Manual de Tecnologia en Panaderia

 

 

AJHRJK LB ^JHJLBPÁJ :

 

Bk \PMIG6 OMT\GPMJ6 Bk trmig tmbhb sus gráibhbs bh kj jhtmiuj Absgpgtêamdj. Kjs aês jhtmiujs bvmlbhdmjs jrqubgkôimdjs lbk duktmvg lb trmig vmbhbh lb Tmrmj, Fgrljhmj, \urquáj b Mrjc. Ojdb jkrblblgr lb ? amkbhmgs, uhj autjdmôh g uhj om`rmljdmôh gdurrmô bh bk trmig smkvbstrb, ljhlg pgr rbsuktjlg uhj pkjhtj dgh sbamkkjs aês irjhlbs, kj dujk hg pglráj oj`brsb lmsbamhjlg dgh bk vmbhtg. Bxmstbh ojkkjzigs lb rbstgs djr`ghmzjlgs lb irjhgs lb trmig jkamlôhbkg (\rmtmdua lbdgddmghbs) y oubkkjs lb irjhgs bh `jrrg dgdmlg bh Fjrrg (Mrjc sbptbhtrmghjk), qub ljtjh lbk júg 59>> JD. Bk trmig prglufg aês jkmabhtg jk sbr duktmvjlg pgr mhmdmjtmvj lb kgs sbrbs ouajhgs, pubs lb gtrj ajhbrj ístb hg oj`ráj oj` ráj pgl pglmlg mlg tbh tbhbr br íxmtg íxmtg bh bstjlg bstjlg sjkvjf sjkvjfb3 b3 bstb bstb obdog obdog prgvgd prgvgdô ô uhj jut jutíht íhtmdj mdj rbvgku rbvgkudmô dmôh h jir jirádg ádgkj kj bh bk lbhgamhjlg drbdmbhtb eírtmk. Tmauktêhbjabhtb, sb lbsjrrgkkô kj lgabstmdjdmôh lb kj gvbfj y kj dj`rj, bspbdmbs sjkvjfbs sjkvj fbs qub oj`mt oj`mtj`jh j`jh kj rbimôh, rbimôh, kg dujk pbramtmô pbramtmô bk jsbhtjambh jsbhtjambhtg tg lb kj pg`kjdmôh pg`kjdmôh y, dgh bkkg, kj egrajdm egrajdmôh ôh lb dgauhmljlbs ouajhjs aês dgapkbfjs, dgag kg lbaubstrj tja`míh bk surimambhtg lb kj bsdrmturj, dghdrbtjabhtb kj Bsdrmturj duhbmegrab, drbjlj pgr kgs suabrmgs, y, pgr tjhtg, bk prmhdmpmg lb kj omstgrmj y bk emh lb kj prbomstgrmj. \rm \rmig ig (\rmtmdua (\rmtmdua)) bs bk tíramhg qub lbsmihj lbsmihj jk dghfuhtg dghfuhtg lb dbrb dbrbjkbs jkbs tjhtg duktmvjl duktmvjlgs gs dgag smkv smkvbstrb bstrbs, s, qub pbrtbhbdbh jk iíhbrg \rmtmdua3 sgh pkjhtjs jhujkbs lb kj ejamkmj lb kjs irjaáhbjs japkmjabhtb duktmvjljs bh tglg bk auhlg. Kj pjkj`rj trmig lbsmihj tjhtg j kj pkjhtj dgag j sus sbamkkjs dgabstm`kbs, tjk y dgag gdurrb dgh kgs hga`rbs lb gtrgs dbrbjkbs. Bk trmig bs uhg lb kgs trbs dbrbjkbs aês prgludmlgs ikg`jkabhtb, fuhtg jk ajáz y bk jrrgz y bk aês japkmjabhtb dghsuamlg pgr bk oga`rb bh kj dmvmkmzjdmôh gddmlbhtjk lbslb kj jhtmiûbljl. Bk irjhg lbk trmig bs utmkmzjlg pjrj ojdbr ojrmhj, ojrmhj mhtbirjk, síagkj, dbrvbzj y uhj irjh vjrmbljl lb prgludtgs jkmabhtmdmgs. Kj pjkj`rj «trmig³ «trmig ³ prgvmbhb lbk vgdj`kg kjtmhg \rmtmdua, qub smihmemdj ‘qub`rjlg‗, ‘trmturjlg  g ‘trmkkjlg‗, ojdmbhlg rbebrbhdmj j kj jdtmvmljl qub sb lb`b rbjkmzjr pjrj sbpjrjr bk irjhg lb trmig lb kj djsdjrmkkj qub kg rbdu`rb. ‗

Kj sbamkkj lb trmig eub mhtrgludmlj j kj dmvmkmzjdmôh lbk jhtmiug Bimptg pjrj ljr mhmdmg j su duktmvg bh bk vjkkb lbk Hmkg lbslb sus prmabrgs pbrmglgs y lb jkká j kjs dmvmkmzjdmghbs irmbij y Pgajhj. Kj lmgsj irmbij lbk pjh y lb kj jirmdukturj sb kkjaj`j Lbaítbr, duyg hga`rb smihmemdj ‘sbúgrj‗, pgr lbrmvjdmôh kjtmhj sb trjhsegraô bh Dbrbs y lb jkká surib kj pjkj`rj «dbrbjk³. Bh Pga Pgaj, j, bk ig`mbr ig`mbrhg hg jsbiur jsbiurj`j j`j bk ajhtbh ajhtbhma mambh mbhtg tg lb kgs dmuljl dmuljljhg jhgs s smh pgsm`m pgsm`mkm kmljl ljlbs bs bdg bdghôa hôamdj mdjs s j`jstbdmbhlg trmig j uh `jfg prbdmg y rbiukjhlg kj agkmbhlj y ej`rmdjdmôh lbk pjh, yj qub brj uhj prêdtmdj dgaöh su rjdmghjambhtg. Kj agkmbhlj y kj dgddmôh brjh jdtmvmljlbs qub sb rbjkmzj`jh bh egraj dghfuhtj, lb tjk egraj qub sb lmsbúj`jh bh kj jhtmiuj Pgaj agkmhgs - ogrhgs dgh uhj jktj djpjdmljl lb prgluddmôh. Bk dghsuag lbk trmig y lb pjh bh bk Mapbrmg Pgajhg rbvmstmô uhj irjh mapgrtjhdmj qub tja`míh sb dghemraj bh kj @m`kmj, yj qub lb jdubrlg dgh kjs trjluddmghbs aês bxjdtjs bs pgsm`kb dghtjr bh su tbxtg vbdbs kj pjkj`rj «trmig³, 05< vbdbs kj pjkj`rj «pjh³ y :9 vbdbs kj pjkj`rj «pjhbs³, jdbpdmghbs bstjs öktmajs qub publbh rbebrmrsb j pjh lb trmig g pjh lb db`jlj (dgag brj dgaöh bh jqubkkj ípgdj), juhqub bh kjs dmtjs `á`kmdjs sgh erbdubhtbabhtb utmkmzjljs pjrj rbebrmrsb jk dghdbptg aês japkmg lbk dghfuhtg lb dgsjs qub sb rbqumbrbh pjrj vmvmr, dgag bh kj bxprbsmôh «ijhjrsb bk pjh³.  Bh kj pjrê`gkj lbk sba`rjlgr sb ojdb rbebrbhdmj j kj jluktbrjdmôh lb kgs irjhgs, bherbhtjhlg bk trmig (kj `ghljl) dgh kj dmzjúj (kj ajkljl).

 

^KJH\J6

MA^GP\JHDMJ LBK \PMIG Kgs dbrbjkbs sgh kjs sbamkkjs sbdjs lb kgs amba`rgs lb kj ejamkmj lb kjs irjaáhbjs qub sb duktmvjh pjrj g`tbhbr  irjhgs y sgh kjs pkjhtjs qub ajygr mapgrtjhdmj tmbhbh bh kj jkmabhtjdmôh ouajhj, lb`mlg j qub dghstmtuybh uhj lb kjs eubhtbs prmhdmpjkbs lb bhbriáj bh egraj lb omlrjtgs lb djr`ghg y qub tja`míh dghtmbhbh prgtbáhjs, irjsjs, vmtjamhjs y amhbrjkbs. Kgs dbrbjkbs rbqumbrbh lmvbrsjs djhtmljlbs lb ouabljl y tmpgs lbsubkg. Tb publb lbdmr  qub djsm bh dujkqumbr pjrtb lb kj tmbrrj drbdb jk abhgs uh tmpg lb dbrbjk. Bk trmig drbdb bh rbimghbs tbapkjljs. Kgs dbrbjkbs aês mapgrtjhtbs sgh bk trmig, bk ajáz y bk jrrgz. Bk trmig y bk jrrgz sgh kjs eubhtbs aês mapgrtjhtbs bh kj lmbtj qub prgvbb bhbriáj j tgljs kjs pbrsghjs lbk auhlg. ^gr amkbhmgs bk pjh dgh g smh kbvjlurj oj smlg kj egraj aês usujk lb dghsuag lb trmig.

DKJTMEMDJDMÔH LBK \PMIG Bxmstbh lgs tmpgs lb trmig pjrj kj mhlustrmjkmzjdmôh6 ojrmhbrgs y ajdjrrghbrgs3 bh `jsb j kj tbxturj, dgkgr y irjlg lb ouabljl lbk irjhg. Bk trmig lí`mk bs `jfg bh prgtbáhjs, lj uhj ojrmhj lí`mk, y dghvmbhb aês pjrj kj ej`rmdjdmôh lb pjstbkbs y ijkkbtjs. Bk trmig eubrtb bs rmdg bh prgtbáhjs, lj uhj ojrmhj yj qub bk dghtbhmlg prgtbáhmdg bs bkbvjlg, lj uhj ajsj aês eubrtb y bkêstmdj, tjh hbdbsjrmj pjrj kj rbtbhdmôh lb `môxmlg lb djr`ghg prgludmlg pgr kj kbvjlurj y gtrgs ijsbs lurjhtbdgag kj ebrabhtjdmôh. ojrmhj lbk hgsibrabh mhtbrbsjqub qumtjr bxtbrmgrbs lbk irjhg (pbrmdjrpmg), dghgdmljs bk sjkvjlg Jk y kjprbpjrjr pgrdmôhkjmhebrmgr bs kjs rmdgdjpjs bh irjsjs, y kubig rbdupbrjr kj pgrdmôh dbhtrjk ebdukgsj, rmdj bh prgtbáhj, bk bhlgspbrag.

 

 J su vbz bstgs tmpgs lb trmig sb su`lmvmlbh bh dmhdg irupgs6 Kgs tmpgs lb trmig, djrjdtbrástmdjs y usgs sb aubstrjh bh bk Dujlrg. :.

Lb jdubrlg j kj ípgdj lb sm smba`rj6 \rmigs lb Mhvmbrhg \rmigs lb ^rmajvbrj kgs tmpgs lb trmig sb bsdgibh pgr su jljptj`mkmljl j kj jktmtul y bk dkmaj lb kj rbimôh bh qub sb duktmvj h y pgr bk rbhlmambhtg. Kgs trmigs dgrrmbhtbs duktmvjlgs bh kjs jhtmiujs rbpö`kmdjs Tgvmítmdjs, Bstjlgs uhmlgs y Djhjlê sgh vjrmbljlbs qub sb smba`rjh bh prmajvbrj pjrj dgsbdojrkgs bh vbrjhg, Kg Kgs s ttrm rmig igs s qub qub sb pk pkjh jhtj tjh h bh bh gtg gtgúg úg,, sgh sgh dgsb dgsbdo dojl jlgs gs bh prma prmajv jvbr brj. j. 0.

Lb jdubrlg j kj lurbzj lbk irjhg

\rmig Lurg6 Irjhgs eubrtbs, dgkgr dg`rb lmeádmkbs lb pjrtmr, trmig auy jprbdmjlg pgr uh jktg dghtbhmlg lb prgtbáhjs y prgludbh ojrmhjs jptjs pjrj prgluddmôh lb pjstjs y pjhmemdjdmôh. -

\rmig @kjhlg6 Irjhgs `kjhlgs eêdmkbs lb pjrtmr, ibhbrjkabhtb lb uh dgkgr aês grg pêkmlg. @jfg dghtbhmlg lb prgtbáhjs prgludbh ojrmhjs jptjs pjrj kj mhlustrmj pjstbkbrj, bh bkj`grjdmghbs tjkbs dgag `mzdgdoubkgs, ijkkbtjs, ajsjs sbdjs, btd. -

Dgapgsmdmôh lbk irjhg lb trmig

 

Kj sbamkkj lb trmig trmig bs pjrtb lb uh erutg kkjajlg djrmôpsmlb, djrmôpsmlb, bh bk dujk kjs pjrbl pjrblbs bs lbk gvjrm gvjrmg g (pbrmdjrp (pbrmdjrpmg) mg) y kj tbstj, tbs tj, bstêh bstêh bstrbd bstrbdoja ojabht bhtb b uhm uhmljs ljs smb smbhlg hlg mhsbpj mhsbpjrj` rj`kbs kbs.. Bk erutg erutg dgh dghtm tmbhb bhb höabrg höabrgs s lbt lbtbra bramhj mhjlgs lgs lb drgagsgajs drga gsgajs lb díluk dílukjs js vbibt vbibtjtmvj jtmvjs. s. Tb rbdg rbdghgdbh hgdbh trbs sbrmbs6 sbrmbs6 lmpk lmpkgmlbs gmlbs (:< drgag drgagsgajs sgajs)) tbtr tbtrjpkgm jpkgmlbs lbs (0?) obxjpkgmlbs (>), trbs dbrgs (>>>) y dujtrg dbrgs (>>>>). Kj ojrmhj >>> sb utmkmzj smbaprb bh kj bkj`grjdmôh lb pjhbs, yj qub su jktg dghtbhmlg lb prgtbáhjs pgsm`mkmtj kj egrajdmôh lb ikutbh y sb dghsmiub uh `ubh kbuljlg smh qub kjs pmbzjs pmbrljh su egraj. Kj ojrmhj >>>> bs aês rbemhjlj y aês `kjhdj, jk tbhbr bsdjsj egrajdmôh lb ikutbh hg bs uh `ubh dghtbhblgr  lb ijs y kgs pjhbs pmbrlbh egraj. ^gr bsb agtmvg sôkg sb utmkmzj bh pjhbs lb agklb y bh pjstbkbráj, bh `jtmlg lb tgrtjs, ogfjklrbs, btd.

Rhj `ubhj ojrmhj lb`b dghtbhbr6 pr prgt gtbá báhj hj bh djht djhtmmljl ljl y djkm djkmlj ljl l jlbd jlbduj ujlj lj pj pjrj rj qub qub du dujh jhlg lg om omlr lrjt jtb b prgl prgluz uzdj dj uh ik ikut utbh bh sjtm jtmsejd sejdtg tgrrmg rbspbdtg j kj bkjstmdmljl, rbsmstbhdmj y bstj`mkmljl. prgpmbljlbs sjtmsejdtgrmjs lb ijsmemdjdmôh y jdtmvmljl jamkêsmdj. pgrdbhtjfb lb ouabljl jlbdujlj, hg publb supbrjr bk :5% pjrj tbhbr sbiurmljl bh bk bhsmkjfb, y dgkgr  sjtmsejdtgrmg.

Bkj`grjdmôh lb kj ojrmhj Kj ojrmhj sb g`tmbhb agkmbhlg kgs irjhgs bhtrb pmblrjs lb agkmhg g rubljs lb jdbrg. Bh kj jdtujkmljl sb aubkb dgh ajqumhjrmj bkídtrmdj, juhqub sb vbhlbh pbqubúgs agkmhgs ajhujkbs y bkídtrmdgs. Bh bk prgdbsg lb kj agkmbhlj sb sbpjrj bk sjkvjlg y, pgr kg tjhtg, kj ojrmhj lb trmig sb ojdb aês eêdmkabhtb lmibrm`kb y aês pg`rb bs em`rj, jlbaês sb sbpjrj bk ba`rmôh g ibrabh, pgr kg qub sb pmbrlbh prgtbáhjs y kápmlgs, prmhdmpjkbs djusjhtbs lbk bhrjhdmjambhtg lb kj ojrmhj Bk pgkvg lb ojrmhj bh suspbhsmôh bs bxpkgsmvg, dgag dujkqumbr abzdkj lb sustjhdmj mhekjaj`kb emhjabhtb pukvbrmzjlj y jmrb. Jkiuhjs lb kjs pbgrbs trjiblmjs dmvmkbs pgr bxpkgsmghbs sb ojh ljlg bh agkmhgs lb ojrmhj.

 

Dgapgsmdmôh quáamdj lb kj ojrmhj6 Dgapghbhtbs

^grdbhtjfbs (%)

Ouabljl

:0,> - :

Djr`gomlrjtgs

52,> - 9>,>

^rgtbáhj

9,> - :2,>

Irjsj

:,2 - 0,2

Em`rj

0,> - 0,2

Dbhmzj

:,2 - 0,>

Djrjdtbrástmdjss lb djkmljl lb kjs ojrmhjs6 Djrjdtbrástmdj Kj djkmljl lb uhj ojrmhj bstê lmrbdtjabhtb rbkjdmghjlj dgh bk tmpg lb trmig lbk dujk prgdblb y bk trjtjambhtg qub oj rbdm`mlg lurjhtb bk prgdbsg lb agkmbhlj.

Dgkgr6 Lb`b sbr uh dgkgr ajremk. Kjs ojrmhjs rbdmíh agkmljs prbsbhtjh uh dgkgr jajrmkkbhtg, pbrg j ablmlj qub pjsj bk tmbapg kjbkojrmhj vj jlqumrmbhlg uh dgkgr ajs dkjrg pgr kj jddmôh lbk gxáibhg lbk jmrb sg`rb dmbrtgs pmiabhtgs qub kb lj`jh tghg jajrmkkbhtg grmimhjk. Bk pgrdbhtjfb lb bxtrjddmôh tja`míh lbtbramhj bk dgkgr lb kj ojrmhj. Ambhtrjs aês jktj bs kj bxtrjddmôh, ajygr  djhtmljl lb pjrtádukjs lb sjkvjlg tbhlrê y pgr kg tjhtg sbrê aês gsdurj.

Eubrzj6 Tb rbembrb j kj djhtmljl y djkmljl lb kjs prgtbáhjs qub pgsbbh. Lb jdubrlg j bstg rbprbsbhtjrêh ajygr g abhgr  djpjdmljl pjrj rbsmstmr bk trj`jfg abdêhmdg lurjhtb bk jajsjlg, dgrtb, gvmkkjlg, sg`jlg, rbtbhbr ijsbs lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh y ljr pjh lb `ubh vgkuabh y prbsbhtjdmôh.

\gkbrjhdmj6 Tb rbembrb j kj djpjdmljl pjrj sgpgrtjr ebrabhtjdmghbs kjrijs.

J`sgrdmôh6 Tb rbkjdmghj dgh kj djpjdmljl pjrj j`sgr`br y rbtbhbr jiuj.

\mpgs lb ojrmhjs6 Lb jdubrlg jk usg j qub sb lbstmhbh kjs ojrmhjs sb dkjsmemdjh `êsmdjabhtb sbiöh bk pgrdbhtjfb lb prgtbáhjs qub pgsbjh. Bh bstj dkjsmemdjdmôh tmbhb bspbdmjk mapgrtjhdmj uhj sustjhdmj kkjajlj ‛ikutbh‑. Bk ikutbh sb egraj pgr kj uhmôh lb lgs prgtbáhjs qub pgsbb kj ojrmhj, bstjs sgh kj Ikmjlmhj y kj Ikutbhmhj. Bstj uhmôh sb vbrmemdj lurjhtb bk prgdbsg lb jajsjlg. Bk ikutbh bs lb irjh mapgrtjhdmj, yj qub su djhtmljl y djkmljl lbpbhlbrê bh irjh ablmlj kj djkmljl lb kj ojrmhj y bk usg jk dujk sb lbstmhjrê.

Ojrmhjs Bxtrj Eubrtbs6 Tgh jqubkkjs qub tmbhbh uh jktg pgrdbhtjfb lb prgtbáhjs (sg`rb :4%). Tb g`tmbhb lb trmigs lurgs y sb lbstmhjh prmhdmpjkabhtb j kj bkj`grjdmôh lb pjstjs y emlbgs.

 

Ojrmhjs Eubrtbs6 \mbhbh pgrdbhtjfbs lb prgtbáhjs bhtrb uh :> j :4%. Tb lbstmhjh j pjhmemdjdmôh. Ojrmhjs Lí`mkbs6 \mbhbh pgrdbhtjfbs lb prgtbáhjs bhtrb uh 9 j ?%. Tb usjh bh kj bkj`grjdmôh lb prgludtgs lb `mzdgdobráj y ijkkbtjs. Hg sgh jptjs pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh.

Ojrmhjs Bspbdmjkbs6 j) Ojrmhjs Agrbhjs \mbhbh pgrdbhtjfbs lb bxtrjddmôh supbrmgr jk ?2% pgr kg dujk tmbhbh uh dgkgr ajs gsdurg pgr kj prbsbhdmj lb pjrtádukjs lb sjkvjlg lb trmig.

`) Ojrmhj Mhtbirjk Bs jqubkkj qub dghtmbhb tgljs kjs pjrtbs lbk irjhg, mhdkumlg bk ibrabh, pgr kg dujk bs uh jkmabhtg auy hutrmtmvg.

d) Ojrmhj lb Dbhtbhg6 Tb g`tmbhb lbk trmig-dbhtbhg y sb bapkbj bh kj bkj`grjdmôh lb jkiuhjs vjrmbljlbs lb pjhbs bspbdmjkbs y rbimghjkbs.  Jkajdbhjambhtg lb kj Ojrmhj Bk jkajdbhjambhtg lb kj ojrmhj pbramtb qub ístj abfgrb su dgkgr y sus djrjdtbrástmdjs pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh. Kjs ojrmhjs rbdmíh agkmljs pgr kg ibhbrjk ljh ajsjs auy pbijfgsjs y lmeádmkbs lb ajhmpukjr. Bk jkajdbhjambhtg lb`b ojdbrsb bh smtmgs erbsdgs y vbhtmkjlgs, dgh tbapbrjturjs prgablmg lb 0> j 04 irjlgs Dbksmus. Kgs sjdgs lb`bh dgkgdjrsb sg`rb tjrmajs lb ajlbrj pjrj bvmtjr qub j`sgr`jh ouabljl y ejdmkmtjr kj kmapmbzj. Bk jkajdb jkajdbhja hjambh mbhtg tg lb` lb`b b ojd ojdbrs brsb b kbf kbfgs gs lb sus sustjh tjhdm dmjs js vgkêtm vgkêtmkbs kbs g pbh pbhbtr btrjht jhtbs bs (dga`u (dga`ustm stm`kb `kbs, s, pmhtur pmhturjs, js, lbtbribhtbs, btd.) lb`mlg j qub kj ojrmhj j`sgr`b rêpmljabhtb bstgs gkgrbs.

Kbvjlurjs Kj omstgrmj lb kj kbvjlurj pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh dgambhzj dgh kgs bimpdmgs 0>>> júgs jhtbs lb hubstrj brj. Kj omstgrmj lb kj kbvjlurj pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh dgambhzj dgh kgs bimpdmgs. ^jrj dghsbiumr bk kbuljlg kb jújlájh rbstgs lb ajsj j kj hubvj ajsj, jogrj dghgdmlj dgag6 ajsj ajlrb, kg dujk sb oj mlg jpkmdjhlg j kg kjrig lb kgs smikgs. Tgh grijhmsags, uhmdbkukjrbs y amdrgsdôpmdgs, qub pbrtbhbdbh j kj ejamkmj lb kgs oghigs. Tb bhdubhtrjh japkmjabhtb lmstrm`umlgs bh kj hjturjkbzj y pjrj usg mhlustrmjk sb sbkbddmghjh rjzjs bspbdmjkbs pjrj su usg bh pjhmemdjdmôh, mhlustrmj dbrvbdbrj, btd. Bh :59< Jhtghm vjh Kbbuwbhogbc, dmbhtáemdg ogkjhlís kg g`sbrvô pgr amdrgsdgpmg (lb su mhvbhdmôh). Bh :?2> Kgums ^jstbur lbsdu`rmô kgs irêhukgs dgag pkjhtjs vmvjs uhmdbkukjrbs y dgaprbhlmô qub kjs díkukjs utmkmzjh jzödjrbs (omlrjtgs lb djr`ghg) pjrj su lbsjrrgkkg y qub km`brjh jlbaês su`stjhdmjs bh bk ablmg qub kjs rglbj. Bh :?9>, sb bapbzô j ej`rmdjr bh Ogkjhlj kj kbvjlurj pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh bh kj eê`rmdj ogkjhlbsj lb kbvjlurj y jkdgogkbs. Kj baprbsj, euhljlj pgr bk sbúgr F.D. Ujh Ajrcbh, lblmdô irjh jtbhdmôh j uhj mhvbstmijdmôh `êsmdj dghdbrhmbhtb jk juabhtg lb djkmljl bh kj kbvjlurj pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh. Bh :=>% lmibrm`kb.

Ejdtgrbs qub mhtbrvmbhbh bh kj jdtmvmljl lb kj Kbvjlurj6

Jkma Jk mabht bhtg6 g6

Kj kbvjlurj kbvjlurj hbdbs hbdbsmtj mtj jzödjrbs jzödjrbs pjrj ‛jkmabhtj ‛jkmabhtjrsb‑ rsb‑.. Bstg Bstgs s sgh prmhd prmhdmpjk mpjkabht abhtb b sjdjrgsj, sjdjrgsj, ajktgsj y ikudgsj. Bstgs prgludtgs sb bhdubhtrjh bh egraj hjturjk bh kj ojrmhj, pbrg sm sgh mhsuemdmbhtbs, sbrê hbdbsjrmg jirbijrkgs lmrbdtjabhtb lurjhtb bk jajsjlg g mhdkumr jlmtmvgs qub kgs dghtbhijh.

Ouabljl6 ^jrj j`sgr`br sus jkmabhtgs, kj kbvjlurj hbdbsmtj qub ístgs bstíh prbvmjabhtb lmsubktgs, pgr bstj rjzôh  bk jiuj bs bsbhdmjk pjrj su hutrmdmôh y tglgs sus prgdbsgs abtj`ôkmdgs.

Amhbrjkbs6 Kgs g`tmbhb lb kj ojrmhj, jiuj, sjk lb kj rbdbtj y jlmtmvgs

\bapbrjturjs6 Dgag tglg grijhmsag vmvg hbdbsmtj tbapbrjturjs ôptmajs pjrj vmvmr y lbsjrrgkkjrsb. \bapbrjturjs auy `jfjs rbtjrljh su jdtmvmljl y tbapbrjturjs auy jktjs publbh jdbkbrjr bk prgdbsg lb ebrabhtjdmôh, prgludmbhlg bh dgrtg tmbapg sustjhdmjs qub ljh gkgr y sj`gr sj `gr lbsjirjlj`kb jk pjh.  Bf.6 êdmlg jdítmdg (vmhjirb).

Tjk6 Rh bxdbsg lb sjk rbtjrlj su jdtmvmljl. ^rbsbhtjdmôh dgabrdmjk lb kj Kbvjlurj

Kbvjlurj ^rbhsjlj g erbsdj6

 

\bxturj dgapjdtj pjstgsj, dgkgr drbaj dkjrg, tmbhb uhj ouabljl lb 52 j 92%. Dujhlg sb lbsdgapghb tgaj dgkgr djeí gsdurg, sb jirmbtj y jpjrbdbh tja`míh oghigs.

Rsg mhlustrmjk6 Rsg djsbrg6

^jqubtbs lb 2>> ir  ^jhdmtgs lb ir 

Dghsbrvjdmôh6 Kj kbvjlurj prbhsjlj lb`b ajhtbhbrsb bh rbermibrjdmôh. J tbapbrjturjs lb < j 2 irjlgs Dbksmus ajhtmbhb sus djrjdtbrástmdjs lurjhtb 0 j 4 sbajhjs, kubig dgambhzj j lmsamhumr su djpjdmljl pjrj prgludmr ijs.

Kbvjlurj sbdj mhstjhtêhbj6 Tgh bhvjsjljs jk vjdág y sb rbjdtmvjh prêdtmdjabhtb lb mhablmjtg uhj vbz j`mbrtg bk bhvjsb. \mbhbh uh jspbdtg irjhukgsg. \m \mbhb bhbh h uhj ouabl ouabljl jl mhe mhebrm brmgr gr jk 2% pgr kg duj dujkk uh irjag irjag lb kbvjlu kbvjlurj rj mhstjh mhstjhtêh têhbj bj dgrrbs dgrrbspgh pghlb lb jprgxmajljabhtb j 4 irjags lb kbvjlurj erbsdj. ^rbsbhtjdmôh Lurjdmôh

6 6

^jqubtbs 2>> ir   :> j :0 absbs bh bhvjsb dbrrjlg

Majibh pjdc kbvjlurj mhstjhtêhbj

Kbvjlurj sbdj irjhukjlj6 Tb bkj`grj y bhvjsj pjrj usg lgaístmdg bh `gksjs lb 2> j :>> ir Tb lb`b lmsgkvbr bh jiuj tm`mj jhtbs lb usjr.

 

Djhtmljl j usjr6 2> ir. lb K.T.I. rbbapkjzj j :>> ir. lb kbvjlurj prbhsjlj. Lurjdmôh6

lb 5 j ? absbs bh b h bhvjsb dbrrjlg

Djrjdtbrástmdjs lb uhj `ubhj kbvjlurj

Ablmgs jprbdmjdmôh

Dujkmljlbs

Lbebdtgs

dgkgr 

lb`b lb`b sbr sbr drba drbaj j dk dkjr jrg g g `kjhdg

hg lb`b sbr huhdj rgfmzg

gkgr

lb`b sbr mhglgrj

iustg

lb`b tbhbr sj`gr jirjlj`kb

hg lb`b tbhbr lbajsmjlg iustg hm lb êdmlg

tbxturj

dghsmstbhdmj emrab pkêstmdj

hg lb`b sbr bh hmhiöh djsg `kjhlj hm pbijfgsj

utmkmzjdmôh

lb`b lb`b lm lmku kumr mrsb sb iruags

lb lb`b `b lb lbsa sami mijr jrsb sb eêdm eêdmka kabht bhtb b bh bhtr trb b kg kgs s lb lblg lgs s sm smh h pbijrsb

sm smh h

hg lb`b lbsprbhlbr gkgr lbsjirjlj`kb g jdítmdg

egra egrajr  jr 

 

Bk Jiuj Bk jiuj bs uh bkbabhtg bsbhdmjk pjrj kj egrajdmôh lb kj ajsj. Bs j kj vbz, prgpgrdmghjkabhtb bk mhirblmbhtb ajs `jrjtg lb kj rbdbtj.

\mpgs lb Jiuj6 Jiujs @kjhljs6 \mbhbh pgdgs amhbrjk \mbhbh amhbrjkbs bs bh lmsgkudmô lmsgkudmôh h (ojstj (ojstj 2> p.a. p.a.). ). ^rgludbh uh lb`mk lb`mkmtja mtjambht mbhtg g lbk ikutbh tgrhjhlg kj ajsj sujvb bh pbijfgsj. Rhj egraj lb dghtrjrrbstjr bstb bebdtg hbijtmvg bs juabhtjhlg bk pgrdbhtjfb lb sjk bh kjs rbdbtjs. Bf.6 Jiuj lb kkuvmj, jiuj lbstmkjlj.

Jiujs Lurjs6 \mbhbh bh lmsgkudmôh `mdjr`ghjtgs g sukejtgs lb djkdmg y ajihbsmg, bh prgpgrdmghbs lb 0>> j > g ajs ppa3 Hg sgh jlbdujljs pjrj pjhmemdjdmôh yj qub bhlurbdbh bk ikutbh b mhom`bh kj jdtmvmljl lb kj kbvjlurj, rbtjrljhlg kj ebrabhtjdmôh. Jlbaês, prgludbh prg`kbajs bh kjs djúbrájs lghlb bstjs sjkbs sblmabhtjh egrajhlg sjrrg qub dgrrgb bk abtjk. ^jrj pjhmemdjdmôh sb rbdgambhlj bk usg lb jiuj pgtj`kb dgh lurbzj lb :2> j 0>> pjrtbs pgr amkkôh (ppa)

Euhdmghbs lbk jiuj6 Ojdb pgsm`kb kj egrajdmôh lb ikutbh y bk jdghlmdmghjambhtg lb kgs jkamlghbs. Lbtbramhj kj dghsmstbhdmj lb kj ajsj. Dghtrgkj kj tbapbrjturj lb kj ajsj. ^bramtb bk lbsjrrgkkg lb kj kbvjlurj. @jfg kj egraj lb vjpgr bvmtj bk lbsbdjambhtg lb kj ajsj lurjhtb kj ebrabhtjdmôh y pbramtb uh abfgr lbsjrrgkkg lb kj pmbzj lurjhtb kj dgddmôh, abfgrjhlg tja`míh bk `rmkkg y bk rbhlmambhtg

DKJTBT LB JIRJ JIRJ ] TRT BEBD\GT BH KJT AJTJT \M^G

BEBD\G

\PJ\JAMBH\G

@KJHLJ

J`kjhljj bk ikutbh J`kjhl ikutbh,, Ajsj Ajsj sujvb y pbijfgsj.

Rtmk Rtmkmz mzjr jr jkma jkmabh bhtg tgss pj pjrj rj kj Kbvjlurj g juabhtjr kj sjk bh kj eôraukj.

LRPJ

Bh djhtml djhtmljlb jlbss bxdbsm bxdbsmvjs vjs rbtjrlj kj ebrabhtjdmôh, bhlurbdb bk ikutbh.

Rtmkmzjr aês kbvjlurj, Pbludmr  bk jkmabhtg pjrj kj kbvjlurj.

TJKMHJT

Jktbrjdmôh lbk sj`gr  Pbtjrl Pbt jrljj kj ebrabh ebrabhtjd tjdmôh môh,, bh bxdbsg lb`mkmtj bk ikutbh.

Pbludmr kj sjk bh kj egraukj

JKDJKMHJT

Pbludb kj ebrabhtjdmôh

Aês kbvjlurj Rsjr Êdmlgs (vmhjirb)

 

Kj Tjk Bs uh dgapubstg lb Dkgrg y Tglmg kkjajlg tja`míh Dkgrurg lb Tglmg. Dgabrdmjkabhtb sb g`tmbhb lb sjkmhjs, kjigs su`tbrrêhbgs y lb amhjs. Kj sjk pjrj usg lb pjhmemdjdmôh lb`b pgsbbr kjs smiumbhtbs djrjdtbrástmdjs6 Irjhukjdmôh Irjhukjdm ôh emhj. emhj. Km`rb lb mapurbzjs. Eêdmkabhtb sgku`kb bh jiuj.

Euhdmghbs lb kj Tjk6 Abfgrj bk sj`gr. Egrt Egrtjk jkbd bdb b bk ikut ikutbh bh lb kj kjs s oj ojrm rmhj hjs s lí lí`m `mkb kbs. s. Pbsjkt Pbs jktj j kgs sj` sj`grb grbs s lb gtrgs gtrgs mhirbl mhirblmbh mbhtbs tbs.. Dghtrgkj kj jdtmvmljl lb kj kbvjlurj. \mbhb uhj jddmôh `jdtbrmdmlj sg`rb amdrg`mgs mhlbsbj`kbs jk prgdbsg.

MHIPBLMBH\BT BHPMZRBDBLGPBT Tgh jqubkk jqubkkgs gs qub sb jir jirbij bijh h j kj ajsj ajsj pjr pjrj j abf abfgrj grjrr djrjdt djrjdtbrá brástm stmdjs djs lb sj` sj`gr, gr, dgkgr, dgkgr, jrgaj, jrgaj, vgk vgkua uabh, bh, drgdjhdmj, dghsbrvjdmôh, vjkgr hutrmtmvg, btd.

Jzödjrbs6 Kgs tmpgs ajs bapkbjlgs sgh kj sjdjrgsj g jzödjr lb djúj y kj ajktgsj qub sb bhdubhtrj bh kj ojrmhj lb ajktj y bh bk bxtrjdtg lb kj ajktj.

Euhdmghbs lbk Jzödjr6 Tmrvb lb jkmabhtg j kj kbvjlurj. Abfgrj bk sj`gr lbk pjh. Abfgrj bk dgkgr lb kj dêsdjrj. Jyulj j kj dghsbrvjdmôh.  Juabhtj bk vjkgr vjkgr hutrmtmvg.

Ajtbrmjs Irjsjs6 Dghstmtuybh kj prmhdmpjk eubhtb lb bhbriáj bh kj lmbtj ouajhj, pubs sgh bk jkmabhtg qub suamhmstrj bk ajygr  höabrg lb djkgrájs pgr irjhg (= djk. pgr irjhg). Tb lbhgamhj ajhtbdjs g jdbmtbs sbiöh sb prbsbhtbh bh bstjlg sôkmlg g káqumlg. Tb dkjsmemdjh lb jdubrlg j su grmibh jhmajk g vbibtjk. Irjsjs jhmajkbs6 Ajhtbdj lb dbrlg, ajhtbqumkkj, db`g lb rbs.  Jdbmtbs vbibtjkbs6 Tb g`tmbhbh lbk pr prbhsjlg bhsjlg lb dmbrtjs sbam sbamkkjs kkjs dgag imrjsgk, dgdg, ajhá, sgyj, sgyj, btd. Bh pjhmemdjdmôh sb usjh prmhdmpjkabhtb kj ajhtbdj omlrgibhjlj, ajhtbqumkkj y ajrijrmhj (ajsjs lukdbs y pjstbkbráj.

Omlrgibhjdmôh lb kjs Irjsjs6 Bs uh prgdblmambhtg bapkbjlg prmhdmpjkabhtb bh jdbmtbs vbibtjkbs. Bstb dghsmstb bh ojdbr dmrdukjr ijs omlrôibhg j trjvís lbk jdbmtb dgh kg dujk sb dghsmiub qub ístb sb bhlurbzdj, jlgptjhlg kj dghsmstbhdmj lb uhj ajhtbdj. Kjs ajht ajhtbdjs bdjs omlr omlrgibhjl gibhjljs js prbsbhtjh prbsbhtjh `ubhjs `ubhjs djrjd djrjdtbrá tbrástmdj stmdjs s lb dghsbrvjdm dghsbrvjdmôh, ôh, rbsmstbhdm rbsmstbhdmj j j kj rjhdmlbz, rjhdmlbz, pkjstmdmljl, jrgaj y sj`gr sujvb g hbutrg.

 

Euhdmghbs lb kjs ajtbrmjs irjsjs6  Juabhtj bk vjkgr jkmabhtmdmg. Abfgrj bk sj`gr y jrgaj. Abfgrj bk vgkuabh. Abfgrj kj dghsbrvjdmôh. ^rgpgrdmghj uhj tbxturj aês emhj y sujvb j kj amij.

Kj Kbdob6 Bh pjhmemdjdmôh sb bapkbjh prmhdmpjkabhtb kbdob bh pgkvg y subrg lb kbdob bh pgkvg, lb`mlg j su ejdmkmljl lb usg y jkajdbhjambhtg.

Euhdmghbs lb kj kbdob6  Juabhtj bk vjkgr jkmabhtmdmg. ^r ^rgp gpgr grdm dmgh ghj j uhj uhj am amij ij su sujv jvb. b. Abfgrj bk dgkgr lb kj dêsdjrj.  Juabhtj kj j`sgrdmôh lb jiuj lb kj ajsj. Abfgrj bk sj`gr. Abfgrj kj dghsbrvjdmôh.

Pbhlmambhtg bh bk pjh y dgstg Kgs pjhjlbrgs sb qubfjh lbk dgstg lb kj kbdob pgr bsg hg kj usjh bh pjhmemdjdmôh, Ujags j vbr qub, usjhlg kj kbdob, sb g`tmbhb uh juabhtg dghsmlbrj`kb bh bk rbhlmambhtg lbk pjh. Kjs ajsjs bkj`grjljs dgh kj prbsbhdmj lb kbdob tjhtg káqumlj dgag bh pgkvg, sb publbh trj`jfjr abfgr, pubs sgh abhgs pbijfgsjs. Kgs jajsmfgs lb dgh kbdob tmbhlbh j rbsbdjr abhgs bh bk ogrhg, bstg smihmemdj qub pjrtb lbk jiuj jlmdmghjlj qub bh bk pjh ogrhbjlg juabhtjhlg bk rbhlmambhtg.

Oubvgs6 Tb bap bapkbj kbjh h prmhdm prmhdmpjk pjkab abhtb htb bh kj bkj bkj`gr `grjdm jdmôh ôh lb ajs ajsjs js luk lukdbs dbs y pjs pjstbk tbkbrá bráj j lb`mlg lb`mlg j qub prb prbsbh sbhtjh tjh kjs smiumbhtbs prgpmbljlbs6 Djpjdmljl pjrj egrajr bauksmghbs lb kjs ybajs lb oubvg (bh ajsjs sbdjs rmdjs bh irjsjs y jzödjr). Djpjdmljl lb egrajdmôh lb bspuaj dgh kj dkjrj lbk oubvg y ybaj (`jtmlgs, kbuljlg lb ajsjs).  Jyulj j kmijr bk jiuj y bstj`mkmzjr kj dgrtbzj jk dgjiukjrsb sus prgtbáhjs p rgtbáhjs lurjhtb bk ogrhbg. Jpkmdjlg sg`rb kj ajsj jhtbs lbk ogrhbg abfgrj bk dgkgr y `rmkkg lb kj dêsdjrj.

^rbdjudmghbs6 Lb`bh ajhtbhbrsb bh rbermibrjdmôh y jhtbs lb usjr lb`bh sbr kjvjlg, yj qub kj dêsdjrj sb dghtjamhj dgh amdrggrijhmsags hgdmvgs, dujhlg pjsj pgr bk tu`g lmibstmvg lb kj ijkkmhj. MHIPBLMBH\BT MHIPBLMBH\BT JK\BPHJ JK\BPHJ\MUGT \MUGT Lbhtrg lb kgs mhirblmbhtbs jktbrhjtmvgs sb pulb abhdmghjr erutj dghemtjlj, pjsjs, hubdbs, sbamkkj lb jhás, sísjag, jajpgkjs, bspbdmjs, jfg, db`gkkj, bsbhdmjs, drbajs lb rbkkbhg, btd. Tb bapkbjh pjrj abfgrjr kjs djrjdtbrástmdjs lb kjs ojrmhjs (jlmtmvgs), g pjrj mapjrtmr djrjdtbrástmdjs bspbdmjkbs lb prbsbhtjdmôh, sj`gr, jrgaj, btd., bh pjhbs tápmdgs rbimghjkbs g rbkjdmghjlgs dgh ebstmvmljlbs pgpukjrbs (erutjs, bsbhdmjs, bspbdmjs, btd.).

Jlmtmvgs g abfgrjlgrbs6 Bxmstb uhj japkmj ijaj lb jlmtmvgs tjhtg lbk tmpg `êsmdg dgag lbk tmpg auktmprgpôsmtg. Tb bapkbjh pjrj abfgrjr  djrjdtbrástmdjs lb j`sgrdmôh lb jiuj, rbegrzjr bk ikutbh, dghsbrvjdmôh, abfgrjr bk dgkgr, btd. Bh bstb jpuhtb sôkg sb abhdmghjrêh kgs lb usg ajs erbdubhtb bh pjhjlbrájs.

 

Êdmlg Jsdôr`mdg6 Tb usj pjrj abfgrjr kjs djrjdtbrástmdjs lbk ikutbh lb kj ojrmhj, dgh kg dujk sb g`tmbhb ajygr j`sgrdmôh lb jiuj, abfgr abf gr tgkbrj tgkbrjhdm hdmj j jk jajsjl jajsjlg g y kgs tmbap tmbapgs gs kjrigs kjrigs lb ebrab ebrabhtj htjdm dmôh, ôh, abfgr abfgr rbtbh rbtbhdmô dmôh h lb kgs ijs ijsbs bs lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh, abfgr vgkuabh y prbsbhtjdmôh lbk pjh. Tb rbdgambhlj su usg bspbdmjkabhtb bh ajsj erjhdbsj, `kjhlj bspbdmjk y ajsjs lukdbs.

Lgsms6: j 4 ir ^gr 2> ci. lb Ojrmhj.

Ojrmhj lb Ajktj6 Tb usj `êsmdjabhtb pjrj prgpgrdmghjrkb j kj kbvjlurj uhj prgvmsmôh bxtrj lb jkmabhtg (jzödjrbs dgag ajktgsj y ikudgsj), dgh bk dujk sb mhtbhsmemdj y vmigrmzj kj prgluddmôh lb ijs lurjhtb kj ebrabhtjdmôh, abfgrjhlg dgh bstg bk vgkuabh lbk pjh. \ja`míh sb g`tmbhb uh abfgr dgkgr lb kj dêsdjrj jk prgludmrsb uhj ajygr djhtmljl lb jzödjrbs rbsmlujkbs qub djrjabkmzjh lurjhtb bk ogrhbg.

Lgsms6 :>> j :2> ir pgr 2> ci. lb Ojrmhj Rh bxdbsg lb ojrmhj ajktbjlj publb prgludmr ajsjs pbijfgsjs y lmeádmkbs lb ajhmpukjr, jlbaês lurjhtb bk ogrhbg kj dgrtbzj lbk pjh jlqumrmrê rêpmljabhtb uhj dgkgrjdmôh auy gsdurj.

Mhom`mlgrbs lb Oghigs6 Tb bapkbjh pjrj rbtjrljr kj jpjrmdmôh lb oghigs bh prgludtgs bhvjsjlgs, dgag pjh lb Agklb, pjh lb ^jsduj, ^rb ^mzzjs, btd. Kgs lb ajygr usg sgh j `jsb lb prgpmghjtg lb sglmg g prgpmghjtg lb djkd djkdmg. mg.   Lgsms6 2> j :>> ir pgr 2> ci. lb Ojrmhj.

Bauksmghjhtbs6 Abfgrj kj rbtbhdmôh lb ouabljl y pgr kg tjhtg juabhtj bk pbráglg lb dghsbrvjdmôh lbk pjh. Auy rbdgabhlj`kb pjrj prgludtgs, Bf.6 ^jh Agklb, ^jh Oja`uriubsjs, ^jh pjrj Ogt Lgi, ^jh lb ^jsduj, btd.

Lgsms6 :> j :2% sg`rb kj djhtmljl lb ajtbrmjs irjsjs lb kj rbdbtj.

Jlmtmvgs Auktmprgpôsmtg Kj mhlustrmj pjhjlbrj lmspghb bh kj jdtujkmljl lb uhj irjh vjrmbljl lb jlmtmvgs auktmprgpôsmtgs, qub tmbhbh uhj jddmôh abfgrjhtb sg`rb bk ikutbh, dghtmbhbh hutrmbhtbs pjrj kj kbvjlurj, abfgrjlgrbs pjrj dgkgr lb kj dgrtbzj bh jkiuhgs djsgs bauksmghjhtbs, btd. \mbhbh irjh ejdmkmljl lb usg yj qub sb prbsbhtjh bh `gksjs lgsmemdjljs pjrj uhg g lgs qumhtjkbs lb ojrmhj.

 

B\J^JT ] AÍ\GLGT LB ^PGDBTG ^PGLRDDMÔH Btjpjs lbk lbk prgdbsg ^jhmemdjdmôh Lbhtrg lbk prgdbsg lb pjhmemdjdmôh pglbags lmstmhiumr vjrmjs btjpjs, dujkbs rbqumbrb kj aêxmaj jtbhdmôh y dghtrgk pjrj kj g`tbhdmôh lb uh prgludtg emhjk lb `ubhj djkmljl.

^bsjfb lb kgs Mhirblmbhtbs6 Rh jlbdujlg ajhbfg lb kjs rbdbtjs hgs pbramtmrê ajhtbhbr uhj djkmljl stjhljrl y uh abfgr dghtrgk sg`rb prgluddmôh y dgstgs lb kj amsaj.

Majibh lb amsb bh pkjdb mhirblmbhtbs

Abzdkj y Jajsjlg6 Majibh egrajdmôh vgkdêh

Majibh abzdkjlg mhirblmbhtbs

 

Majibh abzdkjlg mhirblmbhtbs

Majibh ajsjlj pkjijlg ajsj

 Jmrbjlg lb ajsj

Majibh ajsjlg mhirblmbhtbs

Majibh pkjijlg ajsj sg`rb kj amsaj

Majibh Ugkuabh lb ajsj emhjk

 

Bk jajsjlg tmbhb lgs emhjkmljlbs6 :) Abzdkjr lb egraj ogagiíhbj6 jiuj, ojrmhj, ojrmhj, sjk, kbvjlurj y bvbhtujkabhtb abfgrjlgrbs. 0) \rj`jfjr bstj abzdkj abzdkj j emh lb jm jmrbjrkj rbjrkj y ojdbrkj ekbxm`kb ekbxm`kb y bkêstmdj.

·Dôag sb egraj kj ajsj7 Lurjhtb kj abzdkj lb kgs dghstmtuybhtbs, bk jiuj agfj kjs pjrtádukjs lb jkamlôh y lb ikutbh, kjs agkídukjs lb ikutbh sb jsgdmjh bh em`rjs y jprmsmghjh bk jkamlôh bh sus "ajkkjs". Bs prbdmsg qub kj ojrmhj dghtbhij jk abhgs uh 9% lb ikutbh pjrj pglbr bhvgkvbr bh kj ajsj tglgs kgs irêhukgs lb jkamlôh. Kj sbiuhlj btjpj lbk jajsjlg smrvb pjrj jmrbjr kj ajsj y bstmrjr bk ikutbh j emh lb sujvmzjrkg (ekbxm`mkmzjrkg), (ekbxm`mkmzjrkg), kjs `ur`ufjs lb jmrb sb kgdjkmzjh sg`rb tglg bh kj ajtbrmj irjsj lb kj ojrmhj. Bk jmrb dghstmtuyb uh 0>% lbk vgkuabh lb kj ajsj. Kj ebrabhtjdmôh dgambhzj lurjhtb bk jajsjlg, pbrg kj ajsj bh agvmambhtg hg pbramtb g`sbrvjrkg

·Zuí bs bk jajsjlg abdêhmdg7 Bxmstbh audojs vjrmjhtbs lb jajsjlg abdêhmdg. Bstb smiub tgljs kjs ejsbs lbk jajsjlg ajhujk y kjs ojdb dghekumr bh uh sôkg agvmambhtg lb jdbkbrjdmôh (:ª y 0ª vbkgdmljl). Bk jajsjlg abdêhmdg sb lmvmlb bh lgs pjrtbs6 :) Abzdkj Abzdkj lb kgs mhirbl mhirblmbht mbhtbs bs hbdbsjrmgs hbdbsjrmgs pjrj kj ajsj, sb bebdtöj bebdtöj bh :ª vbkgdm vbkgdmljl ljl y sb prgkg prgkghij hij lurjhtb lurjhtb 2 amhutgs, jprgx. 0) Bk bstmrjl bstmrjlg. g. Tb bebdtöj bebdt öj bh 0ªpjrtmdukjr vbkgdml vbkgdmljl jl su`rjzgs, lurjdmôh lurjdmôh bs lb :> bh j 0> a.djhtmljl. bk ikutbh ikutbh bs bst bstmr mrjlg jlg y sujvmzjlg. Irjdmjs j kj pgsmdmôh lbykgs bk jmrb bhtrj irjh

Kgs aítglgs aês bapkbjlgs sgh bk lmrbdtg y kj bspghfj-ajsj. ·Dgag sb lbsjrrgkkj bk aítglg Lmrbdtg7 Dujhlg oj`kjags lbk aítglg lmrbdtg hgs rbebrmags j uh prgdbsg lb uh sgkg pjsg lghlb sb abzdkjh tglgs kgs mhirblmbhtbs fuhtgs, mhdkusg kj kbvjlurj qub bs mhdgrpgrjlj jk mhmdmg lbk jajsjlg. Hgrajkabhtb dgh bstb smstbaj sb jújlb uh :>% aês lb kbvjlurj qub bh bk aítglg lb bspghfj. Tb ajhtmbhb bk jajsjlg ojstj qub tglgs kgs mhirblmbhtbs ojh egrajlg uh sgkg dubrpg prgludmbhlg uhj ajsj lb djrêdtbr sujvb y bkêstmdj. Kj tbapbrjturj emhjk lb kj ajsj lbpbhlb lbk prgdbsg lb ej`rmdjdmôh lb pjh gsdmkjhlg bhtrb kgs 0:¾D pjrj prgdbsgs rêpmlgs y 02¾D bh prgdbsgs jrtbsjhjkbs, b mhekuyb audog sm kj zghj lb jajsjlg bstê dkmajtmzjlj g hg. Jkiuhgs Jkiuhgs tídhmd tídhmdgs gs djk djkduk dukjh jh kj su`mlj su`mlj lb kj tbapbr tbapbrjtu jturj rj lb uh irjlg irjlg bh kj rbludd rbluddmôh môh lbk tmb tmbapg apg lb ebrabhtjdmôh bh :> amhutgs, pbrg bstg hg bs uhj dmbhdmj bxjdtj.

Kjs vbhtjfjs sgh6 sb rbqumbrb abhgs ajhg lb g`rj sb rbludb bk tmbapg ibhbrjk lb prgluddmôh jk rbdgrtjr bk tmbapg lb ebrabhtjdmôh sb rbludbh kgs aêribhbs lb brrgr jk tbhbr abhgs ajhmpukjdmôh y abhgs pjsgs j rbjkmzjr. Lbsvbhtjfjs sgh6 tbhbags abhgs ekbxm`mkmljl, pubs bs aês lmeádmk jújlmr jkiöh mhirblmbhtb lbk qub djrbzdj kj ajsj, smbhlg auy pgdj kj jyulj pjrj dgapghbr kjs ajsjs lmrbdtjs.  Jlbaês, sb prgludbh pjhbs lb sj`gr mhsápmlg, tbxturj êspbrj y abhgr vgkuabh, juhqub bstg lbpbhlb lb kj djhtmljl lb abfgrjhtb g abfgrjlgr.

 

·Dôag sb lbsjrrgkkj bk aítglg Bspghfj-ajsj7 Bk aítglg bspghfj tmbhb lgs pjsgs j rbjkmzjr. Bh bk prmabrg lb bkkgs sb abzdkjh jkiuhgs mhirblmbhtbs y sb kbs pbramtb uhj ebrabhtjdmôh hgrajkabhtb kjrij lb 0 j 5 ogrjs. Bh bstj btjpj sb subkbh abzdkjr ojrmhj, jiuj y kbvjlurj qubljhlg uhj ajsj auy `kjhlj y j vbdbs pbijfgsj. Kj sbiuhlj ejsb dghsmstb bh mhdgrpgrjr kj bspghfj j kgs mhirblmbhtbs qub ejktjh, sgabtbrkgs j uhj sbiuhlj abzdkj lghlb kj ebrabhtjdmôh bs rbkjtmvjabhtb dgrtj. Bstb aítglg tmbhb su grmibh bh ^gkghmj. Bstb prgdbsg bs sôkg jpkmdj`kb j prgdbsgs g pjhbs qub jlamtjh uhj lmvmsmôh eêdmk. Tm bs vgkuaítrmdj, kj lmebrbhdmj lb pbsg bhtrb kjs pmbzjs bs auy irjhlb lb kjs prmabrjs pmbzjs j kjs öktmajs, pubs kj ajsj ajhtmbhb uhj ijsmemdjdmôh dghstjhtb lbslb bk dgambhzg. Kj bspghfj hgrajkabhtb dgaprbhlb bk 5>% lb kj ojrmhj tgtjk y kj ajygr pjrtb lb kj kbvjlurj y bk jiuj. Bh jkiuhgs djsgs sb jújlb jkig lb ojrmhj lb ajktj g jzödjr qub ejdmkmtjrê kj vbkgdmljl lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh, pbrg sôkg bh djsg lb qub bk b k pjh kg rbqumbrj. Bh gtrgs djsgs sb jújlbh kjs irjsjs j kj bspghfj (ajrijrmhjs g irjsjs), pbrg kj abfgr egraj lb g`tbhbr  rbiukjrmljl bs smapkmemdjhlg kgs trbs mhirblmbhtbs jhtbs dmtjlgs. Kj tbapbrjturj mlbjk lb kj bspghfj bs lb 04 j 02¾D, yj qub j aês tbapbrjturj lb kj ajsj aês rêpmlj bs kj ebrabhtjdmôh y subkb lbfjrsb uhj ajsj emhj y `kjhlj kkbijhlg jk aêxmag lb j`sgrdmôh lb jiuj qub jlamtj. Hg bs `u `ubh bhg g tjap tjapgd gdg g bx bxdb dblb lbrh rhgs gs bh kj dj djht html mljl jl lb jiuj jiuj.. Hb Hbdb dbsm smtj tj sb sbrr `k `kjh jhlj lj,, pbr pbrg g dg dgh h uh uhj j dghsmstbhdmj emrab, yj qub bxpjhlmrê j uh ajygr vgkuabh y prgvgdjrê uh lbsjrrgkkg lbk ikutbh supbrmgr. Rhj rbikj jpkmdj`kb j ajhtbhbr bs g`tbhbr uhj bspghfj `kjhlj y emrab dgh ajsjs ekgfjs jk emhjkmzjr tglg bk jajsjlg.

Majibh Kbulg g bspghfj emhjk

Majibh Kbulg g bspghfj emhjk6

·Zub bs Ajsj ajlrb7 Ibhbrjkmljlbs Rh `ubh aítglg lb ajsj ajlrb jpkmdjlg j kj pjhjlbráj, hgs ljrê uhgs prgludtgs abfgrbs. \glgs kgs aítglgs tmbhbh vbhtjfjs y lbsvbhtjfjs.

 

Kjs Ajsjs Ajsj ajlrb lbk jajsjlg lbk láj jhtbrmgr, g sbhdmkkjabhtb sb rbtmrj uh trgzg lb kj ajs prmhdmpjk g mhmdmjk. Gtrg aítglg publb qub sbj bk qub sb utmkmzj dgh ajygr erbdubhdmj. Dghsmstb bh ojdbr uhj öktmaj jajsjlj pjrj bk trj`jfg lb ajújhj. Rh `ubh aítglg lb trj`jfg tmbhb qub tbhbr dgag prmgrmljl kj prbpjrjdmôh lb uhj `ubhj ajsj ajlrb, kj vbhtjfj sbrê hgtgrmj y ljrê j hubstrgs prgludtgs uh jrgaj, uh iustg y uh jspbdtg mhabfgrj`kbs. Bk prgdbsg lb ajlurjdmôh hjturjk lb kj ajsj ajlrb y lb kj pjstj, lbpbhlb bsbhdmjkabhtb lb kgs bebdtgs tápmdgs lb uh pjh obdog dgh ajsj ajlrb, bstg sbrê kg qub hgs lb uh u h prgludtg lmebrbhtb y djrjdtbrástmdg bh hubstrg aítglg lb trj`jfg. Kj ekgrj amdrg`mjhj bh kj ajsj ajlrb Kj prbsbhdmj lb dmbrtgs amdrggrijhmsags bh kj ajsj ajlrb, ojdb qub kgs prgludtgs bkj`grjlgs dgh bk usg lb kj amsaj, gerbzdjh uhjs djrjdtbrástmdjs bspbdmjkbs auy jprbdmjljs pgr bk dghsuamlgr.  Jogrj `mbh, dujhlg kj ajsj ajlrb kkbvj audojs ogrjs ebrabhtjhlg, sb ojdb vmbfj, sb prgludbh gtrgs amdrggrijhmsags qub ljh j kj ajsj uhjs djrjdtbrástmdjs hg lbsbj`kbs, tjkbs dgag jdmlbz bxdbsmvj, gkgr y iustg lbajsmjlg eubrtb. ^jrj bvmtjr bstgs mhdghvbhmbhtbs, bs rbdgabhlj`kb rbhgvjr djlj láj kj ajsj ajlrb.

^rmabrj ebrabhtjdmôh g rbpgsg mhmdmjk6 Kubig lbk jajsjlg kj ajsj sb lbfj rbpgsjr pgr :> j 4> amhutgs pjrj qub sb rbdupbrb lbk trj`jfg abdêhmdg j qub oj smlg sgabtmlj y pjrj qub dgambhdb kj jdtmvmljl lb kj kbvjlurj.

Majibh lb rbpgsg pmbzj ajsj

Dgrtb y Gvmkkjlg6 Dgrtb6 Rhj vbz kj ajsj oj jkdjhzjlg bk puhtg lb jdghlmdmghjambhtg jlbdujlg, yj bstê kmstj pjrj sbr  trj`jfjlj. Bk trj`jfg lb kj ajsj dghstj bh kj lmvmsmôh lb ístj bh pbqubúgs `jstghbs dgh uh pbsg lbtbramhjlg. Bstj gpbrjdmôh tmbhb pgr g`fbtg bk erjddmghjambhtg lb kj ajsj bh pbqubúgs `jstghbs dgag obags sbújkjlg, dgh uh pbsg lbtbramhjlg sbiöh kj pmbzj. Emhjkabhtb, kgs `jstghbs lb ajsj sb dgrtjh lb jdubrlg jk irjajfb lbsbjlg g bstj`kbdmlg.

 

Majibh lb dgrtb pmbzj ajsj `kgqub

Majibh `jstghbs ajsj

Gvmkkjlg6 \ja`míh kkjajlg `gkbjlg, y dghsmstb bh egrajr pmbzjs jprgxmajljabhtb bseírmdjs. Jk sjkmr kgs `jstghbs lb kj lmvmsgrj, ístgs tmbhbh egraj mrrbiukjr y supbremdmbs lb dgrtb pbijfgsg, j trjvís lb kjs dujkbs bk ijs publb bsdjpjrsb eêdmkabhtb, j ajhg g j aêqumhj, sb dmbrrjh kjs supbremdmbs, ljhlg j kgs pjstghbs uh bxtbrmgr kmsg y "sbdg", y jlbaês uhj "dgrtbzj" rbkjtmvjabhtb kmsj y dghtmhöj jkrblblgr lbk `jstôh. \ja`míh sb dghsmiub kj rbgrmbhtjdmôh lb kj bstrudturj lbk ikutbh jk ljr kj egraj lb `gkj j kj aêqumhj g ajhujk, qub jlbaês sbrê lb aês eêdmk ajhbfg bh kjs gpbrjdmghbs smiumbhtbs.  Jhtbs lb kkbvjr j dj`g bk gvmkkjlg bs hbdbsjrmg lbfjr qub kgs trgzgs rbpgsbh tjpjlgs dgh `gksj pkêstmdg g tbkj oöablj lurjhtb uh dmbrtg tmbapg, hg auy kjrig, bh bk qub kj ajsj smiub ebrabhtjhlg, y pgr kg tjhtg juabhtjhlg su irjlg lb ajlurbz. Tm bk rbpgsg oj smlg bxdbsmvg, bk `gkbjlg tbhlrê qub sbr ekgfg. Majibh gvmkkjlg ajsj

Majibh gvmkkjlg ajsj

 

Tbiuhlj Ebrabhtjdmôh g Pbpgsg mhtbrablmg6 Rhj vbz sb oj `gkbjlg kj pmbzj, dghvmbhb qub rbpgsb uhgs amhutgs pjrj qub jlqumbrj ekbxm`mkmljl, pjrj ljrkb su egraj lbemhmtmvj. Ibhbrjkabhtb kj ekbxm`mkmljl sb dghsmiub lbfjhlg qub kj ajsj rbpgsb, rbdgrrmbhlg uh dmrdumtg lb uhj dêajrj lurjhtb uhgs amhutgs. Kj lurjdmôh lb bstb prgdbsg lbpbhlb lb kjs djrjdtbrástmdjs lb ajlurjdmôh lb kj ajsj hbdbsjrmjs bh djlj djsg, sbiöh bk tmpg lb prgdbsg lb bkj`grjdmôh. Kgs gvmkkgs sb dgkgdjh j rbpgsjr bh `jhlbfjs g tj`kjs, jlbdujljabhtb prgtbimlgs lb dgrrmbhtbs lb jmrb y bh uh kuijr tm`mg lb prbebrbhdmj bh dêajrjs lb ebrabhtjdmôh. Bstb rbpgsg publb lurjr uh prgablmg lb 02 j 2> amhutgs.

Majibh pmbzjs ajsj dgrtjljs lurjhtb kj sbiuhlj ebrabhtjdmôh

Agklbjlg g Egrajdmôh6 \ja`míh kkjajlg aglbkjlg lb kj pmbzj. Dghsmstb bh ljr j kj pmbzj su egraj dghdrbtj y lbemhmtmvj, pgr  bfbapkg, `jrrj3 ístj bs kj egraj aês oj`mtujk b mapkmdj trbs jddmghbs6 - Kjamhjr kj ajsj pjrj prgludmr uhj bstrudturj uhmegrab. - ^kbijr kj ajsj kjamhjlj bh egraj lb djpjs pjrj prbpjrjr kj bstrudturj lbk pjh. - Rhmr bhtrb sá kjs djpjs pkbijljs -

Tm bk tmbapg lb ajlurbz lb kj ajsj jk bapbzjr bstb bstjlmg bs bxdbsmvg, bk pkbijlg tbhlrê qub sbr ekgfg. ^gr bk dghtrjrmg, sm kj ajsj kkbij pgdg ajlurj, sb rbqubrmrê aês prmbtg, bs lbdmr, uh ajygr bhrgkkjlg lb kj `jrrj. Bh sáhtbsms, bs gtgrijr j kj pmbzj lb ajsj, kj egraj lbemhmtmvj qub djrjdtbrmzj kjs lmebrbhtbs vjrmbljlbs lb pjh.

 

Majibh lb egrajlg pmbzj ajsj

Btjpjs lbk egrajlg abdêhmdg (Ajhujk) Kj egrajlgrj sgabtb j kj ajsj j trbs ejsbs euhljabhtjkbs6

Kjamhjlg. - Tb g`tmbhb pjsjhlg kj `gkj pgr lgs rglmkkgs rglmkkgs qub jpkjstjh kj ajsj bh egraj lb ijkkbtj ijkkbtj gvjkjlj. Lbk irjlg lb jpbrturj lb lmdog rglmkkg lbpbhlbrê kj ajygr g abhgr bxpuksmôh lbk ijs. ^jrj bvmtjr bk lbsijrrg lb kj ajsj kgs rglmkkgs lb`bh j`rmrsb g dbrrjrsb, lbpbhlmbhlg lbk tjajúg g lbk vgkuabh lb kj pmbzj.

Bhrgkkjlg. -

 Dghsmstb bh pkbijr kj tgrtj lb ajsj y subkb ojdbrsb pgr ablmg lb uhj ajkkj abtêkmdj g pgr uh pjr lb tjpmdbs aôvmkbs.

Jkjrijambhtg. - Bstj ajsj bhrgkkjlj pjsj pgr lmstmhtjs pkjhdojs lb prbsmôh g pgr bhtrb lgs tjpmdbs qub ljh vubktjs bh sbhtmlg mhvbrsg, jsbiurjhlg jsá, kj kghimtul lbsbjlj lb kj `jrrj.

\brdbrj Ebrabhtjdmôh6 Bk irjhg lb trmig hg dghtmbhb tjhtjs "kbvjlurjs sjkvjfbs" dgag kj dmrubkj g kj uvj, smh ba`jrig, sb publb bstmajr qub kj ojrmhj bxtrjálj lb bstb trmig dghtmbhb 4>.>>> díkukjs lb kbvjlurj pgr ci. Tm dgkgdjags bh uh kuijr djkmbhtb y oöablg uh trgzg lb ajsj obdoj lb ojrmhj y jiuj, vbrbags dgag ístj sb omhdoj kmibrjabhtb 0< o aês tjrlb.

Majibh pmbzj ajsj aglbkjlj ebrabhtjhlg

 

·Zuí gdurrb7 Kjs kbvjlurjs lb kj ojrmhj ojh lbirjljlg kgs jzödjrbs dghtbhmlgs bh bstj ojrmhj (rbdgrljr qub kj ojrmhj dghtmbhb bhtrb : y 0% lb jzödjrbs) j zödjrbs) bh ijs djr`ôhmdg y bk jkdgogk, jdgapjújlgs lb êdmlgs. Bh bstb djsg, kj ajsj hg bs uh bkbabhtg káqumlg smhg bkêstmdg b mapbrabj`kb, pgr bkkg bk ijs djr`ôhmdg hg publb jtrjvbsjrkj y pbrajhbdb bh su mhtbrmgr bh egraj lb pbqubújs `ur`ufjs, pgr bkkg kj ajsj sb omhdoj. Lb su mhtb mhtbrm rmgr gr sb lb lbsp sprb rbhl hlb b uh gk gkgr gr j êd êdml mlg, g, prgv prgvgd gdjl jlg g pg pgrr bk jk jkdg dgog ogkk y kg kgs s êd êdml mlgs gs prgl prglud udml mlgs gs bh kj ebrabhtjdmôh.

·Zuí lb`b ojdbr bk pjhjlbrg pjrj "dghludmr" kj ebrabhtjdmôh7 Dgag jdj`jags lb vbr, kj ojrmhj dghtmbhb pgdjs kbvjlurjs sjkvjfbs, kjs dujkbs sgh mhsuemdmbhtbs pjrj "kbvjhtjr" kj ajsj, pgr kg qub bs hbdbsjrmg jújlmr gtrjs. : ir lb kbvjlurj dghtmbhb lb :> j :0 amkkghbs lb díkukjs, ístjs tmbhbh bk amsag pjpbk qub kjs dghtbhmljs bh kj ojrmhj, g sbj, prgluddmôh ijsbgsj, egrajdmôh lb jkdgogk btákmdg y lb êdmlgs (kêdtmdg y jdítmdg). j dítmdg).

·Lb quí sb hutrbh bstjs kbvjlurjs7  J emh lb prgludmr ijs djr`ôhmdg y jkdgogk, bstjs kbvjlurjs lb`bh lbirjljr uhj dmbrtj djhtmljl lb jzödjr, j`sgr`br bk jzödjr prgvbhmbhtb lb pjrtádukjs lb jkamlôh lurjhtb kj agkmbhlj.

·Dôag sb trjhsegraj bk jkamlôh bh jzödjrbs7 Kj ojrmhj dghtmbhb uh höabrg vjrmj`kb lb bhzmajs kkjajljs jamkjsjs3 ístjs tmbhbh bk pglbr lb trjhsegrajr bk jkamlôh bh jzödjrbs.

Jddmôh lb kgs êdmlgs y bk jkdgogk btákmdg sg`rb kj ajsj Kj bkjstmdmljl lb kj ajsj bs lb`mlj j uh dgapghbhtb lb kj ojrmhj kkjajlg ikutbh. Pbdgrlbags qub, lurjhtb bk rbpuhtjlg, kj ajsj sb vubkvb abhgs ekbxm`kb y tgaj tbhjdmljl Lurjhtb Lurjht b bst bstb b tmbapg tmbapg kj kbv kbvjlu jlurj rj prglu prgludb db sg` sg`rb rb tglg tglg jkd jkdgog gogkk y uh pgdg pgdg lb ijs djr`ôhmd djr`ôhmdg, g, bk jkdgog jkdgogkk vj jdgapj jdg apjújl újlg g lb êdmlgs êdmlgs,, kgs dujkbs dujkbs sb emf emfjh jh bh bk ikutbh ikutbh y kb ljh tbhjdmlj tbhjdmljl. l. Bstj Bstj tbh tbhjdm jdmljl ljl tm tmbhb bhb dgag dghsbdubhdmj kj mapbrabj`mkmzjdmôh y jprmbtg lbk ijs djr`ôhmdg (sm agrlbags uh kmaôh sbhtmrbags dgag kgs aösdukgs lb kj ajhlá`ukj sb dghtrjbh `jfg bk bebdtg lbk êdmlg dátrmdg). Kj sbiuhlj btjpj lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh bs kj tgaj lb vgkuabh, qub sb prgludb `jfg kj jddmôh lbk ijs djr`ôhmdg prgludmlg pgr kj kbvjlurj.

·^gr quí bstj rêpmlj tgaj lb vgkuabh7 Lurjhtb kj sbiuhlj pjrtb lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh, kgs pjpbkbs sgh mhvbrsgs, kj kbvjlurj prgludb abhgs jkdgogk, pbrg aês ijs djr`ôhmdg qub sb bhdubhtrj jprmsmghjlg `jfg kj egraj lb `ur`ufjs pgr kjs em`rmkkjs lb ikutbh qub dghstmtuybh uh vbrljlbrg tbfmlg mapbrabj`kb. Kj djpjdmljl qub pgsbb bk ikutbh pjrj rbtbhbr bk ijs djr`ôhmdg sb kkjaj rbtbhdmôh ijsbgsj.

Kj ebrabhtjdmôh bh bk ogrhbjlg Lurjhtb kj dgddmôh, bk ikutbh sb dgjiukj `jfg bk bebdtg lbk djkgr j kj vbz qub kgs irêhukgs lb jkamlôh egrajh uh bhirulg. Bk ijs djr`ôhmdg prgludmlg pgr kj jddmôh lb kj kbvjlurj pbrajhbdb "jtrjpjlg" bh bk mhtbrmgr lb kj ajsj y egraj kgs euturgs jkvbgkgs lb kj amij. Jsá sb dgaprbhlb pgrqub bk vgkuabh emhjk lbk pjh lbpbhlb sg`rb tglg lb kj dghludtj lb kj ebrabhtjdmôh.

Bs kj btjpj emhjk lb drbdmambhtg jhtbs lbk ogrhbg, lurj jprgxmajljabhtb j 5> amhutgs.

 

Ogrhbg g dgddmôh6 Kj dgddmôh tmbhb dgag prmhdmpjk pjpbk trjhsegrajr kj ajsj ebrabhtjlj bh pjh, bstj trjhsegrajdmôh bs hbdbsjrmj yj qub hubstrg grijhmsag hg tmbhb kj pgsm`mkmljl lb lmibrmr bk ikutbh y bk jkamlôh, smhg o ojh jh smlg dgdmlgs jhtbrmgrabhtb. Bh sbiuhlg kuijr, kj dgddmôh pbramtb bk pjsg lbk bstjlg sbamkáqumlg lbk prgludtg (ajsj) jk bstjlg sôkmlg (pjh).

·Zuí gdurrb lurjhtb kj dgddmôh7 Lurjhtb kj dgddmôh sb prgludbh audojs trjhsegrajdmghbs bh bk mhtbrmgr lb kj ajsj. Lbspuís lb qub kj ajsj bs mhtrgludmlj bh bk ogrhg, sb jlombrb jk subkg lbk amsag, bstj pjrtb lmrbdtjabhtb bh dghtjdtg dgh uh ajtbrmjk djkmbhtb sb sbdj y egraj uhj dgrtbzj. Bh bk mhtbrmgr lb kj ajsj, tglgs kgs prgdbsgs lb lbirjljdmôh lb kgs jzödjrbs sb bhvubkvbh `jfg kj jddmôh lbk djkgr, kj kbvjlurj sb hutrb y prgludb DG0 bh irjh djhtmljl ojstj kj tbapbrjturj lb 22¶ bh kj qub sb "aubrb" (jkiuhgs prgebsmghjkbs kkjajh j bstj ejsb "kj tbrdbrj ebrabhtjdmôh"). Pêpmljabhtb kj pjstj sb omhdoj y bk ijs djr`ôhmdg prbsmghj sg`rb kgs dgrtbs lb kêamhj qub sb j`rbh. ^gdg j pgdg, bk vjpgr lb jiuj hg kkbij j ouablbdbr kj supbremdmb lb kj ajsj qub dgambhzj j sbdjrsb. Lurjhtb bstb tmbapg bk DG0 sb djkmbhtj y gdupj djlj vbz aês vgkuabh, bstg sb trjludb bh kj egrajdmôh lb jkvbgkgs bh kj euturj amij. \glj bstj abtjagregsms prbdmpmtjlj, sb lbsjrrgkkj lurjhtb 2 g 5 amhutgs, jprgx. Kjs tbapbrjturjs lbk ogrhg lbpbhlbrêh lbk tjajúg lb kj pmbzj lb ajsj y lbk tmpg lb rbdbtj, mhirblmbhtbs `êsmdgs g bhrmqubdmlj, bk tmbapg lb dgddmôh tja`míh lbpbhlbrê lb bstgs ejdtgrbs. Bh ibhbrjk sb publb rbsuamr qub, j ajygr tjajúg, abhgr tbapbrjturj y tmbapgs lb dgddmôh aês kjrigs3 j abhgr tjajúg, ajygr tbapbrjturj y tmbapg lb dgddmôh ajs dgrtgs.

\mpgs lb Ajsjs6 j) Ajsjs Lurjs6 Dgrrmbhtbs6 Ojkkukkjs, dgkmzjs, `gkkgs. Bspbdmjkbs6 Ojkkukkjs, dgkmzjs, lg`kjljs lb ajhtbdj, lb ljaj, djdomtgs btd.

`) Ajsjs tmpg erjhdbsjs Ajrrjqubtjs, dogdgsmtgs, rgsmtjs, pmstgkbs, `jiubttb, btd.

d) Ajsj @kjhlj Bspbdmjk6 ^jh lb agklb, pjh pjrj ogt lgi, pjh pjrj pj rj oja`uriubsj.

l) Ajsjs Lukdbs6 @gkkbr @gk kbráj áj erm ermtj tj y ogrhbj ogrhbjlj6 lj6 @brkmh @brkmhbs, bs, trbhzj trbhzjs, s, rgk rgkkgs kgs rbkkbh rbkkbhgs gs dgh erutj erutjs, s, pjhbtg pjhbtghbs hbs,, lgh lghuts uts,, bhsjmajljs, btd.

b) Ajsj tmpg Mhtbirjk6 ^jh dgh dbhtbhg, pjh dgh sjkvjlg lb trmig, pjhbs dgh sbamkkjs, btd.

e) Ajsjs pjrj bspbdmjkmljlbs6 Bapj Bapjhjljs, hjljs, pmzzjs, pmzzjs, ogfjklrb, ogfjklrb, ljhbs ljhbsj, j, drgm drgmssjht ssjht,, ijkkbtjs, ijkkbtjs, tjrtjkbtjs, pjhbs lb djapg, \grtmkkjs, btd.

 

T\JHLJPMVJDMÔH LB PBDB\J Pbhlmambhtg lb uhj rbdbtj Bk rbhlmambhtg lb uhj rbdbtj sb publb bxprbsjr bh uhmljl lb ablmlj (Ci.) g bh höabrg lb uhmljlbs. Bk rbhlmambht rbhlm ambhtg g bxprbsjlg bxprbsjlg bh cmkgs cmkgs,, bstê lmrbdtjabhtb lmrbdtjabhtb rbkjdm rbkjdmghjlg ghjlg dgh kj pbrlmlj pbrlmlj lb ouabl ouabljl jl qub bxpbrmabh bxpbrmabhtj tj kj ajsj drulj lurjhtb tglg bk prgdbsg lb ej`rmdjdmôh, bspbdmjkabhtb lurjhtb bk ogrhbjlg. Kj pírlmlj prgablmg sb smtöj bhtrb uh :> j uh :2 %. Jqubkkjs rbdbtjs bh mhirblmbhtbs (ajrrjqubtjs, `jiubttb) suerb sue rbh h uh ajy ajygr gr pgr pgrdbh dbhtjf tjfb b lb pbr pbrlml lmlj j qub jqu jqubkk bkkjs js rbd rbdbtj btjs s rmdjs rmdjs bh mhi mhirbl rblmbh mbhtbs tbs (pjh (pjh agk agklb, lb, pjh lb oja`uriubsj) Pbhlmambhtg pgr pbsg6 ^jrj djkdukjr bk rbhlmambhtg bs hbdbsjrmg bstj`kbdbr bk pbsg lb kj ajsj drulj (pbsg lb tglgs kgs mhirblmbhtbs abzdkjlgs bh kj absj) y bk pbsg lbk pjh kubig lb l b uhj ogrj sjkmlj lbk ogrhg.