic`ieusnù`, trktë`jcsf jf ecs mkecs trktkmnf`tcs7 k) jfof` sfr brkvfs< y o) `c sf rfqunfrf u`k jfiekrkinù` gujninke jf mketrktc dkontuke c jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr ” V` sfbu`jc supufstc k ic`snjfrkr fs quf ecs mkecs trktcs sf duonfrk` fgfrinjc f` ic`trk jf ecs dngcs. F` tke supufstc tkmpcic sfrë rfqunsntc kirfjntkr ek fxnstf`ink jf ikusks jf mfjnjks jf prctfiinù` jf @@K pkrk ek prcifjf`ink jf ek kiinù`. ?·.- Zrksbrfsnù` brkvf y rfntfrkjk jf ecs jfofrfs jf ic`vnvf`ink, scicrrc y anjfenjkj prcpncs jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fe kok`jc`c ic`tn`uc c rfntfrkjc jfe dcbkr icm÷`, fs u`k acrmk jf trksbrfsnù` brkvf jf ecs jfofrfs jfe mktrnmc`nc< Fstk fs ek ÷`nik ikuske quf fxnbf kjfmës jf ek brkvfjkj, rfntfrkinù`. F` fstf sf`tnjc ek `crmk f`tnf`jf quf, scorftcjc f` fe iksc jfe kok`jc`c quf kafitk fe jfofr jf ic`vnvf`ink, fs `fifskrnc quf feec sfk jf mk`frk arfiuf`tf, ec quf sfb÷` ek Netmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù` f` sf`tf`ink jf afidk ?1 jf mkyc jf ?884 f` kutcs rce Akmnenk ?:92-?882, ―jfofrë ― jfofrë sfr pc`jfrkjk f` ikjk iksc pcr fe gufz ”, ”, `c fxnstnf`jc rfbek cogftnvk scorf ec quf sf f`tnf`jk icmc brkvf, `n muidc mf`cs icmc rfntfrkjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  F` fe iksc prfinsc jf ek n`anjfenjkj jfofmcs prfinskr quf fstk, f` prn`inpnc, icrrfspc`jf k ek n`arkiinù` jfe jfofr jf bukrjkrsf af ic`tf`njc f` fe Krt. ;9; jfe II, iuyk n`arkiinù` sf jftkeek f` fe krtíiuec snbunf`tf n`ieuyf`jc ek anburk jfe kjuetfrnc, icmprf`jnf`jc pcr feec ek sntukinù` f` ek quf ek mugfr ikskjk ykif ic` vkrù` quf `c sfk su mkrnjc y fe vkrù` ikskjc quf ykif ic` mugfr quf `c sfk su iù`yubf. Fstc bf`frk u`k icmpenikinù` nmpcrtk`tf jf prufok pcrquf crnbn`kemf`tf dkorík quf kirfjntkr f` eks jfmk`jkj jf jnvcrinc pcr iuepk jf fstk ieksf ek fxnstf`ink ic`tkitcs ic` tkitcs sfxukefs jfe mkrnjc c ek mugfr ic` ctrk u ctrc, icmc kitc ppf`ftrktnvc, f`ftrktnvc, sntukinù` quf jf fxnstnr fvnjf`tfmf`tf vcyfurnsmc,, scec sc` ic`cinjcs sf dk rfkenzkjc f` fspkincs í`tnmcs jf ecs quf, skevc jfsiunjcs c vcyfurnsmc pcr qunf`fs dk` pkrtninpkjc f` tkefs f`iuf`trcs. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek jcitrn`k y ecs trnou`kefs sf dk` jnvnjnjc jf mk`frk nmpcrtk`tf, kebu`cs ic`snjfrk`jc u`k vnsnù` mës rfstrnitnvk jf ek ikuske, f`tf`jnf`jc ek n`anjfenjkj icmc ek icmnsnù` jf kjuetfrnc< y ctrcs, f` u`k vnsnù` mës kmpenk, quf ic`snjfrk ke n`anfe `c scec kqufe quf dk mk`tf`njc rfekinc`fs sfxukefs ic` pfrsc`k jnstn`tk jf su mkrnjc c mugfr, sn`c quf dk jfinjnjc mk`tf`fr u`k rfekinù` pkrkefek, sntukinù` quf fs muidc mës aëine jf kirfjntkr quf ek fxnstf`ink jf ic`tkitcs sfxukefs. Fstk ÷etnmk fs ek cpn`nù` mkycrntkrnk. F` fe prnmfr sf`tnjc, ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk` Mnbufe f` ikusk rce Akmnenk ’ ?:92?882 yk k`tfs intkjc, f`tnf`jf quf ― pcr ― pcr ek acrmk quf fstë rfjkitkjc fe prfifptc, pkrfif sfr jnrnbnjc k sk`inc`kr jnrfitkmf`tf fe kjuetfrnc jfan`njc f` fe Krt. ;9? jfe Iùjnbc Invne ”. ”. F` fe sf`tnjc cpufstc y mkycrntkrnc, sn onf` sc` m÷etnpefs ecs akeecs quf sf dk` jnitkjc f` ek mnsmk tf`jf`ink, fxnstf` jcs quf pufjf` f`tf`jfrsf icmc ecs mës brëanics jf feecs. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, fe Fximc.  Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke ic` afidk ;8 jf korne jf ?8;: ?8;: f` kutcs rce ;9?1-?8;: ;9?1-?8;: dk sfûkekjc quf ―Jfof tf`frsf prfsf`tf quf fe kjuetfrnc `c fs ek ÷`nik trk`sbrfsnù` brkvf ke jfofr jf anjfenjkj prcpnc jfe mktrnmc`nc y ic`stntutnvc pcr tk`tc jf ek ikuske jf jnvcrinc pcr iuepk fstkoefinjk f` fe krtíiuec 6: `. ? jf ek efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne, sn`c quf tkmonî` ec sc` ctrcs dfidcs jf n`anjfenjkj ic`yubke jf brk` snb`nanikinù` quf nmpcrtf` u` sfvfrc ktf`tkjc ke ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke, f`trf ecs iukefs sf icmprf`jf fe trktc rfntfrkjc jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs ic` pfrsc`k jf ctrc sfxc ic` ek quf tf`bk mufstrks jf kafitc y  pksnù` nmprcpnks jf fxtfrncrnzkrsf ic` qunf` `c sfk su mkrnjc c mugfr ” Xcr su pkrtf, ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk f` sf`tf`ink s f`tf`ink jf afidk ;? jf mkrzc jf ?882 f` kutcs rce 68:4-?881, dk sfûkekjc, jf mk`frk muidc mës prfinsk n`ieusc quf fe Fximc. Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke, quf7 ―Ek n`arkiinù` ke jfofr jf anjfenjkj `c scec sf trkjuif f` quf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs icmftk kjuetfrnc, pufstc quf fstf `c fs sn`c u`k acrmk f` pkrtniuekr jf n`arn`bnr jnidk coenbkinù`. Mës onf` n`iurrf f` fstk n`arkiinù`, y, pcr f`jf, f` fstk ikuske jf jnvcrinc, fe mkrnjc c mugfr quf rfkenzk u`k ic`juitk quf icmprcmftf ek o÷squfjk jfe onf` pkrk kmocs iù`yubfs, f`tf`jnjc fstf ÷etnmc ic`ifptc f` tîrmn`cs kmpencs, kokrikjcr jf tcjks eks inriu`stk`inks in riu`stk`inks jf ek vnjk ic`yubke, fstc fs quf sf jfstruyf ek af, ic`ank`zk  y efketkj jfonjk mk`nafstkjk cstf`snoefmf`tf f` fe qufdkifr pfrsc`ke jfe iù`yubf n`arkitcr”

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Kdcrk onf`, ikof prfinskr quf ek n`anjfenjkj, sfk f` fe sf`tnjc kmpenc c rfstrn`bnjc rfstrn`bnjc jfofrë sfr jf crjf` dftfrcsfxuke. Yn fe mkrnjc ykif ic` u` vkrù` c ek mugfr ic` ctrk, ek ikuske ikmonk ke jfe `umfrke iukrtc pcr ic`snjfrkrsf u`k ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke. Ek jnafrf`ink jf trktkmnf`tc, kjfmës jf ek sntukinù` prfgunincsk y jnsirnmn`ktcrnk quf fxprfsk, fs quf f` fe supufstc dcmcsfxuke `c sf fxnbf rfntfrkinù` jf ek ic`juitk. F` ecs jfmës supufstcs ic`tfmpekjcs pcr fe `umfrke tkmonî` sf ic`snjfrk fe n`iumpenmnf`tc rfntfrkjc y brkvf jfe jfofr jf scicrrc, fe iuke f` fstf iksc icrrfspc`jf ke jfofr jf kyujk f` ek mk`utf`inù` mfjnk`tf ek n`stntuinù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs. F` fstf iksc, ek jfujk f` fstf supufstc tkmonî` nmpenikrík supufstc suaninf`tf pkrk ek scenintuj jf jnvcrinc au`jkjc f` ek ikuske sfbu`jk. 9·.- Ic`jf`k fgfiutcrnkjk pcr ek icmnsnù` jf kebu`c jf ecs irímf`fs c snmpefs jfentcs ic`trk fe crjf` jf eks akmnenks  y ic`trk ek mcrkenjkj p÷oenik, c ic`trk eks pfrsc`ks, prfvnstcs f` fe Enorc NN, Zítuecs QNN y QNNN, jfe Iùjnbc Xf`ke, quf n`vceuirf u`k brkvf rupturk jf ek krmc`ík ic`yubke< Ikuske icmpefgk jf icmprf`snù` f` iuk`tc pcjrík ic`stntunr u` supufstc jf n`arkiinù` ke prn`inpnc jfe `c` ons n` íjfm, pcr ctcrbkr u`k sk`inù` jnstn`tk k ek quf yk auf fstkoefinjk ic`acrmf ke iùjnbc pf`ke pcr ek icmnsnù` jf ecs jfentcs kdí sfûkekjcs. Okgc fstf supufstc, fstk ikuske, k guninc jf fstf kutcr, f`trk f` ic`aenitc ic` u`c jf ecs jfofrfs jfe mktrnmc`nc yk quf nmpenik ek `fbkinù` jfe iumpenmnf`tc jf jfofr jf kpcyc rfiíprcic ic`cinjc icmc jfofr jf scicrrc, au`jkjc f` u`k supufstk vfrbõf`zk quf ikuskrík k u`k pfrsc`k fe fstkr ikskjk ic` kebunf` quf dk icmftnjc keb÷` neíintc, yk quf ek `crmk `c prfinsk quf tkefs neíintcs jfok` dkofrsf icmftnjc f` ic`trk jfe ctrc iù`yubf, sntukinù` f` ek quf icorkrík sf`tnjc f`tf`jfr fe rce jf víitnmk jf kqufe quf scenintk fe jnvcrinc. F` iuk`tc k ecs jfentcs ic`tfmpekjcs jf mk`frk bf`îrnik f` ek ikuske sf kbrfbk` eks acrmks típniks jf kocrtc, kok`jc`c jf `nûcs, supcsninù` jf pkrtc, sustntuinù` jf u` `nûc pcr ctrc f` ic`tfxtc jf pkrtc, usurpkinù` jf fstkjc invne, vncekinù` f` tcjks sus acrmks, fstuprc, kousc sfxuke f` ic` tcjksdcmninjnc, sus acrmks,caf`sk pcr`cbrkaík n`ak`tne, fxdnoninc`nsmc k`tfn`ifstc, `nûcs, ifeforkinù` prcxf`ftnsmc,  vncekinù` ke pujcr c ouf`ks icstumorfs, jf mktrnmc`nc nefbke, dcmninjnc f` tcjks sus acrmks, n`ak`tninjnc, efsnc`fs f` tcjcs sus brkjcs y acrmks, jufec, ikeum`nk f n`gurnk.  Zcjcs ecs jfentcs pcjrë` jk` crnbf` ke jnvcrinc sn tnf`f` ic`jf`k fgfiutcrnkjk, pfrc icmc `c jnstn`buf ek `crmk, tke sf`tf`ink pcjrë jkrsf f` iukequnfr brkjc jf ic`sumkinù` y f` iukequnfr brkjc jf pkrtninpkinù`, snfmprf quf n`vceuirf u`k brkvf rupturk jf ek krmc`ík ic`yubke. :·.- Ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke< Yn onf` ek efy jfof ic`jf`kr dfidcs y `c pfrsc`ks, ek vcz ic`juitk fs icmpefgk jf kokrikr y gustnanikr pcrquf `c jk iuf`tk jf u` dfidc fspfiíanic, sn`c jf u`k acrmk jf icmpcrtkmnf`tc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Iuk`jc sf jnif quf u`k pfrsc`k tnf`f mkek ic`juitk, pcr fgfmpec, `c sf s f fstë dkinf`jc rfafrf`ink k u` dfidc f` pkrtniuekr, sn`c mës onf` k u` icmpcrtkmnf`tc ic`stk`tf quf prfsf`tkrík. Jf kdí f`tc`ifs quf ic`vnf`f prfinskr quf fe sfûkekmnf`tc jf ek ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke icmc dfidc ic`stntutnvc jf ek ikusk efbke pkrk nmpftrkr ek jfiekrkinù` gujninke jf jnvcrinc rfprfsf`tk u`k `cvfjkj f` fe snstfmk guríjnic idnef`c y tkmonî` f` rfekinù` ic` muidcs jfrfidcs fxtrk`gfrcs , yk quf f` tcjks eks jfmës efbnsekinc`fs fe ic`tkitc ic` pfrsc`ks jfe mnsmc sfxc f` ic`tfxtc sf`tnmf`tke y sfxuke sc` ic`snjfrkjcs icmc n`anjfenjkj, qufjk`jc suosumnjk pcr tke ikuske. ;1

Fe snb`nanikjc jf ek ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke icmc ikuske f`tc`ifs jfonù sfr prfinskjc, y ke rfspfitc, sfb÷` eks kitks jf jnsiusnù` jf ek efy f` fe ic`tfxtc jfe sfbu`jc s fbu`jc trëmntf ic`stntuinc`ke, fe Yf`kjc sfûkeù quf fstf fs u` dfidc jnstn`tc ke jf ek mfrk dcmcsfxukenjkj, icrrfspc`jnf`jc cogftnvc, ec quf nmpenik ek rfkenzkinù` jf infrtcs kitcs c mcjcs jf sfr jf k u` icmpcrtkmnf`tc fxtfr`c cogftnvc, `kturkefzk dcmcsfxuke. Xkrk feecs, ek ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke  fs  fs u` dfidc, `c ksí ek dcmcsfxukenjkj quf `c icrrfspc`jf k u` kitc c icmpcrtkmnf`tc. Fstk njfk sfrík rfacrzkjk mës kjfek`tf pcr fe Fximc. Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke, fe quf f` sf`tf`ink jf afidk ;8 jf korne jf ?8;: f` ikusk rce ?:96-?8;9 n`jniù quf7 ―quf ek dnstcrnk jf ek jnspcsninù` efbke nmpub`kjk n`jnik nbukemf`tf quf `c sf prftf`jnù ic` feek sk`inc`kr ek mfrk crnf`tkinù` sfxuke jf kebu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. F` fafitc, fe prnmfr n`acrmf jf ek icmnsnù` jf Ic`stntuinù`, Efbnsekinù` y Gustnink y _fbekmf`tc jfe Yf`kjc, jf afidk > jf guenc jf ?889, sf fxprfsk, rfanrnî`jcsf ke prfifptc quf dcy fs fe @. : jfe krtíiuec 6: jf ek Efy jf Mktrnmc`nc Invne, quf ek iukrtk inriu`stk`ink fs ek ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke. Ek icmnsnù` icn`injnù f` quf jfof fxnbnrsf u` icmpcrtkmnf`tc fxtfr`c cogftnvc c ogftnvc y `c ek mfrk ic`jninù` c n`ien`kinù` sfxuke. [uf icmc pufjf kprfinkrsf, ek efbnsekinù` invne idnef`k kitukemf`tf vnbf`tf scorf fe mktrnmc`nc  y jnvcrinc ic`snjfrk ic`stntutnvk jf u`k trk`sbrfsnù` brkvf ke jfofr jf anjfenjkj prcpnc jfe mktrnmc`nc, tk`tc eks ic`juitks n`arkitcrks jf fsf jfofr jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs ic` pfrsc`ks jf su mnsmc sfxc icmc ic` eks jfe mnsmc sfxc, sn` quf sf ic`snjfrf quf n`iurrf f` tke rfprcidf fe iù`yubf quf snf`tk ktrkitnvc c tf`bk n`ien`kinù` pcr pfrsc`ks jf su mnsmc sfxc c jf ctrc. Ek efbnsekinù` efbnsekinù ` scorf mktrnmc`nc y jnvcrinc fxnstf`tf f` Idnef `c ic`snjfrk icmc ikuske jf jnvcrinc iuepkoef ek mfrk crnf`tkinù` kafitnvk dkink pfrsc`k jfe ctrc c jfe mnsmc sfxc, y ÷`nikmf`tf ic`snjfrk trk`sbrfsnù` jfofr jf anjfenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc ek ic`juitk, kitcs, jf u`c jf ecsic`stntuyk iù`yubfs u`k ic`  pfrsc`ks jfe brkvf ctrc cke jfe mnsmc sfxc qufprcpnc nmpenquf ic`tkitc sfxuke c quf, csn` eefbkr k sfrec, fxtfrncrnzkinù` jf kafitcs prcpncs jfe mktrnmc`nc, pcr ec quf `c fxnstnf`jc u`k jnafrf`inkinù` krontrkrnk, icmc eks quf sf rfprcidk f` fstf rfqufrnmnf`tc, fstf jfof sfr rfidkzkjc” rfidkzkjc” F` fsf crjf`, sn onf` ek fxpenikinù` jfe Yf`kjc `c qufjk jfe tcjc iekrc, yk quf `c fxnstnrík prfenmn`krmf`tf u`k jnafrf`ink iekrk f`trf ek dcmcsfxukenjkj, ek ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke y ecs mcjcs jf sfr jf `kturkefzk dcmcsfxuke, dk snjc fe Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke fe quf ec dk jfan`njc. F` fstf crjf`, pcr mës quf ek `crmk dkoef jf ic`juitk dcmcsfxuke, f` vfrjkj ec quf rfprcidk

;1

   (?8;6)  O K__NF@ZCY, G.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fs ek n`anjfenjkj, sfk c `c quf sf ecbrf kirfjntkr ic`tkitcs sfxukefs, pfrc quf ke mf`cs fstkoefzik u`k rfekinù` jf kafitcs f`trf pfrsc`ks jfe mnsmc sfxc. Ic`snjfrk`jc fstf pu`tc f`tc`ifs, `c fxnstf, k guninc jf fstf prcafscr, ikusk kebu`k quf gustnanquf ek mk`tf`inù` jf fstk `crmktnvk yk quf su fafitc prëitnic onf` pcjrík qufjkr suosumnjc pcr fe `umfrke sfbu`jc rfektnvc k ek aketk jfe jfofr jf bukrjkrsf af, yk quf an`kemf`tf ec quf sf ic`jf`k sfrík ek n`anjfenjkj, y `c ek pfrsc`k ic` ek quf tke kitc sf rfkenif. Jf kdí quf su fxnstf`ink `c tf`jrík mës sf`tnjc quf rkzc`fs scinkefs jf mkidnsmc y dcmcaconk n`stntuinc`kenzkjk, ikstnbkr fxprfsk y `crmktnvkmf`tf ek dcmcsfxukenjkj icmc u` ikrëitfr tk` `fbktnvc, icmpkrkoef ke ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk jfe ctrc iù`yubf, ic`snjfrk`jc quf fstë` uonikjcs jf`trc jf ek mnsmk `ùmn`k. 6·.- Keicdcensmc c jrcbkjniinù` quf ic`stntuyk u` nmpfjnmf`tc brkvf pkrk ek ic`vnvf`ink krmc`ncsk f`trf ecs iù`yubfs c f`trf îstcs y ecs dngcs, y Jf ic`tfxtc snmnekr ke iksc jf eks ic`jf`ks pcr ecs jfentcs n`jnikjcs f` fe `umfrke tfrifrc, fstk ikusk sf au`jkrík f` u`k sntukinù` icmpefgk rfspfitc jf ecs jfofrfs mktrnmc`nkefs, ic`snjfrk`jc fspfinkemf`tf quf tk`tc fe keicdcensmc y jrcbkjniinù` sc` f`afrmfjkjfs. F` fstf iksc, ek jrcbkjniinù` keik`zk k tcjc tnpc jf aërmkic c fstupfakinf`tf quf ketfrf eks `cinc`fs jf ek rfkenjkj quf sf ic`sumk` jf mk`frk kjnitnvk pcr u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs aufrk jf u` ic`tfxtc mîjnic. Xrfinskmcs quf fe tkokqunsmc `c f`trk jf`trc jf fstk ikuske. 1·.- Zf`tktnvk pkrk prcstntunr ke ctrc iù`yubf c k ecs dngcs. Fstk ikuske qufjk gustnanikjk fvnjf`tfmf`tf pcr ek icmnsnù` jfe jfentc quf feec nmpenik. Kdcrk, fstk ikuske `c sf n`ieuyf jf`trc jfe `umfrke tfrifrc yk quf fstf `c `fifskrnkmf`tf jfof sfr u`k ic`jf`k jf prcxf`ftnsmc, sn`c quf sf f`tnf`jf ek fxprfsnù` tf`tktnvk f` u` sf`tnjc scinke mës quf guríjnic, icmc sn`ù`nmc jf prcpufstk c n`tf`inù`. O.  Jnvcrinc rfmfjnc pcr ifsf fafitnvc jf ek ic`vnvf`ink Fstcs jnvcrincs sf au`jk` f` ek sfpkrkinù` y pcr tk`tc `c ktnf`jf` k ek ikusk jf ek sfpkrkinù` icmc fe iksc k`tfrncr. Kië ec rfefvk`tf fs jftfrmn`kr sn sf f`iuf`trk` sfpkrkjcs, jf dfidc c gujninkemf`tf y sn fsk sntukinù` sf dk mk`tf`njc f` fe tnfmpc pcr ecs pekzcs quf sfûkek ek efy sfb÷` fe iksc jf jnvcrinc quf sf trktf. Kmoks anburks jf jnvcrinc fstë` ic`tf`njks f` fe Krt. 66 EMI. ;. Jnvcrinc onektfrke c jf icm÷` kiufrjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Dkorë eubkr ke jnvcrinc iuk`jc kmocs iù`yubfs ec scenintk` jf icm÷` kiufrjc y kirfjntk` quf dk` ifskjc ek ic`vnvf`ink f`trf feecs jurk`tf u` ekpsc mkycr jf u` kûc, pekzc jf sfpkrkinù` quf jfofrë prcokrsf f` ktf`inù` k ek afidk jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, yk quf f` fe iksc jf kqufeecs quf sf dk` ifeforkjc f` vnbf`ink jf ek EMI (;2 jf mkyc jf ?88: f` kjfek`tf), ek prufok sf rfstrn`bf k ecs mfjncs n`jnikjcs f` ecs Krt. ??, ?9 y ?6 EMI, quf yk aufrc` rfvnskjcs. @c costk`tf, `c okstk ic` kirfjntkr quf sf sfpkrkrc`, sn`c quf kjfmës jfof jfmcstrkrsf quf fsk sfpkrkinù` sf dk mk`tf`njc f` fe tnfmpc ic` ikrëitfr jf n`n`tfrrumpnjk, c ke mf`cs, sn sf duonfrk n`tfrrumpnjc pcr keb÷` f`iuf`trc aurtnvc, jfmcstrkr quf tke n`tfrrupinù` `c dk snjc pkrk rfk`ujkr ek vnjk f` icm÷` yk quf `c fxnstnù fe ë`nmc jf pfrmk`f`ink f` ek u`nù`. Fstc nmpenik n mpenik quf kjfmës jf ecs n`strumf`tcs jf ecs krtíiuecs k`tfs mf`inc`kjcs, jf nbuke acrmk fs rficmf`jkoef quf sf carfzik` tfstnbcs y ctrcs mfjncs prcoktcrncs f` fstf ic`tfxtc, yk quf ic` feecs sf pcjrë jfmcstrkr quf ek sfpkrkinù` sf dk mk`tf`njc f` fe tnfmpc, ke mf`cs pcr u` kûc, quf fs fe pekzc scenintkjc pcr ek efy pkrk ek prcifjf`ink jf fstk ieksf jf jnvcrinc.  Kjfmës jfe akitcr pekzc, jfofrë` ecs scenintk`tfs kicmpkûkr u` kiufrjc quf rfbuef sus rfekinc`fs rfiíprciks y eks rfekinc`fs ic` ecs dngcs jf`cmn`kjc kiufrjc icmpeftc y suaninf`tf . Fe kiufrjc jfof rfbuekr tcjks eks mktfrnks jfe Krt. ?;, snf`jc icmpeftc f` tke iksc. Fstc nmpenik rfbuekr iuktrc mktfrnks scorf ecs iù`yubfs y iuktrc rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs, sn` eks iukefs `c pcjrë ic`snjfrkrsf icmc icmpeftc, y ic`sfiuf`ink jf feec, `c pcjrë dkofr eubkr ke jnvcrinc. -   F`trf iù`yubfs7 Kenmf`tcs mkycrfs, rîbnmf` jf onf`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, pujnf`jc enqunjkr ek scinfjkj ic`yubke f` fsf mcmf`tc c onf` qufjk`jc f` icmu`njkj k ek fspfrk jf enqunjkinù` pcstfrncr< jfujks jnstn`tks k ecs kenmf`tcs y icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik. Yn `c sf aufrk prcifjf`tf rfbuekr kebu`ks jf fstks mktfrnks, pcr fgfmpec, sn `c duonfsf onf`fs jf`trc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, tke sntukinù` jfof jfiekrksf. Ec mnsmc f` fe iksc jf rf`u`inkr eks pkrtfs ke jfrfidc k icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, fe quf sn `c sf jfsfk fgfrifr `c jfof cmntnrsf, sn`c quf n`jnikr fxprfskmf`tf quf, ic`cinf`jc jfe jfrfidc quf efs ksnstf, rf`u`ink` k kqufe. -   _fspfitc jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs. Yn aufrk` mf`crfs jf fjkj, tcikrë rfbuekr iuktrc kspfitcs7 kenmf`tcs, iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, pktrnk pctfstkj y rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr. F` fe iksc quf aufrk` mkycrfs jf fjkj `c prcifjf fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, ek pktrnk pctfstkj y ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr, pfrc onf` pcjrík suosnstnr fe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs, iksc f` fe iuke dkorë quf rfafrnrsf scec k kqufe, jfiekrk`jc ek nmprcifjf`ink jf ecs jfmës f` rkzù` jf ek mkycrík jf fjkj. _fspfitc jfe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, eks pkrtfs jfofrë` n`stkr k ek icpkrf`tkenjkj, njfk quf sfrë jfskrrceekjk f` ek sfbu`jk pkrtf f` fe ikpítuec jf anenkinù`. Xcr su pkrtf, sfrë ―suaninf`tf” sn ecs tîrmn`cs angkjcs f` fstf kiufrjc rfsbukrjk` fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jf ecs dngcs, prciurk`jc kmn`crkr fe mf`csikoc fic`ùmnic quf pujc ikuskr ek rupturk y fstkoefif rfekinc`fs fquntktnvks, dkink fe auturc, f`trf ecs iù`yubfs iuyc jnvcrinc sf scenintk. @c sfrík suaninf`tf, pcr fgfmpec, sn sf pkitk icmc rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke quf fe pkjrf `c sf rfekinc`krë mës ic` sus dngcs c ec dkrë sfpkrkjc pcr n`tfrvkecs ic`snjfrkoefs jf tnfmpc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  F` rfsumf`, ecs rfqunsntcs pkrk fe jnvcrinc jf icm÷` kiufrjc sc`7 k.  [uf fstî` ikskjcs k ek afidk jf n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk, yk quf jfof prcokrsf quf fxnstf fe mktrnmc`nc quf sf prftf`jf tfrmn`kr pcr fstk scenintuj jf jnvcrinc jf icm÷` kiufrjc. o.  Fxnstnr sfpkrkinù` jf dfidc pcr ke mf`cs jf u` kûc ic` k`tfekinù` k ek n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk, prcokjc f` ek acrmk quf icrrfspc`jk sfb÷` ek afidk jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. i.  [uf jurk`tf fe ekpsc jf sfpkrkinù` `c sf dk rfk`ujkjc fe ví`iuec ic` ë`nmc jf pfrmk`f`ink. j.  [uf sf kicmpkûf fe kiufrjc icmpeftc y suaninf`tf f` ecs tîrmn`cs k`tfs sfûkekjcs. F` iuk`tc k kspfitcs jf acrmk, sn onf` fstf prcifjnmnf`tc fs gujninke, `crmkemf`tf sf kutcrnzk k rfkenzkr tcjks eks bfstnc`fs f` u`k mnsmk kujnf`ink, fs jfinr, rfkenzë`jcsf ek kujnf`ink jf guninc n`mfjnktkmf`tf tfrmn`kjk quf sf ek prfpkrktcrnk. Ksnmnsmc, sn onf` ek jfmk`jk fs f` vfrjkj u`k scenintuj susirntk pcr kmocs iù`yubfs, ek efy fxnbf quf kmocs iuf`tf` ic` rfprfsf`tkinù` gujninke fs jfinr, fstf sf`tnjc,pcrsn sus ecs iù`yubfseftrkjk, `c jfsfk` ksnstnric` k ekpktrcin`nc kujnf`inkjff`kocbkjcs rkzù` jf n`jfpf`jnf`tfs. su jfsfc jf sfr F` rfprfsf`tkjcs kocbkjcs, jfofrë` jctkr k fstcs jf pcjfrfs fspfinkefs pkrk ek ic`inenkinù` mktrnmc`nke jfe Krt. 12 jf ek EMI, quf sfrë rfvnskjc pu`tcs mës kjfek`tf, `c okstk`jc pkrk feec `n ku` ecs pcjfrfs kmpencs jfe Krt. 2 n`insc sfbu`jc jfe Iùjnbc jf Xrcifjnmnf`tc Invne. ?. Jnvcrinc u`nektfrke.  Zkmonî` dkorë eubkr ke jnvcrinc jnvcrinc iu iuk`jc k`jc ec scenintf fe iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs pcr dkofr ifskjc ek ic`vnvf`ink ic`yubke, jurk`tf k ec mf`cs 9 kûcs ic` k`tfrncrnjkj k ek n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk, k mf`cs quf k scenintuj jf pkrtf jfmk`jkjk, fe gufz vfrnanquf quf fe jfmk`jk`tf jurk`tf fe ifsf jf ic`vnvf`ink `c dk jkjc iumpenmnf`tc rfntfrkjc k su coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs rfspfitc jfe iù`yubf jfmk`jkjc y jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs, pujnf`jc dkifrec. Jf fstk jfsirnpinù`, ic`tf`njk f` fe n`insc tfrifrc jfe Krt. 66 EMI, pcjfmcs kjvfrtnr quf ecs rfqunsntcs jf prcifjf`ink pkrk fe jnvcrinc u`nektfrke sc`7 -   [uf sf f`iuf`trf` jfmk`jk`tf y jfmk`jkjc/k ikskjcs k ek îpcik jf n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk. -   [uf sf f`iuf`trf` sfpkrkjcs jfsjf dkif 9 kûcs ke mf`cs ic` k`tfrncrnjkj jf ek afidk jf n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk. Fsc qunfrf jfinr quf fe pekzc jfof dkofrsf iumpenjc k`tfs jf n`ninkr ek kiinù`. Fstf pekzc jfofrë prcokrsf f` ek acrmk yk k`tfs n`jnikjk sfb÷` ek afidk jf ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, jnstn`bunf`jc sn auf k`tfs c jfspuîs jf ek f`trkjk f` vnbf`ink jf ek EMI.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

-   [uf tke sfpkrkinù` sfk n`n`tfrrumpnjk jurk`tf ecs trfs kûcs rfqufrnjcs, y sn ec auf, quf duonfrk snjc sn` ë`nmc jf pfrmk`f`ink. -   _fqunsntc fvf`tuke7 [uf `c fxnstk jfujk jf kenmf`tcs jfe jfmk`jk`tf rfspfitc jfe iù`yubf c ic` ecs dngcs icmu`fs. Xrfinskmcs fe ikrëitfr fvf`tuke jfe ÷etnmc rfqunsntc yk quf fs u` fefmf`tc quf jfof kefbkr fe jfmk`jkjc/k jf jnvcrinc, jfonf`jc prcokr ek fxnstf`ink jf ek jfujk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe n`iumpenmnf`tc f` fe pkbc jf kenmf`tcs pkrk fe iù`yubf y/c dngcs, yk sf`tf`inkjc, jurk`tf fe ifsf jf ic`vnvf`ink, `c kutcrnzk ke jfujcr jf îstcs pkrk pfjnr fe jnvcrinc, fs jfinr quf jfofrë tf`fr iuf`tks iekrks f` fstf pu`tc sn jfsfk pc`fr tîrmn`c k su mktrnmc`nc. I.  Ikrkitfrístniks jf ek kiinù` jf jnvcrinc ;.  Ek kiinù` icrrfspc`jf k iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs, skevc f` iksc jf jnvcrinc iuepcsc c sk`inù`, jc`jf scec fs tntuekr fe iù`yubf quf `c jnc eubkr k ek ikuske. @c jfof f`tf`jfrsf f` fstf iksc quf `fifskrnkmf`tf sfk fe iù`yubf víitnmk , yk quf fe n`iumpenmnf`tc brkvf pcjrík jkrsf tkmonî` f` ktf`inù` k ecs dngcs. Jf fstk mk`frk ek fgfrif qunf` `c jnc eubkr k ek ikusk, f` ic`trk jf qunf` ec dnzc. ?.  Fs nrrf`u`inkoef, y jfrnvkjc jf kqufeec iukequnfr kiufrjc jf `c fgfrininc jf ek kiinù` jf jnvcrinc sfrë `uec jf `uenjkj kosceutk. 9.  Fs nmprfsirnptnoef, jurk`jc tk`tc icmc jurf ek vnbf`ink jfe mktrnmc`nc. :.  Jfof n`tf`tkrsf f` vnjk jf ecs iù`yubfs, yk quf fs u`k acrmk jf tfrmn`kr u` mktrnmc`nc  vëenjc y vnbf`tf. Yn fstuvnfrk kebu`c akeefinjc, fe mktrnmc`nc mktrnmc`nc yk fstkrík tfrmn`kjc. 6.  Icrrf y vkef ku` pkrk iù`yubfs mf`crfs jf fjkj c n`tfrjnitcs, ku`quf pufjf` kitukr tkmonî` pcr rfprfsf`tk`tf. J.  Fafitcs jfe jnvcrinc Jfof` jnstn`bunrsf ecs fafitcs f`trf iù`yubfs y rfspfitc jf tfrifrcs. F` prnmfrc tîrmn`c, f` rkzù` jf ecs iù`yubfs, ek sf`tf`ink vkef jfsjf quf sfk jfiekrkjk y fgfiutcrnkjk, f` acrmk quf ecs iù`yubfs yk `c tf`jrë` rfekinù` f`trf feecs f` `n`bu`c jf ecs sf`tnjcs quf fe mktrnmc`nc fstkoefif. @c costk`tf, jfofmcs prfinskr quf `c `fifskrnkmf`tf ifskrë` eks rfekinc`fs quf jf feec jfrnvk`, icmc fe ifsf jf kenmf`tcs c u` `ufvc mktrnmc`nc, pcr fgfmpec, feec f` iuk`tc fe jnvcrinc sfrë cpc`noef k tfrifrcs scec k pkrtnr jf su suon`sirnpinù` ke mkrbf` jfe rfbnstrc f` fe quf fstuvnfrk fe mktrnmc`nc, rfinî` f`tc`ifs rfinof` fe fstkjc invne jf jnvcrinkjcs, ec quf sf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  prufok mfjnk`tf ek icrrfspc`jnf`tf pkrtnjk jf mktrnmc`nc. Xrfinsc ek nmpcsnonenjkj jfe ifsf jf ecs kenmf`tcs c ek pcsnonenjkj jf ic`trkfr `ufvc mktrnmc`nc, yk quf pkrk fe gufz quf ic`czik jfe ifsf jf ecs kenmf`tcs, pcr mës quf fxnstk ek sf`tf`ink, sn `c fxnstf ek suon`sirnpinù`, fe mktrnmc`nc snbuf vnbf`tf, y ec mnsmc ciurrnrë ic` fe caninke jf _fbnstrc Invne iuk`jc sf rfkenif ek mk`nafstkinù` icmc scefm`njkj prfvnk k ek ifeforkinù` jfe `ufvc mktrnmc`nc prftf`jnjc. Fstk mnsmk sntukinù` nmpenikrë fe ifsf jf ecs jfrfidcs suifscrncs, ek pcsnonenjkj jf rfvcikr jc`kinc`fs dfidks f` rkzù` jfe mktrnmc`nc y ek pcsnonenjkj jf scenintkr ek jfskafitkinù` jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr. Fstc `c sf fxtnf`jf k ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, fvnjf`tfmf`tf. Yf jnsiutf iuëe sfrík fe fstkjc invne jf ecs fxiù`yubfs f` fe pfrncjc quf mfjnk f`trf ek fgfiutcrnk jf ek sf`tf`ink y su n`sirnpinù`, yk quf f`trf feecs fstkrík` jnvcrinkjcs, pfrc k`tf tfrifrcs ku` ikskjcs. Eufbc, f` iuk`tc k ecs dngcs fstcs sf vf` n`jnafrf`tfs k ek sntukinù`, yk quf fe jnvcrinc kafitk fe mktrnmc`nc, pfrc `c ek anenkinù` yk jftfrmn`kjk `n ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs quf fmk`f` jf feek. F` fe iksc quf fe jnvcrinc sf duonfrk cotf`njc f` fe fxtrk`gfrc, cpfrk nbuke quf eks jf `uenjkj, fs jfinr quf sc` rfic`cinjks f` Idnef snfmprf y iuk`jc dkyk snjc jfiekrkjc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke, `c rfic`cinî`jcsf ecs jnvcrincs quf dkyk` snjc jfiekrkjcs pcr mfjncs quf ktf`tf` ke crjf` p÷oenic, ecs cotf`njcs pcr arkujf, fti. F` fsf sf`tnjc, ek anburk jf anrmkr jciumf`tcs prnvkjcs quf `c iuf`tk` ic` kutcrnzkinù` gujninke f` Idnef ikrfif jf vkecr. Qcevfrfmcs scorf fstf pu`tc mës kjfek`tf.  QN. 

IKMONC JF @CMO_F ^ YFTC _FBNYZ_KE F@ _KWÙ@ JF NJF@ZNJKJ JF BÎ@F_C

Icmc sf dk rfafrnjc k`tfs, ic` afidk ;2 jf jninfmorf jf ?8;> f`trù f` vnbf`ink ek efy `rc. ?;.;?8 quf rfic`cif y jk prctfiinù` ke jfrfidc k ek njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc, ek quf pfrmntf y ctcrbk akiuetkj k tcjk pfrsc`k iuyk njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc `c icn`injk ic` su sfxc y `cmorf rfbnstrke, jf scenintkr ek rfitnanikinù` jf fstcs, feec ic` ek an`kenjkj jf jkr u`k sceuinù` jnb`k k ek prcoefmëtnik quf vnvf` pfrsc`ks trk`sfxukefs y trk`sbî`frc f` Idnef.  Kdcrk onf`, mës keeë jfe of`faninc scinke quf tke `crmktnvk kikrrfk, fs rfefvk`tf rfvnskr fe ic`tf`njc jfe Krt.;4 y snbunf`tfs jfskrrceekjcs okgc fe përrkac sfbu`jc jf`cmn`kjc jf ek scenintuj jf rfitnanikinù` jf eks pfrsc`ks ic` ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke vnbf`tf. F` fstf crjf`, sfûkekmcs quf fe prcifjnmnf`tc jf rfitnanikinù` jf sfxc y `cmorf rfbnstrke fs u` trëmntf kjmn`nstrktnvc rfkenzkjc k`tf fe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne f Njf`tnanikinù`, pfrc f` fe iksc quf fe scenintk`tf fstuvnfrk ikskjc, fe prcifjnmnf`tc sf ketfrk pksk`jc k sfr gujninke, y fvnjf`tfmf`tf pcr ek mktfrnk, jf icmpftf`ink jf ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  N`jnik fe Krt. ;> quf ek scenintuj au`jkjk jf ikmonc y sfxc rfbnstrke sf n`tfrpc`jrë n `tfrpc`jrë f` fe Zrnou`ke jf icmpftf`ink jfe jcmninenc jf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs k fefiinù` jfe scenintk`tf, jfonf`jc n`jnvnjukenzkr ke iù`yubf. N`tfrpufstk quf sfk, fe Zrnou`ke intkrë k kujnf`ink prfpkrktcrnk, y f` feek iukequnfrk jf ecs jcs iù`yubfs tf`jrë jfrfidc k jfmk`jkr icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik ic`acrmf k eks rfbeks bf`frkefs. Fstc snb`nanik quf sn aufrk fe scenintk`tf qunf` pnjk ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, jfofrë fxprfskrec f` su scenintuj, y sn aufrk fe iù`yubf jfmk`jkjc, jfofrë prcmcvfrec icmc jfmk`jk rfic`vf`inc`ke. Fe Gufz ke rfscevfr, sf prc`u`inkrë scorf ek scenintuj jf ikmonc jf sfxc y `cmorf rfbnstrke, y jf kiifjfr k feek, jftfrmn`krë fe tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc ic`acrmf k fstk `ufvk ikuske jfe `umfrke 6 jfe Krt. :? EMI. F` fstf sf`tnjc, icmc ek icmpf`skinù` jfpf`jf jfe tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn sf rfidkzkrk ek scenintuj jf scenintuj jf ikmonc jf sfxc y `cmorf, sf rfidkzkrë` tkmonî` eks jfmk`jks jf icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, yk quf acrmkemf`tf snbuf fe mktrnmc`nc vnbf`tf. F` fstf mnsmc sf`tnjc, kiekrkmcs quf ku` iuk`jc `c sf dk fgfrinjc u`k kiinù` jf jnvcrinc prcpnkmf`tf tke, fe fstkjc invne ic` fe quf qufjkrë` ecs iù`yubfs iuyc mktrnmc`nc tfrmn`f pcr fstk ikuske, sfrë jf jnvcrinkjcs. Jfrnvkjc feec, fs quf jfof icmprf`jfrsf k fstk ikuske icmc u`k ic`stntutnvk jf jnvcrinc jnstn`tk k ek iuepk y ek sfpkrkinù`, ec quf fs eekmktnvc ic`snjfrk`jc quf `c sf dk fxprfskjc f` feek jnrfitkmf`tf ek n`tf`inù` jf pc`fr tîrmn`c ke mktrnmc`nc jf pkrtf jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs. Fe mktrnmc`nc tfrmn`k f`tc`ifs vkecrë`jcsf icmc u` prfinc k pkbkr pcr ek scenintuj jf ikmonc jf `cmorf y sfxc rfbnstrke, ec quf, sn onf` `c auf rfpkrkjc pcr fe  Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke jf`trc jfe trëmntf efbnsektnvc, pcjrík ic`stntunr u` supufstc n`ic`stntuinc`ke icmc u` fgfrininc coenbkjc jf kiinù` n`jfsfkjk, ec quf ketfrkrík rfbeks oësniks prcifskefs icmc fe n`tfrîs `fifskrnc jf qunf` fgfrif ek kiinù`.  QNN. 

_FBEKY ICMV@FY K INF_ZCY IKYCY JF YFXK_KINÙ@, @VENJKJ  ^ JNQC_INC7

 K pkrtnr jfe Krt. 1;, yk f` fe ikpítuec QNN jf ek EMI, sf rfvnskrë` kspfitcs kpenikoefs, prn`inpkemf`tf k ek `uenjkj y ke jnvcrinc mës quf k ek e k sfpkrkinù`. F` fstf sf`tnjc, crnbn`kemf`tf ek efy dkoík ic`tfmpekjc trfs kspfitcs, jf ecs iukefs dcy scekmf`tf dky jcs vnbf`tfs. F` fspfiíanic sf trktkrë ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik f`trf ecs krt. 18 k 11 y ek ic`inenkinù` ic`inenkin ù` f` ecs krt. 12 k 28. Fe tfrifr títuec quf fstkok ic`snjfrkjc frk ek mfjnkinù`, pfrc fstf auf jfrcbkjc  í`tfbrkmf`tf f` ecs ;8 krtíiu krtíiuecs ecs quf ic`tfmpekok pcr ek efy ?8.?61 jfe ;6 jf sfptnfm sfptnfmorf orf jf ?884.  Ksí f`tc`ifs, rfvnskmcs eks jcs n`stntuinc`fs vnbf`tfs. ;. Jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik Ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik fs fe jfrfidc quf tnf`f` kmocs iù`yubfs f` iksc jf quf sf jfiekrf `uenjkj c jnvcrinc, k quf sf ef icmpf`sf fe mf`csikoc fic`ùmnic quf dk fxpfrnmf`tkjc icmc ic`sfiuf`ink jf dkofrsf jfjnikjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc ke iunjkjc jf ecs dngcs k eks ekocrfs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  prcpnks jfe dcbkr icm÷`, ec quf ef nmpnjnù jfskrrceekr kitnvnjkj rfmu`frkjk c euirktnvk, c ec dnzc f` mf`cr mfjnjk jf ek quf pcjík c qufrík. Yn jfsbecskmcs sus rfqunsntcs, tcjcs icpuektnvcs, sc`7 -   [uf sf jfiekrf fe jnvcrinc (sfk pcr ikuske iuepcsk, jf sfpkrkinù` c pcr ikmonc jf sfxc y `cmorf rfbnstrke pcr efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc) c ek `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fstc qunfrf jfinr quf `c fs pcsnoef quf fxnstk icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik sn fe mktrnmc`nc snbuf  vnbf`tf. -   [uf fe iù`yubf quf jfmk`jk ecbrf prcokr quf sf duonfrk jfjnikjc ke iunjkjc jfe dcbkr icm÷` c jf ecs dngcs. Fstc `c qunfrf jfinr quf `fifskrnkmf`tf fe iù`yubf jfmk`jk`tf jfok sfr jufûc/k jf iksk, sn`c quf sf trktk jf quf tf`bk jfjnikinù` ke dcbkr icm÷` y ecs dngcs. @c fstë ic`jninc`kjk su prcifjf`ink k ek fxnstf`ink jf fstcs ÷etnmcs. -   [uf pcr fstkr prfciupkjc/k jfe dcbkr y ecs dngcs, `c pujc jfskrrceekr u`k kitnvnjkj rfmu`frkjk f` ek acrmk quf qufrík c pcjík. Fstk sntukinù` nmpenik quf ek ikpkinjkj prcjuitnvk sf dk vnstc jnsmn`unjk c mfrmkjk pcr dkofr jfjnikjc su tnfmpc k eks ekocrfs akmnenkrfs n`jnikjks. -   [uf fe dfidc jf dkofrsf jfjnikjc k ek akmnenk y quf dk mfrmkjc c jnsmn`unjc su ikpkinjkj prcjuitnvk jf ek acrmk quf qufrík c pcjík jfskrrceekrsf, jfof prcjuinr u` mf`csikoc. Ek fxnstf`ink jfe mf`csikoc fs trksif`jf`tke yk quf fs fe cogftc jf ek kiinù` f` fe sf`tnjc quf fs tke ec quf sf icmpf`skrë. Zf`fr prfsf`tf quf `c fs u`k jkûc quf n`jfm`nzkinù`, pcrquf `c ousik rfskrinr fe jkûc  quf auf jfjnikrsf k ek akmnenk y ecs dngcs, mf`csikoc quf tke sntukinù` bf`frù f` fe crjf` pfrsc`ke, sn`c quf ousik icmpf`skr fe mf`csikoc quf prcafsnc`ke y pktrnmc`nke. -   [uf fe mf`csikoc sf trkjuzik f` kebu`c jf ecs irntfrncs fstkoefinjcs f` fe Krt. 1? EMI, ecs quf jf snrvf` pkrk jftfrmn`kr tk`tc ek fxnstf`ink jfe mf`csikoc fic`ùmnic ek iuk`tík ek icmpf`skinù`. Fs jfinr, tkefs inriu`stk`inks `c scec iumpef` u`k icmc au`inù` jf iuk`tnanikinù` jfe mf`csikoc, sn`c quf ic`jninc`k` su prcpnk fxnstf`ink . Fstcs irntfrncs pcjrík` kbrupkrsf f` trfs iktfbcríks7 ecs quf ktnf`jf` k ikrkitfrístniks pktrnmc`nkefs jf ecs iù`yubfs kqufeecs quf ktnf`jf` k ikrkitfrístniks pfrsc`kefs jf ecs mnsmcs< y an`kemf`tf infrtcs akitcrfs cogftnvcs. F` ecs prnmfrcs sf f`iuf`trk ek sntukinù` pktrnmc`nke, ek iukenanikinù` prcafsnc`ke, eks pcsnonenjkjfs jfe kiifsc ke mfrikjc ekocrke y ek icekocrkinù` prfstkjk f` ek kitnvnjkj jfe ctrc. Xcr su pkrtf, ecs jf crjf` pfrsc`ke kbrupk` k ek ouf`k c mkek af, fe fstkjc jf skeuj y ek sntukinc !` prfvnsnc`ke< y an`kemf`tf, ecs cogftnvcs sf rfjuif` k ek jurkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc y jf ek vnjk f` icm÷`, ec quf pcr u` akitcr `umîrnic ek kpenikinù` jf ek jfinsnù` jf prcifjf`ink y iuk`tík jf ek ;2

;2

 ZV_@F_ , Y. (?88:)  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik mk`tf`jrík fe mnsmc crjf`, fs jfinr, prnmfrc ec pktrnmc`nke, eufbc ec pfrsc`ke y an`kemf`tf ec cogftnvc cog ftnvc . ;4

Jfan`njc ec k`tfrncr, sfûkekmcs f`tc`ifs quf eks ikrkitfrístniks jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik fs sfr u`k fspfinf jf n`jfm`nzkinù` pcr skirnaninc , pfrc `c u`k n`jfm`nzkinù` invne prcpnkmf`tf tke. Fstc nmpenik jnafrf`inkrec f`tc`ifs jf ek `cinù` jfe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs, fe quf fstë jfstn`kjc k sktnsakifr u`k `fifsnjkj jf sustf`tc mcjfstc ic`acrmf k u`k jftfrmn`kjk pcsninù` scinke. @c costk`tf, kjvfrtnmcs quf fxnstf jcitrn`k quf f`tnf`jf k ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik ic` u`k mnrkjk ksnstf`inkenstk, fs jfinr, f`tf`jnf`jc quf su an`kenjkj sfrík prfvfr ec quf ciurrk f` fe auturc ic` fe iù`yubf mës jîone. F` tke sf`tnjc sf dk krbumf`tkjc quf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik ousikrík quf fe iù`yubf quf ek rfinok sfk nmpueskjc c ef dkonentf pkrk ek `fifskrnk rfn`sfrinù` u`k vfz quforkjc fe prcyfitc akmnenkr, jk`jc u`k mkrikjk mnrkjk dkink fe auturc u`k vfz iumpenjks sus ic`jninc`fs jf prcifjf`ink . Jnsiutnmcs fstk pcsturk f` iuk`tc fe mf`csikoc yk jfofrík dkofr ciurrnjc pkrk icmpf`skrsf, y `c fstkr pcr suarnrsf. Ksumnr ek pcsturk ksnstf`inke jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik nmpenik pc`fr ke gufz f` ek idk`if jf tf`fr quf nmkbn`kr fe auturc jfe iù`yubf jfsvf`tkgkjc, `c ktf`jnf`jc ke mf`csikoc yk suarnjc, ketfrk`jc ek an`kenjkj jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik. ;>

?8

Fstk mnsmk sntukinù` `cs eefvk k prfinskr quf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik `c sf prfsumf, quf rfqunfrf prufok y quf `c prftf`jf u`k `nvfekinù` fx pcst  jf  jf eks rfekinc`fs pktrnmc`nkefs jfrnvkjks jfe mktrnmc`nc . Fs jfinr, quf ek icmpf`skinù` `c ousik quf kmocs iù`yubfs qufjf` f` njî`tnik sntukinù` pktrnmc`nke trks fe tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, yk quf feec nmpenikrík fqunpkrkr ek sntukinù` ic` ecs fafitcs jf ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs, quf sf rfvnskrë mës kjfek`tf. ?;

 Kdcrk onf`, mës keeë jf ek jnsiusnù` pek`tfkjk, jfofmcs tf`fr prfsf`tf quf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik kpenikrë fe jf`cmn`kjc prn`inpnc jf prctfiinù` ke iù`yubf mës jîone, ic`snjfrk`jc icmc jfaninf`tf k kqufe quf tnf`f u`k sntukinù` jfsvf`tkgcsk f` ecs irntfrncs jfe Krt. 1? EMI f` icmpkrkinù` ic` fe ctrc iù`yubf. F` iuk`tc k ek jftfrmn`kinù` jf ek prcifjf`ink y jfe mc`tc jf ek icmpf`skinù` dky jcs mk`frks jf fstkoefifrek7 F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, ciupk`jc ek kutcicmpcsninù` tk` acmf`tkjk f` mktfrnks jf akmnenk, pcjrë` ecs iù`yubfs, snf`jc mkycrfs jf fjkj, ic`vf`nrek f` iuk`tc k mc`tc y acrmk jf pkbc, ec quf jfofrë ic`stkr f` fsirnturk p÷oenik c pcr kitk jf kvf`nmnf`tc, ek quf jfof scmftfrsf k kprcokinù` gujninke. F` fstf iksc fs f`tc`ifs iuk`jc sf kbrfbk icmc u` pu`tc jfe kiufrjc icmpeftc y suaninf`tf. Ikof prfinskr quf ku` iuk`jc sf angf jf fstk acrmk, feec `c nmpenik u`k rf`u`ink k ek kiinù` jf icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, pcr ec quf ec kië pkitkjc scec tf`jrë fafitc ;4 ;>

?8 ?;

 NOËÛFW, @. (?8;4)  IC__KE, D. (?882) NJKE, K   (?881)  Q NJKE  Z V_@F_ , Y (?881)  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  iuk`jc ic` ciksnù` jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf jnvcrinc c `uenjkj sfk kprcokjc fe kiufrjc. _ficrjfmcs quf `c fxnstf icmpf`skinù` sn fe mktrnmc`nc snbuf vnbf`tf. Eufbc, ek sfbu`jk ketfr`ktnvk, k aketk jf kiufrjc c iuk`jc ecs iù`yubfs sc` mf`crfs jf fjkj, fs quf fe mc`tc y acrmk jf pkbc sfk angkjc pcr fe gufz f` fe prcifsc jf `uenjkj c jnvcrinc.  Ksí f`tc`ifs, qunf` qunfrk scenintkr icmpf`skinù`, jfofrë pfj pfjnrec nrec f` ek jfmk`jk. jfmk`jk. F` iksc jf `c dkifrec, fe gufz efs n`acrmkrë f` ek kujnf`ink jf fstk pcsnonenjkj f` ek ic`inenkinù`, pujnf`jc jkrsf u`k icmpefmf`tkinù` jf ek jfmk`jk ke scenintkr fstk icmpf`skinù`. Zkmonî` pufjf pfjnrsf f` u`k rfic`vf`inù` ic`gu`tkmf`tf k ek ic`tfstkinù` jf ek jfmk`jk. Ksí, fe gufz ke prc`u`inkrsf scorf ek `uenjkj c scorf fe jnvcrinc, jfofrë jftfrmn`kr tkmonî` mc`tc jf ek icmpf`skinù` y ek acrmk jf pkbc. Kdcrk onf`, on f`, sn fe jnvcrinc sf jk pcr fe Krt. 6: EMI, fs jfinr, pcr ikuske iuepkoef, fe gufz pufjf jf`fbkr fe jfrfidc k icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik k ek pkrtf quf n`iurrk f` ek ikuske c jnsmn`unr fe mc`tc jf feek. F` iuk`tc k ek acrmk jf pkbc, fe gufz jfofrë angkrek, jftfrmn`k`jc su prcifjf`ink y mc`tc, pujnf`jc jkrsf jf jcs acrmks7 Xcr mfjnc jf f`trfbk jf jn`frc (snf`jc pcsnoef pkitkr iuctks rfkgustkoefs), kiinc`fs u ctrcs onf`fs< c onf`, pcr ek ic`stntuinù` jf u` jfrfidc jf usuaruitc, usc c dkontkinù` rfspfitc jf onf`fs quf sfk` jf prcpnfjkj jfe iù`yubf jfujcr, ek quf `c kafitkrë `n of`faninkrë k ecs kirffjcrfs jfe iù`yubf jfujcr, yk quf sf fstkoefif icmc jfrfidc pfrsc`keísnmc. Yn `c tnf`f onf`fs y sf pkitk` iuctks, pcjrë` jkrsf f` fe `÷mfrc quf sfk (iuk`tks sfk` `fifskrnks), ktf`jnf`jc ek ikenjkj fic`ùmnik jfe iù`yubf jfujcr, fxprfsk`jc fe vkecr jf ikjk iuctk, ek quf sfrë snfmprf rfkgustkoef. @c sc` kenmf`tcs, ku`quf sf ic`snjfrk` icmc tkefs pkrk fafitcs jf pkbc, ec quf qunfrf jfinr quf ecs kprfmncs jf kenmf`tcs pcjrík` sfr kpenikoefs tkmonî` pkrk ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik, sntukinù` quf f`trk f` ic`aenitc ic` fe Krt. 2 jfe pkitc jf Yk` Gcsî jf Icstk _nik, yk quf pcjrík ic`stntunr jftfrmn`kinc`fs jf prnvkinù` jf enofrtkj pcr jfujks jnstn`tcs k ecs kenmf`tcs, quf fs ek ÷`nik fxifpinù` quf fe Xkitc rfinî` intkjc ic`tfmpek k ek koceninù` jf ek prnsnù` pcr jfujks. ?. Jf ek ic`inenkinù` Ycenintkjk quf sfk ek sfpkrkinù` c fe jnvcrinc, fe gufz jfof eekmkr k eks pkrtfs k kujnf`ink jf ic`inenkinù`, ek quf tnf`f jnstn`tcs an`fs icmc sc`7 k`kenzkr eks ic`jninc`fs scorf eks quf sf pcjrík supfrkr fe ic`aenitc ic`yubke y kicrjkr mfjnjks ic`ifr`nf`tfs k ek rfbuekinù` jf kenmf`tcs jf iù`yubfs f dngcs, iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr y fe fgfrininc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj.  K fstk kujnf`ink kiujf` eeks ks pkrtfs pfrsc`kemf`tf, pujnf`jc jnitkrsf mfjnjks jf kprfmnc pkrk quf îstcs kiujk`. Fstk akiuetkj fs jfefbkoef f` fe rfprfsf`tk`tf gujninke, `c costk`tf, `c keik`zk fe pcjfr kmpenc f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe n`insc n`ins c sfbu`jc jfe Krt. 2 jfe Iùjnbc jf Xrcifjnmnf`tc Invne pkrk f`tf`jfrsf ic`afrnjk, jfonf`jc fxprfskmf`tf jfiekrkrsf quf sf kutcrnzk ic`inenkr f` su `cmorf ic`acrmf ke Krt. 12 EMI, pujnf`jc fxprfskr su n`tf`inù` jf `c pfrsfvfrkr f` fe ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke f` su `cmorf.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

F` jnidk kujnf`ink fe gufz prcpc`jrë oksfs pkrk u` krrfbec, prciurk`jc kgustkrsf k eks fxpfitktnvks jf eks pkrtfs. Yn `c eefbk` k kiufrjc c sn fstf `c aufrk icmpeftc y suaninf`tf, fe gufz fxdcrtk k ecs iù`yubfs f` fe n`tf`tc jf eefbkr k îe, dkinî`jcefs skofr ek pcsnonenjkj jf scmftfrsf k mfjnkinù`. @c costk`tf, fe gufz jfofrë prc`u`inkrsf snfmprf scorf eks mfjnjks prcvnsnc`kefs quf sf tcmkrë` rfspfitc k kenmf`tcs, iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs, rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr pkrk fe pkjrf quf `c ek tf`bk y fe fgfrininc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj.  QNNN.  ICMXFZF@INK ^ X_CIFJNMNF@ZC Fs icmpftf`tf pkrk ic`cifr jf eks kiinc`fs jf sfpkrkinù`, `uenjkj c jnvcrinc fe Guzbkjc ic` icmpftf`ink jf akmnenk jfe jcmninenc jfe jfmk`jkjc, kpenië`jcsf fe prcifjnmnf`tc kpenikjc k feecs. Yfrë rfsfrvkjc, k mf`cs quf fe gufz y pcr pftninù` jf eks pkrtfs rfsufevk ec ic`trkrnc. Xcr su pkrtf, fe Krt. 4> EMI fstkoefif quf Eks kiinc`fs quf tf`bk` pcr cogftnvc rfbuekr fe rîbnmf` jf kenmf`tcs, fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs c ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr quf mk`tf`jrë ic` feecs kquîe jf ecs  pkjrfs quf `c ecs tf`bk okgc su iunjkjc, iuk`jc `c sf duonfrf` jfjuinjc prfvnkmf`tf jf kiufrjc k eks rfbeks  bf`frkefs, icmcf`ksnmnsmc tcjks eks rfekinc`kjks ic` fe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, qquf uf ``cjfofrë` c duonfrf` duonfrf` snjc rfsufetks acrmk prfvnk k ekiufstnc`fs prfsf`tkinù` jf ek jfmk`jk jf sfpkrkinù`, `uenjkj c jnvcrinc, jfjuinrsf f` acrmk ic`gu`tk ic` îstk c pcr vík rfic`vf`inc`ke, f` su iksc, y rfscevfrsf tk` prc`tc qufjf` f` fstkjc, jf kiufrjc ke prcifjnmnf`tc kpenikoef . Ek mnsmk rfbek sf

kpenikrë f` iksc jf quf sf prftf`jk mcjnanikr fe rîbnmf` jf kenmf`tcs, fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs c ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr quf mk`tf`jrë ic` fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf quf `c ecs tf`bk okgc su iunjkjc, quf duonfrf` snjc jftfrmn`kjcs prfvnkmf`tf. Fe iumpenmnf`tc jfe rîbnmf` angkjc prfvnkmf`tf scorf jnidks mktfrnks sf trkmntkrë ic`acrmf k eks rfbeks bf`frkefs ” Eufbc, fe Krt, >; EMI fstkoefif quf iuk`jc sf dkyk n`tfrpufstc scenintuj jf jnvcrinc, f` iukequnfr mcmf`tc f` quf fe gufz kjvnfrtk k`tfifjf`tfs quf rfvfef` quf fe mktrnmc`nc pcjrík fstkr kafitkjc f` su crnbf` pcr u` jfafitc jf vkenjfz, sf ecs dkrë skofr k ecs iù`yubfs, sn` fmntnr cpn`nù`. Yn f` ek kujnf`ink, c jf`trc jf ecs trfn`tk jíks snbunf`tfs, kebu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs scenintk ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj, fe prcifjnmnf`tc icmprf`jfrë kmoks kiinc`fs y fe gufz, f` ek sf`tf`ink jfan`ntnvk, sf prc`u`inkrë prnmfrc scorf ek jf `uenjkj . An`kemf`tf, fe Krt. >8 EMI fstkoefif quf f` fe eekmkjc k ic`inenkinù` k quf sf rfanfrf fe krtíiuec 12, sf n`ieunrë` eks mktfrnks sfûkekjks f` fe n`insc sfbu`jc jf jnidk jnspcsninù`, ku` iuk`jc `c sf duonfrf` scenintkjc f` ic`acrmnjkj k ec jnspufstc f` fe krtíiuec prfifjf`tf, y sf rfscevfrë` tk` prc`tc qufjf` f` fstkjc, jf kiufrjc ke prcifjnmnf`tc kpenikoef , fs jfinr n`ieuyî`jcsf ec rfektnvc k kenmf`tcs, rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr, pktrnk pctfstkj y iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC QN. FAFIZCY JFE MKZ_NMC@NC

Fe mktrnmc`nc tnf`f fafitcs scorf eks pfrsc`ks ic`trkyf`tfs y scorf ecs onf`fs jf îstcs. F` ecs prnmfrcs fstkoefifmcs quf sf irfk f`trf feecs u` ic`gu`tc jf jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs rfiíprciks, quf tnf`f` rfefvk`ink pfiu`nkrnk, jf icmpcrtkmnf`tcs ic`juitks rfbuekjcspktrnmc`nke f` ecs Krt. ;9; `c y snbunf`tfs. F` fe sf`tnjc jf sn`c ecs onf`fs, fe mktrnmc`ncybf`frk u` rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke icmc fstktutc quf vk k rfbekr ecs n`tfrfsfs pfiu`nkrncs jf ecs iù`yubfs y jf sus rfekinc`fs ic` tfrifrcs. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` pufjf kbrfbkrsf icmc fafitc fe dfidc quf fe mktrnmc`nc jk crnbf` k ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;48 II. Zk`tc ecs fafitcs pktrnmc`nkefs icmc ecs fafitcs jf anenkinù` sfrë` rfvnskjcs mës kjfek`tf, pcr ec quf kdcrk `cs kvcikmcs scekmf`tf k ec rfektnvc k ecs jfofrfs pfrsc`kefs jf ecs iù`yubfs.  Ku` iuk`jc fe Iùjnbc Invne ecs okutnzk icmc coenbkinc`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, mktrnmc`nc, ec infrtc fs quf sc` jfofrfs, yk quf `c tnf`f` icmc icrrfektc u` jfrfidc pfrsc`ke pkrk fxnbnrec quf pufjk sfr fgfrinjc c rf`u`inkjc pcr su kirffjcr, snf`jc n`kpenikoefs kjfmës ecs mcjcs jf fxtn`bunr eks coenbkinc`fs jftfrmn`kjks pcr fe mktrnmc`nc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe n`iumpenmnf`tc jf ecs jfofrfs bf`frkrë sk`inc`fs jf crjf` akmnenkr, icmc fe jnvcrinc quf tfrmn`k fe mktrnmc`nc, y `c jf crjf` invne, pcr ec quf fs n`kpenikoef fe mfik`nsmc jf fgfiuinù` jf coenbkinc`fs jf dkifr pkrk prcmcvfr fe iumpenmnf`tc jf tkefs ic`juitks jfonjks. N. 

JFOF_FY JF ECY IÙ@^VBFY

 K`tfs fxnstík` fxnstík` jfofr jfofrfs fs rfiípr rfiíprcics cics y jfofrfs n`jnvnjukefs. Kitukemf`tf scec fxnstf` ecs rfiíprcics y sc`7 ;. Jfofr jf anjfenjkj. Ic`tfmpekjc f` fe Krt. ;9; II, fstkoefif quf Ecs iù`yubfs fstë` coenbkjcs k  bukrjkrsf af, k scicrrfrsf y kyujkrsf mutukmf`tf f` tcjks eks inriu`stk`inks jf ek vnjk. Fe mkrnjc y ek mugfr sf jfof` rfspftc y prctfiinù` rfiíprcics . F` fstf sf`tnjc fe  bukrjkrsf af , fs fe jfofr jf anjfenjkj. Fe n`iumpenmnf`tc k fstc ic`anburk fe kjuetfrc, fe quf sf icmftf pcr fe scec dfidc jf ykifr ek mugfr ikskjk ic` vkrù` ikskjc quf `c fs su mkrnjc mkrnjc y fe vkrù`, ic` qunî` `c fs su mugfr. Fe Krt. ;9? II. jfskrrceek ek njfk quf fe kjuetfrnc ic`stntuyf u`k brkvf n`arkiinù` ke jfofr jf anjfenjkj quf nmpc`f fe mktrnmc`nc y jk crnbf` k eks sk`inc`fs quf ek efy prfvî y ic` eks n`tfrprftkinc`fs gurnsprujf`inkefs quf k`tfs yk duonfrk` snjc fxpufstks. ?. Jfofr jf scicrrc. Zrkjuinjc tkmonî` f` u`k jf eks fxnbf`inks jfe Krt. ;9;, pfrc p frc jfskrrceekjk pcr fe Krt. ;9: II., sf f`tnf`jf icmc ek coenbkinù` jf prcpcrinc`krsf ecs kuxnencs fic`ùmnics `fifskrncs pkrk vnvnr tk`tc ecs iù`yubfs icmc ek akmnenk icm÷`, ec quf sf jftfrmn`k pcr ek ikpkinjkj fic`ùmnik jf îstcs, ek quf pcjrë sfr angkjk pcr fe gufz n`ieusc, n` ieusc, sn aufrf `fifskrnc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

F` fstf sf`tnjc sn dky scinfjkj ic`yubke, fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrk jfonf`jc sktnsakifr ecs bkstcs jfe mk`tf`nmnf`tc jf su mugfr y jf ek akmnenk, yk quf ek mk`utf`inù` jfe dcbkr y jf ecs dngcs mktrnmc`nkefs sc` u` pksnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sfb÷` fe Krt. ;2:8 `rc.6 II. Xcr su pkrtf, sn fstë` sfpkrkjcs jf onf`fs c f` pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, fstcs jfofrë` ktf`jfr sus prcpnks jfujks, ku`quf snfmprf sn dky ikrf`ink jf u`c, jfofrë ic`tkrsf ic` fe kuxnenc jfe ctrc. Fstf jfofr jkrë crnbf` y pcsnonenjkj ke iù`yubf quf sf f`iuf`trf f` fstkjc jf `fifsnjkj jf jfmk`jkr kenmf`tcs. Ksí f`tc`ifs, ecs kenmf`tcs sc` ek e k acrmk prëitnik f` quf sf pc`f f` fgfrininc fe jfofr jf scicrrc. 9. Jfofr jf kyujk mutuk. Kpenikjc k tcjks eks inriu`stk`inks jf ek vnjk, ic`snstf`tf f` ecs iunjkjcs pfrsc`kefs y f` eks ic`scekinc`fs quf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs jfok ke ctrc f` eks f`afrmfjkjfs y kjvfrsnjkjfs jf ek vnjk. :. Jfofr jf rfspftc y prctfiinù` rfiíprcics. Icmprf`jnjc icmc fe kmpkrc tk`tc aísnic icmc mcrke. Fe rfspftc ic`snstf f` quf iù`yubfs f` sus rfekinc`fs p÷oeniks y prnvkjks jfof` bukrjkr ic`snjfrkinù` y trktc jf u`k krmc`ncsk ic`vnvf`ink. Ek sk`inù` fs n`jnrfitk, f` iuk`jc pcjrík fstkoefifrsf u`k sfpkrkinù` gujninke pcr ikuske jfe Krt. ?1 EMI, y sn ic`stntuyfrk` mkecs trktkmnf`tcs, ikuske jf jnvcrinc pcr iuepk f` fe supufstc jfe Krt. 6: `rc. ; EMI. 6. Jfofr jf dkifr vnjk f` icm÷` c jf ic`vnvf`ink. Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;99, ―Kmocs iù`yubfs tnf`f` fe jfrfidc y fe jfofr jf vnvnr f` fe dcbkr icm÷`, skevc quf k kebu`c jf feecs ef ksnstk rkzc`fs brkvfs pkrk `c dkifrec”. Fstk `crmk n`trcjuif ek njfk jfe dcbkr icm÷`, f` iuk`tc k quf fs u` dfidc quf pcr su `kturkefzk ic`trnouyf ke iumpenmnf`tc jf ecs an`fs jfe mktrnmc`nc, f` fspfiíanic, fe jf icdkontkinù` y prcirfkinù`. 1. Ikpkinjkj jf ek mugfr ikskjk f` fe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke. K`tfs jfiekrkjk n`ikpkz, dcy pef`kmf`tf ikpkz k`tf ek efy, sn fs quf fstuvnfrk` ikskjcs f` scinfjkj ic`yubke y fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrkjcr ikf f`ek n`tfrjniinù` c f` sus prcec`bkjk c jfskpkrfinmnf`tc, pcjrë ic` kutcrnzkinù` gujninke mugfr kjmn`nstrkr onf`fs, ecskusf`ink jfe mkrnjc y ecs jf ek scinfjkj, sfb÷` fe  Krt. ;94 II, snfmprf quf ek jfmcrk ciksnc`f pfrguninc, coenbk`jc ke mkrnjc ic` sus kitcs. F` ecs jfmës ikscs, fs jfinr, ecs kitcs jf ek mugfr `crmkemf`tf scec kafitk` ecs onf`fs jf su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc c scorf ecs quf kjmn`nstrf icmc sfpkrkjk pkrinkemf`tf jf onf`fs. 2. Kuxnenc gujninke f`trf iù`yubfs.  Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;91 II ―ecs iù`yubfs sfrë` coenbkjcs k sumn`nstrkrsf ecs kuxnencs quf `fifsntf` pkrk sus kiinc`fs c jfaf`sks gujninkefs, snf`jc fstcs kuxnencs ek prcvnsnù` jf tcjcs ecs fefmf`tcs `fifskrncs pkrk fe fgfrininc jf ek kiinù` c pkrk fe pek`tfkmnf`tc y sustf`tkinù` jf ek jfaf`sk. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, fe mkrnjc jfofrë, kjfmës, sn fstë ikskjc f` scinfjkj ic`yubke, prcvffr k ek mugfr jf eks fxpf`sks pkrk ek entns  quf  quf fstk snbk c quf sf eefvf` f` su ic`trk, ec quf ifskrë sn ek mugfr tnf`f pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc c onf`, sn tnf`f onf`fs jfe Krt. ;11 y ;12 II, fs jfinr, jf kqufeecs quf dk rfinonjc f` jc`kinù` c efbkjc quf sf dkyk  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  dfidc sn` kjmn`nstrkinù` jfe mkrnjc y ;12 sfpkrkjk pkrinkemf`tf jf onf`fs mfjnk`tf kiufrjc jf ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs, k mf`cs quf fstcs aufrk` n`suaninf`tfs. 4. Ic`trktcs f`trf iù`yubfs. @c dky rfbek bf`frke, sn`c prcdnoninc`fs fspfiíaniks kpenikjks kpen ikjks k scec infrtcs ic`trktcs, pcr ec quf kqufeecs quf ifeforf` sc` vëenjcs. Fstë` prcdnonjcs ecs ic`trktcs f`trf mkrnjc y mugfr jf icmprkvf`tk< pfrmutk< jc`kinc`fs nrrfvcikoefs< y f` ek mcjnanikinù` jf ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs, skevc quf sfk pkrk kjcptkr sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs c pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs. Yf jnsiutf kifrik jf ek vkenjfz jfe ic`trktc jf scinfjkj, f` iuk`tc pkrk ecs ark`ifsfs fe ic`trktc fs `uec pcr `c jkrsf ek nbukejkj f`trf scincs, f`tf`jnjc ek jnafrf`ink fxnstf`tf f`trf mkrnjc y mugfr. Ek jcitrn`k idnef`k kpcyk feec, f`tnf`jc quf feec vk f` jfsmfjrc jf ecs jfrfidcs jfe mkrnjc. @c costk`tf, ek gurnsprujf`ink dk sfûkekjc quf fe ic`trktc jf scinfjkj f`trf iù`yubfs fs vëenjc pcr `c fxnstnr `crmk quf ek prcdíok. >. Yntukinù` jf ek mugfr ikskjk sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs. Ktf`jnjc fe Krt. ;6> II., ek mugfr ikskjk sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs tnf`f, rfspfitc jf ecs onf`fs quf kjmn`nstrk sfpkrkjkmf`tf, eks mnsmks akiuetkjfs quf fe Krt. ;29 II, ic`anrnî`jcef k feek eks mnsmks akiuetkjfs quf ek mugfr jnvcrinkjk y/c sfpkrkjk gujninkemf`tf. Jf fstk mk`frk, tk`tc ek mugfr icmc fe mkrnjc jnspc`f` enorfmf`tf jf ec suyc, ku`quf jf tcjks acrmks `c pcjrë` ifeforkr ic`trktcs jf icmprkvf`tk c pfrmutk, `n rfkenzkr kitcs icmc jc`kinc`fs nrrfvcikoefs. Aufrk jf eks enmntk`tfs jnidks, ek mugfr sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs kit÷k ic` enofrtkj guríjnik.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC QNN. ECY _FBÍMF@FY MKZ_NMC@NKEFY

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY

Jf`cmn`kjc pcr kebu`cs icmc fe rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke jf ek akmnenk c fe rîbnmf` fic`ùmnic akmnenkr , ecs rfbímf`fs pktrnmc`nkefs rfbekmf`tk` ecs n`tfrfsfs y iufstnc`fs pktrnmc`nkefs jfe mktrnmc`nc, feec pcr eks ic`sfiuf`inks quf îstf prcjuif f` ek vnjk icm÷` pcr ek kjqunsninù` jf onf`fs quf f` su vnbf`ink ciurrf. Jf fstk mk`frk, rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke fs fe ic`gu`tc jf `crmks quf rfbekmf`tk` ecs fafitcs jfe mktrnmc`nc rfspfitc jf ecs onf`fs. Fe prcafscr K EFYYK@J_N  sfûkek quf fstf rîbnmf` fs fe fstktutc quf rfbek ecs n`tfrfsfs pfiu`nkrncs jf ecs iù`yubfs f`trf sí y f` sus rfekinc`fs ic` tfrifrcs. Yf ikrkitfrnzk` pcr sfr u` fstktutc `crmktnvc jnrnbnjc ke crjf`kmnf`tc scincfic`ùmnic jfe dcbkr, pfrc surbnjks k prcpùsntc jfe mktrnmc`nc scekmf`tf, pcrquf `c sf rfanfrf` k `n`b÷` ctrc crjf` pktrnmc`nke, ec quf fs krbumf`tc k akvcr jf su ic`snjfrkinù` icmc n`stntuinù`. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` ic`tfmpek mfjnjks jf prctfiinù` k tfrifrcs. ??

Jf`trc jfe jfrfidc ciinjf`tke sf dk` irfkjc jnstn`tcs rfbímf`fs mktrnmc`nkefs f` ek dnstcrnk efbnsektnvk jfe Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk, snf`jc ecs mës nmpcrtk`tfs n mpcrtk`tfs ecs quf sf jftkeek` k ic`tn`ukinù`, jf ecs iukefs scekmf`tf ecs trfs prnmfrcs f`umfrkjcs sf f`iuf`trk` vnbf`tfs f` Idnef. ;. _îbnmf` jf icmu`njkj jf onf`fs. F` fstf rîbnmf`, tcjcs ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs pcr ecs iù`yubfs sfk` kpcrtkjcs ke mktrnmc`nc c kjqunrnjcs jurk`tf îe, acrmk` u`k mksk icm÷` quf pfrtf`fif k kmocs y quf sf jnvnjf f`trf feecs u`k vfz jnsufetk ek icmu`njkj. Ecs onf`fs icmu`fs ecs kjmn`nstrk fe mkrnjc ic` kmpenks akiuetkjfs, pcr ec quf ek mugfr `c tnf`f n`tfrvf`inù` f` feec pcr rfbek bf`frke (ec quf jftfrmn`kok quf k`tfs feek aufrk n`ikpkz rfektnvk  ).   ).  ?9

Jf`trc jf fstf rîbnmf` jf icmu`njkj pufjf` rfic`cifrsf jcs ieksfs7 u`k icmu`njkj u`nvfrske cicmc u`k rfstrn`bnjk, sfb÷` snekicmprf`jf c pkrtf ecs onf`fs ecs iù`yubfs. F`kpcrtkjcs ek u`nvfrske,c sf jngc, acrmk` icmu`njkjtcjc tcjcs ecs jf onf`fs jf ecsjf iù`yubfs, sfk` kjqunrnjcs, pcr ec iuke rfic`cifmcs u` pktrnmc`nc tctke y icm÷`. F` ek icmu`njkj rfstrn`bnjk, n`brfsk` scec ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs k títuec c`frcsc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc y ecs mufoefs kjqunrnjcs k títuec brktuntc, fxieuyî`jcsf ecs n`mufoefs k títuec brktuntc. @ùtfsf quf, f` fstf ÷etnmc kjfmës jfe pktrnmc`nc icm÷`, dky u`c pfrsc`ke jf ikjk iù`yubf quf `c pksk ke dkofr icm÷`. Fstf ÷etnmc sfrík fe mfik`nsmc rfic`cinjc f` Idnef icmc Ycinfjkj Ic`yubke.

?? ?9

 KEFYYK@J_N, K  K (;>9?)  Ek efy ;4.48? jfe 8> jf gu`nc jf ;>4> fstkoefinù f` su krtíiuec sfbu`jc quf7 k ic`tkr jf ek vnbf`ink jf fstk efy, ek mugfr

quf auf n`ikpkz pcr fstkr ikskjk f` scinfjkj ic`yubke jfgkrë jf sfrec pkrk tcjcs ecs fafitcs jfe Iùjnbc Invne y jfmës Iùjnbcs y efyfs fspfinkefs y rfspc`jfrë jf sus kitcs ic` ecs onf`fs quf kjmn`nstrf jf kiufrjc ic` ecs krtíiuecs ;68, ;11 y ;12.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Zfrmn`kjk quf sfk ek icmu`njkj icmu`njkj,, sf ff`ic`trkrë `ic`trkrë f` fstkjc jf enqunjkinù`, ikjk iù`yubf rftnr rftnrkk sus kpcrtfs y onf`fs prcpncs, y fe rfstc, ec quf qufjk eufbc jf dkofrsf rftnrkjc ecs onf`fs kpcrtkjcs, sf eekmk bk`k`inkefs, quf sf jnvnjf f` mntkj f`trf feecs, yk quf jf feecs kmocs iù`yubfs sc` jufûcs f` mntkjfs. Fstc eefvk k prfinskr quf f` ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `c qufjkrë` kmocs iù`yubfs f` ek mnsmk sntukinù`, yk quf ek pkrnjkj sf mk`tnf`f scekmf`tf rfspfitc jf ecs onf`fs quf sf n`tfbrf` f` fe pktrnmc`nc icm÷` c dkofr scinke. ?. _îbnmf` jf sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs. Ic`trkrnc k ek icmu`njkj, fstf `c acrmk pktrnmc`nc icm÷` y sf ikrkitfrnzk prfinskmf`tf pcrquf ikjk iù`yubf ic`sfrvk fe jcmn`nc jf ecs onf`fs quf pcsfík ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc y jf ecs quf kjqunfrk jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf fstf, ecs quf kjmn`nstrk y bczk ic` kosceutk n`jfpf`jf`ink, pcr ec quf fe mkrnjc `c fs kjmn`nstrkjcr sn`c mës scec jf sus prcpncs onf`fs. Jf fstk mk`frk, fe mktrnmc`nc `c ketfrk f` `kjk ek rfekinù` jf ecs iù`yubfs ic` sus onf`fs y kmocs sf vfrë` coenbkjcs coen bkjcs k kpcrtkr k ek mk`utf`inù` jf ek akmnenk f` prcpcrinù` k sus pcsnonenjkjfs. Zkmonî` pcjrë sfr tctke c pkrinke, sfb÷` sn icmprf`jf ek sfpkrkinù` k tcjcs ecs onf`fs c k scec kebu`cs, fxnstnf`jc icmu`njkj f` ecs jfmës. Yf dk jnidc pcr pkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k quf f` fstf rîbnmf` ek mugfr rfsuetk ic` jfsvf`tkgk y quf ktf`tkrík ic`trk fe ic`ifptc oësnic jf ek u`nù` quf nmpenik fe mktrnmc`nc, vnsnù` quf `c fs icmpkrtnjk pcr fstf kutcr pcrquf nmpenik f` infrtk mfjnjk suofstnmkr eks pcsnonenjkjfs jf rfkenzkinù` prcafsnc`ke c prcjuitnvk jf ek mugfr. @c costk`tf, pkrk fe iksc jf ek mugfr iuyk jfinjnjk c nmpufstk rfkenjkj jf jfjnikrsf ke iunjkjc jf ek akmnenk, dcbkr f dngcs, quf scinkemf`tf sf dk okutnzkjc icmc jufûk jf iksk , ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs `c fs u` rfspkejc akvcrkoef f` fe supufstc jf tîrmn`c jf mktrnmc`nc ic`snjfrk`jc quf tcjcs ecs onf`fs sfrík` jf qunf` ecs pkbù, fs jfinr, jfe mkrnjc. Fs pcr fstk rkzù` quf fxnstf` n`stntuinc`fs guríjniks quf dk` n`tf`tkjc mntnbkr tke sntukinù`, icmc ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr, c mës bf`îrnikmf`tf f` iuk`tc fs kpenikoef k iukequnfr mktrnmc`nc f` ic`tfxtc jf `uenjkj c jnvcrinc, ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik. 9. _îbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. Fs kqufe f` quf jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs kjmn`nstrk sfpkrkjkmf`tf ecs onf`fs quf pcsfík` ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfrec y ecs quf pcstfrncrmf`tf kjqunfrk, pfrc jnsufetc quf sfk fe rîbnmf`, ecs bk`k`inkefs kjqunrnjcs pcr u`c y ctrc, pksk` k ic`stntunr u`k mksk icm÷` pkrk fe scec fafitc jf su enqunjkinù` y jnvnsnù` f`trf feecs. Xkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k ic`snjfrk fstf rîbnmf` icmc u`k icmon`kinù` jf ecs jcs k`tfrncrfs, pfrc sn` sus jfsvf`tkgks, pcrquf jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc fstë` sfpkrkjcs jf onf`fs, pfrc jnsufetc quf sfk, fe iù`yubf quf cotuvc mf`cs bk`k`inkefs pksk k pkrtninpkr jfe quf cotuvc mës. Xkrk ek tf`jf`ink jf fstf kutcr, ek pkrtninpkinù` jf ecs bk`k`inkefs `c icrrfspc`jf k u`k anburk n`tfrmfjnk, sn`c mës onf` k u`k mcjkenjkj jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke f` ek quf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fs n`jfpf`jnf`tf. Fstf rîbnmf` tnf`f jcs vkrnkoefs7 ek jf icmu`njkj jnafrnjk y ek irfjntnink. F` ek prnmfrk, fs jfinr, jf ek icmu`njkj jnafrnjk , sf f`tnf`jf quf jnsufetc quf sfk fe rîbnmf` sf acrmk u`k icmu`njkj jf onf`fs pkrk fe scec fafitc jf enqunjkrek y rfpkrtnrek. Ek irfjntnink rfic`cif quf ek kjqunsninù` jf ecs onf`fs jf ikjk iù`yubf sc` u` irîjntc auturc jfe ctrc, f` acrmk quf, sn onf` `c tnf`f jfrfidcs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  prfsf`tfs, fstcs sf f`iuf`trk` okgc ic`jninù` suspf`snvk jf kjqunsninù`, pf`jnf`jc jfe dfidc auturc f n`infrtc jfe tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf`, sfk c `c icmc ic`sfiuf`ink jfe tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc. :. _îbnmf` sn` icmu`njkj. Ynf`jc u`k vkrnkinù` jfe rîbnmf` jf sfpkrkinù`, f` fstf rîbnmf` `c dky pktrnmc`nc icm÷`, pcrquf rfspfitc jf ecs onf`fs quf pcsfík` k ek dcrk jfe mktrnmc`nc y jf ecs kjqunrnjcs eufbc, ic`sfrvk` su n`jfpf`jf`ink, pfrc sf jnafrf`ink` f` fstcs ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs. Ksí, ic`snjfrkjcs jf kpcrtf jf ecs rfsfrvkjcs.  Ksí, ecs onf`fs jf kpcrtf sc` ecs quf ek mugfr pcsfík ke tnfmpc jfe mktrnmc`nc y ecs kjqunrnjcs jurk`tf su vnbf`ink< y rfsfrvkjcs, ecs jf su usc pfrsc`ke, icmc sus vfstnjcs, kedkgks f n`strumf`tcs jf trkokgc, ecs kjqunrnjcs ic` su trkokgc, ecs ksnb`kjcs c ecs jc`kjcs pcr u` tfrifrc ic` fstf ikrëitfr y ecs quf f` fe ic`trktc jfe mktrnmc`nc sf jfiekrf` tkefs, pcr ec quf scorf feecs tnf`f icmpeftk ikpkinjkj f n`jfpf`jf`ink< mës f` ecs jf kpcrtf su kjmn`nstrkinù` y bcif icrrfspc`jf fe mkrnjc, pfrc ic` ikrbc jf suovf`nr k eks `fifsnjkjfs jf ek akmnenk icm÷`. Ksí, fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrk sus onf`fs y scec ecs jf kpcrtf jf ek mugfr. Fs u` kiufrjc jf kjmn`nstrkinù`, sn` quf sf bf`frf pktrnmc`nc icm÷`. 6. _îbnmf` jctke. Yf ikrkitfrnzk pcr ek fxnstf`ink jf u`k jctf c ic`gu`tc jf onf`fs quf ek mugfr kpcrtk ke mktrnmc`nc y iuyk kjmn`nstrkinù` sf f`trfbk ke mkrnjc pkrk ktf`jfr k eks `fifsnjkjfs jf ek akmnenk, pcr ec quf fstk mksk jf onf`fs `c tnf`f sn`c ctrc an`. Ecs onf`fs jf ek mugfr pcjrë`, f`tc`ifs, sfr jctkefs c sfr  pkrkafr`kefs, snf`jc ecs prnmfrcs ecs quf ic`stntuyf` ek jctf< y ecs sfbu`jcs, ecs quf ek mugfr ic`sfrvk f` su pcjfr y iuyk kjmn`nstrkinù` y bcif ef icrrfspc`jf`, icmc f` fe rîbnmf` jf sfpkrkinù`. @ùtfsf quf, ke tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, fe mkrnjc jfof rfstntunr ek jctf, pcr ec iuke `c pufjf gkmës f`kgf`kr ecs onf`fs quf ek acrmk`. F` fe iksc idnef`c, ek jctf `c fstë ic`tfmpekjk icmc u` rîbnmf` prcpnkmf`tf tke, `c costk`tf, mktrnmc`nc, feec jfsjf fe Krt. ;241 y sn sf dk rfbuekjc okgc ek acrmk jf jc`kinc`fs pcr ikusk jf mktrnmc`nc, snbunf`tfs, eks quf `c pcjrë` fxifjfr k ek iukrtk pkrtf jf ecs onf`fs jfe iù`yubf y quf fstkrë` snfmprf ic`jninc`kjks k ek fxnstf`ink y vnbf`ink jfe mktrnmc`nc. Jf dfidc, ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;2>8, sfk pcr `uenjkj (n`insc prnmfrc), pcr sfpkrkinù` gujninke c jnvcrinc (n`insc sfbu`jc y  Krt.;2>?), pcjrë pfjnrsf ek rfvcikinù` jf fstks jc`kinc`fs. Fs pkrtniuekrmf`tf eekmktnvc fstf pu`tc pcrquf ku` iuk`jc sf trktk jf jc`kinc`fs f`trf vnvcs, ek efy eks f`tnf`jf icmc fsf`inkemf`tf rfvcikoefs. F` fe iksc idnef`c, dnstùrnikmf`tf scec sf pfrmntík ek scinfjkj ic`yubke pcr ec quf `c fxnstík cpinù` jf fefiinù`, kpenië`jcsf ek rfbek bf`frke jfe Krt. ;96 II, feec ic` ek vkrnkoef jf fstnpuekr kebu`k ikpntuekinù` pkrinke jf sfpkrkinù`. Kitukemf`tf dky u`k enofrtkj jf fefiinù` f`trf ecs rfbímf`fs, pujnf`jc cptkr f`trf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs c ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. Yn `kjk sf dk jnidc, ek rfbek bf`frke fs ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, k`tnbukmf`tf `c sf pfrmntík ek mutkinù` jf u` ctrc,jfe ec quf fs fvnjf`tf ic`snjfrk`jc quf `c fxnstík` rfbímf`fs ketfr`ktnvcs. Fsrîbnmf` rfinî` kf`pkrtnr ?1 jf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jninfmorf jf ;>>1 quf sf mk`tnf`f` ecs trfs rfbímf`fs icmc cpinc`fs, f` iuk`tc sf irfk ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs k pkrtnr jfe Krt. ;2>?-; II, feec pcr ek e k efy ;>.996. K`tfs jf fstc, scec sf pcjík pkskr jf scinfjkj ic`yubke k sfpkrkinù` tctke c pkrinke jf onf`fs, snf`jc ek ÷`nik cpinù` jf ikmonc jf rîbnmf`. Fs f` fstf ic`tfxtc f` fe quf ecs iù`yubfs onf` pufjf` jfinjnr ikmonkr jfe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke k ek sfpkrkinù` c k ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs< c jf ek sfpkrkinù` k ek pkrtninpkinù`< c jf ek pkrtninpkinù` k ek sfpkrkinù`, eks vfifs quf ec fstnmf` `fifskrnc y pfrtn`f`tf pkrk rfbnr sus rfekinc`fs pktrnmc`nkefs f` fe ic`tfxtc jf mktrnmc`nc, ec quf pcjrë rfkenzkrsf n`ieusnvf f` kebu`cs ikscs mfjnk`tf sf`tf`ink gujninke. Ec quf `c sf kjmntf jf`trc jf fstcs ic`tfxtcs jf mutkinù` jf rîbnmf`, fs quf sf pksf jf u`k sfpkrkinù` c pkrtninpkinù` k u`k scinfjkj ic`yubke, f` iuk`tc fstk pkrk fe iksc jf ecs mktrnmc`ncs ifeforkjcs f` Idnef, tnf`f ÷`nikmf`tf crnbf` f` fe kitc jfe mktrnmc`nc, `c fxnstnf`jc pcsnonenjkj jf pkitkrek c rfvnvnrek u`k vfz quf dk snjc jfiekrkjk icmc tfrmn`kjk. Fe fsqufmk jf mutkinù` jf rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke jfe mktrnmc`nc qufjk f`tc`ifs ksí7

N. 

EKY IKXNZVEKINC@FY MKZ_NMC@NKEFY

 Ku`quf fe efbnsekjcr ec trktù icmc ic`vf`inc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs , sf snbuf` vnf`jc pcr ek jcitrn`k icmc ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Yfb÷` fe prcafscr K EFYYK@J_N  fstks sc` eks ic`vf`inc`fs pcr eks iukefs ecs fspcscs rfbek` sus n`tfrfsfs pfiu`nkrncs, fs jfinr, quf pcr feeks pcjrík jftfrmn`krsf fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke quf jkrë crnbf` ke mktrnmc`nc, sus akiuetkjfs f` rfekinù` k ecs onf`fs, fxieunr onf`fs jfe ikrëitfr scinke fstkoefinf`jc u`k sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs pkrinke, rfkenzkr kpcrtfs ke pktrnmc`nc scinke, fti. Icmc sfûkek fe Krt. ;2;6 II, k pkrtnr jfe iuke sf icmnf`zk` k trktkr, sf ic`cif` ic` fe `cmorf jf ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs eks ic`vf`inc`fs jf ikrëitfr  pktrnmc`nke quf ifeforf` ecs fspcscs k`tfs jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc c f` fe kitc jf su ifeforkinù`. F` eks ?:

?:

 KEFYYK@J_N, K.   K. (;>9?)  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs quf sf ifeforf` f` fe kitc jfe mktrnmc`nc, scec pcjrë pkitkrsf sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs c rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. Icmc sf vnc, eks ikpntuekinc`fs sc` u`k ic`vf`inù`, fs jfinr, u` kiufrjc jf vceu`tkjfs f`trf fspcscs< y scec sn irfk` coenbkinc`fs, icmc ek jf f`trfbkr jn`frc pcr fe mkrnjc k ek mugfr, sfrë` ic`trktcs. Yf ikrkitfrnzk` f`tc`ifs pcr scmftfrsf k eks rfbeks bf`frkefs jf ek vceu`tkj jf ecs kitcs guríjnics y pcr sfr n`mutkoefs, skevc f` fe supufstc jfe Krt. ;2?9 y ;2>?-; II. quf pfrmntf` ikmonkr jf scinfjkj ic`yubke pcr sfpkrkinù` c pcr pkrtninpkinù`< c onf`, fe jf sfpkrkinù` pcr pkrtninpkinù`, c jf pkrtninpkinù` pcr sfpkrkinù`, sfb÷` yk sf dk rfvnskjc. An`kemf`tf, fstks ikpntuekinc`fs sc` snfmprf scefm`fs y sc` ikenanikoefs icmc kitcs guríjnics jfpf`jnf`tfs, pcrquf scec icork` nmpcrtk`ink f` iuk`tc fe mktrnmc`nc sf ifefork, f` acrmk quf, sn feec `c ciurrf, îstks ikjuik`. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek ikpntuekinù` jfpf`jf jfe mktrnmc`nc, pfrc `c pufjf` ic`snjfrkrsf icmc kitcs kiifscrncs yk quf `c tnf`f` pcr an`kenjkj pfrsfbunr fe iumpenmnf`tc jf u`k coenbkinù` prn`inpke, pcr ec quf fe ic`ifptc jfe Krt. ;::? II sfrík n`kpenikoef pkrk fstk n`stntuinù` guríjnik. Ikpkinjkj pkrk ifeforkr ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. mktrnmc`nkefs. Fs  Fs nbuke k ek ikpkinjkj pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, fstc fs, ;1 kûcs, sfk pfrsc`kemf`tf c rfprfsf`tkjks. Fe mf`cr kjuetc pufjf pkitkrefs, pfrc ic` fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf eks pfrsc`ks eekmkjks k prfstkrec< pfrc sn sf pkitkrf f` feeks u`k rf`u`ink jf bk`k`inkefs, c f`kgf`kinù` jf onf`fs rkíifs c brkvkmf` ic` dnpctfik, rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` gujninke (Krt. ;2?; II.). Yn fs n`ikpkz pcr jnsnpkinù`, rfqunfrf pkrk fstk ifeforkinù` jf ikpntuekinc`fs ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe iurkjcr. Ieksnanikinù` jf eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Yf jnstn`buf` sfb÷` sfk` ic`vf`njks k`tfs c f` fe kitc mnsmc jfe mktrnmc`nc, ec quf jftfrmn`k scefm`njkjfs y an`kenjkjfs jnvfrsks, yk quf eks prfvnks pufjf` ic`tf`fr iukequnfr fstnpuekinù`< pfrc eks pkitkjks f` fe kitc mnsmc jfe mktrnmc`nc, scec pufjf` tf`fr pcr cogftc fe pkitc jf sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs c fe fstkoefinmnf`tc jf ek pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs.  Kjfmës, icmc sf vnc, sc` ssnfmprf nfmprf scefm`fs, pfrc vkrnkrë` sfb÷` ek ieksnanikinù` k`tfrncr. Jf fstk mk`frk, eks scefm`njkjfs pkrk eks ikpntuekinc`fs pkitkjks k`tfs jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc sc` ek fsirnturk p÷oenik f suon`sirnpinù` ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, feec iuk`jc sf ifeforf c f` ecs 98 jíks snbunf`tfs (Krt. ;2;1 II), pcr ec quf eks ikpntuekinc`fs icork` vkecr f`trf pkrtfs y tfrifrcs jfsjf ek afidk jfe mktrnmc`nc, ku`quf ek suon`sirnpinù` sf dkbk ic` pcstfrncrnjkj. Yn k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc ecs fspcscs quf pkitkrc` kebc jfinjf` ikmonkrec, pcjrë` dkifrec iumpenf`jc eks mnsmks scefm`njkjfs yk sfûkekjks k`tfs (fsirnturk p÷oenik f n`sirnonrsf dkstk 98 jíks eufbc jfe mktrnmc`nc). Ek cmnsnù` jf feeks kikrrfk `uenjkj kosceutk. Xkrk ecs mktrnmc`ncs ifeforkjcs f` fe fxtrk`gfrc, jfof` n`sirnonrsf f` fe rfbnstrc jf ek prnmfrk sfiinù` jf ek icmu`k jf Yk`tnkbc, icrrnf`jc ecs 98 jíks k`tfs jnidcs jfsjf ek afidk jf jnidk n`sirnpinù`.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Eufbc, eks ikpntuekinc`fs pkitkjks k ek afidk jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc sc` kqufeeks pcr eks quf scec pufjf pkitkrsf sfpkrkinù` c pkrtninpkinù`, y ek ÷`nik scefm`njkj quf scorf feeks pfsk fs ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, ic`stk`jc f` feek ek ikpntuekinù` keik`zkjk f`trf ecs iù`yubfs. Yn` fstf rfqunsntc fs `uek ek ikpntuekinù`.  Ksí, eks ikpntuekinc`fs prfvnks ke mktrnmc`nc pufjf` mcjnanikrsf iumpenf`jc eks scefm`njkjfs fxnbnjks, pfrc yk eufbc jf ifeforkjc fe mktrnmc`nc, f` prn`inpnc eks ikpntuekinc`fs sf vufevf` n`mutkoefs, snf`jc fxifpinù` eks cpinc`fs quf fstkoefif` ecs Krts. ;2?9 y ;2>?-; II., pfrc f` feeks scec ek pufjf` ic`vf`nr ecs iù`yubfs mkycrfs mkycrfs jf fjkj. Fstf ikmonc jf rîbnmf` rîbnmf` jfof ctcrbkrsf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik y suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek rfspfitnvk n`sirnpinù` jf mktrnmc`nc, ek quf jfof prkitnikrsf f` 98 jíks jf su ctcrbkmnf`tc, pekzc aktke f` fe quf, jf `c iumpenrsf fe rfqunsntc jf ek suon`sirnpinù`, `c surtf fafitc k`tf `kjnf y fs `uek, jfonf`jc f` tke iksc ifeforkr ctrk ikpntuekinù` y rfkenzkr fe prcifjnmnf`tc `ufvkmf`tf. @ùtfsf quf sustntunjc fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke f` vnrtuj jfe ;2?9 c ;2>?-; II, `c pufjf vcevfrsf, `n ku` pcr mutuc jnsf`sc, ke k`tnbuc rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke. Fstcs pkitcs snfmprf sfrë` purcs y snmpefs, `c kjmntnf`jc mcjkenjkjfs. Cogftc jf eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Fs fe ic`tf`njc pcr eks fstnpuekinc`fs quf ic`tf`bk, quf pufjf` sfr rfektnvks k eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Ek efy jnc iukefs sc` eks fstnpuekinc`fs pfrmntnjks y eks prcdnonjks. Fstë` pfrmntnjks eks rfektnvks k ek kjcpinù` jf u` rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke< ek rf`u`ink jf ecs bk`k`inkefs, ek fstnpuekinù` jf quf ek mugfr sfrë sfpkrkjk sf onf`fs pkrinkemf`tf, pufjf` fxnmnrsf jf ek icmu`njkj infrtcs onf`fs, jfsnb`ë`jcecs< jftfrmn`kr quî onf`fs kjqunrnjcs eufbc `c acrmkrë` pkrtf jfe dkofr jf ek icmu`njkj< fstkoefifr jc`kinc`fs prfsf`tfs c auturks eks quf `c pufjf` fxifjfr u` iukrtc jf ecs onf`fs quf fe fspcsc kpcrtù ke mktrnmc`nc, fti. Yn u`nmcs ecs pcsnoefs ic`tf`njcs, pcjfmcs rfaefxnc`kr quf sf trktk scekmf`tf jf kspfitcs pktrnmc`nkefs. Eufbc, eks ikpntuekinc`fs prcdnonjks sc` eks kqufeeks quf ic`tnf`f` jnspcsninc`fs ic`trkrnks k eks ouf`ks icstumorfs c ek efy, pcr ec quf `c sfrë` vëenjks f` jftrnmf`tc jf ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs quf ek efy sfûkek k ikjk iù`yubf rfspfitc jfe ctrc c jf ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs icmu`fs (Krt. ;2;2 II)< c quf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke tf`bk prn`inpnc k`tfs c jfspuîs jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ( Krt. ;2?; II)< c quf ek mugfr rf`u`ink k su jfrfidc k pfjnr sfpkrkinù` gujninke jf onf`fs (Krt. ;69 II)< c k ek kiinù` jf jnvcrinc (Krt. ?6 EMI)< c quf ecs iù`yubfs `c vnvnrë` gu`tcs, c quf ek mugfr `c bczkrë jf ecs jfrfidcs quf ef orn`jk fe Krt. ;68 II, f`trf ctrcs. V`nf`jc fstks ikuskefs, cotf`fmcs icmc njfk bf`frke quf fstkrë prcdnonjk ek rf`u`ink jf kiinc`fs y jfrfidcs jf pkrtf jf ecs iù`yubfs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC QNNN. EK YCINFJKJ IC@^VBKE

N. 

BF@F_KENJKJFY

Yf trktk prfvnc k ek icmprkvf`tk, f` fe enorc iukrtc, pcrquf snbunf`jc ke mcjfec ark`iîs sf prncrnzù su icrtf pktrnmc`nke pcr scorf fe akmnenkr. Yf jnif quf ek scinfjkj sc infjkj ic`yubke fs ek scinfjkj jf onf`fs quf sf acrmk f`trf ecs iù`yubfs pcr fe dfidc jfe mktrnmc`nc k aketk jf pkitc f` ic`trkrnc. ic`trkrnc. Yf acrmk jf pef`c jfrfidc sn` `fifsnjkj jf jfiekrkinù` kebu`k jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr feec fs ek rfbek bf`frke sfb÷` fe Krt. ;96 y ;2;4 II., snf`jc jfpf`jnf`tf ke mktrnmc`nc f` acrmk quf, sn fe mktrnmc`nc fs `uec, ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `c sf acrmk, skevc f` fe iksc jfe mktrnmc`nc putktnvc. Ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `kif sn` ctrk cpinù` ic` fe mktrnmc`nc, f` fe kitc mnsmc jf su ifeforkinù`. @c pcjrë pkitkrsf, sc pf`k jf `uenjkj, quf prn`inpnf k`tfs c jfspuîs jf îe (Krt. ;2?; II. n`i. an`ke). Eufbc, su tîrmn`c tkmonî` sf jftfrmn`k pcr ek efy, f` iuk`tc fe Krt. ;21: II. sfûkek ecs ikscs f` quf tkxktnvkmf`tf tfrmn`k y quf sf vfrë` eufbc, pcr ec quf `c qufjk f`trfbkjk su jnsceuinù` k ecs iù`yubfs, jnrfitkmf`tf, ec quf `c costk k quf pufjk sfr u` kitc jf feecs fe quf ef pc`bk tîrmn`c, icmc fs fe iksc jfe ikmonc jf rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke ke jf sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs c ke jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. Icmc fs eùbnic, ek scinfjkj s cinfjkj ic`yubke fxnstf f`trf mkrnjc y mugfr, pfrc u`k vfz acrmkjk, icfxnstf ic` feecs icmc u`k tfrifrk pfrsc`k anitnink (mkrnjc-mugfr-scinfjkj), ku`quf sf mk`nanfstf su fxnstf`ink rfinî` iuk`jc sf jnsufevk. Xkrk ecs tfrifrcs ek scinfjkj `c fxnstf, jf mk`frk quf, sn fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrk`jc f`kgf`k u` onf` jfe dkofr scinke, pkrk fe tfrifrc ek ic`trktkinù` auf scec ic` fe mkrnjc y `c ic` fe kjmn`nstrkjcr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke.  @kturkefzk guríjnik. Yf jnsiutf f` jcitrn`k. Xkrk kebu`cs, ek f`tnf`jf` icmc u`k scinfjkj , pcr su jf`cmn`kinù` y uonikinù` f` fe iùjnbc, tf`nf`jc ek pkrtniuekrnjkj jf sfr u`k scinfjkj u`nvfrske, pfrc infrtcsufscrnbf`, quf dky jnafrf`inks f`trf fstk scinfjkj ic`yubke eks scinfjkjfs invnefs,ecicmc ecskonsmkefs pkrtninpk`tfs (f` ek ic`yubke scec jcs pfrsc`ks y jfy jnstn`tc sfxc), eks ikuskefs jf tfrmn`kinù`, ec n``fifskrnc jf kpcrtkr f` su icmnf`zc, ek jnvnsnù` f` mntkj jf eks utnenjkjfs, y pcr `c acrmkr u`k pfrsc`k guríjnik jnstn`tk jf ecs iù`yubfs k`tf tfrifrcs. Xcr feec pufjf ic`ieunrsf quf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke tnf`f jf scinke scekmf`tf tnf`f fe `cmorf. Eufbc, pkrk ctrcs fs u`k icprcpnfjkj  f`trf  f`trf mkrnjc y mugfr, pfrc ic` eks pkrtniuekrnjkjfs quf, f` ek jnvnsnù` pcr jnsceuinù`, dky rfbeks yk ctcrbkjks. Fstk tfcrík fs jfsfstnmkjk scorf tcjc pcrquf ek mugfr ikskjk, jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, `c tnf`f fe bcif jf ek icsk, ic`snjfrk`jc quf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` ek rfkenzk fe mkrnjc y ecs arutcs pfrinonjcs sfrë` jfe dkofr scinke y `c jf u` iù`yubf f` fspfiíanic. An`kemf`tf, ssfb÷` fb÷` ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk, ek scinfjkj ic`yubke fs u`k n`stntuinù` sun bf`frns, jf `kturkefzk fspfinke, quf prfsf`tk ikrkitfrístniks fspfinkefs y prcpnks quf eks jnstn`buf` jf tcjk ctrk.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Xktrnmc`ncs jnstn`tcs. Icmc sf jngc, `c dky u`k pfrsc`k guríjnik f` ek ic`acrmkinù` jf ek scinfjkj s cinfjkj ic`yubke, mës sn u`k f`tnjkj jnstn`tk, icfxnstnf`jc fe mkrnjc, ek mugfr y ek scinfjkj ic`yubke< pcr ec iuke pufjf jftfrmn`krsf quf dky trfs pktrnmc`ncs jnstn`tcs, ikjk u`c ic` kitnvc y pksnvc prcpnc. Fstk jftfrmn`kinù` ek jk ek efy y scec fs mcjnanikoef mfjnk`tf eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. _ficrjfmcs quf arf`tf k tfrifrcs ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `c fxnstf, pcr ec quf f` fstk pkrtf ecs onf`fs jf ek scinfjkj sf ic`au`jf` ic` ecs jfe mkrnjc.  Ksí, rfsuetk rfefvk`tf icmprf`jfr ek acrmk f` quf ecs pktrnmc`ncs jf fstcs trfs f`tfs sf vk` ic`acrmk`jc. Ekmf`tkoefmf`tf ek efy `c kpcrtk fxpenikinù` k fscs pu`tcs, yk quf k pkrtnr jfe  Krt. ;2?6 II. scec sf icmnf`zk k fxpenikr fe dkofr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sn` snqunfrk jfan`nr jf quî sf trktkrík. Xkrk rfvnskr f`tc`ifs su ic`tf`njc fs pfrtn`f`tf bf`frkr iekrnjkj scorf ek `cmf`iekturk jf onf`fs quf sf ciupk` pcr ek efy, rfic`cinf`jc eks snbunf`tfs ieksfs jf onf`fs7 k.  Onf`fs scinkefs , quf sc` ecs jf ek scinfjkj, pcr acrmkr pkrtf jf su dkofr y quf sf f`iuf`trk` jfsirntcs f` ek `ùmn`k jfe Krt. ;2?6 II. o.  Bk`k`inke , quf fs fe rfsnjuc quf qufjk u`k vfz jnsufetk ek scinfjkj, jfspuîs jf quf ikjk iù`yubf dk rftnrkjc sus rfspfitnvcs dkofrfs. Yc` ecs onf`fs quf rfstk` eufbc jf quf mkrnjc y mugfr dk` dfidc eks jfjuiinc`fs jf ecs Krt. ;228 y ;22? II. y rfspfitc jf ecs iukefs sc` jufûcs f` prcpcrinù` njî`tnik. Fe bk`k`inke fs u` jnafrf`inke fxnstf`tf f`tc`ifs f`trf u` pktrnmc`nc jf n`ninc y u`c an`ke, icmc n`jnik fe Krt. ;2>?-1 II. i.  Onf`fs prcpncs , quf icrrfspc`jf` k ecs quf ikjk iù`yubf tf`bk y dkyk kjqunrnjc k`tfs jf ek fxnstf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke y quf pcr tk`tc `c n`brfsk` ke dkofr jf ek sscinfjkj cinfjkj ic`yubke, skevc quf sf kpcrtkrf` mfjnk`tf ikpntuekinù` mktrnmc`nke. @c costk`tf, ecs arutcs jf fstcs onf`fs sn pfrtf`fifrë` k ek scinfjkj s cinfjkj ic`yubke sn sf pfrinonfrk` fstcs f` su  vnbf`ink. j.  Onf`fs kpcrtkjcs , sc` ecs quf ecs iù`yubfs pcsff` ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc y quf sf n`trcjuif` f` ek scinfjkj. Yc` onf`fs prcpncs quf sf vufevf` scinkefs pcr fe dfidc jf kpcrtkrsf mfjnk`tf ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. f.  Onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, quf icrrfspc`jf k kqufeecs quf sc` kjqunrnjcs f` vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj s cinfjkj ic`yubke pfrc quf, pcr iumpenr infrtcs rfqunsntcs f` su acrmk jf kjqunsninù`, `c f`trkrë` ke dkofr scinke, rfputë`jcsf rfspfitc jf feecs icmc sfpkrkjcs jf onf`fs ecs iù`yubfs quf ecs duonfrk` kjqunrnjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  a.  Onf`fs kjqunrnjcs . Ecs quf n`brfsk` ke dkofr jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs c jf ek scinfjkj jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, y quf pcr tk`tc sf vufevf` scinkefs c rfsfrvkjcs, sfb÷` eks ikrkitfrístniks jf su kjqunsninù`. NN. 

FE DKOF_ JF EK YCINFJKJ IC@^VBKE.

Ec icmpc`f` ecs jnstn`tcs onf`fs quf acrmk` su kitnvc y quf sf f`iuf`trk` f`umfrkjcs f` fe ;2?6 II. @c costk`tf, `c tcjcs feecs n`brfsk` f` nbukefs ic`jninc`fs k feeks, ec quf eefvk k jnstn`bunr f`trf fe kitnvc rfke c kosceutc y fe kpkrf`tf c rfektnvc, sfb÷` sn sc` onf`fs quf f`trk` f` fe dkofr jf mk`frk nrrfvcikoef c sn f`trk` jf u`k mk`frk quf coenbk k ek scinfjkj k pkbkr pcr feecs u`k icrrfspc`jnf`tf rficmpf`sk. Fstk jnstn`inù` fs mfrkmf`tf jcitrn`ke, pfrc tcmk icmc oksf ek jfsirnpinù` quf ecs `umfrkefs dkif` jf fstks ieksfs ie ksfs jf onf`fs. ;. Dkofr kosceutc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke (Krt. ;2?6 @· ;, ? y 6) Yf icmpc`f pcr kqufeecs onf`fs quf f`trk` jf acrmk jfan`ntnvk f nrrfvcikoef ke dkofr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, sn` jfrfidc k rficmpf`sk c icmpf`skinù` k akvcr jfe iù`yubf quf ecs kpcrtù. Fstcs sc`7  Krt. ;2?6 @rc. ;·7 Jf ecs skekrncs y fmceumf`tcs jf tcjc bî`frc jf fmpefcs y canincs, jfvf`bkjcs jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc. Yc` eks rfmu`frkinc`fs prcjuitc jfe trkokgc, iukequnfrk sfk su nmpcrtk`ink c `kturkefzk, pcr ec quf ecs tîrmn`cs fmpefkjcs sf jfof` kprfinkr f` ek mëxnmk kmpentuj pcsnoef. Xkrk n`brfskr k ek scinfjkj sf fxnbf`, fsc sí, quf dkyk` snjc prcjuinjcs jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ku` iuk`jc sf pkbuf` eufbc jf ek jnsceuinù`, pcr ec iuke jfof` fstkr jfvf`bkjcs, fs jfinr, ic` fe jfrfidc kjqunrnjc k rfinonr u`k rftrnouinù` f` rkzù` jf trkokgc y feec jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Yn sf fmpfzù k`tfs jf ek scinfjkj y iuemn`ù f` fstk< c sn sf fmpfzù jurk`tf ek scinfjkj y sf tfrmn`ù eufbc jf feek, sf ktnf`jf sn ek cork fs c `c jnvnsnoef. Yn ec fs, ec quf keik`if, n`brfsk k ek scinfjkj< sn `c ec fs, icmc u`k cork musnike, ktnf`jf ek cork tfrmn`kjk, fs iuk`jc rfinî` icork pfiu`nkrnc. rfbeks sf kpenik`sfscec k ecsk trkokgcs jfe mkrnjcquf y, fxifpinc`kemf`tf, k ecs vkecr jf ek mugfr sn sc`Fstks fgfiutkjcs ic`gu`tkmf`tf ke mkrnjc, yk quf, jf `c sfr ksí, ksí , sf f`tnf`jf quf sc` onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs jf ek mugfr (pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc jf ek mugfr ikskjk), pcr fe Krt. ;68, skevc quf pksf` k acrmkr pkrtf jf ecs bk`k`inkefs sn ek mugfr ksí ec kifptk.  Krt. ;2?6 @rc. ?·7 Jf tcjcs ecs arutcs, rîjntcs, pf`snc`fs, n`tfrfsfs y euircs jf iukequnfrk `kturkefzk, quf prcvf`bk`, sfk jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs, sfk jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jf ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, y quf sf jfvf`buf` jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc< Yc` ecs arutcs jf onf`fs prcpncs y scinkefs. Yf jnif quf sf kjqunfrf` pcr kiifsnù` f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe krtíiuec 1:9 II. Xkrk jftfrmn`kr iuëefs arutcs sc` scinkefs y iukefs prcpncs, p rcpncs, sf jfof ktf`jfr k ek afidk f` quf sf jfvf`bk` (jfrfidc scorf feecs), mës `c iuk`jc sf pfrinof` pkrk ecs arutcs invnefs< y ek afidk jf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pfrifpinù` fafitnvk, pkrk ecs arutcs `kturkefs. Xkrk ecs arutcs jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs, ek scinfjkj ecs kjqunfrf icmc usuaruitukrnc. Yn sf efbk c jc`k kebc ic` ek ic`jninù` jf quf ecs arutcs `c pksf` k ek scinfjkj, vkef ek ic`jninù` k mf`cs quf sf trktf jf onf`fs jc`kjcs c ksnb`kjcs k títuec jf efbítnmk rnbcrcsk, quf fs u`k ieksf jf jc`kinù` tfstkmf`tkrnk jf ikrëitfr rfvcikoef (Krt. ;2?: II).  Krt. ;2?6 @rc. 6·7 Jf tcjcs ecs onf`fs quf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs kjqunfrk jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc k títuec c`frcsc. Icmprf`jf tcjcs ecs onf`fs, mufoefs f n`mufoefs. Fxnbf, icmc sf vf, quf sfk k títuec c`frcsc, pfrc kjfmës fs `fifskrnc quf fe títuec kjqunsntnvc sf dkyk rfkenzkjc jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, jf mk`frk quf sn fe n`mufoef fs jf títuec k`tfrncr k ek scinfjkj, ku`quf ek trkjninù` sf dkbk yk f` su vnbf`ink, fe onf` fs prcpnc< pfrc sn sf trktk jf mufoefs, sf jnif quf fe onf` fs jfe dkofr rfektnvc, pcrquf pksk ke dkofr jf ek scinfjkj, pfrc coenbk`jc k ek scinfjkj k ek jfonjk rficmpf`sk ic`acrmf ke `umfrke iukrtc. Yn sf kjqunfrf u` n`mufoef ic`tnbuc k u`c prcpnc, sn ic`sfrvk` n`jnvnjukenjkj, `c dky prcoefmk y sf mk`tf`jrë ek jnstrnouinù` jf onf` prcpnc y scinke, pfrc sn sf ic`au`jf` ecs n`mufoefs, kmocs pksk` k sfr jf ek scinfjkj y jfe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc f` icmu`njkj (Krt. ;2?4 II.). Eufbc, sfb÷` fe Krt. ;2?> II., sn fe iù`yubf pcsff u` onf` prcn`jnvnsc jfe quf eufbc kjqunfrf eks jfmës iuctks, cotf`nf`jc fe jcmn`nc icmpeftc pkrk îe, jfof jnstn`bunrsf sn kjqunfrf eks iuctks k títuec c`frcsc c brktuntc. Yn fs c`frcsc, pksk ke dkofr jf ek scinfjkj. F` fe iksc cpufstc, sf mk`tnf`f icmc prcpnc c rfsfrvkjc. Yf kbrfbk` ctrcs supufstcs tkmonî` jf onf`fs quf pksk` k sfr scinkefs, icmc sc` ek pkrtf jfe tfscrc quf sf f`iuf`trf f` tfrrf`cs jf ek scinfjkj (Krt. ;29; II.) y eks mn`ks jf`u`inkjks pcr kmocs c pcr u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs (Krt. ;298 II.). ?. Dkofr rfektnvc c kpkrf`tf jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke (Krt. ;2?6 @· 9 y :) Fe dkofr rfektnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke fstë icmpufstc pcr onf`fs quf, sn onf` f`trk` k acrmkr pkrtf jfe pktrnmc`nc scinke, ec dkif` f` acrmk kpkrf`tf, pcrquf fe iù`yubf jufûc jf feecs kjqunfrf u` irîjntc ic`trk ek scinfjkj pcr ek icrrfspc`jnf`tf rficmpf`sk. Ec ic`acrmk` pcr tk`tc ecs snbunf`tfs.  Krt. ;2?6 @rc. 9·7 9·7 Jfe jn`frc quf iukequnfrk iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs kpcrtkrf ke mktrnmc`nc, mktrnmc`nc, c jurk`tf îe kjqunrnfrf< coenbë`jcsf ek scinfjkj k pkbkr ek icrrfspc`jnf`tf rficmpf`sk<  Krt. ;2?6 @rc. :·7 Jf eks icsks au`bnoefs y fspfinfs mufoefs quf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs kpcrtkrf ke mktrnmc`nc, c jurk`tf îe kjqunrnfrf< qufjk`jc coenbkjk ek scinfjkj k pkbkr ek icrrfspc`jnf`tf rficmpf`sk. Xfrc pcjrë` ecs iù`yubfs fxnmnr jf ek icmu`nù` iukequnfrk pkrtf jf sus fspfinfs mufoefs, jfsnb`ë`jceks f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Fstcs ikscs jfe Krt. ;2?6 II sc` f` sn sf rfjuif k ecs jn`frcs y onf`fs mufoefs quf ecs iù`yubfs tf`ík` ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc c quf jurk`tf îe kjqunfrk` k títuec brktuntc. Jfof` f`tc`ifs, trktkrsf jf mufoefs kjqunrnjcs k títuec brktuntc c kpcrtkjcs ke mktrnmc`nc. N`ieunmcs jf`trc jfe dkofr rfektnvc k ctrcs onf`fs, icmc ek pkrtf jfe tfscrc quf icrrfspc`jk k u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr jfsiuornjcr c jufûc jfe sufec< c ecs onf`fs mufoefs icmprf`jnjcs f` u`k jc`kinù` rfmu`frktcrnk. Xrfsu`inù` jf jcmn`nc k akvcr jf ek scinfjkj. Fstkoefinjk f` fe Krt. ;29> II, sfûkek sfûke k quf tcjk ik`tnjkj jf jn`frc y jf icsks au`bnoefs, tcjks eks fspfinfs, irîjntcs, jfrfidcs y kiinc`fs quf fxnstnfrf` f` pcjfr jf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs jurk`tf ek scinfjkj c ke tnfmpc jf su jnsceuinù`, sf prfsumnrë` pfrtf`fifr k feek, k mf`cs quf kpkrfzik c sf prufof ec ic`trkrnc, ec ic`jnif ic` ek eùbnik jf quf icm÷`mf`tf ecs onf`fs mufoefs sc` scinkefs. Fs u`k prfsu`inù` snmpefmf`tf efbke, quf kjmntf prufok f` ic`trkrnc pfrc quf fxieuyf jf feek k ek ic`afsnù`. Fstk `crmk prctfbf k tfrifrcs f` iuk`tc k eks rfiekmkinc`fs pufjk` n`tf`tkr ecs iù`yubfs iuk`jc fe tfrifrc fstë jf ouf`k af, f` rfekinù` k quf, pkrk îe fs n`jnafrf`tf jnstn`bunr sn fs fe onf` fs prcpnc c fs sc scinke. inke. Kpenik snfmprf quf sfk kjqunrnjc k títuec c`frcsc y jf ikrëitfr mufoef, y quf fe tfrifrc k fsf mcmf`tc fstuvnfrk jf ouf`k af. Ctrk prfsu`inù` sf trktk jf quf tcjcs ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs eufbc jf ek jnsceuinù`, pfrc k`tfs jf su enqunjkinù`, sc` scinkefs. 9. Fe dkofr prcpnc jf ikjk iù`yubf Ec ic`acrmk` ecs onf`fs quf `c f`trk` ke dkofr rfke `n ke kpkrf`tf jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, qufjk`jc fe jcmn`nc jf fstcs onf`fs f` mk`cs jfe iù`yubf quf ec kjqunrnù. Yc`7 k)  Ecs n`mufoefs kjqunrnjcs ke tnfmpc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, feec pcrquf fe Krt. ;2?6 II. scec rfanfrf k ecs mufoefs o)  Ecs n`mufoefs kjqunrnjcs pcr ecs iù`yubfs k títuec brktuntc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc, icmc fe kjgujnikjc, fe jc`kjc c fe kjqunrnjc pcr suifsnù` pcr ikusk jf mufrtf   i)  Ecs mufoefs quf ecs iù`yubfs fxieuyk` jf ek icmu`njkj pcr u`k ikpntuekinù` j)  Ecs kumf`tcs jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jf ecs iù`yubfs (Krt. ;2?2 @·9 II.) f)  Fe ic`gu`tc jf irîjntcs y rficmpf`sks quf ecs iù`yubfs pufjf` dkifr vkefr f` ic`trk jf ek scinfjkj ke mcmf`tc jf ek jnsceuinù`. a)  Ecs n`mufoefs suorcbkjcs pcr n`mufoefs prcpncs jf ecs iù`yubfs c pcr vkecrfs jfstn`kjcs k jnidc fafitc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs c f` u`k jc`kinù` pcr ikusk jf mktrnmc`nc. Fstk fs u`k suorcbkinù` rfke, fs jfinr, quf u` onf` pksk k ciupkr ?6

 Xkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k ecs f`tnf`jf rfsfrvkjcs, pfrc ek vfrjkj fs quf `c f`trk` f` `n`b÷` supufstc ke dkofr scinke `n ku` icmc bk`k`inke.

?6

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fe mnsmc eubkr guríjnic quf ctrc. Jf fstk mk`frk sf fvntk quf n`brfsf` ke dkofr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke onf`fs n`mufoefs kjqunrnjcs jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc k títuec c`frcsc pcr fe Krt. ;2?6 @·6 II., pcr ec quf fs ÷tne scorf tcjc pkrk k mugfr. Xufjf sfr u`k suorcbkinù` jf n`mufoef k n`mufoef, f` ek iuke jfof fxprfskrsf f` ek fsirnturk fe ë`nmc jf suorcbkr< c onf`, jf n`mufoef k vkecrfs, ec quf tkmonî` jfof ic`stkr f` fe títuec. Jf tcjks acrmks, jfof fxnstnr u`k prcpcrinc`kenjkj f`trf fe onf` suorcbk`tf y fe suorcbkjc, fstc fs, quf ek jnafrf`ink `c fxifjf jf ek mntkj jfe prfinc jf ek an`ik c jfe vkecr quf sf rfinof. Kjfmës jf fstk prcpcrinc`kenjkj, sf fxnbf quf, sn sf trktk jf onf`fs jf ek mugfr, dkyk kutcrnzkinù` jf îstk. :. Xksnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke Icmc sf jngc, f` fstcs trfs n`jnvnjucs jf pktrnmc`nc jnvfrsc, mkrnjc-mugfr-scinfjkj ic`yubke, dky pktrnmc`ncs jnvfrscs, ec quf icmprf`jf `c scec kitnvcs, sn`c tkmonî` jfujks c pksnvcs. Jfof vfrsf fstk pkrtf f` jcs sf`tnjcs, jfsjf ek coenbkinù` mnsmk y jfsjf ek ic`trnouinù` k eks jfujks. N`ninkemf`tf, ek coenbkinù` k ek jfujk fs ek rfafrnjk k ek rfekinù` kirffjcr-iù`yubf, quf kutcrnzk dkifrsf pkbckfeeksprnmfrc fe pktrnmc`nc jfef`trf sfbu`jc, pcr ec quf pfrsc`ke. Eufbc, ekk ic`trnouinù` jfujks scorf sf rfanfrf k ek rfekinù` ecs iù`yubfs, f`fsiuk`tc k ek jftfrmn`kinù` jf su pktrnmc`nc quf jfof scpcrtkr su pkbc. Ksí, jnsufetk quf sfk ek scinfjkj, jfof jftfrmn`krsf iuëe jf ecs trfs pktrnmc`ncs ek scpcrtù, pkrk vfr qunî` tnf`f jfrfidc k quf sf ef koc`f ec quf n`vnrtnù f` feeks, ec quf jfpf`jf jfe ikrëitfr pfrsc`ke c scinke quf dkyk tf`njc ek jfujk, ec quf `c tnf`f quf vfr ic` ek kirff`ink, ek quf fs snfmprf sn fmprf pfrsc`ke, sn`c ic` fe pktrnmc`nc quf ic`iurrnù ke pkbc. Jf fstk mk`frk, ek rfbek bf`frke fs quf tcjks eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr fe mkrnjc c pcr ek mugfr, scec f` kebu`cs ikscs, ku` ic` k`tfrncrnjkj ke mktrnmc`nc, sfk` scinkefs, qufjk`jc ek scinfjkj coenbkjk ke pkbc jf feeks y kutcrnzk`jc ek pfrsfiuinù` f` onf`fs scinkefs, feec ic` ek `ctk jf quf k`tf tfrifrcs ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `c fxnstf pcr ec quf ic`au`jf fe pktrnmc`nc. Jf fstk mk`frk, icmc fe tfrifrc `c jnstn`buf f`trf fe pktrnmc`nc prcpnc jfe scinke, pkrk îe eks jfujks jfe mkrnjc eks pufjf fgfiutkr f` su pktrnmc`nc c f` fe scinke, quf pkrk îe fs fe mnsmc. Jnstn`tk sntukinù` jf kprfink f` ecs onf`fs pfrsc`kefs jf ek mugfr, f` ecs quf scec qufjk coenbkjc su pktrnmc`nc pcr rfbek bf`frke. Ic`trnouinù` k eks jfujks7 Ek rfbek bf`frke, sfb÷` fe Krt. ;2:8 @·? II. fs quf eks jfujks ic`trkíjks jurk`tf ek scinfjkj pcr fe mkrnjc c pcr ek mugfr ic` kutcrnzkinù` jfe mkrnjc c jf ek gustnink, sc` jfujks scinkefs. Ek fxifpinù` sc` eks jfujks pfrsc`kefs, pcr ec quf f` îstks sf jk ek ic`trnouinù`, f`trf ecs iù`yubfs, feec iuk`jc sfk` ic`trkíjks vëenjkmf`tf k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, c jurk`tf ek  vnbf`ink jf jf kqufe y qu quff of`faninf` scec k u` iù`yubf. iù`yubf. Zkmonî` fstë` eks muetks y eks coenbkinc`fs mfrkmf`tf efbkefs. Fstf prcoefmk sf jftfrmn`k k ek dcrk jf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ic`yubke. Jnafrf`inkmcs ek ic`trnouinù` k eks jfujks jf eks rficmpf`sks, yk quf fstks sf jk` iuk`jc eks jfujks scinkefs sc` iuonfrtks ic` onf`fs prcpncs jfe mkrnjc c jf ek mugfr< c vnifvfrsk.  qufjk jftfrmn`kjc  Ksí f`tc`ifs, fe pks pksnvc nvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ic`acrmf ke Krt.;2:8 II. II. qufjk pcr ecs snbunf`tfs onf`fs.  Krt. ;2:8. Ek scinfjkj fs coenbkjk ke pkbc7 ;· Jf tcjks eks pf`snc`fs f n`tfrfsfs quf icrrk` sfk ic`trk ek scinfjkj, sfk ic`trk iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs y quf sf jfvf`buf` jurk`tf ek scinfjkj< ?· Jf eks jfujks y coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc pcr fe mkrnjc, c ek mugfr ic` kutcrnzkinù` jfe mkrnjc, c jf ek gustnink f` suosnjnc, y quf `c aufrf` pfrsc`kefs jf kquîe c îstk, icmc ec sfrík` eks quf sf ic`trkgfsf`  pkrk fe fstkoefinmnf`tc jf ecs dngcs jf u` mktrnmc`nc k`tfrncr. Ek scinfjkj, pcr ic`snbunf`tf, fs coenbkjk, ic` ek mnsmk enmntkinù`, ke ekstc jf tcjk ank`zk, dnpctfik c  prf`jk ic`stntunjk pcr fe mkrnjc< 9.· Jf eks jfujks pfrsc`kefs jf ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, qufjk`jc fe jfujcr coenbkjc coe nbkjc k icmpf`skr k ek scinfjkj ec quf îstk n`vnfrtk f` feec< :.· Jf tcjks eks ikrbks y rfpkrkinc`fs usuaruitukrnks jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs c jf ikjk iù`yubf. 6· Jfe mk`tf`nmnf`tc jf ecs iù`yubfs< jfe mk`tf`nmnf`tc, fjuikinù` y fstkoefinmnf`tc jf ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs icmu`fs<  y jf tcjk ctrk ikrbk jf akmnenk. Yf mnrkrë` icmc ikrbk jf akmnenk ecs ec s kenmf`tcs quf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs fstî pcr pc r efy coenbkjc k jkr k sus jfsif`jnf`tfs c ksif`jnf`tfs, ku`quf `c ec sfk` jf kmocs iù`yubfs< pfrc pcjrë fe gufz mcjfrkr fstf bkstc sn ef  pkrfinfrf fxifsnvc, nmputk`jc fe fxifsc ke dkofr jfe iù`yubf. Yn ek mugfr sf rfsfrvk f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs fe jfrfidc jf quf sf ef f`trfbuf pcr u`k vfz c  pfrnùjnikmf`tf u`k ik`tnjkj jf jn`frc jf quf pufjk jnspc`fr k su krontrnc, sfrë jf ikrbc jf ek scinfjkj fstf pkbc, snfmprf quf f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs `c sf dkyk nmpufstc fxprfskmf`tf ke mkrnjc. Xksnvcs kosceutc c jfan`ntnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke k)   Krt. ;2:8 @·; II7 pf`snc`fs f n`tfrfsfs quf icrrf` ic`trk nr ke an`ke scinfjkj c ic`trk iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs. Feec pcr pkbkrsf ic` arutcs, ecs quf pfrtf`fif` k ek scinfjkj. Jfof` jfvf`bkrsf jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Icmprf`jf n`tfrfsfs, pfrc `c ikpntke. o)   Krt. ;2:8 ;2:8 @ @·? ·? I II7 I7 eks jfujks y coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks jurk`tf jurk`tf ek scinfjkj pcr fe mkrnjc cpfrsc`kefs ek mugfr `nic` kutcrnzkinù` c ic`yubke. jf ek gustnink. Ynfmprfquf y iuk`jc `c sfk` ic`trkíjks k`tfs jfe jf ekmkrnjc scinfjkj _ficrjfmcs k`tnbukmf`tf ek  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  mugfr ikskjk scinfjkj ic`yubke frk n`ikpkz, pcr fstk rkzù` eks jfujks ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr sn` kutcrnzkinù` jfe mkrnjc c jf ek gustnink sf f`tf`jík` `ueks. Jf tcjks acrmks, pcr fe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc jf ek mugfr ikskjk, ek mugfr icmprcmftf scec sus onf`fs y scekmf`tf icmprcmftfrë ecs scinkefs sn fstë kutcrnzkjk pcr su mkrnjc c pcr ek gustnink. Ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe mkrnjc pufjf jkrsf mfjnk`tf mk`jktc. i)   Krt. ;2:8 @·9 II.7 Ank`zk, dnpctfik c prf`jk ic`stntunjc ic`stntunjc pcr fe mkrnjc. Yf trktk jf u`k ikuinù` jf eks coenbkinc`fs k eks iukefs tkmonî` rfspc`jf ek scinfjkj sfk f` bkrk`tík jf u`k coenbkinù` prcpnk c jf ek jf kebu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. Ekstkr fs pkbkr k ctrcs ic` jfrfidc jf rffmocesc, jfsjf tcjk ek ank`zk, prf`jk f dnpctfik ic`stntunjk jurk`tf ek scinfjkj pcr fe mkrnjc c pcr ek mugfr ic` kutcrnzkinù` jfe mkrnjc c jf ek gustnink, sfk gu`tk c scenjkrnkmf`tf. Ecs kirffjcrfs pcjrë` pfrsfbunr scekmf`tf ecs onf`fs scinkefs c ecs jfe mkrnjc, y scekmf`tf ecs jf ek mugfr iuk`jc pufjf` quf fe kitc ifjnù f` su of`faninc pfrsc`ke. Ycekmf`tf tnf`f jfrfidc ke ekstc iuk`jc ic`trnouyk k jfujks pfrsc`kefs, mks `c ek scinkefs, quf efs sc` prcpnks. j)   Krt. ;2:8 @·: II7 II7 Vsuaruitc jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs c jf ikjk iù`yubf. f)   Krt. ;2:8 @·6 II7 Ikrbks jf akmnenk. @c sf coenbk ke pkbc, pfrc sn k su rficmpf`sk7 fe mk`tf`nmnf`tc jf ecs iù`yubfs, fjuikinù`, fstkoefinmnf`tc, y mk`tf`nmnf`tc bf`frke jf ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs icmu`fs, y jf tcjk ctrk tkrfk akmnenkr jf fstk fspfinf icmc ecs kenmf`tcs, dkontkinù`, vfstnmf`tk, f`afrmfjkj, fti. Eks crnbn`kjks jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj coenbk` k ek mnsmk k su pkbc, pfrc eks k`tfrncrfs k fstk, sc` pfrsc`kefs y ek scinfjkj sùec tf`jrë jfrfidc k rficmpf`sk. F` fe mk`tf`nmnf`tc jf ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs, f` fspfiíanic jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs, icmprf`jf ecs jf bkstc crjn`krnc y fxtrkcrjn`krnc, snf`jc fstcs ÷etnmcs kqufeecs `c oësnics, icmc vkikinc`fs c rfirfkinù`. @c costk`tf, f` fe iksc jf ecs bkstcs fxtrkcrjn`krncs, sn fe dngc tnf`f onf`fs, sfrë` iuonfrtcs pcr fstcs, y fe skejc c suosnjnc pcr ecs scinkefs. Ctrks ikrbks akmnenkrfs kscinkjks k ek mk`tf`inù` sc` pcr fgfmpec ecs skekrncs jf ecs fmpefkjcs jcmîstnics, bkstcs jf vfrk`fc, fti. F` fstf ÷etnmc `umfrke ic`snjfrkmcs quf ek mk`utf`inù` keik`zk scekmf`tf k ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs icmu`fs quf bcif` jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke, yk quf sn sf trktk jf dngcs jf anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke sn onf` sfrë` iuonfrtcs pcr ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, pcjrë` sfr mcjfrkjcs pcr fe gufz nmputk`jc fe fxifsc jf sus bkstcs ke dkofr jfe iù`yubf pkjrf c mkjrf jfe jfsif`jnf`tf rfafrnjc. Fstc pcjrík ic`stntunr u` fvf`tuke supufstc jf n`ic`stntuinc`kenjkj f` iuk`tc `c jk njî`tnic trktkmnf`tc k ecs dngcs, prnvnefbnk`jc k ecs mktrnmc`nkefs pcr scorf ecs quf `c ec aufrk`.

Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Xksnvc rfektnvc c kpkrf`tf c jfujks pfrsc`kefs jf ecs iù`yubfs Fstë acrmkjc pcr kqufeeks jfujks quf pkbk ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, pfrc pcr ek coenbkinù` quf tnf`f rfspfitc jf feeks, y `c ikrbk ic` su fxtn`inù` jf mk`frk jfan`ntnvk, pufs kjqunfrf jfrfidc k rficmpf`sk ic`trk fe iù`yubf quf fs coenbkjc pfrsc`kemf`tf, ek quf sf dkrë fafitnvk jnsufetk sfksc` ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. ic`acrmk f`tc`ifs, pcr eks jfujks jf ecs iù`yubfs, yquf fstks eks ic`trkíjks k`tfsYfjfe mktrnmc`nc, eks jfrnvkjks jf u` pfrsc`kefs jfentc c iuksnjfentc jurk`tf ek scinfjkj, y, eks coenbkinc`fs quf ifjf` f` utnenjkj c n`tfrîs jf ecs iù`yubfs y dk` snjc ic`trkíjks jurk`tf ek scinfjkj. 6. Eks rficmpf`sks Icmc sf vnc f` mktfrnk scinfjkj ic`yubke, icfxnstf` ecs pktrnmc`ncs jfe mkrnjc, jf ek mugfr y jf ek scinfjkj. Iuk`jc sf ic`trnouyk` f`trf feec eks jfujks, u`c sf fmpcorfif y ctrc sf vf` of`faninkjc, ec quf f` jfan`ntnvk nmpenik quf, k ek dcrk jf ek enqunjkinù`, ikjk pktrnmc`nc jfof rfinonr ecs kumf`tcs quf ef icrrfspc`jk pcr ec quf jnc f` pkbc jf jfujk c of`faninc jf ctrc. Fstc sf cotnf`f mfjnk`tf eks rficmpf`sks. Jf fstk mk`frk, eks rficmpf`sks sc` fe ic`gu`tc jf irîjntcs c n`jfm`nzkinc`fs f` jn`frc quf sf dkif` vkefr ke mcmf`tc jf enqunjkr ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, k an` jf quf ikjk iù`yubf kprcvfidf fe kumf`tc y scpcrtf f` jfan`ntnvk eks ikrbks quf efbkemf`tf ef icrrfspc`jf. Yf jnif tkmonî` quf sc` eks n`jfm`nzkinc`fs pfiu`nkrnks k quf ecs pktrnmc`ncs jfe mkrnjc, jf ek mugfr y jf ek scinfjkj fstë` coenbkjcs f`trf sí< f` ctrks pkekorks, ecs irîjntcs quf pufjf` rfiekmkrsf rfiíprcikmf`tf k ek dcrk jf ek enqunjkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Fe cogftc jf eks rficmpf`sks fs quf fstks rfvfef` fe fstkjc pktrnmc`nke ic`snjfrk`jc eks fxpf`sks jf ctrcs, fs jfinr, fvntk`jc ecs f`rnqufinmnf`tcs sn` ikusk quf sf dk` prcjuinjc f`trf ecs pktrnmc`ncs inriuek`tfs. Zkmonî` nmpnjf quf ecs iù`yubfs sf dkbk` jc`kinc`fs snmuekjks, mk`tf`nf`jc fe fqunenornc f`tc`ifs f`trf ecs trfs pktrnmc`ncs. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` tnf`f` icmc cogftnvc prctfbfr k ek mugfr f` ic`trk jf ecs kouscs jfe mkrnjc, yk quf, sn ek rficmpf`sk `c fxnstnfrk, fstf icmc kjmn`nstrkjcr pcjrík f`rnqufifrsf k icstk jf feek. Eks rficmpf`sks sf au`jkmf`tk` f` ek tfcrík jf f`rnqufinmnf`tc sn` ikusk, dkonf`jc eubkr k feec fs iuk`jc u`c jf ecs pktrnmc`ncs sf of`faninf jf ctrc sn` ikusk, jf mk`frk quf fe pktrnmc`nc f`rnqufinjc quf jfofrë ke fmpcorfinjc pcr ek iuk`tík quf fe prnmfrc dky fxpfrnmf`tkjc. Dky sntukinc`fs f` ek iuke `c sf jk fe f`rnqufinmnf`tc sn` ikusk f` mktfrnk jf rficmpf`sks, icmc f` fe supufstc f` quf fe mkrnjc c ek mugfr dk` f`ikuskjc pfrguninc k ek scinfjkj pcr jcec c iuepk brkvf, jf mk`frk quf sf kpenik k tcjcs ecs irîjntcs quf sf prcjuzik` f`trf ecs trfs pktrnmc`ncs iukequnfrk sfk su auf`tf. Yu cogftc prnmcrjnke, f`tc`ifs, f` mk`tf`fr ek icmpcsninù` jf sus

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pktrnmc`ncs y su fqunenornc, f` acrmk quf sf jfofrë` rficmpf`sks ikjk vfz quf sf ketfrf jnidc fqunenornc. Enqunjkinù` jf eks rficmpf`sks. _finî` ke enqunjkrsf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sc` fxnbnoefs y `c pcjrë` pcr ec tk`tc rfiekmkrsf jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj. Yf jnif f`tc`ifs quf jurk`tf ek  vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke dky u`kekfspfinf jfjftfrmn`ë`jcsf iuf`tk icrrnf`tf  f`trf  f`trf feek y ikjk iù`yubf, iuyc skejc jfan`ntnvc sf angk u`k vfz jnsufetk scinfjkj ek rfekinù` jfujcr-kirffjcr f`trf iù`yubf y feek. Yu acrmk jf pkbc, sfb÷` fe krt. Krt. ;29: II. sfrë snfmprf f` jn`frc, f` acrmk tke quf ek sumk pkbkjk pcr ic`ifptc jf rficmpf`sk tf`bk fe mnsmc vkecr kjqunsntnvc quf ek sumk n`vfrtnjk f` crnbn`krsf ek rficmpf`sk, jfonf`jc sfr rfkgustkjcs pcr tke rkzù`. Ieksnanikinù` jf eks rficmpf`sks k)  _ficmpf`sk quf ek scinfjkj ef jfof k ecs iù`yubfs   Ek scinfjkj ef jfof ecs jn`frcs y onf`fs mufoefs quf fstc kpcrtkrc` ke mktrnmc`nc c jurk`tf kqufe, kjqunrnjcs k títuec brktuntc (quf sc` jfe dkofr rfektnvc jf ek scinfjkj)< tkmonî` jfof ecs arutcs jf eks icsks jc`kjks c jfgkjcs f` dfrf`ink c efbkjc k iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs< ek vf`tk jf keb÷` onf` prcpnc jf kebu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs skevc su suorcbkinù`, c f` fxifsc jfe prfinc jf ek an`ik `ufvk ke cpfrkr ek suorcbkinù`. Zkmonî` sf jfof iuk`jc u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs sktnsakif jfujks icmu`fs c iuk`jc tf`bk u` prcvfidc n`gustnanikjc jf ecs onf`fs jf u`c jf feecs. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` jfof rficmpf`sk pcr ecs onf`fs mufoefs quf kjqunrnfrc` jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc pcr iuyk ikusk c tntuekr k`tfrncr k fstf, y tkmonî` ke iù`yubf jfsiuornjcr jf ek pkrtf jfe tfscrc. o)  _ficmpf`sk jf ecs iù`yubfs k ek scinfjkj ic`yubke . Yf jfof iuk`jc u`k jfujk pfrsc`ke jf ecs iù`yubfs sf pkbk ic` onf`fs scinkefs, jë`jcsf ek suorcbkinù` jfe prfinc jf ek icmprk `ufvk ic` fe jf vf`tk k`tnbuc, tkmonî` pcr tcjk jc`kinù` jf iukequnfr pkrtf jfe dkofr scinke, iuk`jc sf dk` dfidc mfgcrks k onf`fs jf ecs iù`yubfs ic` ecs scinkefs, c iuk`jc sf dk` kjqunrnjc onf`fs pcr ecs iù`yubfs ic` ecs onf`fs scinkefs. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` jfof` rficmpf`sks k ek scinfjkj pcr ecs pfrgunincs fe duonfrk` ikuskjc ic` jcec c iuepk brkvf c eks muetks c rfpkrkinc`fs pfiu`nkrnks k eks quf aufrf` ic`jf`kjcs. iù`yubfs.  i)  _ficmpf`sks f`trf ecs iù`yubfs.  Yf jfof` f`trf sí iuk`jc u`c jf feecs sf of`fanink k icstk jfe pktrnmc`nc jfe ctrc, bf`frk`jc u` pfrguninc pcr dfidc c iuepk. Fstc ciurrf iuk`jc vceu`tkrnk c acrzkjkmf`tf sf pkbk` jfujks pfrsc`kefs jfe ctrc, ec quf icm÷`mf`tf iksk pksk ke fgfiutkr k ek mugfr ikskjk pcr ek quf sf fmokrbk` onf`fs mkrnjc.c Zkmonî` supufstc f`jfe qufctrc, u` onf` prcpnciuk`jc jf u`c ecs jf ecs iù`yubfs suarkjfe pîrjnjks jftfrncrcsciurrf jfonjcf`kefejcec c iuepk y tkmonî`,

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  onf`fs prcpncs jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs sf fmpefkrc` f` mfgcrkr c rfpkrkr u kjqunrnr onf`fs jfe ctrc iù`yubf. 1.   Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;2:> II., icrrfspc`jf ke mkrnjc ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs y ecs jf ek mugfr, sugftc eks coenbkinc`fs quf ek efy n`jnik y eks quf sf dkyk` ic`tf`njc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Fstf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf`cmn`kjk crjn`krnk   dkif prfsumnr ek fxnstf`ink u`k kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk, ek quf sf jk iuk`jc fs fgfrinjk pcr fe iurkjcr jfe mkrnjc quf pufjf sfr ek prcpnk mugfr c onf` u` tfrifrc. Ek kjmn`nstrkinù` crjn`krnk jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ek fgfrif jf pef`c jfrfidc ke mkrnjc pcr ek scek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn` `fifsnjkj jf fstnpuekinù` kebu`k. @ùtfsf quf, ke tîrmn`c jf fstk kjmn`nstrkinù`, `c sf bf`frk coenbkinù` pkrk fe mkrnjc jf rf`jnr iuf`tks, yk quf kjmn`nstrk icmc jufûc y `c icmc mk`jktkrnc. Fstk kjmn`nstrkinù` crjn`krnk sf fgfrif scorf ecs onf`fs scinkefs y scorf ecs jf ek mugfr, sumkjcs k ecs prcpncs, dkonf`jc u`k u`njkj jf kjmn`nstrkinù` if`trkenzkjk y ÷`nik f`sc` mk`cs jfe mkrnjc, sf fxtnf`jf k tcjcs onf`fs. Jf tcjksk acrmks, sus akiuetkjfs jnvfrsks sfb÷` ecsquf onf`fs c kitcs jf quf sfjnidcs trktf, ec quf pkskmcs rfvnskr7  Kjmn`nstrkinù` crjn`krnk jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs   ;. ;. Kjmn`nstrkinù` Nmpufstks ic` fe kvk`if jf eks efyfs, sf dk` fstkoefinjc kebu`ks enmntkinc`fs k ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jfe mkrnjc jf fstcs onf`fs. Fe mkrnjc `c fs sùec gfaf jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, sn`c quf k`tf tfrifrcs kpkrfif icmc jufûc jf ecs onf`fs (rficrjfmcs quf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke k`tf tfrifrcs `c fxnstf). Jf fstk acrmk, y ic` ek skevfjkj jf infrtcs kitcs, ek mugfr pcr sí scek `c ` c tnf`f jfrfidc kebu`c scorf ecs onf`fs jurk`tf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù`, pcr ec quf `c fs icmu`frk jf su mkrnjc f` vnjk, yk quf f` ek mufrtf c f` bf`frke, jnsufetk quf sfk ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ek icorkrë u` irîjntc quf fstkok f` pctf`ink jfsjf fe mktrnmc`nc, trk`sacrmë`jcsf scec f`tc`ifs f` icmu`frk. Fstf Fs tf jfrfidc f` pctf`ink quf sf kiumuek jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke kutcrnzk jf tcjks acrmks k quf ek mugfr jurk`tf ek scinfjkj pufjk scenintkr `uenjkj jf keb÷` kitc, f` fe sf`tnjc jf quf, sn onf` feek `c tnf`f jfrfidc scorf eecs cs onf`fs, sí fs kirffjcrk jfe pktrnmc`nc jf su mkrnjc ic`snjfrk`jc ecs jfrfidcs quf tnf`f icmprcmftnjcs. Eks enmntkinc`fs jfe mkrnjc f` fstk kjmn`nstrkinù`, icmc sf jngc, sf kbrfbkrc` ic` fe tnfmpc k ek efy, jf mk`frk quf surbf` infrtcs kitcs pkrk ecs iukefs fe mkrnjc rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` c ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jf ek mugfr, y feecs sc`7

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  k) F`kgf`kr c brkvkr vceu`tkrnkmf`tf ecs onf`fs rkíifs scinkefs. Jf fstc sf jfsprf`jf quf fe mkrnjc tnf`f kosceutk enofrtkj pkrk jnspc`fr jf ecs onf`fs mufoefs, iukequnfrk sfk su vkecr, pfrc f` fe iksc jf ecs n`mufoefs, rfqunfrf` kutcrnzkinù` jf su mugfr. F`kgf`kr icmprf`jf k tcjcs ecs kitcs guríjnics quf nmpcrtf` f` jfan`ntnvk u`k rf`u`ink jf u` jfrfidc n`mufoef k tntuec c`frcsc c brktuntc, sfk rfafrnjc k tcjc fe n`mufoef c scec k u`k pkrtf jf îe. Fstks f`kgf`kinc`fs jfof` sfr vceu`tkrnks, `c acrzkjks f` ic`tfxtc jf fgfiuinù` jf u`kpcr coenbkinù`, pcr ec quf qufjk` fxieunjks fsjfjfinr, ek `fifsnjkj jf cfstk kutcrnzkinù` eks prcjuinjks fxprcpnkinù`, gunincs fgfiutnvcs c qunforks. Fstk kutcrnzkinù` sf fxnbf pkrk fafitcs jfe títuec, mks `c jfe mcjc. An`kemf`tf sf fxtnf`jf scorf tcjk ieksf jf n`mufoefs `c scekmf`tf ec pcr `kturkefzk. Eufbc, f` rfekinù` ke brkvkmf` jf fstcs n`mufoefs, tkmonî` sf rfqufrnrë kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr, icmprf`jnf`jc sf pkrk fafitcs jf dnpctfik, if`sc, sfrvnjumorf, usuaruitc, usc c dkontkinù`, fti. Fstk kutcrnzkinù` sf fxnbnrë ku` pkrk bkrk`tík jf u` n`mufoef quf ek mugfr tkmonî` ef of`faninf. Yf fxnbf scekmf`tf pkrk su ic`stntuinù`, mks `c pkrk su kezkmnf`tc. o) Xrcmftf f`kgf`kr c brkvkr vceu`tkrnkmf`tf ecs onf`fs rkíifs scinkefs7 fstc fs rfektnvc k ek ifeforkinù` jf u` ic`trktc jf prcmfsk, c jf iukequnfr ic`trktc c quf nmpenquf f`kgf`kinù` c brkvkmf` jf jnidcs n`mufoefs icmc coenbkinù` f` fe auturc. i) Jkr f` krrnf`jc c ifjfr ek tf`f`ink jf ecs onf`fs rkíifs scinkefs urok`cs pcr mës jf in`ic kûcs c ec r÷stnic pcr mës jf cidc, ec quf icmprf`jf tkmonî` eks prùrrcbks. Xrfjnc r÷stnic fs kqufe jfstn`kjc ke iuetnvc kbríicek, prfjnc urok`c kqufe iuyc jfstn`c fs ek dkontkinù` y quf sf f`iuf`trk jf`trc jfe rkjnc urok`c jf u`k inujkj c ecikenjkj. j) Bkrk`tnzkr c ikuinc`kr coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr tfrifrcs7 dkstk k`tfs jf ek mcjnanikinù` efbke, iuk`jc fe mkrnjc ikuinc`k coenbkinc`fs jf tfrifrcs, ecs kirffjcrfs jf kqufe pcjík` fgfiutkr sus irîjntcs n`ieusc f` ecs onf`fs scinkefs, ec quf fvnjf`inkok u` rnfsbc pkrk ek akmnenk. F` ek kitukenjkj pkrk coenbkr k ecs onf`fs scinkefs pcr fstf kitc jfe mkrnjc, sf `fifsntk kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr y sùec ic` feek sf prcjuinrë fafitc jf ikuinù`, snf`jc ek coenbkinù` pfrafitkmf`tf vëenjk. f) F`kgf`kr c brkvkr vceu`tkrnkmf`tf icmprcmftfr f`kgf`kr c brkvkr ecs jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs jf ek mugfr7 fstk fs u`k n``cvkinù`, f` iuk`tc sf rfanfrf scekmf`tf k ecs onf`fs n`mufoefs, y `c k ecs jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs quf pufjf` icmprf`jfr tk`tc onf`fs mufoefs icmc n`mufoefs. a) Jnspc`fr brktuntkmf`tf f`trf vnvcs jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs, sc inkefs, skevc fe iksc jfe Krt. ;296 II, fstc fs, eks jc`kinc`fs jf pcik mc`tk. b) Kifptkr c rfpujnkr u`k ksnb`kinù` jfafrnjk k ek e k mugfr, quf sf trktkrë f` ek u`njkj jfe jfrfidc suifscrnc (Krt. ;??6 II.).

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ek kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr jfof, f` prnmfr eubkr, sfr fspfiíanik, fstc fs rfafrnrsf k u` kitc jftfrmn`kjc ic` prfinsnù`, pcr fgfmpec, kutcrnzk`jc ek f`kgf`kinù` jf u` onf` rkíz jftfrmn`kjc< c f` u`k ank`zk, n`jnik`jc ek pfrsc`k jfe jfujcr y mc`tc jf ek jfujk. @ùtfsf quf f` eks jfujks sf kutcrnzk u`k ieëusuek jf bkrk`tík bf`frke (jfrfidc bf`frke jf prf`jk), jf mk`frk quf ek jnspcsninù` pcjrík f`tf`jfrsf quf ic`trkrrfstk ec yk jnidc, pfrc feec `c fs ksí, yk quf, ke kutcrnzkr ek ic`stntuinù` jf ek jfujk fspfiíanik, yk kutcrnzù ek nmpcsninù` jf bkrk`tík bf`frke. Fstk kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr pufjf sfr fxprfsk c tëintk, snf`jc tëintk sn ek mugfr n`tfrvnf`f jnrfitkmf`tf f` fe kitc, icmc sí ic`iurrnfrk k ek fsirnturk p÷oenik jf ek icmprkvf`tk y anrmk jf jnidc n`strumf`tc. Eufbc, ek kutcrnzkinù` fs fxprfsk sn ek mugfr ek jk pcr fsirntc, snf`jc scefm`f f`tc`ifs (ek scefm`njkj fs quf sf ctcrbuf pcr fsirntc). Kjfmës, tkmonî` sfrë scefm`f pcrquf jfofrë ctcrbkrsf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik sn fe kitc c pkrk fe iuke fstë jk`jc ek kutcrnzkinù` tkmonî` rfqunfrf jnidk k scefm`njkj. Ek `kturkefzk guríjnik jf fstk kutcrnzkinù` sf fstnmk icmc u`k acrmkenjkj dkonentk`tf pcr kebu`cs, icmc u` rfqunsntc fxnbnjc f` ic`snjfrkinù` k ek ikenjkj jf pcsnoef jufûk jf fstcs onf`fs scinkefs y tkmonî` icmc kirffjcrk jfe mkrnjc. Kjfmës, sf dkoek jf kutcrnzkinù` y `c jf  vceu`tkj c ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, yk quf `c fs ek jufûk sn`c scec u`k pfrsc`k ic` n`tfrîs. Fstk kutcrnzkinù` jfofrë ctcrbkrsf k`tfs jf quf sf fgfiutf c ifeforf fe kitc c ic`trktc c pkrk fe iuke fs rfqufrnjk, c sfr icftë`fk îe. @c pcjrë sfr pcstfrncr f` `n`b÷` iksc, yk quf f` fsf iksc `c sf dkoek jf u`k kutcrnzkinù`, sn`c jf u`k rktnanikinù` y ek efy `c ic`tfmpek tke pcsnonenjkj. Xufjf quf, f` kebu`ks inriu`stk`inks, ek mugfr fstî nmpcsnonentkjk jf jkr su kutcrnzkinù` c quf ek `nfbuf sn` ikusk gustnanikjk, iksc f` fe iuke pcjrë sfr rffmpekzkjk pcr fe gufz, supenî`jcek f` ek fmnsnù` jf ek kutcrnzkinù` rfqufrnjk. Fstk pcsnonenjkj ek f`trfbk f` fe Krt. ;2:> II. n`insc an`ke, quf sfûkek quf prfvnk kujnf`ink k ek quf sfrë intkjk ek mugfr, sfk quf fstk `fbkrf ek kutcrnzkinù` ic` n`gustc mctnvc< c sn aufrk mf`cr jf fjkj, jfmf`tf, c fstuvnfrk kusf`tf snfmprf quf ic` ek jfmcrk sf ikusf pfrguninc (rfqunsntcs icpuektnvcs), pcjrë fe gufz rffmpekzkref. Icmc pufjf vfrsf, ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe gufz sfrë snfmprf supeftcrnk, y scec sfrë rfafrnjk k u` `fbcinc jftfrmn`kjc, `c fxnstnf`jc kutcrnzkinc`fs bf`frkefs pkrk iukequnfr kitc quf fe mkrnjc qunsnfrk n`tf`tkr. Fe gufz icmpftf`tf pkrk ic`cifr jf fstk kutcrnzkinù` fs fe gufz jf akmnenk, feec ic`acrmf ke Krt. 4 @rc. ;: jf ek efy ;>.>14 quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf akmnenk, quf sfûkek icmc icmpftf`ink jf tkefs trnou`kefs fe ic`cifr jf ec ksu`tcs quf sf susintf` f`trf iù`yubfs rfektnvcs ke rîbnmf`  pktrnmc`nke jfe mktrnmc`nc. mktrnmc`nc. Ecs kitcs quf rfqunfrk` fstk kutcrnzkinù`, y quf `c iuf`tf` ic` feek, ek sk`inù` fs ek `uenjkj rfektnvk jfe mnsmc pcr aketk jf ek acrmkenjkj dkonentk`tf quf rfprfsf`tk. F` ek tf`f`ink jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs, ek sk`inù` sfrë kqufe ic`trktc rfbnrë scec pcr in`ic cidc kûcs, snf`jc n`cpc`noef pcr ekpsc supfrncr pekzc, jfinr quf u` krrf`jkmnf`tc `cpcjík sfrë `uec, sn`c quf sf vcevfrë n`cpc`noef f` tcjckfefsf pekzc quffsfxifjk k kqufe f` quf fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrkr enorfmf`tf.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fe pekzc jf iuktrc kûcs pkrk dkifr vkefr ek `uenjkj quf pcr ek aketk jf kutcrnzkinù` sf crnbn`f, sf iuf`tk jfsjf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, c jfsjf quf ifsk ek n`ikpkinjkj jf ek mugfr, pfrc `c fe fxifjnf`jc jnfz kûcs jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe kitc c ic`trktc. Ek `uenjkj c n`cpc`nonenjkj pufjf` sfr kefbkjk pcr ek mugfr, sus dfrfjfrcs c ifsnc`krncs. Yn ek mugfr kebu`k scinfjkj invne c icmfrinke, sus jfrfidcs y onf`fs `c f`trk` f` fepkrtninpk dkofr jfjf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, snfmprf quf fstuvnfrk` kmpkrkjcs pcrmufoefs fe Krt. ;68 II. jf su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc. Yn `c sf jnfrk tke sntukinù`, fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrk jnidcs onf`fs, pfrc ecs jfmës n`tfbrk`tfs jf ek scinfjkj pufjf` cpc`frsf, snf`jc u` mfik`nsmc jf jfaf`sk pkrk ecs jfrfidcs jf ek mugfr. Ctrcs mfjncs jf jfaf`sk quf tnf`f ek mugfr k ek ikutfek k sus n`tfrfsfs sc` u`k sfrnf jf jfrfidcs quf fe efbnsekjcr ic`tfmpeù, icmc pfjnr ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs f` ecs ikscs jf n`scevf`ink c kjmn`nstrkinù` arkujuef`tk jfe mkrnjc, fe jfrfidc k rf`u`inkr k ecs bk`k`inkefs pcr ec iuke `c rfspc`jf jf eks jfujks scinkefs, fe of`faninc jf fmceumf`tc, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke ek mugfr scec rfspc`jf eks jfujks scinkefs sn `c dk rf`u`inkjc k ecs bk`k`inkefs y dkstk ek ic`iurrf`ink jf ec quf rfinok pcr tke ic`ifptc, fe jfrfidc jf rftnrkr jf ek enqunjkinù` sus onf`fs prcpncs y rficmpf`sks k`tfs quf fe mkrnjc (Krt. ;229 II). An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` fstë` prctfbnjcs ecs onf`fs jf ek mugfr f` iuk`tc eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr fe mkrnjc `c keik`zkrë` k sus onf`fs, skevc quf su duonfrk rfpcrtkjc of`faninc c pcr feeks jf jnidc kitc, rfspc`jnf`jc dkstk ek ic`iurrf`ink jf tke of`faninc. ?. Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jfe mkrnjc Icmc fs eùbnic, fe mkrnjc kjmn`nstrk fstcs onf`fs on f`fs enorfmf`tf jf ek mnsmk acrmk quf ec dkrík sn aufrk scetfrc. Fxnstk` scekmf`tf jcs skevfjkjfs k fstf prn`inpnc7 prnmfrc, f` iuk`tc k quf ecs arutcs jf sus onf`fs pksk` k sfr scinkefs< y tkmonî` pcrquf ecs kirffjcrfs jf ek scinfjkj pufjf` pfrsfbunr su irîjntc scorf ecs onf`fs jfe mkrnjc. 9. Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jf ek mugfr. Fe krt. Krt. ;2:> II. jk ke mkrnjc ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke y tkmonî`, ic` feec, fee c, jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jf ek mugfr, jf mk`frk quf scorf feecs ek mugfr ic`sfrvk fe jcmn`nc mks `c ek kjmn`nstrkinù`, ek quf ef icrrfspc`jf ke mkrnjc. Jf tcjks acrmks, eks akiuetkjfs jfe mkrnjc f` rfekinù` k ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs on f`fs prcpncs y jf ecs onf`fs jf ek mugfr, sc` jnstn`tcs, yk quf scorf ecs onf`fs prcpncs y ecs scinkefs tnf`f mës kmpenks akiuetkjfs quf scorf ecs jf ek mugfr, pcrquf sus akiuetkjfs dkink feecs fstë` enmntkjks `c scec rfspfitc k ek jnspcsninù` jf ecs n`mufoefs, sn`c tkmonî` jf ecs mufoefs. Kjfmës, f` ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jf ek mugfr, fe mkrnjc sn pufjf sfr coenbkjc k rf`jnr iuf`tks jf kjmn`nstrkinù`. Jf fstk mk`frk, fe mkrnjc pufjf fgfiutkr enorfmf`tf ecs kitcs jf mfrk kjmn`nstrkinù` scorfyk ecs onf`fs jf ek mugfr, `c costk`tf, kqufeecs kitcs f` ecs quf rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù`, icmc sf vnc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  @ùtfsf, quf f` kebu`cs kitcs fe mkrnjc `c rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` jf ek mugfr, sn`c quf su ic`sf`tnmnf`tc. Feec ciurrf f` eks snbunf`tfs sntukinc`fs (vîksf ecs krtíiuecs ;26:, ;266 y ;261 II)7 -   Xkrk `cmorkr pkrtnjcr f` ecs onf`fs fs quf tf`bk n`tfrîs ek mugfr, skevc quf fe `cmorkmnf`tc ec dkbk jfe gufz< -   Xkrk prcvcikr ek pkrtninù` jf onf`fs f` quf tf`bk n`tfrîs ek mugfr< -   Xkrk f`kgf`kr c brkvkr onf`fs rkíifs jf ek mugfr< -   Xkrk f`kgf`kr c brkvkr onf`fs mufoefs jf ek mugfr quf fe mkrnjc fstë coenbkjc k rfstntunr f` fspfinf< y, -   Xkrk krrf`jkr ecs onf`fs rkíifs jf ek mugfr. F` tcjcs fstcs kitcs ek efy sf rfanfrf f` fe supufstc vceu`tkrnc, yk quf f` ecs ikscs acrzkjcs ek efy prfsumf fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe jfujcr. Ku`quf sf trktk jf u`k fxprfsnù` jf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc pkrk fstcs kitcs, ek mugfr pkrk ctcrbkrek sf rnbf pcr snmnekrfs rfbeks quf eks yk vnstks k prcpùsntc jf ek kutcrnzkinù`, fs jfinr, mk`nafstë`jcek jf mk`frk fxprfsk c tëintk, snfmprf fspfiíanik, y quf  vkef icmc acrmkenjkj dkonentk`tf, pujnf`jc sfr supenjk pcr fe gufz sn fstë ek mugfr fstuvnfrk nmpcsnonentkjk jf prfstkr jnidc ic`sf`tnmnf`tc. @c costk`tf, ek kutcrnzkinù` gujninke `c sf jk iuk`jc ek mugfr `c ctcrbk fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, fs jfinr, prcifjf k`tf ek nmpcsnonenjkj y `c k`tf ek `fbktnvk. Jf tcjc ec jnidc rfsuetk eùbnik ek prcdnoninù` nmpufstk k ek mugfr pkrk f`kgf`kr, brkvkr, jkr f` krrnf`jc c ifjfr ek tf`f`ink jf onf`fs prcpncs jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ec quf jnspc`f fe Krt. ;26: II. f` su n`insc an`ke ke sfûkekr quf ek mugfr, pcr su pkrtf, `c pcjrë f`kgf`kr c  brkvkr `n jkr f` kkrrnf`jc rrnf`jc c ifjfr ek tf`f`ink jf ecs onf`fs jf su prcpnfjkj quf kjmn`nstrk fe mkrnjc, sn`c ecs ikscs jf ecs krtíiuecs ;94 y ;94 ons (fstc sf rfanfrf` k ek nmpcsnonenjkj c `fbktnvk n`gustnanikjk jfe mkrnjc jf fgfiutkr u` kitc). Fstk sntukinù` keik`zk tk`tc ecs onf`fs mufoefs icmc k ecs n`mufoefs. Yf trktk f`tc`ifs jf u`k ikpkinjkj ikrf`tf jf ic`tf`njc, icmc mf`inc`k fe prcafscr _  KMCY X KWCY . Ek sk`inù` k ek cmnsnù` jf fstk prcdnoninù` fs ek `uenjkj kosceutk, pcr trktkrsf jf u`k `crmk prcdnontnvk. Ek mugfr f`tc`ifs scekmf`tf pcjrë prcifjfr k fstcs kitcs iuk`jc sf suspf`jk ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jfe mkrnjc pcr nmpfjnmf`tc jf fstf, ic` kutcrnzkinù` gujninke< c onf`, iuk`jc fe mkrnjc sf `fbkrî, sn` gustnanikinù` kebu`k, k fgfiutkr u` kitc c ic`trktc rfspfitc jf u` onf` prcpnc jf ek mugfr, kutcrnzkjk pcr fe gufz kitukr pcr sí mnsmk. F` fstcs ikscs, `c coenbkrë ke dkofr jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke `n k ecs onf`fs prcpncs jfe mkrnjc. Ek kutcrnzkinù` gujninke f` fstcs ikscs jfofrë sfr snfmprf fspfiíanik. ?1

?1

 _  KMCY, _. (?88>)

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  2. Kjmn`nstrkinù` k fxtrkcrjn`krnk jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke  Zrktkjc f` ecs krtíiuecs ;264 ke ;219 II, fstk kjmn`nstrkinù` sf ikrkitfrnzk pcr `c sfr fgfrinjk pcr fe mkrnjc, icrrfspc`jnî`jcef k u` iurkjcr quf sfrë ek mugfr sn feek fs jfsnb`kjk iurkjcrk jf su iù`yubf c jf sus onf`fs, c onf` k tfrifrc. Icrrfspc`jf k ek mugfr fstë kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk f` infrtcs ikscs7 iuk`jc ek iurkjcrk jfe mkrnjc jfmf`tf c scrjcmujc quf `c pufjf jkrsf k f`tf`jfr iekrkmf`tf, f` iuk`jc fs iurkjcrk jfe mkrnjc kusf`tf< y, iuk`jc fs iurkjcrk jfe mkrnjc mf`cr jf fjkj, iksc f` fe iuke ef icrrfspc`jf ek bukrjk f` ic`snjfrkinù` k eks pfrsc`ks sfûkekjks f` fe Krt. 912 II. Icrrfspc`jfrë ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk k u` iurkjcr iuk`jc7 ek mugfr fs n`ikpkz, ek mugfr sf fxiusk, sí fe mkrnjc jnsnpkjcr (pcrquf ek bukrjk `c pufjf icrrfspc`jfref k ek mugfr)< c sfk fe mkrnjc fs mf`cr y ek bukrjk ef icrrfspc`jf k ctrc pkrnf`tf, p krnf`tf, sfb÷` fe krt. 912. @ùtfsf quf, sn ek mugfr `c qunfrf ksumnr ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk, `n tkmpcic scmftfrsf k u` iurkjcr, tnf`f jfrfidc k pfjnr ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs, snf`jc `fifskrnc pkrk feec quf sfk mkycr jf fjkj. Ek akiuetkj jfe iurkjcr `c tnf`f rfbeks fspfinkefs, pcr ec quf jfof` kpenikrsf eks rfbeks bf`frkefs.  Zk`tc ek mugfr c fe tfrifrc, icmc iurkjcr, pcr kpenikinù` jf fstks rfbeks bf`frkefs, rfspc`jf`8 dkstk iuepk efvf jf ecs kitcs jf su kjmn`nstrkinù`, tf`nf`jc tkmonî` ek coenbkinù` jf rf`jnr iuf`tk anfe y fxkitk, y f` ec pcsnoef pcs noef jciumf`tkjk jf ec dfidc. Akiuetkjfs ic` quf kjmn`nstrk ek mugfr.  Qkrík` Qkrík` sfb÷` sf trktf jf onf`fs prcpncs, jfe mkrnjc c jf ek scinfjkj. F` prnmfr iksc, pkrk ecs onf`fs prcpncs ek mugfr tnf`f pef`k enofrtkj jf kjmn`nstrkinù`, pujnf`jc jnspc`fr jf feecs sn` `fifsnjkj jf kutcrnzkinù` kebu`k. Eufbc, pkrk ecs onf`fs jfe mkrnjc, sf kpenikrë` eks rfbeks jf ek iurkjurík, quf fstkoefif` quf, pkrk f`kgf`kr, brkvkr ic` dnpctfik, c sfrvnjumorf ecs n`mufoefs, y pkrk fmpfûkr ecs scec onf`fs jf brk` vkecrif`sc jf kafiinù`, sf rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` gujninke, ek quf sf mufoefs ctcrbkrëprfincscs pcr ikuskc jf utnenjkj c `fifsnjkj mk`nanfstk, jfonf`jc ek vf`tk dkifrsf f` p÷oenik suokstk. An`kemf`tf, rfektnvc k ecs onf`fs jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, sf jnif quf kjmn`nstrk ic` nbukefs akiuetkjfs quf fe mkrnjc, `c costk`tf, kebu`ks enmntkinc`fs f` eks quf rfqunfrf ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe gufz, icmc fs fe iksc jf ek f`kgf`kinù` jf onf`fs rkíifs scinkefs, ek prcmfsk jf f`kgf`kinù` jf fstcs, c ek jc`kinù` jf feecs, skevc quf aufrf` jf pcik mc`tk ktf`jnjks eks aufrzks jfe dkofr scinke. Ek sk`inù` k ek ic`trkvf`inù` jf ec jnspufstc fs ek `uenjkj rfektnvk, ek quf pufjf sfr scenintkjk pcr fe mkrnjc, sus dfrfjfrcs y efbktkrncs. Fe pekzc jf iuktrc kûcs pkrk pfjnr ek `uenjkj rfektnvk sf iuf`tk jfsjf quf sf sfk rfkenif fe dfidc quf crnbn`ù ek iurkjurík, pfrc `c f` mës jf jnfz kûcs jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe kitc c ic`trktc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Yn sf fstkoefinfrc` ikuinc`fs jurk`tf fe fgfrininc jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk pcr ek mugfr, ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sf ic`stntuyf f` kvke, icjfujcr scenjkrnc c ankjcr, scec ic` kutcrnzkinù` gujninke, pujnf`jc f`tc`ifs scekmf`tf coenbkr k sus onf`fs prcpncs c ecs quf kjmn`nstrf f` ic`acrmnjkj ke krtíiuec ;68 II. Xkrk coenbkr k ecs onf`fs scinkefs `fifsntk kutcrnzkinù` gujninke. Eufbc, sn jnc f` krrf`jkmnf`tc, fe mkrnjc c sus dfrfjfrcs qufjkrë` coenbkjcs k rfspftkref pcr in`ic 4 kûcsmës rfspfitnvkmf`tf, skevc quf su duonfrf kutcrnzkjc gujninkemf`tf, iksc f` fe iuke pcjrë`u jurkr tnfmpc quf fe sfûkekjc. Ecs kitcs quf sf rfkenzk` f` fe ic`tfxtc jf fstk kjmn`nstrkinù` coenbk` k ecs onf`fs jfe mkrnjc y k ecs jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, mnrë`jcsf icmc kitcs y ic`trktcs rfkenzkjcs pcr fe mkrnjc, tcjc feec sn` pfrguninc quf sf prcokrf quf fstcs kitcs sf rfkenzkrc` f` `fbcinc pfrsc`ke jf ek mugfr, sfb÷` jnspc`f fe Krt. ;218 II. Fstk kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk tfrmn`k pcr vkrnks rkzc`fs.7 Xcr ifskinù` jf ek ikusk quf ek mctnvù, icmc ek rfdkonentkinù` jfe mkrnjc c pcr ek eefbkjk jf ek mkycrík jf fjkj jf fstf. An`kemf`tf, ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk cpfrk jf pef`c jfrfidc sn` `fifsnjkj jf u`k jfiekrkinù` fspfinke, pcr ec quf sùec okstk fe dfidc jf ek jfsnb`kinù`, yk quf fs ic`sfiuf`ink jfe jnsifr`nmnf`tc jf ek iurktfek. 4. Jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke Fxnstf` jnvfrsks ikuskefs jf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke y sf trktk` f` ecs krtíiuecs ;21: II. y snbunf`tfs, pcr ec iuke pcjfmcs jfinr quf sf dk` f`trfbkjc `crmks jf n`ninc y jf tfrmn`ù jf feek f` fe Iùjnbc. Yf dkif u`k f`umfrkinù` tkxktnvk jf eks ikuskefs, kebu`ks jf feeks pcr vík jf ic`sfiuf`ink, pcr dkofrsf jnsufetc fe mktrnmc`nc< y ctrk pcr vík prn`inpke, eks iukefs sf jnsufevf scekmf`tf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, pfrc suosnstf fe mktrnmc`nc. _fvnsfmcs eks ikusks n`jnikjks pcr ek efy, sfb÷` eks iukefs ek e k scinfjkj ic`yubke tfrmn`k pcr7 k)  Jnsceuinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc< sfk pcr mufrtf, pcr `uenjkj c jnvcrinc< o)  Mufrtf prfsu`tk< pcr sfr ikuske jf ek jnsceuinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc tkmonî`< i)  Yfpkrkinù` gujninke7 f` fstf iksc ek sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs fs ek quf qufjk f` fe mktrnmc`nc, rficrjk`jc quf ek sfpkrkinù` `c fs u` mfik`nsmc jf tîrmn`c jfe ví`iuec ic`yubke< j)  Xcr ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs7 scekmf`tf f` ek tctke< sí fs pkrinke, ek scinfjkj ic`yubke suosnstf f` ek pkrtf f` quf `c sf kpenquf jnstk sfpkrkinù`. Ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke jf onf`fs fs snfmprf tctke. f)  @uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, rfju`jk`tf ic`snjfrk`jc fe `umfrke prnmfrc. a)  Xkitc jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs c jf sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs< pcr ikmonkr c mutkr fe rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke jfe mktrnmc`nc

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fstk jnsceuinù` prcjuif infrtcs fafitcs, f`trf feecs rfic`cifmcs ecs snbunf`tfs7 s nbunf`tfs7 - Ek mugfr pufjf kifptkr c rf`u`inkr k ecs bk`k`inkefs . Ek rf`u`ink k ecs bk`k`inkefs prcifjfrë snfmprf quf `c sf dkyk mf`inc`kjc eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Xkrk kifptkr ecs bk`k`inkefs `c dky acrmkenjkj kebu`k, jf mk`frk quf, sn ek mugfr fs mkycr jf fjkj c ec e c sc` sus dfrfjfrcs, kifptkrë` pcr sí scecs< sn aufsf` mf`crfs, ec dkrë` pcr suscrfprfsf`tk`tfs efbkefs. Ekfskifptkinù` fs purk snmpef, sn` mcjkenjkjfs, pujnf`jc sfr fxprfsk tëintk. Fstk kifptkinù` nrrfvcikoef, y scecy pcjrë rfsin`jnrsf pcr frrcr, aufrzk, jcec c n`ikpkinjkj. Yn kifptk ecs bk`k`inkefs y ic`acrmf n`jnik fe n`insc sîptnmc jfe Krt. ;68 II, ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs jf ek mugfr f`trkrë` f` ek pkrtninù` jf ecs bk`k`inkefs. Ek mugfr tkmonî` pcjrík cptkr pcr rf`u`inkr k ecs bk`k`inkefs, dkinî`jcec onf` f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs c f` fstk ciksnù`, fs jfinr, f` ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Fs u`k mfjnjk jf prctfiinù` pkrk ek mugfr f` iuk`tc k quf, sn onf` pnfrjf jfrfidc scorf ecs onf`fs scinkefs, ek pufjf fxnmnr jf ek rfspc`skonenjkj f` eks jfujks jf fstcs. Fs u`k akiuetkj quf ef icmpftf fxieusnvkmf`tf ek mugfr, `c fxnstnf`jc tke pkrk fe mkrnjc. Yn sf prcjuif fstk rf`u`ink ecs bk`k`inkefs f` ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, sf dkif n``fifskrnk ek enqunjkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, `c pujnf`jc ek mugfr rfiekmkr pkrtf kebu`k jf eks scinke `n tkmpcic rfspc`jnf`jc pcr ek rfspc`skonenjkj jf eks jfujks scinkefs. Icmc fs eùbnic, ek rf`u`ink jf ecs bk`k`inkefs `c kafitkrë `n ke jcmn`nc jf ecs onf`fs prcpncs jf sus onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, `n tkmpcic fe jfrfidc icork rficmpf`sks. - Xufjf surbnr u` rîbnmf` jf icmu`njkj. Fstk icmu`njkj sf crnbn`k iuk`jc jnsufetk ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sf fxtn`buf fe rîbnmf` fxnstf`tf jfe mktrnmc`nc. F` fstk icmu`njkj su kitnvc sf acrmk pcr ecs onf`fs scinkefs, ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs sn ek mugfr `c rf`u`inù ecs bk`k`inkefs y ecs arutcs jf ecs onf`fs scinkefs. Kië sf kpenik` eks rfbeks jfe iuksnic`trktc jf ek icmu`njkj, feec ic`snjfrk`jc ek kjmn`nstrkinù` fxtrkcrjn`krnk u crjn`krnk quf fxnstnù f` ek scinfjkj. - Dkorë quf enqunjkr ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Fstk enqunjkinù`, `c costk`tf dkofrsf jnsufetc c, `c prcifjfrë sn ek mugfr duonfrk rf`u`inkjc k ecs bk`k`inkefs. Yn sf trktk jf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke pcr mufrtf jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, sf jfof prcifjfr tkmonî` k ek enqunjkinù` jf ek dfrf`ink jfe jnau`tc, ek quf sf sumk k ek jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, rfkenzë`jcsf jf mk`frk ic`gu`tk. Fstk enqunjkinù` fs akiuetktnvk jf ecs iù`yubfs c jf ecs dfrfjfrcs, pujnf`jc pfrmk`fifr f` ek n`jnvnsnù`, k ek quf `c costk`tf `kjnf pufjf pfrmk`fifr coenbkjc sn`c iuk`jc sf dk pkitkjc ek n`jnvnsnù`, sfb÷` fe Krt. ;9;2 II. Fstk enqunjkinù` fs mktfrnk jf krontrkgf acrzcsc, y pufjf` dkifrek ecs n`tfrfskjcs jf icm÷` kiufrjc, ku`quf f`trf feecs dkyk n`ikpkifs. F` ek enqunjkinù` sf rfkenzk` trfs n`vf`tkrncs y tkskinc`fs jf onf`fs, acrmkinù` jf ek mksk pkrtnoef, y ek jnvnsnù` jfe kitnvc y jfe pksnvc. Fstks rfbeks sf sugftk` s ugftk` k eks bf`frkefs jf ek pkrtninù` jf onf`fs jf ecs krtíiuecs

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ;9;2, ic` infrtks mcjnanikinc`fs yk quf fstf prcifjnmnf`tc fstë jnsfûkjc pkrk ek pkrtninù` jf dfrf`inks. n. N`vf`tkrnc y tkskinù` jf onf`fs. Fs u`k cpfrkinù` oësnik f` ek quf sf ic`tfmpek` tcjcs ecs onf`fs, yk quf prfvnc k tcjc iëeiuec fs `fifskrnc skofr quî dky y iuë`tc vkef. Fstf n`vf`tkrnc n`ieuyf ecs onf`fs scinkefs y ecs prcpncs jfececsquf iù`yubfs, rfsfrvkjcs jf ekpkrinkemf`tf mugfr, ecs arutcs jf eks icsks quf sf kjmn`nstrk y tcjc kjqunfrkecs ek onf`fs mugfr ikskjk sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs. Fstf n`vf`tkrnc pufjf sfr snmpef sn ecs n`tfrfskjcs sc` mkycrfs jf fjkj y tnf`f` ek enorf kjmn`nstrkinù` jf sus onf`fs, snfmprf quf fxnstk kiufrjc u`ë`nmf. Ek gurnsprujf`ink, `c costk`tf, dk fxnbnjc ke n`vf`tkrnc scefm`f fs ek enqunjkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ku`quf f` fstrnitc rnbcr îstf sùec sf fxnbf iuk`jc dky n`tfrfskjcs n`ikpkifs. Eufbc, ek tkskinù` sf prkitnik icrrnf`tfmf`tf pcr pfrntcs jfsnb`kjcs jf icm÷` kiufrjc pcr eks pkrtfs c pcr fe pkrtnjc, ek quf pcjrë cmntnrsf sn tcjcs fstë` jf kiufrjc f` feec y snfmprf quf sf trktf jf onf`fs mufoefs. @c pufjf jkrsf ek jnstrkiinù` u ciuetkinù` jcecsk jf onf`fs k ek quf sf rfanfrf fe krtíiuec ;214 II., snf`jc ek jnstrkiinù` ek sustrkiinù` jf u` onf`, y ek ciuetkinù` fe snef`inkr c `fbkr ek fxnstf`ink jf ctrc. Fs u` jfentc invne. nn. Acrmkinù` jf ek mksk pkrtnoef.  pkrtnoef.  Fstk mksk sf acrmk f` prnmfr tîrmn`c ic` fe kifrvc orutc, kiumuek`jc nmkbn`krnkmf`tf ecs onf`fs scinkefs y sus arutcs, ecs onf`fs prcpncs y sus arutcs, ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, ecs arutcs jf ecs onf`fs sfpkrkjcs pkrinkemf`tf y eks rficmpf`sks f` akvcr jf ek scinfjkj. Fstk sf dkif pcr fe vkecr sfûkekjc f` ek tkskinù`. Eufbc sf irfk fe kifrvc eíqunjc, feec jfjuinf`jc jf fstf fe kifrvc orutc ecs onf`fs o nf`fs prcpncs jf ecs iù`yubfs, eks rficmpf`sks quf jfof ek scinfjkj y fe pksnvc icm÷` (jfujks scinkefs y bkstcs jf enqunjkinù`). Kië ek mugfr iuf`tk ic` infrtcs jfrfidcs fspfinkefs, icmc pkbkrsf jf eks rficmpf`sks y jfjuiinc`fs k`tfs quf fe mkrnjc, kjfmës jfe dfidc quf sus onf`fs `c sf tcik` f` iuk`tc k quf, sn ecs onf`fs scinkefs sc` n`suaninf`tfs, pcjrë` jnrnbnrsf ic`trk ecs jfe mkrnjc< an`kemf`tf pkrk pkbkrsf jf eks rficmpf`sks quf ef kjfujf ek scinfjkj, k ek mugfr icsk jf u` irîjntc prnvnefbnkjc jf iukrtk ieksf sfb÷` eks rfbeks jf ek prfekinù` jf irîjntcs. nnn. Jnvnsnù` jf ecs bk`k`inkefs . Jfjuinjc fe kifrvc pcr ctrc, fs jfinr fe kifrvc eíqunjc, fe skejc sf enqunjkrë f`trf feecs f` acrmk jf bk`k`inkefs, ecs quf f` vnrtuj jfe Krt. ;22: II, sf jnvnjf` pcr mntkj f`trf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr rfbek bf`frke. Fxifpinc`kemf`tf `c sf jnvnjnrë` pcr mntkj iuk`jc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs sf dkyk ic`vf`njc jf ctrk acrmk, sn dky kiinù` u ciuetkinù` jcecsk jf u` onf` scinke, sn ek mugfr rf`u`ink ecs bk`k`inkefs, c sn u`c c mës dfrfjfrcs jf ek mugfr rf`u`ink k ecs bk`k`inkefs. @ùtfsf kië, quf ek jnvnsnù` jfe pksnvc tkmonî` sf rfkenzk okgc fstks mnsmks `crmks ku`quf f` ek coenbkinù` k eks jfujks fe mkrnjc fs rfspc`skoef jfe ek tctke jf eks scinkefs, n`jfpf`jnf`tf jf quf dkyk` c `c fxnstnjc bk`k`inkefs, f` tk`tc quf mugfr fstëjfujks coenbkjk k tfrifrcs scec dkstk

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek mntkj jf su bk`k`inkefs, pcrquf bczk jfe of`faninc jf fmceumf`tc, ec quf `c prcifjf iuk`jc sfk` jfujks pfrsc`kefs jf ek mugfr, sn fs u`k coenbkinù` n`jnvnsnoef, c sn fs u`k coenbkinù` prf`jkrnk c dnpctfikrnk, iksc f` fe iuke pcjrë pfrsfbunrsf fe brkvkmf` scorf jnidc onf`. Ek ic`trnouinù` k eks jfujks jfofrë scpcrtkr k ecs iù`yubfs pcr mntkj skevc ic`vf`inù` ic`trkrnk c jfujk pfrsc`ke, c tkmonî`, sn ek mugfr bczk jf of`faninc jf fmceumf`tc. Fe of`faninc jf fmceumf`tc rfbekmf`tkjc f` fe Krt. ;222 II., fs ek akiuetkj quf tnf`f ek mugfr c sus dfrfjfrcs pkrk enmntkr su coenbkinù` y su ic`trnouinù` k eks jfujks jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, dkstk ek ic`iurrf`ink jf ek mntkj jf su bk`k`inkefs, fs jfinr, jfe prcvfidc c fmceumf`tc quf tnf`f feek. Ek mugfr `c pufjf rf`u`inkr k fstf of`faninc k`tninpkjkmf`tf eks ikpntuekinc`fs, pfrc sn pufjf dkifrec eufbc jf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj. Ek mugfr jfofrë prcokr fe n`strumf`tc p÷oenic pkrk cpc`fr fstf of`faninc jf fmceumf`tc ke mkrnjc c k ecs kirffjcrfs, y sf pcjrë fgfrifr icmc kiinù` c icmc fxifpinù`, prcok`jc ek mugfr quf sf ef icork ec quf fxifjf` ek mntkj jf su bk`k`ink.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC NT. ONF@FY _FYF_QKJCY JF EK MVGF_ IKYKJK

Fe Krt. ;68 II. sfûkek quf ek mugfr ikskjk, jf iukequnfr fjkj, pufjf jfjnikrsf enorfmf`tf ke fgfrininc jf u` fmpefc, caninc, prcafsnù` c n`justrnk y quf jfof mnrkrsf icmc sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs rfspfitc jfe fgfrininc jf fsf fmpefc, caninc, prcafsnù` c n`justrnk y jf ecs onf`fs quf ic` feec rfsfrvkjc,, fe kjqunfrk. Ksí, ek mugfr ikskjk acrmk u` pktrnmc`nc prcpnc jf`cmn`kjc  pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc quf sf scmftf k u` trktkmnf`tc guríjnic fspfinke, ketfrk`jc eks rfbeks jf ek scinfjkj s cinfjkj ic`yubke f` iuk`jc ecs onf`fs quf sf n`tfbrk` pksk` ke dkofr kosceutc jf ek scinfjkj. Ikrkitfrístniks jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;68 II. k)  Fxnstf scec rfspfitc jf ek mugfr. o)  Ycec sf kpenik f` fe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke. i)  Fxnstf jf pef`c jfrfidc pcr fe scec dfidc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc okgc scinfjkj ic`yubke. j)  Fs u`k n`stntuinù` jf crjf` p÷oenic, `c mcjnanikoef pcr ek vceu`tkj jf eks pkrtfs, ec quf sf ic`ieuyf jf ek fxprfsnù` `c costk`tf iukequnfr fstnpuekinù` f` ic`trkrnc quf ic`trkrnc quf sfûkek ek efy. f)  Jk crnbf` k u`k sfpkrkinù` efbke pkrinke jf onf`fs jf ikrëitfr fspfinke, pcr pfrmntnr k ek mugfr kjmn`nstrkr fstcs onf`fs enorfmf`tf. _fqunsntcs jf ek fxnstf`ink jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc ;)  [uf ek mugfr trkokgf, f` sf`tnjc quf fe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc sf crnbn`k pcr su trkokgc, `c ic`snjfrë`jcsf jc`kinc`fs c dfrf`inks. Fstc `c fxnbf quf fe trkokgc sfk `fifskrnkmf`tf jfpf`jnf`tf, yk quf ek `crmk ic`tfmpek canincs, prcafsnc`fs c n`justrnks. ?)  [uf fe trkokgc ec quf eùbnic, yk quf quf pujnfrk sn`c `c nmpenikr dkorík acrmk jf quf kjqunfrk onf`fs.sfk Jfrfmu`frkjc, kië sf jfsprf`jf quffseks rfbkeíks u`k ekocr jf of`fanif`ink jf u`k mugfr ikskjk f` scinfjkj ic`yubke `c ic`stntuyf` fe supufstc jf pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc. 9)  [uf fe trkokgc sfk sfpkrkjc jfe quf rfkenzk fe mkrnjc, ec iuke `c fs prcoefmk iuk`jc dky prcafsnc`fs c kitnvnjkjfs jnvfrsks, sn`c iuk`jc fe trkokgc jf ek mugfr sf jk f` icekocrkinù` ke jfe mkrnjc. :)  [uf fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke vnbf`tf f` fe mktrnmc`nc jf fstk mugfr sfk ek scinfjkj ic`yubke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Kitnvc jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc. Ec n`tfbrk` tcjcs ecs n`brfscs quf ek mugfr cotf`bk jf su trkokgc sfpkrkjc jfe jf su mkrnjc (sufejcs, dc`crkrncs, icmnsnc`fs, fti., quf prcvf`bk` jfe fgfrininc jf u`k kitnvnjkj euirktnvk)< ecs onf`fs quf kjqunfrk (icrpcrkefs f n`icrpcrkefs, mufoefs f n`mufoefs)< y, ecs arutcs jf îstcs (pcr kiifsnù`).  kiifsnù`).   Xksnvc jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc. sf icmpc`f jf eks snbunf`tfs coenbkinc`fs7 ;)  coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr f` kjmn`nstrkinù` sfpkrkjk, fs jfinr, eks quf ic`trknbk jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf sus onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, prfvf`nf`tfs jf kitcs c ic`trktcs pfrtn`f`tfs k fstf pktrnmc`nc. Fe Krt. ;68 II. fstkoefif u`k iekrk rfspc`skonenjkj jf ek mugfr pcr eks jfujks ic`trkíjks f` su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc, ec quf scec coenbk k ecs onf`fs quf ec ic`acrmk`. ?)  Coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr fe mkrnjc f` utnenjkj jf ek mugfr c jf ek akmnenk icm÷`. Jf mk`frk fxifpinc`ke f`tc`ifs pcjrë` ecs kirffjcrfs jfe mkrnjc ktkikr ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs jf ek mugfr, feec iuk`jc kirfjntf` quf ek coenbkinù` ic`trkíjk pcr fe mkrnjc ifjnù f` utnenjkj jf ek mugfr c jf ek akmnenk icm÷`. Fxifpinc`kemf`tf sf coenbk` ecs onf`fs jfe mkrnjc pcr coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr f` ek kjmn`nstrkinù` sfpkrkjk, jfonf`jc rfspc`jfr fe mkrnjc iuk`jc duonfrf kiifjnjc icmc ankjcr c jf ctrc mcjc k mcjc k eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr, fs jfinr, ek coenbkinù` scenjkrnk, pcr fgfmpec.  Kjmn`nstrkinù` jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc.   Icrrfspc`jf fxieusnvkmf`tf k ek mugfr, pkrk ec iuke tnf`f eks mës kmpenks akiuetkjfs pcr ic`snjfrkrsf pcr ek efy icmc sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs. Kjfmës, sf sfûkek quf ek mugfr ikskjk jf iukequnfr fjkj fs ikpkz jf feec, `c scec ek mkycr jf ;4, `c `fifsntk`jc ek mugfr mf`cr u` iurkjcr pkrk kjmn`nstrkr sus onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs, yk quf ke fgfrifr u` trkokgc rfmu`frkjc yk mufstrk jnsifr`nmnf`tc y, pcr tk`tc, pef`k ikpkinjkj, ke mf`cs f` fstk pkrtf. Fstkkutcrnzkinù` rfbek, `c costk`tf, u`k fxifpinù`,jff`ikusk, iuk`tc k quf sn feek aufsf mf`cr fjkj rfqufrnrë gujninke,tnf`f ic` ic`cinmnf`tc pkrk brkvkr y f`kgf`kr onf`fsjfrkíifs. Yn` feec, kjcefif fe kitc jf `uenjkj rfektnvk. Fxifpinc`kemf`tf fe mkrnjc pcjrë kjmn`nstrkr fe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc jf ek mugfr, ec quf ciurrnrë iuk`jc ek mugfr ef ic`anfrf mk`jktc ke mkrnjc y iuk`jc ek mugfr fs jfiekrkjk f` n`tfrjniinù` pcr jfmf`ink c scrjcmujfz quf nmpnjk jkrsf k f`tf`jfr iekrkmf`tf y fe mkrnjc aufrf su iurkjcr, kjmn`nstrk`jc f` fsk ikenjkj y `c icmc mkrnjc. Xrufok jf ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs.  Ek fanikink jf ek n`stntuinù` tnf`f quf vfr ic` ek prufok jf su fxnstf`ink, ek quf sf rfekinc`k ic` ek ikpkinjkj jf ek mugfr y ic` fe crnbf` jf ecs onf`fs, jf mk`frk quf ecs tfrifrcs `c sf kostf`bk` jf ic`trktkr ic` ek mugfr. Xkrk feec fe efbnsekjcr dk jkjc jnstn`tks cpinc`fs, eks quf nmpcrtk` tk`tc k ek mugfr, icmc k tfrifrcs, pkrk kirfjntkr ek fxnstf`ink

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jf su pktrnmc`nc iuk`jc fe mkrnjc prftf`jk fgfrifr jfrfidcs quf `c tnf`f< y, iuk`jc snf`jc rfsfrvkjc u` onf`, sf prftf`jk icmc u`c scinke pcr fe mkrnjc c pcr ek mugfr. Xrufok jf tf`fr ek mugfr ek ikenjkj jf sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs. Fstk sf trkjuif f` kirfjntkr quf îstk, ke ifeforkr u` kitc c ic`trktc, kit÷k jf`trc jf su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc y quf jfof ic`snjfrkrsf, pcr tk`tc, sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs. N`tfrfsk fstk prufok k ek mugfr, iuk`jc sf ef jfsic`czik ek ikenjkj jf sfpkrkjk jf y,onf`fs qufn`tfrfsk tnf`f, vkenî`jcsf mfjncsquf jf prufok pkrkekfeec, n`ieusc ek tfstnmc`nke< tkmonî` k tfrifrcs,jf feectcjcs pkrk ecs jfmcstrkr dk kitukjc mugfr jf`trc jf su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc, iuk`jc fstk c su mkrnjc n`tf`tk` jfsic`cifr ek vkenjfz jf u` kitc ifeforkjc f` fsk ic`jninù`. Ek efy efs ctcrbk, ksnmnsmc, u`k prfsu`inù` jf jfrfidc k akvcr jf ecs tfrifrcs jf quf ek mugfr dk kitukjc f` su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc, feec iuk`jc7 ;-  Fe onf` mktfrnk jf ic`trktc `c sfk u` onf` prcpnc jf ek mugfr, okstk`jc pkrk ecs n`mufoefs fe fxkmf` jf títuec (sn fs k títuec brktuntc jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke u c`frcsc k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, `c fs rfsfrvkjc)< ?-  Ek mugfr kirfjntf mfjnk`tf n`strumf`tcs p÷oenics c prnvkjcs quf dk fgfrinjc u` caninc, fmpefc, prcafsnù`, n`justrnk c icmfrinc sfpkrkjk jf su mkrnjc. Yc` ecs ÷`nics mfjncs jf prufok kjmnsnoefs. 9-  Fe kitc c ic`trktc f` quf n`tfrvnf`f ek mugfr sf ctcrbuf pcr fsirntc y quf fe n`strumf`tc f` quf sf ctcrbuf sf dkbk rfafrf`ink k ecs jciumf`tcs p÷oenics c prnvkjcs k`tfs jnidcs. Ic` fstcs trfs rfqunsntcs sf prfsumf quf dk kitukjc jf`trc jf su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc. Yn aketk kebu`c, fe tfrifrc `c sf akvcrfif jf ek prfsu`inù` jf jfrfidc, pujnf`jc rfiurrnr, `c costk`tf, k ctrcs mfjncs jf prufok pkrk prcokr jnidk sntukinù`. Ek prufok jf ek ikenjkj jf rfsfrvkjc jf u` onf` jftfrmn`kjc  ef icrrfspc`jf k ek mugfr y sus dfrfjfrcs. Ef n`tfrfsk k ek mugfr k`tf tfrifrcs pkrk mcstrkr quf u` onf` fs rfsfrvkjc f` u`k jfujk ic`trk mkrnjc< iuk`jcprcoktcrncs, fe mkrnjc n`tf`tf dkifr vkefr jfrfidcs quf `c tnf`f scorf fefgfiutkjk onf`. Kië snrvf`fe tcjcs ecscmfjncs n`ieusc ek tfstnmc`nke, enmntë`jcsf, fsc sn, ek ic`afsnc`ke.  Fafitcs jf ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke f` ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs.  Fs jnstn`tc fe jfstn`c sfb÷` sn ek mugfr kifptk c rf`u`ink k ecs bk`k`inkefs, tcjc feec ic`acrmf k ecs jcs n`inscs an`kefs jfe Krt. ;68 II. F` fe prnmfr supufstc, sn kifptk ecs bk`k`inkefs , ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs pksk` k kumf`tkr fe onf` icm÷` y f`trk` f` ek enqunjkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ek quf sf jnvnjf pcr mntkjfs, pujnf`jc fe mkrnjc kprcvfidkr fe rfsuetkjc jfe trkokgc jf su mugfr.  Ksí, ifsk` ek kjmn`nstrkinù` enorf y ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs sf scmftf` jf nbuke acrmk quf ecs onf`fs scinkefs, n`ieuyî`jcsf f` fe n`vf`tkrnc y f` ek tkskinù`. Fe mkrnjc jf dkif ikrbc jf eks jfujks jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc scec dkstk ek ic`iurrf`ink jf ec quf dkyk pfrinonjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Xcr ctrk pkrtf, sn ek mugfr rfidkzk ecs bk`k`inkefs , ic`sfrvk su pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc, rfspc`jnf`jc ic` feecs jf ek tctkenjkj jf eks coenbkinc`fs quf kafitf` k jnidc pktrnmc`nc. Fe mkrnjc `c tcmk pkrtf jf jnidcs onf`fs, `n tkmpcic rfspc`skonenjkj f` eks jfujks ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr f` su kjmn`nstrkinù` sfpkrkjk, dkinî`jcsf n``fifskrnk ek enqunjkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC T. _ÎBNMF@ JF YFXK_KINÙ@ JF ONF@FY

F` ecs rfbímf`fs mktrnmc`nkefs idnef`cs sf dk jfan`njc icmc pcr u`k ketfr`ktnvk pkrk ecs iù`yubfs, iuk`jc `c sf f`iuf`trk` ic` ek n`tf`inù` jf acrmkr ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ku`quf pufjk suosnstnr pkrkefekmf`tf ic` îe. Fs fxifpinc`ke, yk quf ek rfbek bf`frke fs ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ek quf fxnstf sn` `fifsnjkj jf fxprfskrek y pcr fe scec dfidc jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fstf rîbnmf` jf sfpkrkinù` fvntk ek rfu`nù` jf ecs pktrnmc`ncs jf ecs iù`yubfs, ecs jfsenbk f`trf sí tctkemf`tf c onf` f` pkrtf, ic`sfrvk`jc f` tke iksc ikjk iù`yubf ecs jfrfidcs jf usc, bcif y jnspcsninù` jf sus onf`fs. Yf ikrkitfrnzk pcr sfr ikjk iù`yubf jufûc jf sus prcpncs onf`fs ecs quf `c pksf` pks f` ke pktrnmc`nc scinke, pktrnmc`nc quf `n snqunfrk fxnstf sn ek sfpkrkinù` tctke. Kjfmës, sf ikrkitfrnzk pcrquf ecs onf`fs sc` kjmn`nstrkjcs n`jfpf`jnf`tfmf`tf pcr ikjk iù`yubf. N. 

IEKYNANIKINÙ@.

Xufjf` ieksnanikrsf k ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs jfsjf jcs pu`tcs jf vnstk. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, ktf`jnf`jc su crnbf`, pufjf sfr ic`vf`inc`ke, efbke c gujninke. Eufbc, ktf`jnf`jc su fxtf`snù` c ic`tf`njc, pufjf sfr tctke c pkrinke, sfb÷` kokrquf tcjc c scec u`k pkrtf jfe pktrnmc`nc jf ecs iù`yubfs. Yí fs pkrinke pufjf suosnstnr ic` fe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke. Yn fs tctke, fxieuyf k ek scinfjkj. @ùtfsf quf scec pcjrë` sfr pkrinkefs eks sfpkrkinc`fs efbkefs y eks e ks ic`vf`inc`kefs jf eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs, mks ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke fs snfmprf tctke. k. Yfpkrkinù` Ic`vf`inc`ke Ek sfpkrkinù` ic`vf`inc`ke jf onf`fs fs kqufeek quf tnf`f su crnbf` f` u` kiufrjc jf vceu`tkjfs jf ecs iù`yubfs fspcscs k`tfs fe mktrnmc`nc, f` fe mcmf`tc jf su ifeforkinù` c f` u`sfrkiufrjc jf ecs mkycrfs jf fjkj jurk`tf ek vnbf`inkmnsmc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Xcjrë tctke c pkrinke. Ek tctke, icmc sf vnc pufjf pkitkrsf ic`vf`inc`kemf`tf f` trfs cpcrtu`njkjfs7 k`tfs jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, f` fe mcmf`tc mnsmc jf su ifeforkinù`, c, jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc. Jf ecs jcs prnmfrcs ikscs `kif n`mfjnktkmf`tf ek sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs, pfrc f` fe tfrifrc, ek sfpkrkinù` pc`f tîrmn`c ke rîbnmf` k`tfrncr fxnstf`tf, sfk jf bk`k`inkefs c jf scinfjkj ic`yubke rffmpekzë`jcec. Yí sf pkitù f` ikpntuekinc`fs ifeforkjks k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, jfofrë` sfr scefm`fs, scefm`njkjfs quf ic`stk` f` quf sf ctcrbuf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik y quf ek fsirnturk sf n`sirnok ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. Fstk n`sirnpinù` jfofrë dkifrsf ke tnfmpc jf ifeforkrsf fe mktrnmc`nc c jf`trc jf ecs 98 jíks snbunf`tfs k îe. Mnf`trks fe mktrnmc`nc `c sf ifeforf eks pkrtfs pcjrë` mcjnanikr fstks ikpntuekinc`fs, iumpenf`jc `ufvkmf`tf ic` eks

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  scefm`njkjfs fxnbnjks, sn` fmokrbc, tkmonî` pcjrë mcjnanikrsf dkstk fe mcmf`tc mnsmc jfe mktrnmc`nc. Ecs fafitcs f` bf`frke jf ek sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs sc` pfrmntnr k ek mugfr kjmn`nstrkr ic` pef`k n`jfpf`jf`ink sus onf`fs< pujnf`jc ic`trkfr coenbkinc`fs kafitk` scec k su pktrnmc`nc< ek mugfr jfof` prcvffr k eks `fifsnjkjfs akmnenkf`icm÷` akiuetkjfs< k ek mugfr ysffeefmkrnjc jkrë iurkjcr pkrk ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf jf susekonf`fs tcjcs f` ecseks ikscs quf snf`jc scetfrk `fifsntkrë jf u`c. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, sn ek sfpkrkinù` tctke auf pkitkjk f` fe mcmf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc, fstf pkitc fs scefm`f, snf`jc ek scefm`njkj quf ic`stf f` ek n`sirnpinù` jf mktrnmc`nc y sn` fstf rfqunsntc `c tnf`f vkecr. An`kemf`tf, sí sf fstkoefif` ek sfpkrkinù` ic`vf`inc`ke jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, sùec pcjrë` rfkenzkrek ecs iù`yubfs mkycrfs jf fjkj. Fstf pkitc jf sfpkrkinù` tkmonî` fs scefm`f, y sus scefm`njkjfs sc` ek fsirnturk p÷oenik, ek suon`sirnpinù` jf feek ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc, y, quf jnidk n`sirnpinù` sf prkitnquf f` fe pekzc aktke jf 98 jíks jfsjf fe mktrnmc`nc. _fvnskjk ek sfpkrkinù` tctke, kdcrk vfrfmcs ek sfpkrkinù` ic`vf`inc`ke pkrinke. Îstk pufjf rfvfstnr jcs acrmks7 eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs f` eks quf su duonfrk sfûkekjc quf ek mugfr kjmn`nstrkrë sfpkrkjkmf`tf kebu`c jf sus onf`fs< c onf`, jf u`k sumk jf jn`frc c jf u`k pf`snù` pfrnùjnik. Fstcs ikscs ecs ic`tfmpek` ecs Krt. ;12 y ;2?8 II., rfspfitnvkmf`tf. _ficrjfmcs quf f` fe iksc jfe Krt. ;12 ek sfpkrkinù` pkrkefekmf`tf icfxnstf ic` fe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj, pcr ec quf dky jcs rfbímf`fs pktrnmc`nkefs, pfrc f` fe iksc jfe Krt. ;2?8 dky u` scec rîbnmf` pktrnmc`nke, quf fs fe jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, ic` ek skevfjkj jf quf `c sf n`irfmf`tkrë fe dkofr scinke ic` jftfrmn`kjcs jn`frcs quf ek mugfr jnspc`jrë enorfmf`tf y ic` pef`k ikpkinjkj. o.  Yfpkrkinù` gujninke Fs fe rîbnmf` jf sfpkrkinù` tctke quf `kif f` vnrtuj jf u`k sf`tf`ink gujninke fgfiutcrnkjk, pcr jfmk`jk f`tkoekjk pcr ek mugfr au`jkjk f` fe iursc jf eks ikuskefs jnspufstk pcr ek efy. Yf ikrkitfrnzk pcr sfr u`k mfjnjk jf prctfiinù` pkrk ek mugfr pkrk jfaf`jfrek jf ecs kitcs jfe mkrnjc. Znf`f ikuskefs tkxktnvks y icmpftf fxieusnvkmf`tf ek mugfr, icmc akiuetkj, ek quf fs nrrf`u`inkoef. Yf ic`cif pcr fe Guzbkjc jf akmnenk, y ek mugfr mf`cr jf fjkj pkrk fgfrifrek rfqunfrf kutcrnzkinù` jf u` iurkjcr fspfinke (Krt. ;6: II.). Jfgk suosnstf`tf fe mktrnmc`nc y f` kjfek`tf, ecs iù`yubfs jfof` ktf`jfr eks `fifsnjkjfs jf ek akmnenk sfb÷` sus akiuetkjfs, feec f`  vnrtuj jfe Krt. ;18 II. II.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ikuskefs jf sfpkrkinù` gujninke.  gujninke.  k)  Yn ek mugfr `c qunfrf sfr kjmn`nstrkjcrk fxtrkcrjn`krnk jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, c `c jfsfk scmftfrsf k u` iurkjcr, pufjf pfjnr ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke, feec f` vnrtuj jfe Krt. ;21? II. Jfofrë sfr mkycr jf fjkj pkrk fgfrifr fstk kiinù`. o)  Xcr fe mke fstkjc jf ecs `fbcincs jfe mkrnjc c rnfsbc n`mn`f`tf jf feec. Jfof trktkrsf jf ecs `fbcincs jfe mkrnjc, mës `c jf ecs onf`fs, pcr ec quf pufjf rfafrnrsf tk`tc ecs prcpncs icmc ecs scinkefs, n`ieusc ecs jf ek mugfr, dk jnidc ek gurnsprujf`ink. Fe mkrnjc pcjrë cpc`frsf k ek sfpkrkinù` scenintkjk, prfsf`tk`jc ank`zks c dnpctfiks quf ksfburf` suaninf`tfmf`tf ecs n`tfrfsfs jf ek mugfr, sc` ikuinc`fs coenbkinc`fs auturks f n`jftfrmn`kjks. i)  N`scevf`ink jfe mkrnjc. Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;66 II, `c sf rfqunfrf quf fe mkrnjc fstî `fifskrnkmf`tf f` prcifsc jf enqunjkinù` y rfcrbk`nzkinù` pktrnmc`nke, pfrc fs ek sntukinù` k`tfrncr f` ek quf `c pufjk cpc`fr ikuinc`fs. Fstf fs u` ksu`tc jf dfidc. j)   Kjmn`nstrkinù` arkujuef`tk jfe mkrnjc. mkrnjc. Fe arkujf fqunvkef k jcec. f)  Yí fe mkrnjc pcr iuepk `c iumpef ecs jfofrfs fstkoefinjcs f` ecs krtíiuecs ;9; y ;9: jfe iùjnbc invne, fs jfinr, ecs fafitcs jfe mktrnmc`nc f` iuk`tc k ecs jfofrfs jf anjfenjkj, scicrrc, kyujk mutuk, rfspftc y prctfiinù`, y sn `c sumn`nstrk ek mugfr ec `fifskrnc pkrk ek mk`utf`inù` akmnenkr, sfb÷` sus akiuetkjfs. a)  Yn fe mkrnjc n`iurrf f` kebu`k ikuske jf sfpkrkinù` gujninke jf onf`fs jfe Krt. ?1 EMI. b)  Xcr kusf`ink n`gustnanikjk jfe mkrnjc pcr mës u` kûc, c quf sn` mfjnkr kusf`ink fxnstk sfpkrkinù` jf dfidc f`trf ecs iù`yubfs. d)  Yn jfonî`jcsf pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks, sf duonfrf kprfmnkjc fe mkrnjc jcs vfifs pkrk su pkbc. Fs u`k ikuske ic`tfmpekjk pcr ek efy fspfiíanik jf kenmf`tcs @rc. ;:.>84.  Mfjnjks prfikutcrnks . Xcjrë` sfr scenintkjks pcr ek e k mugfr ke gufz ke jfmk`jkr ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke jf onf`fs, f` vnrtuj jfe Krt. ;61 II. Fe gufz jfofrë kitukr k`tf jnidk pftninù` ic` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ikusk y, sn ec fstnmk, fxnbnr ikuinù` jf rfsuetks. F` bf`frke, fe guninc sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs pcr mke fstkjc ecs `fbcincs jfe mkrnjc, ek ic`afsnù` `c dkif prufok, enmntkinù` quf icrrf scec pkrk fstf tnpc jf gunincs.  Fafitcs jf ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke jf onf`fs  

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Xrcjuif vkrnkjcs fafitcs. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, fstk sf`tf`ink jfofrë k`ctkrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` mktrnmc`nke, y scekmf`tf ic` feec pcjrë dkifrsf vkefr f` guninc, g uninc, dkinî`jcsf cpc`noef n`ieusc f`trf iù`yubfs. Ctrc fafitc fs quf sf ef f`trfbk k ek mugfr eks akiuetkjfs quf sf ef jk` k kqufeek mugfr jnvcrinkjk, feec ic` infrtks enmntkinc`fs, icmc `c pcjfr ifeforkr ic`trktcs jf icmprkvf`tk y pfrmutk ic` su mkrnjc, pcr fgfmpec. F` eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcrke ek prcpnc pktrnmc`nc y ykankjcr `c kecjfe mkrnjc. Fxifpinc`kemf`tf coenbk jfemugfr, mkrnjcfeek f` coenbk kebu`cssuikscs7 sn sf coenbk icmc jf ctrc mcjc k eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr, c onf`, sn ek coenbkinù` jf ek mugfr ifjnù f` of`faninc jf îe c jf ek akmnenk icm÷` y scec k prcrrktk jf su of`faninc. Iurkjcr jf ek mugfr. Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;19 II. k ek mugfr sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs dkorë quf `cmorkref iurkjcr pkrk ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs quf ef pfrtf`fif` f` tcjcs kqufeecs ikscs f` quf fs snf`jc scetfrk `fifsntkrík jf tke iurkjcr pkrk kjmn`nstrkrecs. Ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke fs nrrfvcikoef, pcr ec quf `c pufjf qufjkr sn` fafitc c `n k÷` pcr kiufrjc jf ecs iù`yubfs c pcr rfsceuinù` gujninke pcstfrncr, prnvk`jc p rnvk`jc jfe jfrfidc jf mutkinù` jf rîbnmf`. i.  Yfpkrkinù` efbke Xcjrë sfr pkrinke c tctke. Fxnstk` pcr fe scec mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy. Ek tctke fs ek quf angk ek efy y icmprf`jf tcjcs ecs onf`fs, ke nbuke quf ec quf pksk ek sfpkrkinù` gujninke. Fxnstnrë f` fe iksc jf ecs quf ic`trkf` mktrnmc`nc f` fe fxtrk`gfrc, k mf`cs quf pkitf` scinfjkj ic`yubke c pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs ke n`sirnonr su pktrnmc`nc f` fe rfbnstrc jf ek prnmfrk sfiinù` jf ek icmu`k jf Yk`tnkbc, tcjc feec ic`acrmf ke n`insc sfbu`jc jfe Krt. ;96. Zî`bksf prfsf`tf quf fstf fs fe ÷`nic iksc f` quf ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs ic`stntuyf u`k rfbek bf`frke, yk quf f` tcjcs ecs jfmës ikscs sfrë snfmprf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Eufbc, efbke pkrinke, sf ic`tfmpek f` jcs ikscs.quf Xrnmfrkmf`tf, f` feciksc jfe Krt. ;11 II,ek fesfpkrkinù` quf jftfrmn`k ek sntukinù` jf ek mugfr ikskjk sf ef dk jc`kjc jfgkjc u`k dfrf`ink c efbkjc ic` ek ic`jninù` prfinsk jf quf eks icsks jc`kjks, dfrfjkjks c efbkjcs, `c tf`bk kjmn`nstrkinù` fe mkrnjc, quf jnidk jc`kinù`, dfrf`ink c efbkjc pufjf kifptkjk pcr ek mugfr. Dkorë u`k sfpkrkinù` efbke f`tc`ifs pcr sfr îstk ek quf n`jnik eks ic`sfiuf`inks, y sfrë pkrinke pcrquf sùec icmprcmftfrsf fstcs onf`fs. Yus rfqunsntcs sc` f`tc`ifs quf tf`bk crnbf` f` u` títuec brktuntc jf ecs dky mf`inc`kjcs, quf nmpc`bk ek ic`jninù` jf quf fe mkrnjc `c tf`bk ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf sus onf`fs, y quf ek mugfr k sfr jnidk jc`kinù`, dfrf`ink c efbkjc. @ùtfsf quf ecs fafitcs jf fstk sfpkrkinù` efbke pkrinke icork` nmpcrtk`ink f` rfekinù` ke quf, jnsufetk quf sfk ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks pcr ek mugfr f` su kjmn`nstrkinù` sfpkrkjk pcjrë pfrsfbunrsf scorf tcjcs sus onf`fs y `c sùec ic` eks icsks fxifptukjks f` vnrtuj jfe Krt. ;11 II., rfspc`jnf`jc jf ek tctkenjkj jf eks jfujks ic`trkíjks f`tc`ifs. Jf tcjks acrmks, ecs kirffjcrfs jfe mkrnjc `c tf`jrë` kiinù` scorf ecs onf`fs quf ek

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  mugfr kjmn`nstrf okgc fstf supufstc, k mf`cs quf prcokrf quf fe ic`trktc ifeforkjc ifjnù f` utnenjkj jf ek mugfr c jf ek akmnenk icm÷`. Ecs arutcs jf eks icsks quf kjmn`nstrk f` rfekinù` ke  Krt. ;11 II. pfrtf`fif` k ek mugfr, ku`quf pkrk feec dkorë quf jnstn`bunr sn eekk mugfr kifptù c rf`u`inù k ecs bk`k`inkefs f` ek jnsceuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, yk quf sn ecs rf`u`ink `kjk ef icrrfspc`jf ke mkrnjc, pfrc sn ecs kifptk fstks f`trkrë` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs, pujnf`jc fvf`tukemf`tf of`faninkr ke mkrnjc, yk quf ek mntkj jf feecs ef icrrfspc`jfrë. Ctrk sntukinù` ic`tfmpekjk jf sfpkrkinù` efbke pkrinke jf onf`fs fs ek sntukinù` jfe Krt. ;68 II. quf fstkoefif ek pcsnonenjkj jf ecs onf`fs rfsfrvkjcs jf ek mugfr ikskjk f` scinfjkj ic`yubke, yk quf sf ic`snjfrk sfpkrkjk jf onf`fs rfspfitc jf su fgfrininc jf fmpefc, caninc, fti., sfpkrkjc jfe mkrnjc, tf`nf`jc ek ikpkinjkj ic`tfmpekjk f` fe krtíiuec Krt. ;6> II.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC TN. _ÎBNMF@ JF XK_ZNINXKINÙ@ F@ ECY BK@K@INKEFY

Fstf rîbnmf` auf fstkoefinjc icmc ketfr`ktnvc k ek scinfjkj ic`yubke f` sfptnfmorf jf ;>>:. Yf fstkoefinù f` ec quf sf jf`cmn`k vkrnkoef irfjntnink  y  y sf ic`ifptukenzk icmc kqufe rîbnmf` f` quf jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs kjmn`nstrk sfpkrkjkmf`tf ecs onf`fs quf pcsfík ke ic`trkfrec y ecs quf pcstfrncrmf`tf kjqunfrk f` su vnbf`ink, pfrc jnsufetc fe rîbnmf`, ecs bk`k`inkefs cotf`njcs pcr u`c y ctrc jfof` jnstrnounrsf f`trf kmocs f` acrmk quf ikjk u`c qufjf f` nbukefs ic`jninc`fs f` ec quf k feecs sf rfanfrf, ousik`jc ek njî`tnik fqunvkef`ink. Ke an`kenzkr fe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs, pufjf kpenikrsf u`k jf eks jcs snbunf`tfs ketfr`ktnvks7 quf ecs onf`fs quf acrmk` ecs bk`k`inkefs acrmf` u`k icmu`njkj, jf ek iuke kmocs iù`yubfs sc` tntuekrfs, icmc icmu`frcs, rîbnmf` ke quf sf ef jf`cmn`k jf icmu`njkj jnafrnjk . Eufbc, ek ctrk ketfr`ktnvk fs ek eekmkjk vkrnkoef irfjntnink , sfbunjk pcr ek efy ;>.996, f` vnrtuj jf ek iuke ecs pktrnmc`ncs jfe mkrnjc y ek mugfr sf mk`tnf`f sfpkrkjcs y ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs kjmn`nstrk, bczk y jnspc`f enorfmf`tf jf ec suyc, y trks an`kenzkr ek vnbf`ink jfe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs, sf icmpf`sf fe vkecr jf ecs bk`k`inkefs cotf`njcs pcr ecs iù`yubfs, tf`nf`jc jfrfidc k pkrtninpkr pcr ekmntkjfs fxifjf`tf, icmc jnspc`f fe krtíiuec ;2>?-?. Zk`tc ek icmu`njkj jnafrnjk icmc vkrnkoefjfeirfjntnink sc` vkrnkoefs jfe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs. Fstf rîbnmf` sfb÷` fstkoefif fe krt. ;2>?-;, rfqunfrf pkrk quf fxnstk quf sf fxprfsf ke nbuke quf ek sfpkrkinù` tctke jf onf`fs, jf ec ic`trkrnc dkoekrfmcs jf scinfjkj ic`yubke, quf fs ek rfbek bf`frke. Fstf rîbnmf` pcjrë sfr pkitkjc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs f` fe mnsmc kitc jfe mktrnmc`nc, c snf`jc ecs iù`yubfs mkycrfs jf fjkj sustntuyf`jc ek scinfjkj jf onf`fs pcr fe jf pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs c pcr fe jf sfpkrkinù` tctke. F` fstcs ikscs jfofrë iumpenrsf ic` eks scefm`njkjfs fxnbnjks pkrk eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs ifeforkjks k`tfs c jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc. Eks scefm`njkjfs `c fstë` fxprfskmf`tf sfûkekjks, pfrc jf ek efiturk jf ek `crmk pufjf fstkoefifrsf quf sc` eks mnsmks fxnbnjks pkrk ek sustntuinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke pcr fe jf sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs, fstc fs quf sf dkrë pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik n`sirntk ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc.  Kjmn`nstrkinù` . Jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink fstf rîbnmf`, ikjk iù`yubf tnf`f ek kjmn`nstrkinù` kutù`cmk jf su pktrnmc`nc, su bcif y enorf jnspcsninù` jf ecs onf`fs quf ec icmpc`f`. F` ic`sfiuf`ink, kmocs iù`yubfs fstë` f` nbuke ic`jninù`, `c costk`tf fxnstnr infrtks enmntkinc`fs. Fstks enmntkinc`fs fstë` rfekinc`kjks ic` fe pktrnmc`nc akmnenkr, f` eks quf kmocs iù`yubfs jfof` n`tfrvf`nr< y f` fe iksc jf eks ikuinc`fs jf coenbkinc`fs jf tfrifrcs, f` eks quf pkrk quf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs pufjf ctcrbkrek, rfqufrnrë fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe ctrc, ek quf pcjrë sfr fxprfsc c tëintc, c pcr mk`jktc fspfinke. Ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe ctrc iù`yubf pcjrë sfr supenjk pcr ek jfe gufz iuk`jc fstë nmpcsnonentkjc jf prfstkrek, y sn su rfidkzc fs ikrf`tf c jnstn`tc f` iuk`tc k au`jkmf`tcs ke n`tfrîs jf ek akmnenk. Yn `c sf iumpef` fstks fxnbf`inks, ek ikuinù` ctcrbkjk fs `uek. Fe pekzc pkrk pfjnr ek `uenjkj rfektnvk, jf iuktrc kûcs, sf iuf`tk jfsjf quf fe iù`yubf kefbk

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  `uenjkj c tuvc ic`cinmnf`tc jfe kitc, ec quf `c pcjrë fxifjfr `u`ik jf jnfz kûcs jfsjf ek ifeforkinù` jfe kitc c ic`trktc quf sf prftf`jf k`uekr.  Fafitcs jf ek jnsceuinù` jfe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs . Ke tîrmn`c jf fstf rîbnmf`, ecs pktrnmc`ncs jf ecs iù`yubfs pfrmk`fif` sfpkrkjcs, fs jfinr, `c sf prcjuif icmu`njkj trks ek tfrmn`kinù`, ec quf fstë gustnanikjc f` rkzù` jf prctfbfr ecs n`tfrfsfs jf ecs tfrifrcs quf dkyk` ic`trktkjcs ic` u`cbf`frke jf feecs, îstcs,fe kirffjcrfs, fafitnvcic`trktk`tf. su irîjntc cJfe f` mnsmc oksf ke jfrfidc jf prf`jk qufpujnf`jc tnf`f` scorf pktrnmc`nc dkifr jfe iù`yubf mcjc, ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs ic`sfrvk` pef`k akiuetkj jf kjmn`nstrkinù` y ek jnspcsninù` jf sus onf`fs. _finî` f` ek afidk jf ek jnsceuinù`, sf jftfrmn`k` ecs bk`k`inkefs cotf`njcs jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jf fstf rîbnmf` y ek pkrtninpkinù` quf fxnstk f` feek. Xkrk jftfrmn`kr y ikeiuekr ecs bk`k`inkefs ek efy sfûkeù quf sc` ek jnafrf`ink jfe vkecr `ftc f`trf fe pktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc y fe pktrnmc`nc an`ke jf ikjk iù`yubf, sfb÷` fe Krt. ;2>?-1 II, jf mk`frk quf jfof ktf`jfrsf snfmprf ke pktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc, fs jfinr fe fxnstf`tf ke mcmf`tc jf cptkr pcr fe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, y fe pktrnmc`nc an`ke. Fe pktrnmc`nc an`ke jfofrë sfr snfmprf pcsntnvc, yk quf, jf sfr `fbktnvc, ecs bk`k`inkefs sf nmpc`jrë` prnmfrc k icmpf`skr jnidk pîrjnjk. Xktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc. Ecs onf`fs quf ec n`tfbrk` sc` tcjcs kqufeecs kjqunrnjcs k`tfs jf ek vnbf`ink jfe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, n`ieusc k títuec c`frcsc c ic` ikusk c títuec k`tfrncr k feec, pcr ec quf `c nmputk`jc ifjf ke pktrnmc`nc an`ke `c n`irfmf`tk ecs bk`k`inkefs. Xkrk jftfrmn`kr sn pfrtf`fif c `c, sf ktnf`jf `c k ek kjqunsninù`, sn`c k kqufeeks ek quf sf bf`frù fe títuec c ikusk quf ek prcjugc. Jf fstk mk`frk sf kbrfbk` ke kitnvc7 ecs onf`fs quf ecs iù`yubfs pcsfík` k`tfs jfe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs, ku`quf ek prfsirnpinù` c trk`skiinù` sf dkyk dfidc jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink< ecs onf`fs pcsfíjcs k`tfs jfe rîbnmf` pcr u` títuec vnincsc, purbkjc jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jfe rîbnmf` c rktnanikinù` u ctrc mfjnc efbke< ecs onf`fs quf pufjf` k ecs iù`yubfs pcr ek `uenjkj ` uenjkj c rfsceuinù` jfe ic`trktc c u`k rfvcikinù` jf u`k jc`kinù`< ecs onf`fs entnbncscs< ecs jfrfidcs jf usuaruitc< ec quf sf pkbk k ecs iù`yubfs pcr irîjntcs ic`stntunjcs k`tfs jf ek vnbf`ink jfe rîbnmf` c quf, ek prcpcrinù` jfe prfinc pkbkjc ic` k`tfrncrnjkj ke n`ninc jfe rîbnmf` pcr onf`fs kjqunrnjcs jf rfsuetks jf ic`trktcs jf prcmfsk. Fstks sntukinc`fs sf ksnmnek` muidc k eks ic`tfmpekjks f` fe  Krt. ;291 II. Ecs onf`fs quf `c ec n`tfbrk` sc` ecs arutcs, ku` iuk`jc pfrtf`fif` k onf`fs quf fstë` f` jnidc pktrnmc`nc. Zkmpcic n`brfsk` eks mn`ks jf`u`inkjks pcr u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, `n eks jc`kinc`fs rfmu`frktcrnks c sfrvnincs quf duonfrk` jkjc u`k kiinù` ic`trk ek pfrsc`k sfrvnjk. Zkmpcic sf kbrfbk` ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs f` ic`gu`tc pcr kmocs iù`yubfs iuk`jc sc` k títuec c`frcsc, yk quf fstc sf nmpcrtkrë` ke pktrnmc`nc an`ke< pfrc sn ek kjqunsninù` dk snjc títuec brktuntc c, ku` snf`jc pcr kmocs iù`yubfs, ecs jfrfidcs rfspfitnvcs sf kbrfbk` k ecs pktrnmc`ncs crnbn`krncs

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  icrrfspc`jnf`tfs f` ek prcpcrinù` fs quf fstkoefzik jnidc títuec, y sn `kjk sf jngc, f` pkrtfs nbukefs. Xkrk prcokr fe pktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc sf fekocrkrë u` n`vf`tkrnc snmpef jf onf`fs quf ec acrmk` ecs iù`yubfs ke mcmf`tc jf ic`vf`nr fstf rîbnmf`. K aketk jf fstk jfiekrkinù` jf pktrnmc`nc, pcjrë` jkrsf prufoks supeftcrnks, icmc ecs rfbnstrcs, akiturks c títuecs jf irîjntc. Yn `c fxnstf` fstcs mfjncs jf jfmufstrk qufjffe prufok, iù`yubfku`quf `c tuvcfef`prcoefmk ic`jninc`fs jf prciurkrsf u` n`strumf`tc, sf prufok kjmntf yf`sf ctrcs mfjncs surbf jf ecs onf`fs mufoefs, yk quf îstcs `c tnf`f` `n`b÷` snstfmk jf n`sirnpinù`. Yf prfsumnrë` icmu`fs ecs mufoefs kjqunrnjcs jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jfe rîbnmf`, ke tîrmn`c jf fstf, y pkrk jfsfidkr jnidk prfsu`inù`, fe iù`yubf quf ec kefbk jfofrë dkifrec `fifskrnkmf`tf ic` k`tfifjf`tfs fsirntcs. Ecs onf`fs quf icmpc`f` fe n`vf`tkrnc crnbn`krnc sfrë` vkecrkjcs sfb÷` ec quf rfprfsf`tk` ke mcmf`tc jf su kjqunsninù`, fs jfinr sfb÷` su fstkjc ke mcmf`tc f` quf f`trf f` vnbf`ink fe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs c jf su kjqunsninù`, sfb÷` fe iksc. Jf fstk mk`frk fe prfinc jfof fstkr prujf`inkemf`tf kitukenzkjc k ek afidk jf ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe rîbnmf`, `c f`trfbë`jcsf jf tcjks acrmks `crmks k prcpùsntc jf feec, pcr ec quf qufjk f`trfbkjc ecs irntfrnc y prujf`ink jf qunî` ec dkbk, pujnf`jc dkifrsf pcr ecs iù`yubfs, pcr u` tfrifrc, c, f` suosnjnc, pcr fe gufz. Fstk vkecrkinù` jfe kitnvc jfe pktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc sf kpenikrë tkmonî` ke pksnvc jf fstf. Xktrnmc`nc an`ke. Fstc sf jftfrmn`k jfsic`tk`jc jfe vkecr tctke jf ecs onf`fs quf fe iù`yubf sfk jufûc f` fe mcmf`tc jf tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` y eks coenbkinc`fs quf tf`bk f` ek mnsmk afidk. Yn fe rfsuetkjc fs pcsntnvc, snb`nanik quf fe rîbnmf` sfmorù bk`k`inkefs. Fs jfinr, ek cpfrkinù` mktfmëtnik nmpenik ic`snjfrkr ecs dkofrfs, mf`cs coenbkinc`fs ke mcmf`tc jf ek jnsceuinù` c tîrmn`c jf ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs, cotf`nî`jcsf ksí ke pktrnmc`nc an`ke. Yf jnif quf sf kbrfbk` k ecs pktrnmc`ncs an`kefs infrtcs kitcs icmc jc`kinc`fs nrrfvcikoefs, kitcs arkujuef`tcs c jf jnekpnjkinù`, fe pkbc jf rf`tks vntkeninks, fti. Fstks kefbkinc`fs sf fafit÷k` ic`snjfrk`jc fe fstkjc quf eks icsks tf`ík` ke mcmf`tc jf su f`kgf`kinù`, pfrc sfb÷` fe vkecr quf duonfrf` tf`njc ke tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs. N`vf`tkrnc. Ke tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, ikjk iù`yubf jfof rfkenzkr u` N`vf`tkrnc. Ke n`vf`tkrnc, coenbkinù` nmpufstk pcr ek efy f` fe quf jfof vkecrkr tcjcs sus onf`fs y coenbkinc`fs. coe nbkinc`fs. Yf jk u` pekzc jf trfs mfsfs pkrk iumpenr fstk coenbkinù` jfsjf jnidc tîrmn`c, pujnf`jc kmpenkrec fe gufz pcr u`k vfz y pcr trfs mfsfs mës icmc mëxnmc. Ek efy fxnbf u` n`vf`tkrnc snmpef, `c u`c scefm`f, ku`quf sn pcjrík scenintkrsf quf ksí sfk, okstk`jc quf ef ic`anfrk akiuetkj k iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs jf scenintkr ek akiinù` jfe n`vf`tkrnc scefm`f. Yf jnif quf ek anrmk jfe n`vf`tkrnc fs suaninf`tf icmc prufok k akvcr jfe ctrc pkrk jftfrmn`kr su pktrnmc`nc an`ke. Jf tcjks acrmks, pkrk prcokr quf jnidc n`vf`tkrnc `c fs anjfjnb`c, iuf`tk ic` tcjcs ecs mfjncs prcoktcrncs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Qkecrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs quf icmpc`f` fe kitnvc an`ke. @c sf f`trfbk` rfbeks jf rfkgustf, pcr ec quf ecs onf`fs quf ec icmpc`f` sf vkecrk` sfb÷` fe fstkjc f` quf sf f`iuf`trk` ke mcmf`tc jf ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe rîbnmf`. Fstk vkecrkinù` pcjrë sfr dfidk pcr ecs iù`yubfs, pcr u` tfrifrc jfsnb`kjc pcr feecs, c, pcr fe gufz f` suosnjnc jf feec. Xkrk ek vkecrkinù` jfe pksnvc, sf snbuf` eks mnsmks rfbeks. @ùtfsf, quf ek efy fstkoefif u`k sk`inù` pkrk ecs iù`yubfs quf, ic` fe cogftc jf jnsmn`unr ecs bk`k`inkefs, dk` ciuetkjc c jnstrkíjc onf`fs c snmuekjc coenbkinc`fs, ic` sk`inù` snmnekr k ek jf ek ikusk neíintk. Jf fstk mk`frk, sf fstkoefif ecs bk`k`inkefs ic` ek jnafrf`ink jfe vkecr `ftc f`trf fe pktrnmc`nc crnbn`krnc jfe pktrnmc`nc an`ke jf ikjk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. Acrmk jf rfpkrtnr ecs bk`k`inkefs. F` ek efy icmc prn`inpnc oësnic sf ic`tfmpek quf îstf sf jnstrnouyk f` kmocs iù`yubfs pcr nbukefs pkrtfs, jf mk`frk quf sfk u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs dk cotf`njc mf`cs c `c ecs dk cotf`njc, tnf`f jfrfidc k pkrtninpkr f` ecs bk`k`inkefs cotf`njcs pcr fe ctrc, dkstk ek mntkj jf su vkecr. Yn kmocs iù`yubfs cotuvnfrc` bk`k`inkefs, fstcs sf icmpf`sk` dkstk ek ic`iurrf`ink jf ecs jf mf`cr vkecr, y f` ec quf rfstk jfe quf cotuvc mf`cs tnf`f jfrfidc k pkrtninpkr jf ek mntkj jfe fxifjf`tf. Ek fxprfsnù` icmpf`skr, `c sf tcmk icmc u` mcjc jf fxtn`bunr eks coenbkinc`fs, sn`c scec pkrk jftfrmn`kr fe skejc quf fs fe quf jfofrë jnvnjnrsf f` pkrtfs nbukefs. Fstf irîjntc jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs fs jnstn`tc iukequnfr ctrk coenbkinù` quf tf`bk ecs iù`yubfs, icmc ecs kenmf`tcs. Yn fe pktrnmc`nc an`ke jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs fs mf`cr ke crnbn`krnc, ek pîrjnjk brkvntk scorf fe, sn` kafitkr ke ctrc iù`yubf. Fe irîjntc quf surbf ke tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` fs trk`safrnoef scec jfsjf fsf mcmf`tc, pcr ec quf fstë prcdnonjk su rf`u`ink c iukequnfr kitc c ic`trktc rfafrf`tf k îe, k`tfs jftfrmn`kjk ek pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs, sk`inc`ë`jcsf ic` `uenjkj kosceutk. Fstk prcdnoninù` tnf`jf k prctfbfr fe auturc irîjntc jf ek pkrtninpkinù` jf ecs bk`k`inkefs, nmpnjnf`jc quf fe iù`yubf sfk prnvkjc jf fstf irîjntc. Fstc nmpenik quf ek fxnstf`ink jfe irîjntc fs purk y snmpef, `c sugftë`jcsf k `n`b÷` tnpc jf mcjkenjkj (`c fs dfidc okgc ic`jninù` jfe tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf`, yk quf snmpefmf`tf k`tfs jf fsf tîrmn`c, fe irîjntc `c fxnstf) Fstf irîjntc sf pkbk f` jn`frc, y icmc `c kjmntf mcjkenjkjfs, jfof pkbkrsf ke ic`tkjc. Jf tcjks acrmks, sf akiuetkj ke gufz pkrk ic`ifjfr u` pekzc jf dkstk u` kûc f` fe pkbc jfe irîjntc, snfmprf iuk`jc fe pkbc ke ic`tkjc ikusf jf pfrguninc k eks pfrsc`ks. Xkrk fstnpuekr fstf pekzc, fe gufz jfofrë fxprfskr fe irîjntc f` u`njkjfs trnoutkrnks mf`sukefs, prctfbnf`jc ke iù`yubf kirffjcr jf u`k pcsnoef jfsvkecrnzkinù` mc`ftkrnk. Ctrk cpinù` quf ek efy f`trfbk ke gufz fs, fs ek pcsnonenjkj quf ecs iù`yubfs c sus dfrfjfrcs pufjf` ic`vf`nr jkinc`fs f` pkbc pkrk pkbkr jnidc irîjntc, pcr ec iuke fe kirffjcr, pcjrë trk`sacrmkr su tntuekrnjkj f` keb÷` jfrfidc rfke, c

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  n`ieusc ek pkrtninpkinù` f` kebu`k icmu`njkj. @ùtfsf quf, sn ek icsk quf sf jk f` jkinù` f` pkbc fs fvnitk, rftcr`k fe irîjntc jf pkrtninpkinù`, skevc quf fe iù`yubf kirffjcr dkyk tcmkjc fe rnfsbc jf ek fvniinù`, ec quf jfofrë dkofr snjc fxprfskmf`tf pkitkjc. Jftfrmn`kinù` jf ecs irîjntcs. Xkrk jftfrmn`krecs, eks ktrnouinc`fs jf jfrfidcs scorf onf`fs akmnenkrfs k u`c jf fstk ecs iù`yubfs sfrë` vkecrkjks prujf`inkemf`tf fe gufz. F` fe iksc jf ecsfafitukjks onf`fs akmnenkrfs, ktrnouinù` fs f` fe n`tfrîs jf ecs dngcs, `cpcrkumf`tk`jc fe pfiuenc pfrsc`ke jf `n`bu`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr ec quf fstk ktrnouinù` `c fs tcmkjk f` iuf`tk k ek dcrk jfe iëeiuec jf ecs bk`k`inkefs. F` fstcs ikscs fe jfrfidc rfke f` iufstnù` jfofrë sfr  vkecrkjc prujf`inkemf`tf pcr fe gufz, y f`trfbkjc f` jkinù` f` pkbc ke iù`yubf tntuekr jfe jfrfidc ic`ifjnjc. Acrmks jf pfrsfbunr fe irîjntc. Yf irîjntc. Yf dk fstkoefinjc u` crjf` jf prfekinù` jf ecs onf`fs scorf ecs e cs iukefs pufjf dkifrsf fafitnvc fe irîjntc jf ek pkrtninpkinù`, snmnekr k ec fstnpuekjc pkrk fe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke. Jf kiufrjc k fstk `crmk, sf dkif fafitnvc fe irîjntc prnmfrkmf`tf f` fe jn`frc jfe jfujcr, y sn `c aufrf fstf suaninf`tf pkrk iuornrec, sf s f jnrnbnrë k scorf ecs onf`fs mufoefs jf fstf y, f` suosnjnc, f` ecs ec s n`mufoefs. Yf dk fstkoefinjc kjfmës u`k kiinù` jf n`canincsk jc`kinù`, pcr ec quf sf jnspc`f quf, sn ecs onf`fs jnidcs `c fxnstf` c sc` n`suaninf`tfs, fe iù`yubf kirffjcr pcjrë pfrsfbunr su irîjntc c f` kqufeecs jc`kjcs, sn` su ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, c f`kgf`kjcs f` arkujf jf sus jfrfidcs, icmf`zk`jc jf ek mës rfinf`tf k ek mës k`tnbuk. Fstk kiinù` prfsirnof f` iuktrc kûcs ic`tkjcs jfsjf ek afidk jfe kitc, ku`quf fsc pufjk prcjuinr quf prfsirnok ku` iuk`jc fe irîjntc tcjkvík `c dk `kinjc.  Zkmonî` dky u`k `crmk k akvcr k tfrifrcs, ic` irîjntcs k`tfrncrfs k ek pkrtninpkinù`, f` iuk`tc ecs irîjntcs ic`trk fe iù`yubf, ic` ikusk k`tfrncr ke rîbnmf` jf onf`fs, prfafrnrë` ke irîjntc jf pkrtninpkinù` k ecs bk`k`inkefs, `crmk quf fs iekrk y eùbnik, yk quf `kjnf f`tc`ifs sf krrnfsbkrík k sfr kirffjcr jf u` iù`yubf ikskjc f` pkrtninpkinù` jf bk`k`inkefs, f` iuk`tc pcjrík jfsic`cifrsf u` auturc irîjntc pkrk prfafrnrsf fe jfe ctrc iù`yubf. Fstc snb`nanik sn b`nanik quf fstf irîjntc `c bczk ic` ek prfafrf`ink jf sfr u` irîjntc jf iukrtk iktfbcrík icmc ec fs f` fe iksc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke.  Kiinù` pkrk pfjnr ek enqunjkinù` jf ecs bk`k`inkefs. Yf trkmntk orfvf y sumkrnkmf`tf. Xrfsirnof f` pekzc jf in`ic kûcs ic`tkjk vfz jf ek tfrmn`kinù` jfe rîbnmf`. @c sf suspf`jf f`trf iù`yubfs, pfrc sí f` akvcr jf ecs dfrfjfrcs mf`crfs. Zfrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` jf pkrtninpkinù` f` ecs bk`k`inkefs. Fstc ciurrf7 pcr ek mufrtf jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs, pcr ek prfsu`inù` jf mufrtf jf u`c jf feecs, pcr ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj jfe mktrnmc`nc, c ek sf`tf`ink jf jnvcrinc, pcr ek sf`tf`ink quf jfiekrk ek sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs, y,

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pcr fe pkitc jf sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs. Icmc sf vf fstks sc` eks mnsmks ikuskefs quf sf ic`tfmpek` pkrk fe tîrmn`c jfe rîbnmf` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC TNN. ECY ONF@FY AKMNENK_FY

Fstk n`stntuinù` sf kbrfbk ke II pcr ek efy ;>.996, quf n`trcjugc u` `ufvc përrkac sfbu`jc ke títuec NQ jfe enorc sfbu`jc, s fbu`jc, irfk`jc ecs krtíiuecs ;:; k ;:>. Yu au`jkmf`tc tnf`f rfekinù` ic` fe cogftc ksfburkr k ek akmnenk ek suosnstf`ink f` su prcifjfr jf onf`fs n`jnspf`skoefs pkrk jfskrrceekr su fxnstf`ink jf`trc jf infrtcs ië`c`fs `crmkefs, ic` prfsin`jf`ink jfe jfrfidc jf jcmn`nc quf scorf feecs tf`bk u`c jf sus n`tfbrk`tfs. Mfjnk`tf ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs jf trktk jf pkenkr fe n`ic`vf`nf`tf quf infrtcs rfbímf`fs pktrnmc`nkefs bf`frk` pcr `c irfkr pktrnmc`nc icm÷`. prnmkrnc, jfan`njc Ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs sc` u`k mk`nafstkinù` jfe jf`cmn`kjc rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke prnmkrnc, icmc fe ic`gu`tc jf `crmks jf crjf` p÷oenic mktrnmc`nke, kpenikoefs k ecs iù`yubfs ikskjcs okgc sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs y quf `c pufjf` sfr jfgkjcs sn` fafitc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs. Yfb÷` fe prcafscr ICV_Z , ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs pfrsnbuf` u`k trnpef an`kenjkj7 ?2

;. Xrctfbfr kejfeiù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc jf ek vnvnf`jk akmnenkr, enmntk`jc eks akiuetkjfs jf jnspcsninù` prcpnftkrnc. ?. Xrctfbfr ke iù`yubf k qunî` sf ef dk ic`ankjc fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs f` iksc jf sfpkrkinù`. 9. Xrctfbfr ke iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf f` iksc jf akeefinmnf`tc jfe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc. Jf tcjks acrmks, ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs prctfbf` k ek jf`cmn`kjk akmnenk efbítnmk, fs jfinr ek au`jkjk f` mktrnmc`nc, ec quf sf fxtrkf jf ek rfafrf`ink k ecs ecs iù`yubfs quf utnenzk ek `crmk, jf mk`frk quf pkrk scenintkr jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr jf keb÷` onf` jfof fxnstnr mktrnmc`nc, ku`quf fe an` jf fstf `c pc`bk an` k jnidk jfiekrkinù` jf mk`frk kutcmëtnik. Kdcrk, prfinskmcs quf tfrmn`kjc fe mktrnmc`nc fxnstf efbntnmnjkj pkrk pfjnr ek jfskafitkinù`. Fstk njfk dkif prfinskr quf `c tcjks eks ieksfs jf icmpcsninc`fs akmnenkrfs pcjrë` f`tc`ifs pfjnr ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr. Xkrfinfrk sfr f`tc`ifs quf fstk `crmktnvk fs u` icmpefmf`tc jf ecs mktrnmc`ncs ikskjcs f` sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs y f` pkrtninpkinù` f` bk`k`inkefs, snf`jc onf`fs jf ic`tfxtcs mktrnmc`nkefs mës quf onf`fs snmpefmf`tf prctfbnjcs pcr fe ikrëitfr akmnenkr quf pujnfrk tf`fr. @c costk`tf, ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs sn pufjf` scenintkr fstk jfiekrkinù` ic`acrmf ke ic`tf`njc jfe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ;6 jf ek efy ?8.498, pcr ec quf tcjc ec jnidc jf ecs iù`yubfs, jfofrë tkmonî` f`tf`jfrsf k prcpùsntc jf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs.

?2

 ICV_Z, F. (?88>)

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ic`stntuinc`kenjkj jf ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs. Xcr eks enmntk`tfs quf nmpc`f ke prcpnftkrnc p rcpnftkrnc sf dk jnsiutnjc ek ic`stntuinc`kenjkj jf ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs. @c costk`tf, ek kefrtk jfe pcjfr efbnsektnvc pufstk jurk`tf ek jnsiusnù`, fstf prcyfitc `c pksù pcr fe trnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke jf mk`frk quf onf` pcjrík nmpub`krsf ke iksc ic`irftc mfjnk`tf n`kpenikonenjkj pcr n`ic`stntuinc`kenjkj. Ecs quf gustnanik` su fxnstf`ink y ic`stntuinc`kenjkj kpfek` k ek pcsnonenjkj jf enmntkr fe fgfrininc jfe jfrfidc jf prcpnfjkj pcr kikuskefs jfsntukinù` n`tfrîs bf`frke utnenjkj ic`snjfrk`jc p÷oenik, n`jnik`jc fs jf p÷oenic n`tfrîs fe prctfbfr ek akmnenk, quf fs yeekmktnvk quf fequf of`faninc fs pkrtniuekr. K guninc jf fstf prcafscr, ek n`stntuinù`, pcr mës gustnanikjk quf sfk f` iuk`jc k ek `fifsnjkj quf prfvî fs fafitnvkmf`tf n`ic`stntuinc`ke. Ikmpc jf kpenikinù`. Ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs tnf`f` kpenikinù` iukequnfrk sfk fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke sfb÷` fe Krt. ;:; II, k÷` f` ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, yk quf ek jfiekrkinù` jf OA onf` pcjrík rfikfr scorf u` onf` jfe pktrnmc`nc rfsfrvkjc jf ek mugfr c f` u` onf` prcpnc jfe mkrnjc, scorf ecs iukefs ikjk u`c tnf`f enorf jnspcsninù`. Kdcrk, sn sf scenintk scorf u` onf` scinke jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, `c tnf`f utnenjkj kebu`k yk quf eks `crmks jf kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke ctcrbk` njî`tnic of`faninc jfe prftf`jnjc pcr ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr. Eufbc, icmc eks `crmks jf jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr sc` jf crjf` p÷oenic (ke nbuke quf tcjks eks quf prctfbf` k ek akmnenk efbítnmk), fe Krt. ;:> II fstnpuek quf fs `uek iukequnfr fstnpuekinù` quf ic`trkvf`bk eks jnspcsninc`fs jf fstf përrkac, përrkac, f`tf`jnî`jcsf icmc `uenjkj kosceutk pcr kikfifr cogftc neíintc (;:11 y ;14? II). Onf`fs quf pufjf` sfr jfiekrkjcs akmnenkrfs.   Yfb÷` ecs Krt. ;:; k ;:1 II., scec ecs snbunf`tfs onf`fs pufjf` sfr jfiekrkjcs onf` akmnenkr7 k) Fe n`mufoef jf prcpnfjkj jf kmocs iù`yubfs c jf kebu`c jf feecs, quf snrvk jf rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke k ek akmnenk, snf`jc fstf ÷etnmc fe rfqunsntc au`jkmf`tke pkrk ek jfiekrkinù`. Jfof prfinskrsf quf ek jfiekrkinù` pufjf rfikfr scorf u` scec onf`, yk quf jftfrmn`k ic` ek vcz fe   n`mufoef, pcr ec quf `c fs pcsnoef quf sfk` cogftc jf ek jfiekrkinù` jcs c mës onf`fs, qufjk`jc fxieunjcs ecs n`mufoefs quf tf`bk` an` jnstn`tc, icmc eks iksks jf vfrk`fc c jfsik`sc c eks jkjks f` krrnf`jc. Fs fe gufz, f` ek mnsmk jfiekrkinù`, qunf` jfof iumpenr ic` jnidk ikenanikinù`. o) Ecs onf`fs mufoefs quf bukr`fif` fe dcbkr (Krt. ;:;), fs jfinr, kqufeecs quf kjcr`k` c fqunpk` ek vnvnf`jk akmnenkr, fxieuyî`jcsf ecs jfe Krt. 62: II, fs jfinr, ecs sfûkekjcs icmc mufoefs jf u`k iksk , jc`jf `c sf ic`snjfrk` fe jn`frc, ecs jciumf`tcs y pkpfefs, ecs enorcs y sus fstk`tfs, eks icefiinc`fs inf`tíaniks c krtístniks, eks krmks, eks mfjkeeks, eks gcyks, ek rcpk jf vfstnr y jf ikmk, fti., f` bf`frke iukequnfr ctrk quf acrmk fe kgukr jf u`k iksk. F` rfekinù` k îstcs sf prfsf`tk ek n`tfrrcbk`tf jf quf sn fs `fifskrnc quf sfk` fspfinanikjcs f` ek scenintuj jf jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr y f` ek sf`tf`ink. Ek jcitrn`k fstë jnvnjnjk, kebu`cs sfûkek`jc quf

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  sn fs `fifskrnc y ctrcs, icmc fe prcafscr _ F@Î F@Î _   KMCY X KWCY , ic`snjfrk quf `c, pcr sfr ek n`stntuinù` jf ecs onf` akmnenkr u`k u`nvfrskenjkj jf dfidc, jf mk`frk quf ecs onf`fs crnbn`krncs quf sf f`kgf`k`, pcjrík` sfr rffmpekzkjcs ic` ecs quf sf vkyk` kjqunrnf`jc eufbc, snf`jc îstk ek mfgcr sceuinù`, pcr quf, ikjk vfz quf ciurrk u`k f`kgf`kinù` c u`k kjqunsninù`, dkorík quf rfiurrnr ke trnou`ke pkrk pfjnr su jfskafitkinù` c su jfiekrkinù` icmc `ufvc onf` akmnenkr. Fstc ?4

sf jfjuif tkmonî` jf ek efy, yk quf `c fxnbnù n`vf`tkrnc, n `vf`tkrnc, ic`snjfrk`jc k ecs onf`fs quf bukr`fif` fe dcbkr  , icmc u`k u`nvfrskenjkj jfîstk dfidc. i) Ecs jfrfidcs y kiinc`fs quf ecs iù`yubfs tf`bk` f` scinfjkjfs prcpnftkrnks jf u` n`mufoef quf sfk rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke jf ek akmnenk (Krt. ;:1 N`i. ; II). Kië jfof` iumpenrsf 9 rfqunsntcs pkrk ek jfiekrkinù`7 ;. [uf sf trktf jf u` n`mufoef jf jcmn`nc jf u`k scinfjkj. ?. quf u`c c kmocs iù`yubfs tf`bk` jfrfidcs c kiinc`fs f` fsk scinfjkj< y 9. [uf fsf n`mufoef sfk rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke jf ek akmnenk. Xrcifjnmnf`tc pkrk ic`stntunr OA . Yf jnstn`buf` vkrnks sntukinc`fs. k) Ic`stntuinù` f` akmnenkr jf u` onf` jf prcpnfjkj jf u`c jf ecs iù`yubfs. Kië kpenikmcs fe  Krt. ;:; II., sfb÷` ek iuke ek jfiekrkinù` ek rfkenzk fe gufz jfe rfspfitnvc y icmpftf`tf guzbkjc jf akmnenk.  Kdcrk onf`, ek kiinù` pkrk fstk jfiekrkinù` scec ek tnf`f fe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc. K`tf fstk scenintuj sf intk k ecs n`tfrfskjcs k kujnf`ink prfpkrktcrnk y, jf `c prfsf`tkrsf cpcsninù`, sf rfsufevf f` ek mnsmk kujnf`ink. Yn dky cpcsninù` c fe gufz fstnmk quf aketk` k`tfifjf`tfs, intkrë k kujnf`ink jf guninc, kpenië`jcsf fe prcifjnmnf`tc crjn`krnc jf ecs trnou`kefs jf akmnenk (efy ;>.>14). Kebu`cs sfûkek` quf fstk jfiekrkinù` pufjf` pfjnrek kmocs iù`yubfs c n`ieusc scec fe prcpnftkrnc. Eufbc, fstk jfiekrkinù` gujninke jf ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs auf n`trcjuinjc icmc rfacrmk efbke, pcrquf k`tfs okstkok ic` ek jfiekrkinù` jf iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik, ek quf sfrík k`ctkjk ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf jcmn`nc jfe n`mufoef f` fe Ic`sfrvkjcr jf Onf`fs _kíifs rfspfitnvc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe Krt. ;:; II. sf mcjnaniù fe kûc ?886, sfûkeë`jcsf quf ek n`sirnpinù` sf prkitnikrë pcr crjf` jfe gufz. Ksnmnsmc, sf supfrù ek jnsiusnù` ke `c rfafrnrsf ek efy ke efbntnmkrnc, snf`jc kmocs iù`yubfs, fe jufûc y fe quf `c ec fs. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, f` iuk`tc k ek jfiekrkinù`, jfofmcs jnstn`bunr ek ic`stntuinù` prcvnscrnk y ek jfan`ntnvk jf ek ikenjkj jf Onf` Akmnenkr. Ek prcvnscrnk  Ek prcvnscrnk , fs kqufeek jfiekrkinù` quf sf jk ic` ek scek n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk, trk`sacrmk`jc prcvnscrnkmf`tf  trk`sacrmk`jc prcvnscrnkmf`tf  fe  fe onf` f` akmnenkr sfb÷` fe mk`jktc jfe n`insc tfrifrc jfe Krt. ;:; II. Ksí, f` ek prnmfrk rfsceuinù` fe gufz jnspc`jrë quf sf k`ctf ?4

 _  KMCY, _. (?88>)

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jnidk inriu`stk`ink, ek quf prkitnikrë fe ic`sfrvkjcr ic` fe scec mîrntc jfirftc quf jf caninc ef `ctnanik fe trnou`ke. Kië okstk ek scek n`tfrpcsninù`, `c su prcvnjf`ink c `ctnanikinù`. Jf tcjks acrmks, pkrk tfrifrcs fe onf` sfrë akmnenkr, y cpc`noef, u`k  vfz quf sfk n` n`sirntc sirntc y, pkrk fe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc, jfsjf quf sf eeff `ctnanquf f` acrmk efbke ek rfsceuinù` quf tuvc pcr n`tfrpufstk ek jfmk`jk y quf crjf`k `ctnanikrek ke ic`sfrvkjcr rfspfitnvc. Jfof mf`inc`krsf quf fs fs ek efy ek qufquf nmpc`f fstk coenbkinù` jf `ctnanikr caninc ke ic`sfrvkjcr, ku` iuk`jc vëenjc fe entnbk`tf tkmonî` kesfkgufz qunf` scenintf jf ek n`sirnpinù` pcr mk`c, kbnenzk`jc ek trkmntkinù`. Eufbc, ek jfiekrkinù` jfan`ntnvk , fs kqufeek quf sf prcjuif iuk`jc qufjk fgfiutcrnkjk ek sf`tf`ink jfan`ntnvk quf jfiekrk fe onf` icmc akmnenkr. @c sf fstkoefif fstk vfz ek `fifsnjkj jf suon`sirnpinù`, pfrc pkrfif eùbnic quf ksí sf dkbk pkrk ic`anrmkr quf ek n`sirnpinù` quf fstë icmc prcvnscrnk, kdcrk fs jfan`ntnvk. o) Ic`stntuinù` f` akmnenkr jf ecs onf`fs mufoef7 `c sf rfanfrf ek efy jf acrmk pkrtniuekr k ecs mufoefs, pcr ec quf sf kpenik fe prcifjnmnf`tc k`tfs jnidc. Kië `c sf fxnbf suon`sirnpinù`, pcr ek `kturkefzk jf ecs onf`fs. Yf prfsumf jf mkek jf ecs kjqunrf`tfs jf jfrfidcs scorf u` n`mufoef jfiekrkjc akmnenkr, pfrc `c scorf ecs kjqunrf`tfs jf jfrfidcs scorf u` mufoef jfiekrkjc f` nbuke ic`jninù` (Krt. ;:9 II), pcr p cr ikrfifrsf jf mfjnjks jf puoeninjkj. i) Ic`stntuinù` f` akmnenkr jf eks kiinc`fs y jfrfidcs jfe iù`yubf f` ek scinfjkj sc infjkj prcpnftkrnk jfe onf` rkíz f` quf tnf`f ek rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke ek akmnenk7 Fstk vfz, ek kafitkinù` ek dkif iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs mfjnk`tf fsirnturk p÷oenik. Yn fs u`k scinfjkj jf pfrsc`ks, ek fsirnturk jfof k`ctkrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf îstk f` fe rfbnstrc jf icmfrinc< sn fs u`k scinfjkj k`ù`nmk, sf k`ctkrë f` fe rfbnstrc jf kiinc`nstks jf fstk. Fstk jfiekrkinù` fs iekrkmf`tf scefm`f, pcr ek fsirnturk p÷oenik y pcr ek `fifsnjkj jf k`ctkinù` c n`sirnpinù`.  Fafitcs jf ek jfiekrkinù` jf onf` aakmnenkr. kmnenkr. Fe  Fe fafitc fs enmntkr eks akiuetkjfs jfe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc scorf fe onf` jfiekrkjc, tke icmc ec jnspc`f fe Krt. ;:? II7 `c sf pcjrë f`kgf`kr c brkvkr vceu`tkrnkmf`tf, `n prcmftfr brkvkr c f`kgf`kr, ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs, sn`c ic` kutcrnzkinù` jfe iù`yubf `c  prcpnftkrnc. Ek mnsmk enmntkinù` rfbnrë pkrk ek ifeforkinù` jf ic`trktcs jf krrf`jkmnf`tc, icmcjktc c iukefsqunfrk ctrcs quf ic`ifjk` jfrfidcs pfrsc`kefs jf usc c jf bcif scorf keb÷` onf` akmnenkr . F` fe iksc jf eks kiinc`fs c jfrfidcs jf ecs iù`yubfs f` u`k scinfjkj prcpnftkrnk jf onf` rkíz quf snrvf jf rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke k ek akmnenk quf auf jfiekrkjk akmnenkr, fxnstf ctrk enmntkinù`, kjfmës, yk quf sfb÷` fe Krt. ;:1 II, prcjuinjk II, prcjuinjk ek kafitkinù` jf jfrfidcs y kiinc`fs, sf rfqufrnrë ksnmnsmc ek vceu`tkj jf kmocs iù`yubfs pkrk rfkenzkr iukequnfr kitc icmc scinc c kiinc`nstk jf ek scinfjkj rfspfitnvk, quf tf`bk rfekinù` ic` fe onf` akmnenkr . Ksí, fe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc qufjk sugftc k u`k jcoef enmntkinù`7 pcr rfqufrnr snfmprf kutcrnzkinù` gujninke c jfe ctrc iù`yubf pkrk jnspc`fr< y, tkmonî`, pcr rfqufrnr ek kutcrnzkinù` jfe ctrc iù`yubf pkrk rfkenzkr ecs kitcs quf jfok dkifr icmc scinc c kiinc`nstk, iuk`jc rfiknbk f` fe onf` akmnenkr.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc prfstk su vceu`tkj jf jcs acrmks7 n`tfrvn`nf`jc jnrfitk y fxprfskmf`tf f` fe kitc, jf ek mnsmk acrmk quf f` ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke (Krt. ;2:> II.), c onf`, pcr fsirntc c, f` su iksc, pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik, iuk`jc îstk fs rfqufrnjk. K`tf nmpcsnonenjkj c `fbktnvk jfe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc, su vceu`tkj pufjf sfr supenjk gufz, rfscevnf`jc prfvnk k ekfe quf jnidc iù`yubf, f` iksc jf `fbktnvk.pcr Ekfekutcrnzkinù` supeftcrnk `c kujnf`ink prcifjf f` ikscsfjfintk ecsk jfrfidcs y kiinc`fs jf u`k scinfjkj prcpnftkrnk jf u` onf` rkíz quf snrvk jf rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke k ek akmnenk, sn`c scec k ecs ikscs jfe Krt. ;:? II. Yk`inù` pcr cmnsnù` jf ek vceu`tkj jfe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc c jf ek kutcrnzkinù` gujninke suosnjnkrnk . Kikrrfk `uenjkj rfektnvk jfe kitc, snf`jc fe tntuekr jf ek kiinù` rfsinscrnk fe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc. Fstc prcifjf f` ecs ikscs jfe Krt. ;:? y ;:1 II. Ek efy `c n`jnik jfsjf iuk`jc icmnf`zk k icrrfr fe iukjrnf`nc pkrk dkifr vkefr ek `uenjkj, kpenië`jcsf ek rfbek bf`frke quf fs jfsjf ek ifeforkinù` jfe kitc c ic`trktc quf kjcefif jfe vninc, ku`quf kebu`cs kutcrfs sfûkek` quf sfrík jfsjf quf sf tuvc ic`cinmnf`tc jfe kitc, ic` fe eímntf jf ;8 kûcs. F` iuk`tc k ecs fafitcs jf ek `uenjkj jf kitc sf kpenik` eks rfbeks bf`frkefs jf `uenjkj, fstc fs,  vcevfr ke fstkjc k`tfrncr ke jf ic`trktkr, ic` ek fxifpinù` jfe Krt. ;:9 II., f` iuk`tc k ek prfsu`inù` jf jfrfidc jf mkek af jf ecs kjqunrf`tfs jf jfrfidcs jf onf`fs n`mufoefs jfiekrkjcs akmnenkrfs, pkrk ecs fafitcs jf eks coenbkinc`fs rfstntutcrnks quf ek jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj crnbn`f. _fspfitc k ecs mufoefs sf kpenik` eks rfbeks bf`frkefs. Ic`stntuinù` jf jfrfidcs jf usuaruitc, usc c dkontkinù` scorf onf`fs akmnenkrfs. Ic`snjfrk`jc quf jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc fe gufz pufjf ic`stntunr fstcs jfrfidcs rfkefs k akvcr jfe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc, jftfrmn`k`jc ic`stntuinù` y pekzc f` rkzù` k ecs dngcs y eks aufrzks pktrnmc`nkefs jf ecs iù`yubfs, jfof prfinskrsf fstf pu`tc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe trnou`ke pcjrë fstkoefifr mcjkenjkjfs u coenbkinc`fs jnafrf`tfs, sn ksí pkrfif fquntktnvc. Ksí, ic` fstk `crmk sf kmpkrk ke iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc y k ecs dngcs. Ek jfiekrkinù` pcr ek quf sf ic`stntuyk` fstcs jfrfidcs rfkefs jfof n`s n`sirnonrsf irnonrsf f` fe Ic`sfrvkjcr jf Onf`fs _kíifs, f` fe rfbnstrc jf dnpctfiks y brkvëmf`fs, pujnf`jc ic`stntunrsf scec scorf onf`fs akmnenkrfs. Zkmonî`, fstk sf`tf`ink jftfrmn`krë fe pekzc jf ju jurkinù` rkinù` jf ecs jfrfidcs ctcrbkjcs. Fstk jfiekrkinù` `c kafitk k kirffjcrfs jfe prcpnftkrnc k`tfrncrfs k ek ic`stntuinù`. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, fe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc jfof iumpenr ic` eks ekocrfs jf ic`sfrvkinù` y jf rf`jninù` jf iuf`tks, dkinf`jc n`vf`tkrnc scefm`f. Of`faninc jf fxiusnù` quf bczk fe iù`yubf rfic`vf`njc. Iukequnfrk jf ecs iù`yubfs pcjrë fxnbnr quf k`tfs jf prcifjfr ic`trk ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs, sf pfrsnbk fe irîjntc f` ctrcs onf`fs jfe jfujcr. Fs jnstn`tc ke of`faninc jf fxiusnù` quf of`fanink ke ankjcr, ku` iuk`jc sf trkmntk y kefbk jf ek mnsmk acrmk. F` fstf  sf`tnjc, iuk`jc sf n`tf`tf u`k fgfiuinù` ic`trk fe iù`yubf prcpnftkrnc,

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jfof `ctnanikrsf pfrsc`kemf`tf tkmonî` ke iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc, pkrk quf fstf ksí pufjf uskr fe of`faninc jf fxiusnù` quf ef orn`jk ek efy. Jfskafitkinù` jf ecs onf`fs akmnenkrfs7  sfb÷` fe Krt. ;:6 II., dky trfs acrmks jf ic`sfbunrec. k)  Xcr fe kiufrjc jf ecs iù`yubfs, fxprfskjc f` fsirnturk p÷oenik suon`sirntk ke mkrbf` jf ek rfspfitnvk n`sirnpinù`. o)  Xcr rfsceuinù` gujninke, scenintkjk pcr fe iù`yubf `c prcpnftkrnc, au`jkjc feec f` quf fe n`mufoef `fifskrnkmf`tf yk `c fs rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke jf ek akmnenk, c f` quf ecs onf`fs mufoefs, `c bukr`fif` fe dcbkr. Ic`cif fe gufz jf akmnenk f` guninc crjn`krnc. i)  Xcr rfsceuinù` gujninke iuk`jc fe mktrnmc`nc dk tfrmn`kjc pcr iukequnfrk jf eks ikuskefs pcsnoefs. Iukequnfrk jf ecs fxiù`yubfs c fe ikuskdkonf`tf jfe iù`yubf akeefinjc jfofrë acrmuekr ek pftninù` jf jfskafitkinù`. Xcr fe mfrc tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, `c sf ic`snjfrk jfskafitc fe onf`, sn`c snfmprf jfofrë sfr jfiekrkjk k n`tfrîs jf pftninc`krnc y iuk`jc yk `c snrvk jf rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke k ek akmnenk c jnidcs mufoefs `c bukr`fzik` yk fe dcbkr.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC TNNN. FE KIVF_JC JF V@NÙ@ INQNE

Irfkjk k pkrtnr jf ek efy ?8.498 puoenikjk fe ?; jf korne jf ?8;6, trks sfns mfsfs jf vkik`ink efbke f`trù f` vnbf`ink fe Kiufrjc jf V`nù` Invne (KVI f` kjfek`tf), n`stntuinù` quf rfic`cif ek pcsnonenjkj jf irfkr u` fstktutc akmnenkr okskjc f` ek ic`vnvf`ink jnstn`tc ke mktrnmc`nc, pfrmntnf`jc ek u`nù` invne rfic`cinjk f` jfrfidc tk`tc jf pkrfgks dftfrcsfxukefs icmc dcmcsfxukefs, tf`bk` c `c jfsif`jf`ink. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek `crmk jfan`f ke KVI icmc u` ic`trktc ifeforkjc f`trf jcs pfrsc`ks quf icmpkrtf` u` dcbkr, ic` fe prcpùsntc jf rfbuekr ecs fafitcs guríjnics jfrnvkjcs jf su vnjk kafitnvk f` icm÷`, jf ikrëitfr fstkoef  y pfrmk`f`tf. Ecs ic`trkyf`tfs sf jf`cmn`krë` ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs y sfrë` sfrë` ic`snjfrkjcs pkrnf`tfs pkrk ecs fafitcs  prfvnstcs f` fe Krt. :? jfe Iùjnbc Invne. K`kenifmcs Invne. K`kenifmcs su ic`ifptc y ic` feec, sus ikrkitfrístniks. k.  Fe KVI fs u` ic`trktc, jf ec quf sf jfsprf`jf quf sf oksk f` fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc icm÷` jf eks pkrtfs quf ec ifefork` ic` ek n`tf`inù` jf irfkr jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs. Fstf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfofrë sfr enorf y fspc`të`fc ic`acrmf n`jnik fe Krt. 4 jf ek efy ?8.498. Yf f`tf`jfrë aketkr fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc enorf y fspc`të`fc pcr frrcr f` ek njf`tnjkj jf ek pfrsc`k y pcr aufrzk. _fic`cif pcr tk`tc ecs mnsmcs vnincs jfe Mktrnmc`nc ic`tf`njcs f` ecs `umfrkefs ; y 9 jfe Krt. 4 EMI. o.  Yf ifefork f`trf jcs pfrsc`ks, ec quf nmpenik quf `c fs `fifskrnk u`k tf`jf`ink sfxuke jftfrmn`kjk pkrk su vkenjfz icmc fs f` fe iksc jfe mktrnmc`nc, pujnf`jc c `c sfr u`k pkrfgk dftfrcsfxuke. Fstc `c costk k quf sf ic`tn`÷f fxnbnf`jc ek mc`cbkmnk icmc prn`inpnc rfitcr. Kmocs ic`trkyf`tfs jfofrë` f` tcjc iksc sfr mkycrfs jf fjkj y tf`fr ek enorf kjmn`nstrkinù` jf sus onf`fs, ku` iuk`jc fe jnsnpkjcr sn pufjf ic`trkfr KVI, sfb÷` fe Krt. 2 jf ek efy. i.  [uf fstks pfrsc`ks icmpkrf` u` dcbkr, pcr ec quf ek icdkontkinù` `c fs u`k ic`sfiuf`ink jfe ic`trktc icmc fs f` fe iksc jfe mktrnmc`nc, sn`c quf fs su oksf, au`jkmf`tc y rfqunsntc. j.  [uf fstk ic`vnvf`ink fs jf ikrëitfr fstkoef y pfrmk`f`tf, f` fe sf`tnjc quf fe KVI tkmonî` fstë jnsfûkjc icmc u`k acrmk jf rfic`cinmnf`tc akmnenkr scstf`njc f` fe tnfmpc, ec quf `c costk k quf ek prcpnk efy ic`tfmpef pcsnonenjkj jf pc`fref tîrmn`c. f.  [uf fstk ic`vnvf`ink fstkoef y pfrmk`f`tf sf oksk f` fe kafitc, fs jfinr quf ek `crmk fxnbf quf fxnstk u` rfic`cinmnf`tc jf pkrfgk y icmpkûfrcs c icmpkûfrks sf`tnmf`tkefs, kmcrcscs y sfxukefs u`c f` ctrc, yk quf ecs fafitcs quf rfbuek `c sf oksk` snmpefmf`tf f` jcs pfrsc`ks quf vnvf` gu`tks, sn`c quf kqufeecs quf jfrnvk` jf

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek vnjk kafitnvk f` icm÷`. Fstc fxieuyf ek pcsnonenjkj quf, pcr fgfmpec, kmnbcs quf vnvf` gu`tcs pufjk` ifeforkr u` KVI. a.  [uf icmc bf`frk` ví`iuecs akmnenkrfs, sfrë` pkrnf`tfs pcr kan`njkj pkrk tcjcs ecs fafitcs y ek `crmk ecs fqunpkrkrë f` kebu`cs kspfitcs k ek `cinù` jf iù`yubfs, icmc fs f` fe iksc jf ecs jfrfidcs suifscrncs y jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik. b.  [uf, f` fe sf`tnjc k`tfrncr, fe KVI irfk u` fstkjc invne, fspfiíanikmf`tf fe jf ic`vnvnf`tf invne, fe quf n`dkonentk pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` ctrk pfrsc`k jnstn`tk ke ctrc ic`vnvnf`tf, supufstc scec kpenikoef k eks anburks dftfrcsfxukefs, pcr supufstc. Fstc fs rfefvk`tf jf ic`snjfrkr f` ctrks `crmks tkmonî`, icmc fs fe iksc jf ek efy jf kjcpinc`fs @rc. ;>.1?8 quf crjf`k k ecs kjcptk`tfs ic`acrmf k fstkjcs invnefs, jf`trc jf ecs iukefs `c fstë fe jf ic`vnvnf`tf invne yk quf rfic`cif scekmf`tf k ecs ikskjcs,  vnujcs y scetfrcs, ec quf nmpenik quf ku` iuk`jc iuk`jc aufrk u` KVI dftfrcsfxuke, dftfrcsfxuke, fstcs `c tnf`f` jfrfidc k kjcptkr `nûcs.  

d. [uf `c fs fspfinf jf mktrnmc`nc c EBZON+ ku` EBZON+  ku` iuk`jc tnf`f` ifrik`ík, pcr quf susu`k fafitcs sf nmntk`. Jf fstfbkypu`tc jf vnstk fxnstf` vkiícs f` muidk ek efy rfefvk`tfs k ic`snjfrkr, icmc pcr fgfmpec fe `c jfan`nr sn fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne scorfvnvnf`tf fs c `c vnujc c vnujk, ku` iuk`jc sn sf ef rfic`cif` jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs njî`tnics k ecs jfe iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf y ecs jfrfidcs jf kjgujnikinù` prfafrf`tf f` eks pkrtninc`fs jf onf`fs jfe akeefinjc. n.  [uf fe ikmonc jf sfxc y `cmorf `c morf rfbnstrke f` oksf k ek efy jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc @rc. ?;.;?8 `c kafitkrë ek vnbf`ink jf KVI, yk quf kië `c fs fxnbnjk ek dftfrcsfxukenjkj icmc sf fxpeniù. g.  [uf fs u` kiufrjc purc y snmpef, icmc sfûkek fe Krt. 9 jf ek efy, f` acrmk quf `c fs susifptnoef jf ic`jninù`, pekzc c mcjc. F` fe mnsmc sf`tnjc, `c fstë pfrmntnjk su prcmfsk jf ifeforkinù`. N. 

IC@YZNZVINÙ@ IC@YZNZVI NÙ@ JFE KVI

_fbuekjc k pkrtnr jfe Krt. 6 jf ek efy ?8.498, sf sfûkek quf fe KVI sf ifefork k`tf caninke jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne jf Njf`tnanikinù`, sfk f` eks jfpf`jf`inks jfe sfrvninc c f` eubkr jnstn`tc snfmprf quf sfk jfe tfrrntcrnc gurnsjniinc`ke jf tke caninke, fe quf efvk`tk kitk jf ec corkjc y quf sfrë anrmkjk pcr ecs ic`trkyf`tfs. Yfrë u` kitc pfrsc`ke jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs, ku`quf pufjf ifeforkrsf tkmonî` pcr mk`jktkrnc, fe quf jfofrë tf`fr pcjfrfs fspfinkefs pkrk tke kitc, fspfiíanikmf`tf ek jf jfan`nr k eks pfrsc`ks jf ecs ic`trkyf`tfs y jfe dfidc jf ic`vf`nr ek icmu`njkj jf onf`fs quf sf irfk. F` fe iksc jfofrë

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jfiekrksf fstkr dkonentkjc pkrk ek ifeforkinù`, jfiekrk`jc quf `c tnf`f` ctrc KVI `n mktrnmc`nc  vnbf`tf. NN. 

_F[VNYNZCY XK_K YF_ IC@Z_K^F@ZF JF V@ KVI

 K.  Yfr mkycr jf fjkj

  O.  @c Yfr enorf kjmn`nstrkjcr ecs onf`fs, I. sfr ecs ic`trkyf`tfsjfpkrnf`tfs f`fxifptuk`jc ecs tîrmn`cskefejnsnpkjcr. Krt. > jf ek efy ?8.498, fs jfinr

ksif`jnf`tfs c jfsif`jnf`tfs `n pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj `n kan`njkj, `n icektfrkefs dkstk fe sfbu`jc brkjc n`ieusnvf. Fs fe mnsmc rfqunsntc jfe mktrnmc`nc jfe Krt. 1 EMI. J.  Yfr scetfrc, vnujc c jnvcrinkjc. Fs nmprfsin`jnoef `c tf`fr u` ví`iuec mktrnmc`nke u ctrc KVI vnbf`tf. F.  Iumpenr ic` ek rfbekmf`tkinù` jf eks sfbu`jks `upinks jf ecs Krt. ;?: k ;?2 II. @ùtfsf quf ek prcdnoninù` jf ek mugfr jf `c ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc trks ecs ?28 jíks pcstfrncrfs ke tîrmn`c jfe ví`iuec tkmonî` sf kpenikrë f` fe KVI, tcjc feec sfb÷` prfsirnof fe Krt. ;; jf ek `crmk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, fe Krt. ?9 sfûkek quf tcjks eks n`dkonenjkjfs, n`icmpktnonenjkjfs y prcdnoninc`fs quf eks efyfs y rfbekmf`tcs fstkoefif` rfspfitc jf ecs iù`yubfs sf dkrë` fxtf`snvks jf pef`c jfrfidc k ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs. NNN. 

FAFIZCY JFE KVI

;. Ek ic`trnouinù` k ek vnjk f` icm÷` Ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;: jf ek efy ?8.498, ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs sf jfof` kyujk mutuk, y jfofrë` scevf`tkr ecs bkstcs jf ek vnjk f` icm÷` jf ic`acrmnjkj k sus akiuetkjfs. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek kprfinkinù` fs snmnekr ke Krt. ;9: II f` mktfrnk jf mktrnmc`nc, ic` ek jnafrf`ink quf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs `c sf jfof` scicrrc f`trf feecs, y pcr tke, `c sc` susifptnoefs jf jfmk`jkr kenmf`tcs f` iksc jf quf kebu`c tuvnfrk u`k sntukinù` jf `fifsnjkj. F` fstf crjf`, ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs `c sf jfof` ic`vnvf`ink pcrquf fstf auf u` rfqunsntc jf f`trkjk, fs jfinr quf pkrk ek ifeforkinù` sf f`tnf`jf yk quf tnf`f` u`k vnjk f` icm÷`. Eufbc, `c sf jfof` anjfenjkj pcrquf fe efbnsekjcr, ku` iuk`jc dk efbntnmkjc icmc akmnenk, ic`snjfrk f` infrtk mfjnjk y okgc ek kprfinkinù` jf fstf kutcr, u`k n`stntuinù` mf`cs sfrnk  ke   ke KVI f` icmpkrkinù` ic` fe mktrnmc`nc. ?. _îbnmf` jf onf`fs @c fs u` fafitc kutcmëtnic jf ek ifeforkinù` jfe KVI icmc ec fs ek scinfjkj ic`yubke f` fe mktrnmc`nc, yk quf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs ic`sfrvk` su prcpnfjkj, bcif y kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs quf yk aufrk` prcpncs y jf ecs quf kjqunfrk` f` vnbf`ink jfe kiufrjc, k mf`cs quf jfinjk` scmftfrsf ke rîbnmf` jf icmu`njkj irfkjc pcr fe Krt. ;6 jf ek efy ?8.498, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs k títuec c`frcsc jurk`tf ek vnbf`ink jfe kiufrjc sf ic`snjfrkrë` n`jnvnscs pcr

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  mntkjfs f`trf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs, fxifptc ecs mufoefs jf usc pfrsc`ke y `fifskrnc jfe ic`vnvnf`tf quf ecs dk kjqunrnjc. Xrfinskmcs quf `c sf trktk pcr ec tk`tc jf u`k scinfjkj ic`yubke, sn`c u` iuksnic`trktc jf icmu`njkj, y pcr tk`tc rfbnjc pcr eks jnspcsninc`fs jfe Krt. ?98: y snbunf`tfs jfe II, sfb÷` mk`jktk fe `umfrke 9 jfe Krt. ;6 jf ek efy jf KVI. @c costk`tf, onf` pcjrík` ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs pkitkr u`k sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs tctke, quf mk`tnf`f fe mnsmc trktkmnf`tc quf fe iksc mktrnmc`nke, y pcr feec rfbnjc k pkrtnr jfe Krt. ;6? II. Fstk sustntuinù` jf rîbnmf` jfofrë rfkenzkrsf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik y surtnrë fafitcs scekmf`tf u`k vfz suon`sirntk f` ek pkrtnjk jfe KVI, ek quf jfof prcjuinrsf f` ecs 98 jíks snbunf`tfs k su fxtf`snù`.  Ke tîrmn`c c k`tf fe ikmonc jfe rîbnmf`, pcjrë` ecs ic`trkyf`tfs jnscevfr ek icmu`njkj jf icm÷` kiufrjc c mfjnk`tf ek kpenikinù` jfe prcifjnmnf`tc pkrtninc`ke. F` iuk`tc k eks pcsnonenjkjfs jf ic`trktkinù` f`trf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs, fstks sfrë` `ueks nbuke icmc f` fe iksc jf ecs iù`yubfs, yk quf fe Krt. ?9 sfûkek quf tcjks eks n`dkonenjkjfs, n`icmpktnonenjkjfs y prcdnoninc`fs quf eks efyfs y rfbekmf`tcs fstkoefif` rfspfitc jf ecs iù`yubfs sf dkrë` fxtf`snvks jf pef`c jfrfidc k ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs. 9. Onf`fs Akmnenkrfs Ic`acrmf ke n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ;6 jf ek efy ?8.498, ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs, iukequnfrk sfk fe rîbnmf` jf onf`fs quf tf`bk`, pcjrë` fgfrifr ecs jfrfidcs ic`tf`njcs f` fe Krt. ;:; k ;:> jfe Iùjnbc Invne, ec quf nmpenik ek pcsnonenjkj jf scenintkr jfiekrkinù` jf onf` akmnenkr pcr fe ic`vnvnf`tf `c prcpnftkrnc rfspfitc jfe onf` quf snrvf jf rfsnjf`ink prn`inpke k ek akmnenk acrmkjk f` oksf ke KVI y f` ecs mnsmcs tîrmn`cs y rfqunsntcs fxpenikjcs f` fe ikpítuec k`tfrncr. :. Anenkinù` Fe KVI `c bf`frk anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke, ku` iuk`jc sn sc` kpenikoefs eks prfsu`inc`fs jf pktfr`njkj jfstn`kjks pkrk fe mkrnjc, f` fstf iksc, pkrk fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne. Fvnjf`tfmf`tf scec sfrë pcsnoef feec f` fe ic`tfxtc jf KVI dftfrcsfxukefs. 6. Icmpf`skinù` Fic`ùmnik _fic`cinjc icmc jfrfidc f` ecs mnsmcs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. 1; EMI, fe Krt. ?2 jf ek efy ?8.498 fstkoefif quf pcjrë` ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs jfmk`jkr icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik pcr dkofrsf jfjnikjc ke iunjkjc jf ek akmnenk y jf ecs dngcs u`c c u`k jf feeks/cs y quf feec `c duonfsf pcjnjc jfskrrceekr u`k kitnvnjkj rfmu`frkjk c euirktnvk f` ek acrmk quf qufrík` c pcjík`. Fstf jfrfidc sf jftfrmn`krë pcr eks pkrtfs f` fe iksc jfe tîrmn`c jf KVI jf icm÷` kiufrjc, c pcr fe Gufz f` fe iksc jf ek `uenjkj jfe kiufrjc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  1. Jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs  Zke icmc n`jnik fe Krt. ;1 jf ek efy ?8.498, ikjk ic`vnvnf`tf invne sfrë dfrfjfrc kon`tfstktc y efbntnmkrnc jfe ctrc y ic`iurrnrë f` ek suifsnù` f` ek mnsmk acrmk y bczkrë jf ecs mnsmcs jfrfidcs quf icrrfspc`jf` ke iù`yubf scorfvnvnf`tf. Fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne pcjrë tkmonî` sfr ksnb`ktkrnc jf eksfr iukrtk jf mfgcrksF` F`crjf` fe mnsmc sf`tnjc, ek `crmk quf fekeic`vnvnf`tf invne tkmonî` pcjrík jfsdfrfjkjc. suifscrnc f`tc`ifs ek jfiekrk efy fqunpkrk iù`yubf ic` fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne f` iuk`tc tnf`f` njî`tnic trktkmnf`tc, mks ic`snjfrk`jc quf gkmës pcjrë` icfxnstnr f` rkzù` jf u`k mnsmk pfrsc`k, ku` iuk`jc `c qufjk iekrc sn tnf`f c `c fe trktkmnf`tc jf vnujc c vnujk fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne scorfvnvnf`tf. Zcjc ec k`tfrncr vkef f` ek mfjnjk quf fe  KVI sf f`iuf`trf vnbf`tf k ek îpcik jf akeefinmnf`tc akeefinmnf`tc jfe ic`vnvnf`tf invne.  Ksnmnsmc, fe ic`vnvnf`tf scorfvnvnf`tf bczkrë fe jfrfidc jf kjgujnikinù` prfafrf`tf f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. ;992 jfe II. jf`trc jf ek pkrtninù` jf onf`fs jfe ic`vnvnf`tf akeefinjc, icmc tkmonî` ecs jfrfidcs jf usc y dkontkinù` jf fstcs trks fe jfifsc. F` fe mnsmc crjf`, fe ic`vnvnf`tf invne iuf`tk ic` kiinù` k pfrsfbunr ek rfspc`skonenjkj invne mfjnk`tf n`jfm`nzkinc`fs jf qunf` duonfrf ikuskjc fe akeefinmnf`tc jfe ctrc ic`vnvnf`tf, sntukinù` fs eekmktnvk pcrquf `n ku` f` fe iksc jfe mktrnmc`nc sf dkoík ic`skbrkjc entfrkemf`tf fstk anburk. NQ. 

 ZÎ_MN@C JFE KVI

Ic`acrmf ke ic`tf`njc jfe Krt. ?1 jf ek efy ?8.498, fe KVI tfrmn`krë pcr eks snbunf`tfs ikuskefs, eks quf pc`jrë` an` k tcjks eks coenbkinc`fs y jfrfidcs iuyk tntuekrnjkj y fgfrininc jfrnvf` jfe  KVI. ;. Mufrtf `kturke jf u`c jf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs ?. Mufrtf prfsu`tk jf u`c jf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs, ktf`jnf`jc k ecs mnsmcs pekzcs jfe krt. :9 EMI. 9. Xcr mktrnmc`nc f`trf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs :. Xcr mutuc kiufrjc quf ic`stf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik y sf suon`sirnok. 6. Xcr vceu`tkj u`nektfrke jf iukequnfrk jf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs mfjnk`tf fsirnturk p÷oenik c kitk ctcrbkjk k`tf caninke jfe sfrvninc jf rfbnstrc invne f njf`tnanikinù`, ek quf jfofrë `ctnanikrsf f` ?8 jíks ke ctrc ic`vnvnf`tf invne mfjnk`tf rfifptcr gujninke y k`ctkrsf f` ek pfrtn`f`tf pkrtnjk jfe  KVI. Ek aketk jf n`sirnpinù` ef rfstk fafitcs jf ek jfiekrkinù`, `c ksí ek aketk c jfmcrk f` ek `ctnanikinù`. 1. Xcr jfiekrkinù` jf `uenjkj jfe KVI, pcr dkofrsf rfkenzkjc f` n`iumpenmnf`tc jf kebu`c jf sus rfqunsntcs c pcr vnincs jfe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC TNQ. MKZ_NMC@NC IFEFO_KJC F@ FE FTZ_K@GF_C

Ecs Mktrnmc`ncs ifeforkjcs f` fe fxtrk`gfrc bczkrë` jf rfic`cinmnf`tc pcr ek `crmktnvk idnef`k, sfk` fstcs dftfrcsfxukefs u dcmcsfxukefs, ku` iuk`jc fstcs ÷etnmcs tf`jrë` vkecr icmc  KVI y `c icmc mktrnmc`nc prcpnkmf`tf tke. F` fsf sf`tnjc, ic`acrmf ke Krt. 48 EMI, ecs mktrnmc`ncs f`trf dcmorfs y mugfrfs ifeforkjcs f` fe fxtrk`gfrc f` rfspftc k ek efy jfe eubkr jf ctcrbkmnf`tc tf`jrë` pef`c rfic`cinmnf`tc icmc tkefs, skevc quf sf duonfrk` ifeforkjc f` cmnsnù` k ecs rfqunsntcs jfe Krt. 6, 1 y 2 EMI, iksc f` fe iuke sfrë` jfiekrkjcs `uecs. Jfsjf fstf pu`tc jf vnstk `c fxnstf ek pcsnonenjkj jf fxpcrtkr   mktrnmc`ncs dcmcsfxukefs, pfjùanecs, oíbkmcs, pceíbkmcs, f`jcbëmnics, fti. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, tkmpcic sfrë` rfic`cinjcs ecs mktrnmc`ncs acrzkjcs c f` bf`frke kqufeecs quf `c duonfrk` snjc arutc jfe enorf y fspc`të`fc ic`sf`tnmnf`tc. ic`s f`tnmnf`tc. Jfsjf fsf pu`tc jf vnstk, ecs mktrnmc`ncs fxtrk`gfrcs rfic`cinjcs jfofrë` n`sirnonrsf f` ek prnmfrk inriu`sirnpinù` jfe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne jf Yk`tnkbc jf Idnef, y ic` feec tf`jrë` fe ikrëitfr jf mktrnmc`nc k`tf ek efy pujnf`jc fxnbnr ecs jfrfidcs ic`afrnjcs pkrk ecs iù`yubfs. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, ic`acrmf k tke n`sirnpinù`, sf f`tf`jfrë` sfpkrkjcs jf onf`fs pcr fe scec mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;96 n`insc n`in sc sfbu`jc jfe II., skevc quf f` fe mcmf`tc jf ek n`sirnpinù` scenintf` scmftfrsf k eks rfbeks jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke. Fstf fs fe ÷`nic iksc f` quf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke pcjrík tf`fr crnbf` f` mcmf`tc jnstn`tc k ek ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc. F` iuk`tc ke tîrmn`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, vkef` eks sf`tf`inks jf `uenjkj y jnvcrinc jfirftkjcs f` pkís fxtrk`gfrc, jfonf`jc dkifrsf vkefr ic`acrmf ke prcifjnmnf`tc jf fxfquktur fstkoefinjc pcr fe Iùjnbc jf Xrcifjnmnf`tc invne. @c costk`tf, `c sfrë vëenjc fe jnvcrinc quf `c duonfrk snjc jfirftkjc pcr u` Zrnou`ke mfjnk`tf rfsceuinù` gujninke, `n tkmpcic ecs e cs quf sfk` cotf`njcs pcr arkujf k ek efy, icmc ciurrf iuk`jc snf`jc u` mktrnmc`nc idnef`c prftf`jf` of`faninkrsf jf ecs pekzcs jf sfpkrkinù` quf ctrks efbnsekinc`fs fstkoefif` iuk`jc aufrf` mf`crfs k ecs quf ic`snjfrk ek efy idnef`k. Xcr su pkrtf, f` fe iksc jf ecs mktrnmc`ncs dcmcsfxukefs, sfrë` rfic`cinjcs icmc KVI, snfmprf quf `c sf duonfrk` fxtf`jnjc ic` cmnsnù` c ic`trkjniinù` k ecs rfqunsntcs prcpufstcs pkrk tke n`stntuinù` ic`acrmf k ek efy ?8.498, bczk`jc f` tke iksc jf ecs mnsmcs jfrfidcs quf ic`anfrf tke `crmktnvk k ecs quf sf duonfrk` ifeforkjc f` Idnef.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

YFBV@JK XK_ZF FE FYZKZVZC JF ANENKINÙ@, ZVZFEKY ^ IV_KZFEKY

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC N. BF@F_KENJKJFY JF EK ANENKINÙ@

Ek anenkinù` fs fe ví`iuec guríjnic fxnstf`tf f`trf fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf y fe dngc< sf rfanfrf pcr tk`tc k ek rfekinù` jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj rfspfitnvkmf`tf. YCMK__NQK  sfûkek quf fs ek rfekinù` ?>

jf jfsif`jf`ink jf jcs pfrsc`ks, u`k jf eks iukefs fs pkjrf c mkjrf jf ek ctrk. Ksí, scec dkoekmcs jf anenkinù` iuk`jc dky ifrtnjumorf jf ek ikenjkj jf pkjrf c mkjrf ic` rfekinù` ke dngc. Xkrk fe jfrfidc scec fxnstf anenkinù` iuk`jc sf trktk jf ek rfekinù` n`mfjnktk jfe pkjrf c mkjrf ic` fe dngc, ic`ifptc muidc mës rfstrn`bnjc quf fe icm÷` kpenikjc, kpen ikjc, quf f`tnf`jf icm÷`mf`tf k tcjc brkjc jf pkrf`tfsic. Ksí, scec ek rfekinù` jf jfsif`jf`ink jf jcs pfrsc`ks fs anenkinù`, c, n`vfrtnjc, dkoekmcs jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj. Ek rfefvk`ink jf ek anenkinù` icmc af`ùmf`c guríjnic sf f`mkrik f` `crmks jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs, fspfiíanikmf`tf f` fe jfrfidc k ek njf`tnjkj jf eks pfrsc`ks quf vnf`f ctcrbkjc pcr ek prcpnk Ic`vf`inù` jf Jfrfidcs jfe @nûc, @nûk y kjcefsif`tf  ic`acrmf ke ic`tf`njc jf sus krtíiuecs sîptnmc k jfinmcprnmfrc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek `crmk n`jnikjk sfûkek quf fe `nûc tnf`f jfrfidc k u`k sfrnf jf pnekrfs oësnics jfsjf fe mc`tc jf su `kinmnf`tc, icmc fs fe jfrfidc ke `cmorf, k ek `kinc`kenjkj y fe jfrfidc k sfr iunjkjc pcr sus pkjrfs, f` ek mfjnjk jf ec pcsnoef. Fstcs jfrfidcs fstë` n`spnrkjcs okgc ek tù`nik jfiekrkjk f` fe krtíiuec tfrifrc quf pkrtf` jfsjf eks ic`snjfrkinc`fs oësniks jf ecs `nûcs y quf ecs eefvk` k ic`strunr sus `cinc`fs pfrsc`kefs jfan`ntcrnks jfe sfr . 98

9;

Icmc sf jngc, fstf jfrfidc k sfr iunjkjc pcr sus pkjrfs pkrtf jf ek oksf quf fe `nûc ecs ic`czik yanenkinù`. tf`bk ic` u` ví`iuec guríjnic prfstkoefinjc trkvîs jfjf ek F`feecs fsf sf`tnjc f`tc`ifs quf, pkrk quf fe quf `nûcqufjù pufjkangkjc fgfrifrprfinskmf`tf pkrtf jf suskjfrfidcs njf`tnjkj fs mf`fstfr quf jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk efbke y rfbnstrke tf`bk pkjrfs, ec quf suifjfrë scec iuk`jc su anenkinù` fstî jftfrmn`kjk. Fs fstk ek rfaefxnù` quf `cs eefvkrík k prfinskr fstf jfrfidc icmc u`c jf ikrëitfr rfektnvc, jnafrf`inë`jcsf jf eks krnstks jf ek njf`tnjkj jfe `cmorf y jf ek `kinc`kenjkj quf qufjk` angkjcs pcr fefmf`tcs mës n`mfjnktcs. Jfrnvkjc jf ek fxprfsnù` ?>

 YCMK__NQK, M. (;>:1)

 F` kjfek`tf IJ@. Fstk ic`vf`inù` n`tfr`kinc`ke auf susirntk pcr fe Fstkjc jf Idnef f` ek kskmoefk bf`frke jf @kinc`fs V`njkj jf afidk ?8 jf `cvnfmorf jf ;4>4, rktnanikjk ic` afidks ;9 jf kbcstc jf ;>>8 y puoenikjk ke jík snbunf`tf, tcjc feec jurk`tf fe bconfr`c jfe prfsnjf`tf jf ek _fp÷oenik jc` Xktrninc Kyewn`. F`trù f` vnbf`ink fe ?2 jf sfptnfmorf jfe mnsmc kûc k trkvîs jf su puoenikinù` f` fe Jnkrnc Caninke. 98

9;

 NOËÛFW, @. (?8;>)7 p. ;::.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  f` ek mfjnjk jf ec pcsnoef quf ciupk ek IJ@, fstf mnsmc kutcr dk sfûkekjc f` n`vfstnbkinù` k`tfrncr quf fstf jfrfidc7 … sfrík u`k fspfinf jf n`vntkinù` ke Fstkjc k prcpc`fr fe ic`tkitc n`ninke jfe `nûc ic` sus pkjrfs, pfrc scec f` ek mfjnjk quf eks ic`jninc`fs jfe iksc f` ic`irftc ksí ec pfrmntk`, pcr ec quf mës quf sfr u` jfrfidc jfe `nûc, tfrmn`k snf`jc u` prn`inpnc quf sf kpenikrë f` ek mfjnjk quf ecs kjuetcs jfsff` kicbfrsf k fstf jfrfidc, ec quf dkif guzbkr f`tc`ifs fe ikrëitfr nmpfrktnvc jf fstk `crmk y jfe mnsmc mcjc, ek  pcsnonenjkj jf ansikenzkr c fxnbnr su iumpenmnf`tc. Kdcrk onf`, fs f` fsf fsif`krnc quf ek efy idnef`k rficbfrë ek rficmf`jkinù` sfûkekjk icmc u`k njfk jf ek vn`iuekinù` `fifskrnk f`trf ecs `nûcs y sus pkjrfs,  y jf kdí quf ek `crmktnvk invne kpcrtf ic` ek rfbuekinù` jfe k`tfs jf`cmn`kjc jfrfidc jf vnsntks, y dcy, jf rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr ic` fe `nûc ic` fe pkjrf `c iustcjnc, kjfmës jf eks kiinc`fs jf anenkinù` rfacrmkjks f` fe kûc ;>>4 k trkvîs jf ek efy @. ;>.646, icork`jc fspfinke rfefvk`ink pkrk fstcs an`fs, ek jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` jf u` supufstc `crmktnvc f` fe quf yk sf f`iuf`trk pfrmntnjk ek n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj . 9? 

 Ksí f`tc`ifs, fe fstujnc jf ek anenkinù` icmc n`stntuinù` guríjnik pufjf sfr kocrjkjc jfsjf jcs pu`tcs jf vnstk. F` prnmfricmc tîrmn`c, y icmc fstujnkjc muidc tnfmpc, jf k sfrauf pkjrfs, pkjrfs, vnsnù` n`tfrprftkref y f`tf`jfref fe jfrfidc  vnsnù`pcr kjuetc-iî`trnik qufsurbf jfsjfekekvnsnù` jfsjf vnbf`ink jf ek IJ@ ikrfifrík jf kpenikinù`. Dcy, y ktf`jnf`jc ke sustf`tc jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs quf n`spnrk` k ek anenkinù`, fe f`acquf jfof fstkr f` rkzù` jfe `nûc quf irfk y ic`acrmk su njf`tnjkj ku` iuk`jc ek `crmk ec duonfrk rfjkitkjc f` ecs ec s tîrmn`cs rfektnvcs k`tfs sfûkekjcs. Fstk ÷etnmk pcsturk dk prcmcvnjc quf vkrncs kutcrfs pcstuef` n`ieusc ek nmprfsirnptnonenjkj jf tcjks c kebu`ks jf eks kiinc`fs jf anenkinù`, pcr fgfmpec ek Kocbkjk N`tfbrk`tf jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk Xrcafscrk Jrk. F ZIDFOF_  ZIDFOF__^  _^ , ek quf scstnf`f quf `c pkrfif akitnoef `n tkmpcic gustc quf ksí sfk (prfsirnptnoef), pcrquf fsf mf`cr (c, n`ieusc, sn aufrk mkycr jf fjkj) sf dkorík vnstc prnvkjc jf ek kyujk jf su supufstc pkjrf c mkjrf jurk`tf tcjk ek vnjk, y prftf`jfr quf scec fstk`jc jf`trc jfe pekzc pfrmntnî`jcec ek efy pujnfrk kiifjfr k su njf`tnjkj , `c sfrík u`k n`tfrprftkinù` kjfiukjk. 99

N. 

IK_KIZF_ÍYZNIKY IK_KIZF_ÍYZNI KY JF EK ANENKINÙ@

Xkrk kjf`trkr`cs f` fe fstujnc jf fstf ví`iuec pktfr`c c mktfr`c anenke, jfofmcs rfic`cifr sus ikrkitfrístniks. Feeks sc`7

9?

 ÍJFM. p. ;:6

99

 F ZIDFOF__^ , E. (?88>)7 p. ?1;.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  k)  Ek Anenkinù`, f` prn`inpnc, fs u` af`ùmf`c guríjnic quf sf au`jk f` fe dfidc ansnceùbnic y oneùbnic jf ek prcirfkinù`, fxifptc f` jcs ikscs. _fic`cifmcs icmc tkefs fxifpinc`fs k ek anenkinù` kjcptnvk, irfkjk pcr fe efbnsekjcr, quf `c supc`f u` ví`iuec jf sk`brf y fstkoefif fe ví`iuec anenktnvc mfjnk`tf u`k sf`tf`ink gujninke. F` sfbu`jc tîrmn`c, ek efy tkmonî` irfk icmc fxifpinù` fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf ek pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj sfb÷` irnk`zk iuk`jc fstk `c icn`injk ic` ek sk`brf, feec okgc ek n`stntuinù` jf ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ikenjkj jf dngc ic`tf`njk f` fe Krt. ?88 y snbunf`tfs jfe Iùjnbc Invne, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke fe `cmorf, trktc y akmk jf dngc pufjf tf`fr prfafrf`ink k ek sk`brf. o)  Ek anenkinù` crnbn`k fstkjcs invnefs. Yn sf rfiufrjk` k ecs ktrnoutcs jf ek pfrsc`kenjkj y tcmk`jc fe n`icmpeftc ic`ifptc jfe Krt. 98: jfe II. fe fstkjc invne sf icmprf`jf icmc u`k ikenjkj pfrmk`f`tf jf u`k pfrsc`k quf ek dkonentk pkrk fgfrifr jftfrmn`kjcs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs pfrc quf jfrnvk` jf sus rfekinc`fs jf akmnenk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek fxnstf`ink jf ek anenkinù` pfrmntnrë irfkr ecs ví`iuecs jf pkrf`tfsic `c scec jf pkjrf f dngc/k, sn`c tkmonî` ctrcs rfefvk`tfs, icmc fe jf koufec, fstkjc invne quf tkmonî` tnf`f kscinkjcs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs, icmc sc` ecs kenmf`tcs c ek pcsnonenjkj jf tf`fr u`  ví`iuec jf crfekinù` jnrfitk. y rfbuekr ic` ecs `nftcs ku` f` cpcsninù` jf ecs pkjrfs jf u` `nûc, `nûk kjcefsif`tf 9:

i)   Kjfmës jf ek angkinù` jf u`k jf eeks ks fstruiturks jf ek njf`tnjkj, eekk anenkinù` fs auf`tf jf ctrcs af`ùmf`cs guríjnics nmpcrtk`tfs icmc ek `kinc`kenjkj, ek suifsnù`, fe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs y fe pkrf`tfsic. NN. 

JF ECY DNGCY

 Kitukemf`tf `c sf jnstn`buf` dngcs efbítnmcs (jfe (jfe mktrnmc`nc), jjff ecs nefbítnmcs y ecs kjcptnvcs.  Kdcrk jfrcbù fe Krt. 96 II, pujcicmc dkifrsf ikscXFÛKNENEEC cmnsc k ek ,rfkenjkj jfdnzc quf duonfrkonf`, dngcsku`quf n`trk csffxtrkmktrnmc`nkefs, pcr `c ec quf, sfûkek ec quf sf auf nbukekr ecs fafitcs, fs jfinr, ecs jfrfidcs y ikrbks, f`trf tcjcs ecs dngcs ic` prfsin`jf`ink jfe crnbf` jf ek anenkinù` . Fsk njfk nbukentkrnk sf fxpk`jf dkink ecs pkjrfs, pcr fe kiifsc k pktrnk pctfstkj y k iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, ic`snjfrk`jc ek mcjnanikinù` rfkenzkjk k ek efbnsekinù` f` fe kûc ?8;9. Ksí, ek jnafrf`ink `c sf dkif rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs f` iuk`tc k jfrfidcs y ikenjkjfs, sn`c quf sf trksekjkjk k ek anenkinù` jnafrf`ink`jc su crnbf` sn` rfefvk`ink prëitnik kpkrf`tf, rfic`cinf`jc dngcs jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke f dngcs jf anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke. 96

9:

 F` kjfek`tf, @@K.

96

 XFÛKNENEEC, J. (;>>>)7 p. ;9.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fstf ikmonc efbnsektnvc, quf rfic`cif an`kemf`tf k tcjcs ecs dngcs icmc nbukefs f` jfrfidcs f`iuf`trk vkrnks rkzc`fs, icmc fe kgustf k ek Ic`stntuinù` f` iuk`tc k quf tcjcs `kif` enorfs f nbukefs f` jnb`njkj y jfrfidcs  y   y ksnmnsmc pcr ecs trktkjcs n`tfr`kinc`kefs quf prcdíof` fe trktkmnf`tc jnafrf`inkjc jf pfrsc`ks pcr rkzc`fs jf `kinmnf`tc, jf ecs iukefs Idnef fs pkrtf pcr ek rktnanikinù` . 91

Yn` pfrguninc jf ec k`tfrncr, fxnstf` infrtcs rfskoncs efbnsektnvcs f` ecs quf ku` sf rficbf, jf mk`frk n`jnrfitk, ek jnafrf`inkinù` f`trf dngcs sfb÷` sn fstcs `kif` jf`trc c aufrk jfe mktrnmc`nc c onf` sn fs quf sc` c `c dngcs jf ecs mnsmcs ppkjrfs. kjrfs. F` fe prnmfr iksc, fe krt. ;2:8 jfe II. quf trktk fe pksnvc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, f` fe iuke fspfiíanikmf`tf f` fe `umfrke qun`tc jfgk fstkoefinjc quf ek mk`utf`inù` tk`tc jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs icmc jf dngcs fxtrkmktrnmc`nkefs sfrë jf ikrbc jf ek scinfjkj ic`yubke, pfrc f` fstf ÷etnmc iksc fe gufz qufjkrë akiuetkjc pkrk mcjfrkr fstf bkstc sn ef pkrfinfrf fxifsnvc nmputk`jc fe fxifsc ke dkofr jfe iù`yubf. Fstc `cs eefvk k pf`skr f`tc`ifs f` fe supufstc f` quf fe iù`yubf `c tf`bk pktrnmc`nc jnstn`tc ke scinke, yk quf f` fsf iksc fe fxifsc `c sf pcjrë nmputkr k `kjk, f nmpenikrë u`k rfjuiinù` f` ek mk`utf`inù` jfe dngc `c mktrnmc`nke pcr jfokgc jfe mktrnmc`nke. Eufbc, ek efy tkmonî` rficbf jnafrf`inks f`trf dfrmk`cs f` rkzù` jf ek dfrf`ink, jnafrf`ink`jc quf ecs dfrmk`cs jf anenkinù` jf jcoef ic`gu`inù` (pkjrf y mkjrf), vkef` fe jcoef quf ecs jf snmpef ic`gu`inù` (scec pkjrf c scec mkjrf). F` fstf crjf`, fe Krt. >>8 II. peksmk fstk njfk f` mktfrnk jf suifsnù` n`tfstkjk, ikr`kefs, tnf`f` sfûkek`jc quf dngcs jf pkjrf y mkjrf, quf okutnzk icmc ikr`kefs,  tnf`f` fe jcoef jf jfrfidcs quf ecs jf scec pkjrf c mkjrf. NNN. 

FQCEVINÙ@ EFBNYEKZNQK JF EK N@QFYZNBKINÙ@ JF XKZF_@NJKJ

F` u` prn`inpnc, y jfrnvkjc jfe fspírntu mkidnstk prfjcmn`k`tf f` ek rfbuekinù` jf Akmnenk, ek pktfr`njkj `c pcjík sfr n`vfstnbkjk, yk quf fe `nûc qufjkrík inriu`sirntc k ek rfkenjkj guríjnik jf ek mkjrf. F` fstf crjf`, sn ek mkjrf frk scetfrk c ikskjk, fe `nûc tf`jrík yk jftfrmn`kjc su rfic`cinmnf`tc jf efbítnmc c `kturke. F` fstf ÷etnmc supufstc, ek mkjrf scetfrk y fe dngc `kturke quf `kiík f` tke ic`tfxtc `c tf`ík` jfrfidc k nmputkr ek fxnstf`ink jf fsk irnkturk k u` jftfrmn`kjc vkrù` icmc pkjrf, fspfinkemf`tf sn fstf fstuvnfrk ikskjc, y pcr tk`tc rfinoík fe kjgftnvc jf okstkrjc, ec quf sfb÷` ek _fke Kikjfmnk jf ek Ef`buk fspkûcek snb`nanik s nb`nanik quf jfbf`frk jf su crnbf` c `kturkefzk  . Ksí vnstc f`tc`ifs, icmc kebunf` `c bf`frkjc sn`c mës onf` jfbf`frkjc jf ek `kturkefzk dumk`k, eks jnvnsnc`fs jf eks pfrsc`ks sfb÷` su crnbf` jf `kinmnf`tc c fstnrpf aufrc` mkrië`jcsf k ec ekrbc jf ek dnstcrnk f` eks jnvfrsks efbnsekinc`fs, y, jf dfidc, f` Idnef sf 92 

 Ek prcpnk IJ@ f` su krtíiuec sfbu`jc ic`snjfrk ek prcdnoninù` jf jnsirnmn`kinù` jf ecs `nûcs f` rkzù` jf vkrnks sntukinc`fs, y f`trf feeks fe `kinmnf`tc c ek ic`jninù` jf sus pkjrfs.

91

92

_ 

 KIKJFMNK FYXKÛCEK JF EK EF@BVK (?8;>)

  FKE FKE

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  mk`tnf`f` fxprfskmf`tf dkstk fe kûc ;>>4 ic`acrmf k ek efy jf anenkinù` k`tfs intkjk. Yn` pfrguninc jf feec, f` Idnef gkmës sf ef rfstù ek ikenjkj jf pfrsc`k ke dngc `kturke, yk quf fe prcpnc krtíiuec 66 jfe II. quf f`trfbk ek jfan`ninù` jf pfrsc`k pkrk ef efy prfinsk quf ec sfrë iukequnfrk sfk su fstnrpf c ic`jninù`. Fe ksu`tc frk mës onf` jf eks ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks jf tke ikenjkj. Yn mnrkmcs ek dnstcrnk y f` rkzù` jf sfr u` rfafrf`tf efbnsektnvc, f` Ark`ink `c sf pfrmntík ek n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jf ek anenkinù` nefbítnmk, ec quf auf krjukmf`tf irntnikjc y sf trktù f` muidcs ikscs icmc u` iuksnic`trktc (kitc n`vceu`tkrnc jf fmokrkzkr, jfe quf surbf` jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs). _finî` f` ;>;? sf mcjnanik Ef Icjf  ark`iîs  ark`iîs y sf pfrmntf ek n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj. Kdcrk onf`, kitukemf`tf `c dky u` snstfmk mu`jnke u`nacrmf f` fstk mktfrnk7 kebu`cs pfrmntf` ek n`vfstnbkinù` okgc ikuskefs jftfrmn`kjks (snstfmk mkycrntkrnc)< ctrcs ek pfrmntf` okgc iukequnfr ic`jninù` y ctrcs quf, k÷`, `c pfrmntf` ek n`vfstnbkinù` pcr ek rkzc`fs y irntfrncs k`tfs fxpufstcs. _ftcmk`jc ek sntukinù` jf Idnef, f` `ufstrk dnstcrnk efbnsektnvk sf pksù jf ek `fbkinù`, k ek n`vfstnbkinù` pcr ikuskefs ikenanikjks, pkrk dcy tf`fr u` snstfmk muy kmpenc f` quf sf pfrmntf ek n`vfstnbkinù` iksn f` tcjk ic`jninù`, enmntkjc scec pcr kebu`cs prfifptcs quf nmpnjf` fe mke usc jf eks jnspcsninc`fs efbkefs y fvf`tukefs pfrgunincs k pfrsc`ks.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC NN. IEKYFY JF ANENKINÙ@

Ek anenkinù` sf ieksnanik f` `kturke y kjcptnvk, sfb÷` sn su crnbf` sf f`iuf`trk f` ek prcirfkinù` c f` u` kitc jf vceu`tkj, sfb÷` icrrfspc`jk. F` fe iksc jf ek kjcpinù`, fstk ctcrbk fe fstkjc invne jf dngc rfspfitc jf ecs kjcptk`tfs icmc yk sf jngc, ic` tcjcs ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs quf feec trkf, rnbnî`jcsf pcr ek efy jf anenkinù`.  K su vfz, ek anenkinù` `kturke sf suoieksnanik, pujnf`jc sfr jftfrmn`kjk c n`jftfrmn`kjk. Fs u`k anenkinù` `kturke jftfrmn`kjk iuk`jc sf dk fstkoefinjc qunî` fs fe pkjrf y/c ek mkjrf jf ek pfrsc`k< f n`jftfrmn`kjk iuk`jc `c sf dk fstkoefinjc feec. Ek jftfrmn`kjk pcjrë sfr, kjfmës, mktrnmc`nke c `c mktrnmc`nke y au`jkjk f` sk`brf c f` pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk. F` fe iksc jf ek `c mktrnmc`nke pcjrë sfr jf snmpef c jcoef ic`gu`inù`, yk quf pcr dkofr `kinjc aufrk jfe mktrnmc`nc pcjrík fe @@K tf`fr anenkinù` scec mktfr`k, scec pktfr`k c kmoks. Ek mktrnmc`nke, pcr f`mkrikrsf f` u` mktrnmc`nc, snfmprf sfrë jf jcoef ic`gu`inù`. Fe fsqufmk qufjk ksí f`tc`ifs.

Ynmpef

Jcoef

kjc kjc in inùù`

N. 

ANENKINÙ@ MKZ_NMC@NKE ^ YVY FEFMF@ZCY (K_Z. ;48 II.)

Fstnmkmcs ic`acrmf k ek efy quf dky anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke iuk`jc7

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  k)  Fxnstf mktrnmc`nc f`trf ecs pkjrfs ke tnfmpc jf ek ic`ifpinù` c jfe `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Yn sf k`kenzk ek `crmk, sc` jcs ecs supufstcs f` quf sf pc`f7 fe `kinmnf`tc c ek ic`ifpinù` jf`trc jfe mktrnmc`nc. Yn `kif jf`trc jfe mktrnmc`nc, sf f`tf`jfrë quf fs arutc jf tke u`nù` mktrnmc`nke, ku`ekiuk`jc ek ic`ifpinù` duonfrk snjc k`tfrncr k ek afidk jf fstf, y quf fs fe supufstc f` quf mugfr ic`trkf mktrnmc`nc yk fmokrkzkjk.  Ksnmnsmc, ek `crmk dkoek jf ek ic`ifpinù` jf`trc jfe mktrnmc`nc, ec quf scork rfefvk`ink iuk`jc ek irnkturk `kif aufrk jfe mktrnmc`nc u`k vfz quf fstf yk duonfrk tfrmn`kjc. Xkrk jnrnmnr fstcs ksu`tcs, sf kpenikrë ek prfsu`inù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe Krt. 21 II., fs jfinr ksumnr quf ek irnkturk auf ic`ifonjk f` `c mf`cs jf ;48 `n mës jf 988 jíks ikokefs ic`tkjcs dkink ktrës jfsjf ek afidk jf su `kinmnf`tc, y sn fsk îpcik icn`injf ic` ek quf ek mugfr fstkok ikskjk, sf prfsumnrë quf sf ic`inonù jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc.

_ficrjfmcs f` fstf pu`tc fe ic`tfxtc jfe Krt. ;?4 II. quf prcdíof k ek mugfr ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc `ufvc u`k vfz jnsufetc u`c k`tfrncr sn`c dkstk iuk`jc ecbrf pkrnr k ek irnkturk c onf` trks ?28 jíks sn `c tnf`f sfûkefs jf prfûfz, f` acrmk jf jfmcstrkr quf `c sf f`iuf`trk fmokrkzkjk y `c ic`au`jnr ksí anenkinù` jfe dngc d ngc quf pujnfrk `kifr f` tke ic`tfxtc. Kdcrk, Kdc rk, sn onf` ek `crmk rczk jf mk`frk nmpcrtk`tf ek n`ic`stntuinc`kenjkj pcr dkifr jnafrf`inks f` fe efbítnmc fgfrininc jfe jfrfidc jfe mktrnmc`nc f`trf dcmorfs y mugfrfs, ec infrtc fs quf, sn sf vf jfsjf ek `cinù` jfe dngc, fe efbnsekjcr f`tf`jfrík quf sfrík n`kprcpnkjc quf u`k irnkturk quf `kif jf`trc jf ek vnbf`ink u`k sfbu`jk `upink tf`bk rfic`cinmnf`tc f` ctrc mktrnmc`nc k`tfrncr jf ek e k mugfr, ec quf f` n`tfrprftkinù` pfrsc`ke jf fstf kutcr `c tf`jrík gustnanikinù` sn`c f` ek dc`rk jfe mkrnjc quf tf`bk quf scpcrtkr quf su mugfr tf`bk u` dngc jf`trc jf su mktrnmc`nc quf `c sfk jf su pktfr`njkj. Fe mkidnsmc tcmk acrmk jf `crmk f`tc`ifs iuk`jc sf ef prcdíof k ek mugfr fgfrifr u` jfrfidc sf supc`f n`sfpkrkoef jf quf ek ikenjkj dumk`k jf `kzik ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc, scec pcrquf prfafrnr ek fvf`tuke jfsjnidk fe vkrù` pujnfrkicmc sf`tnrfskefequf u` dngc quf `c sfk jf su sk`brf jf`trc jf su rfinf`tf mktrnmc`nc. o)  Ek anenkinù` jfe dngc jfe quf pkjrf y mkjrf ic`trkf` pcstfrncrmf`tf ke `kinmnf`tc, mktrnmc`nc, iuk`jc yk dkyk fstkjc jftfrmn`kjk su anenkinù`. Fstf fs fe supufstc jf dngcs quf `kif` jf pkjrfs scetfrcs, vnujcs, ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs c jnvcrinkjcs quf eufbc ic`trkf` mktrnmc`nc f`trf feecs. Fs u`k fspfinf jf kjqunsninù` rftrckitnvk jf ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  i)  Ek anenkinù` jfe dngc quf sf jftfrmn`k pcr fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf kmocs pkjrfs f` fe kitc jfe mktrnmc`nc c jurk`tf su vnbf`ink. Yc` dngcs quf, ke mcmf`tc jf ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ecs pkjrfs, sc` rfic`cinjcs icmc tkefs, jfgk`jc ic`stk`ink jf feec f` ek pkrtnjk jf mktrnmc`nc y jf `kinmnf`tc ` kinmnf`tc jf ecs dngcs. j)  Aufrk jf fstcs ikscs (;48 II), dky ctrcs quf jk fe Krt. ;46 II, sfb÷` fe iuke ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke tkmonî` pcjrë jftfrmn`krsf pcr sf`tf`ink jnitkjk f` guninc jf anenkinù`, quf sf suon`sirnonrë ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. F` fstcs ikscs sf fstë f` prfsf`ink jf ek `fbktnvk jfe mkrnjc c ek mugfr k ksumnr efbkemf`tf icmc dngc ke prcpnc.  Kjfek`tc quf fxnstf` supufstcs efbkefs f` eks quf ek fxnstf`ink jfe pkrtc `c ecbrk jftfrmn`kr (`fifskrnkmf`tf) ek anenkinù` mktfr`k ic` fe dngc. Ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke kprcvfidk, f` su iksc, tk`tc k ek pcstfrncrnjkj jfe dngc akeefinjc, y vkejrë fstk rfbuekinù` sfk quf fe mktrnmc`nc sfk vëenjc c putktnvc. Xkrk tcjcs ecs jfmës ikscs, y icmc n`jnik ek pkrtf an`ke jfe Krt. ;48 II., ek anenkinù` fs `c mktrnmc`nke, tcmë`jcsf icmc u`k anburk jf fxieusnù` jf ecs supufstcs k`tfs fxprfskjcs. Fstk sf jftfrmn`k pcr rfic`cinmnf`tc c onf` pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke, y icmc sf jngc, pufjf sfr jf snmpef c jcoef ic`gu`inù`. Eufbc, sfb÷` fe Krt. ;4; II y sfk jf crjf` mktrnmc`nke c `c mktrnmc`nke, ek anenkinù` prcjuif fafitcs invnefs iuk`jc qufjk efbkemf`tf jftfrmn`kjk, rftrctrkyî`jcsf ecs fafitcs dkstk ek îpcik jf ic`ifpinù` jfe dngc. Xcr feec fs nmpcrtk`tf jftfrmn`kr ek îpcik jf ic`ifpinù` jfe dngc (Krt. 21 II). Ek jftfrmn`kinù` fs mfrkmf`tf jfiekrktnvk y `c ic`stntutnvk, pcrquf rfic`cif kebc quf yk fxnstík, ec quf qufjk jf mk`nanfstc pcr ecs fafitcs rftrckitnvcs quf prcjuif. Fstf fafitc rftrckitnvc, `c kafitk ecs jfrfidcs kjqunrnjcs y eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks k`tfs jf ek jftfrmn`kinù` jf ek anenkinù`, ku`quf fe dngc sn tnf`f jfrfidc k ic`iurrnr f` eks sntukinc`fs konfrtks ko nfrtks ic` k`tfrncrnjkj k su jftfrmn`kinù`, tcjc feec sn` pfrguninc jf ek prfsirnpinù`. NN. 

JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK MKZF_@NJKJ

Yfb÷` fe Krt. ;49 II, ek mktfr`njkj qufjkrë angkjk pcr iukequnfrk jf eks snbunf`tfs sntukinc`fs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  k)  Xcr pkrtc, iuk`jc fe `kinmnf`tc y ek njf`tnjkj jfe dngc y jf ek mugfr quf ec dk jkjc k euz ic`stk` f` eks pkrtnjks jfe _fbnstrc invne. Ksí, sf rfic`cif` jcs fefmf`tcs, jf ecs quf jfpf`jf ek jftfrmn`kinù` jf ek mktfr`njkj, jf mk`frk quf qunf` nmpub`f mktfr`njkj, jfofrë jfskirfjntkr fstcs fefmf`tcs7 k.  Fe dfidc jfe pkrtc, quf ek mugfr dkyk jkjc k euz e uz o.  Ek njf`tnjkj jfe pkrtc, quf fe dngc sfk vfrjkjfrkmf`tf prcjuitc jfe pkrtc Fstc korf ek pcsnonenjkj quf iuk`jc `c ic`stk pcr pkrtnjk kebu`k, `n ku` ek mîjnik, ek fxnstf`ink jfe pkrtc, ek mkjrf jfofrë rfic`cifr k su dngc icmc tke, f` acrmk quf fe pkrtc `c pcjrë, pcr sí mnsmc, jftfrmn`kr ek mktfr`njkj, pcr `c fxnstnr ifrtfzk pcr pkrtf jf ek kutcrnjkj `n quf ek mugfr dkyk pkrnjc, `n tkmpcic quf ek irnkturk fxnstf`tf sfk rfsuetkjc jf kqufe. i.  Xcr rfic`cinmnf`tc jf ek mkjrf, ec quf prcifjfrë f` fe iksc k`tfs sfûkekjc. s fûkekjc. j.  Xcr sf`tf`ink gujninke fgfiutcrnkjk, rfikíjk f` guninc jf anenkinù` anen kinù` jfrnvkjc jfe fgfrininc jf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`. F` fstcs jcs ÷etnmcs ikscs, eks rfbeks kpenikjks sc` nbukefs pkrk fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf pktfr`njkj. NNN. 

JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK ANENKINÙ@ MKZ_NMC@NKE. X_FYV@INC@FY

 ^k sf vnfrc` ecs ikscs f` ecs quf dky anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke (Krt. ;48 y ;46 II). Fstc snb`nanik quf ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke qufjk jftfrmn`kjk7 k)  Xcr fe `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc jf sus pkjrfs, iuk`jc fstî` ek mktfr`njkj y ek pktfr`njkj efbkemf`tf fstkoefinjks. o)  Xcr ifeforkinù` jfe mktrnmc`nc f`trf ecs pkjrfs, iuk`jc sc` dngcs `kinjcs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, snfmprf quf ek pktfr`njkj y mktfr`njkj yk fstî` jftfrmn`kjcs, yk sfk pcr rfic`cinmnf`tc c pcr sf`tf`ink jf guninc jf anenkinù`. F` fstcs supufstcs, surbf` eks prfsu`inc`fs jf pktfr`njkj. Ic`tf`njk f` fe Krt. ;4: II. sf qufjf―sf dngcs jfe mkrnjc ecs `kinjcs jf ekgujninke ifeforkinù` mktrnmc`nc ysfûkek jf`trc ecsprfsumf` 988 jíks snbunf`tfs k su jnsceuinù` c k ekjfspuîs sfpkrkinù` jf ecsjfe iù`yubfs”. Fs

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jfinr, sf prfsumf ek pktfr`njkj jf ecs dngcs `kinjcs jf`trc jf mktrnmc`nc f` iukequnfr tnfmpc y dkstk 988 jíks eufbc, ec quf jnstk jf ek k`tnbuk `crmk, quf scec fstkoefiík ecs ;48 jíks suosnbunf`tfs, ec quf sf ic`jnif ic` fe Krt. 21 y ic` fe ;?4, kmocs jfe II.

 Ksí, fxnstf pkrk fe F` prfsu`tc pkjr pkjrf, f, ek qufkejfof fgfrifrsf sf f` tnfmpc y acrmk fstkoefinj fstkoefinjk f` ecs Krt.u`k ?;;kiinù` y snbunf`tfs. fsf guninc okstkrë kitcrfgfrifr jfsic`cifr su pktfr`njkj, rfefvk`jck fe pfsc jf ek prufok ke dngc, jfonf`jc prcokr îstf quf tf`ík ic`cinmnf`tc jfe fmokrkzc jf su mkjrf. Xcjrë fstk prfsu`inù` fxtf`jfrsf fxifpinc`kemf`tf dkstk mës jf ecs 988 jíks f` iksc jf sfpkrkinù` gujninke, pcr fe dfidc jf ic`snb`krsf icmc pkjrf fe `cmorf jfe mkrnjc, k pftninù` jf kmocs iù`yubfs f` ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Jfof` sfr kmocs, `c okstk u`c scec, ku`quf sfk scec fe mkrnjc.

NQ. 

JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ JF EK ANENKINÙ@ @C MKZ_NMC@NKE

Yfb÷` fe ;41 II. y ic`snjfrk`jc quf fs u`k n`stntuinù` rfsnjuke jf tcjk kqufeek quf `c sfk anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke ic`acrmf n`jnik fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ;48 II, dky jcs acrmks pkrk jftfrmn`krek. ;)  Xcr rfic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc jfe pkjrf, ek mkjrf c kmocs, y jf kdí quf pufjk sfr jf snmpef c jcoef ic`gu`inù`. ?)  Xcr sf`tf`ink anrmf rfikíjk f` guninc jf anenkinù` (jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke). Fstk sfrë ek e k jfe fgfrininc jf u`k kiinù` jf anenkinù`, fspfiíanikmf`tf ek jf rfiekmkinù`.  Ksí, tk`tc fe rfic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc icmc ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke jf anenkinù` sn snrvf` rvf` pkrk ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke y pkrk ek `c mktrnmc`nke, jnafrf`inë`jcsf pcr ek fxnbf`ink jf mktrnmc`nc quf nmpc`f ek prnmfrk y pcr ek `fifsnjkj jf quf sfk` kmocs pkjrfs ecs quf rfic`cif`, sntukinù` quf `c sf jk f` ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke, f` ek quf snfmprf ek anenkinù` fs jf jcoef ic`gu`inù`.  Q. 

FE _FIC@CINMNF@ _FIC@CINMNF@ZC ZC

_fic`cinf`jc ke rfic`cinmnf`tc icmc u` kitc guríjnic u`nektfrke f` quf u`c c kmocs pkjrfs fxprfsk` su vceu`tkj ic` ek n`tf`inù` jf jftfrmn`kr ek anenkinù` quf efs u`f ic` u`k jftfrmn`kjk

pfrsc`k, y quf tf`jrë eubkr scekmf`tf iuk`jc `c prcvf`bk jf ek nmpcsninù`. Fstc Fs tc snb`nanik quf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fe rfic`cinmnf`tc nmpufstc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke, quf kebu`cs kutcrfs icmc fe prcafscr _  KMCY X KWCY jftfrmn`k` icmc rfic`cinmnf`tc acrzkjc, f` vfrjkj `c fs u` rfic`cinmnf`tc, yk quf f` feecs `c dk fxnstnjc ek mk`nafstkinù` jf vceu`tkj rfqufrnjk pkrk fstf kitc, y, jf dfidc, fs prfinskmf`tf ek `fbktnvk f` rfic`cifr ek quf eefvk k quf ek sntukinù` anenktnvk sfk nmpufstk pcr sf`tf`ink ku` f` ic`trk jf ek vceu`tkj jfe pkjrf c mkjrf. F` ecs kpkrtkjcs snbunf`tfs sf dkrë u` rfsumf` jf 9 sntukinc`fs pfrtn`f`tfs jf kiekrkinù` prfvnc ke k`ëensns jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc. k.  Dngcs quf pufjf` sfr rfic`cinjcs.   Iukequnfr ieksf jf dngcs pufjf rfic`cifrsf, mf`crfs y mkycrfs jf fjkj, vnvcs c mufrtcs, n`ieusc jfsjf fe mcmf`tc jf su ic`ifpinù`. o.  Ikpkinjkj pkrk rfic`cifr dngcs (?1? II). fe mf`cr kjuetc `c `fifsntk kutcrnzkinù` jf sus pkjrfs pkrk rfic`cifr dngcs, pcr ec quf ek pef`k ikpkinjkj pkrk rfic`cifr sf kjqunfrf ic` ek puofrtkj. rfic`cinmnf`tc. Fxnstf` jf jcs ieksfs7 Fxprfsc, quf pcjrë sfr fspc`të`fc c i.  Ieksfs jf rfic`cinmnf`tc. prcvcikjc< y tëintc c prfsu`tc. @c sf n`ieuyf ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke jf ek anenkinù` pcrquf fstc `c fs u` rfic`cinmnf`tc f` sí, ke `c sfr rfic`cinjc icmc u` kitc vceu`tkrnc fxprfsc c tëintc jf jftfrmn`kinù` jf anenkinù`. Eks kiinc`fs sfrë` rfvnskjks f` fe ikpítuec snbunf`tf.

Fx rfsc

 Zëintc

 K.  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc fxprfsc fspc`të`fc jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj

_fbekjc f` fe Krt. ;42 II., fs fe rfic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc pkrk fe dngc `kturke, jf ek efy k`tnbuk k ek rfacrmk jf ek efy jf anenkinù`. Icrrfspc`jf k f`tc`ifs k ek mk`nafstkinù` fspc`të`fk y sn`

k ek rfacrmk jf ek efy jf anenkinù`. Icrrfspc`jf k f`tc`ifs k ek mk`nafstkinù` fspc`të`fk y sn`  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  prfsnc`fs jfe pkjrf quf jfinjf rfic`cifr k su dngc quf `c dk snjc `n ic`ifonjc `n `kinjc jf`trc jf u` mktrnmc`nc. Fstk acrmk jf rfic`cinmnf`tc fxnbf jcs rfqunsntcs. ;)  [uf fe pkjrf, ek mkjrf c kmocs rfic`czik` ke dngc icmc suyc. ?)  [uf ek jfiekrkinù` pkjrf,rfafrf`ink mkjrf c kmocs rfic`cifr ke dngc, `cacrmuekjk okstk`jc pcr u`kfesnmpef ke dngc sfk ic` fe prfinsc cogftc jf Fe rfic`cinmnf`tc fs, icmc kitc guríjnic, snfmprf scefm`f, jfonf`jc acrmuekrsf ek jfiekrkinù` k`tf caninke jf Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne ke mcmf`tc jf n`sirnonr ke dngc, c ke mcmf`tc jfe mktrnmc`nc, c f` kitk fxtf`jnjk f` iukequnfr tnfmpc. Zkmonî` pufjf jkrsf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik y f` fe kitc tfstkmf`tkrnc, ku`quf fe tfstkmf`tc sfk fsf`inkemf`tf rfvcikoef, f` iuk`tc k rfic`cinmnf`tcs sfrë nrrfvcikoef. Ec k`tfrncr `c costk k quf, sn fe rfic`cinmnf`tc sf dkif pcr u`c scec jf ecs pkjrfs, `c coenbk k sfûkekr qunî` fs fe ctrc pkjrf.

 Kjfmës, jf rfic`cinmnf`tc (fxprfsc fspc`të`fc), pufjf fxtf`jnjcfstf f` tnpc fsirnturk p÷oenik y fspfinkemf`tf akiuetkjc pkrk feec,rfkenzkrsf k mf`cspcr qufmk`jktc sfk u` rfic`cinmnf`tc pcr tfstkmf`tc, yk quf ek akiuetkj jf tfstkr fs n`jfefbkoef (;88: II.). Yn fe rfic`cinmnf`tc `c ic`stk f` ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc, jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf îstk, feec icmc mfjnjk jf puoeninjkj pkrk dkifrek vkefr f` guninc. O.  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc fxprfsc prcvcikjc jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj Yf jk iuk`jc n`tfrpufstk ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`, ek pfrsc`k jfmk`jkjk y `ctnanikjk efbkemf`tf, icmpkrfif k`tfs jf ek kujnf`ink ke Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne f Njf`tnanikinù` k rfic`cifr ke dngc, c onf` iuk`jc icmpkrfif k ek kujnf`ink prfpkrktcrnk y rfic`cif ek pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj, keek`ë`jcsf k ek jfmk`jk quf duonfrk snjc n`tfrpufstk. Ek vceu`tkj fmk`k jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, pfrc sf prcvcik pcr fe fgfrininc jf ek kiinù`, y pcr tke rkzù` ku` iuk`jc duoc n`tfrvf`inù` jfe Zrnou`ke, `c pufjf ic`snjfrkrsf icmc nmpufstk pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke. I.  _fic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc tëintc c prfsu`tc (Krt. ;44 II) Fs prfsu`tc pcrquf `c sf mk`nanfstk fxprfskmf`tf fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jfe dngc icmc tke, sn`c quf iukequnfrk jf feecs sf jfe enmntk pfjnrokstk qufic` sf ic`snb`f fe `cmorf pkjrf c ek mkjrffe f` ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc dngc.k @c ek scenintuj, s cenintuj, sn`c qufjfe jfof` ic`snb`krsf c ecs

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  `cmorfs f` ek n`sirnpinù` pkrk quf dkyk rfic`cinmnf`tc. Ecs rfqunsntcs pkrk quf cpfrf fstf rfic`cinmnf`tc sc`7 ;)  [uf sf ic`snb`f f` ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc fe `cmorf jfe pkjrf c jf ek mkjrfek mf`inù` jfe `cmorf, jf pkjrf c mkjrf, sf dkbk k pftninù` jf iukequnfrk jf feecs. ?)  [uf  Kië dky jnafrf`inks ic` ek k`tnbuk efy. Jf tcjks acrmks, ek pftninù` jfof fmk`kr jfe pkjrf c jf ek mkjrf, pkrk rfic`cifr f` su ikenjkj jf tke y `c pcr fe ctrc. Yn` pfrguninc jf ec k`tfrncr, dkifmcs prfsf`tf quf fe `cmorf `c bf`frk anenkinù`, sn`c quf fe kitc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc. Kië kpfeenjc, sn`c icmc sfûkek fe krtíiuec, fs scenintkr `c ic`snstf scec f` jkref fe kpfeenjc, scenin tkr quf sf ic`snb`f icmc pkjrf c mkjrf fe `cmorf jf tkefs f` ek pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Fs rfic`cifrsf icmc pkjrfs jf u` `nûc, f` jfan`ntnvk.

J.  Ikrkitfrístniks jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc Iukequnfrk sfk ek acrmk f` quf sf prfstù, ek anenkinù` tnf`f eks snbunf`tfs ikrkitfrístniks. k)  Icmc sf jngc, fs u` kitc guríjnic u`nektfrke, qufjk`jc pfrafitc pcr ek scek vceu`tkj jfe prcbf`ntcr quf rfic`cif iuk`jc ek fxtfrncrnzk pcr eks scefm`njkjfs quf ek efy fxnbf, sn` `fifsnjkj jf kifptkinù` jfe dngc rfic`cinjc, sn` pfrguninc jf ek kiinù` jf rfpujnc quf ef orn`jk ek efy. o)  Fs u` kitc scefm`f, pcrquf ek vceu`tkj sf fxprfsk f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. ;42 y ;44 II. i)  Fs u` kitc jf ikrëitfr nrrfvcikoef (;4> II), rfscevnf`jc fe ic`aenitc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc dfidc pcr tfstkmf`tc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, sn onf` icmc tcjc kitc guríjnic pcjrík sfr nmpub`kjc pcr `uenjkj, ek nrrfvcikonenjkj vnf`f jkjc pcr ek sntukinù` jf `c kjmntnr krrfpf`tnmnf`tc u`k vfz quf sf dk angkjc. j)  @c pufjf sugftkrsf k mcjkenjkjfs, y pcr tk`tc fs u` kitc purc y snmpef, ec quf fs ek rfbek bf`frke f` jfrfidc jf akmnenk. f)  Fe rfic`cinmnf`tc `c surtf fafitcs rfspfitc jfe dngc quf tf`bk efbkemf`tf jftfrmn`kjk u`k anenkinù` jnstn`tk, sn` pfrguninc jfe fgfrininc jf kiinc`fs. Fstc snb`nanik quf `c pcjrë rfic`cifrsf icmc dngc k qunf` yk tnf`f u`k anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk. a)  Ek anenkinù` vceu`tkrnk, y f` bf`frke n`ieusc ek jf jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke, mk`tnf`f ek fstruiturk trkjninc`ke jf ek akmnenk vnstk f n`tfrprftkjk jfsjf ek fsiufek ieësnik c ic`sfrvkjcrk jfe jfrfidc jf akmnenk, f` fe sf`tnjc quf u`k pfrsc`k `c pcjrë tf`fr mës

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jf jcs ví`iuecs anenktnvcs, y fspfiíanikmf`tf u`c scec ic` u` pkjrf y u`c scec ic` u`k mkjrf. F` Idnef `c sf rfic`cif` icmc dngcs k ek jfsif`jf`ink jf pkrfgks dcmcsfxukefs.  QN. 

_FXVJNKINÙ@ KE _FIC@CINMNF@ZC _FIC@CINMNF@ZC

Icmc fe rfic`cinmnf`tc qufjk pfrafitc ic` ek scek vceu`tkj jf qunf` rfic`cif sf trk`sacrmk f` infrtk mfjnjk f` u`k nmpcsninù` pkrk fe dngc quf ek rfinof. Fe kacrnsmc scinke idnef`c quf n`jnik quf ek akmnenk `c sf fsicbf , tnf`f mktnifs n`tfrfsk`tfs jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jf ek efy. Yn onf`, iekrc, `c fefbnmcs k ecs pkjrfs, p kjrfs, fstc `c nmpenik quf fe dngc `c pufjk rfidkzkr ek anenkinù` quf, sn` prfbu`tkref c tcmkref pkrfifr, ef dk` nmpufstc k trkvîs jf ek anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke c `c. Fs f` tke ic`tfxtc quf ek efy jk ke dngc ek jf`cmn`kjk kiinù` jf rfpujnc, ek quf surbf k`tf fe pfenbrc jf quf ecs pkjrfs pufjk` of`faninkrsf ic` fe kitc jf mk`frk fbcístk. Ksí, fe Krt. ;>; kutcrnzk fe rfpujnc, k÷` iuk`jc ek anenkinù` sfk fafitnvk.

 K.  Ikrkitfrístniks y rfqunsntcs jf ek rfpujnkinù` k)  Ycec pufjf rfpujnkrsf fe rfic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc fspc`të`fc< `c ecs jfmës pcrquf sf prcjugfrc`, prfinskmf`tf, k n`stk`inks jfe rfic`cinjc. o)  Fs u` kitc guríjnic u`nektfrke, pfrafiinc`ë`jcsf pcr ek scek vceu`tkj jf qunî` rfpujnk, sn` pfrguninc jfe iumpenmnf`tc jf eks scefm`njkjfs. i)  Fs scefm`f, feec pcr rfkenzkrsf mfjnk`tf fsirnturk p÷oenik suon`sirntk ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc, fstc jf`trc jf u` kûc jfsjf quf sf tuvc ic`cinmnf`tc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc sn aufrf mkycr jf fjkj< c k u` kûc jf ic`cifrec, eufbc jf dkofr iumpenjc jnidk mkycrík, sn frk mf`cr jf fjkj k ek afidk jf rfic`cinmnf`tc. j)  @c pufjf rfpujnkr fe dngc snf`jc mkycr jf fjkj duonfrk kifptkjc fxprfsk c tëintkmf`tf fe rfic`cinmnf`tc. Fxprfsk fs iuk`jc sf tcmk fe títuec jf dngc f` n`strumf`tc p÷oenic c prnvkjc, c f` u` kitc jf trkmntkinù` gujninke. Zëintc, iuk`jc sf rfkenzk u` kitc quf supc`f `fifskrnkmf`tf ek ikenjkj jf dngc y quf `c sf duonfrf pcjnjc fgfiutkr sn`c f` fsf ikrëitfr. O.  Xfrsc`ks quf pufjf` rfpujnkr k)  Yn fe dngc fs mkycr jf fjkj k ek afidk jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc, scec îe pufjf rfpujnkr f` pekzc jf u` kûc jfsjf quf tuvc ic`cinmnf`tc jf feec.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  o)  Yn fe dngc fs mf`cr jf fjkj ke mcmf`tc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc, scec fe pufjf rfpujnkr jf`trc jf u` kûc jfsjf quf, eefbkjk ek mkycrík jf fjkj, tcmf ic`cinmnf`tc jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc. i)  Fe iurkjcr jfe dngc mkycr jf fjkj n`tfrjnitc pcr jfmf`ink c scrjcmujfz, prfvnk kutcrnzkinù` gujninke. j)  Fe dngc jfiekrkjc jnsnpkjcr tnf`f pef`k ikpkinjkj jf rfpujnkr (su n`ikpkinjkj fs pktrnmc`nke). f)  Ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe dngc rfic`cinjc mufrtc c u`c mf`cr jf fjkj quf mufrf k`tfs jf keik`zkr ek mkycrík jf fjkj, tkmonî` f` pekzc jf u` kûc ic`tkjc jfsjf fe rfic`cinmnf`tc (jfe mufrtc)< c jfsjf su mufrtf (f` fe mf`cr jf fjkj quf mufrf k`tfs jf ek mkycrík jf fjkj). a)  Ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe dngc rfic`cinjc mkycr jf fjkj quf mufrf k`tfs jfe kûc, pujnf`jc fgfrifr fe rfpujnc f` fe tnfmpc quf aketk pkrk fsf kûc. I.  Fafitcs jf ek rfpujnkinù` Cpfrk ic` fafitcs rftrckitnvcs jfe dngc quf rfpujnk y jf sus jfsif`jnf`tfs, ic`snjfrë`jcsf ic`sn jfrë`jcsf quf `u`ik fxnstnù jnidk anenkinù`, ku`quf `c kafitkrë ecs jfrfidcs yk kjqunrnjcs pcr pkjrfs y tfrifrcs, `n kafitkrë ecs kitcs c ic`trktcs vëenjkmf`tf fgfiutkjcs c ifeforkjcs ic` k`tfrncrnjkj k ek suon`sirnpinù` icrrfspc`jnf`tf. F` iuk`tc ke rfpujnc jf ek anenkinù` anen kinù` mktrnmc`nke jf dngcs `kinjcs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, nmpfjnrë quf sf jftfrmn`f efbkemf`tf fstk anenkinù`.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

IKXÍZVEC NNN. JFZF_MN@KINÙ@ GVJNINKE JF EK ANENKINÙ@

Yf prcjuif pcr ek sf`tf`ink quf fmk`k jfe guninc jf anenkinù`, f` fe iuke sf fgfrif` eks kiinc`fs jf anenkinù` quf tnf`f pcr cogftc ek n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj, f` ek acrmk y ic` ecs mfjncs quf ek efy jnspc`f (Krt. ;>6 y snbunf`tfs.). Dky jcs ieksfs jf kiinc`fs k fstf rfspfitc7 k)   Kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`, mktrnmc`nke c fxtrkmktrnmc`nke fxtrkmktrnmc`nke o)   Kiinc`fs jf nmpub`kinù` jf anenkinù`  KIINC@FY JF _FIEKMKINÙ@ _FIEKMKINÙ@ JF ANENKINÙ@ Fs kqufeek quf ctcrbk ke dngc f` ic`trk jf su pkjrf c mkjrfs, c k îstcs ic`trk jf kquîe, pkrk quf sf rfsuetf gujninkemf`tf quf u`k pfrsc`k fs dngc jf ctrk. Yf jnstn`buf ek kiinù` sfb÷` sn ek anenkinù` rfiekmkjk fs mktrnmc`nke c `c mktrnmc`nke.  K.   Kiinc`fs jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke (Krt. ?8: II.) Fstk icrrfspc`jf ke dngc, ke pkjrf c ek mkjrf. Xrcifjf f` kmocs sf`tnjcs, fs jfinr, jfe dngc dkink ecs pkjrfs c jf ecs pkjrfs dkink fe dngc. Yn fe dngc ek fgfrif, jfof fgfrifrek f` ic`trk jf kmocs pkjrfs, feec f` fe f`tf`jnjc quf fs u`k anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke, pcr ec quf sus pkjrfs fstë` ikskjcs. Eufbc, sn fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf fgfrif` fstk kiinù`, fe ctrc pkjrf jfofrë n`tfrvf`nr acrzcskmf`tf f` fe guninc, fs jfinr, quf sf ef fmpekif icrrfitkmf`tf pkrk quf dkbk vkefr sus jfrfidcs f` guninc, snf`jc f`tc`ifs fe mktrnmc`nc f` ic`trk jfe dngc. Jf `c dkifrec, n`iurrf f` vninc jf `uenjkj, tcjk vfz quf, u`k vfz jnitkjk sf`tf`ink, ek anenkinù` kafitkrë k kmocs pkjrfs. O.   Kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke Fstk ek dkif vkefr fe dngc c su rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke (sn fs n`ikpkz), f` ic`trk jf pkjrf, mkjrf, c kmocs. Xufjf` fe pkjrf c mkjrf n`tf`tkr iuk`jc fe dngc yk tf`bk jftfrmn`kjk u`k anenkinù` jnafrf`tf, sugftë`jcsf, icmc crjf`k fe ?86 II, ke Krt. ?84 II, fstc fs, n`tf`tkr ic`gu`tkmf`tf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` ic` ek jf nmpub`kinù` pkrk ek k`tnbuk anenkinù`, scenintk`jc quf fe dngc

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  sfk rfic`cinjc icmc suyc. Ycec prcifjf f` anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk, sn tnf`f anenkinù` n`jftfrmn`kjk, ek skenjk fs fe rfic`cinmnf`tc vceu`tkrnc. I.   Zntuekrnjkj jf ek kiinù` jfe dngc quf akeefif snf`jc n`ikpkz y jfe jfe dngc pùstumc  Kië ecs tntuekrfs sc` ecs dfrfjfrcs. F` iuk`tc ke pekzc, pkrk fe dngc akeefinjc n`ikpkz, ecs dfrfjfrcs jfofrë` fgfrifr ek kiinù` f` pekzc jf 9 kûcs ic`tkjcs jfsjf su mufrtf. Yn akeefif k`tfs jf 9 kûcs jf keik`zkjk ek mkycrík jf fjkj, ek kiinù` icrrfspc`jf k sus dfrfjfrcs scec pcr ec quf aketf pkrk icmpeftkr jnidcs 9 kûcs F` iuk`tc ke dngc pùstumc, sn u`c jf ecs pkjrfs akeefif jf`trc jf ecs ;48 jíks snbunf`tfs ke pkrtc, ek kiinù` pcjrë jnrnbnrsf f` ic`trk jf ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe pkjrf c mkjrf akeefinjc. Zkmonî` dky pekzc jf 9 kûcs jf ek mufrtf sn fs ikpkz< c, sn frk n`ikpkz, jf quf îstf dkyk keik`zkjc pef`k ikpkinjkj. @c sf rfqunfrf f`tc`ifs quf dkyk pkjrf c mkjrf vnvc pkrk fgfrifr ek rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`. J.  Ikrkitfrístniks jf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` k)  Fs nmprfsirnptnoef f nrrf`u`inkoef, ku`quf ecs fafitcs pktrnmc`nkefs jf ek anenkinù` sf sugftk` k rfbeks bf`frkefs. o)  Fs pfrsc`keísnmk, pcr ec quf `c sf pufjf ifjfr `n trk`safrnr, fxifptc f` fe iksc jfe Krt. ?82 f` rfekinù` ic` ecs dfrfjfrcs icmc tntuekrfs. i)  Yf trkmntk f` fe guninc jf anenkinù`, ec quf nmpenik ek kpenikinù` jfe guninc crjn`krnc jf akmnenk ic`acrmf k ek efy ;>.>14 quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk. Fstf guninc sf ikrkitfrnzk jf sfirftc dkstk sf`tf`ink (pkrtfsf`yiuk`tc kpcjfrkjcs scekmf`tf), pcr y f` sfr iuk`tc k ek prufok dkyekfspfinke rfbekjfjftîrmn`c ek efy ;>.646, k quf f` prn`inpnc sf kjmntf` tcjk ieksf jf prufoks, yk sfk` jfirftkjks jf caninc c k pftninù` jf pkrtf, ku`quf dky kebu`ks enmntkinc`fs quf fe mnsmc II f`trfbk y quf sc`7 ;. quf ek prufok tfstnmc`nke `c fs suaninf`tf pcr sí scek pkrk fstkoefifr ek pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj< y quf eks prfsu`inc`fs jfofrë` sfr brkvfs, prfinsks y ic`icrjk`tfs (;2;? II). Iuk`jc sf utnenzk ek vcz ―tcjk ek ieksf jf prufok”, kebu`cs sfûkek` quf sf rfanfrf `c scec k ecs mfjncs prcoktcrncs quf sfûkek ek efy, sn`c iukequnfr ctrc quf ic`trnouyk k bf`frkr ic`vniinù` f` fe gufz, ec quf fs rktnanikjc pcr ek efy quf irfk ecs trnou`kefs jf akmnenk. Eufbc, fe efbnsekjcr sf rfanfrf f` fspfiíanic k eks prufoks  pfrninkefs jf ikrëitfr onceùbnic, jnspc`nf`jc quf feeks sf prkitnikrë` pcr fe sfrvninc mîjnic efbke c pcr u` ekocrktcrnc njù`fc pkrk feec, jfsnb`kjc pcr fe

gufz. Dkorë jfrfidc k scenintkr scec pcr u`k vfz mës u` `ufvc n`acrmf pfrninke onceùbnic.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

 Kië sf k`kenzk fe KJ@ jfe pkjrf y jfe dngc, ec quf fs >>,>% ifrtfrc, ku`qu ku`quff `c fs ek ÷`nik prufok jf fstk `kturkefzk, dky ctrks jf brupcs, suobrupcs y akitcrfs sk`buí`fcs, pcr ec quf snfmprf jfof prfinskrsf iuëe fs ek pfrnink onceùbnik quf sf rfqunfrf.  ^k f` mktfrnk jf guninc, ek pkrtf quf sf `nfbuf scmftfr k fxkmf` dkrë prfsumnr su pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj, sfb÷` icrrfspc`jk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ktf`jnjc ecs kvk`ifs jf ek inf`ink, kitukemf`tf fe fxkmf` pufjf prkitnikrsf ic` okstk`tf sfburnjkj y jf mk`frk pcic n`vksnvk, f` oksf k mufstrks jf skenvk c jf pfec, pcr fgfmpec. N`ieusc, fs mës, f` iksc jf jujk scorf ek pktfr`njkj jf u`k irnkturk f` bfstkinù`, pcjrík fxtrkfrsf mufstrks quf `c nmpenquf` `fifskrnkmf`tf su n`vksnù` c sfburnjkj. F.  Ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ikenjkj jf dngc Ctrc pu`tc nmpcrtk`tf jf ek prufok fs ek pcsfsnù` ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ek ikenjkj jf dngc, dngc, ek quf sf trktk f` fe  Krt. ?88 y snbunf`tfs jfe II. y quf ic`snstf f` quf fe pkjrf pkjrf c mkjrf dkyk` trktkjc icmc dngc ke sugftc, prcvfyî`jcef fjuikinù` y fstkoefinmnf`tc, prfsf`të`jcec f` fsf ikrëitfr k sus jfujcs y kmnbcs< y quf îstcs y fe vfin`jkrnc f` bf`frke, ec rfic`czik` icmc tke. Xkrk quf prcifjk jfof` iumpenrsf 9 rfqunsntcs7 fe `cmorf, fe trktc y ek akmk y quf tke sntukinù` sf duonfrk mk`tf`njc pcr ke mf`cs 6 kûcs ic`tn`ucs. @c costk`tf, ek sntukinù` f` vfrjkj fs ek mnsmk, quf fs ek rfekinù` jf pkjrf/mkjrf f dngc jf sugftcs quf `c tnf`f` ví`iuec sk`buí`fc f`trf feecs. Ksí, scec vkrík fe pu`tc jf vnstk ic` fe quf sf f`acquf7 k.  Iuk`jc dkoekmcs jf `cmorf, qunfrf jfinr quf fe dngc sf njf`tnanquf icmc dngc jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, quf rfiekmf su kpfeenjc c quf sf n`jnvnjukenif icmc tke. o.  Iuk`jc dkoekmcs jf trktc, qunfrf jfinr quf fe pkjrf/mkjrf rfic`czik ke dngc icmc tke, fs jfinr, quf sfk trktkjc icmc dngc jf`trc jfe sf`c akmnenkr. i.  Iuk`jc dkoekmcs jf trktc, snb`nanik quf fsk sntukinù` jf njf`tnanikinù` icmc dngc jf tke pfrsc`k, y fe trktc quf fstk ef jk icmc dngc, sfk prfsf`inkjc pcr ctrcs f` ikrëitfr p÷oenic, fs jfinr, quf tfrifrcs quf ic`czik` jf ek rfekinù` pktfr`ke c mktfr`ke pufjk` jkr iuf`tk jf feec.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Ksí, pkrk kirfjntkr ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ek ikenjkj jf dngc jfof prcokrsf7 6 kûcs ic`tn`ucs jf trktc< y, prcokr ek inriu`stk`ink (`cmorf, trktc y akmk), mfjnk`tf u`k sfrnf jf tfstnmc`ncs y k`tfifjf`tfs quf prufof` feec jf acrmk anjfjnb`k.

Jf tcjks acrmks, sn dky jujks u cpcsninù`, sf prfafrnrë ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk k ek prufok jf ikrëitfr pfrninke onceùbnic. F` ek prufok p rufok jf fstk kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` f` oksf k ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk icork fspfinke rfefvk`ink fe jfrfidc jfe `nûc k sfr cíjc, prn`inpkemf`tf pkrk jftfrmn`kr fe `cmorf icmc rfqunsntc, ec quf pcjrë sfr mfjnk`tf ek jfiekrkinù` jfe `nûc f` guninc c onf` mfjnk`tf prufok pfrninke. F` fstf ic`tfxtc, fxpc`bc k mcjc jf fgfmpec ek jfiekrkinù` jf u`k `nûk f` u` guninc jf fstf crjf` ek quf sf dk rfkenzkjc mfjnk`tf u`k pfrnink jf ví`iuec f`trf fe pkjrf jf irnk`zk quf dk jfmk`jkjc ek anenkinù` jf ek quf ku` `c snf`jc su dngk f` tîrmn`cs sk`buí`fcs, tcjc feec f` oksf k ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf ikenjkj jf dngk quf fstk tf`jrík jf kqufe y quf rfprfsf`tk u`k mufstrk jf iùmc kirfjntkr fe `cmorf y fe trktc, jcs jf ecs rfqunsntcs fxnbnjcs pcr fe Iùjnbc Invne pkrk ek prcifjf`ink jf fstk ieksf jf kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`. Fe prfsf`tf fgfmpec sf jfskrrceek y fxpc`f rfsbukrjk`jc ek njf`tnjkj jf ecs n`vceuirkjcs, fspfinkemf`tf fe jfrfidc jf n`tnmnjkj jf ek `nûk.

F` fstf iksc, ek rfefvk`ink fstë jkjc pcrquf ek `nûk rfic`cif icmc pkjrf ke jfmk`jk`tf, ic` ec iuke pfrafitkmf`tf pufjf kirfjntkrsf fe `cmorf.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

F` fstf iksc, sf kprfink fe trktc quf fxnstnrík f`trf fe jfmk`jk`tf y ek `nûk, y ic` feec fe sfbu`jc rfqunsntc iumpenjc. Icmpefmf`tkjc ic` jfiekrkinc`fs jf tfstnbcs quf jf` iuf`tk jfe ic`cinmnf`tc jf fsk rfekinù` pktfr`k c mktfr`k y f` ek mfjnjk quf sf duonfrk jkjc pcr mës jf in`ic kûcs, ek irnk`zk pcjrë fstkr pcr scorf ek sk`brf k ek dcrk jf jftfrmn`kr u`k anenkinù`. A.  Xrfsu`inù` f` oksf k ic`iuon`ktc  Zkmonî` fs nmpcrtk`tf ek prfsu`inù` jfe ic`iuon`ktc jf ecs pkjrfs, f` iuk`tc k quf sn fstf sf jnc f` ek îpcik quf dk pcjnjc efbkemf`tf prcjuinrsf ek ic`ifpinù` (Krt. 21 II.), sfrvnrë feec jf oksf pkrk u`k prfsu`inù` gujninke jf pktfr`njkj. Jfof` ic`anburkrsf trfs rfqunsntcs7 quf fe ic`iuon`ktc sfk jf ek mkjrf ic` fe supufstc pkjrf< quf îstf dkyk fxnstnjc k ek afidk pcsnoef jf ic`ifpinù` (Krt. 21)< y quf fstî jftfrmn`kjk ek anenkinù` anen kinù` jf ek mkjrf (ku`quf ek efy `c ec sfûkek). Yn fe supufstc pkjrf prufok quf ek mkjrf icdkontù ic` ctrcs dcmorfs, `c sf jfsfidk ek jfmk`jk, pfrc `c pcjrë jnitkrsf sf`tf`ink sn`c dkstk fmpekzkjcs ecs tfrifrcs. An`kemf`tf, ek efy f` mktfrnk jf prufok tkmonî` fxnbf rfqunsntcs k ek n`tfrpcsninù` jf ek jfmk`jk, feec f` iuk`tc k ek `fifsnjkj jf kicmpkûkr k`tfifjf`tfs pekusnoefs jf ecs dfidcs f` quf sf au`jk y, prfvnf`jc quf qunî` fgfrzk u`k kiinù` jf anenkinù` jf mkek af c pkrk pfrgujnikr ek dc`rk jf ctrc, qufjk coenbkjc k n`jfm`nzkr pfrgunincs ikuskjcs, snfmprf y iuk`jc sf kirfjntf` jnidks inriu`stk`inks. B.  Yk`inù` ke pkjrf c mkjrf quf sf cpc`f k ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fe pkjrf c mkjrf quf sf cpc`f k ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke f` guninc f` quf qufjf angkjk ek anenkinù`, qufjk prnvkjc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj y jf ecs jfrfidcs quf pcr fe mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy sf ef ic`anfrf` tk`tc jf ek pfrsc`k icmc jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc y sus jfsif`jnf`tfs. Fe gufz ec jfiekrk ksí f` ek sf`tf`ink y sf suon`sirnof jf fsk acrmk. @c costk`tf, sf ic`sfrvk` tcjcs ecs jfrfidcs y coenbkinc`fs jf ecs pkjrfs quf of`faninf` k ecs dngcs. Jf tcjks acrmks, fe dngc mkycr jf fjkj pcjrë rfstntunr fstcs jfrfidcs k sus pkjrfs, ec quf jfofrë rfkenzkr mfjnk`tf fsirnturk p÷oenik suon`sirntk k ek pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc c f` su tfstkmf`tc, prcjuinf`jc ecs fafitcs scec jfsjf su mufrtf. Yn vkecrkmcs ek sntukinù`, fe ikstnbc fs muy kmpenc y f` infrtk mfjnjk jfsmfjnjk, pcrquf `c snfmprf ek n`tf`inù` fs fe `c rfic`cinmnf`tc c u`k cpcsninù` jfenofrkjk n`au`jkjk, sn`c quf pcjrík jkrsf tkmonî` pcr jujks efbítnmks jf quf fe dngc sfk c `c suyc. D.  Kenmf`tcs prcvnsnc`kefs _fiekmkjk gujninkemf`tf ek anenkinù`, fe gufz pcjrë jfirftkr kenmf`tcs prcvnsnc`kefs f` ecs tîrmn`cs jfe Krt. 9?2 II., ec iuke fs fxtrkûc pcr `c prcokrsf ku` quf dkoekmcs jfe dngc jfe jfmk`jkjc. Jfof tf`frsf prfsf`tf f` tcjc iksc quf fstc `c fs coenbktcrnc pkrk fe gufz, sn`c quf akiuetktnvc< y fstë supfjntkjc k quf f` ek jfmk`jk sf kicmpkûf` jciumf`tcs y k`tfifjf`tfs pekusnoefs pkrk ecs dfidcs f` ecs quf sf au`jk< y quf scec ksfburk` suosnstf`ink jurk`tf ec quf jurf fe guninc, ec quf nmpnjf tkmonî` su jnektkinù`. N.  Yf`tf`ink quf kicbf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` Ek anenkinù` prcjuif fafitcs invnefs jfsjf quf qufjk efbkemf`tf jftfrmn`kjk, pfrc îstcs sf rftrctrkf` k ek îpcik jf ek ic`ifpinù` jfe dngc, suosnstnf`jc, fsc sn, ecs jfrfidcs kjqunrnjcs y eks coenbkinc`fs ic`trkíjks k`tfs jf su jftfrmn`kinù`, fxifptc f` iksc jf suifsnc`fs konfrtks, k ecs iukefs fe dngc rfinî` rfic`cinjc su pufjf rfiurrnr. _ficrjfmcs quf scec sf prcjuif` kië fafitcs jfiekrktnvcs.  KIINC@FY JF NMXVB@KINÙ@ NMXVB@KINÙ@ JF ANENKINÙ@ (K_Z. ?;; KE ??;) Dky nmpub`kinù` iuk`jc sf ktkik` ecs fefmf`tcs mnsmcs jf ek anenkinù`, fs jfinr, ec quf jfof` ic`iurrnr pkrk quf sf jftfrmn`f, f` ctrcs tîrmn`cs7 ek mktfr`njkj y ek pktfr`njkj. Fstk kiinù` prcifjf iuk`jc ek anenkinù` sf angù f`trf u` pkjrf/mkjrf y u` dngc/k, y sf ousik jfstrunr fsk

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jftfrmn`kinù`. Fs fvnjf`tf quf ksí sf rfqunfrk, pcrquf sn fe `nûc `c fstuvnfrk rfic`cinjc y sf ef prftf`jf icmc dngc, okstkrë quf sf ef rfic`czik, sn` `fifsnjkj jf n`tfrvf`inù` gujninke.  Kdcrk, dkifmcs prfsf`tf quf `c sf ttrktk rktk jf u` kitc jf krrfpf`tnm krrfpf`tnmnf`tc, nf`tc, f` fe sf`tnjc qquf uf icmc ek anenkinù` sf f`mkrik f` ecs jfrfidcs jf njf`tnjkj jf ecs @@K, ek nmpub`kinù` fstë jkjk prn`inpkemf`tf pkrk rffmpekzkr ke pkjrf c mkjrf f` tîrmn`cs guríjnics, y `c pkrk jfgkr ke `nûc sn` pkjrf c sn` mkjrf jf`trc jf sus ví`iuecs anenktnvcs yk fstkoefinjcs. Ksnmnsmc, sfûkekmcs quf `c prcifjf nmpub`kinù` iuk`jc ek anenkinù` fstî jftfrmn`kjk pcr sf`tf`ink anrmf. Eufbc, fe Krt. 9?8 II. sfûkek quf `n ek prfsirnpinù` `n akeec kebu`c, f`trf iukequnfrk iukequnfrk ctrk pfrsc`k quf sf dkyk prc`u`inkjc, pcjrë cpc`frsf k qunf` sf prfsf`tf   icmc vfrjkjfrc pkjrf c mkjrf jfe quf pksk pcr dngc jf ctrcs, c icmc vfrjkjfrc dngc jfe pkjrf c mkjrf quf ef jfsic`cif. Jf fstc sf jfsprf`jf quf qunf`fs n`tfrvn`nfrc` f` fe entnbnc, `c pufjf` nmpub`kr ek anenkinù` quf gujninkemf`tf sf jftfrmn`ù, ku`quf sn u` tfrifrc pcjrík nmpub`krek, n`tf`tk`jc tkmonî` ek rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` sfb÷` fe Krt. ?84.  K.  Ieksfs jf nmpub`kinù` k) Nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jfe dngc ic`ifonjc c `kinjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc o) nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jftfrmn`kjk pcr rfic`cinmnf`tc i) nmpub`kinù` jf mktfr`njkj. k.  Nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jfe dngc ic`ifonjc c `kinjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc 

Dky jcs sntukinc`fs f` fstf supufstc7 u`k jf jfsic`cinmnf`tc jf ek pktfr`njkj y ctrk quf, sn fs jf nmpub`kinù`, rfafrnjk ke dngc ic`ifonjc k`tfs, pfrc `kinjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc< y fe dngc ic`ifonjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc. mktrnmc`nc,, F` iuk`tc k ek nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jfe dngc ic`ifonjc k`tfs pfrc `kinjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc fs jfinr, fe quf `kif k`tfs jf fxpnrkr ecs ;48 jíks quf fstnpuek fe Krt. 21 II., auf ic`ifonjc ic` k`tfrncrnjkj ke mktrnmc`nc. F` fstf ic`tfxtc, fe pkjrf `c tuvc ic`cinmnf`tc jf ek prfûfz, pcr ec quf pufjf jfsic`cifr ek pktfr`njkj, prcoë`jcsf quf `c rfkenzù kitcs pcsntnvcs jf rfic`cinmnf`tc jfe dngc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  mktrnmc`nc, ek pktfr`njkj pcjrë nmpub`krsf pcr fe mkrnjc, Eufbc, f` iuk`tc ke dngc `kinjc jurk`tf fe mktrnmc`nc, pcr sus dfrfjfrcs, pcr iukequnfrk k quf ek pktfr`njkj nrrcbuf pfrguninc c pcr fe mnsmc dngc. Yn ek n`tf`tk fe mkrnjc ecs pekzcs ikmonk`, sfb÷` sn vnvf` c `c gu`tcs. Yn vnvf` gu`tcs fe mkrnjc tnf`f ;48 jíks y, sn vnvf` sfpkrkjcs, u` kûc, feecs ic`tkjcs jfsjf fe ic`cinmnf`tc jfe pkrtc, afidk pkrk ek iuke, f` su jftfrmn`kinù`, dkorë infrtks prfsu`inc`fs snmpefmf`tf sn mpefmf`tf efbkefs, icmc ek quf sfûkek quf ek rfsnjf`ink jfe mkrnjc f` fe eubkr jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc dkrë prfsumnr quf ec supc n`mfjnktkmf`tf, k mf`cs quf sf prcoksf quf duoc ciuetkinù` jfe pkrtc pcr ek mugfr. Ctrk, sfûkek quf, sn ke tnfmpc jfe `kinmnf`tc sf dkeekok fe mkrnjc kusf`tf, sf prfsumf quf ec supc n`mfjnktkmf`tf k su vufetk k ek rfsnjf`ink jf ek mugfr, skevc ciuetkmnf`tc.  Zkmonî` pufjf` nmpub`kr dfrfjfrcs c iu iukequnfr kequnfr pfrsc`k k qunf` nrrcbuf pfrguninc ek pktfr`njkj pktfr`njkj..  Kdcrk onf`, mnf`trks fe mkrnjc vnvk, scec ef icrrfspc`jf k îe fgfrifr ek kiinù` (tkmonî` ke dngc, f` su iksc), pcr ec quf, sn mufrf jfsic`cinf`jc fe pkrtc c ic`cinî`jcec, icrrnf`jc fe pekzc, ecs dfrfjfrcs c pcsnoefs pfrgujnikjcs, pcjrë` n`tf`tkr ek kiinù` jf nmpub`kinù` f` fe pekzc sfûkekjc, c f` fe rfstk`tf quf dk icmf`zkjc yk k icrrfr f` vnjk jfe mkrnjc, k mf`cs quf sf dkyk rfic`cinjc ke dngc f` su tfstkmf`tc. Fe dngc pcjrë nmpub`kr tkmonî` jurk`tf u` kûc jf eefbkjk su pef`k ikpkinjkj, c k`tfs, mfjnk`tf su rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke. o.  Nmpub`kinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj jftfrmn`kjk pcr rfic`cinmnf`tc

 Kië fe pkjrf `c tnf`f kiinù`, pujnf`jc scec dkifr vkefr ek `uenjkj jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc pcr jfafitcs jf acrmk. Ycec pcjrë` nmpub`kr f`tc`ifs fe dngc y tcjk pfrsc`k qunf` tf`bk n`tfrîs f` ek nmpub`kinù`. Fe dngc iuf`tk ic` jcs kûcs pkrk fgfrifr ek kiinù`. Yn fs n`ikpkz c mufrf, fe rfprfsf`tk`tf iuf`tk ic` fe mnsmc pekzc, nbukemf`tf sus dfrfjfrcs pcr fe mnsmc pekzc, c pcr fe rfstk`tf eufbc jf su mufrtf. Fstc tkmonî` sf kpenik k ecs dngcs `kinjcs k`tfs jfe mktrnmc`nc, rfic`cinjcs f` fe kitc jfe mktrnmc`nc, ic`të`jcsf fe pekzc jf jcs kûcs jfsjf fe mktrnmc`nc y/c rfic`cinmnf`tc.  Zkmonî` pufjf n`tf`tkr tcjk pfrsc`k quf tf`bk n`tfrîs f` ek nmpub`kinù`, y fstc fs kqufeek pfrsc`k quf prufof u` n`tfrîs kituke f` feec y quf pujc dkifr vkefr ssuu jfrfidc. Fe n`tfrîs kituke tnf`f icrtf pktrnmc`nke, `c prcifjnf`jc fe n`tfrîs mcrke.  

i. Nmpub`kinù` jf ek mktfr`njkj7

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Yf nmpub`k jfsvnrtuk`jc ecs fefmf`tcs jf feek7 fe pkrtc y ek njf`tnjkj jfe prcjuitc jfe pkrtc. [unf` nmpub`k tnf`f fe pfsc jf ek prufok, prcok`jc akesc pkrtc c supek`tkinù` jf dngc. [unf`fs dkyk` pkrtninpkjc jf jnidc arkujf `c kprcvfidk` jf `n`bu`k mk`frk fe jfsiuornmnf`tc jf fstf.

Xufjf nmpub`kr ek mktfr`njkj7 fe mkrnjc jf ek supufstk mkjrf< ek supufstk mkjrf, ecs vfrjkjfrcs pkjrf c mkjrf jfe dngc, fe vfrjkjfrc dngc c fe quf pksk pcr tke sn rfiekmk ic`gu`tkmf`tf ek kutf`tnik anenkinù` y tcjk pfrsc`k k qunf` pfrgujnquf jnidk mktfr`njkj f` sus jfrfidcs jf suifsnù` dfrfjntkrnk c kon`tfstktc. Fe mkrnjc jf ek supufstk mkjrf y ek mkjrf supufstk tnf`f pekzc jf u` kûc. Fe vfrjkjfrc pkjrf y mkjrf, fe vfrjkjfrc dngc y fe quf pksk pcr tke, pufjf` dkifr vkefr ek kiinù` f` iukequnfr tnfmpc, k mf`cs quf fe quf pksk pcr tke `c dkyk n`tf`tkjc tkmonî` ek rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù` kutî`tnik, iksc f` fe iuke tf`jrë u` kûc jfsjf quf keik`zù pef`k ikpkinjkj.

 Kqufeek pfrsc`k k quf ek mktfr`njkj pfrgujnqu pfrgujnquff f` su suifsnù` tf`jrë u` kûc jf ek mufrtf jf ek mkjrf c jfe pkjrf. Yn trk`siurrnjcs ecs pekzcs, kikfif u` dfidc n`icmpktnoef ic` ek mktfr`njkj kpkrf`tf, suosnstf` c rfvnvf` eks kiinc`fs pcr u` kûc mës jfsjf ek rfvfekinù` gustnanikjk jfe dfidc. j.   Gunincs jf nmpub`kinù` jf pktfr`njkj c mktfr`njkj mktfr`njkj

Yc` jf icmpftf`ink jf ecs Guzbkjcs jf akmnenk y sf trkmntk` jf ic`acrmnjkj ke prcifjnmnf`tc crjn`krnc jf ek efy ;>.>14 quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk. F` ecs ikscs jf nmpub`kinù` jf pktfr`njkj jf dngc jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke, jfof intkrsf k ek mkjrf, pfrc `c fstë coenbkjk k icmpkrfifr, ku`quf ek sf`tf`ink ef kafitf tkmonî` (pcr sfr mktrnmc`nke). Ek sf`tf`ink k quf jf eubkr ek kiinù` jf nmpub`kinù` jfof suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc, scec ic` feec sfrë cpc`noef k tfrifrcs, icmc mfjnjk jf puoeninjkj.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

IKXÍZVEC NQ. ECY FAFIZCY JF EK ANENKINÙ@

N.

FAFIZCY JF EK ANENKINÙ@

F`tf`jfmcs k ecs fafitcs icmc eks ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks quf jfrnvk` jf ek rfekinù` pktfr`k c mktfr`k anenke, y quf sf prcjuif` eùbnikmf`tf f`trf pkjrfs/mkjrfs f dngcs. Fstcs fafitcs sf prcjuif` f` iuktrc ùrjf`fs guríjnics7 ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k, ek pktrnk pctfstkj, fe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs, y, ecs jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs. Yn` pfrguninc quf sfrë prcpnc jf ek ksnb`kturk trktkr ecs trfs prnmfrcs pu`tcs, ecs kenmf`tcs ic`tkrë` ic` su prcpnc ikpítuec jf trktkmnf`tc. F` iuk`tc k ecs jfrfidcs jf dfrf`ink, fvnjf`tfmf`tf sfrë` trktkjcs f` ek ksnb`kturk jf jfrfidc suifscrnc y `c f` fstk cpcrtu`njkj. NN. 

EK KVZC_NJKJ XKZF_@K

 Zrktkjcs jf mk`frk ic`gu`tk f` kebu`ks efbnsekinc`fs icmc ek Krbf`tn`k f` ek quf sf dkoek bf`îrnikmf`tf jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, f` Idnef sf jnstn`buf ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k tke ic`ifptc, f` iuk`tc k quf pcr fstf fafitc sf jk iuf`tk jf ek rfekinù` f`trf pkjrfs/mkjrfs f dngcs f` u` sf`tnjc jf rfspc`skonenjkjfs c ikrkitfrístniks mcrkefs, mnf`trks quf ek pktrnk pctfstkj sf rfafrnrë k ek rfekinù` pktrnmc`nke f`trf fe pkjrf/mkjrf y sus dngcs `c fmk`inpkjcs. Jf fstk mk`frk, ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k pufjf jfan`nrsf icmc fe ic`gu`tc jf jfrfidcs y jfofrfs f`trf pkjrfs/Mkjrfs f dngcs y quf jnif` rfekinù` ic` ek pfrsc`k jf feecs f` u` ic`tfxtc `c pktrnmc`nke. Yc` `crmks mëspfrc quf guríjniks, mcrkefs, fstkoefinjk pcr fe usc k`tfrncr ek vnbf`ink jf eks `crmks dcy vnbf`tfs, `c pcr feec sn` ic`sfiuf`inks guríjniks. Fs jfinr,k quf sfrík` `crmks jf ketc ikrëitfr mcrke, pfrc ic` ic`sfiuf`inks f` jfrfidc. Jfof fstujnkrsf jfsjf fe pu`tc jf ecs jfrfidcs y tkmonî` jfsjf ecs jfofrfs, yk quf muidcs jf feecs n`ieusc sc` rfiíprcics.  K.  Jfofrfs jf ecs dngcs Ecs dngcs tnf`f` jcs jfofrfs rfspfitc k sus pkjrfs7 fe jfofr jf rfspftc y cofjnf`ink, pcr u`k pkrtf, y fe jfofr jf iunjkjc y scicrrc, pcr ctrk. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, fe jfofr jf rfspftc y cofjnf`ink   ic`skbrkjc f` fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ??? sfûkek fs u` jfofr fstrnitkmf`tf mcrke `fifskrnc jf ek

 vnjk f` rfekinù` akmnenkr, y su ic`tf`njc jfofrë fstnmkrsf pcr fe jfofr jf rfspftc c jf ecs dngcs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  k iukequnfr fjkj. Jf fstk mk`frk, y icmc sfûkek fe iùjnbc fspkûce, ek pktrnk pctfstkj pfrmk`fif jurk`tf pfrmk`fzik` f` feek, pfrc jfof` trnoutkrefs, k sus pkjrfs, rfspftc y cofjnf`ink snfmprf. F` fstf sf`tnjc, y ku` iuk`jc fe ic`tf`njc fs okstk`tf kutcfxpeniktnvc jf ec quf snb`nanik rfspftkr y cofjfifr, ek fxtf`snù` jf u`c y ctrc fefmf`tc sc` jnvfrscs. F` fe iksc jf ek cofjnf`ink sf dk n`jnikjc quf fstk sf fxtnf`jf `c scec dkstk ek mkycrík jf fjkj, sn`c dkstk quf sf mk`tf`bk ek icdkontkinù` jfe dngc okgc fe tfidc jf sus pkjrfs. Fstk jn`ëmnik jf my dcusf, my ruefs, sf mk`tf`jrë f`tc`ifs dkstk quf fe dngc keik`if ek n`jfpf`jf`ink f` vnvnf`jk, jf ec quf sf jfsprf`jf quf fe jfofr jf cofjnf`ink fs enmntkjc. Ek jfscofjnf`ink, icmc acrmk jf n`iumpenr fe jfofr sfrë ikstnbkjc ic`acrmf k ecs jfrfidcs jf icrrfiinù` quf ecs pkjrfs tnf`f` rfspfitc jf ecs dngcs, ecs quf `c pcjrë` n`ieunr f` `n`b÷` iksc trktcs jfbrkjk`tfs, mketrktc c vue`frkinc`fs jf `n`bu`k fspfinf, fspfinkemf`tf sn sf trktk jf @@K, eímntf quf fstkoefif fe prcpnc Krt. ?9: II. quf sfrë vnstc mës kjfek`tf. Ikof mf`inc`kr f` fstf pu`tc quf sc` ecs pkjrfs ecs eekmkjcs k irnkr k ssus us dngcs y k icrrfbnrecs, jf mk`frk quf ek cofjnf`ink jfonjk c jfscofjnf`ink quf tf`bk sfrë rfprcidkjk pcr feecs, ec quf fs u`k jnmf`snù` qufjffstë prfvnstk tk`tc fe Krt.f`;>ek`·prcpnk ;8 jfIJ@, ek Ic`stntuinù` Xceítnik jf ek _fp÷oenik f` mktfrnk fjuikinù`, icmc f` tkmonî` f` ek quf f` su krtíiuec qun`tc jfiekrk quf7 Ecs Fstkjcs Xkrtfs rfspftkrë` eks rfspc`skonenjkjfs, ecs jfrfidcs y ecs jfofrfs jf ecs pkjrfs c, f` su iksc, jf ecs mnfmorcs jf ek akmnenk kmpenkjk c jf ek icmu`njkj, sfb÷` fstkoefzik ek icstumorf ecike, jf ecs tutcrfs u ctrks pfrsc`ks f`ikrbkjks efbkemf`tf jfe `nûc jf nmpkrtnref, f` ic`sc`k`ink ic` ek fvceuinù` jf sus akiuetkjfs, jnrfiinù` y crnf`tkinù` kprcpnkjks pkrk quf fe `nûc fgfrzk ecs jfrfidcs rfic`cinjcs f` ek prfsf`tf ic`vf`inù`.

Eufbc, fe jfofr jf rfspftc tf`jrë u`k fxtf`snù` mkycr f` fe sf`tnjc quf `c fstë enmntkjk k ek icdkontkinù` jf pkjrfs ic` dngcs, sn`c quf sf fxtnf`jf jf pcr vnjk, f n`ieusc mës keeë jf feek. Jfrnvkjc jfe prn`inpnc f n`aeuf`ink rfenbncsk jf dc`rkr k ecs pkjrfs, quf ic`stntuyf u` mk`jkmnf`tc pkrk fe iktceninsmc, ek `crmk `kinc`ke dk rficbnjc fafitcs guríjnics nmpcrtk`tfs rfspfitc jf jfsdc`rkr ek nmkbf` jfe pkjrf c mkjrf sfk f` vnjk c trks su akeefinmnf`tc. Mufstrk jf feec fs quf ecs krtíiuecs >1? `·? rfspfitc jf ek suifsnù` n`tfstkjk y fe ;?84 `·; f` rfekinù` k ek suifsnù` tfstkjk, dk` n`ieunjc icmc ikuske jf n`jnb`njkj pkrk suifjfr y icmc ikusk jf jfsdfrfjkmnf`tc, sfb÷` icrrfspc`jk, ke ktf`tkjc ic`trk fe dc`cr jf ek pfrsc`k iuyk suifsnù` sf trktk, c jf sus iù`yubfs, jfsif`jnf`tfs c ksif`jnf`tfs. Fstk njfk fs okstk`tf eùbnik sn pf`skmcs quf, sn u` dngc dk aketkjc fe rfspftc jfe pkjrf f` vnjk, fstf pufjk prnvkref jf ek dfrf`ink quf ef pujnfrk qufjkr trks su akeefinmnf`tc. K mkycr kou`jk`ink, feec `c qufjk enmntkjc k ek vnjk jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, sn`c quf pcjrík jkrsf n`ieusc trks su akeefinmnf`tc yk quf ic`acrmf ke Krt.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  >2:, ek n`jnb`njkj pcjrë jftfrmn`krsf gujninkemf`tf k scenintuj jf iukequnfr n`tfrfskjc, ec quf onf` pcjrík icrrfspc`jfr k ctrc dfrfjfrc, pcr fgfmpec. F` u` sfbu`jc crjf`, kjfmës jfe rfspfitc y cofjnf`ink rfic`cifmcs fe jfofr jf ecs dngcs jf iunjkjc y scicrrc, scicrrc, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke fe dngc jfof iunjkr k sus pkjrfs f` su k`ink`njkj, fstkjc jf jfmf`ink, y f` tcjks eks inriu`stk`inks jf ek vnjk f` quf sfk` `fifsntkrf` sus kuxnencs, y quf sf fxtnf`jf k ecs jfmës ksif`jnf`tfs f` fe iksc jf n`fxnstf`ink c n`suaninf`ink jf ecs n`mfjnktcs jfsif`jnf`tfs, sfb÷` crjf`k fe Krt. ??9 II. Fstc sf trkjuif, kjfmës jf ek rfspc`skonenjkj prcpnk jf iunjkjc jf ek pfrsc`k, f` ek pcsnonenjkj quf tnf`f` ecs pkjrfs jf jfmk`jkr kenmf`tcs f` ic`trk jf sus dngcs pkrk kyujkrefs f` su mk`utf`inù`, y, ksnmnsmc, f` fe dfidc quf ecs pkjrfs pufjk` tkmonî` jf`u`inkr vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr k sus dngcs, f` rkzù` jf mketrktc c kok`jc`c jf fstcs, fspfinkemf`tf f` ek k`ink`njkj. Icmc fs fvnjf`tf, fstf jfofr tkmonî` jkrë crnbf` k ikuske jf n`jnb`njkj c jfsdfrfjkmnf`tc pkrk suifjfr, pcrquf tke icmc sfûkek` eks mnsmks `crmks k`tfs intkjks (Krt. >1? `·? rfspfitc jf ek suifsnù` n`tfstkjk y Krt. ;?84 `·; f` rfekinù` k ek suifsnù` tfstkjk), fe ktf`tkjc ic`trk ek vnjk tkmonî` sfrë ikuske jf tke sk`inù` guríjnik dfrfjntkrnk. O.  Jfrfidcs/jfofrfs jf ecs Xkjrfs Yc` iuktrc sus jfrfidcs quf n`vceuirk` tkmonî` iuktrc coenbkinc`fs, c mës onf` jfofrfs. Yf fxprfsk` f`tc`ifs icmc jfrfidcs-jfofrfs f` iuk`tc sn onf` ek tntuekrnjkj efs icrrfspc`jf k ecs pkjrfs, fstcs vk` n`spnrkjcs pcr fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek fxnstf`ink jf tkefs jfrfidcs sf au`jk y gustnanik f` tke prn`inpnc f` acrmk quf su prcpnk fxnstf`ink fstë jkjk f` rkzù` jf ecs jfrfidcs jf @@K y `c f` ek tntuekrnjkj jfe kjuetc scorf kqufe. Yn` kjfek`tkr`cs, fe dfidc quf fe dngc sf rfekinc`f ic` fe pkjrf `c iustcjnc k trkvîs jf u` rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke `c sf f`tnf`jf jfrfidc jfe pkjrfjfk vfr ke dngc, sn`cecmës onf` f` u` jfrfidc k sfr irnkjc pcr sus icmc pkjrfsu` ku` f` fe ic`tfxtc ek sfpkrkinù`, qufon nmpenik quf mësjfe quf`nûc tf`fr fe jfrfidc k icmu`nikrsf, fs u` jfofr pkrk iumpenr ksí ic` ecs jfrfidcs jfe @@K f` fe ic`tfxtc jf ek ic`vf`inù`, fspfinkemf`tf u`c jf ecs ic`tf`njcs f` fe krtíiuec 2.?. jf ek mnsmk, fe iuke ic`snstf k ic`cifr y sfr iunjkjc pcr sus pkjrfs, jfrfidc quf sf rfbuekrë tkmonî` f` eks jnspcsninc`fs snbunf`tfs jf ek IJ@ dkstk fe Krt. ;; n`ieusnvf. n` ieusnvf.  Qnstc ksí, ecs jfrfidcs-jfofr jfrfidcs-jfofrfs fs quf uonikmcs kië sc` fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe dngc< ek m mk`tf`inù` k`tf`inù` jf rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr ic` fe dngc dn gc (k`tfs eekmkjks vnsntks)< jfrfidc jf icrrfiinù`< y, irnk`zk y fjuikinù` jfe dngc. Eks `crmks rfbuekjcrks jf fstcs jfrfidcs sc` sc ` jf crjf` p÷oenic, pcr ec quf `c pufjf` rf`u`inkrsf `n ketfrkrsf ic`sf`sukemf`tf, ec quf vnf`f jkjc pcr fe au`jkmf`tc jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs quf fstcs tnf`f` pcr kmpkrkrsf f` fe tfxtc jf ek IJ@, icmc sf fxpeniù. Jf

fstk mk`frk, y icmc sfûkek fe n`insc prnmfrc jfe Krt. ??? II. ek prfciupkinù` au`jkmf`tke jf ecs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Xkjrfs fs fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe dngc, pkrk ec iuke prciurkrë su mkycr rfkenzkinù` fspnrntuke y mktfrnke pcsnoef, y ec bunkrë` f` fe fgfrininc jf ecs jfrfidcs fsf`inkefs quf fmk`k` jf ek `kturkefzk dumk`k jf mcjc ic`acrmf k ek fvceuinù` jf sus akiuetkjfs.  akiuetkjfs. 

k. Iunjkjc Xfrsc`ke jfe dngc. Ic`cinjc icmc tuninù`, f` fe f`tf`jnjc quf fe `nûc rfqufrík jf ek tutfek jf u` kjuetc pkrk fe fgfrininc jf sus jfrfidcs, k pkrtnr jf ek rfacrmk jfe kûc ?8;9 sf dk rfjfan`njc icmc iunjkjc pfrsc`ke. F` fstf crjf`, fs ek efy @·. ?8.148 jf gu`nc jfe yk rfafrnjc kûc ?8;9 ek quf n`trcjuif mcjnanikinc`fs ke Iùjnbc Invne y ctrcs iufrpcs efbkefs ic` fe cogftc jf prctfbfr ek n`tfbrnjkj jfe mf`cr f` iksc quf sus pkjrfs vnvk` sfpkrkjcs, ic`cinjk scinkemf`tf icmc ek efy kmcr jf pkpë, ek quf rfacrmueù fe pkrkjnbmk jfsjf fe iuke sf icmprf`jf fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, f` kjfek`tf IX, fe quf sf trktkrë f` ecs Krt. Krt. ??: y ??6 jfe II, sn` pfrguninc jf fxnstnr rfafrf`inks tkmonî` f` ek efy ;1.1;4 (jf Mf`crfs) y ;>.>14 (quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk), f` rfekinù` k mfjnjks jf prctfiinù`.  K`kenzkjk ek `crmk, fstk scec jnif quf fe IX tcik jf ic`sumc k ecs pkjrfs, c ke scorfvnvnf`tf c k iukequnfrk jf feecs, au`jkjc f` fe prn`inpnc jf icrrfspc`skonenjkj f` vnrtuj jfe iuke, vnvk` gu`tcs c sfpkrkjcs ecs pkjrfs, kmocs pkrtninpkrë` f` acrmk kitnvk, fquntktnvk y pfrmk`f`tf f` ek irnk`zk y fjuikinù` jf ecs dngcs. Fstk jfsirnpinù` `cs jk ifrik`ík scorf qunf`fs ec fgfrifrík` y sus au`jkmf`tcs njfkefs if`trkjcs f` ek icrrfspc`skonenjkj, pfrc `c `cs ctcrbk u` ic`ifptc `n u`k fxtf`snù` scorf ec quf sfrík fe IX f` sí. Fs fstk sntukinù` ek quf `cs eefvk k rfvnskr ec rfsufetc pcr ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk f` jcs sf`tf`inks quf `cs pfrmntf` ic`strunr u` ic`ifptc. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, ek sf`tf`ink jfe ?: jf gu`nc jfe kûc ?8;8 ek Fximk. Icrtf dk sfûkekjc rfspfitc jfe ic`ifptc mnsmc jf IX quf Jnidc ic`ifptc keujf k u` jfofr bf`îrnic, icmprf`snvc jf tcjcs kqufeecs quf icrrfspc`jf` k ecs pkjrfs rfspfitc jf sus dngcs, rfspc`skonenjkjfs quf jfrnvk` prfinskmf`tf jf ek anenkinù` y quf jfof` iumpenrsf tf`nf`jc icmc prfciupkinù` au`jkmf`tke fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe dngc. Mës kjfek`tf, f` fe mnsmc kûc ?8;8, pfrc fstk vfz ic` afidk : jf cituorf, icmpefmf`tk ek njfk, sfûkek`jc f` akeec jf tke îpcik quf7  Fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke f`tf`jnjc icmc fe jfrfidc jf ecs pkjrfs k tf`fr k sus dngcs f` su icmpkûík c fe jfrfidc jf ecs pkjrfs k ek irnk`zk, fjuikinù` y fstkoefinmnf`tc jfe mf`cr jf fjkj, c pcr ec mf`cs u`k

jfrfidc jf ecs pkjrfs k ek irnk`zk, fjuikinù` y fstkoefinmnf`tc jfe mf`cr jf fjkj, c pcr ec mf`cs u`k fjuikinù` oësnik, u` caninc jf prcafsnù` ke dngc, `c fstë ic`ifonjk pkrk quf ecs pkjrfs pufjk` jnsarutkrek  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fbcístk y krontrkrnkmf`tf, sn`c quf mës onf` icmc fe jfrfidc jfe `nûc pkrk quf k trkvîs jf feek sf ef orn`jf iunjkjc y prctfiinù` f` ek acrmk mës ic`vf`nf`tf pkrk su skeuj aísnik y psniceùbnik . Ksí, f` fstcs ikscs, jfof ktf`jfrsf mës quf k ek pcsninù` jf ecs pkjrfs, k ek jf

ecs dngcs. (fe dngcs. (fe jfstkikjc fs jfe kutcr y `c jfe tfxtc jf ek sf`tf`ink)  Ksí jfan`njc fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, pkrk su angkinù` jfofrë jnstn`bunrsf ek sntukinù` jf jftfrmn`kinù` jf anenkinù` quf fe `nûc tf`bk c `c, y f` ek kanrmktnvk, jf tf`fr anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk jf jcoef ic`gu`inù`, ktf`jfr k sn sus pkjrfs fstë` gu`tcs c sfpkrkjcs. F` ek fxprfsnù` sfpkrkinù` dkoekmcs ek sfpkrkinù` sf`tnmf`tke y `c `fifskrnkmf`tf ek njfk jf sfpkrkinù` mktrnmc`nke f` fe ic`tfxtc jf ecs krtíiuecs ?; y snbunf`tfs jf ek EMI, pcrquf icmc fs covnc, `c fs `fifskrnc fstkr ikskjcs pkrk tf`fr dngcs. Okgc fstk eùbnik, rfic`cifmcs ecs snbunf`tfs fsif`krncs7 k.  Yn sf trktk jf u` dngc jf anenkinù` anen kinù` `c jftfrmn`kjk, fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke ef icrrfspc`jfrë k ek pfrsc`k quf jftfrmn`f fe gufz, dkinf`jc prfsf`tf quf, sn `c tnf`f pkjrfs, tkmpcic tf`jrë `n koufecs `n tícs. Fstf @@K, pcjrík ic`snjfrkrsf icmc u` supufstc jf kok`jc`c pkrk ek prcifjf`ink jf su kjcpinù`, pfrc mnf`trks feek sf jftfrmn`f gujninkemf`tf pcr fe prcifjnmnf`tc quf icrrfspc`jk sfb÷` ek efy ;>.1?8, fe @@K fstkrë okgc ek jfpf`jf`ink jfe Fstkjc f` fe snstfmk rfsnjf`inke prctfiinc`ke. Ic`acrmf ke Krt. 62 jf ek efy ;1.1;4 jf Mf`crfs, quf jftfrmn`k quf fe IX jfe @@K ef icrrfspc`jfrë ke jnrfitcr jfe fstkoefinmnf`tc f` quf sf f`iuf`trf c ke gfaf jfe dcbkr sustntutc s ustntutc rfspfitnvc. o.  Yn sf trktkrk jf u` dngc iuyk anenkinù` sf f`iuf`trk jftfrmn`kjk jf snmpef ic`gu`inù` (scec pkjrf c scec mkjrf), fe IX ec tf`jrë kqufe ic` fe quf tf`bk tke jftfrmn`kjk anenkinù`, fvnjf`tfmf`tf. Fstk mnsmk sntukinù` sf jftfrmn`krë sn akeefif u`c jf ecs pkjrfs. Yn akeefif` kmocs, pkskrë k ctrcs akmnenkrfs, prncrnzë`jcsf ek ksif`jf`ink. i.  Yn sf trktk jf u` dngc iuyk anenkinù` sf f`iuf`trk jftfrmn`kjk f` jcoef ic`gu`inù` (pkjrf y mkjrf) mfjnk`tf rfic`cinmnf`tc c jftfrmn`kinù` jf anenkinù` mktrnmc`nke (vceu`tkrnkmf`tf y `c jf mk`frk acrzkjk icmc rfsuetkjc jf u`k kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` jf anenkinù`), dkorë quf jnstn`bunr ek sntukinù` kafitnvc-sf`tnmf`tke jf ecs pkjrfs, surbnf`jc `ufvcs fsif`krncs. n.  Yn ecs pkjrfs sf f`iuf`trk` gu`tcs, fe IX efs icrrfspc`jfrë k kmocs, prcmcvnî`jcsf ek icrrfspc`skonenjkj f` ek irnk`zk y coenbkinc`fs prcpnks quf feec ic`eefvk.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  nn. Yn ecs pkjrfs sf f`iuf`trk` sfpkrkjcs, ek efy ctcrbk u` fspkinc jf kpenikinù` k ek kutcicmpcsninù` jfe ic`aenitc fvf`tuke, prfanrnf`jc f` fstf iksc quf ku` f` fe ic`tfxtc jf sfpkrkinù`, fe IX pcjrík` tf`frec kmocs pkjrfs, af`ùmf`c quf sf ic`cif pcr ek jcitrn`k y ek gujnikturk icmc ek icpkrf`tkenjkj. Icmc n`jnik fe n`insc sfbu`jc jfe Krt. ??6 II. fstf IX icmpkrtnjc fs u` rîbnmf` jf vnjk quf prciurk kmn`crkr fstnmuekr ek icrrfspc`skonenjkj jf kmocs pkjrfs quf vnvf` sfpkrkjcs, f` ek irnk`zk y fjuikinù` jf ecs dngcs icmu`fs, mfjnk`tf u` snstfmk jf rfsnjf`ink quf ksfburf su kjfiukjk fstkonenjkj y ic`tn`unjkj. Fxnstf tcjc tnpc jf kiufrjcs f` fstf crjf`, pcr fgfmpec, `nûcs quf fstë` u`k sfmk`k ic` ek mkjrf y ctrk ic` fe pkjrf, c pcr qun`if`ks, mfsfs, trnmfstrfs c sfmfstrfs n`ieusnvf, ec quf pcr supufstc sf icmpefmf`tk ic` fe rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke pfrtn`f`tf pkrk quf `c pnfrjk ic`tkitc ic` fe pkjrf c mkjrf ic` fe quf `c fstî vnvnf`jc f` fsf mcmf`tc. F` ek mnrkjk jf ecs jfrfidcs jfe `nûc, `nûk y kjcefsif`tf kituke, `kjk nmpnjf prcmcinc`kr y fstkoefifr rfbímf`fs jf fstf tnpc, rcmpnf`jc fe prcpnc pf`skmnf`tc mkidnstk jf f`tf`jfr quf ecs `nûcs fstë` mfgcr ic` ek mkjrf scec pcrquf fs mugfr. Xkrtf jf ek jcitrn`k ieësnik dk dkoekjc jf ek au`inc`kenjkj `kturke jf ek mugfr f` fe fgfrininc jf ek mktfr`njkj, rcmk`tnzk`jc f` infrtk mfjnjk ek fxpectkinù`, ikpturk y pîrjnjk jf enofrtkj y jfrfidcs quf u`k mugfr tnf`f pcr p cr fe dfidc jf sfr mkjrf, sntukinù` quf pcr supufstc fstf kutcr `c icmpkrtf. Fstf kiufrjc pcjrë fxtf`jfrsf pcr fsirnturk p÷oenik c mfjnkinù`, ek quf sf scmftfrë k kprcokinù` jfe Zrnou`ke. Ksnmnsmc, tkmonî` pcjrík jkrsf pcr kitk k`tf caninke jf rfbnstrc invne (sntukinù` f` jf fe iuke `c rfqunfrf kprcokinù` gujninke), y f` tcjcs ecs ikscs, jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf f` ek pkrtnjk `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. nnn. Yn ecs pkjrfs sf f`iuf`trk` sfpkrkjcs, y `c fxnstf ë`nmc jf kiufrjc `n ku` mfjnk`tf ek mfjnkinù`, fvnjf`tfmf`tf `c dkorë mës cpinc`fs quf rfkenzkr ek jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke. F` fstf iksc, ec prnmfrc quf jfof fstkoefifrsf fs quf, kikfinjk ek sfpkrkinù`, ecs dngcs ic`tn`ukrë` okgc fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe pkjrf ic` fe quf vnvf` k fsf fs f mcmf`tc, njfk quf fs u`k n``cvkinù` efbke rfspfitc jf ek rfbuekinù` prfvnk k ek efy ?8.148, yk quf ek `crmk fxprfskmf`tf

sfûkekok quf, kikfinjk ek sfpkrkinù`, fe IX pkskok kutcmëtnikmf`tf k ek mkjrf, sntukinù` quf prcmcvnù n`ik`skoefs fsaufrzcs pcr jfiekrkr su n`ic`stntuinc`kenjkj, ec quf auf rfsufetc iksc k  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  iksc pcr fe Fximc. Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke dkstk ek îpcik jf ek rfacrmk efbke jf gu`nc jfe kûc ?8;9. F` fstf crjf`, ek `crmk f` su rfjkiinù` yk jfrcbkjk iekrkmf`tf vue`frkok ek nbukejkj k`tf ek efy jf ecs pkjrfs pcr n`dkonentkrecs n `dkonentkrecs rfspfitc jfe iunjkjc jf ecs dngcs pcr sfr dcmorfs, pfrc jfe mnsmc mcjc tkmonî` dkoík jnsirnmn`kinù` f` ic`trk jf ek mugfr pcr fstkoefifr fe rce mktfr`c pcr scorf iukequnfr n`tfrîs jnstn`tc quf pujnfrk tf`fr feek. Jf dfidc, fe n`insc tfrifrc jf ek rfjkiinù` k`tfrncr fstkoefiík quf scec f` iksc jf mketrktc, jfsiunjc u ctrk ikusk ikenanikjk, fe gufz rfinî` pcjrík jftfrmn`kr ek ketfrkinù` ke IX f` akvcr jfe pkjrf, f`tf`jnf`jc quf ek mkjrf pcr su `kturkefzk fstkok mfgcr ikpkintkjk pkrk fgfrifr fe rce jf iunjkjc y irnk`zk jfe dngc.  Zf`nf`jc f`tc`ifs nbukejkj jf ic`jninc`fs ecs pkjrfs y mkjrfs, ek jfinsnù` jfe gufz pkrk jfan`nr fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ecs dngcs jf pkjrfs sfpkrkjcs iuk`jc `c dkyk kiufrjc, `c pcjrë tf`fr sùec f` ic`snjfrkinù` ek scevf`ink fic`ùmnik jf ecs pkjrfs, y, jf dfidc, fs fe Krt. ??6-? fe quf sfûkekrë ecs irntfrncs pkrk fe fstkoefinmnf`tc jf jnidc IX. Fstks inriu`stk`inks sc`7 -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - 

 Qn`iuekinù` kafitnvk jfe dngc ic` sus pkjrfs  Kptntuj jf ecs pkjrfs pkrk bkrk`tnzkr onf`fstkr jfe jfe dngc y prciurkref f`tcr`c kjfiukjc Ic`trnouinù` k ek mk`tf`inù` jfe dngc  Kitntuj jf ecs pkjrfs jf iccpfrkinù` ke ctrc Jfjnikinù` fafitnvk ke dngc Cpn`nù` jfe `nûc (f` fe fgfrininc jfe jfrfidc k sfr cíjc jfe Krt. ;? IJ@) _fsuetkjc jf n`acrmfs pfrninkefs  Kiufrjcs jf ecs pkjrfs prfvncs ke guninc Jcmninenc jf ecs pkjrfs Iukequnfr ctrc k`tfifjf`tf rfefvk`tf sfb÷` fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc

Iuk`jc fe Zrnou`ke jfan`f fe IX f` u`c jf ecs pkjrfs, tkmonî` rfbuekrë ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr ic` fe ctrc, quf fs fe sfbu`jc jfrfidc jfofr jf ecs Xkjrfs, pkrk ec iuke ciupkrë tk`tc ecs irntfrncs k`tfs fxprfskjcs icmc tkmonî` fe Krt. ??> II quf mës kjfek`tf sf rfvnskrë. @ùtfsf quf sfb÷` fe krtíiuec ??1, sn kmocs Xkjrfs `c fstë` f` ic`jninc`fs jf fgfrifr jf mk`frk ùptnmk fe IX, sf prfafrnrë` k tfrifrks pfrsc`ks, prnvnefbnk`jc k ecs ksif`jnf`tfs f` prnmfr eubkr (ecs koufecs), iù`yubf c ic`vnvnf`tf invnefs jf iukequnfrk jf ecs pkjrfs, feec ic` ek an`kenjkj jf f`tf`jfr k ek n`stntuinc`kenzkinù` jfe @@K icmc u`k mfjnjk jf ÷etnmk rktnc f` ic`snjfrkinù` ke prn`inpnc jf mí`nmk n`tfrvf`inù` (suosnjnkrnfjkj) jfe Fstkjc f` mktfrnks jf akmnenk.

j.  Yn fe dngc tnf`f u`k anenkinù` jf jcoef ic`gu`inù`, pfrc fstk sf jftfrmn`ù mfjnk`tf fe fgfrininc jf ek kiinù` jf rfiekmkinù` y ic` cpcsninù` jfe pkjrf c mkjrf f` ic`trk jf ek  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  quf sf n`tf`tù (f` ic`trk jf su vceu`tkj), jnidc pkjrf c mkjrf qufjkrë prnvkjc/k jfe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe dngc sfb÷` fe krt. ?89 II. Yfb÷` fstk `crmk, iuk`jc ek anenkinù` dk snjc jftfrmn`kjk gujninkemf`tf ic` cpcsninù` jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, kqufe qufjkrë prnvkjc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj y, f` bf`frke, jf ecs jfrfidcs quf pcr fe mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy sf ef ic`anfrf` rfspfitc jf ek pfrsc`k y onf`fs jfe dngc c jf sus jfsif`jnf`tfs, jfgk`jc fe gufz ic`stk`ink jf feec f` ek sf`tf`ink y f` ek suon`sirnpinù` pcstfrncr, sntukinù` quf sn` jujk keik`zk ke IX. Dkifmcs prfsf`tf quf fe IX pufjf fxtf`jfrsf jf mk`frk jfan`ntnvk c prcvnscrnk, y f` fstf ÷etnmc iksc sfrë snfmprf pcr u`k vík ikutfekr ic`snjfrk`jc vue`frkinc`fs jf jfrfidcs quf fe @@K duonfrk suarnjc c sf duonfrk f`ic`trkjc fxpufstc. Ek jnafrf`ink pcr ec tk`tc `c scec fs `cmn`ke y `crmktnvk, sn`c jf ic`tfxtcs. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, fe IX jfan`ntnvc fs fe rfsuetkjc jf ek kiinù` crjn`krnk jf akmnenk quf pfrmntf ke gufz rfkenzkr ek jfsnb`kinù` k ek quf dfmcs dfidc rfafrf`ink f` fstf kpkrtkjc, kpenik`jc ecs supufstcs jfe Krt. ??6 y ecs irntfrncs jfe ??6-?. Ek sfbu`jk sntukinù` pcsnoef fstë jkjk f` fe ic`tfxtc jf u` guninc prctfiinc`ke (rfic`cinoef pcr n`ninkr su rnt ic` ek eftrk X), fe quf sf au`jk f` fe ic`tf`njc jf ecs krtíiuecs 14 y snbunf`tfs jf ek efy quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk (EZA) `rc. ;>.>14, fspfinkemf`tf f` sus krtíiuecs 2; k) y o) y 2:, y tkmonî` f` ecs krtíiuecs 98, :? y :4 jf ek efy jf Mf`crfs `rc. ;1.1;4. ;1.1;4. F` fstf iksc, fe iunjkjc  pfrsc`ke fs jf ikrëitfr ikrëitfr prctfiinc`ke y pcr feec `c fs u` mfik`nsmc jf cotf`inù` cotf`inù` jf IX jfan`ntnvc, sn`c quf fe ikmonc jf IX jf ek mkjrf ke pkjrf c vnifvfrsk quf sf jfirftk f` tke sf`tnjc fs u`k mfjnjk ikutfekr, y, pcr tk`tc, fsf`inkemf`tf prcvnscrnk. Fstk sntukinù` fs mf`fstfr jf jfstkikr pcrquf f` ek prëitnik entnbk`tf sf dk jkjc u`k ekmf`tkoef tf`jf`ink, mës jf kocbkjcs quf jf gufifs, jf n`ninkr ikusks jf mfjnjks jf prctfiinù` ic` ek an`kenjkj jf cotf`fr fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf sus dngcs, sntukinù` quf `c fs fe cogftc jfe guninc jf prctfiinù`, ic`snjfrk`jc quf fstcs prcifjnmnf`tcs ousik` jftfrmn`kr sn fxnstf` c `c vue`frkinc`fs c kmf`kzks k ecs jfrfidcs jfe `nûc y tcmkr eks mfjnjks pkrk ek rfstntuinù` jf feecs, pfrc `c ktrnounr fe IX k u`c jf sus jcs pkjrfs. F` fstf sf`tnjc f`tc`ifs, sn fe ic`tfxtc jf vue`frkinù` c kmf`kzk jf ecs jfrfidcs jfe @@K kmfrntk quf sf ikmonf fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, pcr fgfmpec, iuk`jc ek mkjrf sfk fe kbf`tf  vue`frkjcr, fstc sf jfirftkrë jfirftkrë icmc u`k mfj mfjnjk njk ikutfekr quf `c pcjrë fxtf`jfrsf m mës ës keeë jf >8 jíks sfb÷` crjf`k ek pkrtf an`ke jfe Krt. 2; jf ek EZA. Yn` fmokrbc, fe gufz pcjrë rf`cvkr ek mfjnjk sn ic`snjfrk quf fxnstf` c sf mk`tnf`f` ecs k`tfifjf`tfs brkvfs y `fifskrncs quf sf tuvnfrc` f` ic`snjfrkinù` k ek dcrk jf fstkoefifr ek mfjnjk f` prnmfr mcmf`tc, sntukinù` quf tkmonî` fs cogftc jf irítnik, pcrquf muidks vfifs ftfr`nzk` eks mfjnjks y fstk vfz sc` ecs ec s gufifs qunf`fs tcr`kr ecs gunincs jf mfjnjks jf prctfiinù` f` vfrjkjfrcs (y scekpkjcs) gunincs jf iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, yk quf an`kemf`tf mës quf if`trkr fe ic`cinmnf`tc y jnsiusnù` scorf ecs jfrfidcs jfe `nûc y sus pcsnoefs vue`frkinc`fs y kmf`kzks, fe guninc sf tfrmn`k fxtf`jnf`jc

scorf sn sf mk`tnf`f `nûc ecs ic`gufifs fe pkjrf vufevfsfpkrkr. ic` ek mkjrf vnifvfrsk), quff ekmf`tkoefmf`tf sc` fepcics qufcecbrk` Fstc sf(cgustnanik pcr sntukinù` ek rfntfrkjk  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  nmprfsin`jnoef `fifsnjkj jf fspfinkenzkinù` jf ecs gufifs jf akmnenk f` mktfrnk jf n`ak`ink y jfrfidcs jf @@K, ek quf ekmf`tkoefmf`tf `c fstë jkjk pcr tcjcs qunf`fs fgfrif` ek gujnikturk f` fstks mktfrnks.

An`kemf`tf, fs mf`fstfr sfûkekr quf f` fstf ic`tfxtc prctfiinc`ke f` quf sf duonfrk jftfrmn`kjc u` IX prcvnscrnc, ek jfinsnù` jf rf`cvkinù` c rfvcikinù` jf ek mfjnjk `c pufjf qufjkr k ikrbc jf u` tfrifrc fvkeukjcr, tf`jf`ink quf tkmonî` sf dk vnvf`inkjc f` ek entnbkinù` prctfiinc`ke. Fs rfiurrf`tf quf eks rfsceuinc`fs jfe Zrnou`ke jf` iuf`tk quf sfk` ecs crbk`nsmcs fvkeukjcrfs qunf`fs n`acrmf` ek pfrtn`f`ink jf mk`tf`fr c `c ek mfjnjk, c quf tkefs mfjnjks sf fxtf`jfrë` dkstk quf ecs fvkeukjcrfs ic`snjfrf` pfrtn`f`tf, sntukinc`fs quf trks nmpub`krsf k`tf eks Neustrísnmks Icrtfs jf Kpfekinc`fs sf dk ecbrkjc jfmcstrkr quf sc` nefbkefs f n`ieusc n`ic`stntuinc`kefs, pcrquf sc` f` jfan`ntnvk u`k jfefbkinù` jf akiuetkj gurnsjniinc`ke. o. Mk`tf`inù` jf rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr ic` fe dngc (fx jfrfidc jf vnsntks) Xrfinskmcs f` prnmfr tîrmn`c quf k pkrtnr jf ek rfacrmk jfe kûc ?8;9 fs n`kprcpnkjc dkoekr jf  vnsntks. Fstk sntukinù` `c fs uu`k `k fxqunsntfz fxqunsntfz c fxkbf fxkbfrkinù` rkinù` jf ek jf`cm jf`cmn`kinù`, n`kinù`, yk quf sn vkecrkm vkecrkmcs cs ec quf snb`nanik u`k vnsntk fstk tnf`f ikrkitfrístniks quf `c sc` eks rfqufrnjks pkrk fe iumpenr fe jfrfidc jfe `nûc k rfekinc`krsf ic` su pkjrf `c iustcjnc. Xf`sfmcs f` u`k vnsntk quf eefbk k `ufstrk iksk u` an` jf sfmk`k iukequnfrk, y trktfmcs jf vkecrkrek guríjnikmf`tf g uríjnikmf`tf pkrk jftfrmn`kr sus ikrkitfrístniks7 -  Ek vnsntk `crmkemf`tf fs n`tfmpfstnvk c prcbrkmkjk ic` pcik k`tninpkinù`. -  Ek vnsntk fs nrrfbuekr, f` fe sf`tnjc quf pcr mës quf pufjk jkrsf ic` arfiuf`ink, `c dky `fifsnjkj jf iumpenrek rfbuekrmf`tf. mnsmc mcjc fs nrrfbuekr iuk`tc k sus dcrkrncs, pujnf`jc sfr mës icrtk c ekrbkJfe f` kebu`ks cpcrtu`njkjfs quf f` f` ctrks. -  Ek vnsntk fs vceu`tkrnk, f` fe sf`tnjc quf ecs vnsntk`tfs sn qunfrf` ksnstf`, pfrc sn `c ec jfsfk`, `c ksnstnrë`, `c fxnstnf`jc vue`frkinù` k `n`bu`c jf ecs n`vceuirkjcs. -  Ek vnsntk fs u`k n`stk`ink jf rfifpinù`, f` fe sf`tnjc quf fe vnsntkjc rfinof f` su dcbkr ke  vnsntk`tf. Jf fstks rfaefxnc`fs, ek rfekinù` jfe `nûc ic` su pkjrf `c iustcjnc fs sn` jujk u` jfrfidc jfe `nûc f` fe ic`tfxtc jf sus jfrfidcs jf njf`tnjkj akmnenkr y quf, icmc dfmcs mf`inc`kjc, tcmk ksnjfrc f` ecs jfrfidcs quf ek IJ@ ef ic`anfrf, fspfinkemf`tf ecs ic`tf`njcs f` ecs krtíiuecs 2 k >, rkzù` pcr ek iuke ek nrrfbuekrnjkj, vceu`tkrnfjkj, n`tfmpfstnvnjkj y u`njnrfiinc`kenjkj quf

k`tfs duonîrkmcs sfûkekjc rfspfitc jf eks vnsntks nmpnjf` quf tke irntfrnc jf Jfrfidcs Dumk`cs sf iumpek. Jf kdí quf ek rfekinù` quf fe pkjrf c mkjrf quf `c tnf`f ic` fe @@K jfof sfr jnrfitk,  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  fs jfinr, njfkemf`tf sn` n`tfrmfjnkrncs quf nmpnjk`, anetrf` c n`tfrrumpk` fe ic`tkitc jfe `nûc ic` su prcbf`ntcr/k, pfrc pcr scorf tcjc fstf ic`tkitc dk jf sfr tkmonî` rfbuekr, f` fe sf`tnjc jf ktf`jfr ke prn`inpnc jf icpkrf`tkenjkj ku` jf`trc jfe ic`tfxtc jf sfpkrkinù`. Ksí, prcmcvnf`jc fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe @@K, fs quf dkoekmcs jf ek rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr c _J_. Yf f`tnf`jf pcr rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr kqufeek quf prcpf`jf k quf fe ví`iuec akmnenkr f`trf fe pkjrf c mkjrf quf `c fgfrif fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke y su dngc sf mk`tf`bk k trkvîs jf u` ic`tkitc pfrnùjnic y fstkoef. Dkifmcs prfsf`tf quf `n ku` fe ic`tfxtc f` quf fe @@K fstî n`stntuinc`kenzkjc nmpfjnrë fe fgfrininc jfe _J_. Jf dfidc, ek efy ;>.1?8 jf Kjcpinù`, fstkoefif f` fe Krt. ;? `÷mfrc 9 n`insc 9, quf sf prfsumnrë kok`jc`c jfe `nûc, y ic` feec su jfiekrkinù` jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù`, iuk`jc `c sf vnsntf ke mf`cr, pcr ec mf`cs u`k vfz jurk`tf ikjk u`c jf ecs pekzcs sfûkekjcs f` fe `÷mfrc  prfifjf`tf (jcs mfsfs c, sn fe `nûc aufrk mf`cr k u` kûc, f` 98 jíks), skevc ikusk gustnanikjk. Xkrk fstf fafitc, eks vnsntks qufjkrë` rfbnstrkjks f` ek n`stntuinù`  . 94 

_fbuekjc f` fe krtíiuec ??> II., fe _J_ ek quf sf fgfrifrë ic` ek arfiuf`ink y enofrtkj kicrjkjk ic` qunf` ec tnf`f k su ikrbc c f` su jfafitc c, ic` eks quf fe gufz fstnmkrf ic`vf`nf`tf pkrk fe dngc. Fstc nmpenik quf ek kutcicmpcsninù` fstkrë prfsf`tf f` ek rfbuekinù`, jfgk`jc k eks pkrtfs fe fstkoefinmnf`tc. _ficrjfmcs quf f` fe supufstc f` quf fstuvnfrk` ikskjcs, jf`trc jf eks mktfrnks k rfbuekr kikfinjk ek sfpkrkinù`, sfrë ek acrmk f` quf sf fgfrifrë fe rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke sfb÷` crjf`k fe krt. ?; EMI. Kdcrk onf`, snbunf`jc ek mnsmk tf`jf`ink, sn `c duonfrk kiufrjc, tcikrë ke gufz rfbuekrec sfb÷` fstkoefif fe n`insc tfrifrc jfe Krt. ??> II, acmf`tk`jc ek rfekinù` sk`k y ifrik`k f`trf fe pkjrf c mkjrf quf `c fgfrif fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke y su dngc, vfek`jc pcr fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jf fstf ÷etnmc, su jfrfidc k sfr cíjc y ek fvceuinù` jf sus akiuetkjfs, ktf`jnf`jc fspfinkemf`tf k ecs irntfrncs jf7 -  -  -  - 

Fjkj jfe dngc  Qn`iuekinù` kafitnvk jfe dngc ic` fe pkjrfc mkjrf y ic` ctrcs pkrnf`tfs ifrik`cs ifrik`cs _îbnmf` jf iunjkjc pfrsc`ke fstkoefinjc Iukequnfr ctrc fefmf`tc jf rfefvk`ink f` ic`snjfrkinù` ke n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe dngc

Fstcs fefmf`tcs sc` pcr supufstc n`jnspf`skoefs, pcrquf `c fs ec mnsmc u` rîbnmf` jf u`/u`k prf-kjcefif`tf ke jf u` ekitk`tf, ku` iuk`jc fsf irntfrnc eùbnic f` kebu`ks ciksnc`fs `c fs  Qîksf ek sf`tf`ink jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk jf afidk ?2 jf jninfmorf jf ?8;> jnitkjk f` kutcs rce 9?1?>?8;4, ic`snjfrk`jc sfbu`jc jf ek sf`tf`ink, f` ek quf sf fxprfsk ek rfefvk`ink quf tnf`f fe iumpenmnf`tc jfe rîbnmf`

94

icmu`nikinc`ke pkrk ecs @@K quf sf f`iuf`trk` n`stntuinc`kenzkjcs y f` prcifsc jf jfiekrkinù` jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù`.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ktf`jnjc pcr ecs kocbkjcs entnbk`tfs. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, ciurrf jf pkjrfs icmpeftkmf`tf kusf`tfs y quf sf prc`tc fgfrif` fstks kiinc`fs, ec quf nmpenik scmftfr ke @@K k rfekinc`krsf ic` kebunf` quf `c ic`cif, pcr ec quf ek vn`iuekinù` sfrë tkmonî` u` irntfrnc pkrk ic`snjfrkr jf mk`frk eùbnik. @c costk`tf, `n`bu`k jf fstks sntukinc`fs nmpfjnrë quf fe _J_ sf fgfrzk, y jf kdí ek prujf`ink quf fe gufz kpenquf f` ek jfinsnù`, pcrquf fxnstf` ciksnc`fs f` eks quf fe rîbnmf` jfofrë sfr kicmpkûkjc jf ctrcs akmnenkrfs< c prcbrfsnvc f` ek acrmk y tnfmpc jf jurkinù`, c n`ieusc kicmpkûkjc jf prcafsnc`kefs psniùecbcs. Fstk ÷etnmk tf`jf`ink sf kpenik iuk`jc fe @@K dk fstkjc ekrbkmf`tf sfpkrkjc jf u`c jf sus pkjrfs y sf dkif `fifskrnc rfkenzkr u` prcifsc tfrkpîutnic f` fe quf vufevk` k jfskrrceekrsf kafitcs, ic`ank`zks y ic`snjfrkinc`fs f`trf pkjrf f dngc, ec quf sf ic`cif icmc tfrkpnk jf rfvn`iuekinù` . F` u`k jn`ëmnik snmnekr ke IX, scec pcjrë suspf`jfrsf fstf jfrfidc jf _J_ iuk`jc pfrgujnquf ke @@K, ec quf pcjrë jftfrmn`krsf sfk jf mk`frk ikutfekr (prcvnscrnk), c onf` jf mk`frk jfan`ntnvk. Fe prcpnc krtíiuec > jf ek IJ@ kjvnfrtf quf fe @@K `c sfrë sfpkrkjc jf sus pkjrfs f` ic`trk jf su vceu`tkj, skevc quf mfjnk`tf rfsceuinù` gujninke sf kjvnfrtk quf fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc ksíkqufe ec fxnbf. Fe eímntf pkrk fstf jfrfidc mktfrnkenzkjc f` eks sfrík prfinskmf`tf mnsmc prn`inpnc< fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc. Fs rfekinc`fs jfinr, qufakmnenkrfs sn fs pcr n`tfrîs supfrncr quf sf pfrmntf y rfaufrzk tke ic`tkitc (pkjrfs `c iustcjncs - dngc), fe n`tfrîs sfrë tkmonî` fe quf pufjf enmntkrec sn ksí fstuvnfrk gustnanikjc . 9>

Fvnjf`tfmf`tf fe ic`tfxtc rfqufrnjc pkrk tkefs an`fs sfrë f` rfekinù` k u`k vue`frkinù` jf jfrfidcs f` ic`trk jfe @@K quf tf`bk fe `nvfe jf brkvfjkj quf gustnanquf quf fstf `c tf`bk ic`tkitc ic` su pkjrf c mkjrf icmc acrmk jf rfsbukrjc k su n`tfbrnjkj aísnik, psniceùbnik, sfxuke c scinke. Yn ek vue`frkinù` fxnstf, fe Zrnou`ke tcmkrë ic`cinmnf`tc jf feek mfjnk`tf u`k ikusk jf mfjnjk jf prctfiinù` jf jfrfidcs, utnenzk`jc fe krtíiuec 2; eftrk f) jf ek EZA, quf ef pfrmntf jftfrmn`kr ek suspf`snù` jfe rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke jf infrtcs `nûcs ic` sus pkjrfs c mkjrfs `c iustcjncs, mfjnjk jf ikrëitfr ikutfekr y quf `c pcjrë fxtf`jfrsf k mës jf >8 jíks jfsjf su kpenikinù`, snf`jc rf`cvkoef sn fxnstf k guninc jfe trnou`ke mk`tf`inù` jf eks brkvfs inriu`stk`inks quf gustnanikrc` su n`ninke kpenikinù`. F` fe mnsmc sf`tnjc, fe Krt. :4 n`insc qun`tc jf ek Efy jf Mf`crfs `rc. ;1.1;4, fstkoefif quf fstk suspf`snù` c rfstrniinù` jf _J_ pcjrík jkrsf tkmonî` jf mk`frk prcvnscrnk. Kdcrk onf`, fs fstk mnsmk ÷etnmk `crmk jf ek efy jf mf`crfs ek quf kjmntf ek pcsnonenjkj quf fe rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke pufjk suspf`jfrsf n`ieusc jf mk`frk n`jfan`njk, feec iuk`jc su fgfrininc mk`nanfstkmf`tf pfrgujnquf fe onf`fstkr jfe dngc, ec quf jfofrë ic`stkr f` k`tfifjf`tfs brkvfs y ikenanikjcs pcr fe Zrnou`ke. Fstc nmpenik quf, f` ikscs jf ketk brkvfjkj, u` prcbf`ntcr pcjrík `c pcjfr kifrikrsf mës ke dngc dkstk quf fstf jfgf

9>

 NOËÛFW, @. (?8?8)7 p. ;:2.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jf sfr mf`cr jf fjkj, sntukinc`fs quf sf okrkgk` f` ic`tfxtcs scorf vue`frkinù` f` ek fsafrk jf sfxukenjkj f` ecs `nûcs prn`inpkemf`tf. Yu kpenikinù`, `c costk`tf, fs okgk.  Zcjc ec jnidc k`tfrncrmf`tf, sfk rfspfitc jfe jfrfidc k mk`tf`fr _J_ c k su suspf`snù` c rfstrniinù` cpfrk` tkmonî` rfspfitc jf ctrcs akmnenkrfs, gustnanikjc tkmonî` f` fe jfrfidc jf njf`tnjkj akmnenkr ic`acrmf k ek IJ@, pcr fe iuke `c scec fe @@K sf rfekinc`krë ic` su pkjrf `c iustcjnc, sn`c tkmonî` ic` sus koufecs, tícs, fti. Ksí, ctrk jf eks rfacrmks quf trkgc ek efy ?8.148 jf gu`nc jfe ?8;9, fs fe krt. ??>-?, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke sf fxtnf`jf `c rîbnmf` jf rfekinù` jnrfitk y rfbuekr f` iuk`tc k quf ecs `nûcs `nûks y kjcefsif`tfs tnf`f` jfrfidc tkmonî` k u` rîbnmf` snmnekr ic` sus koufecs. F` iuk`tc k ctrcs akmnenkrfs c pkrnf`tfs, prfenmn`krmf`tf `c tnf`f` jfrfidcs k jfmk`jkr rîbnmf` icmu`nikinc`ke rfspfitc jf u` @@K, pcr fgfmpec, ecs tícs f` rfekinù` k sus scorn`cs, pfrc fxnstf` k`tfifjf`tfs quf tkmonî` ec dk` pfrmntnjc au`jkjc f` fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. :4 jf ek efy jf Mf`crfs `rc. ;1.1;4, yk quf ek `crmk jnif quf fe gufz eufbc jf cír k ecs pkjrfs y k ek pfrsc`k quf tf`bk fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe mf`cr, pcjrë ic`afrnr jfrfidc k vnsntkrec k ecs  pkrnf`tfs jf n`jnvnjukenif f` ek acrmk y ic`jninc`fs quf jftfrmn`f, iuk`jc pkrfzik jf mk`nanfstc ek ic`vf`nf`ink  pkrk fe mf`cr. Ek fxprfsnù` pkrnf`tfs  fxprfsnù`  icmu`nikinc`ke quf ciupk ek efy,ic` korf pcsnonenjkj k quf ctrcskeb÷` akmnenkrfs pujnfrk` tkmonî` tf`fr u`  pkrnf`tfs  rîbnmf` quf u`ek@@K ic` qunf` tf`bk` brkjc jf pkrf`tfsic. An`kemf`tf, icmc fs u` jfrfidc-jfofr, su iumpenmnf`tc `c qufjk rfefbkjc k ek vceu`tkj jfe pkjrf c mkjrf iustcjnc jfe @@K. Jf dfidc, sn sf rftkrjk c f`tcrpfif jf iukequnfr mk`frk fe _J_, kjfmës jf kpenikr ecs kpfrinonmnf`tcs icrrfspc`jnf`tfs efbkefs, dkorë jfrfidc k rfiekmkr ek rfiupfrkinù` jfe tnfmpc `c utnenzkjc, ec quf rfbuekrë fe Zrnou`ke, sfb÷` crjf`k fe krt. :4 jf ek Efy jf Mf`crfs f` su n`insc tfrifrc.

i. Jfrfidc jf icrrfiinù` jfe dngc Jf kiufrjc ic` fe krt. ?9: II. ecs Xkjrfs tf`jrë` ek akiuetkj jf icrrfbnr k ecs dngcs, iunjk`jc quf feec `c mf`csikof su skeuj `n su jfskrrceec pfrsc`ke. Yf fenmn`ù ek fxprfsnù` rfektnvk k ―ikstnbkr mcjfrkjkmf`tf” quf ic`tfmpekok ek k`tnbuk efy, kjfiuë`jcsf ek efbnsekinù` k ek IJ@ f` rfekinù` k ecs supufstcs jf mketrktc quf ic`tfmpek` ecs krtíiuecs ;4 y snbunf`tfs. Ksí f`tc`ifs, sn fstk icrrfiinù` prcjuif mf`csikoc ek skeuj c jfskrrceec pfrsc`ke jfe dngc, ek efy ic`anfrf u`k kiinù` pcpuekr pkrk quf iukequnfr pfrsc`k ic`iurrk k`tf fe gufz, c jf caninc, pkrk jfirftkr mfjnjks jf prctfiinù` f` rfsbukrjc jfe dngc, sn` pfrguninc jf eks sk`inc`fs quf icrrfspc`jk`, ek quf fstë jf kiufrjc ic` ek efy quf irfk ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk (Krt. 14 y snbunf`tfs) y ek efy jf Mf`crfs (Krt. 98 y snbunf`tfs). F` iksc jf kusf`ink n`dkonenjkj c mufrtf

jf kmocs Xkjrfs, ek icrrfiinù` jfe dngc ef icrrfspc`jfrë k qunf` tnf`f su iunjkjc pfrsc`ke.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

j. Irnk`zk y fjuikinù` jfe dngc F` fe krtíiuec ??: II. sf sfûkek quf kmocs pkjrfs pkrtninpkrë` jf acrmk kitnvk f` ek irnk`zk y fjuikinù` jf ecs dngcs. Fstf jfrfidc jfofr `c sf rfanfrf scekmf`tf k ek n`s n`struiinù` truiinù` quf nmpkrtf` fstkoefinmnf`tcs fjuikinc`kefs, sn`c quf sf rfanfrf k ek acrmkinù` bf`frke jf îe c feek, y kokrikrë eks jnstn`tks ftkpks jf su vnjk (Krt. ?91 II.), ec quf ic`jnif ic` ek `crmktnvk ic`stntuinc`ke jfe  Krt. ;> @·;8 jf ek Ic`stntuinù` Xceítnik jf ek _fp÷oenik y ic` fe ic`tf`njc jfe Krt. 6 jf ek IJ@. Ycekmf`tf f` kebu`cs ikscs ek efy prnvkrë k ecs pkjrfs fe jfrfidc jf fjuikr k sus dngcs, y feec iuk`jc fe iunjkjc jfe dngc dkyk snjc ic`ankjc k ctrk pfrsc`k, iksc f` fe iuke ef icrrfspc`jf k fstk fgfrifrec< iuk`jc fe pkjrf c mkjrf duonfrk` kok`jc`kjc fe dngc< y, iuk`jc fe dngc duonfrf snjc sfpkrkjc jf su pkjrf pcr ek n`dkonenjkj n`d konenjkj mcrke jf fstf, k mf`cs quf jnidk mfjnjk dkyk snjc s njc rfvcikjk. Xkrk fafitcs jf ek jftfrmn`kinù` jf ek n`dkonenjkj jfe pkjrf, jf kpenikrë` ecs irntfrncs jfe Krt. :? jf ek efy jf mf`crfs ;1.1;4. Ek efy tkmonî` sfûkek qunî` y iùmc jfof` dkifrsf ecs bkstcs quf nrrcbk ek fjuikinù` y irnk`zk jfe dngc, sfûkek`jc quf sn fxnstf scinfjkj ic`yubke feeks dkrë` ikrbc jf ecs bkstcs (Krt. ;2:8 `rc.6 II). Yn `c ek dky, pcrquf `c fstë` ikskjcs ecs pkjrfs c pcrquf fe rîbnmf` mktrnmc`nke fs ctrc, kmocs pkjrfs jfof` ic`trnounr k scevf`tkr fscs bkstcs f` prcpcrinù` k sus akiuetkjfs fic`ùmniks. Yn fe dngc tnf`f onf`fs prcpncs, y scec f` ek mfjnjk quf sfk` `fifskrncs, jnidcs bkstcs pcjrë` pkbkrsf ic` feecs, prciurk`jc ic`sfrvkr ecs ikpntkefs. Yn dky n`suaninf`ink jf ecs pkjrfs f` ek coenbkinù` jf fjuikr ic` ek jf kenmf`tkr, îstk pkskrë k ecs koufecs pcr u`k y ctrk eí`fk ic`gu`tkmf`tf, feec f` vnrtuj jfe jfe krt. ?9?. F` tcjc iksc, f` kusf`ink jf kiufrjc ttcjcs cjcs fstcs bkstcs y su crnbf` sfrë` jftfrmn`kjcs pcr fe gufz. Yn fe dngc dk snjc kok`jc`kjc y sf dk f`ikrbkjc su kenmf`tkinù` y irnk`zk u`k tfrifrk pfrsc`k, ecs pkjrfs pkrk skikrec jfe iunjkjc jf fstf jfofrë` sfr kutcrnzkjcs prfvnkmf`tf pcr fe gufz, f` ek mfjnjk quf sfk ic`vf`nf`tf pkrk fe dngc, y tkmonî`, sfrë `fifskrnc quf pkbuf` fe tfrifrc tcjcs ecs icstcs jf irnk`zk y fjuikinù` f` ecs quf n`iurrnù, ecs quf sfrë` tkskjcs pcr fe gufz, feec sfb÷` fe Krt. ?:8.  Zkmonî` sf dk sfûkekjc qu quf, f, sn fe dngc mf`cr jf fjkj kusf`tf jf su iksk sf f`iuf`tr f`iuf`trkk f` urb urbf`tf f`tf `fifsnjkj, y `c pujnf`jc sfr ksnstnjc pcr su pkjrf c mkjrf, sf prfsumnrë ek kutcrnzkinù` jf îstf

pkrk ecs sumn`nstrcs (ek efy jnif sumn`nstrkinc`fs  ) quf ef dkbk` ctrcs icmc kenmf`tcs, kenmf`tcs, jfonf`jc jf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  tcjks acrmks jkr n`mfjnktk `ctnink ecs pkjrfs, yk quf jf ec ic`trkrnc `c dkorë rfspc`skonenjkj jf feecs, sfb÷` kjvnfrtf fe Krt. ?:; II. NNN. 

EK XKZ_NK XCZFYZKJ

Ek pktrnk pctfstkj fs fe ic`gu`tc jf jfrfidcs y jfofrfs quf icrrfspc`jf` ke pkjrf c ek mkjrf scorf ecs onf`fs jf sus dngcs `c fmk`inpkjcs, ek quf tkmonî` sf fgfrifrë scorf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc quf fstë pcr `kifr. Yc` tntuekrfs jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, n`jnstn`tk jf sí ek anenkinù` fs c `c mktrnmc`nke, pcr ec quf pcjrë` sfr u`c u ctrc u`c c kmocs, sfb÷` kiufrjc scefm`f f n`sirntc c f` ek suon`sirnpinù` jf ek pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc c k 98 jíks jf îe. Jf fstk mk`frk sf jnif quf, f` prn`inpnc, ek pktrnk pctfstkj fstë jftfrmn`kjk pcr efy, sn`c quf qufjk f`trfbkjk ek vceu`tkj jf ecs pkjrfs, y sùec f` jfafitc jf feek ek efy f`trfbk ek rfbeks pkrk jftfrmn`krek, sfûkek`jc quf k aketk jfe kiufrjc mf`inc`kjc (jftfrmn`kinù` ic`vf`inc`ke jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj f` fgfrininc jf ek kutcicmpcsninù`), fstk ef icrrfspc`jf ke pkjrf y ek mkjrf f` ic`gu`tc, feec sfb÷` mcjnanikinù` jf ek efy ?8.148 jfe ?8;9. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` sf fstkoefif u`k jftfrmn`kinù` gujninke jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, ek quf prcifjf eùbnikmf`tf k aketk jfe kiufrjc k`tfrncr. Ksí, iuk`jc fe n`tfrîs jfe dngc ksí ec dkbk n`jnspf`skoef, ek n`tfrvf`inù` jf ek gustnink sf prcjuinrë prfinskmf`tf k pftninù` jf u`c jf ecs pkjrfs, ic` ek an`kenjkj jf cotf`fr u`k sf`tf`ink quf jftfrmn`f keb÷` ikmonc jf tntuekr f` ek pktrnk pctfstkj, ek quf tkmonî` jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf. @ùtfsf quf mnf`trks u`k suon`sirnpinù` rfektnvk ke fgfrininc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj `c sfk ik`ifekjk pcr ctrk pcstfrncr, tcjc `ufvc kiufrjc c rfsceuinù` sfrë n`cpc`noef k tfrifrcs. Fe iùjnbc tkmonî` dk f`trfbkjc rfbeks fspfinkefs f` iuk`tc k ek pktrnk pctfstkj jf ecs pkjrfs quf  vnvf` sfpkrkjcs, sfûkek`jc quf îstk sfrë fgfrinjk pcr kqufe jf ecs pkjrfs quf tf`bk su ikrbc fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe dngc, pujnf`jc `c costk`tf jf sfr ketfrkjc pcr ek ic`vf`inù` c pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke, prcifjnf`jc f` kmocs ikscs ek jfonjk suon`sirnpinù`. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek rfbek bf`frke f`tc`ifs fs quf fe guninc jf iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, keik`if tkmonî` fe jf pktrnk pctfstkj. @ùtfsf quf, sn ek pktfr`njkj c ek mktfr`njkj jfe dngc auf jftfrmn`kjk gujninkemf`tf ic` cpcsninù` jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, `c icrrfspc`jfrë fstcs fe fgfrininc jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, tcjc feec ic`acrmf k ek sk`inù` fstkoefinjk f` fe Krt. ?89 II. ke quf k`tfs `cs duonîrkmcs rfafrnjc rfspfitc jfe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke. Iuk`jc fstc ciurrk f`tc`ifs, ek pktrnk pctfstkj ef icrrfspc`jfrë ke ctrc pkjrf, y sn `c fxnstnfrk c sn tuvnfrk anenkinù` n`jftfrmn`kjk, sf jfofrë jfsnb`kr u` tutcr c

iurkjcr pkrk fe dngc. Jnafrf`inkmcs ke tutcr c fe iurkjcr sfb÷` ek fjkj jfe @@K quf fstî okgc tke bukrjk, yk quf, sn sf trktk jf u` n`ak`tf, sf ef jfsnb`krë u` tutcr< pfrc sn fs nmp÷ofr c mf`cr  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  kjuetc, sfrë u` iurkjcr. F` kmocs ikscs, ek au`inù` y eks ktrnouinc`fs sc` njî`tniks, y rfektnvks scekmf`tf k ecs onf`fs jfe `nûc. _ficrjfmcs f` fstf pu`tc, ek prcdnoninù` jf bukrjks jfe Krt. ;;1 II. quf kafitk k ecs iurkjcrfs quf qunfrf` ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic` su pupnec/k, prcdnoninù` quf f` rkzù` jf ek fjkj scec kafitkrë k ecs iurkjcrfs, mës `c k ecs tutcrfs. Ek pktrnk pctfstkj, snfmprf ic` ikrëitfr pktrnmc`nke, ic`anfrf trfs jfrfidcs k fe, ek c ecs pkjrfs quf ek fgfrzk`. Fstcs sc`7 fe jfrfidc efbke jf bcif scorf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc< jfrfidc jf kjmn`nstrkr ecs onf`fs jfe dngc< y ek rfprfsf`tkinù` gujninke jfe @@K. Fstcs jfrfidcs ic`sfiuf`ink jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj sc` jf crjf` p÷oenic, pcr ec quf `c pcjrë` rf`u`inkrsf c snqunfrk pkitkrsf, pfrc icmc vfrfmcs scec fe prnmfrc fs u` jfrfidc, pcrquf fe jfrfidc jf kjmn`nstrkinù` y jf rfprfsf`tkinù`, f` vfrjkj sc` ikrbks.  K.  Jfrfidc efbke jf bcif jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc dng c  Zkmonî` jf`cmn`kjc icmc usuaruitc efbke jfe Xkjrf c Mkjrf scorf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc, dngc, sf trktk jfsjf fe  Krt. ?68 II. f` kjfek`tf, y supeftcrnkmf`tf, ic` eks rfbeks jfe usuaruitc. Yf dk jfan`njc icmc ek akiuetkj jf uskr ecs onf`fs jfe dngc y pfrinonr sus arutcs ic` ikrbc jf ic`sfrvkr ek acrmk y sustk`ink jf jnidcs onf`fs y jf rfstntunrecs, sn `c sc` au`bnoefs, c ic` ikrbc jf vcevfr nbuke ik`tnjkj y ikenjkj jfe mnsmc bî`frc, c jf pkbkr su vkecr, sn scec sc ec au`bnoefs.  Znf`f, pcr tk`tc, rksbcs snmnekrfs k ecs jfe usuaruitc, `c costk`tf prfsf`tkr infrtks ikrkitfrístniks fspfinkefs quf dkif` jnsiutnr su ikenjkj icmc tke, yk quf ecs pkjrfs `c tnf`f` jfrfidc jf pfrsfiuinù` (ikrkitfrístnic jfe jfrfidc rfke), y feec ic`sfiuf`ink quf fs u` jfrfidc pfrsc`keísnmc. Ksnmnsmc, fe jfrfidc efbke jf bcif `c coenbk k rf`jnr ank`zk c ikuinù` kebu`k, `n tkmpcic n`vf`tkrnc scefm`f, ku`quf sf rficmnf`jk fstf ÷etnmc< sn fe tntuekr jf ek pktrnkjfpctfstkj fs ek mugfr ikskjk f` scinfjkj ic`yubke, fstk sf ic`snjfrkrë sfpkrkjk pkrinkemf`tf onf`fs rfspfitc jfe fgfrininc jf fstf jfrfidc y jf ec quf jf îe cotf`bk, yk quf ecs arutcs sf n`icrpcrkrë` ke pktrnmc`nc jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, sfb÷` sfk fe iksc. Zkmonî` sf ikrkitfrnzk, pcrquf sn ek pktrnk pctfstkj fs fgfrinjk ic`gu`tkmf`tf pcr kmocs pkjrfs, ecs arutcs c fe bcif jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc sfrë` rfpcrtkjcs pkrk feecs f` ek acrmk ic`vf`njk, c onf` f` pkrtfs nbukefs, k aketk jf kiufrjc. Yf jnif quf fe jfrfidc efbke jf bcif sf fgfrif scec scorf ecs onf`fs jfe krt. ?68, pfrc ec infrtc fs quf îstf sf fgfrif scorf tcjcs ecs onf`fs jfe dngc, ic` fxieusnù` jf ecs snbunf`tfs7 "

quf n`tfbrk` fe pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke, kjqunrnjcs pcr fe dngc f` fe fgfrininc   Ecs jf tcjc fmpefc, caninc, prcafsnù` c n`justrnk y tkmonî` tcjcs ecs onf`fs quf ic` feecs  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  kjqunfrk, y ecs arutcs jf u`cs y ctrcs. Yupc`f f`tc`ifs u` dngc ic` u` trkokgc rfmu`frkjc, ku`quf `c fs `fifskrnc jfe tcjc quf fstf sfk sfpkrkjc jfe jf sus pkjrfs, pcr ec tk`tc, `c sf kpenik fe irntfrnc jfe Krt. ;68 II.

_fspfitc jfe pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke, fe dngc tnf`f pef`k ikpkinjkj tk`tc gujninke icmc fxtrkgujninkemf`tf, ic` ek skevfjkj jf ek fxnbf`ink jf kutcrnzkinù` gujninke dkrë f`kgf`kr c brkvkr onf`fs rkíifs jfe dngc k÷` iuk`jc pfrtf`fzik` k fstf pfiuenc kpkrtf. " 

 Zkmonî` qufjk` aufrk aufrk jfe jfrfidc efbke jf bcif, bcif, tcjcs ecs onf`fs kjqunrnjcs pcr fe dngc k títuec jf jc`kinù`, dfrf`ink c efbkjc, iuk`jc sf dkyk fstnpuekjc pcr fe jc`kjcr c tfstkjcr quf `c tf`bk fe bcif c ek kjmn`nstrkinù` qunf` fgfrzk ek pktrnk pctfstkj, c dkyk nmpufstc ek ic`jninù` jf cotf`fr ek fmk`inpkinù`, c dk jnspufstc fxprfskmf`tf quf tf`bk fe bcif jf fstcs onf`fs fe dngc. _fqunfrf f`tc`ifs snfmprf quf sfk u`k ieëusuek fxprfsk. _fpenik ecs supufstcs jfe Krt. ;11 II. rfspfitc jf ek mugfr ikskjk.

" 

 Zkmpcic n`brfsk` n` brfsk` ke jfrfidc eefbke fbke jf bcif jf eecs cs pkjrfs, eks dfrf`inks c efbkjcs quf dkyk` pkskjc ke dngc pcr n`ikpkinjkj, n`jnb`njkj c jfsdfrfjkmnf`tc jfe pkjrf c mkjrf quf tnf`f ek pktrnk pctfstkj, ikscs f` ecs e cs iukefs ef icrrfspc`jfrë ke dngc y ke ctrc Xkjrf.

 F. 

O.

 Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc  dngc 

F` bf`frke ef icrrfspc`jf ke pkjrf c mkjrf quf tf`bk fe jfrfidc efbke jf bcif scorf feecs, pfrc sí kmocs fstuvnfrc` nmpfjnjcs, ek kjmn`nstrkinù` ef icrrfspc`jfrë k u` tutcr c iurkjcr, sfb÷` yk sf fxpeniù. F` prn`inpnc, eks akiuetkjfs ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs quf onf`fs sc` enorfs, pujnf`jc fgfiutkrsf tcjk ieksf jf kitcs, f` pfrc ic` eks enmntkinc`fs ek jfe efy dngc dk fstkoefinjc fxprfskmf`tf ke fafitc, sntukinc`fs f` eks quf sf rfqufrnrë jf kutcrnzkinù` gujninke. Zkefs supufstcs sc`7 - F`kgf`kinù` y brkvkmf` jf ecs onf`fs rkíifs jfe dngc, pkrk ec iuke snfmprf sf rfqufrnrë kutcrnzkinù` gujninke prfvnk ctcrbkjk ic` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ikusk, ku` iuk`jc îstcs pfrtf`fzik` ke pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke jf fstf (Krt. ?6: II.). - F`kgf`kinù` jf ecs jfrfidcs dfrfjntkrncs jfe dngc, iksc f` fe iuke tkmonî` sf rfqufrnrë kutcrnzkinù` gujninke prfvnk ctcrbkjk ic` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ikusk (Krt. ?6: II.).

- Jc`kinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc, f` ek quf jfof sugftkrsf k eks acrmks y enmntkinc`fs fstkoefinjks pkrk ecs tutcrfs y iurkjcrfs (Krt. ?66 II), pcr ec iuke `c pcjrë` jc`kr sf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  onf`fs rkíifs jfe dngc `n ku` ic` ek kutcrnzkinù` gujninke, ec quf `c sf kpenik k ecs onf`fs mufoefs, ecs quf sí pcjrë` jc`kr sf prfvnk kutcrnzkinù` gujninke ic`afrnjk pcr rkzc`fs brkvfs, ec quf jfofrë sfr prcpcrinc`kjc k ecs onf`fs jfe dngc y `c mf`csikokr sus ikpntkefs. -ecsKrrf`jkmnf`tc jf yecsctrc onf`fs jfe dngcr÷stnics. pcr ekrbcF` tnfmpc, jfinrjfpcr mësacrmks, jf in`ic kûcs prfjncs urok`cs, ecs prfjncs `n`b÷`fsiksc, tcjks pcjrë` krrf`jkrsf pcr u` `÷mfrc jf kûcs mkycr ke quf ef aketf` ke dngc pkrk eefbkr k ek mkycrík jf fjkj, yk quf snbuf sf fxifjf`, fe krrf`jkmnf`tc ef fs n`cpc`noef (Krt. ?66 II). - Kifptkinù` c rfpujnkinù` jf u`k dfrf`ink rfafrnjk ke dngc, pkrk ec iuke sf `fifsntkrë kutcrnzkinù` gujninke ic` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ikusk (Krt. ?66 II). F` iukequnfr iksc, ek rfspc`skonenjkj jfe Xkjrf c Mkjrf f` ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc sfrë dkstk ek iuepk efvf, fxtf`jnî`jcsf k ek prcpnfjkj jf ecs arutcs (Krt. ?61 II). Ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc ifskrë ic` ek fmk`inpkinù`, f` iuk`tc feek pc`f an` k ek pktrnk pctfstkj. Zkmonî` pcjrë tfrmn`kr ic` ek suspf`snù` jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, quf sfrë vnstk mës kjfek`tf. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` ifskrë iuk`jc fe pkjrf/mkjrf c kmocs, sf dkyk` dfidc iuepkoef jf jcec c jf brkvf `fbenbf`ink dkontuke, ek quf jfofrë fstkoefifrsf pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke suon`sirntk ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Ke an`ke jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, `c sf fxnbf jf rf`jninù` jf iuf`tks jf kjmn`nstrkinù` kebu`k, jfonf`jc scekmf`tf ecs Xkjrfs pc`fr k sus dngcs f` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` quf dkyk` fgfrinjc scorf sus onf`fs (Krt. ?6> II.).

I.

_fprfsf`tkinù` jfe dngc

Fe dngc sfb÷` su fjkj pcjrë sfr kosceutk c rfektnvkmf`tf n`ikpkz, y f` u`c y ctrc iksc pcjrë icmpkrfifr scekmf`tf rfprfsf`tkjc, c onf` kutcrnzkjc pcr su rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke sn aufrk rfektnvkmf`tf n`ikpkz. Fstf rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke sfrë prfinskmf`tf fe pkjrf c kjuetc quf fgfrzk ek pktrnk pctfstkj. @c costk`tf fxnstnr infrtcs kitcs f` quf f` ecs quf fe dngc snf`jc mf`cr kjuetc, tnf`f ikpkinjkj prcpnk, icmc ecs kitcs gujninkefs y fxtrkgujninkefs rfektnvcs k su pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke, icmc ek ctcrbkinù` jf tfstkmf`tc, fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf dngcs, fe mktrnmc`nc, y fe ikmonc jf `cmorf (sfk pcr efy ;2.9:: jf ikmonc jf `cmorf c pcr ek efy ?;.;?8 jf njf`tnjkj jf bî`frc). Aufrk jf fstcs ikscs sfûkekjcs sf rfqufrnrë ek kutcrnzkinù` c rfprfsf`tkinù` jf u` rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke, pkrk ec iuke jfofrë jnstn`bunrsf f`trf ek rfprfsf`tkinù`

jfe dngc f` ecs kitcs fxtrkgujninkefs y f` ecs gujninkefs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  _fprfsf`tkinù` f` ecs kitcs fxtrkgujninkefs. Fstk fxtrkgujninkefs. Fstk ef icrrfspc`jf ke tntuekr jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, qunf` pcjrë sfr fe Xkjrf, ek Mkjrf c kmocs< y sn `n`bu`c jf feecs ec tuvnfrf, ec rfprfsf`tkrë fe rfspfitnvc iurkjcr. Jf fstk mk`frk, pkrk fstcs kitcs fxtrkgujninkefs sfrë `fifskrnc quf fe tntuekr jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj ksumk su rfprfsf`tkinù` c ef kutcrnif pkrk fgfiutkr fe kitc, ku`quf fstk kutcrnzkinù` `c fstë fxprfskmf`tf rfbuekjk f` ek efy, pcr ec iuke pcjrë sfr fxprfsk c tëintk, skevc ecs ikscs f` quf ek efy fxngk quf sfk scefm`f. Yn fe tntuekr jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj sf `nfbk k jkr kutcrnzkinù` c fstë nmpfjnjc dkifrec, ek kutcrnzkinù` gujninke `c sfrë suosnjnkrnk f` fstf iksc, yk quf îstk rfqunfrf tfxtc fxprfsù ek efy, ek quf f` fstf iksc `c fxnstf. Ecs kitcs fxtrkgujninkefs rfkenzkjc pcr fe dngc, kutcrnzkjcs pcr rktnanikjcs pcr fe tntuekr jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj c fe iurkjcr f` su iksc, coenbk` ke dngc fxieusnvkmf`tf f` su pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke, pfrc fstf `c pcjrë tcmkr jn`frc sn` kutcrnzkinù` fsirntk jf jnidks pfrsc`ks. Yf dk jnidc quf pkrk ecs kitcs kutcrnzkjcs c rktnanikjc pcr fsirntc, ecs fafitcs jf feecs jfofrë` jnstn`bunrsf f` rfekinù` k qunf` tnf`f ek pktrnk pctfstkj, f` iuk`tc sn fstë` c `c ikskjcs pcr scinfjkj ic`yubke, yk quf sí ec fstë ek scinfjkj ic`yubke sf coenbkrë fstk f` ecs kitcs quf fe dngc iîeforf aufrk jf su pfiuenc prcafsnc`ke c n`justrnke< y pcr tk`tc `c coenbkrë` jnrfitkmf`tf ke Xkjrf c k ek Mkjrf f` ic`acrmnjkj k eks jnspcsninc`fs sfûkekjks pkrk fstf rîbnmf` jf onf`fs< Xcr ctrk pkrtf, sn `c dky scinfjkj ic`yubke, ecs kitcs ifeforkjcs pcr fe dngc kitcs coenbk` scekmf`tf ke Xkjrf c ek Mkjrf quf dkyk n`tfrvf`njc f` feecs. _fprfsf`tkinù` jf ecs kitcs gujninkefs . Jfofmcs jnstn`bunrec pcr brupcs c tnpcs jf kiinc`fs. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, f` iuk`tc eks kiinc`fs invnefs, sn fe dngc fs jfmk`jk`tf jfofrë kitukr kutcrnzkjc c rfprfsf`tkjc pcr Fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf qunf` fgfrif ek pktrnk pctfstkj c pcr kmocs sn fs jf mk`frk ic`gu`tk. Yí dky n`dkonenjkj c `fbktnvk pkrk prfstkr fstk rfprfsf`tkinù`, fe gufz pcjrë supenrek, jë`jcef ke dngc u` iurkjcr pkrk ek entns. Eufbc, sn fe dngc fs jfmk`jkjc, fe kitcr jfofrë jnrnbnrsf f` ic`trk jfe Xkjrf c ek Mkjrf quf tf`bk ek pktrnk pctfstkj, pkrk quf kutcrnif c rfprfsf`tf ke dngc f` fe entnbnc. Yn kmocs fgfrifr ek pktrnk pctfstkj, pc tfstkj, okstkrë quf sf jnrngk ic`trk u`c jf feecs. Yn `c pujnfrf` c `c qunsnfrf prfstkr kutcrnzkinù` c rfprfsf`tkinù`, pcjrë supenrek fe gufz jk`jc ke dngc u` iurkjcr pkrk ek entns. Eufbc, f` ec rfektnvc k eks kiinc`fs pf`kefs, sn fe dngc fs qufrfeek`tf sf kpenik ek mnsmk rfbek k`tfrncr jf mktfrnk invne, pfrc sn fe dngc fs nmputkjc, fe Xkjrf c Mkjrf quf tnf`f ek pktrnk pctfstkj `c sfrë rfspc`skoef jf tkefs neíintcs f` rkzù` jf ec pfrsc`ke jf ek rfspc`skonenjkj pf`ke, `c costk`tf, sn fstkrë coenbkjc k sumn`nstrkref ecs kuxnencs quf `fifsntf` pkrk su jfaf`sk. Dkifmcs prfsf`tf f` fstf pu`tc ek kpenikinù` jf ek efy jf rfspc`skonenjkj pf`ke kjcefsif`tf `rc. ?8.84:. An`kemf`tf, f` ecs gunincs f`trf fe dngc y fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, sfrë `fifskrnc quf fe dngc cotf`bk

ek y sn îstff`ekquf ctcrbk, jfofrëc jkref u` iurkjcr ek entns. @c sfpfrc dk ic`tfmpekjc f`vf`nk ek efyjfe ek gufz, pcsnonenjkj fe pkjrf ek mkjrf sfk` ecspkrk jfmk`jk`tfs, f` fstf iksc,  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  tkmonî` jfofrík jfsnb`ërsfef u` iurkjcr. Ynf`jc ecs pkjrfs jfmk`jk`tfs c jfmk`jkjcs, fstcs snfmprf jfofrë` prcvffr ke dngc eks fxpf`sks jfe guninc, eks quf n`ieusc pufjf rfbuekr n`injf`tkemf`tf fe trnou`ke.

Yuspf`snù` jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj. Fstk pctfstkj. Fstk sf suspf`jf, sn` fxtn`bunrsf, pcr eks ikuskefs ic`tfmpekjks f` fe krtíiuec ?12 II. y quf sc`7 ;.  Jfmf`ink jfe pkjrf c mkjrf quf ek fgfrif. @c fs `fifskrnk ek n`tfrjniinù` f` fstf iksc. ?.  Mn`crík jf fjkj jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf. 9.  Xcr fstkr fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf quf fgfrzk ek pktrnk pctfstkj f` f`trfjnidc jf kjmn`nstrkr sus prcpncs onf`fs. :.  Xcr prcec`bkjk kusf`ink c nmpfjnmf`tc aísnic jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf quf fgfrzk ek pktrnk pctfstkj, jf ec iuke dkyk pfrguninc brkvf pkrk ecs n`tfrfsfs jfe dngc, k ecs quf fe pkjrf kusf`tf c nmpfjnjc `c prcvff. Fe fafitc ek suspf`snù` fs quf fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf qunf` fgfrif qufjkrë prnvkjc jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` jf ecs onf`fs jfe dngc y jf su rfprfsf`tkinù`, ikscs f` ecs iukefs ek pktrnk pctfstkj ec fgfrifrë fe ctrc pkjrf< pfrc sn sf suspf`jf rfspfitc jf kmocs pkjrfs, fe dngc qufjkrë sugftc k bukrjk (tutfek c iurktfek). Ycekmf`tf f` fe iksc quf ek suspf`snù` sfk pcrquf fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf sfk` mf`crfs jf fjkj, sf prcjuinrë jf pef`c jfrfidc, jf mk`frk quf ecs jfmës ikscs jfofrë` sfr jfiekrkjk pcr fe gufz, eufbc jf dkofr cíjc k ecs pkrnf`tfs y ke jfaf`scr jf mf`crfs. Zkmonî`, fe gufz fstë akiuetkjc pkrk jfirftkr quf fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf rfiupfrf` ek pktrnk pctfstkj iuk`jc dkyk ifskjc ek ikuske quf ek n`vciù. Zk`tc ek rfsceuinù` quf jfirftù ek suspf`snù`, icmc ek quf ek jfgk sn` fafitc, jfofrë f` suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Jf ek fmk`inpkinù`. Yfb÷` fmk`inpkinù`. Yfb÷` fe Krt. ?1> II., ek fmk`inpkinù` fs u` dfidc quf pc`f an` k ek pktrnk pctfstkj jfe pkjrf, jf ek mkjrf c jf kmocs, sfb÷` sfk fe iksc. Fenmn`kjk ek fmk`inpkinù`  vceu`tkrnk ic` ek mcjnanikinù` efbke, kitukemf`tf scec sf ic`tfmpek ek fmk`inpkinù` jf crnbf` efbke c gujninke. Ek efbke, sf prcjuif pcr fe scec mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy ke ic`anburkrsf kebu`k jf eks ikuskefs ic`tfmpekjks f` feek< ek gujninke fs ek crnbn`kjk pcr rfsceuinù` gujninke au`jkjk tkmonî` f` kebu`k jf eks ikuskefs tkxktnvkmf`tf sfûkekjks pkrk feec f` ecs krtíiuecs ?28 y ?2; jfe II., rfspfitnvkmf`tf.  Krt. ?28. Ek fmk`inpkinù` efbke sf fafit÷k7

;.· Xcr ek mufrtf jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, skevc quf icrrfspc`jk fgfrintkr ek pktrnk pctfstkj ke ctrc<  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ?.· Xcr fe jfirftc quf jk ek pcsfsnù` prcvnscrnk, c ek e k pcsfsnù` jfan`ntnvk f` su iksc, jf ecs onf`fs jfe pkjrf c mkjrf jfskpkrfinjc, skevc quf icrrfspc`jk ke ctrc fgfrintkr ek pktrnk pctfstkj< 9.· Xcr fe mktrnmc`nc jfe dngc, y :.· Xcr dkofr iumpenjc fe dngc ek fjkj jf jnfincidc kûcs.  Krt. ?2;. Ek fmk`inpkinù` gujninke sf fafit÷k pcr jfirftc jfe gufz7 ;.· Iuk`jc fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf mketrktk dkontukemf`tf ke dngc, skevc quf icrrfspc`jk fgfrifr ek pktrnk pctfstkj ke ctrc< ?.· Iuk`jc fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf dk kok`jc`kjc ke dngc, skevc fe iksc jf fxifpinù` jfe `÷mfrc prfifjf`tf< 9.· Iuk`jc pcr sf`tf`ink fgfiutcrnkjk fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf dk snjc ic`jf`kjc pcr jfentc quf mfrfzik pf`k kaenitnvk, ku`quf rfiknbk n`juetc scorf ek pf`k, k mf`cs quf, ktf`jnjk ek `kturkefzk jfe jfentc, fe gufz fstnmf quf `c fxnstf rnfsbc pkrk fe n`tfrîs jfe dngc, c jf ksumnr fe ctrc pkjrf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, y :.· F` iksc jf n`dkonenjkj aísnik c mcrke jfe pkjrf c mkjrf, sn `c ef icrrfspc`jf ke ctrc fgfrifr ek pktrnk pctfstkj. Ek rfsceuinù` gujninke quf jfirftf ek fmk`inpkinù` jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc. Ctrk ikuske fstë ic`tfmpekjk f` fe Krt. 928 ons jfe Iùjnbc pf`ke, rfektnvk k ecs jfentcs ic`trk eks pfrsc`ks. F` bf`frke, ek fmk`inpkinù` fs nrrfvcikoef sfb÷` fe Krt. ?2? II., pfrc ek fxifpinù` k fstf iksc fs ek quf sf prcjuif pcr mufrtf prfsu`tk c pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke au`jkjk f` ek n`dkonenjkj mcrke jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, yk quf f` fstcs ikscs ek fmk`inpkinù` pufjf sfr jfgkjk sn` fafitc pcr fe gufz k pftninù` jfe rfspfitnvc pkjrf c mkjrf, snfmprf quf sf kirfjntf afdkinf`tfmf`tf ek quf dk jfskpkrfinjc c ifskjc ek n`dkonenjkj, sfb÷` fe iksc. Jf tcjks acrmks, ek rfiupfrkinù` jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj jf jfof ic`stkr f` ec ic`vf`nf`tf k ecs n`tfrfsfs jfe dngc. Yf dk fstkoefinjc quf ek rfvcikinù` jf ek fmk`inpkinù` prcifjfrë scec u`k vfz f` fstcs ic`tfxtcs. Icmc mfjnjk jf puoeninjkj, ek rfsceuinù` quf rfvcquf ek fmk`inpkinù` jfofrë suon`sirnonrsf ke mkrbf` jf ek pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc jfe dngc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

IKXNZVEC Q. FE JF_FIDC JF KENMF@ZCY

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY Fs u`c jf ecs jfrfidcs mës nmpcrtk`tfs quf surbf` jf ek anenkinù`, pfrc f` bf`frke jf eks rfekinc`fs jf akmnenk, yk quf `c scekmf`tf ek jfsif`jf`ink y ksif`jf`ink f` ecs pkrf`tfsics sc` ecs quf pfrmntnrë` fstkoefifr ek prcifjf`ink jf ek coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs. Xrfinskmcs quf ecs kenmf`tcs f`tc`ifs sc` u`k coenbkinù` mcrke y efbke quf pfsk scorf infrtks pfrsc`ks pkrk ktf`jfr k eks `fifsnjkjfs jf ctrcs, iuk`jc îstcs `c pufjf` dkifrec pcr sí mnsmks, `c ic` ek an`ken an`kenjkj jkj jf dkifr mës rnics, sn`c ic` ek an`kenjkj jf pfrmntnrefs su suosnstf`ink mcjfstk ic`acrmf k u`k jftfrmn`kjk pcsninù` scinke. Fe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs tnf`f u` keik`if bf`frke f` iuk`tc k su ic`tf`njc, yk quf `c icmprf`jf scec ek kenmf`tkinù` rfektnvc k ec icmfstnoef, sn`c tkmonî` keik`zk ek dkontkinù`, fe kornbc, skeuj, ek fjuikinù` f n`ieusc, rfefvk`tf k ecs @@K pcr ecs jfrfidcs quf ek IJ@ ic`anfrf, fe jfrfidc k rfirfkinù`. F` fstf sf`tnjc, f` ek prfstkinù` kenmf`tnink rfic`cifmcs pcr tk`tc k u` kirffjcr, quf jf`cmn`kmcs kenmf`tkrnc, y ke jfujcr, quf sf ic`cif icmc kenmf`tk`tf. F` u` trktkmnf`tc pkrtniuekr, sf jfan`f` ecs kenmf`tcs jcitrn`kemf`tf f` oksf ke ic`tf`njc jfe  Krt. 9?9 II., ic`cinf`jc k ecs kenmf`tcs icm icmcc kq kqufeek ufeek ksnb`kinù` tfmpcrke tfmpcrke jjff jjn`frc n`frc c jf jfrfidcs rfidcs fqunvkef`tfs f` jn`frc quf kebu`cs pkrnf`tfs c sugftcs jfof` k ctrcs, y quf tnf`f pcr an`kenjkj dkonentkr ke kenmf`tkrnc quf sf f`iuf`trk f` u`k sntukinù` jf `fifsnjkj pkrk suosnstnr mcjfstkmf`tf jf u` mcjc icrrfspc`jnf`tf k su pcsninù` scinke. F` pkekorks jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk f` akeec jf afidk ?9 jf korne jf ?8;6 (kutcs rce ??92??8;:), ecs kenmf`tcs sc` e k rfinof `c tnf`f pcsnonenjkj jf suovf`nr … ek prfstkinù` jfonjk f`trf pkrnf`tfs prùxnmcs iuk`jc qunf` ek k sus `fifsnjkjfs, (…) y `c scec icmprf`jf ec nmpfrncsc pkrk fxnstnr, fs jfinr, ek icmnjk, fe vfstukrnc y u` eubkr jc`jf vnvnr, sn`c quf jfof kokrikr ec prfinsc pkrk quf ek pfrsc`k quf ecs scenintk pufjk jfskrrceekrsf fspnrntuke y mktfrnkemf`tf, ec quf nmpenik quf jfof iuornr ek vnvnf`jk, ek fjuikinù` y skeuj, tkmonî` kitnvnjkjfs rfirfktnvks y jf fspkrinmnf`tc.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ikrkitfrístniks jfe jfrfidc jf kenmf`tcs. Fs u` jfrfidc pfrsc`keísnmc, pufs fstë fstrnitkmf`tf u`njc k ek pfrsc`k y sus rfbeks sc` jf crjf` p÷oenic. Fs n`trk`safrnoef pcr kitc f`trf vnvcs f n`trk`smnsnoefs pcr ikusk jf mufrtf, fs jfinr, fs n`tuntc pfrsc`k. @c costk`tf, sí sf trktk jf kenmf`tcs jfvf`bkjcs, sc` u` irîjntc, y pufjf` trk`zkrsf, rf`u`inkrsf c icorkrsf. Ksnmnsmc, fs nrrf`u`inkoef, pcr cogftc neíintc. Fs nmprfsirnptnoef y sf ctcrbk` pcr tcjk ek vnjk jfe kenmf`tkrnc< ec quf `c costk k quf feecs sf jfvf`buf` dkstk ecs ?; kûcs pkrk ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs y dfrmk`cs< y dkstk ecs ?4 k ecs quf dkyk` fstujnkjc u`k prcafsnù` u caninc c quf efs kafitf u`k n`ikpkinjkj aísnik c mf`tke, c quf, pcr inriu`stk`inks ikenanikjks pcr fe gufz, ecs ic`snjfrf icmc n`jnspf`skoefs pkrk su suosnstf`ink. Fs tkmonî` u` jfrfidc n`fmokrbkoef< y trk`snbnoef scec f` ek mfjnjk jf ecs kenmf`tcs jfvf`bkjcs< mks `c jf ecs auturcs. Zkmpcic prcifjf ek icmpf`skinù` f` su pkbc, sn`c f` eks mnsmks rfbeks k`tfs n`jnikjks. Yf jnif, kjfmës, quf `c fxnstf icsk gubkjk f` mktfrnk jf pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks, pcrquf îstks  vkrík` f` iuk`tc vkrík` tkmonî` eks inriu`stk`inks quf mctnvkrc` su fstkoefinmnf`tc, pujnf`jc kumf`tkrsf jnsmn`unr sf c n`ieusc suprnmnrsf fstks pf`snc`fs, sfb÷` eks pcsnonenjkjfs quf ic`anfrf ek Efy jf Xf`snc`fs jf Kenmf`tcs. NN. IEKYNANIKINÙ@ JF ECY KENMF@ZCY  K.   Kenmf`tcs sfb÷` su crnbf`7 Qceu`tkrncs y Efbkefs Yf ieksnanik` ecs kenmf`tcs f` prnmfr tîrmn`c f` rkzù` jf su crnbf`, pujnf`jc sfr efbkefs c acrzcscs, c onf`, vceu`tkrncs. Ecs prnmfrcs sc` kqufeecs kenmf`tcs iuyc títuec fs ek efy, y quf prcifjf` sn` `fifsnjkj jf ktf`jfr k ek vceu`tkj jf eks pkrtfs. Ecs vceu`tkrncs f` ikmonc sf rnbf` f` kiufrjc jf u`k vceu`tkjfs c f` ek vceu`tkj jfe ec kenmf`tk`tf pcr ec quf pufjf`ktf`fr u` u` jcoef crnbf`7 mfrk enofrkenjkj< c u`k u`nektfrke ic`vf`inù`, quf fs rfefvk`tf f` iuk`tc quf scekmf`tf eks coenbkinc`fs fmk`kjks jf ek ic`vf`inù` sc` rfiekmkoefs gujninkemf`tf. Jf fstk mk`frk ec quf ek efy rfbekmf`tk sc` ecs kenmf`tcs efbkefs c acrzcscs, f` kjfek`tf, kenmf`tcs, ecs quf sf fxtf`jfrë` f` su trktkmnf`tc k pkrtnr jfe Krt. 9?; II, sn` pfrguninc jf sfr tkmonî` rfefvk`tfs eks jnspcsninc`fs ic`tf`njks f` ek efy @rc. ;:.>84 scorf fe kok`jc`c jf akmnenk y pkbc jf pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks, ek Ic`vf`inù` scorf ek cotf`inù` jf kenmf`tcs f` fe fxtrk`gfrc jf ;>1;< fe Xkitc jf Yk` Gcsî jf icstk _nik, y pcr supufstc, ek Ic`vf`inù` scorf Jfrfidcs jfe `nûc. F` fstf ÷etnmc iksc, ecs kenmf`tcs sf rfbuek` f` oksf ke jfrfidc sf supfrvnvf`ink jfe @@K ic`tf`njc f` su krtíiuec 1, y fspfinkemf`tf fe Krt. ?2 IJ@, quf bkrk`tnzk` fe jfrfidc jfe `nûc k u` `nvfe jf vnjk kjfiukjc pkrk su jfskrrceec aísnic, mf`tke, fspnrntuke, mcrke y scinke, sfûkek`jc fxprfskmf`tf quf k ecs pkjrfs u ctrks pfrsc`ks f`ikrbkjks jfe `nûc efs n`iumof ek

rfspc`skonenjkj prnmcrjnke jf prcpcrinc`kr, jf`trc jf sus pcsnonenjkjfs y mfjncs fic`ùmnics, eks ic`jninc`fs jf vnjk quf sfk` `fifskrnks pkrk fe jfskrrceec jfe `nûc.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

O.   Kenmf`tcs sfb÷` su angkinù`7 Xrcvnscrncs y jfan`ntnvcs Ctrc irntfrnc pcr fe quf sf pufjf` ieksnanikr ecs kenmf`tcs fs f` rkzù` jfe guninc mnsmc, f` quf pufjf` tcmkr acrmk jf kenmf`tcs prcvnscrncs c jfan`ntnvcs, sfb÷` sn sc` jftfrmn`kjcs ke mcmf`tc jfe prcvfíjc jf ek jfmk`jk jf kenmf`tcs icmc u`k fspfinf jf mfjnjk ikutfekr quf fstkrë vnbf`tf jurk`tf fe guninc, c onf`, sn sc` ecs quf yk sf dk` nmpufstc pcr sf`tf`ink u ctrc fqunvkef`tf gurnsjniinc`ke y quf rfbnrë` dkink fe auturc. F` rfekinù` k ecs kenmf`tcs prcvnscrncs, fstcs sfrë` angkjcs f` ek jfmk`jk sn sf iuf`tk` ic` ecs k`tfifjf`tfs rfqufrnjcs pkrk feecs y pcjrë` sfr cogftkjcs pcr ek ic`trkpkrtf f` qun`tc jík f` rkzù` jfe krtíiuec iukrtc n`insc prnmfrc jf ek efy ;:.>84, efy jf pf`snc`fs jf kenmf`tcs, f` kjfek`tf EXK. Kdcrk onf`, ic` fe mîrntc jf ek cogfinù` c pcr ek kusf`ink jf feek, fe Zrnou`ke ecs angkrë, surbnf`jc jujks scorf ek `kturkefzk guríjnik jf tke rfsceuinù`. Yn sf ef jnc u`k trkmntkinù` n`injf`tke prcjuitc jf ek cogfinù` y ic`snjfrk`jc quf sc` prcvnscrncs fstcs kenmf`tcs, `c sfrík` jfrfidcs pfrmk`f`tfs f` akvcr jf eks pkrtfs, pcr ec tk`tc, ek rfsceuinù` sfrík u` kutc, y f` fsf iksc ek nmpub`kinù` sfrík mfjnk`tf rfpcsninù` ic` kpfekinù` f` suosnjnc, snf`jc fstk ek tfcrík mës kifptkjk. Yn` fmokrbc, fe krtíiuec 12 jf ek EZA scec pfrmntf ek kpfekinù` jf sf`tf`inks jfan`ntnvks, n`tfreciutcrnks quf dkif` nmpcsnoef ek ic`tn`ukinù` jfe guninc y jf mfjnjks ikutfekrfs, `c pfrmntnî`jcek pcr kutcs icmc rfsceuinc`fs quf akeef` n`injf`tfs sn` fstkoefifr jfrfidcs pfrmk`f`tfs f` akvcr jf eks pkrtfs, ec quf `cs eefvk k ic`snjfrkr ek pcsnonenjkj jf f`tf`jfr k ecs kenmf`tcs prcvnscrncs icmc u`k mfjnjk ikutfekr jf trkmntkinù` n`injf`tke. Fstk sntukinù` `c fs okekjí ic`snjfrk`jc quf jf tke ikenanikinù` jfpf`jf sn sc` c `c nmpub`koefs pcr vík jf kpfekinù`. Yn sf ikenanik` icmc ikutfekrfs ecs kenmf`tcs prcvnscrncs, sfrík` kpfekoefs, pfrc sn `c ec aufrk, su nmpub`kinù` sfrík nmprcifjf`tf y sf f`tf`jfrík quf sf jnitk` f` ÷`nik n`stk`ink trks fe n`injf`tf quf sf crnbn`k ic` fe jfrfidc k cpcsninù` quf ic`tfmpek fe krtíiuec : jf ek EXK. Fstk sntukinù` dk prcmcvnjc quf, f` kebu`ks ciksnc`fs, ic`acrmf ke irntfrnc quf ek Netmk. Icrtf tf`bk f` su n`tfbrkinù` jnkrnk, sf pek`tff` fxnbf`inks jf kefbkinc`fs scorf ek kjmnsnonenjkj jfe rfiursc, rkzù` f` ek iuke dkorë quf fxpc`fr fe ikrëitfr ikutfekr quf fstk mfjnjk tnf`f y, pcr tk`tc, jfaf`jfr ek prcifjf`ink jf ek nmpub`kinù` pcr vík jf kpfekinù`. Xrfinskmcs quf fstk vnkonenjkj jf kpfekinù` suosnjnkrnk jf u`k rfpcsninù` fstë jkjk pcr fe n`insc sfxtc jfe  Krt. : EXK.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Xcr su pkrtf, ecs kenmf`tcs jfan`ntnvcs sf cotnf`f` f` vnrtuj jf u`k sf`tf`ink gujninke c keb÷` fqunvkef`tf gurnsjniinc`ke. Jf dfidc, ecs ic`aenitcs susintkjcs pkrk ek rfbuekinù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs prftf`jf` quf fstcs sf rfsufevk` mfjnk`tf ek kpenikinù` jf ek kutcicmpcsninù`, jk`jc eubkr k ek mfjnkinù` c k eks trk`skiinc`fs quf eks pkrtfs pujnfrk` ifeforkr, ecs quf kutcrnzkjcs pcr fe gufz f` ikusks iuyc rce jf ikusk n`nink` ic` eks eftrks M c Z, rfspfitnvkmf`tf, tnf`f` vkecr jf sf`tf`ink fgfiutcrnkjk. F` fstf sf`tnjc, ek au`inù` jfe gufz f` ek angkinù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs jfan`ntnvcs fs pcr tk`tc suosnjnkrnk, prcifjf`tf f` iksc jf quf ecs kiufrjcs jf angkinù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs `c duonfrk` snjc aruitíafrcs. Mk`nafstkinù` jf ec k`tfrncr fs quf, pkrk n`ninkr u`k ikusk jf kenmf`tcs, fs rfqunsntc jf kjmnsnonenjkj jf tkefs jfmk`jks fe ic`tkr ic` u` ifrtnanikjc jf mfjnkinù` arustrkjk, snf`jc rfqufrnjk ek n`stk`ink jf kutcicmpcsninù` prfvnk, ec quf `c costk k quf fe gufz f` fe ic`tfxtc jf ic`inenkinù` ic`inen kinù` n`tf`tkrë tkmonî` prcmcvfr kiufrjcs f` fstf crjf` y ic` feec fvntkr tkmonî` ecs gunincs. I.  F` su fxnbnonenjkj7 Auturcs y jfvf`bkjcs  Kjfmës jf eks ieksnanikinc`fs k`tfrncrfs, eks pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks pufjf` sfr auturks c onf` jfvf`bkjks< ec quf fs rfefvk`tf f` iuk`tc k quf ecs kenmf`tcs auturcs, quf ku` sf jfof`, `c sfrë` susifptnoefs jf rf`u`ink, trk`smnsnù`, rf`u`ink, ifsnù` c f`kgf`kinù` kebu`k, sfb÷` ec quf prfvî fe Krt. 99: II. Fs jfe iksc sfûkekr quf, sn onf` ek coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs surbf jf eks rkzc`fs jf pkrf`tfsic, fstf `c sf kiumuek jf mk`frk rftrckitnvk, sn`c jfsjf fe mcmf`tc f` quf sf jfmk`jk, y ksí ec ic`tfmpek fe Krt. 99; II. Fxnstf u`k irff`ink scinke fqunvcikjk f` quf ecs kenmf`tcs sfrík` rftrckitnvcs, f` acrmk quf sn ek mkjrf jf u` `nûc jf sfns kûcs jfmk`jk kenmf`tcs f` ic`trk jfe pkjrf jf kqufe f` fstf mcmf`tc, yk ef jfofrík sfns kûcs jf kenmf`tcs, njfk quf fs nmprcifjf`tf. Ek efy tnf`f u`k eùbnik jnstn`tk, f`tf`jnf`jc quf sn `c sf jfmk`jkrc` kenmf`tcs k`tfs frk f` rkzù` jf `c fxnstnr n`tfrîs `n `fifsnjkj pkrk feec, pcr tk`tc, su angkinù` rftrckitnvk sfrík nefbke. F` fe iksc ecs kenmf`tcs jfvf`bkjcs (kjfujkjcs) `c pkbkjcs tcjkvík ek sntukinù` fs jnvfrsk, f` iuk`tc f` feecs sn fxnstf pcsnonenjkj jf rfkenzkr trk`skiinù`, icmpf`skinù`, rf`u`ink, ifsnù`, f`kgf`kinù` f n`ieusc sf pcjrík trk`smntnr pcr ikusk jf mufrtf fe jfrfidc k jfmk`jkreks, sfb÷` fstkoefif fe Krt. 991 II. Jf dfidc, sf dk rfstnmkjc quf eks pf`snc`fs jfvf`bkjks y `c pkbkjks fstkrík` f` fe icmfrinc dumk`c pujnf`jc n`ieusc prfsirnonr ic`acrmf k eks rfbeks bf`frkefs. Ek sf`tf`ink jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf K`tcakbkstk jf afidk ;: jf cituorf jf ?8;8 jnitkjk f` kutcs rce ;66-?8;8, dk sfûkekjc f` fstf sf`tnjc quf7

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Jnstn`tc fs fe iksc jf eks pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks ken mf`tninks jfirftkjks y jfvf`bkjks, eks iukefs ke fstkr f` fe icmfrinc dumk`c, `c scec pufjf` prfsirnonr sn `c sc` icorkjks, sn`c quf tkmonî` pufjf` sfr cogftc jf ic`trktcs tkefs icmc ek trk`skiinù`< pufs icmc sfûkek fe krtíiuec 991 jfe Iùjnbc Invne, eks pf`snc`fs kenmf`tninks ktrkskjks pcjrë` rf`u`inkrsf c icmpf`skrsf< y fe jfrfidc jf jfmk`jkreks, trk`smntnrsf pcr ikusk jf mufrtf, vf`jfrsf y ifjfrsf, sn` pfrguninc jf ek prfsirnpinù` quf icmpeftk fe jfujcr NNN. ANGKINÙ@ JF KENMF@ZCY Yn` pfrguninc quf ecs irntfrncs quf sf fxpenikrë` sfrë` kpenikoefs pkrk ic`snjfrkr pcr ecs kocbkjcs f` eks `fbcinkinc`fs c o÷squfjks jf kiufrjcs, fstcs sf fxpenikrë` jfsjf fe pu`tc jf vnstk jfe guninc quf sf dk n`ninkjc, rfntfrkmcs, eufbc quf ek mfjnkinù` duonfrk arustrkjc. Fs ksí icmc, ke n`tfrpc`frsf ek jfmk`jk, y snfmprf quf ke Zrnou`ke ef ic`stf fe pkrf`tfsic y fe fstkjc jf `fifsnjkj mfjnk`tf jciumf`tcs kicmpkûkjcs k ek jfmk`jk, pcjrë angkr ecs kenmf`tcs prcvnscrncs quf icrrfspc`jk`, n`ninë`jcsf u` prcifjnmnf`tc quf ic`gubkrë trfs fefmf`tcs c rfqunsntcs, y quf sc` ecs quf usukemf`tf sf angk` icmc pu`tcs jf prufok f` fstks ikusks. ;.  Efbntnmnjkj kitnvk y pksnvk pkrk jfmk`jkr ecs kenmf`tcs Ic`snjfrkjc icmc ek ikusk efbke jf ecs kenmf`tcs, fstf rfqunsntc ic`snstf f` fstkr f` kebu`c jf ecs supufstcs jf eks pfrsc`ks quf tnf`f` jfrfidc k pfjnr kenmf`tcs y pfjírsfec k qunî` ek efy fstkoefif< yk quf icmc sfûkek fe krt. 9?; sf jfof` kenmf`tcs ke iù`yubf, k ecs jfsif`jnf`tfs, k ecs ksif`jnf`tfs, k ecs dfrmk`cs, y ke quf dnzc u`k jc`kinù` iuk`tncsk, sn `c duonfrk snjc rfsin`jnjk c rfvcikjk, y scec fstf ÷etnmc iksc `c sf au`jk` ecs kenmf`tcs f` fe pkrf`tfsic. Jf fstc jfrnvk quf pufjf` jfmk`jkrsf eks snbunf`tfs pfrsc`ks.

Efbntnmkrnc kitnvc (Krt. 9?;) 

Efbntnmkrnc pksnvc 

 Kenmf`tkrnc

 Kenmf`tk`tfs

Iù`yubf

Fe/ek ctrc/k iù`yubf

Jfsif`jnf`tfs

Xkjrf, mkjrf, koufecs, onskoufecs

 Ksif`jnf`tfs

Dngcs, `nftcs, ons`nftcs

Dfrmk`cs

Ctrcs dfrmk`cs sfk` jf snmpef c jcoef

ic`gu`inù`

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Jc`k`tf iuk`tncsc

Fe jc`ktkrnc quf rfinonù fsk jc`kinù`

Icmc sc` vkrncs ecs títuecs f` vnrtuj jfe iuke sf pufjf pfjnr kenmf`tcs, sf dk fstkoefinjc u` crjf` jf prfifjf`ink pkrk ek kpenikinù` jf feec f` fe Krt. 9?1 II. (6-;-?-9-:), fstkoefinî`jcsf ctrks rfbeks icmc sc` ek jnstrnouinù` jf ek coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs f` prcpcrinù` k sus akiuetkjfs< k quf sn fxnstf` vkrncs ksif`jnf`tfs c jfsif`jnf`tfs jfofrë rfiurrnrsf ke brkjc mës prùxnmc (pkjrfs y eufbc koufecs, pcr fgfmpec, sfb÷` fe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. 9 EXK), y f` u` mnsmc brkjc, fe gufz jfofrë jnstrnounr ek coenbkinù`. F` ek sntukinù` n`vfrsk, sn dky vkrncs kenmf`tkrncs, fe gufz jnstrnounrë ecs kenmf`tcs f`trf feecs. ?.  Fstkjc jf `fifsnjkj jfe kenmf`tkrnc N`ninkemf`tf, ek sntukinù` jf quf qunf` scenintf kenmf`tcs jfof sfr ikenanikjk jf ikrf`tf (kebu`cs kutcrfs dkoek` jf n`jnbf`ink). Fstk sntukinù` nmpenik quf fe kenmf`tkrnc jfofrë prcokr ek sntukinù` f` quf sf f`iuf`trk, jk`jc iuf`tk jf ecs fefmf`tcs quf mctnvk` fe fgfrininc jf ek kiinù`. Yn oonf`, nf`, f`bkûc, ec infrtc fs quf fe iëeiuec jfof sfr rfspc`skoef, prujf`tf icmc jnif fe jnidc, f` pfjnr `c dky f`bkûc, y, scorf tcjc, kirfjntkoef, yk quf ek jfmk`jk jf kenmf`tcs `c jfof vfrskr scorf ecs n`tfrfsfs c fxpfitktnvks jf eks pkrtfs, sn`c jf ek sntukinù` fafitnvk jf ikrf`ink quf sf vnvf`ink pcr fe kenmf`tkrnc. Jf kdí quf sfk rficmf`jkoef bf`frkr u`k fspfinf jf iukjrc jf `fifsnjkjfs mf`sukefs, f` ecs quf sf jfsirnok` tcjcs ecs mc`tcs kscinkjcs k ec quf ek ssuosnstf`ink uosnstf`ink mcjfstk jfe kenmf`tkrnc fxngk. Yn` pfrguninc jf ek prufok icrrfspc`jnf`tf, sf fstkoefif` infrtcs mí`nmcs efbkefs quf fstë` jkjcs f` oksf ke n`brfsc mí`nmc mf`suke rfmu`frkinc`ke (NMM_), ec quf vnf`f jkjc pcr fe n`insc sfbu`jc jfe Krt. 9 jf ek EXK. @c costk`tf, sn sf trktk jf jcs c mës mf`crfs, fe mc`tc mí`nmc sf rfokgkrë k 98% jf NMM_ pcr ikjk u`c. 9.  Yntukinù` fic`ùmnic-pktrnmc`nke jfe kenmf`tk`tf Eufbc, pkrk ek prcifjf`ink jf ecs kenmf`tcs fs mf`fstfr tf`fr f` ic`snjfrkinù` tkmonî` ek ikpkinjkj fic`ùmnik jf ek pfrsc`k kenmf`tk`tf ic`trk qunf` sf jnrnbf ek kiinù`, snf`tc pfrtn`f`tf tkmonî` quf fe kenmf`tk`tf pufjk prcpcrinc`kr ecs kenmf`tcs quf sf jfmk`jk`. Fstf rfqunsntc jnif rfekinù` ic` ek scevf`ink jfe jfmk`jkjc, kjvnrtnf`jc quf, sn feek `c fxnstf y tnf`f scekmf`tf

mfjncs suosnstnr jfmk`jk nmprcifjf`tf c sfrë prujf`inkemf`tf, sfb÷` sfûkek fepkrk n`insc iukrtcîe, jfeekKrt. 9 jf eksfrë EXK. Fe prcpnc Krt. 9?> rfokgkjc II. crjf`k quf f` ek tkskinù` jf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ecs kenmf`tcs sf jfok tcmkr f` ic`snjfrkinù` eks akiuetkjfs jfe jfujcr y sus inriu`stk`inks jcmîstniks. Jf tcjks acrmks, ek efy prfsumf infrtcs ikscs f` ecs quf fe kenmf`tk`tf tf`jrë mfjncs pkrk pkbkr kenmf`tcs< icmc fs fe iksc jf kenmf`tkrnc mf`cr jf fjkj quf scenintk kenmf`tcs k su pkjrf c mkjrf, ek quf fs u`k prfsu`inù` snmpefmf`tf efbke jfe Krt. 9 jf ek EXK. Fs jfrnvkjc jf fstf rfqunsntc quf jfofmcs tf`fr prfsf`tf quf ek efy, sn onf` rfsbukrjk mc`tcs mí`nmcs f` akvcr jfe kenmf`tkrnc, tkmonî` fstkoefif mëxnmcs pcsnoefs pkrk fe kenmf`tkrnc, ku` iuk`jc ek ikpkinjkj fic`ùmnik jf kqufe sfk supfrncr ke NMM_. Fstk sntukinù` vnf`f jkjk f` prnmfr tîrmn`c pcr fe dfidc quf kmocs pkjrfs jfof` ic`trnounr k ek mk`utf`inù` jf ecs dngcs, y, pcr tk`tc, `c sf pufjf ksnb`kr ek rfspc`skonenjkj fic`ùmnik tctke k u`k jf eks pkrtfs. Fstk `c fs u`k jnvnsnù` pcr mntkjfs, sn`c quf rfspc`jfrë` f` rkzù` jf sus akiuetkjfs y pcsnonenjkjfs. F` fstf pu`tc sf dk jnsiutnjc, sn` îxntc efbnsektnvc `n gurnsprujf`inke f` Idnef, ek vkecrkinù` fic`ùmnik jf ektnfmpc au`inù`f`jcmîstnik f` ektnfmpc irnk`zkfsy mk`utf`inù` jfe dngc, fe sf`tnjc sn ek mkjrf n`vnfrtf fe dngc, fsf tkmonî` vkecrkoef f` f` jn`frc y onf`quf, pcjrík ic`snjfrkrsf icmc u` kpcrtf fic`ùmnic jf ikrëitfr kenmf`tkrnc. Jf dfidc, fsf mnsmc jn`frc quf pcjrík ic`snjfrkrsf icmc kpcrtf y quf jfvnf`f jfe tnfmpc n`vfrtnjc f` fe dngc, dngc , fs quf dkorík quf pkbkref k ctrk pfrsc`k sn sf jfjnikrk fstk ke iunjkjc jfe dngc. V` sfbu`jc eímntf fs fe fstkoefinjc fxprfskmf`tf f` fe Krt. 2 EXK, ec quf yk sf kjvnfrtf pcr fe n`insc tfrifrc jfe Krt. 9 EXK, iuk`jc `cs jnif quf ecs mí`nmcs jf :8% y 98% k`tfs rfafrnjc, sfrë` sn` pfrguninc jf ec prfifptukjc f` fe Krt. 2, fe quf prcdíof ke Zrnou`ke angkr icmc mc`tc jf kenmf`tcs u`k pf`snù` pcr u`k sumk c pcrif`tkgf quf fxifjk fe 68% jf eks rf`tks jfe kenmf`tk`tf :.  Ctrcs kspfitcs jf ek angkinù` Ecs kenmf`tcs pcjrë` angkrsf f` jcs acrmks7 F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, f` u` pcrif`tkgf jf NMM_, fe quf covnkmf`tf sf nrë rfkgustk`jc ic`acrmf k eks vkrnkinc`fs quf tke n`jnikjcr tf`bk (kezk jf sufejc mí`nmc)< pfrc tkmonî` pcjrík` angkrsf f` u` mc`tc angc f` jn`frc, fe iuke pkrk fafitcs jf su rfkgustf jfofrë ktf`jfr k ek vkrnkinù` sfmfstrke quf tf`bk fe í`jnif jf prfincs ke ic`sumnjcr NXI, sfb÷` crjf`k fe n`insc tfrifrc jfe Krt. 2 EXK.

Jfe mnsmc mcjc, ikof dkifr prfsf`tf quf ek pf`snù` jf kenmf`tcs pcjrík tkmonî` ic`snstnr f` fxtrkcrjn`krncs, ic`acrmf fe pkbc jnrfitc jf sfrvnincs quf ek efy jf`cmn`k icmc bkstcs icmc  bkstcs ÷tnefs c fxtrkcrjn`krncs,  ic`acrmf ke  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   Krt. > EXK. F` fstf crjf`, crjf`, onf` pcjrík angkrsf (c kicrjkrsf) kicrjkrsf) jf fsk acrmk, c onf` nmputkrsf fscs bkstcs icmc pkjrf jfe pkbc jf ecs jn`frcs quf sf fstkoefinfrc` pkrk fe pkbc jf ek pf`snù`. Ek `crmk fstkoefif jf dfidc quf sf pufjf` jfirftkr c kprcokr quf sf nmputf` fstcs bkstcs, ecs quf jfofrë` tf`fr `c costk`tf ek an`kenjkj jf sktnsakifr sktns akifr `fifsnjkjfs pfrmk`f`tfs jf fjuikinù`, skeuj c vnvnf`jk. F` fstf pu`tc, prfinskmcs quf fe pkbc jf jnvnjf`jcs c krrnf`jcs pcr dkontkinù`, sf ic`snjfrkrë` scec f` ek prcpcrinù` quf of`faninf` ke kenmf`tkrnc y `c icmpeftkmf`tf. F` jn`ëmnik snmnekr, sf pcjrë` nmputkr tctke c pkrinkemf`tf jfrfidcs jf usuaruitc, usc c dkontkinù` scorf onf`fs jfe kenmf`tk`tf, ec quf jfofrë ic`stkr f` n`sirnpinù` f` fe jfonjc rfbnstrc ic`sfrvktcrnc jf onf`fs rkíifs, ec quf `c pfrgujnikrë k ecs kirffjcrfs jfe kenmf`tkrnc quf tf`bk` n`sirnpinc`fs k`tfrncrfs k feek. 6.  Iumpenmnf`tc jf ecs kenmf`tcs V`k jf eks prn`inpkefs prcoefmëtniks quf sf jk` f` rkzù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs fs su iumpenmnf`tc, ic`stntuyf`jc u` pcrif`tkgf nmpcrtk`tísnmc jfe trkokgc jf ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk f` Idnef. Jf dfidc, pkrk fe ?8;2 fe 99.;9% jf eks jfmk`jks trkmntkjks f` ecs Zrnou`kefs jf Akmnenk sc` rfspfitc jf kenmf`tcs, fs jfinr, ?9?.?>9 ikusks tctkefs y jf feeks 28.>1>, sc` jfmk`jks n`iumpenjks f` su pkbc . Fstk sntukinù` dk eefvkjc k quf fxnstk` vkrncs prcyfitcs jf efy f` fe Ic`brfsc f` trkmntkinù`, kebu`cs quf prftf`jf` ic`snjfrkr k ek jfujk jf kenmf`tcs icmc u` supufstc jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr psniceùbnik , pfrc tcjc feec ic` ek an`kenjkj jf prfsnc`kr su iumpenmnf`tc, ktf`jnjk su nmpcrtk`ink. Fs pcr feec pcr ec quf, jf`trc jfe iumpenmnf`tc quf  vkmcs k fxpenikr k ic`tn`ukinù`, sf pfrmntf quf pcr ek fxnstf`ink jf fstks jfujks sf pufjk pfrmntnr ek prnvkinù` jf enofrtkj jfe jfujcr, y jf dfidc ic`stntunrík ek ÷`nik fxifpinù` f` ek quf prcifjf ek prnsnù` pcr jfujks . Jf kdí quf vkrncs Fstkjcs f` sus efbnsekinc`fs dkyk` ic`vfrtnjc k ek jfujk jf kenmf`tcs icmc u` jfentc , pfrc icmc u`k anburk kutù`cmk. :8

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:9

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:8

 XCJF_ GVJNINKE (?8;4)7 ―Xcjfr Gujninke f` `÷mfrcs ?8;4. Fstkjístniks jf ikusks”.

  QQKK (?8;>)7 ―Xrcyfitc jf efy quf mcjnanik ek efy @·?8.811 quf fstkoefif efy jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr, pkrk sk`inc`kr icmc mketrktc dkontuke fe n`iumpenmnf`tc rfntfrkjc f` fe pkbc jf kenmf`tcs. Oceftí` @· ;?9>:-;4.

:;

 Xrcyfitc jf efy quf mcjnanik ek efy @·?8.811 quf fstkoefif efy jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr pkrk sk`inc`kr icmc mketrktc dkontuke fe n`iumpenmnf`tc rfntfrkjc f` fe pkbc jf kenmf`tcs. Oceftí` @· ;?9>:-;4 :?

:9

 Qîksf krtíiuec 2 jfe Xkitc jf Yk` Gcsî jf Icstk _nik.

 NOËÛFW, @. (?8;>)7 p.;1. _fa. F` fe iksc jf ek Efbnsekinù` Xfruk`k sf irfù icmc tnpc pf`ke f` fe krtíiuec ;:> jfe Iùjnbc jf tke mktfrnk jf`trc jf ecs jfentcs ic`trk ek akmnenk, f` vnrtuj jfe iuke ek cmnsnù` jf iumpenr ic` ek coenbkinù` jf prfstkr kenmf`tcs sfrë sk`inc`kjk ic` pf`ks prnvktnvks jf enofrtkj jf dkstk trfs kûcs c ic` prfstkinù` jf sfrvnincs icmu`ntkrncs f`trf ?8 k 68 gcr`kjks. Krbf`tn`k pcr su pkrtf, sk`inc`k k trkvîs jfe krtíiuec prnmfrc jf ek efy ;9.>:: ek sustrkiinù` jf prfstkr ecs mfjncs n`jnspf`skoefs pkrk ek suosnstf`ink jf u` dngc mf`cr jf ;4 kûcs, feec mfjnk`tf ::

ek kpenikinù` jf prnsnù` quf pufjf nr jf u` mfs dkstk jcs kûcs, c onf` u`k muetk quf vk f`trf ecs 268 y ?6.888 pfscs krbf`tn`cs (jf ;9 k :98 jùekrfs kmfrnik`cs, kprcxnmkjkmf`tf). Jf`trc jf ek mnsmk `crmk, pfrc f` fe krtíiuec ? ons, ic`tfmpek fe jfentc jf n`scevf`ink kenmf`tkrnk arkujuef`tk, jfsirnonî`jcec icmc kqufe f` quf fe kenmf`tkrnc ic`  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fs f` fstf crjf` f`tc`ifs quf, pkrk dkifref arf`tf k fstk icmpefgk sntukinù`, jfofmcs rfvnskr eks cpinc`fs quf ek efy `cs ic`anfrf. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c, ic`acrmf ke Krt. 4 EXK, ikjk vfz quf fe jfmk`jkjc/k jf kenmf`tcs quf dk snjc ic`jf`kjc pkrk fe pkbc jf ek pf`snù` jf kenmf`tcs, fstk (jfofrík) jfsic`tkrsf pcr rftf`inù` jf pkrtf jf pkbc. Yn ktf`jfmcs k ek entfrkenjkj jf ek `crmk fstk sfûkek jf mk`frk nmpfrktnvk quf eks pf`snc`fs jf kenmf`tcs jfirftkjks f` ic`trk jf trkokgkjcrfs jfpf`jnf`tfs fstkoefifrë` icmc mcjkenjkj jf pkbc fstk rftf`inù`, ec quf nmpenikrík quf sfrík fstk, y `c fe pkbc vceu`tkrnc, ek mk`frk jf pkbkr ecs kenmf`tcs. Kdcrk, ecs gufifs `c ec dkif` pcrquf `c sf efs scenintk, y fvnjf`tfmf`tf icmc `c pufjf` fxifjfr k ecs pftntcrncs jf eks jfmk`jks pcr rkzc`fs jf uetrkpftntk, fs rfspc`skonenjkj jf ecs kocbkjcs prcmcvfr fstk pcsnonenjkj ke Zrnou`ke f` ek rfsceuinù` jfe guninc jf kenmf`tcs. Fstk pcsnonenjkj tkmonî` fxnstnrë sn ecs kenmf`tcs sf kicrjkrf` pcr mfjnkinù` c pcr trk`skiinù`.

 Kdcrk onf`, snf`fe ikrëitfr kenmf`tk`tf sf ccpc`f pc`f y jkcovnkmf`tf bkrk`tíks jfe kenmf`tcs, jf c snkpenikr fs qufecfstf `c tnf`f fmpefc jf jfpf`jnf`tf, `cpkbc dkorëjfpcsnonenjkj k`tfs sfûkekjc, y `c dkorë mës acrmk quf jftfrmn`kr fe pkbc f` jn`frc mfjnk`tf pkbc k ek iuf`tk jf kdcrrc k ek vnstk quf fe Zrnou`ke crjf`krë kornr pkrk tkefs an`fs, tcjks feeks jfe Ok`ic Fstkjc. Fstk iuf`tk sfrë kjmn`nstrkjk pcr fe kenmf`tkrnc pfrsc`kemf`tf c pcr fe pkjrf c mkjrf quf tf`bk ek pktrnk pctfstkj sn fs quf `c fstuvnfrk fmk`inpkjc. Ecs kenmf`tcs `c sf ic`snjfrk`, rfspfitc jfe mf`cr jf fjkj, icmc u` pfiuenc pfrsc`ke c prcafsnc`ke. Fstks sntukinc`fs `c kutcrnzk` k jfstn`kr fscs jn`frcs k an`fs enorfs, yk quf pfrtf`fif` ke kenmf`tkrnc, y pcr tk`tc sn sf jfsvnkrk` tkefs rfiurscs sf pcjrík ic`snjfrkr u`k cotf`inù` jcecsk jf kenmf`tcs, ec quf ic`acrmf ke Krt. 9?4 II. dkif prcifjf`tf ek jfvceuinù` jf tkefs mc`tcs y kjfmës ek n`jfm`nzkinù` jf pfrgunincs quf sf jftfrmn`f. ek an`kenjkj jf feujnr fe iumpenmnf`tc jf sus coenbkinc`fs kenmf`tkrnks mkenincskmf`tf jfstruyfrf jfstruyfrf,, n`utnenzkrf, jkûkrf, ciuetkrf c dninfrf jfskpkrfifr onf`fs jf su pktrnmc`nc c arkujuef`tkmf`tf jnsmn`uyfrf su vkecr, y jf fstk mk`frk arustrkrf, f` tcjc c f` pkrtf fe iumpenmnf`tc jf jnidks coenbkinc`fs. Fstf jfentc sf ic`jf`k ic` pf`k jf ; k 1 kûcs jf prnsnù`. Ksnmnsmc, ek `crmk ic`tfmpek ek pcsnonenjkj jf ic`jf`kr k qunf` snmuek ctrk coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs c qunf` kok`jc`k mkenincskmf`tf u` trkokgc nmpnjnf`jc fe pkbc icrrfspc`jnf`tf. Eufbc, f` ek efbnsekinù` jf Fspkûk, sf n`jnik f` ecs krtíiuecs ??1 y ??2 jfe Iùjnbc pf`ke ecs jf`cmn`kjcs jfentcs jf kok`jc`c jf akmnenk y fe jf n`iumpenmnf`tc jf pkbc jf kenmf`tcs, rfspfitnvkmf`tf. Fe prnmfr jfentc fs u`k anburk bf`îrnik ke n`iumpenmnf`tc jf jfofrfs akmnenkrfs, sfk` fstcs jf pktrnk pctfstkj, tutfek, bukrjk, kicbnmnf`tc akmnenkr, c prfstkr ksnstf`ink pkrk fe sustf`tc, ic`jf`k`jc ic` prnsnù` jf 9 k 1 mfsfs c muetk jf 1 k ;? mfsfs. Eufbc, fe jfentc jfe krt. ??2 n`jnik quf ke `c pkbkrsf pcr jcs mfsfs ic`sfiutnvcs c onf` pcr : mfsfs `c ic`sfiutnvcs, krrnfsbk ic`jf`k jf prnsnù` quf vk f`trf 9 mfsfs y ; kûc c onf` ke pkbc jf muetk jf 1 k ?: mfsfs. An`kemf`tf, f` Ark`ink fs fe krtíiuec ??2-9 jfe Iùjnbc Xf`ke fe quf ic`anburk fe jfentc jf kok`jc`c jf akmnenk, ic`snstf`tf f` quf n`iumpenf`jc í`tfbrkmf`tf ek crjf` quf nmpc`bk kenmf`tcs pcr jcs mfsfs, pcjrë sfr ikstnbkjc ic` prnvkinù` jf enofrtkj jf 9 mfsfs dkstk u`

kûc, sumkjc k muetk. Jfe mnsmc mcjc, vkrncs pkísfs kjfmës jf ek sk`inù` fstkoefinjk dk` bf`frkjc u` rfbnstrc p÷oenic jf jfujcrfs c mcrcscs jf kenmf`tcs, icmc ciurrf f` fe iksc fspkûce, krbf`tn`c y pfruk`c.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

 Kdcrk onf`, sn fe kenmf`tk`tf `c pkbk, surbf` jcs pcsnonenjkjfs. Xfrsfbunr fe iumpenmnf`tc jnrfitc c onf`, prcmcvfr kprfmncs. F` prnmfr supufstc fs pcr supufstc s upufstc icork`jc ecs kenmf`tcs f` oksf k su `kturkefzk7 u`k coenbkinù` jf jkr jn`frc, ec quf nmpenik quf enqunjkjk quf sfk ek jfujk,coenbkinù`, fstk tf`jrëbf`frë`jcsf mîrntc fgfiutnvc y pfrmntnrë fe fgfiutnvc fmokrbc f` jf sfjf onf`fs pkbc jf jnidk u` prcifjnmnf`tc jf suaninf`tfs akmnenk. F`pkrk fstf fesf`tnjc, sn fe jfmk`jkjc duonfrk fgfiutkjc kitcs jcecscs pkrk vkinkr su pktrnmc`nc, dkorë eubkr e ubkr k ek kiinù` pkuenk`k jfe Krt. ?:14 II. ic` ek vf`tkgk quf f` fstf iksc sf trkmntkrë icmc n`injf`tf y tcjc feec jf`trc jf ek gujnikturk jf Akmnenk. Jf`trc jf fstf prcifsc jf fgfiuinù` sf pufjf scenintkr fmokrbcs jf iuf`tks icrrnf`tfs, jfvceuinc`fs jf nmpufstcs, f n`ieusnvf ek n`jfm`nzkinù` pcr kûcs jf sfrvninc quf rfinok sn fs quf tfrmn`k u`k rfekinù` ekocrke. e kocrke. Xcr su pkrtf, ecs kprfmncs ousik` cotf`fr u`k prfsnù` pkrk fe pkbc jf ecs kenmf`tcs, ke nmf`tcs, pfrc `c su iumpenmnf`tc. F` fstf crjf`, fs quf k pkrtnr jfe Krt. ;: EXK sf ic`tfmpek` eks mfjnjks jf krrfstc `citur`c c jnur`c pcr ;6 jíks, kmpenkoefs y fgfiutkoefs n`ieusc pcr ek aufrzk p÷oenik ic` crjf` jf keek`kmnf`tc y jfsifrrfgkmnf`tc jfe jcmninenc jfe jfmk`jkjc jfujcr. Xcjrík` tkmonî` jftfrmn`krsf mfjnjks jf krrknbc `kinc`ke y rftf`inù` c suspf`snù` jf enif`ink jf ic`juinr. Yn sf kpenik` ke mf`cs jcs kprfmncs sn` îxntc rfspfitc jfe pkbc jf ecs kenmf`tcs, sf jkrë eubkr k ecs supufstcs jfe Krt. ;> EXK, quf ic`tfmpek` ek pcsnonenjkj jf scenintkr sfpkrkinù` jf onf`fs jf ecs iù`yubfs, kutcrnzkr ek skenjk jfe pkís jfe @@K, ic`stntunr ek aketk jf ic`trnouinù` k quf sf rfanfrf fe Krt. ??6 jfe II. f` mktfrnk jf iunjkjc pfrsc`ke, y pfrmntnr ek fmk`inpkinù` gujninke pcr kok`jc`c jfe dngc. 1.  Fxtn`inù` jf ecs kenmf`tcs Ek coenbkinù` jf kenmf`tcs pcjrë fxtn`bunrsf f` vkrncs ikscs. Ksí, ifsk` f` fe iksc jf n`gurnk k tcrcs, quf sc` kqufeeks ic`juitks jfsirntks f` fe Krt. >14 II. rfektnvc k eks n`jnb`njkjfs pkrk suifjfr. Zkmonî` ifsk` pcr ek eefbkjk jf ek fjkj jf ?; c ?4 kûcs jf ecs kenmf`tkrncs< c iuk`jc îstcs mufrf`. _ficrjfmcs quf ecs ?4 kûcs sc` pkrk kqufeecs quf sf f`iuf`trk` fstujnk`jc kebu`k prcafsnù` u caninc. Akitcr jnstn`tc fs ek prnvkinù` jfe jfrfidc kenmf`tcs quf jf kiufrjc ke Krt. 9?: II. n`insc an`ke, qufjk` prnvkjcs jf pfjnr kenmf`tcs ke dngc fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf quf ef dkyk` kok`jc`kjc f` su

n`ak`ink, ek anenkinù` dkyk jfonjc pcrrfafrf`ink. sf`tf`ink gujninke f` su ic`trk, fafitc jkjc pcrcfeiuk`jc Krt. ?89 II ke quf k`tfs yk sf fstkoefifrsf duonfrk dfidc  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  IKXÍZVEC QN. EK KJCXINÙ@

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY Fstujnkjk ek anenkinù`, sf fstkoefinù quf fstk pcjrík sfr `kturke c kjcptnvk, y ek prnmfrk sf crnbn`k f` u` dfidc onceùbnic, fspfiíanikmf`tf f` fe dfidc jf ek prcirfkinù`< mnf`trks quf ek sfbu`jk f` u` ví`iuec efbke crnbn`kjc pcr u`k rfsceuinù` gujninke quf ecbrk, sn` fmokrbc, fe njî`tnic fafitc jf prcmcvfr anenkinù`. Fstk fs ek kjcpinù`, ek quf ic`stntuyf u` fstkjc invne, f` iuk`tc ic`anfrf ke kjcptkjc fe fstkjc invne jf dngc jf fe c ecs kjcptk`tfs. Ek an`kenjkj jf ek kjcpinù` fs fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc kjcptkjc, y kmpkrkr su jfrfidc k vnvnr y jfskrrceekrsf f` fe sf`c jf u`k akmnenk quf ef orn`jf kafitc y ef prciurf ecs iunjkjcs tf`jnf`tfs k sktnsakifr sus `fifsnjkjfs fspnrntukefs y mktfrnkefs, iuk`jc feec `c ef pufjk sfr prcpcrinc`kjc pcr su akmnenk jf crnbf`. Fstë efy ;>1?8 `crmks scorf kjcpinù` sn` jf mf`crfs, f` kjfek`tf EKM, feectrktkjk pcrquff`feekIùjnbc Invnequf `cjnitk ek ic`tfmpeù crnbn`kemf`tf, pfrguninc quf su au`jkmf`tc tkmonî` sf f`mkrik f` fe ic`tf`njc jf ek IJ@, f` rkzù` jfe Krt. ?;, quf fstkoefif7 Ecs Fstkjcs Xkrtfs quf rfic`cif` c pfrmntf` fe snstfmk jf kjcpinù` iunjkrë` jf quf fe n`tfrîs supfrncr jfe `nûc sfk ek ic`snjfrkinù` prnmcrjnke y< k) Qfekrë` pcr quf ek kjcpinù` jfe `nûc sùec sfk kutcrnzkjk pcr eks kutcrnjkjfs icmpftf`tfs, eks quf jftfrmn`krë`, ic` krrfbec k eks efyfs y k ecs prcifjnmnf`tcs kpenikoefs y scorf ek oksf jf tcjk ek n`acrmkinù` pfrtn`f`tf y anjfjnb`k, quf ek kjcpinù` fs kjmnsnoef f` vnstk jf ek sntukinù` guríjnik jfe `nûc f` rfekinù` ic` sus jkjc pkjrfs,ic`pkrnf`tfs y rfprfsf`tk`tfs y quf, iuk`jc sf rfqunfrk, n`tfrfskjks dkyk` ic`cinmnf`tc jf ikusk suefbkefs ic`sf`tnmnf`tc k ekksíkjcpinù` scorfeksek pfrsc`ks oksf jfe ksfscrkmnf`tc quf pufjk sfr `fifskrnc< o) _fic`cifrë` quf ek kjcpinù` f` ctrc pkís pufjf sfr ic`snjfrkjk icmc ctrc mfjnc jf iunjkr jfe `nûc, f` fe iksc jf quf îstf `c pufjk sfr icecikjc f` u` dcbkr jf bukrjk c f`trfbkjc k u`k akmnenk kjcptnvk c `c pufjk sfr ktf`jnjc jf mk`frk kjfiukjk f` fe pkís jf crnbf`< i) Qfekrë` pcr quf fe `nûc quf dkyk jf sfr kjcptkjc f` ctrc pkís bcif jf skevkbukrjnks y `crmks fqunvkef`tfs k eks fxnstf`tfs rfspfitc jf ek kjcpinù` kjc pinù` f` fe pkís jf crnbf`< j) Kjcptkrë` tcjks eks mfjnjks kprcpnkjks pkrk bkrk`tnzkr quf, f` fe iksc jf kjcpinù` f` ctrc pkís, ek icecikinù` `c jî eubkr k of`fanincs an`k`infrcs n`jfonjcs pkrk qunf`fs pkrtninpk` f` feek<

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  f) Xrcmcvfrë`, iuk`jc icrrfspc`jk, ecs cogftnvcs jfe prfsf`tf krtíiuec mfjnk`tf ek ic`ifrtkinù` jf krrfbecs c kiufrjcs onektfrkefs c muetnektfrkefs y sf fsacrzkrë`, jf`trc jf fstf mkric, pcr bkrk`tnzkr quf ek icecikinù` jfe `nûc f` ctrc pkís sf fafit÷f pc pcrr mfjnc jf eks kutcrnjkjfs u crbk`nsmcs icmpftf`tfs.

F` bf`frke f` fe trëmntf gujninke jf ek kjcpinù`, fe Yfrvninc @kinc`ke jf Mf`crfs, Yf`kmf, tnf`f u` pkpfe nmpcrtk`tf, pkrtninpk`jc f` u`k sfrnf jf trëmntfs y prcifjnmnf`tcs jf`trc jfe prcifsc. Xfrc fstc `c kokrik scekmf`tf k ecs crbk`nsmcs jfpf`jnf`tfs jfe ùrbk`c jf mk`frk jnrfitk, ic`cinjcs icmc If`trc jf _fpkrkinù` Fspfinkenzkjk jf Kjmn`nstrkinù` Jnrfitk (I_FKJ), sn`c tkmonî` pcr ctrcs if`trcs quf sc` jf pkrtniuekrfs y quf sf enintk` ic`acrmf k ek efy ?8.89?, y quf sf jf`cmn`k` icmc Crbk`nsmcs Icekocrkjcrfs kirfjntkjcs. Jnidk kirfjntkinù` pcjrë ctcrbkrsf scekmf`tf k icrpcrkinc`fs y au`jkinc`fs, pfrsc`ks guríjniks y u` an` jf euirc, y quf tf`bk` icmc cogftc f` ek ksnstf`ink c prctfiinù` jf @@K, jfmcstrk`jc icmpftf`ink tîi`nik y prcafsnc`ke pkrk fgfiutkr ecs prcbrkmks kjcpinù`. Jf`trc jf fstcs ÷etnmcs n`ieunmcs k ecs prcbrkmks jf rfpkrkinù` jf mketrktc (X_M), fe prcbrkmk jf akmnenk jf kicbnjk fspfinkenzkjk (AKF), eks canin`ks jf prctfiinù` jf jfrfidcs (CXJ), ecs if`trcs jf jnkb`ùstnic kmouektcrnc (JKM), f`trf ctrcs, ecs quf sf f`iuf`trk` kirfjntkjcs k`tf fe Yf`kmf, y rfinof` an`k`inkmnf`tc y jnrfitrnifs jf kqufe f`tf fstktke, sn` fmokrbc, sfr rfspc`skoefs jnrfitkmf`tf jf eks  vue`frkinc`fs quf feecs pujnfrk` ikuskr  f` ecs @@K quf sf f`iuf`trk` okgc su iunjkjc. :6

 Ksí, fe Yf`kmf, jnrfitkmf`tf c k trkvîs jf sus crbk`nsmcs kirfjntkjcs, jf`trc jfe prcifsc jf kjcpinù` fstë` akiuetkjcs pkrk7 ;.  Dkifrsf pkrtf f` tcjcs ecs ksu`tcs jf ek kjcpinù` f` jfaf`sk jf ecs jfrfidcs jfe mf`cr sf dkrë jurk`tf fe guninc kjcpinù` c f` ecs gunincs jf `uenjkj jf feek (Krt. : EKM).  Eks sntukinc`fs jf vue`frkinù` jf jfrfidcs quf ciurrk` f` if`trcs rfsnjf`inkefs enintkjcs, fs jfinr, jf crbk`nsmcs icekocrkjcrfs, `c kikrrfk` rfspc`skonenjkj jfe Fstkjc f` mktfrnk jf iumpenmnf`tc c n`iumpenmnf`tc jf jfrfidcs jfe `nûc. Xrcokoefmf`tf ek sntukinù` mës brëanik ke rfspfitc fstë jkjk f` ek ikusk rce 94:4-?8;? jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk, f` ek quf ic` afidk ;> jf gu`nc jf ?8;9, sf rfidkzk ek rfspc`skonenjkj jf ek mufrtf jf u`k `nûk jf u` kûc y `ufvf mfsfs pcr u` iukjrc jf anforf jfe quf `c sf ef prfstù ktf`inù` kebu`k, sfrík u`k `fbenbf`ink jfe crbk`nsmc icekocrkjcr y `c jfe Yf`kmf. Xkrkjùgnic, pcr jfinr ec mf`cs, sn ic`snjfrkmcs quf auf fe Yf`kmf qunf` ec kirfjntù pkrk f`trfbkref fe iunjkjc jf `nûcs quf n`brfsk` ke snstfmk rfsnjf`inke. Xcjrík fstnmkrsf quf sf jfefbk `c scec ek bfstnù`, sn`c tkmonî` ek rfspc`skonenjkj, ec quf mës kjfek`tf tcmkrë acrmk fxprfsk f` ek efy ?8.89? f` fe krtíiuec sfbu`jc `÷mfrc 1, mcjnanikjc f` f`frc jf ?8;>, f` fe quf sf fstkoefif quf eks pfrsc`ks guríjniks quf sf jfsfmpfûf` icmc :6

crbk`nsmcs icekocrkjcrfs f` fe Fstkjc sfrë` invnemf`tf rfspc`skoefs pcr ecs jkûcs, gujninkemf`tf jftfrmn`kjcs, quf sf dkyk` ciksnc`kjc k rkíz jf vue`frkinc`fs brkvfs jf ecs jfrfidcs au`jkmf`tkefs jf `nûcs, `nûks y kjcefsif`tfs ikuskjcs tk`tc pcr dfidcs prcpncs icmc jf sus jfpf`jnf`tfs, skevc quf prufof dkofr fmpefkjc ek fsmfrkjk jnenbf`ink pkrk fvntkreks. Ec k`tfrncr, sn` pfrguninc jf ek rfspc`skonenjkj r fspc`skonenjkj

invne quf pcr ecs mnsmcs dfidcs pufjk icrrfspc`jfref k ek pfrsc`k `kturke quf fgfiutù ecs dfidcs. Ec jnspufstc (…) sfrë nbukemf`tf kpenikoef k eks pfrsc`ks `kturkefs quf sf jfsfmpfûf` icmc icekocrkjcrfs kirfjntkjcs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ?.  N`tfrvf`nr f` ecs prcbrkmks kjcpinù`, fs jfinr kqufeecs ic`gu`tcs kitnvnjkjfs quf tnf`jf` k prciurkr ke mf`cr u`k akmnenk rfspc`skoef (Krt. 1 y 2 EKM). 9.  Fe Yf`kmf, kjfmës, jfofrë eefvkr jcs rfbnstrcs, sfb÷` crjf`k fe Krt. 6 EKM7 fe jf eks pfrsc`ks n`tfrfskjks ek kjcpinù` (kjcptk`tfs), y fe jf eks pfrsc`ks quf pufjk` sfr kjcptkjks (susifptnoefs jf kjcpinù`), jfonf`jc kitukenzkrecs rfspc`skoefmf`tf. Jf tcjks acrmks, îe `c anburkr f` fstcs rfbnstrcs `c nmpnjf `n kjcptkr `n sfr kjcptkjc, snfmprf quf ic`iurrk` ecs jfmës rfqunsntcs fxnbnjcs f` ek efy. NN. XF_YC@KY [VF XVFJF@ KJCXZK_ Ecs kjcptk`tfs jfof sfr pfrsc`ks `kturkefs, ec quf fstë fxprfskmf`tf ic`tfmpekjc f` ek efy, pfrc fs eùbnic pcrquf eks pfrsc`ks guríjniks scec n`tfrvnf`f` f` fe ëmontc pktrnmc`nke. Kdcrk onf`, `c okstk scekmf`tf sfr pfrsc`k `kturke, sn`c quf kjfmës dkorë quf iumpenr ctrcs rfqunsntcs ecs quf fstë` jkjcs prn`inpkemf`tf rfekinc`kjcs ic` fe fstkjc invne quf îe c ecs kjcptk`tfs tf`bk`. ke Krt. ?8 y snbunf`tfs EKM, pcjrë ctcrbkrsf ek kjcpinù` k ecsquf iù`yubfs idnef`csIc`acrmf c fxtrk`gfrcs, k pfrsc`ks vnujksjfy ekk pfrsc`ks scetfrks. Jf fstc sf ic`ieuyf ctrcs fstkjcs invnefs quf surgk` f` rfekinù` k eks kan`njkjfs `c sfrík` pcsnoefs kjcptk`tfs, fspfiíanikmf`tf ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs u`njcs pcr KVI, ec quf f` pkekorks jf ek Xrcafscrk W KMK_ , dcy Yfirftkrnk _fbnc`ke Mn`nstfrnke jfe Mn`nstfrnc jf ek Mugfr y fqunjkj jf Bî`frc f` ek _fbnù` Mftrcpcentk`k, sf pufjf jfsirnonr jf ek snbunf`tf acrmk7 Ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs (u`njcs pcr KVI) `c tnf`f` rfic`cinmnf`tc efbke pkrk pcstuekr k ecs trëmntfs `fifskrncs pkrk ek kjcpinù` jf u` mf`cr, jnidk ic`ieusnù` sf n`anfrf jfe k`ëensns jf ecs krtíiuecs ?8 y ?; jf ek Efy `rc. ;>.1?8, y quf ic`stntuyf` fe fgf if`trke f` fstk mktfrnk, fstkoefinf`jc qunf`fs pufjf` kjcptkr y iuëefs sc` ecs rfqunsntcs pkrk kiifjfr k feec. [unf`fs pufjf` kjcptkr, f` fe snbunf`tf crjf` jf  prfekinù` sc`7 (;) Ecs iù`yubfs idnef`cs c fxtrk`gfrcs ic` rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf f` Idnef< (?) Ecs scetfrcs/ks< vnujcs/ks< y jnvcrinkjcs/ks ic` rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf f` Idnef. N`mfjnktkmf`tf surbf ek n`tfrrcbk`tf sn fstkríkmcs f` fstf iksc arf`tf k u`k dnpùtfsns jf jfsnbukejkj k`tf ek efy y jnsirnmn`kinù` krontrkrnk, ke `c ic`tfmpekr k ecs ic`vnvnf`tfs invnefs jf`trc jf eks pcsnonenjkjfs pcsnone njkjfs pkrk ek kjcpinù` jf dngcs `c onceùbnics, jk`jc u` crjf` jf prfekinù` dftfrc`crmktnvc y okskjc f` fe mktrnmc`nc invne -  . :1  :2 

 Ksí f`tc`ifs, jfofmcs jnstn`bunr f` iuk`tc k ek pfrsc`k quf jfsfk kjcptkr jnstn`tc rfqunsntcs, ecs quf vkrík` sn sf trktk` jf rfsnjf`tfs f` Idnef c jf pfrsc`ks `c rfsnjf`tfs. F` prnmfr tîrmn`c,

:1

:2

 W KMK_ , I. (?8;2). p. 2:.  Fe jfstkikjc fs `ufstrc y `c acrmk pkrtf jfe tfxtc crnbn`ke jf ek intk.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ek kjcpinù` pcr pfrsc`ks rfsnjf`tfs f` Idnef, n`jnstn`tkmf`tf sn sc` idnef`cs c fxtrk`gfrcs, tf`jrë` prfafrf`ink c mfgcr jfrfidc ecs iù`yubfs (Krt. ?8 EKM)7 " 

Ic` jcs c mës kûcs jf mktrnmc`nc, pekzc quf `c fs fxnbnoef iuk`jc u`c c kmocs iù`yubfs sc` n`aîrtnefs. "  Fvkeukjcs aísnik, mf`tke, psniceùbnik y mcrkemf`tf icmc njù`fcs pcr fe Yf`kmf c u`k n`stntuinù` kirfjntkjk. "  Mkycrfs jf ?6 kûcs y mf`crfs jf 18, y ic` ?8 kûcs jf jnafrf`ink ic` fe mf`cr. Fstks fjkjfs pcjrë` sfr rfokgkjks pcr fe gufz, pfrc `c f` mës jf in`ic kûcs. Fstf rfqunsntc `c sfrë fxnbnoef sn u`c jf ecs kjcptk`tfs fs jfsif`jnf`tf pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj jfe kjcptkjc. "  Ecs iù`yubfs jfofrë` kitukr snfmprf jf ic`su`c f` eks bfstnc`fs jf kjcpinù`. Eufbc, sn`c dky iù`yubfs quf tf`bk` n`tfrîs f` kjcptkr y c quf `c iumpek` ic` eks fxnbf`inks efbkefs, c quf scec ef aketf ek rfsnjf`ink f` Idnef, pcjrë` cptkr icmc kjcptk`tfs jf u`k pfrsc`k scetfrk c vnujk, pkrk ec iuke jfofrë` iumpenr ic` ecs snbunf`tfs rfqunsntcs7 k)  Yfr idnef`cs< o)   Zfef rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf f` Idnef i)  Yfr mkycr jf ?6 kûcs y mf`cr jf 18, y tf`fr ic` fe kjcptkjc u`k jnafrf`ink jf ?8 c mës kûcs. j)  Fvkeukjcs aísnik, mf`tke, psniceùbnik y mcrkemf`tf icmc njù`fcs pcr fe Yf`kmf c u`k n`stntuinù` kirfjntkjk. f)  Dkofr pkrtninpkjc f` kebu`c jf ecs prcbrkmks jf kjcpinù` jfe Yf`kmf c jf ecs crbk`nsmcs kirfjntkjcs. @ùtfsf quf, sn sf trktk jf iù`yubfs n`tfrfskjcs f` kjcptkr sn` rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf Idnef, sf prfafrnrë` k eks pfrsc`ks scetfrks c vnujks jf `kinc`kenjkj idnef`k ic` rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf f` fstf pkís. Yí dky vkrncs scetfrcs c vnujcs n`tfrfskjcs f` kjcptkr, fe trnou`ke prfafrnrë k kqufeecs pkrnf`tfs jfe mf`cr, y k aketk jf feecs k qunî` tf`bk su iunjkjc pfrsc`ke. Kjfmës, pufjf ctcrbkrsf ek kjcpinù` ke vnujc c vnujk, snfmprf quf sf dkyk n`ninkjc ek trkmntkinù` f` vnjk jf kmocs iù`yubfs< c sn fe iù`yubf prfmufrtc duonfrf mk`nafstkjc su vceu`tkj jf kjcptkr gu`tkmf`tf ic` fe scorfvnvnf`tf, kituke scenintk`tf, ec quf jfofrë prcokrsf pcr n`strumf`tc p÷oenic, tfstkmf`tc, c ic`gu`tc jf tfstnmc`ncs anjfjnb`cs quf ksí ec fstkoefzik`. Jf fstk mk`frk, ek kjcpinù` jf u` vnujc c vnujk sf f`tnf`jf dfidk pcr kmocs iù`yubfs jfsjf ek afidk jf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc crjf`kjk f` ek sf`tf`ink quf ic`stntuyf ek kjcpinù`.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Ek kjcpinù` pcr pfrsc`ks `c rfsnjf`tfs f` Idnef sfk f` idnef`cs c fxtrk`gfrcs, prcifjfrë scekmf`tf iuk`jc `c dkyk mktrnmc`ncs idnef`cs c fxtrk`gfrcs ic` rfsnjf`ink pfrmk`f`tf f` Idnef n`tfrfskjcs, y snfmprf iuk`jc iumpek ecs rfqunsntcs efbkefs. Ek sntukinù` jf `c fxnstnr mktrnmc`nc idnef`cs rfsnjf`tfs jfofrë sfr ifrtnanikjc pcr fe Yf`kmf. F` fstf sf`tnjc, sf jnif quf pufjf` cptkr icmc kjcptk`tf u`k pfrsc`k scetfrk c vnujk. Ek fxnstf`ink jf ctrcs n`tfrfskjcs `c nmpnjf kicbfr k trkmntkinù` ek scenintù jf kjcpinù` pcr u` mktrnmc`nke `c rfsnjf`tf f` Idnef. NNN. XF_YC@KY [VF XVFJF@ YF_ KJCXZKJKY Xufjf` sfr kjcptkjcs tcjcs ecs mf`crfs jf jnfincidc kûcs quf fstî` f` kebu`k jf eks snbunf`tfs sntukinc`fs, tcjks jfsirntks f` fe Krt. 4 EKM. F`tnî`jksf ek fxprfsnù` mf`cr icmc mf`cr jf fjkj f`tc`ifs, yk quf ek `crmk ksí ec fstkoefif `c rfanrnî`jcsf k `nûcs, `nûks c kjcefsif`tfs `n ku` bf`îrnikmf`tf okgc ek fxprfsnù` @@K, `c ktf`jnf`jc k ek ikenanikinù` quf rfkenzk fe krtíiuec ; jf ek IJ@. Ksí f`tc`ifs, pufjf` sfr kjcptkjcs7 k.   Kqufe @@K iuycs Xkjrfs `c sf f`iuf`trf` ikpkintkjcs c f` ic`jninc`fs jf dkifrsf ikrbc rfspc`skoefmf`tf jf îe y quf fxprfsf` su vceu`tkj jf f`trfbkrec f` kjcpinù` k`tf gufz icmpftf`tf. o.   Kqufe mf`cr quf sfk jfsif`jnf`tf ic`sk`buí`fc ic`sk`buí`fc jf u`c jf ecs kjcptk`tfs ic`acrmf ke  Krt. ;; EKM, ec quf prcifjf iuk`jc fstf tnf`f anenkinù` jftfrmn`kjk, sfk jf snmpef sn mpef c jcoef ic`gu`inù` i.  Fe quf dkyk snjc jfiekrkjc susifptnoef jf sfr kjcptkjc pcr rfsceuinù` jfe trnou`ke icmpftf`tf.

Fe prcifjnmnf`tc pkrk ek kjcpinù` fs okstk`tf icmpefgc, ku` iuk`jc tcjc kqufe sfk eefvkjc f` u`k mnsmk ikusk k`tf fe Zrnou`ke jf Akmnenk ic`acrmf ke prcifjnmnf`tc crjn`krnc jf ek EZA, sfb÷` crjf`k fe Krt. ? EKM. Fstks ikusks sf njf`tnanik` pcr tf`fr f` sus rnt ek eftrk K. Fstc nmpenik quf prfvnc k n`ninkr fe prcifjnmnf`tc jf kjcpinù` f` sí mnsmc, f` ecs ikscs jfe supufstc fxprfskjc f` ek eftrk i. k`tfrncr, dkorë eubkr ke prcifjnmnf`tc jf`cmn`kjc jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` jfe @@K, @@K, n`stk`ink quf ousik rcmpfr fe ví`iuec anenktnvc quf fstf tnf`f, f` acrmk jf qufjkr jnspufstc, guríjnikmf`tf dkoek`jc, pkrk sfr kjcptkjc pcr u`k `ufvk akmnenk y sfr rfic`cinjc icmc dngc jf ecs kjcptk`tfs.

Yn k`kenzkmcs eks ikuskefs c sntukinc`fs jfe @@K susifptnoef jf kjcpinù`, icmprf`jfmcs quf, f` fe prnmfr iksc, jf kqufeecs pkjrfs `c ikpkintkjcs pkrk dkifrsf ikrbc jf îe c feek, sfrë `fifskrnc  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pkrk icmf`zkr fe prcifjnmnf`tc jf u`k jfiekrkinù` fxprfsk jf vceu`tkj jf ecs pkjrfs, c jfe pkjrf c jf ek mkjrf, jf kifptkr fe jkr f` kjcpinù` ke `nûc, ek quf jfofrë dkifrsf k`tf fe gufz icmpftf`tf. Fstk jfiekrkinù` fs susifptnoef jf rftrkitc pcr ecs pkjrfs f` pekzc jf 98 jíks jfsjf fe mcmf`tc jf ek jfinsnù`. Jf tcjk fstk bfstnù`, sf fmntnrë u`k rfsceuinù` quf jfiekrk quf fe `nûc pufjf sfr kjcptkjc. Fstf prcifjnmnf`tc prfvnc, pcjrë n`ninkrsf n`ieusc k`tfs jfe `kinmnf`tc jfe `nûc, pfrc scekmf`tf sn fs pktrcin`kjc pcr fe Yf`kmf c pcr keb÷` crbk`nsmc kirfjntkjc. Fe sfbu`jc supufstc fs fe iksc jfe mf`cr ic`sk`buí`fc jfe kjcptk`tf. Yí yk dky anenkinù` rfic`cinjk, sfrë `fifskrnc pkrk fstf prcifjnmnf`tc fe ic`sf`tnmnf`tc jfe ctrc pkjrf c mkjrf, pfrc sí aketkrf fstf ic`sf`tnmnf`tc, c sf cpusnfrk, fe gufz jfofrë rfscevfr f` fe mf`cr tnfmpc pcsnoef sn fe mf`cr fs c `c susifptnoef jf sfr kjcptkjc. An`kemf`tf, tkmonî` fstë ek sntukinù` jfe mf`cr quf dk snjc jfiekrkjcs susifptnoef jf sfr kjcptkjc, f` fefstf supufstc c `c anenkinù` pcrqufc ek jfiekrkinù`snf`jc gujninken`jnafrf`tf sfûkekrë quf mf`cr pcjrësnsfrdkykjcptkjc iuk`jcjftfrmn`kjk, fe pkjrf, ek mkjrf ek pfrsc`k k qunf` sf dkyk ic`ankjc su iunjkjc fstî f` kebu`k jf eks snbunf`tfs sntukinc`fs, jfsirntks f` fe Krt. ;? EKM7 ;.  N`dkonentkjcs aísnik c mcrkemf`tf, ic`acrmf ke Krt. ??1 II. Kpcrtk f` fstf pu`tc tkmonî` ek rfbuekinù` jfe Krt. :? jf ek Efy jf Mf`crfs ;1.1;4, quf ic`snjfrk sntukinc`fs sn tukinc`fs icmc ek n`ikpkinjkj mf`tke, fe keicdcensmc irù`nic, ek kusf`ink jf prfciupkinù` pcr irnk`zk, fjuikinù` c iunjkjc jfe dngc, ek ic`jf`k pcr sfiufstrc kok`jc`c jf mf`crfs, ecs mketrktcs c mkecs fgfmpecs ke `nûc y ctrk ikusk quf icecquf ke `nûc f` pfenbrc mcrke c mktfrnke. Iuk`jc sf jftfrmn`f fstk sntukinù`, sf ousikrë k akmnenkrfs dkstk fe tfrifr brkjc n`ieusnvf pkrk jftfrmn`kr sn pufjf ic`afrírsfefs fe iunjkjc jfe @@K, fvntk`jc ksí quf fe Fstkjc n`tfrvf`bk y rcmpk fe ví`iuec anenktnvc ic` u`k akmnenk jf crnbf`, jë`jcefs fe jfrfidc k cpc`frsf f`tc`ifs k ek susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù`, tcjc feec ic`acrmf ke Krt. ;: EXK. Fstc fs mufstrk jfe prn`inpnc jf suosnjnkrnjkj jfe Fstkjc, ic`snjfrk`jc fstf prcifjnmnf`tc icmc u`c jf kpenikinù` fxifpinc`ke y jf ÷etnmk rktnc. Yfb÷` fstkoefif ek sf`tf`ink rce 6:>-?8;9 jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf  Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù` jf afidk 8: jf korne jf ?8;:7 ?8;:7  F` iuk`tc k eks vf`tkgks, îstks jfof` f`tf`jfrsf icmc of`fanincs ic`irftcs y cogftnvcs pkrk fe `nûc f`

 pkrtniuekr, jf mk`frk quf sf ikutfef fe vkecr jf ek n`jnvnjukenjkj icmc pkrtf jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf sus jfrfidcs icmc pfrsc`k, jf mcjc quf fstf ÷etnmc kspfitc `c pufjk sfr fvkeukjc f` fe prcifsc jf mk`frk  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  tfùrnik c kostrkitk, pcr ec quf jfof fstkr sustf`tkjc f` ek prufok kpcrtkjk quf pfrmntk ic`stktkr iuëefs sc` ecs dfidcs mktfrnkefs fspfiíanics quf dkif` vnkoef pkrk fsf `nûc ek jfiekrkinù` jf kjcptkonenjkj. Fstks coenbkinc`fs sf f`iuf`trk` f` jnvfrsks `crmks icmc ek Ic`vf`inù` jf ecs Jfrfidcs jfe @nûc, quf f` su krtíiuec ;4.? sfûkek quf ek kjcpinù` sùec fs kpenikoef f` suosnjnc jf eks mfjnjks tf`jnf`tfs k mk`tf`fr ke `nûc f` su akmnenk jf crnbf`, ec quf ic`iufrjk ic` fe krtíiuec ?;, quf ikutfek y rfaufrzk fe prn`inpnc jf suosnjnkrnfjkj. Xcr ctrc ekjc, ek Ic`vf`inù` jf ecs Jfrfidcs jfe @nûc jfsik`sk scorf u`k sfrnf jf  prn`inpncs icmc fe rfektnvc ke "n`tfrîs supfrncr" (krtíiuec 9.;), y u`k sfrnf jf coenbkinc`fs quf nmpc`f k ecs jnvfrscs ùrbk`cs jfe Fstkjc f` tcr`c k ikutfekr y dkifr fafitnvcs ecs jfrfidcs jf ecs `nûcs. F` fstf sf`tnjc coenbk k ksfburkr fe ic`tfxtc prctfitcr jf ek akmnenk y k rfspftkr ecs jfrfidcs jf ecs pkjrfs f` iuk`tc ke iunjkjc (krtíiuecs 9.? y 6), ec quf sf rfekinc`k ic` fe jfofr jf prciurkr ek mk`tf`inù` jfe `nûc f` su akmnenk icmc pkrtf jf su jfrfidc k sfr iunjkjc pcr ek akmnenk jf crnbf` y mk`tf`fr su njf`tnjkj y rfekinc`fs akmnenkrfs (krtíiuec 2 y 4.;), sfûkek`jc fxprfskmf`tf quf ek sfpkrkinù` jfe `nûc jf su mfjnc  akmnenkr fs fxifpinc`ke iuk`jc sfk `fifskrnk f` au`inù` jf dfidcs ikenanikjcs, icmc mketrktc c kok`jc`c (krtíiuec >.;), ec quf rfaufrzk eks njfks mktrnifs quf suoykif` f` ek Efy @¸;>.1?8. Mës k÷`, ec sfûkekjc sf ic`irftk f` eks Jnrfitrnifs scorf eks Mcjkenjkjfs Ketfr`ktnvks jf Iunjkjc jf ecs @nûcs, quf fs fe mkric guríjnic n`tfr`kinc`ke quf icmpefmf`tk ek Ic`vf`inù` y quf tkmonî` dk snjc rktnanikjc pcr Idnef f n`icrpcrkjc k `ufstrc crjf`kmnf`tc n`tfr`c y quf vnf`f` k iuornr kqufeeks ekbu`ks quf ek Ic`vf`inù` jfgkok f` mktfrnk jf `nûcs sn` iunjkjc pkrf`tke c f` rnfsbc jf pfrjfrec. Ecs prn`inpncs rfefvk`tfs sc` "ek `fifsnjkj y ek ic`vf`nf`ink" (pkrtf NN). F` fafitc, f` vnrtuj jfe prn`inpnc jf `fifsnjkj, sf ousik quf fe `nûc pfrmk`fzik f` su akmnenk jf crnbf`, jf mk`frk quf skikrec jf fstf ic`tfxtc akmnenkr jfof sfr u`k mfjnjk jf ÷etnmc rfiursc y k`tfs jf kjcptkr u`k mfjnjk jf fstf tnpc sf rfqunfrf jf u`k fvkeukinù` pkrtninpktnvk rnburcsk.  F` iuk`tc k ek ic`vf`nf`ink, îstk sf oksk f` quf ek mfjnjk jf tutfek fefbnjk, ic icmc mc ek kjcpinù`, jfof fstkr kjkptkjk k eks `fifsnjkjfs n`jnvnjukefs. Jf fstk mk`frk, fstcs prn`inpncs rf÷`f` tcjks eks njfks fxprfskjks, pcr iuk`tc vnf`f` k jfan`nr u` fstë`jkr fxnbnjc k`tfs jf prnvkr k u` `nûc jf su mfjnc  akmnenkr, pcrekfgfmpec, k trkvîsjfejf `nûc ek kjcpinù`, y quf k ic`tkr tcjcs ecsf fsaufrzcs jf m mk`frk k`frk prfvnk  pkrk ecbrkr pfrmk`f`ink f` fe sf`c jf coenbk su akmnenk jf crnbf`, n`ieusc dkifr eks bfstnc`fs `fifskrnks pkrk dkonentkr k ek akmnenk pkrk fe fgfrininc jfe iunjkjc, y sùec iuk`jc kqufeec `c sfk pcsnoef, rfinî` prciurkref u` mfjnc ketfr`ktnvc jf iunjkjc. Xcr ec k`tfrncrmf`tf sfûkekjc, ek jcitrn`k y ek gurnsprujf`ink dk sfûkekjc quf f` tk`tc fxnstk akmnenk f` ic`jninc`fs jf dkifrsf ikrbc jf u` `nûc quf acrmk pkrtf jf jnidc sf`c, `c prcifjf `n`b÷` tnpc jf jfiekrkinù`, sfk jf kjcptkonenjkj c jf kjcpinù`, `n `n`bu`k ctrk mfjnjk quf tnf`jk k mcjnanikr fe ic`tfxtc akmnenkr jf u` `nûc, sn`c u`k vfz quf sf vfrnanquf ek nmpcsnonenjkj jf mk`tf`frec jf`trc jf su  akmnenk jf crnbf`, y sn îstk `c fstuvnfrk f` ic`jninc ic`jninc`fs `fs jf dkifrec, fs jfofr jfe Fstkjc prcpf`jfr k su  acrtkefinmnf`tc k trkvîs jf kiinc`fs ic`irftks tf`jnf`tfs k prciurkrefs eks dfrrkmnf`tks `fifskrnks pkrk

quf fgfrzk` fe iunjkjc jf sus mnfmorcs. Fstf prn`inpnc sf f`iuf`trk f` fe krtíiuec ;¸ jf ek Ic`stntuinù` Xceítnik jf ek _fp÷oenik.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

@c costk`tf, ek pcsnonenjkj k`tfs sfûkekjk, jnsiutnjk fs ek fxtf`snù` jf fstk sntukinù` sn tukinù` icmc ikuske jf n`dkonenjkj, f` iukequnfrk jf ecs jcs fsif`krncs pcsnoefs. Yn `cs if`trkmcs f` ek n`ikpkinjkj aísnik, nmpenik quf u`k pfrsc`k f` rkzù` jf su jnsikpkinjkj, tfmpcrke c pfrmk`f`tf, pcjrík qufjkr n`dkonentkjk jf ek irnk`zk jf su dngc/k, sntukinù` quf keik`zk rnoftfs nmpkitk`tfs f` ek dnstcrnk gujninke idnef`k. Xcr fgfmpec, f` fe iksc jf ek ikusk rce 94:4-?8;? jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk, ek `nûk (quf trnstfmf`tf mufrf ic` ?; mfsfs jf fjkj f` jfpf`jf`inks jf u` crbk`nsmc icekocrkjcr), n`brfsk ke snstfmk prctfiinc`ke y ke prcifsc jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` jfrnvkjc quf ek jfprfsnù` pcstpkrtc quf tuvc ek mkjrf, ic`snjfrë`jcsfef pcr feec prfenmn`krmf`tf icmc n`dkonentkjk aísnikmf`tf. Fstf prcifsc, pcr supufstc, `c kvk`zù ktf`jnjc fe akeefinmnf`tc jf ek `nûk y `c sf jfirftù sn an`kemf`tf fstk sntukinù` auf, c `c, ic`snjfrkjk icmc tke pcr fe Zrnou`ke. Xcr su pkrtf, ek ikusk rce 8;-?8;? jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Icndknquf, jf afidk ;: jf aforfrc jf ?8;?, konfrtkmf`tf jftfrmn`k ek susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` jf ecs @@K n`ninkefs I.K y L.X., jf kpfeenjcs _unz Ikrrksic, k ic`sfiuf`ink jf ek pktcecbík psnqunëtrnik jf ek mkjrf quf sf ikenanik icmc rftrksc mf`tke< y f` tf`jf`ink snmnekr, sf`tf`inks rce 61-?8;4 jnitkjc fe ?8 jf guenc jfe kûc ?8;4 pcr ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù`< y ek sf`tf`ink 19:-?8;: jf afidk ?> jf sfptnfmorf jf ?8;: jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk. Fe sfbu`jc supufstc, fstk vfz f` rkzù` jf ek n`dkonenjkj mcrke, bf`frk sntukinc`fs quf sf vufevf` n`ieusc mës jnsiutnoefs quf fe supufstc aísnic jf n`dkonentkinù`. F` ec pfrsc`ke jf fstf kutcr, dk` fxnstnjc jcs sntukinc`fs pkrtniuekrmf`tf eekmktnvks f` fstf crjf`. Fe prnmfrc fs fe ksu`tc rfektkjc f` ek sf`tf`ink 9:6?-?8;9 jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk jf afidk ?; jf kbcstc jf ?8;9, f` fe quf ek tík mktfr`k sf cpc`f k ek jfiekrkinù` jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` jf su scorn`k, y ek Fximk. Icrtf jfinjf mk`tf`fr ek susifptnonenjkj jf ek `nûk au`jkjc f` quf feek tf`ík u`k ic`jf`k pcr trëanic jf jrcbks ic` sf`tf`ink iumpenjk dkif ;2 kûcs ktrës. Fs jfinr, quf scec au`jkjc f` quf feek fstuvc vn`iuekjk k ek icmnsnù` jf u` jfentc f` îpcik f` ek quf ek `nûk `n snqunfrk fxnstík, ek Icrtf ek ikenanik icmc u` mke fgfmpec, prfanrnf`jc quf ek `nûk skebk jf fsk akmnenk y sf mk`tf`bk f` fe snstfmk rfsnjf`inke. Ek sf`tf`ink rfektk7 Eufbc, rfspfitc jf ek akmnenk fxtf`jnjk jf ic`acrmnjkj ic` ec jnspufstc f` fe krtíiuec ??1 jfe Iùjnbc Invne, f` rfekinù` ic` ec prfsirntc pcr fe krtíiuec :? jf ek Efy @¸ ;1.1;4 sfûkek` quf icmpftf ke gufz jftfrmn`kr sn sf dkif `fifskrnk ek f`trfbk jf ek `nûk k ctrks pfrsc`ks jnstn`tks jf ecs pkjrfs, jfonf`jc îstks iumpenr ic` eks fxnbf`inks jfe intkjc krtíiuec ;?, ec quf `c suifjk f` ek fspfinf, jfsjf quf, tk`tc ek tík mktfr`k icmc ek koufek pktfr`k sf f`iuf`trk` n`dkonentkjks pkrk fgfrifr fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jf ek `nûk pcr eks ikuskefs jf ecs `umfrkefs ;¸ y ?¸ jf ek `crmk f` fstujnc, yk quf îstks `c iuf`tk` ic` eks

ic`jninc`fs scinkefs `n mcrkefs pkrk f`ikrbkrsf jfe iunjkjc jf ek `nûk pcr dkofr snjc kmoks sk`inc`kjks ic` neíintcs ic`tfmpekjcs f` ek efy jf jrcbks.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Ek sfbu`jk sntukinù` quf dk eekmkjc mn ktf`inù` dk snjc jf rfefvk`ink p÷oenik y sf dk ic`cinjc icmc fe iksc jf Ëmokr, `nûk jf u` kûc y snftf mfsfs quf auf vncekjk y ksfsn`kjk pcr su iunjkjcr tfmpcrke, fspfiíanikmf`tf pcr ek pkrfgk jf su tík mktfr`k, ek quf auf prfafrnjk pcr scorf su tíc scec au`jkjc f` quf fstf fs dcmcsfxuke, tcjc feec f` fe mfs jf korne jf ?8;4. Yu tíc Nb`kinc Xkfz, jfiekrù quf pfsf k ek n`snstf`ink jfe rnfsbc quf ek `nûk icrrík, ef dkorík` jnsirnmn`kjc pcr su prfafrf`ink sfxuke. @ufvkmf`tf ek ikenanikinù` fstkrík jkjk pcr sfr n`dëone pcr ic`stntunr mkecs fgfmpecs. @c costk`tf, surbf u`k nmpcrtk`tf euz jf fspfrk`zk f` ecs irntfrncs quf dk` fxprfskjc ecs mn`nstrcs n`tfbrk`tfs jf ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk y jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc, feec fspfiíanikmf`tf f` akeecs jfe kûc ?8?8. Fe prnmfrc, jnitkjc pcr ek Fximk. Icrtf Yuprfmk ic` afidk 89 jf f`frc jf ?8?8 f` kutcs rce 96:1-?8;>, rfvcik ek jfinsnù` jf susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` pcr fxnstnr u` ví`iuec akmnenk ic` ek koufek, ku` iuk`jc ek mkjrf jf ecs `nûcs ecs vf`jnù pcr jrcbks y prcjuitc jf feec, n`brfsù ke snstfmk rfsnjf`inke prctfiinc`ke. Xfrc mës eekmktnvc quf ec k`tfrncr n`ieusnvf, fs fe akeec jfe ?8 jf mkrzc jf ?8?8 jf ek Netmk. Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc jf kutcs rce 92;:-?8;4, k trkvîs jfe iuke fstkoefif quf fe eímntf jf pkrf`tfsic jfe Krt. ;: EKM pufjf kmpenkrsf k ctrcs akmnenkrfs, rfidkzk`jc ek susifptnonenjkj jf kjcpinù` jf ek `nûk k u`k prnmk jf ek mkjrf jf feek, fs jfinr, u` akmnenkr f` iukrtc brkjc. Fstc snb`nanik quf, ku` iuk`jc `c ic`anburk gurnsprujf`ink, f` ecs ÷etnmcs kûcs sf dk njc mkrik`jc u`k tf`jf`ink k rfvnskr ic` mkycr jftkeef ecs ksu`tcs ks u`tcs y kpenik k ek susifptnonenjkj icmc u`k n`stk`ink jf uetnmk rktnc, quf fs fe irntfrnc quf crjf`k ek IJ@. ?.  @c ef prcpcrinc`f` ke `nûc ktf`inù` pfrsc`ke, kafitnvk c fic`ùmnik jurk`tf 1 mfsfs, pekzc quf sf rfjuif k 9 sn fe mf`cr tnf`f mf`cs jf jcs kûcs, y sf rfjuif k :6 jíks, sn fs mf`cr jf sfns Jf tcjks acrmks, ek aketk jf rfiurscs fic`ùmnics `c fs suaninf`tf pkrk fmntnr fstkmfsfs. jfiekrkinù`. 9.  Yn ec f`trfbkrc` k u`k n`stntuinù` p÷oenik c prnvkjk jf prctfiinù` jf mf`crfs c k u` tfrifrc, ic` ë`nmc mk`nanfstc jf enofrkrsf jf sus coenbkinc`fs efbkefs. Fstf ë`nmc c mk`nanfstc fs okstk`tf icmpefgc jf prcokr, jf mk`frk quf sf dk` f`trfbkjc kebu`ks prfsu`inc`fs ke rfspfitc icmc sc` kqufeeks rfektnvks ke pkjrf, mkjrf c pfrsc`k k iuyc iunjkjc fstë mf`cr quf `c ef vnsntk` `n u`k vfz f` 1 mfsfs, c f` 9 sn fe mf`cr tuvnfrf mf`cs jf ? kûcs< c f` :6 jíks, sn aufrf mf`cr k sfns mfsfs. Fstc ic`stntuyf f` infrtk mfjnjk u` supufstc jf kok`jc`c.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  NQ. X_CIFJNMNF@ZC  Zk`tc pkrk eks pfrsc`ks rfsnjf`tfs f` Idnef, icmc pkrk eks `c rfsnjf`tfs, fe prcifjnmnf`tc fs fe mnsmc, ku`quf dky infrtks pfqufûks jnafrf`inks. Ksí f`tc`ifs, f` ek kjcpinù` jf pfrsc`ks rfsnjf`tfs f` Idnef, fe gufz icmpftf`tf pkrk ic`cifr jfe prcifsc fs fe gufz jf akmnenk jfe jcmninenc jf ecs kjcptk`tfs, trkmntë`jcsf f` u` prcifsc `c ic`tf`incsc, f` fe quf `c fs kjmnsnoef cpcsninù`. Jf fstk mk`frk eks iufstnc`fs quf sf susintf` sf rfkenzkrë` f` iukjfr`c sfpkrkjc. Yf korf fstf prcifsc ic` ek scenintuj sce nintuj kjcpinù`, anrmkjk pcr eks pfrsc`ks iuyk vceu`tkj sf rfqunfrf f` prfsf`ink jfe sfirftkrnc jfe trnou`ke, fe quf ifrtnanik ek njf`tnjkj jf ecs icmpkrfinf`tfs. K fstk scenintuj jfofrë kicmpkûkrsf ecs k`tfifjf`tfs `fifskrncs quf kirfjntf` su njc`fnjkj, quf ic`acrmf ke Krt. 6 EKM, ec fmntnrë fe Yf`kmf, ktf`jnjc quf eefvk` tkefs rfbnstrcs. Fe trnou`ke vfrnanik ek scenintuj, y sn iumpef ic` tcjcs ecs rfqunsntcs efbkefs, ek kicbfrë k trkmntkinù`. F`icmprcokr fstk mnsmk vf`tkgks rfsceuinù` f` ek quf sfquf kicbf trkmntkinù`, `fifskrnks pkrk y of`fanincs ek kjcpinù` trkfsfke jfirftkrë` mf`cr, y síeks fs jnenbf`inks `fifskrnc, ctrks quf icmpefmf`tf` ek fvkeukinù` jf njc`fnjkj jf ecs pftninc`krncs, jnenbf`inks quf iuf`tk` ic` u` pekzc jf 18 jíks. Jfofrë kjfmës kbrfbkrsf k ecs kutcs fe fxpfjnf`tf f` fe quf ic`stk ek  vceu`tkj jf jf ecs pkjrf pkjrfss jf ff`trfbkr `trfbkr ke mf`cr f` kjcpinù`, c kqu kqufeecs feecs quf dk` jfiekrkjc ke mf`cr icmc susifptnoef jf sfr kjcptkjc. Ek sf`tf`ink sf `ctnanik pcr iîjuek, y f` su ic`trk prcifjf kpfekinù`, ek quf bczkrë jf prfafrf`ink pkrk su vnstk y akeec, trkmntë`jcsf jf kiufrjc ic` eks rfbeks fstkoefinjks pkrk ecs n`injf`tfs. Ek sf`tf`ink quf kicbf ek kjcpinù` crjf`k eks jnenbf`inks quf n`jnik ek efy, fstks sc` ek `ufvk n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe kjcptkjc f` fe rfbnstrc invne jfe jcmninenc jf fstf ÷etnmc. Fe fxpfjnf`tf sfrë iustcjnkjc pcr fe kridnvc bf`frke jfe sfrvninc jf rfbnstrc invne, y `c pcjrë` jkrsf icpnks, sn` intkinù` jf ecs kjcptk`tfs, k `kjnf. Yn fe scenintk`tf `c tnf`f fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke jfe mf`cr, fe trnou`ke pcjrë ctcrbërsfec k pkrtnr jf fstf mcmf`tc. Xcr ctrk pkrtf, sn s n tnf`f` fe iunjkjc pfrsc`ke prcvnscrnc, y fe trnou`ke jf `nfbk ek scenintuj jf kjcpinù`, fstk ifsk jf pef`c jfrfidc. Xcr su pkrtf, ek kjcpinù` jf eks pfrsc`ks quf `c rfsnjk` f` Idnef fstë sugftk f` bf`frke k eks mnsmks rfbeks, pfrc ic` sùec kebu`ks mcjnanikinc`fs, feec f` iuk`tc fs icmpftf`tf pkrk ic`cifr jf ek trkmntkinù`, `c fe trnou`ke jfe kjcptk`tf, sn`c ke jfe kjcptkjc, y quf fvnjf`tfmf`tf, sn sf f`iuf`trk n`stntuinc`kenzkjc, sfrë fe jfe if`trc rfsnjf`inke f` quf sf f`iuf`trf. Yumkjc k feec, gu`tc ic` ek scenintuj jf kjcpinù`, jfofrë` kicmpkûkrsf ecs k`tfifjf`tfs n`jnikjcs f` ek efy

idnef`k. Kjfmës, fstk scenintuj kjfofrë pktrcin`kjk pcr femcjc Yf`kmf, y sn `cquf ec fs, crjf`krë quf sf pc`bk f` ic`cinmnf`tc jnidc sfr sfrvninc. Jfe mnsmc sf fxnbnrë ecssfscenintk`tfs icmpkrfzik` pfrsc`kemf`tf k`tf fe gufz iuk`jc îstf ec fstnmf `fifskrnc, ec quf sf jfofrë  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  jnspc`fr k ec mf`cs u`k vfz f` fe trk`siursc jfe prcifsc. Yn fe gufz fstkoefif quf jurk`tf fe prcifsc fe mf`cr qufjf k ikrbc jf u`c jf ecs scenintk`tfs, îstf qufjkrë nmpcsnonentkjc jf skenr jfe pkís sn` kutcrnzkinù` jfe trnou`ke. An`kemf`tf, pkrk ek n`sirnpinù` f` ek pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc jfe kjcptkjc, sf rfmntnrë ke fxpfjnf`tf icmpeftc k ek canin`k jfe sfrvninc jf rfbnstrc invne jf ek icmu`k jf Yk`tnkbc.  Q. FAFIZCY JF EK KJCXINÙ@ KJCXINÙ@ Fe fafitc jf ek kjcpinù` fs ic`afrnr ke kjcptkjc fe fstkjc invne jf dngc jf ecs kjcptk`tfs. Ke kjqunrnr fstk ikenjkj, surbnrë` f`trf feecs tcjcs ecs jfrfidcs y jfofrfs quf jf kiufrjc ic` ek efy fxnstf` f`trf pkjrfs f dngcs, tk`tc ecs jfrnvkjcs jf ek kutcrnjkj pktfr`k, icmc ecs jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj, kenmf`tcs y suifsnù` pcr ikusk jf mufrtf. Yf prcjuinrë, ksnmnsmc, ek fxtn`inù` jf ecs  ví`iuecs jfe kjcptkjc ic` ek akmnenk jf crnbf`, pfrc suosnstf fsc sí, ecs nmpfjnmf`tcs pkrk ic`trkfr mktrnmc`nc ic`tfmpekjcs f` fe krtíiuec in`ic jf ek EMI, quf fs ek rfektnvk k ek prcdnoninù` jf ic`trkfr fe ví`iuec f`trf ksif`jnf`tfs c jfsif`jnf`tfs pcr ic`sk`bun`njkj. Ek kjcpinù` prcjuif sus fafitcs jfsjf ek n`sirnpinù` jf `kinmnf`tc jfe kjcptkjc, crjf`kjk pcr ek sf`tf`ink. F` bf`frke fs nrrfvcikoef, pfrc sf pufjf pfjnr su `uenjkj iuk`jc îstk auf cotf`njk pcr mfjncs neíintcs c arkujuef`tcs, pfrc `c pcr krrfpf`tnmnf`tc. Fe tntuekr jf fstk kiinù` sfrë fe kjcptkjc, sfk quf ek fgfrzk pcr sí c pcr u` iurkjcr fspfinke, ek quf prfsirnof f` iuktrc kûcs jfsjf ek afidk f` quf fe kjcptkjc dkyk keik`zkjc ek pef`k ikpkinjkj, tcmk`jc ic`cinmnf`tc jfe  vninc quf kafitk ek kjcpinù`. Fe gufz icmpftf`tf pkrk ic`cifr jf ek `uenjkj jf ek kjcpinù` sfrë fe jfe tfrrntcrnc f` fe iuke sf trkmntù feek. Yf dk` fstkoefinjc n`ieusc sk`inc`fs jf ikrëitfr pf`ke pkrk kqufeeks kjcpinc`fs vninkjks, arkujuef`tks c neíintks.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

IKXÍZVEC QNN. FE FYZKJC INQNE

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY Yfb÷` fe Krt. 98: II., fe fstkjc invne fs ek ikenjkj jf u` n`jnvnjuc f` iuk`tc ec dkonentk pkrk fgfrifr infrtcs jfrfidcs c ic`trkfr infrtks coenbkinc`fs invnefs. Yf irntnik ek jfan`ninù` pcr ek snmnentuj ic` fe ic`ifptc jf ikpkinjkj jfe n`insc an`ke jfe Krt. ;::6 II., jf mk`frk quf sf rfjfan`f pcr ek jcitrn`k icmc ek ikenjkj pfrmk`f`tf quf u`k pfrsc`k ciupk f` ek scinfjkj y quf jfpf`jf  prn`inpkemf`tf jf sus rfekinc rfekinc`fs `fs jf akmnenk, f` iuk`tc ef dkonentk pkrk fgfrifr infrtcs jfrfidcs y ic`trkfr infrtks coenbkinc`fs invnefs . Icrrfspc`jf pcr tk`tc k ek sntukinù` guríjnik quf prfsf`tk u`k pfrsc`k, su fstkjc guríjnic, sfb÷` fe ví`iuec quf tf`bk ic` ctrks pfrsc`ks quf jfrnvk jf sus rfekinc`fs jf ek akmnenk. Qnstc ksí, fe Fstkjc invne fs u` ktrnoutc jf ek pfrsc`kenjkj. Fe fstkjc Invne jk crnbf` ke pkrf`tfsic invne, y fs auf`tf jf jfrfidc y coenbkinc`fs, icmc ecs quf fxnstf` f`trf ecs iù`yubfs, f`trf Xkjrf f dngcs fti. Eks ikrkitfrístniks jfe Fstkjc Invne sc`7 " 

Fs u`c f n`jnvnsnoef< y pcrquf `c pufjf` tf`frsf vkrncs fstkjcs invnefs fmk`kjcs jf u`k mnsmk auf`tf, pcr fgfmpec, `c sf pufjf sfr ikskjc y vnujc k ek vfz. @c costk`tf, sn ek auf`tf fs jnvfrsk, pufjf icfxnstnr jnvfrscs fstkjcs invnefs, icmc fe jf scetfrc ic` fe jf dngc. "  Fs n`kenf`koef, fe iuke `c pcjrë jnspc`fr ek pfrsc`k jf su fstkjc invne, pcr sfr u` ktrnoutc jf ek pfrsc`kenjkj. Xcr ek mnsmk rkzù` fs tkmonî` n`icmfrinkoef f nrrf`u`inkoef, ec quf sf prctfbf pcr fe Krt. ;:1: `rc. ?. II, yk quf eks rfekinc`fs guríjniks quf pufjk` fxtf`jfrsf scorf kqufe sc` `ueks pcr ic`stntunr cogftc neíintc. "  Fs nmprfsirnptnoef, tk`tc f` su kjqunsninù`, icmc f` su fxtn`inù`, ec quf `c costk k quf sfk mcjnanikoef sn eks rfekinc`fs c auf`tfs jf akmnenk quf ec jftfrmn`k` ikmonk`, pujnf`jc pkskr jf sfr ikskjc k jnvcrinkjc, c jf scetfrc k ic`vnvnf`tf invne, pcr fgfmpec. "  Fs pfrmk`f`tf, f` fe sf`tnjc jf quf `c sf pnfrjf mnf`trks `c sf kjqunfrk u` fstkjc invne jnafrf`tf.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Auf`tfs jfe fstkjc invne. Yc` iuktrc7 ek efy (icmc ek scetfrík), fe kitc vceu`tkrnc (icmc fe mktrnmc`nc, c fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf u` dngc), u` dfidc guríjnic (icmc ek mufrtf) y ek sf`tf`ink gujninke (kjcpinù`).  Kiinc`fs quf prctfbf` ke fstkjc invne. Yf prctfbf pcr eks eekmkjks kiinc`fs jf fstkjc, fstkjc, ek quf sf n`tf`tk` iuk`jc sf prcjuif u`k iufstnù` jf fstkjc invne. Xcjrë` prfsf`tkrsf iuk`jc sf rfiekmk fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jf u` fstkjc invne quf sf tnf`f, pfrc jfe quf `c sf fstë f` pcsfsnù`< pcsfsnù` < c iuk`jc sf nmpub`k u` fstkjc invne quf sf tnf`f. @ùtfsf quf, f` eks prnmfrks, sf trktk jf u` kitc jfiekrktnvc, quf rfic`cif` fstkjc invne< pfrc eks sfbu`jks, sf trktk jf u` kitc ic`stntutnvc, f` iuk`tc irfk u` fstkjc invne jnafrf`tf ke k`tfrncr. Jf fstk mk`frk, eks jfiekrktnvks scec surtf` fafitc f`trf eks pkrtfs f` fe guninc, pfrc eks sfbu`jks, eks ic`stntutnvks, tnf`f fafitcs kosceutcs cpc`noefs k tcjk pfrsc`k. Yf jnsiutf f` eks prnmfrks su ikrëitfr rfektnvc pcr ek n`jnvnsnonenjkj jfe fstkjc invne, yk quf fstf snfmprf surtnrë fafitcs k`tf tcjk pfrsc`k, ec e c quf jf tcjks acrmks `c fs u` ic`sf`sc f` jcitrn`k. Fstks kiinc`fs sc` n`jnvnsnoefs, y sus tntuekrfs sfrë` kqufeeks pfrsc`ks iuyc fstkjc invne fs ic`trcvfrtnjc. @c pksk k dfrfjfrcs, skevc quf snrvk` jf oksf k u`k kiinù` jf ikrëitfr pktrnmc`nke. Yfrë ic`cinjk f` ecs trnou`kefs jf akmnenk, ku` iuk`jc sf jnsiutk fe ksu`tc f` u` prcifsc jf jnstn`tk `kturkefzk. Yf dk jnidc quf eks sf`tf`inks pkrk quf tf`bk` fafitcs kosceutcs, y `c iknbk` f` fe supufstc u` fafitc rfektnvc ic`tfmpekjc f` fe Krt. 9;6 II., jfofrë` iumpenr kebu`cs rfqunsntcs, quf sc`7 ;.  [uf fe akeec fstf pkskjc pcr kutcrnjkj jf icsk guzbkjk. ?.  [uf sf dkyk prc`u`inkjc f` ic`trk jfe efbítnmc ic`trkjnitcr, f`tf`jnf`jc pcr tke u`c jf ecs ic`tfmpekjcs f` fe krt. 9;2, fs jfinr, quf fe efbítnmc ic`trkjnitcr f` ek iufstnù` jf pktfr`njkj fs fe pkjrf ic` fe dngc, c fe dngc ic`trk fe pkjrf, y f` ek iufstnù` jf mktfr`njkj fe dngc ic`trk ek mkjrf, c u`k mkjrf ic` fe dngc. Yc` tkmonî` efbítnmcs ic`trkjnitcrfs ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe pkjrf c mkjrf akeefinjcs f` ic`trk jf qunf`fs fe dngc pcjrë jnrnbnr c ic`tn`ukr ek kiinù` y, tkmonî`, ecs dfrfjfrcs jfe dngc akeefinjc iuk`jc fs quf sf dkbk` ikrbc jf ek kiinù` n`ninkjk pcr kquîe c jfinjk` f`tkoekrek. Ycekmf`tf fstcs sc` efbítnmcs ic`trkjnitcrfs. 9.  [uf `c dkyk dkonjc iceusnù` f` fe guninc< sfb÷` fe Krt. 9;> II. ek prufok jf ek iceusnù` `c fs kjmnsnoef sn`c f` ecs in`ic kûcs snbunf`tfs k ek sf`tf`ink.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  NN. KIZKY JF FYZKJC INQNE Fe fstkjc invne sf oksk f` trfs dfidcs7 ek mufrtf, fe mktrnmc`nc y fe `kinmnf`tc, y jf feec jfrnvkrë ek acrmk f` quf pufjk prcokrsf. Ek efy f`tc`ifs dk jfonjc prfciupkrsf jf fs fstkoefifr tkoefifr f` acrmk pfrmk`f`tf y kutî`tnik fstcs dfidcs. Yurbf ksí fe Yfrvninc jf _fbnstrc Invne f njf`tnanikinù` icmc fe f`ikrbkjc jf eefvkr y kitukenzkr tkefs rfbnstrcs c `ùmn`ks ic`acrmf k ek rfbuekinù` jf ek efy quf irfk tke crbk`nsmc, efy `rc. :.484. Fstcs rfbnstrcs sc` eefvkjcs ic` brk` rfspc`skonenjkj, f` iuk`tc f` iksc jf icmftfr frrcrfs `c pcjrë` rfitnanikrsf sn`c iuk`jc sf dkbk pcr crjf` gujninke c pcr rfsceuinù` kjmn`nstrktnvk, ku`quf fstk ÷etnmk pcjrë prcifjfr jfe prcpnc jnrfitcr bf`frke jfe rfbnstrc invne, scec f` iuk`tc sfk scenintkjk pcr ek pfrsc`k k qunf` sf rfanfrk ek pkrtnjk icrrfspc`jnf`tf jf mktrnmc`nc c `kinmnf`tc, c jf ecs dfrfjfrcs f` fe iksc jf ek pkrtnjk jf mufrtf. Ek ctrk cpinù`, fs ek rfitnanikinù` gujninke jf ek pkrtnjk, ek quf ek rfbek bf`frke pcjrë sfr pfjnjk pcr eks pfrsc`ks k qunf` sf rfanfrk tke akeec, sus rfprfsf`tk`tfs efbkefs c sus dfrfjfrcs, tcjc feec f` u` prcifsc quf, mnf`trks `c dkyk efbítnmc ic`trkjnitcr, `c sfrë ic`tf`incsc, sn`c vceu`tkrnc. Ek sf`tf`ink quf crjf`k ek rfitnanikinù` jf u`k pkrtnjk fs jfiekrktnvk y `c ic`stntutnvk, pcr rfic`cifr u`k sntukinù` prffxnstf`tf. NNN. X_VFOK JFE FYZKJC INQNE Xkrk prcokr fstf ktrnoutc jf pfrsc`kenjkj jfofrë` kirfjntkrsf sus dfidcs ic`stntutnvcs. Fstc fs prfinskmf`tf quf prfafrf`ink dk rfbekmf`tkjc fe Iùjnbc f` fecoenbkinc`fs, Krt. 98: II,ecyquf ksí ecnmpenik kjvnfrtf títuec, ec quf sf kpenik`ecic` k ek prufok jf eks qufsu eks rfbeks ic`tf`njks f` fe Krt. ;1>4 y snbunf`tfs, `c sfrë kpenikoef f` fstcs supufstcs. Yf dk jnidc quf ek prufok jfe fstkjc invne sf rfkenzk mfjnk`tf eks rfspfitnvks pkrtnjks, y sùec f` fe iksc jfe mktrnmc`nc, k aketk jf pkrtnjk, pcjrë` fmpefkrsf mfjnc supeftcrnc jf prufok, icmc tfstnbcs. Zkmonî` fs fxifpinù` k ek prufok pcr pkrtnjks ek sntukinù` jf ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf dngc, icmc fstkjc invne, f` iuk`tc pfrmntnrë tkmonî` kirfjntkr ek anenkinù` jf kqufe. F` ecs jfmës ikscs, sùec pcjrë kirfjntkrsf c prcokrsf pcr ecs n`strumf`tcs kutî`tnics icrrfspc`jnf`tfs.

Eks pkrtnjks, icmc mfjnc pkrk kirfjntkr fstkjc invne, sc` vnstks icmc n`strumf`tcs p÷oenics, y sc`7  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

" 

_fspfitc k jfe fstkjc invne jf ikskjcs vnujc, pkjrf, mkjrf c dngc, sf kirfjntkrë` mfjnk`tf eks pkrtnjks jf mktrnmc`nc, jf mufrtf y jf `kinmnf`tc c okutnsmc. "  Fe fstkjc invne jf pkjrf, mkjrf c dngc sfrë kirfjntkjc pcr ek n`sirnpinù` c suon`sirnpinù` " 

jfe rfic`cinmnf`tc c akeec gujninke quf jftfrmn`f ek anenkinù`. Ek fjkj y ek mufrtf pcjrë` prcokrsf pcr eks pkrtnjks jf `kinmnf`tc y jf mufrtf.

Ek pkrtnjk fxtf`jnjk pcr fe _fbnstrc invne kirfjntk quf rfkemf`tf sf fxtf`jnù, pfrc `c ek vfrkinjkj jf eks jfiekrkinc`fs ic`tf`njks f` feek, ek quf sn` fmokrbc sf prfsumf pcr sfr ec `crmke, jf mk`frk quf qunf` jnbk quf fsks jfiekrkinc`fs sc` akesks, jfofrë prcokrec. Nmpub`kinù` jf eks pkrtnjks. Icmc n`strumf`tc p÷oenic quf sc`, pcjrë` sfr nmpub`kjks pcr aketk jf kutf`tninjkj, pcr `uenjkj, c pcr akesfjkj jf eks jfiekrkinc`fs< y sfb÷` fe Krt. 982 II., quf dkoek jf ek `c njf`tnjkj pfrsc`ke, sf rfanfrf ke dfidc jf `c sfr ek mnsmk pfrsc`k k quf fe jciumf`tc sf rfanfrf c jf ek quf sf prftf`jf kpenikr. Xrufok supeftcrnk jfe fstkjc invne. Ycec kpenikoefs pkrk ek aketk jf pkrtnjks mktrnmc`nkefs, iksc f` fe iuke pcjrë rfiurrnrsf k ctrcs mfjncs prcoktcrncs, icmc sc` ecs jciumf`tcs kutî`tnics, f` eks jfiekrkinc`fs jf tfstnbcs, c ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk. Fstf ÷etnmc iksc tkmonî` keik`zk ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jf dngc, pfrc f` tke iksc fe mfjnc jf prufok sfrë ek sf`tf`ink quf ec jfiekrf, ek quf f` iukequnfr iksc sf trk`sacrmkrë f` u`k pkrtnjk jf `kinmnf`tc (pcr ek rfitnanikinù` jf feek quf fe  Zrnou`ke crjf`k f` ek prcpnk sf`tf`ink, icmc tcjc guninc jf anenkinù`) ctrcs jciumf`tcs kutî`tnics  Ecs , sf rfanfrk n`strumf`tcs tfstkmf`tc, kpenië`jcsf kjfmës eks snbunf`tfs rfbeks. p÷oenics, icmc f` fsirnturk p÷oenik c u` " 

Ek jfiekrkinù` jf tfstnbcs prfsf`inkefs fxieuyf k ecs jf cíjks, feec f` vnrtuj jfe Krt. 98> II. "  Ek prufok pcr mfjnc jf pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk, tkmonî` ic`tfmpekjk f` fe Krt. 98> II. ic`snstf f` bczkr jfe fstkjc jf mktrnmc`nc k ek vnstk jf tcjcs y sn` prctfstc c rfiekmc jf `kjnf. Ecs fefmf`tcs jf fstk pcsninù` sc`7 `cmorf, trktc y akmk. Yf jnif f`tc`ifs quf, pkrk kirfjntkr fe fstkjc jfe mktrnmc`nc, ek pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk jfofrë sfr

p÷oenik (sfr mkrnjc y mugfr f` sus rfekinc`fs jcmîstniks y scinkefs, sf ek mugfr rfinonjk f`

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ikrëitfr jf tke pcr ecs jfujcs y kmnbcs jf su mkrnjc, y pcr fe vfin`jkrnc jf su jcmninenc f` bf`frke). Kjfmës, jfof sfr p÷oenik y ic`tn`uk, fstc fs, k ec mf`cs pcr jnfz kûcs. Fstk pcsfsnù` `ctcrnk, jfofrë prcokrsf jf kiufrjc ic` fe Krt. 9;9 II., fstc fs, pcr p cr u` ic`gu`tc jf k`tfifjf`tfs anjfjnb`cs y jf tfstnmc`ncs quf ek fstkoefzik` jf u` mcjc nrrfarkbkoef. Icmc sf jngc, fstks rfbeks sc` kpenikoefs scekmf`tf fe ksu`tc jf ek kusf`ink jf pkrtnjk mktrnmc`nke, pcr ec quf iuk`jc aketf` pkrtnjks rfektnvks k ek anenkinù`, trks scec pcjrë` sfr supenjks pcr ek sf`tf`ink quf dk rfikíjc f` fe guninc jf anenkinù`, fsirnturk p÷oenik, k u ctrc n`strumf`tc c f` fe quf sf dk rfic`cinjc. Xrufok jfe akeefinmnf`tc. Zk`tc akeefinmnf`tc.  Zk`tc îe, icmc ecs fstkjcs jfrnvkjcs jfe mnsmc, sf prcokrë` pcr fe Krt. 986 II., `crmk quf f` su n`insc an`ke sfûkek quf ek mufrtf sf kirfjntkrë pcr ek pkrtnjk jf mufrtf. @ùtfsf, quf ek efy tkmonî` sfûkek ek prufok jf ek fjkj f` fstk pkrtf, pfrc ek e k fjkj `c fs u` fstkjc invne.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

IKXÍZVEC QNNN. ZVZFEKY ^ IV_KZFEKY

N. BF@F_KENJKJFY  Zrktkjk k pkrtnr jfe Krt. 994 II. f` kjfek`tf, sf dk rfbekmf`tkjc muy fspfiíanikmf`tf fstks n`stntuinc`fs snbunf`jc ek eùbnik jfe jfrfidc rcmk`c, y pcr tk`tc muy iksunstk, gustnanik`jc quf su rfbuekinù` jf fxtnf`jk f`tc`ifs pcr ?81 krtíiuecs f` tctke, dkstk fe 6:: II. Ksí vnstc, fs ek n`stntuinù` guríjnik k ek quf fe Iùjnbc mkycr fxtf`snù` ef jfjnik. F` `ufstrk efbnsekinù`, fe n`ikpkz fs snfmprf eekmkjc pupnec, pfrc fe bukrjkjcr pcjrë sfr eekmkjc tutcr, iurkjcr, c snmpefmf`tf bukrjkjcr. Zutcr fs kqufe quf sf efs jk k ecs nmp÷ofrfs< y iurkjcr, k ecs jfmës n`ikpkifs, n`ieusc k kqufeecs quf sf efs jfsnb`f pcr rkzc`fs jnvfrsks k ek fjkj, icmc ek jfmf`ink c ek jnsnpkinù`. Ku`quf n`tf`tù fqunpkrkrsf okgc u`k mnsmk jf`cmn`kinù`, pcr ek jnaniuetkj jf ic`stntunr iurkjcr jf ecs nmp÷ofrfs ic` tutcr, ec infrtc fs quf sf mk`tuvc ek jnafrf`ink ic`ifptuke, pfrc sf fspfinaniù f` fe krtíiuec :91, quf fe tutcr pksk, eefbkjc fe mf`cr k ek puofrtkj, k jfsfmpfûkr ek iurktfek pcr fe scec mn`nstfrnc jf ek efy. Xcr tke, ek jnafrf`ink f`trf fe tutcr y iurkjcrfs fs sùec jf `cmf`iekturk y jf pcsnonenjkj pcsnonen jkj jf ieksnanikinù`, feec f` iuk`tc dky u`k scek tutfek, pfrc `c ksí eks iurkjuríks, quf pcjrë` sfr bf`frkefs, fspfinkefs, jf onf`fs, kjgu`tks, n`tfrn`ks, fti. Ek tutfeks y iurktfeks, c iurkjuríks, sc` ikrbcs y pufstcs k infrtks pfrsc`ks k akvcr jf kqufeecs quf `c pufjf` jnrnbnrsf k sí mnsmcs c kjmn`nstrkr icmpftf`tfmf`tf sus `fbcincs, y quf `c sf f`iuf`trk` okgc pctfstkj fe su pkjrf c mkjrf, quf pufjk` jkrefs ek prctfiinù` jfonjk. Eks pfrsc`ks quf fgfrif` fstcs ikrbcs sf eekmk` tutcrfs c iurkjcrfs y bf`frkemf`tf bukrjkjcrfs. NN. IEKYNANIKINÙ@ JF EKY BVK_JKY N- 

 Zutfeks. @c kjmntf` ieksnanikinù`

NN- 

Iurkjuríks. Xcjrë` bf`frke, jf onf`fs, kjgu`tks y fspfinkefs. n. 

Iurkjurík bf`frke7 rfektnvks k ecs onf`fs y ek pfrsc`k jfe n`ikpkz. Yf ctcrbk`

kf`tf`jfr ecs jfmf`tfs, mf`crfs kjuetcs, scrjcmujcs quf `c pufjf` jkrsf k pcr fsirntc, y jnsnpkjcrfs.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

NNN- 

nn. 

Iurkjurík jf onf`fs7 sc` ecs quf sf ic`stntuyf` pkrk ecs onf`fs jfe kusf`tf, f` ek dfrf`ink ykif`tf y ecs jfrfidcs fvf`tukefs jfe quf fstë pcr `kifr.

nnn. 

Iurkjurík kjgu`tk7 sc` ecs quf sfrë` tf`fr infrtks pfrsc`ks quf fstk`jc okgc pctfstkj jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, okgc tutfek c iurkjurík bf`frke, sf jfsnb`k` pkrk fgfrifr u`k kjmn`nstrkinù` sfpkrkjk. Fstf iurkjcr vk u`njc k ctrc rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke.

nv. 

Iurkjurík fspfinke7 eekmkjcs iurkjcrfs kj entfm , sc` kqufeeks quf sf jfinjnrë` pkrk u` `fbcinc pkrtniuekr y scorf onf`fs fspfiíanics.

Bukrjks sfb÷` su crnbf`7 Yf fstkoefif` f` crjf` jf prfekinù`, pujnf`jc sfr tfstkmf`tkrnks, efbítnmks y jktnvks. n.  Bukrjk tfstkmf`tkrnk. F` ek ic`stntunjk pcr tfstkmf`tc, ek quf pufjf fstkoefifr fe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, ku` pkrk fe dngc quf fstë pcr `kifr, snfmprf y iuk`jc `c dkyk` snjc rfmcvnjcs c prnvkjcs jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj pcr fe gufz.  Zkmonî` pufjf pufjf fstnpuekrsf pcr fe jc`k`tf c tfstkjcr qquf uf jfgk u`k enofrkenjkj k u`k pfrsc`k iukequnfrk, iksc f` fe quf `c sf rfqunfrf pkrf`tfsic. Yf jnif quf fstk bukrjk tfstkmf`tkrnk fs tkmonî` u`k iurkjurík kjgu`tk. Xcjrë jkrsf u` ÷`nic iurkjcr, pfrc tkmonî` prfvfr sustntutcs jf feecs. Kjmntf tkmonî` ic`jninc`fs suspf`snvks, rfsceutcrnks, y pekzcs. nn. 

Bukrjk Efbítnmk. Yurbf jf ek sntukinù` f` quf `c tf`bk eubkr ek bukrjk tfstkmf`tkrnk, y sf kpenik iuk`jc sfk fmk`inpkjc fe mf`cr c iuk`jc sf suspf`jf ek pktrnk pctfstkj gujninkemf`tf. Zkmonî` sf kpenik iuk`jc ek bukrjk tfstkmf`tkrnk `c dk jfsnb`kjc bukrjkjcr, c iuk`jc fe tfstkmf`tc auf k`uekjc c jfgkjc sn` fafitc, c iuk`jc fe bukrjkjcr akeefif k`tfs quf fe tfstkjcr, c bukrjkjcr fs n`ikpkz. Eks pfrsc`ks eekmkjks k ek bukrjk efbntnmk sc` fe pkjrf, ek mkjrf, ecs jfmës ksif`jnf`tfs jf u`c u ctrc sfxc, y ecs dfrmk`cs jf u`c u ctrc sfxc, y ecs dfrmk`cs jf u`c u ctrc sfxc jf ecs ksif`jnf`tfs.

Yn fe dngc fs jf anenkinù` `c mktrnmc`nke, ek bukrjk efbítnmk icrrfspc`jf ke pkjrf quf ec rfic`cinù prnmfrc. Yn ec rfic`cinfrc` kmocs k ek vfz,  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  icrrfspc`jf` ke pkjrf. Yn ek anenkinù` `c fstë jftfrmn`kjk pcr sf fstkoefinù gujninkemf`tf ic` cpcsninù` jfe pkjrf c ek mkjrf, ek bukrjk sfrë jktnvk. nnn. 

Bukrjk Jktnvk. F` ek ic`afrnjk pcr fe gufz iuk`jc aketk` u`c tnf`f eubkr ek iurkjurík tfstkmf`tkrnk c efbítnmk. Xrcifjf f` fe iksc jfe dngc, f` kebu`cs ikscs jf iurkjcr kjgu`tc, ecs iurkjcrfs fspfinkefs y f` ecs n`tfrn`cs, y fstcs ÷etnmcs sc` kqufeecs quf sf `cmork` iuk`jc sf rftkrjk `cmorkmnf`tc jf u` bukrjkjcr, c sf dkyk nmpfjnjc kebu`c pcr infrtc tnfmpc jf fgfrifr su ikrbc. Fs `cmorkjc pcr fe gufz snbunf`jc eks rfbeks jfe Iùjnbc jf Xrcifjnmnf`tc Invne.

NNN. FGF_ININC JF EK BVK_JK  K.  Jnenbf`inks c acrmkenjkjfs prfvnks ke fgfrininc jf ek bukrjk Icmc fstë` jkjks pkrk ek prctfiinù` k ecs n`ikpkifs, fe efbnsekjcr dk fstkoefinjc quf eks jnenbf`inks prfvnks jf eks bukrjks vfrsk` scorf fe jcs kspfitcs7 ;.  Ikpkinjkj, dc`fstnjkj f njc`fnjkj jfe bukrjkjcr< y ?.  [uf ctcrbuf bkrk`tíks jf quf fe pktrnmc`nc jfe n`ikpkz sfrë onf` kjmn`nstrkjc. Xkrk iumpenr fstks an`kenjkjfs, sf dk` fstkoefinjc trfs trëmntfs7 fe jnsifr`nmnf`tc jf ek bukrjk, ek ikuinù` y fe n`vf`tkrnc. Fe jnsifr`nmnf`tc jnsifr`nmnf`tc fs  fs fe jfirftc gujninke quf kutcrnzk fe tutcr c iurkjcr pkrk fgfrifr su ikrbc, f` ek sf`tf`ink quf pc`f an` ke prcifjnmnf`tc icrrfspc`jnf`tf. Yf ikrkitfrnzk pcr sfr rfqunsntc jf tcjk bukrjk, y su an`kenjkj fs jftfrmn`kr ek afidk jf n`ninkinù` jf feek, fstkoefinî`jcsf ek njc`fnjkj y ek kusf`ink jf n`ikpkinjkjfs fe bukrjkjcr. Yfrë rfjuinjc k fsirnturk p÷oenik pcr rfbek bf`frke, skevc f` jcs ikscs, iuk`jc k ek acrtu`k jfe pupnec sf fsiksk y iuk`jc sf trktk jf u` `cmorkmnf`tc jf u` iurkjcr kj entfm. Xkrk quf fe gufz crjf`f ek fxtf`snù` jf fsirnturk p÷oenik fs prfinsc quf yk sf dkyk rf`jnjc ikuinù`. Yf jnif quf ecs kitcs fgfiutkjcs k`tfs fe jnsifr`nmnf`tc pcr fe bukrjkjcr, sc` `uecs, ku`quf ek jcitrn`k f` kebu`k ke bu`k pkrtf tkmonî` kpcyk ek tfcrík jf ek n`cpc`nonenjkj. Ek gurnsprujf`ink snbuf ek tfcrík jf ek `uenjkj.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Eufbc, fe ctcrbkmnf`tc jf ikuinù`   sf fxnbf pkrk jnsifr`nr. Fstk pcjrë sfr u`k ank`zk, prf`jk c dnpctfik y jfofrë sfr k`tfrncr ke jnsifr`nmnf`tc jf ek bukrjk, pkrk bkrk`tnzkr fe icrrfitc jfsfmpfûc jfe ikrbc, jf mk`frk quf sí dky u`k mkek kjmn`nstrkinù` fe pupnec pufjk dkifr fafitnvk fsk ikuinù`. Yf fxnbf pcr rfbek bf`frke, skevc kebu`cs bukrjkjcrfs quf fstë` fxf`tcs jf feek, icmc sc` fe iù`yubf, f` ecs ksif`jnf`tfs y jfsif`jnf`tfs, ec bukrjkjcrfs n`tfrn`cs, ecs bukrjkjcrfs fspfinkefs y ecs iurkjcrfs kj entfm, quf pksk` k sfr s fr iurkjcrfs pcr ek mkycrík jf fjkj fe pupnec. Yf jnsiutf fstk fxnbf`ink rfspfitc jfe bukrjkjcr tfstkmf`tkrnc, yk quf jf îe `c sf fxnbf akiinù` jf n`vf`tkrnc. Ek ikenanikinù` jf ek ikuinù`, ek dkif fe gufz f` kujnf`ink ic` fe jfaf`scr jf mf`crfs. Fs icmpftf`tf fe trnou`ke jfe jcmninenc jfe pupnec. n`vf`tkrnc fs kqufeek quf rfkenzk fe bukrjkjcr pkrk jfgkr ic`stk`ink jf ecs An`kemf`tf, ek akiinù` jf n`vf`tkrnc fs onf`fs quf f`trk` okgc su kjmn`nstrkinù`, ic` fe cogftc jf quf pfrmntnr ek rf`jninù` jf iuf`tks ke tîrmn`c jf ek bukrjk y fvntkr ek ic`ausnù` jf onf`fs jfe pupnec ic` ecs prcpncs. Fstf n`vf`tkrnc jfofrë sfr scefm`f y prctcicenzkrsf. Ek sk`inù` k ek n`cosfrvk`ink jf fstk fxnbf`ink fs ek rfmcinù` jfe bukrjkjcr. Fe ic`tf`njc jfe n`vf`tkrnc fstë ic`tf`njc f` fe Krt. 94? II y sf sfûkek quf fstf dkrë rfekinù` jf tcjcs ecs onf`fs rkíifs n`mufoefs jf ek pfrsc`k iuyk dfrf`ink sf n`vf`tkrík, pkrtniuekrnzë`jcecs u`c k u`c, c sfûkek`jc icefitnvkmf`tf ecs quf ic`snstf` f` `÷mfrc, pfsc c mfjnjk, ic` fxprfsnù` jf ek ik`tnjkj y ikenjkj< sn` pfrguninc jf dkifr eks fxpenikinc`fs `fifskrnks pkrk pc`fr k iuonfrtc ek rfspc`skonenjkj jfe bukrjkjcr. Icmprf`jfrë ksnmnsmc ecs títuecs jf prcpnfjkj, eks fsirnturks p÷oeniks y prnvkjks, ecs irîjntcs y jfujks jfe pupnec jf quf duonfrf icmprcok`tf c scec `ctninks, ecs aufrf` en orcs jf enorcs icmfrinc c jfjf iuf`tks, bf`frke tcjcs ecs cogftcs prfsf`tfs, fxifptukjcs ecs quf ic`cinjkmf`tf `n`b÷`y f` vkecr c utnenjkj, c quf sfk `fifskrnc jfstrunr ic` keb÷` an` mcrke. @ùtfsf, quf fstks rfbeks sc` jf kpenikinù` bf`frke, pcr tk`tc, sf kpenik f` tcjks kqufeeks sntukinc`fs f` eks quf ek efy fxngk akiinù` jf n`vf`tkrnc, icmc f` fe iksc jf eks dfrf`inks, enqunjkinù` jf scinfjkj ic`yubke, fti. O.   Kjmn`nstrkinù` jf tutcrfs y iurkjcrfs iurkjcrfs Yf jnif quf f` bf`frke eks akiuetkjfs jfe bukrjkjcr sc`7 kutcrnzkinù`, rfprfsf`tkinù` y kjmn`nstrkinù`. Xrnmfrkmf`tf, ek kutcrnzkinù`  sf  sf jk iuk`jc fe pupnec fs rfektnvkmf`tf n`ikpkz, jf

mk`frk quf ek efy quf sùec fe iurkjcr kutcrniffepkrk ek kitukinù` ecs kitcs gujninkefs fxtrkgujninkefs. Jf pfrmntf fstk mk`frk pcjrë ef rfkenzkrek iurkjcr, mës `c fejftutcr, yk quf fe pupnecy fe tutcr snfmprf fs kosceutkmf`tf n`ikpkz. Fstk kutcrnzkinù` pcjrë sfr fxprfsk c tëintk.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

 

Eufbc, ek rfprfsf`tkinù`  fstë  fstë jkjk f` iuk`tc fe bukrjkjcr fs rfprfsf`tk`tf efbke jfe pupnec, skevc ecs ikscs f` ecs quf scec pufjk kitukr sn` kutcrnzkinù`. Jf tcjks acrmks, dky infrtcs kitcs f` ecs quf `c pufjf jkrsf fstk rfprfsf`tkinù`, icmc f` eks ikpntuekinc`fs mktrnmc`nkefs, fe rfic`cinmnf`tc jfe dngc c fe tfstkmf`tc. Fstk rfprfsf`tkinù` sf rfkenzk k `cmorf jf ctrk pfrsc`k, ic` pcjfr suaninf`tf y ic` ek eekmkjk ic`tfmpektnc jcmn`n  jf  jf su rfprfsf`tkjc. An`kemf`tf, ek kjmn`nstrkinù`   sf jnstn`buf sn fs fgfrinjk pcr u` scec bukrjkjcr, c sn fxnstf u` ic`suetcr, y tkmonî` f` fe iksc jf ek peurkenjkj jf bukrjkjcrfs. Yn fs fgfrinjk pcr u` scec bukrjkjcr, f` prn`inpnc kit÷k enorfmf`tf jf`trc jf ek efy, y coenbk ku` sn sf fxtrkenmntk sce scecc sn fe kitc ef dk snjc ÷tne ke pupnec< sn fe bukrjkjcr tnf`f u` ic`suetcr jfofrë fstkrsf k îe< y an`kemf`tf, sn sc` vkrncs ecs bukrjkjcrfs, jfofrë jnstn`bunrsf sn qunfrf` c `c jnvnsnù` jf au`inc`fs. Yí tnf`f` jnvnsnù`, kit÷k` f` ek quf tnf`f`< sn s n `c tnf`f` jnvnsnù`, jfofrë` prcifjfr jf ic`su`c y k aketk jf kiufrjc, jfinjnrë ke gufz. Yf jnstn`buf` jf`trc jf ek kjmn`nstrkinù` infrtcs kitcs, feecs f` iuk`tc sfk` ecs quf fe bukrjkjcr pufjf fgfiutkr enorfmf`tf, ec quf scec pufjf fgfiutkr ic` infrtcs rfqunsntcs, y ecs quf `c pufjf fgfiutkr f` `n`b÷` iksc y quf sf fxprfsk` k ic`tn`ukinù`. " 

 Kitcs jf kjmn`nstrkinù` enorf. Yc` kqufeecs kitcs jf kjmn`nstrkinù` y ic`sfrvkinù`, icmc ecs quf jnif` rfekinù` ic` ek rfpkrkinù` y iuetnvc jf ecs onf`fs. Xcr fstc pcjrë` rfkenzkr mfgcrks, fxpectkr fe onf`, y fe vnf`trf aniinc`fs, icorkr c pfrinonr tcjc ec quf eefbuf k kjfujkr ke pupnec< jnspc`fr jf ecs onf`fs mufoefs, fti.

" 

 Kitcs quf quf scec pufjf ffgfiutkr gfiutkr iumpenf`jc infrtcs rfq rfqunsntcs, unsntcs, i cmc cmc infrtks acrmkenjkjfs dkonentk`tfs, f` bf`frke sc` kitcs jf f`kgf`kinù` y jf kjqunsninù`, y f` kebu`cs ikscs jf rf`u`ink k infrtcs jfrfidcs. Fstk kië ek f`kgf`kinù` jf onf`fs rkíifs, quf `fifsntk kutcrnzkinù` gujninke, ek quf scec pcjrë jkrsf pcr ikusk jf `fifsnjkj c utnenjkj mk`nanfstk, y sí sf vf`jf jfofrë dkifrsf fstk f` p÷oenik suokstk. Fstk mnsmk fxnbf`ink sf jkrë f` iksc jf f`kgf`kinù` jf onf`fs mufoefs prfincscs c jf brk` vkecr. Icmprf`jf` tkmonî` ek jc`kinù`, f` iuk`tc tkmonî` fs u`k f`kgf`kinù`. @c jfof` iumpenrsf sn sf trktk jf u`k f`kgf`kinù` acrzkjk, `n tkmpcic sn sf trktk jf u`k dnpctfik, if`sc c sfrvnjumorf. F` fstf pu`tc, tkmonî` sf trktk f` ek jc`kinù` jf ecs onf`fs mufoefs, ek quf sn prcifjf yk quf ek prcdnoninù` scec sf enmntk k ecs onf`fs rkíifs. Ksnmnsmc, f`ic`trkmcs k ek

ank`zk, ek quf pcjrë ic`stntunrsf f` scec f` infrtcs ikscs y prfvnk kutcrnzkinù` gujninke, y sùec f` akvcr jfe iù`yubf, ksif`jnf`tf, c jfsif`jnf`tf, y pcr ikusk brkvf y urbf`tf. Dky infrtcs kitcs f` ecs quf tnf`f` n`tfrîs f` jnrfitk c n`jnrfitkmf`tf fe bukrjkjcr c sus  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  pkrnf`tfs, pcjrë` rfkenzkrsf scekmf`tf sn dky kutcrnzkinù` jf ctrcs tutcrfs c iurkjcrfs, c pcr kutcrnzkinù` jfe gufz.  Zkmonî` sf `fifsntk fstf jfirftc jf kutcrnzkinù` jfe gufz, pkrk ek trk`skiinù` scorf ecs jfrfidcs y onf`fs quf sf kvke÷f` fe mës jf u` if`tkvc< pkrk ek rfpujnkinù` y kifptkinù` jf dfrf`inks< pkrk kitcs jf prcvcikinù` c `cmorkmnf`tc jf pkrtnjcr, y kprcokinù` f` ek pkrtninù` jf onf`fs. " 

 Kitcs quf fstë` prcdnonjcs pkrk fe bukrjkjcr. Fstë` prcdnonjcs infrtcs kitcs jf kjmn`nstrkinù`, icmc jkr f` krrnf`jc onf`fs rkíifs jfe pupnec pcr mës jf in`ic kûcs f` fe iksc jf ecs urok`cs, c pcr mës jf cidc ecs r÷stnics, c, f` bf`frke, pcr mës tnfmpc jf ec quf ef aketf ke pupnec pkrk iumpenr ?; ?; kûcs. F` ecs kitcs jf jnspcsninù`, fstë prcdnonjk ek icmprk jf onf`fs rkíifs jfe pupnec pcr fe bukrjkjcr c sus akmnenkrfs.

I.  _fspc`skonenjkj jfe bukrjkjcr _fspc`jf jf iuepk efvf, y sí dky vkrncs bukrjkjcrfs, ek rfspc`skonenjkj fs scenjkrnk, snfmprf quf sf kjmn`nstrf ic`gu`tkmf`tf. Yn ek kjmn`nstrkinù` `c fs ic`gu`tk fe bukrjkjcr tf`jrë u`k jcoef rfspc`skonenjkj7 u`k jnrfitk pcr sus kitcs y u`k suosnjnkrnk pcr ecs kitcs jf ecs jfmës. Fstc snrvf iuk`jc u`cs bukrjkjcrfs `c fstë` jf kiufrjc ic` ec quf dkif` ecs jfmës, y sf ef rn`jk iuf`tk ke gufz jf ecs kitcs jf ecs jfmës bukrjkjcrfs. J.  Coenbkinc`fs jfe bukrjkjcr Yf jnstn`buf` sfb÷` eks ftkpks jf ek bukrjk, rfic`cinf`jc coenbkinc`fs prfvnks, icftë`fks y pcstfrncrfs k feek7 " 

Xrfvnks ke fgfrininc jf ek bukrjk , sc` ek akiinù` jf n`vf`tkrnc y ek rf`jninù` jf ikuinù` pkrk cotf`fr fe jnsifr`nmnf`tc.

" 

Jurk`tf fe ikrbc  ikrbc  dky coenbkinc`fs jf jcs tnpcs7 pcr u`k pkrtf, iumpenr ic` eks prfsirnpinc`fs efbkefs, ic`acrmf k eks iukefs jfof tf`fr kutcrnzkinù` gujninke pkrk

jnspc`fr infrtcs onf`fs y rfspftkr ksnmnsmc eks prcdnoninc`fs. Kjfmës, jfof eefvkr u`k iuf`tk anfe y f` ec pcsnoef jciumf`tkjk jf su kjmn`nstrkinù`.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  " 

 Ke tîrmn`c jf ek bukrjk , jfofrë rf`jnr iuf`tk y rfstntunr ecs onf`fs jfe pupnec, pkbk`jc ecs skejcs quf ek iuf`tk krrcgf f` su ic`trk.

Xrfsirnpinù` jf eks kiinc`fs jfe pupnec ic`trk jfe bukrjkjcr . Fs jf icrtc tnfmpc, y sfrvninke jfonjc k ek tutfek. Xrfsirnof` sfb÷` eks rfbeks bf`frkefs. Bukrjkjcr kpkrf`tf. Yf kpkrf`tf. Yf ic`tfmpek` ikscs, iuk`jc `c fs jnsifr`njk ek bukrjk, pfrc fe bukrjkjcr fstë jf ouf`k af, iksc f` fe iuke ek e k pfrsc`k quf irff sfr bukrjkjcr tnf`f tcjks eks coenbkinc`fs y rfspc`skonenjkjfs fe vfrjkjfrc bukrjkjcr, pfrc sus kitcs `c coenbkrë` ke pupnec, sn`c f` iuk`tc k quf rfpcrtf` vfrjkjfrk vf`tkgk. Ctrk sntukinù`, fs kqufeek f` ek quf fe bukrjkjcr fstë jf ouf`k af y sf ef jk k jnsifr`nr ke ikrbc, jf mk`frk quf sí dk kjmn`nstrkjc quf ouf`k mk`frk, tf`jrë jfrfidc k rftrnouinù` crjn`krnk, y sf ef ic`afrnrë fe ikrbc sn `c sf prfsf`tk u`k pfrsc`k jf mfgcr jfrfidc. An`kemf`tf, pufjf jkrsf ek sntukinù` jfe bukrjkjcr kpkrf`tf jf mkek af, iksc f` fe iuke jfofrë sfr rfmcvnjc jf ek bukrjk, `c tf`nf`jc jfrfidc rfmu`frkinù`, sn` pfrguninc jf pf`k k quf dkyk eubkr pcr nmpcsturk. N`ikpkinjkjfs y fxiusks pkrk ek tutfek y iurktfeks. Ek bukrjk fs coenbktcrnk, pcr ec iuke fstcs ikrbcs scec sc` rf`u`inkoefs pcr ikusk efbítnmk jfonjkmf`tf gustnanikjk. Yf jnstn`buf f`trf n`ikpkinjkjfs y fxiusks, yk quf eks prnmfrks nmpnjf` k u`k pfrsc`k sfr s fr u` bukrjkjcr, y eks sfbu`jks sc` kqufeeks kutcrnzkinc`fs quf fe efbnsekjcr jk k infrtks pfrsc`ks pkrk quf rf`u`inf` ke ikrbc. Ek fxiusk fs rf`u`inkoef, `c ksí ek n`ikpkinjkj, yk quf îstks sc` jf crjf` p÷oenic y mnrk ke n`tfrîs bf`frke jf ek scinfjkj y jfe pupnec. Eks n`ikpkinjkjfs sf ieksnanik` f` sfns brupcs7 " 

Eks rfbeks rfektnvks k ecs ksu`tcs aísnics y mcrkefs "  Eks rfektnvks k ecs fmpefcs c ikrbc p÷oenics

" 

Eks rfektnvks k ek fjkj, mf`crfs jf ?;

" 

Eks rfektnvks k eks rfekinc`fs jf akmnenk

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  " 

Eks rfektnvks k ek cpcsninù` jf n`tfrfsfs c jnafrf`inks jf rfenbnù` f`trf fe bukrjkjcr y fe pupnec. "  Eks rfektnvks k ek n`ikpkinjkj scorfvn`nf`tf, ek quf jfofrë sfr jfiekrkjks gujninkemf`tf, y mnf`trks jurf fsf guninc jfofrë `cmorkrsf ` cmorkrsf u` iurkjcr n`tfrn`c. Eks fxiusks sf ic`tfmpek` fe Krt. 6;: II., ikuskefs jf jfrfidc u`nvfrske, k eks quf sf kbrfbk` ek jf ecs krtíiuecs 6;2 y 6;4, tkmonî` jfe II., icmc jfe iksc jf ek pfrsc`k quf `c tnf`f onf`fs suaninf`tfs y quf `c f`iuf`trk ankjcr. Yn `c pufjf dnpctfikr sus onf`fs, pcjrë` fxiuskrsf. Fstk fxiusk `c tnf`f u` pekzc sfûkekjc, pcr ec iuke fs kpenikoef fe prcifjnmnf`tc crjn`krnc. Jfofrë kefbkrek fe quf sf kprcvfidf jf feek f` 98 jíks jfsjf quf sf ef dkif skofr su `cmorkmnf`tc sn sf dkeek jf`trc jfe tfrrntcrnc jfe gufz, pekzc kumf`tkjc f` iuktrc jíks pcr ikjk 68 lneùmftrcs quf dkyk f`trf fe tfrrntcrnc gurnsjniinc`ke y ek rfsnjf`ink jfe bukrjkjcr `cmorkjc (Krt. 6?8 II.). Yn ek fxiusk `c sf kefbk f` jnidc pekzc, fe gufz pufjf jfiekrkrek eufbc n`kjmnsnoef, skevc quf sf trktf jf u`k fxiusk scorfvn`nf`tf. _fmu`frkinù` jf ecs bukrjkjcrfs. Ek tf`jf`ink kituke fs quf sfk rfmu`frkjc, y sfb÷` fe Krt. 6?1 II. fstk rfmu`frkinù` fs ek jîinmk pkrtf jf ecs arutcs, skevc sf dkyk jfgkjc u`k mkycr rficmpf`sk f` fe tfstkmf`tc, yk quf, sn sf ef jfgù mf`cs jf ek jîinmk pkrtf jf ecs arutcs, jfofrë icmpeftërsfef. Yn sc` iurkjcrfs jf onf`fs c fspfinkefs, fe gufz pcjrë angkrefs u`k rfmu`frkinù`. F` kebu`cs ikscs fe bukrjkjcr `c tnf`f jfrfidc rfmu`frkinù`, feec iuk`jc ecs arutcs jfe pktrnmc`nc aufrf` tk` fsikscs quf keik`zkrc` kpf`ks pkrk ek mk`tf`inù` jfe pupnec< iuk`jc fe bukrjkjcr kjmn`nstrk arkujuef`tkmf`tf< y iuk`jc `c dkyk iumpenjc ic` fe Krt. ;;1, rfektnvc k ek prcdnoninù` jf mktrnmc`nc ic` fe pupnec (nmpfjnmf`tc jf bukrjks). _fmcinù` jfe bukrjkjcr. Fs skikr jfe f`ikrbc pcr sf`tf`ink gujninke ke bukrjkjcr, fxnstnf`jc u`k ikusk efbke pkrk feec. Yf trkmntk f` guninc crjn`krnc. Eks ikusks jf rfmcinù` sf ic`tfmpek` f` fe Krt. 69> II. y jnif` rfekinù` ic` ek n`ikpkinjkj, fe arkujf c ek iuepk brkvf quf dkyk` tf`njc f` fe fgfrininc jf su ikrbc, ek n`fptntuj mk`nanfstk, kitcs rfpftnjcs jf kjmn`nstrkinù` jfsiunjkjk y ek ic`juitk jf n`mcrke. Fstk rfmcinù` pufjf sfr scenintkjk pcr ecs pkrnf`tfs jfe pupnec, su iù`yubf c iukequnfrk jfe pufoec sfb÷` s fb÷` fe Krt. 6:? II.

Ek rfmcinù` prcjuif quf sfk `fifskrnc `cmorkr u` n`tfrn`c. Fe k`tnbuc, rfmcvnjc, `c pcjrë sfbunr fgfrintk`jc su ikrbc, y jfofrë n`jfm`nzkr ke pupnec, snf`jc kjfmës irnmn`kemf`tf  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  rfspc`skoef pcr ecs jfentcs quf dkyk icmftnjc f` fe jfsfmpfûc jf su ikrbc. Yn fgfrif vkrnks bukrjks, y fs rfmcvnjc pcr u`k jf feeks pcr arkujf c iuepk brkvf, sf rfmcvfrë` eks jfmës sn eks pfrsc`ks efbítnmks kitnvks jf fsks bukrjks ec scenintf`, c onf` sn fe gufz jf caninc sfûkek quf fsks bukrjks tkmonî` sf dk` rfmcvnjc (Krt. 6:; II.). Yn sf ef dk rfmcvnjc pcr tcrinjk c jfsiunjkjk kjmn`nstrkinù`, `c pcjrë sfr gkmës `cmorkjc `ufvkmf`tf bukrjkjcr. Kjfmës, sn kjmn`nstrù u` arkujuef`tkmf`tf, pfrjfrë su jfrfidc k ek jîinmk pkrtf jf ecs arutcs< y sn fe bukrjkjcr rfmcvnjc fs fe pkjrf, pnfrjf su jfrfidc k jfsnb`kr pcr tfstkmf`tc u` bukrjkjcr k su dngc. Xkrk tcjcs fstcs an`fs jf ek rfmcinù` fs quf sf fxnbf ek coenbkinù` jf rf`jnr ikuinù`.

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  ONOENCB_KAÍK

 KEFYYK@J_N, K. (;>9?)7 Jfrfidc Invne, Zfrifr kûc. Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk. Jf ek suifsnù` pcr ikusk jf mufrtf.O K__NF@ Xrnmfr ZCY Zcmc. Yk`tnkbc. Idnef. Iùjnbc jf ek Akmnenk. Efbke Xuoensdn`b. Yk`tnkbc, Idnef.  K__NF@ZCY , G. (?8;6)7 ONK@IC,  M & IC__FK,  I (?8;1)7 Yntukinù` jfe Mktrnmc`nc c ic`vnvf`ink n`ak`tne f` krbf`tn`k.  Fstujnc jfsirnptnvc. Au`jkinù` pkrk fe fstujnc f n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek Mugfr AFNM. Ouf`cs Knrfs,  Krbf`tn`k. IC__KE, D  (?882)7 Ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik f` fe jnvcrinc y ek `uenjkj mktrnmc`nke. _fvnstk Idnef`k jf Jfrfidc Qce. 9: `rc. ;. p. ?9. ICV_Z, F. (?88>)7 Iursc (?88>)7 Iursc jf Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk7 Mktrnmc`nc, rfbímf`fs mktrnmc`nkefs y u`nc`fs jf dfidc. Qnûk dfidc.  Qnûk jfe Mkr, Idnef. F ZIDFOF_  ZIDFOF__^  _^ , E. (?88>)7 Jfrfidc jf akmnenk, suifscrnc y rfbímf`fs mktrnmc`nkefs f` Icmf`tkrncs jf Gurnsprujf`ink jf ek _fvnstk Idnef`k jf Jfrfidc Xrnvkjc. @rc. ;9. pp. 6?2-?1:. Idnef. BN_EY @CZ O_NJFY (?8;1)7 Nt tklfs k mcvfmf`t7 rfaefitn`b c` anvf yfkrs ca prcbrfss tcwkrj f`jn`b idnej mkrrnkbf. Brk` Orftkûk. NOËÛFW, @. (?8;4)7 Iumpenmnf`tc jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik f` Idnef. Xrnmfr Yfmn`krnc jf Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk V`nvfrsnjkj Kutù`cmk jf Idnef. NOËÛFW, @. (?8;>)7 Jf eks `ufvks acrmks jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr7 Icmf`tkrncs k ecs prcyfitcs jf rfacrmk k ek efy jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr f` Idnef, f` NQ Gcr`kjks @kinc`kefs jf Jfrfidc jf ek V`nvfrsnjkj Kutù`cmk jf Idnef. Zfmuic, Idnef. NOËÛFW, @. (?8?8)7 Fe  Fe rfspftc k ecs jfrfidcs jf ek njf`tnjkj akmnenkr jf ecs mf`crfs idnef`cs dngcs jf mnbrk`tfs f` Ic`vf`inù` N`tfr`kinc`ke jf ecs Jfrfidcs jfe @nûc. Fstujncs y fxpfrnf`inks f` Idnef y Ektn`ckmîrnik k 98 kûcs jf su vnbf`ink. Fjntcrnke Zdcmsc` _futfrs. Yk`tnkbc, Idnef. MVÛCW, M. (?884)7 Zrkjuiinù` jf ek cork ef Icjf Invne jf Gfk` Ecns Dkepîrn`. Mfmcrnk jf prufok  pkrk cptkr ke brkjc jf enif`inkjc f` inf`inks guríjniks y scinkefs . _fpcsntcrnc jf mfmcrnks jf brkjc. V`nvfrsnjkj jf Idnef. @ KINC@FY V@NJKY. (?8;1)7 Ic`vf`inù` scorf ecs jfrfidcs jf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj. Icmntî scorf ecs jfrfidcs jf eks pfrsc`ks ic` jnsikpkinjkj. Cosfrvkinc`fs an`kefs scorf fe n`acrmf n`ninke jf Idnef. XFÛKNENEEC, J. (;>>>)7 eks iktfbcríks jf anenkinù` y ek n`vfstnbkinù` jf ek pktfr`njkj f` _fvnstk jf Jfrfidc jf ek V`nvfrsnjkj jf Ic`ifpinù`, Idnef. @rc. ?8:. pp. 2-98. XCJF_  GVJNINKE (?8;4)7 Xcjfr Gujninke f` `÷mfrcs ?8;4. Fstkjístniks jf ikusks . Yk`tnkbc, Idnef. Akmnenk. Zcmc N. Yfxtk Fjninù`. Yk`tnkbc. Idnef. _  KMCY, _. (?88>)7 Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk. Zcmc _ NCYFIC NCYFIC, F. (;>61)7 Fe (;>61)7 Fe Iùjnbc Invne y ek Fvceuinù` jfe Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk. _fvnstk jf Jfrfidc jf ek V`nvfrsnjkj jf Ic`ifpinù`. Idnef.

YCMK__NQK, M. (;>:1)7 Jfrfidc jf Akmnenk. Fjntcrnke @ksinmf`tc. Yk`tnkbc, Idnef.  ZV_@F_ ,  Y. (?88:)7 Eks prfstkinc`fs fic`ùmniks f`trf iù`yubfs jnvcrinkjcs f` ek `ufvk efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne. _fvnstk jf Jfrfidc Qce. ;1. p. ;88. Qkejnvnk. Idnef.  Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

   ZV_@F_ , Y. (?881)7 Yf`tf`ink scorf rfqunsntcs jf prcifjf`ink y an`kenjkj jf ek icmpf`skinù` fic`ùmnik jf ek Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Qkejnvnk. F` rfvnstk jf Jfrfidc jf Qkejnvnk. Idnef.  QQ . KK  KK. (?8;>)7 Xrcyfitc jf efy quf mcjnanik ek efy @·?8.811 quf fstkoefif efy jf vncef`ink n`trkakmnenkr,  pkrk sk`inc`kr icmc mketrktc dkontuke fe n`iumpenmnf`tc rfntfrkjc f` fe pkbc jf kenmf`tcs . Oceftí` @· ;?9>:;4. Qkepkrkísc, Idnef.  Q NJKE NJKE,  K. K. (?881) Ek icmpf`skinù` pcr mf`csikoc fic`ùmnic f` ek efy jf mktrnmc`nc invne. F` fe `ufvc jfrfidc idnef`c jfe mktrnmc`nc, Efy ;>.>:2. Yk`tnkbc, Idnef. W KMK_ , I. (?8;2)7 Fe (?8;2)7 Fe kiufrjc jf u`nù` invne y su n`gfrf`ink f` ek kjcpinù` jf mf`crfs f` _fvnstk jf Akmnenk y Jfrfidc V`nvfrsnjkj Bkornfek Mnstrke. @rc. ;. pp. 66-48. Yk`tnkbc, Idnef. EN@LCB_KAÍK

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V@NIFA Afidk jf ic`suetk7 ?8 jf m mkrzc krzc jf ?8?8 En`l7 dttps7//www.u`nifa.crb/fs/prctfitnc`/prcbrkmk-mu`jnke-u`apkdttps7//www.u`nifa.crb/fs/prctfitnc`/prcbrkmk-mu`jnke-u`apk-u`nifa-pkrk-kifefrkru`nifa-pkrk-kifefrkrmfjnjks-pc`fr-an`-ke-mktrnmc`nc-n`ak`tne  AKEECY INZKJCY

Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 68:4-?881 jf afidk ;? jf mkrzc jf ?882. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 24:9-?884 jf afidk ;> jf f`frc jf ?88>. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 69?>-?8;8 jf afidk 8: jf cituorf jf ?8;8.

?8;9. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 94:4-?8;? jf afidk ;1 jf gu`nc jf

 Kitukenzkjc k mkrzc jf ?8?8 ?8?8

 

  Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 9:6?-?8;9 jf afidk ?; jf kbcstc jf ?8;9. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 19:-?8;: jf afidk ?> jf sfptnfmorf jf ?8;: ?8;6. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce ??92?-?8;: jf afidk ?9 jf korne jf Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 9?1?>-?8;4 jf afidk ?2 jf jninfmorf jf ?8;>. Fxifef`tísnmk Icrtf Yuprfmk. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce 96:1-?8;> jf afidk 9 jf f`frc jf ?8?8. Fxifef`tísnmc Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce ;9?1-?8;: jf afidk ;8 jf korne jf ?8;:. Fxifef`tísnmc Zrnou`ke Ic`stntuinc`ke. Yf`tf`ink f` kutcs rce ?:96-?8;9 jf afidk ;: jf cituorf jf ?8;8. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf K`tcakbkstk. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk ;66?8;8 jf afidk 8; jf gu`nc jf ?882. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù`. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk ?:92?882 jf afidk ?1 jf mkyc jf ?884. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù`. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk 6:>?8;9 jf afidk 8: korne jf ?8;:. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Ic`ifpinù`. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk 61-?8;4 jf afidk ?8 jf guenc jf ?8;4. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf _k`ikbuk. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk 92?-?882 jf afidk 8; jf gu`nc jf ?882. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk :26;-?881 jf afidk ?1 jf mkrzc jf ?884. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk 8;- ?8;? jf afidk ;: jf aforfrc jf ?8;?. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk`tnkbc. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk 92;:-?8;4 jf afidk ?8 jf mkrzc jf ?8?8. Neustrísnmk Icrtf jf Kpfekinc`fs jf Yk` Mnbufe. Yf`tf`ink f` ikusk rce Akmnenk >>1-?8;2 jf afidk ;8 jf f`frc jf ?8;4.