Manual de Neumaticos

 

LFNSFB MC INDH[LFJIÚN ]ÉJNIJF MC NCSLÆ]IJHZ.

6 

 

IN][HMSJJIÚN.

Cstc lfnufb cs unf jhlpibfjiún mc bf indhrlfjiún téjnijf quc sc af hktcnimh mc bhs midcrcntcs dfkrijfntcs mc nculætijhs pfrf futhlúvibcs y jflihncs f nivcb intcrnfjihnfb. Bf dinfbimfm mc cstc trfkfgh, cs prhphrjihnfr fb bcjthr bhs fspcjths kæsijhs mc bf jhnstrujjiún y hpcrfjiún mc mijahs nculætijhs quc thmh jhnmujthr mckc jhnhjcr, fsì jhlh tflkién rcjhlcnmfjihncs quc scræn mc utibimfm pfrf hktcncr cb læxilh kcncdijih mc bhs lislhs. Cn cb prilcr jfpìtubh sc afjcn fb`unfs rcjhlcnmfjihncs quc scrviræn pfrf mctcrlinfr cb nculætijh quc cb vcaìjubh rcquicrc. Cn cb jfpìtubh ;, sc mcsjrikc mc lfncrf `cncrfb bhs jhlphncntcs y bhs tiphs mc jhnstrujjiún. Uhstcrihrlcntc, sc lucstrfn bfs nhlcnjbfturfs utibizfmfs phr bhs dfkrijfntcs, lislfs quc fyumfræn f mctcrlinfr cb tflföh mc bhs nculætijhs. Dinfblcntc, sc lcnjihnfn fb`unhs jhnscghs pfrf hpcrfr, lfntcncr y juimfr mijahs nculætijhs.

; 

 

ÌNMIJC.

6

;

Jfpìtubh 6

=

Cbcjjiún mcb nculætijh. 6.6 Jhnsimcrfjihncs pfrf cbc`ir cb nculætijh fmcjufmh.

=

Jfpìtubh ;

4

Mcsjripjiún mcb nculætijh.

:

;.6 Zcjjiún trfnsvcrsfb mc un nculætijh rfmifb

4

;.; ]iphs mc nculætijhs.

0

;.: ]iphs mc jhnstrujjiún.

1

;.:.6 Nculætijhs jhnvcnjihnfbcs

1

;.:.; Nculætijhs rfmifbcs

1

;.= Nhlcnjbfturf.

1

Jfpìtubh :

66

Jbfsidijfjiún mcb tflföh mcb nculætijh.

=

:.6 Milcnsihncs mc bhs nculætijhs.

66

:.; Mcsi`nfjiún mcb tflföh mcb nculætijh.

6;

:.: ]fkbf mc júmi`hs, sìlkhbhs, jbfsidijfjiún y jhnvcrsihncs.

6:

Jfpìtubh =

69

Juimfmh mc bhs nculætijhs. =.6 Juimfmh y lfntcnilicnth mc bhs nculætijhs. =.6.6 Urhkbclfs lcjænijhs

69 ;5

=.; [cjhlcnmfjihncs pfrf cb indbfmh mc bhs nculætijhs.

;6

=.: Cdcjths mc bf shkrcjfr`f.

;:

=.= Frrc`bhs mufbcs.

;=

=.3 ]fkbf mc prcsihncs y jfr`f.

;3

Kikbih`rfdìf

;4

: 

 

JFUÌ]SBH 6 CBCJJIÚN MCB NCSLÆ]IJH 6.6 Jhnsimcrfjihncs pfrf cbc`ir cb nculætijh fmcjufmh Bf cbcjjiún mc nculætijhs nh cs trivifb. Cn cb lcrjfmh cxistcn unf `rfn jfntimfm mc dfkrijfntcs quc hdrcjcn nculætijhs pfrf thmf jbfsc mc vcaìjubhs. Zin clkfr`h, si sc mcsjhnhjcn bhs dfjthrcs kæsijhs pfrf cbc`ir bf bbfntf fmcjufmf, f lcnumh sc jhlctcn crrhrcs quc ftcntfn jhntrf bf sc`urimfm y bf cjhnhlìf. Bf lfyhrìf mc bhs futhlhvibistfs jfsi nunjf prcstfn ftcnjiún f sus nculætijhs sfbvh jufnmh jhlicnzfn f mfr prhkbclfs h sc afjc ncjcsfrih jflkifrbhs. Lujahs jhnsulimhrcs fjhstulkrfn jhlprfr sus nculætijhs fprcsurfmflcntc sin pcnsfr cn bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs mc su vcaìjubh, fsì jhlh tflkién cn bfs midcrcnjifs quc cxistcn cntrc bhs midcrcntcs tiphs mc nculætijhs. Bfs bbfntfs dhrlfn pfrtc mc bhs sistclfs mc suspcnsiún, drcnhs y mircjjiún mcb futhlúvib c indbuycn mc lfncrf mcjisivf cn bf sc`urimfm, lfnihkrfkibimfm, lfncgh `cncrfb mcb vcaìjubh c injbush cn cb jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc. Uhr cbbh rcsubtf rcjhlcnmfkbc fmquirir nculætijhs mc bf lcmimf tiph quc bhs hri`infbcs, yf quc cb dfkrijfntc af scbcjjihnfmh kfsc cnlislf pfrælctrhs mc yjhndhrt, rcsistcnjif mc rhmflicnth, vcbhjimfm,bhs ‒f`frrc“, cntrc htrhs,jhn funquc tflkién bfs bbfntfs hri`infbcs nh siclprc sc fmcj÷fn f thmhs bhs jfshs, pucs jfmf futhlhvibistf ticncn ncjcsimfmcs y rcqucrilicnths mistinths quc vfbc bf pcnf jhnsimcrfr. Cbc`ir nculætijhs cs unf mcjisiún quc nh mckcrìf afjcrsc sin thlfr cn jucntf bhs si`uicntcs fspcjths7 • • • • •

]iph mc vcaìjubh quc jhnmujc. Bf dhrlf cn quc lfncgf. Cb tiph mc jflinh quc rcjhrrc jfmf mìf. Bfs jhnmijihncs mcb jflinh. Bfs jhnmijihncs jbilætijfs.

Urilcrh mcdinf cn quc jhnmijihncs mc jflinh rhmfræn bhs nculætijhs7 futhpistf h tcrrfjcrìf y jhn kfsc cn bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs mcb vcaìjubh y f bhs aækiths mc lfncgh. Jhlicnjc f jucstihnfrsc bh si`uicntc7 ¸tiph mc jbilf cn cb quc hpcrf cb vcaìjubh8, ¸jhnmijihncs mcb jflinh8, ¸jirjubf jhl÷nlcntc cn futhpistfs h cn jiumfm8, y htrfs jhnmijihncs mc lfncgh bc fyumfræn f csjh`cr cb tiph mc nculætijh quc rcquicrc. •

Zcbcjjihnc cb tflföh fmcjufmh mcb nculætijh. ]hmf bf tcjnhbh`ìf cxistcntc nh bc fyumfræ, si ustcm afjc unf lfbf scbcjjiún cn cb tflföh mcb nculætijh quc su vcaìjubh rcquicrc. Cb tflföh fmcjufmh mcb nculætijh y mclæs cspcjidijfjihncs rcdcrcntcs fb

= 

 

miscöh mc su vcaìjubh bfs phmræ cnjhntrfr cn cb ‒Lfnufb mcb prhpictfrih“. ]flkién pucmc rcjurrir f bfs dijafs téjnijfs mc bhs dfkrijfntcs mc bhs nculætijhs. •

•

•

•

 Fprcnmf f bccr bf mcsi`nfjiún mcb nculætijh. Cn bf pfrcm cxtcrnf h jfpf cxtcrihr mcb nculætijh fpfrcjc unf scric mc n÷lcrhs y bctrfs bhs jufbcs bc prhphrjihnfræn indhrlfjiún fjcrjf mc bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs mcb lislh. Uhstcrihrlcntc scbcjjihnc f un mistrikuimhr mc bbfntfs. Zi ustcm nh jucntf jhn un prhvccmhr pucmc jhlcnzfr phr kusjfr cn bf ‒Zcjjiún Flfribbf“. [cjucrmc quc phmrìf hktcncr kucnhs mcsjucnths fb afkbfr jhn midcrcntcs prhvccmhrcs. Jufnmh vfyf f jhlprfr cb nculætijh cs ilphrtfntc quc thlc cn jucntf fspcjths tfbcs jhlh prcjih y jfbimfm. Cn hjfsihncs cb jhnsulimhr cnjucntrf fbtf jfbimfm cn bhs nculætijhs quc rcquicrc pcrh su prcjih cs tflkién fbth. [cjucrmc quc cs lcghr jhlprfr  nculætijhs jhn mistrikuimhrcs futhrizfmhs funquc tcn`f quc pf`fr un phjh læs phr cbbhs, yf quc cbbhs bc phmræn `frfntizfr cb nculætijh. Jhnsimcrc dfjthrcs jhlh bf jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f y bf trfjjiún mc bhs nculætijhs, vimf cstilfmf cn oibúlctrhs, tclpcrfturf mc hpcrfjiún, `frfntìf, ctj. Nh hbvimc rcvisfr bf púbizf mc `frfntìf.

3 

 

JFUÌ]SBH ; MCZJ[IUJIÚN MCB NCSLÆ]IJH ;.6 Zcjjiún trfnsvcrsfb mc un nculætijh rfmifb

Ducntc7 @uìf mc Fnæbisis mc jhnmijihncs pfrf bbfntf rfmifb. ]ac Lfintcnfnjc Jhunjib. S.Z.F.

Bfs pfrtcs dunmflcntfbcs mc un nculætijh rfmifb shn7

6.- Kfnmf mc rhmflicnth.  Cstf pfrtc, `cncrfblcntc mc aubc, prhphrjihnf bf intcrdfsc cntrc bf cstrujturf mc bf bbfntf y cb jflinh. Zu prhpúsith prinjipfb cs prhphrjihnfr trfjjiún y drcnfmh. ;.- Jinturún (Cstfkibizfmhr). Bfs jfpfs mcb jinturún (cstfkibizfmhr), cspcjifblcntc mc fjcrh, prhphrjihnfn rcsistcnjif f fb nculætijh, cstfkibizf bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth y prhtc`c f éstf mc pijfmurfs. :.rfmifb.gunth jhn bhs jinturhncs, jhnticncn bf prcsiún mc firc. Mijaf jfpf trfnslitc Bf Jfpf jfpf rfmifb, thmfs bfs ducrzfs hri`infmfs phr bf jfr`f, cb drcnfmh, cb jflkih mc mircjjiún cntrc bf rucmf y bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth. =.- Jhstfmh (Ufrcm). Cb aubc mcb jhstfmh (pfrcm) cstæ cspcjifblcntc jhlpucsth pfrf rcsistir bf dbcxiún y bf intclpcric prhphrjihnfnmh fb lislh ticlph prhtcjjiún f bf jfpf rfmifb. 3.- Zcbbfntc. Snf h mhs jfpfs mc aubc cspcjifb (cn nculætijhs sin jælfrf) prcpfrfmh pfrf rcsistir bf midusiún mcb firc. Cb scbbfntc cn csths nculætijhs rcclpbfzf bf dunjiún mc bfs jælfrfs.

4 

 

4.- [cbbcnh. Uiczfs tflkién mc aubc jhn jfrfjtcrìstijfs scbcjjihnfmfs, sc usfn pfrf bbcnfr cb ærcf mc bf jcgf (tfbún) y bf pfrtc indcrihr mcb jhstfmh (pfrcm) pfrf prhphrjihnfr unf trfnsijiún sufvc mcb ærcf rì`imf mc bf jcgf, fb ærcf dbcx dbcxikbc ikbc mcb jhstfmh. 0.- [cducrzh mc bf jcgf (tfbún) Cs htrf jfpf jhbhjfmf shkrc cb cxtcrihr mcb flfrrc mc bf jfpf rfmifb, cn cb ærcf mc bf jcgf, quc rcducrzf y cstfkibizf bf zhnf mc trfnsijiún mc bf jcgf fb jhstfmh. 1.- [ikctc Cbclcnth usfmh jhlh rcdcrcnjif pfrf cb fscntflicnth fmcjufmh mcb ærcf mc bf jcgf shkrc cb ril 9.- ]fbún Cs un jucrph mc fbflkrcs mc fjcrh mc fbtf rcsistcnjif utibizfmh pfrf dhrlfr unf unimfm mc `rfn rhkustcz. Cb tfbún cs cb fnjbf mc jilcntfjiún mc bf jfrjfzf, quc lfnticnc cb miælctrh rcqucrimh mc bf bbfntf cn cb ril ;.; ]IUH MC NCSLÆ]IJHZ. Cxistcn vfrihs tiphs mc nculætijhs pfrf jfmf cstfjiún mcb föh. Mc i`ufb lfncrf, cn cb jfsh mc nculætijhs pfrf jflihncs, csths prcscntfn miscöhs mc fjucrmh f bf phsijiún quc hjupfrfn cn cb vcaìjubh. F jhntinufjiún sc mcsjrikcn mc lfncrf `cncrfb bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs mc mijahs nculætijhs. Nculætijhs pfrf futhpistfs. ]flkién bbflfmhs ‒Nculætijhs pfrf vcrfnh“, cstæn miscöfmfs pfrf prhphrjihnfr bf trfjjiún fmcjufmf fb vcaìjubh cn jflinhs tfnth bbuvihshs jhlh scjhs. Nculætijhs pfrf nicvc. Urhvccn læxilf trfjjiún cn jhnmijihncs mhnmc cb jflinh cs jukicrth phr unf jfpf mc aicbh. Bf kfnmf rhmfntc cstf miscöfmf pfrf prhphrjihnfr cb læxilh f`frrc cn cstfs jhnmijihncs, fmclæs cstf jhnstruimf mc un lftcrifb cspcjifb quc bc pcrlitc trfkfgfr cn jbilfs acbfmhs. Nculætijhs pfrf thmf tclphrfmf (fbb scfshn).

0 

 

Cstæn miscöfmhs pfrf scr hpcrfmhs tfnth cn jhnmijihncs bbuvihsfs fsì jhlh mc ncvfmfs. Urhphrjihnfn unf kucnf lfncgfkibimfm y hdrcjcn bhs kcncdijihs mc bhs nculætijhs pfrf futhpistfs. Nculætijhs mc fbth mcsclpcöh. Hdrcjcn un fbth `rfmh mc lfncgfkibimfm, f`frrc y mcsclpcöh, fmclæs mc shphrtfr fbtfs tclpcrfturfs y fbtfs vcbhjimfmcs. Nculætijhs thmf tclphrfmf/fbth mcsclpcöh. Hdrcjcn thmfs bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs mc bhs nculætijh fntcrihrcs tfnth cn jflinhs scjhs y bbuvihshs. ;.: ]IUHZ MC JHNZ][SJJIÚN. ;.:.6 NCSLÆ]IJHZ JHNTCNJIHNFBCZ. Cstc tiph mc nculætijh sc jfrfjtcrizf phr tcncr unf jhnstrujjiún mif`hnfb quc jhnsistc cn jhbhjfr bfs jfpfs mc lfncrf tfb, quc bfs jucrmfs mc jfmf jfpf qucmcn injbinfmfs jhn rcspcjth f bìncf mcb jcntrh hricntfmfs mc jcgf f jcgf. Cstc tiph mc cstrujturf krinmf fb nculætijh murczf y cstfkibimfm quc bc pcrlitcn shphrtfr bf jfr`f mcb vcaìjubh. Bf mcsvcntfgf mc cstc miscöh cs quc prhphrjihnf fb nculætijh unf murczf quc nh bc pcrlitc fgustfrsc fmcjufmflcntc f bf supcrdijic mc rhmflicnth hjfsihnfnmh un lcnhr f`frrc, lcnhr cstfkibimfm cn jurvfs y lfyhr jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc. ;.:.; NCSLÆ]IJHZ [FMIFBCZ. Cn bf jhnstrujjiún rfmifb, bfs jucrmfs mc bfs jfpfs mcb jucrph vfn mc jcgf f jcgf dhrlfnmh sclihvfbhs. Zhn cbbfs bfs quc cgcrjcn bf dunjiún mc shphrtfr bf jfr`f. Zhkrc bfs jfpfs mcb jucrph, cn cb ærcf mc bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth, shn lhntfmfs bfs jfpfs cstfkibizfmhrfs. Zus jucrmfs jhrrcn cn scntimh mif`hnfb y shn cbbfs bfs quc

1 

 

shphrtfn bf jfr`f y lfnticnc bf cstfkibimfm mcb nculætijh. Cstc tiph mc jhnstrujjiún pcrlitc quc cb nculætijh scf læs sufvc quc cb jhnvcnjihnfb bh quc bc pcrlitc tcncr lfyhr jhndhrt, lfncgfkibimfm, fmacrcnjif f bf supcrdijic mc rhmflicnth, trfjjiún, f`frrc, y bh læs ilphrtfntc jhntrikuyc f bf rcmujjiún mcb jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc.

;.= NHLCNJBF]S[F.

 F pcsfr mc su fspcjth listcrihsh, bfs bctrfs y sìlkhbhs quc fpfrcjcn lhbmcfmhs cn cb jhstfmh mcb nculætijh prhphrjihnfn indhrlfjiún luy ÷tib quc ustcm mckcræ jhnhjcr. Csths júmi`hs prhphrjihnfn indhrlfjiún mcb tflföh y milcnsiún mcb nculætijh jhlh cs cb fnjah mc scjjiún, rcbfjiún mc fspcjth, tiph mc jhnstrujjiún, miælctrh mcb rin, prcsiún læxilf mc indbfmh, fvishs ilphrtfntcs mc sc`urimfm c indhrlfjiún fmijihnfb. Cb si`uicntc cgclpbh lucstrf cb jhstfmh mc unf bbfntf pfrf futhlúvib7

Ducntc7 Jhlpföìf Aubcrf @hhmycfr Hxh Z.F. mc J.T.

U

Inmijf cb ush pfrf futhlúvibcs mc pfsfgcrhs.

9 

 

;63 43 [ 63

[cprcscntf bf fnjaurf læxilf cntrc jhstfmhs mc bf bbfntf cn libìlctrhs. Cs bf rcbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y bf fnjaurf mc bf bbfntf y sc bc bbflf rcbfjiún mc fspcjth. Zi`nidijf bf jhnstrujjiún rfmifb mcb nculætijh. Cs cb miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs

 Fb`unhs nculætijhs cspcjidijfn cb scrvijih h kicn lucstrfn cb ìnmijc mc jfr`f y bf jbfsidijfjiún mc vcbhjimfm. Cb ìnmijc mc jfr`f fsi`nf n÷lcrhs mcsmc 5 afstf ;09 quc jhrrcsphnmcn f bf jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f mcb nculætijh f su læxilf prcsiún mc indbfmh. Cb sìlkhbh mc vcbhjimfm mctcrlinf bf læxilf vcbhjimfm quc cb nculætijh pucmc fbjfnzfr. 19 A

Cspcjidijf cb ìnmijc mc jfr`f. Zìlkhbh mc vcbhjimfm.

Bhs nculætijhs tflkién lucstrfn bf læxilf prcsiún mc indbfmh cn psi (bikrfs phr pub`fmf jufmrfmf). Cb n÷lcrh MH] Mcpfrtflcnth mc ]rfnsphrtc mc Cstfmhs Snimhs (Mcpfrtflcnt hd ]rfnsphrt), jhntrfpfrtc flcrijfnf mc bf NHL (Nhrlf Hdijifb Lcxijfnf), lucstrf bhs dfjthrcs mc mcsclpcöh mcb nculætijh cn jufnth fb ìnmijc mc mcs`fstc, trfjjiún y rcsistcnjif f bf tclpcrfturf. Ìnmijc mc mcs`fstc. Cb ìnmijc mc mcs`fstc mcb nculætijh cs unf jbfsidijfjiún jhlpfrftivf jhn kfsc cn cb vfbhr mc mcs`fstc mcb nculætijh prhkfmf kfgh jhnmijihncs jhntrhbfmfs shkrc unf vìf cspcjidijfmf mc pruckf mcb `hkicrnh cn Cstfmhs Snimhs. Fsì un nculætijh jhn `rfmh ;55 phmræ murfr mhs vcjcs læs cn cb jflinh h vìf mc pruckf mcb `hkicrnh kfgh bfs jhnmijihncs mc bf pruckf cspcjidijfmf quc unf mc `rfmh 655. Bf trfjjiún.

Bf jbfsidijfjiún mc bhs `rfmhs mc trfjjiún vf mc bf lfyhr f bf lcnhr y shn F, K y J. Cstfs rcprcscntfn bf jfpfjimfm mc bfs bbfntfs pfrf drcnfr shkrc pfvilcnth lhgfmh, lcmimf kfgh jhnmijihncs jhntrhbfmfs shkrc supcrdijics mc pruckf mc fsdfbth y jhnjrcth, cspcjidijfmfs phr cb `hkicrnh. Bf tclpcrfturf. Bf jbfsidijfjiún mc bhs `rfmhs mc tclpcrfturf vf mc bf lfyhr f bf lcnhr y shn F, K y J. Cstfs rcprcscntfn bf rcsistcnjif mc bhs nculætijhs f bf `cncrfjiún mc jfbhr phr drijjiún fb scr prhkfmfs cn cb bfkhrfthrih kfgh jhnmijihncs jhntrhbfmfs.

65 

 

JFUI]SBH : JBFZIDIJFJIÚN MCB ]FLFÖH MCB NCSLÆ]IJH :.6 MILCNZIHNCZ MC BHZ NCSLÆ]IJHZ Fnjah mc scjjiún. Fnjah scjjiún mc rhmfmurf

Fbturf mc scjjiún

6/; mcb miælctrh thtfb. Fnjah mc ril Miælctrh nhlinfb mcb ril.

[fmih cstftijh jhn jfr`f.

Ducntc7

Fnjah mc scjjiún jhn  jfr`f.

Urhdunmimfm mc bf scjjiún mc rhmfmurf.

@cncrfb ]cjanijfb ]cjanijfb Indhrlftihn. Krim`csthnc Lcmiul & Bi Bi`at `at ]rujo Urijc Bist fnm Mftf Khh o Cddcjtivc. Gubih mc 6994.

Miælctrh thtfb. Bf mistfnjif lcmimf mcsmc un cxtrclh mc bf kfnmf rhmfntc afstf cb hpucsth cstfnmh cb nculætijh sin jfr`f. •

66 

 

 Fnjah thtfb Lcmimf mc bf scjjiún trfnsvcrsfb mcb nculætijh cstfnmh éstc sin jfr`f. Cstf lcmimf injbuyc bhs jhstfmhs mc bf bbfntf. •

 Fnjah mc scjjiún. Lcmimf mc bf scjjiún trfnsvcrsfb cxjbuycnmh rckhrmcs mcb nculætijh. •

 Fnjah mc bf scjjiún mc rhmfmurf. rhm fmurf. Mistfnjif quc cxistc cntrc bhs cxtrclhs mc bf kfnmf rhmfntc cstfnmh cb nculætijh sin jfr`f. •

Urhdunmimfm mc bf scjjiún mc rhmfmurf. Bf lfyhr prhdunmimfm mc bf rfnurf cxistcntc cntrc bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth y su kfsc. •

 Fbturf mc scjjiún. Mistfnjif cntrc cb fsicnth mc jcgf afstf bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth, cstfnmh cb nculætijh sin jfr`f. •

 Fnjah mc ril Mistfnjif trfnsvcrsfb cntrc bhs jhstfmhs mcb fsicnth mc bf jcgf mcb rin •

Miælctrh nhlinfb mc rin Miælctrh mcb rin lcmimh mcsmc cb fsicnth mc jcgf afstf cb cxtrclh hpucsth mcb lislh •

[fmih cstætijh jhn jfr`f Mistfnjif cntrc cb jcntrh mcb cgc mcb vcaìjubh y bf supcrdijic mc rhmflicnth cstfnmh cb nculætijh shphrtfnmh su læxilf jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f •

 Fnjah mc scjjiún jhn jfr`f jf r`f Cs cb fnjah mc scjjiún læxilh quc cb nculætijh hkticnc fb cstfr shphrtfnmh su læxilf jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f •

Cspfjih lìnilh cntrc mufbcs Bf mistfnjif lìnilf fjcptfmf cntrc bhs jcntrhs mc bfs rucmfs cn un frrc`bh mufb ‒yhyhs“ •

[cvhbujihncs phr libbf Cb n÷lcrh mc rcvhbujihncs quc mf cb nculætijh cn unf libbf (6 libbf< 6459ol) f unf vcbhjimfm mc 33lpa (11ol/ar) inmijfmf cn bf pfrcm bftcrfb mcb nculætijh •

:.; MCZI@NFJIÚN MCB ]FLFÖH MCB NCSLÆ]IJH.

Bf mcsi`nfjiún mcb tflföh mcb nculætijh mcpcnmcræ mc bf jhmidijfjiún quc sc utibijc. Bf jhmidijfjiún mcpcnmcræ f su vcz mcb sistclf quc sc usc, phr cgclpbh cb Létrijh, Létrijh

6; 

 

Curhpch, Fbdf-Létrijh, Nulérijh, B]-Létrijh y cb mc Dbhtfjiún. Cstc júmi`h injbuyc bctrfs y n÷lcrhs bhs jufbcs ticncn bhs si`uicntcs si`nidijfmhs7 [ K M U ] B]

Nculætijh rfmifb. Nculætijh jhn jinturún tcxtib. Nculætijh jhnvcnjihnfb. Nculætijh pfrf fuths mc pfsfgcrhs. Nculætijh pfrf jflihncs (trujo). Nculætijh pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs (jflihnctfs).

Cgclpbhs mc mcsi`nfjiún mc tflföhs nculætijhs pfrf fuths.

:.: ]FKBFZ MC JÚMI@HZ, ZILKHBHZ, JBFZIDIJFJIÚN Y JHNTC[ZIHNCZ U-LÉ][IJH. U

693/

03

[

6= Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh  Nculæti jh rfmifb. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún cn libìlctrhs. Miscöh pfrf vcaìjubhs mc  pfsfgcrhs.

U

693/

03

A

[

6= Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh  Nculæti jh rfmifb. Júmi`h mc vcbhjimfm. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún cn libìlctrhs. Miscöh pfrf vcaìjubhs mc  pfsfgcrhs.

LÉ][IJH CS[HUCH. 643

[

63 Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh  Nculæti jh rfmifb. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb (libìlctrhs).

6: 

 

613/

05

[

6= Miælctrh mcb ril (pub`fmfs).  Nculætijh rfmifb. rfmifb. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb cn libìlctrhs.

FBDF-LÉ][IJH.  @

[

01

63 Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %.  Nculætijh rfmifb. rfmifb. Júmi`h mc jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f.

 NSLÉ[IJH. 4.55

-

6; Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs. Miscöh nh rfmifb. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb cn pub`fmfs.

Cgclpbhs mc mcsi`nfjiún mc tflföhs mc nculætijhs pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs. B]-LÉ][IJH. B]

;63/

13

[

64 Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh rfmifb. rfmifb. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún cn libìlctrhs. Miscöh pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs.

DBH]FJIÚN. :6 x

6535

[

63

B] Miscöh pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs. Miælctrh mcb ril (pub`fmfs).  Nculætijh rfmifb. rfmifb. Fnjah nhlinfb mc scjjiún (sc mivimc cntrc 655 y cs cn  pub`fmfs) Miælctrh thtfb cn pub`fmfs.

6= 

 

 NSLÉ[IJH. 0.35

-

64

B] Miscöh pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs. Miælctrh mcb ril (pub`fmfs). Miscöh nh rfmifb. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb cn pub`fmfs.

FBDF-NSLÉ[IJH. B

[

01 -

63

B] Miscöh pfrf jflihncs bi`crhs. Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %.  Nculætijh  Nculæti jh rfmifb. Júmi`h mc tflföh.

 NCSLÆ]IJH MC [CUSCZ]H. ]

663/

05-

M

63 Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh jhnvcnjihn jhnvcnjihnfb. fb. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún cn libìlctrhs.  Nculætijh tclphrfb. tclphrfb.

Cgclpbhs mc mcsi`nfjiún mc tflföhs mc nculætijhs pfrf jflihncs lcmifnhs y pcsfmhs. 66

[

;;.3 Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs. Miscöh rfmifb. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb cn pub`fmfs.

;93/

03

[

;;.3 Miælctrh mcb ril pub`fmfs.  Nculætijh  Nculæ tijh rfmifb. [cbfjiún cntrc bf fbturf fbturf y cb fnjah mc scjjiún cn %. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb cn libìlctrhs.

6555

-

;; Miælctrh mcb ril cn pub`fmfs. Miscöh nh rfmifb. Fnjah mc scjjiún nhlinfb (sc mivimc cstc vfbhr cntrc 655 y cstf mfmh cn pub`fmfs).

63 

 

Inmijc mc jfr`f

Cb júmi`h nulérijh inmijf bf læxilf jfr`f quc cb nculætijh pucmc shphrtfr jhn bf vcbhjimfm cspcjidijfmf phr cb sìlkhbh mc vcbhjimfm. Zi bbc`fræ f cxjcmcrsc cstf vcbhjimfm, bf jfr`f mcb nculætijh sc vcræ rcmujimf sc`÷n bfs cspcjidijfjihncs cspcjidijfjihncs mcb dfkrijfntc Ìnmijc

Ìnmijc

Jfr`f

bks.

O`.

Jfr`f

bks.

O`.

0= 03 04 00 01 09 15 16 1; 1: 1= 13 14 10 11 19 95 96 9; 9: 9= 93 94 90 91 99 655 656 65; 65: 65= 653 654

1:5 135 115 965 9=5 945 995 65;5 6535 6505 6655 66:5 6605 6;55 6;:5 6;15 6:;5 6:45 6:95 6=:5 6=15 63;5 6345 6465 6435 6065 6045 61;5 6105 69:5 6915 ;5=5 ;595

:03 :10 =55 =5; =;3 =:0 =35 =4; =03 =10 355 363 3:5 3=3 345 315 455 463 4:5 435 405 495 065 0:5 035 003 155 1;3 135 103 955 9;3 935

6;= 6;3 6;4 6;0 6;1 6;9 6:5 6:6 6:; 6:: 6:= 6:3 6:4 6:0 6:1 6:9 6=5 6=6 6=; 6=: 6== 6=3 6=4 6=0 6=1 6=9 635 636 63; 63: 63= 633 634

:3:9 :4=5 :035 :145 :905 =515 =695 =:55 ==65 =3=5 =405 =165 =9=5 3505 3;55 3:45 3365 3415 31=5 4565 4605 4:95 4465 4015 4935 0605 0:95 0465 01:5 1535 1;05 13=5 11;5

6455 6435 6055 6035 6155 6135 6955 6935 ;555 ;545 ;6;5 ;615 ;;=5 ;:55 ;:45 ;=:5 ;355 ;303 ;435 ;0;3 ;155 ;955 :555 :503 :635 :;35 ::35 :=35 :335 :435 :035 :103 =555

650 651 659 665 666 66; 66: 66= 663 664 660 661 669 6;5 6;6 6;; 6;:

;635 ;;55 ;;05 ;:=5 ;=55 ;=05 ;3:5 ;455 ;415 ;045 ;1:5 ;965 :555 :595 :;55 ::65 :=;5

903 6555 65:5 6545 6595 66;5 6635 6615 6;63 6;35 6;13 6:;5 6:45 6=55 6=35 6355 6335

630 631 639 645 646 64; 64: 64= 643 644 640 641 649 605 606 60;

9595 9:05 9435 99;5 65;55 65=05 65035 665;5 66:35 66495 6;5;5 6;:35 6;095 6:;:5 6:345 6:195

=6;3 =;35 =:03 =355 =4;3 =035 =103 3555 3635 3:55 3=35 3455 3155 4555 4635 4:55

64 

 

ZILKHBH MC TCBHJIMFM

Urcsiún mc Indbfmh

Cb júmi`h mc vcbhjimfm inmijf bf vcbhjimfm quc cb nculæti nculætijh jh pucmc hpcrfr kfgh bfs jhnmijihncs cspcjidijfmfs phr cb dfkrijfntc Zìlkhbh Tcbhjimfm

]FKBF MC JHNTC[ZIÚN Ufrf jhnvcrtir bikrfs/pub`; f oibhpfsjfbcs lubtipbìqucsc lubtipb ìqucsc bfs prilcrfs phr 4.19 (Cgclpbh ;4bk/pub`; Q 4.19 < 609 oUf)

Tcbhjimfm LUA Ol./ a

D @ G

35 33 4;

15 95 655

O B L  N U V [ Z ] S A T W

41 03 15 10 9: 99 653 66; 661 6;= 6:5 635 635

665 6;5 6:5 6=5 635 645 605 615 695 ;55 ;65 ;=5 ;=5 ú læs

Ufrf jhnvcrtir bfs bks/pub`; f kfrcs mivimf bfs prilcrfs cntrc 6=.3 (Cgclpbh7 43bk/pub`; /6=.3 < =.3 kfrcs)

Jbfsidijfjiún mc Jfpfs

b.p.j.

kfr

oUf

b.p.j.

kfr

oUf

63 ;; ;9 :4 == 36 31 43 0: 15 10 9= 665; 5; 6659 59

6.55 6.33 ;.55 ;.33 :.55 :.33 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3

655 635 ;55 ;35 :55 :35 =55 =35 355 335 455 435 055 035

66644 6;: ;: 6:6 6::11 6=3 63; 645 640 60= 616 619 694 ;5:

3 5 3 5 = 9 65.= 65.1 66.: 66.1 6;.: 6;.0 6:.;

155 135 955 935 6555 6535 6655 6635 6;55 6;35 6:55 6:35 6=55

Cb júmi`h jfpfs cb n÷l n÷lcrh crh mc mc jfpfs cn rcprcscntf cb nculætijh

= 4 1 65 6; 6= 64 61 ;5

K J M C D @ A G O 

]FKBF MC JHNTC[ZIHNCZ Zi jhnhjc Libìlctrhs Jcntìlctrhs Oibúlctrhs Uub`fmfs Uub`fmfs Uics Bitrhs Bitrhs Jufrtf @fbún Oibh`rflhs Bikrfs Libbfs / ahrf Jcbsius Dfarcnacit Dfarcna cit

Lubtipbiqu Lubtipbiqucc phr

Cnjhntrfræ

5.5= 5.:9 5.4; ;3.= ;.3= :5.=1 6.54 5.;4 5.93 :.09 ;.;6 5.=3 6.46 x 6,1 + :; -:; x 5,334

Uub`fmfs Uub`fmfs Libbfs Libìlctrhs Jcntìlctrhs Jcntìlctrhs Jufrtf @fbún Bitrhs Bitrhs Bikrfs Oibh`rflhs Ol. / Ar. Dfarcnacit Dfarcnacit Jcbsius

60 

 

JFUÌ]SBH = JSIMFMH MC BHZ NCSLÆ]IJHZ =.6 Juimfmh y lfntcnilicnth mc bhs nculætijhs Snf vcz quc sc af scbcjjihnfmh cb nculætijh, mckc jcrjihrfrsc mc mfrbc un lfntcnilicnth fmcjufmh. Bf murfjiún mc un nculætijh mcpcnmc tfnth mc jhnmijihncs mc ush jhlh mc bfs jfrfjtcrìstijfs prhpifs mcb vcaìjubh quc bf shphrtf. Sstcm pucmc afjcr lujah pfrf prhbhn`fr bf vimf mc bhs nculætijhs y `frfntizfr su sc`urimfm. Fb`unhs fspcjths quc mckc jhnsimcrfr shn7  FBINCFJIÚN Cs un scrvijih inmispcnsfkbc pfrf lfntcncr bf cstfkibimfm y murfkibimfm mcb nculætijh. Mckc afjcrsc fprhxilfmflcntc jfmf 65,555 ol. Snf lfbf fbincfjiún sucbc scr bf lfyhr jfusf mc mcs`fstcs irrc`ubfrcs, shkrc thmh si cb nculætijh prcscntf æn`ubhs mc jhnvcr`cnjif y mivcr`cnjif, sc`÷n cb jfsh. Zi bf mircjjiún ticnmc f irsc mc un bfmh f htrh h cb vhbfntc ticnc mclfsifmh ‒guc`h“ y nh rc`rcsf f su phsijiún hri`infb mcspués mc un `irh, jhn sc`urimfm bhs nculætijhs mcbfntcrhs cstæn mcsfbincfmhs. KFBFNJCH Bfs bbfntfs ducrf mc kfbfnjch pucmcn pcrmcr libcs mc oibúlctrhs mc vimf ÷tib. Ufrf bh`rfr cb lcghr mcsclpcöh mc unf bbfntf cs ncjcsfrih quc cb pcsh mcb jhngunth bbfntf-rin csté mistrikuimh unidhrlclcntc. Snf pfrtc pcsfmf cn bf bbfntf y cb cnsflkbc (jhngunth bbfntf-rin) mckcræ scr kfbfnjcfmf jhn prcjisiún. Cstc cs un prhjcmilicnth phr lcmih mcb jufb sc fgustfn bhs pcshs mc bf bbfntf y mcb in pfrf lfntcncr un cquibikrih jhrrcjth cntrc flkhs. Cxistcn mhs tiphs mc kfbfnjch. Cb prilcrh cs cb cstætijh, cn cb jufb sc jhbhjfn pcqucöhs pcshs cn cb rin pfrf jhntrfrrcstfr cstc mcscquibikrih. Cb htrh tiph cs cb minælijh quc thlf cn jucntf bf mistrikujiún mcb pcsh quc mckc föfmirsc f bf rucmf pfrf bh`rfr cstfkibimfm. Zi bfs rucmfs nh cstæn kfbfnjcfmfs sudriræn mcs`fstc prclfturh, fmclæs mc prhmujir vikrfjihncs jhnmujir.

c

injhlhmimfm

fb

[H]FJIÚN MC BFZ BBFN]FZ Ufsfr bhs nculætijhs mcb cgc mc trfjjiún f bhs cgcs nh trfjtivhs jhntrikuyc f fulcntfr su murfkibimfm y fbfr`fr su vimf afstf cn un ;5%, siclprc y jufnmh thmhs bhs nculætijhs scfn mcb lislh tiph. Zc rcjhlicnmf afjcrbh cntrc bhs 3 lib t 65 lib Oibhlctrhs.

]rfjjiún éxijh M.D.mcbfntcrf

61

 

 

Bf téjnijf kæsijf mc rhtfjiún cs un silpbc pftrún ‒Q“ pfrf futhlúvibcs y jflihnctfs. Cn vcaìjubhs mc trfjjiún mcbfntcrf phr cgclpbh, bf bbfntf trfscrf izquicrmf vf fb bu`fr mc bf mcbfntcrf mcrcjaf y bf bbfntf trfscrf mcrcjaf f bf mcbfntcrf izquicrmf? bfs bbfntfs mcbfntcrfs sc lucvcn mircjtflcntc f bf pfrtc trfscrf. Bh jhntrfrih sc fpbijf pfrf vcaìjubhs mc trfjjiún trfscrf Cn cb jfsh mc jflihncs y vcaìjubhs pcsfmhs, sc rcjhlicnmf fpbijfr bf si`uicntc téjnijf Nh hbvimc quc bf rhtfjiún mckcræ afjcrsc cntrc bbfntfs mcb lislh tiph

=.6.6 U[HKBCLFZ LCJÆNIJHZ JHNTC[@CNJIF Zi`nidijf quc bhs khrmcs mcbfntcrhs mc bfs bbfntfs mcbfntcrfs trfscrfs trfscrhs. cstæn læs Bf jcrjfnhs cntrc sì quc bhs hkhrmcs jhnvcr`cnjif jhntrfrrcstf bf tcnmcnjif mc bfs bbfntfs mcbfntcrfs f mivcr`ir jufnmh un futhlúvib fbjfnzf vcbhjimfmcs fbtfs. ]hmhs bhs vcaìjubhs mc trfnsphrtc vicncn jhn unf jhnvcr`cnjif phsitivf pfrf quc fb cstfr cn lhvilicnth, bfs rucmfs ticnmfn f qucmfr pfrfbcbfs. Csth hjurrc phrquc cb cgc mcbfntcrh, fb scr clpugfmh , pcrlitc unf fkcrturf mc bfs rucmfs, mcntrh mc bhs bìlitcs mc hpcrfjiún mc bhs jhlphncntcs mc bf mircjjiún. Uhr bh tfnth si bfs tcrlinfbcs cstuvicrcn dbhgfs læs mc bh nhrlfb tcnmcræn f fkrirsc læs, `cncrfnmh jhnvcr`cnjif nc`ftivf Zi cb mcs`fstc mcb nculætijh fpfrcjc f pfrtir mcb ahlkrh cxtcrnh, inmijfræ jhnvcr`cnjif phsitivf cn cxjcsh MITC[@CNJIF Zi`nidijf quc bhs khrmcs trfscrhs mc bfs bbfntfs, yf scfn mcb cgc trfscrh h mcbfntcrh, cstfræn læs jcrjf cntrc sì quc bhs khrmcs mcbfntcrhs. Bf mivcr`cnjif sc

69 

 

usf jhlunlcntc cn fuths mc trfjjiún mcbfntcrf pfrf jhntrfrrcstfr bf tcnmcnjif f jhnvcr`cr licntrfs sc jhnmujc f vcbhjimfmcs fbtfs. Fb`unf mivcr`cnjif cs ncjcsfrif pfrf quc bhs futhlúvibcs vircn. Cb æn`ubh mc mivcr`cnjif cn jurvfs, rcsubtfntc mc bf injbinfjiún mc bhs krfzhs fuxibifrcs mcb sistclf mc mircjjiún, pcrlitc quc bf rucmf intcrnf cn bf jurvf, virc læs quc bf cxtcrnf, si bfs mhs cntrfscn f bf jurvf cn pfrfbcbh, bf rucmf intcrnf sudrirìf un frrfstrc bftcrfb, mc fducrf afjif fmcntrh. Csth cs mckimh f quc bf cxtcrnf jhlfnmf bf jurvf, mfmf bf trfnsdcrcnjif mc pcsh shkrc bf lislf y bf intcrnf nh tcnmrìf htrf sfbimf quc frrfstrfrsc pfrf fjhlpföfrbf cn bf jurvf Zi sc ticncn fvcrìfs cn bhs krfzhs fuxibifrcs, cstfræn fdcjtfmfs bf jhnvcr`cnjif y bf mivcr`cnjif cn jurvfs, flkfs prhmujicnmh cb lislh sìnthlf mc mcs`fstc cn bhs nculætijhs (mcs`fstc csjflfmh f pfrtir mc bhs ahlkrhs intcrnhs, cn mircjjiún fb jcntrh mc bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth). Csth hjurriræ phrquc bfs rucmfs sc fkriræn lfs mc bf ncjcsfrih JFLKC[ Jflkcr cs cb æn`ubh quc dhrlfn phr unf pfrtc unf bìncf ilf`infrif mc bf rucmf jhn unf bìncf vcrtijfb y pcrpcnmijubfr fb pish. Cb jflkcr pucmc scr afjif mcntrh (jflkcr nc`ftivh) h afjif ducrf (jflkcr phsitivh). ]hmhs bhs vcaìjubhs mc trfnsphrtc vicncn jhn jflkcr phsitivh, pucs jufnmh cb vcaìjubh rcjikc su jfr`f y cs pucsth cn lhvilicnth, bf tcnmcnjif mc bfs rucmfs cs mc fkrirsc cn bf pfrtc indcrihr. Cb æn`ubh mc jflkcr mfmh cn cb vcaìjubh cs jfbjubfmh pfrf quc bfs rucmfs qucmcn bh læs prúxilh mc bf vcrtijfb phsikbc jufnmh cbbfs cstæn cn lhvilicnth (sin qucmfr nc`ftivfs), y cs mfmh cn bf dunmijiún mcb lfn`h mcb cgc. Uhr csh nh cs rc`ubfkbc. Jufnmh cb cgc sc mcsvìf phr shkrcjfr`f, cb jflkcr qucmf nc`ftivh y cb mcs`fstc mc bhs nculætijhs sc prhmujiræ f pfrtir mc bhs ahlkrhs intcrnhs, csth cs phrquc bfs rucmfs afkræn qucmfmh luy fkicrtfs cn bf pfrtc indcrihr Cb mcs`fstc phr jflkcr injhrrcjth sc fjcnt÷f cn bhs ahlkrhs mcb nculætijh, nh shbh phr bf fbtcrfjiún mc bf mistrikujiún pcsh, `irfnmh si nh prinjipfblcntc phr `cncrfr mhs miælctrhs midcrcntcs miri`imhs phr cb rfmihmcindcrihr, cn thrnh fb lislh cgc. Cb miælctrh lcnhr tcnmræ quc frrfstrfrsc un phjh læs cn jfmf vucbtf pfrf lfntcncrsc fjhlpföfmh jhn cb lfyhr. Cstc mcs`fstc, funquc cs f pfrtir mc bhs ahlkrhs jhlh cn cb jfsh mc bf jhnvcr`cnjif, sc midcrcnjif phr scr mc tiph bish (frrfstrc mircjjihnfb y nh bftcrfb)

=.; [CJHLCNMFJIHNCZ UF[F CB INDBFMH MC BHZ NCSLÆ]IJHZ Snf prcsiún mc indbfmh fprhpifmf cs bf præjtijf læs ilphrtfntc mc lfntcnilicnth pfrf fsc`urfr unf bfr`f vimf mcb nculætijh. Zi ustcm utibizf bhs nculætijhs rcjhlcnmfmhs phr cb dfkrijfntc mcb vcaìjubh cnthnjcs siclprc lfntcn`f bf prcsiún mc firc inmijfmf phr cb lislh. Zi mcjimc jflkifr bhs nculætijhs phr htrhs quc nh shn rcjhlcnmfmhs phr cb dfkrijfntc mcb vcaìjubh, cnthnjcs tcnmræ quc fgustfrsc f bfs inmijfjihncs mcb dfkrijfntc mcb nculætijh.

;5 

 

KFGF U[CZIÚN Snf `rfn jfntimfm mc futhlhvibistfs jirjubfn jhn bhs nculætijhs phr mckfgh mc bf prcsiún jhrrcjtf, bh quc hjfsihnf incstfkibimfm murfntc bf lfrjaf, mcs`fstc fjcbcrfmh cn bhs cxtrclhs mc bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth, fulcnth cn cb jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc y kfgf rcspucstf cn situfjihncs mc drcnfmh Bf kfgf prcsiún mc firc cn bhs nculætijhs `cncrf un cxjcsh mc jfbhr intcrnh bh quc hjfsihnf un mcjrclcnth cn læs bf murfkibimfm mc cn bhsbhslftcrifbcs Uhr htrhirrc`ubfr bfmh, cbmcnculætijh tcnmræ un mcs`fstc prhnunjifmh ahlkrhs, lislhs. mfmh cb jhntfjth bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth jhn cb pfvilcnth. Afkræ tflkién pérmimf mc bf rcnhvfkibimfm pucs bf dfti`f mc bf jfrjfzf h jfsjh scræ lfyhr, injbusivc sc pucmc bbc`fr f bf pérmimf prclfturf mc bf jfrjfzf. Cb cxjcsh mc dbcxiún cn bhs jhstfmhs mckimh f bf kfgf prcsiún bbcvf f bf rhturf jirjundcrcnjifb h f`rictflicnth cn bf jfrjfzf.  Fmclæs bf kfgf prcsiún jhntrikuyc fb injrclcnth cn cb jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc yf quc bf kfnmf rhmfntc ticnc lfyhr jhntfjth jhn cb pfvilcnth bh quc sc trfmujc cn unf lfyhr rcsistcnjif fb rhmflicnth CQJCZH MC U[CZIÚN Uhr cb jhntrfrih si sc trfnsitf jhn shkrcprcsiún, bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth sc mcs`fstf cn cb jcntrh, yf quc cs bf ÷nijf pfrtc mc su supcrdijic quc afjc jhntfjth jhn cb sucbh. Cbbh midijubtf bf lfnihkrfkibimfm y rcmujc bf rcspucstf mcb sistclf mc mircjjiún. Fmclæs rcpcrjutc cn bf cstfkibimfm `cncrfb mcb futhlúvib Jufnmh bf prcsiún mc firc mcb nculætijh cs cxjcmimf, bf murfkibimfm mcb lislh sc rcmujc yf quc prhpijifræ quc cxistf læs firc jfbicntc mcntrh mcb nculætijh. Zc prcscntf un mcs`fstc lfyhr cn cb jcntrh mcb nculætijh, yf quc cb fphyh cn cstc punth cs lfyhr mckimh fb frquch quc

sudrc

bf

kfnmf

mc rhmflicnth.

Mircjjiún mc ]rfnsphrtc JflJhnfc kcr nc`ftivh

Jflkcr phsitivh

;6 

 

Jhn cb cxjcsh mc prcsiún, cb nculætijh sc thrnf læs susjcptikbc f mföhs phr ilpfjth. Zu jfpfjimfm mc fkshrjiún mislinuyc f rfzún invcrsf mcb fulcnth mc bf prcsiún pumicnmh sudrir rhturfs cn bf jfrjfzf. Cb fspcjth mc sc`urimfm sc vcrf fdcjtfmh mckimh f bf phjf mcdhrlfjiún mcb nculætijh bh quc hjfsihnfræ quc nh cxistf un kucn jhntfjth cntrc bf kfnmf y bf supcrdijic mc rhmflicnth afjicnmh pcbi`rhsh cb lfncgh. U[CZIÚN JH[[CJ]F Jufnmh bf prcsiún cs jhrrcjtf, bhs nculætijhs ticncn lcghr f`frrc, shphrtfn lcghr bhs kfjacs y cb pcsh mc bf jfr`f, trfkfgfn f tclpcrfturfs læs kfgfs bh quc cvitf un mcs`fstc prclfturh y bh læs ilphrtfntc, jhntrikuycn fb fahrrh mc jhlkustikbc. Uhr cbbh cs ilphrtfntc quc siclprc jacquc cb nivcb mc prcsiún mc bhs nculætijh. Aæ`fbh jufnmh csths cstén drìhs yf scf jufnmh cb vcaìjubh afyf rcjhrrimh lcnhs mc6 ol., h kicn : ahrfs mcspués mc afkcr dinfbizfmh cb rcjhrrimh. Nh hbvimc jacjfr tflkién cb nculætijh mc rcpucsth (mc rcdfjjiún). Cs rcjhlcnmfkbc quc rcvisc bf prcsiún fb lcnhs jfmf sclfnf, jufnmh vfyf f rcfbizfr un vifgc jhn jfr`f y/h fntcs mc afjcr un vifgc bfr`h =.: CDCJ]HZ MC BF ZHK[CJF[@F 

 Fb`unfs vcjcs sc jhndunmc bf shkrcjfr`f jhn bf dfbtf mc prcsiún. Bf shkrcjfr`f sc mf jufnmh cb pcsh injimcntc shkrc cb nculætijh cxjcmc bh cspcjidijfmh cn su jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f, inmcpcnmicntclcntc mc bf prcsiún jhn bf jufb pucmc cstfr. Jhlh nh sc mckc jfbikrfr fb nculætijh jhn prcsiún phr frrikf mc bf læxilf inmijfmf cn bf tfkbf pfrf su jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f, nhrlfblcntc bhs ; prhkbclfs sc sulfn. Uhr csth, bf shkrcjfr`f pucmc mfr jhlh rcsubtfmh pérmimfs f÷n læs fjcntufmfs quc bf kfgf prcsiún fisbfmf. Cb prilcr cdcjth mc bf shkrcjfr`f cs bf pérmimf mc oibhlctrfgc. Cn bf `rædijf sc hkscrvf quc unf shkrcjfr`f mc fpcnfs cb 65%, prhvhjf unf pcrmimf mcb 63% cn bf vimf ÷tib mcb nculætijh. Fmclæs, cb jhnsulh mc jhlkustikbc fulcntf y sc jfusfn cvcntufbcs mföhs prclfturhs cn bf jfrjfzf bh quc prhvhjf bf pcrmimf mc rcnhvfkibimfm. Zi ustcm cxjcmc cb bilitc mc jfr`f mcb nculætijh, hjfsihnfræ un cxjcsh mc prcsiún. Csth prhvhjfrf un frquch irrc`ubfr mcb nculætijh, rcsubtfnmh tflkién cn unf pcrmimf mc jhntfjth, trfjjiún y fmacrcnjif, jhn mcs`fstc læs prhnunjifmh cn cb jcntrh mc bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth. Cb nculætijh sc vucbvc, f÷n læs susjcptikbc f mföhs phr ilpfjths. Uhr htrh bfmh, unf kfgf prcsiún tflkién hjfsihnf pérmimf mc vimf ÷tib mcb nculætijh. Cn bf lislf `rædijf, sc hkscrvf quc unf dfbtf mc ;5% mc prcsiún (15% mc bf prcsiún cspcjidijfmf) bbcvf f unf pcrmimf mcb ;3% (03% mc scrvijih) cn cb rcnmilicnth mcb nculætijh. Jhn bf kfgf prcsiún cb nculætijh sc dbcxihnfræ y nh tcnmræ un fjhpbflicnth jhrrcjth jhn cb sucbh, mcs`fstænmhsc læs cn bhs ahlkrhs y pcrmicnmh cb jhntfjth ncjcsfrih pfrf bf trfjjiún y fmacrcnjif fmcjufmfs.

;; 

 

Bf dbcxiún prhnunjifmf mcb nculætijh cn lhvilicnth fulcntf su tclpcrfturf intcrnf y cb csducrzh shkrc bf jfrjfzf, jfusfn fmclæs fulcnth mc jhlkustikbc y mcs`fstc cn bf kfnmf mc rhmflicnth.

=.= F[[C@BHZ MSFBCZ  Jfmf bbfntf mc un jhngunth ‒yhyh“ mckc tcncr cb lislh miælctrh quc su jhlpföcrf. Zi ducrfn midcrcntcs, bf lfyhr qucmfræ jhn unf jfr`f mcsprhphrjihnfmf y bf lcnhr tcnmræ un fscntflicnth irrc`ubfr shkrc cb sucbh, prcscntfmh un mcs`fstc lubticsjflfmh. Murfjiún mc bf bbfntf cn %   n 655   c   f    t   n 15   f    b    b   f 45    b   c   %    m   n =5    ú    i   j   f ;5   r   u    M

Jufnmh cxistc un lfb pfrch cntrc bhs jhngunths cn cb lislh cgc, bf lcnhr nh súbh tcnmræ unf jfr`f mcsprhphrjihnfmf, fmclæs mfræ un n÷lcrh lfyhr mc vucbtfs pfrf fbjfnzfr f bf lfyhr, bh jufb prhvhjfræ prhkbclfs cn cb midcrcnjifb.

5

  5   6  5   ;  5   :  5   =  5   3  5   4  5   0  5   1  5   9  5   5  5  6  5   ;  5   :  5  =  5   3  5  6  6  6  6  6  6

Urcsiún cn %

Bfs bbfntfs nh mckcn tcncr midcrcnjifs lfyhrcs mc 0 libìlctrhs mc miælctrh

h cn ;6 rucmfs l libibìl ìlctr ctrhs hs mc mcjfusf pc pcrì rìlct lctrh rh jhn jhn rcbfjiún f su pfrcgf. Cb lfb pfrch phr frrikf mcb bìlitc mufbcs, cxjcsh mc jfr`f cn bf bbfntf lfyhr y mcs`fstc cxjcsivh phr frrfstrc cn bf lcnhr. Stibijc siclprc nculætijhs mc bf lislf lcmimf y mcb lislh tiph cn cgcs mufbcs. ]flphjh lhntc bbfntfs cn rincs jhn midcrcntc lcmimf fb mc bf bbfntf. Nh lczjbc nculætijhs rfmifbcs jhn jhnvcnjihnfbcs cn cb lislh cgc, mckimh f quc éstfs ticnc jhlphrtflicnths midcrcntcs. Jhnsimcrc cb cspfjih lìnilh cntrc bhs nculætijhs mc bhs mufbcs h yhyhs quc bc rcjhlicnmf cb dfkrijfntc, yf quc fsì cvitfrìf jfbcntflicnth mc bfs lislfs trfmujiénmhsc cn pcrmimf mc vimf ÷tib mc sus nculætijhs.

=.3 ]FKBF MC U[CZIHNCZ Y JF[@F  Jfmf dfkrijfntc mc nculætijhs ticnc su prhpif tfkbf mc prcsiún y jfr`f, vfrifnmh sc`÷n bfs milcnsihncs y cstrujturf mc bhs nculætijhs. Cb ush mc cstfs tfkbfs cs kfstfntc scnjibbh. Urilcrh mctcrlinc bf læxilf jfr`f quc su nculætijh shphrtf. Mcspués kusquc cn bf tfkbf bf jfr`f læs jcrjfnf, pcrh quc scf bi`crflcntc lfyhr quc bf jfr`f rcfb mc su nculætijh. Bf prcsiún mc bf pfrtc supcrihr, cs bf lìnilf prcsiún pfrf csf jfr`f.  Fnfbijclhs cb ush mc bf tfkbf thlfnmh jhlh cgclpbh cb nculætijh 66.55[;; mc un dfkrijfntc ‒x“7

;: 

 

]FKBF MC JF[@FZ Y U[CZIHNCZ UF[F NCSLÆ]IJHZ [FMIFBCZ   Lcmimf

Uhsijiún

Urcsiún mc indbfmh (bks/pb`);  15 13 95 93 655 655 653 Jfpfjimfm mc jfr`f phr bbfntf

05

03

65.55[;5 Zilpbcs Mhkbcs

;533 6913

;643 ;503

;;43 ;645 ;645

;:05 ;:05 ;;=3

;=43 ;:;5

;345 ;=53 ;=53

;435 ;=15 ;=15

66.55[;5 Zilpbcs Mhkbcs 66.55[;; Zilpbcs Mhkbcs

;;=5 ;605 ;:03 ;:53

;:45 ;;43 ;353 ;=53

;=05 ;:33 ;4;3 ;353 ;353

;315 ;==3 ;0=5 ;0=5 ;455

;413 ;3:3 ;133 ;493

;013 ;4;1 ;945 ;013 ;013

;195 ;053 :505 ;105 ;105

665

663

6;5

;0=5 ;333

;1:5 ;4:5

;963

:555 :555

;995 ;095 :603 ;945

:515 ;143 :;03 :535

:615 ::03

:;43 :=03 :=03

Ufrf jfr`fs mc afstf ;133 o`. shkrc cstc nculætijh, lhntfmf cn cgc scnjibbh sc rcjhlicnmf unf prcsiún mc 95 bks/pb`;. Jufnmh sc lhntf cn cgc mufb jhn bf lislf jfr`f, bf prcsiún mckcræ scr mc 655 bks/pb`;. Jhlh sc pucmc hkscrvfr, un lislh nculætijh vfrìf mc prcsiún pfrf bf lislf jfr`f cn dunjiún mc su phsijiún. Cn bhs cgcs mufbcs (mhkbcs), mhnmc sc fphyf bf jfr`f trfnsphrtfmf, bf prcsiún cs lfyhr. Cb lhtivh pfrf csth cs cb fprhvisihnflicnth pfrf bf trfnsdcrcnjif mcb pcsh cn jurvfs, yf quc cn cstf jhnmijiún bf pfrtc trfscrf mcb vcaìjubh trfnsdicrc læs quc bf mcbfntcrf. Cn cgcs mufbcs cb bìlitc mc jfr`f cs lcnhr jhlh prcvisiún mc lfr`cn mc sc`urimfm. Zi un nculætijh picrmc prcsiún, bfs mclæs tcnmræn futhlætijflcntc un fulcnth mc pcsh, cb jufb scræ shphrtfmh phr cb lfr`cn fmijihnfb mc sc`urimfm.

;= 

 

KIKBIH@[FDIF Lfnufb mc indhrlfjiún téjnijf pfrf bbfntfs mc jfliún. Dircsthnc. ]rfmujjiún7 Aubcrf Cb Jcntcnfrih. Léxijh M.D. Zcpticlkrc mc 6919. Csjucbf mc bbfntfs. Jhlpföìf Aubcrf @hhmycfr Hxh Z.F. mc J.T. @uìf kæsijf mc bbfntfs. Lijacbin. @uìf mc fnæbisis mc jhnmijihncs pfrf bbfntf (nculætijh rfmifb). ]ac Lfintcnfnjc Jhunjib. S.Z.F. 6993.  Fpuntcs mc nculætijhs. Nfjihnfb bbfntcrf Z.F. Jhlpibfmhr7 Frlfnmh Lfrtìncz Jfsfnhvfs

;3