Manual de Ing Empresarial

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

FMHLMFLZÁO LA^ZLTOZFOC

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

FMHLMFLZFO LA^ZLTOZFOC — HZ\^I F@OP 

LCOJIZO@I ^IZ7 ^ZIE. HFMO AIZF ZIGOT ^ZIE. DZBFTPFOM ^IZP\HOC ^ZIE. TLZHFI PLCCLZFO TLHOCO

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

FM@FDL \MF@O@ F DO^FP\CI F

FMPZI@\DDFIM O CO FMHLMFLZFO LA^ZLTOZFOC.

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CO LA^ZLTO.

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TIDFICIHÁO @L CO LA^ZLTO.

DO^FP\CI U

^COM @L MLHIDFIT.

DO^FP\CI UF

AOZKLPFMH ^OZO COT LA^ZLTOT F

DO^FP\CI UFF

AOZKLPFMH ^OZO COT LA^ZLTOT FF.

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BLZZOAFLMPOT @L CO O@AFMFTPZODFIM AI@LZMO.

DO^FP\CI RF

FMPLHZODFIM @L ZLD\ZTIT AOPLZFOCLT.

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FMPLHZODFIM @L ZLD\ZTIT B\AOMIT.

DO^FP\CI RF DO^FP\CI RFF

FMPLCFHLMDFO LAIDFIMOC. LT^FZFP\ LA^ZLM@L@IZ.

DO^FP\CI RFFF

PZOJOGI LM L_\F^I.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

^ZLTLMPODFIM  Lc prls prlslm lmtl tl aotl aotlrf rfoc oc bo sf`i sf`i lcoj lcojir iro` o`i i dim dim co efefmo mocfcf`o `o` ` `l jrfm jrfm`o `orc rcl l oc lstu`fomt lstu `fomtl l `l Diaputodfô Diaputodfôm m l Fmeiraïtfd Fmeiraïtfdo o cis dimidfaflmtis dimidfaflmtis dco dcovls vls sijrl lc dursi `l Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc, lstl tlxti lstï irflmto`i jïsfdoalmtl o cis ocu cuam ami is `lc tl tlrd rdlr lr dfd fdci ci,, pu pul ls lccis ccis dulm lmto tom m dim di dim mid idfa fafl flm mtis tis `l o`afmfstrodfôm.

Lc tlxti sl `fvf`l `fvf`l lm `is umf`o`ls y trldl dopátucis, lm lm do`o umi `l `l lccis sl lxpimlm cis tlaos `l aomlro rlsuaf`o, trotom`i `l rlsoctor cis ospldtis aïs fapirt fap irtomt omtls ls `l do` do`o o tlao. tlao. Do` Do`o o dco dcosl sl slrï slrï di diapc apcla lalmt lmto`o o`o dim co po portl rtl prïdtfdo `lc dursi.

Lc ocuami tlm`rï co dopodf`o` `l cidocfzor cis pumtis eulrtls i `æjfcls `lc alrdo`i, pimflm`i lm aordbo umo f`lo `l mlhidfi y opcfdom`i lc aorkltfmh laprlsorfoc y ti`i ci qul dimcclvo o co o`afmfstrodfôm ai`lrmo.

Fmvftoais o cis lstu`fomtls o lxplrfalmtor lstl aorovfccisi aum`i `l cis mlhidfis, cis dcflmtls, lc alrdo`i, cis trojogo`irls, ltd. V osá dimidlr o÷m aïs `l ci qul cis dimsuaf`irls lsplrom `l cos laprlsos.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

DO^FP\CI F  FMPZI@\DDFIM O CO FMHLMFLZFO LA^ZLTOZFOC

FMHLMFLZFO LA^ZLTOZFOC V CO PLDMICIHFO

Duoc Du ocqu qufl flro ro slo slo su ro roao ao `l odtfv odtfvf` f`o` o`,, do`o do`o la lapr prls lso o ls lstï tï `l `l`f `fdo do`o `o o co tldmiciháo fmeiraïtfdo. Lm lsl dimtlxti, co lsdoslz `l trojogo`irls fmtlcfhlmtls oeldto hcijocalmtl lc eumdfimoaflmti `l cos laprlsos.

 O lsi oÿo`fais qul co o`afmfstrodfôm sl vo tromseiraom`i rïpf`oalmtl. ^lri lm al`fi `l ti`i lsti sl lmdulmtro lc rldursi buaomi, ti`is oqulccis qul plrtlmldlm i fmdf`lm lm lc `lslmvicvfaflmti `l cos odtfvf`o`ls miraocls.

Cos mulvos tlm`lmdfos `l co tldmiciháo opcfdo`os o co laprlso mis plraftfrïm7 

Mulvos lstrotlhfos dialrdfocls.

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 Mulvos vfmducodfimls dim lc dcflmtl.

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Tlhufaflmti.

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 Otlmdfôm oc dcflmtl.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

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 Opirtodfôm `l vocir oÿo`f`i7 oÿo`f`i7 fmeiraodfôm

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 Oapcfodfôm `l mlhidfi7 mulvis alrdo`is.

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 Omïcfsfs `l alrdo`is7 diapltlmdfo.

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^rlslmdfo odtfvo y vfvo.

Co alto `l cos laprlsos ls eiraucorsl julmos lstrotlhfos `l trojogi poro rloc rlocfz fzor or um ju julm lm us usi i `l co coss mu mulv lvos os tl tldm dmic icih iháo áoss ho horo romt mtfz fzïm ïm`i `isl sl os osáá su suplrvfvlmdfo lm lc alrdo`i tlmflm`i um julm rlspoc`i tomti lm docf`o` diai lefdflmdfo y o`laïs osá sl pul`lm oslhuror `l tlmlr æxfti.

Cos laprlsos qul sl lmdulmtrom utfcfzom`i cis mulvis ovomdls tldmicôhfdis7 

Pflmlm um algir rlm`faflmti y lstïm utfcfzom`i `l umo algir aomlro ti`is sus

rldursis.

^ir lglapci lc usi `l cos tlrafmocls jomdorfos lm cis lstojcldfaflmtis cl `o o cis dcflmtls co vlmtogo `l pohor dim su torglto `l dræ`fti sfmi cls ocdomzo su leldtfvi i sfmi cclvom, o`laïs dim lsti toajfæm lc `ulÿi `lc cuhor rlocfzo aïs vlmtos.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

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Vo mi mldlsftom socfr oc jomdi poro rlocfzor tromsoddfimls, pohis i ochumo itro iplrodfimls qul tlmho qul cclvor o doji yo qul pul`lm oddl`lr o co pohfmo `lc jomdi lm co rl` y rlocfzor co iplrodfôm qul mldlsftlm lm lc aialmti qul cls slo aïs dimvlmflmtl lsto ls umo aomlro aïs rïpf`o y lefdflmtl `l cclvorco o doji.

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  Lc usi `l cos mulvos tldmiciháos bo oyu`o`i o qul cos laprlsos dialrdfocfdlm sus pri`udtis tomti o mfvlc modfimoc diai fmtlrmodfimoc sf osá

ci

rlquflrlm.

Cos tldmiciháos bom lvicudfimo`i audbi bosto mulstris tflapis y diai ti`is sojlais lstos slhufrïm drldflm`i `áo dim `áo puls do`o `áo surhl umo mulvo mldlsf`o` osá diai umo mulvo f`lo qul oyu`o o qul cos laprlsos rleulrdlm su

prlstfhfi.

^ZIDLTI O@AFMFTPZOPFUI  Co O`afmfstrodfôm ls um ortl duom`i fmtlrvflml cis dimidfaflmtis lapárfdis. Tfm lajorhi, duom`i sl utfcfzo dimidfaflmti irhomfzo`i, y sl sustlmto co prïdtfdo dim tædmfdos, sl `lmiafmo Dflmdfo. Cos tædmfdos sim lslmdfocalmtl eiraos `l bodlr cos disos, aæti`is poro cihror um `ltlrafmo`i rlsucto`i dim aoyir lefdodfo y lefdflmdfo. Cos Eumdfimls `lc O`afmfstro`ir, diai um pridlsi sfstlaïtfdi; sl lmtflm`l `l co sfhuflmtl aomlro7

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lc @lslaplÿi `l cos eumdfimls dimstftuyl lc ccoao`i dfdci o`afmfstrotfvi, diai sl ijslrvo o dimtfmuodfôm7

Cos eumdfimls eumdfimls `lc o`afmfs o`afmfstro`i tro`ir, r, ls `ldfr lc  pridlsi o`afmfstrotfvi mi sici dimeiraom umo sldulmdfo dádcfdo, puls sl lmdulmtrom rlcodfimo`os lm umo fm fmtl tlro rodd ddfô fôm m `fmï `fmïaf afdo do,, pi pirr ci to tomt mti. i. Lc ^ridlsi O`afmfstrotfvi  ls dádcfdi dádcfdi,, `fmïafdi l fmtlrodtfvi, diai sl aulstro lm lc sfhuflmtl hrïefdi7

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Cos eumdfimls O`afmfstrotfvos lm um lmeiqul sfstæafdi dimeiraom lc pridlsi o`afmfstrotfvi, duom`i sl dimsf`lrom ofsco`oalmtl cis lclalmtis ^comfefdodfôm, Irhomfzodfôm, @frlddfôm @frlddfôm y Dimtric, sim si sici ci eumdfimls o`afmfstrotfvo o`afmfstrotfvoss, duom`i sl dimsf`lrom lstis duotri lclalmtis (^comfefdor, Irhomfzor, @frfhfr y Dimtricor) lm um lmeiqul hcijoc `l fmtlroddfôm poro ocdomzor ijgltfvis, eiraom lc ^ridlsi

O`afmfstrotfvi.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

DO^FP\CI FF

Omïcfsfs `lc Afdri y Aodri Oajflmtl Lxtlrmi y `lc Oajflmtl Fmtlrmi `l co Irhomfzodfôm.

LC AODZIOAJFLMPL LRPLZMI @L CO LA^ZLTO Aodr Ao dri i Oa Oajf jflm lmtl tl Lxtl Lxtlrm rmi i lstï lstï diap diapul ulst sti i pi pirr eulr eulrzo zoss di dims msf` f`lr lro` o`os os fmdimtricojcls plri qul mi sim pclmoalmtl fmdimtricojcls pir co laprlso y poro lcci utfcfzo sus rldursis fmtlrmis poro fmtlmtor dimtricor lstos eulrzos aodri aodr i oajflmt oajflmtocls ocls qul pul`lm pul`lm tlmlr umo fmecu fmeculmdfo lmdfo `frl `frldto dto i fm`frldto fm`frldto lm co laprlso `l cos qul pi`lais ijslrvor o7

Eodtirls @laihrïefdis7

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Tl rleflrl oc lstu`fi `laihrïefdi `l co pijcodfôm `l odulr`i oc slxi, l`o`, hro`i `l fmstruddfôm, fmhrlsi ^lr-dopfto i eoafcfor, idupodfôm, sf sim sictlris, doso`is vfu`is, `fvirdfo`is, dim bfgis, sfm bfgis, ltd.

Co fmtlmdfôm ls qul co laprlso pul`o f`lmtfefdor lc slhalmti `l pijcodfôm oc qul irflmto sus pri`udtis, pir ci qul `ljl `l rlocfzor um omïcfsfs lxboustfvi poro f`lmtfefdor su alrdo`i alto, y ijslrvorci toajfæm oc aialmti `l fmmivor, poro qul co pujcfdf`o` y priaidfôm slo ci algir pisfjcl irflmto`o oc slhalmti `lslo`i, y cihror cis ijgltfvis.

^oro ti`i lsti slrï mldlsorfi lcojiror lstu`fis `l alrdo`i auy duf`o`isis poro `lsdujrfr cis mulvis `lslis y mldlsf`o`ls `l co pijcodfôm, cis duocls sim doajfomtls lm lc tflapi pir aïs lxplrflmdfo qul sl tlmho lm lc mlhidfi. Didi Di di Di Dico co rloc rlocfz fzi i bodl bodl au audb dbás ásfa fais is oÿ oÿis is otrï otrïss um umo o fm fmvl vlst stfh fhod odfô fôm m `l su alrdo`i poro ovlrfhuor co prlelrlmdfo `l sus dcflmtls rlspldti o su pri`udti, y `lsdujrfô qul co hlmtl qulráo umo hosliso aïs `ucdl y dim aïs hos, oc doajfor co eirauco `l su pri`udti, idurrfô qul sl rl`ugi su alrdo`i, y cos aotrfdls `l ti`is cis poásls `lc aum`i cl pl`áom qul cls `flrom co eirauco omtl om tlrf rfir ir poro poro mi rl rl`u `udf dfrr su duit duito o `l vl vlmt mtos os,, pl plri ri ci qul qul lm rloc rlocf` f`o` o` `lsdujrflrim ls qul um slhalmti `l co pijcodfôm aum`foc qulráo co eirauco mulvo y itri slhalmti slhalmti co omtfhuo, ci qul `fi irfhlm oc Dido-Dico tro`fdfimoc y o co mulvo Dido-Dico; y lcci oualmti sus vlmtos oc lmvfor cos `is eiraucos o ocos aotrfdls dim dcosfefdodfôm `l `is pri`udtis `fstfmtis, lcci trogi dimsfhi o co Dido-Dico eoafcfor, co Dido-Dico `l cftri y al`fi, co `l `is cftris, co `l trls cftris y co `l lmvosl `lsdortojcl

@ljl @l jlai aiss `l di dims msf` f`lr lror or qul qul cos cos ai ai`o `oss do doaj ajfo fom, m, di diai ai do doaj ajfo fom m co coss hlmlrodfimls, osá diai cos mulvos hlmlrodfimls qul idupom y iduporom mulvis pulstis `l trojogi y sim pitlmdfocls diapro`irls, puls lccis sflaprl ??

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

qulrrïm slr `felrlmtls y sim aïs lvicudfimo`is qul hlmlrodfimls omtlrfirls pir su l`udodfôm y cis ovomdls tldmicôhfdis, o`laïs qul rlprlslmtom co aoyir aoso pijcodfimoc y cos laprlsos tlm`rïm qul sotfseodlr sus mulvos mldlsf`o`ls.

Cis Eodtir Ldimôafdi 7

@l cos qul pi`lais dimsf`lror o co fmecodfôm, co toso `l fmtlræs, lc dfdci `lc mlhidfi, lc ^FJ, lc `lslapcli. Duïc ls lc mfvlc `l fmhrlsi y hosti `lc alrdo`i.

Lm lstis ÷ctfais oÿis cos laprlsos trotom `l drldlr oc rftai diai aámfai `lc drldfaflmti `lc ^JF, oapcfor co pri`uddfôm lm tærafmis pirdlmtuocls oc qul drldl lc fmhrlsi plrsimoc y eoafcfor, osá diai lc `l sus vlmtos y tiaom lxplrflmdfos `l sus odtfvf`o`ls lm oÿis omtlrfirls poro `fdtor sus picátfdos `l drldfaflmti.

o.?) Co Fmecodfôm7

Co fmecodfôm diai sl sojl ls um fmdrlalmti dimtfmui y dimstomtl lm lc mfvlc hlmlroc `l cis prldfis; pir lsi duom`i co fmecodfôm ls octo, sl pul`l fmeculmdfor  lm cis diapro`irls poro qul diaprlm obiro, yo qul cis prldfis sujfrïm `lspuæs; duom`i boy fmecodfôm octo ls lmtimdls co hlmtl diapro o dirti pcozi, y sl rleuhfo miraocalmtl lm umo aiml`o eulrtl i lstojcl , lm lstl dosi lm Luriss i lm @ôcorls; Luri @ôcorls; plri duom`i co fmecodfôm fmecodfôm ls jogo jogo,, co hlmtl diapro o corhi pcozi y sl orrflsho o diapror doso, outis, o`laïs duom`i boy fmecodfôm qul

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

oeldto cis fmhrlsis `l cos plrsimos, sl `lsfmdlmtfvo lc obirri lm aiml`o modfimoc. Ls lmtimdls qul co laprlso tflml qul fmhlmfïrslcos poro slhufr vlm`flm`i lm tflapis `l fmecodfôm, `o`i qul o prldfis aïs octis cos laprlsos tflm`lm o vlm`lr almis, o rl`udfr distis y o `lspl`fr plrsimoc poro sijrlvfvfr lm lc alrdo`i.

j) Poso `l Fmtlræs7

Co toso `l fmtlræs ls itri `l cis eodtirls qul cos laprlsos `ljlm aomlgor, pulsti qul duom`i co toso `l fmtlræs ls octo, co hlmtl diapro o dirti pcozi y mi sl orrflsho audbi lm cos fmvlrsfimls, plri duom`i co toso `l fmtlræs jomdorfi ls rlcotfvoalmtl jogo, co hlmtl sl orrflsho y diapro o corhi pcozi, diaprom`i dosos `lportoalmtis, outis, cos laprlsos rlocfzom fmvlrsfimls, y diaprom aoqufmorfos osá diai tldmiciháo poro lc `lsorriccor fmmivodfimls y vorfl`o` `l pri`udtis.

d) Dfdci ldimôafdi7

Lc df dfdc dci i ldim ldimôa ôafd fdi i dims dimsto to `l pris prispl plrf rf`o `o`, `, rl rldl dlsf sfôm ôm,, `l `lpr prls lsfô fôm m y  rlduplrodfôm.

Lm co prisplrf`o` ti`i vo jflm cos vlmtos oualmtom, cis fmhrlsis algirom y co laprlso vo auy jflm, ci qul boy qul bodlr ls qul co hlmtl tlmho lm almtl mulstri pri`udti poro qul diaprl lc mulstri y mi lc `l co diapltlmdfo, diai pir lglapci co pripohom`o `l blco`is @imôerfi lm lc vlromi.

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lm co rldlsfôm cos vlmtos `fsafmuylm, sl rl`udl cis fmhrlsis, sl rl`udl lc lapcli; rltiaom`i lc lglapci `l cis blco`is, slráo lc lqufvoclmtl oc doajfi `l lstodfôm `l vlromi o itiÿi, lm duyi dosi co laprlso `ljlrï `l fmmivor poro co mulv mu lvo o ls lsto todf dfôm ôm rl rlla lapc pcoz ozom om`i `i co do doá` á`o o `l vl vlmt mto o `l bl blco co`i `iss pi pirr co `l doroalcis hoccltos u itros hicisfmos `l odlptodfôm lm lc alrdo`i, i `l ci dimtrorfi oprivldbom`i umo aoyir vlmto `l hoccltos dim pripohom`o poro co doapoÿo lsdicor. Lm co `lprlsfôm dolm cos vlmtos `l blco`is o su almir mfvlc `uromtl lc oÿi, qul slrï lm lc fmvflrmi, plri co hlmtl poro aomtlmlr lc docir dimsuafrï aos dbidicotls, pir ci qul oualmto co `laom`o `l dbidicotls y slrï lc mlhidfi lm lc qul sl `lstfml co aoyir portl `l cis rldursis co laprlso, aomtlmfæm`isl dim pujcfdf`o` `l co aordo.

Itri `l cis ospldtis ospldtis qul porldlm fcôhfdis ls, qul `ljl bodlrsl pripoho pripohom`o m`o `fsdrlto `l blco`is lm fmvflrmi, poro cfaor co doá`o `l vlmto `l blco`is y aomt ao mtlm lmlr lrsl sl lm vl vlmt mto o lm ti ti`i `iss ci ciss ls lsto tojc jcld ldfa fafl flmt mtis is ci ciss bl blco co`i `iss po poro ro odistuajror o co pijcodfôm oc dimsuai `lc pri`udti eulro `l co tlapiro`o, diai lc dosi `l cos laprlsos `l hoslisos blco`os lm fmvflrmi y lc `l co dlrvlzo, qul toajfæm sl dimsual blco`o lm ti`o lstodfôm `lc oÿi.

Eodtirls sidfocls y ducturocls7

Lm cis eodtirls sidfocls, co pijcodfôm `ljl tlmlr `fmlri y lstor `fspulsto o hostorco, o`laïs qul co hlmtl mi quflrl aïs pri`udtis, sfmi qul quflrl ijtlmlr algirls pri`udtis pri` udtis dim fmmi fmmivodfi vodfimls mls y doaj doajfis fis tldm tldmicôhf icôhfdis; dis; pir ci qul `ljlais `l lstor otlmtis o7

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Fapirtomdfo `l co portfdfpodfôm `l co auglr lm co sidfl`o` ; Co portfdfpodfôm `l co auglr omtfhuoalmtl lro auy cfafto`o, puls sl `l`fdojo o drfor o cis bfgis, ocfalmtorcis, l`udorcis y lstor lm doso; Biy lm `áo co toso `l pijcodfôm `l drld drldfa fafl flmt mti i el elal almf mfmi mi ls ao aoyi yirr qul qul co to toso so `l pi pijc jcod odfô fôm m `l drld drldfa fafl flmt mti i aosducfmi, pir ci qul lccos lstïm portfdfpom`i dim aos eulrzo lm lc lapcli, y bom o`qufrf`i pi`lr ldimôafdi, ls aïs co toso `l lapcli elalmfmi ls aoyir  qul co `lc vorôm, l fmdcusi lstïm diapftflm`i lm odtfvf`o`ls qul sici lrom dimsf`lro`os lxdcusfvos poro cis vorimls; y sf tiaoais dimdflmdfo, lc po`rl ls lc hrom privll`ir, plri lccos cos lspisos toajfæm trojogom, plri mi `lgom `l o`afmfstror co doso ls aïs rlocfzom ti`os cos diapros `l co slaomo y `l `ldiror co doso `l diapror co ripo poro cis bfgis, y `l lmvfor lc dorri o su aomtlmfaflmti, lcfhflm`i lccos ci qul mldlsfto lc bihor; pir lsos rozimls, ls qul cos laprlsos irflmtom co pujcfdf`o` bodfo cos oaos `l doso y o sus bfgos quflmls oyu`om lm cos diapros `l co doso (o al`f`o `l oprlm`fzogl) y cis bfgis vorimls o dorhor cis poqultls.

Cis bïjftis `l dimsuai `l co pijcodfôm ; pir lglapci um pomtocôm gloms, oumqul porlzdo almtfro o mo`fl cl ccoaoráo co otlmdfôm qul lm Lsto`is umf`is ci usl dim opcfdodfimls `l dulri `l vodo, pir qul sl troto `l cis voqulris, lm Aæxfdi o mo`fl cl ccoaoráo co otlmdfôm qul ci uslm dim opcfdodfimls pcotlo`os y `iro`os, pir qul sim cis dborris, y lm lc ^lr÷ o mo`fl cl ccoao co otlmdfôm qul ci uslm ritis y rosho`is pir qul siais cis dbicis, lm duyi dosi mulstros roádls sim lspoÿicos y co ai`o lm hrom portl poro lc ^lr÷ privflml `l Lspoÿo; pir lsi, cis pri`udtirls, `ljlm `l tlmlr lm dulmto qul vlm`lr um afsai pri`udti lm itro ujfdodfôm hlihrïefdo mi ls ci afsai, pir ci qul lm audbi, cis pri`udtis `ljlm `l suerfr ai`fefdodfimls poro qul sl o`optlm oc

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Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

al`f al `fis is vfvl vfvlm` m`fs fs `l `f `fdb dbo o sidf sidfl` l`o` o`,, ti tiao aom` m`i i lm du dulm lmto to ci ciss bï bïjf jfti tiss y distuajrls `l co pijcodfôm, fmdcusi dim ai`fefdodfimls lm cis prldfis.

Co diapro fapucsfvo7 toc ls lc dosi qul, o efm `l als cis vorimls sictlris qul trojogom, y sf ls efm `l slaomo lm ci prfalri qul pflmsom ls lm fr o tiaor umos dlrvlzos dim cis oafhis, y diapoÿlris `l trojogi lm su aoyiráo; y cos auglrls sictlros qul trojogom trojogom y mi trojogom lm fr o vfsftor tflm` tflm`os os `l ripo.

Itri lglapci fapirtomtl ls `ldfrcls qul lm cis dlmtris dialrdfocls duom`i lstoais diaprom`i dim mulstro dorrltfcco, dim um prlsupulsti lstojcldf`i, tlrafmoais diaprom`i disos qul mi bojáoais plmso`i mf tlmf`i lm dulmto lm lc pr prls lsup upul ulst sti, i, pi pirq rqul ul mis mis `oai `oaiss dulm dulmto to lm ls lsl l fm fmst stom omtl tl qu qul l ci mldlsftoais, y pir ci tomti umo diapro fapucsfvo mi ci ls `lc ti`i frr frrodfimoc. odfimoc.

 

Eodtir Pldmicôhfdi7

Lc ovom ovomdl dl `l co tl tldm dmic icih iháo áo mi miss pi piml ml lm um mu mulv lvi i lsdl ls dlmo morf rfi; i; y ls qul qul lc ov ovom omdl dl lm co tldm tldmic icih iháo áo o plraftf`i

lm

cis

÷ctfais

tflapis

um

ovomdl

lxtroir`fmorfi lm cos diaumfdodfimls, lm co fmeiraïtfdo qul lstï doajfom`i co vf`o ldimôafdo `lc aum`i, co eirao `l pri`udfr, lstïm doajfom`i cis pridlsis pri`udtfvis.

Co hcijocfzodfôm, co diapltftfvf`o`, oyu`o o qul sl lvicudfiml do`o vlz aïs; Lc dfdci `l vf`o `l cis pri`udtis ls do`o vlz aïs dirti pir lc octi hro`i `l fmmivodfôm y docf`o` dim qul sl lcojirom; cos laprlsos qul mi `lsorriccom ?5

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

mulvis pri`udtis, lstïm dim`lmo`os oc erodosi, ls aïs, sf cos fm`ustrfos mi tflmlm um `lportoalmti `l fmvlstfhodfôm y `lsorricci poro fmmivor f mmivor y dimvlrtfrsl lc cá`lrls lm lc alrdo`i, sl dimvflrtlm sicoalmtl lm fafto`iros `l cos qul sf rlocfzom fmmivodfimls.

Audbos laprlsos diaprom cos fmmivodfimls `l sus diapltf`irls, suaom cos eirtoclzos y `lsorriccom mulvis pri`udtis dim aïs ropf`lz poro opripforsl `l cis alrdo`is.  

Eodtir ^icátfdis Clhocls7

Co Fmeculmdfos picátfdos `lc lsto`i poro lc `lsorricci `l co laprlso ls auy fapirtomtl, pirqul lcci lstojcldlrï cos dim`fdfimls `lc aordi picátfdi lm qul co laprlso `ldf`o oapcfor su mlhidfi lm lc poás; diai co picátfdo trfjutorfo `lc poás, co picátfdo ldimôafdo, co picátfdo `lc sldtir lm qul sl `lsorriccl co laprlso; `l co afsao eirao co picátfdo hlmlroc `lc hijflrmi, y co tlm`lmdfo u irflmtodfôm picátfdo `lc portf`i qul hijflrml; pirqul lcci otrolrï `ltlrafmo`is dopftocls dopftocls y laprlsos laprlsos poro co fmv fmvlrsfôm lrsfôm lm lc poás.

Poajfæm lc dosi `l cis hrovïalmls lm cis fapulstis oc dopftoc modfimoc diai oc lxt xtro rom mgl glri ri;; lm co ei eira rao o diai iai pul ul` `om oel oeldto dtor ci ciss fa fapu puls lsti tiss y co coss rlhcoalmtodfimls `lc poás lm dulstfôm, pir ci qul tflml qul slr ijslrvo`i pir  portl `l co laprlso poro co tiao `l `ldfsfimls `l fmvlrtfr; sfm `lgor `l co`i cis fmdlmtfvis trfjutorfis i dim`fdfimls `l picátfdo ldimôafdo poro dimvlmflmdfo `l co laprlso; Diai ls lc dosi poro cos Aypls y co mulvo cly `l priaidfôm, osá diai cos lximlrodfimls trfjutorfos poro lc dopftoc prfvo`i modfimoc y lxtromglri, qul `lsorricclm sus odtfvf`o`ls pri`udtfvos lm co sflrro `lc poás o aïs `l 4>>> altris `l octuro lmtrl itris. ?8

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

 

LC AFDZIOAJFLMPL LRPLZMI @L CO LA^ZLTO

Lc afdri oajflmtl lxtlrmi ls dimsf`lro`i diai eulrzos fmdimtricojcls plri mi pclmoalmtl fmdimtricojcls pir cos eulrzos `l co laprlso toc ls lc dosi `l7

Cis ^rivll`irls7

Pi`is oqulccis irhomfsais qul tl privllm poro pi`lr lcojiror tu pri`udti, diai cos aotlrfos prfaos, cis fmsuais, slrvfdfis efmomdflris, u itris, tflmlm um dorïdtlr mlhidfo`ir.

Lxfstlm vorfis tfpis `l privll`irls `l odulr`i o co pisfdfôm qul tlmhom lm lc alrd al rdo` o`i; i; Ls Lsti tiss pul` pul`lm lm lsto lstojc jcld ldlr lr lc pr prld ldfi fi `l `lcc pri` pri`ud udti ti i jf jflm lm sf sim sim aimipicfstos, i sf sim vorfis; Lsti toajfæm `ltlrafmorï duom eulrtls i `æjfcls sim y quflm tflml lc dimtric y lm duyi dosi `ljlais lglrdlr dflrto fmeculmdfo o eovir `l co laprlso; ^ir lglapci lc mlhidfor prldfis `l aotlrfos prfaos l fm fmsu suai ais, s, diap diapor orïm ïm`i `ici ciss dim dim sus sus diap diaplt ltf` f`ir irls ls,, rlsp rlspld ldti ti o co do docf` cf`o` o` , duocf`o`ls `l sus pri`udtis, rlspldti o sf `om dræ`ftis i mi poro pi`lr iplror  dim di m lcci lccis, s, `orc `orcls ls f` f`lo loss `l dôai dôai rl rl`u `udf dfrr su suss di dist stis is y ij ijtl tlml mlrr jl jlml mlefefdf dfis is prlelrlmdfocls, `l ci dimtrorfi sl iplror dim sus diapltf`irls, lm dosi qul lccis mi pul`om rlocfzorcis; Ierldlrcls dimvlmfis lm docf`o` `l ef`lcf`o` diai dcflmtls.

?2

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Cis Fmtlral`forfis7

Tim ti`is ti`is oqulcci oqulcciss o trovæs trovæs `lc duoc duoc pi`la pi`lais is cclho cclhorr o mu mulst lstri ri alrdo alrdo`i `i ijgltfvi. ¸Aoyirfstos ¸Afmirfstos Duom`i cis fmtlral`forfis sim pidis su mfvlc `l mlhidfodfôm ls octi, duom`i sim audbi su mfvlc `l mlhidfodfôm ls jogi, plri pi`lais fmecufr lm lccis, ierldfæm`icls algiros lm cos diafsfimls, sflaprl y duom`i aomlglais distis jogis y pri jogis pri`ud `udtis tis `l docf`o docf`o` ` l fmm fmmivo ivo`ir `irls, ls, prl prlafi afis, s, iel ielrto rtoss lsp lspld ldfoc focls, ls, ocf ocfom omzos zos,, pri priaid aidfim fimls ls y blrroa blrroaflm flmtos tos poro poro qul lcc lccis is diciqu diciqulm lm mul mulstr stris is pri`udtis

lm sus

alrdo`is.

Lc Alrdo`i7

Tl rleflrl oc Dimgumti `l dimsuaf`irls pitlmdfocls qul pul`lm pul `lm o`qu `qufr frfr fr mulstr lstri is pri pri`u `uddtis tis ls `ld ldfr fr ci ciss fm`fvf`uis, cos eoafcfos, lc alrdo`i alrdo`i fm`ustrfoc lm lc dosi dosi qul lcojirlais aotlrfos prfaos l fmsuais poro itros laprlsos l fm`ustrfos; lc hijflrmi, cidoc rlhfimoc u itro fmstftudfôm `lc lsto`i i poro lstotoc; o lccis toajfæm boy qul `orcls fmdlmtfvis, diai `lsdulmtis, sirtlis, priaidfimls, ielrtos lspldfocls pir pl`f`is, vocir  ohrlho`i

suplrfir

oc

`l

cis

Diapltf`irls7

?6

diapltf`irls

lmtrl

itris.

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Tim oqul oqulccos ccos laprl laprlsos, sos, fm`ustrfos fm`ustrfos,, l fapirto`ir fapirto`irls, ls, qul ierld ierldlm lm pri` pri`udtis udtis sustftutir sustf tutirfis fis i sfafcorls oc `l mulstris mulstris pri`u pri`udtis, dtis, y qul mi mldlso mldlsorfoal rfoalmtl mtl sim plreldtis sustftutirfis i rllapcozis plri jrfm`om sfafcorls jlmlefdfis o mulstris dcflmtls i cis pri`udtis dujrlm cos afsaos mldlsf`o`ls y `om cis afsais jlmlefdfis; poro ci qul `ljlais ls `l `or um vocir ohrlho`i suplrfir  oc `l cis diapltf`irls plreldtis l faplreldtis, poro ci qul `ljlais `l fmvlstfhor o sus pri`udtis, sus jlmlefdfis, ijslrvor co eirao lm qul cclhom o sus dcf dcflmt lmtls, ls, ijs ijslrv lrvom` om`i i su puj pujcfd cfdf`o f`o`, `, co docf` docf`o` o` `l su suss pri pri`ud `udtis tis,, sus fmmivodfimls, oeám `l `or eirtoclzos o mulstris pri`udtis y vocirls ohrlho`is i fapclalmtor doajfis jlmlefdfisis o eovir `l mulstris dcflmtls, omtfhuoalmtl sl rlocfzojo lc lspfimogl fm`ustrfoc ci qul `fi irfhlm oc ohlmtl >>8; biy lm `áo lsi o doajfo`i audbi, y sl oprlm`l `l laprlsos sfafcorls, vfmduco`os oc sldtir i `l itros laprlsos diapcltoalmtl `fstfmtos, plri qul pul`lm slr  o`op o` opto to`o `oss o co mu muls lstr tro, o, po poro ro ci qul qul mu muls lstro tro la lapr prls lso o `l `ljl jlrï rï `l sl slrr ci suefefdf su dflm lmtl tlal almt mtl l ececlx lxfj fjcl cl po poro ro pr pri` i`ud udfr fr cis cis doaj doajfi fis, s, y lc pl plrs rsim imoc oc ci suefdflmtlalmtl o`optojcl o `fdbis doajfis, diai poro pri`udfrcis y cihror lc æxfti.

LC OAJFLMPL FMPLZMI @L CO IZHOMFWODFÔM Lc oajflmtl Fmtlrmi `l co laprlso sl rleflrl o cis rldursis dim cis qul dulmto co laprlso y qul pul`l aomlgorcis, ls `ldfr cis utfcfzo poro fmecufr lm lc afdri y aodri oajflmtl lxtlrmi o co laprlso. Co bojfcf`o` dim qul co laprlso fmecuyo sijrl su lmtirmi, lm lcci ro`fdorï lc æxfti i lc erodosi `l co afsao, dimtom`i dim rldursis buaomis, tldmicôhfdis, efefmo momd mdfl flri ris, s, ao aotl tlrf rfoc ocls ls l fmer fmerol olst stru rudt dtur uroc ocls ls,, fa faoh ohlm lm `l co di diap apoÿ oÿáo áo,, fmvlstfhodfôm y `lsorricci, osá diai su ujfdodfôm hlihrïefdo.

:>

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Zldursis Buaomis7

Co laprlso `ljlrï `l dimtor dim um plrsimoc fmtlcfhlmtl, `ljf`oalmtl dopodfto`i diai poro rlocfzor  lc mi mira raoc oc eu eumd mdfi fimo moaf aflm lmti ti `l co la lapr prls lso, o, di dim m oc octo to dopo do podf df`o `o` ` `l di diau aumf mfdo dors rsl l po poro ro ci cihr hror or ci ciss ij ijgl gltfv tfvis is prlvfoalmtl pcomlo`is, sfm `lsduf`or cis fmdlmtfvis qul `ljo `l `orcls oc plrsimoc poro aitfvorcis poro lc trojogi, dim dopodf`o` `l o`optorsl o cos doajfis, dim um pridlsi dimtfmui `l dopodftodfôm poro umo aoyir pri`udtfvf`o`, poro pi`lr trojogor lm lqufpi, l f`lmtfefdo`i dim su trojogi.

Co ducturo `l co laprlso laprlso `ljl `l lstor lstor irflmto`o o cis lapclo`is, lapclo`is, rlocfzom`i ou`ftirfos ducturocls poro lxoafmor cos odtftu`ls y odtfvf`o`ls `l co eulrzo cojiroc. Lm lslmdfo, `fdbos ou`ftirfos diaprlm`lm `fsdusfimls lmtrl hlrlmtls `l octi mfvlc sijrl dôai sl `feum`l co ducturo irhomfzodfimoc o cis lapclo`is y dôai fmecufr lm lcco poro algirorco, fapclalmtor lmdulstos poro lsdu`rfÿor  diai lsto lc ïmfai `l cis lapclo`is, co lefdflmdfo `l co pri`uddfôm, co lefdodfo `l co pujcfdf`o` y co clocto` c locto` `l cis dcflmtls..

Zldursis Efmomdflris7 Co laprlso `ljlrï dimtor dim cis rldursis efmomdflris mldlsorfis diai poro su miraoc eumdfimoaflmti, poro rlocfzor fmvlrsfimls, poro ci qul tlm`rï qul dimtor dim um eim`i poro fmvlrsfimls, i dimslhufrcis lm lc sfstlao efmomdflri, o`laïs `l fmdirpiror sidfis lstrotæhfdis, y co `l rlfmvlrtfr sus utfcf`o`ls lm co afsao laprlso, osfhmom`i sulc`is o`lduo`is `ls`l lc `ulÿi bosto lc ÷ctfai :?

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

troj trojog ogo` o`ir ir,, po poro ro qu qul l mi sl ti tial alm m rl rldu durs rsis is ld ldim imôa ôafd fdis is pri` pri`ud udti ti `l co coss odtfvf`o`ls `l co laprlso lm dujrfr mldlsf`o`ls oglmos o co laprlso.

Zldursis Aotlrfocls l Fmerolstrudturocls7 Fmerolstrudturocls7 Co laprlso `ljl `l dimtor dim cis rldursis mldlsorfis diai poro `lsorriccor  miraocalmtl sus odtfvf`o`ls, lmtrl cos duocls cis rldursis aotlrfocls poro ci qul lc `lportoalmti `l cihástfdo `ljl `l duapcfr co eumdfôm `l o`qufrfr cis pri`udtis, osá diai lc `l lmvforcis oc ocaodæm poro su usi rlspldtfvi lm pcomto, sfm `lgor `l dimsf`lror cis ÷tfcls `l iefdfmo; poro lcci co diaumfdodfôm slrï sl rï au auyy fa fapi pirt rtom omtl tl lm lmtr trl l cis cis rl rlsp spld ldtftfvi viss `l `lpo port rtoa oalm lmti tis, s, `l `ls` s`l l lc `lportoalmti `l vlmtos, oc `lportoalmti `l pri`uddfôm, , oc ocaodæm , o co  gleoturo `l diapros, oc efmomdfoaflmti `l cos aotlrfos prfaos poro co pri`uddfôm y lc `lspodbi `l co alrdo`lráo.

^ir itro portl ls `l audbo fapirtomdfo lc rlvfsor cos aotlrfos prfaos l fmsuais qul diaproais poro co pri`uddfôm, pir lc rflshi qul sl dirrl lm lc dosi `l qul vlmhom `leldtuisis y pir tomti pul`lm rlprlslmtor distis qul mi tlmlais pir qul pohor, y pir lc dimtrorfi lcci pi`ráo hlmlror co lcojirodfôm `l pri` pri`ud udti tiss `lel `leldt dtui uisi sis, s, y mi pi pirr lc trojo trojogi gi `l ci ciss la lapc pclo lo`i `iss `l mu muls lstr tro o laprlso, o`laïs qul lccis

Zldursis tldmicôhfdis7 Biy lm `áo, lc ovomdl tldmicôhfdi o plraftf`i qul cos laprlsos sl `lsorricclm dim di m aoy aoyir ir vlc vlcid idf`o f`o` ` qul omtls, omtls, lc ovomdl ovomdl lm cos diaumf diaumfdod dodfim fimls, ls, lm co fm fmei eira raït ïtfd fdo o lst stï ï pr pri i`udfl udflm` m`i i qul qul sl rlo rlocfcfdl dlm m um aoy oyi ir m÷ m÷al alrri `l tromsoddfimls fmdcusi pir co wlj, y lstï eodfcftom`i cos iplrodfimls lm co

::

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

laprlso osá diai sus pridlsis o`afmfstrotfvis `l hlstfôm, co pujcfdf`o` cclho o ti`os portls `lc aum`i váo fmtlrmlt, y ls auy slmdfcci lxpirtor.  

Zldursis `l Fmvlstfhodfôm y `lsorricci7 Co fmvlstfhodfôm y `lsorricci lm cos laprlsos plraftl qul lccos sl dimvflrtom lm cf`lrls lm lc alrdo`i pir cos fmmivodfimls qul `lsorriccom lm jlmlefdfi `l sus dcflmtls, fmdcusi ijtflmlm cis pri`udtis `l co diapltlmdfo, suaom sus eirtoclzos y vocirls ohrlho`is y sodom um mulvi pri`udti oc alrdo`i, dim um octi hro`i `l diapltftfvf`o`, poro sus diapltf`irls; pir itro portl audbos laprlsos oprlm`lm `l cis pridlsis `l itros laprlsos ocfo`os poro algiror  distis, docf`o, slrvfdfis lefdflmdfo lmtrl itris.

\jfdodfôm Hlihrïefdo7 Cos Fm`ustrfos trotom `l lstor dlrdo `l sus aotlrfos prfaos, poro rl`udfr hostis `l tromspirtl, `l co afsao eirao qul dlrdo `l su alrdo`i, um lglapci fmtlrlsomtl ls lc `l Hoaorro (Lapirfi Laprlsorfoc Fm`ustrfoc dialrdfoc `l dimelddfimls lm Cfao — ^lr÷ `l AV^LT), `im`l sl lmdulmtro co fm`ustrfo tlxtfc, cis aoyirfstos, cis afmirfstos y lc alrdo`i, ci qul eovirldl oc dialrdfi y lc dimsuai Tim `l hrom fapirtomdfo lm lc ^lr÷, pir co rfqulzo `l sus rldursis moturocls lm afmlráo, pltrôcli, hos moturoc, Homo`lro, ohrádico, plsqulris, ao`lrlris, ltd. osá diai lc `lsorricci `l su fmtlrdimlxfôm y `lsorricci vfoc, ci qul eovirldl lc `lsorricci `l cis alrdo`is, co lcojirodfôm `l co fmtlrdimlxfôm vfoc `l ^lr÷ y Jros Jrosfcfc po poro ro lc fm fmtl tlrd rdoa oajf jfi i di dial alrd rdfo focc fm fmdc dcus usi i di dim m ci ciss po poás ásls ls lu luri ripl plis is y irflmtocls, `ls`l um pumti `l vfsto hcijoc.

Cos laprlsos laprlsos `ljl `ljlm m `l opri oprivldb vldbor or cis ldis ldisfstlao fstlaoss lm co qul sl `lsor `lsorricco ricco umo hrom ojum`omdfo `l pri`udtis ohriplduorfis, cos tflrros `l co disto, co :4

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

sflrro y co slcvo lxpcitojcls lm jlmlefdfi `l cos laprlsos y `l cos pijcodfimls `l cos rlhfimls qul oyu`lm oc pridlsi `lsdlmtrocfzo`ir `lc poás.

DO^FP\CI FFF

CO LA^ZLTO

Co laprlso ls umo umf`o` ldimôafdo `l pri`uddfôm `l jflmls y slrvfdfis lm co qul dimdurrlm cis laprlsorfis y sus rldursis pri`udtfvis y cis trojogo`irls :0

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

poro opirtor su eulrzo cojiroc, `im`l oajis, trojogo`irls y laprlsorfis sl pimlm `l odulr`i poro trojogor lm lqufpi, pri`udfr jflmls y slrvfdfis poro sotfseodlr cos mldlsf`o`ls `l co sidfl`o`.

F.

Ijgltf tfvvis ` `ll ccoo lx lxfstlmdfo `l `l u um mo la laprlso7

^ir ci hlmlroc cos laprlsos jusdom ijtlmlr cis sfhuflmtls ijgltfvis F.?. Ijgltf tfvvis ldimôafdis7 Tf sl troto `l umo laprlso `lc lsto`i, lc ijgltfvi ls slrvfr o co sidfl`o` sfm efmls `l cudri. Tf sl troto `l umo laprlso `lc sldtir prfvo`i lc ijgltfvi slrï ijtlmlr cos aoyirls utfcf`o`ls, ls `ldfr cis aámfais distis y cis aïxfais jlmlefdfis pisfjcls. Fmdrlalmtor lc vocir `l cis oddfimfstos lm co laprlso, pir qul cis sidfis sim lc dopftoc qul rlquflrl co laprlso poro slhufr drldflm`i. Ijtlmlr jlmlefdfis ldimôafdis pir lmdfao `l cis fmtlrlsls qul pohoráo um jomdi oc huor`or lc `fmlri. Zlfmvlrtfr cos utfcf`o`ls lm lc drldfaflmti `l co laprlso.

F. F.:. :.

Ijgl Ijgltf tfvvis Ip Ipllro roddfi fim mocl cls7 s7

Algiror co docf`o` `l mulstris pri`udtis. Fmvlstfhor cos mldlsf`o`ls `lc alrdo`i poro drlor pri`udtis y slrvfdfis diapltftfvis. @lsorriccor pri`udtis fmmivo`irls

:<

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Algiror dimtfmuo `l cis pridlsis pri`udtfvis `l co laprlso. ^ohi pumtuoc o cis privll`irls y lapclo`is `l cis slrvfdfis prlsto`is. Algiror lc rlm`faflmti `l cis trojogo`irls l lm m co laprlso. Fmvlstfhor y `lsorriccor mulvo tldmiciháo. @lsorriccor cos bojfcf`o`ls `l cis trojogo`irls al`fomtl dopodftodfimls Drldfaflmti airoc l fmtlrmi `l cis lapclo`is `l co laprlso.

F.4.

Ijgltfvis T Ti idfocls7

Totfseodlr cos mldlsf`o`ls `l mulstris dcflmtls dim mulstris pri`udtis. @or lapcli o cis aflajris `l co c o sidfl`o`. ^ritlhlr co ldiciháo. ^ohor cis fapulstis. ^oro qul cis ijgltfvis pul`om slr lefdflmtlalmtl ocdomzo`is, sl bodl mldlsorfi tiaor cos sfhuflmtls prldoudfimls7

?) Cis ijgl ijgltfvis tfvis mi mldlsfto mldlsftom m fmfdfocalmt fmfdfocalmtl l tro`udf tro`udfrr cos hrom`ls osp ospfrodf frodfimls imls eum`oalmtocls `l co laprlso, sfm lajorhi ti`is cis ijgltfvis fmdcuf`is lm co glrorquáo `ljlm slr diapotfjcls dim tocls ospfrodfimls. :) @l @ljl jlm m bo bodl dlrr qu qul l ti ti`i `iss ci ciss `l `lpo port rtoa oalm lmti tiss y um umf` f`o` o`ls ls `l co la lapr prls lso o dimtrfjuyom dim umo pirdfôm `lc lseulrzi hlmlroc. 4) @ljl @ljlm m slr diaumfdo diaumfdo`is `is o ti`i ti`iss cis fmtlrlso` fmtlrlso`is is lm co laprlso laprlso por poro o qul ti`is diaprlm`om cos altos `l cos rlspldtfvo eumdfôm y sus rlcodfimls dim cis ijgltfvis eum`oalmtocls `l co laprlso. 0) @l @ljl jlm m slr slr pl plrfô rfô`f `fdo doal almt mtl l rl rllx lxoa oafm fmo` o`is is y eira eirauc uco` o`is is,, mi po poro ro sl slr  r  utfcfzo`is sicoalmtl `l odulr`i dim lc doajfi `l cos dim`fdfimls `lc alrdo`i, sfmi toajfæm, `ljf`i o cis jlmlefdfis qul pul`lm slr 6 y ?6??.

Lstos fmvlstfhodfimls tflmlm um dorïdtlr psfdiefsficôhfdi, `im`l sl troto `l slporor i lxdcufr `l cos dim`fdfimls `l trojogi ci qul æc dimsf`lro sujgltfvi, yo qul drll qul cis ospldtis sujgltfvis tocls diai cos vocirodfimls plrsimocls, cos oprldfodfimls... mi pul`lm slr al`f`is. Dimsf`lro qul lsl co`i sujgltfvi qul mi pul`l slr al`f`i, eirao umo portl siajráo `l co dim`udto buaomo. Ci dorodtlrástfdi `l lsto fmvlstfhodfôm ls qul piml lm dulstfôm cis supulstis lm cis qul sl josojo co fmvlstfhodfôm toycirfsto lm co qul cis trojogo`irls sl pimáom o trojogor pirqul lstojom diaplmso`is ldimôafdoalmtl y qul co pri`udtfvf`o` sl fmdrlalmtoro pir rozimls tædmfdos. Cos fmvlstfhodfimls cclvo`os o doji pir Lctim Aoyi, pusflrim `l rlcflvl co fapirtomdfo qul tflml cos rlcodfimls fmeiraocls y lc poplc `lc hrupi sijrl co aitfvodfôm y co priaidfôm. Lstos fmvlstfhodfimls `flrim cuhor o ci qul sl dimidl dim lc miajrl `l

Lsdulco `l rlcodfimls buaomos.

DIMDL^PI @L PZOJOGI7 Lc dimdlpti `l trojogi, ls biy lm `áo, oajfvoclmtl y oajfhui. ^irr um co ^i co`i `i,, sl bo bojc jco o `l tr troj ojog ogi i diai diai lapc lapcli li,, ls `l `ldf dfr, r, oq oqul ulcc tro trojo jogi gi rlaumlro`i. ^ir itri co`i, toajfæm lxfstl lc trojogi mi rlaumlro`i, diai lc `iaæstfdi i lc vicumtorfi.

42

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lm lso rlcodfôm, qul cos plrsimos tflmlm dim lc lapcli, co aoyiráo dimsf`lro qul lc trojogi ls umo odtfvf`o` fmstrualmtoc, `lc ai`i qul lc lapcli slráo um al`fi al` fi o trovæs trovæs `lc du duoc oc cis fm` fm`fvf fvf`ui `uiss ijtlm` ijtlm`rïm rïm um `fm `fmlri lri qu qul l utf utfcfz cfzorï orïm m `lspuæs lm itros mldlsf`o`ls oc aorhlm `l su lapcli. ^ir itri co`i, erlmtl o lso vfsfôm aoyirftorfo, boy itris outirls qul dimsf`lrom qul trojogi y idfi sim cos `is `falmsfimls `l co rlocfzodfôm buaomo.

?.:. CO DIMEC\LMDFO @L CO TIDFICIHÁO FM@\TPZFOC V CO

TIDFICIHÁO @L COT IZHOMFWODFIMLT. Co laprlso ai`lrmo qul surhl lm lc dimtlxti `l co sidfl`o` dopftocfsto sl opiyo lm `is ospldtis7  Juridrotfzodfôm `l co laprlso.  Modfaflmti `l cos dcosls, `fstfmhuflm`i `fstfmhuflm`i lmtrl trojo trojogo`irls go`irls (laprlsorfis) (laprlsorfis) y mulvos dcosls (tædmfdis -iefdfmfstos-, dulcci jcomdi -lapclo`is-)

Co Tidficiháo `l co laprlso sl joso lm lc ospldti `l co Tidficiháo `l cos Irhomfzodfimls, Irhomfzodfim ls, `ls`l trls ospldtis7  Lstu`fi `l cos lstrudturos `l outirf`o` lm cos irhomfzodfimls irhomfzodfimls..  Tl opiyo lm lm cis cáaftls `l co rodfimocf`o` o`afmfstrotfvo. o`afmfstrotfvo.  Tl opiyo lm cos rlcodfimls rlcodfimls `l co irhomfzodfôm irhomfzodfôm dim su lmtirmi.

4. Tidficiháo fm`ustrfoc fm`ustrfoc sim cis PLAOT DCÏTFDIT7 DCÏTFDIT7 46

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lstis tlaos dcïsfdis sim eum`oalmtocalmtl7 



Lc fm`ustrfocfsai. Lc doajfi sidfoc.

 Oajis mi sl lmdulmtrom slporo`is, sfmi vfmduco`is, yo qul lc doajfi sidfoc supiml um doajfi lm cos portls `lc fm`ustrfocfsai.

Lc fm`ustrfocfsai sl `fvf`l lm trls ltopos7  Lc lstu`fi `l cis poásls qul qul sim pfimlris lm lc `lsorricci `l co Zlvicud Zlvicudfôm fôm Fm`ustrfoc. 

Lc dim dimid idfa fafl flmt mti i `l co sf sftu tuod odfô fôm m `l cis poásl poáslss qu qul l ls lstï tïm m lm váo váoss `l

`lsorricci.  Lc lstu`fi `l cos sidfl`o`ls pist-fm`ustrfocls pist-fm`ustrfocls,, `im`l `lstod `lstodom om cis lstu`fis `l @.Jlcc y Piurofml. Co Tidficiháo fm`ustrfoc, lm duomti o sus ïrlos `l fmvlstfhodfôm i lstu`fis, sl pul`lm `fvf`fr lm trls 7  Lc lstu`fi `l cos odtftu`ls y cos rlcodfimls `l trojogi.  Lc lstu`fi `l co lstrudturo `l cos irhomfzodfimls laprlsorfocls.  Lc lstu`fi lmtrl lc fm`ustrfocfsai fm`ustrfocfsai y l lcc doajfi sidfoc. Co eirao dôai sl pcomtlojo o efmocls `lc T.RFR y prfmdfpfis `lc T.RR, co fmvlstfhodfôm lm tirmi oc aum`i `l co laprlso lro co sfhuflmtl7

0>

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lc lstu`fi `l co sidficiháo y su fapcfdomdfo lm cos laprlsos ls sfm cuhor o `u`os um ospldti qul sl `ljl tiaor lm dulmto, `o`i su fapirtomdfo y dôai oeldtoráo lstl o co irhomfzodfôm.

Cis `ulÿis `ulÿis i `fr `frldt ldtirl irlss `l cos laprls laprlsos os `lj `ljlm lm tlm tlmlr lr co dop dopodf` odf`o` o` `l pi`lr  pi`lr  `ltl `l tldt dtor or cos pi pisfj sfjcls cls ip ipir irtu tumf` mf`o` o`ls ls y oal oalmo mozo zoss `l `lcc ïajf ïajfti ti si sidfo dfocc `l um umoo diaumf`o`, yo slo lc ir`lm picátfdi, ldimôafdi, oajflmtoc, ltd , pirqul lstl oc  efmoc rlplrdutfrï lm cos rlcodfimls buaomos dim mulstris trojogo`irls y cis jlmlefdfis ldimôafdis qul co laprlso jusdo cihror .

Mito `l fmtlræs

Laprlsos pul`lm oraor um –Eodljiik‑ prfvo`i

Lstl oÿi sl laplzô o bojcor dim osfstlmdfo sijrl co pisf pi sfjf jfcfcf`o `o` ` `l ut utfcf fcfzo zorr co coss rl`l rl`lss si sidf dfoc ocls ls p÷ p÷jc jcfd fdos os lm jlmlefdfi `l cis mlhidfis, yo slo poro rleirzor co faohlm `l aordo lmtrl lc p÷jcfdi ijgltfvi i poro aomtlmlr um o`lduo`i ell`jodk

0?

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

dim cis dimsuaf`irls, dimsuaf`irls, cos rl`ls rl`ls sidfocls bom fmhrlso`i o cis `lportoalmtis `lportoalmtis `l aorkltfmh diai umo aïs `l cos blrroaflmtos qul sl `ljl duf`or.

Tfm lajorhi cis lxplrtis ipfmom qul cos rl`ls sidfocls mi sôci pul`lm slrvfr  poro rlsicvlr ospldtis ospldtis `l fao faohlm hlm fmstftudfimoc, sfmi sfmi poro oraimfzor i ohfcfzor  co coss diau diaumf mfdo dodf dfim imls ls y rl rlco codf dfim imls ls lmtr lmtrl l priv privll ll`i `irl rlss i lm lmtr trl l ci ciss af afsa sais is lapclo`is `l umo diapoÿáo.

Coss pl Co plrs rsim imos os qul qul tr troj ojog ogom om `l `lmt mtri ri `lc `lc ïrlo ïrlo `l di diau aumf mfdo dodf dfim imls ls `l um umo o irhomfzodfôm, sojlm sojlm qul lc lc plrfô`fdi auroc y co fmtroml fmtromltt (pirtoc Xlj fmtlrmi lm `im`l sl pujcfdom cos mivl`o`ls `l fmtlræs poro cis lapclo`is), sim al`fis tro`fdfimocls `l diaumfdodfôm qul sulclm dorldlr `l um rfdi ell`jodk.

Coss di Co diau aumf mfdo dodf dfim imls ls `l f` f`o o y vulc vulcto to,, su sulc lclm lm `o `ors rsl l o trov trovæs æs `l `lcc dirr dirrli li lcldtrômfdi, plri sl aomtflmlm `lmtri `lc ïajfti prfvo`i y mi dicldtfvi.

V ls gustoalmtl lm lstl slmtf`i qul pul`lm slr ÷tfcls cos rl`ls sidfocls7 ierldlm um auri oc lstfci `lc plrfô`fdi auroc, lm `im`l sl `feum`l fmeiraodfôm poro ti`is.

–Cos rl`ls sidfocls ohfcfzom cos diaumfdodf diaumfdodfimls imls lmtrl privll`irls i lmtrl cis afsais lapclo`iss `l umo diapoÿáo‑ lapclo`i

Eulmtl 7 @forfi Hlstfôm Cumls :? `l @fdflajrl, :>>6.

0:

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

DO^FP\CI U ^COM @L MLHIDFIT

¹_uæ ls um ^com `l Mlhidfis9 

04

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lc pcom `l mlhidfi, toajfæm ccoao`i pcom `l laprlso, ls um `idualmti qul lspldfefdo, lm clmhuo lsdrfto, um mlhidfi mlhidfi qul  qul sl prltlm`l fmfdfor i qul yo sl bo fmfdfo`i. Lm æc sl lxpiml lc pripôsfti hlmlroc `l umo laprlso, fmdcuylm`i tlaos diai lc ai`lci `l mlhidfi, mlhidfi , lc irhomfhroao `l irhomfhroao `l co irhomfzodfôm, co eulmtl `l fm fmvl vlrs rsfi fiml mlss fm fmád ádfo focl cls, s, lc pl plrs rsim imoc oc ml mldl dlso sorf rfi i gu gumt mti i di dim m su aæ aæti ti`i `i `l slclddfôm, co efcisieáo `l co laprlso y su pcom `l socf`o. Hlmlrocalmtl sl dimsf`lro qul um pcom `l mlhidfi ls um `idualmti vfvi vfvi,, lm lc slmtf`i `l qul sl `ljl lstor odtuocfzom`i dimstomtlalmtl poro rleclgor  doajfis mi prlvfstis dim omtlrfirf`o`. Lstl pcom pul`l slr umo rlprlslmtodfôm dialrdfoc `lc ai`lci qul sl slhufrï. Zl÷ml co fmeiraodfôm vlrjoc y hrïefdo `l ci qul lc mlhidfi ls i tlm`rï qul slr. Poaj Po ajfæ fæm m sl ci dims dimsf` f`lr lro o umo umo sámtlsfs  sámtlsfs  `l dôai lc `ulÿi `l um mlhidfi, o`afmf o`a fmfstr stro`i o`ir, r, i lap laprls rlsorf orfi, i, fmtlmt fmtlmtorï orï irhomf irhomfzor zor umo coj cojir ir lap laprls rlsorf orfoc oc l fapclalmtor cos odtfvf`o`ls mldlsorfos y suefdflmtls poro qul tlmho æxfti. Lc pcom ls umo lxpcfdodfôm lsdrfto `lc ai`lci `l mlhidfi `l co diapoÿáo o slr  pulsto lm aordbo.

¹Dôai lapflzi9 

00

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

?. @lsdujrfaflmti

`l

umo

ipirtumf`o`

`l

mlhidfi Coss ipir Co ipirtu tumf mf`o `o`l `lss `l ml mlhi hidf dfis is mi sô sôci ci sl lmdu lmdulm lmtr trom om di dim m hrom hrom`l `lss fmvlmdfimls i `lsorricci `l tldmiciháo. Co hrom aoyiráo `l laprlsos mulvos, fmdcusfvl lm poásls `lsorricco`is, `lsdujrlm ipirtumf`o`ls `l mlhidfis lm plqulÿos fmmivodfimls tldmicôhfdos, tldmicôhfdos, lm doajfis lm pridlsis dimvlmdfimocls, lm ai`fefdodfimls o pri`udtis i slrvfdfis yo lxfstlmtls, lm co irflmtodfôm `l ci ciss ls lseu eulr lrzi ziss `l ao aork rklt ltfm fmh h o slha slhalm lmti tiss `l al alrd rdo` o`i i tro tro`f `fdf dfim imoc ocal almt mtl l `lsotlm`f`is, lm co f`lmtfefdodfôm `l mulvis usis poro pri`udtis i slrvfdfis lxfstlmtls, lm lc usi y opcfdodfôm `l mulvos tldmiciháos i lm lc `lsdujrfaflmti `l pri`udtis i slrvfdfis qul lstoráom eoctom`i y sim mldlsorfis poro supcfr  och÷m rlqulrfaflmti i lxfhlmdfo. Cos tlm`lmdfos sidfocls y ducturocls sim toajfæm um fmhrl`flmtl fapirtomtl; pir lglapci, co tldmiciháo i –ai`i `l bodlr‑ blrl`o`i ducturocalmtl o trovæs `l cis oÿis, toc y diai sl pul`l ijslrvor dim cis ortlsomis plruomis, sl tro`udl biy lm pri`udtis octoalmtl vociro`is lm lc alrdo`i fmtlrmodfimoc.  Audbos `l cos f`los `l mlhidfi sim `lsdujflrtos pir cis laprlsorfis sijrl co josl `l7



 Omïcfsfs `l fmeiraodfôm fmeiraodfôm `lc lmtirmi.



Lxplrflmdfo cojiroc prlvfo.



Dimidfaflmtis `lc lmtirmi.



Co f`lmtfefdodfôm `l mldlsf`o`ls fmsotfseldbos.

:. @ldf @ldfsf sfôm ôm `l lx lxpc pcit itor or co ipirt pirtum umf` f`o` o` `l um mlhidfi. 0<

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lc aialmti lm qul lc laprlsorfi `ldf`l lxpcitor umo f`lo `l mlhidfi, pi`ráo aordor co `felrlmdfo lmtrl lc æxfti y lc erodosi. Lc laprlsorfi `ljl lstor  auy slhuri `l dimtor dim cos eirtoclzos y bojfcf`o`ls mldlsorfos poro lxpcitor, dim octo prijojfcf`o` `l æxfti, co f`lo `l mlhidfi qul bo `lsdujflrti, portflm`i `l ti`os cos vorfojcls omtls `lsdrftos. . Lc laprlsorfi mi ls um guho`ir `l ozor, puls co drlodfôm `l umo laprlso ls um pridlsi qul lstï eirao`i pir umo slrfl `l ltopos, qul tflmlm rodfimocf`o` y plraft plraftlm lm oc laprl laprlsor sorfi fi fr tiaom` tiaom`i i cos `l `ldfs dfsfim fimls ls rlq rlqulr ulrf`o f`oss lm eir eirao ao sldulmdfoc y dim ai`lro`is mfvlcls `l rflshi. Lc laprlsorfi lxftisi, ls lc qul sl tiao lc trojogi `l omocfzor duïc ls lc aialmti aïs o`lduo`i poro lxpcitor  umo ipirtumf`o` `lc `lc lmtirmi. Fmhrlsor tlapromoalmtl lm um alrdo`i, i lm lm su `leldti duom`i lc pri`udti i slrvfdfi yo lstï lm umo ltopo `l ao`urodfôm i `ldcfmodfôm, tflml um hrom rflshi y pi`ráo slr um erodosi. ^ir itri co`i, fmhrlsor  o diapltfr lm um alrdo`i duom`i o÷m mi sl dulmtom dim ti`is cis rldursis mldlsorfis poro ocdomzor cis ijgltfvis pcomtlo`is, toajfæm pi`ráo sfhmfefdor co qufljro `l co laprlso.

4. Co lcojirodf lcojirodfôm ôm `l umo f`lo `l mlhi mlhidfi dfi,, sijrl co josl `l co ipirtumf`o` `ltldto`o \mo vlz f`lmtfefdo`o co ipirtumf`o` `l mlhidfi y culhi `l bojlr `ldf`f`i lxpcitorco lxpc itorco,, sl fmfdfo lc pridlsi pridlsi `l drlod drlodfôm fôm `l laprl laprlso so dim um lclalmti auy jïsfdi y slmdfcci `lmiafmo`i co –f`lo‑ `l mlhidfi. Fmfdfocalmtl, lsto f`lo `l mlhidfi ls auy hlmærfdo y pidi lspldáefdo, plri sl `ljl trojogor poro `lefmfrco lm eumdfôm oc pri`udti i slrvfdfi qul sl `lstfmorï oc alrdo`i qul sl quflrl otlm`lr, o cis privll`irls dim quflmls sl quflrl trojogor, o cis diapltf`irls dim cis qul sl tlm`rï qul cudbor y lc mfvlc `l

05

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

tl tldm dmic icih iháo áo qul qul sl pf pflm lmso so o` o`qu qufr frfr. fr. Lm lsto lsto ltop ltopo, o, ls fa fapi pirt rtom omtl tl qu qul l lc lap la prl rlso sorf rfi i diafl iaflmd mdl l o `lcfml cfmlo or co pisf sfj jcl lapr laprls lso o, y os osi idf dfl l sus dimidfaflmtis, lxplrflmdfos, vocirls, irflmtodfimls y diapltlmdfos. Osfafsai, ls fapirtomtl qul lsto f`lo sl eum`oalmtl lm josls sôcf`os, ls `ldfr, tlmho priylddfôm y mi porto sicoalmtl `l um lmtusfosai aialmtïmli pri`udti `l aitfvodfimls `fvlrsos. Lsto f`lo `ljl slr drlo`o dim co efral dimvfddfôm `l qul plraomlzdo lm lc tflapi.

Lm lsto ltopo trotl `l rlspim`lr o cos sfhuflmtls prlhumtos7 7 



¹_uæ mldlsf`o`, `lsli i prijclao bo sf`i f`lmtfefdo`i9



¹_uæ pri`udtis y/i slrvfdfis pflmso ierldlr9



¹_uæ vlmtogo tflml lc pri`udti i slrvfdfi erlmtl o duocquflr   pri`udti i slrvfdfi `l co co diapltlmdfo9



¹_ufæmls sim cis dcflmtls `l co laprlso y o quæ sldtir   plrtlmldl co laprlso9



¹Lm quæ al`f`o lc mulvi pri`udti i slrvfdfi oÿo`l vocir o co laprlso yo lxfstlmtl lxfstlmtl i o um um mulvi hrupi `l dcflmtls9

08

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc



¹Dôa ¹D ôai i ls qul qul co lapr laprls lso o prlt prltlm lm`l `l fmtl fmtlhr hror or ti`i ti`iss su suss rldursis `fspimfjcls9



¹Dôai sl hlmlrorïm cis fmhrlsis `l co laprlso9



¹Duïcls sim cis pumtis drátfdis `l co laprlso

0. Co eiraucodfô eiraucodfôm m `l um p pcom com `l m mlhidfis lhidfis Culhi `l `lefmfr lc ai`lci `l mlhidfi aïs o`lduo`i poro cclvor o doji co f`lo `l mlhidfi, co sfhuflmtl ltopo `lc pridlsi laprlm`l`ir dimsfstl lm lcojiror um pcom `l mlhidfis `l aomlro fmtlhroc, dim ijgltfvis, lstrotlhfos y prlsupulstis. ^oro lcci ls mldlsorfi rlocfzor umo fmvlstfhodfôm, qul plrafto tlmlr umo f`lo `l cis rldursis mldlsorfis, `lc pridl`faflmti qul sl vo o slhufr, `l cis ijstïducis o vlmdlr, `l cos altos o ocdomzor, `l cos lstrotlhfos y tïdtfdos poro cihror cih ror cis ijgltf ijgltfvi vis, s, poro poro efmoca efmocalmt lmtl, l, culhi culhi `l umo lvo lvocuo cuodfô dfôm m efm efmomd omdflro flro,, `ltlra `ltl rafm fmor or sf lc pr priy iyld ldti ti ls vfoj vfojcl cl lm tæra tærafm fmis is ip iplr lrot otfv fvis is,, si sidf dfoc ocls ls y oajf oa jflm lmto tocl cls, s, y ci suef suefdf dflm lmtl tlal almt mtl l rl rlmt mtoj ojcl cl lm tæra tærafm fmis is ld ldim imôa ôafd fdis is y efmomdflris. Co eiraucodfôm `lc pcom `l mlhidfis ls umo `l cos ltopos aïs `feádfcls poro um laprlsorfi `l co afdri y plqulÿo laprlso, pirqul lc `áo o `áo mi cl plraftl lmeidorsl lm co lcojirodfôm `l lstl pcom. Zldir`lais qul lc laprlsorfi lstï aïs irflmto`i o tiaor `ldfsfimls y odtuor, omtls qul o lsdrfjfr fmeirals fmeirals i pcomls. Tfm lajo lajorhi, rhi, ls rldialm`ojcl qul cl `l`fqul lc tfla tflapi pi

su suefd efdfl flmt mtl l poro poro tl tlml mlrr su pcom pcom `l mlhi mlhidf dfis is,, pi pirq rqul ul hrod hrodfo foss o æc

`fsafmufrï lc rflshi `l su fmvlrsfôm y cl plraftfrï prlvlr ochumos dimtfmhlmdfos qul pul`lm oeldtor lc `lsorricci y co rlmtojfcf`o` `l su mlhidfi lm um euturi dlrdomi. 02

 

Fmhlmflráo Laprlsorfoc

Lc laprlsorfi ls lc rlspimsojcl `l lsjizor lc ai`lci `l mlhidfi y  eiraucor cis hrom`ls ijgltfvis lstrotæhfdis `lc afsai, sijrl co josl `l um prieum`i omïcfsfs `l7 

Cos ipirtumf`o`ls y oalmozos `lc lmtirmi.

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Cos eirtoclzos y `ljfcf`o`l o`ls `lc oajflmtl fmtlrmi `l co irhomfzodfôm poro lc dosi dosi `l umo umo laprlso laprlso lm lm aordbo. aordbo.

 

Cos eirtoclzos y `ljfcf`o`ls `lc laprlsorfi, poro lc dosi `l umo mulvo fmfdfotfvo laprlsorfoc.