Manual de Gravimetria-operacion Icon-futura Technologies s.a.c.

 MA N UA L D E O P E R A C I Ó N DE D E L O S C O N C E N T R A D OR E S G R AVIME AVIME T R ICOS ICOS CE NTR NTR IFUG IFUG OS ICON O R IENTADOS IENTADOS A LA PE QUE ÑA Y ME ME DIANA MINER MINER IA.

(PRELIMINAR)

FUT FUT UR A T E CHNOLOGIES CHNOLOGIES S AC 

LIMA, 2013

Ing. Iván Zurita

Página 1

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“El tratamiento de los minerales de oro se basan fundam entalmente en las propiedades del oro, su alto peso específico, su carácter hidrofóbico y su solubilidad en soluciones cianuradas” dando lugar a varios esquemas de tratamiento metalúrgico para recuperar el oro” 

INDICE CAPITULO I INTRODUCCION 1.1 Objetivo 1.2 Poseedores y revisión del manual. 1.3 Revisión anual del Manual.

CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES GENERALES E HISTORIA DEL CONCENTRADOR GRAVIMETRICO CENTRIFUGO 2.1 Definición de Gravimetría. 2.2 Variables que intervienen. 2.3 Definición de Pulpa y Pulpa en la operación. 2.4 Mineralogía. 2.5 Tipo de yacimientos Auríferos. 2.6 Características del Oro. 2.7 Tamaños de grano. 2.8 Electrum. 2.9 Minerales Oxidados. 2.10 Minerales Sulfurados. 2.11 Minerales Carbonaceos. 2.12 Oro Diseminado. 2.13 Oro como sub-producto. 2.14 Selección del método de Concentración. 2.15 Breve historia del Concentrador.

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CAPITULO III OPERACIÓN CONCENTRADOR GRAVIMETRICO CENTRIFUGO ICON i150. 3.1 Características y datos operativos del concentrador Icon i150. 3.2 Verificación del sistema antes del arranque del concentrador. 3.3 Diagrama de operación del Concentrador. 3.4 Operación general del concentrador. 3.5 Componentes del Concentrador. 3.6 Uso del tablero de Control.

CAPITULO IV OPERACIÓN DEL CONCENTRADOR GRAVIMETRICO CENTRIFUGO ICON i350 4.1 Características y datos operativos del concentrador Icon i350. 4.2 Verificación del sistema antes del Arranque. 4.3 Diagrama de operación del Concentrador. 4.4 Operación general del Concentrador. 4.5 Componentes del Concentrador.

CAPITULO V OPERACIÓN GRAVIMETRICA PLANTA IGR-100 5.1 Características y datos operativos de la Planta IGR-100. 5.1.1 Concentrador Icon i150. 5.1.2 Bomba de Lodos Icon SP 1.0 5.1.3 Zaranda Vibratoria de alta frecuencia. 5.2 Verificación de todo el Sistema de arranque Planta IGR-100. 5.3 Operación de la planta IGR-100 5.3.1 Arranque 5.3.2 Cosecha de concentrados. 5.4 Tipos de operación con los equipos Gravimétricos y Recuperación.

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5.4.1.3 Mineral Aluvial. 5.4.2 Según el tamaño de partículas de mineral. 5.4.2.1 Mallas Finas. 5.4.2.2 Mallas gruesas.

CAPITULO VI PROCESOS SUBSIGUIENTES A LA OPERACIÓN GRAVIMETRICA 6.1 PROCESO FINAL DEL CONCENTRADO GRAVIMETRICO - ALTERNATIVAS. 6.0 INSPECCION PERIODICA DE LOS CONCENTRADORES. 7.0 RECOMENDACIONES FINALES. 7.0 PREGUNTAS FRECUENTES.

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MANUAL DE OPERACIÓN DE DE LOS CONCENTRADORES CONCENTRADORES GRAVIMETRICOS GRAVIMETRICOS CENTRIFUGOS ICON CAPITULO I 1.0

INTRODUCCION

Sé hace necesario introducir nuevas técnicas de procesamiento metalúrgico en la minería artesanal, sin usar mercurio ni cianuro o en su defecto minimizarlos para la recuperación del oro. La concentración por gravedad es, esencialmente, un método para separar partículas de minerales de diferente peso específico debido a sus diferencias de movimiento en respuesta a las acciones que ejercen sobre ellas, simultáneamente, la gravedad u otras fuerzas. Se acepta generalmente que la concentración por gravedad es el más sencillo y más económico de los métodos de concentración. El uso de este tipo de separación está recomendado siempre que sea practicable porque permite la recuperación de mineral útil en un orden de tamaños tan gruesos como sea posible, reduciendo los costos inherentes a la reducción de tamaño y disminuyendo las pérdidas asociadas a estas operaciones. En esta oportunidad se da a conocer la importancia de realizar la concentración gravimétrica orientada a la  pequeña minería con los equipos de d e concentración gravimétrica Falco n Modelo Icon para este propósito; las operaciones contemplan realizar este método ya que en nuestro país actualmente se viene observando en la mayoría de empresas pequeñas mucha contaminación por componentes como cianuro y mercurio a nivel ,es  por esa razón que nos abocamos a sugerir estos equipos para los fines e operación.

2.0

OBJETIVO:

El Objetivo del manual de operación de los concentradores gravimétricos para la obtención de concentrados con contenido de oro es de un documento de consulta y soporte técnico para que pueda ser utilizado por el  pequeño minero y operador del equipo. En este manual se presenta la tecnología simple del manejo y operación según los diferentes tipos de minerales presentes y a la vez lograr el equilibrio con el medio ambiente. El manual debe ser usado con responsabilidad del personal en el manejo y operación, debe leer y practicar el contenido.

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2.1

POSEEDORES Y REVISION DE MANUAL

El Gerente General y de Operaciones tendrá un registro actualizado de este manual. Las revisiones se harán mediante la coordinación de reuniones.

2.2

REVISION ANUAL DEL MANUAL

El presente documento será revisado anualmente en caso que se cambie por las regularizaciones y condiciones de las operaciones de las instalaciones y otros. Los operadores y pequeños mineros pueden hacer comentarios y sugerencias de la operación regularizaciones y condiciones basadas en hechos de operación reales.

CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES GENERALES E HISTORIA DE LOS CONCENTRADORES GRAVIMETRICOS CENTRIFUGOS

2.0 Definición de Gravimetría.Gravimetría es el proceso por el cual podemos separar minerales pesados de otros menos pesados o livianos, aprovechando la diferencia de sus gravedades específicas, con adición de agua, teniendo en cuenta la presión y el flujo de ésta. Otro concepto concepto es proceso de separación solido-solido empleando la fuerza centrífuga generada por un rotor girando a alta velocidad creando campos de gravedad de hasta 200 G’s (Gravedades), por lo que solo se emplea agua y la operación centrifuga como medio para realizar la separación, ampliando la diferencia relativa de peso específico que existe entre el mineral objetivo (ORO) y la ganga, en este proceso no se

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1.1 Variables que intervienen en la Gravimetría: 

Presión y flujo de agua.



Granulometría del mineral.



% de sólidos.



Tipo de mineral a procesar.

1.2 Definición de pulpa y Pulpa en la operación Es la mezcla de material y agua de una granulometría casi uniforme, la pulpa tiene características propias tales como gravedad específica, densidad, peso y volumen, que generalmente son referidos en porcentajes de peso o volumen de los constituyentes. La densidad de pulpa del flujo a tratar es importante si queremos recuperar las partículas finas de oro, generalmente el porcentaje de solidos ideal de 30% a 40% se encuentra en la alimentación a ciclón, si se instala el concentrador en

la alimentación de ciclones permite la recuperación de partículas

finas

de oro que normalmente no son recuperadas en el circuito tradicional Underflow.

1.3 MINERALOGIA. El tratamiento de minerales por el método de gravimetría comprende comúnmente a 3 tipos de material de acuerdo a la zona de operación como son Materiales sulfurados, Materiales Oxidados, Material aluvial y / o tratamiento de pasivos, es decir relaves de amalgamación, cianuracion y flotación y que a la vez podrían también estar asociados a diferentes tipos o especies mineralógicas que pueden interferir con la operación como son los minerales refractarios, la Pirita, calcopirita, arenas negras con contenido de magnetita. a) Tratamiento de minerales Sulfurados.

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1.4 1.4 TIPOS TIPOS DE YACIMIENTOS YACIMIENTOS AURIFER OS 





DISEMINADOS 

Oro fino.



Leyes Bajas



Grandes Volúmenes



Vetas bien conformadas



Leyes Moderadas



Micro vetillas



Leyes altas



Por el acarreo de filonianos con valores Au, Ag, tierras raras.



Ubicado en los meandros de los ríos maduros.



Es aquel que fue lavado por una corriente de agua o fue transportado por el

FILONIANOS

 AL  A L UVIA UV IA L E S

viento; luego ha sido depositado junto con la tierra, arena, grava y otros materiales transportados en el cauce de un rio. 

El oro ha sido liberado por la naturaleza

1.5 CAR ACTER ISTICAS ISTICAS DEL ORO 

El oro es un metal inerte en aire y agua a temperatura y presión normal, el oro nativo tiene una densidad de 19,3 g/cm3. Sin embargo en la naturaleza

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

El oro nativo se presenta generalmente aleado con plata como la principal impureza y en aleaciones con teluro, selenio, bismuto, mercurio,

fierro,

cobre, platino, bismuto. 

Los estudios mineralógicos del oro con fines de tratamiento metalúrgico deben responder a:



Cuál es el tipo de ocurrencia?



Que tamaño de partícula presenta?



Cuáles son los minerales acompañantes?

Las respuestas obtenidas determinan el proceso más adecuado a las características de las menas, un tratamiento hidrometalúrgico tendrá más posibilidades de éxito cuando se trate de oro libre que cuando se trate de oro encapsulado.

1.6 1.6 TAMAÑO TAMAÑO DE GR ANO 

El proceso metalúrgico aplicable está en función del tamaño de partícula del oro, es conveniente diferenciar entre oro “visible” e “invisibl e”, el límite entre ambos tamaños pueden ser fijados en una

micra.

1.7 ELECTRUM 

Cuando el contenido de plata es 20 % o más.

 MIN E R A L E S OX OXID ID A D OS 1.8  MINE 

La oxidación y otras alteraciones hidrotérmicas permite el rompimiento de la estructura de la roca, incrementando su permeabilidad.

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TELUROS. - Química de tratamiento complejo. Formas comunes Silvanita, Calaverita, Petzita. 

Minerales asociados al oro.

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Plata nativa. Arsenopiritas Cuarzo Pirita Limonitas Calcopirita g) Carbón

 2.11 OR O DI S E MINA MIN A DO .- El oro se encuentra libre, fino y esparcido o diseminado en grandes extensiones de terreno formando bolsones, el cuerpo mineral está cubierto por una capa de poco espesor de material no mineralizado.

 2.12 OR O C OMO S UB -P R ODUC OD UC TO.TO .- Oro asociado a sulfuros (ejemplo calcopiritas) que fue concentrado  juntamente con el metal base (cobre), tratado por métodos pirometalúrgicos y separado en los procesos de electrorefinación.

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TABLA DE C ONCE ONCE PTOS PTOS DEL METODO METODO DE CONCENTRACION CONDICION

METODO

Liberado/tamaño no fino

Gravimétrico

Liberado/tamaño fino no concentrable por gravimetría

Cianuracion

Ídem 2 pero con cianicidas

Carbón activado Flotación/gravimetría

No liberado flotable No liberado/no flotable

 2.14

B R E VE HIS HI S TOR TO R IA D E L C ONC ON C E NTR NT R A D OR

En 1935 Mc Nicol recibió

Cianuracion/gravimetría

la

inventó

primera

en Australia el separador gravimétrico centrífugo de cama fluidizada y

patente mostrando

un

rotor

vertical centrífugo con empleo de agua de

fluidización a través de las paredes y crear una cama o lecho fluidizado, en la actualidad existen existen tipos de Concentradores como son: 

Concentrador Falcon - CANADA



Concentrador Knelson - CANADA



Kelsey(Jig Centrífugo) - AUSTRALIA



Spinner Gekko - AUSTRALIA

 Actualmente la empresa Canadiense Sepro Minerals Systems ha venido desde ya hace varios años lanzando al mercado el concentrador Falcon Modelo Icon orientada a la pequeña minería, el cual realiza la misma operación de un concentrador Falcon SB es decir semi batch pero solo cuenta con una operación totalmente

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CAPITULO III

OPERACIÓN CONCENTRADOR CONCENTRADOR ICON i150

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3.1 CARACTERISTICAS Y DATOS DATOS OPERATIVOS DEL CONCENTRADOR ICON i 150 Capacidad de Sólidos (Max)

2 toneladas/hora

Capacidad de Pulpa (Max)

130 litros/min, 34 USGPM 

Densidad de Pulpa

5% a 65% Sólidos

Tamaño Máximo de Partículas

2 mm

Superficie de Concentración cm^2 

968 cm^2 

Gama de Fuerzas G

120 a 150 Gs (50 a 55 hz)

Peso

150 Kilos

Dimensiones

0.6m x 0.6m x 1.3m Alto

Potencia del Motor 

2 HP, 1.5 KW 

Especificaciones Eléctricos

220 Volt, 1 Phase, 50 o 60 hz 

Consumo de Agua de Proceso

10 a 30 litros/min, 2.6 a 8 USGPM 

Presión de Agua de Proceso

5 a 15 psi 

Tiempo de Lavado

60 a 90 Segundos

Capacidad de Concentrado por Lote

1/2 a 1 Kilos

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suficiente para procesar el mineral. Tener en cuenta que se debe alimentar el concentrador con una  pulpa entre 30%

5. hasta 60% de sólidos, ideal de 40% a 45% este dato se dara en funcion a la optimizacion optimizacion por parte del asesor o del minero; Asimismo, el consumo de agua de proceso es aproximadamente 17lt. por minuto. 6. Contar con presión suficiente para la conexión de agua de proceso (hasta 20psi). 20psi). 7. La energía debe ser 220v AC, es necesario que la energía sea estable para evitar deterioro del variador de frecuencia. La conexión de la toma debe considerar los colores de los cables (Blanco y Negro para la energía 220v y Verde para la toma a tierra) 8. Contar con mineral molido,las particulas deben ser menores a 2mm , se recomienda moler lo mas fino  para conseguir una pulpa uniforme.Colocar una malla de protección antes de alimentar el concentrador para prevenir el ingreso de partículas muy grandes y saturar el area de concentracion (rifles).

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 3.3 DIA D IA G R A MA D E OP E R A C IÓN IÓ N DE D E L C ONC ON C E NTR NT R A DOR DO R ALIMENTACION (PULPA)  –AGUA + MINERAL Manómetro de Presión de Agua

Ingreso de Agua de Proceso

Conexión de agua de proceso. Manguera de ducha de Lavado

Filtro de Agua

Canastilla Particular de Oro + otros pesados

Relave Concentrado

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3.4 OPERACIÓN DEL CONCENTRADOR. Luego de haber constatado y realizado la verificación previa del sistema se procede al arranque como sigue: 1. Verificar las conexiones de agua y energía. 2. Energizar el variador de velocidad velocidad o tablero tablero del Concentrador iCON. Aparecerá la palabra Stop en el display del tablero. 3. Encender el motor presionando el botón Verde (RUN) del tablero. Deberá cambiar la palabra Stop Stop  por 1.5 que es la velocidad mínima. El motor girará lentamente. 4. Subir la velocidad mediante la la flecha que señala hacia arriba hasta llegar a la velocidad deseada. deseada. La velocidad máxima se consigue a 50 Hz Se recomienda trabajar entre 38 y 50 Hz 5. Abrir la llave de agua de fluidización hasta hasta llegar a la presión de agua deseada según la la lectura del manómetro, se recomienda empezar con 7 a 8 psi. 6. Verificar que el agua fluya normalmente dentro de la canastilla del concentrador. Si no se consigue la presión es posible que el filtro se encuentre sucio; retírelo, límpielo y colóquelo nuevamente.

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12. Si se continuará procesando mineral repetir los pasos 4 al 10, si se va a detener entonces

continuar con el paso 12. 13. Lavar el concentrador por dentro y por fuera, abrir completamente la llave de agua de fluidización

 para asegurar que los orificios de la canastilla no se hayan obstruido. 14. Detener el motor presionando el botón Rojo (Stop). 15. Cortar la energía que alimenta al tablero.

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E l equipo equipo quedará quedará lis lis to pa para ra us ar en la s ig uiente oportunidad oportunidad..

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3.5 COMPONENTES DEL CONCENTRADOR ICON MODELO i150

Manómetro de Presión de Agua

Llave de Agua de Fluidización

Llave de Agua de ducha Lavado de Concentrado.

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Conexión para Agua de Proceso

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3.6 USO DEL TABLERO DE CONTROL

El tablero cuenta con 5 botones, de estos sólo 4 se emplean para la operación del iCON, estos son:

BOTON N DE COLOR VER DE  Encendido: RUN – BOTO  Apagado: STOP – BOTO BOTON N DE C OLO OLORR ROJ O

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- Incrementar la velocidad presionando

- Reducir la velocidad presionando

hasta llegar a la velocidad deseada.

hasta llegar al mínimo.

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CAPITULO IV OPERACIÓN CONCENTRADOR CONCENTRADOR ICON i350

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4.1 CARACTERISTICAS Y DATOS DATOS OPERATIVOS DEL CONCENTRADOR ICON i 350 350 Capacidad de Sólidos (Max)

15 toneladas/hora (30 m3/hora de Pulpa)

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5. Contar con presión suficiente para la conexión de agua de proceso (hasta 20psi). 6. La energía debe ser 230v AC trifasico, es necesario que la energía sea estable para evitar deterioro del variador de frecuencia. La conexión de la toma debe considerar los colores de los cables (Blanco y Negro para la energía 230v y Verde para la toma a tierra)

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4.4 OPERACIÓN DEL CONCENTRADOR. Luego de haber constatado y realizado la verificación previa del sistema se procede al arranque como sigue: 1. Verificar las conexiones de agua y energía.

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13. Si se continuará procesando mineral repetir los pasos 4 al 10, si se va a detener entonces

continuar con el paso 12. 14. Lavar el concentrador por dentro y por fuera, abrir completamente la llave de agua de fluidización

 para asegurar que los orificios de la canastilla no se hayan obstruido.

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