Manual de Procedimientos de Hoteles

 

Gfhufj Cbt`j`rkf e` _r`s`htfeb pbr= ^`yjf Gkjfdrbs Nfjjfpfhk Uknbhf Hfyscf Jkz`tc Gfgfhk Ljbr Ekfhf Frn`Ncfhnf Gfgfhk Qbsg`ry Dbhzfj`s Qfgbs

 

FQ@F E@ Q@N@_NKBH [ Q@^@Q\F^

 

Nbhn`ptb ^`dýh `j futbr (Hfvfrrb, 1??3) `h su jkarb ‚Cbst`j`rçf‗ `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` Q`n`pnkþh e` uh cbt`j `stæ uaknfeb e`htrb e` jf Ekr`nnkþh e` fjbmfgk`htb  muhtb f jbs e`pfrtfg`h e`pfrtfg`htbs tbs e` Nbhs`m`rçf Nbhs`m`rçf,, _ksbs y Nbguhknfn Nbguhknfnkbh`s kbh`s y tk`h` nbgb nbgb gkskþh e`sfrrbjjfr e` lbrgf nbbrekhfef nbh `j r`stb e` jbs e`pfrtfg`htbs jf pr`stfnkþh e` s`rvknkbs cfnkf `j cuësp`e @j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh `s jf khstfjfnkþh cbt`j`rf qu` blr`n` jbs s`rvknkbs r`jfnkbhfebs nbh jf jj`dfef y sfjkef e` jbs njk`ht`s fe`gæs e` nbhtrbjfr, nbbrekhfr, d`stkbhfr y arkhefr ekl`r`ht`s s`rvknkbs eurfht` jf  p`rgfh`hnkf  p`rgfh`hn kf e` jbs cuësp`e`s cuësp`e`s e`htrb e` jf khstfjfnkþh. khstfjfnkþh. @s jf Q`n`pnkþh, Q`n`pnkþh, pbr tfhtb, `j e`pfrtfg`htb ebhe` fljuy`h jfs sbjknktue`s, r`njfgfnkbh`s y qu`mfs (bpbrtuhkefe`s) ekr`ntfg`ht` r`jfnkbhfefs nbh `j s`rvknkb e` jf khstfjfnkþh. Fe`gæs, `s jf Q`n`pnkþh ebhe` s` `jfabrf y `gkt` jf khlbrgfnkþh ekfrkf, f jbs ekl`r`ht`s e`pfrtfg`htbs e`j cbt`j (jkstfs, abbikhd, r`pbrt`s, `tn.) pfrf dfrfhtkzfr uh trfafmb frgþhknb y ljukeb, qu` f jf v`z fs`durf uh s`rvknkb e` nfjkefe. (Ckhbmbsf, Gbrf, & H`yrf, 1?6>) .

 

Nfrfnt`rçstknfs ◂ @s `j e`pfrtfg`htb qu` hutr` e` njk`ht`s `j `stfaj`nkgk`ht `stfaj`nkgk`htb b y tk`h` `j bam`tkvb e` dfrfhtkzfr uhf au`hf bnupfnkþh

◂ @s jf prkg`rf kgfd`h qu` tk`h` `j njk`ht`, ak`h fht`s e` ◂ ◂ ◂ ◂

jj`dfr fj cbt`j fj cfajfr pbr t`jëlbhb b f trfvës e`j nbrr`b `j`ntrþhknb, b ak`h f jf jj`dfef fj cbt`j ^` `hnfrdf e` jbs trægkt`s fegkhkstrftkvbs e` r`dkstrb, `htrfef y sfjkef e` njk`ht`s @s `j n`htrb e` jfs r`jfnkbh`s nbh jbs njk`ht`s eurfht` su `stfhnkf y s` `hnfrdf e` jf r`n`pnkþh e` qu`mfs, sud`r`hnkfs y, `h su nfsb, r`njfgfnkbh`s @s `j prbv``ebr e` khlbrgfnkþh fj njk`ht`, tfhtb e` jbs s`rvknkbs e`je`cbt`j, nbgb e`jr`nbg`hefnkbh`s, `htbrhb= ekr`nnkbh`s, pbskakjkefe`s `htr`t`hkgk`htb, `tn. Ekstrkauy` jf khlbrgfnkþh fj r`stb e` e`pfrtfg`htbs sbar` `htrfefs, sfjkefs, pr`vkskbh`s e` bnupfnkþh, nfrfnt`rçstknfs b p`tknkbh`s `sp`nkfj`s e` jbs njk`ht`s (fsç s` fe`nufh f jfs h`n`skefe`s e` fntkvkefe `h nfef gbg`htb)

 

Kgpbrtfhnkf ◂

◂ ◂ ◂

@j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh `s kgpbrtfht` pbrqu` `s `j h`xb `htr` `j njk`ht` y `j cbt`j9 `s `j n`htrb e` bp`rfnkbh`s e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb, ebhe` s` `jfabrf y `gkt` jf khlbrgfnkþh ekfrkf, f jbs ekl`r`ht`s ær`fs y e`pfrtfg`htbs e`j cbt`j (jkstfs, abbikhds, r`pbrt`s, `tn.) pfrf dfrfhtkzfr uh trfafmb frgþhknb y ljukeb, qu` f jf v`z fs`durf uh s`rvknkb e` nfjkefe. Nbgb e`pfrtfg`htb n`htrfj e`jnbh cbt`j, e`se` `j qu` e`sfrrbjjfh jfs r`jfnkbh`s tfhtb njk`ht`s nbgb nbh s` `j r`stb e` trfafmfebr`s e` jbs btrbs e`pfrtfg`htbs y/b ær`fs. Fe`gæs e` s`r `j prbv``ebr e` khlbrgfnkþh fj njk`ht`, tfhtb e` jbs s`rvknkbs e`j cbt`j, nbgb e`j `htbrhb= ekr`nnkbh`s, pbskakjkefe`s e` `htr`t`hkgk`htb, r`nbg`hefnkbh`s, `tn. Jf kgpbrtfhnkf e` `stfs y btrfs luhnkbh`s e`j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh r`quk`r` qu` jbs trfafmfebr`s e` `st` e`pfrtfg`htb t`hdfh uhf s`rk` e` rfsdbs e` fntktue (`htr` btrbs, pr`ekspbsknkþh f fyuefr fj njk`ht`, brk`htfnkþh fj s`rvknkb, nukefeb e` fsp`ntb p`rsbhfj, bre`h y jkgpk`zf e`j e`pfrtfg`htb) y btrbs e` fptktue (nfpfnkefe e` brdfhkzfnkþh, e` trfafmfr afmb pr`skþh, nbhbnkgk`htbs e` skst`gfs e` d`stkþh e` cbt`j`s, e` jbs kekbgfs e` jfs hfnkbhfjkefe`s e`j cbt`j, e` d`stkþh e` qu`mfs, e` ft`hnkþh t`j`lþhknf, `tn).

 

Kgpbrtfhnkf pfrf `j cuësp`e ◂

@j njk`ht` (cu`sp`e) sk`gpr` tk`h` jf rfzþh lu` uhb e` jbs ekncbs qu` pbr guncb tk`gpb s` cf `stfeb gfh`mfheb, p`rb jf r`fjkefe `s qu` `j njk`ht` hb tk`h` jf rfzþh, sk ak`h `s nk`rtb qu` jf rfzþh e` s`r e`j cbt`j `s `j njk`ht`, `j njk`ht` hb pberæ tbgfr e`nkskbh`s nbhn`rhk`ht`s f jf fegkhkstrfnkþh e`j cbt`j, y `s fcç ebhe` rfeknf jf kgpbrtfhnkf e`j e`pfrtfg`htb pfrf `j njk`ht`. @j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh `s quk`h fyuefrf `h prkg`rf khstfhnkf fj njk`ht` fj gbg`htb e` r`dkstrfrs` y sfjkef e`j cbt`j jf `lknk`hnkf e` `st` e`t`rgkhfrf `j drfeb e` kgpbrtfhnkf qu` tuvb `j s`rvknkb pfrf `j njk`ht`, `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh s` `hnfrdf e` fyuefr fj njk`ht` y f su v`z brk`htfrjb r`sp`ntb f jbs s`rvknkbs e`j cbt`j.

 

Kgpbrtfhnkf pfrf `j cbt`j _rkg`rb s` tk`h` qu` `ncfr uh vkstfzb fj cbt`j e`se` jf p`rsp`ntkvf e`j njk`ht`, y nbgb s` pu`e` fpr`nkfr `j prkg`r e`pfrtfg`htb nbh `j qu` tk`h` nbhtfntb `j njk`ht` `s `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh `s fcç ebhe` r`nf` jf kgpbrtfhnkf e` tbeb `j e`pfrtfg`htb, e`se` `j gbg`htb e` jf jj`dfef e`j njk`ht` `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh r`pr`s`htf fj cbt`j, `h `s` gbg`htb s` vu`jv` jf kgfd`h e`j cbt`j y jf khlju`hnkf qu` `m`rzf `h `j njk`ht` e`t`rgkhfrf `j hkv`j e` sftkslfnnkþh e` sus njk`ht`s, pbr `he` `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh e`a` `stfr `h nbhstfht` pr`pfrfnkþh pfrf sfa`r nþgb fntufr `h ekl`r`ht`s sktufnkbh`s y fsç s`dukr g`mbrfheb pfrf pbe`r arkhefr uh g`mbr s`rvknkb fj njk`ht` yf qu` `jjbs sbh su rfzþh e` s`r.

 

Kgpbrtfhnkf pfrf `j p`rsbhfj ◂

@j p`rsbhfj tk`h` qu` `stfr nfjklknfeb `h tbebs sus fsp`ntbs, s` e`a` r`nbrefr qu` `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh `s jf kgfd`h e`j cbt`j, `j ëxktb y jf `lknk`hnkf e`j e`pfrtfg`htb e`p`he` e` qu` tfh nfpfnktfeb y nfpfz s`f `j p`rsbhfj `h `st` prbn`sb s` r`fjkzf uhf skgakbsks `htr` `j p`rsbhfj y `j e`pfrtfg`htb pbrqu` hb pu`e` cfa`r uh e`pfrtfg`htb skh p`rsbhfj y `j p`rsbhfj hb pu`e` r`fjkzfr sus luhnkbh`s lu`rf e` su judfr e` trfafmb, `j p`rsbhfj hb pu`e` `m`rn`r jf jfabr e` r`n`pnkþh e`se` `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` CI `s pbr `sb qu` fgabs e`p`he`h uhb e`j btrb.

 

• _br btrb jfeb, `xkst`h fjduhfs nfrfnt`rçstknfs qu` e`a`h e` r`uhkr nfef uhb e` jbs nbjfabrfebr`s e`htrb e`j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh=

 M`l`/f e` r`n`pnkþh= ◂ Q`fjkzfr e` gfh`rf nufjklknfef y r`spbhsfaj` jf ekr`nnkþh, nbhtrbj y s`dukgk`htb e`j nbhmuhtb e` tfr`fs qu` s` e`sfrrbjjfh `h `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh. ◂ Brdfhkzfr, ekrkdkr y nbbrekhfr `j trfafmb e`j p`rsbhfj f su nfrdb. Ekrkdkr, sup`rvksfr y pjfhklknfr `j nbhmuhtb e` fntkvkefe`s e`j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh. ◂ Nbbrekhfr y pfrtknkpfr nbh btrbs e`pfrtfg`htbs `h jf d`stkþh e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb.

◂ Nbjfabrfr nbh jf ekr`nnkþh e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb y/b nbh btrbs e`pfrtfg`htbs.

◂ Nbjfabrfr `h jf khstrunnkþh e`j p`rsbhfj f su nfrdb. ◂ ^`duheb/f m`l`/f e` r`n`pnkþh= ◂ Q`fjkzfr e` gfh`rf nufjklknfef y r`spbhsfaj` jf ekr`nnkþh, nbhtrbj y s`dukgk`htb e`j nbhmuhtb e` tfr`fs qu` s` e`sfrrbjjfh `h `j e`pfrtfg`htb e` r`n`pnkþh. ◂ Nbjfabrfr y sustktukr fj m`l`/f e` r`n`pnkþh e` jfs tfr`fs prbpkfs e`j gksgb.

 

Q`n`pnkbhkstf= ◂ ◂ ◂ ◂ ◂ ◂

Q`fjkzfr e` gfh`rf nufjklknfef, nbh khknkftkvf y r`spbhsfakjkefe jf r`n`pnkþh e` jbs njk`ht`s y tbefs jfs tfr`fs r`jfnkbhfefs nbh `jjb. @m`nutfr jfs jfabr`s e` ft`hnkþh fj njk`ht` `h jf r`n`pnkþh. Q`fjkzfr jfs d`stkbh`s r`jfnkbhfefs nbh jf bnupfnkþh y v`htf e` jfs cfaktfnkbh`s. Nustbekfr jbs bam`tbs e` vfjbr y `j ekh`rb e`pbsktfebs. Q`fjkzfr jfabr`s prbpkfs e` jf lfnturfnkþh y nbarb, fsç nbgb `j nfgakb e` gbh`ef `xtrfhm`rf. Q`nkakr, trfgktfr y ekrkdkr jfs r`njfgfnkbh`s e` jbs njk`ht`s f jbs s`rvknkbs nbrr`spbhek`ht`s.

 

Fuxkjkfr e` r`n`pnkþh y nbhs`rm`rçf= ◂ Fuxkjkfr `h jfs tfr`fs prbpkfs e` r`n`pnkþh y nbhs`rm`rçf, fsç nbgb e` ◂ ◂ ◂

jf vkdkjfhnkf e` jfs khstfjfnkbh`s, `qukpbs y gft`rkfj`s e` jbs `stfaj`nkgk`htbs. Q`fjkzfr `j nbhtrbj, fjgfn`hfm` y trfhspbrt` e` jbs `qukpfm`s e` jbs njk`ht`s `h jfs e`p`he`hnkfs e`j cbt`j b f jfs pu`rtfs e` fnn`sb f ëst`. @hnfrdfrs` e` jf `m`nunkþh e` d`stkbh`s y `hnfrdbs s`hnkjjbs, tfhtb `h `j kht`rkbr nbgb `h `j `xt`rkbr e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb. Nbjfabrfr `h `j gfht`hkgk`htb e`j bre`h y e` jf jkgpk`zf j kgpk`zf `h jfs zbhfs e` r`n`pnkþh y nbhs`rm`rçf.

jfs khstfjfnkbh`s y nbguhknfr jfs khnke`hnkfs fj e`pfrtfg`htb ◂ \kdkjfr nbrr`spbhek`ht`. ◂ Nbhtrbjfr jf `htrfef y sfjkef e` bam`tbs, g`rnfhnçfs, prbv``ebr`s y p`rsbhfj.

◂ @hnfrdfrs` e` nbheunkr y `stfnkbhfr jbs v`cçnujbs e` jbs njk`ht`s, f p`tknkþh e` ëstbs, fsç nbgb su vkdkjfhnkf y nustbekf.

◂ Nfef `stfaj`nkgk`htb eks`öfræ jf pjfhtkjjf h`n`sfrkf pfrf `j e`pfrtfg`htb, ekl`r`hnkfheb `htr` jfs nft`dbrçfs prbl`skbhfj`s nktfefs.

 

Kgfd`h p`rsbhfj ◂

◂

Nufheb cfajfgbs e` kgfd`h p`rsbhfj ‚hbs r`l`rkgbs f uh t`gf guy fgpjkb qu` fafrnf e`se` jbs rfsdbs lçsknbs y lbrgf e` v`stkr cfstf jf pbsturf y gbvkgk`htbs fj s`htfrs`, nfgkhfr, sfjuefr, tbhb e` vbz, gkrfef, rksf, sbhrksf, ckdk`h`, nbrt`sçf, `eunfnkþh, `htr` btrbs‗. (KN@, 1?63)  Jf kgfd`h p`rsbhfj `s uh `stkjb e` vkef y nfef p`rsbhf tk`h` jf suyf. _br `sb `s kgpbrtfht` nukefr hu`strf lbrgf e` s`r y fntufr, yf qu` jf kgfd`h `s nbgb uhf lbtb, `s jb prkg`rb qu` jbs e`gæs v`h e` hbsbtrbs `h uhf ræpkef y ludfz gkrfef. Fuhqu` hb s`fgbs nbhnk`ht`s, tbebs prby`ntfgbs hu`strf p`rsbhfjkefe f trfvës e` jf kgfd`h qu` blr`n`gbs fj `xt`rkbr

 

Ckdk`h` y fsp`ntb d`h`rfj ◂

U`h`r uhf au`hf kgfd`h, hb sbjfg`ht` `s nu`stkþh e` v`stufrkb. Hu`strf kgfd`h kgf d`h `xt`rkbr `stæ guy nbheknkbhfef pbr t`h`r uh fsp`ntb jkgpkb y fs`feb. t`h`r uh nbh= fsp`ntb fdrfefaj`E`a`gbs y jkgpkb.trftfr @stb e` s` nbhskdu` uhf au`hf ckdk`h` nbrpbrfj ekfrkf (euncf b aföb, nfgakb e` guef, usb e` uh e`sbebrfht`, `tn.), uh nfa`jjb nukefeb y ak`h frr`djfeb (fuhqu` s` jj`v` g`j`hf s` e`a` jj`vfr ak`h nbrtfef y frr`djfef), jfs uöfs ak`h nbrtfefs, jfs gfhbs jkgpkfs, `j gfqukjjfm`), uhf afraf ak`h nukefef, `tn. U`h`gbs qu` efr uhf kgfd`h `xt`rkbr nbrr`ntf, skh p`re`r hu`strf prbpkf p`rsbhfjkefe. Jb gksgb t`h`gbs qu` cfn`r nbh jbs nbgpj`g`htbs qu` e`a`h kr fnbre`s fj tkpb e` v`stufrkb utkjkzfeb.

 

CBGAQ@ f) Qbpf prbjkmf (uhklbrg`) 

@j uhklbrg` e`j cbgar`, tfgakëh `stfræ e` fnu`reb fj `stfaj`nkgk`htb y su m`rfrquçf.  D`h`rfjg`ht` nbgpu`stb pbr uh trfm` y nfgksf nbh nbraftf  U`hdf `h nu`htf qu` `j pfhtfjþh `st` p`rl`ntfg`ht` pjfhncfeb. Huhnf jj`v` jf nfgksf e`spr`hekef hk jf nbraftf nbh `j hueb ljbmb. ^k `s khlbrgfj e`a`ræ `stfr kgp`nfaj`. Jbs cbt`j`s prbv``h f su p`rsbhfj e` ebs `qukpbs pfrf jfs ebs  gbefjkefe`s mustfg`ht` pfrf  _`rgktkr su prbjkmkefe a) ]fpftbs justrfebs  @htr` jfs hbrgfs e` fs`b pfrf uhf g`mbr pr`s`hnkf `stf jf e` pr`s`htfrs` nbh jbs zfpftbs justrfebs. @s `j skdhb gæs `vke`ht` e`htrb e` jf v`stkg`htf e` qu` `stfgbs lr`ht` f uh cbgar` qu` nukef jbs e`tfjj`s. n) Pöfs nbrtfs y p`rl`ntfg`ht` jkgpkfs  Hb cfy e`gfskfebs nbg`htfrkbs pfrf `l`ntufr fj r`sp`ntb, tbebs sfa`gbs nufj`s sbh jfs r`djfs aæsknfs e`j fs`b y jf prbjkmkefe, uhf e` jfs gfs kgpbrtfht`s `s jf pr`s`htfnkþh e` jfs gfhbs, tfh `xpu`stfs f jfs gkrfefs e` jbs pfsfm`rbs. Pe. gfhkpujf, jjfv`s, nbrr`spbhe`hnkf, lbjj`tbs, `htr`df khlbrgfnkþh. e) Qbstrb ak`h fl`ktfeb ^k usf afraf, ak`h r`nbrtfef `) _`jb nbrtb, ak`h p`khfeb b jfrdb ftfeb

 

GPM@Q  f) Qbpf prbjkmf (uhklbrg`)  E`p`he`ræ e` jf nft`dbrçf e`j cbt`j, `j uhklbrg` pberæ s`r lbrgfj b khlbrgfj. ^k `s lbrgfj s`durfg`ht` `stfræ nbgpu`stb pbr uh trfm` nbh ncfqu`tf, lfjef b pfhtfjþh, nfgksf y pr`he`ebr nbh su hbgar` y s`ntbr fj qu` p`rt`h`n`.  @j uhklbrg` lbrgf pfrt` e` jf g`hnkbhfef kgfd`h nbrpbrftkvf, pbr jb tfhtb, guy prbafaj`g`ht` nbkhnkekræ nbh jbs nbjbr`s pr`ebgkhfht`s `h jf e`nbrfnkþh b `h lrfhnf frgbhçf nbh `j `htbrhb. Hb p`ekr`gbs uh trfm` lbrgfj f uh r`n`pnkbhkstf e` uh e`stkhb e` pjfyf. @s kgpbrtfht` hb usfr `snbt`s hk lfjefs nbrtfs. a) ]fpftbs jkgpkbs  D`h`rfjg`ht` s` usfh n`rrfebs pfrf p`rgktkr nbgbekefe fj nfgkhfr y nbh tfnbs afmbs b nbh hb gæs e` 5ng. n) Gfhbs prbjkmfs  ^k fnbstugarf f usfr uöfs `sgfjtfefs, gfht`h`r `j nbjbr. @s fnbhs`mfaj` usfr nbjbr`s njfrbs, `s g`hbs vkskaj` sk `j `sgfjt` s` sfjtf. e) Gfqukjjfm` sufv`   Fpbrtf hfturfjkefe fj rbstrb. `) _`khfeb r`tkrfeb e` jf nfrf  Cfræ qu` s` sk`htf nþgbef y e`spr`bnupfef e` su nfa`jjb.

 

6

AP@HF^

_QFNUKNF^  

AP@HF^ _QFNUKNF^ Khlrf`strunturf y @qukpfgk`htb  

Nu`htf nbh uh fgak`ht` `xnjuskvb pfrf r`n`pnkþh y r`s`rvfs. Jf r`n`pnkþh nu`htf nbh khsugbs pfrf `j r`dkstrb

e` `htrfef y sfjkef e`j cuësp`e (frtçnujbs e` blknkhf, ifre`x) Khdr`sb= lkncfs e` r`dkstrb e` cuësp`e`s. ^fjkef= abj`tfs y lfnturfs. Nu`htf nbh jb h`n`sfrkb pfrf r`fjkzfr uh nbrr`ntb r`dkstrb e` cuësp`e`s.  Nu`htf nbh uh fgak`ht` e` r`n`pnkþh nbh sulknk`ht` `spfnkb pfrf kht`rfntufr e` lbrgf fntkvf nbh jbs cuësp`e`s, nugpjk`heb nbh jf nfpfnkefe e` flbrb `stfaj`nkef pbr jf futbrkefe nbgp`t`ht`.  Jfs tfrklfs y pr`nkbs sbh vkskaj`s `h hu`vbs sbj`s y/b eþjfr`s fg`rknfhbs.  Nu`htfh nbh uh fgak`ht` pfrf nustbekf e` `qukpfm` n`rnfhb f jf r`n`pnkþh y `h uh judfr qu`

arkhe` s`durkefe  

AP@HF^ _QFNUKNF^ 

@h su puajknkefe, kheknf sk jfs tfrklfs khnjuy`h `j e`sfyuhb y jbs kgpu`stbs `stfaj`nkebs.  @xcka` cbrfrkbs e` khdr`sb y sfjkef, `sp`nklknfheb `j p`rkbeb qu` nbgpr`he` `j eçf cbt`j`rb. 

Nu`htf nbh rfni e` jjfv`s, `j qu` s` `hnu`htrf `h þptkgb `stfeb e` nbhs`rvfnkþh y gfht`hkgk`htb.  Jfs jjfv`s s` `hnu`htrfh `h au`h `stfeb y sbh uhklbrg`s(r`nu`re` qu` pu`e` fprbv`ncfrjbs gft`rkfj`s e` jf zbhf tfj`s nbgb jf gfe`rf pfrf jbs jjfv`rbs). 

Nu`htf t`j`lþhknf, e` ylænkj fnn`sb pfrf `j cuësp`e,nbh nbhn`htrfj ekr`ntbrkb t`j`lþhknb  t`jëlbhbs e` `g`rd`hnkf (abga`rbs, pbjknçf, n`htrb gëeknb, btrbs).6;  Nu`htf nbh `stfht` u btrb g`ekb qu` nbhtk`h` khlbrgfnkþh nbgpj`g`htfrkf, nbgb lbjj`t`rçf vfrkfef e` jbs ftrfntkvbs turçstknbs e` jf zbhf, nbhtfntb e` btrbs pr`stfebr`s (fd`hnkfs, r`stfurfht`s, blknkhfs e` turksgb, `tn.)

 

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Jbs `stæh nfpfnktfebs arkhefr tbebnbjfabrfebr`s tkpb e` khlbrgfnkþh qu` pfrf `j cuësp`e r`quk`rf.    Nu`htf nbh abtkquçh e` prkg`rbs fuxkjkbs y r`pbh` sk`gpr` jbs prbeuntbs nbhsugkebs, vkdkjfheb jf l`ncf e` v`hnkgk`htb e` jbs gksgbs.  ^k `j `stfaj`nkgk`htb s` `hnu`htrf `h jf sk`rrf nu`htf nbh uh afjþh e` bxçd`hb f ekspbsknkþh e`j cuësp`e pbr jf fjturf.  Nu`htf nbh `xtkhtbr`s `h nfef uhb e` jbs pksbs y `h jf r`n`pnkþh e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb. ^` r`nbgk`hef t`h`r uh `xtkhtbr pbr pksb, nugpjk`heb nbh jfs hbrgfs e` s`durkefe vkd`ht`s.   Nu`htfh nbh nfmf e` s`durkefe, pbr jb g`hbs `h r`n`pnkþh. Gu`strf `j jkarb e` r`njfgfnkbh`s `h uh judfr vkskaj`, nugpjk`heb nbh jfs hbrgfs j`dfj`s vkd`ht`s.

 

D@^UKBH ^@Q\KNKBE@J Q`s`rvfs y Q`n`pnkþh `s uh ær`f e` sugf r`j`vfhnkf pfrf `j `stfaj`nkgk`htb e` cbsp`efm`, pu`s s` cfjjf `h nbhtkhub nbhtfntb nbh `j cuësp`e r`s`rvfnkþh cfstf jf e`sp`ekefe`se` y jf lfnturfnkþh. E` tfj gfh`rf, qu` tk`h`h uhf s`rk` e` gbg`hts bl trutc (gbg`htbs e` jf v`refe) lr`ht` fj gksgb.

 

Q@^@Q\F^

Jf d`stkþh e` Q`s`rvfs tk`h` nbgb lkhfjkefe jf bptkgkzfnkþh e` jf bnupfakjkefe e`j cbsp`efm`. _br nbhskduk`ht`, nbhskduk`ht `, p`rgkt` jj`vfr jj `vfr uhf prby`nnkþh e` r`s`rvfs nbh `j trfhsnursb e` jbs g`s`s. _br `st` gbtkvb `s h`n`sfrkb `stfaj`n`r pfrf d`stkbhfrjfs pfræg`trbs `l`ntkvfg`ht` nbhske`rfheb=

 

AP@HF^ _QFNUKNF^ Nu`ht` nbh uh lkj` b lbje`r e`j njk`ht`  

ebhe` s` ebnug`htf sus sbjknktue Cf kgpj`g`htfeb jfs lbrgfs skduk`ht`s=  • ^bjknktue e` r`s`rvfnkþh= lbrgujfrkb nbgpj`tb y nbhnksb pfrf bat`h`r khlbrgfnkþh uhklbrg` e` nufjquk`r njk`ht`. Q`fjkzfeb `j pfdb e`j prkg`r eçf, s` j` nbjbnfræ `j vkstb e` ‚Q`s`rvf nbhlkrgfef‗.   • Nfgakb e` r`s`rvfnkþh= lbrgujfrkb ebhe` s` `sp`nklknf nuæj `s `j nfgakb y bas`rvfnkbh`s. • Q`s`rvfnkþh nfhn`jfef =lbrgujfrkb `h `j nufj s` r`dkstrf jf nfhn`jfnkþh y bas`rvfnkbh`s..

 

AP@HF^ _QFNUKNF^ Q`n`pnkbhf jfs r`s`rvfs, v`rklknfheb jf ekspbhkakjkefe

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    

e` jf l`ncf sbjknktfef `h `j nuferb b r`dkstrb nbrr`spbhek`ht` , jj`hfheb ekncb lbrgujfrkbs y  ajbqu`fheb jf(s) cfaktfnkþh(`s). cfaktfnkþh(`s). Cf `stfaj`nkeb `j tk`gpb e` r`spu`stf f nufjquk`r sbjknktue (s` r`nbgk`hef qu` hb s`f gfybr f jfs 15 cbrfs). Jf nbhlkrgfnkþh y/b nfgakb e` r`s`rvf `s nbguhknfef khg`ekftfg`ht` khg`ekftfg` ht` fj njk`ht`. Jfs r`s`rvfs nfhn`jfefs s` r`dkstrfh `h `j lbrgujfrkb, s` frnckvfh y s` e`sajbqu`f jf cfaktfnkþh. Nbguhknf fj njk`ht` nufheb e`s`` gbeklknfr su r`s`rvf, jf nufj `stfræ sum`tf f jf ekspbhkakjkefe e` cfaktfnkbh`s

 

Q@N@_NKBH Ft`hnkþh t`j`lþhknf 

Arkhef ft`hnkþh t`j`lþhknf jfs 15 cbrfs fj eçf `h r`n`pnkþh. Nbhske`r` qu` `s uhf c`rrfgk`htf e` khlbrgfnkþh y e` v`htf r`j`vfht`.

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Q`spbhe` `j t`jëlbhb gæxkgb fj t`rn`r tkgar`, khknkfheb nbh uh sfjueb ` kheknfheb `j hbgar` e` jf `gpr`sf y e` jf p`rsbhf. _br `m`gpjb= ‚Au`hbs eçfs, Cbsp`efm` ]S[. Jb ftk`he` Mbsë‗. @h nfsb e` hb nbhtfr nbh p`rsbhfj eurfht` jf gferudfef, prbdrfgf `j skst`gf e` nbht`stfebr futbgætknb.   Nu`htf nbh jbs eftbs d`h`rfj`s e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb f ekspbsknkþh e`j r`spbhsfaj` e` jf r`n`pnkþh= Lkncf tënhknf, H¿ Nu`htf Nbrrk`ht` `h sbj`s y eþjfr`s, `tn.9 uh ekr`ntbrkb e` ftrfntkvbs y prbv``ebr`s e` btrbs s`rvknkbs turçstknbs(r`stfurfht`s, nflës, fd`hnkfs e` vkfm`s y turksgb, `htr` btrbs). ^k hb ekspbh` e` khlbrgfnkþh sbar` fjduhf nbhsujtf, nu`htf nbh jbs t`jëlbhbs e` jfs blknkhfs e` khlbrgfnkþh turçstknf e`j judfr `h ebhe` s` `hnu`htr` `j `stfaj`nkgk`htb. Q`dkstrf jfs jjfgfefs, fhbtf nfef jjfgfef y e`tfjjf jf sbjknktue u bas`rvfnkþh, jb nufj p`rgkt` qu` khekl`r`ht`g`ht` e` qukëh s` `hnu`htr` `h r`n`pnkþh, sk`gpr` ëhlbrgfeb sbar` jb fnbht`nkeb `h

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r`n`pnkþh.

 

Q`dkstrb e` `htrfef

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Khvktf fgfaj`g`ht` fj cuësp`e qu` jj`h` `j Q`dkstrb nbh sus eftbs p`rsbhfj`s. @j r`n`pnkbhkstf bas`rvf nbh nukefeb qu` `h `j Q`dkstrb cfyf nbgpj`tfeb jf khlbrgfnkþh nbrr`spbhek`ht`. Lfnkjktf `j prbn`sb e` khdr`sb b nc`ni-kh usfheb pr`-r`dkstrbs jbs nufj`s khnjuy`h jf khlbrgfnkþh e`j cuësp`e yf prbpbrnkbhfef pr`vkfg`ht` ,sk`gpr` y nufheb `j `j cuësp`e b jf fd`hnkf e` vkfm`s cfyf c`ncb jf r`s`rvfnkþh nbh fht`jfnkþh. F jf jj`dfef e`j cuësp`e, sbjfg`ht` s` j` sbjknktf jf v`rklknfnkþh e` sus eftbs y su r`sp`ntkvf lkrgf. Nbguhknf fj cuësp`e sbar` cbrfrkbs e` ft`hnkþh e` jbs s`rvknkbs e`j cbsp`efm` y sk `stæ bnurrk`heb fjduhf nkrnuhstfhnkf khcfaktufj nbgb r`gbe`jfnkbh`s, jkgktfnkbh`s s`rvknkbs, `htr` btrbs. @h nfsb s` trfafm` nbh fd`hnkfs e` vkfm`s e` y turksgb, s` hbtklknf nbh fhtknkpfnkþh `stbs c`ncbs.  Nu`htf nbh uhf p`rsbhf qu` `s r`spbhsfaj` e` fyuefr fj cuësp`e nbh su `qukpfm` y fnbgpföfrjb cfstf su cfaktfnkþh. Ubeb khdr`sb e` nfef cuësp`e `s r`dkstrfeb `h `j Nuferb e` Nbhtrbj Kht`rhb e` _fsfm`rbs „ Khdr`sbs. @j fnbgpföfht` `stæ `htr`hfeb y nfpfnktfeb pfrf farkr jf pu`rtf, v`rklknfr qu` tbeb s` `hnu`htr` `h bre`h, gbstrfr jf uaknfnkþh y

luhnkbhfgk`htb e` jbs `qukpbs y `htr`dfr jf jjfv` e` jf cfaktfnkþh

 

Ft`hnkþh eurfht` jf `stfeçf 

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Jbs nbjfabrfebr`s `stæh `htr`hfebs pfrf ft`he`r fj cuësp`e, arkheæhebj` fs`sbrfgk`htb, r`nbg`hefnkbh`s y fyueæhebjb f r`sbjv`rjbs prbaj`gfs ` khquk`tue`s qu` t`hdf.  Nu`htf nbh khlbrgfnkþh fntufjkzfef sbar` ftrfntkvbs b judfr`s e` kht`rës sbar` jf jbnfjkefe b e`stkhb turçstknb, fntkvkefe`s nujturfj`s, `htr`t`hkgk`htb, fj kdufj qu`, s`rvknkbs feknkbhfj`s tfj`s nbgb= `hvçb pbstfj, fjqukj`r e` nfrrbs, n`htrbs e` sfjue n`rnfhbs, `htr` btrbs. ^` gbtkvf fjy/b cuësp`e pfrf e` qu`sftkslfnnkþh nbgpj`t` jfs nfrtkjjfs e` sud`r`hnkfs `hnu`stfs e`stfnfheb su kgpbrtfhnkf pfrf g`mbrfr `j s`rvknkb.   Jbs nbjfabrfebr`s qu` tk`h`h nbhtfntb nbh `j cuësp`e, `stæh nfpfnktfebs pfrf uh gfh`mb fe`nufeb e` qu`mfs y/b r`njfgbs s`dýh jfs hbrgfs `stfaj`nkefs pbr jf fegkhkstrfnkþh. ^fa`h nþgb fntufr `h tfj nfsb b f qukëh e`rkvfrjf ft`hnkþh.

Lfnturfnkþh y

 

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e`sp`ekef

Jbs nbgprbafht`s e` pfdb nu`htfh nbh uh eks`öb e` lænkj nbgpr`hskþh pfrf `j cuësp`e, ebhe` s` ke`htklknf f skgpj` vkstf `j hbgar` e` jf `gpr`sf, `j hýg`rb e` su `stfeçf y jbs nbhsugbs feknkbhfj`s. ^` r`nbgk`hef qu` `h jf pfrt` khl`rkbr s` fdrfe`znf fj cuësp`e pbr su vksktf y s` j` khvkt` f r`tbrhfr nufheb e`s``. ^` pr`pfrf jf lfnturfnkþh nbh jf e`akef fhtknkpfnkþh y pr`l`r`ht`g`ht` uhf hbnc` fht`s e` jf sfjkef e`j cuësp`e pfrf `vktfr e`gbrfs. ^` r`vksf e`t`hkefg`ht` pfrf `vktfr qu` `j nbgprbafht` e` pfdb pu`ef t`h`r `rrbr`s. Nu`htfh nbh uh r`spbhsfaj` pfrf r`vksfr jf cfaktfnkþh, gk`htrfs `j cuësp`e v`rklknf su lfnturf, e` tfj gfh`rf qu` sk `j cuësp`e cf bjvkef fjdýh bam`tb, pu`e` s`r nuæj `htr`dfeb e`e` su pfdb pfrtkef.  Nbhsujtf nbhëst` fhtknkpfnkþh s`ræ jffht`s lbrgf e`j cuësp`e (`h `l`ntkvb b nbh tfrm`tf e` nrëektb). @h `j nfsb hb s` lfnkjkt` `stf ýjtkgf gbefjkefe e` pfdb s` j` nbhsujtf fj cuësp`e e`se` `j prkg`r nbhtfntb. Nufheb s` trft` e` cuësp`e`s qu` nbhtrftfh jbs s`rvknkbs pbr g`ekb e` fd`hnkfs e` vkfm`s, jf lfnturfnkþh s` j`s cfn` jj`dfr f jfs gksgfs. Jbs nbhsugbs feknkbhfj`s sbh nbarfebs fj cuësp`e ekr`ntfg`ht`. ^` fdrfe`n` fj cuësp`e su pr`l`r`hnkf s` j` e`s`f uhf l`jkz `stfhnkf b au`h vkfm` e` r`tbrhb. E`sajbqu`f `hylbrgf khg`ekftf jf cfaktfnkþh,

g`ekfht` `j skst`gf khlbrgætknb `h lbrgf gfhufj y s` nbbrekhf nbh Cbus`i``pkhd pfrf jf jkgpk`zf y frr`djb e` jf gksgf.

 

1 Ær`f e` y Fjkg`htbs  a`akefs

 

‚Qfeknf `h `j c`ncb qu` jbs cuësp`e`s tk`h`h h`n`skefe`s aæsknfs e` fjkg`htfrs`, f pfrtkr e` `stftk`h` jf h`n`skefe `st` e`pfrtfg`htb gkskþh e` nr`fr, fegkhkstrfr y ekstrkaukr `stbs s`rvknkbs f trfvës e`j cbt`j.

Kgpbrtfhnkf

 

Luhnkbh`s D`r`ht` e` FyA= e ` FyA= Fegkhkstrfnkþh e`j ær`f ær`f e` fjkg`htbs y  a`akefs, s` `hnfrdf `hnfrdf e` pjfhklknfr, pjfhklknfr, ekrkdkr, brdfhkzfr y nbhtrbjfr tbeb jb r`jfnkbhfeb f `stf ær`f.  ^up`rvksf `j trfafmb r`fjkzfeb pbr jbs `gpj`febs f su nfrdb . 

 

Luhnkbh`s Gfètr`=  @s r`spbhsfaj` e` tbefs jfs lfs`s e`j s`rvknkb.     

^up`rvksf `j usb e` jbs gft`rkfj`s y `j `qukpb e` r`stfurfht`. Cfn` r`vkskbh`s nbhstfht`s fj skst`gf e` nbgfhefs. ^up`rvksf jf nfjkefe e`j s`rvknkb Q`vksf p`rkþeknfg`ht` jbs r`sujtfebs e` jf bp`rfnkþh. Q`fjkzfr `j khv`htfrkb .

 

Luhnkbh`s e`j Gbzb 

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@s `j r`spbhsfaj` e` jf sup`rvkskþh e`j nugpjkgk`htb e` tbebs jbs prbn`ekgk`htbs hbrgfs y pbjçtknfs `stfaj`nkefs pbr jf `gpr`sf. E`a` r`nkakr f jf njk`ht`jf nbh nbrt`sçf y fnbgpföfrjf f jf g`sf t`hk`heb `sp`nkfj nukefeb `h ekstrkaukrjf `h lbrgf brdfhkzfef. Ubgf jf bre`h fj njk`ht`, sk`gpr` febptfheb v`he`ebrf9 `s e`nkr, sudkrk`heb uh fp`rktkvb, uh uhf vkhb pbsturf e` g` fjduhf `sp`nkfjkefe, `tn. E`a` nbhbn`r f jf p`rl`nnkþh jbs khdr`ek`ht`s e` tbebs jbs  pjftkjjbs, fsç nbgb n bgb sus tk`gpbs fprbxkgfebs fprbxk gfebs e` pr`pfrfnkþh. @htr`df jf nbgfhef fj g`s`rb y sup`rvksf qu` s`f surtkef jf nbnkhf b afr f jf gfybr ar`v`efe pbskaj`. ^up`rvksf `j s`rvknkb qu` s` arkhef `h `j r`stfurfht` b afr f su nfrdb.

 

Luhnkbh`s e`j Gbzb  ^up`rvksf

nbh rkdurbskefe jfs g`ekefs e` nbhtrbj `h `j r`stfurfht` b afr,

`sp`nkfjg`ht` jfs nu`htfs nbgfhefs.  ^up`rvksf `j nbarb nbrr`ntby e` jfs nu`htfs.  Nufheb

jbs njk`ht`s s` r`tkrfh, s` `hnfrdf e` e`sp`ekrjbs, `vfjýf `j s`rvknkb y jbs khvktf f r`dr`sfr prbhtb.  @s r`spbhsfaj` e` cfn`r r`quksknkbh`s e`j gft`rkfj lfjtfht` fj s`rvknkb.  Q`nka` qu`mfs e` jbs njk`ht`s y ausnf su sbjunkþh.  Fj n`rrfr `j r`stfurfht`, sup`rvksf qu` `j gft`rkfj y `qukpb s` `hnu`htr`h `h `j judfr pr`vkfg`ht` fskdhfeb pfrf `vktfr përekefs.  Q`tkrf jbs pjftbs sunkbs e` jfs g`sfs.  Nbjbnf `h jfs g`sfs tbeb jb kheksp`hsfaj` s`dýh jf bre`h e`j njk`ht`= ^fjsfs, jkgbh`s, dfjj`tfs, pfh, nrkstfj`rçf `sp`nkfj, nuak`rtbs `tn.  _r`pfrf nflë.  Fyuef f jf jkgpk`zf

e`j `qukpb y gbakjkfrkb e`j r`stfurfht`.  Nbhbn` jf tënhknf pfrf trfhspbrtfr `h ncfrbjfs= \fmkjjfs, nrkstfj`rçf b nuak`rtbs.  @s r`spbhsfaj` e` qu`, fj e`sbnupfrs` uhf g`sf, su jkgpk`zf y nfgakb e` gfht`j s` r`fjkn` nbh jf gfybr rfpke`z, fs`duræhebs` e` qu` tfgakëh jfs skjjfs s` `hnu`htr`h jkgpkfs.

 

Luhnkbh`s

Cbst`ss=  Q`spbhsfaj` e` r`nkakr fj njk`ht` nbh prbl`skbhfjksgb y nfjke`z, nbheunkrjb f su g`sf pfrf khknkfr `j prbn`sb e` s`rvknkb e` jbs g`s`rbs.  Q`vksf nbhtkhufg`ht` qu` jbs aföbs s` `hnu`htr`h jkgpkbs.  Jj`vf jf aktænbrf nbh jbs khnke`ht`s bnurrkebs eurfht` 

`j s`rvknkb . Fpjknf nu`stkbhfrkbs e` `vfjufnkþh f jbs njk`ht`s.

 

Luhnkbh`s

^bgg`jk`r=  @s `sp`nkfjkstf `h a`akefs, khnjuy`heb fdufs, khluskbh`s, e`stkjfebs y jknbr`s, sbar` tbeb `h vkhbs.  ^` bnupf e` nbhtfr nbh uhf u hf vfrk`efe `qukjkarfef e` vkhbs.  ^`rvkræ `j vkhb `h lbrgf fe`nufef.  Nbhbn` jbs gëtbebs e` `jfabrfnkþh e` vkhbs ajfhnbs, 

tkhtbs, y `spugbsbs. Nbhbn`rbsfebs sbar` `j gfrkefm` e` jbs vkhbs

 

Luhnkbh`s

Afrgfh=  Nbhbn` tbebs jbs tkpbs e` a`akefs usfefs `h `j afr.  Nbhbn` jf pr`pfrfnkþh pr`pfrfnkþh e` a`akefs nbgpu`stfs. nbgpu`stfs.  ^krv` a`akefs.  @jfabrf jbs febrhbs nbgpj`g`htfrkbs pfrf nbnt`j`rçf.  Nbhs`rvf `j au`h `stfeb e` nbpfs, vfsbs y tbebs jbs ut`hskjkbs y `qukpb `h d`h`rfj, `vktfheb rbturfs y gfjbs gfh`mbs.

 

Nc`l `m`nutkvb Ph nc`l `m`nutkvb rfrfg`ht` nbnkhf sus r`spbhsfakjkefe`s sbh aæsknfg`ht` fegkhkstrftkvfs ebhe` `jjbs sup`rvksfh bp`rfnkbh`s, pjfhklknfh g`hýs y s` fs`durfh qu` jfs nbnkhfs `stëh luhnkbhfheb skh prbaj`gf.

Nc`l e` jçh`fs

 

Nc`ls e` Jçh`fs b Nc`ls e` s`nnkþh= Urfafmfh afmb jfs þre`h`s ekr`ntfs e` `j ^bus Nc`l. Cfy vfrkbs tkpbs e` nc`ls e` jçh`f nfef uhb r`spbhsfaj` pbr uhf pfrt` `sp`nçlknf e` jf nbgkef.  ^funk`r = ^u r`spbhsfakjkefe `s pr`pfrfr jfs sfjsfs gf`strfs r`qu`rkefs `h jf prbeunnkþh e` jf nbgkef. @s uh nfrdb guy kgpbrtfht`9 `j Nc`l e` sfjsfs e`a` pbs``r fjtfs cfakjkefe`s pu`s jfs sfjsfs sbh khdr`ek`ht`s vktfj`s `sp`nkfjg`ht` `h jf nbnkhf Lrfhn`sf.    _bkssbh`r = Ufgakëh jjfgfeb `j Nc`l e` `j p`snfeb, hb sbjb nbnkhfh tbebs jbs pjftbs e` p`snfeb y gfrksnb, tfgakëh e`a`h e`sg`huzfr y  pr`pfrfr tbef su gft`rkf prkgf. pr kgf.    @htr`g`tk`r = \`reurfs, sbpfs, frrbn`s y pjftbs pr`pfrfebs nbh cu`vb 

jfs r`spbhsfakjkefe`s e` uh @htr`g`tk`r b Nc`l e` v`reurfs.    sbh Qbttks`ur = @j nc`l r`spbhsfaj` pbr jbs fsfebs y jbs pjftbs nbh nfrh` y jfs sfjsfs pfrf fnbgpföfr jbs fsfebs sbh `j Nc`l e` fsfebs b Qbtkss`ur.

 

Luhnkbh`s e`j nc`l  

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_jfhklknfr y ekrkdkr jf pr`pfrfnkþh e` fjkg`htbs y jfs fntkvkefe`s nujkhfrkfs qu` s`fh r`fjkzfefs `h uh r`stfurfht, cbt`j, u btrb `stfaj`nkgk`htb nbh s`rvknkb e` nbnkhf= @jfabrfr g`hýs y v`jfr pbr qu` jbs fjkg`htbs blr`nkebs nugpjfh nfjkefe `stfaj`nkebs. \`rklknfr nbh qu` jbs jbs `stæhefr`s khdr`ek`ht`se``stëh lr`snbs. Nbnkhfr ft`hek`heb f jb bre`hfeb pbr jbs njk`ht`s. Brk`htfr f jbs Nbnkh`rbs `h jf pr`pfrfnkþh, nbnnkþh, y jf  pr`s`htfnkþh lkhfj e`j e `j pjftkjjb. \`jfr pbr jf uhklbrgkefe `h jfs rfnkbh`s s`rvkefs y jf nfjkefe e` jbs pjftkjjbs fht`s e` qu` s`fh s`rvkebs f jbs njk`ht`s.

 

Luhnkbh`s e`j nc`l  

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Fhfjkzfr jfs r`n`tfs nbh `j lkh e` fskdhfrj` jbs pr`nkbs `h `j g`hý, nbhske`rfheb jbs khdr`ek`ht`s utkjkzfebs, jf nbgpj`mkefe `h jf `jfabrfnkþh e`j pjftkjjb y `j nbstb d`h`rfj e` prbeunnkþh= Nr`fr hu`vfs r`n`tfs tbgfheb `h nbhske`rfnkþh lfntbr`s nbgb jf ekspbhkakjkefe `stfnkbhfj y jf pbpujfrkefe `htr` jbs njk`ht`s. Q`uhkrs` nbh jbs njk`ht`s pfrf flkhfr e`tfjj`s r`sp`ntb fj g`hý f s`r blr`nkeb `h `v`htbs `sp`nkfj`s, tfj`s nbgb  abefs, r`qu`rkgk`htbs `sp`nkfj`s `h nufhtb fafhqu`t`s pjftkjjbs f ys`rjbs s`rvkebs.

 

Luhnkbh`s e`j nc`l  

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Khsp`nnkbhfr `j ær`f y jbs sugkhkstrbs e` jf nbnkhf, fsç nbgb `j `qukpb utkjkzfeb, jf brdfhkzfnkþh e` jfs fjfn`hfs y jf jkgpk`zf, f jbs lkh`s e` nugpjkr nbh jbs `stæhefr`s `stfaj`nkebs. @stkgfr jbs dfstbs y jbs r`qu`rkgk`htbs e` jbs pjftkjjbs. Q`fjkzfr y jfpfrf fequksknkþh r`pfrfnkþhjbse` p`ekebs `qukpbs e` qu` jbs s`fhkhsugbs h`n`sfrkbs `j nbrr`ntbb luhnkbhfgk`htb e`j ær`f e` jf nbnkhf. Q`vksfr jbs khsugbs qu` s`fh `htr`dfebs ekfrkfg`ht`. Jj`vfr `j khv`htfrkb e` sugkhkstrbs. Dfrfhtkzfr qu` jbs gæs fjtbs `stæhefr`s s`fh nugpjkebs `h nufhtb fj s`rvknkb, jf nfjkefe e` jf nbgkef, jf jkgpk`zf y r`htfakjkefe. Nugpjkr nbh j`dksjfnkþh sfhktfrkf fpjknfaj` f jf gfhkpujfnkþh e` fjkg`htbs y a`akefs.

 

Gfhufj e` au`hfs prfntknfs `h `j ær`f e` F&A      

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^k`gpr` s` e`a` ft`he`r fj njk`ht` nbh fgfakjkefe y au`h trftb, cfnk`heb uh `slu`rzb e`jka`rfeb pfrf `hlr`htfr pbsktkvfg`ht` su `stfeb e` cugbr qu` pu`e` s`r vfrkfaj` nfef eçf. ^k`gpr` s` e`a` sfjuefr fj njk`ht`, `h nufjquk`r ær`f qu` s` `hnu`htr`. ^k`gpr` s` e`a` bnupfr uh tbhb e` vbz næjkeb y fgfaj` pfrf r`jfnkbhfrs` nbh jbs njk`ht`s y gk`garbs e`j `qukpb.  Huhnf s` e`a`h cfn`r nbg`htfrkbs h`dftkvf s sbar` jf `gpr`sf f uh njk`ht`. njk`ht `. nbg`htfrkb s b nrçtknfs h`dftkvfs @j p`rsbhfj e`a` cfn`r uh `slu`rzb `sp`nkfj pbr jj`dfr f nbhbn`r f jbs njk`ht`s cfaktufj`s, su hbgar` y  pr`l`r`hnkfs. E` `stf lbrgf, s`ræ pbskaj` p bskaj` p`rsbhfjkzfr jf j f ft`hnkþh. Nufheb hb s` pu`ef sftkslfn`r fjduhf sbjknktue e` uh njk`ht`, pbrqu` `stæ lu`rf e` pbjçtknf, s` j` e`a`ræ efr uhf eksnujpf y `xpjknfnkþh njfrf sbar` jf sktufnkþh, utkjkzfheb Uënhknfs e` Gfh`mb e` Vu`mfs, qu` e`a`h s`r e`lkhkefs pbr jf prbpkf `gpr`sf. Jfs nbguhknfnkbh`s nbh jbs njk`ht`s y prbv``ebr`s, g`ekfht` jjfgfebs t`j`lþhknbs, nbrr`bs u btrbs skgkjfr`s, e`a`h s`r sk`gpr` nbht`stfefs e` fnu`reb f jbs pjfzbs y gbefjkefe `stfaj`nkebs `h jbs @stæhefr`s r`sp`ntkvbs.

 

@stæhefr`s sbar` `j trfafmb @h `j trfafmb, sk`gpr` prbnurfr sup`rfr jfs `xp`ntftkvfs e` njk`ht`s, nbgpfö`rbs y sup`rkbr`s. ^k`gpr` s` e`a` nbbp`rfr nbh jbs nbgpfö`rbs e` trfafmb, `sp`nkfjg`ht` nbh fqu`jjbs qu` s` `hnu`htr`h `h  prbaj`gfs b pr`s`ht`h eklknujtfe`s. ekl knujtfe`s. ^k`gpr` trftfr nbh nukefeb jbs ak`h`s y fntkvbs e` njk`ht`s y e` jf `gpr`sf, v`jfheb pbr su nbrr`ntf gfht`hnkþh y usb. ^k`gpr` f jbs nbgpfö`rbs trfafmb nbh`hr`sp`tb, nfef uhb pbr su hbgar`. Jbs m`l`strftfr y sup`rvksbr`s e`a`h e` pr`bnupfrs` lbrgf jjfgæhebjbs `sp`nkfj pbrf gfht`h`r f sus nbjfabrfebr`s njfrf y  p`rgfh`ht`g`ht` khlbrgfebs sbar` sktufnkbh`s, hbv`efe`s y hbtknkfs qu` fl`nt`h pbsktkvf b h`dftkvfg`ht` f jf `gpr`sf. @stb gbstrfræ njfrkefe `h jbs prbpþsktbs e` jf fegkhkstrfnkþh, r`lbrzfræ `j `spçrktu e` jf `gpr`sf y fyuefræ f `jkgkhfr jf h`lfstf khlju`hnkf e`j rugbr. E`a` s`r `sp`nkfj pr`bnupfnkþh e` jbs m`l`s e` ær`f, `j `stfaj`n`r uh jke`rfzdb lfnkjktfebr, pfrtknkpftkvb y gbtkvfebr cfnkf sus nbjfabrfebr`s. ^` e`a` utkjkzfr sk`gpr` uh j`hdufm` njfrb y skh fgakdú`efe`s pfrf nbguhknfrs` `l`ntkvfg`ht` nbh tbefs jfs  p`rsbhfs.

 

@stæhefr`s pfrf jf nbguhknfnkþh t`j`lþhknf Ubefs jfs jjfgfefs e`a`h s`r nbht`stfefs hb gæs fjjæ e`j nufrtb rkhd, tbefs jfs jjfgfefs e`a`h s`r nbht`stfefs e` gfh`rf uhklbrg` y nbrtës= ^fjuefheb ‚Au`hbs Eçfs‗, ‚Au`hfs Ufre`s ‚ Ke`htklknfheb jf ^CPQ_B‗ `gpr`sf y `j e`pfrtfg`htb ‚Q`stfurfht` `j Ke`htklknfheb f quk`h r`spbhe` ‚cfajf gkjfdrbs ‚ Ke`htklknfheb jfs h`n`skefe`s e`j Njk`ht`  ‚²`h quë j` pu`eb fyuefr2 ^k`gpr` s` e`a` r`fjkzfr jf e`sp`ekef e` jbs njk`ht`s utkjkzfheb uhf lrfs` fgfaj` qu` g`hnkbh` fj Q`stfurfht`, pbr @m= ‚Drfnkfs pbr jjfgfr fj Q`stfurfht` ‚^CPQ_B‗. ^k`gpr` fj t`rgkhfr uhf nbhv`rsfnkþh t`j`lþhknf, s` e`a` nbjdfr `j t`jëlbhb e`spuës qu` jb cfdf jf  p`rsbhf qu` jjfgf.

 

@stæhefr`s fj r`nkakr turkstfs Ptkjkzfr uhfQ`stfurfht`…‗. lrfs` pfrf sfjuefr f jf p`rsbhf, nbgb, pbr `m`gpjb= ‚Au`hfs tfre`s s`öbr, ak`hv`hkeb f hu`strb Ft`he`r f jbs njk`ht`s fp`hfs jj`du`h fj ær`f e` r`n`pnkþh y e` ft`hnkþh, t`hk`heb `h nu`htf `j prkhnkpkb ‚prkg`rb qu` jj`df, prkg`rb qu` s` ftk`he`‗. ^` e`a` pbh`r tbef jf ft`hnkþh `h `j njk`ht` y `vktfr ekstrf`rs`. _rbnurfr gfht`h`r nbhtfntb vksufj y sbhrksf hfturfj nufheb s` `stë cfajfheb nbh njk`ht`s. Cfajfr nbh tbhb e` vbz næjkeb y fgkstbsb. G`hnkbhfr `j hbgar` e`j njk`ht` nufheb s`f pbskaj`, eurfht` jf nbhv`rsfnkþh. Fj gbg`htb e` e`sp`ekr f uh njk`ht`, cfn`rjb sk`gpr` nbh uhf lrfs` fgfaj` y e`s`fheb uh au`h eçf. Nufheb uh njk`ht` s` r`tkr` e` uh u h ær`f e` s`rvknkb, s` j` e`a` pr`duhtfr p r`duhtfr fn`rnf e` jf nfjkefe e`j s`rvknkb r`nkakeb. ^k jf bpkhkþh e`j njk`ht` hb `s lfvbrfaj`, s` e`a`ræ blr`n`r fjt`rhftkvfs e` sbjunkþh pfrf jbdrfr su sftkslfnnkþh fht`s qu` s` r`tkr`, y ju`db tbgfr fnnkbh`s pfrf nbrr`dkr ` khlbrgfr f su sup`rkbr.

 

Q`djfs e`j s`rvknkb e` fjkg`htbs y a`akefs Nufheb ebs b gæs p`rsbhfs `stëh nbgk`heb muhtfs, s` j` e`a` s`rvkr fj drupb nbgpj`tb fj gksgb tk`gpb. Q`nbrefr qu` s` j` e`a` s`rvkr f jfs gum`r`s prkg`rb.  Hb fpbyfrs` `h jf g`sf fj `snrkakr `snrk akr `h jf nbgfhef. Jf p`rsbhf qu` ftk`he` ftk `he` e`a` pfrfrs` e`r`ncb y fpbyfr jf nbgfhef `h su gfhb. ^k`gpr` utkjkzfr uhf afhe`mf fj jj`vfr y s`rvkr jbs trfdbs `h jf g`sf. _br rfzbh`s sfhktfrkfs, bas`rvfr jfs skduk`ht`s r`djfs=b tfzfs. ^bst`h`rjbs  Hb tbnfr jbs abre`s e` jbs vfsbs ^bst`h`rjb s pbr jf afs` b pbr `j nu`rpb. Ubnfr jf nunckjj`rçf sbjb pbr `j gfhdb. Gfht`h`r jbs e`ebs pbr `j abre` e`j pjftb `h v`z e` tbnfr e`htrb e` ëj b jf gksgf nbgkef.  Hb tbgfr jbs sfj`rbs b pkg`ht`rbs pk g`ht`rbs pbr frrkaf E`sp`mfr jf g`sf pbr nbgpj`tb e`spuës e` t`rgkhfeb `j pjftb prkhnkpfj. Jbs vfsbs nbh fduf e`a`h gfht`h`rs` y s`r r`jj`hfebs nbhstfht`g`ht`. Ekstrkaukr jbs g`hýs e` pbstr`s e`spuës e` e`sp`mfr y jkgpkfr jf g`sf. E`sp`mfr jf g`sf e`spfnkb. @vktfr cfn`r sbhfr jbs pjftbs `htr` sç. @j vkhb hb e`a` s`r s`rvkeb gæs fjjæ e` 6/> f 6/1 e` jf nbpf. Hb jj`hfr jfs nbpfs cfstf frrkaf.

 

@j E`pfrtfg`htb e` Cbus`i``pkhd @j e`pfrtfg`htb e` Cbus`i``pkhd `stæ nbhlbrgfeb pbr jbs s`ntbr`s e` _ksbs, Ær`fs _ýajknfs y Jfvfhe`rçf. @j s`ntbr e` _ksbs nbgpr`he` tbefs jfs cfaktfnkbh`s e`j cbt`j. Ær`fs _ýajknfs nbgpr`he` tfhtb jfs ær`fs e` træhsktb pýajknb nbgb jfs e` e ` p`rsbhfj. Jfvfhe`rçf nbgpr`he` `j s`rvknkb e` jfvfeb y ekstrkaunkþh e` ajfhnbs e`j cbt`j y s`rvknkb e` jfvfhe`rçf pfrf `j cuësp`e

 

Gunfgf e` Cfaktfnkbh`s Luhnkbh`s y Q`spbhsfakjkefe`s= ◂ Ft`he`r fj cuësp`e nufheb `st` jb sbjknkt`.  Jkgpkfr jfs cfaktfnkbh`s skduk`heb jfs khstrunnkbh`s y prkbrkefe`s `stfaj`nkefs ◂ `h `j gfhufj e` prbn`ekgk`htbs.  Q`tkrfr jf rbpf qu` e`mfh jbs njk`ht`s pfrf `j s`rvknkb e` jfvfhe`rçf ◂  Nustbekfr  pfrf fnn`e`r jfs f jfsjjfv`s b tfrm`tf gfst`r qu` s` j` `htr`dfh ◂ cfaktfnkbh`s y e`vbjv`rjfs f jf r`n`pnkþh uhf v`z t`rgkhfefs.  Nukefr `j gft`rkfj y `j `qukpfgk`htb pfrf `j s`rvknkb ◂  Nbguhknfr jfs fv`rçfs pfrf su pbst`rkbr r`pfrfnkþh

 Nbguhknfr jfs fv`rçfs pfrf su pbst`rkbr r`pfrfnkþh

 

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Q`tkrfr jbs bam`tbs bjvkefebs `h jfs cfaktfnkbh`s e` sfjkef pfrf su r`dkstrb

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Nugpjkg`htfr qu` s` j` `htr`df fj `gp`zfr `j turhb pfrf r`lj`mfr `j stftus`je`nbhtrbj nfef cfaktfnkþh _r`pfrfr `j nfrrb nbh tbebs jbs ýtkj`s y gft`rkfj`s e` jkgpk`zf h`n`sfrkbs pfrf su trfafmb fht`s e` lkhfjkzfr su mbrhfef. Nbjfabrfr `h jbs nfgakbs e` cfaktfnkþh e` jbs cuësp`e`s. Nbjfabrfr `h jbs ajbqu`bs y e`sajbqu`bs e` jfs cfaktfnkbh`s. Q`fjkzfr jf jkgpk`zf e` jf cfaktfnkþh ýhknfg`ht` nufheb hb s` gbj`st` fj njk`ht`.  Gfht`h`r jbs prbeuntbs e` jkgpk`zf nbhv`hk`ht`g`ht` `hvfsfebs, y rbtujfebs.  @j nfrrb e`a` `stfr `h tbeb gbg`htb, `h au`hfs nbheknkbh`s e` bre`h y jkgpk`zf. Gfht`h`r `j bllkn` e` s`rvknkb `h nbheknkbh`s e` bre`h, jkgpk`zf y bjbr`s, nbh `j stbni e` khsugbs gçhkgb pfrf `j usb e`j turhb.  Q`pbh`r jbs gft`rkfj`s khlbrgftkvbs, fg`hktk`s y hbtfs fj cuësp`e

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Nbhtrbj e`j pfskjjb fskdhfeb y fp`rturf e` v`htfhfs Fnbgbefr bllkn` y nfrrb e` trfafmb

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Q`fjkzfr e` gfh`rf nbrr`ntf y `lknk`ht` • Q`pbrtfr nufjquk`r jf jkgpk`zf e` cfaktfnkbh`s qu` j` s`fh e`sp`rl`ntb / rbturf `h jfs fskdhfefs.  cfaktfnkbh`s g`ekfht` jbs Nbhl`nnkbhfr abj`tfs e` nbhsugb e`  pfrt`s e` gfht`hkgk`htb. gfht`hkgk `htb.  lrkdbafr e` cfaktfnkbh`s. • _`ekebs tfr`fs `sp`nkfj`s `h cfaktfnkbh`s

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Gfhut`hnkþh e` pfskjjbs y  pu`rtfs e`j pksb • Jkgpk`zf y brdfhkzfnkþh e`j nfrrb y ut`hskjkbs e` trfafmb fskdhfebs

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E`snrkpnkþh e`

Jkgpk`zf y bre`h e`j bllkn` fskdhfeb @htr`df r`pbrt` e` trfafmb y jjfv`s

tfr`fs e`j pu`stb  

_rbn`ekgk`htbs D`h`rfj`s Fsp`ntb _`rsbhfj p`rsbhfj e`a`ræ jj`vfr `j `suhklbrg` nbgpj`tb, jkgpkb pjfhncfeb, `h p`rl`ntfs • @j nbheknkbh`s. Nfef `gpj`feb r`spbhsfaj` e`j `stfeb e` suy uhklbrg`. • Ubebs jbs `gpj`febs e`a`ræh ke`htklknfrs` g`ekfht` uh ke`htklknfebr qu` usfræh eurfht` tbef jf mbrhfef jfabrfj  e`a`ræh usfr zfpftbs (e` prbpk`efe jbs `gpj`febs) p`rl`ntfg`ht` justrfebs, • ^` njæsknbs y n`rrfebs nbh tfnb hbrgfj, skhe`nbrebh`s, tfhtb pfrf cbgar`s nbgb pfrf gum`r`s.  • @j p`rsbhfj e`a`ræ pr`s`htfrs` fs`feb y dfrfhtkzfr uhf ckdk`h` p`rsbhfj p`rl`ntf. ^`

 p`rgkt` `j usb e` p`rlug`s (nbh gbe`rfnkþh) y e` lrfdfhnkf lrfdfhnkf sufv`  

• @j p`jb e` jfs gum`r`s e`a` `stfr r`nbdkeb prbjkmfg`ht`. HB s` p`rgkt` `j  p`jb jfrdb su`jtb. s u`jtb. E` s`r h`n`sfrkb s` utkjkzfræh njkps e` nbjbr hfturfj pfrf p frf qu` `j nfa`jjb hb nfkdf sbar` `j rbstrb. • @h `j nfsb e` jbs cbgar`s `j p`jb e`a` `stfr nbrtb y p`khfeb prbjkmfg`ht`.  Hb s` p`rgkt`h afraf, akdbt` hk pftkjjfs. @j trfafmfebr e`a`ræ pr`s`htfrs` r`nkëh fl`ktfeb `h su judfr e` trfafmb.  • Mbyfs= jfs ýhknfs mbyfs qu` s` fn`ptfh eurfht` `j s`rvknkb sbh= _frf jbs cbgar`s= fhkjjb e` abef. _frf jfs gum`r`s= fhkjjb e` abef u btrb e` eks`öb skgpj` y p`qu`öb, frbs (uhb pbr br`mf y hb p`hek`ht`s). • @h hkhdýh nfsb s` fn`ptfh pujs`rfs. Jbs nbjjfr`s e`a`h s`r tfpfebs pbr `j  e`a`h t`h`r uh gfqukjjfm` hfturfj qu` r`sfjt` jbs rfsdbs • uhklbrg`. Jfs gum`r`s lfnkfj`s, `h tbhb nbh jf pk`j y skh utkjkzfr nbjbr`s lu`rt`s. E`a` efr fsp`ntb lr`snb.  • @j `sgfjt` e` jfs uöfs e`a` s`r trfhspfr`ht` y bpfnb.

 

^`durkefe ` Ckdk`h` `h `j trfafmb

@stfs fnnkbh`s p`rgkt`h jbnfjkzfr y `vfjufr jbs rk`sdbs pfrf `stfaj`n`r jfs g`ekefs qu` hbs p`rgktfh pr`v`hkr fnnke`ht`s e` trfafmb. U`hdfgbs `h nu`htf qu` fe`gæs e` pbskaj`s nbheknkbh`s khs`durfs (`h `qukpbs, s`ntbr`s, c`rrfgk`htfs, `tn.), tfgakëh `xkst` `j lfntbr cugfhb qu` pberçf nfusfr sktufnkbh`s e` fnnke`ht`s. Lr`nu`ht`g`ht` s` e`a`h f=

◂ Lfjtf e` bre`h y jkgpk`zf.  ◂ G`znjf e` ekstkhtbs prbeuntbs e` jkgpk`zf (`m. e`t`rd`ht` y jfvfhekhf)  ◂  Jj`vfr f nfab bp`rfnkbh`s skh pr`vkf nfpfnktfnkþh.  ◂ Bp`rfr `qukpbs skh futbrkzfnkþh.  ◂ Ajbqu`fr b quktfr ekspbsktkvbs e` s`durkefe.  ◂ Psfr c`rrfgk`htfs khfe`nufefs. 

◂ Cfn`r arbgfs `h `j sktkb e` trfafmb.

 

Ubgf e` Uurhb y e` hbv`efe`s •

Ekrkdkrs` fj Bllkn` e` jf Dba`rhfhtf, febhe` r`nka` `j r`pbrt` e` Gunfgf, nbh jfs tfr`fs fskdhfefs pfrf `j eçf y tbgf hbtf e` jfs hbv`efe`s

•

Nbh `j nfrrb fprbvkskbhfeb, nbgk`hzf mbrhfef e` trfafmb, r`sp`tfheb `j _rbn`ekgk`htb e` Jkgpk`zf y su_r`s`htfnkþh e` Cfaktfnkbh`s `stfaj`nkebs pbr `j Eptb. e` Cbus`i``pkhd. Nfef v`z qu` khdr`s` f uhf Cfaktfnkþh, e`a` e`mfr `j nfrrb nruzfeb `h jf pu`rtf ^k e`a` `stfaj`n`r uhf pfusf, `j gksgb e`a` qu`efr `h uh `xtr`gb e`j  pfskjjb, jb gæs bnujtb pbskaj` e` jf vkstf y skh qu` fl`nt` jf nkrnujfnkþh nkrn ujfnkþh e` jfs p`rsbhfs pbr `j ær`f  Hb e`a` e`mfrs` hkhdýh hk hdýh jkstfeb jk stfeb e` Cfaktfnkbh`s `h `j nfrrb, r`sp`tfheb r`sp`tf heb jf nbhlke`hnkfjkefe e` jbs Cuësp`e`s fjbmfebs @sp`nkfj nukefeb nbh jbs `j`g`htbs e` trfafmb= `vktfr e`mfr abjsfs e`

• • • •

nbhsbrnkb `h ekstkhtbs judfr`s e`j pfskjjb, tbeb e`a` `stfr prþxkgb fj judfr febhe` s` `stæ r`fjkzfheb jf jkgpk`zf.

 

@j fprbvkskbhfgk`htb e`a` `l`ntufrs` s`dýh `j skduk`ht` e`tfjj`= • • • • • • •

 ^cfgpbb Fnbheknkbhfebr  Mfabh`s   Nblkfs  _`kh`s Qbjjbs e` pfp`j Ckdkëhknb _fp`j`rçf (Ekr`ntbrkb e` ^`rvknkb, Nfrt`j e` _rkvfnkefe, Lbrgujfrkb Jfvfhe`rçf, `tn.) 

•

 _rbeuntbs Vuçgknbs= Gujtkusbs (tkpb Fjpcf b Nr`w e`

•

Ekv`rs`y), Jkgpkfvkerkbs, D`j Vuktfsfrrb (tkpb \kg), _`rlugkhf.  Pt`hskjkbs e` Jkgpk`zf= afje`, trfpbs (tkpb >G fzuj y v`re`), `spbhmf v`re`, s`nfebr e` pksb, pfjf, pjug`rb, `snbakjjf pfrf khbebrb, s`nfebr e` vkerkbs, abjsfs pfrf

• • •

r`skeubs)  Nbgfhefs e` Lrkdbafr, _frt`s e` Q`pbrt`s, Gfht`hkgk`htb, `tn.  Qbpf e` aföb (tbfjjfs lfnkfj`s, tbfjjfs, tbfjjbh`s, fjlbgarf e` aföb, y aftfs pfrf sukt`s)  Qbpf e` nfgf (mu`dbs pfrf nfgf twkh, mu`dbs pfrf nfgfs qu``h)

Jbs nfrrbs e` jf Gunfgf sbh pfrt` e` jf kgfd`h

Fprbvkskbhfgk`htb y  pr`s`htfnkþh e`j nfrrb  

Frgfeb e` jf cfaktfnkþh ^`dýh Nft`dbrçfs=   Cfaktfnkbh`s ^tfhefre  (skgpj`s, ebaj`s, trkpj`s `tn)  Cfaktfnkbh`s ^ukt`s @m`nutkvfs _br jb d`h`rfj s` nbgk`hzf nbh fqu`jjfs cfaktfnkbh`s qu` cfh t`hkeb sfjkef, pfrf qu` jf r`n`pnkþh pu`ef ekspbh`r e` `jjbs jb fht`s pbskaj`, t`hk`heb `h nu`htf f jbs cuësp`e`s qu` sbjknkt`h `j s`rvknkb t`gprfhb. ^kduk`heb `j bre`h, s` nbhtkhuf nbh jfs cfaktfnkbh`s qu` `stëh bnupfefs, nukefheb sk`gpr` e` hb gbj`stfr fj cuësp`e qu` pberçf `stfr fe`htrb.

qu` efgbs e`j cbt`j, `s pbr `stf rfzþh e`a` nukefr `h tbeb gbg`htb su pr`s`htfnkþh y bre`h.

 

Kheknfnkbh`s d`h`rfj`s Jkgpk`zf e` jfs Cfaktfnkbh`s= Jf jkgpk`zf e` jfs cfaktfnkbh`s s` r`fjkzf `h tbefs jfs cfaktfnkbh`s pbr kdufj, khe`p`hek`ht`g`ht` e` su nft`dbrçf. _frf nbg`hzfr f jkgpkfr uhf cfaktfnkþh jb  prkg`rb qu` s` e`a` t`h`r `s `j nfrrb `h p`rl`ntfs nbheknkbh`s e` jkgpk`zf y `qukpfeb nbh tbeb `j gft`rkfj h`n`sfrkb pfrf jf fntkvkefe qu` s` vf f e`sfrrbjjfr= 

• • •

Fg`hktk`s= `h nfhtkefe y vfrk`efe. ^k`gpr` s` e`a` khnjukr= scfgpbb, fnbheknkbhfebr`s, y mfabh`s.  Ajfhnbs= sæafhfs, luhefs, pkqu`t, tbfjjfs, tbfjjbh`s, lfnkfj`s, afmfefs e` nfgf, afmfefs e` aföb.  Lbjj`t`rçf

•

_rbeuntbs e` jkgpk`zf

•

@j cbrfrkb e`j s`rvknkb jfs `stfeçfs nbg`hzfræ f jfsUbebs 3 e` jf gföfhf, sfjvb qu` `j`h cuësp`e sbjknkt` jb nbhtrfrkb. jbs s`rvknkbs e`j eçf s` e`a`h r`fjkzfr fht`s e` jfs 60 cs. Jbs frrkabs e`a`r `stfr jkstbs fht`s e` jfs 6> cs. sfjvb kheknfnkþh e` su sup`rvksbr. Jf rbpf e` nfgf, jfs tbfjjfs y luhefs e` fjgbcfefs t`heræ uhf rbtfnkþh eçf e` pbr g`ekb. ^fjvb qu` `j cuësp`e khekqu` jb nbhtrfrkb nbh jf c`rrfgk`htf e` nbguhknfnkþh qu` j` prbpbrnkbh`gbs. Nfrt`j e` ‚Hb gbj`stfr / Lfvbr jkgpkfr jf cfaktfnkþh‗, g`ekfht` r`pbrt` ekfrkb s` e`a` khlbrgfr f jf blknkhf sk

 

• •

• •

tk`h`h fjduhf cfaktfnkþh nbh nfrt`j hb gbj`stfr. Jf Dba`rhfhtf b jf Cbus`i``p`r sbh jfs ýhknfs futbrkzfefs  pfrf khdr`sfr f jf cfaktfnkþh `h `s` nfsb, pr`vkb jjfgfeb t`j`lþhknb pfrf cfajfr nbh `j Cuësp`e.

 

Ju`db e` v`rklknfr `j `stfeb r`fj e` jf cfaktfnkþh, s` prbn`e`ræ f nfgakfr jf gksgf pbr fjdýh btrb trfafmb y s` jf r`fskdhfræ fj  p`rsbhfj e` jf tfre`. @h nfsb e` qu` `j cuësp`e hb s` `hnu`htr`, s` j` e`mfræ pbr e`afmb e` jf pu`rtf, uhf nfrtf khlbrgfheb qu` hb s` arkheþ `j s`rvknkb e`akeb fj nfrt`j y qu` `h nfsb e` r`qu`rkrjb s` nbguhkqu` f r`n`pnkþh. Q`nbrefr dbjp`fr jf pu`rtf, fhuhnkfrs` nbgb ‚Cbus`i``pkhd‗, yJfvbjv`r f dbjp`fr khdr`sfr. gunfgf e`a`ræfht`s jj`vfre`sk`gpr` uh r`dkstrb pbr `snrktb y pbr hýg`rb e` cfaktfnkþh `h `j nufj fs`htfræ tbeb fqu`jjb qu` j` cf lfjtfeb pfrf nbgpj`tfr jf jkgpk`zf e` jfs gksgfs (tbfjjfs, fg`hktk`s, `tn.) y qu` h`n`sktf s`r nbgpj`tfeb. Fj r`dr`sfr f jf cfaktfnkþh nbh jbs `j`g`htbs lfjtfht`s, e`a`ræ fhuhnkfrjb `h  prkg`r judfr f jf Dba`rhfhtf e` quk`h r`nkakræ jf e`akef futbrkzfnkþh y fprbafnkþh. Ufgakëh s` e`a`ræ nbgpj`tfr jbs nfgpbs e` cbrfrkb e` khdr`sb f jf cfaktfnkþh y jf nfhtkefe r`fj e` cuësp`e`s fjbmfebs `h jf cfaktfnkþh.

6

 

U`h`r `h nu`htf= @h su pu`stb e` trfafmb=    •  Hb cfdf rukeb gk`htrfs nkrnujf nkrnujf pbr jbs pfskjjbs.  •  Hb nbhv`rs` `h vbz fjtf nbh uh nbgpfö`rb e` trfafmb, `sp`nkfjg`ht` lr`ht` f jfs cfaktfnkbh`s. b trb nbgpfö`rb jb cfn` •  Huhnf e`a` drktfr, sk hbtf qu` btrb  pk`hs` qu` `stæ p`rmueknfheb `j trfafmb `h `qukpb, cædfjb nbhbn`r f su sup`rvksbrf pfrf qu` tbg` jf nbrr`nnkþh h`n`sfrkf.  •  Hb e`a`e`a` nbg`r hk lugfr ær`fs`se` trfafmb, tfgpbnb nbhsugkr dbgf`he`jfs gfsnfr tbtfjg`ht` khfprbpkfeb. • Q`nu`re` fsç gksgb qu` r`nkakr b `l`ntufr jjfgfefs t`j`lþhknfs f pfrk`ht`s b fgkdbs hb `stæ p`rgktkeb,

sbjb e`a` `l`ntufrs` `h nfsb e` `g`rd`hnkf

 

• •

•

•

Ufgpbnb `stæ p`rgktkeb jfs vksktfs f su judfr e` trfafmb hk jf p`rgfh`hnkf `h `j `stfaj`nkgk`htb afmb hkhdýh nbhn`ptb.  E`a` p`rgktkr `j nbhtrbj e` abjsbs y nfrt`rfs fj r`tkrfrs` e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb.  Huhnf eksnutf hk  prbvbqu` eksnuskbh`s, rköfs b eksputfs nbh nbgpfö`rbs e` trfafmb b cuësp`e.   Hb fafhebh` su judfr e` trfafmb skh nbhbnkgk`htb y futbrkzfnkþh e` su sup`rvksbrf, sk tk`h` qu` cfn`rjb dufre` sus `j`g`htbs e` trfafmb, hb jb e`m` f jf vkstf e`j cuësp`e.jkgpkb y cfdf gfht`h`r jkgpkb su Gfht`hdf v`stufrkb, `j gksgb s` `hnu`htrf pfrf su nbhlbrt y nbgbekefe, Cfdf qu` s`f uh fgak`ht` fdrfefaj`.

 

^`nu`hnkf e` s`rvknkb - Dbjp``, tbqu` tkgar`, fhýhnk`s` - @hnk`hef jfs jun`s   - Nbrrf jfs nbrtkhfs y farf jfs v`htfhfs   - ‚@hduæht`s`‗   - Q`tkrf jf afsurf e` jbs n`stbs - Q`tkr` jf vfmkjjf e` Q^   - E`svkstf jf nfgf   - Q`tkr` jfs tbfjjfs sunkfs - Nbhtrbj` jf luhnkþh e` drkl`rçf, jun`s,

• Jkgpk` `j nuferb qu` `stf sbar` `j r`spfjeb e` nfgf • Fspkr` y p`kh` `j r`spfjeb e` nfgf • Cfdf jf nfgf - Jkgpk` vkerkbs kht`rkbr`s y `j rk`j e` jbs gksgbs   - Jkgpk` `sp`mbs, gfrnbs e` nuferbs y jægpfrfs  

nfa`jjb, `tn. -s`nfebr Q`pbrt`e`nufjquk`r e`sp`rl`ntb qu` s`  pu`ef kr sbjunkbhfheb f gfht`hkgk`htb gfht`hkgk`htb  

jfsgu`aj` g`sfs e` juz y `j e` t`jëlbhb - Jkgpk` `j y pfhtfjjf U\ - Jkgpk` jf g`sf r`ebhef y jbs ebs skjjbh`s e` 6 nu`rpb, fspkr` y p`kh` jbs gksgbs   - Jkgpk` `j pjfnfre

- Nbjbqu` jbs prbeuntbs prbeu ntbs e` jkgpk`zf, e`m`

fntufr   - Jkgpk` `j afjnþh   - Q`tkr` jf nfgf e`j r`spfjeb

jf pu`rtf e` khdr`sb f jf cfaktfnkþh - Jkgpk` tfhtb e`j jfeb `xt`rhb nbgb kht`rhb

 

• Q`pbhdf `j lrkdbafr y jbs frtçnujbs s`nbs   Q`pbhdf  pfp`j`rçf e` jf cfaktfnkþh (nfrt`j`s, ekr`ntbrkb, abjsf y  pjfhkjjf e` jfvfhe`rçf)  • Jkgpk` khbebrb, ake`t, afö`rf • Jkgpk` g`sfef y jfvftbrkb • Jkgpk` jfs 5 pfr`e`s r`v`stkefs e` n`rægknb e`j nk`jb rfsb fj pksb • Jkgpk` jf pu`rtf e` khdr`sb fj aföb tfhtb e`j jfeb kht`rkbr nbgb `xt`rkbr  Q`pbhdf fg`hktk`s  Q`fjkn` `j gbhtfm` e` tbfjjfs, tbfjjbh`s, fjlbgarf, `tn.   •• • • •

Jkgpk` `j pksb e`j aföb Q`pbrt` tbebs jbs e`sp`rl`ntbs f gfht`hkgk`htb _`kh` jf nbrtkhf Q`fjkn` uhf ýjtkgf vu`jtf e` futbnbhtrbj   Fspkr` jf fjlbgarf

• E`sbebrkn`

 

@h jf cfaktfnkþh • Farkr v`htfhfs pfrf p`rgktkr qu` jf cfaktfnkþh nbgk`hn` f v`htkjfrs` gk`htrfs s` nbhtkhýf nbh • • • • • • •

`j r`stb e` jf jkgpk`zf Jkgpkfr n`stbs, r`tkrfr r`skeubs, `tn.   @hn`he`r tbefs jfs jun`s pfrf t`h`r g`mbr kjugkhfnkþh y nbhtrbj e` jægpfrfs qu`gfefs.   Ukrfr jfs nbjkjjfs e` nkdfrrkjjbs `h `j khbebrb, `vktfheb fsç nufjquk`r fnnke`ht` y hb bjvkefr fvksfr `h r`n`pnkþh qu` `s uhf cfaktfnkþh c faktfnkþh lugfebrf.  Q`tkrfr jbs ajfhnbs sunkbs tfhtb e`j aföb a föb nbgb e` jf nfgf Q`vksfr luhnkbhfgk`htb e` tbeb `j `qukpfgk`htb `j`ntrþhknb.   E`a`gbs t`h`r `h nu`htf= @j hb-nugpjkgk`htb e` nufjquk`rf e` `stfs hbrgfs jf cfræ pbskaj` e` g`ekefs eksnkpjkhfrkfs qu` jf d`r`hnkf e`nkekræ e` fnu`reb f jf lfjtf nbg`tkef.    HB BJ\KE@GB^= BJ\KE@GB^= sk`gpr` sk`gpr` t`h`gbs uh r`djfg`htb kht`rhb kht`rhb qu` nugpjkr. nugpjkr.

 

E`sv`stkr jf cfaktfnkþh

@s r`nbg`hefaj` pfrf uhf g`mbr sfhktkzfnkþh e` jf cfaktfnkþh, p`rgktkr qu` jbs prbeuntbs e` jkgpk`zf fntý`h sbar` jbs gft`rkfj`s fht`s e` s`r `hmufdfebs, `s pbr `jjb qu` jbs pfsbs f s`dukr sbh jbs skduk`ht`s=   Q`tkr` jfs tbfjjfs utkjkzfefs `h jf cfaktfnkþh.   Q`tkrfr jfs abjsfs e` afsurf.   Nbjbnfr jbs prbeuntbs e` jkgpk`zf `h tbebs jbs fnn`sbrkbs e`j aföb y `spfrnkrjbs pbr jbs gksgbs. Hb `hmufdfr `h `st` gbg`htb

Frgfeb e` jf nfgf= _rkhnkpkbs y hbrgfs  ◂ Nbhs`rvfr uhf au`hf fjkh`fnkþh nbrpbrfj. Hbrgf= @j usb nbrr`ntb e` jf g`næhknf nbrpbrfj eurfht` `j nfgakb e` rbpf e` nfgf `vktf j`skbh`s.  ◂ Ptkjkzfr jbs gýsnujbs drfhe`s e`j nu`rpb `h v`z e` jbs p`qu`öbs. Hbrgf= @h `j prkg`r nfsb s` utkjkzfh jbs gýsnujbs faebgkhfj`s drfhe`s y jbs djýt`bs, `h tfhtb qu` `h jbs ýjtkgbs `j `slu`rzb `s `h jbs gýsnujbs e` jf `spfjef y `j n`htrb e` drfv`efe qu`ef lu`rf e` jf afs` e` fpbyb. 

◂ Urfafmfr nbh uhklbrgkefe y `h lbrgf rçtgknf.

 

• •

Ukrfr b `gpumfr `h v`z e` j`vfhtfr. Hbrgf= Fyuef f r`fjkzfr g`hbr `slu`rzb.  Fj utkjkzfr `j prbpkb p`sb pfrf nbhtrfrr`stfr `j e` uh bam`tb, eksgkhuy` jf lu`rzf y jf t`hskþh. Hbrgf=

•

Fyuef f hb cfn`r`jtfhtf lu`rzf nbh jbs e` gýsnujbs jf `spfjef y e` jbsjfarfzbs. @s kheksp`hsfaj` jfvfeb gkhunkbsb gfhbs e` e`spuës e` e`sv`stkr nfgf. 

Frr`djb jf nfgf _r`pfr` tbeb `j `qukpb h`n`sfrkb, nbjbqu` jbs skduk`ht`s gft`rkfj`s n`rnf e` jf nfgf. 

•• • •

^fafhfs y luhefs jkgpkfs.  Dufht`s `h nfsb h`n`sfrkb. _kqu`t.  Nuar`nfgfs b gfhtf.

^fnfeb jfs sæafhfs sunkfs  ••

Ptkjkn` `j nbhtfntb e` sus gfhbs nbh jfsr`gbtbs sfafhfsusunkfs.  e`j pfsfm`rb y sk jbs cfy, Q`vks` dufht`s qu` hb pfrf cfyf`vktfr bam`tbs nbgb fht`bmbs, nbhtrbj`s bam`tbs  pþhdfjbs `h uh sktkb s`durb.  • Vukt` jfs luhefs e` jfs fjgbcfefs.  • Vukt` jfs sæafhfs sunkfs e` jf nfgf y nbjþqu`jfs `h jf abjsf e` rbpf sunkf.  •  Hb sfnuef jfs sæafhfs pfrf `vktfr `vkt fr qu` jbs dërg`h`s s` prbpfdu`h. prbpfdu `h. 

• •

E`m` br`fr `j nbjncþh fj g`hbs pbr 0 gkhutbs (`h sfjkefs)  Jæv`s` jfs gfhbs nbh fduf y mfaþh.

 

Jkgpk`zf e` pbjvbs  • Jf fnugujfnkþh e` pbjvb s` pu`e` nbhv`rtkr `h uh s`rkb  prbaj`gf. • Jkgpk` tbebs jbs `spfnkbs y gu`aj`s, `j`ntrþhknbs y gfrnbs e` nuferbs, v`htfhfs y pu`rtfs.  • ^k jf cfaktfnkþh `s uhf sfjkef, jkgpk` e`htrb e` jbs frgfrkbs y nfmbh`s e` rbpf. Q`vks` qu` hb cfyf qu`efeb hfef e`afmb e` jbs fjgbcfebh`s e` jbs skjjbh`s b e` gu`aj`s.  • ^k jf cfaktfnkþh `s uhf `stfeçf, e` s`r pbskaj`, nk`rr` tbebs jbs frgfrkbs y nfmbh`s e` rbpf, kht`htfheb fnbgbefr tbeb fj `stæhefr e` uh frrkab.  • Jkgpk` jfs uhkefe`s e` fkr` fnbheknkbhfeb y nfj`lfnnkþh y

btrbs gu`aj`s.

 

6½) Jkgpkfr jf Afö`rf= Nbg`hzfgbs pbr jf afö`rf, nbh `j afje` r`tkrfr r`stbs e` p`jbs b fr`hkjjfs9 ju`db lrbtfr `j `sgfjt` e` jf afö`rf nbh `j jkgpkfebr y uhf `spbhmf. @j jkgpkfebr jçqukeb tfgakëh `s guy `lknk`ht` pfrf r`tkrfr `j sfrrb e` jbs fzuj`mbs y drkl`rçfs. @hmufdfr nbh fauhefht` fduf cfstf qu` hb qu`e`h r`skeubs. ^k cfy gfhncfs e` bxkeb b gbcb  prbafr nbh e`skhl`ntfht`s afs` e` njbrb. E`mf r fntufr pbr uh pfrf gbg`htb `hmufdfrnbh `hmufdfr. . Jfs gfhncfs gæs eklçnkj`sfs` jkgpkfh nbh E`mfr fdufrræs y fjnbcbj ju`dby`hmufdfr fduf nfjk`ht` y e`t`rd`ht`. Jfs gfhncfs prbpkfs e`j fduf (jfs e` nbjbr fzujfeb b v`rebsb) sfj`h lænkjg`ht` nbh prbeuntbs pfrf vkerkbs.

6

Jkgpk`zf e`j aföb  

1½) Jkgpkfr `j jfvfab y `j ake`t= • Jbs e`gæs frt`lfntbs, nbgb `j jfvfgfhbs y `j ake`t s` jkgpkfh nbh `j gksgb •  prbn`ekgk`htb qu` jf j f afö`rf. Nufheb tbebs jbs frt`lfntbs frt`lfnt bs `stëh p`rl`ntfg`ht` • `hmufdfebs, kgpr`dhfr `j pföb nbh `j frbgftkzfebr y r`pfsfr jbs frt`lfntbs.

>½) Jkgpkfr jf drkl`rçf e`j aföb= •

Jf jkgpk`zf e` jf drkl`rçf s` r`fjkzf nbh uhf `snbakjjf p`qu`öf, `stf p`rgkt` jj`dfr nbh nbgbekefe f jbs abre`s y r`tkrfr nufjquk`r kheknkb e` cbhdbs b sfrrb. Jbs pföbs b `spbhmfs f utkjkzfr `h jf drkl`rçf hb e`a`h s`r rudbsbs pbr qu` pu`e`h rfyfr `j gft`rkfj. • Jbs drklbs e`a`h jkgpkfrs` nbh prbeuntbs `sp`nçlknbs pfrf `stbs tkpbs e` fnfafebs b t`h`r jf  pr`nfunkþh e` s`nfrjbs. Huhnf cfy cf y qu` usfr prbeuntbs qu` pu`efh t`rgkhfr t `rgkhfr nbh `j fnfafeb. • _frf qu` jbs drklbs qu`e`h kgp`nfaj`s, e`a`h s`nfrs` y lrbtfr nbh uh pföb s`nb y r`tkrfr jfs cu`jjfs e` fduf. Vu`efh guy ak`h sk s` lrbtfh nbh fduf y aknfrabhftb, s`nfr y pfsfr uh pföb s`nb  pfrf efr arkjjb

 

5½) Jkgpkfr jf tfzf e`j khbebrb= Ptkjkzfr uh e`skhl`ntfht` f afs` e` njbrb, rbnkfr jf tfzf y e`mfr fntufr. Ju`db nbh jf `snbakjjf jkgpkfr jfs pfr`e`s jft`rfj`s kht`rkbr`s e` jf tfzf, ju`db jkgpk` jbs abre`s pbr ebhe` nbrr` `j fduf nbh jf `spbhmf e` fn`rb y e`mfr nbrr`r `j fduf. \fnkfr jf nkst`rhf pfrf t`rgkhfr e` `jkgkhfr `j e`skhl`ntfht` y nbgprbafr qu` tbeb `stë jkgpkb, skhb prbn`e`r f jkgpkfr hu`vfg`ht`. _frf `j sfrrb utkjkzfr uh prbeuntb nbgb `j jkgpkfebr fhtksfrrb, lrbtfr nbh uhf `spbhmf, `hmufdfr y s`nfr s`nfr..

0½) Jkgpkfr `xt`rkbr e`j khbebrb= Afstfræ pfsfr uh pföb nbh fjdýh prbeuntb e`skhl`ntfht` y ju`db `hmufdfr9 hb bjvkefr jfs tfpfs y `j pk` e`j khbebrb, r`nu`re` qu` d`h`rfjg`ht` cfy sfjpknfeurfs `h tbeb `j khbebrb.

 

? N `tn. f ??jf N.t`gp`rfturf r`nbg`hefef @h jfs nægfrfs e` nbhd`jfnkþh jf t`gp`rfturf r`nbg`hefef `s e` -63¿ f -61¿N, `h `jjfs s` fjgfn`hfh vfnuhbs, nfrh`rbs,

n`rebs p`snfebs, gfrksnbs y fjduhbs fjkg`htbs pr` nbnkebs.

 



 

Khstfjfnkbh`s fe`nufefs Fe`nufeb nbhtrbj kht`rhb



Frr`djbs jfs g`rnfhnçfs Nbbrekhfnkþh nbhy nukefebs tbebs jbs e` e`pfrtfg`htbs fl`ntfebs ^kst`gftkzfnkþh e` jbs khstrug`htbs nbhtfaj`s y e` nbhtrbj. Q`nbg`hefaj` pfrf cbt`j`s e` >, 5 b 0 `str`jjfs.  Fhæjksks y nbhtrbj e` jf d`stkþh e` stbni. 



@H JF BQDFHK]FNKÞH E@J FJGFNËH Q@VPK@Q@ E@ JF^ ^KDPK@HU@^ NBHEKNKBH@^

@H JF BQDFHK]FNKÞH E@J FJGFNËH Q@VPK@Q@ E@ JF^ ^KDPK@HU@^ NBHEKNKBH@^ AÆ^KNF^=

 

NBG_@U@HNKF^ E@J Q@^_BH^FAJ@ E@J FJGFN@H Q`fjkzf `j r`nkab y r`dkstrb e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb fj nbhtrbj e` khv`htfrkb y s`dýh hbrgfs sfhktfrkfs y e` s`durkefe

Q`fjkzf `j fjgfn`hfgk`htb e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs sfhktfrkfs y e` s`durkefe.. s`durkefe

Q`fjkzf jf e` ekstrkaunkþh y r`dkstrb khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs sfhktfrkfs y e` s`durkefe.

 

Nf_fnkefe`s 

E`t`rgkhf nþgb r`fjkzfr jbs prbn`sbs y prbn`ekgk`htbs `h r`jfnkþh f jfs ekv`rsfs sktufnkbh`s e` trfafmb.



Q`fjkzf `j r`nkab, jf njfsklknfnkþh y nbeklknfnkþh e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, v`rklknfheb jf nbhlbrgkefe `htr` jf Bre`h e` Nbgprf y `j ebnug`htb sust`htftbrkb e`j prbv``ebr (Duçf e` r`gkskþh, abj`tf y/b lfnturf). Urfsjfef fj ær`f e` fjgfnëh jbs khsugbs, jf g`rnfe`rçf y jbs sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs e` ekstrkaunkþh y hbrgfs sfhktfrkfs. Q`dkstrfr `j khdr`sb e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs `h `j skst`gf e` nbhtrbj e` fjgfnëh, tbgfheb `h nu`htf jf ebnug`htfnkþh r`nkakef y/b prbn`sfef. Fnbheknkbhf, jkgpkf, sfhktkzf y pr`pfrf jfs zbhfs e` fjgfn`hfm` (rfni e` prbeuntbs hb p`r`nkaj`s, nægfrfs lrkdbrçlknfs, nbhs`rvfebrfs, r`lrkd`rfebrfs y nbhd`jfebrfs) r`fnbgbefheb jbs prbeuntbs, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs e` sfhkefe y rbtfnkþh e`

  

  

g`rnfe`rçf e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb. Q`dkstrf y fjgfn`hf jbs khsugbs p`r`nkaj`s, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs e` uaknfnkþh pbr rbtfnkþh. Q`dkstrf y fjgfn`hf jbs khsugbs hb p`r`nkaj`s, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb f hbrgfs e` uaknfnkþh pbr rbtfnkþh. Q`fjkzf jf ekstrkaunkþh e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs, e` fnu`reb f jf cbmf e` p`ekeb e`j ær`f sbjknktfht` y s`dýh hbrgfs e`j `stfaj`nkgk`htb, sfhktfrkfs y e` s`durkefe.



Q`fjkzf `j r`dkstrb e` khsugbs, g`rnfe`rçf y sugkhkstrbs ekstrkaukef `h `j skst`gf e` nbhtrbj y `j akh nfre e`j fjgfnëh, s`dýh hbrgfs e`j `stfaj`nkg `stfaj`nkgk`htb. k`htb.

 

_@QLKJ E@J FJGFN@H@QB

 Ædkj pfrf r`sbjv`r prbaj`gfs y bp`rfnkbh`s

Nfpfnkefe e` trfafmb `h `qukpb

_r`s`htfnkþh y frr`djb p`rsbhfj

Qæpkeb p`rb s`durb

trfafmb `h `qukpb

frr`djb p`rsbhfj

s`durb

 

FJGFN@HFGK@HUB E@ GFU@QKF _QKGF

 Jfs ær`fs e` fjgfn`hfgk`htb e`a`h t`h`r ekg`hskbh`s fprbpkfefs qu` p`rgktfh uhf nbrr`ntf brdfhkzfnkþh e` jbs khsugbs y prbeuntbs, `vkt` nbhluskbh`s y rk`sdbs e` nbhtfgkhfnkþh y p`rgktf uhf rbtfnkþh nbrr`ntf e` jfs `xkst`hnkfs

@J ÆQ@F E@ FJGFN@HFGK@HU B E@_@HE@ E@=

\bjug`h y nfhtkefe e`  prbeuntbs f

Lr`nu`hnkf e` fequksknkbh`s y rbtfnkþh e` jbs prbeuntbs

Q`qu`rkgk`htb e` nbheknkbh`s `sp`nkfj`s e` fjgfn`hfgk`htb= nfe`hf e`

fjgfn`hfr 

lrçb, t`gp`rfturf, juz y cug`efe, nbhtrbjfefs. nbhtrbjfefs.

 

FJGFNËH ^@ E@A@ NBH^KE@QFQ JB^ ^KDPK@HU@^ @H @J EK^@ÖB E@J FJGFNËH ^ KDPK@HU@^ F^_@NUB^= A F @j ær`f e` fjgfn`hfgk`htb e`a` `stfr uaknfeb `h uh judfr ebhe` s` `vkt`h rk`sdbs e` nbhtfgkhfnkþh e` gft`rkfj`s b prbeuntbs.

Jfs pfr`e`s e`a`h s`r e` lænkj jkgpk`zf9 jbs pksbs e` nbhnr`tb, e` sup`rlknk` jksf y jb sulknk`ht`g`ht` hkv`jfebs pfrf `j trfhspbrt` e` jbs prbeuntbs9 jbs t`ncbs e`a`h e` s`r e` uh gft`rkfj qu` hb p`rgktf `j pfsb e` jbs rfybs sbjfr`s hk e` fnugujfnkþh e` nfjbr.

N

E

@j `spfnkb `j kht`rkbr e`j fjgfnëhe` e`a` e``h lfnkjktfr `j gbvkgk`htb  p`rsbhfj y e` jbs prbeuntbs. prbeunt bs.

 ^` e`a` nbhtfr nbh v`htkjfnkþh hfturfj b frtklknkfj qu`  p`rgktf uhf fe`nufef nkrnujfnkþh nkrnuj fnkþh e` fkr` pfrf nr`fr g`mbr`s nbheknkbh`s e` trfafmb

 

Drfnkfs