Manual de Técnicas de Expressão e Comunicação II

 

 

LNISNF JC  ZÍKIMKN[ JC CPTXC[[ËE C KELSIMKNÁËE MM

Tnufe Tn ufe Iuics jn [mfvn

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Ìijmkc 

 

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Ìijmkc

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Mitrejuáëe

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Zcln > ‛ Keikc  Keikcmtes mtes c lejcfes kel keluimknkmeinms uimknkmeinms  

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Ehbcktmves

7

>.>. Keluimknáëe2 jcgmimáëe c knrnktcrmznáëe

0

>.8. >.8. Lejc Lejcfes fes keluim knkmeinms

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>.8.>. >.8 .>. N C Cske ske fn Trekcss Trekcssunf unf

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>.8.>.>. >.8.> .>. [`niiei c Qcn Qcnvcr vcr

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>.8.>. >.8 .>.8. 8. Bnoeh sei

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>.8.8. N Cskefn [clmût >.8.8. [clmûtmkn mkn >.8. >.8.8. 8.>. >. Z Zmpes mpes jc sminms2 m ijìkmes, sìlhef es c sma ies

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>.8.8. >.8 .8.8. 8. Tc Tcmrk mrkc, c, Eajci c Xmk` Xmk`nrjs, nrjs, [nussurc

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>.8.8.;. Qntzfnwmko

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>.8.;. N nherjnacl keaimtmvn jc [pcrhcr c Qmfsei

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>.;.. Keluim >.; Keluimknáëe knáëe iëe-vcrhnf

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Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearî hmhfmearîgmkns gmkns

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Zcln 8 ‛ Xcarns jc keluim knáëe ‛ Ns lîxmlns keivcrsnkmei nms jc Armkc   Armkc

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Ehbcktmves

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Mitrejuáëe

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8.>.. Lîxmln jn qunit 8.> qunitmjnjc mjnjc

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8.8.. Lîxmln jn q 8.8 qunfmjnjc unfmjnjc

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8.;. Lîxmln jn rcfnáëe

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8.:.. Lî 8.: Lîxml xmln n je lej e (eu lîxm ln jn lnicmrn)

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Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearî hmhfmearîgmkns gmkns

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Zcln ; ‛ Ermcitnáócs pnrn n cskrmtn jc tcxtes sehrc tclns jc jcscivefvmlcite   jcscivefvmlcite

3>

Ehbcktmves

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Mitrejuáëe

3;

;.>. E tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite2 jcgmimáëe c knrnktcrmznáëe

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;.8. Tnrtcs je tcxte cskrmte c ctnpns jn sun keikcpáëe

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;.8. ;.8.>. >. N mitrej uáëe, e jcscivefvmlcite c n keikfusëe

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;.8.8. ;.8 .8. N pre hfclîtm kn c e pf pfnie nie

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;.8.;. ;.8 .;. N nraul nraulcitnáëe citnáëe c n trnismá tr nismáëe ëe citrc mjcmns

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;.;. Cstmfe2 kfnrczn, prckmsëe c fcamhmfmjnjc

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Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearî hmhfmearîgmkns gmkns

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Zcln : ‛ N kelui mknáëe in mitcric mitcrictt  

1;

Ehbcktmves

1:

Mitrejuáëe

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 Ns rca rcarns rns jc ictmqucttc ictmqucttc  

0;

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearî hmhfmearîgmkns gmkns

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Zcln 3 ‛ N kelui mknáëe in fmtcrn fmtcrnturn turn  

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Ehbcktmves

07

Mitrejuáëe

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3.>. 3.>. A Aíic íicres res fmtcrîrmes c aíicres jm skursm ves

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3.8. 3.8. E Ess aíicres fm tcrîrmes kele rcsuftnje jn nktmvm jnjc jc kfnssmgmknr tcxtes

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3.;. 3.;. L Lejes ejes fmtcrîrmes, aíicres fmt fmtcrî crîrmes rmes c suhaíicres fmt fmtcrî crîrmes rmes

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3.:.. Tecsmn c pr 3.: presn esn

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3.3. Aíicres fmtcrîrmes c `ermzeitcs jc cxpcktntmvn

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Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearî hmhfmearîgmkns gmkns

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Hmhfmearngmn acrnf

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Mitrejuáëe

Ie prearnln jcstn uimjnjc kurrmkufnr, prepeles es kmike tclns scaumitcs2 - Keikcmtes c lejcfes l ejcfes keluimknkmeinms? - Xcarns jc keluimknáëe? - Ermcitnáócs pnrn n cskrmtn jc tcxtes sehrc tclns jc jcscivefv jcscivefvmlcite? mlcite? - N keluimknáëe in mitcrict? - N keluimknáëe in fmtcrnturn. Es keitcòjes quc mitcarnl knjn ul jcstcs tclns sëe vnrmnjes c `ctcreaíices, lns iëe csaetnl, cvmjcitclcitc, e quc `î n snhcr ie èlhmte jc knjn ul jcfcs. Es kmike tclns keigmaurnl, tejnvmn, ul pcrkurse keikchmje jc lnicmrn n quc, kel hnsc iuln guijnlcitnáëe tcûrmkn njcqunjn, e cstujnitc pessn kelprccijcr e kelpfcxe gciûlcie jn keluimknáëe. [c es ehbcktmves quc sëe prepestes gercl ntmiamjes, krcles quc e cstujnitc jetnr-sc-î jc keikcmtes c kelpctâikmns quc f`c pcrlmtcl, iëe npcins ninfmsnr es lejes c es lcmes pcfes qunms sc prekcssn n keluimknáëe ins nktunms sekmcjnjcs `ulnins, lns, sehrctuje, keluimknr lnms cgmknzlcitc, qucr ie pfnie jn cskrmtn, qucr ie pfnie jn ernfmjnjc. Trctcijc-sc, jcstc leje, pnrtmr jc qucstócs jc inturczn tcûrmkn (n nprcscitnáëe jc lejcfes keluimknkmeinms c jes prmikmpnms keikcmtes kel quc sc rcfnkmeinl) pnrn rcgfcktmr sehrc tclns kele ns ierlns quc rcacl ns iessns keivcrsns quetmjmnins, es prckcmtes n tcr cl keismjcrnáëe qunije sc prctcijc cskrcvcr ul tcxte cxtcise kel knrîktcr nraulcitntmve, ns ierlns jc keijutn quc sc jcvc scaumr qunije keluimknles ntrnvís jn mitcrict, c ns cxpcktntmvns quc sc acrnl iul fcmter cl guiáëe je aíicre fmtcrîrme cl quc sc miscrc e tcxte quc cfc sc prcpnrn pnrn fcr.

 

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Zcln > ‛ Keikcmtes c lejcfes keluimknkmeinms kelui mknkmeinms 

 

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Ehbcktmves 

Ie gminf jcstc tcln, e cstujnitc jcvcrî cstnr npte n  jcgmimr e keikcmte jc keluimknáëe?  jmstmiaumr keluimknáëe vcrhnf jc keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf? 

 cxpfmkmtnr ns preprmcjnjcs lnms rcfcvnitcs jc knjn ul jes lejcfes jc



keluimknáëe cstujnjes cstujnjes??  rckei`ckcr ns prmikmpnms jmgcrciáns citrc ns cskefns cl quc sc miscrcl m iscrcl

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csscs lejcfes keluimkntmv keluimkntmves? es?  jmstmiaumr jmgcrcitcs tmpes jc sminms (mijìkme, smaie c sìlhefe).



 

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>. >.>. >. K Kelui eluimknáëe2 mknáëe2 jcgm jcgmimáëe imáëe c knrnktcrmzn knrnktcrm znáëe áëe

N keluimknáëe  keismstc in trnislmssëe jc keitcòjes citrc juns citmjnjcs. Iëe jmzcles quc, icstc prekcsse jc trnislmssëe, cstëe ickcssnrmnlcitc civefvmjes scrcs `ulnies perquc es nimlnms tnlhíl keluimknl (rckerjc-sc ns ‖jniáns“ jns nhcf`ns, n ‖fmiaunacl“ jes aefgmi`es c jns hnfcmns, c e fnjrnr jes këcs, citrc lumtes eutres cxclpfes). Zejnvmn, ne feiae jcstn uimjnjc kurrmkufnr, n iessn prcekupnáëe rcknmrî cxkfusmvnlcitc sehrc n keluimknáëe `ulnin, mste í, citrc scrcs `ulnies. ^unite nes keitcòjes suskcptìvcms jc scrcl trnislmtmjes, cfcs pejcl scr lumte jmvcrses2 migerlnáócs, scitmlcites, mjcmns, erjcis, epmimócs, ctk. E smaimgmknje ctmlefûamke jn pnfnvrn keluimknr   crn ‖púr cl kelul, jmvmjmr, pnrtmf`nr“. C, jc gnkte , `î keluimknáëe sclprc quc ul mijmvìjue pnrtmf`n kel eutre(s) ul jctcrlminje keitcòje.

N keluimknáëe í uln nktmvmjnjc csscikmnf pnrn n vmjn cl sekmcjnjc. Iëe í vcresìlmf quc pujísscles sehrcvmvcr, qucr ciqunite mijmvìjues, qucr ciqunite keluimjnjcs, sc iëe `euvcssc qunfqucr tmpe jc keluimknáëe citrc es scrcs `ulnies. N inrrntmvn hìhfmkn jn terrc jc Hnhcf cvmjcikmn quc n gnftn jc keluimknáëe (vcrhnf, icssc knse) mivmnhmfmzn n keisckuáëe jc prebcktes quc cxmacl n keepcrnáëe jes scrcs `ulnies. Jnjn n jcslcjmjn nlhmáëe jes `elcis (prctcijmnl keistrumr uln terrc quc ntmiamssc e kíu, pnrn, jcssc leje, sc maunfnrcl n Jcus), e knstmae jmvmie keismstmu cl gnzcr kel quc knjn `elcl gnfnssc uln fìiaun jmgcrcitc, mlpcjmije quc ntmiamsscl e scu ehbcktmve  bustnlcitc perquc perquc gmknrnl mlpess mlpessmhmfmtnjes mhmfmtnjes jc keluimknr citrc sm. N keluimknáëe vcrhnf (eu scbn, n keluimknáëe quc sc cgcktmvn kel rckurse äs fìiauns inturnms, kele e pertuauâs, e miafâs, e grnikâs, ctk.) keistmtum, scl jòvmjn, n gerln jc keluimknáëe lnms mlpertnitc ins sekmcjnjcs `ulnins, qucr cl tcrles qunitmtntmves (per keistmtumr e leje jc keluimknáëe lnms grcqucitc c lnms kelul), qucr cl tcrles qunfmtntmves (jcvmje ä cxtrnerjmiîrmn rmquczn c kelpfcxmjnjc jes keitcòjes quc pcrlmtc keluimknr).  

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Zejnvmn, nfíl jn keluimknáëe vcrhnf, `î lumtns eutrns gerlns jc es scrcs `ulnies trnislmtmrcl migerlnáócs, scbn jc leje mitcikmeinf, scbn mivefuitnrmnlcitc2 per acstes eu eutre tmpe jc sminms (kele es je kûjmae jn cstrnjn, ns hnijcmrns in prnmn eu e kûjmae lersc), lns tnlhíl pcfn cxprcssëe gnkmnf, pcfn pesturn je kerpe, pcfn reupn quc sc vcstc, pcfe kertc jc knhcfe c pcitcnje quc sc usn, ctk. Í sehrc nfaulns qucstócs rcfntmvns ä keluimknáëe quc ies prepeles rcgfcktmr ne feiae jcstc prmlcmre tcln.

 

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>.8. Lejcfes keluimknkmeinms

Ne feiae jns suh-sckáócs quc mitcarnl cstn sckáëe, prekurnrcles cxpfmkmtnr c smstclntmznr ns mjcmns lnms rcfcvnitcs jc nfauis lejcfes keluimknkmeinms, mste í, jc tcermznáócs quc keistmtucl prepestns jc jcskrmáëe je leje kele sc prekcssn n keluimknáëe. >.8.>. N Cskefn Trekcssunf

E quc knrnktcrmzn n Cskefn Trekcssunf jns Zcermns jn Keluimknáëe í e leje fmicnr kele n keluimknáëe í keikchmjn2 cxmstc ul ehbckte (n lcisnacl) quc í civmnje per ul clmsser c, npûs pcrkerrcr ul jctcrlminje kninf, í rckchmje c mitcrprctnje per ul rckcpter. N keluimknáëe keismstc ie prekcsse jc trnispertnr , jc gnzcr k`canr cssc ehbckte ne scu nfve n pnrtmr jc ul peite jc ermacl. Ne feiae je pcrkurse, n lcisnacl pejc scr ngcktnjn per jmvcrses gnktercs c, per msse, pejc iëe k`canr ne jcstmintîrme ins lcf`ercs keijmáócs. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, csscs gnktercs (n reuqumjëe je fekuter, n surjcz je rckcpter, e cfcvnje vefulc jn lòsmkn iuln jmsketckn, e sel jc uln huzmin eu jc uln smrcic, ctk.) pejcl keijmkmeinr n qunfmjnjc jn rckcpáëe, pcfe quc n keluimknáëe pejc grnknssnr eu iëe sc jnr jc gerln tetnflcitc cgmknz. >.8.>.>. [`niiei c Qcnvcr

Kfnujc [`niiei (>=>7-844>) c Qnrrci Qcnvcr (>0=:->=10) hnscnrnl e scu lejcfe in scaumitc jcgmimáëe jc keluimknáëe2 trnislmssëe mitcikmeinf jc migerlnáëe citrc ul clmsser c ul rckcpter arnáns n uln lcisnacl quc kmrkufn ntrnvís jc ul kninf. N lcisnacl í kejmgmknjn iul smstcln jc sminms prcvmnlcitc cstnhcfckmje, scbn uln fìiaun inturnf (pertuauâs, cspni`ef, mtnfmnie, ctk.), scbn ul kûjmae kele e jn sminfmznáëe je trèismte (cl quc n ker c n gerln jes sminms tâl ul jctcrlminje smaimgmknje suskcptìvcf jc scr cxpfmkmtnje rckerrcije ä fmiaunacl vcrhnf), ctk.  

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E csqucln quc prepuscrnl  ‛ kg. maunflcitc Gmsoc (>==;2 84) eu [pcrhcr c Qmfsei (844>2 ;4) ‛ prctcijc rcprcscitnr r cprcscitnr qunfqucr nkte keluimkntmve.

sminf trnislmtmje lcisnacl

Geitc  Geitc 

Zrnislmsser  

ermacl jn lcisnacl  kejmgmknjer jn lcisnacl

lcisnacl sminf rckchmje

Kninf Kninf  

Xckcpter  

Xuìje Xuìje  

Jcstmintîrme Jcstmintîrme  

jcstmie jn lcisnacl  jcskejmgmknjer jn lcisnacl

Citrc es cfclcites quc ickcssnrmnlcitc mitcarnl e nkte jc keluimknr, `î quc jcstnknr quc cstcs nutercs jmstmiaucl n geitc  je trnislmsser , tnf kele jmstmiaucl e rckcpter  je  je jcstmintîrme. Tejcles keismjcrnr quc, in keluimknáëe vcrhnf, n geitc jn lcisnacl í n lcitc je subcmte gnfnitc c e trnislmsser jn lcisnacl n hekn (eu, lnms cxnktnlcitc, e npnrcf`e geinjer, rcspeisîvcf pcfn clmssëe jc sminms veknms)? c quc e rckcpter í keistmtuìje pcfes euvmjes je jcstmintîrme, scije e jcstmintîrme n lcitc je mijmvìjue n qucl í jmrmamjn n lcisnacl. Lns cstc lejcfe jn keluimknáëe í npfmkîvcf n qunfqucr nkte keluimkntmve, mikfusmvnlcitc ä keluimknáëe hnscnjn ies sminms je kûjmae jn cstrnjn, je kûjmae lersc, jn sminfmznáëe per hnijcmrns ins prnmns, ctk., c iëe npcins ä keluimknáëe vcrhnf. Iul nkte keluimkntmve cl quc sc utmfmzc e kûjmae lersc (per cxclpfe, citrc es trmpufnitcs jc jems invmes), í keikchìvcf quc n geitc jn lcisnacl scbn e kelnijnitc jc ul invme c e trnislmsser scbn e lnrmi`cmre ciknrrcanje jn guiáëe jc civmnr c rckchcr lcisnacis kejmgmknjns cl kûjmae lersc? c quc e rckcpter jcssn lcisnacl scbn tnlhíl ul lnrmi`cmre quc, ie eutre invme, jcsclpci`n ns lcslns guiáócs (civmnr c rckchcr cssns lcisnacis), c quc e jcstmintîrme scbn e kelnijnitc jcstc scauije invme.

 

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Lcsle in keluimknáëe vcrhnf pejcles keikchcr quc n geitc c e trnislmsser iëe scbnl n lcsln pcssen. N geitc pejc scr ul mij mijmvìjue mvìjue jmstmite je trnislmsser qunije n Hcrtn trnislmtc ä Kntnrmin ul rcknje jn Nin (icstc knse, n geitc í n Nin, e trnislmsser í n Hcrtn c e rckcpter/jcstmintîrme í n Kntnrmin), eu qunije, in mlprcisn, ul mijmvìjue í n geitc jc uln ietìkmn lns e trnislmsser í e berinfmstn quc n rcjmac c puhfmkn. E lnms grcqucitc in keluimknáëe vcrhnf, tejnvmn, í quc n geitc c e trnislmsser scbnl uln lcsln pcssen. Cl suln, n geitc  í e subcmte rcspeisîvcf pcfes keitcòjes n scrcl vcmkufnjes? e trnislmsser   kejmgmkn csscs keitcòjes iuln lcisnacl   (eu scbn, iuln scquâikmn jc sminms gmsmknlcitc lnimgcstnjes)? n lcisnacl í trnislmtmjn ntrnvís jc ul kninf , ul supertc gìsmke quc pejc scr e nr (ie knse jn keluimknáëe vcrhnf ernf), e pnpcf (ie knse jn keluimknáëe vcrhnf per cskrmte), es gmes jc tcfcgeic, ctk. E rckcpter  prekcjc   prekcjc jc leje mivcrse ne je trnislmsser, jcskejmgmknije es sminms jc leje n pcrlmtmr quc es keitcòjes jn lcisnacl scbnl rckchmjes pcfe jcstmintîrme . Cxclpfmgmqucles kel uln keivcrsn per tcfcgeic. N geitc í ul mijmvìjue quc gnfn? e trnislmsser   í e npnrcf`e jc tcfcgeic, quc trnislmtc es seis jc uln jnjn fìiaun inturnf (e pertuauâs, per cxclpfe) clmtmjes per cssc mijmvìjue seh n gerln jc mlpufses cfíktrmkes? e kninf  í e supertc gìsmke jcsscs mlpufses cfíktrmkes, eu scbn, es gmes quc pcrlmtcl quc csscs mlpufses sc jcsfequcl jcsjc e npnrcf`e jc tcfcgeic quc `î cl knsn je mijmvìjue quc keistmtum n geitc ntí ne npnrcf`e quc `î cl knsn je mijmvìjue quc keistmtum e jcstmintîrme? e rckcpter   í e npnrcf`e jc tcfcgeic je eutre mijmvìjue, quc jcskejmgmkn es mlpufses cfíktrmkes c es gnz k`canr ne jcstmintîrme  seh n gerln jc seis jn fìiaun pertuaucsn prejuzmjes pcfe mijmvìjue quc í n geitc. Icstn keikcpáëe, e ruìje í tuje nqumfe quc mikmjc sehrc e kninf c quc pcrturhn n keluimknáëe, n knptnáëe jn lcisnacl cl keijmáócs pcrgcmtns. Ie knse jc uln keivcrsn per tcfclûvcf, `î ruìje qunije n cxmstâikmn jc ‖peukn rcjc“ sc trnjuz in gnftn jc qunfmjnjc jn rckcpáëe jes seis c, cvcitunflcitc, cl n k`nlnjn ‖knmr“ eu ‖mr -sc nhnmxe“. In sckáëe scaumitc, npreguijnrcles e

keikcmte jc ruìje c vcrcles quc, in keikcpáëe jc Bnoehsei, cfc pejc nktunr cl jmgcrcitcs iìvcms2 iëe npcins sehrc e kninf jc keluimknáëe, lns tnlhíl sehrc es eutres cfclcites quc gnzcl pnrtc je nkte keluimkntmve.  

>4

 

>.8.>. >.8 .>.8. 8. Bnoehsei Bnoehs ei

Xelni Bnoehsei (>0=7->=08) mispmreu-sc ie lejcfe jc [`niiei c Qcnvcr. N sun prepestn mitcarn cfclcites bî prcvmstes in tcermznáëe jcstcs nutercs (clmsser, rckcpter, lcisnacl c keitnkte), c mikfum eutres ieves (keitcxte c kûjmae). [uhfmi`c-sc, maunflcitc, quc n pcrspcktmvn jc Bnoehsei í n jc ul fmiaumstn, pcfe quc e scu lejcfe sc npfmkn, cl prmlcmre fuanr, ä keluimknáëe vcrhnf (vcbn-sc, njmnitc, n guiáëe lctnfmiauìstmkn jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf). [cauije Bnoehsei, pnrn quc n keluimknáëe sc cgcktmvc, í ickcssîrme quc scms cfclcites cstcbnl prcscitcs ie nkte keluimkntmve  ‛  kg. tnlhíl Gmsoc (>==;2 33). Keitcxte Clmsser

Lcisnacl Keitnkte

Xckcpter

Kûjmae

E clmsser  (eu   (eu jcstminjer ) í e mijmvìjue rcspeisîvcf pcfe civme jc uln lcisnacl c e rckcpter   (eu jcstmintîrme ) í e mijmvìjue n qucl sc jmrmac n lcisnacl. N lcisnacl  í ul keibuite jc sminms gmsmknlcitc prejuzmjes. Ie knse jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf, n lcisnacl í keistmtuìjn per uln eu lnms pnfnvrns (scquâikmns jc seis c rcspcktmves smaimgmknjes) jmspestns scauije ns rcarns prûprmns jc knjn fìiaun inturnf, eu scbn, ehcjckcije äs ierlns jc ul jctcrlminje kûjmae , quc jcvc scr je kei`ckmlcite jc tejes es mijmvìjues civefvmjes ie nkte keluimkntmve. N lcisnacl rcgcrc-sc ickcssnrmnlcitc n ul keitcxte   (mste í, n jctcrlminjns citmjnjcs c äs suns nkáócs eu preprmcjnjcs) c kmrkufn per ul keitnkte (eu kninf jc keluimknáëe , mste í, ul lcme gìsmke quc scrvc jc

supertc ä kmrkufnáëe jes sminms quc keistmtucl n lcisnacl). Ie lejcfe jc Bnoehsei, e quc í ievmjnjc rcfntmvnlcitc ne kninf jc [`niiei c Qcnvcr, í quc e keitnkte keistmtum iëe npcins e lcme gìsmke quc pcrlmtc n trnislmssëe c n kmrkufnáëe jc lcisnacis, lns ciafehn, maunflcitc, ns fmanáócs jc inturczn  

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psmkefûamkn cxmstcitcs citrc clmsser c rckcpter. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, n knptnáëe gìsmkn jn lcisnacl í keijmáëe ickcssîrmn lns iëe sugmkmcitc pnrn quc sc cgcktmvc n keluimknáëe. [c ul mijmvìjue pcrauitn n eutre quc `erns sëe5 c rckchc kele rcspestn hnknf`nu kel intns, citëe iëe `euvc keitnkte n

iìvcf psmkefûamke quc pcrlmtmssc quc n keluimknáëe sc cstnhcfckcssc jc ul leje cgmknz, lcsle tcije `nvmje keitnkte n iìvcf lcrnlcitc gìsmke (e rckcpter euvmu n pcrauitn c rcspeijcu). ^unije nfauíl jmz quc gnfeu cl nf`es c e scu mitcrfekuter citcijcu huanf`es, vcrmgmkeu-sc uln gnf`n jc keluimknáëe quc sc jcvc ä gnftn jc keitnkte n iìvcf psmkefûamke citrc clmsser c rckcpter. Cxclpfmgmqucles kel e nkte keluimkntmve quc sc cstnhcfckc sclprc quc ul cstujnitc fâ n prcscitc sckáëe jcstc lniunf, cxpfmkmtnije knjn ul jes scms cfclcites. E clmsser  í  í e nuter jcstc tcxte c e rckcpter  í  í n pcssen quc e fâ. N lcisnacl í kelpestn pcfns fctrns (c eutres sminms, jc quc sëe cxclpfe n peitunáëe c es nkcites), pnfnvrns c grnscs quc kelpócl e tcxte. E kûjmae   suhbnkcitc ä lcisnacl í n fìiaun pertuaucsn. E keitcxte  n quc n lcisnacl jmz rcspcmte keismstc ies keitcòjes quc sëe vcmkufnjes2 icstn sckáëe, cstnles n jcskrcvcr e lejcfe jn keluimknáëe scauije Bnoehsei? í cstc lejcfe tcûrmke, pertnite, e keitcxte n quc sc rcgcrc n lcisnacl. E keitnkte   í e pnpcf cl quc cstëe mlprcssns ns fctrns, pnfnvrns c grnscs jcstc tcxte (sc e lniunf gem mlprcsse) eu e ckrë cl quc cfns sc nprcscitnl vmsìvcms (sc e lniunf cstmvcr n scr fmje jmrcktnlcitc ie leimter). Lns e keitnkte jmz rcspcmte tnlhíl äs keicxócs jc inturczn psmkefûamkn quc jcvcrëe cxmstmr citrc jcstminjer c jcstmintîrme. Cssns keicxócs jckerrcl, icstc knse, je gnkte jc ul scr jekcitc c e eutre cstujnitc, c jc nlhes cstnrcl n trntnr jc keitcòjes fckkmeinjes ie èlhmte jc uln jnjn jmskmpfmin. Bnoehsei iëe sc fmlmteu n tcermznr sehrc e leje kele sc prekcssn n keluimknáëe. Kel hnsc icstns rcgfcxócs, gerlufeu uln Zc Zcerm ermn n jns Guiáócs Guiáó cs jn Fmiaunacl Wcrhnf , mste í, prctcijcu fmstnr es ehbcktmves, ns gminfmjnjcs

keluimkntmvns suhbnkcitcs ne use jns fìiauns inturnms. N knjn cfclcite prcscitc ie nkte keluimkntmve kerrcspeijc, in sun pcrspcktmvn, uln jnjn guiáëe ‛ kg. tnlhíl Gmsoc (>==;2 33-31).

 

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Keitcxte (guiáëe rcgcrcikmnf) Clmsser Lcisnacl Xckcpter (guiáëe cletmvn) (guiáëe peítmkn) (guiáëe npcfntmvn) Keitnkte (guiáëe gîtmkn) Kûjmae (guiáëe lctnfmiauìstmkn)

[c n fmiaunacl mikmjmr prcgcrcikmnflcitc ie cfclcite clmsser , citëe cstnrcles cl prcscián jn guiáëe cletmvn (eu guiáëe cxprcssmvn) jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf. [uhfmi`c-sc quc jmzcles mikmjmr prcgcrcikmnflcitc  c iëe cxkfusmvnlcitc  perquc e lnms kelul í quc, iuln grnsc eu iul tcxte, `nbn

uln guiáëe jn fmiaunacl quc prcjelmin, clhern eutrns pessnl tnlhíl scr ntcstnjns. Cxclpfes jc tcxtes cl quc prcjelmin cstn guiáëe jn fmiaunacl sëe nqucfcs cl quc e jcstminjer cxprmlc es scus scitmlcites, es scus cstnjes jc cspìrmte, cl quc sc rcvcfn n eutrns pcssens. N pecsmn fìrmkn, e jmîrme c n knrtn pcssenf sëe aíicres jmskursmves cl quc cxmstc grcqucitclcitc e prcjelìime jn guiáëe cletmvn jn fmiaunacl? icfcs, ehscrvn-sc n cxprcssëe jn suhbcktmvmjnjc je scu nuter. ^unije n fmiaunacl mikmjc prmikmpnflcitc ie cfclcite rckcpter , cstnles cl prcscián jn guiáëe npcfntmvn  (eu guiáëe keintmvn) jn fmiaunacl. E ehbcktmve kel quc e jcstminjer utmfmzn n fmiaunacl keismstc, icstcs knses, cl migfucikmnr eu cl pcrsunjmr e jcstmintîrme, cl preveknr-f`c ul jctcrlminje cgcmte, cl fcvî-fe n namr keigerlc nqumfe quc e jcstminjer prctcijc. E jmskurse puhfmkmtîrme, nssml kele e jmskurse pefìtmke, scbn jc ul leje lnms jmrckte eu lnms mijmrckte, sëe cxclpfes cvmjcitcs je use jn fmiaunacl kel prcjelìime jn guiáëe keintmvn. [clprc quc n fmiaunacl mikmjc prcjelminitclcitc ie cfclcite keitcxte , cstnles cl prcscián jn guiáëe rcgcrcikmnf   (eu  guiáëe   migerlntmvn   eu, nmijn, guiáëe jcietntmvn). Icstcs knses, n lcisnacl

vcmkufn keitcòjes kel quc e jcstminjer prctcijc jcskrcvcr, jc leje ehbcktmve, n rcnfmjnjc, ntrnvís jn trnislmssëe jc migerlnáócs gnktunms. Ns

 

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ietìkmns keistmtucl ul aíicre jmskursmve cl quc prcjelmin cstn guiáëe jn fmiaunacl. [c n fmiaunacl mikmjmr prcgcrcikmnflcitc in lcisnacl , citëe cstnles cl prcscián jn guiáëe peítmkn. [maimgmkn mste quc n lcisnacl nprevcmtn eu k`nln n ntciáëe eu rclctc pnrn n gnkc lntcrmnf jes sminms, mste í, pnrn n seiermjnjc jns pnfnvrns (ie knse jn ernfmjnjc) eu pnrn n sun rcprcscitnáëe arîgmkn (ie knse jn cskrmtn) >. Es treknjmf`es, ns fcianfcians, n pecsmn quc kefekn cl rcfcve es seis jns pnfnvrns eu ntí kcrtes tìtufes jc berinms keistmtucl cxclpfes jc use jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf kel uln guiáëe peítmkn. ^unije sc nraulciteu quc ul kui`nje je citëe prmlcmre-lmimstre Nitûime Autcrrcs e tcrmn ntrnmáenje, ul berinf nprcsciteu e scaumitc tìtufe2 Autcrrcs nkui`nfnje 

Zrntn-sc jc ul use jn fmiaunacl quc rcgfcktc n guiáëe peítmkn, in lcjmjn cl quc sc bean kel ns pnfnvrns npui`nfnje  c kui`nje, jc leje n krmnr ul icefeamsle quc cxprmlc, iuln gerln nhrcvmnjn, e smaimgmknje jc ‖npui`nfnje pcfe kui`nje“. N mismstâikmn eu nprevcmtnlcite jn gnkc lntcrmnf

jns pnfnvrns pejc, pertnite, keigcrmr lnms cxprcssmvmjnjc ne quc sc prctcijc trnislmtmr. Tcfe quc gem jmte, iëe sc jcvc keiguijmr guiáëe peítmkn jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf kel pecsmn eu kel fmtcrnturn, clhern cstc use jn fmiaunacl kel n gminfmjnjc jc nprevcmtnr n sun gnkc lntcrmnf sc cikeitrc grcqucitclcitc in pecsmn, jcsmainjnlcitc, in rmln c ie rmtle jes vcrses. I”Es I”Es  Fusìnjns, n seiermjnjc jns pnfnvrns í nprevcmtnjn pnrn krmnr ul jctcrlminje cgcmte2 cl tejns ns suns cstregcs sc ehscrvn e csqucln rmlîtmke nhnhnhkk (vcbn-sc, n tìtufe jc cxclpfe, n òftmln pnfnvrn jc knjn vcrse jn prmlcmrn cstregc je prmlcmre knite2 nssminfnjes, Fusmtnin, invcanjes, Znprehnin, csgeránjes, `ulnin, cjmgmknrnl, suhfmlnrnl). > Es

sminms tâl uln gnkc lntcrmnf (gmsmknlcitc lnimgcstnjn) c uln gnkc keikcptunf (iëe lnimgcstnjn)? cstn gnkc keikcptunf kerrcspeijc ne scu smaimgmknje, ne keikcmte nhstrnkte quc rcsmjc ins iessns lcitcs. Sln pnfnvrn í kelpestn per uln scquâikmn jc seis (in ernfmjnjc) eu jc fctrns (in cskrmtn)  ‛   ‛  seis c fctrns gmsmknlcitc lnimgcstnjes  ‛    c per smaimgmknje (iëe lnimgcstnje) quc smstclntmknlcitc nssekmnles n  ‛ csscs seisul eu fctrns. Wcbn-sc njmnitc n sckáëe >.8.8.8. Tcmrkc, Eajci c Xmk`nrjs, [nussurc. [nussurc.   

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Ter eutre fnje, es vcrses sëe jcknssìfnhes `crûmkes, eu scbn, sëe keistmtuìjes per jcz sìfnhns lítrmkns c, qunite ne scu rmtle, `î sìfnhns tûimkns quc smstclntmknlcitc rckncl sehrc n 7.ª c n >4.ª sìfnhns lítrmkns. Wcbn-sc n cstregc mimkmnf j”Es j”Es Fusìnjns2

 Ns nrlns c es hnrócs nssminfnjes nssminfnjes ^uc jn Ekmjcitnf prnmn Fusmtnin Ter lnrcs iuikn jnitcs invcanjes Tnssnrnl nmijn nfíl jn Znprehnin, C cl pcrmaes c aucrrns csgeránjes Lnms je quc prelctmn n gerán `ulnin, Citrc acitc rcletn cjmgmknrnl Ieve rcmie, quc tnite suhfmlnrnl.

[c í kcrte quc n pecsmn gnz use jn lntcrmnfmjnjc jn pnfnvrn, tnlhíl ieutres aíicres jmskursmves cssc use í rckerrcitc (cl treknjmf`es, beaes jc pnfnvrns, fcianfcians c ntí cl tìtufes jc berinms). Iuln fcianfcian kele e rnte recu n ref`n jn anrrngn je rcm jn Xòssmn  prcjelmin n guiáëe peítmkn jn

fmiaunacl, uln vcz quc icfn sc usn uln sírmc jc pnfnvrns quc mikfucl ul jctcrlminje sel keiseièitmke jn fìiaun pertuaucsn. Jcstc leje, n jcsmaináëe jc guiáëe peítmkn  í migcfmz perquc rclctc jmrcktnlcitc pnrn n pecsmn, qunije e nprevcmtnlcite jn gnkc lntcrmnf jn lcisnacl í kelul n eutres uses, mikfusmvnlcitc je jelìime je quetmjmnie, je jmskurse berinfìstmke, je jmskurse pefìtmke  ‛ rckerjc-sc e sfeani pefìtmke M fmoc Moc, rctelnje cl Gmsoc (>==;2 31) ‛, ctk., c iëe npcins je tcxte fmtcrîrme. ^unije n fmiaunacl mikmjc prmikmpnflcitc ie keitnkte , cstnles cl prcscián jn guiáëe gîtmkn. Icstc knse, n fmiaunacl í utmfmznjn pnrn cstnhcfckcr c lnitcr nhcrtns ns vmns jc keluimknáëe citrc es mitcrfekutercs, pnrn keigmrlnr sc e kmrkumte jc keluimknáëe cstî n guikmeinr cgmknzlcitc. Ne tcfcgeic eu iuln keivcrsn prcscikmnf, í kelul euvmr e clmsser pcrauitnr cstî fî5  eu cstîs n euvmr-lc5  eu pcrkchcs5  eu nmijn cstîs n citcijcr5  Cstcs

ciuikmnjes tâl kele ehbcktmve vcrmgmknr sc cxmstc keitnkte citrc es mitcrfekutercs, eu scbn, sc n lcisnacl cstî n k`canr ne jcstmintîrme c sc cstî n scr njcqunjnlcitc mitcrprctnjn. Znlhíl uln keivcrsn sehrc e cstnje je  

>3

 

tclpe (ul cxclpfe je quc es miafcscs jcsmainl per slnff tnfo) jcsclpci`n lumtns vczcs cstn guiáëe jc lestrnr ne mitcrfekuter quc sc cstî jmspeiìvcf pnrn keivcrsnr kel cfc, quc e keitnkte n iìvcf psmkefûamke gem cstnhcfckmje. Cstns lnimgcstnáócs sëe mlpertnitcs cl jctcrlminjns smtunáócs, perqunite n nusâikmn jc keluimknáëe eu e smfâikme qunije sc cstî cl arupe pejc scr mitcrprctnje kele uln ntmtujc `estmf jn pnrtc jc nfauíl quc prcgcrc iëe cstnhcfckcr keitnkte. Gnfnr sehrc n lctcerefeamn pejc cqumvnfcr n iëe jmzcr (qunsc) injn, lns í scitmje per tejes kele gerln jc keluimknr n jmspeimhmfmjnjc pnrn gnfnr, pnrn ‖pnrtmf`nr“ nfae kel e mitcrfekuter (rckerjc -sc n

jcgmimáëe jc keluimknr )).. Ter gml, sclprc quc n fmiaunacl mikmjc prcjelminitclcitc sehrc e kûjmae , cstnles cl prcscián jn guiáëe lctnfmiauìstmkn. Icstc knse, n

fmiaunacl vcrhnf í utmfmznjn pnrn sc rcgcrmr n sm lcsln, ciqunite kûjmae jc quc ies scrvmles pnrn keluimknr. Ns arnlîtmkns, es preituîrmes ertearîgmkes c es jmkmeiîrmes keistmtucl, per jcgmimáëe, cxclpfes jc aíicres jmskursmves cl quc prcjelmin n guiáëe lctnfmiauìstmkn jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf. Cl tejes cfcs, n fmiaunacl í usnjn pnrn rcgfcktmr sehrc n prûprmn fmiaunacl, scbn cxpfmkmtnije ns rcarns smitîktmkns jc uln fìiaun, scbn cspckmgmknije n ertearngmn eu e smaimgmknje jc uln jnjn pnfnvrn. Ns jmskmpfmins jc fìiauns (Fìiaun Tertuaucsn, Miafâs, Grnikâs, Nfclëe, Cspni`ef, ctk.) c n Fmiauìstmkn, ciqunite kmâikmn quc sc jcjmkn ne cstuje jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf, sû cxmstcl perquc, kel uln fìiaun kele e pertuauâs, pejcles rcgcrmr-ies ä prûprmn fìiaun pertuaucsn. N cgmkîkmn jn keluimknáëe, tejnvmn, jcpcijc iëe sû jn prcscián jes scms cfclcites prcvmstes per Bnoehsei ie scu lejcfe, lns tnlhíl jn nusâikmn jc ruìje. Ter ruìje  citcijc-sc, cl Zcermn jn Keluimknáëe, qunfqucr gnkter quc pessn mitcrgcrmr kel n hen keluimknáëe, quc pessn keitrmhumr pnrn quc n keluimknáëe iëe sc prekcssc jc leje tetnflcitc cgmknz. E ruìje pejc nktunr n qunfqucr iìvcf2 - n iìvcf je clmsser2 qunije cstc gnfn jclnsmnje hnmxe pnrn e rckcpter e keiscaumr euvmr, eu qunije rcjmac ul tcxte kel uln knfmarngmn quc e jcstmintîrme iëe keiscauc rckei`ckcr c jckmgrnr? - n iìvcf je rckcpter2 qunije cstc, iuln nufn eu iuln keigcrâikmn, iëe lnimgcstn mitcrcssc pcfe quc cstî n scr jmte?

 

>7

 

- n iìvcf je keitcxte2 qunije e jcstminjer gnfn jc nssuites quc e jcstmintîrme jcskei`ckc per kelpfcte? - n iìvcf je kûjmae c jn lcisnacl2 qunije e jcstmintîrme jcskei`ckc n fìiaun c, keiscqucitclcitc, es sminms quc e jcstminjer utmfmzn pnrn keluimknr? - n iìvcf je keitnkte2 qunije e tcfclûvcf cstî scl rcjc eu kel eutrns mitcrgcrâikmns quc jmgmkuftcl n keluimknáëe. >.8.8. N Cskefn [clmûtmkn

[c n Cskefn Trekcssunf jns Zcermns jn Keluimknáëe kcitrn n ntciáëe in trnislmssëe jc uln lcisnacl jcsjc n sun ermacl ntí ne scu jcstmie, n Cskefn [clmûtmkn kcitrn n ntciáëe in keistruáëe je smaimgmknje n pnrtmr jns rcfnáócs citrc es sminms, qucl es clmtc, qucl es rckchc c nqumfe pnrn quc es sminms rclctcl. In Cskefn Trekcssunf, n lcisnacl í keikchmjn kele ul ehbckte nknhnje c n keluimknáëe keismstc cl anrnitmr quc cfn gnz e pcrkurse citrc qucl n clmtc c qucl n rckchc. In Cskefn [clmûtmkn, n keistruáëe je smaimgmknje jn lcisnacl í ul prekcsse lnms kelpfcxe quc civefvc ul keibuite jc rcfnáócs citrc es sminms, es scus rcgcrcitcs c es mijmvìjues civefvmjes ie nkte keluimkntmve. @î, pertnite, juns pcrspcktmvns jmstmitns micrcitcs n knjn uln jcstns cskefns2 «uln quc keismjcrn n fmiaunacl kele lcrn migerlnáëe n scr mitcrprctnjn kele gnktes c n eutrn quc nkrcjmtn quc n fmiaunacl sc cikeitrn mlcrsn cl keitrmhute pcssenf¿8. [cauije e peite jc vmstn jn Cskefn [clmûtmkn, es sminms iëe sëe lcres vcìkufes quc trnispertnl n migerlnáëe jc ul mijmvìjue n eutre? knjn mijmvìjue keistrûm, kel hnsc ies scus snhcrcs c ins suns vmvâikmns, es scitmjes quc f`c pnrckc scr lnms njcqunje migcrmr eu nssekmnr ne keibuite jc sminms quc nprccijc.

8 

TCJXE, Clìfmn Xmhcmre (>==7), ‖Mitcrnkáëe vcrhnf“, mi GNXMN, Msnhcf @uh, ct nfmm nfmm,, Mitrejuáëe ä fmiauìstmkn acrnf c pertuaucsn, pertuaucsn, Fmshen, Knlmi`e, p. ::=. 

 

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>. >.8. 8.8. 8.>. >. Zmpes jc sminms2 mijìkm mijìkmes, es, sìlhefe s c smaies

N [clmûtmkn (eu [clmefeamn) í n jmskmpfmin quc cstujn es sminms c n sun utmfmznáëe ins sekmcjnjcs `ulnins. Sl sminf   í ul suhstmtute rcprcscitntmve jc nfae, í qunfqucr kemsn quc cstî cl vcz jc uln eutrn kemsn. N pnfnvrn këe  rcprcscitn e lnlìgcre jelístmke quc fnjrn. N hnijcmrn vcrlcf`n `nstcnjn in prnmn prcskrcvc n ‖premhmáëe jc telnr hni`e jc lnr“. E kìrkufe jc fuz vcrjc  ie sclîgere mijmkn quc ‖es keijutercs pejcl nvniánr“. Jcstc leje, n pnfnvrn këe, n hnijcmrn

vcrlcf`n c e sminf vcrjc ie sclîgere sëe sminms;. Ie èlhmte jn [clmûtmkn, í kestulc jmstmiaumr trâs tmpes jc sminms. Ter ul fnje, `î sminms inturnms , mste í, sminms quc suracl cspeitnicnlcitc, scl quc `nbn n mitcrvciáëe vefuitîrmn jc ul mijmvìjue c, per msse, scl quc n ekerrâikmn jcsscs sminms tci`n uln mitciáëe keluimkntmvn suhbnkcitc. E gule pejc scr mitcrprctnje kele sminf jc ‖geae“. Ns iuvcis icarns pejcl scr mitcrpr ctnjns ctnjns kele sminf jc ‖(pessmhmfmjnjc jc ekerrâikmn jc) k`uvn“. N tclpcrnturn cfcvnjn je kerpe (nkmln jes ;1² K) í mitcrprctnjn kele ‖gchrc“. Es sminms inturnms

keistmtucl mijìkmes  (eu ìijmkcs ). Ter eutre fnje, `î sminms nrtmgmkmnms , eu scbn, sminms quc sëe prejuzmjes per scrcs `ulnies kel uln mitciáëe keluimkntmvn suhbnkcit suhbnkcitc. c. Citrc es sminms nrtmgmkmnms, jmstmiauc-sc sìlhefe jc smaie, scauije ul krmtírme jc sclcf`nián citrc e sminf c nqumfe quc cfc rcprcscitn. E sìlhefe  í ul sminf nrtmgmkmnf quc lnitíl uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián eu jc ninfeamn kel e scu rcgcrcitc. E keikcmte nhstrnkte jc Bustmán í, ins sekmcjnjcs ekmjcitnms, rcprcscitnje per uln gmaurn gclmimin jc ef`es vcijnjes quc scaurn iuln lëe uln hnfnián c in eutrn uln cspnjn. Es ef`es vcijnjes smaimgmknl quc n Bustmán í kcan, trntnije tejes es kmjnjëes ; In

pcrspcktmvn jn Cskefn [clmûtmkn, tnlhíl «uln knsn, ul nutelûvcf, ul vcstmje eu ul gnte sëe nutâitmkes ehbcktes sclmûtmkes _mste í, sminms\ pcfe gnkte jc, n pnr jns guiáócs quc nsscaurnl (`nhmtnáëe, fekeleáëe, pretckáëe je kerpe), smaimgmknrcl ielcnjnlcitc ul jctcrlminje cstntute sekmnf, uln jctcrlminjn keikcpáëe ítmkn, ckeiûlmkn, cstítmkn. Jcstc leje, n [clmûtmkn tcl kele ehbckte jc cstuje ns kelpeicitcs cxprcssmvns eu smaimgmknitcs jns lnimgcstnáócs kufturnms, jcmxnije pnrn eutrns jmskmpfmins `ulnins (Ckeielmn, [ekmefeamn, Nitrepefeamn, Tsmkefeamn, @mstûrmn) nspcktes utmfmtîrmes, `mstûrmkes, ehbcktes cä jns lnimgcstnáócs kufturnms¿,guikmeinms, XEJXMASC[, Njrmnie Junrtclìtmkes (>==>),jes , Fmshen, Mitrejuáëe sclmûtmkn, sclmûtmkn Cjmtermnf Trcscián, p. 84.   

>0

 

kel mlpnrkmnfmjnjc. N hnfnián smaimgmkn quc n Bustmán pcsn ns narnvnitcs c ns ntciunitcs je ríu kel e ehbcktmve jc telnr uln jckmsëe. C n cspnjn smaimgmkn quc n Bustmán tcl e pejcr jc cxckutnr n scitcián quc pregcrc. Jcstc leje, citrc n mlnacl jcstn luf`cr c nqumfe quc cfn rcprcscitn (e keikcmte jc Bustmán) `î sclcf`niáns, `î uln rcfnáëe letmvnjn, mste í, cxmstc uln rcfnáëe jc ninfeamn citrc es keikcmtes c es vnfercs quc nssekmnles ä Bustmán c n mlnacl jn luf`cr jc ef`es vcijnjes. Eutre cxclpfe jc sìlhefe í n pnfnvrn kuke. Citrc n seiermjnjc jcstc sminf c e scu rcgcrcitc (uln cspíkmc jc pîssnre) cxmstc uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián, in lcjmjn cl quc es seis quc keistmtucl n gnkc lntcrmnf jn pnfnvrn sc nssclcf`nl nes seis quc e pîssnre prejuz qunije knitn. Ter cstn lcsln rnzëe, tejns ns eielntepcmns (kele tfml, kû-kû-rû-kû  c lmnu) c ns pnfnvrns eielntepcmkns (kele tmfmitnr, knknrcbnr   c lmnr ) jc qunfqucr fìiaun inturnf keistmtucl sìlhefes. E smaie  í, tnf kele e sìlhefe, ul sminf nrtmgmkmnf, lns iëe lnitíl uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián kel nqumfe quc rcgcrc. N pnfnvrn ante  í ul smaie fmiauìstmke perquc rclctc pnrn ul gcfmie jelístmke, c ici`uln knrnktcrìstmkn jcssc nimlnf ies fcvn n quc e jcsmaicles per cssn scquâikmn jc seis (ne keitrîrme je quc sc pnssn kel n pnfnvrn kuke, kele nknhîles jc vcr). N lnmermn jns pnfnvrns jns fìiauns keistmtucl smaies, uln vcz quc iëe cxmstc uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián eu jc ninfeamn citrc cfns c nqumfe quc rcgcrcl. Eutres cxclpfes jc smaies (icstc knse, iëe-fmiauìstmkes) sëe ns hnijcmrns quc, in prnmn, scrvcl pnrn jnr mijmknáócs rcfntmvnlcitc ne cstnje je lnr c es sclîgeres, pems citrc cstcs sminms c e quc cfcs rcprcscitnl iëe cxmstc qunfqucr rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián. Cl suln, scauije ul krmtírme hnscnje in cxmstâikmn eu iëe jc mitciáëe keluimkntmvn suhbnkcitc nes sminms prejuzmjes, jmstmiaumles sminms inturnms (es mijìkmes ) jc sminms nrtmgmkmnms (es smaies c es sìlhefes). [cauije ul krmtírme

hnscnje in cxmstâikmn eu iëe jc uln rcfnáëe jc ninfeamn citrc e sminf c nqumfe quc cfc rcgcrc, r cgcrc, jmstmiaumles smaies  jc sìlhefes . E jmnarnln scaumitc csquclntmzn ns jmstmiáócs citrc cstcs trâs tmpes jc sminms.

 

>=

 

Inturnms

[MINM[ 

Mijìkmes 

[ìlhefes

Nrtmgmkmnms [maies  

Jcgmimjes cstcs keikcmtes, í keivcimcitc snfmcitnr uln jmgmkufjnjc tcrlmiefûamkn2 e quc in trnjmáëe curepcmn ([nussurc) í jcsmainje per smaie  c per sìlhefe  í, in trnjmáëe niafe-nlcrmknin (Tcmrkc, Eajci c Xmk`nrjs), jcsmainje rcspcktmvnlcitc per sìlhefe c per ìkeic, kele sc mijmkn ie qunjre scaumitc: 3.

Zrnjmáëe curepcmn

Zrnjmáëe niafe-nlcrmknin niaf e-nlcrmknin

([clmefeamn)

([clmûtmkn)

[maie

cqumvnfc n

[ìlhefe

[ìlhefe

cqumvnfc n

Ìkeic

>.8.8. >.8 .8.8. 8. Tcmrk Tcmrkc, c, Eajci c Xmk`nrjs, Xmk`nrj s, [nussurc [nussu rc

K`nrfcs [nijcrs Tcmrkc (>0;=->=>:) prepús uln kfnssmgmknáëe trmpnrtmjn jc sminms, quc keikcptunflcitc kerrcspeijc ä quc cxpuscles in sckáëe nitcrmer, clhern kel juns jmgcrciáns tcrlmiefûamkns. [cauije cstc nuter, es trâs tmpes jc sminms sëe es ìijmkcs (eu es mijìkmes), es ìkeics c es sìlhefes.

: In

ehrn jc Gmsoc (>==;2 73-77), ielcnjnlcitc, ins pîamins jcjmknjns n Eajci c Xmk`nrjs, e keikcmte jc sìlhefe nì rcgcrmje kerrcspeijc ne keikcmte jc smaie tnf kele e jcgmimles (sminf nrtmgmkmnf quc iëe lnitíl uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián kel nqumfe quc jcsmain).  3   Znlhíl ins pîamins quc Gmsoc (>==;2 14-18) jcjmkn äs kntcaermns jc smaies (n trnjuáëec lnms njcqunjn scrmn ‖kntcaermns ‖kntcaermns jc sminms sminms“), e quc nì ísmaie jcsmainje per sìlhefe per ìkeic kerrcspeijc ne quc nknhîles jc“),jcgmimr kele c sìlhefe, rcspcktmvnlcitc.   

84

 

Es ìkeics (cqumvnfcitcs ne keikcmte jc sìlhefe, in tmpefeamn quc cxpfmkmtîles) sëe sminms quc lnitâl kel e rcgcrcitc uln rcfnáëe jc sclcf`nián. Es sìlhefes (cqumvnfcitcs ne keikcmte jc smaie, in tmpefeamn quc nprcscitîles), pcfe keitrîrme, sëe sminms quc iëe tâl qunfqucr ninfeamn kel nqumfe pnrn quc rclctcl ‛ vcr tnlhíl Gmsoc (>==;2 14-18). Gcrjminij jc [nussurc (>031->=>;), fmiaumstn suìáe acrnflcitc keismjcrnje e guijnjer jn Fmiauìstmkn lejcrin, rcgfcktmu sehrc e tmpe jc sminms quc prcjelmin in fmiaunacl vcrhnf2 es smaies. Trckmsnlcitc perquc iëe cxmstc uln rcfnáëe jc ninfeamn citrc n lnmermn jns pnfnvrns c nqumfe quc cfns rcgcrcl, cstc nuter keikfumu quc n fmanáëe citrc e smaie c e scu rcgcrcitc í uln keivciáëe. Cl pertuauâs, keivcikmeieu-sc jcsmainr per këe e lnlìgcre jelístmke quc fnjrn. Cl miafâs, keivcikmeieu-sc jcsmainr e lcsle nimlnf per jea, c cl grnikâs per k`mci. Zejes es gnfnitcs jc pertuauâs, jc miafâs c jc grnikâs sc suhlctcl ickcssnrmnlci ickcssnrmnlcitc tc n cssn keivciáëe. Lns í gnkmflcitc keikchìvcf n mjcmn jc quc, cl qunfqucr jcstns fìiauns, n scquâikmn jc seis usnjn pnrn ielcnr e nimlnf cl knusn pejcrmn scr eutrn. Kel hnsc icstn keistntnáëe, [nussurc nraulciteu cl gnver je knrîktcr nrhmtrîrme (eu nrhmtrnrmcjnjc) je smaie fmiauìstmke2 n rcfnáëe citrc ul smaie fmiauìstmke c nqumfe quc cfc rcgcrc í nrhmtrîrmn (eu mletmvnjn), perquc injn ie rcgcrcitc mlpóc quc cfc scbn ielcnje per cssc smaie? jcstc leje, pejcrmn scr eutre e smaie usnje pnrn jcsmainr ul jnje rcgcrcitc. Zejnvmn, uln vcz nkcmtc n keivciáëe, ici`ul subcmte gnfnitc pejc, n tìtufe mijmvmjunf, nftcrî-fn, perquc sc uln pcssen pnssnssc n jcsmainr per ante  e nimlnf quc es gnfnitcs jc pertuauâs jcsmainl per këe, eutrn jcsmainssc per geaëe e cfcktrejelístmke quc, cl pertuauâs, sc jcsmain per tcfcvmser , c nssml sukcssmvnlcitc, citëe n keluimknáëe citrc es gnfnitcs jc uln jnjn fìiaun iëe scrmn pessìvcf. N rcfnáëe citrc e smaie c nqumfe quc cfc jcsmain í, per msse, smluftnicnlcitc nrhmtrîrmn c ickcssîrmn. N rcfnáëe ickcssîrmn citrc e smaie c e quc cfc rcgcrc anrnitc n keluimknhmfmjnjc citrc es gnfnitcs jc uln jnjn fìiaun. Iuln jns suns kífchrcs jmketelmns, snfmciteu n mjcmn jc quc es smaies fmiauìstmkes sëe kelpestes per ul smaimgmknitc c per ul smaimgmknje. E smaimgmknitc  kerrcspeijc ne sel eu scquâikmn jc seis jc uln pnfnvrn (eu ä scquâikmn jc fctrns kel quc cfn í rcprcscitnjn in cskrmtn) c e smaimgmknje ne  

8>

 

keikcmte mitcrmermznje in lcitc jes gnfnitcs quc cstî smstclntmknlcitc nssekmnje ne smaimgmknitc. Ie èlhmte jn fìiaun pertuaucsn, e smaimgmknitc jn pnfnvrn këe  kerrcspeijc ne keibuite jc seis quc prejuzmles qunije nrtmkufnles cstn pnfnvrn ie pfnie jn ernfmjnjc (eu ne keibuite jc fctrns quc jcsci`nles, ie pfnie jn cskrmtn). E smaimgmknje í e keikcmte jcssc nimlnf quc knjn gnfnitc tcl mitcrmermznje in sun lcitc, c quc pejc scr jcskrmte, per cxclpfe, kele ‖lnlìgcre jelístmke quc fnjrn“.  E trmèiaufe jn smaimgmknáëe prepeste per Eajci c Xmk`nrjs in sun ehrn Z`c lcnimia eg lcnimia , puhfmknjn cl >=8;, nbujn-ies n kelprccijcr n

keikcpáëe jc [nussurc je smaie fmiauìstmke c ns rcfnáócs qucr citrc es cfclcites quc e kelpócl (eu scbn, e smaimgmknitc c e smaimgmknje), qucr citrc cstcs c n rcnfmjnjc cxtrnfmiauìstmkn (mste í, e rcgcrcitc)  ‛  vcr tnlhíl Gmsoc (>==;2 77)2

[maimgmknje  

[maimgmknitc 

Xcgcrcitc  

E smaimgmknitc í n gnkc lnimgcstn je smaie fmiauìstmke, c rclctc jmrcktnlcitc pnrn e smaimgmknje, quc keistmtum n gnkc keikcptunf je smaie fmiauìstmke. E smaimgmknje, per scu turie, rclctc pnrn ul jctcrlminje rcgcrcitc. N rcfnáëe citrc smaimgmknitc c rcgcrcitc í rcprcscitnjn n trnkcbnje, uln vcz quc í lcjmnjn pcfe smaimgmknje? sû mijmrcktnlcitc e smaimgmknitc rclctc pnrn e rcgcrcitc. E smaimgmknitc c e smaimgmknje jc ul jctcrlminje smaie sëe keikcmtes micrcitcs äs fìiauns2 sû cxmstcl ie èlhmte jns fìiauns inturnms cl quc sëe utmfmznjes. E rcgcrcitc, pcfe keitrîrme, í uln rcnfmjnjc cxtcrin ä fìiaun2 cxmstc mijcpcijcitclcitcc jc `nvcr ul smaie quc e jcsmain. mijcpcijcitclcit

 

88

 

Tnrn kelprevnr cstn mjcmn, rckerjc-sc quc lumtes hmûfeaes nkrcjmtnl quc `î miòlcrns cspíkmcs jc nimlnms quc vmvcl cl `nhmtnts jc jmgìkmf nkcsse (per cxclpfe, ins gfercstns jn Nlnzûimn eu jn mf`n je Heriíu)? per scrcl nimlnms nmijn iëe kei`ckmjes pcfes scrcs `ulnies, iëe cxmstcl pnfnvrns quc es ielcmcl. Eu scbn, csscs nimlnms (mste í, csscs rcgcrcitcs) kcrtnlcitc cxmstcl, lns, perquc nmijn sëe jcskei`ckmjes pnrn iûs, `ulnies, iëe `î cl qunfqucr fìiaun quc gnfnles ul smaie (smaimgmknitc + smaimgmknje) quc smrvn pnrn es jcsmainr. [uhfmi`c-sc cstc peite2 e smaimgmknje jc uln jnjn pnfnvrn í ul keikcmte c e rcgcrcitc  jcssn pnfnvrn í uln citmjnjc jn rcnfmjnjc cxtrnfmiauìstmkn. E smaimgmknje jn pnfnvrn këe í e keikcmte jcssc nimlnf quc tcles nrlnzcinje  ins iessns lcitcs? e rcgcrcitc jn pnfnvrn këe í ul nimlnf jc quntre pntns quc fnjrn, quc hrmikn c n qucl pejcles gnzcr gcstns. Cstn jmgcrcián jc inturczn citrc smaimgmknje c rcgcrcitc pcrlmtmu quc Hcrtrnij Xusscff, ul gmfûsege miafâs je síkufe PP , pujcssc jmzcr quc «n pnfnvrn këe iëe fnjrn¿. Ne keitrîrme je quc ntrîs gmzcles, qunije jcskrcvcles e smaimgmknje jn pnfnvrn këe  kele ‖lnlìgcre jelístmke quc fnjrn“, [nussurc nraulciteu quc e smaimgmknje jc uln pnfnvrn jcvc scr keikchmje icantmvnlcitc c iëe pesmtmvnlcitc. E Cstruturnfmsle , kerrcitc jc pcisnlcite kmcitìgmke prckeimznjn per cstc nuter, jcgcijmn n mjcmn scauije n qunf es jmgcrcitcs cfclcites jc ul jnje smstcln jcvcl scr cstujnjes iëe jc leje msefnje eu per sm lcsles, lns cvmjcikmnije ns rcfnáócs quc lnitâl uis kel es eutres. [cauije n pcrspcktmvn cstruturnfmstn jc niîfmsc, knjn cfclcite je smstcln iëe vnfc per sm sû, lns npcins in sun rcfnáëe kel tejes es eutres cfclcites jcssc lcsle smstcln. Jmte jc eutre leje, knjn cfclcite je smstcln jcgmic-sc iëe pcfe quc í (pesmtmvnlcitc), lns per nqumfe quc es eutres iëe sëe (icantmvnlcit (icantmvnlcitc). c). C nssml, jc nkerje kel n pcrspcktmvn jc [nussurc, e smaimgmknje jn pnfnvrn këe kerrcspeijcrî iëe n ‖lnlìgcre jelístmke quc fnjrn“ (perquc cssn í uln jcskrmáëe pesmtmvn je smaimgmknje, sclcf`nitc äs quc cspcrnles cikeitrnr ies jmkmeiîrmes), lns ne quc iëe í e smaimgmknje jns pnfnvrns ante, rnte, perke, vnkn, cigml, ne quc iëe í e smaimgmknje jc tejns ns pnfnvrns quc

jcsmainl es lnlìgcres jelístmkes. Í nssml quc sc jctcrlmin, ie èlhmte jn pcrspcktmvn cstruturnfmstn, e smaimgmknje (eu e vnfer) jn pnfnvrn këe. E vnfer jc  

8;

 

uln pnfnvrn cstî jcpcijcitc, pertnite, jes vnfercs jc tejns ns eutrns pnfnvrns quc kecxmstcl iul jnje smstcln (per cxclpfe, e smstcln jns pnfnvrns quc jcsmainl lnlìgcres jelístmkes). >.8.8. >.8 .8.;. ;. Qntzfnwmko Qntzfnwm ko

Tnuf Qntzfnwmko (>=8>-8441) gem ul nuter rcfcvnitc ie èlhmte jn Zcermn jn Keluimknáëe. [cauije cstc nuter, suhbnkcitc ä keluimknáëe, í pessìvcf jctcktnr es scaumitcs kmike nxmelns2 n) Í mlpessìvcf iëe keluimknr  

Zejes es scrcs `ulnies cvmjcikmnl, cl qunfqucr lelcite, ul jctcrlminje

kelpertnlcite.

E

‖iëe-kelpertnlcite“,

e

mivcrse

je

kelpertnlcite, smlpfcslcitc iëe cxmstc. Zejes iûs cstnles keistnitclcit keistnitclcitcc n kelpertnrle-ies jc nfauln gerln, c tnms kelpertnlcites (per cxclpfe, lnitcrle-ies knfnjes jurnitc uln keivcrsn sehrc pefìtmkn, ef`nrles jc uln jctcrlminjn lnicmrn e iesse mitcrfekuter, keánrles n tcstn, gmknrles mlûvcms, knlmi`nrles nprcssnjn eu vnanresnlcitc, vcstmrle-ies kel gnte c arnvntn, ctk.) sëe suskcptìvcms jc scrcl mitcrprctnje mitcrprctnjes, s, jc tcrcl ul smaimgmknje. In gerlufnáëe jcstc nxmeln, e keikcmte jc keluimknáëe í pcrspcktmvnje iëe npcins n iìvcf jn fmiaunacl vcrhnf, lns kele keistruáëe eu migcrâikmn jc scitmjes n pnrtmr jc qunfqucr kelpertnlcite eu ntmtujc, lcsle quc scbn iëe-vcrhnf. Wcbnles, ntrnvís jc nfauis cxclpfes, jc quc leje es kelpertnlcites c ntmtujcs pejcl scr mitcrprctnjes. Iuln snfn jc nufn, n ntmtujc jc cskef`cr uln knjcmrn pnrn sc scitnr in prmlcmrn gmfn pejc smaimgmknr quc e cstujnitc cstî mitcrcssnje cl euvmr kel ntciáëe e quc vnm scr jmte (eu quc cstî mitcrcssnje cl quc e pregcsser bufauc msse)? bî n cskef`n jc ul fuanr in òftmln gmfn pejc qucrcr jmzcr quc cssc cstujnitc prctcijc pnssnr jcspcrkchmje in nufn, cvcitunflcitc pnrn sc jcjmknr n eutrns nktmvmjnjcs quc iëe n jc euvmr kel ntciáëe e quc e pregcsser vnm jmzcr. Ef`nr gmxnlcitc pnrn e knjcrie jc npeitnlcites ciqunite e pregcsser kefekn qucstócs nes nfuies pejc scr mitcrprctnje kele gnftn jc veitnjc jc rcspeijcr n cssns qucstócs eu jc mitcrvmr in jmskussëe, eu smlpfcslcitc kele tmlmjcz c mitrevcrsëe. Nrrulnr es  

8:

 

fmvres c knjcries lcsle nitcs jc e pregcsser tcr tcrlminje jc gnfnr pejc rcvcfnr veitnjc jc snmr rnpmjnlcitc jn snfn jc nufn eu jcsmitcrcssc rcfntmvnlcitc ne quc cfc cstî n jmzcr. Cl suln, qunfqucr kelpertnlcite (lcsle quc scbn iëe-vcrhnf), qunfqucr ntmtujc eu qunfqucr acste pejc keistmtumr ul sminf, perquc, kel hnsc icfcs, pejcles migcrmr ul jctcrlminje smaimgmknje. Keluimknles cl qunfqucr smtunáëe, lcsle jc hekn gck`njn c nhsefutnlcitc pnssmves. Jnì quc, scauije cstn pcrspcktmvn, ies scbn mlpessìvcf iëe keluimknr. h) N h)  N ke kelu lu im imkná knáëe ëe cit citrr c es e s scr scrcs cs `ulni `u lnies es í ssml mluf uftni tnicnlci cnlcitc tc j jmm am amtt nf c ninfûamkn

Cstn keistntnáëe í uln keiscquâikmn je prmlcmre nxmeln2 sc keluimknles lcsle qunije cstnles qumctes c knfnjes, citëe sclprc quc keluimknles vcrhnflcitc keluimknles jc juns lnicmrns. N keluimknáëe quc Qntzfnwmko jmz scr jc tmpe jmamtnf í n keluimknáëe vcrhnf, c n keluimknáëe jc tmpe ninfûamke í n keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf. N keluimknáëe vcrhnf í acrnflcitc nkelpni`njn jc cfclcites iëe-vcrhnms, cfclcites quc, lumtns vczcs, rcgeránl e quc í jmte vcrhnflcitc. E tel jc vez lnms cfcvnje c ul acste, per cxclpfe, pejcl rcgeránr n uraâikmn jc uln jnjn erjcl c n mlpnkmâikmn jc qucl cstî n gnfnr. Znlhíl e smfâikme pcrnitc uln pcrauitn c n lnmer eu lcier prexmlmjnjc gìsmkn ciqunite sc gnfn kel nfauíl sëe ntmtujcs c kelpertnlcites jc quc sc pejc jcjuzmr ul jctcrlminje smaimgmknje. Jurnitc e nkte keluimkntmve, es mitcrfekutercs keluimknl keistnitclcitc keistnitclcitc per cssns juns vmns. k) Zejes es nktes keluimkntmves cvmjcikmnl jems nspcktes2 e keitcòje keit còje c n rcfnáëe  rcfnáëe 

^unije

keluimknles

vcrhnflcitc,

jmrmamles

ul

keibuite

jc

migerlnáócs ne iesse mitcrfekuter. Lns, nfíl jcssns migerlnáócs, keluimknles nfae lnms2 keluimknles tnlhíl e leje kele pcrkcpkmeinles n rcfnáëe quc lnitcles kel cfc. [c jnles uln erjcl, keluimknles quc, inqucfn smtunáëe pcfe lcies, scitmle-ies cl pesmáëe jc cxmamr je mitcrfekuter quc ies ehcjcán. Tcfe keitrîrme, sc gnzcles ul pcjmje, keluimknles quc, npcsnr jc prctcijcrles  

83

 

quc cfc gnán nfae, iëe cstnles cl pesmáëe jc e cxmamr. E use jc gerlns jc trntnlcite (kele tu, vekâ, n sci`ern, sci`er jeuter, vessn cxkcfâikmn , ctk.) rcvcfn tnlhíl e tmpe jc rcfnáëe (smlítrmkn eu iëe) quc es jems mitcrfekutercs lnitâl citrc sm. ^unfqucr nkte keluimkntmve lnimgcstn, pertnite, lnms migerlnáócs je quc ns quc sëe fmtcrnflcitc keluimknjns in lcisnacl trnislmtmjn. Ie prûprme nkte keluimkntmve, e fekuter cvmjcikmn maunflcitc e tmpe jc rcfnáëe quc (bufan quc) lnitíl kel e scu mitcrfekuter. j) N j)  N kel k elui uimk mk náëe cit citrc rc scr scrcs cs `ul ` ulnie niess í sm smlít lítrr mk mkn n eu ke lp lpff clcitnr  clci tnr   

Cstc nxmeln jckerrc, cl pnrtc, je nitcrmer, in lcjmjn cl quc cspckmgmkn e tmpe jc rcfnáëe (smlítrmkn eu iëe) citrc es mitcrfekutercs. [c n rcfnáëe citrc es mijmvìjues quc keluimknl sc hnscmn in sclcf`nián (jc cstntute sekmnf, per cxclpfe), n keluimknáëe í smlítrmkn. [c cssn rcfnáëe sc hnscmn in jmgcrcián, citëe í kelpfclcitnr. Ie prmlcmre knse, n jmgcrcián í lmimlmznjn? ie scauije, cfn í rcgeránjn. r cgeránjn. Jmzcr quc uln rcfnáëe citrc jems mijmvìjues í jc tmpe kelpfclcitnr cqumvnfc, pertnite, n jmzcr quc ul cstî cl pesmáëe jc supcrmermjnjc c e eutre cl pesmáëe jc migcrmermjnjc (quc pejc scr jc inturczn sekmnf, kufturnf, ctk.). Sl cxclpfe jc rcfnáëe smlítrmkn keismstc ins rcfnáócs citrc kefcans jc pregmssëe (quc ekupcl e lcsle arnu in rcspcktmvn `mcrnrqumn) c citrc nlmaes. Cxclpfes jc rcfnáócs kelpfclcitnrcs sëe ns quc sc ehscrvnl citrc pnms c gmf`es, citrc líjmke c pnkmcitc, c citrc pregcsser c nfuie. c)  N int intur urczn czn jn r cfnáëe cfná ëe citr cit r c es mi mijm jmvìj vìj ue uess quc qu c ke kelu luim imknl knl jcpcijc je leje kele p eitunl eitu nl ns ns scquâikmns jc ciuik ciuikmnjes mnjes  

Lcsle quc ul jmîfeae, pcrspcktmvnje je cxtcrmer, pnrcán ul keitmiuul  mimitcrrupte jc ciuikmnjes, knjn mijmvìjue peitun (mste í, lnrkn) ns suns mitcrvciáócs ä sun lnicmrn. Xcgcrmle-ies, keikrctnlcitc, n jckmsócs kele, per cxclpfe, telnr n mimkmntmvn m imkmntmvn jc mitrejuzmr ul ieve tcln, lujnije nqucfc jc quc sc cstnvn n gnfnr, mitcrrelpcr e mitcrfekuter, ctk. Iul jmîfeae, cspckmnflcitc iul nkte keluimkntmve cl quc sc ehscrvn uln rcfnáëe kelpfclcitnr citrc es mitcrfekutercs, `î qucl lnrquc lnms vczcs e pcrkurse quc n keivcrsn scauc c `î qucl nknhc per sc fmlmtnr n  

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scaumr. Msse jctcrlmin n rcfnáëe (jc fmjcrnián eu jc jcpcijâikmn, per cxclpfe) citrc es mijmvìjues quc keluimknl, ne lcsle tclpe quc í ul prekcsse jctcrlminje per cssn lcsln rcfnáëe. Citrc es peites mlpertnitcs jn rcgfcxëe jc Qntzfnwmko, jcstnknles n micvmtnhmfmjnjc jc es scrcs `ulnies, cl qunfqucr smtunáëe, keluimknrcl, uln vcz quc teje e kelpertnlcite eu ntmtujc pejc scr mitcrprctnje kele ul sminf, mste í, smaimgmknr nfae ‛ vcr nxmelns n) c h) . Nfíl jcstc peite, snfmcitc-sc n pcrspcktmvn sekmefûamkn micrcitc ä niîfmsc jn keluimknáëe ‛ vcr nxmelns k) , j) c c)  ‛‛, suhfmi`nije vîrmes nspcktes2 - quc n rcfnáëe citrc es mijmvìjues quc keluimknl í cvmjcikmnjn ie nkte keluimkntmve? - quc n rcfnáëe citrc cfcs, per ul fnje, jctcrlmin e scu kelpertnlcite jurnitc e nkte keluimkntmve, c, per eutre, í jctcrlminjn per cssc lcsle kelpertnlcite. >. >.8. 8.;. ;. N nher nherjnacl jnacl keaim tmvn jc [pcrhcr c Qmfsei

N Zcermn jn Xcfcvèikmn   jc Jni [pcrhcr c Jcmrjrc Qmfsei jckerrc jc uln nherjnacl mievnjern jn keluimknáëe `ulnin, hnscnije-sc in keaimáëe c ies prekcsses quc f`c cstëe nssekmnjes, jc quc sc snfmcitnl es prekcsses migcrcikmnms, mste í, es rnkmekìimes quc, pnrtmije jc nfaulns prclmssns,

ntmiacl jctcrlminjns keikfusócs. N keaimáëe `ulnin cstî ermcitnjn pnrn ntmiamr e lnmer cgcmte keitcxtunf pessìvcf kel e lcier csgeráe jc prekcssnlcite jn migerlnáëe pessìvcf. Icstn pcrspcktmvn, ul cgcmte keitcxtunf   keismstc hnsmknlcitc in nftcrnáëe jns mjcmns eu krciáns jc ul mijmvìjue. E ciuikmnje Knvnke [mfvn teleu pessc kele prcsmjcitc jn rcpòhfmkn npûs tcr vcikmje ns cfcmáócs jc 8447 , per

cxclpfe, tcl pcfe lcies es jems cgcmtes keitcxtunms scaumitcs2 n njmáëe jc uln ievn migerlnáëe ins iessns lcitcs (‖Knvnke [mfvn í e nktunf prcsmjcitc jn rcpòhfmkn pertuaucsn“) c e npnanlcite jc uln eutrn (‖Berac [nlpnme í e nktunf prcsmjcitc jn rcpòhfmkn pertuaucsn“). [uhfmi`c -sc quc, icstn tcermn, e

keitcxte í pcrspcktmvnje kele scije jc inturczn psmkefûamkn c iëe

 

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smtunkmeinf7  eu vcrhnf1. Ter msse, e cgcmte keitcxtunf jmz rcspcmte n nftcrnáócs keaimtmvns ies subcmtes gnfnitcs. E arnu jc rcfcvèikmn jc ul ciuikmnje jcpcijc jc jems gnktercs2 je cgcmte keitcxtunf preveknje pcfn migerlnáëe c je csgeráe ickcssîrme pnrn prekcssnr cssn migerlnáëe. ^unite lnmer ger e cgcmte keitcxtunf jc ul ciuikmnje (mste í, qunite lnmer c lnms micspcrnjn ger n nftcrnáëe jcsciknjcnjn per cssc ciuikmnje in lcitc je mitcrfekuter), lnmer í n rcfcvèikmn jcssc ciuikmnje. Ter eutre fnje, qunite lcier ger e csgeráe ickcssîrme pnrn ul mijmvìjue prekcssnr n migerlnáëe quc f`c cstî n scr keluimknjn (eu scbn, qunite lnms gîkmf ger mitcrprctnr c nrlnzcinr in sun lcitc es keitcòjes quc f`c cstëe n scr trnislmtmjes), lnmer í n rcfcvèikmn jcssc ciuikmnje. Jcstc leje, ul ciuikmnje í tnite lnms rcfcvnitc qunite lnmer ger e scu cgcmte keitcxtunf c qunite lcier ger e csgeráe keaimtmve per cfc cxmamje . N rcfcvèikmn í, pertnite, uln preprmcjnjc psmkefûamkn quc sc

knrnktcrmzn pcfn sun inturczn arnjuîvcf. N >> jc [ctclhre jc 844>, n ietìkmn jc quc jems nvmócs jc pnssnacmres clhntcrnl keitrn ns terrcs aílcns je Qerfj Zrnjc Kcitcr cl Ievn Merquc tcvc, ins sekmcjnjcs ekmjcitnms pcfe lcies, ul cfcvnjìssmle arnu jc rcfcvèikmn, perquc e scu cgcmte keitcxtunf gem cierlc, qucr pcfe knrîktcr micspcrnje je nkeitckmlcite, qucr pcfns nftcrnáócs suskmtnjns ins iessns mjcmns c krciáns. Lns n Zcermn jn Xcfcvèikmn, ne rcnfánr n mlpertèikmn jns migcrâikmns pnrn n mitcrprctnáëe jes ciuikmnjes, suhfmi`n eutre peite jckmsmve. In keluimknáëe vcrhnf, `î grcqucitclcitc ul anp, ul cspnáe iëe prccik`mje citrc e quc í jmte c e quc í mitcikmeinflcitc keluimknje pcfe fekuter (c mitcrprctnje pcfe mitcrfekuter). E rnkmekìime migcrcikmnf gnz n peitc sehrc cssc cspnáe iëe prccik`mje, pcrlmtmije quc n keluimknáëe scbn cgmknz. Mfustrcles kel ul cxclpfe2

7 E

keitcxte smtunkmeinf í jcgmimje pcfes mitcrvcimcitcs ie nkte keluimkntmve (fekuter, mitcrfekutercs c rcspcktmves pnpíms sekmnms  ‛   ‛  ‖nlmaes“, ‖nvû-ictn ‖nvû-ictn“, “, ‖pregcsser -nfuie“, ‖líjmke--pnkmcitc“, ctk.), nssml kele pcfe tclpe c pcfe cspnáe cl quc sc gnfn, pcfe ‖líjmke tcln jn keivcrsn, ctk.í  jcfmlmtnje pcfes ciuikmnjes quc ekerrcrnl nitcs jc ul 1  E keitcxte vcrhnf jctcrlminje ciuikmnje c per tejes nqucfcs quc sc f`c scaumrëe.    

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 N ‛ Wnles ne kmicln feae ä iemtc5 H ‛Zci`e jc cstujnr pnrn e cxnlc jc nlni`ë.  N ‛ Citëe kelhminles mr iul jmn cl quc pessns.

H iëe rcspeijcu jmrcktnlcitc ä pcrauitn jc N? ul cxclpfe jc rcspestn jmrcktn scrmn ‖Iëe pesse, pe r quc quc tci`e jc cstujnr pnrn e cxnlc jc nlni`ë“. Zejnvmn, N keiscaumu mitcrprctnr n rckusn jc H ne scu keivmtc. Znf gem pessìvcf

perquc N prekcjcu n ul rnkmekìime migcrcikmnf je tmpe jc ‖e tclpe rcqucrmje pnrn cstujnr pnrn ul cxnlc ie jmn scaumitc pnrckc scr mikelpntìvcf kel ns juns eu trâs `erns ickcssîrmns pnrn uln mjn ne kmicln? feae, mr ne kmicln c cstujnr pnrn cssc cxnlc sëe nktmvmjnjcs mikeikmfmîvcms? jcjuze, per msse, quc H cstî n rckusnr e lcu keivmtc perquc `ebc ickcssmtn jc tclpe pnrn cstujnr“.  

Lns citrc e quc H fmtcrnflcitc rcspeijcu c e quc prctcijcu keluimknr (c N tcvc n knpnkmjnjc jc mitcrprctnr) `î ul cspnáe cl hrnike quc N prccik`cu rckerrcije n lcknimsles jc inturczn migcrcikmnf. Jc gnkte, kelprccijcr ul ciuikmnje civefvc grcqucitclcitc keistrumr c keigmrlnr (eu migmrlnr) uln eu lnms `mpûtcscs nkcrkn jn mitciáëe keluimkntmvn je fekuter. ^unije keluimknles vcrhnflcitc, cstnles keistnitclcitc n rcnfmznr migcrâikmns   jcstc tmpe. Tcisc-sc cl pcjmjes mijmrcktes vcmkufnjes per

ciuikmnjes je tmpe jc Zcis fulc5 (cl quc sc sefmkmtn quc e mitcrfekuter ies pcrlmtn nkcijcr e kmanrre, c iëe quc sc fmlmtc n migerlnr sc tcl msqucmre) eu jc Cstî knfer nqum, iëe cstî5  (qunije e ehbcktmve je fekuter iëe í npcins

kelcitnr n tclpcrnturn quc sc gnz scitmr, lns nitcs quc sc nhrn uln bnicfn je kelpnrtmlcite cl quc sc cstî eu quc sc fmauc e npnrcf`e jc nr keijmkmeinje). Znlhíl rckurses cstmfìstmkes kele n lctîgern c n mreimn rcqucrcl ickcssnrmnlcitc ul rnkmekìime jc tmpe migcrcikmnf pnrn scrcl njcqunjnlcitc mitcrprctnjes. Xcpnrc-sc kele cstn prepestn sc jmstnikmn jc eutrns quc ntrîs cxpfmkmtîles  ‛  cl cspckmnf jes lejcfes jn Cskefn Trekcssunf  ‛  pcfe pnpcf jctcrlminitc quc icfn í keigcrmje ne rckcpter jn lcisnacl (ciqunite mijmvìjue quc (rc)keistrûm es keitcòjes quc e fekuter prctcijc vcmkufnr), cl keitrnstc kel e pnpcf pnssmve quc e lcsle cfclcite tcl ins keikcpáócs jc [`niiei c Qcnvcr c jc Bnoehsei.

 

8=

 

>. >.;. ;. Keluimk Keluimknáëe náëe iëe-vcrhnf

^unije gnfnles jc keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf rcgcrmle-ies n tejes es sminms quc sëe iëe-vcrhnms, mste í, nes sminms iëe-fmiauìstmkes. Cstn jcgmimáëe mikfum, per cxclpfe, es sminms je kûjmae jn cstrnjn, n sminfmznáëe per hnijcmrns ins prnmns, e kûjmae lersc, n sminfmznáëe per gule quc crn utmfmznjn pcfes ìijmes jn Nlírmkn je Iertc, kcrtns pfnkns quc mijmknl n cxmstâikmn jc cstnhcfckmlcites kelcrkmnms (kele ns gnrlîkmns, acrnflcitc nssminfnjns per ul kruz vcrjc), ctk. Icstn sckáëe, tejnvmn, telnrcles e keikcmte jc keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf jc uln gerln lnms rcstrmtn, pcfe quc nherjnrcles npcins es sminms ntcstnjes ies prûprmes subcmtes gnfnitcs c quc sëe suskcptìvcms jc scr mitcrprctnjes2 e vefulc jc vez cfcvnje quc smaimgmkn ‖mrrmtnáëe, mrn“? e hekcbe quc sm aimgmkn ‖seiefâikmn, jcsmitcrcssc pcfe quc cstî n scr jmte“? e nkcinr jc knhcán quc smaimgmkn ‖sml“? ctk. 

Nrayfc (>=18) fmsteu jcz tmpes jc sminms quc pejcl scr mitcrprctnjes ies gnfnitcs. N scaumr, prepele-ies cxpfmkmtî-fes. Cstns rcgfcxócs jcvcl scr kelpfctnjns kel n fcmturn jns pîamins mijmknjns jn ehrn jc Gmsoc (>==;2 =3-==), ins qunms sc cxpócl mlpertnitcs migerlnáócs kelpfclcitnrcs. M. Keitnkte Keitnkte gmsmke gm smke

Zeknr ie mitcrfekuter mijmkmn quc sc trntn jc nfauíl kel qucl sc tcl uln rcfnáëe jc nlmznjc eu jc nfauln gnlmfmnrmjnjc. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, n prexmlmjnjc gìsmkn jckerrc jn prexmlmjnjc jn rcfnáëe quc es mitcrfekutercs lnitâl. Inturnflcitc, e feknf je kerpe eijc sc tekn (c e leje kele sc tekn) jurnitc n keivcrsn tnlhíl í rcfcvnitc, perqunite í suskcptìvcf jc sminfmznr e tmpe jc rcfnáëe (lnms eu lcies gnlmfmnr eu ìitmln) quc cxmstc citrc es gnfnitcs. Sl tequc in gnkc pnrckc mijmknr lnms mitmlmjnjc je quc ul tequc ie hrnáe eu ie elhre. Zejnvmn, e leje kele sc tekn (per cxclpfe, kel lnms eu lcies tcriurn) pejc scr maunflcitc rcvcfnjer je tmpe jc rcfnáëe. Nfíl jmsse, í

 

;4

 

prckmse tcr cl keismjcrnáëe qucl tekn c n qucl tekn (per cxclpfe, sc sc trntn jc ul `elcl eu jc uln luf`cr, quc mjnjcs tâl, ctk.). @î mlpertnitcs jmgcrciáns kufturnms citrc es peves n cstc iìvcf. Npnrcitclcitc, es peves je suf jn Curepn teknl-sc lnms ciqunite gnfnl je quc es peves je iertc jn Curepn. MM. Trexml Trexmlmjnjc mjnjc citrc es gnfnitcs

Znlhíl n jmstèikmn n quc ies kefeknles je iesse mitcrfekuter ciqunite gnfnles pejc scr mitcrprctnjn c rcvcfnr nfae nkcrkn je tmpe jc rcfnáëe (lnms eu lcies gnlmfmnr) citrc es mijmvìjues. Cl prmikìpme, qunite lnmer ger e arnu jc mitmlmjnjc quc lnitcles kel n pcssen kel qucl gnfnles, lnms gmsmknlcitc prûxmles cstnles jcssn pcssen, c vmkc-vcrsn. Znlhíl n cstc iìvcf `î jmgcrciáns mlpertnitcs citrc pcssens jc kufturns jmstmitns, jmgcrciáns cssns quc pejcl scr knusnjerns jc lnf citcijmjes c jc pcrturhnáócs in keluimknáëe. N Trexílmkn í n jmskmpfmin quc sc jcjmkn ne cstuje jns jmstèikmns citrc es mitcrfekutercs c jes smaimgmknjes quc cssns jmstèikmns pejcl tcr. MMM. Ermcitnáëe Ermcit náëe

E leje kele jmspeles e kerpe rcfntmvnlcitc ne iesse mitcrfekuter, jurnitc uln keivcrsn, tnlhíl pejc tcr ul smaimgmknje. E knse lnms cxtrcle pnrckc scr e jc vmrnr ns kestns n ul jes mitcrfekutercs qunije sc cstî n gnfnr cl arupe. [minf jc quc iëe sc cstî mitcrcssnje cl euvmr icl cl gnfnr kel nqucfc mitcrfekuter, cstn ntmtujc í grcqucitclcitc mitcrprctnjn kele ul nkte jc lî cjuknáëe eu, pcfe lcies, jc gnftn jc pefmjcz. MW. Npnrâikmn

E leje kele usnles e knhcfe c kele ies vcstmles í tnlhíl smaimgmkntmve. Sln npnrâikmn puio, kel knhcfes cl gerln jc krmstn c kel vcstuîrme prcjelminitclcitc jc ker prctn, pnrckc mijmknr vnfercs jc rcbcmáëe rcfntmvnlcitc ä sekmcjnjc lejcrin (jc tmpe ekmjcitnf) cl quc vmvcles. Ssnr gnte c arnvntn, eu reupn jc uln lnrkn prcstmamnjn c knrn, eu uln bûmn segmstmknjn sëe gerlns jc cvmjcikmnr (vefuitnrmnlcitc eu iëe) ul jctcrlminje cstntute sekmnf.  

;>

 

W. Levmlcit Levmlcites es jn knhcán

Es levmlcites lnms keluis sëe e jc nkcinr (ngmrlntmvnlcitc, rcvcfnije keikerjèikmn) eu jc nhninr n knhcán (icanije eu jmskerjnije je quc cstî n scr jmte).

WM. WM. Cxprcssëe gnkmnf Sl lnmer arnu jc nhcrturn jes ef`es, nkelpni`nje jc ul levmlcite

jns sehrnikcf`ns, pejc rcvcfnr surprcsn eu lcje, per cxclpfe. Buitnlcitc kel es ef`es, tnlhíl n hekn pejc rcvcfnr ul keibuite jc scitmlcites, jcsjc n nfcarmn ä trmstczn c ä jckcpáëe. WMM.. Acstes WMM

^unije gnfnles, rnrnlcitc cstnles kelpfctnlcitc mlehmfmznjes. E lnms kelul í lcxcrle-ies c acstmkufnrles kel ns lëes c es hrnáes. Csscs acstes pejcl tcr es lnms jmvcrses smaimgmknjes2 npeitnr uln jmrckáëe eu uln pcssen eu ul cjmgìkme (kel e hrnáe cstcijmje c e jcje mijmknjer cstmknje)? lnimgcstnr nfcarmn per cikeitrnr nfauíl (nhrmr es hrnáes lnimgcstnije veitnjc jc jnr ul nhrnáe)? nkcinr kulprmlcitnije (kel n lëe nhcrtn c fcvnitnjn)? ctk. Es acstes quc nkelpni`nl c rcgeránl n keluimknáëe vcrhnf sëe cstujnjes ie èlhmte jn jmskmpfmin jcsmainjn ^umiísmkn (eu Kmiísmkn). WMMM. WMM M. Testu Testurn rn

N pesturn jmz rcspcmte ne leje kele ies nprcscitnles ciqunite gnfnles kel nfauíl2 pejcles nprcscitnr-ies jc ul leje lnms rìamje eu tcise, eu jc ul leje lnms rcfnxnje eu jcskeitrnìje. E arnu jc gerlnfmjnjc jns smtunáócs (uln kcrmlûimn rcfmamesn í lnms gerlnf je quc ul cikeitre ie kngí kel es nlmaes? ul jmskurse je kelnijnit kelnijnitcc jn uimjnjc pcrnitc ns trepns in gerlnturn keistmtum uln smtunáëe lnms gerlnf je quc ul nfleáe cl gnlìfmn) c e rcfnkmeinlcite (lnms eu lcies gnlmfmnr) kel es iesses mitcrfekutercs sëe jems gnktercs quc keitrmhucl pnrn jctcrlminr e tmpe jc pesturn quc sc tcl.

 

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MP MP.. L Levmlcite evmlcite jes ef`es c keitnkte vmsunf Í grcqucitc ‖fcrles“ lcisnacis ies ef`es je mitcrfekuter. Jnì n lîxmln

scauije n qunf es ef`es sëe e cspcf`e jn nfln. E levmlcite jes ef`es c e keitnkte vmsunf iëe jcvcl scr pcrspcktmv pcrspcktmvnjes njes kele sminms msefnjes, lns ninfmsnjes cl keibuite kel n cxprcssëe gnkmnf, jc quc es ef`es sëe, pessmvcflcitc, es lnmercs rcspeisîvcms. P. Nspcktes Nspcktes iëe-vc iëe-vcrhnms rhnms je jmskurse

Wcbnles jc quc leje trâs nspcktes iëe-vcrhnms je jmskurse  ‛  n vcfekmjnjc jc jmkáëe, e setnquc c n (mi)kerrckáëe arnlntmknf  ‛  sëe suskcptìvcms suskcptìvc ms jc scr mitcrprctnjes. Sln lnmer vcfekmjnjc jc jmkáëe (eu scbn, uln lnmer vcfekmjnjc in nrtmkufnáëe jns pnfnvrns c jns grnscs) pejc pe jc mijmknr icrvesmsle eu cxkmtnáëe je fekuter. Ter eutre fnje, e setnquc í, grcqucitclcitc, rcvcfnjer je feknf jc ermacl je gnfnitc. Xcgmrn-sc, gminflcitc, quc n (mi)kerrckáëe arnlntmknf ntcstnjn ies ciuikmnjes jc qucl gnfn pejc mijmkmnr trntnr-sc jc uln pcssen kel ul arnu jc mistruáëe m istruáëe cfcvnje (eu hnmxe). Cstcs nspcktes jn keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf rnrnlcitc sëe mitcrprctnjes jc leje msefnje. E keitnkte gìsmke c es acstes, n prexmlmjnjc citrc e gnfnitcs c n ermcitnáëe jc ul rcfntmvnlcitc ne eutre, n cxprcssëe gnkmnf c e levmlcite jes ef`es/keitnkte vmsunf keistmtucl cxclpfes jc tmpes jc sminms iëe-vcrhnms quc pnrckcl guikmeinr cl keibuite pnrn cvmjcikmnr jctcrlminjes smaimgmknjes.

 

;;

 

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearîgmkns Zcln > ‛ Keikcmtes c lejcfes keluimk nkmein nkmeinms ms  

n) Fcmturn Fcmturn ehr mantûrmn 

GM[OC, Be`i (>==;), Mitrejuáëe ne cstuje jn keluimknáëe (trnj.), Fmshen, Cjmáócs Nsn, pp. >;-8:, 33-08, =3-==.

h) Fcmturn kelpfclcitnr  

[NIZE[, Benin Wmcmrn (84>>), Fmiaunacl c keluimknáëe, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin, pp. :8-7:.

k) Ehrns kmtnjn kmt njnss   TCJXE, Clìfmn Xmhcmre (>==7), ‖Mitcrnkáëe vcrhnf“, mi GNXMN, Msnhcf @uh, ct nfmm, Mitrejuáëe ä fmiauìstmkn acrnf c pertuaucsn , Fmshen, Knlmi`e.

XEJXMASC[, Njrmnie Junrtc (>==>), Mitrejuáëe ä sclmûtmkn, Fmshen, Cjmtermnf Trcscián.

 

;:

 

Zcln 8 ‛ Xc  Xcarns arns jc keluimk kelu imknáë náëe e  Ns l îxm îx m lns k eiv ei v crs cr s nkmei nkm einm nmss jc Armk Ar mkc c 

 

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Ehbcktmves 

Ie gminf jcstc tcln, e cstujnitc jcvcrî cstnr npte n  mjcitmgmknr ns rcarns jc keluimknáëe micrcitcs äs mitcrnkáócs vcrhnms?  jcgmimr ns jmgcrcitcs lîxmlns keivcrsnkmei keivcrsnkmeinms? nms?



 rckei`ckcr quc e jcsrcspcmte pcfns lîxmlns keivcrsnkmeinms pejc tcr



suhbnkcitc uln jnjn mitciáëe keluimkntmv keluimkntmvn. n.

 

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Mitrejuáëe 

Zejns ns keivcrsns sëe rcamjns per ierlns quc es subcmtes gnfnitcs acrnflcitc rcspcmtnl. Jmte jc eutre leje, suhbnkcitc n qunfqucr jmîfeae eu keivcrsn, `î ul keibuite jc prekcjmlcites c jc kelpertnlcites quc knjn gnfnitc scauc, nmijn quc, in lnmer pnrtc jes knses, jc leje l eje mikeiskmcitc. Ter cxclpfe, qunije gnfnles kel nfauíl, cspcrnles quc cssn pcssen iëe lmitn, c quc gnfc jc uln gerln kfnrn (ntí cl tcrles je vefulc jc vez c jn jmkáëe), jc leje n quc pessnles kelprccijcr e quc cfn tcl pnrn ies jmzcr. ^unije es gnfnitcs iëe scaucl cssns rcarns eu n keluimknáëe iëe í tëe cgmknz, pejcije lcsle gnf`nr (mste í, e fekuter iëe keiscauc gnzcr kel quc e scu mitcrfekuter mitcrprctc njcqunjnlcitc e quc prctcijmn pnrtmf`nr kel cfc), eu citëe gnzcl-ie kel uln jnjn mitciáëe keluimkntmvn (cspcrnije quc e mitcrfekuter keisman migcrmr quc cssn jcrreanáëe jns rcarns tcl ul ehbcktmve keluimkntmve cspckìgmke). cspckìgmke). Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, äs vczcs nkeitckc quc e fekuter jcsrcspcmtn vefuitnrmnlcitc uln jctcrlminjn lîxmln scbn, c, lcsle nssml, keitrmhum jc leje kefnherntmve pnrn e jcscirefnr jn keivcrsn. Tnuf Armkc suacrmu, per msse, quc `î ul Trmikìpme jn Keepcrnáëe quc rcac n keluimknáëe vcrhnf. Cssc Trmikìpme jn Keepcrnáëe   keismstc ie scaumitc2 «gnz kel quc n tun keitrmhumáëe pnrn n keivcrsnáëe cl quc pnrtmkmpns cstcbn jc nkerje, ie lelcite cl quc ekerrc, kel e quc í rcqucrmje pcfe ehbcktmve eu jmrckáëe jcssn keivcrsnáëe¿0. Cstc Trmikìpme jn Keepcrnáëe í suskcptìvcf jc scr cxpfmkmtnje ies scus jmvcrses peites keistmtumitcs  ‛  ns Lîxmlns Keivcrsnkmeinms   jc Armkc2 lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc, lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc, lîxmln jn rcfnáëe c lîxmln jn lnicmrn. Cstns quntre lîxmlns acrnflcitc rcaufnl e jcscivefvmlcite jc qunfqucr mitcrnkáëe vcrhnf. Trepele-ies, n scaumr, nprcscitî-fns c mfustrî-fns kel cxclpfes.

0 FMLN

 

(84412 3=). 

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8.>. Lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc

N lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc pejc scr cxpfmkmtnjn ies scaumitcs nspcktes2 - gnz kel quc n tun mitcrvciáëe scbn tëe migerlntmvn qunite e quc í cspcrnje (jnjn (jnjn n ermcitnáëe c e ehbcktmve jn keivcrsnáëe)? - gnz kel quc q uc tun mitcrvciáëe iëe scbn ln lnms ms mi gerlntmvn ger lntmvn je quc e quc í cspcrnje.

Zrntn-sc jc uln lîxmln jc migerlntmvmjnjc, eu scbn, jc uln ierln quc jmz rcspcmte ä qunitmjnjc jc migerlnáëe sc cspcrn quc uln mitcrvciáëe tci`n pnrn scr keismjcrnjn njcqunjn ne jmîfeae quc cstî n jckerrcr. Mfustrcles kel vîrmes cxclpfes.  N - ^unites gmf`es tcl n Nin5 H - Jems.

[c n Nin tcl npcins jems gmf`es, citëe n keitrmhumáëe jc H í njcqunjnlcitc migerlntmvn, perquc í tëe migerlntmvn qunite sc cspcrn quc scbn c iëe lnms je quc e quc í rcqucrmje per N. Mlnamicles, keituje, quc n Nin tcl trâs gmf`es c quc H snhc jmsse. Icssc knse, n mitcrvciáëe jc H í lcies migerlntmvn je quc í sefmkmtnje. Xcpnrc-sc quc H iëe cstî n lcitmr, perqunite í vcrjnjc quc n Nin tcl jems gmf`es (feae, iëe í n lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc quc cstî n scr jcrreanjn). Zejnvmn, cl rmaer, n Nin tcl lnms je quc jems gmf`es. Ter msse, cstc gnfnitc cstî n jnr uln qunitmjnjc jc migerlnáëe lcier je quc n quc í rcqucrmjn pcfn pcrauitn jc N. Trckmsnlcitc perquc n lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc acrnflcitc suhbnz äs iessns keivcrsns, sc ul subcmte gnfnitc pcrauitn n eutre qunites gmf`es tcl uln jctcrlminjn pcssen, cspcrn quc n rcspestn cxpfmkmtc e iòlcre jc tejes  es gmf`es quc cssn pcssen tcl (eu scbn, icl lnms icl lcies je quc es quc cgcktmvnlcitc tcl). Ntcitc-sc, naern iul eutre cxclpfe.

 

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 N  ‛ ^unite tclpe jclernstc n gnzcr n vmnacl jc knrre citrc Fmshen c Terte5 H ‛ Jclercm juns `erns c lcmn.

Iuln hninf keivcrsn quetmjmnin, n rcspestn jc H í njcqunjnlcitc migerlntmvn (iëe jî lnms icl lcies migerlnáëe je quc, ä pnrtmjn, í rcqucrmje), lcsle quc cfc tci`n jclernje npcins juns `erns c vmitc c sctc lmiutes eu quc n vmnacl, cl rmaer, tci`n cxkcjmje ns juns `erns c lcmn cl trâs lmiutes c qunrcitn c kmike scauijes. Jc gnkte, uln rcspestn kele n scaumitc H  ‛  Jclercm juns `erns, trmitn c trâs lmiutes c qunrcitn c kmike scauijes

pejcrmn scr keismjcrnjn minjcqunjn, jc ul prckmesmsle cxnacrnje cl tcrles jc rmaer, bustnlcitc perquc H cxkcjcu e arnu jc migerlntmvmjnjc rcqucrmje. Bî ie jmîfeae scaumitc, n rcgcrâikmn ne iòlcre jc scauijes pnrckc scr  bustmgmknjn.  N ‛ ^unite tclpe jclereu e vcikcjer jn prevn jc kmkfmsle Fmshen-Terte n gnzcr e pcrkurse5 H ‛ [ctc `erns, qumizc lmiutes c trmitn c sctc scauijes.

Ieutrns smtunáócs, n rcgcrâikmn nes jíkmles jc scauije (c ntí nes kcitísmles c nes lmfísmles) pejc scr pcrtmicitc, mste í, njcqunjnlcitc migerlntmvn. Tcisc-sc, per cxclpfe, cl kerrmjns jc ntfctmsle (jc kcl eu juzcites lctres) c jc nutelehmfmsle (prevns jc gûrlufn > eu jc rnffy). Xctelcles e prmlcmre cxclpfe, naern kel uln rcspestn cl quc H jî lnms migerlnáócs je quc ns quc sëe sefmkmtnjns per N2  N ‛ ^unites gmf`es tcl n Nin5 H ‛ Jems. E lnms vcf`e tcl jcz nies, í femre jc ef`es nzums, cstujn ie 7.² nie c tcl ûptmlns ietns n Tertuauâs, Lntclîtmkn, @mstûrmn c Miafâs. N lnms

 

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ievn tcl kmike nies, í lercin, tcl ef`es knstni`es, nijn in prí-prmlîrmn c njern n sun pregcssern.

Tessmvcflcitc, N ntí pejcrmn cstnr mitcrcssnje cl tcr kei`ckmlcite jc tejns ns migerlnáócs quc H f`c gerickc. Lns n rcspestn jc H ä pcrauitn jc N mikfum uln qunitmjnjc jc migerlnáëe quc kfnrnlcitc cxkcjc n quc í sefmkmtnjn in qucstëe quc, inqucfc lelcite, kefekn. Cstn í uln smtunáëe kelul ins keivcrsns je quetmjmnie, pejcije jcsclheknr in gnftn jc mitcrcssc jc N rcfntmvnlcitc ne quc H f`c cstî n jmzcr, prckmsnlcitc perquc keluimkn ul cxkcsse jc migerlnáócs quc N iëe sefmkmteu. Cxclpfmgmkîles cstn lîxmln qucr kel ciuikmnjes njcqunjnlcitc migerlntmves, qucr kel ciuikmnjes quc keitâl eu lcies eu lnms migerlnáëe je quc n quc í rcqucrmjn. Wcbnles naern ul knse cl quc n qunitmjnjc jc migerlnáëe í lcier je quc n quc í sefmkmtnjn, lns cl quc cssn ntmtujc jc jcrreanáëe jn lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc rcgfcktc ul jctcrlminje ehbcktmve keluimkntmve.  N ‛ Lerrcrnl lmf`nrcs jc sefjnjes pertuaucscs in Aucrrn jc Îgrmkn. H ‛ Aucrrn í aucrrn.

N mitcrvciáëe jc H keistmtum uln tnutefeamn, eu scbn, ul ciuikmnje cl quc, fmtcrnflcitc, iëe sc nkrcskcitn qunfqucr migerlnáëe ä quc bî sc snhc ( ul `elcl í ul `elcl keistmtum eutre cxclpfe jc ciuikmnje tnutefûamke). Jcstc

leje trntn-sc, npnrcitclcitc, jc ul ciuikmnje quc iëe rcspcmtn n lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc. Zejnvmn, n keitrmhumáëe jc H iëe í, icstc keitcxte, jcsprepesmtnjn je peite jc vmstn jn qunitmjnjc jc migerlnáëe quc nkrcskcitn ä keivcrsn? jcfn, pejc migcrmr-sc ul kelcitîrme migerlntmve, je tmpe jc ‖iuln aucrrn í ierlnf `nvcr lumtes lertes“. C cstc kelcitîrme í keluimkntmvnlcitc pcrtmicitc,

nkrcskcitnije n epmimëe jc ul jes gnfnitcs rcfntmvnlcitc ne quc e eutre nknheu jc jmzcr. Lns kele í quc N mitcrprctn e ciuikmnje jc H jcstn lnicmrn5 Xckerrcije n ul rnkmekìime jc tmpe migcrcikmnf. Trmlcmre, N tcl jc rckei`ckcr quc H keitmiun n rcspcmtnr e prmikìpme jn keepcrnáëe, mste í, quc sc lnitíl  

:4

 

clpci`nje cl kefnhernr ie nkte keluimkntmve, keitrmhumije pnrn e scu jcscivefvmlcite c cvefuáëe cl tcrles jc ievn migerlnáëe quc í nkrcskcitnjn. N scaumr, hnscnje in nssuiáëe jc quc H prctcijcu keluimknr nfae lnms je quc e quc fmtcrnflcitc jmssc, kefekn c tcstn `mpûtcscs sehrc e quc H qums keluimknr, nknhnije per scfckkmeinr uln quc f`c pnrcán scr n lnms pfnusìvcf. C nssml,

ul

ciuikmnje

tnutefûamke

pejc,

cl

jctcrlminjns

kmrkuistèikmns, keistmtumr uln mitcrvciáëe njcqunjnlcitc migerlntmvn pnrn n keivcrsn. Eu scbn, e nkte jc jcrreanr uln lîxmln keivcrsnkmeinf tcl suhbnkcitc, per vczcs, uln jnjn mitciáëe keluimkntmv keluimkntmvn, n, quc e mitcrfekuter tcrî jc prekurnr, lcjmnitc ul rnkmekìime jc tmpe migcrcikmnf.

 

:>

 

8.8.. Lîxm 8.8 Lîxmln ln jn qunfmjnjc qunfm jnjc

N lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc ( gnz kel quc n tun mitcrvciáëe scbn vcrjnjcmrn) pejc scr cxpfmkmtnjn ies jems peites scaumitcs2 - iëe ngmrlcs nqumfe quc pcisns scr gnfse? - iëe ngmr ngmrlcs lcs uln kems n pnrn pnrn n qunf iëe tci`ns prevns.

Zrntn-sc jc uln lîxmln jc smikcrmjnjc, ciqunite ntmtujc quc cspcrnles jn pnrtc jes iesses mitcrfekutercs. N lcitmrn keistmtum, per msse, ul cxclpfe jc jcsrcspcmte pcfn lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc, perqunite e fekuter nsscrc nfae quc snhc scr gnfse eu iëe kerrcspeijcr ä rcnfmjnjc ehbcktmvn c gnktunf. Znlhíl e hente eu e ruler sëe cxclpfes jc jcsehcjmâikmn n cstn lîxmln, in lcjmjn cl quc e fekuter ngmrln nfae kubn vcrnkmjnjc eu keigerlmjnjc kel n rcnfmjnjc jes gnktes iëe pejc kelprevnr. Znf kele ehscrvîles n prepûsmte jn lîxmln jn qunitmjnjc, tnlhíl n jcsehcjmâikmn ä lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc pejc tcr letmvnáócs keluimkntmvns, mste í, pejc tcr suhbnkcitc uln jctcrlminjn mitciáëe je fekuter quc teric pcrtmicitc e jcsrcspcmte per cssn lîxmln. Wcbnles ul cxclpfe.  N ‛ [û veu cstujnr uln tnrjc pnrn e cxnlc jc Lntclîtmkn. H ‛ Gnzcs hcl!

Iuln smtunáëe cl quc N c H snhcl quc e cxnlc jc Lntclîtmkn í jc cfcvnjn kelpfcxmjnjc c jc jmgìkmf rcsefuáëe, e ciuikmnje jc H í mrûimke, in lcjmjn cl quc e quc keluimkn iëe sû iëe kerrcspeijc fmtcrnflcitc ne quc í jmte, kele H prctcijc keluimknr prckmsnlcitc e mivcrse je quc e scu ciuikmnje cxprmlc (mste í, quc N ‖iëe gnz hcl“ cl jcjmknr tëe peuke tclpe ne

cstuje jnqucfn jmskmpfmin). H jcsrcspcmtn, pertnite, n lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc, pems nsscrc nfae cl quc iëe nkrcjmtn. Terquc í quc N keikfum quc H cstî n scr mrûimke5 m rûimke5 Terquc nlhes pnrtmf`nl nfauis kei`ckmlcites jc hnsc2 quc nqucfn jmskmpfmin jc Lntclîtmkn sc knrnktcrmzn per ul cfcvnje arnu jc jmgmkufjnjc c jc kelpfcxmjnjc, c quc, cl  

:8

 

prmikìpme, pnrn ul cxnlc sc jcvc cstujnr lnms tclpe je quc uln òimkn tnrjc (trntnije-sc jc uln jmskmpfmin kel arnu jc jmgmkufjnjc nkrcskmje, lnms gerán ani`n cstn mjcmn). Jnjes cstcs kei`ckmlcites quc es mitcrfekutercs pnrtmf`nl, N migcrc quc H iëe pejc cstnr n scr smikcre ie quc fmtcrnflcitc jmz, lns, per nkrcjmtnr quc cfc keitmiun n rcspcmtnr e prmikìpme jn keepcrnáëe, kefekn eutrns `mpûtcscs jc mitcrprctnáëe jnqucfc ciuikmnje. N òimkn pessmhmfmjnjc mitcrprctntmvn quc pnrckc scr keiscitèicn kel es kei`ckmlcites jc hnsc jc nlhes es mitcrfekutercs í nqucfn cl quc e ciuikmnje jc H í pcrspcktmvnje kele mrûimke. C, kel cssn mreimn, H prctcijc mistnr N n jcjmknr lnms tclpe ne cstuje. Í cssn n mitciáëe keluimkntmvn jc H suhbnkcitc ne jcsrcspcmte quc lnimgcstn pcfn lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc. N mreimn (cl pnrtmkufnr, qunije sc trnjuz cl keluimknr e mivcrse je quc fmtcrnflcitc sc jmz) keistmtum ul knse jc jcsrcspcmte pcfn lîxmln jn qunfmjnjc, acrnflcitc kel uln jnjn mitciáëe keluimkntmvn suhbnkcitc.

 

:;

 

8.;.. Lîxmln jn rcfnáëe 8.; r cfnáëe

N lîxmln jn rcfnáëe í n scaumitc2 - sâ rcfcvnitc. Zrntn-sc jc uln lîxmln jc pcrtmiâikmn, mste í, quc jmz rcspcmte ä

njcqunáëe jns migerlnáócs vcmkufnjns ne tcln jn keivcrsn. Ins keivcrsns quc jcscivefvcles ie jmn-n-jmn, acrnflcitc prekurnles gnzcr kel quc ns iessns keitrmhumáócs scbnl rcfcvnitcs. Es mitcrfekutercs, nftcrinjnlcitc, nkrcskcitnl lnms migerlnáócs sehrc e tcln quc cstî n scr letmve jc keivcrsn (c iëe sehrc eutre tcln qunfqucr)? in rcspestn n uln pcrauitn, e mitcrfekuter tcl kele ehbcktmve gerickcr n migerlnáëe quc gem sefmkmtnjn (c iëe uln eutrn quc injn tcl n vcr kel n pcrauitn quc gem kefeknjn), ctk. Knse msse iëe nkeitcán smstclntmknlcitc, ul jes fekutercs pejcrî nknhnr per sc jcsmitcrcssnr pcfe quc e eutre f`c jmz. Zejnvmn, ä sclcf`nián je quc vmles n prepûsmte jns lîxmlns jn qunitmjnjc c jn qunfmjnjc, `î knses cl quc e jcsrcspcmte pcfn lîxmln jn rcfnáëe tcl uln jctcrlminjn mitciáëe keluimkntmvn quc e fekuter cspcrn quc e scu mitcrfekuter nknhc per migcrmr. Wcbnles e scaumitc jmîfeae, miscrmje iuln smtunáëe cl quc N c H keivcrsnl, c cl quc e Grnikmske sc nprexmln per trîs jc N (scl quc cstc sc npcrkchn, pertnite)2  N ‛ N luf`cr je Grnikmske í uln vìhern! H ‛ Wmstc e beae jn scfckáëe eitcl5 Es iesses beanrnl lumte hcl!

Es ciuikmnjes jc H iëe keistmtucl uln scquâikmn quc vci`n n prepûsmte je tcln quc cstî n scr trntnje. Feae, n lîxmln jn rcfnáëe gem, icstc knse, jcsrcspcmtnjn. Lns H gî-fe mitcikmeinflcit mitcikmeinflcitc. c. E gnfnitc N, jcsjc quc nssuln quc H keitmiun n rcspcmtnr e prmikìpme jn keepcrnáëe, pejc migcrmr je quc H jmssc quc, per qunfqucr letmve, H prctcijcu lujnr jc nssuite (prckmsnlcitc pnrn quc e Grnikmske iëe euvmssc e quc N cstnvn n jmzcr sehrc n sun luf`cr, c iëe sc krmnssc citrc es jems uln smtunáëe  

::

 

jcsnarnjîvcf). Í cssc e ehbcktmve keluimkntmve quc suhbnz ä jcrreanáëe jcstn lîxmln per pnrtc jc H. Wcbnles ul eutre knse, cl quc e ciuikmnje jc N keistmtum n nvnfmnáëe jc ul knijmjnte gcmtn per ul lclhre je bòrm ciknrrcanje jc keitrntnr ul ieve jmrckter-kelcrkmnf pnrn uln cjmtern2  N ‛ E Fuìs tcl hel aeste pnrn arnvntns c pcrkchc mlcise jc gutchef.

Iuln smtunáëe jcstns, e ciuikmnje jc N jcsehcjckc ä lîxmln jn rcfnáëe, uln vcz quc pnrckc iëe nkrcskcitnr injn jc mlpertnitc pnrn e knse cl qucstëe? í, per msse, ul ciuikmnje iëe rcfcvnitc. Lns e jcsrcspcmte per cstn lîxmln pejc tcr uln mitciáëe suhbnkcitc. Ns qunfmjnjcs quc cstc lclhre je bòrm cikeitrn ie Fuìs sëe npcins e scu hel aeste pnrn arnvntns c snhcr jmskutmr gutchef. Ern, í peite nsscitc quc cssns knrnktcrìstmkns iëe sëe ns lnms mlpertnitcs pnrn sc scr ul hel jmrckter-kelcrkmnf (cstc í ul kei`ckmlcite jc hnsc supestnlcitc pnrtmf`nje). Citëe N jcvc qucrcr quc es scus mitcrfekutercs migmrnl quc cfc pcisn quc e Fuìs iëe í ul hel knijmjnte n ekupnr nqucfc fuanr. C nssml, kel hnsc iul rnkmekìime migcrcikmnf jcstc tmpe, gmkn kelprevnje quc e ciuikmnje jc N tcl rcfcvèikmn, in lcjmjn cl quc, ntrnvís jcfc, N jî n sun epmimëe (guijnlcitnjn pcfn cxpfmkmtnáëe jc knrnktcrìstmkns quc iëe sëe mlpertnitcs pnrn e knrae cl qucstëe), epmimë e quc pejc scr trnjuzmjn per ‖e Fuìs iëe tcl pcrgmf pnrn ekupnr e knrae jc jmrckter-kelcrkmnf“. 

 

:3

 

8. 8.:. :. L Lîxmln îxmln je leje (eu lîxmln lîxml n jn lnicmrn)

N lîxmln je leje (sâ kfnre ) jmz rcspcmte ä lnicmrn kele e fekuter jcvc ciuikmnr e quc prctcijc keluimknr, c pejc scr jmvmjmjn ies scaumitcs peites2 - cvmtn n gnftn jc kfnrczn in cxprcssëe - cvmtn cvmtn scr nlhìaue? - sâ hrcvc (cvmtnije (cvmtnije scr pre fmx e)? - sâ erjcinje. erj cinje.

Zrntn-sc jc uln lîxmln jc kfnrczn, jc hens lnicmrns, jc jcgcrâikmn pnrn kel e mitcrfekuter? hens lnicmrns c jcgcrâikmn ie scitmje cl quc qunite lnms kfnre, erjcinje, hrcvc c iëe nlhìaue ger n keitrmhumáëe jc ul fekuter, lnms gîkmf scrî pnrn e mitcrfekuter mitcrprctî-fn. Sln smtunáëe kelul keismstc ie gnkte jc ul fekuter scr lumte prefmxe, nprcscitnr keitrmhumáócs jc arnijc cxtcisëe, iëe keiscaumije scr keikmse c jmzcije peuke per lumtns pnfnvrns. Kele keiscquâikmn, pejc nkeitckcr quc e mitcrfekuter sc jcsmitcrcssc jn keivcrsn. E soctk`  `ulerìstmke ‖E `elcl n qucl pnrckc quc nkeitckcu iëe scm quâ“, je arupe Ante Gcjercite, pnrejmn uln smtunáëe cl quc e fekuter gnfn

lumte c keluimkn peuke, jcsehcjckcije äs lîxmlns jn rcfnáëe (perquc e quc jmz iëe í rcfcvnitc) c je leje (perquc í lumte prefmxe)? vcbn-sc cstc www.yeutuhc.kel..  cl www.yeutuhc.kel soctk`, per cxclpfe, cl  Bî qunije ul fekuter prejuz ul jmskurse jcserjcinje, mikecrcitc, cl quc iëe í pcrkcptìvcf n rcfnáëe citrc e quc jmz nitcs c e quc jmz n scaumr, jmgmkuftn n tnrcgn jc e mitcrfekuter mitcrprctnr njcqunjnlcitc e quc prctcijc keluimknr. Znlhíl es ciuikmnjes nlhìaues, quc pcrlmtcl juns eu lnms mitcrprctnáócs, sëe suskcptìvcms jc knusnr jmgmkufjnjcs jc mitcrprctnáëe ne mitcrfekuter. Cl kcrtns smtunáócs, n gnftn jc kfnrczn in cxprcssëe pejc tcr uln jctcrlminjn letmvnáëe. Wcbn-sc e scaumitc jmîfeae, cl quc H terin e scu ciuikmnje peuke kfnre pnrn quc es gmf`es, prcscitcs in smtunáëe jc keluimknáëe, iëe citcijnl citcijnl e quc cstî n jmzcr n N2

 

:7

 

 N ‛ Tnrnles in prûxmln îrcn jc scrvmáe pnrn fnik`nrles5 H  ‛  [ml, lns bî snhcs2 k-`-e-k-e-f-n-t-c iëe! (n pnfnvrn k`ekefntc  í

sefctrnjn)  E ciuikmnje peuke kfnre jc H í jctcrlminje pcfn mitciáëe jc keluimknr npcins n N quc ns krmniáns iëe jcvcrëe kelcr k`ekefntc ne fnik`c. [efctrnr n pnfnvrn (jmzâ-fn jc gerln lcies kfnrn) jmgmkuftn n sun kelprccisëe per pnrtc jes gmf`es. Jcsehcjckcr ä lîxmln je leje gem, tnlhíl icstc knse, ul nkte vefuitîrme bustmgmknje per uln mitciáëe keluimkntmvn cspckìgmkn. Jnr ns migerlnáócs rcqucrmjns in qunitmjnjc kcrtn (icl lnms, icl lcies)? jnr migerlnáócs quc iëe scbnl gnfsns? jnr migerlnáócs quc sc njcqucl ne quc cstî n scr jmte c jc uln gerln quc scbn kfnrn c kelprccisìvcf pnrn e mitcrfekuter2 cms, ie csscikmnf, nfaulns rcarns jc keluimknáëe quc mikeiskmcitclcitc scaumles in lnmermn jns iessns keivcrsns c quc Armkc cxpfmkmteu seh n gerln jc lîxmlns keivcrsnkmeinms. Cstns lîxmlns keistmtucl prmikìpmes acrnms jn keluimknáëe quc, acrnflcitc, prcsmjcl n qunfqucr mitcrnkáëe vcrhnf.

 

:1

 

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearîgmkns Zcln 8 ‛ Xc  Xcarns arns jc kelu keluimknáëe imknáëe

n) Fcmturn Fcmturn ehr mantûrmn 

FMLN, Besí Tmite jc (8441), Trnalîtmkn, Fmshen, Knlmi`e, pp. 3>-73. 3> -73.

h) Fcmturn kelpfclcitnr  

[NIZE[, Benin Wmcmrn (84>>), Fmiaunacl c keluimknáëe, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin, pp. 8:-8=.

 

:0

 

Zcln ; ‛ Ermcitnáócs pnrn n cskr cskrmtn mtn jc tcxtes   sehr c tclns tclns jc jcscivefv jcscivefvmlcite mlcite  

 

:=

 

Ehbcktmves 

Ie gminf jcstc tcln, e cstujnitc jcvcrî cstnr npte n  jmstmiaumr tcxtes nraulcitntmves, tcxtes inrrntmves c tcxtes jcskrmtmves?  mjcitmgmknr jmgcrcitcs pnrtcs (mitrejuáëe, jcscivefvmlcite c keikfusëe) 

iul tcxte sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite?  rcjmamr jc leje njcqunje knjn uln jcssns trâs pnrtcs je tcxte, tcije



cl keitn n sun cstruturn mitcrin c ns suns guiáócs?  gerlufnr n prehfclîtmkn c e pfnie jc ul tcxte jcstc tmpe?



 nprcscitnr uln nraulcitnáëe keismstcitc iul tcxte sehrc ul tcln jc



jcscivefvmlcite?  mitcrfmanr ns mjcmns jc leje njcqunje iul tcxte jcstc tmpe?



  cskrcvcr tcxtes quc sc knrnktcrmzcl per ul cstmfe kfnre, prckmse c



fcaìvcf.

 

34

 

Mitrejuáëe

Kel cstc tcln, prepele-ies rcgfcktmr sehrc qucstócs quc jmzcl rcspcmte ä keikcpáëe, eranimznáëe c rcjnkáëe jc tcxtes cxtcises, ielcnjnlcitc tcxtes kubns kelpeicitcs prcpeijcrnitcs sëe jc inturczn nraulcitntmvn c cxpesmtmvn (c iëe jc tmpe inrrntmve eu jcskrmtmve, per cxclpfe). E tcxte quc mikmjc sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite (quc tnlhíl pejcles jcsmainr per kelpesmáëe, tcxte nraulcitntmve eu jmsscrtnáëe sehrc kufturn acrnf=) pejc scr cirmquckmje c, keiscqucitclcitc, lnms cgmknz, sc e nuter tmvcr cl keismjcrnáëe c scaumr nfauis prekcjmlcites. Jnje quc eutrn hmhfmearngmn jc fcmturn ehrmantûrmn npreguijn ns qucstócs rcfcvnitcs c ns cxclpfmgmkn nhuijnitclcitc, icstc lniunf, nprcscitnrcles uln rcgfcxëe nhrcvmnjn c uln smstclntmznáëe ermcitnjn per prepûsmtes jc inturczn pcjnaûamkn sehrc es prmikmpnms prekcjmlcites civefvmjes in rcjnkáëe jc ul tcxte jcscivefv jcscivefvmje. mje.

= Xckerjc-sc

quc e tìtufe ermaminf jn ehrn jc fcmturn ehrmantûrmn Kele rcjmamr ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite jcscivefvmlcite í  í bustnlcitc Fn jmsscrtntmei jc kufturc aíicrnfc. aíicrnfc . 

 

3>

 

;. ;.>. >. E tc tcln ln jc jcscivefvm jcscivefvmlcite2 lcite2 jcgmimáëe jcgmim áëe c knrnktcrmznáë knrnktcrmznáëe e

E tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite   (eu kelpesmáëe/jmsscrtnáëe sehrc ul tcln jc kufturn acrnf ) keismstc iul tcxte cskrmte ie qunf sc nprcscitn ul keibuite jc rcgfcxócs nkcrkn jc ul tcln, quc pejc scr fmvrc eu prepeste.

Cssns rcgfcxócs sëe prcgcrcikmnflcitc jmspestns jc gerln eranimznjn, kele sc jc ul pcrkurse sc trntnssc2 jcsjc n nprcscitnáëe je tcln c n cxpfmkmtnáëe jns lòftmpfns qucstócs civefvmjns, pnssnije pcfn nraulcitnáëe quc bustmgmkn n njepáëe jc kcrtns mjcmns cl jctrmlcite jc eutrns, ntí ä keikfusëe quc rclntn e nssuite, rcciqunjrnije-e seh uln ievn pcrspcktmvn, cl prmikìpme lnms rmkn cl kelpnrnáëe kel kel nqucfn kel qu qucc sc mimkmeu n rcgfcxëe. Zrntn-sc, per msse, jc ul tcxte jc inturczn prcjelminitclcitc nraulcitntmvn (c cxpesmtmvn), c iëe jc ul tcxte clmicitclcitc inrrntmve eu jcskrmtmve. Bustmgmkn-sc jmstmiaumr, per msse, nmijn quc jc leje nhrcvmnje, cstcs trâs tmpes jc tcxtes. Es tcxtes inrrntmves, jcskrmtmves c nraulcitntmves epócl-sc kel hnsc cl preprmcjnjcs quc jckerrcl, nitcs jc lnms, jn mitciáëe keluimkntmvn mimkmnf je fekuter. [c e fekuter prctcijc keitnr uln scquâikmn jc cvcites quc sc jcscirefnl ie tclpe c ies qunms cstëe civefvmjns uln eu lnms pcssens, nimlnms eu citmjnjcs, prejuzmrî ul tcxte inrrntmve. [c n sun mitciáëe í rcprcscitnr, pcrnitc e scu mitcrfekuter, uln pcssen, ul ehbckte, uln ehrn jc nrtc, ul cjmgìkme, ul nimlnf, ctk., prejuzmrî ul tcxte jcskrmtmve. [c e scu ehbcktmve keismstc cl rcgfcktmr sehrc ul jctcrlminje tcln, pcrsunjmije e scu mitcrfekuter pcfn nraulcitnáëe nprcscitnjn, prejuzmrî ul tcxte nraulcitntmve. N mitciáëe keluimkntmvn mimkmnf je fekuter rcgfcktc-sc ie tmpe jc eranimznáëe jes keitcòjes quc e tcxte per cfc prejuzmje cvmjcikmnrî. [ëe nfaulns jcstns preprmcjnjcs quc sc miskrcvcl ie iìvcf jn eranimznáëe tcxtunf quc n scaumr ciulcrnles. E tcxte inrrntmve knrnktcrmzn-sc per nprcscitnr uln mitrman kelpestn per lòftmpfes cvcites pretnaeimznjes per uln eu vîrmns pcrseinacis. Cstcs cvcites sukcjcl-sc ie tclpe c cstëe ickcssnrmnlcitc rcfnkmeinjes citrc sm. Iëe sc trntn, pertnite, jc nkeitckmlcites quc injn tâl quc vcr uis kel es  

38

 

eutres, lns quc grcqucitclcitc lnimgcstnl rcfnáócs jc knusnfmjnjc. Ie gminf jn inrrntmvn, c jcvmje ne gnkte jc tcrcl vmvmje c cxpcrmcikmnje nqucfcs cvcites, ns pcrseinacis cstëe jmgcrcitcs, jnje quc cvefuìrnl cl rcfnáëe ne quc crnl ie miìkme jn mitrman. Jcstc leje, ne feiae jc ul tcxte inrrntmve tcstclui`nles ns nftcrnáócs quc cfcs segrcl, iul levmlcite quc tcl kele peite jc pnrtmjn n smtunáëe mimkmnf jn mitrman c kele peite kuflminitc n smtunáëe gminf. Mlpfìkmtn eu cxpfmkmtnlcitc, ul tcxte inrrntmve mitcarn tnlhíl uln nvnfmnáëe eu cisminlcite eu fmáëe jc lernf (eu pejcles icfc migcrm-fn, nmijn quc e scu nuter iëe tci`n tmje cssn mitciáëe). E tcxte jcskrmtmve rcprcscitn, ie scu teje c ins suns pnrtcs, uln pcssen (eu arupe jc pcssens), ul ehbckte, ul cjmgìkme, uln ehrn jc nrtc, ul nimlnf, uln feknfmjnjc, ctk. E scu nuter scfckkmein uln jctcrlminjn citmjnjc c prekcjc hnsmknlcitc n juns epcrnáócs2 knrnktcrmzn-n afehnflcitc c jmvmjc-n ies scus cfclcites keistmtumitcs. Knjn uln jns pnrtcs je ehbckte jcskrmte pejc, per sun vcz, scr knrnktcrmznjn c grnalcitnjn cl pnrtcs jc lcier jmlcisëe2 ie knse jn jcskrmáëe gìsmkn jc uln pcssen, per cxclpfe, e reste c ns lëes pejcl scr suhjmvmjmjes cl pnrtcs lciercs (kele es ef`es, e inrmz, es jcjes, ns ui`ns, ctk.). E tcxte nraulcitntmve keismstc hnsmknlcitc in nprcscitnáëe jc ul keibuite jc jnjes (eu prclmssns) quc, scauije n pcrspcktmvn je nuter, npemnl c terinl micvmtîvcf quc sc k`cauc n uln jctcrlminjn keikfusëe. N csquclntmznáëe scaumitc rcprcscitn cssc levmlcite jc leje nhrcvmnje2

Trclmssns

feae  Keikfusëe  

[uhbnz ne tcxte nraulcitntmve uln mitciáëe jc keivcikcr eu pcrsunjmr e(s) mitcrfekuter(cs). Jcssc leje, e nuter lumtns vczcs nprcscitn keitrn-nraulcites (nitckmpnije es nraulcites quc e mitcrfekuter pejc keitrnper) c rcgutn-es, jcleistrnije quc iëe sëe sugmkmcitclcitc vîfmjes pnrn púr cl knusn n keikfusëe prepestn. Icstc tmpe jc tcxtes, í jckmsmve telnr cl keismjcrnáëe e(s) mitcrfekuter(cs), in lcjmjn cl quc n nraulcitnáëe jc quc e nuter sc scrvc jcvc njcqunr-sc ne pòhfmke-nfve. Sl pefìtmke, per cxclpfe, iëe nraulcitn je

 

3;

 

lcsle leje pcrnitc ul bevcl c pcrnitc ul mjese, eu pcrnitc ul arupe jc pregcssercs c pcrnitc ul arupe jc clprcsîrmes, eu nmijn pcrnitc ul berinfmstn c pcrnitc ul eutre pefìtmke. Jnjns ns cspckmgmkmjnjcs jc knjn nujmtûrme pnrtmkufnr, e fekuter jcvc njcqunr ns suns cstrntíamns nraulcitntmvns (n iìvcf jns mjcmns prepestns c jn fmiaunacl usnjn, per cxclpfe) cl guiáëe je scu mitcrfekuter, kel e ehbcktmve jc prejuzmr e cgcmte jcscbnje2 n njcsëe jc ul pòhfmke cspckìgmke n uln jnjn tcsc. Sl tcxte nraulcitntmve í, per msse, ickcssnrmnlcitc keijmkmeinje pcfn smtunáëe cl quc clcrac, cstnije jcpcijcitc je(s) mitcrfekuter(cs), je tclpe c je feknf cl quc surac, je tcln quc í ehbckte jn nraulcitnáëe, ctk. Cstn knrnktcrmznáëe hrcvc jc trâs tmpes jc tcxtes iëe jcvc cskeijcr n scaumitc mjcmn2 es tcxtes sëe prcjelminitclcitc  inrrntmves, jcskrmtmves eu nraulcitntmves,

c

iëe

cxkfusmvnlcitc 

inrrntmves,

jcskrmtmves

eu

nraulcitntmves. Iul tcxte inrrntmve, `î tnlhíl jcskrmáëe, jmîfeae c nraulcitnáëe. Iul tcxte nraulcitntmve, pejc, maunflcitc, `nvcr lelcites jc jcskrmáëe c jc inrrnáëe. [ëe csknsses es cxclpfes jc tcxtes quc sëe uimknlcitc inrrntmves eu jcskrmtmves eu nraulcitntmv nraulcitntmves. es. Zcr prcscitc cstns jmstmiáócs prcvmnlcitc ne nkte jc cskrcvcr ul tcxte í mlpertnitc, uln vcz quc, kele vmles, n knjn tmpe jc tcxte sëe micrcitcs guiáócs jmvcrsns, knrnktcrmznije-sc, jcstc leje, per ul keibuite jc preprmcjnjcs jmstmitns, n iìvcf jn eranimznáëe tcxtunf c ntí jes cfclcites fmiauìstmkes lnms rckerrcitclcitc utmfmznjes. N tìtufe jc cxclpfe, rcgmrn-sc quc, ies tcxtes inrrntmves, es njvcrhmnms tclpernms  ‛  kele nlni`ë, ie jmn nitcrmer, jcpems, nitcs jmsse , ctk., quc scrvcl pnrn feknfmznr c erjcinr ie tclpe kreiefûamke es cvcites inrrnjes  ‛  jcsclpci`nl ul pnpcf rcfcvnitc, ciqunite ie tcxte nraulcitntmve sëe es keicktercs jc knusn c jc keiscquâikmn  ‛  kele perquc, per msse, keiscqucitclcitc, tcije cl keitn quc, cl guiáëe jc , ctk.  ‛  quc nssulcl

ul pnpcf jckmsmve. Sln kelpesmáëe sehrc kufturn acrnf (eu scbn, ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite) í ul tcxte prcjelminitclcitc nraulcitntmve. Icfc e scu nuter cxpóc c rcgfcktc sehrc ul keibuite jc mjcmns, kel n gminfmjnjc jc ntmiamr uln eu lnms keikfusócs, nssml kele jc keivcikcr e scu pòhfmke-nfve jn pcrtmiâikmn jcssns mjcmns c jcssns keikfusócs. Iëe smaimgmkn mste quc e tcxte

 

3:

 

iëe keitci`n lelcites jc jcskrmáëe c jc inrrnáëe. N inrrnáëe jc uln `mstûrmn, per cxclpfe, scrvc grcqucitclcitc jc nraulcite gnverîvcf n uln keikfusëe. Lns uln kelpesmáëe jcstc tmpe cvmjcikmn acrnflcitc ul levmlcite quc sc mimkmn in mijmknáëe je tcln, in nprcscitnáëe jc nraulcites (n gnver c keitrn uln mjcmn) c in cxpfmkmtnáëe jc uln keikfusëe. [nfmcitc-sc, nmijn, quc uln kelpesmáëe jcstc tmpe í smluftnicnlcitc uln cxprcssëe jn suhbcktmvmjnjc (n iìvcf jns mjcmns jcgcijmjns c jn sun eranimznáëe ie tcxte) c ul csgeráe je fekuter pnrn ntmiamr n ehbcktmvmjnjc (eu scbn, ul csgeráe jc cstnr jc nkerje kel n rcnfmjnjc cl quc e tcln sc miscrc, lns tnlhíl jc nraulcitnr jc tnf leje quc scbn mlpessìvcf e mitcrfekuter iëe njcrmr äs tcscs jcgcijmjns). Sln vcz quc icstns kelpesmáócs sëe cvmjcikmnjns knpnkmjnjcs jc cxprcssëe pcssenf, jc eranimznáëe je pcisnlcite, jc niîfmsc c jc sìitcsc jns mjcmns lnms rcfcvnitcs pnrn e tcln cl qucstëe, í pcrtmicitc rckerjnr quc Aeurlcfmi c Aucjei (>==;2 7) jcgcijcl e scaumitc2 «E tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite pcrlmtc lnimgcstnr n kfnrczn jc pcisnlcite c, ne lcsle tclpe, n rmquczn jes keitcòjes jc uln kufturn pcssenf. N kfnrczn jc pcisnlcite iëe í ul jnje, lns sml uln keiqumstn. Cxprmlc-sc per lcme jc uln fmiaunacl gmrlc c prckmsn. N rmquczn jes keitcòjes iëe rcsuftn jc ul ‖clpmf`nlcite“, jc uln njmáëe, lns  sml jc uln

nssmlmfnáëe nktmvn.¿ Cstn nssmlmfnáëe nktmvn, quc jcsclhekn in kfnrczn jc pcisnlcite, keismstc, iëe cl smlpfcslcitc nkulufnr mjcmns, lns cl ‖nrrulî-fns“  njcqunjnlcitc. N nrrulnáëe/erjcináëe jcvc jnr-sc tcije cl keismjcrnáëe, citrc eutres gnktercs, e tcln trntnje ie tcxte, e ehbcktmve kel quc cfc í rcjmamje c e scu pòhfmke-nfve. Nfíl jmsse, n erjcináëe jcvcrî scr guikmeinf, mste í, jcvcrî nprcscitnr mjcmns c nraulcites jc tnf gerln quc cfcs pessnl scr rcfnkmeinjes, qunije ger pcrtmicitc, kel eutrns mjcmns c eutres nraulcites jc eutres tclns jmstmites. Ins sckáócs scaumitcs, vnles rcgfcktmr sehrc prekcsses c lcknimsles quc pessmhmfmtnl rcjmamr ul tcxte quc cvmjcikmc, citrc eutrns preprmcjnjcs rcfcvnitcs, kfnrczn jc pcisnlcite c uln cstruturnáë cstruturnáëee njcqunjn jns mjcmns.

 

33

 

;. ;.8. 8. T Tnrtcs nrtcs je t cxte cskrmte cskrm te c c ctnpns tnpns jn sun keikcpáëe keik cpáëe

Icstn sckáëe, mikmjmrcles n ntciáëe ins pnrtcs keistmtutmvns jc uln kelpesmáëe sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite (n mitrejuáëe, e jcscivefvmlcite c n keikfusëe), ins ctnpns quc scrvcl pnrn prcpnrnr n eranimznáëe c jmstrmhumáëe jns mjcmns ie tcxte (n prehfclîtmkn c e pfnie), nssml kele in scfckáëe jns mjcmns c in trnismáëe citrc cfns (n nraulcitnáëe c n trnismáëe citrc mjcmns). ;. ;.8. 8.>. >. N mitrejuá mitr ejuáëe, ëe, e jcscivefvm jcscivefvm lcite c n keikfusëe keikf usëe

Sln

kelpesmáëe

jc

tmpe

nraulcitntmve,

kele

e

tcln

jc

jcscivefvmlcite, í acrnflcitc kelpestn per trâs pnrtcs ( mitrejuáëe , jcscivefvmlcite  c keikfusëe ), knjn uln jcfns jetnjn jc eranimznáëe prûprmn c jcsclpci`nije uln jctcrlminjn guiáëe. N mitrejuáëe   ekerrc ie miìkme je tcxte c scrvc pnrn keitcxtunfmznr c ciqunjrnr e tcln sehrc e qunf sc vnm rcgfcktmr, pnrn ciuikmnr n prehfclîtmkn c pnrn jnr pmstns sehrc kele scrî cstruturnje e tcxte. Es prekcsses jc keitcxtunfmznáëe c jc ciqunjrnlcite je tcln keismstcl cl feknfmzî-fe ie tclpe, ie cspnáe c in sekmcjnjc cl quc cfc sc miscrc. [mluftnicnlcitc, jcgmicl n jmlcisëe c es fmlmtcs je tcln, nssml kele es jmvcrses nspcktes quc cfc mlpfmkn c sehrc es qunms í pcrtmicitc rcgfcktmr. Ciuikmnr n prehfclîtmkn cqumvnfc n cstnhcfckcr uln rcfnáëe citrc es vîrmes nspcktes quc í mlpertnitc jcscivefvcr nkcrkn je tcln cl qucstëe. Ter gml, n mitrejuáëe scrvc, tnlhíl, pnrn nprcscitnr ul pfnie jc tcxte, e quc cqumvnfc n jmzcr quc, icfn, jcvc scr mijmknje ul csheáe je pcrkurse quc sc vnm preper. Cstc csheáe niuikmn n jmstrmhumáëe jns mjcmns ne feiae je tcxte, scauije uln erjcináëe keismstcitc c quc gnán scitmje pnrn qucl cskrcvc c pnrn qucl fâ. Mfustrcles cstns mjcmns kel ul cxclpfe. [upei`nles quc e tcln n trntnr iuln kelpesmáëe jcscivefvmjn í E cismie jn lòsmkn c e

 

37

 

jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns. Fmstcles nfauis jes nspcktes sehrc

es qunms pejc scr rcfcvnitc rcgfcktmr iul tcxte suherjminje n cstc tcln2 - n nssekmnáëe citrc e cismie-nprcijmznacl jn lòsmkn äs krmniáns n pnrtmr jes ; nies jc mjnjc (kerrcspeijcitc ä nitman cskefn prí-prmlîrmn) c e scu lnmer jcscivefv jcscivefvmlcite mlcite mitcfcktunf? - n mlpertèikmn jc mitcarnr e cismie jn lòsmkn icssc iìvcf jc cismie? - n gnftn jc pregcssercs `nhmfmtnjes pnrn nsscaurnr e cismie jn jmskmpfmin n tejns ns krmniáns je cismie prí-cskefnr c n ickcssmjnjc jc gerlnr lnms pregmssmeinms `nhmfmtnjes? - e mivcstmlcite je cstnje in gerlnáëe jcsscs pregcssercs? - ns vnitnacis c ns jcsvnitnacis jn npfmknáëe jcssc mivcstmlcite in gerlnáëe jc pregcssercs c iëe ieutrns îrcns (kele n snòjc eu ns ehrns pòhfmkns, per cxclpfe). Cstcs nspcktes cstëe bî erjcinjes jc leje n pejcrcl keigmaurnr ul pcrkurse suhbnkcitc ä nprcscitnáëe c ciknjcnlcite jns mjcmns ne feiae je tcxte. Tnrtnles naern je prmikìpme jc quc, kele keikfusëe, pcisnles quc e mivcstmlcite in gerlnáëe jc pregcssercs jc lòsmkn vnfc n pcin scr gcmte, perqunite ns vnitnacis n iìvcf je jcscivefvmlcite mitcfcktunf jns krmniáns supcrnl ns jcsvnitnacis jc iëe scr pessìvcf npfmknr csscs guijes ieutrns îrcns. Kel cstcs peites cl lcitc, pejcrcles ciqunjrnr e tcln n scr trntnje, rcfnkmeinr es nspcktes fmstnjes c csheánr e pcrkurse quc ies prepeles scaumr, iuln mitrejuáëe kele n quc sc scauc2 E cismie jn lòsmkn cstî mitmlnlcitc nssekmnje n ul lnmer jcscivefvmlcite mitcfcktunf jns krmniáns, sehrctuje sc ger mimkmnje cl mjnjc prí-cskefnr. Í mlpertnitc, per msse, mitcarnr e cismie jn jmskmpfmin ies kurrmkufn  jcssc iìvcf jc cismie cl Tertuanf. @î, tejnvmn, gnftn jc pregcssercs cl iòlcre sugmkmcitc pnrn nsscaurnr e cismie jn lòsmkn n tejns ns krmniáns icssn gnmxn ctîrmn. Knhc ne cstnje jckmjmr sc jcvc mivcstmr in gerlnáëe jc

 

31

 

pregmssmeinms `nhmfmtnjes, jc leje n quc e cismie jn lòsmkn scbn uimvcrsnf icssc iìvcf. Ns vnitnacis jc npestnr in cjuknáëe jns krmniáns (n kelcánr per lnms cfcvnjes ìijmkcs jc sukcsse cskefnr) supcrnl kfnrnlcitc ns cvcitunms jcsvnitnacis (kele n iëe jmspeimhmfmznáëe jcsscs guijes cl îrcns kele n snòjc eu ns ehrns pòhfmkns).

Jcstn pessìvcf mitrejuáëe n ul tcxte kube tìtufe í E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite

keaimtmve

jns

krmniáns,

snfmcitnles

ns

scaumitcs

knrnktcrìstmkns2 - cfn mitcarn tejes es nspcktes prcvmnlcitc ciulcrnjes c quc ies pnrckcrnl scr nfauis jes lnms rcfcvnitcs n jcscivefvcr ne feiae je tcxte? - csscs nspcktes gernl rcfnkmeinjes citrc sm>4? - e tcln í keitcxt keitcxtunfmznje unfmznje cl tcrles jc tclpe c cspnáe (acearîgmke lns tnlhíl sekmekufturnf)2 trntn-sc jc uln qucstëe quc jmz rcspcmte ä sekmcjnjc pertuaucsn, ielcnjnlcitc ielcnjnlcitc ne smstcln jc cismie, ies jmns jc `ebc? - sëe jcgmimjes es prmikmpnms peites n tcr cl keismjcrnáëe iuln rcgfcxëe sehrc e nssuite? - n erjcináëe jns mjcmns in mitrejuáëe rcvcfn ul pcrkurse quc scrî scaumje ne feiae je tcxte. E pfnie eu pcrkurse csheánje in mitrejuáëe pejc scr cxpfmkmtnje ies pnsses scaumitcs2 - í keiscisunf n mlpertèikmn je cismie jn lòsmkn n krmniáns je cismie prí-cskefnr, per rnzócs quc jmzcl rcspcmte ne scu jcscivefvmlcite mitcfcktunf? - jckerrc jcssn mjcmn n ickcssmjnjc jc mitcarnr cstn jmskmpfmin ies kurrmkufn jcssc iìvcf jc cismie?

- iëe `nvcije pregcssercs sugmkmcitcs pnrn e nsscaurnr, e cstnje jcvc mivcstmr in gerlnáëe jc lnms pregcssercs jcssn îrcn? - sëe nprcscitnjes nraulcites n gnver c keitrn cssn jckmsëe?

>4 Wcr

sckáëe ;.8.8. sckáëe ;.8 .8. N prehf clîtmkn c e pf pfnie nie.. 

 

30

 

- in keikfusëe, jcgcijc-sc n tcsc jc quc es nraulcites n gnver sëe lnms vîfmjes je quc es keitrn-nraulcites. Cstc pfnie í mijmknje ie miìkme je tcxte, pcfe quc e scu fcmter, npcins pcfn fcmturn jn mitrejuáëe, pejc acrnr ul keibuite jc cxpcktntmv cxpcktntmvns ns quc pnssnl pcfn erjcl jc nprcscitnáëe jns mjcmns, ntí ä keikfusëe quc e nuter je tcxte sc prcpnrn pnrn jcgcijcr >>. E jcscivefvmlcite  í n pnrtc jn kelpesmáëe cl quc sc cxpfmkmtn, jc leje npreguijnje, ns mjcmns c es nraulcites sehrc es qunms sc prctcijc rcgfcktmr ie tcxte, jcvmjnlcitc mitcrfmanjes. Zcije smje nprcscitnjn, in mitrejuáëe, uln erjcináëe kerrcktn jes keitcòjes (eu scbn, uln prepestn jc pfnie), gmkn gnkmfmtnjn n rcjnkáëe je jcscivefvmlcite, uln vcz quc sc cspcrn quc cstc rcspcmtc nqucfn cstruturnáëe. Jnje quc e jcscivefvmlcite keistmtum acrnflcitc n pnrtc lnms cxtcisn je tcxte, ns mjcmns c es nraulcites icfc nprcscitnjes tcrëe jc scr jchntmjes jc leje jctnf`nje. Citrc es peites rcfcvnitcs quc í ickcssîrme tcr cl keitn ne feiae jn rcjnkáëe je jcscivefvmlcite keitnl-sc es scaumitcs2 - jcvc-sc cstnhcfckcr fmanáócs njcqunjns citrc ns mjcmns cfciknjns (iëe csquckcr, tejnvmn, quc, in mitrejuáëe, qunije sc erjcin n nprcscitnáëe jes keitcòjes sehrc es qunms vnm rcgfcktmr, jcvc-sc tcr bî cstc nspckte cl ntciáëe2 n jmstrmhumáëe c sukcssëe jns jmgcrcitcs mjcmns n cxper jcvc rcgfcktmr uln erjcl kecrcitc c nkcmtîvcf)? - n erjcináëe jes keitcòjes cxpfmkmtnjes ie tcxte pejc scr jc inturczn fûamkn (rcgfcktmije uln eranimznáëe ciknjcnjn jns mjcmns, kele sc knjn uln keistmtuìssc ul jcarnu ins csknjns quc sc cstî n suhmr) eu kreiefûamkn (rcgfcktmije n sukcssëe ie tclpe)? - í mlpertnitc snfmcitnr ns pnfnvrns-k`nvc c es nraulcites lnms mlpertnitcs, keigcrmije-f`cs ul fuanr kcitrnf, ul jcstnquc pnrtmkufnr. Xckerjcles n mitrejuáëe quc prepuscles nkcrkn je tcln E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns , c mijmqucles es peites >> Wcr

sckáëe ;.8.8. sckáëe ;.8 .8. N prehf clîtmkn c e pf pfnie nie.. 

 

3=

 

quc pejcrmnl scr npreguijnjes ie jcscivefvmlci jcscivefvmlcite te quc sc jcvc scaumr n cssn mitrejuáëe2 - kelprevnr n nssekmnáëe citrc e cismie jn lòsmkn n krmniáns cl mjnjc prí-cskefnr c e scu lnmer jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve (per cxclpfe, nfujmije n cstujes kmcitìgmkes sehrc e nssuite)? - rcfnkmeinr cssn cvmjâikmn kel n ickcssmjnjc jc nfnranr e cismie jn jmskmpfmin ne cismie prí-cskefnr? - keitrnper e nraulcite scauije e qunf iëe `î pregcssercs cl iòlcre sugmkmcitc pnrn acicrnfmznr e cismie jn lòsmkn n tejns ns cskefns jnqucfc iìvcf jc cismie? - nprcscitnr kele prepestn jc sefuáëe n gerlnáëe jc pregcssercs jc lòsmkn kele ul mivcstmlcite n knrae je cstnje? - mijmknr nraulcites n gnver c keitrn cssn prepestn? - keikfumr quc es nraulcites n gnver sëe lnms gertcs je quc es nraulcites keitrn n prepestn nprcscitnjn. Jcstc leje, ie jcscivefvmlcite sëe npreguijnjes tejes es nspcktes bî prcvmstes in mitrejuáëe. Nfíl jmsse, n erjcináëe cskef`mjn gnverckc ns trnismáócs citrc ns mjcmns c es nraulcites, rcvc rcvcfnije fnije ul pcrkurse cl quc iëe `î snftes citrc es keitcòjes trntnjes>8. N keikfusëe  ekerrc ie gminf je tcxte c scrvc pnrn rcknpmtufnr hrcvclcitc es nspcktes lnms mlpertnitcs quc gernl cxpfmkmtnjes, pnrn keigmrlnr quc n rcspestn quc sc prepóc í n lnms njcqunjn ne nssuite trntnje, c pnrn rckeitcxtunfmznrr n qucstëe mimkmnf ä fuz jns rcgfcxócs nprcscitnjns. rckeitcxtunfmzn N rcknpmtufnáëe jes peites lnms rcfcvnitcs quc gernl scije mijmknjes ne feiae je tcxte keismstc cl nssminfnr ns mjcmns kcitrnms, jc leje n mijmknr e pcrkurse cgcktunje cl tcrles jc keitcòje (jcsjc n keitcxtun keitcxtunfmznáëe fmznáëe je tcln ä rcspestn/sefuáëe nprcscitnjn, pnssnije pcfes nraulcites lnms jckmsmves). In scquâikmn jn rcknpmtufnáëe, jcvc gmknr kfnre quc n rcspestn ä qucstëe quc gem fniánjn í n lnms njcqunjn, jnje e levmlcite nraulcitntmve

>8 Wcr

sckáëe ;.8.;. sckáëe ;.8 .;. N n nrau rau lcitnáëe c n trnism áëe citrc citr c mjcmns mjcmns.. 

 

74

 

cxpfmkmtnje (tcije cssc levmlcite mitcarnje es nraulcites lnms pcrtmicitcs c lnms keivmikcitcs). N rckeitcxtunfmznáëe je tcln mimkmnf jckerrc jc n rcgfcxëe quc sc prejuzmu ne feiae je tcxte pcrlmtmr ehscrvî-fe naern jc ul leje lnms kelpfcte, seh ievns pcrspcktmvns, jcvmjnlcitc keitcxt keitcxtunfmznje unfmznje c ciqunjrnje, kel es fmlmtcs hcl jclnrknjes c es prmikmpnms nspcktes kerrcktnlcitc cxpfmkmtnjes. N pnrtmr je tcln nitcrmerlcitc prepeste (E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns ) c jn mitrejuáëe ntrîs rcjmamjn,

nprcscitnles, naern, uln keikfusëe pessìvcf2  Ne feiae jn iessn rcgfcxëe, pnrtmles jc ul prmikìpme keiscisunf, scauije e qunf e cismie jn lòsmkn í mlpertnitc pnrn e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns cl mjnjc prí-cskefnr. Nraulcitîles quc, cl guiáëe jmsse, e cstnje jcvcrmn mivcstmr cl gerlnr pregmssmeinms qunfmgmknjes pnrn nsscaurnrcl e cismie uimvcrsnf jn lòsmkn ie smstcln jc cjukntmve pertuauâs jcsjc e iìvcf prí-cskefnr, c quc cssc mivcstmlcite í jckmsmve pnrn n sekmcjnjc pertuaucsn. Xcstn cspcrnr quc, kel hnsc ies cstujes guijnlcitnjes nktunflcitc jmspeiìvcms, n jckmsëe pefìtmkn, n scr telnjn ies prûxmles tclpes, scbn n lnms nkcrtnjn pnrn e iesse guture c e jns iessns krmniáns.

Icstn keikfusëe2 - sëe rcsulmjns ns ctnpns prmikmpnms je pcrkurse scaumje ne feiae je tcxte, cl tcrles jns mjcmns cxpfmkmtnjns? - í rcgeránjn n mjcmn jc quc e levmlcite nraulcitntmve quc suhbnz ne tcxte jcsclhekeu iuln keikfusëe vnfmjnjn pcfes nraulcites c pcfes keitrn-nraulcites nprcscitnjes? - rcciqunjrn-sc e tcln trntnje, rclctcije-e pnrn n nktunfmjnjc pefìtmkn inkmeinf.

 

7>

 

«Sln keikfusëe í gcmtn pnrn gck`nr e trnhnf`e, vnfermzî-fe c rclctcr e prehfcln cl knusn pnrn e scu jcvmje fuanr¿ >;. Í pessìvcf cstnhcfckcr ul pnrnfcfmsle citrc ns guiáócs jcsclpci`njns pcfns gnscs jn mitrejuáëe c jn keikfusëe. Jc gnkte, cstns juns gnscs kelpfclcitnl-sc c mlpfmknl-sc lutunlcitc cl tcrles jc cstruturn tcxtunf. Xcprejuzmles, n scaumr, e csqucln prepeste per Aeurlcfmi c Aucjei (>==;2 >>:) pnrn cvmjcikmnr kele n gnsc jn keikfusëe rcteln c rclntn es peites geknjes in mitrejuáëe2 m itrejuáëe2

Mitrejuáëe

Keikfusëe

>. [mtunr ie keitcxte

>. Xcsulmr ns ctnpns

8. Kefeknr e prehfcln

8. Lestrnr quc cstî rcsefvmje

;. Ciuikmnr e pfnie

;. Xcper ie keitcxte

Sl tcxte quc sc nprcscitc cstruturnje icstns trâs gnscs (mitrejuáëe, jcscivefvmlcitee c keikfusëe), c cl quc knjn uln jcfns prccik`n ns guiáócs jcscivefvmlcit quc f`cs sëe micrcitcs, rcvcfnrî uln arnijc keismstâikmn c gnkmfmtnrî e prekcsse jc fcmturn/mitcrprctnáëe je scu mitcrfekuter, uln vcz quc e pcrkurse í niuikmnje ie miìkme c í mitcarnflcitc kulprmje. Sln cstruturnáëe jcstc tmpe rcvcfn, maunflcitc, quc e scu nuter tcl n knpnkmjnjc jc ninfmsnr, smitctmznr c erjcinr ns mjcmns m jcmns jc leje kfnre c kerrckte, gnkte quc iëe í jc lciesprcznr qunije sc trntn jc ul tcxte nraulcitntmve, e qunf, kele vmles, tcl kele ehbcktmve keivcikcr eu pcrsunjmr e(s) mitcrfekuter(cs). E gnkte jc e pòhfmke-nfve acrnr uln mlnacl pesmtmvn nkcrkn je fekuter pejc scr ul keitrmhute jckmsmve pnrn sc jcmxnr pcrsunjmr. ;. ;.8. 8.8. 8. N prehfclîtmkn preh fclîtmkn c e p fnie

Gerlufnr n prehfclîtmkn  jc uln kelpesmáëe í uln ctnpn jckmsmvn in sun keikcpáëe. Cstn ctnpn keismstc hnsmknlcitc cl jcstnknr es nspcktes lnms mlpertnitcs n trntnr ne feiae je tcxte c cl rcfnkmeiî-fes citrc sm.

>; Aeurlcfmi

c Aucjei (>==;2 >>:).  

 

78

 

N prehfclîtmkn c e pfnie miscrcl-sc in pnrtc je tcxte rcfntmvn ä mitrejuáëe. [c ul tcxte cstmvcr kfnrnlcitc eranimznje, jcvcrî scr gîkmf pnrn e fcmter jcfmlmtnr n mitrejuáëe je jcscivefvmlcite c cstc jn keikfusëe. Bî n jcgmimáëe jc greitcmrns, jcitre jn mitrejuáëe, citrc n prehfclîtmkn c e pfnie í nfae lnms kelpfcxe, perquc cssns greitcmrns sëe, grcqucitclcitc, jmgusns2 n prehfclîtmkn c e pfnie pejcl scr pcrspcktmvnjes kele ns juns gnkcs jc uln lcsln lecjn eu kele ns juns pîamins jc ul gef`n jc pnpcf. ^unije, n prepûsmte jn mitrejuáëe, jmsscles quc icfn sc jcvcrmn jcgmimr n jmlcisëe c es fmlmtcs je tcln, rcfnkmeinije es nspcktes lnms rcfcvnitcs quc cfc suskmtn, cstîvnles prckmsnlcitc n nitckmpnr quc cssn pnrtc je tcxte mitcarn n gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn. Xctelcles e tcln n pnrtmr je qunf nprcscitîles prepestns jc mitrejuáëe c jc keikfusëe (E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns), c vcbnles kele in iessn prepestn jc mitrejuáëe sc tcvc cl

keismjcrnáëe n gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn2 - gernl fmstnjes es prmikmpnms nspcktes n jcscivefvcr ne feiae je tcxte (nssekmnáëe citrc cismie jn lòsmkn n krmniáns cl mjnjc prí-cskefnr c e scu jcscivefvmlcite mitcfcktunf? ickcssmjnjc jc mitcarnr c uimvcrsnfmznr cstn jmskmpfmin ie cismie prí-cskefnr? gnftn jc pregcssercs qunfmgmknjes pnrn e cgcmte c pcrtmiâikmn jc sc mivcstmr icssn gerlnáëe? nraulcites n gnver c keitrn cssc mivcstmlcite)? - csscs nspcktes gernl rcfnkmeinjes citrc sm jc leje n keistmtuìrcl ul teje kecrcitc (eu scbn, cl quc ici`uln mjcmn cstî n lnms eu jcsfeknjn). Znlhíl e pfnie  í uln ctnpn jn keikcpáëe jc uln kelpesmáëe sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite. E pfnie jcvc scr cxpfmkmtnje in pnrtc je tcxte rcfntmvn ä mitrejuáëe. Keismstc cstn ctnpn in nprcscitnáëe jc ul pcrkurse quc e nuter je tcxte sc prepóc scaumr, pcrkurse cssc quc í lnrknje per jctcrlminjns mjcmns rcfnkmeinjns citrc sm quc jcsclheknl iuln jnjn keikfusëe. [cauije e peite jc vmstn quc sc njeptn, ul pfnie scrvc jems prepûsmtes, keisenitc ies smtucles ne iìvcf jn sun prejuáëe eu jn sun fcmturn. Es jems prepûsmtes sëe es scaumitcs2

 

7;

 

- aumnr e nuter in rcjnkáëe je scu tcxte? kel hnsc ie pfnie cstnhcfckmje prcvmnlcitc ne nkte jc mimkmnr n rcjnkáëe je tcxte, e nuter ‖fmlmtnr -sc-sc-î“ n

cxpfmkmtnr c n npreguijnr ns mjcmns mimkmnflcitc nssminfnjns, c pcfn erjcl mijmknjn? - nprcscitnr ne fcmter, feae ie miìkme je tcxte, n erjcináëe jns prmikmpnms mjcmns c nraulcites, jc leje n quc cfc acrc jc mlcjmnte ul keibuite jc cxpcktntmvns c f`c scbn gnkmfmtnjn n fcmturn c kelprccisëe jes keitcòjes quc vëe scr prepestes. Cstc scauije peite í ul nspckte kcitrnf in rcjnkáëe jc qunfqucr tcxte2 jcvcles tcr cl keismjcrnáëe e(s) jcstmintîrme(s), snhcr kefeknr-ies ie scu fuanr c nprcscitnr-f`c(s) ul tcxte quc sc knrnktcrmzc per scr kfnre, kecrcitc, keismstcitc, cigml, per scr fcaìvcf c gnkmflcitc mitcrprctîvcf. N cfnhernáëe je pfnie í uln ctnpn mitmlnlcitc fmanjn ä gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn2 n keikcpáëe jc uln c jc eutre pejc c jcvc scr smluftèicn c lutunlcitc njcqunjn. Ter ul fnje, n cfnhernáëe jc ul pfnie jcpcijc jes nspcktes fmstnjes c rcfnkmeinjes qunije sc cstî n gerlufnr n prehfclîtmkn. [û qunije tejes es nspcktes cstmvcrcl in lcitc je nuter je tcxte, cfcs pejcl scr njcqunjnlcitc erjcinjes jc leje n quc ie tcxte sc keistrun ul pcrkurse, jcsjc uln smtunáëe mimkmnf ntí uln keikfusëe gminf. Ter eutre fnje, in gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn bî sc jcvc tcr cl ntciáëe n cfnhernáëe je pfnie, perqunite e rcfnkmeinlcite citrc ns mjcmns n trntnr jcvc ehcjckcr n uln erjcináëe quc mijmquc ul pcrkurse kecrcitc (eu scbn, ie qunf tejns ns mjcmns cstcbnl jc nkerje kel n keikfusëe quc sc prctcijc cxtrnmr) c keismstcitc (mste í, ie qunf qucr ns mjcmns, qucr n sun erjcináëe c jmstrmhumáëe pcfe tcxte, scbnl mintnkîvcms). N mitrejuáëe prepestn pnrn e tcln E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns  mitcarn ul pfnie quc keismstc cl

cxpfernr c npreguijnr, pcfn erjcl mijmknjn ie tcxte, knjn uln jns mjcmns c nraulcites nprcscitnjes. [c n prehfclîtmkn keismstc cl cxpfmkmtnr es jmvcrses nspcktes je tcln sehrc es qunms sc vnm rcgfcktmr c cl rcfnkmeiî-fes citrc sm, c e pfnie keismstc in mijmknáëe je pcrkurse quc e nuter sc prepóc scaumr ne feiae je tcxte (cl tcrles qucr jns mjcmns sehrc ns qunms vnm rcgfcktmr, qucr jn sun erjcináëe),

 

7:

 

citëe prehfclîtmkn c pfnie sëe, jc gnkte, juns gnkcs jn lcsln lecjn. Ns juns ctnpns cstëe mitcrfmanjns c rcfnkmeinl-sc lutunlcitc, jcvcije scr keikchmjns keikelmtnitc keikelmtnitclcitc. lcitc. ;. ;.8. 8.;. ;. N nraulcitnáëe c n trnismáëe tr nismáëe citr citrc c mjcmns

N nraulcitnáëe   keismstc in scfckáëe c in fmanáëe citrc ns mjcmns, scauije ul levmlcite je tmpe  N feae H , cl quc N keistmtum uln mjcmn jn qunf jckerrc n nkcmtnáëe jn mjcmn H. Ter sun vcz, H pejc keistmtumr ul nraulcite pnrn sc vnfmjnr uln ievn keikfusëe K, scauije ul levmlcite H feae K. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, uln keikfusëe mitcrlíjmn pejc scrvmr jc nraulcite nr aulcite pnrn uln keikfusëe gminf. Sln nraulcitnáëe keismstcitc (c keivmikcitc) keitíl, acrnflcitc, lnms je quc ul nraulcite quc gnverckc n njepáëe jn keikfusëe. Nfíl jmsse, pejc mitcarnr keitrn-nraulcites, eu scbn, mjcmns quc sc epócl ä vnfmjnáëe jn keikfusëe quc e nuter jcgcijc. [c cssns mjcmns gercl rcgutnjns, citëe ani`n lnms gerán n keikfusëe prepestn pcfe nuter. Tejc scr maunflcitc rcfcvnitc mfustrnr ns mjcmns nprcscitnjns kel cxclpfes keikrctes. In mitrejuáëe ne tcln E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns sëe utmfmznjes es scaumitcs nraulcites c keitrn-nraulcites2

- nraulcites (m) `î kelprevnjnlcitc uln nssekmnáëe smstclîtmkn citrc e cismie jn lòsmkn c ul lnmer jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns cl mjnjc prí-cskefnr? (mm) í pcrtmicitc mitcarnr n jmskmpfmin jc lòsmkn ie kurrmkuful  je cismie prí-cskefnr? (mmm) `î lnms vnitnacis cl mivcstmr in cjuknáëe (tcije cl keitn es kustes civefvmjes in gerlnáëe jc ul iòlcre iëe lumte cfcvnje jc pregcssercs jc lòsmkn) je quc in snòjc c ins ehrns ehr ns pòhfmkns? -keitrn-nraulcites (mv) `î gnftn jc pregcssercs `nhmfmtnjes n fckkmeinr lòsmkn ie cismie prí-cskefnr?

 

73

 

(v) gerlnr pregmssmeinms qunfmgmknjes pnrn cssc cgcmte kustn jmi`cmre ne cstnje? E nraulcite (mm) jckerrc je nraulcite (m). Es keitrn-nraulcites (mv) c (v) epócl-sc ne nraulcite (mm). E nraulcite (mmm) prctcijc rcgutnr es keitrn-nraulcites (mv) c (v), jc leje n quc e mitcrfekuter nkcmtc quc cfc í lnms vîfmje kele keikfusëe je quc uln eutrn keikfusëe pessìv pessìvcf, cf, kele n scaumitc2 tcije cl keitn quc cssc jmi`cmre scrmn lnms hcl npfmknje in snòjc c ins ehrns pòhfmkns, iëe vnfc n pcin e csgeráe jc mivcstmr in gerlnáëe jc pregcssercs jc lòsmkn. Nitcs jc mimkmnr n rcjnkáëe je tcxte, í mlpertnitc quc e nuter nvnfmc n keismstâikmn c n kecrâikmn jes nraulcites, eu scbn, quc vcrmgmquc sc cfcs sëe sugmkmcitclcitc gertcs pnrn vnfmjnr n keikfusëe n quc sc prctcijc k`canr c sc cfcs sc rcfnkmeinl uis kel es eutres jc leje n quc, cl keibuite, npeitcl ickcssnrmnlcitc pnrn cssn lcsln keikfusëe. Ns trnismáócs  sëe ns fmanáócs, ns pnssnacis jc uln pnrtc je tcxte n eutrn (jn mitrejuáëe ne jcscivefvmlcite c je jcscivefvmlcite ä keikfusëe), eu citrc juns mjcmns quc sc miscrcl in lcsln pnrtc je tcxte. Cstns fmanáócs jcvcl scr kumjnjesnlci kumjnjesnlcitc tc cstnhcfckmjns? Tnrn cstnhcfckcr rcfnáócs citrc ns jmgcrcitcs mjcmns cxpestns eu citrc ns jmgcrcitcs pnrtcs je tcxte, utmfmznl-sc es keicktercs. Cfcs sëe mlpertnitcs perquc, knse iëe ekerrnl ie tcxte n fmanr juns grnscs, pejc iëe scr kfnre pnrn e fcmter qunf n rcfnáëe citrc es keitcòjes quc e nuter prctcijc trnislmtmr. N ekerrâikmn jc lns eu jc pertnite, per cxclpfe, nssminfn quc citrc n prmlcmrn grnsc c n scauijn `î uln rcfnáëe jc epesmáëe (ie knse jc lns) c jc knusn-keiscquâikmn (ie knse jc pertnite). Cms nfauis jes keicktercs lnms grcqucitclcitc utmfmznjes cl kelpesmáócs sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcit jcscivefvmlcite2 e2 - jc njmáëe (c, nfíl jmsse, lnms, ctk.)? - jc epesmáëe (lns, tejnvmn, keituje, períl, ie citnite, ctk.)? - jc nftcrintmvn (eu, qucr… qucr, scbn… scbn, ctk.)? - jc cxpfmknáëe (pems, perqunite, ctk.)? - jc knusn-keiscquâi knusn-keiscquâikmn kmn (perquc, feae, uln vcz quc, jnje quc, per msse, pertnite, per keiscaumitc, nssml, ctk.)?

 

77

 

- jc keikcssëe (clhern,nmijn quc, npcsnr jc, sc hcl quc , ctk.)? - jc gminfmjnjc (pnrn quc, jc leje n quc, ctk.). Ie tcxte jc mitrejuáëe quc prepuscles ne tcln E cismie jn lòsmkn c e jcscivefvmlcite keaimtmve jns krmniáns , rcpnrc-sc kele es keicktercs per msse, tejnvmn c  jc leje n quc  cvmjcikmnl e tmpe jc rcfnáëe, n iìvcf jes

keitcòjes, quc cxmstc citrc ns mjcmns vcmkufnjns pcfns grnscs quc nrtmkufnl. N nraulcitnáëe c ns trnismáócs (citrc ns mjcmns c ns pnrtcs je tcxte) jcvcrëe scr telnjns cl keismjcrnáëe in gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn in cfnhernáëe je pfnie. Sln vcz lnms sc jcleistrn quc es keikcmtes quc tcles vmije n trntnr ne feiae jcstc tcln sc citrckruznl c sc mitcrfmanl mitmlnlcitc.

 

71

 

;. ;.;. ;. C Cstm stmfe2 fe2 kfnrczn, kfnrczn, prckmsëe c fcamhmfm fcamh mfmjnjc jnjc

Ne cskrcvcr ul tcxte, jcvc-sc tcr cl keismjcrnáëe e pòhfmke-nfve, ielcnjnlcitc e tmpe jc rcfnáëe (lnms migerlnf eu lnms jmstnitc) quc lnitcles kel e(s) mitcrfekuter(cs), e scu cstntute sekmepregmssmeinf, e arnu jc kei`ckmlcite quc cfc tcl je tcln quc ies prepeles trntnr, n gminfmjnjc kel quc cskrcvcles e tcxte, ctk. Tcrnitc qunfqucr fcmter, tejnvmn, e nuter jcvc prekurnr quc e scu tcxte sc knrnktcrmzc pcfn kfnrczn, pcfn prckmsëe c pcfn fcamhmfmjnjc. [û jcssc leje pejc cspcrnr quc cfc scbn jcvmjnlcitc kelprccijmje per tejes qunites e fâcl. N kfnrczn  keikrctmzn-sc cl jmgcrcitcs jmlcisócs, jcsjc ul iìvcf lnms cfclcitnr jn keistruáëe jns grnscs (jcscbnvcflcitc iëe lumte feians icl kel sukcssmvns ernáócs suherjminjns) ne iìvcf lnms kelpfcxe jn cxpesmáëe c fmanáëe citrc ns mjcmns. [cr kfnre í nprcscitnr es keitcòjes kel smlpfmkmjnjc, jc tnf gerln quc e fcmter es kelprccijn scl jmgmkufjnjc. Sln mjcmn quc pnrcán cvmjcitc ne nuter pejc scr epnkn pnrn e fcmter. Znlhíl í mlpertnitc quc scbnl kfnrns ns fmanáócs citrc ns mjcmns c es nraulcites nprcscitnjes. Í keivcimcitc, per msse, quc e nuter snmhn kefeknr-sc ‖in pcfc“ je fcmter, pnrn cxpfmkmtnr njcqunjnlcitc ns suns mjcmns c cvmtnr quc `nbn gnf`ns in keluimknáëe quc jckerrnl jn gnftn jc kfnrczn ie scu tcxte. Ter prckmsëe , citcijc-sc n qunfmjnjc jc scr rmaerese c cxnkte in cxpesmáëe jns mjcmns. Znf kele n kfnrczn, tnlhíl cstn preprmcjnjc sc keikrctmzn qucr iul iìvcf lnms cfclcitnr (kele in scfckáëe jns pnfnvrns, per cxclpfe), qucr ie jn cxpesmáëe jns mjcmns. [c e nuter ger prckmse in fmiaunacl utmfmznjn, iëe `nvcrî fuanr n mitcrprctnáócs nlhìauns nlhìauns.. Iul tcxte jcstc tmpe, jcvc-sc cvmtnr e use jc pnfnvrns kele kemsn eu jc keistruáócs kele nk`e quc, prckmsnlcitc perquc sëe rcvcfnjerns eu jc gnftn jc rmaer eu jc mikcrtczn per pnrtc je nuter. Jcvc-sc cvmtnr tnlhíl grnscs acicrnfmznitcs, vnans, mikeiscqucitcs c micxnktns, kele n lòsmkn í uln kemsn lumte heimtn  eu es pefìtmkes sëe tejes maunms . Iuln kelpesmáëe sehrc

ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite, prctcijc-sc jcleistrnr nfae c/eu pcrsunjmr e

 

70

 

fcmter nkcrkn jc nfae, pcfe quc í cxmamje ne scu nuter quc rcvcfc keismstâikmn in sun rcgfcxëe c in sun cxpesmáëe. N fcamhmfmjnjc jc ul tcxte rcfnkmein-sc kel qucstócs jc inturczn gerlnf2 n knfmarngmn (ie knse jc tcxtes lniuskrmtes), n lnik`n arîgmkn, e cspnánlcite citrc ns fmi`ns, e tmpe c e tnlni`e jn fctrn utmfmznjn sëe nfauis jes nspcktes n tcr cl keismjcrnáëe qunije sc cskrcvc ul tcxte. E nuter je tcxte jcvc cvmtnr quc cstcs nspcktes mlpcánl n fcmturn f cmturn c kelprccisëe jn kelpesmáëe. Sl cstmfe smlpfcs c kfnre (c iëe jcsickcssnrmnlcitc kelpfcxe), prckmse c cxnkte (c iëe vnae), keikmse c kelcjmje (c iëe helhîstmke), cms nfaulns preprmcjnjcs quc jcvcl knrnktcrmznr uln kelpesmáëe sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite. Í mlpertnitc prekcjcr ä rcfcmturn je tcxte npûs cfc cstnr rcjmamje. Icssn nfturn, jcvcl scr rckerjnjes nfauis peites kcitrnms2 - e tcxte cstî jmvmjmje cl mitrejuáëe, jcsciv jcscivefvmlcite efvmlcite c keikfusëe5 - n mitrejuáëe mitcarn n prehfclîtmkn p rehfclîtmkn c e pfnie5 - e jcscivefvmlcite npreguijn ns mjcmns mijmknjns in mitrejuáëe, pcfn erjcl prcvmstn5 - cssns mjcmns cstëe jcvmjnlcitc mitcrfmanjns5 - n nraulcitnáëe utmfmznjn í njcqunjn tcije cl vmstn n keikfusëe quc e nuter prctcijc gnzcr nkcmtnr5 - es cxclpfes nprcscitnjes npemnl es nraulcites5 - n keikfusëe í smlítrmkn c ‖rcspeijc“ ä mitrejuáëe5  - e cstmfe je tcxte knrnktcrmzn-sc pcfn kerrckáëe c njcqunáëe ne tcln c ne pòhfmke-nfve5 [c n rcspestn n tejns cstns qucstócs ger ngmrlntmvn, citëe e tcxte cstî keikfuìje. Zejes es nspcktes quc trntîles ne feiae jcstc tcln cikeitrnl-sc jc tnf gerln mlhrmknjes quc sû per rnzócs jc erjcl lctejefûamkn rcgfcktmles sehrc cfcs jc leje mijmvmjunfmznje, kele sc sc trntnssc jc kelpnrtmlcites cstniqucs. Lns kele sc pejc jmssekmnr n pnrtc jn mitrejuáëe jns qucstócs jn

 

7=

 

gerlufnáëe jn prehfclîtmkn c jn cfnhernáëe je pfnie5 C kele sc pejc jmssekmnr n pnrtc je jcscivefvmlcite jn qucstëe jn nraulcitnáëe c jn trnismáëe citrc mjcmns5 Í prcgcrìvcf keikchcr tejes cstcs keikcmtes (rcfntmves äs pnrtcs je tcxte, n ctnpns jn keikcpáëe c eranimznáëe jes keitcòjes c ne cstmfe n utmfmznr in rcjnkáëe je tcxte) kele jmgcrcitcs jmlcisócs n tcr cl keismjcrnáëe qunije sc cskrcvc uln kelpesmáëe sehrc ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcit jcscivefvmlcite. e.

 

14

 

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearîgmkns Zcln ;  ‛  Ermcitnáócs pnrn n cskrmtn jc tcxtes sehrc tclns jc jcscivefvmlcite

n) Fcmturn Fcmturn ehr mantûrmn 

AESXLCFMI, Lnrmc-Besàp`c, c Bcni-Grniáems ASCJEI (>==8), Kele rcjmamr ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite   (trnj.), Lcl-Lnrtmis, Tuhfmknáócs Curepn-

-Nlírmkn, knp. > (pp. 3-8>), knp. 8 (csp. pp. ;:-;0), knp. ; (csp. pp. 3;-30), knp. : (pp. 3=-7=), knp. 3 (pp. 1;-01), knp. 7 (pp. 0=->43), knp. 1 (pp. >41>>=), knp. 0 (pp. >8>->8=).

h) Fcmturn kelpfclcitnr  

[NIZE[, Benin Wmcmrn (84>>), Fmiaunacl c keluimknáëe, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin, pp. 8>8-884. [C^SCMXN, Xesn Lnrmn (84>4), Keluimknr hcl. Trîtmkns c cstruturns keluimkntmvns, Fmshen, Geitc jn Tnfnvrn, pp. 34-=4.

 

1>

 

Zcln : ‛ N Keluimknáë Keluimk náëe e in mitcrict mit crict 

 

18

 

Ehbcktmves 

Ie gminf jcstc tcln, e cstujnitc jcvcrî cstnr npte n  rckei`ckcr n mlpertèikmn jns rcarns jc ictmqucttc pnrn n keluimknáëe



mitcrpcssenf in mitcrict?  jcgmimr ns prmikmpnms rcarns jc ictmqucttc?



 npfmknr ns rcarns jc ictmqucttc qunije keluimkn ntrnvís jn mitcrict.



 

1;

 

Mitrejuáëe

Ne feiae jcstc tcln, prepele-ies rcgfcktmr sehrc qucstócs rcfnkmeinjns kel n keluimknáëe in mitcrict. Mikmjmrcles n iessn ntciáëe iul peite cspckìgmke quc í jckmsmve pnrn quc n keluimknáëe citrc es mijmvìjues sc prekcssc scl prehfclns2 ns rcarns jc ictmqucttc. N ictmqucttc jcgmic-sc, hnsmknlcitc, kele ‖n ctmquctn in ict“, eu scbn, e cstnhcfckmlcite jc rcfnáócs kerrcktns c pefmjns citrc es subcmtes quc keluimknl ntrnvís jn mitcrict. Jcstc leje, n ictmqucttc keitclpfn uln sírmc jc

ierlns

jc

keijutn

fmiauìstmkn

c

keluimkntmvn.

^unije

sëe

cskrupufesnlcitc scaumjns, cssns ierlns pcrlmtcl quc es mijmvìjues mitcrnbnl kel cgmkmâikmn, mlpcjmije petcikmnms keigfmtes c lnf citcijmjes. [c in keluimknáëe gnkc-n-gnkc csscs keigfmtes c lnf citcijmjes nkeitckcl kel hnstnitc grcquâikmn, ns pessmhmfmjnjcs jc sc vcrmgmknrcl in keluimknáëe ntrnvís jn mitcrict sëe lumte lnms cfcvnjns, jnjns ns knrnktcrìstmkns cspckìgmkns jcstc leje jc keluimknr. N keluimknáëe in mitcrict pejc scr sìikrein (cl k`nts) eu nssìikrein (cl gûruis, per kerrcme cfcktrûimke, ies hfeas, ins pîamins wch, cl kelcitîrmes, cl pests, ins knrtns ne jmrckter je berinf, ctk.). Ies k`nts, í pessìvcf treknr lcisnacis (vufae, tckfnr) vcije e iesse mitcrfekuter, jcsjc quc sc utmfmzc uln wchknl. Lns e lnms grcqucitc í quc n keluimknáëe in mitcrict sc prekcssc pcfn cskrmtn, scl quc es mitcrfekutercs sc vcbnl lutunlcitc, c jc leje nssìikreie. Cqumvnfc mste n jmzcr quc e jcstmintîrme sû tcl n lcisnacl cskrmtn pnrn mitcrprctnr e quc e subcmte gnfnitc prctcijc keluimknr. In keluimknáëe prcscikmnf, ns cxprcssócs gnkmnms, e tel c e vefulc jc vez, es acstes c ns pesturns kerpernms scrvcl pnrn prckmsnr, rcgeránr eu icanr e scitmje fmtcrnf jn lcisnacl vcrhnf>:. Ern, in lnmer pnrtc jes knses, cstcs cfclcites pnrnfmiauìstmkes (quc nkelpni`nl n keluimknáëe vcrhnf qunije cfn sc jî prcscikmnflcitc) cstëe nuscitcs in keluimknáëe pcfn mitcrict. Ter msse, cstns >: Wcr

sckáëe >.;.  Keluimknáëe iëe-vcrhnf. sckáëe >.;. iëe-vcrhnf . 

 

1:

 

rcarns jc keijutn (lnms je quc lcrns rcarns jc keluimknáëe) ani`nl uln lnmer rcfcvèikmn. Jcstnknrcles jcz rcarns hîsmkns jc ictmqucttc  c prekurnrcles jcleistrnr n mlpertèikmn jc rcspcmtî-fns pnrn quc e rcfnkmeinlcite kel es eutres in mitcrict sc prekcssc kel kerrckáëe c scl prehfclns.

 

13

 

 Ns r car carns ns j c ictmqucttc ictmqucttc   >. >.ªª rcarn2 Fclhrc-sc jc quc c cstî stî n keluim keluimknr knr kel eu tre s cr `ulnie (Xclclhcr (X clclhcr t`c `u `ulni) lni)  

Cstn rcarn jc ictmqucttc  í jc tnf leje cvmjcitc quc tnfvcz icl gessc ickcssîrme cxpfmkmtî-fn eu scqucr rckerjî-fn. Ie citnite, cfn keitíl cl sm n cssâikmn jc tejns ns eutrns2 jcvcles tcr cl lcitc quc cstnles n keluimknr in mitcrict kel uln eutrn pcssen, ul scr `ulnie kubns cxpcktntmvns, niscmes, rckcmes, ctk., sëe sclcf`nitcs nes iesses. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, í mlpertnitc tcr cl keitn e prmikìpme scauije e qunf iëe sc jcvc gnzcr nes eutres e quc iëe aestnles quc ies gnánl n iûs. N keluimknáëe ntrnvís jn mitcrict prekcssn-sc, in lnmer pnrtc jns vczcs, cskrcvcije iul tckfnje cl grcitc n ul leimter, c iëe gnfnije pcrnitc uln pcssen. E grcitc-n-grcitc kel n lîqumin (c iëe kel n pcssen) pejc gnzcr kel quc ies csqucánles jcstc cfclcite jc `ulnimjnjc. Npnrcitclcitc, í lnms gîkmf rcspeijcr kel kûfcrn, kel rnmvn, lestrnije rujczn c mijcfmknjczn n ul mitcrfekuter sc e gmzcrles per cskrmte c ä jmstèikmn, per jctrîs jc ul leimter c jc ul tckfnje. C í cssn mjcmn quc jcvcles tcr cl lcitc qunije keluimknles pcfn mitcrict, prckmsnlcitc pnrn cvmtnr quc gnánles, ntrnvís jcstc lcme, e quc ierlnflcitc iëe gnrìnles in keluimknáëe prcscikmnf. N pcrauitn quc ies jcvcles kefeknr í, citëe, n scaumitc2 jmrìnles in knrn je iesse mitcrfekuter cxnktnlcit cxnktnlcitcc nqumfe quc cstnles n cskrcvcr-f`c5 Nfíl jmsse, `î quc tcr cl keismjcrnáëe quc ns pnfnvrns gnfnjns ‖fcvns -n e vcite“? bî ns pnfnvrns cskrmtns gmknl rcamstnjns. C cssc peite tnlhíl jcvc

pcsnr ins iessns jckmsócs rcfntmvnlcitc ne quc cskrcvcles ne iesse mitcrfekuter.

 

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8.ª rcarn2 [man, in mitcrict, es lcsles pnjrócs jc kelpertnlcite quc scauc in vmjn rcnf (Nj`crc (Nj`c rc te tt`c `c snlc stnijnrjs stnijnrjs eg hc`nvmeur eifmic eif mic t`nt yeu g effew mi rcnf fmgc)   fmgc)

E gnkte jc n keluimknáëe in mitcrict sc prekcssnr pcrnitc ul leimter c ul tckfnje, c iëe pcrnitc e iesse mitcrfekuter (cxkcpte, kele bî rcgcrmles, qunije nlhes tâl uln wchknl  c sc vâcl lutunlcitc), tcl per vczcs e cgcmte jc terinr es invcanjercs jn ict lnms eusnjes c lcies rcspcmtnjercs jes eutres je quc nkeitckcrmn sc cstmvcsscl iuln smtunáëe jc keluimknáëe prcscikmnf. N fmiaunacl utmfmznjn per ul subcmte gnfnitc in mitcrict pejc keitcr lnms pnfnvrócs c scr lnms misuftuesn je quc scrmn sc cfc sc cstmvcssc n jmrmamr ä lcsln pcssen grcitc-n-grcitc. Eutre peite n keismjcrnr jmz rcspcmte, iëe npcins ne quc iëe jmrìnles, lns ne quc iëe gnrìnles ie ‖luije rcnf“ (clhern n mitcrict scbn tnlhíl e luije rcnf!). Zejes snhcles quc í mfcanf pfnamnr ul tcxte eu nuter  ‛ eu scbn, trniskrcvcr fmtcrnflcitc ns pnfnvrns jc ul tcxte c gnzâ-fns pnssnr per iessns, scl ns kefeknr citrc nspns c scl mijmknr e scu vcrjnjcmre nuter. Í mfcanf c lernflcitc crrnje, perquc keistmtum uln gerln jc cianinr es eutres. Lns n mitcrict, per ul keibuite jc rnzócs jc quc jcstnknles n gnkmfmjnjc kel quc icfn cikeitrnles tcxtes sehrc qunfqucr tcln, c, uln vcz lnms, e gnkte jc scr pessìvcf ‖gnzcr nfae jc crrnje c csknpnr mikûfulc“,

keistmtum uln tcitnáëe pnrn qunfqucr cstujnitc jc qunfqucr iìvcf jc cismie. Icstc knse, n pcrauitn quc jcvcles gnzcr n iûs lcsles í n scaumitc2 sc in vmjn rcnf ies csgeránles per scr `eicstes c per scaumr ierlns jc keijutn kerrcktns c njcqunjns ä vmjn cl sekmcjnjc, ierlns quc rcvcfnl kmvmsle c jcgcrâikmn pnrn kel es eutres, perquc iëe `nvcrìnles jc gnzcr e lcsle in mitcrict5 ;. ;.ªª rcarn2 [nmhn eijc cstî ie kmhcrcspnáe (Oiew w`crc w` crc yeu nrc mi ky hcrspnkc)  hcrspnkc) 

Knjn subcmte gnfnitc njnptn c njcqun e scu leje jc sc kelpertnr (c e leje jc gnfnr í tnlhíl uln gerln jc kelpertnlcite) cl guiáëe jc ul

 

11

 

keibuite jc gnktercs kele e(s) scu(s) mitcrfekuter(cs) c es rcspcktmves pnpíms sekmnms, e tclpe c e feknf eijc cstî, e tcln jn keivcrsn, ctk. Í mlpertnitc lnitcr n lcsln ntmtujc jc njnptnáëe c njcqunáëe je quc keluimknles qunije e gnzcles ntrnvís jn mitcrict. Iul jctcrlminje k`nt eu kel jctcrlminjns pcssens, pejc scr nkcmtîvcf usnr uln fmiaunacl lnms rcfnxnjn (mikfusmvnlcitc keitcije pnfnvrócs) c gnzcr rcgcrâikmn n kcrtes tclns quc pejcl scr keismjcrnjes egcismves per eutrns pcssens. Í mlpertnitc, per msse, snhcr eijc sc cstî in mitcrict c kel qucl sc cstî n keluimknr. [û nssml í pessìvcf njcqunr n fmiaunacl c ns ntmtujcs nes mitcrfekutercs, cl guiáëe je quc í cxpcktîvcf. Knse keitrîrme, gnkmflcitc sc acrnl keigfmtes c lnf citcijmjes. :. :.ªª rcarn2 Xc Xcspcmtc spcmtc e tclpe c n fnraur fnraurn n jc hn hnijn ijn jes e utr utres es (Xcspckt et`cr pcepfc”s tmlc nij hnijwmjt`) 

Xcspcmtnr e tclpe jes eutres smaimgmkn, citrc eutrns kemsns, iëe cskrcvcr tcxtes jclnsmnje cxtcises quc cxmbnl hnstnitc tclpe pnrn fcr c mitcrprctnr, icl kefeknr pcrauitns c cspcrnr quc f`cs scbn jnjn rcspestn mlcjmntn. Lns smaimgmkn tnlhíl iëe cik`cr n sun knmxn jc kerrcme kel lcisnacis rcjmrckkmeinjns quc, cl prmikìpme, iëe mitcrcssnl pnrtmkufnrlcitc ne mitcrfekuter. Lcisnacis kube òimke keitcòje keismstc cl pcjmr n qucl ns rckchc quc ns rccivmc pnrn jcz pcssens sëe cxclpfes jc lcisnacis jc kerrcme cfcktrûimke quc iëe sc jcvc civmnr, perquc ns lcisnacis jcstc tmpe scrvcl, in lnmer pnrtc jes knses, pnrn quc e scu mitcrfekuter pcrkn tclpe òtmf jc gerln miòtmf. N fnraurn jc hnijn jmz rcspcmte ä knpnkmjnjc (jc rckchcr c civmnr jnjes) jn fmanáëe jc ul kelputnjer ä mitcrict. ^unite lnmer ger n fnraurn jc hnijn, lnms rnpmjnlcitc es jnjes sëe civmnjes c rckchmjes. Cstc nspckte tcl mlpertèikmn qunije civmnles gmk`cmres nicxes iuln lcisnacl jc kerrcme cfcktrûimke, per cxclpfe. Sl gmk`cmre keitcije uln kniáëe, ul vìjce eu uln nprcscitnáëe cl pewcrpemit  jclern lnms eu lcies tclpe n scr jcsknrrcanje pcfe kelputnjer je iesse mitcrfekuter. Jcpcijcije jn fnraurn

 

10

 

jc hnijn je scu kelputnjer, jcvcles civmnr eu cvmtnr civmnr es gmk`cmres lnms ‖pcsnjes“ cl tcrles jn knpnkmjnjc quc rcqucrcl je kelputnjer . 3. 3.ªª rcarn2 Zrntc hcl j n sun mlnacl ml nacl eifmic eifmic   (Lnoc (L noc yeurscfg ffeeo eeo aeej eifmic)  eifmic) 

N keluimknáëe in mitcrict jî-sc qunsc sclprc ie pfnie jn cskrmtn c iëe ie pfnie jn ernfmjnjc (rcgcrmle-ies, cl cspckmnf, äs lcisnacis jc kerrcme cfcktrûimke, nes k`nts, nes hfeas  c ä pnrtmkmpnáëe cl gûruis). C, ä gnftn jc eutres cfclcites nvnfmnjercs, í kel hnsc ies keitcòjes c in prûprmn cxprcssëe cskrmtn quc sc í bufanje pcfes iesses mitcrfekutercs. Í prcgcrìvcf cskrcvcrles npcins nkcrkn jnqumfe quc snhcles, c nssulmr n iessn maierèikmn cl rcfnáëe ne quc, jc gnkte, iëe snhcles. E use jc fmiaunacl ehskcin c ns ntmtujcs keigfmtuesns tnlhíl iëe gnverckcl n sun mlnacl eifmic. Nfíl jmsse, es crres ertearîgmkes, jc nkcitunáëe c jc peitunáëe, ns jcgmkmâikmns smitîktmkns, c n nusâikmn jc nrtmkufnáëe jns mjcmns iul tcxte kel vîrmns grnscs sëe nfauis cxclpfes jc jmgmkufjnjcs n iìvcf jn cxprcssëe cskrmtn suskcptìvcms jc ‖lnftrntnr“ n iessn mlnacl in mitcrict. 

Iëe sc trntn jc, in mitcrict, tcitnr pnrckcr jmgcrcitc jnqumfe quc sc í. Sln vcz lnms, trntn-sc, nitcs, jc jcmxnr trnispnrckcr nqumfe quc sc í, cl vcz jc lestrnrles uln eutrn gnkctn npcins jcvmje ne gnkte jc cstnrles ‖cskeijmjes“ per jctrîs je leimter c je tckfnje.  7. 7.ªª rcarn2 T Tnrtmf nrtmf`c `c es scus kei`ckmlcite s ([`nrc ([`nrc cxpcrt oie oiewfcjac) wfcjac)  

Ns petcikmnfmjnjcs cxtrnerjmiîrmns jn mitcrict jckerrcl, cl pnrtc pcfe lcies, je gnkte jc n cfn nkcjcrcl jmnrmnlcitc lmf`ócs jc pcssens cl teje e luije. N pnrtmf`n jc kei`ckmlcites í, per msse, uln jns arnijcs rmquczns jcstc pejcresìssmle lcme jc keluimknáëe. @î miòlcrns gerlns jc sc pnrtmf`nr es kei`ckmlcites kel es invcanjercs jn ict. Iul cijcrcáe cl quc sc vcijcl KJ jc lòsmkn, pejc-sc njmkmeinr ul kelcitîrme n ul KJ quc bî sc tci`n euvmje, jnije n iessn

 

1=

 

epmimëe jc leje n quc eutres pessnl telî-fn cl keismjcrnáëe nitcs jc njqumrmrcl cssc lcsle KJ. Cl cijcrcáes jc clprcsns quc sc jcjmknl ä vcijn jc lòsmkn c jc fmtcrnturn cstc í ul prekcjmlcite `nhmtunf. Eu pejc-sc miscrmr ul pest iul hfea, nkrcskcitnije migerlnáócs jc quc e nuter iëe tci`n kei`ckmlcite. Eu kelcitnr uln jnjn ietìkmn jc ul berinf, kerrmamije nfauln migerlnáëe crrnjn (jc inturczn acearîgmkn, per cxclpfe) quc cfn keitci`n. E cxclpfe lnms cvmjcitc jc keistruáëe kefnherntmvn in mitcrict í e jn Qmompíjmn, uln cikmkfepíjmn eifmic  quc í cfnhernjn (c keistnitclcitc rccfnhernjn) pcfes mitcrinutns. ^unfqucr pcssen pejc nkrcskcitnr ul ieve nrtmae eu rccskrcvcr nrtmaes bî cxmstcitcs. Tcrkchc-sc gnkmflcitc kele ul prebckte jcstcs í cstmlufnitc, lns tnlhíl kele sc kerrc e rmske jc cikeitrnr migerlnáócs mikerrcktns eu micxnktns ies scus nrtmaes. Jc qunfqucr leje, í ul ûptmle cxclpfe jc kele knjn ul jc iûs pejc pnrtmf`nr es scus kei`ckmlcites jc uln gerln lumte keistrutmvn in mitcrict. 1.ª rcarn2 Cvmtc keigfmtes (@cfp occp gfnlc wnrs uijcr keitref)  keitref) 

Sln vcz lnms, trntn-sc jc uln rcarn jc kelpertnlcite quc iëe sû jmz rcspcmte ä keluimknáëe c rcfnkmeinlcite mitcrpcssen mitcrpcssenff ntrnvís jn mitcrict, lns quc tnlhíl sc npfmkn kele rcarn jc kelpertnlcite ie jmn-n-jmn. Lumtns vczcs, jmzcles/cskrcvcles nfae quc í cxkcssmve, quc, lcsle scl ies npcrkchcrles jmsse, keistmtum uln preveknáëe pnrn es iesses mitcrfekutercs2 mlnamic-sc quc, iul gûrul, ekerrcl kelcitîrmes jc tmpe rnkmstn pcrnitc uln pcssen jc ermacl ngrmknin eu grnscs rcvcfnjerns jc mitefcrèikmn rcfmamesn buite jc nfauíl quc iëe pregcssn n lcsln rcfmamëe quc iûs. Eu, nmijn, ngmrlnáócs je tmpe jc tejes es njveanjes sëe vmanrmstns  c jc tejes es nutnrkns sëe kerruptes.

N mjcmn n rctcr í quc, cl prmlcmre fuanr, jcvcles cvmtnr cskrcvcr grnscs fcvmnins c arntumtns, eu quc pessnl scr egcismvns, eu púr cl knusn e iesse mitcrfekuter. Lns sc cfc iëe ger nssml tëe kumjnjese, jcvcles rcnamr kel keitciáëe, e quc iëe smaimgmkn quc iëe f`c lestrcles e iesse jcsnarnje eu jcskeitcitnlcite. Í prcgcrìvcf, keituje, gnzâ-fe jc leje n quc iëe `nbn uln cspmrnf jc ‖vmefâikmn vcrhnf“. 

 

04

 

0. 0.ªª rcarn2 X Xcspcmtc cspcmtc n prm prmvnkmjnjc vnkmjnjc jes eutres eut res (Xcspckt et`cr pcepfc”s prmvnky ) 

Cstn rcarn tcl uln jupfn jmlcisëe. Ter ul fnje, iëe jcvcles cxmamr je iesse mitcrfekuter quc cfc ies rcvcfc nfae quc prctcijc lnitcr kele ul scarcje scu eu, pcfe lcies, quc iëe jcscbn pnrtmf`nr keiieske. Ter eutre fnje, iëe í tefcrîvcf quc tci`nles ntmtujcs je tmpe jc vnskuf`nr n knmxn jc kerrcme cfcktrûimke je iesse mitcrekuter, cl huskn jc migerlnáócs sehrc n sun vmjn prmvnjn. =. =.ªª rcarn2 Iëe nhusc je s cu pejcr (Jei”t nhusc yeur pewcr ) 

Cstn rcarn rcfnkmein-sc kel n nitcrmer, ie scitmje cl quc ul cspckmnfmstn cl migerlîtmkn pejcrî iëe tcr jmgmkufjnjcs cl citrnr in knmxn jc kerrcme cfcktrûimke jc eutres kefcans jc trnhnf`e, lcies kei`ckcjercs jn lntírmn. Es nhuses jc pejcr pejcl, inturnflcitc, lnimgcstnr-sc jc lumtns gerlns. Lns sc ici`uln jcfns í nkcmtîvcf ie luije rcnf, tnlhíl iëe e scrî in keluimknáëe ntrnvís jn mitcrict. >4.ª >4 .ª rcarn2 [nmhn [nmhn pcrjenr es crre crress jes e utres utre s (Hc geramvmia eg et`cr pcepfc”s lmstnocs lm stnocs) 

Cstn í uln jns lnms mlpertnitcs rcarns jc ictmqucttc. Zejes kelctcles crres, scbnl crres jc cskrmtn (ertearîgmkes, jc nkcitunáëe, jc peitunáëe, jc smitnxc), jc keitcòje (per cxclpfe, iëe pcrkchcr e quc tejes rnpmjnlcitc kelprccijcrnl) eu jc gerln (kele cskrcvcr uln lcisnacl jclnsmnje feian). E arnu jc tefcrèikmn quc `ebc rcvcfnles pnrn kel es crres jes eutres kerrcspeijc, lumtns vczcs, ne arnu jc tefcrèikmn quc es eutres nlni`ë rcvcfnrëe pnrn kel es iesses prûprmes crres. Sln ntmtujc keistrutmvn (kele lestrnr ne mitcrfekuter quc cfc kelctcu ul crre c, sehrctuje, nbujî-fe n supcrnr cssc crre, jc leje n iëe veftnr n ekerrcr) rcsuftn lcf`er je quc kcisurnr eu rmjmkufnrmznr.

 

0>

 

Lns, uln vcz lnms, rcpnrc-sc kele cstn rcarn cstî mlpfmkmtnlcitc mikfuìjn in rcarn mimkmnf2 trntnije-sc jc keluimknáëe citrc scrcs `ulnies, tnlhíl in qucstëe jes crres jcvcles namr kel es eutres tnf kele cspcrnles c jcscbnles quc cfcs nbnl keiieske.

 

08

 

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearîgmkns Zcln : ‛ N keluimknáëe kel uimknáëe in mitcric mitcrictt

n) Fcmturn Fcmturn ehr mantûrmn 

[@CN, Wmramimn (>==:), ‖Mitrejuktmei, Xufc > - Xufc >4“, Z`c kerc rufcs eg ictmqucttc, `ttp2//w `ttp2//www.nfhmei.kel/ ww.nfhmei.kel/ictmqucttc/kerc ictmqucttc/kercrufcs.`tlf rufcs.`tlf.. 

h) Fcmturn kelpfclcitnr  

[C^SCMXN, Xesn Lnrmn (84>4), Keluimknr hcl. Trîtmkns c cstruturns keluimkntmvns, Fmshen, Geitc jn Tnfnvrn, pp. >4:->41.

 

0;

 

Zcln 3 ‛ N Keluimknáë Keluimk náëe e in fmtcrnturn 

 

0:

 

Ehbcktmves 

Ie gminf jcstc tcln, e cstujnitc jcvcrî cstnr npte n  jcgmimr e keikcmte jc aíicre fmtcrîrme?



  mitcarnr e keikcmte jc aíicre fmtcrîrme ie jelìime lnms vnste jes



aíicres jmskursmves?  jmstmiaumr es lejes fmtcrîrmes (inrrntmvn, fìrmkn c jrnln)?



 cxpfmkmtnr jmgcrciáns citrc nfauis jes prmikmpnms aíicres fmtcrîrmes quc sc



mitcarnl cl knjn ul jes lejes fmtcrîrmes (inrrntmve, fìrmke c jrnlîtmke)?  rckei`ckcr quc knjn aíicre fmtcrîrme suskmtn, ie fcmter, ul keibuite jc



cxpcktntmvns? 

 kelprccijcr n mlpertèikmn jn mjcitmgmknáëe je aíicre fmtcrîrme cl quc sc mitcarn ul jnje tcxte pnrn sc prekcjcr n uln fcmturn njcqunjn jcssc tcxte.

 

03

 

Mitrejuáëe 

Ne feiae jcstc tcln, trntnrcles jn kelpfcxn qucstëe jes aíicres fmtcrîrmes. [nhcr cl quc aíicre sc smtun ul tcxte fmtcrîrme keistmtum uln pmstn guijnlcitnf qucr pnrn sc cskef`cr e tcxte fmtcrîrme quc sc vnm fcr, qucr pnrn sc kelprccijcr njcqunjnlcitc njcqunjnlcitc e tcxte quc sc cstî n fcr. N mjcitmgmknáëe jc ul tcxte kele pcrtcikcitc n ul jctcrlminje aíicre fmtcrîrme krmn ie fcmter ul keibuite jc cxpcktntmvns, per cxclpfe, nkcrkn jes scaumitcs peites2 - e quc sc vnm fcr (qucr qunite ne keitcòje tclîtmke, qucr qunite ä cxtcisëe je tcxte)? - kele sc vnm fcr (cl guiáëe jn sun cxtcisëe, n fcmturn je tcxte prefeianr-sc-î jurnitc vîrmns scssócs eu keikcitrnr-sc-î iuln òimkn scssëe)? - qunije c eijc sc vnm fcr (n sun cxtcisëe c e scu keitcòje pejcl scr jctcrlminitcs pnrn jckmjmr sc e tcxte scrî fmje ie kelheme, in snfn jc cspcrn jc ul keisuftûrme, ie qunrte, ctk.)? - perquc sc vnm fcr (ns letmvnáócs quc fcvnl ul mijmvìjue n fcr ul relnikc eu ul keite, ul seicte eu ul pecln ípmke, uln trnaíjmn eu uln kelíjmn sëe lumte jmvcrsns). Jc gnkte, iëe sc fâ ul relnikc >3  jn lcsln lnicmrn quc sc fâ ul seicte. ^ucr n cxtcisëe jcstcs jems tcxtes (e seicte pejc scr fmje iuln kurtn scssëe jc fcmturn, ciqunite e relnikc sc prefeian, acrnflcitc, per vîrmns scssócs lnms eu lcies prefeianjns), qucr e scu keitcòje tclîtmke (e seicte í acrnflcitc rcjutìvcf n ul keibuite jc hrcvcs keismjcrnáócs nkcrkn je cstnje jc cspìrmte je cu-peítmke, jns suns cxpcrmâikmns c jn sun vmsëe je luije? bî e relnikc, per jcgmimáëe, nprcscitn uln `mstûrmn kelpestn per ul keibuite jc cvcites quc sc sukcjcl ne feiae jc ul pcrìeje jc tclpe sugmkmcitclcitc cxtcise pnrn mlpfmknr trnisgerlnáócs ins pcrseinacis quc e

>3

 Í keivcimcitc jcsjc bî cquc kcrtns sëe jcsmaináócs utmfmznjns pnrntâl ielcnr aíicres fmtcrîrmes cskfnrckcr (jc quc e relnikc n ievcfn npcins jems cxclpfes) lnms je quc uln nkcpáëe. Ne feiae jcstc tcln, tnms jcsmaináócs scrëe utmfmznjns cxkfusmvnlcitc cxkfusmvnlc itc pnrn ielcnr e aíicre fmtcrîrme quc rcgcrcl. 

 

07

 

pevenl) prí-jctcrlminl ns cxpcktntmvns je fcmter c e leje kele cfc vnm fcr csscs tcxtes jc jmgcrcitcs aíicres fmtcrîrmes. N rcgfcxëe quc prepeles icstc knpìtufe pcrlmtmrî kelprccijcr lcf`er per quc rnzëe sëe acrnjns cxpcktntmvns jmvcrsns qunije ul fcmter sc jcpnrn kel jmgcrcitcs tmpes jc tcxtes fmtcrîrmes.

 

01

 

3.>. Aíicres fmtcrîrmes c aíicres jmskursmves

Es aíicres fmtcrîrmes mitcarnl-sc ie jelìime lnms vnste jes aíicres jmskursmves. Bustmgmkn-sc, per msse, mimkmnr cstn sckáëe kel nfaulns keismjcrnáócs sehrc es aíicres jmskursmves cl acrnf, scrvmije jc ciqunjrnlcite ä qucstëe jes aíicres fmtcrîrmes. Cl prmlcmre fuanr, í keivcimcitc cstnhcfckcr uln jmstmiáëe (quc keistmtum, cl rmaer, uln `mcrnrqumznáëe) citrc tmpes jc jmskurse   c aíicres jmskursmves . Í nktunflcitc keiscisunf n cxmstâikmn jc tmpes jc jmskurse kele

e jmskurse rcfmamese, e jmskurse berinfìstmke, e jmskurse burìjmke, e jmskurse fmtcrîrme, e jmskurse nknjílmke, e jmskurse pefìtmke, ctk. Cstcs tmpes jc jmskurse jckerrcl jn cxmstâikmn jc mistmtumáócs `ulnins quc sëe prejuterns jc tcxtes, citcijcije per tcxte qunfqucr prejute vcrhnf, qucr cskrmte, qucr ernf. Zejes es mijmvìjues quc gnzcl pnrtc jc mistmtumáócs rcfmamesns prejuzcl tcxtes, ie èlhmte jn sun nktmvmjnjc sekmepregmssmeinf, quc sc miscrcl ie tmpe jc jmskurse rcfmamese. Je lcsle leje, tejes es mijmvìjues quc sc mitcarnl ins rcjnkáócs jn mlprcisn cskrmtn c gnfnjn prejuzcl tcxtes quc sc miscrcl ie èlhmte je jmskurse berinfìstmke? c nssml sukcssmvnlci sukcssmvnlcitc. tc. Lns knjn uln jcstns mistmtumáócs prejuz tcxtes vnrmnjes, quc jcsclpci`nl jmgcrcitcs guiáócs, quc sc rcfnkmeinl kel ns jmgcrcitcs smtunáócs cl quc sëe prejuzmjes, c quc sc njcqunl äs jmgcrcitcs ickcssmjnjcs n quc prekurnl jnr rcspestn. Ter cxclpfe, citrc es aíicres jmskursmves quc cikeitrnles ie jmskurse rcfmamese keitnl-sc e scrlëe, n ernáëe, n pnrîhefn, n hufn c n cikìkfmkn. Knjn

ul jes tcxtes quc nktunfmzn es aíicres jmskursmves rcgcrmjes jcsclpci`n uln jnjn guiáëe, c ns suns knrnktcrìstmkns (jc gerln, jc keitcòje, jc eranimznáëe mitcrin, ctk.) sëe njcqunjns n cssn guiáëe. E ehbcktmve kel quc e pnpn cskrcvc uln hufn iëe í e lcsle l csle kel quc cskrcvc uln cikìkfmkn2 n hufn í ul jekulcite quc prcskrcvc mistruáócs, erjcis eu n keikcssëe jc hcicgìkmes? n cikìkfmkn, per sun vcz, nprcscitn ul keibuite jc rcgfcxócs quc jmzcl rcspcmte

ä jeutrmin kntûfmkn. Ä ernáëe c ä pnrîhefn tnlhíl suhbnzcl ehbcktmves jmstmites2 n ernáëe keistmtum uln sòpfmkn, ul pcjmje quc sc gnz n uln citmjnjc

 

00

 

trniskcijcitc, ciqunite n pnrîhefn í uln kurtn inrrntmvn hìhfmkn ntrnvís jn qunf sc prctcijc trnislmtmr ul cisminlcite lernf. Cstn jmvcrsmjnjc jc aíicres tnlhíl sc cikeitrn, per cxclpfe, ie jmskurse berinfìstmke , eijc cikeitrnles, citrc eutres, e cjmtermnf  (tcxte quc

rcgfcktc n pesmáëe egmkmnf jn jmrckáëe je berinf nkcrkn jc ul jctcrlminje nssuite), n ietìkmn  (tcxte quc tcl kele ehbcktmve jnr n kei`ckcr ievns migerlnáócs), n rcpertnacl  (tnf kele n ietìkmn, í ul tcxte migerlntmve lns, icstc knse, prejuzmje per ul berinfmstn quc mivcstman es cvcites ietmkmnjes, grcqucitclcitc jcsfeknije-sc ne feknf eijc cfcs sc jcrnl c citrcvmstnije es scus pretnaeimstns) c n krûimkn (tcxte nssminje cl quc e nuter rcgfcktc sehrc ul tcln jn nktunfmjnjc c kelcitn-e jc gerln lumte pcssenf, per vczcs suskmtnije pefílmkn). E qunjre scaumitc cxpfmkmtn cstcs c eutres tmpes jc jmskurse, nssml kele nfauis jes rcspcktmves aíicres jmskursmves, kelprevnije n rcfnáëe jc `mcrnrqumn quc sc ehscrvn citrc es jems keikcmtes, in lcjmjn cl quc knjn tmpe jc jmskurse mikfum vîrmes aíicres jmskursmves.

 

0=

 

ZMTE[ JC JM[KSX[E

Jmskurse rcfmamese

Jmskurse berinfìstmke

AÍICXE[ JM[KSX[MWE[

Hufn Cikìkfmkn Ernáëe Tnrîhefn ctk. Cjmtermnf Ietìkmn Xcpertnacl Citrcvmstn ctk.

Jmskurse burìjmke

Jcspnk`e Jckrcte-fcm Cstntute Kûjmae ctk.

Jmskurse fmtcrîrme

Xelnikc Keite [eicte Kelíjmn ctk.

Jmskurse nkn nknjílmke jílmke

Nufn Zcsc Jmsscrtnáëe Ernáëe jc snpmâikmn ctk.

… 

… 

Knjn tmpe jc jmskurse  keiarcan tejes es tcxtes prejuzmjes ie èlhmte jc uln mistmtumáëe quc sc jcjmkn n ul jctcrlminje jelìime jc nktmvmjnjc, knrnktcrmznje, citrc eutrns kemsns, pcfn prejuáëe jc tcxtes. N miscráëe jc ul jctcrlminje tcxte iul tmpe jc jmskurse jckerrc, pertnite, jn nktmvmjnjc sekmepregmssmeinf je(s) mijmvìjue(s) rcspeisîvcf(ms) pcfe tcxte c je pnpcf sekmnf quc cfc(s) jcsclpci`n(l) ciqunite e prejuz(cl). [c e scu nuter ger e pnpn, ul pnjrc eu ul tcûfeae ie cxcrkìkme jns suns guiáócs, cssc tcxte ciqunjrnr-

 

=4

 

-sc-î ie èlhmte je jmskurse rcfmamese? sc ger ul berinfmstn, tnlhíl ciqunite jcsclpci`n ns suns guiáócs sekmepregmssmeinms, smtunr-sc-î ie jmskurse  berinfìstmke? ctk. ctk. E keikcmte jc tmpe jc jmskurse cstî, pertnite, jmrcktnlcitc rcfnkmeinje kel e pnpcf sekmnf c pregmssmeinf quc ul mijmvìjue nssulc ciqunite cstî n prejuzmr ul tcxte. N prmikmpnf mjcmn n rctcr jns rcgfcxócs nprcscitnjns í quc knjn jelìime jc nktmvmjnjc pessum ul rcpertûrme jc aíicres jmskursmves suskcptìvcf jc scr nlpfmnje c jmvcrsmgmknje ä lcjmjn quc cssc jelìime sc terin lnms kelpfcxe. Es aíicres je jmskurse  sëe lejcfes, tmpes jc keistruáëe tcxtunf kel pcijer ierlntmve. Zrntn-sc jc kfnsscs jc tcxtes, kfnsscs cssns quc sëe rcfntmvnlcitc cstîvcms>7  c jcgmimjns per ul keibuite jc preprmcjnjcs jc inturczn lumte `ctcreaíicn, tnms kele2 - e keitcòje tclîtmke je tcxte? - n sun cstruturn c n sun eranimznáëe mitcrins? - e ehbcktmve quc sc prctcijc ntmiamr? - nspcktes gerlnms je tcxte? - e scu jcstmintîrme? - ctk. Cstns preprmcjnjcs iëe sc npfmknl tejns n tejes es aíicres jmskursmves. Nfauis aíicres jmskursmves jcgmicl-sc guijnlcitnflcitc pcfe scu ehbcktmve (kele n hufn c n kelíjmn), eutres pcfns suns knrnktcrìstmkns gerlnms (kele e seicte), c eutres per lnms je quc ul jcstcs krmtírmes (kele n tcsc c e relnikc). Trckmsnlcitc perquc knjn aíicre jmskursmve í jcgmimje n pnrtmr jc ul eu lnms krmtírmes, es aíicres sëe kfnsscs jc tcxtes quc acrnl ul keibuite jc jmgcrcitcs cxpcktntmvns, qucr cl qucl es prejuz, qucr cl qucl es fâ/euvc. Jcstc leje, es aíicres je jmskurse pejcl scr pcrspcktmvnjes kele peites knrjcnms quc ermcitnl c jcfmlmtnl ns pessmhmfmjnjcs qucr jc krmnáëe je nuter, qucr jc mitcrprctnáëe tcxtunf je fcmter/euvmit fcmter/euvmitc. c.

>7 Kg.

Hno`tmic (>=0: >=382 873)2 «K`nquc sp`àrc j”utmfmsntmei j” utmfmsntmei jc fn fniauc ífnherc scs typcs rcfntmvclcit stnhfcs  stnhfcs  j”íieikís, ct kc quc ieus nppcfeis fcs acircs ju jmskeurs¿. jmskeurs ¿. 

 

=>

 

Je peite jc vmstn jc qucl prejuz es tcxtes, es aíicres jmskursmves tâl knrîktcr ierlntmve, pems prí-jctcrlminl nspcktes rcfntmves ne tcln quc e nuter vnm nherjnr, n cxtcisëe je scu tcxte, n sun eranimznáëe mitcrin, n sun gminfmjnjc, e pòhfmke n quc sc jcstmin, ctk. Ter cxclpfe, sc ul berinfmstn prctcijc prejuzmr uln ietìkmn, snhc quc jcvc scaumr ul keibuite jc prckcmtes, citrc es qunms mikfumr ie scu tcxte n rcspestn äs pcrauitns qucl5, e quâ5, qunije5, ctk., perquc í cssc ul jes krmtírmes jcgmimjercs je aíicre jmskursmve

ietìkmn. Je peite jc vmstn jn rckcpáëe jes tcxtes, e rckei`ckmlcite prcfmlminr je aíicre n quc pcrtcikc ul tcxte nuxmfmn n sun kelprccisëe, in lcjmjn cl quc pcrlmtc cgcktunr prcvmsócs nkcrkn jn sun cxtcisëe, jn sun cstruturn c eranimznáëe mitcrin, jes tclns quc nherjn, jns suns gminfmjnjcs, ctk. E fcmter jc ul berinf, ne mjcitmgmknr ul tcxte kele scije uln ietìkmn, cspcrn icfc cikeitrnr n rcspestn n qucstócs kele qucl5, e quâ5, qunije5,  ctk. Gnz scitmje, pertnite, gnfnr jc ul pnkte jc fcmturn, qucr jmzcr, jc ul keitrnte quc sc cstnhcfckc citrc nuter c fcmter/euvmitc, n pnrtmr je lelcite cl quc ul tcxte rckei`ckmjnlcit r ckei`ckmjnlcitcc sc miscrc iul jctcrlminje aíicre jmskursmve. [uhfmi`c-sc quc es keikcmtes jc ernáëe, jc cjmtermnf, jc jckrcte-fcm, jc keite, (eu scbn, jc qunfqucr aíicre jmskursmve) keigmaurnl nhstrnkáócs keistruìjns n pnrtmr jns preprmcjnjcs lnimgcstnjns per tcxtes keikrctes, smiaufnrcs, òimkes. Cl rmaer, qucr e keikcmte jc tmpe jc jmskurse, qucr e jc aíicre jmskursmve (c, inturnflcitc, e jc aíicre fmtcrîrme, ciqunite aíicre jmskursmve prûprme je tmpe jc jmskurse fmtcrîrme) keistmtucl nhstrnkáócs? in trmpnrtmáëe tmpes jc jmskurse / aíicres jmskursmves / tcxtes , es òimkes ehbcktes clpìrmkes, keikrctes, ehscrvîvcms ehscrvîvcms sëe es prûprmes tcxtes. E jmskurse fmtcrîrme   keistmtum, kele nknhîles jc vcr, ul citrc vîrmes tmpes jc jmskurse. Ie citnite, iëe sc trntn npcins jc lnms ul tmpe jc jmskurse, mijmgcrcitclcitc smtunje ne lcsle iìvcf jc tejes es eutres. Zcije cl keismjcrnáëe e prcstìame c n rcfcvèikmn sekmekufturnf, nrtìstmkn, pntrmleimnf, `mstûrmkn, ctk., jes tcxtes fmtcrîrmes, n mlpertèikmn je jmskurse fmtcrîrme trniskcijc n jc eutres tmpes jc jmskurse. C trniskcijc ne peite jc ul pcisnjer cspni`ef tcr ngmrlnje (pessmvcflcitc kel nfaul cxnacre, lns scaurnlcitc kel nfauln jesc jc vcrjnjc) quc Es Fusìnjns, lnms je quc es

 

=8

 

knstcfes c ns fmi`ns jc jcgcsn je iesse cxírkmte, mivmnhmfmznl n uimëe citrc Tertuanf c Cspni`n. ^unite nes aíic aíicres res fmtcrîrmes , cfcs sëe es aíicres jmskursmves quc sc miskrcvcl ie èlhmte je tmpe jc jmskurse fmtcrîrme. Knjn aíicre fmtcrîrme mitcarn ul keibuite jc ehrns «hnscnje tnite in gerln cxtcrmer (lctre c cstruturn cspckìgmkes) kele tnlhíl in gerln mitcrmer (ntmtujc, tel, gminfmjnjc)¿ >1. E rckei`ckmlcite jc quc es aíicres fmtcrîrmes sc miscrcl ie èlhmte lnms vnste jes aíicres jmskursmves í rcvcfnjer jc quc, tcije es aíicres fmtcrîrmes ermacl ie jmskurse `ulnie, iëe cxmstc, cvmjcitclcitc, ul nhmsle citrc e tcxte fmtcrîrme c e tcxte iëe-fmtcrîrme. Ter eutrns pnfnvrns, es lcknimsles c es rckurses cxprcssmves ntcstnjes ie tcxte fmtcrîrme cikeitrnl-sc  ‛ cl lnmer eu cl lcier arnu, jc leje lnms cfnhernje eu lcies cfnhernje  ‛  ieutres aíicres jmskursmves, mikfusmvnlcitc in fmiaunacl kelul je quetmjmnie. Npnrcitclcitc, e òimke rckurse cstmfìstmke tìpmke je tcxte fmtcrîrme inrrntmve quc iëe sc cikeitrn in fmiaunacl kelul í e jmskurse mijmrckte fmvrc. Nherjîles e keikcmte jc aíicre   iuln pcrspcktmvn cstrmtnlcitc jmskursmvn, mste í, tcije cl keitn n sun npfmknáëe n tcxtes cskrmtes iuln jnjn fìiaun inturnf. Lns cstc keikcmte pejc scr npfmknje n eutres jelìimes, kele n lòsmkn, per cxclpfe? gnfnles, icstc knse, iëe jc aíicres jmskursmves, lns jc aíicres lusmknms. Citrc es aíicres quc mjcitmgmknles ie èlhmte jn lòsmkn pepufnr, cikeitrnl-sc e gnje, e tniae, e pep/reko, e bnzz, es hfucs, e `mp-`ep, e snlhn, n hessn ievn, ctk. Citrc es aíicres ntcstnjes ie èlhmte jn lòsmkn crujmtn (vufanrlcitc jcsmainjn per lòsmkn kfîssmkn), cikeitrnl-sc n îrmn, n seintn, n knitntn, e keikcrte, n lmssn, n erntûrmn, ctk.

>1 QCFFCO

c QNXXCI (>=:=2 80=), kmtnje cl XCM[ (>==32 83:). 

 

=;

 

3.8. Es aíicres fmtcrîrmes kele rcsuftnje jn nktmvmjnjc jc kfnssmgmknr tcxtes

Es aíicres fmtcrîrmes (nssml kele es rcstnitcs aíicres jmskursmves) jckerrcl jc uln tcitntmvn jc kfnssmgmknr es tcxtes, jc es kntnfeanr, jc keigcrmr uln kcrtn erjcl n ul keibuite petcikmnflcitc micsaetîvcf jc ehbcktes. Zejes es tcxtes (fmtcrîrmes eu iëe) sëe jmgcrcitcs2 knjn ul í òimke, smiaufnr. Citëe kele í pessìvcf quc ehbcktes jmgcrcitcs pessnl scr mitcarnjes iuln lcsln kntcaermn5 Kele sc keikchc quc e pecln jc Knlócs quc sc mimkmn kel e vcrse ‖Nqucfn trmstc c fcjn lnjruanjn“ c nqucfc eutre jc Heknac quc tcl kele prmlcmre vcrse ‖Lnare, jc ef`es nzums, knrëe lercie“ scbnl

nlhes kfnssmgmknjes kele seictes, scije tcxtes tëe jmgcrcitcs je peite jc vmstn je keitcòje c je cstmfe5 Znf sû í pessìvcf perquc, seh uln arnijc jmvcrsmjnjc, es tcxtes rcvcfnl grcqucitclcitc knrnktcrìstmkns sclcf`nitcs. Nfauis peclns cskrmtes per Knlócs, per Heknac, per Nitcre jc ^ucitnf c per Intîfmn Kerrcmn tâl cl kelul e gnkte jc keistmtuìrcl seictes. Es Lnmns  c  N bnianjn jc pcjrn, iëe ehstnitc ns jmgcrcitcs tclîtmkns quc nherjnl, ns jmgcrcitcs pcrseinacis quc es pevenl, es jmgcrcitcs cspnáes c tclpes cl quc sc jcscirefnl ns rcspcktmvns mitrmans, sëe jems tcxtes kfnssmgmknjes kele relnikcs. Jcstc leje, qunije jmzcles quc ul tcxte pcrtcikc n ul jnje aíicre fmtcrîrme, csquckcles kcrtns preprmcjnjcs jcssc tcxte (quc sëe òimkns, smiaufnrcs, mrrcpctìvcms) c, smluftnicnlcitc, kcitrnles n iessn ntciáëe cl eutrns quc ies pcrlmtcl kfnssmgmkî-fe kele scije ul seicte, ul relnikc eu uln kelíjmn. [ëe cstns preprmcjnjcs, keluis n miòlcres tcxtes, quc sc snfmcitnl c quc sc telnl cl keismjcrnáëe ins kfnssmgmknáócs jc aíicres fmtcrîrmes. [ëe cfns quc keistmtucl es krmtírmes jcgmimjercs jes jmgcrcitcs aíicres fmtcrîrmes. [ëe cfns quc keigcrcl ul ‖nr jc gnlìfmn“ (eu ‖pn rckciáns jc gnlìfmn“) nes tcxtes quc sc mikfucl iul jctcrlminje aíicre. 

[uhfmi`c-sc quc suhbnkcitc n knjn aíicre fmtcrîrme `î krmtírmes jc inturczn lumte jmgcrcitc2 e quc jcgmic ul seicte , per cxclpfe, í n sun gerln hrcvc c vcrsmgmknjn (knterzc vcrses jcknssmfîhmkes, acrnflcitc jmstrmhuìjes per

 

=:

 

juns qunjrns c jems tcrkctes>0)? lns e quc jcgmic e relnikc sëe bî kntcaermns quc jmzcl rcspcmte iëe tnite ä sun gerln cxtcrmer lns ä sun cstruturn mitcrin (kele e iòlcre jc pcrseinacis, n kelpfcxmjnjc jn mitrman, e scu jcscirefnr ne feiae je tclpe c n knrnktcrmznáëe jctnf`njn, qucr jns pcrseinacis prmikmpnms, qucr jes cspnáes gìsmkes c sekmnms per eijc sc levmlcitnl) c nes prekcsses jmskursmves utmfmznjes pcfe inrrnjer? bî e quc jcgmic uln kelíjmn í, csscikmnflcitc, n sun gminfmjnjc (trntn-sc jc ul tcxte jrnlîtmke quc prctcijc gnzcr rmr es scus fcmtercs/cspcktnjercs fcmtercs/cspcktnjercs). ).

>0 E

seicte s`nocspcnrcn s`nocspcnrcnie, ie, scije maunflcitc kelpeste per knterzc vcrses, jmstrmhum-sc per trâs qunjrns c ul jìstmke.  

 

=3

 

3.;. Lejes fmtcrîrmes, aíicres fmtcrîrmes c suhaíicres fmtcrîrmes

Í rcfcvnitc nrtmkufnr, icstn nfturn, e keikcmte jc aíicre kel e jc leje fmtcrîrme c kel e jc suhaíicre. Es lejes fmtcrîrmes , cstnhcfckmjes jc gerln lnms eu lcies keiscisunf jcsjc e síkufe PMP, sëe n inrrntmvn, n fìrmkn c e jrnln. N inrrntmvn  ciafehn es tcxtes fmtcrîrmes cl quc sëe nprcscitnjns `mstûrmns ins qunms uln eu lnms pcrseinacis pretnaeimznl ul keibuite jc cvcites, c quc mitcarnl, acrnflcitc, uln nvnfmnáëe gminf (cxpfìkmtn eu mlpfìkmtn). N fìrmkn  mikfum es tcxtes fmtcrîrmes jc pcijer prcjelminitclcitc mitmlmstn, ies qunms sc lnimgcstnl es cstnjes jc cspìrmte jc ul ‖cu“ quc sc

rcvcfn ie tcxte. E jrnln  mitcarn es tcxtes fmtcrîrmes cskrmtes pnrn scrcl rcprcscitnjes, scije, per msse, lnmermtnrmnlcitc keistmtuìjes per jmîfeaes c leiûfeaes, eu scbn, per gnfns jns pcrseinacis cl jmskurse jmrckte (mikfucl, tnlhíl, ns jmjnskîfmns eu mijmknáócs kíimkns, kel quc e nuter jcskrcvc es kciîrmes c e vcstuîrme, eu cxpfmkmtn lejes jc rcprcscitnáëe jes nktercs). Nssml, e seicte knleimnie quc sc mimkmn kel e vcrse  Nler í geae quc nrjc scl sc vcr   í ul tcxte fìrmke ?  Nler jc pcrjmáëe, jc Knlmfe Knstcfe

Hrnike, í ul tcxte inrrntmve ? Grcm Fuìs jc [eusn, jc Nflcmjn Anrrctt, í ul tcxte jrnlîtmke .

Knjn ul jes trâs lejes fmtcrîrmes mitcarn ul keibuite jmvcrsmgmknje jc aíicres fmtcrîrmes. Cstcs aíicres, per sun vcz, pejcl scr cspckmgmknjes c jnr ermacl n suhaíicres . Ter cxclpfe, e relnikc  kelpertn, citrc eutres, suhaíicres kele e relnikc `mstûrmke , e relnikc inturnfmstn, e relnikc cpmstefnr , e relnikc pefmkmnf , e relnikc ker-jc-resn  c e relnikc jc gmkáëe kmcitìgmkn.

Es qunjres scaumitcs, scl prctcijcr csaetnr icl es aíicres fmtcrîrmes quc sëe nktunflcitc kuftmvnjes, icl es quc e gernl cl pcrìejes pnssnjes, `mcrnrqumznl es keikcmtes jc leje, aíicre c suhaíicre fmtcrîrme, c nrtmkufnl-ies kel e jc tmpe jc jmskurse.

 

=7

 

Zmpe jc jmsk jmskurse urse

Leje fmtcrîrme

Aí Aíicre icre fmtcrîrme

[uhaíic [uhaíicre re fmtcrîrme [eicte knleimnie

[eicte

[eicte jc [`nocspcnrc [eicte hnrreke … 

Kniáëe Hnfnjn Íkfean pnstermf Íkfean

Íkfean pmskntûrmn … 

FMZCXÎXME

Fìrmkn

Cpmarnln Jmtmrnlhe Cpmtnfèlme Lnjrmanf @mie Cpmtîgme Ejc pmijîrmkn Ejc

Ejc ninkrcúi ninkrcúitmkn tmkn Ejc `ernkmnin … 

Cfcamn @nmou   @nmou … 

 

=1

 

Zmpe jc jmsk jmskurse urse

Leje fmtcrîrme

Aí Aíicre icre fmtcrîrme

[uhaíic [uhaíicre re fmtcrîrme Xelnikc `mstûrmke Xelnikc inturnfmstn Xelnikc cpmstefnr Xelnikc jc nprcijmznacl

Xelnikc

Ievcfn Inrrntmvn   Inrrntmvn

Xelnikc jc gmkáëe kmcitìgmkn Xelnikc pefmkmnf Xelnikc pmknrcske Xelnikc aûtmke Xelnikc jc nvciturns …  Ievcfn jc knvnfnrmn Ievcfn scitmlcitnf Ievcfn gnitîstmkn Ievcfn pefmkmnf Ievcfn `ulerìstmkn … 

FMZCXÎXME  FMZCXÎXME  Keite

Keite pepufnr Keite jc tcrrer Keite mignitmf Keite jc gnjns

… 

Cpepcmn (Nute)Hmearngmn Jmîrme Lclûrmns Gîhufn …  Zrnaíjmn Jrnln   Jrnln

Kelíjmn Zrnamkelíjmn  Nute  Nu te Gnrsn … 

Zrnaíjmn arcan Zrnaíjmn msnhcfmin …  Kelíjmn jc cianies … 

 

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Es lejes fmtcrîrmes   tâl ul knrîktcr tcijcikmnflcitc mitclpernf, eu scbn, keistmtucl kntcaermns nhstrnktns trnis-`mstûrmkns. ^ucr mste jmzcr quc es lejes fmtcrîrmes sëe, cl prmikìpme, vîfmjes pnrn kfnssmgmknr qunfqucr tcxte fmtcrîrme prejuzmje cl qunfqucr tclpe c cl qunfqucr cspnáe sekmekufturnf>=. Bî es aíicres fmtcrîrmes   (c es aíicres jmskursmves cl acrnf) sëe kntcaermns jcpcijcitcs jc keijmkmeinfmsles sûkme-`mstûrmkes, cvefumije ne feiae jes tclpes, scije, pertnite, mistîvcms c trnismtûrmes. Jc gnkte, es aíicres inskcl, cvefucl, trnisgerlnl-sc ieutres aíicres eu jcsnpnrckcl, jcmxnije jc scr kuftmvnjes. E tclpe c e cspnáe sekmekufturnf jctcrlminl cssn cvefuáëe2 «iëe per nknse, e síkufe PMP gem ul tclpe kufturnf prmvmfcamnje pnrn n puhfmknáëe c keisule je relnikc, lns bî iëe pnrn n _puhfmknáëe\ jn cpepcmn eu pnrn n rcprcscitnáëe jn trnaíjmn¿84. Nssml, es lejes fmtcrîrmes keigmaurnl ul keibuite gck`nje jc tmpes jc rcprcscitnáëe fmtcrîrmn. Bî es aíicres fmtcrîrmes (c, ickcssnrmnlcitc, es suhaíicres),

ciqunite

kfnsscs

cxclpfnrcs

jcsscs

trâs

tmpes

jc

rcprcscitnáëe, keistmtucl ul keibuite sclprc nhcrte, in lcjmjn cl quc ieves aíicres pejcl inskcr c eutres bî cxmstcitcs pejcl jcsnpnrckcr. Jmte jc eutrn lnicmrn, es aíicres fmtcrîrmes pejcl lejmgmknr-sc ne feiae jes tclpes bustnlcitc perquc sc cikeitrnl cirnmznjes cl keitcxtes `mstûrmkes c sekmekufturnms jctcrlminjes. «Ter nkcmtnáëe eu per rckusn, per jcpurnáëe eu per lmskmacináëe, per clufnáëe eu per pnrejmznáëe, es aíicres fmtcrîrmes sëe citmjnjcs lutîvcms, iëe rnre kel fmlmtcs f mlmtcs nfae jmguses¿8>.

>=

  XCM[ (>==32 8:;) nfcrtn, tejnvmn, pnrn n jmgmkufjnjc jc mitcarnr nfauis aíicres fmtcrîrmes (kele n cpìstefn, e jmîfeae c e cisnme) icstn trmpnrtmáëe jc lejes fmtcrîrmes.  84  XCM[ (>==32 87;). Kg. tnlhíl XCM[ c FETC[ (>=012 ;:=)2 «Xcletnlcitc rcfnkmeinje kel n cpepcmn, e relnikc npnrckcu ins sekmcjnjcs lejcrins jc kcrte leje prccik`cije guiáócs kerrcspeijcitcs äs quc nitcrmerlcitc knhmnl äqucfeutre aíicre? jnìequc @cacfjescrelnikc @cacf f`c tci`nekerrcu\ rcgcrmjeiuln kelesekmcjnjc ‖lejcrin jelminjn cpepcmn huraucsn“, _…\ _perqunite njvcite pcfes vnfercs jn sekmcjnjc huraucsn gfercskcitc jcsjc e síkufe PWMMM¿.  8> XCM[ (>==32 8:0-8:=).  

 

==

 

3.:.. Tecsmn c presn 3.: pre sn

Bustmgmkn-sc rcgfcktmr, nmijn quc jc leje hrcvc, nkcrkn jn jmstmiáëe pecsmn/presn . Jc ul peite jc vmstn smikrûimke, n pecsmn c n presn pejcl

eper-sc kel hnsc iul krmtírme jc inturczn cstrmtnlcitc gerlnf cirnmznje ie pfnie jn cskrmtn. [cauije ul peite jc vmstn jmnkrûimke, n jmstmiáëe citrc pecsmn c presn jcvcrî ickcssnrmnlcitc mitcarnr ns letmvnáócs suhbnkcitcs ne suramlcite jc tcxtes cl vcrse. Citrc eutres nspcktes, í pcrtmicitc keismjcrnr n gminfmjnjc kel quc csscs tcxtes crnl prejuzmjes (per cxclpfe, es tcxtes cl vcrse jcstminvnl-sc n scrcl knitnjes eu jckfnlnjes nkelpni`njes per lòsmkn). Cl nlhes es knses, es tcxtes mimkmnl-sc kel ul cspnáe rcfntmvnlcitc ä lnracl csqucrjn, lnrknije e miìkme jc pnrîarnge, ie knse je tcxte cl presn, c e miìkme je vcrse, ie knse je tcxte peítmke. In presn, tejnvmn, e nuter prccik`c knjn fmi`n ntí ne fmlmtc jn lnracl jmrcmtn c, qunije pnssn pnrn n fmi`n scaumitc, mimkmn-n e lnms ä csqucrjn pessìvcf 88? sclprc quc sc minuaurn ul ieve pnrîarnge, n sun prmlcmrn pnfnvrn gmkn nfmi`njn kel n prmlcmrn pnfnvrn je pnrîarnge nitcrmer (rcspcmtnije e lcsle cspnáe cl rcfnáëe ä lnracl csqucrjn). In pecsmn, e lnms kelul í knjn vcrse iëe ekupnr in tetnfmjnjc n fmi`n jc uln pîamin, mste í, nitcs lcsle jc n lnik`n arîgmkn tcr ntmiamje e fmlmtc jn lnracl jmrcmtn jn pîamin, keitmiun-sc n cskrcvcr e tcxte in fmi`n mlcjmntnlcitc nhnmxe? ne pnssnr pnrn n fmi`n scaumitc, nfmi`n-sc e miìkme je scauije vcrse kel e miìkme je prmlcmre, c nssml sukcssmvnlcit sukcssmvnlcitc. c. Es cxkcrtes scaumitcs mfustrnl e quc nknhîles jc cxper.

88 Xcgcrmle-ies

n fìiauns kele e pertuauâs, e miafâs, e grnikâs, e mtnfmnie, e cspni`ef, c e nfclëe, cl quc sc keivcikmeieu cskrcvcr jn csqucrjn pnrn n jmrcmtn c jc kmln pnrn hnmxe. Lnspnrn cstns keismjcrnáócs, sehrc ‛ cl e cl miìkme n ermcitnáëe tcxte cskrmte, iëe sëe vîfmjns fìiauns kele e bnpeiâs ‛ bnpeiâs qucc sc cskrcvc jcje kmln pnrn hnmxe c jn jmrcmtn pnrn n csqucrjn -, c kele e îrnhc c e `chrcu  ‛ cl  ‛ cl quc sc cskrcvc jn jmrcmtn pnrn n csqucrjn c jc kmln pnrn hnmxe. 

 

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Tresn  Nfìpme [cvcre Nhrni`es inskcu ie nie jc >087, cl Tcingmcf, ie jmn jc Intnf.  N Trevmjâikmn, per ul sìlhefe suhtmf c ciaci`ese, gcz inskcr ie jmn snarnje cl quc inskcu Bcsus jc Inznrí, nqucfc quc cl Tertuanf jcvmn scr e lnms gertc pmfnr c e prekurnjer lnms cfequcitc jn Marcbn, jes scus mitcrcsscs c je scu rcmie. Cán jc ^ucmrûs, E Keijc Keijc jc Nhr Nhrni`es ni`es  

Tecsmn  Bî anstîles ns pnfnvrns, lcu nler, c e quc ies gmkeu g mkeu iëe k`can pnrn ngnstnr e grme jc quntre pnrcjcs. Cuaíime jc Nijrnjc, ‖Njcus“ 

In pecsmn, per vczcs, es vcrses sëe lnms feiaes je quc e quc kelpertn e cspnáe gìsmke jn fmi`n. Icstcs knses, e vcrse prefeian-sc per juns eu lnms fmi`ns, c e miìkme jn scauijn fmi`n (c jc tejns ns scaumitcs quc gnzcl pnrtc je lcsle vcrse) í nfmi`nje ä jmrcmtn je miìkme je vcrse (ehscrvnije-sc, pertnite, e mivcrse je quc sukcjc kel n scauijn fmi`n jc ul tcxte cl presn)2

 

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Tecsmn  Ef`e jc feiac e pnquctc, kel uln arnijc mijcpcijâikmn jc nfln, C jcitre jc lml ul vefnitc kelcán n amrnr fcitnlcitc.  Îfvn  Îf vn re jc Knlpes, ‖Ejc Lnrìtmln“ 

N jmgcrcián citrc pecsmn c presn tnlhíl pejc scr (c grcqucitclcitc í) cstnhcfckmjn scauije eutres krmtírmes, bî iëe jc inturczn gerlnf, lns quc rcfcvnl je keitcòje c jn eranimznáëe mitcrin jes tcxtes. Í kelul nssekmnr n pecsmn ne leje fìrmke c n presn nes rcstnitcs lejes fmtcrîrmes (inrrntmvn c jrnln). Je peite jc vmstn cstntìstmke, in nktunfmjnjc, es tcxtes cl vcrse sëe grcqucitclcitc cxclpfes jc tcxtes fìrmkes, c es tcxtes cl presn, cxclpfes jc tcxtes inrrntmves c jrnlîtmkes. Lns, jc ul peite jc vmstn jmnkrûimke, pcfe lcies, iëe í cxnkte sehrcper mijmskrmlminjnlcitc eu gnzcr cqumvnfcr es keikcmtes jc pecsmn c jc leje fìrmke. Es Fusìnjns  keistmtucl ul pecln ípmke, eu scbn, sëe, per jcgmimáëe, uln inrrntmvn cl vcrse. E tcntre jc Amf Wmkcitc gem mitcarnflcitc cskrmte cl vcrse, c ns pcáns jc [`nocspcnrc lnmermtnrmnlcitc nprcscitnl-sc cl vcrse. Cstcs cxclpfes cvmjcikmnl quc n pecsmn gem lumtns vczcs n gerln cskef`mjn pnrn cskrcvcr tcxtes inrrntmves c tcxtes jrnlîtmkes. Znlhíl n sehrcpesmáëe citrc presn c es lejes inrrntmve c jrnlîtmke iëe í njcqunjn. @î tcxtes quc keistmtucl cxclpfes jc presn peítmkn (qunije, cl rmaer, scauije ns jcgmimáócs quc nprcscitîles, tnfvcz jcvcsscl scr kfnssmgmknjes kele presn fìrmkn), perquc sc trntn jc tcxtes cskrmtes cl presn quc rcvcfnl ul pcijer csscikmnflcitc fìrmke. Eu scbn, n presn pejc scr n gerln scfckkmeinjn pnrn cskrcvcr tcxtes fìrmkes. E quc jmstmiauc n pecsmn c n presn í, scauije n pcrspcktmvn njeptnjn, ul krmtírme jc inturczn gerlnf, quc pcrlmtc jcstnknr e keikcmte jc vcrse c, nssekmnje n cfc, ul keibuite jc rckurses tíkimkes c cstmfìstmkes. Znms rckurses (kele n rmln, n lítrmkn, e rmtle, ctk.), perquc rckerrcl ä lntcrmnfmjnjc jn

 

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pnfnvrn, cxpfernl e petcikmnf cxprcssmve je tcxte peítmke, cirmquckcije-e jc smaimgmknjes c keigcrmije-f`c ul scitmje cstítmke quc e jmgcrcikmn je tcxte cl presn. Bî es krmtírmes quc suhbnzcl ä jmstmiáëe citrc fìrmkn, inrrntmvn c jrnln mikfucl qucstócs keikcptunms quc rcfcvnl, citrc eutres peites, je keitcòje, jn eranimznáëe mitcrin c ntí je leje jc keluimknáëe (vez jns pcrseinacis, ie jrnln? vez je nuter, in fìrmkn? vez jns pcrseinacis c je nuter, in inrrntmvn). N mjcitmgmknáëe jes krmtírmes quc prcsmjcl, per ul fnje, ä jmstmiáëe

pecsmn/presn c, per eutre fnje, ä trmpnrtmáëe fìrmkn/inrrntmvn/jrnln pcrlmtc quc sc jmstmian kel rmaer csscs keikcmtes, jc leje quc iëe scbnl keiguijmjes eu sehrcpestes. Xcgcrmle-ies ntrîs n jctcrlminjes rckurses tíkimkes c cstmfìstmkes quc acrnflcitc nssekmnles ä pecsmn. Cl rmaer, qucr in pecsmn, qucr in presn, í pessìvcf prekcjcr ä vnfermznáëe jn gnkc lntcrmnf jn pnfnvrn (mste í, je scu smaimgmknitc8;), pnrn luftmpfmknr es cgcmtes cxprcssmves je tcxte c per rnzócs jc erjcl cstítmkn. E nprevcmtnlcite jn lntcrmnfmjnjc jns pnfnvrns keismstc in utmfmznáëe jn sun seiermjnjc (ie knse jn ernfmjnjc) c jns suns preprmcjnjcs arîgmkns (ie knse jn cskrmtn) pnrn vcmkufnr eu rrcgeránr cgeránr jctcrlminjes scitmjes, c per rnzócs jc erjcl cstítmkn. Zejnvmn, cssn í uln knrnktcrìstmkn quc lnms grcqucitclcitc nssekmnles ä pecsmn. Iëe cqumvnfc mste n jmzcr quc n presn sc nf`cmn tetnflcitc jcssc nprevcmtnlcite. [û quc n pecsmn, pcfn sun keitciáëe gerlnf, pcfn sun «ntmtujc jc keikcitrnáëe quc iëe í npcins cletmvn lns tnlhíl cxprcssmvn¿ 8:, rcvcfn-sc lnms njcqunjn pnrn tmrnr teje e pnrtmje jn gnkc lntcrmnf jns pnfnvrns c jns suns kelhmintûrmns. Jcstc leje, n pecsmn í tnlhíl, per vczcs, jcgmimjn kel hnsc iul krmtírme quc rcfcvn jn utmfmznáëe jc prekcsses quc cvmjcikmnl e smaimgmknitc jns pnfnvrns, kele n rmln. N rmln, n lítrmkn c e rmtle   (jmrcktnlcitc jcpcijcitc jn jmstrmhumáëe jes nkcites ies vcrses)83  keistmtucl es cxclpfes lnms cvmjcitcs jc nprevcmtnlcite jn lntcrmnfmjnjc jns pnfnvrns. Lns eutres rckurses cstmfìstmkes  ‛ jc quc n nfmtcrnáëe  c n niîgern sëe npcins lnms jems 8; 8: XCM[  Wcr sckáëe >.8 sckáëe .8.8.. (>==32 >.8.8.8 874).

 

[nussurc rc..   Tcmrkc, Eajci c Xmk` nrjs, [nussu 83  Wcr sckáëe >.8.>.8. Bnoehsei, Bnoehsei , ielcnjnlcitc, n jcgmimáëe c cxclpfmgmknáëe jn guiáëe peítmkn jn fmiaunacl. 

 

>4;

 

cxclpfes  ‛  rcvcfnl quc qucr n pecsmn, qucr n presn pejcl gnzcr use jn seiermjnjc c je arngmsle jns pnfnvrns.

 

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3. 3.3. 3. A Aíicres íicres fmtcrîrmes fm tcrîrmes c `erm `ermzeitcs zeitcs jc cxpcktntmvn

Wmles bî quc es aíicres fmtcrîrmes (kele qunfqucr aíicre jmskursmve) sc knrnktcrmznl per guikmeinr kele lejcfes jc cskrmtn pnrn es nutercs  c kele jcfmlmtnjercs jes `ermzeitcs jc cxpcktntmvn pnrn es fcmtercs/euvmitcs .

In pcrspcktmvn jc qucl cskrcvc ul tcxte fmtcrîrme, e aíicre cigerln c prí-jctcrlmin qucstócs jc inturczn kelpesmkmeinf (kele n eranimznáëe mitcrin c n cxtcisëe), qucstócs jc keitcòje (kele es tclns n nherjnr, es lejes jc nprcscitnáëe) c ntí qucstócs jc knrîktcr gerlnf (ie èlhmte jn pecsmn, e iòlcre jc cstregcs c jc vcrses jc ul pecln jc gerln gmxn c, cvcitunflcitc, n rcspcktmvn cxtcisëe jctcrlminjn pcfe iòlcre jc sìfnhns lítrmkns prcskrmte). Keikelmtnitclcitc, in pcrspcktmvn jc qucl fâ/euvc cssc tcxte, sëe acrnjns cxpcktntmvns cl rcfnáëe n cssns lcslns qucstócs. Ne feiae jcstn sckáëe, prekurnrcles rcgfcktmr sehrc es `ermzeitcs jc cxpcktntmvn quc nfauis aíicres fmtcrîrmes cstnhcfckcl. Kelckcles per mijmknr nfaulns jns knrnktcrìstmkns je aíicre fmtcrîrme relnikc c cxpfmkmtcles ns cxpcktntmvns quc cfns acrnl. E relnikc í ul aíicre inrrntmve cl quc sc mikfucl es tcxtes fmtcrîrmes quc, je peite jc vmstn je keitcòje, nprcscitnl uln mitrman lnms jcscivefvmj jcscivefvmjnn c jc lnmer kelpfcxmjnjc je quc ns jn ievcfn c je keite. Icstc aíicre, ns pcrseinacis lnms rcfcvnitcs sëe knrnktcrmznjns kel arnijc jctnf`c, c í kelul rcamstnrcl cvefuáócs n iìvcf psmkefûamke ne feiae jn nkáëe. Znlhíl es lòftmpfes cspnáes (gìsmkes c sekmnms) eijc jckerrc n nkáëe sëe grcqucitclcitc jcskrmtes jc gerln nhuijnitc c jctnf`njn. Je peite jc vmstn gerlnf, e relnikc í ul tcxte lnms cxtcise je quc n ievcfn c e keite, c nprcscitn-sc acrnflcitc jmvmjmje cl knpìtufes. Ter gml, je peite jc vmstn jes prekcsses cstmfìstmke-jmskursmves utmfmznjes pcfe inrrnjer, icstc aíicre, ehscrvn-sc n nftcrièikmn citrc inrrnáëe, jcskrmáëe c jmîfeae (mitcarnije cvcitunflcitc cxclpfes jc leiûfeae mitcrmer c jc jmskurse mijmrckte fmvrc).

 

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N cxtcisëe je tcxte mlpfmkn quc cfc scbn acrnflcitc fmje cl lnms je quc uln scssëe jc fcmturn? n jmvmsëe cl knpìtufes lumtns vczcs nuxmfmn e fcmter n jckmjmr-sc qunite ne peite je tcxte cl quc jcvcrî prekcjcr ä mitcrrupáëe jc knjn uln jns scssócs. Terquc n nkáëe í kelpestn per ul keibuite jc cvcites quc lnimgcstnl rcfnáócs jc knusnfmjnjc citrc sm, n fcmturn je relnikc rcqucr uln lnmer knpnkmjnjc jc ntciáëe, jc lclermznáëe c jc rcknpmtufnáëe je quc n fcmturn je keite. Tejc nkeitckcr quc ul cvcite inrrnje ie miìkme je relnikc, per cxclpfe, scbn rcfcvnitc pnrn sc kelprccijcr jcvmjnlcitc ul eutre cvcite feknfmznje ie gminf je tcxte, eu quc e kelpertnlcite jc uln pcrseinacl ne feiae jc tejn n mitrman sû scbn jcvmjnlcitc kelprccijmje ä fuz jc ul nkeitckmlcite quc í jnje n kei`ckcr in òftmln pîamin je relnikc. Ter eutre fnje, e relnikc mikfum lelcites jcskrmtmves cl quc e jcscirefnr jn nkáëe í suspcise pnrn quc ns pcrseinacis eu es cspnáes cl quc cfns sc levcl scbnl nprcscitnjes ne fcmter. Cstcs lelcites sëe acrnflcitc lumte mlpertnitcs qucr pnrn ciqunjrnr n nkáëe c ns pcrseinacis, qucr pnrn rcvcfnr, lumtns vczcs jc leje mijmrckte, knrnktcrìstmkns rcfcvnitcs quc sëe guijnlcitnms pnrn sc kelprccijcr afehnflcitc es cvcites c es kelpertnlcites jns pcrseinacis. Sln jcskrmáëe iëe ickcssmtn jc scr kelpfclcitnjn pcfn inrrnáëe (kele sc kelprevn pcfe gnkte jc `nvcr tcxtes cl quc uimknlcitc sc prekcjc ä jcskrmáëe jc uln pcssen, jc ul leiulcite, jc ul ehbckte, ctk.), lns uln inrrnáëe rcqucr ickcssnrmnlcitc lelcites jcskrmtmves, jc cxtcisëe vnrmîvcf. Ns gnfns jns pcrseinacis sëe nprcscitnjns ies jmîfeaes. Cstcs lelcites sëe pnrtmkufnrlcitc rcfcvnitcs perquc lestrnl ns pcrseinacis jc ul leje jmrckte, pcfe quc jmzcl c keluimknl. Nfíl jmsse, pcrlmtcl lnimgcstnr, jc leje lnms vmve, knrnktcrìstmkns jns pcrseinacis, kele e setnquc (quc pejc mjcitmgmknr n sun rcamëe jc ermacl), e use jc jctcrlminjns pnfnvrns eu keistruáócs (quc pejc scr rcvcfnjer qunite ä sun pcrseinfmjnjc c ne scu cstntute sekmekufturnf), ctk. Sl relnikc í, pertnite, ul tcxte cl quc, pcfn sun cxtcisëe, í lnms cvmjcitc n nftcrièikmn citrc lelcites jc inrrnáëe (cl quc sëe keitnjes cvcites quc sc sukcjcl ie tclpe), jc jcskrmáëe (cl quc sëe mijmknjns, kel lnmer eu lcier jctnf`c, preprmcjnjcs jns pcrseinacis, jes cspnáes gìsmkes c

 

>47

 

sekmnms per eijc sc levmlcitnl, ctk.) c jc jmîfeae (cl quc sëe nprcscitnjns ns gnfns jns pcrseinacis). Jcpcijcije je cstmfe quc knjn nuter njeptn cl knjn relnikc quc cskrcvc, `î tcxtes cl quc prcjelminl es prekcsses inrrntmves, eutres cl quc prcjelminl es prekcsses jcskrmtmves, eutres nmijn cl quc prcjelminl es prekcsses jmnfeanms c, inturnflcitc, eutres cl quc sc pejc ehscrvnr uln utmfmznáëe cqumtntmvn jc jems jcstcs prekcsses eu jc tejes cfcs. Zcije cl keitn cstns preprmcjnjcs je relnikc, quc cxpcktntmvns pejcl cfns jctcrlminr ie fcmter, nitcs lcsle jc sc mimkmnr e prekcsse jc fcmturn5 Ciulcrcles nfaulns2 - trntn-sc jc ul tcxte quc í acrnflcitc fmje cl vîrmns scssócs jc fcmturn? - n jmvmsëe cl knpìtufes jctcrlmin grcqucitclcitc e peite cl quc sc mitcrrelpc knjn scssëe jc fcmturn? - jnjn n sun cxtcisëe, n kelpfcxmjnjc jes cvcites inrrnjes c e iòlcre jc pcrseinacis nprcscitnjns, n fcmturn je relnikc rcqucr uln lnmer knpnkmjnjc jc lclermznáëe c jc rcknpmtufnáëe je quc eutres tcxtes inrrntmves, kele n ievcfn c e keite? - e tcxte je relnikc í keistmtuìje per lelcites inrrntmves, per lelcites jcskrmtmves c per lelcites jc jmîfeae, ehscrvnije-sc nftcrièikmn citrc cstcs trâs prekcsses jmskursmves? - í grcqucitc cikeitrnr lelcites jcskrmtmves quc suspcijcl e jcscirefnr jn mitrman? npcsnr jc keistmtuìrcl pnusns ie jcscivefvmlcite jn fmi`n inrrntmvn, cstns jcskrmáócs tâl arnijc mlpertèikmn in eranimznáëe mitcrin c in mitcrprctnáëe je relnikc. Eutre tmpe jc cxpcktntmvns sëe acrnjns kel hnsc cl cfclcites kele e tìtufe je relnikc, ielcnjnlcitc ns quc jmzcl rcspcmte nes keitcòjes quc icfc sëe trntnjes. [cije nlhes aíicres inrrntmves, í pcrtmicitc kefeknr n qucstëe scaumitc2 cl quc jmgcrcl e relnikc c n ievcfn5 N ievcfn í ul tcxte inrrntmve lcies cxtcise je quc e relnikc. Zejnvmn, lnms je quc jn hrcvmjnjc,  bustmgmkn-sc gnfnr jn keikmsëe, jn keikcitrnáë keikcitrnáëe e c jn ckeielmn jc lcmes jn ievcfn cl kelpnrnáëe kel e relnikc. Nssekmn-sc n lcier cxtcisëe je tcxte (acrnflcitc, clhern iëe ickcssnrmnlcitc, ntcstnjn ie lcier iòlcre jc pîamins quc ekupn) äs kelpeicitcs mitcrins jn `mstûrmn2 perquc í ul tcxte

 

>41

 

lcies feiae je quc e relnikc í tnlhíl lcies kelpfcxe cl tcrles jc iòlcre jc pcrseinacis c jn sun knrnktcrmznáëe, jc cvcites inrrnjes, jc kelpfcxmjnjc jn mitrman inrrntmvn. ^unfqucr jcstcs peites rcssnftn iuln kelpnrnáëe citrc e relnikc Es Lnmns c n ievcfn E Lnijnrml, nlhes jc Cán jc ^ucmrûs. [crî kerrckte jmzcr quc, rcarn acrnf, in ievcfn `î lcies pcrseinacis, lcies cspnáes, lcies jcskrmáëe, c quc n nkáëe jckerrc iul cspnáe jc tclpe jc lcier cxtcisëe je quc e quc sc ehscrvn ie relnikc5 Npnrcitclcitc, sml. Lns keivíl iëe csquckcr nfauis cxclpfes cxtrcles quc pócl cl knusn c suhvcrtcl cstns rcarns, sehrctuje qunije keikchmjns jc leje tëe rìamje c mlpesmtmve. E relnikc Sfysscs  jc Bnlcs Beykc inrrn es nkeitckmlcites pretnaeimznjes per vîrmns pcrseinacis cl Juhfmi ne feiae jc ul òimke jmn  ‛  >7 jc Bui`e jc >=4:. Knses kele cstc pnrckcl jcleistrnr quc e keikcmte jc tclpe, ie relnikc c in ievcfn, jcvc scr citcijmje iëe tnite kele pcrìeje kreiefûamke, lns lnms kele rmtle jc jcscivefvmlcite jn mitrman2 tclpe fcite ie relnikc, c tclpe rîpmje in ievcfn. Nfíl jmsse, í kelul keitrnper e gnkte jc ie relnikc ns pcrseinacis scrcl iulcresns c rcvcfnrcl cvefuáëe psmkefûamkn citrc e miìkme c e gminf jn mitrman, ne gnkte jc in ievcfn cfns scrcl cl lcier iòlcre c lnimgcstnrcl keistèikmn psmkefûamkn? eutrn jmstmiáëe keismstc ie scaumitc2 ciqunite ie relnikc `î lòftmpfes c vnrmnjes cspnáes, in ievcfn cfcs sëe cl iòlcre lnms rcjuzmje. Lns cstns keismjcrnáócs iëe pejcl icl jcvcl cskeijcr n scaumitc cvmjâikmn2 iëe í gîkmf cstnhcfckcr uln greitcmrn rmaeresnlcitc jcgmimjn, hcl jcfmlmtnjn citrc es aíicres inrrntmves relnikc c ievcfn, nssml kele citrc es aíicres ievcfn c keite. C í vîfmjn n npfmknáëe jcstc prmikìpme n eutres aíicres fmtcrîrmes. Xcgfcktmrcles, n scaumr, sehrc ns cxpcktntmvns quc e `mie, ul aíicre fìrmke, suskmtn. Sl `mie  í ul tcxte peítmke jc tcln rcfmamese, lmfmtnr eu `mstûrmke quc tcl kele ehbcktmve feuvnr uln citmjnjc, trnjmkmeinflcitc uln jmvmijnjc eu ul `crûm. Zrntn-sc, pertnite, jc uln kelpesmáëe peítmkn quc sc jcgmic guijnlcitnflcitc pcfe tcln, pcfe tel fnujntûrme c pcfe cstmfe cfcvnje. Lumtns

 

>40

 

vczcs, cstns kelpesmáócs sëe nkelpni`njns per lòsmkn, kele ie knse jes `mies inkmeinms. [cije uln gerln peítmkn iëe gmxn, n cxtcisëe qucr n eranimznáëe cl cstregcs je `mie sëe vnrmîvcms. Znlhíl iëe cstëe rmamjnlcitc jctcrlminjes eutres cfclcites je pecln, kele e iòlcre jc cstregcs c e iòlcre jc vcrses cl knjn cstregc, c nmijn e csqucln rmlîtmke c n lítrmkn jes vcrses. Sl `mie pejc suskmtnr, citrc eutrns, ns scaumitcs cxpcktntmvns cl qucl sc prcpnrn pnrn e fcr2 - trntn-sc jc ul tcxte quc, cl prmikìpme, í fmje iuln scssëe jc fcmturn? iëe smaimgmkn mste quc cfc iëe pessn scr rcfmje uln eu lnms vczcs, lns npcins quc, pcfn sun cxtcisëe, n sun fcmturn pejc scr keikfuìjn iuln òimkn scssëe? - icfc, í cfeamnjn c cxnftnjn uln pcrseinacl rcnf eu gmktìkmn, mijmvmjunf eu kefcktmvn? - e tcln trntnje tcl knrîktcr rcfmamese, inkmeinfmstn eu lmfmtnr, pejcije nmijn jmzcr rcspcmte n uln pcrseinacl quc lcrckc scr cfcvnjn n `crûm? Sln vcz lnms, suhfmi`nles quc e tìtufe jn kelpesmáëe acrn maunflcitc cxpcktntmvns, ns qunms sc nssekmnl n cstns quc jckerrcl uimknlcitc je aíicre fmtcrîrme c jns suns preprmcjnjcs jcgmimtûrmns. Kel cstcs jems cxclpfes  ‛ e je relnikc c e je `mie  ‛ cxclpfmgmkîles jc quc leje ns knrnktcrìstmkns quc, cl keibuite, scrvcl pnrn jcgmimr knjn aíicre fmtcrîrme sëe acrnjerns jc cxpcktntmv cxpcktntmvns ns cl qucl vnm fcr ul tcxte quc sc mitcarn iul jnje aíicre. Jc gnkte, cfns hnfmznl iëe sû ns pessmhmfmjnjcs jc fcmturn jc qucl fâ, lns tnlhíl n îrcn jc nkáëe (tclîtmkn, gerlnf, eranimznkmeinf, prnalîtmkn, ctk.) jc qucl cskrcvc ul tcxte.

 

>4=

 

Xcgcrâikmns hmhfmearîgmkns Zcln 3 ‛ N keluimknáëe in fmtcrnturn

n) Fcmturn Fcmturn ehr mantûrmn 

XCM[, Knrfes (>==3), E kei`ckmlcite jn fmtcrnturn, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin, pp. 881-873.

h) Ehrn kmtnjn 

HNO@ZMIC, Lmo`nåf (>=0:

>=38),

‖Fcs acircs ju jmskeurs“ (trnj.), Cst`ítmquc jc

fn kríntmei vcrhnfc, Tnrms, Anffmlnrj, pp. 87;-;40.

k) Ehrns Ehrns jc keisuf tn 

KCMN, Knrfes (Keerj.), C-jmkmeiîrme jc tcrles fmtcrîrmes, M[HI2 =0=-84-4400-= (`ttp2//www.gks`.uif.pt/cjtf/mijcx.`tl ). KE[ZN, Fuìsn, Lnrmn Beëe HEXAC[ c Xesn KEXXCMN, Afessîrme jc tcrles `ttp2//gnrefjnsfctrns.ie. efjnsfctrns.ie.snpe.pt/afes snpe.pt/afessnrme.`tl snrme.`tl)). fmtcrîrmes (`ttp2//gnr XCM[, Knrfes, c Nin Krmstmin _Lnkîrme\ FETC[ (>=01), Jmkmeiîrme jc inrrntefeamn, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin.

 

>>4

 

Hmhfme arngmn acrnf acrnf

HNO@ZMIC, Lmo`nåf (>=0:

>=38),

‖Fcs acircs ju jmskeurs“ (trnj.), Cst`ítmquc jc

fn kríntmei vcrhnfc, Tnrms, Anffmlnrj, pp. 87;-;40.

KCMN, Knrfes (Keerj.), C-jmkmeiîrme jc tcrles fmtcrîrmes, M[HI2 =0=-84-4400-= (`ttp2//www.gks`.uif.pt/cjtf/mijcx.`tl ). KE[ZN, Fuìsn, Lnrmn Beëe HEXAC[ c Xesn KEXXCMN, Afessîrme jc tcrles fmtcrîrmes (`ttp2//gnrefj `ttp2//gnrefjnsfctrns.ie.s nsfctrns.ie.snpe.pt/afess npe.pt/afessnrme.`tl nrme.`tl)).

GM[OC, Be`i (>==;), Mitrejuáëe ne cstuje jn keluimknáëe (trnj.), Fmshen, Cjmáócs Nsn. AESXLCFMI, Lnrmc-Besàp`c, c Bcni-Grniáems ASCJEI (>==8), Kele rcjmamr ul tcln jc jcscivefvmlcite   (trnj.), Lcl-Lnrtmis, Tuhfmknáócs Curepn-Nlírmkn. FMLN, Besí Tmite jc (8441), Trnalîtmkn, Fmshen, Knlmi`e. XCM[, Knrfes (>==3), E kei`ckmlcite jn fmtcrnturn, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin. XCM[, Knrfes, c Nin Krmstmin _Lnkîrme\ FETC[ (>=01), Jmkmeiîrme jc inrrntefeamn, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin.

[NIZE[, Benin Wmcmrn (84>>), Fmiaunacl c keluimknáëe, Kemlhrn, Nflcjmin. [C^SCMXN, Xesn Lnrmn (84>4), Keluimknr hcl. Trîtmkns c cstruturns keluimkntmvns, Fmshen, Geitc jn Tnfnvrn.

[@CN,

Wmramimn

(>==:),

Z`c

kerc

rufcs

(`ttp2//www.nfhmei.kel/ictmqu `ttp2//www.nfhmei.kel/ictmqucttc/kercrufcs.`t cttc/kercrufcs.`tlf lf)).

eg

ictmqucttc,