Manual de Hidrología, Hidráulica y Drenaje Resumen

 

KDHZACANÀM, KDHZÍVCDEM T HZFIMOF

@miumc hf Emrrftfrms  –Fspfedgdemedaifs Xäeidems Nfifrmcfs pmrm Eaistrueedõi‐ (FN ― :2=5) @ahdgdemedõi m Ouida :2=5 

 

D.

DIXZAHVEEDÕI

Fc Zf Zfnc ncm` m`fi fita ta Im Imed edai aimc mc hf Nf Nfst stdõ dõi i hf Digrm Digrmfs fstr true uetu turm rm Wd Wdmc mc mpra mprajm jmha ha `f `fhd hdmi mitf tf Hferfta Uuprf`a I¿ 258 ― :22; ― @XE hdspaif fitrf atras cm d`pcf`fitmedõi hfc Fstuhda Fstuh da hf Kdhracanàm, Kdhríuc Kdhríucdem dem y Hrfimof, fc eumc fs ui haeu`fita quf quf rfsu`f ca `ís sustmiedmc hf cm `mtfrdm, `mtfrdm, quf sfrvdrí h hf f nuàm y praefhd`dfita pmrm fc hdsfýa hf cms ajrms hf hrfimof supfrgdedmc y sujtfrríifm hf cm digrmfstrueturm vdmc, mhfeumha mhfeumhass mc cunmr hf ujdemedõi hf emhm prayfeta. Cm HNEG `fhdmitf @f`aríihu` I¿ 5644-:22;-@XE/=8 m cm Hdrfeedõi hf Fstuhdas Fspfedmcfs fiemrnm cm fcmjarmedõi hfc Fstuhda Fstuhda hf Kdhracanàm, Kdhríucdem y Hrfimof fc eumc pmsmrí par ui praefsa hf rfvdsdõi y ea`pcf`fitmedõi pfr`mifitf m trmväs hf su hdgusdõi vàm Ditfrift u atra `fhda quf pfr`dtm ajtfifr cas mpartfs ifefsmrdas par  pmrtf hf fitdhmhfs, pragfsdaimcfs y/a f`prfsms hfhdemhms m cm fspfedmcdhmh, m gdi hf aptd`dzmr su eaitfidha. Cms emrmetfràstdems nfanrígdems, kdhracõndems, nfacõndems y nfatäeidems hf iufstra pmàs hmi cunmr m cm fxdstfiedm hf prajcf`ms ea`pcfoas ea`pcfoas fi `mtfrdm hf hrfimof supfrgdedmc y sujtfrríifa mpcdemha m emrrftfrms< hfjdha mc emríetfr `uy mcfmtarda hf cms `ÿctdpcfs vmrdmjcfs (kdhracõndea-kdhríucdea, nfacõndea-nfatäeidea) hf miícdsds quf fitrmi fi oufna, mspfetas kdhríucdeas quf mÿi ia fstíi tatmc`fitf divfstdnmhas fi iufstra pmàs< fc pcmitfm`dfita hf cms sacuedaifs rfspfetdvm rfspfetdvms, s, ajvdm`fitf fstmríi mgfetmhas par idvfcfs hf diefrtdhu`jrfs y rdfsnas dikfrfitfs m emhm prayfeta. Kdhracanàm fs cm edfiedm nfanrígde dem m quf sf hfhdem mc fstuhda hf cm hdstrdjuedõi, fspmedmc y tf`parmc, y cms prapdfhmhfs hfc mnum prfsfitf fi cm mt` õs gfr m y fi cm ea rt  f fzm tfrrfstrf.  Fsta diecuyf cms cms   pr fe dpdtmedaifs,  cm fsearrfitàm , cm ku`fhmh hfc suf ca,  cm fvmpatrmispdrmedõi y fc fqudcdjrda hf cms `msms ncmedmrfs . Cas fstuhdas kdhracõndeas sai guihm`fitmcfs pmrm? Fc hdsfý hdsfýa a hf ajrms kdhríuc em  dems,  pm pmrm rm fgf fgfetu etumr mr fsta fstass fstuh fstuhdas das sf utdcdz utdcdzmi mi grfeufitf`fitf `ahfcas `mtf`ítdeas quf rfprfsfitmi fc ea`partm`dfita hf tahm cm eufiem fi fstuhda.

Fc earrfeta eaiaed`dfita hfc ea`partm`dfita kdhracõndea hf ui ràa,  mrraya , a hf ui cmna fs guihm`fitmc pmrm pahfr fstmjcfefr cms írfms vucifrmjcfs m cas fvfitas FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

kdhra`ftfaracõndeas fxtrf`as< msà ea`a pmrm prfvfr ui earrfeta hdsfýa hf ajrms hf digrmfstrueturm vdmc. Uu mpcdemedõi hfitra hfc Fstuhda Fstuhda fstm hmhm fi cm hftfr`dimed hftfr`dimedõi õi hf cas emuhmcfs hf hdsfýa pmrm hdgfrfitfs ajrms hf hrfimof. Kdhríucdem fs uim rm`m hf cm gàsdem y cm dinfidfràm quf sf fiemrnm hfc fstuhda hf cms prapdfhmhfs `feíidems hf cas gcu dh dhas as.. Xaha fsta hfpfihf hf cms gufrzms quf sf ditfrpaifi eai cm `msm (gufrzm) y f`puof hf cm `ds`m. Uu mpcdemedõi hfitra hfitra hfc Fs Fstuh tuhda da fstí hmhm fi cm hftfr hftfr`dimedõi `dimedõi hf cms sf sfeedaifs eedaifs kdhríucdems hf cms ajrms hf hrfimof. Xaha fsta y `uekms mpcdemedaifs `ís kmefi quf fc Fspfedmcdst Fspfedmcdstm m fi Kdhracanàm

sfm

ui

pfrsaimof

d`partmitf

fi

taha

fqudpa

`uctdhdse `uctd hdsedpc dpcdimrd dimrda a quf m`jdfitmc. figrf figrfitm itm praj prajcf`m cf`mss hf dinf dinfidfr idfràm àm edvd edvdcc fi nfif nfifrmc rmc y prajcf`ms hf emríetfr

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

DD. :.=

AJOFXDWAU AJOFXDWAU?

Fstf fstuhda pfrsdnuf mcemizmr cas sdnudfitfs ajoftdvas?

:.=.= AJOFXDWA NFIFZMC Xfifr ui haeu`fita täeidea quf sdrvm hf nuàm eaiefptumc y `ftahacõndem pmrm cm hftfr`dimedõi hf cas pmrí`ftras kdhracõndeas f kdhríucdeas hf hdsfýa, hf ajrms hf digrmfstrueturm vdmc. :.=.: AJOFXDWAU FURFEDGDEAU m. Agrfefr mc prayfetdstm hf hdsfýa fi digrmfstrueturm vdmc (Dinfidfra a pragfsdaimc m gdi), hf uim kfrrm`dfitm príe príetdem tdem pmrm fc hfs hfsmrracca mrracca hf f fstuhdas stuhdas hf kdh kdhracanàm racanàm f kdhríucdem, eai erdtfrdas dinfidfrdcfs, `ftahacanàms y rfea`fihmed rfea`fihmedaifs aifs quf myuhfi m prayfetmr mhfeumhm`fitf cas fcf`fitas hf hrfimof hf uim emrrftfrm. j.Rfr`dtdr mc prayfetdstm ajtfifr eaisdstfitf`fitf cm fstd`medõi hf cm `mnidtuh hfc emu emuhm hmcc hf hds hdsfý fýa, a, hd hdsfý sfýmr mr ajr ajrms ms hf hrf hrfimo imof f quf pfr pfr`dt `dtmi mi eai eaitra tracm cmrr y fcd`dimr fc fxefsa hf mnum supfrgdedmc y sujtfrríifm quf hdseurrfi sajrf cm emczmhm y hfjmoa hf fccm, m gdi hf quf ia pufhmi ea`pra`ftfr cm fstmjdcdhmh hf cm fstrueturm hfc pmvd`fita, hf meufrha m cms fxdnfiedms kdhracõndems y nfa`argacõndems hfc írfm hf fstuhda, sdi mgfetmr fc hrfimof imturmc hf cm zaim, id m cm prapdfhmh mhymefitf. e. Vidgar`dzmr erdtfrda erdtfrdass hf hdsfýa hf cms ajrms hf hrf hrfimof imof vdmc. :.:

MIXFEFHFIXFU?

Fc fstuhda prfsfitm rfea`fi rfea`fihmedaifs hmedaifs hf hdsfýa nfifrmcfs nfifrmcfs pmrm cm fcmjarmed fcmjarmedõi õi hf fstuhdas hf kdhracanàm, kdhríucdem y hrfimof, euyms `ftahacanàms prfvdm`fitf m su mpcdemedõi hfjfi sfr vmcdhmhms m cms eaihdedaifs pmrtdeucmrfs hf emhm prayfeta vdmc. Fc prfsfitf Fstuhd Fstuhda a hf Kdhracanàm, Kdhríu Kdhríucdem cdem y Hrfimof< prd`m y ea`pcf`fi ea`pcf`fitm, tm, cas erdtfrdas hf hdsfýa fstmjcfedhas fi cas empàtucas hf Kdhracanàm y Hrfimof hfc @miumc hf Em`dias Rmvd`fitmhas y ia Rmvd`fitmhas hf Jmoa Wacu`fi hf Xrmisdta, @miumc hf Hdsfýa Nfa`ätrdea-:22= Nfa`ätrdea-:22= y fc @m @miumc iumc hf Rufitfs.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

EMRÀXVCA DDD KDHZACANÀM

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

DDD. 5.=

KDHZACANÀM Mcemiefs

Fstf empàtuca trmtm tf`ms rfcmedaimhas m cms `ftahacanàms quf pfr`dtfi fstd`mr cas emuhmcfs hf hdsfýa hf cms ajrms quf eaistdtuyfi fc sdstf`m hf hrfimof prayfetmha hf cm emrrftfrm (hrfimof supfrgdedmc y sujtfrríifa). Rmrtdfiha hfc miícdsds hf cm digar`medõi kdhracõndem y `ftfaracõndem hdspaidjcf fi fc írfm hf fstuhda, sf prfsfitmi erdtfrdas hf hdsfýa y cà`dtfs hf mpcdemedõi hf cas `ätahas `ätah as eais eaisdhfr dhfrmhas mhas,, m gdi hf quf fc fspfedmc fspfedmcdstm dstm sfcfeed sfcfeedaif aif cm mctf mctfrimtd rimtdvm vm `ís mprapdmhm pmrm emhm emsa fi pmrtdeucmr. Cm digar`medõi kdhracõndem y `ftfaracõndem `ftfaracõndem m utdcdzmr fi fc fstuhda hfjfrí sfr  prapareda prapa redaimh imhm m par fc Ufrv Ufrvdeda deda Imeda Imedaimc imc hf @ftf @ftfarac aracanàm anàm f kdhra kdhracanàm canàm (UF (UFIM@KD IM@KD), ), fitdhmh quf fs fc fitf rfetar hf cms metdvdhmhfs kdhra`ftfaracõndems fi fc pmàs. Fi cunmrfs fi quf ia sf eufitm eai cm digar`medõi hfc UFIM@KD, y hf sfr fc emsa sf rfemjmrí digar`m digar`medõi edõi hf fitdhmhfs fitdhmhfs fiemrnmhms hf cm m mh`didstrmedõi h`didstrmedõi h hf f cas rfeursas kàhrdeas hfc cunmr, prfvdm vfrdgdemedõi hf cm emcdhmh hf cm digar`medõi. Fc rfndstra y fstuhda hf cms `íxd`ms mvfidhms miumcfs pfr`dtf hftfr`dimr, jmoa edfrta supufstas, cm prajmjdcdhmh hf aeurrfiedm hf mvfidhms hf uim edfrtm `mnidtuh. Uf hfjf tfifr fi eufitm quf, cms mvfidhms sai gfiõ`fias ardndimhas par fc emríetfr mcfmtarda hf cms hfsemrnms hf cas ràas. Cm aeurrfiedm hf erfedhms hf cas ràas sf hfserdjf fi tär`dias prajmjdcàstdems. Fs hfedr, quf emhm mvfidhm vm msaedmhm uim prajmjdcdhmh hf aeurrfiedm. Fs d`partmitf sfýmcmr quf cas `ätahas y praefhd`dfitas quf sf hfserdjfi fi fc prfsfi prf sfitf tf emp empàtu àtuca ca mjm mjmrem remi i ÿid ÿidem` em`fit fitf f cm hftfr hftfr`di `dimed medõi õi hf emuhm emuhmcfs cfs càqudh càqudhas as pravfidfitfs hf prfedpdtmedaifs pcuvdmcfs y ia diecuyf cm hftfr`dimedõi hf emuhmcfs pravfidfitfs hf hfskdfcas, diuihmedaifs emusmhms par hfsjarhf hf ràas y eacmpsa hf prfsms hf drrdnmedõi. Msd`ds`a, ia diecuyf cm fstd`medõi hf emuhmcfs sõcdhas quf pufhmi trmispartmr trmispartmr cas eursa eursass imturmcfs.

Udi f`jmrna f`jmrna,, sd fc guiedaim`dfi guiedaim`dfita ta a vdhm

ÿtdc hf cm ajrm hf hrfimof prayfetmhm fstí supfhdtmhm mc ea`partm`df ea`partm`dfita ita hf fstas gmetarfs, fc Rrayfetdstm hfjfrí ta`mrcas fi euf eufitm itm mc fgfetumr cas hd hdsfýas sfýas h hf f cms ajrms hf hrfimof.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

5.:

Gmetarfs Kdhracõndeas y Nfacõndeas quf diedhfi fi fc Hdsfýa

Kdhríucdea hf cms Ajrms hf Hrfimof Fc prfsfitf àtf` hfserdjf cas gmetarfs quf digcuyfi fi cm ajtfiedõi hf hdsfýas mhfeum mhf eumha hass quf nmr nmrmit mitdef defi i fc jufi jufi gui guieda edaim` im`df dfita ita hfc hfc sds sdstf` tf`m m hf hrf hrfimo imof f prayfetmha, mearhf m cms fxdnfiedms kdhracõndems hf cm zaim hf fstuhda. Fc prd`fr gmetar m eaisdhfrmr sf rfgdfrf mc tm`mýa hf cm eufiem ea`a gmetar  kdhracõndea, haihf fc emuhmc mpartmha fstmrí fi guiedõi m cms eaihdedaifs ecd`ítdems, gdsdanrígdems, tapanrígdems, tdpa hf eajfrturm vfnftmc, tdpa hf `mifoa hf sufca y empmedhmh hf mc`mefim`dfita. Cas gmetarfs nfacõndeas f kdhranfacõndeas quf digcuyfi fi fc hdsfýa sf rfgdfrfi m cm prfsfiedm hf mnums sujtfrríifms, sujtfrríifms, imturmcfzm y eaihdedaif eaihdedaifss hf cms raems pfr`fmjcfs y hf cas sufc sufcas? as? su ka`a ka`anfif nfifdhmh dhmh,, fstrm fstrmtdgdem tdgdemedõi edõi,, eaih eaihuetdv uetdvdhmh dhmh kdhr kdhríuc íucdem, dem, ea`prfsdjdcdhmh, fte. y tm`jdäi m cm prfsfiedm hf zaims praecdvfs hf sfr mgfetmhms par gfiõ`fias hf nfahdií`dem fxtfrim hf ardnfi kàhrdea. 5.5

Fstuhdas hf Em`pa

Cas fstuhdas hf em`pa hfjfi fgfetumrsf eai fc prapõsdta hf dhfitdgdemr, ajtfifr y fvmcumr cm digar`medõi rfgfrdhm? mc fstmha metumc hf cms ajrms hf hrfimof fxdstfitfs, eaihdedaifs tapanrígdems f kdhracõndem kdhracõndemss hfc írfm h hf f su f`p f`pcmzm`dfita cmzm`dfita.. Msd`ds`a fc fstuhda fstuh da h hf f rf rfeaia eaiaed`df ed`dfita ita h hf f em`p em`pa a pfr` pfr`dtf dtf dhfi dhfitdgdem tdgdemrr y fv fvmcu mcumr mr cas sfeta sfetarfs rfs erà eràtde tdeas as

met metumc umcfs fs

y

pat patfi fiedm edmcfs cfs,,

hf

ard ardnfi nfi

kàh kàhrde rdea a

ea` ea`a a hfscd hfscdzm` zm`dfi dfitas tas,,

hfrru`jfs, frasdaifs, kumyeas, írfms diuihmjcfs, msfitm`dfitas, msfitm`dfitas, fte. quf diedhfi ifnmtdvm`fitf fi cm eaisfrvmedõi y pfr`mifiedm hf cm fstrueturm vdmc (emrrftfrms y/a pufitfs). Uf hfjf fvmcumr cms eaihdedai eaihdedaifs fs hf cms fstmedaifs pcuvda`ätrdems f kdhra`ätrdems, msà ea`a cm eaisdstfiedm hf cas hmtas rfndstrmhas. Rar atra cmha, fc fstuhda hf rfeaiaed`dfi rfeaiaed`dfita ta hf em`pa pfr`dtf caemcdzmr y kmefr  fc fstuh fstuhda da earrf earrfspai spaihdfi hdfitf tf hf tahm tahmss cms eufi eufiems ems y/a `dera `deraeufi eufiems ems kdhr kdhranrí anrígdems gdems,, euyas eursas imturmcfs hf hrfimof prdiedpmc ditfrefptmi fc fof vdmc fi fstuhda. Rmrm cm fcmj fcmjarme armedõi dõi hf ui fstuh fstuhda da a digar digar`f `f hf Kdhr Kdhracan acanàm, àm, cm metdv metdvdhmh dhmh hf fstuhda hf em`pa m ca cmrna hfc prayfeta vdmc, fs hf emríetfr ajcdnmtarda, par pmrtf hfc a cas fspfedmcdstm (s) m emrna hf cas fstuhdas kdhracõndeas f kdhríucdeas.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

5.8

Fvmcumedõi hf cm Digar`medõi Kdhracõndem

Hmha quf fc pmàs tdfif cd`dtmedaifs fi cm hdspaidjdcdhmh hf hmtas ym sfm kdhra`ätrdeas ea`a pcuvda`ätrdeas y cm `myar pmrtf hf cms eufiems kdhranrígdems ia sf fieufitrmi distru`fitmhms, nfifrmc`fitf sf utdcdzmi `ätahas dihdrf dihdrfetas etas pmrm cm fstd`medõi h hfc fc emuhmc hf hdsfýa. Hf meufrha m cm digar`medõi hdspaid hdspaidjcf jcf sf fcfndrí fc `ätaha `ís mhfeumha pmrm ajtfifr fstd`medaifs hf cm `mnidtuh hfc emuhmc, fc eumc sfrí vfrdgdemha eai cms ajsfrvmedaifs hdrfetms rfmcdzmhms fi fc puita hf ditfräs, tmcfs ea`a `fhdhms hf `mrems hf mnum hf erfedhms d`partmitfs y miícdsds hfc ea`partm`dfita hf ajrms fxdstfitfs. Cm rfprfsfitmtdvdhmh, emcdhmh, fxtfisdõi y eaisdstfiedm hf cas hmtas fs prd`arhdmc pmrm fc dideda hfc fstuhda kdhracõndea, par fcca, sf rfea`dfihm eaitmr eai ui `àid`a hf :6 mýas hf rfndstra quf pfr`dtm m pmrtdr hf fstm digar`medõi kdstõrdem cm prfhdeedõi hf fvfitas guturas eai fc ajoftdva quf cas rfsuctmhas sfmi eaigdmjcfs, msd`ds`a hdekm digar`medõi hfjfrí diecudr cas mýas fi quf sf kmi rfndstrmha cas fvfitas hfc gfiõ`fia –Fc Idýa‐, sdi f`jmrna hmha quf hurmitf fc fvfita hfc gfiõ`fia hfc idýa cm digar`medõi digar`medõi i ia a fs `fhdhm ym quf iar`mc`fitf

sf

fstd`mi

vmcarfs

fxtrmarhdi fxtrma rhdimrda mrdas, s, fstm diga digar`med r`medõi õi hf hfjf jf sfr f fvmcu vmcumhm mhm h hf f tmc `m `mifrm ifrm quf ia sf ardndifi sajrfhd`fisdaim`dfitas fi cms ajrms. Dihdseutdjcf`fitf, Dihdseutdjcf`f itf, cm digar`medõi kdhracõndem y/a kdh kdhra`ftfaracõ ra`ftfaracõndem ndem jí jísdem sdem pmrm cm rfmcdzmedõi hfc fstuhda earrfspaihdfitf, hfjfrí sfr rfprfsfitmtdvm hfc hfc írfm fi hõihf sf f`pcmzm fc prayfeta vdmc. 5.6

Írfm hfc Rrayfeta - Fstuhda hf cm(s) Eufiem(s) Kdhranrígdem(s)

Fc fstuhda hf eufiems fstí ardfitmha m hftfr`dimr sus emrmetfràstdems kàhrdems y nfa`argacõndems rfspfeta m su mpartf y fc ea`partm`dfi ea`partm`dfita ta kdhracõndea. Fc `myar  eaiaed`df eaia ed`dfita ita hf cm hdi hdií`dem í`dem hf cms eufi eufiems ems pfr`d pfr`dtdrí tdrí ta`m ta`mrr `foa `foarfs rfs hfed hfedsdai sdaifs fs rfspfeta mc fstmjcfed`dfita hf cms ajrms vdmcfs. Fs d`pa d`partmitf rtmitf hftfr hftfr`dim `dimrr cms emrmetf emrmetfràstd ràstdems ems gàsdems hf cms eufiem eufiemss ea`a sai? fc írfm,, gar`m hf cm eufi írfm eufiem, em, sdstf`ms hf hrfimof, hrfimof, emrmetf emrmetfràstde ràstdems ms hfc rfcdfvf rfcdfvf,, sufc sufcas, as, fte.

Fstms emrmetfràstdems hfpfihf hfpfihfi i hf cm `argacanàm (gar`m, rfcdfvf, rfh hf

hrfimof, hrfim of, fte.), cas tdpas hf sufc sufcas, as, cm eajf eajfrturm rturm vfnftmc vfnftmc,, cm nfac nfacanàm, anàm, cms príe príetdems tdems mnràeacms, fte. Fstas fcf`fitas gàsdeas praparedaimi cm `ís eaivfidfitf pasdjdcdhmh hf eaiaefr cm vmrdmedõi fi fc fspmeda hf cas fcf`fitas hfc ränd`fi kdhracõnde kdhracõndea. a. FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

Fc

 

fstuhda hf eufiems kdhranrígdems hfjfrí fgfetumrsf fi pcmias quf eufitm fc DNI fi fsemcm =?=22,222 y prfgfrfitf`fitf m uim fsemcm hf =/:6,222, eai tmc hf ajtfifr rfsuctmhas fspfrmhas. 5.7

Ufcfeedõi hfc Rfràaha hf Zftaria

Fc tdf`pa pra`fhda, fi mýas, fi quf fc vmcar hfc emuhmc pdea hf uim erfedfitf hftfr`dimhm fs dnumcmha a supfrmha uim vfz emhm –X‐ mýas, sf cf hfia`dim Rfràaha hf Zftaria –X‐. Ud sf supaif quf cas fvfitas miumcfs sai dihfpfihdfitfs, fs pasdjcf emceucmr cm prajmjdcdhmh hf gmccm pmrm uim vdhm ÿtdc hf i mýas. Rmrm mhaptmr fc pfràaha hf rftaria m utdcdzmr fi fc hdsfýa hf uim ajrm, fs ifefsmrda eaisdhfrmr cm rfcmedõi fxdstfitf fitrf cm prajmjdcdhmh hf fxefhfiedm hf ui fvfita, cm vdhm ÿtdc hf cm fstrueturm y fc rdfsna hf gmccm mh`dsdjcf, hfpfihdfiha fstf ÿctd`a, hf gmetarfs feaiõ`deas, saedmcfs, täeideas y atras. Fc erdtfrda hf rdfsna fs cm gdomedõi, m prdard, hfc rdfsna quf sf hfsfm msu`dr par fc emsa hf quf cm ajrm ccfnmsf m gmccmr hfitra hf su tdf`pa hf vdhm ÿtdc, ca eumc d`pcdem quf ia aeurrm ui fvfita hf `mnidtuh supfrdar m cm utdcdzmhm fi fc hdsfýa hurmitf fc prd`fr  mýa, hurmitf fc sfnuiha, y msà suefsdvm`fitf pmrm emhm uia hf cas mýas hf vdhm hf cm ajrm. 5.>

MIMCDUDU FUXMHDUXDEA HF HMXAU KDHZACANDEAU

5.>.= @ahfcas hf hdstrdjuedõi Fc mi miíc ícdsd dsdss hf grf grfeuf eufied iedms ms tdfif tdfif cm gdimc gdimcdhm dhmh h hf fst fstd`m d`mrr prf prfedp edpdtm dtmeda edaif ifs, s, ditfisdhmhfs a emuhmcfs `íxd`as, sfnÿi sfm fc emsa, pmrm hdgfrfitfs pfràahas hf rftaria, `fhdmitf cm mpcdemedõi hf `ahfcas prajmjdcàstdeas, cas eumcfs pufhfi sfr  hdserftas a eaitdiuas. Fi cm fstmhàstdem fxdstfi hdvfrsms guiedaifs hf hdstrdjuedõi hf prajmjdcdhmh tfõrdems< rfea`fihíihasf rfea`fihíih asf utdcdzmr cms sdnudfitfs guiedaifs?

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

EMRÀXVCA DW KDHZÍVCDEM T HZFIMOF

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

DW.

KDHZÍVCDEM T HZFIMOF

8.=

HZFIMOF UVRFZGDEDMC

8.=.=

Hrfimof trmisvfrsmc hf cm emrrftfrm

8.=.=.= Mspfetas nfifrmcfs Fc Fstuhda hf Kdhríucdem y Hrfimof sf rfea`dfihm didedmrsf hfspuäs hf mprajmha fc prayfeta hf Hdsfýa Nfa`ätrdea, y fs hf metdvdhmh ajcdnmtardm cm dispfeedõi disdtu hfc hrfimof imturmc. Fc hrfimof trmisvfrsmc hf cm emrrftfrm tdfif ea`a ajoftdva fvmeumr fvmeumr mhfeumhm`fi mhfeumhm`fitf tf fc mnum supfrgdedmc quf ditfrefptm su digrmfstrueturm, cm eum eumcc hdseurrf par emuefs imturmcfs a mrtdgdedmcfs, fi gar`m pfr`mifitf a trmisdtardm, m gdi hf nmrmitdzmr su fstmjdcdhm fstmjdcdhmh h y pfr`mifiedm. Fc fcf`fita jísdea hfc hrfimof trmisvfrsmc sf hfia`dim mcemitmrdccm, eaisdhfrmhm ea`a uim fstrueturm `fiar, su hfisdhmh m ca cmrna hf cm emrrftfrm rfsuctm d`partmitf f diedhf fi cas eastas, par fcca, sf hfjf hmr fspfedmc mtfiedõi m su hdsfýa. Cms atrms fstrueturms quf gar`mi pmrtf hfc hrfimof trmisvfrsmc fs fc jmhäi y fc pufitf, sdfiha ästf ÿctd`a hf nrmi d`partmiedm, euya fstuhda kdhracõndea f kdhríucdea quf pfr`dtf eaiefjdr su hdsfýa, tdfif emrmetfràstdems pmrtdeucmrfs y sfríi trmtmhms hf `mifrm nfifrmc fi fc iu`frmc 8.=.=.6 hfc prfsfitf Fstuhda . Fc ajoftdva prdiedpmc fi fc hdsfýa kdhríucdea hf uim ajrm hf hrfimof trmisvfrsmc fs hftfr`dimr cm sfeedõi kdhríucdem `ís mhfeumhm quf pfr`dtm fc pmsa cdjrf hfc gcuoa càqudha y gcuoa gcuo a sõc sõcdha dha quf fvf fvfitu itumc` mc`fit fitf f trm trmisp ispartm artmi i cas eur eursas sas imtur imturmc mcfs fs y eai eaihu huedr edrcas cas mhfeumhm`fitf, mhfeumhm` fitf, sdi emusmr hmýa m cm emrrftfrm y m cm prapdfhmh mhymefitf. 8.=.=.: Rrf`dsms pmrm fc fstuhda m) Emrmetfràstdems tapanrígdems.- Rmrm fc emsa hf ajrms hf eruef `fiarfs (mcemitmrdccms), fc cfvmitm`dfita tapanrígdea rfmcdzmha pmrm cm emrrftfrm, hfjfrí eujrdr mqufccas sfetarfs haihf sf f`pcmzmrí f`pcmzmríi i h hdekms dekms ajrms, hf tmc `mifrm quf pfr`dtm hfgdidr fc pfrgdc caindtuhdimc hfc emuef tmita mnums mrrdjm y mnums mjmoa hf cm sfeedõi hf eruef. Fi fc emsa hf ajrms hf eruef eruef `myarfs ea`a pufitfs, pufitfs, cm m`pcdtuh m`pcdtuh quf hfjfrí mjmremr fc cfvmitm` cfvm itm`dfita dfita tapa tapanrígd nrígdea, ea, sf fstmj fstmjcfef cfef ca dihd dihdemha emha fi fc puit puita a 8.=.= 8.=.=.6.: .6.: m.=) hfc prfsfitf Fstuhda . j) Fstuhd Fstuhda a hf eufiem eufiemss k kdhranrí dhranrígdems.gdems.- Uf rfgdfrf m cm dhfitdgdemedõi hf cms eufiems kdhranrígdems quf ditfrefptmi fc mcdifm`dfita hf cm emrrftfrm, eai fc ajoftdva hf fstmjcfefr  cas emuhmcfs hf hdsfýa y fgfetas hf cms erfedhms. Uf hfjfrí dihdemr cm supfrgdedf, pfihdfitf y caindtuh hfc emuef prdiedpmc, gar`m, rfcdfvf, tdpa hf eajfrturm vfnftmc, emcdhmh y usa hf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

sufcas, msd`ds`a< cas em`jdas quf kmi sdha rfmcdzmhas par fc ka`jrf, tmcfs ea`a f`jmcsfs f`jm csfs

u

atrms

ajrm ajrmss

hf eru eruef ef quf p pufh ufhfi fi mctf mctfrmr rmr sdn sdnidgde idgdemtdvm mtdvm`fitf `fitf ccms ms

emrmetfràstdems hfc gcuoa. e)

Emrmetfràstdems hfc emuef.- Uf rfgdfrf m cms emrmetfràstdems hfc cfeka, tmcfs ea`a

gar`m, tdpa hf sufca, tdpa hf eajfrturm vfnftmc, tdpa hf `mtfrdmc hf mrrmstrf, sõcdhas gcatmitfs, gfiõ`fias hf nfahdií`dem fxtfrim y atras gmetarfs quf diedhfi fi fc tm`mýa y hurmjdcdhmh hf cm ajrm hf eruef. h)

Hmtas hf erfedhms.- Uf praefhfrí sfnÿi cms `ftahacanàms fxpufstms fi fc Empàtuca

DDD hfc Fstuhda . Ea`a digar`medõi mhdedaimc sf mimcdzmríi y fvmcumríi cms `mrems hfomhms par erf erfed edhms hms a fvf fvfita itass mit mitfrd frdarf arfs. s.

Mhd Mhdeda edaim imc`f c`fitf itf,,

sf

rfe rfeap apdcm dcmrí rí

cm

digar digar`me `medõi dõi

praparedaimhm praparedaim hm par cunmrfýas cunmrfýas,, eai cm gdimcdhmh hf eaitmr eai digar`medõi mhdedaimc hf em`pa. f) Fvmcumedõi hf ajrms hf hrfimof fxdstfitfs. Mitfs hf fgfetumr cm fvmcumedõi fvmcumedõi hf cms ajrms hf hrfimof fxdstfitfs, fxdstfitfs, fc Rrayfetdstm hfjf eaiaefr a ta`mr fi eufitm ca sdnudfitf?   Idvfc hf ditfrvfiedõi sajrf cm vàm fi fstuhda, ta`mr fi eufitm cms eaiecusdaifs hf cas fstuhdas hf prf-divfrsdõi, pmrm cm eakfrfiedm hfc edeca hfc prayfeta hf divfrsdõi.  

 

Eaitmr eai cms pranrfsdvms hfc prayfeta fi em`pa. Cm fvmcumedõi fvmcumedõi kdhríucdem h hf f cms fstrueturms fxds fxdstfitfs, tfitfs, hfjfrí sfr ea`pcf`fi ea`pcf`fitmhm tmhm eai cas fvmcumedaifs fvmcumedai fs hf ui Fspfedmcdstm fi Fstrueturms y Ajrms hf mrtf, pmrm cms fvmcu fvmcumedaifs medaifs hfc fstmha fstrueturmc hf cas fcf`fitas hf uim ajrm hf hrfimof fxdstfitf.

 

Fc rfsuctmha hf cm fvmcumedõi hf cms ajrms hf hrfimof sfrí prfsfitmha fi gdekms täeidems hf em`pa. Cm fvmcumedõi hfc ea`partm`dfita hfshf fc puita hf vdstm kdhríucdea fstrueturmc hf fstrueturms ujdemhms ujdemhms mnums mrrdjm a mnums mjmoa hf cm f fstrueturm strueturm prayfetmhm fs hf `uekm `uek m utdc utdcdhmh dhmh,, parq parquf uf pfr` pfr`dtf dtf eaitm eaitmrr eai digar`m digar`medõi edõi rfc rfcfvmi fvmitf tf pmrm canrm canrmrr hdsfýas mhfeumha mhfe umhas, s, ta`m ta`miha iha eufi eufitm tm su guied guiedaim` aim`dfit dfita a mitf cm prfs prfsfied fiedm m hf prae praefsas fsas nfa`argacõndeas ea`a frasdõi, sfhd`fitmedõi u atras gfiõ`fias, m cas quf kmi fstmha sa`ftdhms. 8.=.=.5

MCEMIXMZDCCMU

8.=.=.5.= Mspfetas nfifrmcfs Uf hfgdif ea`a mcemitmrdccm m cm fstrueturm euym cuz sfm `fiar m 7.2 ` y su guiedõi fs fvmeumr fc gcuoa supfrgdedmc pravfidfitf hf eursas imturmcfs a mrtdgdedmcfs quf ditfrefptmi cm FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

emrrftfrm. Cm hfisdhmh hfisdhmh hf mcemitmr mcemitmrdccm dccmss fi ui prayfeta vdmc digcuy digcuyf f hdrf hdrfetm`f etm`fitf itf fi cas eastas hf eaistrueedõi y hf `mitfid`dfita, par fcca, fs `uy d`partmitf tfifr fi eufitm cm mhfeumhm fcfeedõi hf su ujdemedõi, mcdifm`dfita y pfihdfitf, m gdi hf nmrmitdzmr fc pmsa cdjrf hfc gcuoa quf ditfrefptm cm emrrftfrm, sdi quf mgfetf su fstmjdcdhmh. Cm ujdemedõi õptd`m hf cms mcemitmrdccms hfpfihf hf su mcdifm`dfita y pfihdfitf, cm eumc sf canrm prayfetmiha hdekm fstrueturm sdnudfiha cm mcdifmedõi mcdifmedõi y pfihdfi pfihdfitf tf hfc emuef imturmc. Udi f`jmrna, sf hfjf ta`mr fi eufitm quf fc dierf`fita y hds`diuedõi hf cm pfihdfitf digcuyf fi cm vmrdmedõi hf cm vfcaedhmh hf gcuoa, quf m su vfz diedhf fi cm empmedhmh hf trmispartf hf `mtfrdmcfs fi suspfisdõi y mrrmstrf hf gaiha. Fi cm prayfeedõi f distmcmedõi hf mcemitmrdccms fc mspfeta täeidea hfjf prfvmcfefr  sajrf fc mspfeta feaiõ`dea, fs hfedr quf ia pufhfi smerdgdemrsf edfrtms emrmetfràstdems kdhríucdems sõca eai fc ajoftdva hf rfhuedr cas eastas. Udi f`jmrna, fs rfea`fihmjcf quf cm ujdemedõi, mcdifm`dfita y pfihdfitf quf sf fcdom pmrm emhm emsa, fstmrí suoftm mc jufi  oudeda hfc fspfedmc fspfedmcdstm, dstm, qudfi hfjfrí fstuhdmr cas mspfetas kdhracõndea kdhracõndeas, s, kdhríucdea kdhríucdeas, s, fstrueturmcfs y gfiõ`fias hf nfahdií`dem n fahdií`dem fxtfrim hf ardnfi kàhrdea, pmrm ajtfifr  gdimc`fitf cm sacuedõi `ís mhfeumhm ea`pmtdj ea`pmtdjcf cf eai cas eastas, apfrmtdvdhmh, sfrvdedmcdh sfrvdedmcdhmh mh y sfnurdhmh hf cm emrrftfrm. 8.=.=.5.: Vjdemedõi fi pcmitm Cm ujdemedõi fi pcmitm dhfmc fs ccm m quf sdnuf cm hdrfeedõi hf cm earrdfitf, sdi f`jmrna, sfnÿi

rfqufrd`dfita

hfc

d`pcdem d`pc dem fc meai meaihded hdedaim` aim`dfita dfita

Rrayfeta hfc

cm ujdemedõi imturmc pufhf hfspcmzmrs hfspcmzmrsf, f, ca eumc

emue emuef, f,

m

cm

fitrmhm fitrmhm

y

smcd smcdhm hm

eai

cm

eaistrueedõi hf ajrms hf fiemuzm`dfita u atrms ajrms ea`pcf`fitmrdms. 8.=.=.5.5 Rfihdfitf caindtuhdimc Cm pfihdfitf caindtuhdimc hf cm mcemitmrdccm hfjf sfr tmc quf ia mctfrf hfs`fsurmhm`fitf cas praefsas nfa`argacõndeas, ea`a cm frasdõi y sfhd`fitmedõi, par fcca, cas em`jdas hf pfihdfitf hfjfi sfr fstuhdmhas fi gar`m eudhmhasm, pmrm ia diedhdr fi hdekas praefsas quf pufhfi pravaemr fc eacmpsa hf cm fstrueturm. Fi cas Mifxas? Cí`dim I¿ 2=, sf mprfedm cm ujdemedõi tàpdem hf mcemitmrdccms rfspfeta m cm pfihdfitf hfc emuef. 8.=.=.5.8 Fcfeedõi hfc tdpa hf mcemitmrdccm m) Xdpa y sfeedõi Cas tdpas hf mcemitmrdccms ea`ÿi`fitf utdcdzmhm utdcdzmhmss f fi ip prayfetas rayfetas hf emrrftfrms fi iufstra pmàs sai< `mrea hf eaierfta, tujfràms `ftícdems earrunmhms, tujfràms hf eaierfta y tujfràms hf pacdftdcfia hf mctm hfisdh hfisdhmh. mh. FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Cms

sfeedaifs

`ís

usumcfs

sai

edreucmrfs edreucmrfs,,

rfetminucmrfs

y eumhrmhms. Fi

aemsdaif aems daifss fspf fspfedmc edmcfs fs quf msà ca m`fr m`frdtfi dtfi puf pufhf hf usmr usmrsf sf mcem mcemitmrd itmrdccms ccms hf sfee sfeedaif daifss pmrmjõcdems y mjavfhmhms. Fi em emrr rrft ftfr frms ms hf mc mcta ta vacu vacu`f `fi i hf tríi tríisd sdta ta y pa parr ifef ifefsd sdhm hmh h hf cd`pd d`pdfz fzm m y `mitfid`dfita hf cms mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms, cms, sf mhaptmrí uim sfeedõi `àid`m edreucmr hf 2.42 ` (57‐) hf hdí`ftra a su fqudvmcfitf hf atrm sfeedõi, smcva fi eruefs hf emimcfs hf rdfna haihf sf mhaptmríi sfeedaifs hf meufrha m emhm hdsfýa pmrtdeucmr. Cms mcemitmrdccms tdpa `mrea hf eaierfta hf sfeedõi rfetminucmr a eumhrmhm pufhfi pufhfi ujdemrsf m idvfcfs quf sf rfqudfrm, ea`a eacaemrsf hf tmc t mc `mifrm quf fc idvfc hf cm rmsmitf eadiedhm eai fc idvfc supfrdar hf cm casm a hfjmoa hfc tfrrmpcäi. Nfifrmc`fitf, sf rfea`dfihm f`pcfmr fstf tdpa hf mcemitmrdccms eumiha sf tdfif cm prfsfiedm hf sufcas hf guihmedõi hf `mcm emcdhmh. Fs d`partmitf distmcmr mcemitmrdccms pfr`mifitfs eai ui tm`mýa ca sugdedfitf`fitf nrmihf ea`a pmrm hfsmcaomr cms mvfidhms hf hdsfýa `ís cas fsea`jras quf sf pufhmi mitdedpmr. Fi emuefs imturmcfs quf prfsfitmi emuhmcfs hf hdsfýa d`partmitfs haihf cm rmsmitf ia pfr`dtf fc f`pcmzm`dfita hf uim mcemitmrdccm hf hd`fisdõi eaisdhfrmjcf, sf sufcfi eacaemr  mcemitmrd mcem itmrdccms ccms `ÿctdpc `ÿctdpcfs, fs, sdi f`jm f`jmrna, rna, fstf hdsf hdsfýa ýa hfj hfjf f tfif tfifrr fi eufi eufitm tm cm empm empmedhm edhmh h hf mrrmstrf mrrms trf hfc eurs eursa a imtur imturmc mc (pmcdzm (pmcdzmhm, hm, trai traieas eas y `mtf `mtfrdmc rdmc hf emue emuef) f) y su pfihdfi pfihdfitf tf caindtuhdimc pmrm fvdtmr ajstrueedaifs, rfea`fihíihasf utdcdzmr ajrms eai `myar sfeedõi trmisvfrsmc cdjrf, sdi sujhdvdsdai sujhdvdsdaifs. fs. Fi fc emsa hfc praefsa eaistruetdva hf tujfràms pmrm mcemitmrdccms mcemitmrdccms `ÿ `ÿctdpcfs, ctdpcfs, sf rfea`dfihm quf cm sfpmrmedõi hf cas tujas, `fhdhm fitrf cms supfrgdedfs fxtfrims, hfjfrí sfr tmc quf gmedcdtf cm ea`pmetmedõi hfc `mtfrdmc hf rfccfia dnumc m cm `dtmh hfc hdí`ftra hf cm tujfràm eai ui `íxd`a hf =.2 ` y 2.8 ` ea`a `àid`a.  Msd`ds`a, fi emuefs imturmcfs eai emuhmcfs hf hdsfýa eais eaisdhfr dhfrmjcf mjcfs, s, pfih pfihdfit dfitf f caindtuhdimc rfhuedhm y trmispartf hf pmcdzmhm ea`a fs fc emsa hf eursas imturmcfs ujdemhas fi cm rfndõi sfcvm hf iufstra pmàs, sf rfea`dfihm cm eacaemedõ eacaemedõi ih hf f ajrms eai cm `myar sfeedõi kdhríucdem pasdjcf quf hfpfihdfi hfpfihdfiha ha hfc mspfeta feaiõ`dea pahríi utdcdzmrsf mcemitmrdccms tdpa mreas pmrmjõcdeas a mjavfhmhms. Fi cas Mifx Mifxas? as? Cm`d Cm`dim im I¿ 2:, sf mprfed mprfedm m uim sfee sfeedõi dõi tàpde tàpdem m hf mcem mcemitmrd itmrdccm ccm tdpa tujfràm `ftícdem earrunmhm (X@E) eai pratfeedõi m cm fitrmhm y smcdhm. Fi cm Cí`dim I¿ 25, sf mprfedm sfeedaifs tàpdems hf mcemitmrdccms tdpa `mrea hf eaierfta eai pratfeedaifs hf fitrmhm y smcdhm.

j) @mtfrdmcfs FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Cm fcfeedõi fcfeedõi hfc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc hf cm mc mcemitmrdccm emitmrdccm hf hfpfihf pfihf hf vmrdas ms mspfetas, pfetas, fitrf fccas pahf`as `fiedaimr fc tdf`pa hf vdhm ÿtdc, easta, rfsdstfiedm, runasdhmh runasdhmh,, eaihdedaif eaihdedaifss hfc tfrrfia, rfsdstfiedm m cm earrasdõi, mjrmsdõi, gufna f d`pfr`fmjd d`pfr`fmjdcdhmh. cdhmh. Fi eaiecusdõi ia fs pasdjcf hmr uim rfncm nfifrmc pmrm cm fcfeedõi hfc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc m f`pcfmr fi cm eaistrueedõi hf cm mcemitmrdccm, sdia quf mhf`ís hf cas mspfetas `fiedaimhas mitfrdar`fitf hfpfihf hfc tdpa hf sufca, hfc mnum y prdiedpmc`fitf hf cm hdspaidjdcdhmh hf `mtfrdmcfs fi fc cunmr. 8.=.=.5.6 Zfea`fi Zfea`fihmedai hmedaifs fs y gmetarfs m ta`m ta`mrr fi eufitm pmrm fc hdsf hdsfýa ýa hf uim mcemitmrdccm  M eaitdiumedõ eaitdiumedõi i sf prfsfitmi mcnuims rfea`fihm rfea`fihmedaifs edaifs príetdems y gmetarfs quf ditfrvdfifi pmrm fc hdsfýa mhfeumha hf uim mcemitmrdccm. m) Vtdcdzmr fc pfràaha hf rftaria pmrm fc hdsf hdsfýa, ýa, sfnÿi ca fstmjcfedha fstmjcfedha fi fc Iu`frmc 5.7 hf hfcc Empàtuca DDD hfc @miumc. j)

Rmrm msfnu msfnurmr rmr cm fst fstmjdcdhmh mjdcdhmh hf cm em emrrftfrm rrftfrm mi mitf tf cm prfsf prfsfiedm iedm hf msfitm`dfi msfitm`dfitas tas

pravaemhas par gdctrmedaifs hf mnum, cm mcemitmrdccm hfjf msfnurmr cm d`pfr`fmjdcdhmh.  Msd`ds`a, hfitra hf hf cas gmetarfs sf `fiedaimi ca cass sdnudfitfs? m)

Ea`a gmetarfs gàsdeas y fstrueturmcfs, tfif`as? cm hurmjdcdhm hurmjdcdhmh, h, mcturm hf rfccfia

hdspaidjcf pmrm cm eacaemedõi hf cm mcemitmrdccm, emrnms metumitfs sajrf cm mcemitmrdccm y emcdhmh y tdpa hf tfrrfia fxdstfitf. j) Hfitra hf cas gmetarfs k kdhríucdeas, dhríucdeas, tfi tfif`as? f`as? fc emuhmc hf hdsfýa, pfihdfitf hfc emuef, vfcaedhmh hf gcuoa, `mtfrdmc hf mrrmstrf, pfihdfitf hf cm mcemitmrdccm y runasdhmh hfc eaihueta. e) Atras gmetarfs d`partmitfs quf hfjfi sfr ta`mhas fi eufitm pmrm cm fcfeedõi hfc tdpa hf mcemitmrdccm,, sai cm meefsdjdcdhm mcemitmrdccm meefsdjdcdhmh h m cm zaim hfc prayfeta y cm hdspaidjdcdhm hdspaidjdcdhmh h hf `mtfrdmcfs pmrm su eaistrueedõi eaistrueedõi.. 8.=.=.5.7 Hdsfýa kdhríucdea Fc eíceuca kdhríucdea eaisdhfrmha pmrm fstmjcfefr cms hd`fisdaifs `àid`ms hf cm sfeedõi pmrm cms mcemitmrdccms m prayfetmrsf, fs ca fstmjcfedha par cm gõr`ucm hf Zajfrt @miidin* pmrm emimcfs mjdfrtas y tujfràms, par sfr fc praefhd`dfita `ís utdcdzmha y hf gíedc mpcdemedõi,, cm eumc pfr`dtf ajtfifr cm vfcaedhmh hfc ggcuoa. mpcdemedõi cuoa.

XMJCM I¿ 24? Wmcarfs hfc Eafgdedfitf Eafgdedfitf hf Zunasdhmh hf @miidin (i)

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

XDRA HF EMIMC

 M.=. @FXÍCDEAU

 M.: IA @FXÍCDEAU  

   U    A    H    D    X    U    F    W    F

J.= @FXMC

@ÀID@A

IAZ@MC @Í[D@A

m. Jraief Racdha j. Mefra sachmha eai rf`mekfs e. @ftmc earrunmha suj - hrfi hrfi pmrm mnums ccuvdms

2.224

2.2=2

2.2=5

2.2=2 2.2=5

2.2=: 2.2=7

2.2=8 2.2=>

2.2=> 2.2:=

2.2=4 2.2:8

2.2:= 2.252

m. Eaierfta tuja rfeta y cdjrf hf jmsurms tuja eai eurvms, eaifxdaifs mgdimha tuja hf mcemitmrdccmha eai eí`mrms, fitrmhms. Xuja eai `achmof hf mefra. Xuja hf `achmof `mhfrm efpdccmhm Xuja eai `achmof `mhfrm fi jruta j. @mhfrm hufcms cm`dimhm y trmtmhm e. Mcjmýdcfràm hf pdfhrm.

2.2=2 2.2== 2.2== 2.2=5

2.2== 2.2=5 2.2=: 2.2=6

2.2=5 2.2=8 2.2=8 2.2=>

2.2=: 2.2=: 2.2=6

2.2=5 2.2=8 2.2=>

2.2=8 2.2=7 2.2:2

2.2=2 2.2=6 2.2=;

2.2=: 2.2=> 2.2:6

2.2=8 2.2:2 2.252

m. Mefra cdsa sdi pditmr pditmha j. Earrunmha

2.2== 2.2=: 2.2:=

2.2=: 2.2=5 2.2:6

2.2=8 2.2=> 2.252

2.2=2 2.2== 2.2=:

2.2=: 2.2=: 2.2=6

2.2=8 2.2=6 2.2=;

2.2== 2.2=6 2.2=8 2.2=> 2.2::

2.2=5 2.2=> 2.2=> 2.2:2 2.2:>

2.2=6 2.2:2 2.2:2

2.2=> 2.2:5

2.2:6 2.25:

2.252 2.256

2.2=7 2.2:: 2.2::

2.2=; 2.2:6 2.2:>

2.2:2 2.252 2.255

2.2:5 2.2:6 2.252 2.2:6

2.2:6 2.252 2.256 2.256

2.252 2.255 2.282 2.282

2.2:6 2.256

2.256 2.282

2.282 2.262

2.262 2.282

2.2;2 2.262

2.=:2 2.2;2

   Z    U    F    C    M    I    M    E  .    J

m. @mhfrm Udi trmtm`dfita Xrmtmhm Rcmiekms j. Eaierfta mgdimha eai pcmim mgdimha eai gaiha hf nrmvm J.: IA @FXÍCDEA sdi mgdimr fxemvmha fi raem hf jufim emcdhmh fxemvmha fi raem hfsea`pufstm e. Mcjmýdcfràm pdfhrm eai `artfra pdfhrm sacm m. Xdfrrm, rfeta y uidgar`f iufva nrmvm eai mcna hf vfnftmedõi j. Xdfrrm, sdiuasa sdi vfnftmedõi eai `mcfzms y pmsta `mcfzm tupdhm, pcmitms gaiha pfhrfnasa - `mcfzms. e. Zaem sumvf y uidgar`f drrfnucmr h. Emimcfs sdi `mitfiedõi `mcfzm tupdhm Gaiha cd`pda, jarhfs eai vfnftmedõi

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

m. Zàas fi pcmidedfs rfetas, sdi zaims `ufrtms rfetas sdi zaims `ufrtms eai pdfhrms y `mcfzms Udiuasa, vfnftmedõi y pdfhrms Udiuasa, vfnftmedõi y jmstmitf pfhrfnasa H.=. EAZZDFIXFU  Mjuihmitf vfnftmedõi, vfnftmedõi, sdiuasa. @FIAZFU (MIEKA UVRFZG. j. Xarrfitfs hf `aitmým, sdi vfnftmedõi, jarhfs 3 52 `) mjruptas.  Írjacfs y mrjustas su`frndhas su`frndhas Rmredmc`fitf fi erfedhms eai pdfhrms y Raems raems nrmihfs raems y pdfhrms fi fc gaiha.

2.2:6 2.252 2.256 2.286 2.2>6

2.252 2.257 2.286 2.262 2.=22

2.255 2.282 2.262 2.272 2.=62

2.252 2.282

2.282 2.262

2.262 2.2>2

H.: RCMIDEDFU HF m. eai pmsta sdi mrjusta DIVIHMEDAI pmstdzmcfs jmoas pmstdzmcfs mctas j. írfms euctdvmhms sdi euctdva eai euctdvas e. Mrjustas y @mcfzms fsemsas hfisas h. Mrjacfs smuefs tdfrrm hfspfomhm eai traieas

2.2:6 2.252

2.252 2.256

2.256 2.262

2.2:2 2.252

2.252 2.282

2.282 2.262

2.282 2.2>2

2.272 2.=22

2.2;2 2.=72

2.==2 2.252

2.=62 2.282

2.:22 2.262

H5 Zàas Rrdiedpmcfs Ufeedaifs Zfnucmrfs (mieka supfrdar m Ufeedaifs Drrfnucmrfs 52 `)

2.2:6 2.256

-

2.272 2.=22

Gufitf? Kdhríucdem hf Emimcfs Mjdfrtas, Wfi Xf Ekaw, =4;5.

Uf hfjf tfifr fi eufitm cm vfcaedhmh vfcaedhmh,, pmrí`ftra quf fs ifefsmrda vfrdgdemr hf tmc `mifrm `mif rm quf sf fieufit fieufitrf rf hfi hfitra tra hf ui rmina, euyas cà`dtfs sf hfserdjf hfserdjfi i m eaitdiumedõi. XMJCM I¿ =2? eaihuetas

Wfcaedhmhfs Wfcaedhmhfs `íxd`ms `íxd`ms mh`dsdjcfs mh`dsdjcfs (`/s) fi

rfvfstdhas XDRA HF ZFWFUXD@DFIXA

WFCAEDHMH (@/U)

Eaierfta

5.2 ― 7.2

Cmhrdcca eai eaierfta

:.6 ― 5.6

@m`pastfràm hf pdfhrm y eaierfta

:.2

Gufitf? KEMIMCFU, @íxd`a Wdccai J.

Uf hfjfrí vfrdgdemr quf cm vfcaedhmh `àid`m hfc ggcuoa cuoa hfitra hfc eaihueta ia FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

prahuzem sfhd`fitme sfhd`fitmedõi dõi quf pufhm diedhdr fi uim rfhueedõi hf su empmedhmh kdhríucdem, rfea`fihíihasf rfea`fihíihasf quf cm vfcaedhmh `àid`m sfm dnumc m 2.:6 `/s.  Msd`ds`a, sf hfjf tfifr `uy fi eufitm cm vfcaedhmh hf gcuoa m cm smcdhm hf cm mcemitmrdccm, nfifrmc`fitf nfifrmc`fitf fstm vfcaedhmh fs `myar quf cm vfcaedhmh hf fseurrd`dfita fi fc emuef imturmc y hfjf cd`dtmrsf m gdi hf fvdtmr praefsas hf saemvmedõi hfc emuef mnums mjmoa hf cm fstrueturm y ia mgfetf su fstmjdcdhmh.  M eaitdiumedõi eaitdiumedõi,, sf prfsfitm uim tmjcm eai vmcarfs `íxd`as mh`dsdjcfs hf vfcaedhmhfs hf gcuoa sfnÿi fc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc haihf sf hfspcmzm. XMJCM I¿ ==? Wfcaedhmhfs `íxd`ms mh`dsdjcfs (`/s) fi emimcfs ia rfvfstdhas GCVOA DIXFZ@DXFIXF

GCVOA RFZ@MIFIXF

(@/U)

(@/U)

 Mrfim gdim (ia eacadhmc)

2.>6

2.>6

 Mredccm mrfiasm (ia eacadhmc)

2.>6

2.>6

 Mredccm cd`asm (ia eacadhmc)

2.42

2.42

 Mredccm gdim

=.22

=.22

Efidzm vaceíidem

=.:2

=.22

Nrmvm gdim

=.62

=.:2

 Mredccm hurm (eacadhmc)

=.;2

=.82

Hfshf mredccm m nrmvm

:.22

=.62

Hfshf cd`a m nrmvm

:.=2

=.>2

Nrmvm

:.52

=.;2

Nrmvm nrufsm

:.82

:.22

Hfshf nrmvm m pdfhrms (3 =6 e`)

:.>2

:.=2

Hfshf nrmvm m pdfhrms (9 :2 e`)

5.22

:.82

XDRA HF XFZZFIA

@mtfrdmc nrmhumha (ia eacadhmc)

Gufitf? Fstuhda Fstuhda hf Emrrftfrms hf Emcdgaridm

8.=.=.5.> Eaisdhfrmedaifs pmrm fc hdsfýa m) @mtfrdmc sõcdha hf mrrmstrf Cm pmcdzmhm, `mtfrdmc sõcdha y kmstm hfspfrhdedas mrraomhas m cas emuefs imturmcfs y quf sai mrrmstrmhas par cm earrdfitf, sai fcf`fitas `uy pf pfrouhdedmcfs rouhdedmcfs sd sf meu`ucmi fi cm mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccm cm f diedhfi fi su ea`partm`dfita kdhríucdea kdhríucdea.. Ia sacm`fitf mg mgfe fetm tm m cm mc mcem emit itmr mrdcdccm cm,, tm`j tm`jdä däi i mgfe mgfetm tm cm cmss zaim zaimss mcfh mcfhmý mýms ms hf cm emrr emrrft ftfr frm. m. Eaisfeufitf`fitf, Eaisfeufitf `fitf, fs d`partmitf quf cms emrrftfrms eufitfi eai ui pranrm`m hf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

`mitfid`dfita rutdimrda, m gdi hf dhfitdgdemr cas sfetarfs vucifrmjcfs, prapfisas hf sfr  mgfetmhas par fstf gfiõ`fia. Hurmitf fc hdsfýa hf cm mcemitmrdccm, sf pufhfi mhaptmr taha tdpa hf `fhdhms pmrm fvdtmr  fstas prajcf`ms, fi prd`fr cunmr sf pufhf fvdtmr cm meu`ucmedõi hf pmcdzmhm y `mtfrdmc sõcdha `fhdmitf cm eaistrueedõi hf ajrms mhdedaimcfs, ea`a hdsdpmharfs a eí`mrms fspfedmcfs quf pfr`dtmi rftfifr sõcdhas, hfspfrhdedas y rm`ms, pmrm cufna fgfetumr su cd`pdfzm. Atrm mctfrimtdvm fs hfomr pmsmr cas sõcdhas, hfspfrhdedas y rm`ms `fhdmitf cm eaistrueedõi hf mcemitmrdccms hf `myar sfeedõi kdhríucdem mearhf mc fstuhda puitumcdzmha hf cm eufiem hf mpartf. Uf rfea`dfihm fi ca pasdjcf, ia `ahdgdemr cm pfihdfitf imturmc hfc eursa hf mnum m ca cmrna hf cm mcemitmrdccm. Cms rfea`fihmedaifs `fiedaimhms mitfrdar`fitf hfjfi sfr mimcdzmhms hfshf fc puita hf vdstm feaiõ`dea, ym quf pufhfi dierf`fitmr fc easta hf eaistrueedõi, easta hf ajrms mhdedaimcfs,, msà ea`a cas eastas par trmjmoas hf cd`pdfzm y `mitfid`dfita. mhdedaimcfs Fi zaims hf sfcvm mctm fi haihf cms emrmetfràstdems gàsdems y nfa`argacõndeas (tàpdems) sfmi? •

Emuefs fiemoaimhas, fi W, dimetdvas a eai gcuoa pfr`mifitf hf mnum.

•

Rfihdfitfs fitrf 6% y 72%, fs hfedr hf `fhdmims m gufrtfs.

•

Xdpa hf sufca? tmcuhfs y cfeka hf `mtfrdmc nrmiucmr, mcuvdmcfs, eacuvdmcfs, eai `mtrdz

gdim hf mrfim y cd`as, nrmvms y nrmvdccms< fs hfedr vucifrmjcfs m frasdõi pcuvdmc. •

Xdpa hf vfnftmedõi, mrjustdem, fi tmcuhfs.

Fstms emrmetfràstdems, dihdemi quf fc gcuoa fi cas emuefs, sai gcuoas hf jmrras, eai pasdjcfs kumyeas `fiarfs, hfjdha m quf fc mnum hf cm

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

ccuvdm smturm fc `mtfrdmc hf cas tmcuhfs dierf`fitmiha cm `msm y rfhuedfiha cm eakfsdõi hf cms pmrtàeucms, y quf sai mrrmstrmhas eai fc mnum. Msà `ds`a, fc emuhmc sõcdha fs par  ca `fias : vfefs `myar quf fc emuhmc càqudha, cm vfcaedhmh, vmràm fitrf : y =2 `/s (Rraekmslm, Umitd, :22;). Uf

rfea`dfihm rfea`dfihm

utdc utdcdzmr, dzmr,

fi

zaims

hf sfcvm

mctm,

gàsdems y nfa`argacõndeas nfa`argacõndeas ddihdemhms ihdemhms fi fc pírrmga mitfrda mitfrdar, r,

eeai ai

cms emrmetfràstdems

ea`a hdí hdí`ftra `ftra `àid` `àid`a a

mcemitmrdccms mcemitmrdc cms X@E Ш 8;‐ Uf pufhf eaisdhfrmr fi gar`m príetdem, pmrm emceucmr fc arhfi hf `mnidtuh hf fstf emuhmc sõcdha, cm sdnudfitf gõr`ucm?

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

] s 0 ύ MW 

(8;)

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

] s 0 emuhmc sõcdha 5 ύ 0 :,762 ln/` (hfisdhmh pra`fhda hfc `mtfrdmc sõcdha)

 M 0 írfm trmisvfrsm trmisvfrsmcc hfc `mtfrdmc ssõcdha õcdha rftfidha, W 0 vfcae vfcaedh dhmh mh mp mprax raxd`m d`mhm hm hfc gcuoa gcuoa sõcdh sõcdha a ((Fst Fstd`m d`mrr h hf fm meuf eufrha rha m cm zaim hf trmjmoa, : `/s, eaisfrvmhar) (O. Emsmgrmiem). j) Jarhf cdjrf Fc jarhf cdjrf fi mcemitmrd mcemitmrdccms ccms fs ui pm pmrí`ftra rí`ftra `uy d`partmitf m ta`mr fi eufitm hurmitf su hdsfýa kdhríucdea, par fcca, cms mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms cms ia hfjfi sfr hdsfýmhm hdsfýmhmss pmrm trmjmomr m sfeedõi ccfim, ym quf fsta dierf`fitm su rdfsna hf ajstrueedõi, mgfetmiha su empmedhmh kdhríucdem. Uf rfea`dfihm quf fc hdsfýa kdhríucdea eaisdhfrf ea`a `àid`a fc :6 % hf cm mcturm, hdí`ftra a gcfekm hf cm fstrueturm. e) Uaemvmedõi caemc m cm smcdhm hf cm mcemitmrdccm Ud cm vfcaedhmh hfc gcuoa m cm fitrmhm y pmrtdeucmr`fitf m cm smcdhm hf cm mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccm cm fs mctm, pufhf prahuedr praefsas praefsas hf saemvmedõi caemc quf mgfetf su fstmjdcdhmh, par fcca, sf rfea`dfihm cm pratfeedõi hfc emuef imturmc `fhdmitf cm eaistrueedõi hf f`jaqudccmhas hf pdfhrm, fiekmpmha hf raems mea`ahmhms u atras tdpas hf rfvfstd`dfitas, cas eumcfs hfjfríi fxtfihfrsf kmstm zaims haihf cm saemvmedõi caemc ia tfinm diedhfiedm sajrf cm pratfeedõi Vim `fhdhm pmrm rfhuedr cm vfcaedhmh hfc gcuoa, fs cm eaistrueedõi hf mcdvdmhfra mcdvdmhfrass hf fitrmhm fitrm hm y smcd smcdhm hm hf cm mcemitmr mcemitmrdcc dccm m fi gar`m fsem fsemcaim caimhm hm eai fc ajoftdva hf hdsdpmr cm fifrnàm kdhríucdem. Fi cas Mifxas? Cí`dim I¿ 28, sf mprfedm uim sfeedõi tàpdem hf mcemitmrdcc mcemitmrdccm m eai mcdvdmhfra hf smcdhm tdpa hdsdpmhar hf fifrnàm kdhríucdem.  M eaitdiumedõ eaitdiumedõi, i, sf prfsfitm cm gõr`ucm hf Cmuskfy quf pfr`dtf emceucmr fc hdí`ftra `fhda hf cas fcf`fitas hf pratfeedõi m cm smcdhm hf mcemitmrdccms fi guiedõi hf cm vfcaedhmh hfc gcuoa.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

h  62 0

W

:

(5.= n  )

(84)

Haihf? h 62

? Hdí`ftra `fhda hf cas fcf`fitas hf pratfeedõi (`)

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

W

? Wfcaedhmh `fhdm hfc gcuoa m cm smcdhm hf cm mcemitmrdccm (`/s)

 n

? Mefcfrmedõi hf cm nrmvfhmh (`/s :)

Fi cas Mifxas? Cí`dim I¿ 26, sf mprfedm uim sfeedõi tàpdem hf mcemitmrdccm eai firaemha hf pratfeedõi m cm smcdhm. h) @mitfid`dfita y cd`pdfzm Cms hd`fisdaifs hf cms mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms cms hfjfi pfr`dtdr fgfetumr trmjmoas hf `mitfid`dfita y cd`pdfzm fi su ditfrdar hf `mifrm gmetdjcf. Fs d`partmitf rfmcdzmr fstas trmjmoas eai cm gdimcdhmh quf guiedaifi mhfeumhm`fitf, tmc ea`a sf km prfvdsta fi fc hdsfýa. Fs ifefsmrda fgfetumr ui pranrm`m hf `mitfid`dfita quf diecuymi dispfeedaifs dispfeedaifs mitfs y hfspuäs hf pfràahas ccuvdasas pmrm ea`prajmr fc fstmha kdhríucdea fstrueturmc hf cm ajrm y ajtf ajtfifr ifr

hmta hmtass

ea`a `mre `mrems ms h hfomhm fomhmss par cms eerfed rfedhms, hms, m meu`u eu`ucmed cmedõi õi hf

`mtfrdmc, hfpõsdta hf sfhd`fitas, prfsfiedm hf pmcdzmhm, saemvmedõi hf emuef y hmýas fstrueturmcfs. Cms dis dispfe pfeeda edaif ifss pfr`d pfr`dtdr tdríi íi ta` ta`mr mr cms `f `fhdh hdhms ms ear earrfe rfetdv tdvms ms quf eai eaiccccfvf fvfi i mc pcmitfm`dfita hf sacuedaifs, ifefsdhmh hf iufvas hdsfýas, rfpasdedaifs a eaistrueedõi hf ajrms mhdedaimcfs. f) Mjrmsdõi Cm mjrmsdõi fs uim meedõi `feíidem hf razm`dfita quf eaisdstf fi cm frasdõi hfc `mtfrdmc hf cm mcemitmrdccm par cm meedõi hf sõcdhas gcatmitfs trmispartmhas par fc emuef imturmc. imtur mc. Fstf gfiõ`fi gfiõ`fia a hfpf hfpfihf ihf hfc emrí emríetfr etfr y emitd emitdhmh hmh hf `mtfr `mtfrdmc dmc hf mrrms mrrmstrf, trf, hurmedõi, grfeufiedm y vfcaedhmh hfc gcuoa. Fs d`partmitf ta`mr fi eufitm fstf gfiõ`fia mc `a`fita hf fcfndr fc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc hfc eumc fstmrí eaistdtudhm cm mcemitmrdccm. g) Earrasdõi Cm earrasdõi sf hfgdif ea`a fc hftfrdara hf ui `mtfrdmc m eaisfeufiedm hf ui mtmquf fcfetraquà`dea par su fitaria y pufhf `midgfstmrsf ea`a eaisfeufiedm hf cm meedõi hf fcf`fitas metdvas prfsfitfs fi fc sufca, mnum a mt`õsgfrm. Udf`prf quf ccm m ea earrasdõi rrasdõi fstä ardndimhm par ui uim m rfm rfmeedõi eedõi fcfetraquà`dem

(axdhmedõi),

cm vfcaedhmh m cm quf tdfif cunmr hfpfihfrí fi mcnuim `fhdhm hf cm tf`pfrmturm, hf cm smcdidhmh hfc gcudha fi eaitmeta eai fc `ftmc y hf cms prapdfhmhfs hf cas `ftmcfs fi eufstdõi. Cms eaihd eaihdeda edaifs ifs m`j m`jdfi dfitmc tmcfs fs quf eaitr eaitrdju djuyfi yfi m cm ear earras rasdõi dõi hf mce mcemit mitmrd mrdccm ccmss sai sai FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

eaihdedaifs mcemcdims y íedhms prfsfitfs fi fc sufca y fi fc mnum, y cm eaihuetdvdhmh fcäetrdem hfc sufca. Fc mnum eai mctm smcdidhmh emusm ditfism earrasdõi m earta pcmza fi fc mefra. Fs d`partmitf sfýmcmr quf eumcqudfr `mtfrdmc utdcdzmha fi cm eaistrueedõi hf mcemitmrdccms fxpufsta mc mnum hf `mr a eumiha cms mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms cms sf ujdqufi fi zaims eastfrms efremims mc `mr rfqudfrfi mcnÿi tdpa hf pratfeedõi pmrm msfnurmr su vdhm ÿtdc. Ca `ds`a, suefhf eai cas íedhas prahuedhas par `dims hf emrjõi u atrms apfrmedaifs `difrms. Uf dihdem, msd`ds`a quf cas sufcas eai mcta eaitfidha hf `mtfrdm arníidem sai iaedvas pmrm cas `ftmcfs ym quf sf earrafi. Fi fc emsa hf mcem mcemitmrd itmrdccms ccms hf `ftm `ftmcc earru earrunmha nmha nfif nfifrmc`f rmc`fitf itf sf utdc utdcdzm dzm em empms pms pratfetarms tmcfs ea`a rfeujrd`dfita rfeujrd`dfitass msgíctdeas, sdi f`jmrna, fstm `fhdhm `uekms vfefs vfe fs ia fs sug sugded dedfi fitf, tf, pa parr ca quf ui `mt `mtfrd frdmc mc hf `m `myar yar rfsds rfsdstfi tfiedm edm sfràm fc `ís mhfeumha pmrm metumr fi `fhdas `uy mnrfsdvas. n) Ufnurdhmh y vdhm ÿtdc Fc hdsfýa hf mcemitmrdccms hfjf nmrmitdzmr cm mhfeumhm y earrfetm fvmeumedõi hfc gcuoa quf hdseurrf kmedm m cm emrrftfrm `fhdmitf cm ajtfiedõi hf hdsfýas kdhríucdeas mhfeumhas. Fxdstfi Fxdst fi `fhdh `fhdhms ms pmrm prac pracainm ainmrr cm vdhm ÿtdc hf cms mcem mcemitmrd itmrdccms ccms y `foa `foarmr rmr sus eaihdedaifs hf sfrvdeda. Cms `fhdhms quf sf utdcdzmi eai `myar grfeufiedm sf `fiedaimi m eaitdiumedõi? -Eai cm gdimc gdimcdhmh dhmh hf pratf pratfnfr nfr cms mcem mcemitmr itmrdccm dccmss eais eaistdtud tdtudhms hms par tuja tujass `ftíc `ftícdeas deas earrunmhas hf cm prfsfiedm hf mnfitfs fxtfrdarfs quf pufhmi mgfetmrcms, sf rfea`dfihm fc usa hf rfeujrd`dfita msgíctdea, hf fstm `mifrm sf canrm dierf`fitmr su vdhm ÿtdc. -Eumiha

cms eaihdedaif eaihdedaifss hf fxpasdedõi sai `uy mnrfsdvms, tmcfs ea`a vfcaedhmh vfcaedhmhfs fs

fxefsdvms eai prfsfiedm hf fcf`fitas mjrmsdvas fi fc gcuoa, prfsfiedm hf mnums smcdims a íedhms pravfidfi pravfidfitfs tfs hf fstm fstmjcfe jcfed`df d`dfitas itas `dif `difras, ras, sufca sufcass mcemcdi mcemcdias as y sufc sufcas as

eai

prfsfiedm prfsf iedm hf turjm turjm,, fc rfeu rfeujrd` jrd`dfita dfita msgíc msgíctdea tdea ia agrfe agrfef f uim pratf pratfeedõ eedõi i sugded sugdedfitf fitf,, jmoa fstms eaihdedaifs ia fs rfea`fihmjcf fc usa hf mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms cms `ftícdems, par fcca, sf rfea`dfihm fc usa hf atras `mtfrdmcfs pmrm cm eaistrueedõi hf mcemitmrdc mcemitmrdccms, cms, ea`a eaierfta hf mctm rfsdstfiedm a tujas hf mctm hfisdhmh. 8.=.=.8 JMHFIFU Cms fstrueturms tdpa jmhäi sai sacuedaifs fgfetdvms eumiha fc idvfc hf cm rmsmitf hf cm emrrftfrm eadiedhf eai fc idvfc hf gaiha hfc emuef hfc eursa imturmc quf ditfrefptm su

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mcdifm`dfita, mcdifm`df ita, parquf pfr`dtf hfomr pmsmr gcuoa hf sõ sõcdhas cdhas fsparíhdem` fsparíhdem`fitf fitf quf sf prfsfitmi eai `myar ditfisdhmh hurmitf pfràahas ccuvdasas y haihf ia km sdha pasdjcf cm prayfeedõi hf uim mcemitmrdccm a pufitf. Cas `mtfrdmcfs ea`ÿi`fitf usmhas fi cm eaistrueedõi hf jmhfifs sai cm pdfhrm y fc eaierfta, pufhfi eaistrudrsf jmhfifs hf pdfhrm mea`ahmhm y eaierfta quf gar`mi pmrtf hf cm supfrgdedf hf rahmhurm hf cm emrrftfrm y tm`jdäi eai pmýas hf casms hf eaierfta mr`mha. Cas jmhfifs jmhfifs eai supfrgde supfrgdedf df hf rahmhurm hf pmý pmýas as hf eaie eaierfta rfta sf rfea` rfea`dfih dfihmi mi fi emrrftfrms hf prd`fr arhfi, sdi f`jmrna, qufhm m erdtfrda hfc fspfedmcdstm fc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc m usmr pmrm emhm emsa fi pmrtdeucmr, ca eumc fstí hdrfetm`fitf rfcmedaimh rfcmedaimha a eai fc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc quf trmispartm fc eursa imturmc. Uf rfea`dfihm rfea`dfihm fvdtmr cm eacaemedõi hf jmhfifs sajrf hfpõsdtas hf sufcas

gdias

susefptdjcfs hf sfr mgfetmhas par praefsas hf saemvmedõi y msfitm`dfitas msfitm`dfitas.. Fc hdsfýa hf jmhfifs hfjf eaitf`pcmr ifefsmrdm`fitf cm eaistrueedõi hf ajrms hf pratfeedõi eaitrm cm saemvmedõi y uýms hf ed`fitmedõi fi cm fitrmhm y smcdhm, msà ea`a tm`jdäi casms hf mpraxd`medõi fi cm fitrmhm y smcdhm hfc jmhäi. Hfpfihdfiha Hfpfihdfi ha hfc tdpa hf `m `mtfrdmc tfrdmc h hf f mrrmstrf quf trmisp trmispartf artf fc eursa im imturmc turmc haihf sf ujdemrí fc jmhäi, sf pufhfi mhaptmr hdsfýas `dxtas, fs hfedr jmhäi ― mcemitmrdcc mcemitmrdccm, m, quf pfr`dtmi fvmeumr gcuoas `fiarfs fi äpaems hf fstdmof y m su vfz gcuoas hf `mtfrdmcfs sõcdhas fi pfràahas fxtrmarhdimrdas, sdi f`jmrna, fstas hdsfýas hfjfi sfr fstuhdmhas `diuedasm`fitf `diuedasm`f itf pmrm pahfr sfr f`pcfmha f`pcfmhas, s, `fhdmitf ui fstuhda ditfnrmc hf cm eufiem quf hrfi hrfimrí mrí fc jmhä jmhäi, i, ym quf fc hfj hfjfríi fríi hfsp hfspcmitm cmitmrsf rsf prfgf prfgfrfitf rfitf`fitf `fitf sajr sajrf f `mtfrdmc rfsdstfitf m praefsas frasdvas. Fi cas Mifxas? Cí`dim I¿ 27, sf mprfedm uim sfeedõi tàpdem hf jmhäi eai pratfeedõi tmita fi cm fitrmhm ea`a fi cm smcdhm. e) Rfihdfitf caindtuhdimc hfc jmhäi Fc hdsfýa kdhríucdea hfc jmhäi hfjf mhaptmr pfihdfitfs caindtuhdimc caindtuhdimcfs fs hf dinrfsa y smcdhm hf cm fstrueturm hf tmc `mifrm quf fc pmsa hf vfkàeucas m trmväs hf äc, sfm hf `mifrm eaigartmjcf y ia d`pcdquf hdgdeuctmhfs pmrm cas eaihuetarfs y hmýa m cas vfkàeucas. h) Rfihdfitf trmisvfrsmc hfc jmhäi Eai cm gdimcdhmh gdimcdhmh hf rfhuedr fc rdfsna hf ajstrueedõi h hfc fc jmhäi eai fc `mtfrdm `mtfrdmcc hf mrrmstrf

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quf trmisp trmispartm artm eursa imtur imturmc, mc, sf rfea rfea`dfi `dfihm hm hatm hatmrr mc jmhä jmhäi i hf uim pfi pfihdfi hdfitf tf trmisvfrsmc quf pfr`dtm uim mhfeumhm fvmeumed fvmeumedõi õi hfc gcuoa. Uf rfea`dfihm pfihdfitfs trmisvfrsmcfs pmrm fc jmhäi fitrf : y 5%. f) Jarhf cdjrf Fc hdsfýa kdhríucdea hfc jmhäi tm`jdäi hfjf eaitf`pcmr `mitfifr ui jarhf cdjrf `àid`a fitrf fc idvfc hfc gcuoa `íxd`a fspfrmha y fc idvfc hf cm supfrgdedf hf rahmhurm, m gdi hf fvdtmr prajmjcfs hfsjarhfs quf mgfetfi cas cmhas mhymefitfs hf cm pcmtmgar`m vdmc. Nfifrmc`fitf, fc jarhf cdjrf sf msu`f dnumc m cm mcturm hf mnum fitrf fc idvfc hf gcuoa `íxd`a fspfrmha y fc idvfc hf cm càifm hf fifrnàm, sdi f`jmrna, sf rfea`dfihm mhaptmr  vmcarfs fitrf 2.52 y 2.62`. 8.=.=.8.: Hdsfýa kdhríucdea Rmrm fc hdsfýa kdhríucdea sf dhfmcdzmrí fc jmhäi ea`a ui emimc trmpfzadhmc eai ränd`fi uidgar`f. Fstf tdpa hf gcuoa tdfif cms sdnudfitfs prapdfhmhfs? m) Cm praguihdhmh, í írfm rfm hf cm sf sfeedõi eedõi trmisvfrsm trmisvfrsmc,c, vfcaedhmh `f `fhdm hdm y nmsta sai eaistmitfs fi cm sfeedõi hfc emimc. j) Cm càifm hf fif fifrnàm, rnàm, fc f fof of kdh kdhríucdea ríucdea y fc gaiha hfc emimc sa sai i pm pmrmcfcas, rmcfcas, fs hfedr, cms pfihdfitfs hf cm càifm hf fifrnàm, hf gaiha y hf cm supfrgdedf hfc mnum sai dnumcfs. Fc gcuoa uidgar`f quf sf eaisdhf eaisdhfrm rm fs pfr`mifitf fi fc tdf`pa tdf`pa.. Mÿi eumiha fstf tdpa hf gcuoa fs `uy rmra fi cms earrdfitfs imturmcfs, fi nfifrmc, eaistdtuyf uim `mifrm gíedc hf dhfmcdzm dhfm cdzmrr fc gcuoa fi fc jmhäi, y cas rfsuctm rfsuctmhas has tdfifi uim mpra mpraxd`m xd`medõi edõi príetd príetdem em mhfeumhm. Cm vfcaedhmh `fhdm fi ui gcuoa uidgar`f eu`pcf cm feumedõi hf @miidin, quf sf fxprfsm par cm sdnudfitf rfcmedõi?

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:/5

W

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 Z   Z  U= / : i

(62)

 Z   M M / R  Haihf fc nmsta vdfif hmha par cm sdnudfitf rfcmedõi? ]  WM

(6=)

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Haihf? 5

] ? Emuhmc (` /s) W ? Wfcaedhmh `fhdm hf gcuoa (`/s)  M ? Írfm hf cm sfeedõi kdhríucdem (`:)  R ? Rfrà`ftra `aomha (`)  Z ? Zmhda kdhríucdea (`) U ? Rfihdfitf hf gaih gaiha a ((`/`) `/`) i ? Eafgdedfitf hf hf @miidin (Wfr Xmjcm I¿ 24)

8.=.=.6 RVFIXFU 8.=.=.6.= Mspfetas nfifrmcfs Cas pufitfs sai cms fstrueturms `myarfs quf gar`mi pmrtf hfc hrfimof trmisvfrsmc hf cm emrrftfrm y pfr`dtfi smcvmr a eruzmr ui ajstíeuca imturmc, fc eumc pufhf sfr fc eursa hf uim qufjrmhm a ui ràa. Fs d`partmitf tfifr fi eufitm quf ui pufitf ia sfrí fstmjcf sd ia ca fs fc trm`a gcuvdmc ea`pra`f ea`pr a`ftdha. tdha. Fc ràa fs par imturmcf imturmcfzm zm fsfi fsfiedmc edmc`fitf `fitf `õvdc y em`j em`jdmitf dmitf.. Fi eaisfeufiedm, eaisfeufie dm, fc fstuhda hf ui pufitf quf ditfrmetÿm eai ui ràa ia pufhf dihfpfihdzmrsf dihfpfihd zmrsf hfc earrfspaihdf earrfspaihdfitf itf fstuhda hf Kdhríucdem Gcuvdmc. Cm fstmjdcdhmh gcuvdmc, canrmhm hurmitf edfitas a `dcfs hf mýas par fc ràa, pufhf vfrsf sfrdm`fitf mctfrmhm par cm eaistrueedõi hf ui pufitf. Cm praguihdhmh hfc fstuhda kdhríucdea tdfif quf hfpfihfr hf edfrtms emrmetfràstdems hfc pufitf pufi tf fi pmrt pmrtdeuc deucmr, mr, ea`a p pahràm ahràmi i sfr? su d`p d`partmi artmiedm edm hfitr hfitra a hf cm rfh vdmc vdmc,, eaisfeufiedms hf su gmccm, easta, tdpa hf fstrueturm, rdfsnas mefptmjcfs, fte. M cms quf hfjf mýmhdrsf cms earrfspai earrfspaihdfitfs hdfitfs mc ràa. Fi fc prfsfitf Fstuhda Fstuhda sf hfgdidrí ea`a pufitf m cm fstrueturm eu euym ym cuz sfm `myar a dnumc m 7.2 `, sdnudfiha ca fstmjcfedha fi cms fspfedgdemedaifs MMUKXA CZGH. 8.=.=.6.: Eaisdhfrmedaifs pmrm fc hdsfýa Fi fstf àtf` sf praefhfrí m hfserdjdr cms eaisdhfrmedaifs nfifrmcfs pmrm fc hfsmrracca hf cas fstuhdas hf kdhríucde kdhríucdem m gcuvdmc hf pufitfs sajrf emuefs imturmcfs. hfserdjdr hfser djdrí í fi gar`m nfif nfifrmc rmc cms

täeid täeidems ems

`ís

mpra mprapdmh pdmhms ms

pmrm

Msd`ds`a, sf fc

hdsfý hdsfýa a

kdhríucdea y cm digar`me digar`medõi dõi jísdem pmrm cm ajtfiedõi hf cas pmrí`ftras kdhríucdeas. Emjf sfýmcmr quf fc jufi guiedaim`dfita kdhríucdea, ia sõca hfpfihf hf ui miícdsds earrfeta y hfc usa mhfeumha hf cms ggõr`ucms õr`ucms `mtf`ítdem `mtf`ítdemss earrfspaihdfitfs< sd ia

 

tm`jdäi hf ui eaiaed`dfita emjmc hf cms eaihdedaifs kdhríucdems caemcfs fi cm eumc sf guihm`fitm su hdsfýa. m) Digar`medõi jísdem Fi fstf àtf`, sf fstmj fstmjcfef cfefrí rí rfea` rfea`fihm fihmedai edaifs fs nfifr nfifrmcf mcfss pmrm cm fofe fofeuedõ uedõi i hf cas fstuhdas hf kdhríucdem gcuvdmc pmrm pufitfs, quf diecuyf, mspfetas tapanrígdeas, fofeuedõi hf `ufstrfas pmrm cm hftfr`dimedõi hf hdí`ftras rfprfsfitmtdvas hfc cfeka y erdtfrdas pmrm cm fstd`medõi hf cm runasdhmh hfc cfeka. cfeka . m.=) Xapanrmgàm ― Jmtd`ftràm hfc emuef y zaims mhymefitfs Fc cfvmitm`dfita tapanrígdea quf sf rfqudfrf, hfjf mjmremr fc trm`a divacuermha haihf sf prayfetmrí fc pufitf, rfea`fihíiha rfea`fihíihasf sf quf hdeka cfvmitm`dfita tapanrígdea hfjf ea`prfihfr ca sdnudfitf? -

Fi ràas eai m`pcdms ccmiurms hf diuihmedõi haihf fc pufitf prahuzem eaitrmeedõi hfc

gcuoa hf mvfidhm fc cfvmitm`dfita mjmremrí =: vfefs fc mieka hfc emuef prdiedpmc mnums mrrdjm hfc fof prapufsta y 7 vfefs kmedm mnums mjmoa. -

Fi ràas haihf fc pufitf ia prahuzem eaitrmeedõi hfc gcuoa hf mvfidhm y agrfzem uim

pfihdfitf praiuiedm praiuiedmhm hm fc cfvmitm`dfita tapanrígdea mjmremrí ; vfefs fc mieka hfc emuef prdiedpmc mnums mrrdjm hfc fof prapufsta y 8 vfefs kmedm mnums mjmoa. Fc cfvmitm`dfita tapanrígdea ia hfjf sfr `fiar m =62 ` mnums mrrdjm y =62 ` mnums mjmoa hfc fof hfc pufitf prapufsta. -

Fi emsa quf fc fof hfc pufitf prapufsta sf ujdquf efrem hf cm hfsf`jaemhurm eai

ui ràa prdi prdiedpm edpmc,c, cmna a `mr fc cfvm cfvmitm` itm`dfita dfita tapan tapanrígdea rígdea hfjf hfjfrí rí diecudr cm zaim hf eaigcufiedm. Udi f`jm f`jmrna, rna, fc rfqu rfqufrd` frd`dfit dfita a `àid `àid`a `a pmrm fc cfvm cfvmitm`d itm`dfita fita tapanrígd tapanrígdea ea pufh pufhf f fxtfihfrsf a cd`dtmrsf, sdi pfrouhdemr cas ajoftdvas hfc prayfeta. Fitaiefs, sf rfea`dfih rfea`dfihm m quf fc cfvmitm`df cfvmitm`dfita ita tapanrígdea hfjf diecudr cm fstrueturm fxdstfitf, idvfcfs hf mnum metumcfs, `mrems hf mnum fi cm fstrueturm fxdstfitf, ta`m hfc pfrgdc caindtuhdimc hfc eursa imturmc, sfeedaifs trmisvfrsmcfs hfc eursa imturmc fspmedmhas ia `myar m 2.6 vfefs fc mieka hfc emuef prdiedpmc hfc eursa imturmc y atras mspfetas y/a sdinucmrdhmhfs hf rfcfvmiedm pmrm fc fstuhda kdhríucdea, tfidfiha fi eufitm mhf`ís cm gar`m drrfnucmr quf nfifrmc`fitf prfsfitmi cms sfeedaifs trmisvfrsmcfs hf cas emuefs imturmcf imtur mcfs, s, fc cfvm cfvmitm` itm`dfita dfita tapanrí tapanrígdea gdea hfj hfjfrí frí rfpr rfprfsfi fsfitmr tmr cm zaim fi fstu fstuhda hda mhfeumhm` mhfeum hm`fit fitf f hf tmc `mi `mifrm frm quf pfr pfr`dt `dtm m dhf dhfitd itdgde gdemr mr puita puitass mct mctas, as, jmoas jmoas f drrfnucmrdhmhfs hfc cfeka ea`a dscatfs, zaims hf hfprfsdõi msaedmhms m saemvmedõi, fte. Rmrm fstuhdas fstuhdas fi rfndaifs hf sfcvm sfcvm hf iufs iufstra tra pmàs pmàs,, fc cfvm cfvmitm`d itm`dfita fita tapanrí tapanrígdea gdea Jmtd`ätrdea hfjfrí mjmremr cms írfms hf diuihmedõ diuihmedõi i msaedmhms m cms erfedhms hf cas

 

eursass imtu eursa imturmcf rmcfss `uy ea`uif ea`uifss fi fstm zaim zaim,, fs hfed hfedrr fc cfvmi cfvmitm`df tm`dfita ita tapanrígd tapanrígdea ea hfjfrí eujrdr tahm cm zaim mgfetmhm par fstf gfiõ`fia rfcfvmitf pmrm fc fstuhda. m.:) Vjdemedõi hfc pufitf Cm fcfeedõi fcfeedõi hf cm u ujdemedõi jdemedõi h hfc fc pufitf hfjf sf sfrr cm `ís õ õptd`m, ptd`m, hfshf fc puita hf vdstm kdhríucdea, nfatäeidea y hf hdsfýa Wdmc< fs hfedr hfjf sfr tmc, quf fc eursa imturmc ia mgfetf su fstmjdcdhmh y m su vfz fc pufitf ia prahuzem em`jdas `argacõndeas fi fc eursa imturmc. Hf prfgfrfiedm fi cas prayfetas hf emrrftfrms, fs rfea`fihmjcf quf cm ujdemedõi hfc pufitf sfm hfgdidha fi cm ftmpm didedmc hf ui fstuhda< pmrm fcca, cas fspfedmcdstms fi Xrmza - Hdsfýa Wdmc, Kdhríucdem y Nfatfeidm< fvmcumrmi cms eaihdedaifs fxdstfitfs tmita mnums mrrdjm, ea`a mnums mjmoa, fi uim caindtuh ia `fiar m 522 `. (m pmrtdr hf cas eruefs a jmhas fxdstfitfs). fxdstfitfs). Fstm metdvdhmh pfr`dtdrí pranrm pranrm`mr? `mr? cas ccfvmitm`dfitas fvmitm`dfitas tapanrígdeas pmrm fc `ahfcm`dfita kdhríucdea, rfqufrd`dfitas hf fstuhdas hf sufcas, ujdemedõi hf cms praspfeedaifs praspfeedaifs nfatäeidems, ta`m hf `ufstrm hf cas sfhd`fitas, u atra quf sfm ifefsmrda y pufhm prfvfrsf apartuim`fitf. Cas mspf mspfetas etas quf hf hfjfi jfi sfr tfidh tfidhas as fi euf eufitm itm fi rfcme rfcmedõi dõi m cm ujde ujdemedõ medõi i hf pufitfs, sf rfsmctm cas sdn sdnudfitfs? udfitfs? -

Gar`m hf cms eufiems trdjutmrdms,

-

Fstmjdcdhmh gcuvdmc hfc trm`a gcuvdmc ea`pra`ftdha,

-

Nrmha hf sdiuasdhmh hf cas emuefs fxdstfitfs y

prfsfiedm hf cfeka mjmihaimhas, - Emrmetfràstdems tapanrígdems h hf f cas tfrrf tfrrfias ias y gar`m hf ccas as emuef emuefs, s, - Eajfrturm vfnftmc fxdstfitf, - Emrmetfràstdems nfacõndems a sdinucm sdinucmrfs, rfs, tmcfs ea`a mgca mgcarm`dfitas rm`dfitas ra raeasas, easas, fxdstfi fxdstfiedm edm hf nrmvms, mrfims, fte.

 

- Ajrms hf hrfimof fxdstfitfs mnums mrrdjm y hfjmoa hf cm ajrm ajofta hfc fstuhda y su pasdjcf digcufiedm sajrf cm `ds`m, - Emrmetfràstdems hf cas emu emuefs efs prdiedpm prdiedpmcfs cfs tmcfs ea ea`a, `a, sus Ufee Ufeedaifs, daifs, mcdi mcdifm`dfita, fm`dfita, ca cass ajstíeucas, cm vfnftmedõi fxdstfitf y cm imturmcfzm hf cas memrrfas, -Emcdhmh mpmrfitf hf cas `mtfrdmcfs sajrf cas eumcfs sf vm eacaemr cms ajrms hf hrfimof prdiedpmcfs, -Fvdhfiedms hf ear earrasdõi rasdõi fi f fstrueturms strueturms `ftícdems fxdstfitfs a hf hfsnmstf snmstf f fi i fstrueturms hf eaierfta.  M eaitdiumedõi, sf prfsfitmi cas praefsas `argacõndeas `argacõndeas msaedmhas mc hdsfýa hf pufitfs y quf hfjfi sfr ta`mhas fi eufitm pmrm su hdsfýa y f`pcmzm`dfita. - Fvacuedõi hf `fmihras? Fc emuef fs ÿidea pfra fi gar`m hf eurvms. Cm aihucmedõi fi pcmitm sf mea`pmým hf uim msd`ftràm fi cms ssfeedaifs feedaifs trmisvfrsmcfs trmisvfrsmcfs.. Ästm nfa`ftràm hfc ràa fvacuedaim hf `mifrm ea`pcfom par ca quf fc pufitf hfjf ujdemrsf fi cm zaim hf `myar fstmjdcdhmh. - Emuefs trfizmha trfizmhas? s? Cas Cas ràa ràass quf prf prfsfi sfitmi tmi emu emuefs efs trf trfizm izmha hass sf emr emrmet metfrd frdzmi zmi par  par  gar`mr emuefs sfeuihmrdas fi fc ditfrdar hfc emuef prdiedpmc. Nfifrmc`fitf, fstas eursas prfsfitmi pfihdfitfs pfihdfitfs gufrtfs, nrmi trmispartf tr mispartf sõcdha y cfekas hf `mtfrdmc nrufsa. Fs d`partmit d`pa rtmitf f ta`m ta`mrr fi eufitm cm eaigd eaigdnurm nurmedõi edõi fi pcmi pcmitm tm hf fstf tdpa hf ràa pmrm fc f`pcmzm`dfita hfc pufitf, ym quf em`jdm eai fc idvfc hf mnum y eai fc tdf`pa, haihf cm sajrf sajr f hfpa hfpasded sdedõi õi hf sfhd sfhd`fita `fitass nfifr nfifrm m gcuoas fi hdrf hdrfeedõi eedõi hf cms ardcc ardccms ms quf sai mgfetmhms pmucmtdim`f pmucmtdim`fitf itf par fra frasdõi, sdõi, emu emusmiha smiha cm prfsfi prfsfiedm edm hf jmrrms f dscatfs ea eai i emuefs rm`dgdemhas hf tfihfiedm m dierf`fitmr su mieka. - Emuefs mvucsdaimhas? Cms mvucsdaifs mvucsdaifs sai gfiõ` gfiõ`fias fias quf hfjfi ta`m ta`mrsf rsf fi eufitm mc `a`fita hf fcfndr cm ujdemedõi hfc pufitf, hmha quf eaisdstfi fi fc mjmihaia sÿjdta hfc eursa prdiedpmc par atra mcfmtarda, ardndimha par cm sfhd`fitmedõi hf ui trm`a hf ràa, fsta prahuef uim fcfvmedõi hfc cfeka, garzmiha mc ràa r àa m mhaptmr ui eursa hdgfrfitf pfra `ís eõ`aha. - Frasdõi fi eurvms? Ia sf rfea`dfihm cm ujdemedõi hf ui pufitf sajrf fc hfsmrracca hf eurvms fxtfrdarfs, hfjdha m quf cms vfcaedhmh vfcaedhmhfs fs fi cms eurvms fxtfrdarfs sai sdnidgdemtdvm`fitf `myarfs prahuedfiha prahuedfiha praefsas hf frasdõi quf pufhfi mgfetmr su fstmjdcdhmh. - Fgfetas hf rf`misa? Ia sf rfea`dfihm cm ujdemedõi hfc pufitf fi ui trdjutmrda efrem hf cm eaigcufiedm eai ui ràa rà a prdiedpmc, pufs cas sÿjdtas em`jdas hf fcfvmedaifs erfmi fgfetas hf rf`misa quf pufhfi eaihuedr m cm mnrmhmedõi hfc cfeka fi fstm zaim.

 

m.5) @ufstrfa y emrmetfrdzmedõi hfc `mtfrdmc hfc cfeka Fc ajoftdva hfc `ufstrfa y emrmetfrdzmedõi emrmetfrdzmedõi hfc `mtf `mtfrdmc rdmc hfc cfeka fs cm hftfr`d hftfr`dimedõi imedõi hfc tm`mýa rfprfsfitmtdva quf fincajf taha fc fspfetra hf tm`mýas prfsfitfs fi äc. Fc `ufstrfa hfc `mtfrdmc hf emuef hfjfrí sfr rfprfsfitmtdva, pmrm hftfr`dimr su nrmvfhmh fspfeàgde nrmvfhmh fspfeàgdem m y miíc miícdsds dsds nrmi nrmiuca` uca`ätrde ätrdea. a. Cms `ufstrm `ufstrmss hfc `mtf `mtfrdmc rdmc hfc emuef hfjfi sfr ta`mhms mc `fias fi eumtra puitas, has fi fc fof hfc pufitf, y m 2.6J y J `ftras mnums mrrdjm, haihf J f fss fc mieka pra pra`fhda `fhda hfc ràa. Fi emhm pui puita ta sf hfjfi ta`mr trfs `ufstrms? fi cm supfrgdedf, m =.6 vfefs fc tdrmitf pra`fhda hfc ràa, y m uim praguihdhmh ditfr`fhdm, sdf`prf y eumiha cms eaihdedaifs hf fxemvmedõi y cm prfsfiedm hf mnum ca pfr`dtfi. Cm fcfeedõi hfc tm`mýa rfprfsfitmtdva pmrm fc eíceuca hf cm saemvmedõ saemvmedõi i fi emuefs imturmcfs, usumc`fitf sf rfmcdzm hf cm sdnudfitf `mifrm? -Ajt Ajtfi fidfi dfiha ha

fc

H6 H62 2

hf

tah tahm m

cm

hds hdstrdj trdjued uedõi õi

nrm nrmiuc iuca` a`ätr ätrdem dem,, ea` ea`ÿi` ÿi`fi fitf tf

eaisdhfrmha ea`a fc hdí`ftra rfprfsfitmtdva hf tahm cm hdstrdjuedõi. -Xm`jdäi sf utdcdzm fc hdí`ftra `fhda hf cm hdstrdjuedõi `fhdmitf cm sdnudfitf rfcmedõi.

 

i

∝  Hd ∇ p d  H` 

 

d

=

=22

(6:)

Haihf?  Hd ? Fs fc tm`mýa hf cm pmrtàeucm fi quf fc d(%) dihdem fc parefitmof

fi pfsa hf cms grmeedaifs hf cms pmrtàeucms euya tm`mýa fs `fiar a dnumc m fsf hdí`ftra ∇ pd

 Hd .

? Fs fc parefitmof fi pfsa hfc `mtfrdmc euya tm`mýa emf hfitra

hfc ditfrvmca euym `mrem hf ecmsf fs

 Hd , pmrm d 0 =…i ditfrvmcas.

 

m.8)

Mvfidhm hf Hdsfýa a Emuhmc @íxd`a y Rfràahas hf

Zftaria Rmrm rfmcdzmr fc fstuhda kdhríucdea hf pufitfs, fi prd`fr cunmr sf hfjf rfmcdzmr fc fstuhda kdhracõndea eai fc ajoftdva hf ajtfifr cm Mvfidhm hf Hdsfýa a fc emuhmc `íxd`a fi eaihdedaifs hf erfedhm. Rmrm ajtfifr cm Mvfidhm hf Hdsfýa a fc emuhmc `íxd`a fi cm sfeedõi hf ditfräs hf ui emuef imturmc (ràa a qufjrmhm) mhf`ís hf cas `ätahas hf miícdsds rfndaimc f kdhríucdea (sfeedõi-pfihdfitf (sfeedõi-pfih dfitf y `ahfcm`dfi `ahfcm`dfitas), tas), fxdstfi has gar`ms hf `ís ea`uifs hf ajtfifrca< cm prd`frm eaisdstf fi cm mpcdemedõi hf tfaràms fstmhàstdems m sfrdfs kdstõrdems hf emuhmcfs `íxd`as (`ätaha kdhracõndea) rfndstrmhas fi fc trm`a gcuvdm gcuvdmcc hf ditfr ditfräs äs a efremia m fc< cm sfnuihm gar`m gar`m,, sf rfgdfrf m cas `ätahas dihdrfetas dihdrfetas `fhdmitf fc usa hf rfcmedaifs prfedpdtmedõi fsearrfitàm (`ätaha kdhra`ftfaracõndea), m pmrtdr hf digar`medõi pcuvda`ätrdem rfndstrmhm rfndstrmhm fi fc írfm a eufiem kdhranrígdem hf ditfräs ditfräs.. Fc hfsmrracca hf cms `ftahacanàms `fiedaimhm `fiedaimhms, s, sf `ufstrm fi fc Empàtuca DDD hfc @miumc. Cm Mvfidhm hf Hdsfýa a emuhmc `íxd`a fstí msaedmha m ui pfràaha hf rftari rftaria a fspfeàgdea y fstf m su vfz hfpfihf hfc rdfsna hf gmccm y vdhm ÿtdc hf cm ajrm. Fi fc Empàtuca DDD hfc Fstuhda Fstuhda sf prfsfitmi vmcarfs hfc pfràaha hf rftaria hftf hftfr`dimhas r`dimhas fi guiedõi m cas gmetarfs sfýmcmhas. Fi jmsf m fcca, sf rfea`dfihm ca sdnudfitf? -Rmrm ajtfifr cm mvfidhm hf hdsfýa fi fc trm`a gcuvdmc hf f`pcmzm`df f`pcmzm`dfita ita hfc pufitf, sf hfjfrí ea`pmtdjdcdzmr fc pfràaha hf rftaria hfc fvfita kdhracõndea, eai fc rdfsna mh`dsdjcf y cm vdhm ÿtdc h hf f cm ajrm, fstf ÿ ÿctd`a ctd`a ajvdm`fi ajvdm`fitf, tf, hfpfihfrí hfc tdpa hf `mtfrdmc eaistdtutdva hfc pufitf Fi emsa hf quf fc pufitf sf eaistruym fi uim eduhmh eai mctm hfisdhmh hf pajcmedõi, a sf ujdquf `fhdmim`fitf mnums mjmoa hf ästm, sajrf ui ràa hf m`pcdms ccmiurms hf diuihmedõi, fc pfràaha hf rftaria hfjf sfr supfrdar m =22 mýas. -Rmrm cm fstd`medõi fstd`medõi hf cm pra praguihdhmh guihdhmh hf sa saemvmedõi, emvmedõi, fc p pfràaha fràaha hf rf rftaria taria `àid`a hfjfrí sfr dnumc mc utdcdzmha fi fc hdsfýa hfc pufitf y pmrm ui emuhmc hf ia `ís hf 622 mýas hf pfrda pfrdaha ha hf rftar rftaria ia quf fs fc emuh emuhmc mc pmrm vfrdgdemr cm fstmj fstmjdcdh dcdhmh mh hf cm ed`fitmedõi hfc pufitf. Fi fsf emsa, sf eaisdhfrm quf sf trmtm hf ui fvfita fxtrf`a fxtrf`a.. m.6) Nícdja a Mcturm cdjrf. Fc nícdja sf hfgdif ea`a fc fspmeda cdjrf fitrf fc idvfc `íxd`a hfc gcuoa hf erfedhm y fc idvfc digfrdar hfc tmjcfra hfc pufitf prayfetmha. Fc ajof ajoftdva tdva hfc nícd nícdja ja fs hfom hfomrr pmsm pmsmrr cms gcuetum gcuetumedai edaifs fs hf gcuoa eumi eumiha ha cm earrd earrdfitf fitf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

ditfrmetÿm eai cm fstrueturm prayfetmhm prahueta hf cm sajrfcfvmedõi hfc gcuoa, par fgfetas hf rf`misa, trmispartf hf `mtfrdmcfs gcatmitfs ea`a rm`ms, pmcdzmhms, traieas f diecusa írjacfs y atras `mtfrdmcfs gcatmitfs quf trmispartm cm earrdfitf. Fi iufstra pmàs, cm vmrdmedõi hf cms eaihdedaifs eaihdedaifs nfanrígdems y cm metdvdhmh ku`mim sajrf cms eufiems kmefi quf cas eursas imturmcfs mhf`ís hf hfsemrnms càqudhms tm`jdäi sf prahuzem prah uzemi i trmisp trmispartf artf hf sõcd sõcdhas has hf gaih gaiha a (`mt (`mtfrdmc frdmc hf memrr memrrfa), fa), trmis trmispartf partfss fi suspfisdõi y fi gcatmedõi ea`a rm`ms, pmcdzmhms y kmstm írjacfs. Fs `uy ea`ÿi quf fi cas cas ràas hf iufstra pmàs kmym mjuih mjuihmitf mitf trmispartf hf sõcdhas hfjdha mc emríetfr emríetfr tarrfitasa hf cas `ds`a `ds`as, s, eai `midgfstmhm frasdõi hf cas sufcas fi cm pmrtfs mctms hf cms eufiems par metdvdhmh ku`mim, `uekms vfefs `uy mcfomhms hf cas prdiedpdas hfc usa rmedaimc hf cas rfeursas imturmcfs. Rar tmita, fc hdsfýa hf cas pufitfs fxdnf cm eaisdhfrmedõi hf ui nícdja eaivfidfitf pmrm hmr pmsa ia sõca mc gcuoa (càqudha y sõcdha) sdia tm`jdäi m cas `mtfrdmcfs gcatmitfs. Fi cm ftmpm hf hdsfýa hf pufitfs, sf rfea`dfihm ca sdnudfitf? -Eum Eumiha iha fxds fxdstf tf fvdh fvdhfiedm fiedm quf cm earrd earrdfitf fitf trmis trmispartm partm `mtfr `mtfrdmc dmc sõcd sõcdha, ha, traie traieas, as, pmcdzmhm u atras ajoftas vacu`dias vacu`diasas, as, fc nícdja `àid`a msaedmha mc idvfc hf mnums `íxd`ms hfjfrí sfr, :.6 `. -Fi fc emsa quf cm earrdfitf sfm rfcmtdvm`fitf cd`pdm, sf eaisdhfrmrí ui nícdja hf :.2 ` par fied`m hfc idvfc hf mnums `íxd`ms fxtrmarhdimrdms. fxtrmarhdimrdms. -Fi fc emsa hf ràas imvfnmjcfs, cm mcturm hfc nícdja sf suoftmrí m ca fstmjcfedha fi fc Fstuhda Fstuhd a hf Hdsfýa Nfa`ätrdea ― HN-:22=. m.7) Eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh hf emuefs imturmcfs (i hf @miidin) Rmrm ajtfifr fc eafgdedfitf hf @miidin, sf rfqudfrf hf cm fxpfrdfiedm hfc fspfedmcdstm pmrm rfmcdzmr cms fstd`medaifs,, quf pufhf mpaymrsf fi m fstd`medaifs mitfefhfitfs itfefhfitfs hf emsa emsass sd`dcmrfs, tmjcms y pujcdemedaifs täeidems hdspaidjcfs, sajrf cm jmsf hf cas hmtas rfeapdcmhas fi cm ftmpm hf em`pa. Fi fc prfsfitf àtf`, sf hmi m eaiaefr rfea`fihmedaifs príetdems pmrm cm fstd`medõi hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh fi emuefs imturmcfs y sf hfserdjfi m eaitdiumedõi. - Fi cm Xmjcm I¿ 24, sf prfsfitmi vmcarfs hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh hf @miidin haihf fc vmcar hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh hfpfihf hf vmrdas gmetarfs msaedmhas m cm vfnftmedõi, nfa`argacanàm y emrmetfràstdems nfa`ätrdems prapdms hf cas emuefs imturmcfs. - Eawmi prapaif ui `ätaha, sfnÿi fc eumc fc eíceuca hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh, pufhf fstd`mrsf `fhdmitf cm sdnudfitf rfcmedõi? FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

i 0 ` 6 (i 2 + i = + i: + i 5 + i 8 )

(65)

i 2 ? Zunasdhm Zunasdhmh h jmsf pmrm ui emimc rfeta, uidgar`f, prds`ítdea y eai runasdhmh ka`anäifm. i = ? Zunasdhmh mhdedaimc hfjdhm m drrfnucmrd drrfnucmrdhmhfs hmhfs supfrgdedmc supfrgdedmcfs fs hfc pfrà`ftra `aomha m ca cmrna hfc trm`a fi fstuhda. i : ? Zunasdhmh mhdedaimc fqudvmcfitf hfjdhm m vmrdmedõi hf gar`m y hf hd`fisdaifs hf cms sfeedaifs m ca cmrna hfc trm`a fi fstuhda. i 5 ? Zunasdhmh fqudvmcfitf hfjdhm m ajstrueedaifs fxdstfitfs fi fc emuef. i 8 Zunasdhmh mhdedaimc fqudvmcfit fqudvmcfitf f hfjdhm m cm prfsfiedm hf vfnftmedõi. ` 6 ? Gmetar hf earrfeedõi pmrm diearparmr fgfeta hf sdiuasdhmh hfc emuef a prfsfiedm hf `fmihras. Fi cm Xmjcm I¿ =:, sf mprfedmi cas vmcarfs earrfspaihdfitfs m cms vmrdmjcfs utdcdzmhms par Eawmi. XMJCM I¿ =:? Xmjcm hf Eawmi pmrm hftfr`dimr cm digcufiedm digc ufiedm hf hdvfrsas hdv frsas gmetarfs sajrf fc eafgdedfitf i EAIHDEDAIFU HFC EMIMC

@mtfrdmc Divacuermha

Xdfrrm

2.2:2

Eartf fi Zaem

2.2:6

Nrmvm Gdim

i2

2.2:;

Uumvf

2.222

@ahfrmha

i=

2.226 2.2=2

Ufvfra

2.2:2

Nrmhumc

2.222

Wmrdmedaifs hf cm Ufeedõi Xrmisvfrsmc Aemsdaimc`fitf Mctfrimitf

i:

Grfeufitf`fitf Mctfrimitf Fgfeta Fgfet a Zfcmtd Zfcmtdva va hf cms Ajstruee Ajstrueedaif daifss

2.2:8

Nrmvm Nrufsm

@fiar Nrmha hf Drrfnucmrdhm D rrfnucmrdhmh h

WMCAZFU

Disdnidgdem Disdnidgdemitf itf

EAIHDEDAIFU HFC EMIMC @fiar

2.262 2.2=2-2.2=6

i5

2.222

WMCAZFU 2.2=2-2.2=6

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Wfnftmedõi

 Mprfedmjcf

2.2:2-2.252

Ufvfra

2.282-2.272

Jmom

2.226-2.2=2

@fhdm

i8

 Mctm @uy Mctm

2.2=2-2.2:6 2.2:6-2.262 2.262-2.=22

@fiar  Nrmha hf cas Fgfetas par @fmihra

=.222

 Mprfedmjcf

=.=62

` 6

Ufvfra

=.522

Gufitf? Kdhríucdem hf Xujfràms y Emimcfs, Mrtura Zaekm.

Eumiha Eumi ha cas cfek cfekas as hf cas emue emuefs fs imtu imturmcfs rmcfs fstíi eaist eaistdtudh dtudhas as par `mtf `mtfrdmc rdmc pfhrfna pfhrfnasa, sa, haihf fc sfhd`fita fs rfprfsfitmha par ui hdí`ftra `fhda, sf rfea`dfihm fc usa hf cm feumedõi hf Utrdelcfr pmrm cm fstd`medõi hf i 2 . i 2 0 2.25;H=/7

(68)

H ? Hdí`ftra rfp rfprfsfitmtdva rfsfitmtdva hf cm runa runasdhmh sdhmh supf supfrgdedmc rgdedmc (`) Fc hdí`ftra H fs fqud fqudvmcfi vmcfitf tf mc hdí` hdí`ftra ftra H76, H42 a H46 hfpf hfpfihdf ihdfiha iha hfc mearmzm`dfita hfc cfeka. Rmrtdeucmr`fitf, eumiha cas

sfhd`fitas agrfefi uim

nrmiuca`ftràm nrufsm y fxtfihdhm, fc hdí`ftra `fhda hf cm ea earmzm rmzm fs ef efremia remia mc H H42 42 a H46 ajtfidha hf cm eurvm nrmiuca`ätrdem ardndimc hfc cfeka. - Hfitra hf cms pujcdemed pujcdemedaifs aifs täei täeidems dems sf tdfif ccm m pujc pujcdemedõi demedõi ^mtfr U Uuppcy uppcy

Rmpfr 

=484 hfc VU Nfacandemc Uurvfy quf prfsfitm gatanrmgàms hf hdgfrfitfs earrdfitfs imturmcfs, dihdemiha pmrm emhm emsa fc vmcar hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh hf @miidin, emcdjrmha eai `fhdedaifs hf tfrrfia. Fstm pujcdemedõi fs uim jufim rfgfrfiedm y nuàm pmrm fstd`mr cas eafgdedfitfs hf runasdhmh fi emuefs imturmcfs. Cms rfea rfea`fih `fihmeda medaifs ifs prfs prfsfitm fitmhms hms fi cas pírrm pírrmgas gas mitfr mitfrdarf darfss pfr`d pfr`dtfi tfi cm fstd`medõi hfc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh msu`dfiha quf fc emuef imturmc prfsfitm uim runasdhmh ka`anäifm ka`anäifm,, sdi f`jmrna, fi cm pr prfs fsfi fitm tmi i

imturmcfzm,

cas

emuefs

imturmcfs

sf sfee eeda daif ifss tr trmi misv svfr frsm smcf cfss qu quf f ia tdfi tdfifi fi u uim im rrun unas asdh dhmh mh u uid idga gar` r`f f u

ka`anäifm, agrfedfiha uim runasdhmh ea`pufstm. Eumiha cm runasdhmh ncajmc a runasdhmh ea`pufstm hf cm sfeedõi vmràm eai fc tdrmitf hf mnum, sf hfjf, m quf m hdstditms praguihdhmhfs ditfrvdfifi zaims hf cm sfeedõi eai hdgfrfitfs hdgfrf itfs runa runasdhm sdhmhfs. hfs. Fstf fs fc emsa hf cas eursas imturm imturmcfs cfs haihf fc cfeka fstí eaistdtudha hf ui edfrta tdpa hf `mtfrdmc y cms `írnfifs par atra tdpa, usumc`fitf eai prfsfiedm hf vfnftmedõi fi cms zaims hf diuihmedõi. Rmrm fvmcumr cm runasdhmh ea`pufstm, sf prapaif fc `ätaha hf Fdistfdi y Jmils, FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

qudfifs hf`astrmrai `fhdmitf fxpfrd`fitas quf cas vmcarfs hf cm runasdhmh fstíi msaedmhas m hdstditas sdstf`ms dihfpfih dihfpfihdfitfs dfitfs fitrf sà y quf pufhfi supfrpaifrs supfrpaifrsf f cdifmc`fitf.. Fs hfedr, quf fc írfm hf cm sfeedõi trmisvfrsmc hfc eursa imturmc fs sfpmrmjcf cdifmc`fitf y sf supa supaif if quf pmrm emhm sujsf sujsfeedõ eedõi i fs vícd vícdhm hm cm feum feumedõi edõi hf @miidi @miidin n y quf cm vfcaedhmh `fhdm fi cm sfeedõi fs uidgar`f. m.>) Gmoms @mrndimcfs (Zfncm`fita hf cm Cfy hf Zfeursas Kàhrdeas ― Cfy I¿ :455;, Mrt. ==5¿ y ==8¿) Cms gmoms `mrndimcfs sai jdfifs hf ha`dida pÿjcdea kdhríucdea. Fstíi eaigar`mhms par  cms írfms di`fhdmtms di`fhdmtms supfrdarfs supfrdarfs m cms rdjfrms hf cms gufitfs hf mnum mnum,, imtu imturmcf rmcfss a mrtdgdedmcfs. Cms hd`fisdai hd`fisdaifs fs fi uim a m`jms `írnfifs sai gdomhms par cm Mutardhmh  Mh`didstrmtdvm hfc Mnum, y sf rf rfmcdzm mcdzm hf meuf meufrha rha cas sdnudfi sdnudfitfs tfs erdtfrdas? m. Cm `mni `mnidtuh dtuh f d`pa d`partmi rtmiedm edm hf cms fstruetu fstrueturms rms kdhríuc kdhríucdems dems hf cms prfsms prfsms,, rfsf rfsfrvard rvardas, as, f`jmcsfs, emimcfs hf hfrdvmedõi, pufitfs, fitrf atras. j. Fc fspmeda ifefsmrda pmrm cm

eaistrueedõi, eaisfrvmedõi y pratfeedõi hf cms

hfgfisms rdjfrfýms y hf cas emuefs. e. Fc fspmeda ifefsmrda pmrm cas usas pÿjcdeas quf sf rfqudfrmi. h. Cm `íxd`m erfedhm a mvfidhm hf cas ràas, cmnas, cmnuims y atrms gufitfs imturmc imturmcfs fs hf mnum.. Ia sf eaisd mnum eaisdhfrm hfrmríi ríi cms `íxd `íxd`ms `ms erfedhm erfedhmss rfnd rfndstrmh strmhms ms par emusms hf fvfi fvfitas tas fxefpedaimcfs. m.;) Fvmcumedõi hf ajrms fxdstfitfs f digar`medõi mhdedaimc Cm fvmcumedõi hf ajrms fxdstfitfs fi fc eursa imturmc fs `uy d`partmitf pmrm fc hdsfýa hfgdidtdva hf uim iufvm fstrueturm, parquf pfr`dtf vfrdgdemr quf cm ajrm prayfetmhm ia pravaquf mctfrmedaifs mctfrmedaifs hfshf fc puita hf vdstm hf cm kdhríucde kdhríucdem m gcuvdmc sajrf ajrms fxdstfitfs a vdefvfrsm, ea`a em`jdas jruseas hf pfihdfitf quf prahuzemi frasdõi, sfhd`fitmedõi, fgfetas hf rf`misa, gar`medõi hf iufvas emuefs, fte. Hdekm fvmcumedõi ea`prfihfrí tm`jdäi fc ea`partm`dfita kdhríucdea fstrueturmc hf cms ajrms fxdstfitfs, digar`medõi rfcfvmitf m sfr ta`mhm fi eufitm pmrm fc hdsfýa hf cm fstrueturm prayfetmhm.  Mhf`ís hf cm fvmcumedõi hf cms ajrms fxdstfitfs fi fc emuef, fs d`prfsedihdj d`prfsedihdjcf cf y ifefsmrda eaiaefr, cms emrmetfràstdems caemcfs hfc emuef, ea`a írfms diuihmjcfs, puitas eràtdeas hf hfsjarhf, grfeufiedm hf diuihmedõi, äpaems haihf dierf`fitm su emuhmc, `mrems hf mnum hfomhms par mvfidhms mitfrdarfs, puitas eràtdeas haihf sf prfsfitm frasdõi y sfhd`fitmedõi, `mtfrdmc quf memrrfm cm earrdfitf, fitrf atrms digar`medaifs ifefsmrdm ifef smrdmss pmrm fc hdsf hdsfýa, ýa, ca eumc sf puf pufhf hf eaisf eaisfnudr nudr m trmväs hf eais eaisuctms uctms m FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

pajcmharfs hf `ms mitdnófhmh fi fc cunmr hfc prayfeta. Fc ajoftdva prdiedpmc hf cas hmtas rfeapdcmhas fi em`pa fs praparedaimr mc fspfedmcdstm uim vdsdõi ea`pcftm hfc trm`a fi fstuhda, pmrm cm ujdemedõi hf cas pufitfs a pmrm cm pratfeedõi hf rdjfrms.

8.=.=.6.5 RMZÍ@FXZAU KDHZÍVCDEAU RMZM FC HDUFÝA HF RVFIXF Cas pmrí`ftras kdhríucdeas msaedmhas mc hdsfýa hf pufitfs sai cas sdnudfitfs? m) Rfrgdc hf gcuoa Fc pfrgdc hf gcuoa pfr`dtdrí ajtfifr fc idvfc mcemizmha par fc mnum pmrm fc emuhmc hf hdsfýa. Fc eíceuca hfc pfrgdc hf gcuoa hfjfrí diecudr cm prfsfiedm hfc pufitf prayfetmha, hfjdha m quf eumiha fc gcuoa ditfrmetÿm eai cm fstrueturm, sf prahuef uim sajrffcfvmedõi hfc idvfc hf mnum m cm fitrmhm hfc pufitf y uim hfprfsdõi hfc idvfc hf mnum fi cm smcdhm, fstf ea`partm`dfita ea`partm`dfi ta fs iar`mc ym quf fc mnum hfjf nmimr fifrnàm patfiedm patfiedmcc m gdi hf quf pufhm mtrmvfsmr par cm sfeedõi eaitrmàhm. Vim vfz eaiaedha cas idvfcf idvfcfss hf mn mnum, um, fc fspfedmcdstm fspfedmcdst m pufhf fstmjcfefr cm mcturm `àid`m quf agrfefrí fc pufitf. j) Uaemvmedõi Cm saemvmedõi fs ui gfiõ`fia kdhrahdií`dea quf fs cm emusm `ís grfeufitf hf gmccm quf mgfetm mgfet m cms ed`f ed`fitmed itmedaifs aifs hf cas pufitfs pufitfs.. Hdek Hdeka a gfiõ` gfiõ`fia fia fs uim ea`jdim ea`jdimedõi edõi hf hdstditas praefsas, uias quf sf prahuefi m cmrna pcmza y atras trmisdtardas par fc pmsa hf mvfidhms. Fc praefsa hf saemvme saemvmedõi dõi fi u ui i pufitf sf mimcdzm ea`a frasd frasdõi õi patfied patfiedmc mc tatmc y fs h hf f emríetfr fstd`mtdva, cm eumc ea`jdim cm saemvmedõi prahuedhm fi cm sfeedõi hfc pufitf y sus di`fhdmedaifs, emusmhm par fc fstrfekm`dfita hfc emuef hfjdha m su eaistrueedõi y cm saemvmedõi caemc quf sf prahuef fi cms di`fhdmedai di`fhdmedaifs fs hf cas pdcmrfs y fstrdjas rahfmhas par cm earrdfitf hfc ràa. Udi f`jmrna, emjf dihdemr quf fstas praefsas hf saemvmedõi sai dikfrfitfs m cm prfsfiedm hfc pufitf sajrf fc eursa imturmc, parquf fxdstfi fxdst fi atra atrass praef praefsas sas hf saemvme saemvmedõi dõi quf aeur aeurrfi rfi hf `mif `mifrm rm dihf dihfpfi pfihdfi hdfitf tf m cm prfsfiedm hfc pufitf y sai cm saemvmedõi nfifrmc y cm saemvmedõi fi eurvms quf tm`jdäi hfjfríi sfr ta`mhas fi eufitm mc `a`fita hf cm fstd`medõi hf cm saemvmedõi patfiedmc tatmc.

8.=.=.6.8 EÍCEVCA KDHZÍVCDEA Fc eíceuca kdhríucdea hf ui pufitf sdnidgdem fi prd`fr cunmr hftfr`dimr cm empmedhmh FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

kdhríucd kdhr íucdem em hf cm sfeedõi hf fseu fseurrd`d rrd`dfita fita,, fs hfed hfedrr sd fc emuh emuhmc mc hf hdsf hdsfýa ýa pmsm mhfeumhm`fitf mhfeumhm` fitf m trmväs hf äc, cufna hftfr`dimr cm sajrffcfvmedõ sajrffcfvmedõi i hfc idvfc hf mnum pravaemhm par cm prfsfiedm hfc pufitf y fstd`mr fc idvfc hf saemvmedõi patfiedmc tatmc fi cm zaim hf cas mpayas. m) Eíceuca hf idvfcfs hf mnum Rmrm fc fstuhda hf cm empmedhmh kdhríucdem y fc eíceuca hf cm sajrffcfvmedõi hfc idvfc hf mnum, sf rfmcdzm ui eíceuca fi ränd`fi pfr`mifitf nrmhum nrmhumc`fitf c`fitf vmrdmha, cm eumc pfr`dtf emceucmr idvfcfs hf mnum eumiha cm nfa`ftràm gcuvdmc fs drrfnucmr. Fc `ahfca `mtf`ítdea utdcdzmha earrfspaihf m ui gcuoa uidhd`fisd uidhd`fisdaimc, aimc, ia uidgar`f, pfr`mifitf y hf cfeka gdoa. Fc eíceu eíceuca ca dtfrm dtfrmtdva tdva sf pufh pufhf f rfmc rfmcdzmr dzmr `fhd `fhdmitf mitf has `äta `ätahas, has, fc prd`f prd`fra ra fs fc `ätaha hfc pmsa hdrfeta y fc sfnuiha fs fc `ätaha hfc pmsa fstíihmr. Vi `ahfca `uy f`pcfmha f`pcfmha fi iufstra iufstra `fhda fs fc KFE ―Z ―ZMU MU (Kyhracande Findiffrdin Findiffrdin Efitfr - Zdvfr Mimcysds Uystf`), metumc`fitf `uy utdcdzmha pmrm emceucmr pmrí`ftras kdhríucdeas pmrm hdsfýa hf ajrms hf eruef fi emuefs imturmcfs hfsmrraccmha par fc V.U. Mr`y Earps ag Findiffrs.  M eaitdiumedõi eaitdiumedõi,, sf prfsfitmi cms eaisdhfrme eaisdhfrmedaifs daifs pmrm ajtfifr fc pfrgdc hf gcuoa gcuoa.. m.=) Eaisdhfrmedaifs m) Fi uim sfeedõi hfjf fxdstdr ui tdrmitf eaiaedha. - Ud fc gcuoa fs sujeràtdea, sf hfjf eeaiaefr aiaefr cm sfeedõi mnums mjm mjmoa. oa. - Ud f fcc gcuoa fs su supfreràtdea, pfreràtdea, ssf f hf hfjf jf eeaiaefr aiaefr cm sfeedõi mnums mrrdjm. j) Uf eaisdhfrm quf fc gcuoa fs fs nrmhumc nrmhumc`fitf `fitf vmrdmha y pfr`mifi pfr`mifitf. tf. e) Fi fc trm`a ia fxdstf vvmrdmedõi mrdmedõi h hf f emuhmc. Ud fxdstf vmrdmedõi hf emuhmc, hfjf ddiecudrsf iecudrsf mnums m mrrdjm rrdjm fi emhm ttrm`a. rm`a. h)

Cm pfi pfihdfitf hdfitf hf gaiha fs

pfqufým (`fiar m =2¿) j)

FUXD@MEDAI HF CM UAEMWMEDÕI

j.=) Rraefsas hf saemvmedõi msaedmhas mc hdsfýa hf pufi pufitfs tfs Fi fc prfsfitf àtf` àt f` sf hfserdjdrí cas praefsas hf saemvmedõi dikfrfitfs mc hdsfýa hf pufitfs. Fi iufstra pmàs cm emusm kdhríucdem `ís grfeufitf hf gmcca hf pufitfs fs cm saemvmedõi, FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

quf tdfif cunmr fi cm zaim hf sus mpayas, cm eumc mgfetm cms ed`fitmedaif ed`fitmedaifs, s, ym sfm par  su disugdedfi disugdedfitf tf idvfc hf hfspcmitf a par eaistrueedõ eaistrueedõi i dimhfeumhm. Cm saemvmedõi fs ui praefsa quf sf prahuef m cmrna y earta pcmza a trmisdtarda, ea`a fi fc emsa hf cm aeurrfiedm hf mvfidhms. Nfifrmc`fitf cas gmccas aeurrfi eumiha sf prahuefi cms mvfidhms, sdi f`jmrna, tm`jdäi sf prfsfitmi eai praefsas quf aeurrfi m cmrna pcmza. Cm fstd`medõi hf cm praguihdhmh hf saemvmedõi pmrm fc hdsfýa hf pufitfs hfjf ta`mr fi eufitm eufi tm cas sdnu sdnudfitf dfitfss mspf mspfetas< etas< cm saem saemvmed vmedõi õi quf aeur aeurrf rf dihf dihfpfih pfihdfit dfitf`fi f`fitf tf hf cm prfsfied prfs fiedm m hfc puf pufitf itf ea`a saemvm saemvmedõi edõi nfifrmc nfifrmc,, saem saemvmedõ vmedõi i fi eurv eurvms, ms, fte., cm saemvmedõi quf aeurrf fi cm sfeedõi hfc pufitf hfjdha mc fstrfekm`dfita hfc emuef par  cm prfsfiedm hfc pufitf (saemvmedõi par eaitrmeedõi) y cm saemvmedõi quf aeurrf fi cm zaim hf sus mpayas (saemvmedõi caemc hf pdcmrfs y fstrdjas rah rahfmhas fmhas par ccm m earrdfitf). Cm su`m hf cms ea`paifitfs hf cm saemvmedõi, pfr`dtf ajtfifr cm saemvmedõi patfiedmc tatmc, `fhdmitf fxprfsdaifs quf eaisdhfrmi saemvmedaifs saemvmedaifs `íxd`ms par fc cmha hf cm sfnurdhmh. Uf rfea`dfihm quf fc vmcar fstd`mha pmrm cm praguihdhmh hf saemvmedõi patfiedmc tatmc, sfm eaisfeufitf eai ca ajsfrvmha fi cm ftmpm hf em`pa, rfspfeta m cas `mtfrdmcfs quf sujymefi fi fc cfeka hfc em emuef uef y sajrf cm jms jmsf f hf cas fismyas hf cmja cmjarmtarda rmtarda hf cms `ufstrms fxtrmàhms hf cms emcdemtms, pazas fxpcarmtardas y hf cm digar`medõi ajtfidhm hf saih saihfas fas nfagà nfagàsdeas sdeas.. Fs Fsta, ta, hfjd hfjdha ha m quf cm fstd fstd`medõ `medõi i

hf cm pragu praguihdh ihdhmh mh hf

saemvmedõi,, sf rfmcdzm `fhdmitf `ätahas f`pàrdeas quf ea saemvmedõi eaiccfvmi iccfvmi fi m mcnuias cnuias emsas m ajtfifr rfsuctmhas quf ia sai rfmcfs. Cm praguihdhmh hf saemvmedõi pmrtf hf supaifr quf ästm hfpfihf hf vmrdmjcfs quf emrmetfrdzmi mc gcuoa, mc `mtfrdmc prfsfitf fi fc cfeka hfc emuef y m cm nfa`ftràm hfc pufitf. Rar fcca, fxdstf `uekm diefrtdhu`jrf sajrf fc usa hf cms feumedaifs y sajrf quf feumedõi rfprfsfitm `foar cms eaihdedaifs rfmcfs hfc eursa imturmc y hfc pufitf. Fxdstf paem digar`medõi sajrf `ahfcas tfõrdeas pmrm fstd`mr cm praguihdhmh hf saemvmedõi, hfjdha mc mcta nrmha hf diefrtdhu`jrf y m cm ea`pcfodhmh hf cms vmrdmjcfs divacuermhms, divacuermh ms, par fcca, sf rfeurrf m ca cass rfsu rfsuctmhas ctmhas h hf f di divfstdnmedaif vfstdnmedaifss fxp fxpfrd`fitmcfs frd`fitmcfs hf cmjarmta cmja rmtarda rda jmsm jmsmhms hms fi fc miíc miícdsds dsds hd`fisd hd`fisdaimc aimc,, quf ea`a sf km `fie `fiedai daimha mha mitfrdar`fitf, hmi rfsuctmhas `uekms vfefs `uy eaisfrvmharfs y eaitrmhdetardas. Cms feumedai feum edaifs fs hdsp hdspaidj aidjcfs cfs fi cm metum metumcdhm cdhmh h sai fiva fivacvfitf cvfitfss m rfsuc rfsuctmha tmhass ajtfi ajtfidhas dhas m `ahfcas gàsdeas hf cmjarmtarda. Fc sagtwmrf KFE ZMU vfrsdõi 5.=.= (:225) mhf`ís hf pfr`dtdr rfmcdzmr cm kdhríucdem FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

fi cm zai zaim m hf hfcc puf pufitf itf tm` tm`jdä jdäi i pfr`d pfr`dtf tf rfm rfmcdz cdzmr mr cm fst fstd`m d`medõ edõi i hf cm pra pragui guihdh hdhmh mh hf saemvmedõi fi fc pufitf, par eaitrmeedõi y cm saemvmedõi caemc fi pdcmrfs y fstrdjas usmiha usm iha cm cmss feu feumed medai aifs fs rfe rfea`f a`fihm ihmhm hmss fi KFE KFE-=; -=;,, :22= :22=.. Udi f`j f`jmrn mrna, a, sf hfom hfom fstmjcfedha quf cm aj ajtfiedõi tfiedõi hf cm sfeedõi kdhríucdem hfc pufitf y cm fstd`m fstd`medõi edõi hf cm saemvmedõi fi sus mpayas, fspfedmc`fitf fi iufstra `fhda ia sf hfjf cd`dtmr mc usa hfc KFE ZMU y hfjf mpcdemrsf fi gar`m rfspaismjcf cufna hf sfr emcdjrmha, haihf fc oudeda y erdtfrd erdtfrda a dinfidfrdc p prfvmcfefi. rfvmcfefi.

j.:.) UAEMWMEDÕI NFIFZMC Rmrm gdifs hf fstd`medõi eai fc ajoftdva hf hdsfýa hf pufitfs fs usumc mhaptmr ui erdtfrda eaisfrvmhar quf eaisdstf fi emceucmr cm `íxd`m

praguihdzme praguihdzmedõi dõi

pasdjcf hfc

cfeka, jmoa uim eaihdedõi kdhríucdem hmhm. Cm `íxd`m praguihdzmedõi hfc emuef aeurrf eumiha sf mcemizm cm eaihdedõi hf trmispartf eràtdea, haihf cm vfcaedhmh hf gcuoa sf rfhuef m tmc puita fi quf cm earrdfitf ia pufhf `avdcdzmr y mrrmstrmr `ís `mtfrdmc hfc cfeka y m su vfz ia fxdstf trmispartf hf `mtfrdmc hfshf mnums mrrdjm. Rar ca tmita, eumiha sf prahuef cm mvfidhm, cm sfeedõi nfa`ätrdem hfc emuef sf `ahdgdem hmiha cunmr m uim iufvm sfeedõi, cm eumc ajvdm`fitf fstí saemvmhm, haihf fc cfeka qufhm fi eaihdedaifs hf mrrmstrf eràtdea a hf trmispartf diedpdfitf diedpdfitf..  M eaitdiumedõi sf hfserdjfi mcnuias `ätahas pmrm cm fstd`medõi hf cm praguihdhmh hf saemvmedõi nfifrmc jmoa cm eaihdedõi fi quf cm vfcaedhmh hf fseurrd`dfita fs dnumcmhm par cm vfcaedhmh eràtdem hf mrrmstrf y fstd`medõi hf saemvmedõi nfifrmc par eaitrmeedõi hfc emuef. j.:.=) @ätaha hf Wfcaedhmh Eràtdem y Mnum Ecmrm Fstf `ätaha utdcdzm fc erdtfrda hfc prdiedpda hf `avd`dfita hf ui gaiha nrmiucmr jmoa uim earrdfitf pfr`mifitf, dnumc mc erdtfrda hf Ukdfchs y cm kdpõtfsds hf mnum ecmrm, fs hfedr  quf cm earrdfitf ia trmispartm sfhd`fitas. Cm praguihdhmh `íxd`m hf saemvmedõi nfifrmc sf mcemizm eumiha cm vfcaedhmh eràtdem fs dnumcmhm par cm vfcaedhmh `fhdm hf cm sfeedõi, haihf cm vfcaedhmh eràtdem fstí fi guiedõi hfc pmr pmrí` í`ftra ftra hf tfi tfisdõ sdõi i eràtde eràtdem m mhd`f mhd`fisd isdai aimc, mc, hf cm gõr gõr`uc `ucm m hf Utr Utrde delcf lcfrr pmrm pmrm fc eafgdedfitf hf runasdhmh hf @miidin y cms emrmetfràstdems hfc `mtfrdmc hfc cfeka.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

j.:.:) @ätaha hf Cdsektvmi - Cfvfhdfv Fc `ätaha prapufsta par Cdsektvmi-Cfvfhdfv fs fc `ís usmha fi iufstra pmàs pmrm fc eíceuca hf cm saemvmedõi nfifrmc diecuyfiha fc fgfeta hf cm eaitrmeedõi hf ui pufitf. Uf guihm`fitm fi fc fqudcdjrda quf hfjf fxdstdr fitrf cm vfcaedhmh `fhdm rfmc hf cm earrdfitf (Wr) y cm vfca vfcaedhm edhmh h `fhd `fhdm m frasdvm (Wf). Cm vfca vfcaedhm edhmh h frasdvm ia fs cm quf hm dideda mc `avd`dfita hf cms pmrtàeucms fi sufcas sufctas, sdia cm vfcaedhmh `àid`m quf `mitdfif ui `avd`dfita `avd`dfita nfifrmc nfifrmcdzmh dzmha a hfc `mtfrd `mtfrdmc mc hfc gaiha gaiha.. Ud fc sufc sufca a fs eakf eakfsdva sdva,, fs cm vfcaedhmh quf fs empmz hf cfvmitmr y paifr fc sfhd`fita fi suspfisdõi. Cm vfcaedhmh frasdvm fstí fi guiedõi hf cms emrmetfràstdems hfc sfhd`fita hf gaiha y hf cm praguihdhmh hfc mnum. Cm vfcaedhmh rfmc fstí hmhm prdiedpmc`fitf fi guiedõi hf cms emrmetfràstdems hfc ràa? pfihdfitf, runasdhmh y tdrmitf a praguihdhmh hfc mnum. Fc `ätaha sf jmsm fi supaifr quf fc emuhmc uidtmrda earrfspaihdfitf m emhm grmiom fcf`fitmc fi quf sf hdvdhf fc emuef imturmc (Gdnurm I¿ 2>) pfr`mifef eaistmitf hurmitf fc praefsa frasdva y pufhf mpcdemrsf, eai cas hfjdhas moustfs, pmrm emsa moustfs, emsass hf emuefs hfgdidh hfgdidhas as a ia, `mtfrdmc `mtfrdmcfs fs hf gaiha eakfsdv eakfsdvas as a grdeedaimitfs y pmrm eaihdedaifs hf hdstrdjuedõi hf cas `mtfrdmcfs hfc gaiha hfc emuef ka`anäifm a akftfranäifm. kftfranäifm.

GDNVZM I¿ 2>? Ufeedõi trmisvfrsmc hfc emuef (Gufitf? Oumrfz Jmhdcca F. y Zdea Zahrànufz M. (=44:)).

m) Rmrm sufcas nrmiucmrfs Cm fxprfsdõi mitfrdar ia eaisdhfrm fc fgfeta hf cm eaitrmeedõi hfc gcuoa hfjdhm m cm prfsfiedm hf fstrdjas y pdcmrfs, id fc pfsa fspfeàgdea hfc mnum hurmitf cm erfedfitf, par ca quf hfjf earrfndrsf `fhdmitf uias gmetarfs hf moustf eumiha sf trmtm hf fvmcumr ui FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

pufitf. h) Hfsmnóf hf cms euiftms Cm hfsemrnm hf mnum hf cms euiftms sf fgfetumrí par `fhda hf mcemitmrdccms hf mcdvda. Fi rfndõi sfem a paem ccuvdasm cm caindtuh hf cms euiftms sfrí hf :62` ea`a `íxd`a, cms caindtuhfs hf rfearrdhas `myarfs hfjfríi oustdgdemrsf täeidem`fitf< fi rfndõi `uy ccuvdasm sf rfea`dfihm rfhuedr fstm caindtuh `íxd`m m :22`. Umcva oustdgdemedaif oustdgdemedaifss täeidems,

eumiha

sf

tfinm

prfsfiedm

hf

írfms mnràeacms, vdvdfihms ujdemhms

sajrf fc tmcuh digfrdar hf cm emrrftfrm quf pufhfi sfr mgfetmhms par hfsemrnms hf mcemitmrdccms mcemitmrdc cms hf mcdvda. Fi fstf mspfeta, fc prayfetdstm hfjfrí rfmcdzmr uim fvmcumedõi fxkmustdvm pmrm ujdemr mhfeumhm mhfe umhm`fit `fitf f cas puit puitas as hf hfsem hfsemrnm rnm hf mcem mcemitmrd itmrdccms ccms hf mcdv mcdvda da sdi mgfetm mgfetmrr cm prapdfhmh mhymefitf.

f) Zfvfstd`dfita hf cms euiftms Cms euiftms hfjfi sfr rfvfstdhms, pmrm fvdtmr cm frasdõi hf cm supfrgdedf hfc emuef a eaihueta, eaihueta, prah prahuetas uetas hf earrdfi earrdfitfs tfs hf mnum quf mcem mcemiefi iefi vfca vfcaedhm edhmhfs hfs `fhd `fhdms ms supfrdarfs m cas cà`dtfs gdomhas fi cm Xmjcm I¿ 55< a eumiha fc tfrrfia fs `uy pfr`fmjc pfr` fmjcf f quf pfr` pfr`dtf dtf cm gdctr gdctrmedõ medõi i kmedm fc pmvd` pmvd`fita fita,, y eais eaisfeuf feufitf`f itf`fitf itf su hftfrdara. Fc rf rfvfstd`dfita vfstd`dfita hf cms euiftms pufhf sfr hf eaierfta, a hf sfr fc emsa h hf f `m`pastfràm hf pdfhrm, prfvdm vfrdgdemedõi hf vfcaedhmhfs hf meufrha m cms pfihdfitfs gdimcfs hfc trmza nfa`ätrdea. Uf rfea`dfihm ui rfvfstd`dfita hf eaierfta g¸e 0 =>6 ln/e`: y fspfsar hf 2.2>6`.

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8.=.:.: Euiftms a zmioms hf earaimedõi Cms euiftms a zmioms hf earaimedõi sai emimcfs quf sf eaistruyfi fi cm pmrtf supfrdar hf cas tmcuhfs hf eartf, pmrm rfeanfr cms mnums quf jmomi par cms pfihdfitfs imturmcfs y eaihuedrcms kmedm cm qufjrmhm a hfsemrnm `ís prõxd`m hfc sdstf`m nfifrmc hf hrfimof, fvdtmiha hf fstf `aha cm frasdõi hfc tfrrfia, fspfedmc`f fspfedmc`fitf itf fi zaims hf pfihdfitf praiuiedmhm.

GDNVZM I¿ :4? Hftmccf tàpdea hf zmiom hf earaimedõi.

Iar`mc`fitf sai hf gar`m rfetminucmr, pfra tm`jdäi pufhfi sfr trmpfzadhmcfs, sd sf rfqudfrf ui `myar tm`mýa. Fs d`pa d`partmit rtmitf f sf`j sf`jrmr rmr fspf fspfedfs edfs imtu imturmcf rmcfss m m`ja m`jass cmh cmhas as hf cm euif euiftm tm (pms (pmstas, tas, deku, `mcfzm, rmàefs, írjacfs, fte)< a rm`ms eartmhms m`mrrmhms fitrf sà fi gar`m hf fstrueturms mcmrnmhms, cms eumcfs sf fitdfrrmi a sf eacaemi ea`a fstmems sdnudfiha fc eaitaria hf ui tmcuh), pmrm fvdtmr quf fc mnum frasdaif jmoa cm euiftm y ästm sf ajstruym eai sfhd`fitas. Ud cm pfihdfitf fs `myar quf :%, fs ifefsmrda quf fc emimc tfinm rfeujrd`dfita hf eaierfta sd`pcf a firaemha, tfidfiha fi eufitm mhf`ís hfc írfm `aomhm y cm runasdhmh hfc emim emimc.c. R Rmrm mrm pfih pfihdfitf dfitfss `m `myarf yarfs, s, cms zmio zmioms ms hfjf hfjfi i sfr fsem fsemcaim caimhms hms eai f`jaqudccmha hf pdfhrm jmoa cm emàhm.

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GDNVZM I¿ 52 ? Hftmccf hf zmiom hf earaimedõi fi pfihdfitfs `uy praiuiedmhms

Ia fs rfea`fihmjcf eacaemr fstms zmioms, pmrmcfcms tatmc`fitf m cm emrrftfrm, parquf cas trm`as gdimcfs hf cm euiftm qufhmi eai uim pfihdfitf fxefsdvm, fi cm quf sf tdfifi quf fofeutmr fofe utmr trm`a trm`ass fsem fsemcaim caimhas, has, ea`a sf ajsf ajsfrvm rvm fi cm Gdnur Gdnurm m I¿ 52, sdia par fc eaitrmrda, sf trmzmrí cm euiftm kmedm fc ditfrdar hf cm qufjrmhm, sdnudfiha cms pfihdfitfs mh`dsdjcfs pmrm fc tdpa hf tfrrfia a rfvfstd`dfita. Uf pufhf pufhf prf prfsedihdr sedihdr h hf f cms euiftms hf earai earaimedõi medõi fi tmc tmcuhfs uhfs h hf f sufc sufcas as rfsdstfitfs m cm frasdõi eai hfecdvfs hf =?: ( W ?K ) a `fiarfs, a eumiha hurmitf cm eaistrueedõi sf kmymi mhaptmha `fhdhms fgfetdvms hf eaitrac hf cm frasdõi. 8.=.:.5 _mioms hf hrfimof Cms zmioms hf hrfimof sai emimcfs quf sf eaistruyfi fi cm pmrtf digfrdar hf cas tmcuhfs hf rfccfia rfccfia fi gar`m caind caindtuhdimc tuhdimc cm cmtfrmc tfrmc a trmisvfrsmc mc mcdifm`df mcdifm`dfita ita hf cm emrrftfrm, pmrm rfeanfr cms mnums quf jmomi par fc tmcuh y tfrrfias mhymefitfs pmrm eaihuedrcms kmedm cm qufjrmhm a hfsemrnm `ís prõxd`m hfc sdstf`m nfifrmc hf hrfimof, fvdtmiha hf fstf `aha cm frasdõi hfc tfrrfia. Iar`mc`fi Iar`m c`fitf tf sai hf gar`m rfetmi rfetminucmr nucmr,, pfra tm`jdäi pufhfi sfr trmpf trmpfzadh zadhmcfs mcfs,, sd sf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

rfqudfrf uim `myar hd`fisdõi.

GDNVZM I¿ 5=? Hftmccf tàpdea hf zmiom hf hrfimof

8.=.:.8 Euiftms hf jmiquftm Uai mqufccms quf sf ujdemi mc pdf hfc tmcuh diecdimha hf emhm jmiquftm, cms eumcfs eaisdstfi fi cm eaistrueedõi hf uim a `ís tfrrmzms suefsdvms eai fc ajoftdva hf fstmjdcdzmr ui tmcuh. Rufhfi tfifr sfeedõi trdminucmr, rfetminucmr a trmpfzadhmc, hf meufrha mc emuhmc hf fsearrfitàm supfrgdedmc quf trmispartmrí y su hfsemrnm sf fgfetumrí kmedm ui eursa imturmc a `fhdmitf emdhms fsemcaimhms kmedm cms euiftms.

GDNVZM I¿ 5:? Hftmccf hf euiftm hf jmiquftm tàpdem

8.=.:.6 Jarhdccas

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Cas jarhdccas sai fcf`fitas quf ditfrefptmi y eaihuefi fc mnum quf par fgfeta hfc ja`j ja`jfa fa hd hdse seur urrf rfi i sajr sajrf f cm pc pcmt mtmg mgar ar`m `m hf cm emrr emrrft ftfr frm, m, hf hfse semr mrní níih ihac acm m `f `fhd hdmi mitf tf mcdvdmhfras fi sdtdas mhfeumhas mhfeumhas eai fc ajoftdva hf fvdtmr cm frasdõi hf cas tmcuhfs hf tfrrmpcfifs quf fstäi eaigar`mhas par `mtfrdmc frasdaimjcf frasdaimjcf.. Uf eais eaistrudrí trudríi i fi cas tfrrmpcfi tfrrmpcfifs fs `mya `myarfs rfs hf =.6` hf mctur mcturm, m, ujdeí ujdeíihac ihacms ms caindtuhdimc`fitf caindtuhdimc`f itf fi m`jas cmhas fi cas tfrrmpcfifs quf sf fieufitrfi fi tminfitf, a fi cm pmrtf ditfrim hf cas tfrrmpcfifs fi eurvm kardzaitmc. Msd`ds`a, sf ujdemríi sajrf cm earaim hfc tmcuh digfrdar eumiha cm emrrftfrm sf hfsmrraccm fi eartf m `fhdm cmhfrm. Uf f`pcmzmríi fi fc cmha fxtfrdar hf cm pcmtmgar`m y nfifrmc`fitf tdfifi uim sfeedõi trmpfzadhmc eai jmsf digfrdar hf vfditf (:2) efità`ftras, jmsf supfrdar hf qudief (=6) efità`ftras y mcturm hf eumrfitm (82) efità`ftras, sajrfsmcdfiha hf cm supfrgdedf hf rahmhurm qudief (=6) efità`ftras. Fi cas trm trm`as `as fi tmi tminfi nfitf tf sf hf hfomr omrí í ui fsp fspmed meda a cdjrf cdjrf pmr pmrm m cm hfs hfsemr emrnm nm hfc hfc fseurrd`dfita kmedm mcdvdmhfras mhfeumhm`fitf mhfeumhm`fitf ujdemhas m uim hdstmiedm hf fitrf edieufitm (62) y edfi (=22) `ftras. Cas jarhdccas pufhfi sfr hf eaierfta, rfgarzmhas eai vmrdccms hf eaistrueedõi fi gar`m hf `mccm sd`pcf hf û5/;‐ emhm 2.:2`, tmc ea`a sf ajsfrvm fi m Gdnurm I¿ 55.

GDNVZM I¿ 55? Hftmccf tàpdea hf jarhdcca hf eaierfta mr`mha

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8.=.:.7 Emimcfs hf hrfimof Vi sdstf`m hf hrfimof supfrgdedmc hf uim vàm hdsfýmha mhfeumhm mhfeumhm`fitf `fitf hfjf ditfrefptmr  eai fgfetdvdhmh taha fc fseurrd`dfita hdrfeta supfrgdedmc y hf cm euf eufiem, iem, pmrm eaihuedrcm m trmväs hf emimcfs y euiftms quf tfinmi fc hdsfýa mhfeumha pmrm su hfsemrnm gdimc fi cas eursas hf mnum imturmcfs. Fi zaims jmoms a eai hfprfsdaifs fi su tapanrmgàm, kmy meu`ucmedaifs hf mnums quf pufhfi hfjfrsf m hdgfrfitfs emusms? par prfedpdtmedaifs eapdasms, par fseurrd`dfita supfrgdedmc

a par fcfvmedõi hf cm impm grfí grfítdem tdem emusm emusmhm hm par rdfna a erfedhm hf ui ràa

efremia, par tmita pmrm emptmr y fvmeumr fstms mnums meu`ucmhms, sf prayfetmríi hdgfrfitfs emimcfs fi rfh hf hrfimof, hfitra hfc írfm quf prfsfitm fstas prajcf`ms. Fstm rfh hf hrfimof fstí ea`pufstm par? •

•

Emimcfs prdiedpmcfs, quf sai cas –hrfifs‐ a emuefs imturmcfs, cas eumcfs sf m`pcàmi fi guiedõi hfc emuhmc m fvmeumr. Emimcfs sfeuihmrdas, sf prayfetmi pmrm m`pcdmr cm rfh, y fstíi eaifetmhas eai cas emimcfs prdiedpmcfs.

•

Emimcfs tfredmrdas, sai cas emimcfs eacfetarfs, fstas rfeanfi fc mnum hfc írfm m fvmeumr  y cas trmscmhmi kmedm cas emimcfs sfeuihmrdas. Cas emimcfs pufhfi sfr hf eaierfta grmnumha fi fc tfrrfia õ hf emimcfs prfgmjrdemhas hf eaierfta. 8.:

HZFIMOF UVJXFZZMIFA

Fc hrfimof sujtfrríifa sf prayfetm eai fc ajoftdva hf ditfrefptmr, eaihuedr y/a hfsvdmr cas gcuoas sujsupfrgdedmcfs (sujtfrríifas) quf sf fieufitrfi fi fc sufca hf guihmedõi hf cm emrrftfrm y/a pravfidfitfs hf cas tmcuhfs mhymefitfs. Fc fgfeta hfc mnum fi fc pmvd`fita fs pfrouhdedmc, par ca quf hfjf sfr fvmeumhm m trmväs hf cas cas sd sdst stf` f`ms ms hf hr hrfi fimo mof f su supf pfrg rgde dedm dmcc y su sujtf jtfrr rríi íifa fa.. Hf Hfjf jf eaia eaiaef efrs rsf f tmit tmita a su praefhfiedm praefhfied m ea`a su emuhmc, msà ea`a fc `mrea nfanrígdea fi quf sf fieufitrm. Cas fgf fgfeta etass hfs hfsgmv gmvarm armjcf jcfss sai `ÿc `ÿctdp tdpcfs cfs?? fra frasdõ sdõi i ditfri ditfrim m hf gdias, gdias, sdgaim sdgaim`df `dfita ita,, tujdgdemedõi, mrrmstrf y fxpucsdõi hf gdias, mefcfrmiha fc gmcca fstrueturmc hf cm emczmhm y meartmiha meart miha su vdhm ÿtdc. Rmrm fc jufi guieda guiedaim`d im`dfita fita hfc sdstf sdstf`m `m hf sujhrfi sujhrfimof mof sf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

rfqudfrf uim pfihdfitf mhfeumhm y ui uim m jufim rfh hf fvmeumedõi fvmeumedõi hfc mnum.

Rar 

ÿctd`a, hf sfr ea`pmtdjcf y gguiedaimc uiedaimc eai fc tdpa hf sufca m hrfimr (tdpa hf sufca, pfr`fmjdcdhmh, pfr`fmjdc dhmh, nrmhmedõi, fte.), sf eaitf`pcm fc usa hf `m `mtfrdmcfs tfrdmcfs nfatfxtdcfs hfjdha m su

hur hurmj mjdcdcdhm dhmh, h,

fvd fvdtmi tmiha ha

quf

cms empms empms hrf hrfim imitf itfss sf eac eac`m `mtfi tfi y pdf pdfrhm rhmi i su

guiedaimcdhmh. Udi f`jm f`jmrna, rna, sf hfj hfjf f tfif tfifrr fi eufi eufitm tm quf cm fxpf fxpfrdfi rdfiedm edm km `ast `astrmha rmha quf pmrm cms eaihdedaifs sdnudfitfs fs rdfsnasa fc usa hf nfatfxtdcfs?  

Uufcas gdias pajrf`fitf nrmhumhas (fs hfedr, tahas cas hf tm`mýa uidgar`f),  Mnum sujtfrríifm hf mctm mcemcdidh mcemcdidhmh mh haihf cm cfitdtuh hfc càqudha pmsmiha m trmväs hfc nfatfxtdc emusm hfpasdedaifs hf emceda, sahda a prfedpdtmedaifs hf `mnifsda,



 Mctm eaiefitrmedõ eaiefitrmedõi i hf sõcdhas fi suspfisdõi fi fc càqudha ea`a fi fc emsa hf mnums turjdms hf ràas quf pufhfi hfsmrraccmrsf sajrf a hfitra hfc nfatfxtdc. 8.:.=

Uujhrfimof

8.:.=.= Zfqufrd`dfitas hf Ajrms hf Uujhrfimof fi prayfetas vdmcfs. Fc fstuhda hf sujhrfimof, fs uim metdvdhmh quf hf`mihm `uekm fxpfrdfiedm y efrtfzm fi cas fstuhdas< hmha quf cms eaihdedaifs grfítdems sai hdií`dems, fs hfedr tmita fc idvfc grfítdea grfítd ea ea`a cas gcuoa gcuoass sujs sujsupfr upfrgdedm gdedmcfs, cfs, vmràmi sfnÿ sfnÿi i cm fstm fstmedõi edõi hfc mýa mýa,, ea`partm`dfita ea`partm`dfi ta kdhracõndea hf cm zaim, tdpa hf sufca, pfihdfitf, mctfrmedõi hfc `fhda parasa, fte. Cm ifefsdhmh hf ajrms hf sujhrfimof fi ui prayfeta vdmc, ia fs fc rfsuctmha hf ui eíceuca `mtf`ítdea hf emríetfr hftfr`diàstdeas, sd ia fstí suofta mc ea`partm`dfita hf `ÿctdpcfs vmrdmjcfs mcfmtardms< par ca tmita, fstf rfqufrd`dfita nfifrmc`fitf fs fstd`mha y sf ajtdfif m pmrtdr hf ajsfrvmeda ajsfrvmedaifs ifs hdrfetms y `ufstrfa hfc tfrrfia. Fi cm ftmpm hf em`pa, sf hfjf fvmcumr cm ifefsdhmh hf ajrms hf sujhrfimof pmrm cms eaihdedaifs eaihdedai fs prayfetmhms hf cm emrrftfrm, y mhaptmr cms prfemuedaif prfemuedaifss eumiha cm vàm sf fieufitrf efrem a fstf digcufiedmha par? -

Fxdstfied Fxdstfiedm m hf ccmnui mnuims, ms, pu puqudmc qudmcfs, fs, em emimcf imcfss sdi rfvf rfvfstdr stdr fi cm pm pmrtf rtf mc mctm tm hf ccm m vàm vàm..

-

Hfgar`meda Hfgar`medaifs, ifs, kuih kuihd`df d`dfitas itas yy/a /a msf msfitm`d itm`dfitas fitas hf cm p pcmtm cmtmgar`m gar`m vdmc, m mtrdju trdjudjcf djcfss m cm prfsfiedm hfc mnum fi fc sujsufca.

-

Fxdstf Fxdstfied iedm m hf euc euctdv tdvas as ea eai i nrm nrmih ihfs fs hf hf`m `mihm ihm hf m mnum num,, ea` ea`a a fc m mrra rraz. z. Rrf Rrfsf sfied iedm m hf tfrrfias hf euctdvas eai rdfnas par nrmvfhmh pfr`mifitfs a rdfnas fi sfemia. FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

-

Gdctrmeda Gdctrmedaifs ifs fi tmcu tmcuhfs, hfs, prfs prfsfied fiedm m hf vf vfnftm nftmedõi edõi p prapd rapda a hf su sufcas fcas smtur smturmha mhass ea`a fc  ouiea, tatarm, fte. -

Rrfsfiedm hf idvfcfs grfítdea grfítdeass fi fxemvmedaifs m edfca mjdfrta.

-

Fxemvmedaif Fxemvmedaifss hf cm pcmtmgar`m vdmc, fi tmcuhfs smturmhas, fte.

8.:.=.: Uujhrfimof eaivfiedaimc Fc sujh sujhrfim rfimof of fstí eaistdtu eaistdtudha dha par zmio zmioms ms fxem fxemvmhm vmhmss m `mia a eai rftra rftrafxem fxemvmha vmharm, rm, rfccfims hf `mtfrdmc gdctrmitf y fcf`fitas hf emptmedõi y trmispartf hf mnum (tuja pfrgarmha). Nfifrmc`fitf cas sujhrfifs sf usmi fi cas sdnudfitfs emsas? - Ea Eaca caem emha ha ca cain indtdtuh uhdi dimc mc`f `fit itf f mc pd pdf f hf ca cass tmcu tmcuhf hfss hf eart eartf f pmrm pmrm ditf ditfre refp fptm tmr  r  gdctrmedaifs y gcuoas sujsupfrgdedmcfs quf ccfnmi m cm emrrftfrm. - Cai Caindt ndtuhd uhdimc imc`fi `fitf tf fi ui tfr tfrrmp rmpcäi cäi,, uj ujdem demha ha fi cm zai zaim m haihf haihf hdseu hdseurrf rrf fc mnu mnum m sujtfrríifm. - Gar`m Gar`miha iha pmrtf hf ui sdstf sdstf`m `m hf hrfi hrfifs fs trmis trmisvfrsm vfrsmcfs cfs y caind caindtuhd tuhdimcf imcfss a hdspufst hdsp ufstas as ea`a uim –fsp –fspdim dim hf pfse pfsemha‐, mha‐, m gdi hf fvme fvmeumr umr fc gcuoa sujsu sujsupfrgd pfrgdedmc edmc prfsfitf fi cm zaim hf f`pcmzm`dfi f`pcmzm`dfita ta hf cm emrrftfrm.

Gdnurm I¿ 58 ? Ufeedõi Xàpdem Uujhrfi

8.:.=.5 Uujhrfimof sditätdea Hfjdha m cm hdgdeuctmh quf fxdstf fi mcnuias emsas hf ajtfifr `mtfrdmcfs imturmcfs pmrm cas sujhrfifs y eai fc

hfsmrracca hf

iufvms tfeiacanàms ea`a cms `mccms sditätdems, sf

sujhrfi rfifs fs sditätdeas. Fstas sujhrfifs eaisdstfi hf trfs fcf`fitas vd vdfi fif f usmi usmiha ha cas cas sujh

jísdeas?

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

m. Zfh hf @mccm Uditätdem (sd`dcmr Nfahrfi) Cm Zfh hf `mccm sditätdem fstí eaistrudhm hf tmc `mifrm quf sf gar`mi uias emimcfs quf gmedcdtmi fc gcuoa hf mnum. j. Nfatfxtdc Fc nfatfxtdc (ia tfodha) metÿm ea`a gdctra d`pdhdfiha fc pmsa hf pmrtàeucms hf sufca kmedm cm rfh hf `mccm sditätdem sditätdem y pfr`dtdfih pfr`dtdfiha a m su vfz fc gcuoa hf mnu mnum. m. e. Xuja eacfetar pfrgarmha Fi fc fxtrf`a digfrdar hf cm rfh hf `mccm sditätdem y fivufcta par fc nfatfxtdc sf eacaem uim `minufrm pfrgarmhm RWE fspfedmc pmrm fstf tdpa hf sujhrfifs, cm eumc rfeanf y eaihuef fc mnum eacfetmhm par cm rfh hf `mccm sditätdem.

Zfh hf `mccm sditätdem

Gdnurm I¿ 56? Ufeedõi tàpdem sujhrfi sditätdea

8.:.=.8 Erdtfrdas hf hdsfýa m) Emuhmc h hff hdsfýa Uf hfjf eaisdhfrmr fi prd`fr cunmr cm hdstmiedm hf dideda y hfsemrnm hf cas sujhrfifs, hmha quf m `myar hdstmiedm hf rfearrdha, su empmedhmh hf trmispartf hfjfrí dierf`fitmrsf hfjdha mc mpartf hf emuhmcfs m ca cmrna hf su rfearrdha. Cas pasdjcfs emuhmcfs hf mpartf, quf eaigar`mi fc emuhmc tatmc, cas eumcfs pufhfi mgfetmr cm fstrueturm hfc pmvd`fita sai? - Fc emuhm emuhmcc nfifrm nfifrmha ha par cm digd digdctrmed ctrmedõi õi hf cms mnum mnumss pravfidfitf pravfidfitfss hf prfe prfedpdtm dpdtmedai edaifs fs pcuvdmcfs y hf sfetarfs eai ränd`fi hf rdfna

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

pfr`mifitf quf hdseurrfi sajrf fc tmcuh supfrdar mhymefitf m cm emrrftfrm. - Fc emu emuhmc hmc nf nfifrm ifrmha ha par f fcc mjmt mjmtd`df d`dfita ita hfc i idvfc dvfc hf m mnum num su sujtfr jtfrríifm ríifm,, fi cunmr cunmrfs fs haihf fc idvfc grfítdea mcemief uim mcturm tmc, quf supfrf fc idvfc hf sujrmsmitf mgfetmiha cm fstrueturm hfc pmvd`fita. Emuhmc par mjmtd`dfita hfc idvfc grfítdea Uf tdfif cms sdnudfitfs rfcmedaif rfcmedaifs? s? q IG 0 L .d. Mf

(==4) D 0 (Ih ― Ig) / J

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kdhríucdea. Ih ? Eatm digfrdar hfc sujhräi. Ig

? Ea Eatm tm supfrdar hfc idvfc grfítdea.

 Mf

? Írfm fgfetdvm pmrm fc emsa hfc mjmtd`dfita hfc idvfc grfítdea.

J

? Rmrm sujhrfifs caindtuhdimcfs fs fc sf`dmieka hf cm vàm y

pmrm sujhrfifs trmisvfrsmcfs sf rfgdfrf m cm hdstmiedm fitrf sujhrfifs sujhrfifs.. C

? Caindtuh hfc trm`a hf hrfimof.

q IG

? Emuhmc pa parr mjmtd`dfit mjmtd`dfita a hfc idvf idvfcc grfítdea.

j) Hftfr`dimedõi hfc tdpa hf nfatfxtdc gdctrmitf Fc gdctra fvdtm uim fxefsdvm `dnrmedõi hf pmrtàeucms hf sufca y sd`uctíifm`fitf pfr`dtf fc pmsa hfc mnum, ca mitf mitfrdar rdar d`pcde d`pcdem m quf fc nfatfxtd nfatfxtdcc hfjf tfifr uim mjf mjfrturm rturm mpmrfi mpmrfitf tf `íxd`m mhfeumhm pmrm rftfifr fc sufca, eu`pcdfiha sd`uctíifm sd`uctíifm`fitf `fitf eai ui vmcar  `àid`a mh`dsdjcf hf pfr`fmjdcdhmh quf pfr`dtm fc pmsa hfc gcuoa hf uim `mifrm fgdedfitf.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

8.:.8

Hrfimof hfc pmvd`fita

Umcva fi fc emsa hf emrrftfrms fi tfrrfias pfr`fmjcfs, fc hrfimof hf cm empm pfr`fmjcf eaistd eai stdtud tudhm hm pa parr cm suj suj-jm -jmsf sf y/a jm jmsf, sf, pufhf pufhf pra prayfe yfetmr tmrsf sf tmi tmita ta `f `fhdm hdmitf itf hrf hrfif ifss fitfrrmhas ea`a pracainmiha pracainmiha cm empm pfr`fmjcf kmstm cas tmcuhfs hf cas tfrrmpcfifs eai hfsemrnm kmedm euiftms a zmioms. Mhf`ís, hfjfi hmrsf pfihdfitfs trmisvfrsmcfs `àid`ms m cm sujrmsmitf. Fi cas sfetarfs hf cm emrrftfrm fi cas quf fc pmvd`fita sf msdfitm sajrf uim sujrmsmitf d`pfr`fmjcf, hfjf fvdtmrsf quf fc mnum hf ccuvdm quf sf prfsfitm par empdcmrdhmh a sf gdctrm m trmväs hfc pmvd`fita, sf meu`ucf jmoa ästf y gar`f uim jacsm hf mnum quf ardndif su rupturm par fc pmsa hfc tríisdta. Fstf Fs tf pr praj ajcf cf`m `m fs `m `mya yarr eu eumi miha ha cm eu euif iftm tm sf eaca eacaem em m cm mctu mcturm rm hfc hfc pmvd pmvd`f `fit ita a y imturmc`fitf tdfif quf sfr rfvfstdhm. Cms sacuedaifs `ms rfea`fihmhms pmrm fvdtmr cm meu`ucmedõi hfc mnum sai? m) Eacaemedõi f fi i fc sfetar, jmoa f fcc pmvd`fita, uim em empm pm hrfimitf qu quf f sdnm cm pfihd pfihdfitf fitf cmtfrmc hf cm emrrftfrm, quf sf pracainm kmstm ui cunmr eai hrfimof imturmc. j)

Ea Eacae caemed medõi õi hf ui sujhr sujhräi äi,, jmoa cm jfr`m jfr`m mh mhyme ymefi fitf tf m cm euif euiftm, tm, ea eai i uim tuj tujfrà fràm m pfrgarmhm hf pcístdea pfsmhm m uim praguihdhmh mhfeumhm y quf fstä hf meufrha mc hdsfýa, quf rfeaom fc mnum quf gdctrm y cm ccfvf mc cunmr hf hrfimof imturmc. (Wfr Gdnurm I ¿ 56).

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Gdnurm I¿ 5;? Hrfimof hfc pmvd`fita.

8.:.6

Rratf Rratfeedõi eedõi hfc su sufca fca hf cm fxp fxpcmimedõ cmimedõi i eaitrm fc mn mnum um cdjrf fi tfrrfia hf fcfvmha idvfc grfítdea, ccmia y sdi hfsmnóf. Eumiha Eumi ha kmym quf eais eaistrudr trudr uim emrrf emrrftfrm tfrm fi tfrrf tfrrfia ia ccmi ccmia a y eai fcfv fcfvmha mha idvf idvfcc gr grfí fítdtdea ea,, sf fs fstu tuhd hdmr mrí í fc mjmt mjmtd` d`df dfit ita a hf cm im impm pm grfí grfítdtdem em,, pu puhd hdäi äiha hasf sf utd utdcdcdzm zmr  r  mctfrimtdvm`fitf mctfrimtdvm`fi tf `ätahas ea`a zmi zmioms oms cmtfrm cmtfrmcfs, cfs, hrfif hrfifss fitfrrmha fitfrrmhas, s, fte. Ud ia fxdstdfrm pasdjdcdhmh hf fvmeumr fc sdstf`m hf hrfimof, sf fcfvmrí fc idvfc hf cm rmsmitf. Rmrm cm fcfeedõi hfc `mtfrdmc hfc tfrrmpcäi, sf tfihrí fi eufitm quf su ku`fhmh hf fqudcdjrda hfjf hds`diudr rípdhm`fitf eai cm hdstmiedm mc idvfc grfítdea y quf fc tfrrmpcäi sf eaistrudrí sajrf ui tfrrfia smturmha hf mnum, sdi empmedhmh pmrm rfsdstdr fsgufrzas hf ea`pmetmedõi fcfvmhas. Cm ifef ifefsdhm sdhmh h hf pratf pratfnfr nfr fc tfrrm tfrrmpcäi pcäi `fhdmi `fhdmitf tf cm eaca eacaemed emedõi õi hf `f`j `f`jrmim rmimss jdtu`diasms u kaoms hf pcístdea, trmtmiha su supfrgdedf eai sustmiedms kdhrõgajms, a utdcdzmiha nfatfxtdcfs, nfa`f`jrmims a mhaptmiha hdspasdedaifs miícanms m cm dihdemhm fi cm gdnurm I¿ 54, hfpfih hfpfihfrí frí hf cm imturmc imturmcfzm fzm y fstm fstmha ha hfc tfrrf tfrrfia ia y hfc `mtfrdm `mtfrdmcc hdspaidjcf pmrm cm eaistrueedõi hfc tfrrmpcäi.

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

Gdnurm I¿ 54? Rratfeedõi hfc tfrrmpcäi.

8.:.77 8.:.

Rra Rratfee tfeedõi dõi hfc suf sufca ca hf fxp fxpcmi cmimedõ medõi i sdt sdtumha umha jmoa cm emcz emczmhm mhm eaitrm eaitrm cas `avd`dfita empdcmrfs hfc mnum. Cms hdgfrfiedms hf ku`fhmh fi fc sufca jmoa cm emczmhm y jmoa cms jfr`ms gmedcdtmi cas `avd`dfitas empdcmrfs empdcmrfs y, mc mu`fitmr fc eaitfidha hf ku`fhmh hfc sufca hf cm sujrmsmitf jmoa cm emczmhm, hds`diuyfi su empmedhmh rfsdstfitf. Rmrm fvdtmr fstm hds`diuedõi, cms gdnurmedaifs hfc sufca y cas msdfitas hdgfrfiedmcfs quf eai hdeka mu`fita hf ku`fhmh pufhfi prahuedrs prahuedrsf, f, hfjfi utdcdzmrsf mcnuim hf cms sdnudfitfs täeidems?  

Eacaemedõi hf empms hrfimitfs sajrf cm sujrmsmitf pmrm ra`pfr fc msefisa empdcmr.  

 

D`pfr`fmjdcdzmr cms emczmhms y cms jfr`ms.

Fstmjcfefr uim `f`jrmim d`pfr`fmjcf quf d`pdhm fc `avd`dfita hfc mnum empdcmr, sdtuíihacm fi ui pcmia `ís a `fias vfrtdemc jmoa cas jarhfs hf cm emczmhm.  

Eaistrudr zmioms mitdempdcmrfs jmoa cas jarhfs hf cm emczmhm. Xmita cm `f`jrmim

d`pfr`fmjcf ea`a cms zmioms mitdempdcmrf mitdempdcmrfss hfjfríi fofeutmrsf kmstm uim praguihdhmh hf =,:2 `. jmoa cm supfrgdedf

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mitdempdcmrfss cms quf sf prayfetfi pmrm fc hrfimof hfc pmvd`fita, eudhmiha hf quf fc mitdempdcmrf FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

`mtfrdmc gdctra ra`pm cm eaitdiudhmh fi gmsf cdqudhm fitrf fc mnum sdtumhm m ui cmha y atra hf cm `ds`m. 8.:.>

Empm hrfimitf

Eumiha sf fcfvm fc tfrrmpcäi hf cm emrrftfrm sajrf ui tfrrfia smturmha ea eai i mnum pmrm fvdtmr quf par empdcmrdhm empdcmrdhmh h fc mnum pufhm sujdr m trmväs hfc tfrrmpcäi kmstm cm supfrgdedf hf rahmhurm, hfjf eacaemrsf uim empm hf `mtfrdmc hrfimitf, eaistdtudhm par  nrmvms y/a mrfims. Cm empm hfjfrí fstmr sajrf fc idvfc hf rfgfrfiedm `ís mcta hf cm impm grfítdem hfc tfrrfia y sfrvdrí hf mitde mitdeaitm aitm`dim `dimitf itf m cas fgfetas hf ra`p ra`pfr fr cm empd empdcmrd cmrdhmh hmh y hrfi hrfimr mr cm pcmtmgar`m cmtfrmc`fitf. Uf rf rfea`dfihm ea`dfihm ui f fspfsar spfsar `àid`a hf 2 2.52 .52 `

FUXVHDA NFIFZMC HF KDHZACANDM, KDHZMVCDEM T HZFIMOF-@MIXFID@DFIXA HF WDMU

 

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