Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
M AN U U AL DE I N NS T ALAC IO I N O E N S
ELÉC T T R RI I C C AS
DO M MI C I I C L I I AR I IA S P ar a I nst a lador e es 2 012 R ela t t or Sr . M
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w w ww . f und a w ac ionr ut t te n.cl Ema il f und a a cion
r ut t te n@g ma il.co m F ono 7 1 - 245 10 2
33 O t te 9 sur # 3 e 50
T a al ca
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Este Manual es material de de estudios, si lo encuentra, por favor favor comuníquese con el alumno que aparece individualizado. Ya que es vital para la formación del alumno
Nombre: Celular Email
Recuerde: “ Cuando cargue combustible, debe apagar el celular, es posible que las microondas de la comunicación provoque detonaciones con el gas del comburente” Las herramientas deben ser utilizadas en las tareas que se han pensado para ellas. Así el material de trabajo tiene una mayor durabilidad. En la medida que se esfuerce por aprender seriamente esta disciplina, entregará a sus futuros clientes seguridad, tanto para ello como para sí Sólo el conocimiento permite mirar el futuro con confianza La Comunicación es conducta, por ello lo que hagamos y digamos da señales a los nuestros, si estos son niños influiremos más aún. “El que no puede en lo poco, no puede en lo mucho...”
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
INTRODUCCIÓN Las instalaciones eléctricas de alumbrado se han desarrollado vertiginosamente, especialmente en los últimos años. Este desarrollo ha sido provocado en forma significativa, por la industria de la construcción. Esto ha creado un campo, en que es necesario, más personas para proyectar, instalar, mantener, ampliar y re parar estos sistemas sistemas de alumbrado. alumbrado. La problemática radica en que buen número de los que hoy trabajan en el área, no cuentan con una formación adecuada, para responder a las necesidades que ha dado este campo ocupacional. Para las personas que ven en esto, una posibilidad de desarrollo futuro y permanente. Este manual, le permitirá conocer y manejar conceptos que le ayudarán a su desarrollo técnico del área, para realizar, ampliar, mantener y reparar estas instalaciones. Parte este manual con la noción básica de electricidad. Elemento fundamental, para poder llegar a entender y manejar las unidades que han de continuar Otro tema no menor son: Las tecnologías asociadas a los materiales primordialmente las protecciones y su correcta utilización. Las normativas que la rigen y finalmente la Ejecución en sí El Alumno debe recordar que, la electricidad es una forma de energía muy riesgosa, pero vital. Por tal, no es suficiente con leer este manual una vez, sino, debe hacerse un estudio permanente serio y práctico, haciendo especial hincapié, en las medidas de seguridad. Este será un compañero y socio, que le ayudará con el trabajo diario. Cuídelo UD decidió capacitarse, en un tema que no es fácil, pero sí, cuando el hom bre pone empeño, llega lejos… Esta es una capacitación inicial, siga perfeccionándose. Así prestará un mejor servicio, que se transforma en mejores condiciones para su familia. No olvide: La constancia y la disciplina, son el gran secreto. Le deseamos éxito y a trabajar.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Módulo I Apresto matemático Tenemos que manejar con facilidad la aritmética, que reúne las cuatro operaciones básicas como son ¨SUMA, RESTA, MULTIPLICACIÓN Y DIVISIÓN” En electricidad tenemos que aventurarnos un poco en las matemáticas. Por ello hagamos un poco de historia. El hombre detectó la necesidad de expresar lo que tenía, ya sea en animales u otros objetos. Hasta ese momento se expresaba el mucho, demasiado, bastante, o poco, casi nada, etc. Esta forma de expresar era muy genérica. Entonces era vital expresar con precisión estos valores. Y que fueran común para todos. Se creó el concepto de números. Los Primeros números que ocuparon la recta numérica fueron los NÚMEROS NATURALES
N
Esta recta numérica comienza en 1,2,3,4,5,6…
Luego se dieron cuenta que podían expresar lo que tenían, pero cuando ya no les quedaban, no sabían indicarlo, por ello se creó los
N0
NÚMERO CARDINALES Esta recta numérica comienza en 0,1,2,3,4,5,6…
Posterior a ello ya podían indicar cuando tenían y cuando no, pero se suscito cuando debían o les debían. Ahí nacen los
NÚMEROS ENTEROS se completa la recta Numérica, por tanto el cero se ubica en el centro de ella -5,-4,-3,-2,-1, -5,-4,-3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6…
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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dividido el entero es cuantos números habrá entre ello. Ejemplo 1/100, o sea, uno divido por cien, dará 100 partes. 1
2 . Entonces el conjunto Q indica que entre los
número hay infinitos números, o sea los números son densos. A / B donde B es distinto de Cero Para nuestra necesidad ya hemos completado la recta numérica
Módulo II Igualdades La sección que se encuentra a la izquierda del = es exactamente igual que la de la derecha
X
12
31
5
Despejemos la Incógnita. Dice que X + 12 es igual a 31 - 5
X
31
5
12
Aislamos la Incógnita. Dice que X = 31-5-12, al hacer la resta
X
14
Al Hacer la operación nos queda que X = a 14. Entonces reemplacemos la X
14
12
31
26
26
5
Acá tenemos una igualdad, ya que 26 es igual que 26
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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la tabla Signo Original
Pasa Como
Signo Inverso
+ (más)
Pasa Como
- (menos)
- (menos)
Pasa Como
+ (más)
(multiplicación)
Pasa Como
(División)
(raíz cuadrada)
Pasa Como
X2(potencia cuadrada)
X2(potencia cuadrada)
Pasa Como
(raíz cuadrada)
Módulo III Proporciones o regla de 3 Este es un método, que nos permite, sólo conociendo 3 datos obtener el cuarto, es una aplicabilidad múltiple. Ejemplo. Si tengo una caja que pesa 60 kg ¿Cuánto pesarán 12 cajas? De las mismas características Acá debe crear dos igualdades y luego hacer una multiplicación cruzada. 1 caja = 60 Kg 12 caja = X kg 1 caja = 60 Kg 12 caja = X kg
Para relacionar las igualdades debo mantener el orden de los datos, o sea las cajas en el sector de las cajas y los Kg en el sector de los Kg y multiplicar cruzado Esto nos permite transformar dos igualdades en una sola y queda de la si-
X * 1 caja = 12 Cajas * 60 kg X = 12 Cajas * 60 Kg 1 Caja
X = 720 Kg
guiente manera. Siempre debo iniciar por la Incógnita o sea; Este es un ejemplo genérico, en el curso veremos mayores aplicaciones, por ello practique, sólo esto le dará la experiencia necesaria, para saber cuando aplicar las fórmulas, que iremos conociendo Nota: “ Es Muy importante que maneje con facilidad las tablas de multiplicar”
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
plicación directa, o sea, 20X36/100 o con proporcionalidad propor cionalidad Ejemplo Ya Sabemos que para relacionar dos igualdades, debemos ordenarlas según sus características y después debemos multiplicarla cruzada, y así se transforma en una igualdad Ahora al multiplicar cruzado X*100%=36*20% 100% = 36 20% = X
X = 36*20% 100%
X = 7,2
nos queda Y se simplifica. Los porcentajes se van con los porcentajes y los ceros con los ceros, por tanto el resultado es: 7,2
Ejemplo: ¿Qué porcentaje es 35 de 70.Entonces ordenamos los datos 70 = 100% 35 = X
X*70=35*100% X = 35*100% 70
X = 50%
Lo primero es reconocer las partes de la pregunta. Nos preguntan que porcentaje es 35 de 70, o sea, nuestro 100% es 70 y nuestro 35 da origen a la incógnita. Después desarrollamos nuestra multiplicación cruzada, y aislamos la incógnita, posterior a ello simplificamos. Para ayudarnos en las simplificaciones, tenemos que tener en cuenta las potencias de diez.
Las Potencias de diez, son el resultado de la multiplicación como así la división por esta potencias ( 10,100,1.000,10.000,100.000…) Sólo se aplica que Para multiplicar por potencias de diez, se debe correr la coma hacia la derecha, tantos es pacios como así tenga la potencia. No olvida que los números tienen la coma Al ver un número entero, enimplícita ejemplo:
tonces siempre será
como
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En el caso de la división se corre la coma hacia la izquierda, tantos espacios como ceros tenga la potencia. Al recordar esto hace más fácil manejar potencias de 10 grandes, ya que no dividimos o multi plicamos, sino que, corremos corr emos la coma hacia la derecha der echa o Izquierda según s egún la necesidad, así. Logramos mayor celeridad de respuesta en los cálculos.
50.000, 50.000,0/10.000 5,0000= 5 Para Multiplicar corremos la
, hacia la derecha, según ceros tenga la potencia
Para Dividir corremos la , hacia la izquierda, según los ceros tenga la potencia
Este apresto matemático persigue que el alumno adquiera ciertas facilidades para aplicar a sus
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La Electricidad es un fenómeno físico intangible, no lo podemos medir por nuestros sentidos, Sólo podemos reconocer sus efectos.
Principales efectos Eléctricos Lumínico: Térmico: De Movimiento: Químico: Magnético:
Podemos producir luz Podemos producir calor Producir movimientos. Poner en movimiento un motor Podemos cromar metales Usado en los electroimanes o levitación magnética
GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD La Energía eléctrica es una energía natural, tal cual la energía lumínica, que nos da luz, como la térmica que nos da calor. Estas energías son vitales, por ello debemos generar la energía necesaria, para poder producir estas. Las fábricas de electricidad son conocidas como GENERADORAS DE ELECTRICIDAD: Según la cantidad que generan tenemos dos tipos: Fuentes Portátiles de Energía Eléctrica Centrales Generadoras
Fuentes Portátiles de Energía Estas son fuentes, que aportan pequeñas cantidades de electricidad, por ello se
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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1. 2. 3.
Alumbrado Público Procesos industriales, motores, calefacción Para el transporte público, como son el Metro y el Ferrocarril
Generación Eléctrica Centrales Hidráulicas Estas utilizan la energía potencial del agua Centrales Térmicas Usan la energía contenida en los combustibles fósiles, como son el petróleo, carbón, gas Centrales Eólicas Estas utilizan la energía del viento, que son utilizadas por aspas, como grandes ventiladores, conocidos como los molinos. Centrales Atómicas Estas por un proceso térmico elevan la temperatura del vapor, logrando grandes presiones, con ello se ponen en movimiento los generadores.
Principio Básico Eléctrico Para comprender este fenómeno, debemos entender la estructura de la materia.
Materia: Es todo aquello que ocupa un lugar en el espacio. Molécula: Es la parte más pequeña de la materia, sin que pierda la condición de seguir siendo la materia original de la que la seccionamos. Átomo: Al seguir dividiendo la materia, pasamos de la molécula y llegamos al componente más pequeño como es el átomo El Átomo: En este podemos identificar. Un cuerpo central llamado núcleo, en este de ubican los p+ protones, estos tienen cargas positivas y los N0 neutrones
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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mo que ha ganado uno o más electrones, quedando en desequilibrio, con una carga negativa(-)
LEY DE LOS SIGNOS: Las partículas elementales, protones ó electrones reaccionan entre sí según su carga, de acuerdo a la siguiente relación Las cargas del mismo signo se repelen Las cargas de distinto signo se atraen. Las cargas eléctricas de un átomo, y por lo tanto de la materia que éste forma, está en la base del fenómeno eléctrico. Podríamos decir que cuando hablamos de electricidad estamos hablando de las propiedades y comportamientos de las cargas eléctricas que se encuentran en la materia.
MAGNITUDES ELÉCTRICAS Estas son las unidades en que se mide cada uno de los elementos que componen este “Fenómeno Físico Intangible”, como la electricidad. Entonces conoceremos unidades eléctricas, cómo se miden y definen las propiedades y comportamiento de las cargas eléctricas.
POTENCIAL ELÉCTRICO Sí en un lugar del espacio, ponemos una cantidad de cargas eléctricas de igual signo, ejemplo, un metal ionizado, es decir, con sus átomos en desequilibrio eléctrico, esta acumulación de cargas afectará a las demás cargas de distinto signo y una fuerza de repulsión sobre aquellas de igual signo. A esta fuerza que impone un movimiento sobre las cargas eléctricas, de atracción o repulsión, según sea su signo, se le denomina VOLTAJE, TENSIÓN, DIFERENCIA DE POTRENCIAL o simplemente simplemente POTENCIAL ELÉCTRICO. Las cargas eléctricas sobre las cuales se ejerce esta fuerza que las pone en movimiento, son electrones que se desplazan, a los que se les denomina electrones libres. En general los metales poseen un número significativo de
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La cantidad de corriente eléctrica (flujo de electrones) que circula por un conductor se llama Intensidad de corriente, la que se simboliza por la letra I y se mide en amperes (A)
RESISTENCIA ELÉCTRICA Así cómo el flujo de agua que circula por una cañería, la corriente eléctrica fluye a través de los conductores eléctricos. Del mismo modo en que la cantidad de agua que puede pasar por una cañería es limitada, también existe un límite para la cantidad de corriente que puede pasar a través de un conductor, a esta se denomina resistencia eléctrica . La resistencia eléctrica es propia de todos lo materiales que existen en la naturaleza, De acuerdo al grado de oposición que los materiales presentan al paso de la corriente eléctrica, se clasifican en: A) Aislantes: Material de una altísima resistencia eléctrica. Prácticamente no conducen electricidad (vidrios, mica, plásticos, goma, madera, etc.) B) Conductores: Material que presenta una muy baja resistencia al paso de los electrones. Destacan entre estos los metales y en particular algunos como la plata, el cobre y el oro
LA RESISTENCIA ELÉCTRICA. Se simboliza por la letra R y su unidad de medida es el Ohm ( FORMAS EN QUE PRESENTA LA CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA
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otro. Esto ocurre así, por que la fuente de energía cambia de instante en instante, haciendo variar la fuerza (voltaje) que impulsa a los electrones libres, los que se desplazan alternadamente en ambas direcciones. En la actualidad todos los grandes consumos de energía eléctrica (alumbrado público, motores, calefacción, etc.) Son abastecidos por corriente alterna CA.
EL CIRCUÍTO ELÉCTRICO El ser humano ha comprendido este fenómeno natural y lo ha utilizado, creando un sistema que le permita aprovechar la energía que portan los electrones, manipulando a voluntad este flujo, el que hemos llamado “corriente eléctrica”. eléctrica”. El sistema que hace posible controlar la corriente eléctrica, se llama circuito eléctrico. Llamamos circuito eléctrico al camino por el cual se desplaza la corriente eléctrica, para ir desde la polaridad positiva (+) de la fuente que entrega la corriente, hasta la polaridad negativa (-). Por convención, se denomina polaridad positiva al terminal de la fuente que presenta un centro de carga positiva (con déficit de electrones), y polaridad negativa al terminal en el cual hay un centro de cargas negativas ( con excesos de electrones) Un circuito eléctrico se puede representar en forma esquemática y en forma gráfica.
FORMA ESQUEMÁTICA
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Podemos decir que sí por un circuito eléctrico pasa cierta cantidad de corriente (flujo de electrones libres), este paso se debe a la Fuerza Electromotriz (FEM) o voltaje que la obliga, y que la intensidad o valor de la la corriente está limitada limitada por la resistencia del circuíto. En efecto, la cantidad de corriente que pase depende de la magnitud de la tensión eléctrica, o voltaje, y de la cantidad de resistencia. Esta relación entre corriente, voltaje, y resistencia, fue descubierta por George S. Ohm. Físico alemán. La enunció en 1827, La ahora llamada ley de Ohm. Esta es la ecuación fundamental de toda ciencia de la electricidad. Una manera más común de expresar la ley de ohm, es “ La intensidad de corriente (I) que pasa por un circuito eléctrico es directamente proporcional cional al volt voltaje aje (v) e inversa inversamen mente te propor proporcio cional nal a la resi resiste stenc ncia ia del condu conducto ctorr ( Esto Esto ori origi gina na la siguiente expresión matemática: Esta fórmula permite hallar la intensidad de la corriente (I), conociendo el voltaje (V) aplicado y la Resistencia ( En un circuito cualquiera, la ley de ohm significa que; La Intensidad (I) de la corriente aumenta cuando aumenta el voltaje sin variar la resistencia (
VOLTAJE
La intensidad (I) de la corriente disminuye cuando aumenta la resistencia (
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Esto comprueba de acuerdo a la ley de ohm, que si aumentamos el voltaje sin variar la resistencia, la corriente en el circuíto también aumenta.
I=
220 volts 50 ohms
I = 4,4 (A)
2) Tenemos una estufa eléctrica cuya resistencia ( calculemos la Intensidad (I)
I
=V R
220 volts I= 22 ohms
es de 22 ohms, y una tensión de 220 volts
I = 10 (A)
3) Conectemos una estufa de 44 ohms, manteniendo el voltaje, indique la intensidad
I =VR
I=
220 volts 44 ohms
I = 5 (A)
La Corriente (I) disminuye a 5 (A) cuando aumentamos la resistencia (
manteniendo el mis-
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vimiento (como la fuerza de un resorte en tensión entre dos objetos inmóviles) no es tra bajo.
Potencia Eléctrica: La fuerza eléctrica, la tensión o el voltaje, produce un flujo de corriente, es decir un movimiento de electrones libres. Para que este movimiento se dé, debe realizarse “trabajo”, el que se puede hacer con lentitud o rapidez. Sin embargo para realizar la misma cantidad de trabajo, puede emplearse distinto tiempo. Por ejemplo, podemos mover la misma cantidad de electrones en un segundo o en una hora, dependiendo de la velocidad con las que los desplacemos. El trabajo realizado, será el mismo en ambos casos. La velocidad con que se efectúa este trabajo se denomina potencia La unidad básica de la potencia eléctrica es el WATT (w), que indica la cantidad de electrones que se mueven por un segundo, y representan la velocidad con que se está realizado el trabajo de mover los electrones en un material. La Potencia eléctrica se simboliza por la letra (P), y se puede calcular multiplicando el voltaje por la intensidad de d e corriente
P=VxI Otra forma es reemplazar el voltaje 2
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importante es manejarnos con los cálculos y sus magnitudes .
Voltaje
V = I * R POTENCIA ELÉCTRICA
Intensidad Inten sidad
I=
V R
Resistencia Resistenc ia
R=
V I
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______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ __________________________________________ _____________________ _________________________ ____ ____________________________________ __________________ ____________________________ __________ Letra V I R P
Que Significa
Magnitud
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Primero conectamos tres portalámparas en serie e insertaremos en cada uno de ellos una lámpara de 6 volts. Entonces medimos la resistencia de cada lámpara , con un instrumento llamado óhmetro . Veremos que cada lámpara ofrece una resistencia aproximada de 1 ohm. Luego, medimos la resistencia de las tres lámparas conectadas en serie, y vemos que la resistencia total es de alrededor de 3 ohms.
Corriente. Como vimos, en un circuito en serie el flujo de corriente eléctrica sólo puede seguir un camino. Esto significa que por cada una de las resistencias del circuito, pasa toda la corriente. Entonces, aplicando la ley de Ohms, podemos decir que la intensidad de corriente total It , es igual al voltaje total Vt divido por la resistencia total Rt
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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TENSIÓN O VOLTAJE (FEM)
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Como la tensión aplicada a cada resistencia es de dos volts, podemos ver que sumando las tensiones parciales de cada una de las resistencias se obtiene el total de tensión del circuito, es decir, 6 volts. Considerando los voltajes parciales aplicados a cada resistencia ( V1, V2, V3), para calcular el voltaje total ( Vt) , podemos utilizar la fórmula:
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3. Para calcular el voltaje total a partir de la intensidad y la resistencia , debemos recordar que, según la ley de Ohms:
V = I x R
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Aplicaciones básicas en el laboratorio o taller Eléctrico. Ejecutar. Unión elemental. 1. Corte dos conductores de 15 cm. c/u 2. Despeje 5 cm. a cada uno
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Estas uniones logran una baja resistencia eléctrica, ya que el material como el estaño contribuye a que en la unión se produzca un solo cuerpo Existen dos formas de hacer estas uniones.
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tubo metálico, dentro del cual está ubicada la resistencia que provee el calor El tubo metálico tiene acoplado un mango aislante, del cual sale un cordón flexible terminado en un enchufe macho, para ser conectado a la red de alimentación. Las puntas de los cautines tienen diferentes
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Para reconocer los distintos tipos de circuitos eléctricos, se les asignó una nomenclatura tal que pudiéramos reconocer e identificar. identificar. Circuito 9/12. Ó de un Efecto. Esquema Unilineal. Lo componen
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RECUERDE: En toda caja de derivación, de enchufes o interruptores, interru ptores, deben quedar chicotes de por lo menos 15 cm de largo, para ejecutar las uniones respectivas.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
de la CA ,de acuerdo al movimiento de la espira en el generador, suben primero a un máximo y caen a cero en un sentido, luego llegan aun máximo y vuelven a cero, pero en sentido inverso, completando la oscilación. Así se completa la onda. Frecuencia: Mientras más veloz sea el giro de la armadura , la intensidad de corriente oscilará más rápido, y cada ciclo será más corto. En el período de un segundo, entonces, habrá más ciclos. La cantidad de ciclos por segundos se denomina frecuencia, y se mide en Hertz . Si una espira por ejemplo de 50 revoluciones por segundo, la frecuencia frecuencia de la corriente será de 50 Hz, es decir, decir, 50 ciclos por segundos
Los generadores de energía eléctrica comercial, producen una tensión alterna de 50 ó 60 Hz. En la generación de corriente alterna, existen dos formas características, que
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
de distribución de la Energía Energía eléctrica en el que utilizamos dos líneas , una Fase y la otra Neutro. Al utilizar un generador de corriente alterna con una sola espira, su movimiento origina una fuerza electromotriz alterna monofásica. Estos circuitos de corriente alterna presentan presentan una tensión tensión o voltaje entre su fase fase y neutro de 220 y una frecuencia de 50Hz Los circuitos monofásico son los que utilizamos generalmente en el hogar, para alimentar los los circuitos de alumbrado (Lámparas (Lámparas y enchufes), enchufes), eléctricos, estufas) y fuerza motriz (lavadoras, centrifugas, refrigeradores, refrigeradores, etc.) A modo de información trataremos tratare mos la otra forma de generar electricidad. electricidad . Y que para aprovechar mejor las características de la corriente alterna, en las centrales eléctricas se utilizan generadores que poseen tres espiras o bobinas. A estas bobinas se les llama fases generadoras y consecuentemente, a la fuerza electromotriz alterna que originan estos generadores se les denomina trifásica. Las bobinas giran simultáneamente dispuestas simétricamente. simétricamente. En este tema no ahondaremos. ahondaremos. Si desea saber más de la corriente alterna, en trifásica, puede continuar su propia investigación, investigación, le recomendamos “ Instalaciones Eléctricas Eléctricas Diseño y ejecución de circuitos de alumbrados”. De la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Dirección de Educación a Distancia. Autores Jorge Sandoval D. y Francisco Sandoval O.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Protecciones Protecciones eléctricas contra los contactos eléctrico Indirectos Hagamos un poco de memoria, ya sabe que las fallas eléctricas se producen por: Sobrecargas. Cortocircuitos Fallas de Aislación. Las protecciones eléctricas contra contactos indirectos su objetivo es minimizar los daños por este efecto, detectando las fallas de aislación . La seguridad y la vida de las personas dependen de esto. Por ello hagamos la diferencia entre contacto Directo eléctrico e indirecto.
El contacto Directo: Es el hecho fortuito en el cual una persona entra en contacto con la energía eléctrica, al manipular una pieza del circuito eléctrico que se encuentra energizado. Ej. Ej. Si estamos reparando un enchufe y lo sacamos de su fi jación, manipulando manipulando sus contacto posteriores posteriores sin haber desenergiza desenergizado, do, acá estamos frente a un contacto directo, también al introducir un niño un clavo en el enchufe. Para evitar este tipo de accidente los elemento se encuentran aislados. Por ello debemos prestar mucha atención a manipular circuitos energizado. Recomendamos observar lo siguiente: A) Verifique el buen estado de cordones y enchufes enchufe s de los artefactos artefacto s eléctricos eléctrico s B) Repare todo enchufe o interruptor agrietado o quebrado C) Impida que los niños metan metan sus dedos o elementos elementos metálicos metálicos en los enchufes, enchufes, Ej. clavos, agujas, palillos. Etc. Uso enchufes con alvéolos protegidos D) No manipule manipule ningún ningún artefacto artefacto eléctrico eléctrico con con sus manos u otra parte de de su cuerpo mojado o húmedo. E) Verifique el buen estado de ductos, extensiones extensione s y artefactos artefact os eléctrico. eléctrico .
El contacto Indirecto: Es aquel producido por la pérdida de la aislación de los equipos. Ej. Un refrigerador se puede energizar su carcaza por pérdida de aislación en algún conductor o conector. conector. Recuerde que las carcazas y las partes o estructuras metálicas, no son parte del circuito, por ninguna razón pueden presentar un voltaje eléctrico. No olvide que, esto pone en riesgo la vida de las personas.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
La Electricidad en el Cuerpo Humano
Efectos Si el cuerpo humano es expuesto a una corriente eléctrica y está lo atraviesa puede causar la muerte. La mayoría de las veces son problemas cardiacos, los que causan el fallecimiento, ya que sometido a una gran actividad irregular termina por detenerse. Se ha establecido que una corriente de 20mA(miliamper), 20mA(miliamper), que se prolongue durante un tiempo, produce la muerte siempre que la descarga comprocomprometa el corazón. Por ejemplo, si la corriente entra por una mano Izquierda y se descarga por el pie derecho la detención del corazón, es a los 0,2 segundos desde que este recibe la circulación de la corriente, o descarga
Resistencia eléctrica en el cuerpo: cuerpo: Corriente mA Hasta 1 2a3 3 a 10 10 a 50
50 a 500
Más de 500
Lo crítico de la descarga depende de la facilidad con Imperceptible para la persona que la corriente pase por el Sensación de hormigueo cuerpo, o sea, que cantidad de La persona consigue, normalmente despren- resistencia encuentre a su paso. derse de la fuente de contacto A menor oposición mayor daLa no es mortal, mortal, si se expone expone a un período período de ño. La oposición que tiene el tiempo corto, si aumenta su intensidad los músculos del aparato respiratorio, se ven comco m- cuerpo ante una descarga, es su prometido por calambres, que finalmente la propia resistencia eléctrica, muerte por asfixia estás son: Corriente extremadamente peligrosa, cada vez 1. La constitución de la más en relación a que aumente el tiempo de exposición. Provoca una fibrilación cardiaca persona: Los más vulnerables (función irregular del corazón , contracciones son los niños, los enfermos, las muy frecuentes e ineficaces) Posible falleciembarazadas, y los ancianos. miento. 2. Los puntos de contacto Disminuye la posibilidad de fibrilación cardiaca, pero aumenta el riesgo de muerte por pará- de la descarga: El mayor rieslisis de los centros o a causas de fenómenos go lo tiene una descarga entre secundarios, como quemaduras o golpes producto de la caída debido a la violenta descarga. las manos, o entre una mano y un píe que entre los píes. TamEfectos
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Resistencia en baja tensión: 3.000 ohms Resistencia en alta tensión: 1000 ohms
La corriente eléctrica en el cuerpo cuerpo humano No olvide que tiene relación el efecto de la descarga con la tensión y el tiempo a que se ex ponga. Tenemos una tabla de los efectos que esta exposición provoca en el cuerpo humano, a medida que aumenta la intensidad. Por su propia seguridad debe conocer de estos efectos, ya que puede comprometer su vida. “ No olvide que la tensión es importante, pero no menor es el tiempo de exposición de la descarga” estadísticamente no peligrosa para la 1. Zona estadísticamente
2.
integridad física Zona peligrosa. peligrosa. Siguiendo la variación variación de la curva desde desde arriba hacia abajo, se pasa del peligro de la tetanización a la asfixia y luego a la fibrilación cardiaca .
“A mayor tensión menor tiempo de exposición”
Recuerde: Disminuir al mínimo las tensiones por contacto indirecto Frente a una falla de aislación, las protecciones deben actuar en un tiempo mínimo Evite la operac operación ión de equipos equipos eléctri eléctricos cos en zonas zonas húmedas húmedas o mojadas, mojadas, sin c o n s i d e r a r la segu seguri rida dadd
Protección contra un contacto Indirecto Indicaremos que existen una serie de medidas medidas de protección contra contra los contactos indirecto como son: 1. Empleo de transformadores de aislación 2. Empleo de tensión extra bajas, 12 ó 24 volts, en timbres, iluminación de pis-
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
tenemos dos más, de amplio uso en nuestro país. Puesta a tierra de protección Empleo de interruptores diferenciales diferenciales
Puesta a Tierra de Protección La razón de esta es: Conducir a tierra (al suelo) todas las corrientes producidas producidas por fallas de aislación que haya energizado las carcazas de los equipos eléctrico. Evitar que en las carcazas metálicas de los equipos eléctrico aparezcan tensiones que resulten peligrosa para la vida humana. Permitir que la protección del circuito (el disyuntor magneto térmico) despe je la fallan en un tiempo tiempo no superior superior a 5 segundos. segundos.
Tensiones de seguridad (Vs) 65 volts en ambientes secos
24 volts en ambientes húmedos o de alto riesgo eléctrico, Ej. a la intemperie, zonas de humedad permanente , baños etc.
Exigencias de una puesta a tierra Para que esta logre el objetivo la puesta a tierra, con respecto a la tensión de seguridad que ya vimos, el contacto con el terreno debe ser de excelente calidad. Tenemos que la energización de la carcaza con respecto al suelo (tierra) , no alcance valores peligrosos para el cuerpo humano. Por ello haremos una conexión a tierra que facilite la disminución del voltaje,. Este permitirá la circulación de la
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Para lograr valores de Rtp adecuado, debemos preocuparnos de factores como: El terreno debe ser muy conductor, arcilloso con humedad permanente. El como se efectúe la puesta a tierra. Debe ser muy rigurosa Poner aditivos para bajar la resistencia del terreno de la puesta a tierra 1. Como estos factores no se pueden controlar necesariamente, ya que el terreno donde tocará hacer la instalación, es el que es… pudiendo ser muy conductivo o aislante (como en las zona precordillerano, donde hay roca granítica gran ítica 2. Lo otro corresponde al tipo de Puesta a Tierra, que se determine ocupar:
Uso de barra o electrodos verticales (copperweld) Uso de Cintas o conductores enterrados en forma horizontal Uso de malla o reticulados enterrados
3. Y por último: Tenemos que Asegurar la buena transmisión, por ello usaremos productos que nos den esta garantía y así el terreno adyacente sea un colaborador bajando la Rtp Entonces el instalador deberá evaluar estos tres temas y así tomar la decisión correcta. En la construcción de la Puesta a Tierra, los dispositivos, como malla, conductores horizontal, etc. Estos usualmente de cobre (Cu). La sección de este no debe ser inferior 16mm2 . En el caso de los electrodos son una aleación de acero
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
valores de Rtp (de resistencia resistencia de protección). Por ello existe un dispositivo dispositivo que que complementa la acción de la puesta a tierra y así disminuye el riesgo para las personas. Este es el Interrupto Interruptor r Diferencial. Diferencial. El Interruptor diferencial es un sistema de protección de gran sensibilidad, que testea y reconoce la corriente de fuga, la que se genera por falla de aislación. Ya sea en un equipo eléctrico o en el circuito protegido. La corriente de fuga es la que se escapa de los conductores hacia tierra, Ej. al energizarse la carcaza de un motor. Conozcamos estructuralmente un Interruptor diferencial
Protector diferencial Este está compuesto por una arte central cilíndrica que forma un anillo (núcleo ferromagnético). ferromagnético). Alrededor del núcleo se dispone tres bobinas: Por una de ellas circula la corriente de entrada y por otra la corriente de salida. La tercera bobina (diferencial) posee gran cantidad de espiras (muchas vueltas) y es la que detecta la diferencia de las corrientes de entrada y salida. Cuando esta diferencia excede ciertos márgenes, se activa el mecanismo de desconexión de la protección. protección. Veamos como como funciona el protector diferencial Este para cumplir su función, debe ser conectado en serie con el circuito que se quiere proteger. A través de el, se hace pasar la fase y el neutro de la instalación
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Normas Todas las instalaciones instalac iones están normadas y por el SEC, Superintendenc SEC, Superintendencia ia de Elecimportantricidad y Combustibles. Combustibles. Para el caso de alumbrado, son especialmente importante las normas NCH Elec. 2/84 y NCH Elec. 4/84
NCH Elec. 2/84 Elaboración y presentación de proyectos: Esta establece las disposiciones y presentación de proyectos y otros documentos relacionados con la instalación eléctrica, que se entrega en el SEC para la aprobación.
Formato
Dimensiones
Margen Izq
Margen Der
A0
1189x841mm
35 mm
10 mm
A1
594x841mm
30 mm
10 mm
A2
420x594mm
30 mm
10 mm
A3
297x 420mm
30 mm
10 mm
A4
210x297mm
30 mm
10 mm
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Total TDA
CUADRO DE CARGA ALUMBRADO Cto Nº
Portalam
EnTotal Poten- In Otros chuf Centros cia KW (A)
Protecciones Canalización Dis- Cond. Ducto Diferenc yun Mm2 O
Ubicación
Total
Ductos Utilizados en Instalaciones Eléctricas de alumbrado Estos son conducto tubulares plástico o metal, flexibles o rígidos, para proteger los conductores contra riesgos mecánicos, como son golpes, roces, con muros u otras estructuras, humedad, gases o ácidos. Estos son clasificados en Ductos plásticos rígidos Ductos metálicos rígidos Ductos plásticos flexibles Ductos metálicos flexibles DPR: Son fabricados con resinas plásticas, que son aislantes , que nos les afecta la corrosión ni los ácidos. Hoy las tuberías no metálicas, rígidas o flexibles, han reemplazados a la tubería metálicas de las instalaciones eléctricas, sus mayo-
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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rígidos. Son fabricados en diferentes diámetros, y espesores de pared, Los de pared gruesa se denominan “TUBOS PESADOS” O CAÑERÍAS. Y los de pared fina, “TUBOS LIVIANOS” O TUBOS s i m plemente., su comercialización comercialización es de 3m y en su extremos traen hilo o rosca y una unión. Dependiendo del material estos eran Tubería Tubería no ferrosa: (cobre o bronce) uso en condiciones especiales, recintos con alta concentración concentración de corrosión, ej. ambientes húmedos Tubería Ferrosa de Pared Delgada. (barnizada), para uso en am bientes secos y no corrosivos. Pueden utilizarse utilizarse embutidos o sobre puestos, bajo techo. No se puede utilizar en ambientes con riesgo de explosión. (trizadura, golpes, roces) Ducto Plástico Flexible Son usados en ambientes húmedos y corrosivos, características similares a los ductos metálicos flexibles. Ductos Metálicos Flexibles Es una cinta de acero galvanizada, enrollada en espiral sobre sí misma y con espiras entrelazadas, proporciona buena resistencia a la manipulación y gran flexibilidad, flexibilidad, para instalaciones instalaciones a la vista vista y
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
Accidentes Definición:(Del lat. accĭdens, -entis). m. Cualidad o estado que aparece en algo, sin que sea parte de su esencia o naturaleza. || 2. Suceso eventual que altera el orden regular de las cosas. || 3. Suceso eventual o acción de que involuntariamente resulta daño para las personas o las cosas por accidente. || ~ de trabajo. m. Lesión corporal o enfermedad que sufre el trabajador con ocasión o a consecuencia del trabajo que ejecuta por cuenta ajena.|| por accidente ~. loc. adv. Por casualidad. Normalmente se entiende entiende que los accidentes son son por casualidad, pero pero nosotros conoceremos un nuevo elemento y que no es precisamente CASUALIDAD .Este es: causalidad. (De causal ). ). f. Causa, origen, principio. || 2. Fil. Ley en virtud de la cual se producen efectos. Razón y motivo de algo. Por ello debemos tener presente que los accidente tienen su origen en acciones o actitudes de la que finalmente hay un responsable. Esto Esto es que en lo que a nosotros nos compete, debemos asumir y cumplir a cabalidad con las exigencias de la seguridad, de esto depende nuestra propia vida y la de los demás.
Sistema de Seguridad: Dicho de un mecanismo: Que asegura algún buen fu
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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protectores para los oídos, mascarillas, trajes, botas, guantes y cascos protectores contra el calor o la radiación. Para que sea eficaz, este equipo protector debe ser adecuado y mantenerse en buenas condiciones. Si las exigencias físicas, psicológicas o ambientales a las que están sometidos los trabajadores exceden sus capacidades, surgen riesgos ergonómicos. Este tipo de contingencias ocurre con mayor frecuencia al manejar material, cuando los tra bajadores deben levantar o transportar cargas pesadas. Las malas posturas en el trabajo o el diseño inadecuado del lugar de trabajo provocan frecuentemente contracturas musculares, esguinces, fracturas, rozaduras y dolor de espalda. Este tipo de lesiones representa el 25% de todas las lesiones de trabajo, y para controlarlas hay que diseñar las tareas de forma que los trabajadores puedan llevarlas a cabo sin realizar un esfuerzo excesivo.
Considere que; Debe conocer
Las vías de escape del lugar en que se encuentre Debe saber del lugar lugar del comando eléctrico eléctrico para desactivar desactivar la energía. energía. En el taller debe estar asignada la persona que debe cortar la energía, para que no se produzca dualidad de acciones. Si este es el asignado debe haber su reem plazo. 3. Nunca debe rescatar a un compañero que este en un contacto directo eléctrico con sus manos, ya se sumará al accidente, por tanto sepárelo con un trozo 1. 2.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
nes de riesgo por posible olvido. Recordemos entonces que de nosotros depende el tema de la seguridad. Ahora veremos algunas acciones en 1eros Auxilios. Auxilios. 1. Los primeros auxilios sirven para ayudar, y no reemplazan a los profesionales que deben atender los accidentes. A veces veces el que más ayuda es el que menos estorba. 2. Sólo si tiene los conocimientos apoye una víctima, sino, es posible que le dañe más de lo que le haya resultado el propio accidente. 3. Sí Sabe ayude, los primero 4 minutos son cruciales… 4. Examine rápida y detalladamente a la víctima, vea que tiene Ej. , hemorragia, fractura etc. 5. Sino respira de aire de boca a boca 6. Las hemorragias se pueden controlar con una venda ajustada. Ejerza presión directamente al punto del flujo, nunca en forma de torniquete. 7. Si sospecha de daño al cuello o columna, no mueva a la víctima. Espere que llegue la ambulancia 8. Si hay fractura evidente, cualquier elemento rígido sirve, para inmovilizar la zona. Ej. Un diario bien enrollado. enrollado. 9. Las quemaduras térmicas se tratan con agua fría si la piel está intacta. Si es química (quemadura) debe ser enjuagada con bastante agua, y debe ser cu-
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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cia inevitablemente al cese de la respiración. ¿CUÁNDO SE CONSIDERA QUE UNA PERSONA ESTÁ EN PARO CARDIORESPIRATORIO? Cuando hay ausencia de los latidos cardiacos (no se encuentra el pulso arterial, sobre todo medido en la parte anterolateral del cuello, que corresponde a la arteria carótida), además de la ausencia de respiraciones. Cuando se trata de un paro respiratorio, los latidos pueden persistir por un momento, y el paciente se torna cianótico (coloración morada en mucosas y piel). Además hay compromiso de conciencia y pérdida de reflejos oculares ¿QUÉ HACER FRENTE A UNA PERSONA QUE SE ENCUENTRA EN PARO CARDIACO? -Avisar rápidamente a un Servicio Médico de Urgencias. Si se prevé que avisar me va a tardar algunos minutos debo iniciar primero las maniobras de resucitación. -Iniciar
maniobras
de
primeros
auxilios
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Traumatismo encéfalo craneanos. Deshidrataciones severas (en el caso de diarreas agudas infecciosas severas: cólera) Hemorragias severas: ya sea internas (p.ej: lesiones hepáticas graves por traumatismos, roturas de un embarazo ectópico), y externas cuando el sangrado es evidente al exterior (lesiones (lesiones por arma blanca, hemorragias digestivas digestivas graves, etc). etc). Electrocución. Inhalación de gases tóxicos ( humo de un incendio, monóxido de carbono en un sistema de calefacción averiado, etc).
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Razón
Síntomas
Tratamiento
Accidente Vascular Cerebral
Inconsciencia, Respiración con dificul- Cúbralo con ropa ligera. Girar su cabetad, Aparente debilidad en la cara o za, por si vomita. No dar estimulantes, extremidades de un lado. Afasia ni nada sólido o líquido. Consultar médico neurólogo
Envenenamiento
Por herida, enfermedad o veneno; Pali- Mantener abrigado, tendido, pies arridez, Tez jaspeada, sudor frío respira- ba. Llamar un médico. médico. Nada de ingesta, ingesta, ción agitada, pulso débil ni líquido o sólido. Despejar entrada de aire. Sólo si está inconsciente o con la mandíbula herida póngalo de lado. Sólo sí el médico lo indica dar jarabe, forzar a ingerir líquido o inducir vómito.
Sangramiento de Nariz
Síntomas variados, Dolor de garganta o Siente al paciente e inclínelo hacia de-
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Maniobra de Hemlich Fue descrita en 1974 por Henry Heimlich, inicialmente reconocida por la Cruz Roja, Roja, fue adoptada y difundida mundialmente como manio bra de primeros auxilios. auxilios. Esta maniobra ya es de dominio público en varios países, donde es común encontrar carteles con estas instrucciones, especialmente especialmente en restaurantes. En primer lugar, mande a alguien que
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Escalas La escala de un dibujo o plano, es una manera de representar las dimensiones de los elementos en forma proporcional; Es decir, nos permite imaginarnos la relación que hay entre los tamaños reales de los objetos y los espacios. Trabajar a escala, consiste en convertir una unidad de medida de la realidad a otra que permita que el dibujo o plano, quepa en un formato determinado y que es el resultado de la siguiente fórmula. Longitud del Dibujo
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Entonces tenemos:
Escala Natural: Se denomina así a la escala donde la relación es de 1:1, o sea que cada centímetro representado en el dibujo representa un centímetro de la realidad Tipo de Escala
Escala
Dibujo
Realidad
Uso
Ampliación
10:1 5:1 2:1
10 cm 5cm 2cm
1cm 1cm 1cm
Detalles
Natural
1:1
1cm
1cm
Reducción
1:5 1:10 1:20
1cm 1cm 1cm
5cm 10cm 20cm
Objeto de tamaño medio
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
tricos y los accesorios que aseguran su fijación y su protección mecánica. De la ubicación o forma de ser instalada su denominación y tenemos. A la vista: Canalizaciones que son observables a simple vista Embutidas: Canalizaciones colocadas en perforaciones o calados hechos en
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
[email protected] www.fundacionrutten.cl
de los parámetros de un circuito. Cortocircuito. Falla en que el valor de la impedancia (resistencia) es muy
bajo.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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seosa y evita que se inflame inflame una mezcla que lo rodee cuando cuando la sucede la explosión o cuando en su interior se producen arcos o chispas. Su temperatura exterior de funcionamiento debe ser tal que no alcance el punto de inflamación de la mezcla gaseosa que lo rodee.
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Fundación Ludovico Rutten 2012 33 Oriente, 9 sur # 350 Fono 71 71 245102 email
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Es valor máximo de corriente efectiva de cortocircuito que un equipo de protección puede despejar, despejar, en condiciones dadas, dadas, sin que se alteren sus sus características características constructivas ni de operación.
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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